20139000/2013-32-9000 SETC2013 Best Paper
20139000/2013-32-9000 SETC2013 High Quality Papers ( 9 papers)
20139000/2013-32-9000 SAE Journal Papers (26 papers)

SETC2013 Session Timetable
Opening Ceremony & Keynote Speech

9:00-10:30

Coffee Break

10:30-11:00

Alternative Fuels I

Engine Components I

Engine Technology I

11:00-12:00 20139038/2013-32-9038

20139016/2013-32-9016

20139015/2013-32-9015

20139047/2013-32-9047

20139059/2013-32-9059

20139073/2013-32-9073

20139104/2013-32-9104

20139122/2013-32-9122

Lunch

October 8th
Tuesday

12:00-13:30

13:30-15:30

Alternative Fuels II

Two Stroke Engine

Engine Technology II

20139080/2013-32-9080

20139032/2013-32-9032

20139128/2013-32-9128

20139023/2013-32-9023

20139060/2013-32-9060

20139126/2013-32-9126

20139124/2013-32-9124

20139115/2013-32-9115

20139133/2013-32-9133

20139081/2013-32-9081

20139167/2013-32-9167

20139125/2013-32-9125

20139131/2013-32-9131 20139143/2013-32-9143

20139084/2013-32-9084

Diesel Engine

Engine Technology III

Hybrids, Electric Drives & Fuel Cells I

Measurement & Simulation II

20139012/2013-32-9012 20139021/2013-32-9021

20139105/2013-32-9105

20139006/2013-32-9006

20139034/2013-32-9034

20139110/2013-32-9110 20139022/2013-32-9022

20139160/2013-32-9160

20139009/2013-32-9009

20139043/2013-32-9043

20139049/2013-32-9049

20139103/2013-32-9103

20139161/2013-32-9161

20139018/2013-32-9018

20139044/2013-32-9044

20139029/2013-32-9029 20139112/2013-32-9112

20139114/2013-32-9114

20139035/2013-32-9035

20139096/2013-32-9096

Engine Technology IV

Collegiate Events

Measurement & Simulation III

20139100/2013-32-9100

20139079/2013-32-9079

20139134/2013-32-9134 20139033/2013-32-9033

20139169/2013-32-9169

20139118/2013-32-9118

20139162/2013-32-9162

20139156/2013-32-9156

20139093/2013-32-9093

20139176/2013-32-9176

20139157/2013-32-9157

Lubricants20139174/2013-32-9174
20139063/2013-32-9063

Coffee Break, Brief Presentation of Poster Session

October 9th
Wednesday

10:00-10:30

Materials II

Engine Components II

Engine Controls I

Hybrids, Electric Drives & Fuel Cells II

Advanced Combustion I

20139046/2013-32-9046

20139102/2013-32-9102

20139041/2013-32-9041

20139132/2013-32-9132

20139002/2013-32-9002

20139082/2013-32-9082

20139163/2013-32-9163

20139061/2013-32-9061

20139071/2013-32-9071

20139030/2013-32-9030

20139111/2013-32-9111

20139068/2013-32-9068

20139037/2013-32-9037

20139072/2013-32-9072

20139144/2013-32-9144

Emissions I

HCCI I

Engine Controls II

Hybrids, Electric Drives & Fuel Cells III

Advanced Combustion II

20139058/2013-32-9058

Lunch

12:00-13:30

13:30-15:30

20139031/2013-32-9031

20139062/2013-32-9062

20139119/2013-32-9119

20139116/2013-32-9116

20139050/2013-32-9050 20139054/2013-32-9054

20139042/2013-32-9042

20139045/2013-32-9045

20139117/2013-32-9117

20139052/2013-32-9052 20139098/2013-32-9098

20139040/2013-32-9040

20139120/2013-32-9120

20139123/2013-32-9123

20139055/2013-32-9055 20139166/2013-32-9166

20139066/2013-32-9066

20139087/2013-32-9087

15:30-15:45

Coffee Break

15:45-18:05

Plenary Session "Motorcycles in Asian Region"

Emissions II
8:30-10:00

October 10th
Thursday20139127/2013-32-9127

Coffee Break, Brief Presentation of Poster Session

Alternative Fuels III

10:30-12:00

HCCI IIEngine Controls III

20139053/2013-32-9053

20139070/2013-32-9070

20139065/2013-32-9065

20139026/2013-32-9026

20139064/2013-32-9064

20139083/2013-32-9083

20139003/2013-32-9003

20139106/2013-32-9106

Coffee Break, Brief Presentation of Poster Session

Emissions III

HCCI III

Engine Controls IV

Vehicle Dynamics & Safety II

NVH Technology

20139091/2013-32-9091 20139069/2013-32-9069

20139007/2013-32-9007

20139165/2013-32-9165

20139001/2013-32-9001

20139130/2013-32-9130 20139171/2013-32-9171

20139020/2013-32-9020

20139173/2013-32-9173

20139148/2013-32-9148

20139094/2013-32-9094

20139175/2013-32-9175

20139164/2013-32-9164

20139150/2013-32-9150 20139172/2013-32-9172
12:00-14:00

Vehicle Dynamics & Safety I

20139057/2013-32-9057

10:00-10:30

10:30-12:00

Measurement & Simulation I

20139036/2013-32-9036

Materials I

8:30-10:00

Fuel Supply Systems II

20139097/2013-32-9097 20139078/2013-32-9078

15:30-16:00

16:00-18:00

Fuel Supply Systems I

Lunch, Award & Closing Ceremony

1. Date
2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201A
11:00 - 12:00
Alternative Fuels I
Hiroshi Omote (LEMA / YANMAR Co., Ltd.),
Markus Bertsch (MOT GmbH)6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139038 / 2013-32-9038
Diesel Fuel by Scrap-Tyre Thermal-Mechanical Pyrolysis
Stefano Frigo, Roberto Gentili, Maurizia Seggiani, Monica Puccini (University of
Pisa)

9. Abstract
Current energy policies are encouraging the near-term use of fuels derived from civil and industrial waste
residues, givingnew perspectives for their disposal. The possibility of using, in Diesel engines, a liquid fuelderived from waste synthetic polymeric matrices, such as scrap tyres, is evaluated in this paper. The fuel isobtained by means of an innovative technology based on a thermomechanical cracking process at moderatetemperatures and pressures. A preliminary investigation was carried out on a 440 cm3 single-cylinder Diesel
engine for stationary applications using a commercial automotive Diesel fuel (UNI-EN 590:2010) and two
mixtures of automotive Diesel fuel and tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO): the first one containing 20% TPO by volume, theother containing 40% TPO. With the first mixture, test bench results in terms of engine torque, power, specificfuel consumption and exhaust emissions are similar to the ones relative to automotive Diesel fuel, whereas theuse of the mixture with 40% TPO leads to a general worsening in engine combustion features. Lubricant oil
analysis, made at the end of the tests, proves a certain level of lube oil dilution due to fuel leaking into the oilsump. The toxicity levels of the exhaust particulate matter were analysed and result to be the same using
automotive Diesel fuel and both the mixtures of Diesel fuel and TPO. No meaningful mechanical inconvenienceoccurred during the engine tests. Nevertheless, long-time reliability of the injection system, as well as of theentire engine, has to be verified.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139059 / 2013-32-9059
Study on Operation Characteristics of Gasohol Biofuel in Motorcycle Engine
Yuh-Yih Wu, Jhih-Si Syu, Meng-Chieh Li (National Taipei University ofTechnology), Zong-Da Lin (Industrial Technology Research Institute)

9. Abstract
The fossil fuel is consumed faster than last century. However, the fossil fuel reserves might be depleted due to its
limited resources. Many researchers have started to seek alternative of fossil fuels for vehicles. Biofuels are
regarded as a shorten-solution which synthesizes some additive fuel from bio-materials into fossil fuel to reducefossil fuel consumption and can be applied on original fuel supplying system of vehicles that becomes anotheradvantage. This paper focuses on studying the operation characteristics of using gasohol biofuel in a production
motorcycle engine.
Engine experiments with various test conditions are designed to investigate the operation characteristics withdifferent concentration of ethanol. The ethanol concentrations considered in this paper include 10%, 20%, 50%,
65%, and 80% by weight, which are then compared with the results from pure gasoline. The engine test
conditions cover engine speed ranging from 2000 to 7000rpm and with different operation loads. Experimental
results are analyzed on maximum engine torque, cylinder pressure, combustion rate, fuel consumption, exhaust
temperature, and emissions. Consequently, experimental results show that the gasohol biofuel performs similar
operation characteristics as compared with pure gasoline, which means that the gasohol biofuels can be
employed as an alternative fuel for vehicles.

12
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201F
11:00 - 12:00
Engine Components I
Toshimi Kobayashi (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.),
Ken Fosaaen (Fosaaen Technologies, LLC.)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139016 / 2013-32-9016
Design Methodology and Advantages of Centrifugal Type Decompression Device ofEnginePochun Liu, Chih-Wen Yu and Yuwei Ning (Sanyang Industry Co., Ltd)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
With the development of high compression ratio or large-size engine, the cranking torque is getting higher,
which causes the durability problem of starting system. Specifically, the starting motor and the one-way clutch
are the most frequently wore parts. This kind of durability problem is also occurred in Stop and Go system, due
to its frequently restarting process. Therefore, it is possible by using decompression device to reduce thecranking torque and to enhance the endurance capacity of the starting system. Furthermore, by reducing the
cranking torque, engineers can miniaturize the starting motor and choose smaller capacity battery, and it also
makes easier for kick start.
A 150cc scooter was chosen as the example. The design, analysis and measurement with centrifugal typedecompression device (CTDD) were discussed in this study. The systematic design procedures and tools werealso provided to develop the product quickly. Finally, this study developed a decompression device in which theranking torque was successfully reduced 42% and the cranking noise was also highly suppressed.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139073 / 2013-32-9073
Experimental Investigations of Forced Air Cooling for Continuously Variable

Transmission (CVT)8. Author (Affiliation)
Abhishek Lakhanlal Vaishya, Sachin Phadnis (TVS Motor Company Limited)
9. Abstract
In the recent past, the non-geared (step less) transmission scooters are becoming more popular mainly due toease of driving without gear shift hassle. Typically these scooters transmit the power through a continuously
variable transmission commonly called as CVT. The CVT of a scooter is generally air cooled and located in a
protective chamber. This chamber reduces the heat transfers between the CVT and the atmosphere. The
temperature reached inside the chamber during the operation of the CVT is quite high, especially when the CVT
is operated in hot environment. This may reduce the service life of the drivebelt since it generally decreases
when the average operating temperature increases. Along with V belt, high temperature inside CVT chamberalso deteriorates durability of centrifugal clutch liner, bush, centrifugal rollers and other CVT parts. Therefore,
it is necessary to limit the operating temperature of the CVT system.
The main objective of this research is to investigate temperature of CVT parts and optimize the air flow path andair flow rate inside CVT chamber. Tests were carried out to measure the surface temperature distribution of
CVT parts and air temperature distribution inside CVT chamber under different vehicle test conditions. This
study has contributed to measure the temperature and identify the main causes affecting CVT cooling. Resultswith improved CVT chamber cooling were also plotted.

3
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
102
11:00 - 12:00
Engine Technology I
Hideyuki Okumura (JMIA / Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Nagesh Mavinahally (Mavin Tech, LLC.)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139015 / 2013-32-9015
High Performance Characteristics of a Motorcycle Powered by a Four-Stroke
Small 50cc-125cc Engine at the Expense of a Positive Displacement Air Compressor
as a Supercharger
Konstantin Evgenievich Starodetko , Simon Simand, Tcheslav Bronislavovich
Drobychevskj, Vladimir Jurievich Belyaev, Konstantin Nikolaevich Yurchuk(International Academy of Information Technologies), Aliaksandr
Aliaksandrovich Vitsiaz (Bereza Motor Rebuilt Plant), Dmitry Vasilievich
Kuzmenkov (Tascotrade Company)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
There are several problems with small motorcycle (moped, scooter) engines of 50cc-125cc displacement, and evenup to 200cc for special applications. Lack of engine power and design complexity of a multi-valve cylinder head
are the most important problems. Despite some isolated attempts and several patented works the small enginesof 50cc to 350cc displacement undeservedly remain without adequate air charging means – neither
superchargers nor turbochargers are offered to the market. This article presents a theoretical basis on how to
improve high performance characteristics of a motorbike by supplying a working cylinder with additional
compressed air under certain conditions. A few versions of a positive displacement air compressor (supercharger)
have been developed, built, and used for engine boosting. Road tests of the pitbike motorcycle equipped with oursmall rotorvane compressor were performed. The results exceed expectations of the supercharger's performanceand efficiency. Thus, to reach 50km/h for the motorcycle powered by the 50cc four-stroke engine equipped withthe supercharger, 40% less time is needed than for the same motorcycle powered by a naturally aspirated…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139104 / 2013-32-9104
Development of New Industrial Spark Ignited Bi-Fuel Engine
Koji Fujimura, Shinji Kishi, Takeshi Kawasaki, Takahiro Tokunaga
Kentaro Shiraishi (KUBOTA Corporation )9. Abstract
Recently in North America, natural gas such as shale gas has gained much attention, and industrial SI engines
are expected to fit in various fuels such as gasoline, LPG, and natural gas. Also tightened exhaust emissions
regulations require industrial SI engines to adopt feedback fuel injection systems with three way catalysts. In
response to these requirements of customers, we have developed a bi-fuel engine model which can be operated on
any of gasoline, LPG, and natural gas. In this paper, approaches and technologies used for the development of
the model are explained. On the gasoline version of the model, the locations of fuel injectors and the design of theinlet manifold with a surge tank were optimized by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). And we sought
the optimum arrangement of an inlet manifold, a fuel delivery pipe, and plug-on type ignition coils. In addition,
the variants which can be operated on LPG or natural gas are equipped with the gas delivery devices that arearranged within a small space. By these approaches, all of these variants have the profile which isinterchangeable with the original diesel fueled model. The exhaust emission performance to satisfy the transientmode regulations and the optional small catalytic muffler which can be used in any desired orientations expand
the ability of the model to fit within various OEM applications.

4
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
103
11:00 - 12:00
Fuel Supply Systems I
Minoru Iida (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Robert Kee (Queen's University of Belfast)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139047 / 2013-32-9047
Development of Plastic Fuel Hose with Pressure Pulsation Reduction
Kota Nakauchi, Atsushi Ito, Takeshi Ohara, Hideaki Kato, Hisayoshi Ogura,
Shosuke Suzuki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd., Motorcycle R&D Center)

9. Abstract
Recently, the electronic fuel injection systems have been widely applied to small motorcycles including scooters.
In the high pressure fuel lines, plastic hoses have been increasingly used instead of conventional rubber hoses.
As the plastic hose is less elastic than the rubber hose, the fuel pressure pulsates more in the plastic hose. To
cope with this issue, we have conducted researches on how the fuel pressure pulsation in the plastic hose affects
the accuracy of fuel injection. Keeping our eyes on the pulsation damping effects derived from the changes ofvolume due to the expansion and contraction of hose when the pressure changes, we have established theanalysis method for optimization of the inner diameter and the thickness of the hose utilizing CAE analysis. The
newly-developed plastic hose is applicable to motorcycles having a single cylinder 250 cm3 engine using an
injector of a high static flow rate.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139122 / 2013-32-9122
Evaluation of value proposition and interactive features for motorcycles withelectronic fuel injection for Indian market
Pradeep R, Pramod R, Ajay Shetty, Prabhu Panduranga M. (Robert Bosch India
Limited)9. Abstract
Growth and mobility expectation in India has increased competition in the Indian two wheeler industry. Value
proposition targeting improved performance, fuel economy, user-friendly features are being seen as key
differentiators. The expected introduction of EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) leads to additional system costwhich needs to be justified from tangible end-customer benefits. The previous SAE papers [1] [2] attempted toprovide an insight into the carbureted engine vs. fuel injection systems from fuel efficiency, combustion quality
perspective and also enumerated the benefit of fuel economy to end user. To increase the benefit to the end
customers, the authors propose to provide insight into innovative system concepts with interactive features. The
evaluation targets the commuter segment where the implementation and acceptance potential is high. The
results thus derived on the motorcycle under consideration are promising and has high potential to meet theneeds of the end user. Throttle enabled start, start-stop, bypass less throttle body, operating mode selection,“battery dead” ignition are a few of the features which can be implemented for a EFI bike increasing the value
proposition and reducing the overall system cost for the OEM.

5
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201A
13：30 - 15：30
Alternative FuelsⅡ
Hiroshi Omote (LEMA / YANMAR Co., Ltd.),
Stefano Frigo (University of Pisa)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139080 / 2013-32-9080
Combustion Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine with Short and Medium Chain
Saturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Eiji Kinoshita, Kazuyo Fushimi (Kagoshima University), Yasufumi Yoshimoto(Niigata Institute of Technology)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
This paper describes the fuel properties, combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of the methyl esters
ofsaturated fatty acid with 6 to 10 carbons in the molecule chain. The fuels blend (50/50 mass%) of threesaturated fatty acid methyl esters (methyl caproate, methyl caprylate, methyl caprate); with methyl laurate as abase fuel are tested using a DI diesel engine. From the experimental results, the blend of saturated fatty acidmethyl ester with a lower carbon number has a lower kinematic viscosity, pour point and smoke emission,
though having longer ignition delay, the same as long chain saturated fatty acid methyl ester.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139097 / 2013-32-9097
Effect of Butanol Isomer on Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Butanol/Gas Oil
Blend
Kazuyo Fushimi, Eiji Kinoshita (Kagoshima University), Yasufumi Yoshimoto(Niigata Institute of Technology)

9. Abstract
To utilize bio-butanol as an alternative diesel fuel, the effect of butanol isomer, where 1-butanol, 2-butanol andisobutanol were studied except for tert-butanol, on the combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions ofbutanol/gas oil blend was investigated using a DI diesel engine without modification of engine parameters. First,
to understand the effect of butanol content on the diesel combustion, engine test was carried out using blends of
1-butanol which contents were 10 to 50 mass%. With increasing 1-butanol content, the Smoke emission reduces
although the ignition delay gets longer and the HC and CO emissions increase especially at low load. The engine
operation is stable except for full load with 1-butanol 50 mass% blend. From the above experimental results,
butanol isomer blending ratio is set to 40 mass%. In order of 1-butanol/gas oil, 2-butanol/gas oil…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139115 / 2013-32-9115
Effects of Spark Ignition Timing on Exhaust Gas Component and Temperature with
Wood Biomass Gasifier
Hiroshi Enomoto, Hirotaka Nozue, Noboru Hieda (Kanazawa University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Small wood biomass gasifier was developed and co-generation system supplying electric power and heat withsmall spark ignition internal combustion engine (SI-ICE) was investigated. The balance of electric power andheat flux will be controlled with ignition timing and the exhaust gas components were discussed. The woodbiomass gasifier (downdraft type) had 105mm in inner diameter and 1000mm in length and the reaction zone
temperature was 900deg-C at 68NL/min in intake air flow. The SI-ICE had 290cc in displacement and 8.4 incompression ratio and was driven at 1500rpm. The ignition angle was changed from 30deg-BTDC to
25deg-BTDC with almost same exhaust gas components. The exhaust gas temperature was from 520deg-C…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139131 / 2013-32-9131
Optimization of Waste Chicken Fat Pre-Treatment Process for Biodiesel Production
Naresh Kumar Gurusala, Arul Mozhi Selvan V, Ajay Balan, Shreyas Athreya(National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu)

9. Abstract
Biodiesel production from the waste oils and fats are the cost effective methods and prevents the environmental
pollution by proper disposal techniques. Converting waste oils/fat into biodiesel using alkaline catalyst isdifficult, as it contains more than one percent Free Fatty Acid (FFA) which will form soap during thetransesterification process. Hence, it is desirable to reduce the level of FFA lower than one percent for biodiesel
production using the pre-treatment process. In the present research work, ferric sulfate (solid catalyst) is used
as a catalyst, because it converts FFA efficiently than the homogeneous acid catalyst which is corrosive in natureand takes longer reaction time. The parameters used in the pre-treatment process are, amount of catalyst
varying from 0.5 to 2% by weight, amount of methanol in moles ranging 3 to 15 to one mole of waste chicken fat(molar ratio), temperature ranges from 45°C to 65°C and the reaction time of 30 min to 150 min to find theeffective conversion of FFA. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical tool with the fitted…

6
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9th Wednesday
201B
13:30 - 15:30
Two Stroke Engine
Yuh Motoyama (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Brian Callahan (Achates Power & Basco)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139036 / 2013-32-9036
Development of Test Bench and Characterization of Performance in Small Internal
Combustion Engines
Joseph K. Ausserer, Paul J. Litke (United States Air Force), Alexander Rowton,
Marc Polanka (University of Dayton Research Institute), Alexander Rowton, Marc
Polanka (Air Force Institute of Technology), Keith Grinstead (Innovative Scientific
Solutions Incorporated)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Small internal combustion engines (ICEs), (<7.5 kW), possess low thermal efficiencies due to high thermal
losses. As the surface area to volume ratio increases beyond 1.5 cm2/cc, the increase in thermal losses leads to adrop off of engine efficiency and power. This effort describes the development and validation of a test stand tocharacterize thermal losses of small ICEs, optimize combustion phasing, and eventually enable heavy fueloperation. The test stand measures torque, rotational speed, brake power, intake air mass flow, up to 48
temperatures (including ambient, intake, cylinder head, fuel, and exhaust), 8 pressures (including ambient,intake, and exhaust), throttle position, and fuel and air mass flows. Intake air temperature and cylinder headtemperature are controlled and adjustable. Three geometrically similar engines with surface area to volume
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139078 / 2013-32-9078
Engine Scavenging Tuning for In-Field Product Expectations of a 45cc Stratified
Two-Stroke Power Head
M Bergman, R Sundkvist (Husqvarna AB)

9. Abstract
Because of todays new emissions legislation, a new 45cc Husqvarna trimmer/clearing saw power head wasneeded. When reducing emissions in a conventional two-stroke engine or a stratified scavenged engine, it isimportant that the tuning and basic scavenging characteristics of the standard engine are maintained. A dual
charge intake system is necessary for the stratified engine but it also creates air fuel delivery issues compared toa standard two stroke engine. With increasing trapping efficiency more spent gases mixes with the fresh charge,
creating less favorable combustion properties and thermal loading on the engine. On top of this the sequential
stratified scavenging technology introduces a spatial inhomogeneous mix problem between scavenging fresh air,
new mixture and spent gases. This all add sensitivity to long term stability due to deposits of carbon both in
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139133 / 2013-32-9133
An Innovative Two-Stroke Twin-Cylinder Engine Layout for Range Extending
Application
A. Abis, F. Winkler, C. Schwab, R. Kirchberger, H. Eichlseder (Graz University ofTechnology)

9. Abstract
Global trends show an increasing approval of electrified mobility due to advantages like local zero emission andlow noise. But range anxiety, missing comprehensive availability and high costs significantly obstruct theacceptance and growth of electro mobility. Extended research on finding innovative solutions focus on theelimination of the disadvantages of pure electric drivetrain systems. Therefore an ICE range extended electricvehicle is a promising approach. Commonly, small-capacity gasoline engines with low cylinder numbers are used
for range extending applications. Targets are low emissions, efficient packaging, good NVH behaviour and low
costs. In this paper the layout and design of an innovative twostroke twin-cylinder engine with a capacity of one
litre is presented. Compared to conventional single- or twin-cylinder four-stroke engines a two-stroke
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139143 / 2013-32-9143
Is a High Pressure Direct Injection System a Solution to Reduce Exhaust Gas
Emissions in a Small Two-Stroke Engine?
Markus Bertsch, Kai W. Beck, Thomas Matousek, Ulrich Spicher (MOT GmbH)8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Small gasoline engines are used in motorcycles and handheld machinery, because of their high power density,
low cost and compact design. The reduction of hydrocarbon emissions and fuel consumption is an importantfactor regarding the upcoming emission standards and operational expenses. The scavenging process of thetwo-stroke engine causes scavenging losses. A reduction in hydrocarbon emissions due to scavenging losses canbe achieved through inner mixture formation using direct injection (DI). The time frame for fuel vaporization islimited using two-stroke SI engines by the high number of revolutions. A high pressure DI system was used tooffer fast and accurate injections. An injection pressure of up to 140 MPa was provided by a common rail system,7
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8th Tuesday
201C
13:30 - 15:30
Engine Technology II
Hideyuki Okumura (JMIA/Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Nagesh Mavinahally (Mavin Tech, LLC.)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139032 / 2013-32-9032
7. Paper title
Extension of Lean Burn Range by Intake Valve Offset
8. Author (Affiliation)
Hideki Saito, Takamori Shirasuna, Tomokazu Nomura (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
Using a 109.2 cm3, four-stroke, single-cylinder, two-valve gasoline engine, improvement of fuel economy byextension of lean burn range has been attempted with invented way to intensify tumble flow from a simple
mechanical arrangement. With a part of the intake valve was jutted out beyond the perimeter of the cylinderbore, the masking effects from the valve recess on top of the cylinder sleeve created a strong tumble flow, whichenabled lean burn at an air fuel ratio leaner than the conventional design by two points. The motorcycle
equipped with this engine attained better fuel economy by 5.7% to the base model when measured in Indian
Driving Cycle (IDC)…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139060 / 2013-32-9060
An Investigation on Cranking Torque Reduction for Four-Stroke Motorcycle Engine
Yong-Jing Zou, Yuh-Yih Wu, Yao-Chung Liang, Hsin-Hong Lin (National Taipei
University of Technology)

9. Abstract
This study focuses on developing a cranking torque reduction strategy for a motorcycle with idling-stop system.
At first, experiments are done to measure the electric current consumption of starting motor which is thenconverted into cranking torque by the motor torque constant. The experimental results also indicate that thepiston position, after the engine is stopped, always remains at the bottom dead center of compression stroke.
This will further increase the cranking torque for the next engine start due to static friction and compression
pressure. This paper, therefore, proposes to retrofit the original generator of motorcycle as a motor/generator
with the same operation power…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139081 / 2013-32-9081
Numerical Investigations of Overexpanded Cycle and Exhaust Gas Recirculation for
a Naturally Aspirated Lean Burn Engine
Denis Neher, Maurice Kettner, Fino Scholl (University of Applied Sciences
Karslruhe), Markus Klaissle, Danny Schwarz (SenerTec
Kraft-Wärme-Energiesysteme GmbH), Blanca Giménez Olavarria (University ofValladolid)

9. Abstract
A large number of small size gas-fired cogeneration engines operate with homogenous lean air-fuel mixture. It
allows for engine operation at high efficiency and low NOx emissions. As a result of the rising amount of installed
cogeneration units, however, a tightening of the governmental emission limits regarding NOx is expected. While
engine operation with further diluted mixture reduces NOx emissions, it also decreases engine efficiency. This
leads to lower mean effective pressure, in particular for naturally aspirated engines. In order to improve thetrade-off between engine efficiency, NOx emissions and mean effective pressure, numerical investigations of analternative combustion process for a series small cogeneration engine were carried out…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139084 / 2013-32-9084
Development of an Novel Non-eccentric Rotational Engine "Ishino Engine"(Fundamental Configuration and Characteristics)
Yojiro Ishino, Keisuke Teshima, Hiroyuki Fujii, Yusaku Yamamoto, Yu Saiki(Nagoya Institute of Technology)

9. Abstract
A novel rotational internal combustion engine is invented and investigated. In this engine, no eccentric
Rotational component is used, resulting in vibration-free operation. For this characteristics, this engine will besuitable for usage in silent environment, e.g. co-generation house plant, handyusage and so on. The engine
mainly consists of a rotor casing and two types of rotor; cycloid rotor and trochoid rotor. The shape of the cycloid
rotor is characterized by epicycloid surface and lobes, and the trochoid rotor also superior-epitrochoid surface
and concaves. As mentioned above, fundamental process of intake, compression, ignition, expansion and exhaust
for working gas is automatically performed by the constant speed rotation of both of rotors. In this paper, first,
the typical configuration including two designing procedure of the rotors are described in detail. Next the cyclic
behavior of the working process is explained. Furthermore the design drawing of the prototype engine is given…

8
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201D
13：30 - 15：00
Fuel Supply Systems II
Minoru Iida (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Robert Kee (Queen's University of Belfast)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139128 / 2013-32-9128
Evaluating the behavior of carbureted engines using a fast response fuelconsumption measurement device with minor impact on engine characteristics
Jürgen Tromayer, Gerd Neumann, Alexander Trattner, Roland Kirchberger (Graz
University of Technology), Hans van den Hoevel(AVL Deutschland)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract

Meeting future legislative targets for SI engines by means of low cost technologies is a big challenge forengineers. Despite the use of simple and cost efficient components these engines have to fulfill customer
requirements in terms of power and fuel economy, representing the most important selling arguments. Without
the possibility of integrating modern technologies like fuel injection systems for mixture preparation instead ofsimple carburetors, it is very complex to find viable solutions that enable the achievement of these targets. A
main key to improve emission behavior, fuel economy and performance on carbureted engines is to get an insightin the mixture preparation process, especially under transient conditions. Therefore, the Institute for Internal
Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics of Graz University of Technology together with AVL Germany
investigated possibilities to measure the fuel mass flow with a flexible, quick responding device that does not
influence the carburetor itself. Comparisons of different fuel flow measurement tools on several engine
applications were done to find out which one delivers the information required for advanced carburetor setup
tasks in the best possible way. This should serve as a basis for future mixture preparation development on thetest bench and especially for in-field optimization.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139126 / 2013-32-9126
Spray Characteristics of Local-contact Microwave-heating Injector Fueled with
Ethanol
Lukas Kano Mangalla, Hiroshi Enomoto (Kanazawa University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
A microwave-heating system is integrated in a port-injector to minimize the cold-start problems and exhaustemissions of engine. This paper report the experimental investigations of spray characteristics and numericalsimulation of fuel temperature inside port-injector. Fuel flow inside port-injector is heated using
microwave-heating and this system is called “local-contact microwave-heating injector” (LMI). LMI can be used
to increase temperature of ethanol near boiling point (351.5K) before injected into room temperature. Injection
pressure of fuel was operated constant at 0.3MPa. Characteristics of fuel spray were observed experimentallyusing high speed camera, CMOS camera and LDSA. Numerical simulation was conducted to verify the effect of
local heating on spray distribution. 2-D geometry of injector with finer quadrilateral mesh (56,000 meshes) was
solved numerically on pressure based solver in CFD simulation code. Conservation equations of mass,
momentum and energy were modelled on time dependent using Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operation(PISO) algorithm. The result shows good agreement between numerical and experimental measurement of
temperature distribution. An increasing of fuel temperature inside port injector is considerably improving
Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of ethanol spray. Pre-heating fuel system by LMI can improve spray quality …
This presentation was moved to the last of “Advanced Combustion II” session, October 9th, 201E room.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract

20139167 / 2013-32-9167
Measurement of fuel liquid film under the different injection pressure
Keiji Muramatsu, Kenji Yamamoto, Naoki Jinno, Kenjiro Nakama (SUZUKI
MOTOR CORPORATION), Shinya Okamoto, Tsuneaki Ishima (Gunma University)

The purpose of this study was to measure the distribution and volume of liquid film adhering to the walls after
the injection of fuel by an injector of a port-injection engine using the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) method
while changing the fuel pressure and the angle of injection, and to consider how adhesion can be reduced inorder to decrease the exhaust emission of gasoline engine. Using a high-speed camera, we filmed the adhesion
and evaporation of liquid film in time series. Perylene, used here as a fluorescence dye, was blended with a fuelcomprising toluene and n-heptane, and the mixture was injected onto a solid surface using a port-injection
injector. UVLED with a maximum output wavelength of 375 nm was used as the exciting light. To moreaccurately measure the volume of fuel adhesion, it was necessary to correct the unevenness of the light source.
For this purpose, we filmed the unevenness of the light source using a fluorescent plate, and using the image as
the reference, corrected the images of liquid film adhesion. Through these methods, we evaluated the behavior of
liquid film under different injection pressures and injection angles. The results showed that by increasing thefuel pressure, we can reduce the liquid film adhesion and that the smaller the angle of injection…

1. Date
2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201E
13:30 - 15:30
Measurement & Simulation I
Tadao Okazaki (LEMA / Kubota Corporation),
Stephan Schmidt (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139023 / 2013-32-9023
A Comparative Study on Map Based and Closed Loop Simulation Model of Coolant
Circuit for a Two Wheeler Liquid Cooled Engine
N. Karthikeyan, Anish Gokhale (Mahindra 2 Wheelers Limited)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
The basic requirement of a vehicle cooling system is to ensure that the components of the engine are adequately
cooled under vehicle operating conditions. Engine life and effectiveness can be improved with effective cooling.
In designing process, simulation plays a vital role. A clear understanding of the coolant flow and pressure
developed within the cooling system is important in designing the coolant circuit. The efficiency of the coolingsystem depends on the flow delivered by the impeller. The work aims at the study of performance characteristics
of a backward curved impeller in a two wheeler cooling system. The objective is to compare the operating points
such as pressure drop, flow delivered and power consumed from mapped Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
simulation and closed loop CFD simulation. Moving Reference Frame (MRF) model was used to simulate…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139124 / 2013-32-9124
Real World Operation of a Standard Lawn Mower Engine from a Scientific
Perspective
Hermann Edtmayer, Alexander Trattner, Stephan Schmidt, Roland Kirchberger(Graz University of Technology) Jakob Trentini, Johann Weiglhofer (Viking GmbH)9. Abstract
This paper introduces a research project on a spark ignition engine used in non-road applications. The aim is toillustrate the present situation as basis for comparison. Furthermore to identify possible improvement potential
in terms of performance, efficiency or exhaust and noise emissions. The study is carried out in two steps. First a
standard walk-behind lawn mower is equipped with measuring instrumentation for recording the cutting forces
and the engine variables during real world operation. The tests are carried out on three different lawn types andtwo different blade types are investigated. Consequently, in a second step the engine is analysed on the engine
test bench in stationary and transient operating mode. A complete engine mapping is done regarding all relevant
variables. Additionally to the outdoor tests, fuel consumption and engine out emissions are measured…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139125 / 2013-32-9125
Start/Stop Strategies for Two-Wheelers in the Emerging Markets
Bernd Heinzmann, Simon Scholz (Robert Bosch GmbH) Pramod R, PrashanthAnantha (Bosch India Ltd)

9. Abstract
Fuel economy of two-wheelers is an important factor influencing the purchasing psychology of the consumer
within the emerging markets. Additionally, air pollution being a major environmental topic, there is a risingconcern about vehicle emissions, especially in the big cities and their metropolitan areas. Potentially, therelatively expensive engine management systems are providing more features and value in comparison to the
carburettor counterpart. The combustion system analysis is carried out on a 125 cm3 motorcycle engine and thesubsequent numerical simulation comparing the carburettor and the Electronic (Port) Fuel Injection which
provides a basis to establish the fuel consumption benefit for the electronic injection systems. In order to add
more flexibility to the engine management systems and provide additional fuel economy benefit…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139127 / 2013-32-9127
Development of a Thermal Model within a Complete Vehicle Simulation forMotorcycles and Powersport Applications
P. Rieger, J. Girstmair, St. Schmidt, R. Almbauer, R. Kirchberger (Graz University ofTechnology)

9. Abstract
This publication covers the development process of a thermal model within a complete longitudinal vehicle
simulation. Therefore a dynamic/forward simulation within MATLAB Simulink is used. The modeling of theheat transport in the cooling circuit and the lubrication system as well as the heat input by the internal
combustion engine is the focus of research. In the first part various possible numerical solution methods for theheat transport model are analyzed and evaluated with regard to the accuracy of the system description and realtime capability. The latter is important as functionalities should be able to be subsequently implemented in anengine control unit. In addition, a method for the modeling of the heat input of the internal combustion engine isevaluated. Finally, a validation of the heat transport and heat input model is performed, using a …

910
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201A
16:00 - 18:00
Materials I
Hirotaka Kurita (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Ken Fosaaen (Fosaaen Technologies, LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139012 / 2013-32-9012
7. Paper title
High Performance Polymers for Small Engine Applications
8. Author (Affiliation)
Stephen Gurchinoff, Duane Fish, Brian Stern (Solvay Specialty Polymers)
9. Abstract
High performance polymers (HPPs) consist of a group of materials that perform in more demanding applications
than more commonly known plastic materials. These materials have been used to replace metals in theautomotive industry in a number of applications. HPP’s offer specific strengths in line with cast metals and offersome benefits in certain chemical environments over metals. The use of these materials in fuels has a long
history and continues to expand as the capabilities become better understood, HPP’s are of particular interest inareas where alcohol is present in fuel mixtures and causes corrosion on metals. HPP’s have also been developed
to serve as a low cost solutions to fuel permeation in fuel tanks by using two or three layer blow molded
constructions. Ethylene glycol, oils, and other automotive fluids also have little effect on the mechanicalproperties of HPP’s. Higher temperature capable HPP’s (up to 300° C) exhibit outstanding friction and …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139110 / 2013-32-9110
7. Paper title
Creep Resistance of 2024 Aluminum Alloy
8. Author (Affiliation)
Le Min Wang, Chih-Jrn Tsai (National Defense University)
9. Abstract
Long term soaking creep rupture tests of a 2024 aluminum alloy in the T4 condition were performed at 100 °C
and 130 °C under stresses ranged from 235 MPa to 370 MPa. It appears that the longer creep life can beobtained through the beneficial effect of underageing resulting in the GPB zones being retained in the matrix
rather than dissolving and additional dynamic precipitation of S' precipitates during testing; especially at thecondition of 325 MPa at 100 °C, the alloy exhibits longer creep life of at least 14,604 h due to most fully
developed very fine precipitates dispersion. When creep test at higher temperature (130°C), the grown S'
precipitates lead to significant reduction of creep rupture life. The correlation of applied stress, creep
temperature, creep rupture time, and microstructure evolution were discussed.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139049 / 2013-32-9049
Corrosion resistance improvement technology of anodic oxide films on aluminumalloy that uses a lithium hydroxide solution
Masahiro Fujita, Hiroomi Tanaka, Hitoshi Muramatsu (SUZUKI MOTORCORPORATION), Sachiko Ono, Hidetaka Asoh (Kogakuin University)

9. Abstract
The anodic oxide films are formed to improve the corrosion resistance on aluminum alloy that used as the partsof engines and car bodies. Because these films are porous structure, it is necessary to seal the pores to further
improve the corrosion resistance. The pores are sealed with hydrated alumina by treating the films in boilingwater or solution that added sealing additives. These hydration sealing has a problem that energy consumption
is large because of long sealing time and high temperature of solution.
In this study, the authors have developed a new sealing treatment (Lithium sealing) using a lithium hydroxide
solution to solve above problem. Lithium sealing mainly sealed the pores with lithium aluminate double salt
(LiH(AlO2)2･5H2O). This salt was rapidly formed in strong alkaline solution at room temperature, so that thesealing time was reduced to about 1/10 compared with the conventional sealing. After this sealing …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139029 / 2013-32-9029
7. Paper title
Suction flow improvement of Plasma spray cylinder in Outboard Motor
8. Author (Affiliation)
Hideya Kumagai (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
The two-stroke engines were in the main stream of the outboard motors, but they have been replaced with thefourstroke counterparts reflecting the environmental protection movement in recent years. Yamaha outboard
motors F300B and VF250A, of which the production started in the year 2009, are equipped with four-stroke
engines, and yet achieved the light weight equivalent to their two-stroke counterparts. The production volume ofthese models reached 20,000 units. The sleeveless cylinder block produced by utilizing the thermal spraying
technology has successfully reduced the distance between the cylinders, and has contributed to realize smaller
and lighter-weight components used in the cylinder block and the related areas.

11
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201B
16:00 - 18:00
Diesel Engine
Takeshi Maeda (Honda R&D Co.,Ltd.),
Brian Callahan (Achates Power & Basco)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139021 / 2013-32-9021
Effect of Spray/Wall Interaction on Diesel Combustion and Soot Formation in
Two-Dimensional Piston Cavity
Kuichun Li, Masaki Ido, Yoichi Ogata, Keiya Nishida, Baolu Shi (University ofHiroshima), Daisuke Shimo (Mazda Motor Corporation)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
The effects of spray/wall interaction on diesel combustion and soot formation in a two-dimensional piston cavity
were studied with a high speed color video camera in a constant volume combustion vessel. The two-dimensional
piston cavity was applied to generate the impinging spray flame. In the cavity, the flat surface which plays a roleas the cylinder head has a 13.5 degree angle with the injector axis and the impinging point was located 30 mm
away from the nozzle tip. Three injection pressures of 100, 150, and 200 MPa and a single hole diesel injector(hole diameter: 0.133mm）were selected. The flame structure and combustion process were examined by using
the color luminosity images. Two-color pyrometry was used to measure the line-of sight soot temperature andconcentration by using the R and B channels of the color images. The soot mass generated by impinging....
6. PaperNo.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139022 / 2013-32-9022
Combustion Characteristics of Emulsified Blends of Water and Diesel Fuel in a Diesel
Engine with Cooled EGR and Pilot Injection
Hideyuki Ogawa, Gen Shibata and Takaki Kato (Hokkaido University), Hari
Setiapraja (The agency for assessment and application of technology), Kosuke Hara
(YANMAR Co., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
Water and diesel fuel emulsions containing 13% and 26% water by volume were investigated in a modern diesel
engine with relatively early pilot injection, supercharging, and cooled EGR. The heat release from the pilot
injection with water emulsions is retarded toward the top dead center due to the poor ignitability, which enables
larger pilot and smaller main injection quantities. This characteristic results in improvements in the thermal
efficiency due to the larger heat release near the top dead center and the smaller afterburning. With the 26%
water emulsion, mild, smokeless, and very low NOx operation is possible at an optimum pilot injection quantityand 15% intake oxygen with EGR at or below 0.9 MPa IMEP, a condition where large smoke emissions areunavoidable with regular unblended diesel fuel. Heat transfer analysis with Woschni’s equation did not…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139103 / 2013-32-9103
CFD Modeling of a Turbo-charged Common-rail Diesel Engine
Guan-Jhong Wang, Chia-Jui Chiang, Yu-Hsuan Su (National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology), Yong-Yuan Ku (Automotive Research and Testing Center)

9. Abstract
In this study, a single cylinder diesel engine model is built via the ANSYS FLUENT CFD solver to simulate thephenomenon during each stroke. The initial conditions and boundary conditions are set based on experimental
data obtained from a turbo-charged common-rail diesel engine developed by Mitsubishi. The variables that canbe observed from the CFD model include cylinder pressure, gas velocity, cylinder temperature, fuel particle
tracks, and mass fraction of cylinder gas components. The simulation results display the effects of the fuelinjection timings on the combustion heat release process, cylinder pressure and cylinder temperature atdifferent engine operation conditions. The pure diesel (C10H22) is adopted in this simulation study.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139112 / 2013-32-9112
Study on Combustion and Soot Emission of Ethanol or Butanol Blended with Gas
Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine
Shohei Yamamoto, Shotaro Watanabe, Keisuke Komada, Daisaku Sakaguchi,
Hironobu Ueki, Masahiro Ishida (Nagasaki University)

9. Abstract
In order to utilize bio-alcohols as the fuel for diesel engines, combustion characteristics of alcohol blended withgas oil were compared between ethanol and n-butanol in a direct injection diesel engine. In the case of the same
cetane number between ethanol and butanol blends, the time-history of combustion, in other words, the ignition
delay, the diffusion combustion and the combustion duration, coincided almost completely in both blend fuels.
However, the smoke density of the butanol blend was smaller than that of the ethanol blend. This result must becaused by difference in soot formation process between ethanol and butanol blends. Thus, it is difficult to predict
the trend of the soot emission in combustion of alcohol blends only by using the existing phenomenological modelof the soot formation in the combustion of gas oil. In the present study, the concept …

12
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8th Tuesday
201C
16:00 - 18:00
Engine Technology III
Michihisa Nakagawa (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Stefano Frigo (University of Pisa)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139105 / 2013-32-9105
Investigation on Friction Behaviour of a Single Cylinder Gasoline Engine
T Sukumaran Vipin, Joseph Sumith, Allwyn Dias, K Chandra Reddy, S Saju, Mohan
D Umate (TVS Motor Company Ltd.)

9. Abstract
In order to improve the performance and fuel economy of a reciprocating engine, it is important to reduce theoverall engine frictional losses. In this paper, author conducts an experimental study on the friction
characteristics due to pumping loss, valve-train system, piston assembly, auxiliaries and transmission for a
110cc, single cylinder 4-stroke gasoline engine using frictional strip-down analysis. Friction strip-down method iscommonly used to investigate the frictional contribution of various engine elements at high speeds and for better
understanding of the make-up of the total engine friction. The engine friction measurements for the particularengine are carried out on a motoring test rig at different engine speeds…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139160 / 2013-32-9160
The Numerical Investigation on the Performance of Rotary Engine with Leakage,
Different Fuels and Recess Sizes
Dun-Zen Jeng, Ming-June Hsieh, Chih-Chuan Lee (Chung-Shan Institute of Scienceand Technology), Yu Han (National Chung Hsing University)

9. Abstract
This study investigates the influence of leakage through the apex seal, fuel type and recess size on theperformance of a Rotary Engine. A commercial CFD software, Fluent, was applied and a two-dimensional model
was constructed to predict the engine performance. Air and fuel flow into the chamber by two separate ducts inthis model were used to simulate fuel-air mixing. Three different apex seal clearances (0mm, 0.4mm, 0.5mm)
were simulated. The computations with two types of fuel, CH4 and C8H18, were performed and put in resultcomparison in this study. The recess sizes were based on three compression ratios, 8.33, 9.55 and 10.18. To
simplify rotor mesh construction in the model with leakage, a porous region was generated to model this quite
small gap…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139161 / 2013-32-9161
The Intake and Exhaust Pipe Effect on Rotary Engine Performance
Dun-Zen Jeng, Ming-June Hsieh, Chih-Chuan Lee (Chung-Shan Institute of Scienceand Technology), Yu Han (National Chung Hsing University)

9. Abstract
This article is to investigate the inlet and exit pipe effect on a rotary engine performance. A 1-dimensional,
threecylinder reciprocating engine model was adopted to simulate the operation of a rotary engine with three
separate chambers. The chamber volume variation in this model was identical to a real rotary engine. The test
data of the real rotary engine were used as a benchmark test for this model. Various parameters are thenstudied, including pipe length, pipe diameters, and pipe shape with convergent/divergent angles. In theperformance analysis, the results showed that the averaged performance data (BSFC, brake work, brake torque,pressure distribution) was within 5 % in tolerance…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139114 / 2013-32-9114
Effects of EGR on Knock-level of Small Spark Ignition Engine with Gasoline-base
Kerosene-mixed Fuel
Hiroshi Enomoto, Hirotaka Nozue, Noboru Hieda (Kanazawa University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In emergency, it is not easy to get enough fuel for generator and the usage of kerosene with small spark ignitionengine for normal gasoline was investigated. As too much kerosene will cause knock, EGR (exhaust gas
recirculation) system was used to reduce the knock strength. The displacement was 290cc and the compression
ratio was 8.4. The knock strength was evaluated with a highpass-filtered strain sensor and 0.6V was measured
at MBT (Minimum advance for Best Torque) with normal gasoline, 1800rpm, 10Nm. The engine speed was
almost 1800±100rpm and the torque was almost 10±0.1Nm. As a result, the EGR system could reduce the knockstrength in any kerosene mixture fuel with the control of the ignition timing.

13
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201D
16:00 - 18:00
Hybrids, Electric Drives & Fuel CellsⅠ
Yasuyuki Muramatsu (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Glenn Bower (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139006 / 2013-32-9006
Development of a New Regenerative Braking System
Takahiro Noyori, Setsuko Komada, Hirobumi Awakawa(SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)

9. Abstract
Our new technology, the first technology in the small vehicle industry, achieves the fuel economy improvement
due to the electricity through the highly efficient electricity generation and charge by the regenerative braking
energy obtained during vehicle decelerating or coasting. The newly developed technologies is the regenerative
braking system, which minimizes electricity generation during vehicle driving, while maximizes it during
vehicle decelerating or coasting. Regenerative braking is the function to generate electric power using with theregenerative braking energy obtained during vehicle decelerating or coasting through the accelerator pedal
released or the brake pedal applied. The kinetic energy from the vehicle in motion is recaptured as the electric
power to be used for the electric component operation.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139009 / 2013-32-9009
Design and Analysis of Single-cylinder 22 HP Hybrid Powertrain
for Motorcycles
Chun-Hsien Wu, Wei-Ming Su, Pei-Jen Wang (National Tsing Hua University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
A single-cylinder engine of 22 HP plus 10 HP hybrid powertrain for motorcycles is proposed in this paper. An
electric DC brushless motor, connected via crankshaft to the 249.4cc four-stroke internal combustion engine(ICE), drives a continuous variable transmission (CVT) to the rear wheel for propulsion of vehicle. A rule-based
controller structure is established for management of power from both the ICE and motor to reduce fuelconsumption and achieve charge sustaining. With the help from Matlab/Simulink programs, simulations andassessment of the efficacy in emission reduction of the proposed hybrid motorcycle under ECE-R40 driving cycle
are analyzed.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139018 / 2013-32-9018
7. Paper title
Adaptive-Learning Regeneration Controller Design for Electric Vehicles
8. Author (Affiliation)
Chien-An Chen, Ming-Chih Lin (Automotive Research & Testing Center)
9. Abstract
An adaptive-learning regeneration control strategy to enhance the regeneration quality for electric vehicles (EV)is proposed. In recent years, several kinds of EV are equipped with regeneration function. For example, i-MiEV,
the EV of Mitsubishi motors, whose energy regeneration ratio is adjusted via the gear shift for standard using,increasing energy regeneration ratio and decreasing energy regeneration ratio. In Taiwan, the TOBE W’ car andLuxgen MPV EV, whose energy regeneration ratios are adjusted by a knob and a shaft, respectively. However,
the abovementioned methods are not adaptively to be adjusted to adapt the various customs of drivers. There
are some drawbacks, such as manually adjusting energy regeneration ratio and constant energy regeneration
ratio, etc. Therefore, an adaptive-learning regeneration control strategy is proposed to account for theabove-mentioned drawbacks.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139035 / 2013-32-9035
A Research on the Application Layer Protocols of WirelessCommunication of Electric Vehicle
Yen-Chun Lai (Automotive Research & Testing Center)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
On electric vehicle monitoring, there is no application layer standard to support the wireless communication. Asa developing target, there are more varieties on the signal combination as the modules or unit carried by anelectric vehicle change. Protocols between the transmission unit and the reception server are made to change
frequently, so are the programs on both the transmission unit and the reception server, and results in the
difficulty to the development and maintenance of the whole system.
Since electric motorcycle and electric bicycle are also developing with hybrid type, same problems would occur
to them. It would be favorable to find a protocol with endurance to such variability. ASN.1 is introduced as avaluable candidate. An effort is made to apply ASN.1 to wireless communication of electric vehicle, to see how
well it is to adjust to the variability of signals. Also a new method is developed to …

14
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 8 th Tuesday
201E
16:00 - 18:00
Measurement & Simulation II
Sigeru Fujii (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Stephan Schmidt (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139034 / 2013-32-9034
7. Paper title
Stress prediction of engine components resulting from an engine vibration
8. Author (Affiliation)
Masahiro Akei, Kouich Kouzato, Toshiyuki Uyama (YANMAR Co.,Ltd.)
9. Abstract
This paper describes how we predict the stress of engine components resulting from vibration of engine, using
MBD (Multi Body Dynamics) and FEA (Finite Element Analysis). In a development of industrial engine, manyengine models which are installed on various machines are developed. Depending on operating condition ofmachine, many kinds of components are designed. Therefore, in order to shorten a development period, it isimportant to predict accurately stress of components and evaluate its durability in the design phase. In thisstudy, for exhaust silencer, the stress of engine components which are caused from of engine vibration is
calculated by FEA and MBD and the accuracy of prediction is confirmed as compared with the experimentresult. In addition, the stress of oil suction pipe is predicted. As vibrational characteristic of oil suction pipe is
influenced by lube oil, virtual mass method is used in order to take into consideration the influence …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139043 / 2013-32-9043
Development of Strength Analysis Method for Off-Road Motorcycle Radiator
Assembly
Masakazu Yamaya, Akihiro Chiba, Yuuki Murayama (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
The radiator assembly for a liquid-cooled off-road motorcycle is generally attached to the side of the frame.
Therefore, if the motorcycle topples over, the radiator may strike the ground and receive an impact through theplastic side cover. This may deform the radiator, reducing its cooling performance or leading to a coolant leak.
The strength of the radiator and plastic side cover was designed so that the radiator assembly will not deform
easily if the motorcycle topples over at low speeds. However, due to the complex behavior of the radiatorassembly in strength tests, a degree of trial-and-error may be necessary to incorporate strengthcountermeasures by tests alone. Therefore, a strength test simulation method was developed to help design therequired strength of radiator assemblies.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139044 / 2013-32-9044
Application of FEM Analysis Using Loads Predicted from Strain Measurement inMotorcycle Frame Development
Mitsuo Hirai, Takashi Ueno, Youhei Iwaki, Shojiro Oohama (Yamaha Motor Co.,Ltd.)

9. Abstract
This paper presents an approach for efficiently evaluating motorcycle main frame strength using external loads
predicted from measured strain data in our development process. The loads are calculated by simple matrix
inversion, and can be used as boundary conditions of static analysis that resembles actual phenomena. The
advantage of this method is that it allows relatively precise reproduction of actual boundary conditions without
the data usually needed for dynamic simulation such as tire and suspension characteristics which often takelarge amount of time and man-hour to obtain. Although this approach is simple and common practice, there area lot of things to be concerned for gaining useful results in a broad range of stages in the motorcycle main frame
development process. How we effectively make use of this approach is going to be introduced here.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139096 / 2013-32-9096
Development of Estimation for Strain in Damages of Motorcycle Engine Parts When
Tipped Over from Stationary State
Shigesato Nakamura, Hisayoshi Ogura, Kota Noguchi, Yasuhiro Miyazaki (Honda
R&D Co., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
In this research, a simulation method was developed in which it was able to estimate, in the early stage ofdesign, the strains that potentially lead to damages to motorcycle engine parts when tipped over from astationary state. Splitting a series of phenomena from the start of tilting of motorcycle from the upright position
up to the end of collision of engine parts after the contact on the ground to two groups by before and after thecontact of engine parts on the ground, we applied the multi body dynamics analysis to the first group, and theelastro-plastic FEM analysis to the latter one. In the computer simulation of collision using the elastro-plastic
FEM analysis, we minimized the FEM models from the entire motorcycle models and treated others as a solid
model to shorten the computation period. It is also realized that the strains occurring in the engine parts can be
simulated by considering only the mass of the parts which are rigidly mounted on the engine. The developed
simulation method allows remarkable reduction of analysis time while assuring a high accuracy…

15
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201A
8:30 - 10:00
Alternative Fuels III
Yuh-Yih Wu (National Taipei University of Technology.),
Kai W. Beck (MOT GmbH)6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139174 / 2013-32-9174
An Application of Cellulosic Liquefaction Fuel for Diesel Engine-Improvement of Fuel Property by Cellulosic Liquefactionwith Plastics Kohei Suzuki, Akira Iijima, Hideo Shoji, Koji Yoshida (Nihon University)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
There are few investigations to change wood biomasses to the industrially available energy, so that a newconversion technology of biomass to liquid fuel has been established by the direct liquefaction process. However,cellulosic liquefaction fuel (for short CLF) cold not mixed with diesel fuel. In this study, the plastic was mixed
with wood to improve the solubility of CLF to diesel fuel. CLF made by the direct co-liquefaction process could bestably and completely mixed with diesel fuel in any mixing ratio and CLF included 2 wt.% of oxygen. The test
engine was an air-cooled, four-stroke, single cylinder, direct fuel injection diesel engine. In the engine starting
condition test, the ignition timing of 5 wt.% CLF mixed diesel fuel was slightly delayed at immediately after theengine started, however the ignition timing was almost the same as diesel fuel after the engine was warmed-up.
In ordinary engine performance test, the combustion characteristics, engine performances and exhaust gas
emissions were almost similar to those of diesel fuel up to mixing ratio of CLF of 20 wt%. However, THC wasdecreased as the weight mixing ratio of CLF increased. Therefore, CLF can be practically used as a good additivefor diesel engine.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139134 / 2013-32-9134
The Feasibility Study of Low-concentration Butanol as Fuel on Motorcycle
Ta-Chuan Liu, Zong-Da Lin, Chia-Yun Yeh, Yun-Yang Chen (Industrial Technology
Research Institute)

9. Abstract
This paper describes the test results of low concentration butanol gasoline as fuel on motorcycle. It contains animmerse test to study material compatibility of 50% nbutanol gasoline(nB50) with some rubber, thermoplastics
and Aluminum alloy usually used on motorcycle engine fuel system. An engine dyno test which is to compare the
combustion characteristics of 20% n-butanol-gasoline (nB20) and gasoline. And an vehicle emission and fuel test
which is to evaluate nB20 fuel emission characteristics and compliance of Taiwan motorcycles emission
standards. The results shown there is no malfunction concern to use nB20 as fuel on the fuel injection motorcycle
designed for gasoline. However, the NOx exhaust increase is a common issue of Alcohol alternative fuels on
motorcycle
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139156 / 2013-32-9156
Development of Alternative Fuel Content Estimation Method and Apparatus
Masayoshi Uno, Takashi Abe, Shinichi Kuratani (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)

9. Abstract
Environmental and energy independence concerns have stimulated the development of an apparatus foralternative fuel. It estimates the ethanol content in the fuel in order to perform a reliable combustion. One
means for measuring the ratio of ethanol present in the fuel tank is to provide a fuel composition sensor.
However, such a fuel composition sensor increases the number of parts and causes the cost issues in motorcycles.
We used an oxygen sensor disposed to the exhaust pipe to estimate the ethanol content without increasing theparts and costs. The common method of the estimation is the oxygen feedback in stoichiometric air fuel ratio
condition. Unfortunately, two-wheel vehicles are often operated in rich conditions and have less chance of
stoichiometric condition. In this study, we used a one-liter four-cylinder motorcycle, and have developed apractical method to estimate the ethanol content even in the not-stoichiometric condition. A newly developed
method uses two lambda variables (ratio of actual air-fuelratio to stoichiometric air-fuel-ratio) and provides
more chance of the oxygen feedback for motorcycles. Using an engine dynamometer and a chassis dynamometer,
we conducted some verification examinations for this method and the apparatus. The results showed themethod’s applicability from 0% to 100% ethanol content.

16
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201B
9:00 - 10:00
Lubricants
Hirotaka Kurita (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Brent Dohner (The Lubrizol Corporation)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139033 / 2013-32-9033
Highly Efficient Lubricant for Sport Motorcycle Application –Fuel Economy andDurability Testing
Gianluigi Zoli, May Turner, Cliff Newman (Castrol Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
As a result of extremely competitive market environment and severe emission legislation, motorcycle
manufacturers are giving increased focus to the lubricant as a potential tool to improve engine performance
reducing at same time tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. However, due to very specific hardware
constraints, application of highly efficient low viscosity oils to modern motorcycle requires careful formulation
approach and thorough testing procedure. Previous work carried out by Castrol and described in SAE paper #2011-32-0513 indicated that optimized, low viscosity motorcycle engine oils, formulated with dedicatedtechnology to combine optimum clutch compatibility with engine and gearbox protection, can bring significant
increase in engine power and acceleration in comparison with commercially available lubricants. This paper
describes the progress of the development work, aiming at further understanding potential benefits andconstraints arising from the application of low viscosity, highly efficient engine oils to current motorcycle engine
technology. The work included the evaluation of the fuel economy potential for experimental low viscosity
formulations using a sport tourer motorcycle fitted on chassis dynamometer, followed by extended high speedengine durability evaluation of one of the formulations on two different super sport motorcycle engines,
representative of latest generation hardware technology. Results of Fuel Economy tests showed that carefully
formulated low viscosity lubricants can provide reduction in fuel consumption when compared withconventional, commercially available products. Both the durability test programs were successfully completedwith key engine and driveline components in good conditions at end of test, confirming potential applicability oflow viscosity engine oils to modern high performance sport bikes.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139063 / 2013-32-9063
Improving Fuel Eficiency of Motorcycle Oils
Brent Dohner, Alex Michlberger, Chris Castanien (The Lubrizol Corporation),
Ananda Gajanayake (Lubrizol Japan Ltd.), Sumitaka Hirose (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
As the motorcycle market grows, the fuel efficiency of motorcycle oils is becoming an important issue due toconcerns over the conservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment. Fuel efficient engine
oils have been developed for passenger cars by moving to lower viscosity grades and formulating the additive
package to reduce friction. Motorcycle oils, however, which operate in much higher temperature regimes, mustalso lubricate the transmission and the clutch, and must provide gear protection. This makes their requirements
fundamentally very different from passenger car oils. Developing fuel efficient motorcycle oils, therefore, can bea difficult challenge. Formulating to reduce friction may cause clutch slippage and reducing the viscosity grade
has limitations in motorcycles due to the need for gear protection. Additionally, in high temperature motorcycle
engines, low viscosity oils are more prone to oil consumption, which will hurt fuel economy, and deposit
formation, which may reduce overall performance.
The lowest viscosity grade oil currently recommended by Honda for motorcycle applications is a 10W-30. This
study describes the development of a new 5W-30 motorcycle oil to deliver enhanced fuel efficiency in Honda
motorcycle engines. The key target of this development was to deliver enhanced fuel efficiency with a 5W-30
while not compromising any of the performance of the current high quality 10W-30 oil. Testing was conducted tovalidate oil consumption, clutch performance, oxidation resistance, wear protection, gear protection, and engine
cleanliness in modern Honda motorcycle engines. In all aspects, the newly developed 5W-30 oil performed
equivalent or better than the high quality 10W-30 reference oil. As the final proof of performance, the new 5W-30
oil was compared with the 10W-30 reference oil in a motored Honda motorcycle engine friction torque test andclearly demonstrated the desired enhanced fuel efficiency.

17
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9th Wednesday
201C
9:00 - 10:00
Engine Technology IV
Shosaku Chiba (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.),
Nagesh Mavinahally (Mavin Tech, LLC.)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139169 / 2013-32-9169
Predictive Simulation of PFI Engine Combustion and Emission
Hisashi Goto, Takeshi Morikawa, Mineo Yamamoto, Minoru Iida (Yamaha MotorCo., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
This paper reports a methodology to estimate combustion pattern and emission by predictive simple simulation
with good accuracy on various conditions of PFI engine. 3D-CFD cord VECTIS has been applied for thissimulation, its settings and methods are as follows. RANS equation with liner k-epsilon model has been used as
the turbulence model. Turbulent burning velocity equation contains not only turbulent velocity term but also
laminar burning velocity term. For ignition model, we use a predictive model called DPIK. We iterate cycle
calculation until wallfilm behavior is stabilized to get the reasonable mixture formation. We have applied thismethodology to 125cc engine of motorcycle. As a result, we have obtained heat release curve and pressure curvewith good accuracy on various operating conditions such as engine speed, engine load, air fuel ratio, wall
temperature, and spray direction. CO and NOx calculated simultaneously have also been acceptable. CO
formation is based on chemical equilibrium, and NOx formation is based on the extended Zeldovich mechanism.
Using these results obtained by this methodology, optimal air-fuel distribution that affects heat release patternand emission formation is suggested.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139093 / 2013-32-9093
Investigation on the Re-starting Characteristics of a Motorcycle Engine
Performing an Idle-stop Approach
Rong Fang Horng, Chiu Wei Cheng, Wu Dong Han, Liao Cheng Hsun, Yo Fu Peng
(Kun Shan University), Tsai Chien Hsiung, Tseng Chyuan Yow (Pingtung
University of Science and Technology)

9. Abstract
In this study, the re-starting characteristics of a motorcycle engine with idle-stop were investigated. Generally
when turning off the engine, there is; or when restarting engine, the air-fuel mixture will become rich to cause
the incomplete combustion. When the restarting period is shortened, the aforementioned phenomena would be
improved. The aim of this study was to shorten the engine re-starting time during start-up. In the initial stage ofthe study, the gear ratio of the starter was changed, and the parameters of the engine speed and cylinderpressure were measured and analyzed. The results showed that supplying the additional fuel injection durationof 3 milliseconds into the combustion chamber before the engine was stopped would give the quicker restarting
characteristics.

18
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201D
08:30 - 10 :00
Collegiate Events
Takashi Mitome (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Glenn R. Bower (The University Wisconsin Madison)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)

20139100 / 2013-32-9100

7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

Aerodynamic design for SR11 (Formula SAE racing car)
Tetsuya Fujimoto, Takashi Suzuki (Sophia University)

9. Abstract
Nowadays, cornering performance of FSAE (Formula SAE) cars are dramatically improved due to less mass,
kinematic developments and tires. In such circumstance, under high speed conditions, aerodynamical devices
work better. It had been decided to attach aerodynamical devices that consist of front wing, rear wing, diffuser(floor) and deflector for SR11 (Fig.1, Table1), a FSAE car developed by Sophia Racing (Japan). To start with
developing aerodynamical devices, it had been assumed that how they work. Lap time simulation had been donewith VI-car-realtime, which shows the laptime could be shorten by 2 seconds of 60 seconds for a usual FSAE
endurance course with 60kgf at 60km/h downforce. Dragforce had been assumed to work well while once, it had
been supposed to have a bad influence for laptime. The reason why it works well is at high speed, it works as
extra braking force even without tires doesn’t contact with ground or unfavorable load distribution. Then, 60kgf
downforce was a target, while no target with dragforce. …….
6.Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract

20139118 / 2013-32-9118
Improving the Fuel Economy of Supercharged Engine
Yoshiki Fukuhara, Naoya Kimata, Takashi Suzuki (Sophia University)

The paper reviews the experimental development of fuel economy of engine powering the 2012 Formula SAE
single seat race car of the University of Sophia. The balance of high power and low fuel consumption is biggest
challenge of racing engine. It was found that improving the efficiency of engine by supercharging as a way toachieve that. In order to adapt the supercharger for the engine, the important design points are below:
It was found that intake air blow-by gas at combustion chamber is increased in low engine speed. To improvethat, the valve overlap angle was changed to adopt supercharged engine and improve effective compression
ratio. Typically the racing engine demands maximum torque for performance but that does not imply that the air
fuel ratio should be rich than theoretical. The point is the maximum torque of the engine is proportional to theamount of air intake. Therefore, supercharged engine is possible to increase the supercharging pressure forbigger torque. But the base engine is not prepared for bigger torque, the damage of the engine was considered….

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139176 / 2013-32-9176
Developing Best Available Technology in a Flex-Fuel Snowmobile by using a
Lean-Burn Miller Cycle
Matt Birt, Gregory W. Davis (Kettering University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Clean snowmobile technology has been developed and applied to a commercially available two cylinder,four-stroke snowmobile. The goals of this effort included reducing exhaust and noise emissions to levels below
the U.S National Parks Service (NPS) Best Available Technology (BAT) standard while increasing vehicle
dynamic performance with a 50 percent peak power increase over the original equipment version. Engine
thermal efficiency has been increased through Late Intake Valve Closure (LIVC) valve timing modification forMiller cycle operation, while high load power was increased through the implementation of a turbocharger andvariable electronic boost control. An electronic throttle was also implemented in combination with a“performance/economy” mode switch to limit speed and increase fuel efficiency per the rider’s demands.
Additionally, a new exhaust system featuring a three-way catalytic converter and a simple, lightweight muffler
utilizing a passive acoustic valve has been developed to reduce chemical and noise emissions. This snowmobile
was modified to run the full range of ethanol-blended fuels using an affordable flex-fuel sensor and custom
controls, including closed-loop wideband exhaust oxygen feedback. Excellent fuel efficiency was achieved withthe lean-burn Miller cycle powertrain in addition to an exhaust emissions improvement of 13 percent from theoriginal equipment version.

19
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201E
8:30 - 10:00
Measurement & Simulation III
Tadao Okazaki (LEMA / Kubota Corporation),
Stephan Schmidt (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139079 / 2013-32-9079
CFD Scavenging Simulation & Verification of a Sequentially Stratified Charged
Two-Stroke Engine
M Bergman, N Enander, M Lawenius (Husqvarna AB)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
To effectively use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for engine emission development it is necessary to beable to simulate the scavenging flow in an engine. The CFD model for a stratified charged two-stroke engine iseven more complex. This model have been tuned and finally validated with engine tests. A CFD model has been
made of the Husqvarna 560XP two-stroke stratified charged chainsaw engine. The model contains piston,cylinder, inlet system ducting and exhaust silencer. The simulation runs with moving deforming mesh with all
ports active. The airflow levels have been fine tuned with inlet restrictions similar to those in the air filter
holder, which is not completely included in the present model. The results and behaviour of the CFD model has avery good match to the measured values of the finished product. This gives us confidence in the model andseveral aspects can now be studied that is virtually impossible to capture by other means.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139162 / 2013-32-9162
Evaluation Method for Motorcycle Mode Fuel Consumption using a
One-Dimensional Engine Simulation
Masahito SAITOU, Kenji INOUE, Motohiko NISHIMURA, Hidekazu IWASAKI,
Takashi YOSHIYAMA, Atsushi HISANO and Daisuke SAKOU (Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd)

9. Abstract
Motorcycle has broad spectrum of developments, such as excellent engine performance, low fuel consumption,
emission and noise reduction. As global warming become a serious issue internationally, reduction of fuelconsumption is especially of importance. In this study, an evaluation method for the WMTC mode fuelconsumption using a one-dimensional engine simulation is investigated. The fuel consumption for the WMTC
mode can be predicted in a short time without a complicated vehicle model to simulate transient behavior. The
proposed method mostly showed good agreement with measured data for middle-class motorcycle using a chassis
dynamometer.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139157 / 2013-32-9157
Prediction of the Cavitation Effect on the Flow Around the Outboard Motor
Propeller Blade Hydrofoil Section Using CFD
Akira Kamiya (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
The propeller blade hydrofoil section is one of the factors that determines the propeller performance. In thedevelopment of the hydrofoil, repeatedly performed experiments using many foil models and the cavitation
tunnel involve extended time and high cost. This is why there are expectations for the numerical simulation torealize shorter development time and cost cutback. On the other hand, a technique for reproducing the hydrofoil
characteristics taking account of the cavitation effect using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) has hardly
been established. There is no example of performance prediction especially for a hydrofoil section of the outboard
motor propellers in which the trailing edge is cut off. This paper describes the results of the prediction ofhydrodynamic characteristics performed in regard to the two differently shaped outboard motor propeller bladehydrofoil sections taking account of the cavitation effect. Calculation was performed by commercial finite volume
method CFD code. One-fluid type cavitation model was employed, which is calculated simultaneously withRANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes）equations. The numerical calculation results were compared withexperimental data taken in the cavitation tunnel to show their effectiveness and the limit of application.

20
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201A
10:30 - 12:00
Materials Ⅱ
Le-Min Wang (National Defense University),
Stephen Thomas Gurchinoff (Solvay Specialty Polymers)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139046 / 2013-32-9046
The effect of surface morphology of cylinder bore surface on anti-scuffing property
made by high pressure die-casting process using hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy
Takehiro Uhara, Hirotaka Kurita (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
A monolithic type aluminum (Al) cylinder made of hypereutectic Aluminum-Silicon alloy has been widely used
for motorcycle applications. It has a lightweight structure and a superior cooling ability owing to its material
property and surface finishing. The cylinder bore surface is required for tribological properties such as ananti-scuffing property, an anti-wear property, and a low friction. Among these tribological properties, theantiscuffing property is quite important to assure the reliability and the safety of the motorcycles.
Usually the cylinder bore surface of the monolithic type Al cylinder is finished by an etching process or a honing
process in order to expose silicon (Si) particles from aluminum (Al) matrix for the improvement of thetribological properties. The morphology of the cylinder bore surface including the exposure of Si particles is
supposed to make an important effect on its tribological properties, especially on the anti-scuffing property.
In this research, the anti-scuffing property of three kinds of cylinder bore finishing, an etched surface, a Si
exposure honed surface and a conventional plateau honed surface is evaluated with using a reciprocated typewear tester. The experimental results are analyzed by using Weibull analysis. The relevance of the application of
the Weibull analysis is discussed. It is shown that the experimental data of the anti-scuffing property can beevaluated quantitatively by Weibull analysis. Then the effect of surface morphology on the anti-scuffing …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139082 / 2013-32-9082
Application of Vacuum Assisted Carbide Dispersion Carbonitriding to Connecting
Rods
Tsuyoshi Kubota (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In four-cycle single-cylinder motorcycle engines, high Hertzian stress is generated on and beneath the big-end
surface of the connecting rod. If the surface strength were improved, the diameter of the big-end could be madesmaller, making the entire engine smaller and lighter.
Therefore, application of carbide dispersion carbonitriding using a vacuum furnace (hereinafter referred to as“vacuum CD carbonitriding”) on the big-end surface was investigated. Vacuum CD carbonitriding was carriedout by three processes. The first was a CD carburizing process. This process is done to obtain granularcementite, but in order to avoid decreasing the strength, it is necessary to prevent the formation of coarsened
cementite at the grain boundary. The second process was a refining process. This process is done for the purposeof refining the prior austenite grain size. The third process was a carbonitriding process. This process is done forthe purpose of increasing hardness in the vicinity of the surface. Therefore, in this study, three processes— a CD
carburizing process, a refining process, and a carbonitriding process— were undertaken, to see if CD
carbonitriding with refined prior austenite grain size could be achieved.
The strength of vacuum CD carbonitrided specimen was evaluated using a ball-on-disk typerolling-contact-fatigue testing machine. Vacuum CD carbonitriding was found to have a lifetime six times that ofconventional carburizing. Vacuum CD carbonitrided connecting rods have been used in single-cylinder …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139111 / 2013-32-9111
7. Paper title
Development of HPDC Alloy for Motorcycle Wheel Using Recycled Aluminum
8. Author (Affiliation)
Yukihide Fukuda, Masahiko Nakagawa, Toshimitsu Suzuki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
The new die cast (HPDC) wheel alloy has been developed using recycled aluminum to attain considerable
reduction of energy at the time of material production to make large contribution to the reduction of CO2
emissions.
The material for motorcycle body parts, especially for wheels, requires a sufficient elongation property. However,when recycled aluminum, which contains large amount of impurities, is used as main raw material, theintermetallic compounds crystalize out and the elongation property is deteriorated.
Accordingly, we firstly made the investigations on the elements contained in a recycled aluminum and it wasclarified that the elongation property was correlated to the shape of crystallized iron-based intermetallic
compounds. Next, it also clarified that addition of manganese (Mn) improved the elongation property bychanging the shape of crystallized iron-based intermetallic compounds from the plate form to the clumped form,
followed by determination of the optimum content of Mn to prevent coarsening of the compounds. Additionally, it
was clarified that the shape and size of crystalized iron-based intermetallic compounds significantly influenced
by the solidification rate when casting products.
To analyze the solidification process, we developed a simulation method to estimate the size of metal …

21
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9th Wednesday
201B
10:30 - 12:00
Engine ComponentsⅡ
Toshimi Kobayashi (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.),
Fabio Auriemma (Tallinn University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139102 / 2013-32-9102
Improvement of Powder Metallurgy Gears for Engines and Transmissions
Paul Skoglund, Ola Litström ( Höganäs China Ltd), Dr. Anders Flodin (HöganäsAB)

9. Abstract
This paper presents the progress in Powder Metallurgy (PM) Gears, including examples of how to combine thedisciplines of materials-, design- and process technology to push the limits towards increased performance,
reduced weight, energy consumption and total manufacturing cost. Advancements in materials andmanufacturing technology for PM gears will be presented as well as the result from simulations and reverse
engineering work on existing automotive transmissions. The results from this work show that the amount andtype of load on the individual gears in auto transmissions are very different and this gives room for optimized
selection of material and manufacturing process. PM gears do not have the same geometrical design limits asconventional gears machined from wrought steel, and in this paper it is exemplified how modifications of macroand micro gear geometries of PM gears can reduce weight, inertia and stress levels and in such a way contributeto improved transmissions for cars and motorcycles.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139163 / 2013-32-9163
Idle Air Control Valve for the Small Engine Market
Hong Dian,Chen Kun,Cheng Tao (Continental Automotive Wuhu China), Craig
Weldon P.Eng ( Continental Tire Canada), Alois Christiaens, Ren Jie ( Continental
Automotive Belgium N.V)

9. Abstract
Developing countries, facing greater challenges related to air pollution, are enacting more stringent emission
rules for small engines. Idle Air Control Valve [IACV] along with Electronic Fuel Injection [EFI] is widely used
for emission control in the large engine automotive market. This combination is also considered as one of thebest solutions to aid in reducing the tailpipe emissions from small engines. One regulatory board for small
engine use in USA is the California Air Resource Board [CARB]. CARB has a separate small engine emission
category for nonautomotive Small Off-Road Engine [SORE] consisting of off-road spark-ignition engines below
25 horsepower, including all small off-road engines such as lawn mowers, weed trimmers, garden and othermaintenance utility equipment [1]. SORE emission regulations for the handheld equipment were initially
implemented in 1995 with most recently Tier II reductions of exhaust emissions in 2010.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139068 / 2013-32-9068
7. Paper title
Development of Advanced Propeller Damper (Shift Dampener System)
8. Author (Affiliation)
Yohei Kuroki, Hiroyuki Tsunekawa, Shunsuke Yukawa (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
Generally, the gearshift mechanism for outboard motors shifts into forward or reverse gear without using thesynchromesh arrangement (dog clutch engagement)(See Fig.1). This type of shift mechanism has advantages in
simple structure and in saving space and cost, but at the same time, this is often the source of problem due to theabrasion caused by the hitting of gear against the dog clutch before the engagement, as well as large gearshift
shock and noise. In addition, the outboard motor horsepower is getting bigger in recent years. As they are
equipped with bigger and heavier engines and propellers, the shifting shock and noise tend to become more
severe. For this reason, the improvement in this aspect is required.
We looked into the way to reduce the shock and noise by means of propellers, because the propeller can bemounted and replaced easily, which allows the effective improvement to be spread to the outboard motors
already in the market. Consequently, the advanced propeller damper for reducing the gearshift shock and noise
has been developed. This report presents the development process of the advanced propeller damper.

22
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201C
10:30 - 12:00
Engine ControlsⅠ
Masayoshi Uno (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.),
Thorsten Raatz (Robert Bosch LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139041 / 2013-32-9041
Reduced-order Modeling of Intake Air Dynamics in Single-cylinder Four-stroke
EngineShun-ichi Akama, Yasunori Murayama, and Shigeho Sakoda (Yamaha Motor Co.,Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
This study deals with reduced-order modeling of intake air dynamics in single-cylinder four-stroke
naturally-aspirated spark-ignited engines without surge tanks. It provides an approximate calculation method
for embedded micro computers to estimate intake manifold pressures in real time. The calculation method is also
applicable to multi-cylinder engines with individual throttle bodies since the engines can be equated withparallelization of the single-cylinder engines. In this paper, we illustrate the intake air dynamics, describe amethod to estimate the intake manifold pressures, and show experimental results of the method.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139061 / 2013-32-9061
Estimation of Intake Manifold Absolute Pressure Using Kalman Filter
Bo-Chiuan Chen, Yuh-Yih Wu, Hsien-Chi Tsai (National Taipei University ofTechnology)

9. Abstract
For vehicles with intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, the intake air mass is obtained using
speed-density method. Since the analog MAP signal will contain high frequency noise with uncertain amplitude,
the MAP value obtained in the engine management system using angle based sampling will result in MAP value
variation even for engine steady-state operation. In order to properly obtain a MAP value under nonlinear
time-varying characteristics, a MAP estimation method based on a closed-loop model is proposed. First, an
adaptive two-input single-output intake manifold model is constructed. The Recursive Least Square technique isutilized to on-line identify the intake manifold model with throttle opening angle and engine speed as inputs.
The identified intake manifold model is then employed to estimate the MAP using the Kalman Filter. Simulation
results show that the proposed method can bring smaller standard deviation of air fuel ratio than that of using
conventional methods for noise rejection under open-loop fuel control and system parameters drift. When a highfrequency noise with higher amplitude is caught while sampling a MAP value, the proposed method can also
reduce the noise effect and preserve the open-loop control performance on air fuel ratio. The proposed method is
also investigated if the engine output torque is fluctuated.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139037 / 2013-32-9037
Online engine speed based adaptation of air charge for two-wheelers
Christian Steinbrecher, Bastian Reineke, Jürgen Berkemer, Henning Heikes,
Wolfgang Fischer (Robert Bosch GmbH)9. Abstract
Regarding the strongly growing two-wheeler market fuel economy, price and emission legislations are in focus of
current development work. Fuel economy as well as emissions can be improved by introduction of engine
management systems (EMS). In order to provide the benefits of an EMS for low cost motorcycles, efforts arebeing made at BOSCH to reduce the costs of a port fuel injection (PFI) system.
The present paper describes a method of how to reduce the number of sensors of a PFI system by the use ofsophisticated software functions based on high-resolution engine speed evaluation. In order to improve theperformance of a system working without a MAP-sensor (manifold air pressure sensor) an air charge feature(ACFn) based on engine speed is introduced. It is shown by an experiment that ACFn allows to detect and adaptchanges in manifold air pressure. Cross-influences on ACFn are analyzed by simulations and engine test benchmeasurements. Whereas the air-fuel ratio can be neglected, the temperature influence has to be considered.
Finally, additional applications of engine speed based features for small engine control are discussed. Algorithms
for ignition angle optimization and air-fuel ratio adaptation are part of the current development work at Bosch.

23
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9th Wednesday
201D
10:30 - 12:00
Hybrids, Electric Drives & Fuel Cells Ⅱ
Jung-Ho Chen, (National Taiwan University),
Glenn Bower (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139132 / 2013-32-9132
Single Cylinder 25kW Range Extender as Alternative to a Rotary Engine
Maintaining High Compactness and NVH Performance
Christian Hubmann, Frank Beste, Hubert Friedl, Wolfgang Schoffmann(AVL List GmbH)8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Due to the restricted capacity of today´s battery systems and therefore limited operating range of electricvehicles (EV), several solutions for recharging the energy storage during driving already have been publishedand still are matter of extensive development programs. One example is the Range Extender (RE), which is acombination of an internal combustion engine (ICE) with a generator-unit, which serves the purpose of a powerback-up in case of a battery with low state of charge (SOC) without any direct connection to drivetrain.
For such kind of RE-application different boundary conditions are getting of major importance. Especially in
EVs topics like packaging space and NVH behavior do play a main role. To fulfill these important characteristics,
AVL has developed a 25kW Wankel-RE unit in which the generator is driven directly from the excenter-shaft of
the rotary-piston ICE. With such an arrangement and the correct balancing of the power unit directly on therotor of the generator, a very small packaging size in combination with a smooth and silent running can beachieved and fulfills the most important characteristics for an electric vehicle. Besides of these outstanding
attributes, even RE rotary engine concepts have proven excellent fuel efficiency even under stringent emission
challenges, the main drawback of rotary engines can be seen in non-availability of large scale manufacturing
devices for specific rotary engine components. Therefore, the industry would prefer and …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139071 / 2013-32-9071
Development of Belt-Driven Starter-Generator Control Strategy forElectric Vehicle
Qing-Lin Chen, Jieng-jang Liu, Pai-Hsiu Lu(China Engine Corporation, Taiwan)

Hybrid9. Abstract
A Hybrid electric vehicle saves fuel by four aspects, i.e. engine idle-stop, regenerative braking, engine
downsizing, and engine load change. Saving fuel by 5-10% is achievable with optimized fuel cut-off strategy.
However, emission and drivability trade-off must be carefully treated. The conventional automatic transmission
requires a mechanical pump driven by the engine crankshaft offers hydraulic function, lubrication, and cooling.
To stop the engine during vehicle idling, transmission fluid pressure will not be sufficiently maintained for thelaunch clutch in engaged status. Once the engine restarts, the engine speed profile can cause the transmission
fluid pressure uncontrollable, which creates bump during vehicle take-off. In most vehicles equipped with aconventional automatic transmission (AT) as well as start-stop function, an electric oil pump is usually installed
to maintain fluid pressure.
However, cost and complexity increase, and the electric pump is redundant to the mechanical pump during
normal driving. This paper presents a method for smoothing the change of automatic transmission fluid (ATF)
pressure by utilizing the belt-driven starter-generator (BSG) using field oriented control (FOC) method and thecorrelation curve between AT fluid pressure and rotational speed of BSG.
The proposed system reduced the numbers of changes and incremental cost due to additional …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139072 / 2013-32-9072
Development of the idle-stop starter with pre- and post-engage pinion gear
Chih-Wei Hu, Shih-Lin Lin, Heng-Chih Tang, Ting-Chi Kao, Andrew P.H. Lu(China Engine Corporation)

9. Abstract
Reducing the fuel consumption of conventional ICE vehicles are usually achieved from reducing vehicle runningresistance, improving engine efficiency, save the idle energy,and recycling the waste energy. About 5-10% of fuelconsumption can be saved by engine idle-stop, which strongly depends on fuel cut-off schedule before the vehicle
completely stop.
However, engine shut-off during vehicle coasting-down always exist strong concerns of safety anddrivability
issues.Fuel cut-off before vehicle completely stop creates the risk that the driver might change-of-mind (CoM).
The driver could request the engine restart during engine running downperiod, when engine speed between
200-500rpm.
With convention starter, the pinion gear is actuated simultaneously with the starter motor energizing. There
will be no chance to engage the pinion gear with crankshaft gear when the engine is not still. That realizes
idle-stop function activated before vehicle completely stop is unachievable by using conventional starter.

24
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9th Wednesday
201E
10:30 - 12:00
Advanced CombustionⅠ
Koji Yoshida (Nihon University),
Ken Fosaaen (Fosaaen Technologies, LLC.)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139002 / 2013-32-9002
Effects of Intake System with Swirl and Tumble Valve on the Combustion in a Small
Four Stroke Engine
Hui-Ting Chang, Chih-Wei Huang, Kuan-Hsu Lin, Wen-Cheng Hu (SANYANG
INDUSTRY CO., LTD.)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
It is well know that better fuel economy, good drivability, lower cost are essential for motorcycle market in Asia.
To meet these demands in the meantime is a challenge for engineers. Gas motion in cylinder has significant
effects on engine combustion efficiency and stability. A simple gas motion control valve may be a solution to meetthese demands. This paper examines the turbulence characteristics、 combustion and fuel consumption between
swirl valve and tumble valve on an air cooled 150cc four valves scooter engine. Finally, the swirl valve andtumble valve respectively improve the fuel consumption about 12% and 17% in the partial load 4500rpm, 2bar
BMEP engine operating condition.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139030 / 2013-32-9030
A Study of the Effects of Varying the Supercharging Pressure and Fuel Octane
Number on Spark Ignition Engine Knocking using Spectroscopic Measurement andIn-cylinder Visualization
Takashi Ishino, Norikuni Hayakawa, Tomomi Miyasaka, Akira Iijima, Koji Yoshida,
Hideo Shoji (Nihon University)

9. Abstract
Engine downsizing with a turbocharger / supercharger has attracted attention as a way of improving the fueleconomy of automotive gasoline engines, but this approach can be frustrated by the occurrence of abnormal
combustion. In this study, the factors causing abnormal combustion were investigated using a supercharged,
downsized engine that was built by adding a mechanical supercharger. Combustion experiments were conductedin which the fuel octane number and supercharging pressure were varied while keeping the engine speed,equivalence ratio and intake air temperature constant. In the experiments, a visualization technique wasapplied to photograph combustion in the combustion chamber, absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate
the intermediate products of combustion, and the cylinder pressure was measured. The experimental dataobtained simultaneously were then analyzed to examine the effects on combustion. The results showed that
increasing fuel octane number had effect of moderating combustion by lengthening period from development of acool flame to occurrence of autoignition. Additionally, increasing the supercharging pressure retarded the onsetof the cool flame reactions and advanced the occurrence of autoignition.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139144 / 2013-32-9144
Influence of High Frequency Ignition on the Combustion and Emission Behaviour of
Small Two-Stroke SparkIgnitionEngines
Clemens Hampe, Markus Bertsch, Kai W. Beck, Ulrich Spicher (MOT GmbH)
Steffen Bohne, Georg Rixecker (BorgWarner Beru Systems)

9. Abstract
The two-stroke SI engine is the predominant driving unit in applications that require a high power-to-weightratio, such as handheld power tools. Regarding the latest regulations in emission limits the main development
area is clearly a further reduction of the exhaust emissions. The emissions are directly linked to the combustion
processes and the scavenging losses. The optimization of the combustion processes, which represents one of themost challenging fields of research, is still one of the most important keys to enhance the thermal efficiency andreduce exhaust emissions. Regarding future emission regulations for small two-stroke SI engines it is inevitablethat the emissions of gases causing the greenhouse effect, like carbon dioxide, need to be reduced. As most small
SI engines are carburetted and operate open loop, the mixture formation and the amount of residual gas differsfrom cycle to cycle [1]. When using conventional ignition systems, the size of the plasma is restricted to the small
dimensions of the spark plug gap. In combination with the high flow velocities of small two-stroke SI engines
and the variations of the mixture, the cycle-to-cycle variations are very high. Misfiring and delayed combustion
lead to high emissions and poor running smoothness, especially at idle speed. Therefore an alternative ignition
system was used to enhance the inflammation behavior with a more stable and faster combustion compared to aconventional ignition. At rated power there were improvements in the engine power and also in the engine
efficiency due to a better combustion. At idle the most important improvement was the lean misfire limit which
could help the fuel efficiency and the reduction of emissions a lot dependent on the field of application of theengine.

25
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9th Wednesday
201A
13:30 - 15:30
Emissions I
Hiromi Deguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Kai W. Beck (MOT GmbH)6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139058 / 2013-32-9058
Misfire Diagnostic Strategy for Motorcycles
Hsien-Chi Tsai, Bo-Yu Gao, Ming-Hao Chiang, Bo-Chiuan Chen, Yuh-Yih Wu(National Taipei University of Technology)

9. Abstract
The on-board diagnostic (OBD) technologies for automobiles have been well-developed; however, it could not be
carried out on motorcycles directly since the operation conditions are quite different between automobiles andmotorcycles. In this research, we propose a misfire detection strategy for motorcycles based on thecharacteristics of crankshaft rotational dynamics. At first, experiments were done on a 125cc motorcycle toinvestigate the variation of instantaneous crankshaft rotational speed in power stroke while the misfire events
are injected at different engine operation conditions. In order to generate misfire events for the engine, a misfire
generator is established for providing specific misfire rates. If a misfire takes place at higher engine speed, theinstantaneous rotational speed will decline continuously during power stroke due to higher friction losses…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139050 / 2013-32-9050
Exhaust Emissions Characteristics of Scooters on the Real World in Taiwan
Su, Kao-Chun, Chuang, Chih-Wei (Automotive Research & Testing Center) Chen,
Hsin-Yi, Pei-Chang Wen, Chen, Hsueh-Heng (Chung-Hua Institution for Economic
Research)

9. Abstract
Scooter is the most popular personal vehicle in Taiwan;however, it also causes serious air pollution, especially in
big crowded cities. In traditional method, vehicle exhaust emissions are measured with specific driving cycle inlaboratory, but the test results hardly reflect the authentic exhaust emission for real world driving and roadconditions. In the recently, OBS (On-Board Emission Measurement System) is a technology which can beinstalled on vehicles to collect exhaust emissions instantaneously on different road condition and time. This
paper uses OBS (developed by ARTC, Automotive Research & Testing Center) installed on testing scooters tocollect instantaneous exhaust emissions on typical roads and time periods. The test results can be used toanalyze the scooter running characteristics of emissions.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139052 / 2013-32-9052
Feasibility Study of Emission Improvement through Transient Emission
Characteristics Analysis for Idle-Stop Motorcycles
Chao-Lung Chen, Zong-Da Lin (Industrial Technology Research Institute)

9. Abstract
In order to improve the fuel economy and CO2 emission for motorcycles, manufacturers have developed andcommercialized motorcycles equipped with idle-stop (also known as stop-start) systems. Some test data haveshown that such motorcycles may cause 55% more exhaust emissions over the test driving cycle when idle-stop
function is on, and fail to meet the functionality expectations of reducing emissions from such motorcycles. Twomarket sold idle-stop motorcycle types were tested on chassis dynamometer to investigate their transient
exhaust emissions over six different driving cycles with idle-stop function on and off separately. Further more,
the feasibility of emissions improvement by adjusting ECU calibration was also evaluated. The results…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract

20139055 / 2013-32-9055
Feasibility of Using Half Useful Life Mileage Accumulation for Motorcycle
Certification Durability Tests in Taiwan
Shin-Hui Lin, Chao-Lung Chen (Industrial Technology Research Institute)

Since the exhaust emissions of an in-use motorcycle usually increases along its age, the Taiwan Environmental
Protection Administration (TEPA) started to adopt useful life and deterioration factors requirements for theemission type approval certification in 1991. Considering the actual travel mileages for most motorcycles in
Taiwan, it is necessary to extend the useful life period and mileage requirements for the future emission
standards. This change of requirement will increase certification time and costs of new models for
manufacturers. To evaluate the feasibility of shortening the accumulated useful life mileage for the regulatory
durability test requirement; this study surveyed 105 sets of durability test results to explore the effects ofdeterioration factors on durability test result calculations. The analysis showed no significant difference….

26
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201B
13:30 - 15:30
HCCI Ⅰ
Yasuo Moriyoshi (Chiba University),
Markus Bertsch (MOT GmbH)6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139031 / 2013-32-9031
A Study of the Effects Varying Compression Ratio and Fuel Octane Number on
HCCI Engine Combustion using Spectroscopic Octane Number on HCCI Engine
Combustion using Spectroscopic Measurement
Akira Terashima, Naoya Ito, Tomoya Tojo, Akira Iijima, Koji Yoshida, Hideo Shoji(Nihon University)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
A Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine was operated under a continuous firing conditionin this study to visualize combustion in order to obtain fundamental knowledge for suppressing the rapidity of
combustion in HCCI engines. Experiments were conducted with a two-stroke engine fitted with a quartz
observation window that allowed the entire bore area to be visualized. The effect of varying the compression
ratio and fuel octane number on HCCI combustion was investigated. In-cylinder spectroscopic measurements
were made at compression ratios of 11:1 and 15:1 using primary reference fuel blends having different octane
numbers of 0 RON and 50 RON. The results showed that varying the compression ratio and fuel octane number
presumably has little effect on the rapidity of HCCI combustion at the same ignition timing when …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139054 / 2013-32-9054
Influence of Fuel Properties on Operational Range and Thermal Efficiency ofPremixed Diesel Combustion
Qian Xiong, Kazuki Inaba, Hideyuki Ogawa, Gen Shibata (Hokkaido University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
The influence of fuel properties on the operational range and the thermal efficiency of premixed diesel
combustion was evaluated with an ordinary diesel fuel, a primary reference fuel for cetane numbers, three
primary reference fuels for octane numbers, and two normal heptane-toluene blend fuels in a single-cylinder DI
diesel engine. The fuel injection timing was set at 25°CA BTDC and the maximum rate of pressure rise wasmaintained below 1.0 MPa/°CA when lowering the intake oxygen concentration by cooled EGR. With increasing
octane numbers, the higher intake oxygen concentration can be used, resulting in higher indicated thermal
efficiency due to a higher combustion efficiency. The best thermal efficiency at the optimum intake oxygen
concentration with the ordinary diesel fuel is lower than with the primary reference fuels with the similar …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139098 / 2013-32-9098
7. Paper title
A Study of Controlled Auto-Ignition in Small Natural Gas Engines
8. Author (Affiliation)
Hibiki Koga, Toshiro Kiura (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
Research has been conducted on Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAI) engine with natural gas. CAI engine has thepotential to be highly efficient and to produce low emissions. CAI engine is potentially applicable to automobile
engine. However due to narrow operating range, CAI engine for automobile engine which require various speed
and load in real world operation is still remaining at research level. In comparison some natural gas engines forelectricity generation only require continuous operation at constant load. There is possibility of efficiency
enhancement by CAI combustion which is running same speed at constant load.
Since natural gas is primary consisting of methane (CH4), high auto-ignition temperature is required to occur
stable auto-ignition. Usually additional intake heat required to keep stable auto-ignition. To keep high
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139166 / 2013-32-9166
Visualization and Spectroscopic Measurement of Knocking Combustion
Accompanied by Cylinder Pressure Oscillations in an HCCI Engine
Akira Iijima, Mitsuaki Tanabe, Koji Yoshida, Hideo Shoji, Naoya Itoh, Akira
Terashima, Tomoya Tojo (Nihon University)

9. Abstract
Combustion experiments were conducted with an optically accessible engine that allowed the entire bore area to
be visualized for the purpose of making clear the characteristics that induce extremely rapid HCCI combustion
and knocking accompanied by cylinder pressure oscillations. The HCCI combustion regime was investigated indetail by high-speed in-cylinder visualization of autoignition and combustion and emission spectroscopic
measurements. The results revealed that increasing the equivalence ratio and advancing the ignition timing
caused the maximum pressure rise rate and knocking intensity to increase. In moderate HCCI combustion, theautoignited flame was initially dispersed temporally and spatially in the cylinder and then gradually spreadthroughout the entire cylinder. In contrast to that behavior, in extremely rapid HCCI combustion…

27
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9 th Wednesday
201C
13:30 - 15:30
Engine Controls Ⅱ
Masayoshi Uno (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.),
Thorsten Raatz (Robert Bosch LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139062 / 2013-32-9062
Development of Torque-Based Engine Management System for Range Extender
EngineYao-Chung Liang, Hsien-Chi Tsai, Yuh-Wen Peng, Yuh-Yih Wu (National Taipei
University of Technology)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Range extender (RE), combined by an engine and a generator, charges the battery on the electric vehicle. Power
management strategy of a range extended electric vehicle (REEV) will determine the required charging power
according to battery state of charge (SOC) and driver demands. The charging power demand will be further
converted into required operation torque and rotational speed demands from engine. Torque-based engine
management system (EMS) is, therefore, required to receive the torque command from power management
strategy for controlling the engine at required torque. This research develops a torque-based EMS for a RE
engine which is a 125cc four-stroke semi-direct injection engine and fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139042 / 2013-32-9042
Torque Control of Rear Wheel by Using Inverse Dynamics of Rubber/Aramid Belt
Continuous Variable Transmission
Shun-ichi Akama, Yasunori Murayama, and Shigeho Sakoda (Yamaha Motor Co.,Ltd.)

9. Abstract
This paper concerns a torque control of a rear wheel of a motorcycle equipped with a rubber/aramid belt
electronically-controlled continuous variable transmission where a primary sheave position is controlled by anelectric motor. In particular, the paper discusses a method to calculate a required engine torque and a required
primary sheave position, given reference values of a rear-wheel torque and an engine rotational velocity. The
method forms a foundation of a hierarchized traction control where a higher control layer decides an optimal
motorcycle motion (rear-wheel torque and engine rotational velocity) and a lower control layer realizes the
motion by actuators (engine torque and primary sheave position). Difficulties of the control are due to large
mechanical compliance of the rubber/aramid belt, which leads to an inevitable lag from the primary sheave
position to a speed...
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139040 / 2013-32-9040
Construction of Data-setting Configuration Using Prescribed Template and Profile
for Competition Motorcycles
Takashi Suda, Koichi Tsunokawa, Satoru Kanno and Xi Sun (Keihin Corporation)
Yue Zhou (Keihin R&D China Co., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
In racing world regardless of two-wheeled vehicle (motorcycle) or four-wheeled vehicle, vehicle setting is
performed in accordance with various race conditions. From the age of carburetor till even now ECU is used,
vehicle setting executes as well and plays an important role. Changeover to electronic control makes vehicle
control more precise; meanwhile, vehicle control technique to become complicated is occurring every day.
Therefore, whenever a new competition vehicle is developed, tool required for vehicle setting is also necessary to
be updated according to vehicle control technique implemented. Setting-method till now is that, all information
required for vehicle setting is packaged in tool, thereby tool and vehicle have always been a combination of
1-to-1. Consequently, in manufacturer's vehicle development, tool development / update becomes a burden and..
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract

20139066 / 2013-32-9066< Canceled >28
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October9 th Wednesday
201D
13:30 - 15:30
Hybrids, Electric Drives & Fuel Cells Ⅲ
Yasuyuki Muramatsu (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.),
Glenn Bower (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139119 / 2013-32-9119
The Development of Non-contact Torque and Angle Sensor for Intelligent Power
Assist System
Chau-Chih Yu, Jin-Yan Hsu, Tsung-Hua Hsu (Automotive Research & Testing
Center)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
In recent years, many attentions have been paid on global environmental protection and energy saving; more
people, therefore, have chosen bikes for commuting to work or school. For longer distance transportation andless effort, electric power assist bikes have re-entered the market. Due to regulation of some countries, electricbikes that must bepedaled were developed. These machines utilize the pedals as the dominant form of
propulsion, with the motor used only to give extra assistance when needed for hills or long journeys. The ratio ofelectric power to human power may affect the riding feel. As a result, a torque sensor, which detects the pedaling
force, is crucial in this application.
This paper proposes a new design of torque sensor by way of twist angle measurement. It is composed of …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139045 / 2013-32-9045
Development of Torque Sensor with Nickel-iron Alloy Plating for Pedal-equipped
Electric Vehicles
Kentaro Ikegami (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
This paper describes the development of non-contacting detection type torque sensor that realizes a small lost
motion with light weight and low cost.
Pedal-equipped electric vehicles are becoming popular in recent years. In those vehicles, torque sensors areusually necessary for measuring the pedaling force to determine the motor torque.
We applied an integrated sensing structure and a non-contacting scheme utilizing inverse-magnetostrictive
material to minimize the lost motions. As for the sensing material, nickel-iron alloy plating was used to obtain awide dynamic range. In the tests using the actual structure, the output linearity deterioration occurred becauseof the strain distribution dispersion produced by the ratchet drive structure. Therefore, the effect of this …
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139120 / 2013-32-9120
Study of Different Arrangement of Magnets for the Purpose of Reducing Magnet
Usage in Designing an Integrated Starter/Generator for Hybrid Vehicles
Kai-Fan Hsueh, Jung-Ho Cheng (National Taiwan University)
Yi-Shen Chen, Andrew Lu(CEC Engine Co. Ltd)

9. Abstract
Due to the fluctuating price of rare earth raw material in recent years, the manufacturing cost for highperformance motors used in electric or hybrid vehicles becomes very difficult to control. Therefore, theautomotive industries have been actively performing research and development to reduce the dependence of therare earth magnet. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of magnet arrangements at the sametime to improve the magnetic circuit by increasing the reluctance torque while lowering the alignment torque ina permanent magnet synchronous motor. As a result, the amount of expensive NdFeB magnet is substantiallyreduced by adopting a V-shape arrangement.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139087 / 2013-32-9087
Two-speed Automatic Transmissions of Electric Scooters
Kuo-ching Chen, Keng-tso Chuang, Han-hsueh Liu, Ching-ya Chen (CHINA
MOTOR CORPORATION)

9. Abstract
To effectively reduce the greenhouse gas emission, electric scooters have been developed and become a booming
green transportation around the world. Most of these electric scooters possess a fixed reduction ratio in the
powertrain, which makes them far from satisfactory--you can’t have low cost, high performance and efficiency at
the same time. However, as a silver bullet, one kind of two-speed transmission is developed.
The two-speed transmission will shift automatically according to speed and throttle. An exquisite design with ofa one-way clutch as well as a synchronizer effectively reduces the inevitable shocks while shifting. The electricscooter with such two-speed transmission will be launched on the market in 2013. This product …

29
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 9th Wednesday
201E
13:30 - 15:00
Advanced Combustion Ⅱ
Koji Yoshida (Nihon University),
Ken Fosaaen (Fosaaen Technologies, LLC.)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139116 / 2013-32-9116
Small Kerosene Droplet Evaporation Near Butane Diffusion Flame
Hiroshi Enomoto, Shogo Kunioka, Lukas Kano Mangalla, Noboru Hieda (Kanazawa
University)

9. Abstract
An experimental study has been conducted at small kerosene droplet behavior near well-defined butane
diffusion flame for the critical need on high efficient and cleaner energy technology. High temperature of
background gas was generated using butane flame. Microflame from butane can reach the maximum
temperature around 1200K at tip of outer glass. Single droplet of kerosene was injected by a small injector tube
(30 μm-diameter) in to hot environment. Droplet of kerosene was released by attachment of piezo actuator onwall injector. Once the droplet is exposed to the hot atmosphere of micro flame, the temporal regression of thedroplet surface was recorded. Droplet diameter was observed by CCD camera with strobe light flash at 180ns.
The images captured in this experiment were analyzed by post-processing software to determine thevaporization of droplet. Temperature of background gas was measured by K-type thermocouple and speed ofdroplet released from injector was also measured to investigate the effect of relative velocity between droplet andbackground gas. The result shows that the linear changing point of droplet diameter is started at different
droplet temperature and different initial velocity. For further movement to high temperatures environment thevaporization rate of droplet is almost linear with time.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139117 / 2013-32-9117
Observation of Kerosene Droplet Evaporation under High Pressure and High
Temperature Environment
Hiroshi Enomoto, Shunsuke Sawasaki, Kosuke Nishioka, Lukas Kano Mangalla(Kanazawa University)

9. Abstract
In this study, the background gas of the droplet vaporization was concerned and simulated numerically using
ANSYS fluent code. The new type, engine-like, condition of high pressure chamber and high temperatureenvironment was considered to conduct experiment on kerosene droplet evaporation. 2D geometry of domain
simulation was discretized in the very fine quadrilateral meshes. The numerical approach was solved using
implicit scheme of compressible gas solver (density based). Temperature dependent properties of air are
expressed for gas material properties. As the study concerning on high pressure condition the equation state ofPeng-Robinson was expressed in simulation. Governing equations of mass, momentum and energy were solvedby the second order upwind for flow, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate. Standard k-ɛmodel was used to solve turbulence flow in the spatial discretization. The effects of the non-ideal gas phasebehavior were found to be important for prediction background gas of droplet vaporization especially in highpressure environment. It can be concluded that we can predict the environment of high temperature and highpressure condition, however the quantitative measurement of droplet evaporation is still facing problem on
physical devices. The environmental conditions has significant effect on droplet behavior inside the chamber.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139123 / 2013-32-9123
Behavior of Small Fuel Droplet near Butane Diffusion Flame
Hiroshi Enomoto, Shogo Kunioka, Noboru Hieda (Kanazawa University).

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In this paper, droplet behavior near diffusion flame was observed. Single droplet was created by thin glass tube
and piezo device which pushes the side of glass tube. Dispersions of droplets location near diffusive flame werecompared to droplets with no flame condition. CCD camera, strobe light with 180nsec flash time and lens of ten
magnification were used for observation. Droplet pictures were taken with resolution of 0.46um/pix. As a result,droplets near diffusive flame tend to increase its dispersion of location as approaching tip of the flame. Stefan
flow caused by evaporation and turbulence outer flow can be thought as causes.

30
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10th Thursday
201A
8:30 - 10:00
Emission II
Hiromi Deguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Kai W. Beck (MOT GmbH)6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139057 / 2013-32-9057
New VM R750 engine family: a different approach to reach the emission limit
Emilio Bertoni, Alessandro Mazza, Carlo Ricci (VM Motori), Lorenzo Pace, ManuelPresti (Emitec G.m.b.H.)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Emission legislation for Off Road Engines is forcing the industry to review the engine design, introducing stateof the art technology for many components and tailored exhaust gas after treatment architectures. Particulatematter reduction is a crucial issue to be addressed having an influence on overall engine performance and cost.
At the present stage there is not a unilateral solution in the industry, as some manufacturers use a combinationof very high fuel injection pressure and very efficient DOC, while others rely on the automotive derived DPF
technology with active regeneration or SCR-only technology to reach EU Stage IV and US Tier4f. Considering
the pros and cons of each solution, VM Motori decided to adopt an innovative solution consisting in a DOC
followed by a partial-flow filter PM-Metalit® for the R750 Engine family. The advantages of this solution will be
discussed in this paper along with the application work that has been carried over to reach the emission limit. A
short overview of the PMMetalit technology will be given together with a comprehensive explanation of thephysical mechanisms that allow a constant and maintenance-free PM reduction. Moreover, tests results tosimulate real life conditions will be discussed.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139053 / 2013-32-9053
Durable Catalyst Formulations For Four-stroke Small Engines
W. Boll, M. Bonifer, R. Kiemel, U. Endruschat (Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH &Co. KG)

9. Abstract
In this paper the development of durable Palladium containing catalytic coatings suitable for the application in a
carbureted four-stroke multipurpose small engine is presented. The catalyst activity is evaluated with regard to
the overall washcoat architecture in terms of i.e. implementation of oxygen storage material. The basic
parameters of all investigated fresh and thermally aged catalyst formulations are evaluated by light-off
experiments using a synthetic gas test bench. In addition, engine test bench experiments are conducted to provethe catalyst activity in real application conditions. Finally a set of promising formulations are successfully
submitted to a 25 hours durability test run with regard to the EPA III class I regulation.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139064 / 2013-32-9064
Drive Cycle Fuel Economy and Engine-Out Emissions Evaluation Using an
Opposed-Piston Sleeve-Valve Engine with Lean Operation and Ignition Delay for
NOx Control
Michael A. Willcox, James M. Cleeves (Pinnacle Engines)

9. Abstract
In small vehicle applications in which carburetion and oxidation catalysts are used, a fuel efficient means ofengine-out NOx reduction is necessary to avoid the cost of implementing a 3-way catalyst andclosed-loop-controlled fuel injection system. Pinnacle Engines’ single-cylinder 110cc lean-burn opposed-piston
4-stroke architecture has been tested to gather steady-state fuel consumption, emissions, and combustion
stability data over a matrix of speed, load, mixture ratio, and combustion phasing. Contributions to total vehicle
fuel usage and emissions production are evaluated using steady-state flow data weighted by time spent at arespective load and speed from a tested WMTC drive cycle. Cumulative emissions and fuel economy impacts arepresented for multiple NOx-reducing engine control strategies using control variables of mixture ratio andcombustion phasing. Pre-catalyst HC and CO levels are affected by operating strategy and are reported forcatalyst load. The extent of combustion instability (COV of IMEP) required to achieve various emissions criteria
is swept to evaluate what emissions regulation can be achieved with the current hardware set without NOx after
treatment. Results show that operation at best efficiency mixture ratio and combustion phasing is likely
sufficient to meet current emissions regulations depending on HC levels. Deviations from best efficiency
mapping by a combination of leaner mixture and delayed ignition targeting minimum NOx at 6% COV of IMEP
can offer Euro 4 NOx levels without after treatment. This method offers greater than 60% reduction of NOx withrespect to best efficiency but is associated with less than a 1.5% fuel economy reduction.

31
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10 th Thursday
201B
9:00 - 10:00
HCCI Ⅱ
Tomoo Shiozaki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.),
Roberto Gentili (University of Pisa)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139070 / 2013-32-9070
A Study of Fuel and EGR Stratification to Reduce Pressure-Rise Rates in a HCCIEngineKyohei Ozaki, Dong-Won Jung, Norimasa Iida (Keio University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Problem of HCCI combustion is knocking due to a steep heat release by the ignition that is occurred in each local
area at the same time. It is considered that dispersion of auto-ignition timing at each local area in the
combustion chamber is necessary to prevent this problem. One of technique of this solution is to make thermal
stratification. It could be made by using two-stage ignition fuel, which has large heat release at low temperature
reaction. Dispersion of fuel concentration leads to difference of temperature histories while combustion phasing
is dispersed at each local area. Also, EGR gas stratification could make difference of temperature histories at
each local area because of that of the characteristics. This study examines the effect of mixing stratification bystratifying the charge of fuel and CO2. A single-cylinder engine equipped with optical access was used inexperiments, and numerical analysis was executed. This study shows that stratified mixtures of the fuel and
EGR gas make differences of the temperature histories at each local area, which results in difference of the
combustion phasing at each local area in combustion chamber and reduction of PRR.
10. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
11. Paper title

20139083 / 2013-32-9083
Potential of Stratification Charge for Reducing Pressure-Rise Rate in HCCI Engines
Based on Multi-Zone Modeling and Experiments by using RCM
Shota Ito, Hiroki Ikeda, Dong-Won Jung, Norimasa Iida (Keio University)

12. Author (Affiliation)
13. Abstract
The charge stratification has been thought as one of the ways to reduce the sharp pressure rises of HCCI
combustion. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of equivalence ratio, initial temperature, and
EGR gas stratifications for reducing pressure-rise rate of HCCI combustion. Using rapid compression machine,
the stratified pre-mixture is charged, and compressed to analyze the change of in-cylinder gas pressure andtemperature traces during compression process. Based on the experiment results, numerical calculations by
CHEMKIN are conducted to more specifically analyze the potential of equivalence ratio, initial temperature,and EGR gas stratifications on the reduction of pressure rise rate. Multi-zone model is used to simulate thethermal stratification, fuel stratification and EGR gas stratification of in-cylinder charge as like real engine.
Then, the results from multi-zone model are compared with that from single-zone model to clearly verify theeffects of three stratifications on pressure-rise rate. The results from comparison between single-zone model andmulti-zone model show that EGR gas stratification was the most effective to disperse ignition timing comparedto the thermal stratification and fuel stratification when setting the same time differences of ignition timing
shown in singlezone model. Among the three stratifications of in-cylinder charge, fuel stratification was theworst to disperse of ignition timing.

32
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10 th Thursday
201C
9:00 - 10:00
Engine Controls Ⅲ
Takashi Mitome (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Thorsten Raatz (Robert Bosch LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139065 / 2013-32-9065
Detecting the Misfire of Motorcycle Engine with Wide Band Oxygen Sensor
Yameogo Amadou, Chang-Tai Wu, Yu-Cheng Jiang, and Jau-Huai Lu(National Chung Hsing University)

9. Abstract
Use of catalyst in engines has entailed a radical increase in the importance of misfire detection. When a misfire
occurs, hydrocarbon emissions will increase and the unburned fuel can damage the catalyst by overheating.
On-Board Diagnostics II (OBDII) regulations are still not applied to motorcycle or moped yet. However its
application is under discussion in European Union. In Taiwan, OBD is scheduled to be implemented soon. Many
strategies of misfire detection have been developed, including variation in engine shaft angular speed, spark
plug voltage, cylinder pressure, oxygen sensor signal, knowledge based expert system, and neural networks. WE
propose a new method to use the real time signals of a wide band oxygen sensor to detect misfire where, misfire
was induced on purpose with a misfire generator. The sensor and the misfire trigger signals were recorded
simultaneously. It was found that when a misfire occurs, a spike of sensor signal would follow due toinstantaneous variation of the oxygen content in the exhaust flow. This signal was then processed to detect theoccurrence of misfire. Results of test show that differentiated signals have good correlation with the misfire
trigger. Misfire is detected by monitoring the amplitude of differentiated signals. The scheme has been shown todetect the misfiring condition reliably up to 5000rpm.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139003 / 2013-32-9003
7. Paper title
FlexFuel Strategy for 2-wheeler
8. Author (Affiliation)
Erika Xavier, Ariel Bepu, Martin Leder, Walter Arens (Robert Bosch Ltda)
9. Abstract
Brazilian energetic matrix is based on two fuels: gasoline (E22: 78% pure gasoline + 22% anhydrous ethanol)and ethanol (E100: 93% anhydrous ethanol + 7% water).
A Flex Fuel 2-wheeler (motorcycle) engine management software strategy was developed in order to meet
Brazilian market demand based on the energetic matrix mentioned above and a worldwide market forecast
growth in the corresponding small engines segment.
As 2-wheeler engine configuration and electric architecture is simpler than passenger cars, a premise wasestablished: to develop a completely new Flex Fuel system for the 2-wheeler segment with functionalities
simpler and easier to calibrate than actual concept used for Flex Fuel passenger cars.
This paper presents the result of this study: a Flex Fuel system able to operate with gasoline (E22), ethanol(E100) or any mixture of both fuels with similar behavior in an easy-to-calibrate system.

33
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10 th Thursday
201D
9:00 - 10:00
Vehicle Dynamics & Safety I
Masayuki Baba (Honda R&D Co.,Ltd.),
Brent Dohner (Lubrizol UK)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139026 / 2013-32-9026
7. Paper title
Effects of the Compensated Control of Gradient for the Haptic Throttle Grip
8. Author (Affiliation)
Manabu Fujito, Yasunobu Harazono and Kouji Sakai (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
Recently, there have been many reports about developing control systems that actuate engines and brakes basedon friction circle. We are researching the control system for motorcycles, which adds the return torque of throttle
grip based on it for informing the limit of tire grip on the driving wheel. This throttle grip is a haptic display,offers haptic signals by controlling the motor connected to the throttle grip as a HMI. From the results of riding
tests, the system was found helpful for riders to control the throttle grip as well as feeling easy about knowing
the limit of tire grip. But it is known that the friction circle of a driving wheel depends on the normal force whichchanges by the gradient of road, acceleration and so on. The compensated control for changing the normal force
by gradient was made to improve the throttle grip control system. The results of riding tests with thecompensated system, we found that this system is important for the controls based on friction circle and it makes
the haptic signals come close to the timing that riders want.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139106 / 2013-32-9106
7. Paper title
Development of New Concept Two-Wheel Steering System for Motorcycles
8. Author (Affiliation)
Tetsuya Kimura, Yusuke Ando, Eiichiro Tsujii (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
This paper describes the development of a new concept twowheel steering system for realizing motorcycle motion
control. By considering the whole of the main frame as the rear-wheel steering axis, it was possible to move therearwheel steering system from the conventional installation position at the rear arm to the head pipe. As aresult, the developed two-wheel steering system is both lightweight and compact. This two-wheel steeringsystem was installed in a motorcycle, and starting and stopping tests were carried out with two people riding on
the motorcycle. The test results confirmed that the two-wheel steering system is capable of changing the motion
characteristics of the motorcycle in actual riding. Furthermore, by calculating the equivalent wheel alignment of
this system, this paper also theoretically demonstrates that these changes in motion characteristics are causedby changes in caster and trail.

34
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10th Thursday
201A
10:30 – 12:00
Emission III
Hiromi Deguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Kai W. Beck (MOT GmbH)6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139091 / 2013-32-9091
1-D Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of Secondary Air Injection system for a
Small SI Engine
Pratap C Kavekar (TVS Motor CO Ltd)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In order to comply with the existing emission norms of BSIII in India or EURO III and beyond that also, it is not
sufficient to use the catalytic converter technology alone over the wide range of engine operating maps. Different
studies across the world have proved that the cost, drivability, operating range against AFR, heat dissipation
rate characteristics of catalytic converter limit their use in startup and idling conditions. One common way totackle this condition is to use the Secondary Air Injection (SAI) system. In this system, small amount of air is
injected after the exhaust port to initiate the thermal oxidation of gases. The right amount of air injected at theright time and at right location will reduce the emission by 37-90%. In the following study, SI engine vehicle
with single cylinder, 160 cc and having carburetor is used as a test vehicle to evaluate the performance of SAI.
The SAI system is modeled in AVL BOOST software and validated against the experimental data. The
experimental data is collected at transient condition of IDC (Indian Driving Cycle). SAI system of the samevehicle is modified for different parameters like reed stopper height, SAI outlet pipe length and angle ofsecondary air injection. In order to avoid the complexity in experiments, DOE technique is used. The optimum
parameters of SAI are determined for maximum CO conversion efficiency with uncoated CAT. The combination
giving best conversion efficiency is then tested with coated CAT for emission cycle. Model results and theexperimental results are compared on the basis of mass flow rate.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139130 / 2013-32-9130
A demonstration of emissions’ behaviour of various handheld engines including
investigations on particulate matter
Cécile Favre, John May, Dirk Bosteels (Association for Emissions Control by
Catalyst (AECC) AISBL ), Jürgen Tromayer, Gerd Neumann (Graz University ofTechnology)

9. Abstract
To get an overview of the emission situation in the field of small non-road mobile machinery powered by various
types of SI engines, the Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC), together with the Institute forInternal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics (IVT) of Graz University of Technology, conducted acustomized test program. The main goal for this campaign was to derive information regarding the emissions ofregulated gaseous components (following European Directive 97/68/EC) as well as particulate matter. With
regard to the big variety of different engines that are available on the European and North-American market,
the most representative ones had to be chosen. This resulted in a pool of test devices to cover different engine
working principles (2-Stroke and 4-Stroke), technological standards (low-cost and professional tools) anddifferent emissions control strategies (advanced combustion and exhaust gas aftertreatment). The test results
illustrate a wide range of emissions’ behaviour depending on engine technologies and testing conditions and canserve as a database of in-field emissions of small handheld applications. Particulate matter emissions were alsomeasured in terms of mass and number and their chemical composition was evaluated via Thermo-GravimetricAnalysis of the PM deposit.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139150 / 2013-32-9150
Physical Characterization of Biodiesel Particle Emission by Electron Microscopy
Preechar Karin, Yutthana Songsaengchan (King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology
Ladkrabang), Songtam Laosuwan, Chinda Charoenphonphanich (King Mongkut’s
Institute of Technology Ladkrabang), Nuwong Chollacoop (National Science andTechnology Development Agency), Katsunori Hanamura (Tokyo Institute ofTechnology)

9. Abstract
Nanostructures of diesel and biodiesel engine particulate matters (PMs) were investigated by using a
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The average single particle sizes of biodiesel and diesel PMs areapproximately 30-40 nm and 50-60 nm, respectively. Image processing process was used to estimate each carbon
platelet length by using TEM image. The average carbon platelet length of biodiesel and diesel PMs are in therange of 0.1-7.0 nm. Moreover, carbon atoms per cubic volume of PMs are approximately 500-900. The resultshows that engine load and fuel property are strongly impact on the size of single particle and carbon atom
density of particle. This is one of interesting behaviors need to be investigated for better understanding. The
results of this research would be used as basic information for design and develop removing process of PM
emitted from engine combustion which using in diesel and biodiesel fuels.

35
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10 th Thursday
201B
10:30 - 12:00
HCCI Ⅲ
Tomoo Shiozaki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.),
Brian Callahan (Achates Power & Basco)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139069 / 2013-32-9069
7. Paper title
Closed-Loop Combustion Control of a HCCI Engine with Re-breathing EGR System
8. Author (Affiliation)
Yusuke Nakamura, Dong-Won Jung, Norimasa Iida (Keio University)
9. Abstract
This study experimentally investigates the control system and the algorithm after constructing a HCCI
combustion control system for the development of a small HCCI engine fuelled with Dimethyl Ether (DME). Thissystem can control four throttles for the mixing ratio of three gases of in-cylinder (stoichiometric pre-mixture,
hot EGR gas and cold EGR gas). At first, the combustion behavior for combustion phasing retarded operation
with cold and hot EGR was examined. Then, the potential of model-based and feed back control for HCCI
combustion with change of the demand of IMEP was investigated. In the end, the limit of combustion-phasing
retard for IMEP and PRR was explored. Results shows that to get high IMEP with acceptable PRR and low
coefficient of variation of IMEP, crank angle of 50% heat release (CA50) should be controlled at constant phasingin the expansion stroke. CA50 can be controlled by changing the ratio of pre-mixture, hot EGR gas and cold EGR
gas with throttles. Due to the cycle-to-cycle variation, the change of total mass of fuel in cylinder has a big effecton IMEP. After misfire, unburned fuel and intermediates remain in exhaust gas, which is re-breathed as hot
EGR gas, and unburned fuel and intermediates are supplied to next cycle. This leads to the total mass of fuel…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139171 / 2013-32-9171
A Study of Supercharged HCCI Combustion using In-cylinder Spectroscopic
Techniques and Chemical Kinetic Calculation
Yasuhide Abe, Yuma Ishizawa, Go Emori, Mitsuo Asanuma, Akira Iijima, Hideo
Shoji (Nihon University), Kazuhito Misawa, Yusuke Kiguti, Hiraku Kojima,
Shunichi Mori, Kenjiro Nakama (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)

9. Abstract
A great deal of interest is focused on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion today as a
combustion system enabling internal combustion engines to attain higher efficiency and cleaner exhaustemissions. Because the air-fuel mixture is compression-ignited in an HCCI engine, control of the ignition timing
is a key issue. Additionally, because the mixture ignites simultaneously at multiple locations in the combustion
chamber, it is necessary to control the resultant rapid combustion, especially in the high-load region.
Supercharging can be cited as one approach that is effective in facilitating high-load operation of HCCI engines.
Supercharging increases the intake air quantity to increase the heat capacity of the working gas, thereby
lowering the combustion temperature for injection of the same quantity of fuel. In this study, experiments wereconducted to investigate the effects of supercharging on combustion characteristics in an HCCI engine. Lightemission and absorption spectroscopic measurement techniques were used to investigate the combustion
behavior in detail. Chemical kinetic simulations were also conducted to analyze the reaction characteristics indetail. The results made clear that the raising the intake air pressure under a condition of a constant quantity…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139172 / 2013-32-9172
Evaluation of the Performance of a Boosted HCCI Gasoline Engine with Blowdown
Supercharge System
Shunsuke Gotoh, Tatsuya Kuboyama, Yasuo Moriyoshi (Chiba University), Koichi
Hatamura (Hatamura Engine Research Office), Toshio Yamada (IDAJ Co., LTD.),
Junichi Takanashi, Yasuhiro Urata (Honda R&D Co., LTD.)

9. Abstract
HCCI combustion can realize low NOx and particulate emissions and high thermal efficiency. Therefore, HCCI
combustion has a possibility of many kinds of applications, such as an automotive powertrain, general-purpose
engine, motorcycle engine and electric generator. However, the operational range using HCCI combustion interms of speed and load is restricted because the onset of ignition and the heat release rate cannot be controlled
directly. For the extension of the operational range using either an external supercharger or a turbocharger ispromising. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of the intake pressure on the HCCI high load
limit and HCCI combustion characteristics with blowdown supercharging (BDSC) system. The intake pressure(Pin) and temperature (Tin) were varied as experimental parameters. The intake pressure was swept from 100
kPa (naturally aspirated) to 200 kPa using an external mechanical supercharger. The experimental results
showed that the maximum load successfully increased with increasing the intake pressure. The highest load in
this study was 935kPa in IMEPg at the condition of 200 kPa in Pin and 32 °C in Tin. The maximum load ofboosted BDSC-HCCI engine can be achieved comparable to the full load of naturally aspirated SI engine. In
addition, for conditions with above 200 kPa in Tin, A/F and G/F could be almost the same. The comparison ofheat release rate between with and without BDSC showed that the peak value of heat release rate decreased…

36
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10 th Thursday
201C
10:30 - 12:00
Engine Controls IV
Bo-Chiuan Chen (National Taipei University of Technology),
Thorsten Raatz (Robert Bosch LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract

20139007 / 2013-32-9007< Canceled >6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139020 / 2013-32-9020
Thermal Optimization Process for Small Engine Control Units
Christian Schweikert, Marco Nicolò, Dirk Schweitzer (Infineon Technology AG,
Germany), David Witt (Infineon Technologies, North America)

9. Abstract
The Engine Control Unit (ECU) for small engines is facing challenges with regard to performance, size and cost.
In many instances, the customer requirements often contradict each other. Examples include higher
performance at lower cost or smaller size, both of which can cause thermal challenges. In order to meet varying
performance requirements in a platform approach, the ECU must provide a wide range of functionality.
Providing a solution that can meet these flexible requirements will result in an increased component count andlarger ECU size. An optimized feature set in the right package can help alleviate these issues. The ECU must be
impervious to a wide range of environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity and vibration.
Restricted air flow must also be considered when designing an ECU. Existing approaches often apply the use oflarge aluminum housings to provide a strong mechanical support with good thermal performance. As the market
pushes for lower cost solutions, housing materials are being evaluated as cheaper alternatives become available.
Alternative housing materials will drive the electronics design to either reduce the power dissipation or improve
thermal performance.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139094 / 2013-32-9094
7. Paper title
Implementation of Software and Hardware solutions for battery-less systems
8. Author (Affiliation)
Marco Cortecchia, Claudio Gonella (Mectronik s.r.l.)9. Abstract
The modern market of small engines requires low-cost solutions compatible with anti-pollution regulations. On
applications without electric starter it is possible to remove the battery, but hardware and software aspects
must be investigated and special solutions implemented. The main problems occur during engine fire-up (engine
start), because using kick-start, only a little bit more than one engine cycle is possible for a single kick. The
second aspect is that no energy is available before the crank shaft is moving, and the generator is able to supply
energy to the electrical systems. Our target is to implement solutions able to start-up the ECU very quickly,
ensure low consumption, and be ready to recognize engine position in the shortest possible time.

37
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10 th Thursday
201D
10:30 - 12:00
Vehicle Dynamics & Safety II
Masayuki Baba (Honda R&D Co.,Ltd.),
Robert Kee (Queen's University Belfast)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139165 / 2013-32-9165
Development of Technology for Measuring Dynamic Deformation of Motorcycle
BodiesYasushi Nakamura, Kazuhiro Ichikawa, Takumi Kawasaki, Yasuhisa Okabe,
Hiroshi Ishii, Akiyuki Yamasaki (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
In this study, a technology for measuring dynamic deformation of motorcycle bodies in running is developed. The
deformation has significant association with the maneuverability and stability of motorcycles. The developed
system by combining the numerical simulation and the measurement of strains enable application of themeasurement of dynamic deformation of motorcycles. This paper reports technical details of the system andmeasurement results of dynamic deformation of motorcycle bodies.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20139173 / 2013-32-9173
Evaluation of Injury Risks and Benefits of a Crush Protection Device (CPD) for
All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs)
John W. Zellner, Scott A. Kebschull, R. Michael Van Auken (Dynamic Research, Inc.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
An updated evaluation of the effects on predicted injuries of an example crush protective device (CPD) proposed
for application to All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) is described. As in previous evaluations, this involved extending
and applying the test and analysis methods defined in ISO 13232 (2005) for motorcycle impacts, to evaluate theeffects of the example CPD in a sample of simulated ATV overturn events. Updated modeling refinements
included lowering the energy levels of the simulated overturn events; accounting for potential mechanical/
traumatic (compressive) asphyxia mechanisms; refining and calibrating the force-deflection characteristics ofhelmet, head, legs and soil so as to reduce potential over-prediction of head and leg injuries; and calibrating thesimulation against aggregated injury distributions from actual accidents. Approximately 3,080 computer
simulations were run, and the results indicated that, for the simulation sample and in comparison to thehelmeted baseline ATV, addition of…

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139175 / 2013-32-9175
7. Paper title
Testing of ABS Systems for 2-Wheelers via Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology
8. Author (Affiliation)
Steven Shenker, Rosana Yamasaki, Tobias Kreuzinger (ETAS K.K., Japan)
9. Abstract
In recent years, driving safety systems such as Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS) can be found more and more as
standard components in 2-wheeler applications. As these safety critical systems are produced in large numbers,
it is of highest interest to keep production and development cost at a minimum on one hand and provide best
reliability of the system on the other. In order to attain these cost and quality objectives, hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) technology provides excellent opportunities for test and validation. This paper presents a HIL testing
framework for 2-wheeler ABS systems which is optimized in terms of cost and usability for test engineers. The
setup comprises an ABS Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for 2-wheelers, a single PC ETAS LABCAR system withhardware I/O boards and LABCAR Operator as software package for real time configuration and control of theentire system. Finally, a simulated vehicle model was …

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1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

October 10 th Thursday
201E
10:30 - 12:00
NVH Technology
Tadao Okazaki (LEMA / Kubota Corporation),
Roland Kirchberger (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20139001 / 2013-32-9001
7. Paper title
Application of Novel Micro-Grooved Elements to Small Engine Silencer
8. Author (Affiliation)
Fabio Auriemma, Hans Rämmal, Jüri Lavrentjev (Tallinn University of Technology)
9. Abstract
Micro-grooved elements (MGEs) represent a novel technology developed for noise control in automotive,
aerospace and room acoustics. The key concept of the MGEs is based on the use of micro-grooved layers forming
micro-paths where the energy dissipation of the acoustic waves is primarily originated by viscous friction.
Composed of a multi-layer fiber-less material, the MGEs represent a potential alternative to the traditional
fibrous material based solutions as well as to the increasingly popular micro-perforated elements (MPEs). MGEs
are designed as cost effective elements, found to be suitable for substitution of fibrous materials, typicallypresent in silencer units. In this paper, a design procedure for a fiber-less small engine silencer based on MGEs
is presented and experimentally validated. Hereby, the acoustical performance of the MGEs has been modeledby adapting the theoretical models provided by Allard and Maa for rectangular and circular ducts. The
simulated impedance and absorption coefficient of a MGE have been compared to the experimentally determineddata by following the classical twoport approach. The absorption coefficients of micro-grooved sample andmicro-perforated element have also been analyzed in comparison. As the first practical noise control
implementation of the MGEs the novel acoustic panels have been utilized in a Formula SAE racecar silencer. In
this silencer the MGEs are designed to acoustically behave as locally reacting surfaces. The use of the MGEs isbelieved to provide the reduction in soot contamination that typically occurs in silencers with micro-perforated
internal ducts. This paper also provides an overview of several silencer configurations equipped with MGEs,
tested, together with the results in terms of transmission loss (TL), absorption and reflection coefficients.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139148 / 2013-32-9148
The trial to quantify the feeling of sound & vibration (“Kodo-kan”) for theMotorcycle.
Kenta Suzuki, Hitoshi Uchida, Shogo Kida, Tsutomu Sonehara, Keisuke Namekawa(SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)

9. Abstract
It has become clear that a motorcycle rider regards the sound and vibration which occurs from a motorcycle as afeeling of a “Kodo-kan” which is not unpleasant and becomes a part of comfortable nature. In this paper, thephysical quantity relevant to a feeling of a beat was extracted from the sound and oscillating measurement dataof an idling state for the purpose of quantification of the feeling evaluation of a “Kodo-kan” of the motorcycle, andthe feeling evaluation score prediction of a beat was tried from the physical quantity.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20139164 / 2013-32-9164
Development of Intake Sound Control Technique for Sports-Type Motorcycles
Kenta Matsubara, Noritaka Nakamura, Yota Katsukawa, Kenichi Furuhashi(Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)

9. Abstract
Engine sound is one of the most important factors when selecting a motorcycle from various models. Therefore, itis necessary to create an appealing sound in the rider's ears in addition to complying with noise regulations. In
this paper, how we control intake sound is described through the study of a sports-type motorcycle with an inline
4 cylinder engine. To control intake sound, both intake pressure pulsations generated by the engine and acoustic
transfer characteristics of the intake system are important. It is shown by unsteady-state one-dimensional
computational fluid dynamics analysis that specifications of the exhaust system affect intake pressure
pulsations across the valve overlap period. Therefore, to emphasize high order components of the engine
revolutions in the intake sound, for example, modifying the layout of the exhaust muffler is effective. Next,
acoustic transfer characteristics from the air cleaner box to the rider's ears of the motorcycle are investigated byacoustic tests based on the reciprocity principle. We try tuning these acoustic transfer characteristics bycontrolling resonance in the air cleaner box by means of finite element analysis. And, it is illustrated
experimentally that the sound in the rider's ears is created as intended by modifying the air cleaner box. As aresult, it is shown that intake sound can be designed effectively by the proposed method.