2006
vol. 01

Annual Report

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth

December 22, 2005◇◆ CONTENTS ◆◇■Foreword

R&D toward Decarbonized Society
Yoichi Kaya
Director General, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth

1■R&D Activities
System Analysis Group

Analysis of International Emissions Reduction Regimes
beyond the Kyoto Protocol

2

Chemical Research Group

Chemical Group Activity

4

CO₂ Sequestration Research GroupR&D of CO₂ Geological Storage Project

7

R&D of CO₂ Ocean Sequestration Project

9

Plant Research Group

Forest of RITE in Western Australia

11

Microbiology Research Group

Biorefinery in the post-genomic era

12■Topics

14■2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication

16

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the EarthForeword

R&D toward Decarbonized Society
Yoichi Kaya, Director General
Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)

Our institute was established in 1990 for the purpose of developing technologies
mitigating global warming. At present we have about a hundred and sixty members
working in 5 research areas. Our institute having published a lot of research results inacademic societies, we did not try to publish any annual report in the past. Therefore weare very pleased to publish such annual report now, with the reﬂection of our idlenessof not having done that last 15 years.
As Kyoto protocol came into eﬀect in February 2005, most developed countries aremaking desperate eﬀorts for achieving the emission targets. Noticing that these targets
are only for the period between 2008 and 2012, we should try to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions substantially in the longer term according to the ultimate aim listed in Article
2 of the Framework Convention for Climate Change taken. European Union alreadyproposed to keep the earth surface temperature rise from the pre-industrial level to beless than 2 degrees in Celsius. Regardless of whether we accept this severe proposal as itis, we recognize the urgent needs of reducing greenhouse gases, particularly carbon
dioxide in a drastic manner to prevent further progress of global warming. Realizationof this target requires major changes in human civilization which at present relies heavily upon fossil fuels.( 80 % of primary energy supply ) Our institute aims at developing
those technologies which can make such changes realizable.
Among a number of studies conducted in the institute the technology of CO₂ recovery and storage is a typical example of this kind. We believe that this technology is notthat in decarbonized age but a technology bridging from today and future decarbonized
age. Keys in realizing this technology into practice may be energy / cost reduction andto secure stable storage sites. As the former is the basic condition of putting this technology into practice, we do a lot of eﬀorts for satisfying the former condition such as
development of innovative technologies for chemical absorption and/or membrane
separation which makes our institute to hold the leading position in related academic
societies. At the same time we analyze and evaluate the behavior of CO₂ stored underground at Nagaoka experimental site, of which results contribute much to realize stable
CO₂ storage. Another important example of our studies is to ﬁnd and breed trees which
grow rapidly under severe condition of water supply and sunshine, i.e. those with highCO₂ absorption capacity. This may be one of important study targets from now on in
our institute. We also plan to explore new technology areas such as innovative ways ofutilizing natural energy sources. We earnestly hope you will help us conduct theseresearches more actively.

RITE Today 200601

R&D Activities

System Analysis Group

System Analysis Group
Analysis of International Emissions Reduction Regimes beyond the Kyoto Protocol
Even though the Kyoto Protocol is an historical ﬁrst
step toward the reduction of GHG emissions, its eﬀectiveness is doubtful for the following reasons: no
obligations on developing countries whose emissions
are anticipated to rapidly and drastically increase; thewithdrawal of the US, currently the world’s largest
emitter; and the existence of “hot air”, which is a situation where a granted emission permit quota is larger
than actual emissions, for Russia, Ukraine, etc. Since
Japan ratiﬁed the Protocol, she must obey it andcontribute to the reduction of the world’s emissions.
But it is also important to explore international emission reduction regimes beyond the Kyoto Protocol
because some regimes might more eﬀectively reduceworld emissions and hold lower barriers for many
countries to participate in. Thus, using a world energy
model, we performed consistent and quantitative
analyses and evaluations to provide useful data andinformation for such regime examination and exploration. This paper introduces our research activities
and achievements.

1. Research objectives and overview

The objectives of this research are to obtain minimum cost emission reduction measures and their
reduction costs/marginal reduction costs that correspond to various reduction targets for such countries
of interest as Japan, the US, EU, China, India, etc.
Goals also include computing and evaluating emission trades, the monetary ﬂows accompanying theemission trades, and the evaluation of various reduction regimes using integrated indexes of reduction
costs/marginal costs, per capita and per GDP emission amounts, and other indicators.
To achieve these objectives, we constructed a worldenergy system model, DNE21+, which has highregional resolution, and used it to obtain the minimum costs and the minimum cost reduction measures for reduction targets imposed on each country
based on various views. After deﬁning such indexes as“sovereignty,” “burden,” “their equities,” and “capability of burden sharing,” we compared and evaluated the
reduction regimes using these indexes.

2. World energy model DNE21+

The DNE21+ model explores the world’s minimum
cost energy systems (energy ﬂows, capacities of energy
conversion facilities, etc.) for given ﬁnal energy
demands and given costs of conversion technologies
for a reference case having no emission reduction
constraints. It also explores minimum cost systems
that satisfy the ﬁnal energy demands that decreasedepending on energy price hikes for emission
constraint cases. The model’s capability includes: 1)
long-term analysis to the year 2050; 2) analysis ofregional diﬀerences based on the world disaggregatedinto 77 regions; and 3) analysis of concrete technological measures of emission reduction.

3. Cost eﬀective measures for CO₂ concentration
stabilization at 550 ppm

A case study was conducted of the minimization of
the world’s total cost under a constraint of 550 ppm
stabilization, which is an idealistic case.
(1) Analysis Outline
The DNE21+ model analyzed the cost to Japan andthe world to achieve CO₂ concentration stabilization
at 550 ppm and derived corresponding appropriate
measures.
(2) Assumptions
Assumptions of future population, GDP, and ﬁnal
energy demands were determined based on the IPCC
B2 scenario. The S550 IPCC WG1 emission scenario
was adopted as an emission constraint scenario. The
entire world was set to achieve targets in such a waythat marginal CO₂ reduction cost is the same for all
the regions, which is identical to the minimization of
the world’s total costs.
(3) Results
Figure 1 shows the optimum primary energy
production and ﬁnal energy consumption for the S550
achievement. Increases of wind and hydro power,
photovoltaic introduction, energy savings in bothprimary and ﬁnal energies and hydrogen usage for
FCV in 2020 and thereafter were observed. The marginal cost of CO₂ emission reduction was computed to
be 55 and 123 $/tC by 2020 and 2050, respectively. It
was 135 $/tC by 2050 where FCV is unavailable, and

RITE Today 200602

R&D Activities

System Analysis Group

20000

15000

Total primary energy production
in Reference Case

Photovoltaics
Wind

15000

Nuclear
Hydro

10000

Biomass
Gas

5000

Oil
Coal

0
2000

2010

2020

Year

2030

2040

2050

(a) Primary energy production

Final energy consumption (Mtoe/yr)

Primary energy production (Mtoe/yr)

182 $/tC where CCS technology is unavailable. This
indicates that these technologies play an importantrole for 550 ppm stabilization.
Electricity

Total final energy consumption
in Reference Case

Hydrogen (Ngas subst.)
NGas
Ethanol

10000

MethanolHeavy oilLight oilHydrogen (Gasoline subst.)

5000

Gasoline
Biomass
Coal

0
2000

Reference Case

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Year

(b)Final energy consumption

Fig. 1 Global primary energy production and ﬁnal energy consumption for S550

4. Comparison and evaluation of various reduction regimes(1) Outline
For each reduction regime, reduction cost, emission
amount, and their per capita and per GDP values etc.
are computed for each region using the model run
results; the indexes introduced in (3) were quantitatively evaluated.
(2) Simulation cases
Six cases of reduction regimes were studied. In all
the cases, S550 was assumed to be a constraint on theentire world.
(a) The marginal reduction cost is the same for all
the regions, as treated in Section 3.
(b) Reduction targets are based on per capita emissions.
i. Per capita emissions of all the regions converge by
2050.
ii. Per capita emissions of all the regions decrease at
the same rate.
(c) Reduction targets are based on per GDP emissions.
i. Per GDP emissions of all the regions converge by
2050.
ii. Per GDP emissions of all regions decrease at thesame rate.
(d) Kyoto Protocol + UK proposed target
In 2003, the UK proposed the following target for
Annex I countries to achieve 550 ppm stabilization:
reduction of emissions by about 60% by 2050. Considering this proposal, the following emission reduction targets by region were assumed:<2010> Except for the US, Annex I countries obey
the Kyoto Protocol; the US achieves her own target of

18% reduction in GDP intensity in 10 years. An EU
bubble or joint fulﬁllment of 15 countries is allowed.
<2015 and thereafter> Annex I countries achieve thetarget proposed by the UK (61% reduction by 2050
relative to 1990). The 27 EU countries are allowed tojoint fulﬁllment. Non-Annex I countries must
constrain their emissions so that the world’s total
emission does not exceed S550. Emission allotment
among non-Annex I countries is proportional to their
historical emissions in 1990.
(3) Results
Evaluations used the following indexes: “sovereignty,”
which consists of CO₂emission amounts and its ratio
to the values of the year 2000; “equity in sovereignty,”
which consists of per capita and per GDP “sovereignty;” “burden,” which consists of CO₂ reduction
amount, reduction costs etc.; and “capability of burden
sharing,” which consists of per GDP “burden” and“equity in burden,” which consists of per capita “burden.” It was found that the (c) i case in Section 4. (2)is advantageous for Japan and the (b) ii case is advantageous for the US, and that the (b) i case of per capita
emission convergence has the highest equity when it isassumed that the smaller the variations in the above
indexes among countries are, the higher equity theregime can claim.

5. Future study

Such reduction regimes as participation timing ofemission reduction varies depending on the countries,
and a “bottom-up approach” is implemented to
improve CO₂ intensity by sector, unlike a “top-down
approach” of ceilings on emission amounts, are topics
for future study.
RITE Today 200603

R&D Activities

Chemical Research Gruop
Chemical Group Activity
Extensive use of fossil fuels has caused anincrease in CO₂ emissions, resulting in a rapidly
increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration thatin turn is causing global warming. Atmospheric
CO₂ concentration needs to be stabilized at a low
level to mitigate global warming.
There are two main measures for atmospheric
CO₂ stabilization. One is to reduce CO₂ emissions, the other to sequestrate emitted CO₂ into
land or ocean (Carbon Capture and Storage,
CCS).
A scenario for CO₂ stabilization determines
scales and schedules of the implementation of
measures. The stabilization level generally
considered is 550ppm by 2100 which is a leveltwo times higher than the CO₂ concentration
before the industrial revolution.
Stabilizing at 550ppm would be diﬃcult if there
is only implementation for improvements ineﬃcient energy use, or fuel switching to renewable energy sources.
Therefore, additional stabilization options such
as CCS technologies, which have high potential
for stabilization, should be developed for practical use. Reduction of energy consumption andthe cost of a CCS system is essential for its practical use.
For achieving this, basic technologies in threeﬁelds of materials, processes and systems arenecessary as innovative technology elements.
Our chemical group has worked toward theestablishment and gathering of such technologies, and is also involved in the process ofadvancing them.
We are presently focusing our research activities
toward the establishment in ten years of a CCS
system that uses our technology elements.
Our R&D work in this area relates not only to
CCS, but also to new energy systems that enable
the construction of a sustainable carbon cycle
society.

Chemical Research Group

Chemical Absorption Process
A new CO₂ capture project by chemical absorption process has been started with collaborationof three Japanese companies since ﬁscal year
2004 as a ﬁve-year project.
The project aims at reducing a CO₂ capture costto half and includes two main research objectives:
One is to develop higher-performance chemical
absorbents and the other is to utilize low-grade
waste heat in integrated steel works in order toprovide CO₂ capture process with low-costenergy.
RITE has mainly worked on developing the newabsorbents. In 2004, both experimental and theoretical studies on the reaction of amine compounds with CO₂ were conducted and structuralcharacteristics of hopeful absorbents were clariﬁed. Then, the current results contributed todeveloping the new absorbent which was gradedas one of the current highest-performance ones.
In the next term, RITE aspires to develop the bestabsorbent ranked beyond the others.

Practical development of membrane/absorption hybrid separation technique
Membrane/absorption hybrid method has beenstudied as a new CO₂ separation technology.
(The work was supported by NEDO and guided
by Prof. Teramoto, Kyoto Inst. of Technology, in
2001-2003 ﬁscal year.) In this method, CO₂ isabsorbed in the absorbent liquid in one side of
the porous membrane and emitted in the otherside with the liquid permeation under the
reduced pressure. This method is characterized
by drastically little energy consumption compared to the current separation method andhighly concentrated CO₂ obtained. At present,cooperation with the companies is promoted for
applying this method to the separation of CO₂
from ﬂue gas, chemical process, bio-process, etc.

RITE Today 200604

R&D Activities

Chemical Research Group

Polymeric membrane
One promising means of lowering the cost of
CO₂ separation is the development of new,high-performance CO₂ separation membranes
that allow CO₂ recovery via membrane separation. RITE is now involved in developing justsuch polymeric separation membranes.
Cardo polyimide having ﬂuorene moiety was
modiﬁed in the chemical structure for good CO₂
separation properties. The asymmetric hollow
ﬁber membrane of the cardo polyimide shows
the largest CO₂ permeance among existing asymmetric membranes and the top level of CO₂ selectivity in various polymeric membranes. A
module of the membrane can recover CO₂ froman exhausted gas of 25 % CO₂ concentration at acomparable expense to amine solution by asystem involving CO₂ liquefaction. For a higher
CO₂ concentration ﬂux, the membrane separation will have an advantage over amine solution
in the system.
RITE is currently developing a CO₂ moleculargate membrane with the goal of producing a new,high-performance separation membrane. Figure
shows the basic outline of the CO₂ molecular gatefunction. The pathway for gas molecules is occupied solely by CO₂, which acts as a gate to block
the passage of other gases. Consequently, theamount of N₂ or H₂ leaking to the other side of
the membrane is greatly limited and highconcentrations of CO₂ can be obtained. The
membrane of RITE dendrimer shows excellent
CO₂ selectivity of more than 1000, which would
have a potential to replace amine solution.

CO2 Molecular Gate Membrane:

Feed
High
Pressure

CO2

N2, H2etc.

In developing this CO₂ molecular gate membrane, RITE conducted joint research with the
US Department of Energy’s National Energy
Technology Laboratory (NETL) and the University of Texas at Austin (UTA).
Partially carbonized membrane is a fresh subject
under a founding from Global Climate andEnergy Project (GCEP) in Stanford University.

Inorganic membrane
Since zeolites and mesoporous silicas possesswell deﬁned micro/meso-pores, considerable
attention has been focused on the production of
membranes that are capable of separating gaseswith high selectivities. Polymer membraneshows good aﬃnity for CO₂, however, thermal
expansion/mobility of polymer at high temperature causes degradation of CO₂ selectivity. Since
mesoporous slicas have uniform and large pores
as well as high surface area, a large number ofactive sites or adsorption sites can be introduced
uniformly on inorganic rigid pore wall by chemical grafting of surface OH group with organosilane molecules. If such a material is prepared in
the thin ﬁlm, a molecular movement of the functional group connected with a rigid inorganic
pore wall is restricted, and it seems that thedecrease in the CO₂ selectivity because of anincrease in a free volume by thermal
expansion/movement of polymeric material in
the high temperature region can be controlled.
We have studied surface functionalization of thepore wall of various mesoporous silicas that are
specialized for CO₂ capture and separation.
Amine-grafted mesoporous silica MCM-48
membranes (thickness: 300-500nm) wereprepared and they showed high CO₂/N₂ separation properties and CO₂ permselectivities were
50-800 even at 100℃. This research proposal wasawarded by GCEP(Global Climate & Energy
Project) of Stanford University, and the project
has started in September, 2005.

Low
Permeate

RITE Today 200605

R&D Activities

Chemical Research GroupCO₂ ﬁxation as carbonates
Fixation of carbon dioxide as carbonate by thereaction with calcium and magnesium sources
containing waste materials, such as iron- andsteelmaking slag, waste concrete and minerals
has recently been paid attention as one of theCO₂ sequestration method. The major advantages of this process are, long term stabilized andenvironmentally safe CaCO₃ and/or MgCO₃
production. Additionally, the overall carbonation process is exothermic and hence, has thepotential to become economically feasible. However, the development of a new system withsimple process, short reaction time, and lower
energy consumption is necessary for practicaluse. We have proposed and investigating a newprocess of CO₂ ﬁxation via carbonation of
calcium contents in waste concrete or slag byusing a solution of NH₄Cl. Studies for the newprocess have been carrying out to verify thepossibility of the system.

Development of an Innovative
After Treatment System for Diesel
Vehicles: A Non-Thermal Plasma
System
(A NEDO project from FY2004, joint study
with Daihatsu Motor Co. Ltd.)RITE had developed a plasma technology fornatural gas (methane) conversion to acetylene
and hydrogen using a high-frequency pulsed
plasma in a R & D project of environmental
friendly catalysis technology supported by funds
from NEDO (FY1991-2000). In 2001, RITE
started a three-year plasma particulate matter(PM) removal study ﬁnancially supported by the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology, in which the pulsed plasma
technology was used to establish a plasma PM
removal system. This plasma PM removal system
included a plasma reactor and a pulse power
supply.
Recently, the emission control is becoming
extremely severe for diesel vehicles, although nosatisﬁed PM removal technologies have beenfound yet. The plasma PM removal technology
has potential as an innovative technology for theafter treatment of the exhausts from diesel
vehicles. We then began a new project supported
by NEDO (project of comprehensive technological development of innovative, next-generation,
low-pollution vehicles, R&D of innovative after
treatment systems) to continue the plasma PM
removal study from 2004. This new project is a
joint study with Daihatsu Motor. RITE is todevelop a small plasma reactor and pulse power
supply that can be loaded on a small diesel car.

RITE Today 200606

R&D Activities

CO₂ Sequestration Research Group

CO₂ Sequestration Research GroupR&D of CO₂ Geological Storage Project
1. Overview of CO₂ Geological Storage Technology
The CO₂ geological storage technology is to store
carbon dioxide (CO₂) in geological formation
safely for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The
technologies of Enhances Oil Recovery (EOR),
Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery (ECBM),
injection in oil and gas ﬁelds and saline formations
are developed for the mitigation of the global
worming.
RITE is developing the aquifer storage technology
which is possible for long-term stable isolation withcap rock layer. CO₂ aquifer storage is thought to be
one of the most eﬀective and practical technology
because the knowledge of underground natural gas
storage and the experience of EOR are applicable.

20km far from the CO₂ injection well. It has been
kept to monitor the injected CO₂ for improving themodel of CO₂ behavior, until now.

Fig2 CO₂ injection facilities at Nagaoka site
Separation/Capture

Transport

Injection

Injection
Large scale
Emission source

Onshoreaquifer
CO2２
ＣＯOffshoreaquifer

CO2
ＣＯ
２
CO2

Fig1 CO₂ geological storage in aquifer

2. Outcome of the recent project

R&D project of CO₂ geological storage technology
was launched in 2000 with the support of Ministry
Economy Trade Industry. From 2000 to 2004, thepossibility of the aquifer storage in Japan was
conﬁrmed. Especially the injection experiment in
Nagaoka city of Niigata prefecture showed that 10,400
t-CO₂ was able to be stored in a year and half between
July 2004 and January 2005. The cross-well seismic
tomography, well loggings, measurements of pressure
and temperature of reservoir formation, and microseismicity monitoring were carried out for developing the simulator of CO₂ behavior. There is not any
CO₂ leakage from the reservoir, even when the
Nagaoka site was hit on October 23, 2004 by the huge
earthquake (M6.8) of which epicenter was about

3.R&D subjects of the project.

The scientiﬁc possibility of aquifer storage in Japan
has been cleared by the current study. Around sametime, the technology of geological storage has been
progressed with recognition as mitigation technology
in the world. So, the technology veriﬁcation of CO₂
carbon storage (CCS) should be needed for its implementation. RITE is focusing the studies of total analysis and safty analysis to make the road map of CCS forthe large scale CO₂ emission sources.
a.Total analysis(a) Research on validity
Storage system will be classiﬁed in terms of emission source, capture methods, transporting methods,
reservoir types and injection methods. Storage
potentials, costs, consumed energy and mitigatingeﬀects will be analyzed for each classiﬁcation. A basic
scenario plan which will quantitatively explain thevalidity of aquifer storage in Japan will be made.
(b) Submission of road map for implementation of
CCS
Technological issues of CCS implementation in
Japan will be summarized, and a ﬁrst draft ofresearch and development road map which clears
milestones of solutions of subjects will be made.
(c) Engineering study for supposed sites
Assumed model areas will be chosen and issues of
implementation will be extracted by engineering
RITE Today 200607

R&D Activities

CO₂ Sequestration Research Group

study including safety and environmental assessment
on emission sources, transportation methods, reservoir conditions and storage methods. Solutions forthe issues will be proposed.
(d) Storage potential evaluation in JapanThe storage potential of aquifer in Japan will be reestimated based on the existing data. Locations andtypes of emission sources will be considered. Issuesof the estimation method will be summarized and a
new storage model will be proposed.
(e) Survey for implementation and public outreach of
CCS
Investigation on political and technical trends of
CCS will be carried out including overseas and aframework for public outreach of CCS will prepared.
Investigation of implementation will be carried out
in terms of operating scheme, legal framework, regulations, overseas business potentials and public
outreach.
(f) Investigation on safety and risk
Safety and risk analysis will be carried out and aguideline of safety assessment and environmental
assessment will be presented.

b. Safety analysis(a) Monitoring of Iwanohara site
CO₂ injected at Iwanohara site in Ngaoka will bemonitored to improve the simulation model of CO₂
behavior in aquifer for conﬁrming the safety ofstorage.
(b) Laboratory experiment for basic research
In order to improve the CO₂ behavior model, thefollowing laboratory experiments will be carried out:
inﬂuence of CO₂ dissolved into water on mechanicalstability of cap rock, quantiﬁcation of mineral dissolution rates under CO₂ presence, mechanisms ofsuper critical CO₂ substitution for saline water inporous media, etc.
(c) Model integration of underground CO₂ behavior
Based on data and knowledge of the monitoring at
Iwanohara and the laboratory experiments, CO₂
behavior in aquifer for a short and long period will bescientiﬁcally summarized. The improved model will
be presented for safety conﬁrmation.

4.Future of the project

It is scheduled as shown in Fig3 that total analysis
and safety analysis of CO₂ geological storage projectwill be summarized for the future implementation of
CCS in Japan in accordance with the R&D of CO₂
capture technology.

METI’s road map of CO2 capture and storage
２００５

２０１０

Projection

Chemicalabsorption
MembranePhysical
adsorption■ Storage
methodAquifer storage

ECBM

Application to LNG plant

Application study■ CapturemethodCost reduction
・Utilization of waste heat・Development ofhigh-efficient absorbent

２０１５

２０２０～

Global-scale
exploitation of
CCS

commercial
IGCC

CCS in the price ofemission credit

Drastic cost reduction of CO2 capture
1,000～2,000￥/ｔ-CO2 for 1Mt-CO2 sacle

・Additional cost reduction
・Expansion of additional application

Cost reduction、Scale up

New membrane

New separation method／Application study

Application to chemical plantBasicresearch
Nagaokapilot test
（10,000
t-CO2
scale）

Demonstration of CCS process

Start of full-scale
CCS

Increase of CO2 amounts

Scientific understanding of CCS
Simulation study of CO2 behavior
Development of safety assessment method

・Expansion of CCS application
・Reduction of injection cost

Storage potential evaluation

Basic research

Verification of ECBM system(after METI’s road map of technology strategy, 2005)

Fig3 Road map of CCS in Japan

RITE Today 200608

R&D Activities

CO₂ Sequestration Research GroupR&D of CO₂ Ocean Sequestration Project
1.Overview of CO₂ Ocean sequestration technology
Increasing of atmospheric CO₂ is one of thefactors of global warming. This is the result of
imbalance between the dissolution of atmospheric
CO₂ in the ocean and the emission of anthropogenic CO₂, mainly due to the combustion of a
fossil fuel. This imbalance is also due to the longtime scale requires for the absorption of atmospheric CO₂ in the ocean in contrast with therapid increase of emissions. However, there is a
suﬃcient potentiality to dissolve anthropogenic
CO₂ in the middle and deep layers of the ocean.
Therefore, a bypass technology of direct injectionof atmospheric CO₂, captured from high emissions, into the deep ocean was proposed. The main
objection for the utilization of this technology isthe biological impacts when the initial concentration of injected CO₂ is high. From the viewpoint ofsuppressing environmental impact to the minimum extent, RITE is developing a dilution &injection technology to the middle and deep ocean
layer using “Moving Ship” method, as shown in
Fig. 1. The current states of CO₂ ocean sequestration concerning the storage mechanisms andtechnology, the ecological and environmental

CO2 capture andLiquefaction atplant on land

Amount of CO2 Capture：10 million ton-CO2/ year
1 million kW class coal fired power plant= 2.5
plants (Operation rate = 70%, capture rate = 85%,emission= 40million ton-CO2/year/plant）

CO2Carrier
km
×100
100km

CO2Disperser
1500～
2500m
Injection of LiquidCO2
Injection rate = 150kg/sec,
Ship speed = 3m/sec, Plume
Wide=3m

Thickness=1000mPipe forCO2dispersion

Fig.1 Image of enterprise for ocean sequestration by Moving ship

impacts and risks, the cost of ocean storage, andthe legal aspects and public perception arereported in the chapter 6 of special report on CO₂
capture and storage which was accepted by IPCC
last September and interested by COP11 lastNovember, respectively.

2. Purpose of R&D

In order to implement the anthropogenic CO₂
sequestration into the ocean as a practical usedtechnology, it is important a prior understandingof the environmental impacts, especially onto thebiosphere, to prevent possible damages caused by
the application of this new technology. Therefore
CO₂ sequestration technology can be clearly
understood with a wide social receptivenessamong the international frameworks, such as
Framework Convention on Climate Change(FCCC) and Convention on the Prevention and of
Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes andOther Matter (London Convention, LC). This
project is being carried out with the purpose ofclarifying these subjects towards the utilization of
CO₂ ocean sequestration. In addition, during thephase 1, carried out from FY1997 to FY2001, macroscopic behavior of CO₂ dissolved in the adjacentseas of Japan, including predictions and investigations of environmental impacts, mainly on thebiota, induced by the injection of liquid CO₂ into
the sea water, were conducted. Followings are theaims of the present project as the phase 2 which iscarried out from FY2002 to FY2006.
a. Technology assessment of CO₂ ocean sequestration(a) Technical evaluation of CO₂ sequestration
capacity(b) Economic evaluation of the CO₂ sequestration(c) Investigation on the legal issue related tointernational lawsb. Development of the assessment technology forCO₂ environmental impact(a) Investigation of marine environment

RITE Today 200609

R&D Activities(b) Understanding of deep-sea ecosystem(c) Investigation of biological impact(d) Development of biological impact modelc. Development of CO₂ dilution technology(a) Development of CO₂ injection technology(b) Improvement of the simulation model of CO₂
behavior

3. Present state of the project

The phase 2 of this project started from FY2002,
and now it is the 4th year. An interim assessment of
this project was carried out by the subcommittee of
METI in the FY2004. As the result, the following
comments and advices have been reported. "Ocean
sequestration technology is an eﬀective measure forthe mitigation of global warming. However, theenvironmental impact assessment is an importanttask. Public relation, especially for oversea, international collaboration, and so on should be carriedout actively.” So, RITE is enhancing public outreach(PO) and the corporation with research institute ofoversea, though RITE has already succeed to organize the international work shop on “Advances in
Biological Research for CO₂ Ocean Sequestration”
in 2003. From FY2004, the collaboration of carbon
dioxide impact on marine ecosystem has been
carried out with the Norwegian Institute for Water
Research (NIVA) in which an experiment has been
carried out in a fjord of Norway from August to
October in 2005. In addition, it is planed a possible
international joint research project together with
U.S.A, Brazil, and a South Korean. Moreover, inorder to promote PO actions, investigations of the
PO working group were started from FY2005. The
working group has started a working plan on
publicity, education and production of PO materials among other actions.

CO₂ Sequestration Research Groupcal impact. Therefore, ﬁeld experiments covering awide range of scale from small-scale to a real scale isdesired in the next step of this project. For the ﬁnal
purpose, it is necessary to promote the understanding ocean sequestration in academia and obtain theagreement to the implementation of ocean sequestration in the arena of LC and other international
ocean regulation, because the ocean is a humancommon property and the implementation of CO₂
ocean sequestration needs to build up an international consensus.

4. Future of the project

Development of a CO₂ dilution technology andenvironmental-impact-assessment technology is
progressing using laboratory experiments, ﬁeld
observations and numerical simulations. For aneﬀective utilization of the ocean sequestration technology, it is necessary to prove the developed technology using ﬁeld experiments in the ocean.
Finally, it is necessary to trace the CO₂ behavior inseveral 100 km scale, and to investigate the biologiRITE Today 2006

10

R&D Activities

Plant Research Group

Plant Research Group
Forest of RITE in Western Australia
In the plant research group, we have just started theconstruction of Forest of RITE in Western Australia
as the ﬁrst step to mitigate CO₂ increase in the atmosphere. Environmental factors aﬀect the growth ofplant directly because plants are not allowed to move
about. The most suitable ground for plant growth isusually used for food production, agriculture. In
this project, plantation of trees in the semi-dry area
where is not used for agriculture, to inspect quantityof the growth and CO₂ absorption.
Forest of RITE occupies about 30 hectares in theneighborhood of Collie, Western Australia (ﬁgure1). Here is the semi-dry area of precipitation around
600mm in a year. In addition, it is the area where
damage from salt breeze occurs partially.
When we construct a forest in arid condition suchas semi-dry grounds, an application of suitable treesthat are tolerance against the environmental stresses
is required. Even if we apply a eucalyptus for theconstruction of the Forest of RITE, normal growth
could not although a eucalyptus is the tree that comparatively resists drying. An application of genetically modiﬁed trees is alternative. However, the useof genetically modiﬁed trees with an environmental
stress tolerance is hard to say quick-acting technology because development of those trees are in
research stage and, in addition, social acceptance isrequired to cultivating them in the outdoors even if
the genetically modiﬁed trees reached a practical use
stage. The quick-acting method we used this time isthe application of a non-genetically-modiﬁed but aclone of elite trees.

Figure 1. Location of the Forest of RITE in Western
Australia.

Forest of RITE occupies about 30 hectares in the neighborhood of Collie, approximately 100km south of Perth.

Although propagation of the elite trees usually
performs by the method of cutting, the applicationof normal cutting method to a eucalyptus, the tree
we use for Forest of RITE, seems to be diﬃcult. Thus
we used an alternative method for the propagationof elite eucalyptus instead of general cutting method.
The alternative method has basically been developedby Nippon Paper Industries, including a tissue
culture technique to amplify eucalyptus tissue in acontainer, an eﬀective rooting technique under arelatively high CO₂ condition. As the result, we
prepared a young plant of 20,000 elite clones
containing high growth rate, drought tolerance andsalt stress tolerance, respectively, in a relatively shortperiod. After acclimatization, the plantation has
started in July that is local rainy season (ﬁgure 2).
We will measure growth rate and photosynthetic
activity of the planted trees. We will improve thepractical use of elite clone planting through evaluation of Forest of RITE in terms of CO₂ reduction.

Figure 2. Elite clone seedlings (the left) and scenery of the planting (the right).
RITE Today 200611

R&D Activities

Microbiology Research Group

Microbiology Research Group
Bioreﬁnery in the post-genomic era
Introduction
In recent years, the term bioreﬁnery hasreceived a lot of attention. The bioreﬁnery
concept is a new concept in which renewable
resources such as biomass are converted to fueland chemicals. This is in contrast to oil reﬁnery
technology by which chemicals and fuel are
produced from fossil fuels oil reﬁneries. In the
United States, where this concept was developed,
massive R&D in the ﬁelds relating to bioreﬁneries
has been the result of increased environmental
awareness and rapid progress in biotechnology.
The bioreﬁnery concept is expected to develop
into a key industry of the 21st century, and isenvisioned to bring forth an industrial revolutionof the 21st century because of the signiﬁcance ofits fundamental technology and eﬀect it will haveon the industrial paradigm.
A novel bioprocess technology at RITE.
The main technical hurdle in the developmentof bioreﬁneries is the eﬃciency of conversion of
the biomass resources used as raw material. A
suitable bioprocess to accompany biotechnological modiﬁcation of microbial cells must be developed in order to achieve optimal eﬃciency. At
RITE, we have developed novel bioprocess techniques based on a totally diﬀerent concept fromthe conventional fermentation method (Figure
1).
Conventional bioprocess

Growth
図1

RITE バイオプロセスの概念図

RITE bioprocess

High Productivity

Unlike conventional bioprocesses, this novel
process does not require “space” for growth (celldivision). By using a compact bioreactor ﬁlled with“catalyst” (microbial cells) at high density, chemicals
can be produced through continuous reaction.
Microbial cells can be used in a similar manner as inchemical catalysis. Thus a highly eﬃcient bioprocess
can be established and productivity equivalent to or
above conventional chemical processes can be
expected.
This break-through technology enables us to overcome the shortcomings of conventional bioprocesses. By using this bioprocess as core technology,
the RITE Microbiology Research Group, in collaboration with the private sector, is now advancing
R&D aimed at environmental conservation. Ourlatest research regarding the highly eﬃcient conversion of biomass to industrially useful chemicals isoutlined below.

Applications in chemical production＊Succinic acid
Succinic acid is used in the manufacture of foodand pharmaceutical products, surfactants and detergents, green solvents and biodegradable plastics. It is
an ingredient in formulations that stimulate animaland plant growth, and an intermediate for chemical
synthesis. Although known to be a fermentation
by-product of anaerobic bacteria, succinic acid todate is mostly produced commercially by way ofchemical processes utilizing fossil oil. However, costeﬀective fermentative production of succinic acidfrom renewable carbohydrate feedstocks for the sakeof environmental conservation has recently become
necessary. By adapting the RITE bioprocess to
succinic acid production, we successfully synthesized succinic acid from biomass-derived sugars.
The process is continuous and cost-eﬀective, withthe addition beneﬁt of net consumption of CO₂ Now
we are in collaboration with the chemical company,
Showa Highpolymer Co., Ltd., toward industrial
succinic acid production.

Figure 1 Illustration of conventional bioprocess and RITE bioprocess.

RITE Today 2006

12

R&D Activities＊Production of ethanol
Ethanol production using bioprocess technology gained prominence in response to the oilcrises of the 1970s. However R&D for ethanol
production in Japan unfortunately faded away
due to the stability in the international oil tradein the 1980s and 1990s. In contrast, however,basic and applied studies aimed at bio-ethanol
production in the USA continued. As a result,many companies producing ethanol frombiomass are now being established. The estimatedamount of bio-based ethanol to be produced in
the USA is this year is 10 M tons, double theamount produced in the past 5 years. Most of the
produced bio-ethanol is consumed as gasoline
additive.
According to the plans of the USA Departmentof Energy, cost reduction of bio-ethanol to lessthan 20 cent/L should be realized by 2015. The
basis of this reduction is the creation and utilization of ethanol-producing microbes optimized
for bioindustry through biotechnology. However,
it is apparent that the technology pursued by the
USA cannot avoid the main drawback of conventional bioprocesses – requirement for space in areaction chamber for cell growth. We developed a
new cost-eﬀective bio-ethanol producing process
utilizing the RITE bioprocess. It may lead to a
new horizon in bio-ethanol production.

Microbiology Research Groupon bio-hydrogen indicate that the low volumetricproductivity is attributed to low hydrogen production rate per cell and low cell density in the reactor,
the latter which is a result of low growth rate underanaerobic conditions. The RITE bioprocess overcomes these limitations because microbial cells are
not growing and can be used in a similar manner as
in chemical catalysis. A bioreactor ﬁlled with the“catalyst” at high density. By using the RITE bioprocess, we achieved hydrogen productivity two ordersof magnitude higher than that of conventional biohydrogen producing systems. At such productivity, areactor the size of a coﬀee cup can generate enoughhydrogen to supply the energy requirements of ahousehold television set, while a 1.8-liter PET
bottle-sized reactor can satisfy the electricity
requirements of a typical household.

Conclusion
The key for bioreﬁnery development is the underlying bioprocess technology. The RITE Microbiology
Research Group has developed a new, highly eﬀective bioprocess technology. By using this, we demonstrated the production of useful chemicals using
biomass as raw material. We are currently advancing
the R&D toward practical application in bioindustry.

＊Bio-hydrogen
Biological hydrogen production occurs at ambient temperatures and pressures, thus lowering
the energy requirements of the production
process. In contrast, the well-established method
for hydrogen production in which oil or natural
gas is chemically reﬁned occurs at high temperatures and pressures. It often produces carbon
monoxide, which is an extremely harmful
byproduct to fuel cells. Bio-hydrogen production
has the merit of being devoid of this problem.
However bio-hydrogen producing systems havethe serious limitation of commercially low volumetric hydrogen productivity. Previous studies

RITE Today 2006

13

TOPICS
Development of Innovative Gas Separation Membranes through
Sub-Nanoscale Materials Control
Chemical Research GroupGCEP(Global Climate & Energy Project) was set up with a research and development projectof the global warming countermeasure technology which made started in U.S.A in 2003, andoperating by Stanford University.
RITE was awarded for research proposal (three years) by GCEP as the ﬁrst research organization except for universities and the second one except for U.S.A in September 2005.
This project intends to develop a variety of eﬃcient, low-cost polymeric and inorganic
membranes that separate CO₂. Material structure engineering at the scale of gas molecules will
be used to increase permeability and selectivity.
Since the eﬀective size of CO₂, N₂, H₂ and other gases present in fossil fuel conversion
systems are very similar, membrane pore spaces must be controlled on a scale comparable tothe size diﬀerences among these gas molecules. This will be achieved for a variety of membrane types using several diﬀerent techniques.
Hollow ﬁber cardo polymer membranes will be
optimized for CO₂ permeability and selectivity, forexample, by carbonizing the outer surface of the membrane. Thermal motion of organic polymers can cause
variations in the morphology and eﬀective pore size of themembrane. Carbonization by UV, plasma, or ion beamtreatment could serve to restrict the thermal motion of thepolymer chain and enhance the molecular gate function of
the polymer. Functionalizing the polymer may change its
morphology at the sub-nanoscale, allowing for ﬁne tuningof the pore space (Fig.1).

Fig.1: Porous inorganic membranes act
as molecular sieves

While most zeolite membranes consist of randomly oriented crystals, a thin, mono-layer
crystal with an ordered lattice of pores would demonstrate superior permeability and freedom
from defects. As illustrated in Fig.2, this will be achieved by applying a coating of seed crystals
on a substrate with perpendicularly oriented channels. After secondary crystal growth, theproperties of the resulting pore structure reﬂect the morphology of the seed crystal.

Fig.2: Functionalization process for a mono-layer crystalline zeolite pore structure

The development (It is compared with the present by the CO₂ separation cost, and a big
breakthrough is realized with 1/3.) of the progressive high-performance CO₂ separation membrane which controls sub-nano structure is expected as a result of this project.
(GCEP WEB site: http://gcep.stanford.edu/）

RITE Today 2006

14

TOPICS
CO₂ Capture Enabling Technologies for Coal-ﬁred Power Generation
Chemical Research GroupA workshop entitled “CO₂ Capture Enabling Technologies for Coal-ﬁred Power Generation”
was held on September 16, 2005 at the Australian pavilion in the Aichi EXPO Japan.
This workshop was hosted by Australian Department of Industry Tourism and Resources (DITR) in cooperation with RITE, Japan. Approximately ﬁfteen
researchers from Australian side and forty participants
including RITE, JCOAL, NEDO and the private sectors inJapan gathered on the day.
Firstly Mr. John Hartwell, resources director of DITR,
Dr. Kaya, head of RITE and the Mr. Cliﬀ Mallett, head
representative of CSIRO made opening announcements and then three sessions on “Gasiﬁcation and Gas
Stream Technologies”, ”Oxy-Fuel Combustion” and “Post
Combustion and Appropriate Gas Stream Technologies” were followed in this workshop. In their
opening addresses, Mr. Hartwell highlighted the importance to cooperate with Japan for resolution of the global warming issues and Prof. Kaya mentioned the necessity of consideration about
a post-Kyoto protocol and cost evaluation as well.
Prof. Yamada of RITE summarized that the carbon sequestration technology should berecognized as an important bridge toward the possible renewal energy period and wide rangeof researches from basic study to actual testing levels had been carried out. It was also mentioned that bilateral partnership in the ﬁelds of oxygen combustion and developing membrane
technologies should be more promoted.
After this workshop was over, it was highly evaluated from the Australian government as aninvaluable opportunity for the leading researchers of both countries in that they had lively faceto-face exchange of views about CO₂ Capture Enabling Technologies.

One of our research achievement -A cover for the journal publishedby American Society for Microbiology
Microbiology Research GroupIn the Microbiology Group, we focus our work on devising
microbiological conversion methods to produce useful
substances. The keys of our research are the engineering ofproduction strains and the development of bio-process techniques that have industrial potential. Speciﬁcally, our researchgroup aims at harnessing coryneform bacteria, as these bacteria
have a long history of biotechnological use and possess analmost unmatched set of intrinsic attributes to produce a variety
of diﬀerent ﬁne chemicals, including amino acids. The ability toeﬃciently manipulate coryneform bacteria at the genetic level
opens the possibility to apply a wide array of technologies thathave been devised in other areas in the ﬁeld of the life sciences.
We report our results in leading international scientiﬁcjournals. For example, to illustrate the latest advancements in modifying the genomes ofcoryneform bacteria, we have recently published a review article revisiting the various recombinant DNA tools that are available for corynebacterial research and deﬁning the next major
objectives to accomplish in this area. The picture, which is related to this review article, is thecover of the December issue of the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology, publishedby the American Society of Microbiology.
RITE Today 2006

15

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication
System Analysis Group

System Analysis Group■2005 Paper
Title
1 Narrative Scenario Development Based on Cross-Impact Analysis for
the Evaluation of Global-Warming Mitigation Options

Researchers
A. Hayashi, K. Tokimatsu
H. Yamamoto, S. Mori

Applied Energy

Journal2 Public Acceptance and Risk-benefit Perception of CO₂ Geological Storage for
Global Warming Mitigation in Japan

K. Tokushige, K. Akimoto
T. Tomoda

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for
Global Change

3 Costs and Technology Role for Different Levels of CO₂ Concentration
Stabilization

K. Akimoto, T. Tomoda

Avoiding Dangerours Climate Change

Researchers
K. Akimoto, T. Tomoda

ForumInternational Scientific Symposium: Avoiding
Dangerous Climate Change
1-3, February 2005

2 A multi-regional and multi-sectoral energy-economic model for the assessment of T. Homma, S. Morithe carbon emission reduction policy
K. Akimoto, H. Yamamoto

28th Annual IAEE International Conference
4-6, June 2005

■2005 Oral Presentaion
Title
1 Costs and Technology Role for Different Levels of CO₂ Concentration
Stabilization

3 Development of a multi-regional and multi-sectoral energy-economic model forclimate policy assessments
4 Analysis of subsidy effectiveness for renewables considering technology learning

T. Kosugi, T. Tomoda
T. Homma, S. Mori
K. Akimoto, H. Yamamoto
T. Kosugi, T. Tomoda
F. Sano, K. Akimoto
T. Homma, T. Tomoda

8th Annual Conference on Global Economic
Analysis
9-11, June 2005
The 28th Annual IAEE International
Conference
5, June 2005

5 Development of a Dynamic Energy-economic Assessment Model with Multiregions and Multi-sectors for the Evaluation of the Carbon Emission Reduction
PolicyT. Homma, S. Mori
K. Akimoto, T. Tomoda

International Energy Workshop (IEW) 2005
7, July 2005

6 Evaluation of various international schemes for climate change mitigation after
Kyoto protocol

F. Sano, K. Akimoto
T. Homma, T. Tomoda

International Energy Workshop (IEW) 2005
6, July 2005

RITE Today 2006

16

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication
Chemical Research Group

Chemical Research Group■2005 Original Paper
Title
1 Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on Aminosilane Modified Mesoporous Silica

Researchers
N. Hiyoshi, K. Yogo, T. Yashima

JournalJournal of the Japan Petroleum Institute. 48(1), 29-36 (2005)

2 Adsorption Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide on Organically Functionalized SBA- N. Hiyoshi, K. Yogo, T. Yashima
15

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 84357-365.(2005)

3 CO₂ separation by membrane/absorption hybrid method

Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis(in press)

K. Okabe, M. Nakamura, H. Mano
M. Teramoto, K. Yamada

4 CO₂ capture and enrichment by novel hollow fiber facilitated transport membrane M. Teramoto, S. Kitada, S. Shimizu
module with low energy consumption
N. Ohnishi, H. Matsuyama
N. Matsumiya, M. Nakamura
K. Okabe, H. Mano
5 Oxygen separation properties of bis(phenyl)fluorene-based cardo polymer
S. Kazama, T. Teramoto, K. Haraya
membranes

Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 25672571 (2005)

6 Cardo Polyimide Membranes for CO₂ Capture

S. Kazama, S. Morimoto, S. Tanaka
H. Mano, T. Yashima, K. Yamada
K. Haraya
S. Yao, K. Madokoro, C. Fushimi
K. YamadaGreenhouse Gas Control Technologies
Volume I Peer Reviewed Papers), 75-82(2005)

H. Suganuma, Y. Abe, M. Taniguchi
H. Tanouchi, H. Utsugi, T. Kojima
K. YamadaForest Ecology and Management(in press)

7 Diesel Particulate Matter Removal Using DBD Pulsed Plasmas

8 Stand biomass estimation method by canopy coverage for application to remotesensing in an arid area of Western Australia

High Performance Polymers. 17 (1) 3-17
(2005)

Fourth International Conference on the
Physics of Dusty Plasmas, ed. L. Boufendi, M.
Mikikian, and P.K. Shukla, American Instituteof Physics, 209-212(2005)■2005 Oral Presentation
Title
1 Adsorption/desorption properties of carbon dioxide on aminosilane-modified
mesoporous silica

Researchers
K. Yogo, A. Thujimoto, Y. Sakamoto
K. Yamada

2 Inorganic and Organic membrane development

K. YogoAustralia-JapanWorkshop - CO₂ Capture
Enabling Technologies for Coal-fired Power
Generation -, Australian Pavilion Aichi Expo
Site, Nagoya September 16, 2005

3 CO₂ separation by membrane/chemical absorption hybrid method

H. ManoAustralia-Japan Workshop, Australian
Pavilion, Aichi Expo Site, Japan
September 16, 2005

4 CO₂ separation by membrane/absorption hybrid method

K. Okabe, M. Nakamura, H. Mano
M. Teramoto, K. Yamada

ICOM 2005, Seoul,Korea
August 21-26, 2005

5 CO₂ separation by membrane/absorption hybrid method

K. Okabe, M. Nakamura, H. Mano
M. Teramoto, K. Yamada

APCRE'05, Gyeongju, Korea
June 12-15, 2005

6 Development of a new chemical absorption system for CO₂ capture

K. GotoThe International CO₂ Capture Network（University of Texas, Austin Texas,USA）
October 3, 2005

7 Novel absorbents for removal of CO₂ from gas stream

K. GotoAustralia-Japan Workshop, Australian
Pavilion, Aichi Expo Site, Japan
September 16, 2005

8 Polymeric CO₂ Separation Membrene for Mitigating Global Warming

S. Kazama, K. Yamada

Pacifichem 2005, 19, December, 2005

9 Formation and Charaterization of Dendrimer Composite Membrane for CO₂
Separation

S. Duan, T. Kouketsu, S. Kazama
K. Yamada, K. Nagai, B. D. Freeman

ICOM 2005, 21-26, August, 2005, Seoul,
Korea

10 CO₂ Separation Membrane Of Modified PAMAM Dendrimer

F. A. Chowdhury, Y. Shimada, H. Oku ICOM 2005, 21-26, August, 2005, Seoul,
Korea
S. Kazama, K. Yamada

11 Fundamental study on diesel particulate matter removal using a dielectric barrierdischarge reactor

C. Fushimi, K. Madokoro, S. Yao
K. Yamada6th Workshop on Fine Particle Plasmas,
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki,
Japan December 16, 2005

12 Kinetic Study of ZnO Carbonation

S. Yao, Y. Kashima, C. MineK. Yamada

China/USA/Japan Joint Chemical
Engineering Conference, Beijing
October 12, 2005

13 Diesel Particulate Matter Removal Using DBD Pulsed Plasmas

S. Yao, K. Madokoro, C. Fushimi
K. YamadaInternational Conference on the Physics
DustyPlasmas, ICPDP 2005, Orleans, France
June 17, 2005

14 How to Promote an Afforestation Project as a CO₂ Sequestration Measure

K. Yamada

8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

15 Death of Trees at Wheat Belt in Western Australia; Identification of its Causes by H. Hamano, N. Saito, T. Kojima
Chemical Analysis of Soil
S. Kato, M. Saito, A. Kinnear
K. Yamada

Forum
Pacifichem 2005
December 19, 2005

8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

RITE Today 2006

17

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication
Title
16 Effect of Temperature and Light on Germination of 12 Afforested Trees in South
Western Australia
17 Soil mite (Acari) Assemblages in Early Stage Reafforested, Highly Degraded
Semiarid Landscapes in Western Australia

Chemical Research Group
Researchers
S.Kawasaki, S.Kaneoya,
H. Tanouchi, H. Hamano, T. Kojima
K. YamadaA. Kinnear, P. Curry, T. Kojima
K. YamadaForum
8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005
8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

18 Litter and Soil Carbon Dynamics in Arid Forest Ecosystems and its Implication to T. Kawanishi, S. Kumada, Y. Hayashi,Corbon Sequestration by Arid Land Afforestation
K. Ogomori, Y. Kobayashi,
N. Takahashi, M. Saito,
H. Hamano, T. Kojima
K. Yamada
19 A Modeling Methodology of Large Scale Water Balance and Salt Accumulation for T. Hirukawa, N. Asaka, H. Hamano
Afforestation in Arid LandK. Yamada, T. Kojima

8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

20 Stand Growth Estimation of an Afforestation and Natural Forests in Arid Land ofWestern Australia

K. Shiono, H. Suganuma, Y. Abe
H. Tanouchi, H. Utsugi, M. Saito
N. Takahashi, T. Kojima, K. Yamada

8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

21 Development of Tree Growth Simulator based on a Process Model of
Photosynthesis for Eucalyptus camaldulensis in arid land

Y. Egashira, M. Shibata, K. Ueyama
H. Utsugi, T. Kojima
N. Takahashi, S. Kawarasaki
K. Yamada
M. Saito, H. Tanouchi, T. Saito
D. Naito, Y. Abe, K. Yamada

8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

22 Vegetation Limiting Factors as Salt Accumulation and Soil Thickness in Leonora
Western Australia

23 Water Use Efficiency of the Trees in Arid Lands –The Plasticity for Fluctuation of H. Tanouchi, H. Utsugi, N. Takahashi
Water Conditions－
H. Hamano, S. Kawarasaki, T. Kojima
24 Effects of Calcined Bauxite as a Water-holding Material and a Way of Mixing itwith Soil on Tree Growth

K. YamadaN. Takahashi, H. Hamamo, Y. Abe
T. Kojima, K. Yamada

8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005
8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005
8th International Conference on Desert
Technology, Nasu, Japan
November 27-December 2, 2005

■2005 Non-Journal Publication
Title
1 Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide

Researchers
M. Mazzotti, J. C. Abandades
R. Allam, K. S. Lackner
F. Meunier, E.. Rubin
J. C. Sanchez, K. Yogo
R. Zevenhoven

Magazine, Newspaper, etc.
"IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide
Capture and Storage: Chapter 7, IPCC,
Cambridge University Press (2005).

RITE Today 2006

18

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication

CO₂ Sequestration Research Group

CO₂ Sequestration Research Group■2005 Original Paper ［CO₂ Geological Storage Project]
Title
1 FIELD TEST OF CO₂ INJECTION IN NAGAOKA, JAPANResearchers
Katsuhiko Kikuta, Seiji Hongo,
Daiji Tanase and Takashi Ohsumi

JournalProceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P1367-1372,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

2 DOES CARBON DIOXIDE REMAIN DISSOLVED IN AQUIFER?

Ikuo Okamoto, Ziqiu Xue andTakashi Ohsumi

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P2195-2198,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

3 COAL MATRIX SWELLING CAUSED BY ADSORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDEAND ITS IMPACT ON PERMEABILITY

Ziqiu Xue and Takashi Ohsumi

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P2253-2256,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

4 EFFECTS OF BEDDING PLANE ON CO₂ MIGRATION AND DEFORMATIONSTRAIN IN WATER-SATURATED POROUS SANDSTONE

Ziqiu Xue and Takashi Ohsumi

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P2203-2206,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

5 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE INJECTION AND MIGRATIONBEHAVIOR OF CARBON DIOXIDEYukio Imaseki, Takashi Ohsumi,
Toshimasa Tomoda, Motoo Uno, andHiroshi Ohkuma

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P2181-2184,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

6 CO₂ SEQUESTRATION INTO GEOTHERMAL FIELDS

Akira Ueda, Tatsuya Yajima,
Hideshi Kaieda and Takashi Ohsumi

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P2007-2010,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

7 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY REGARDING PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF CO₂
UNDERGROUND SEQUESTRATION TECHNOLOGIES

Motoo Uno, Yasuko Mori and
Yoko Endo

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P2481-2484,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

8 EXPLORATION OF PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE REGARDING CO₂ UNDERGROUNDSEQUESTRATION TECHNOLOGIES

Motoo Uno, Yasuko Mori,
Kohko Tokushige & Akira Furukawa

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P1705-1710,5-9 September
2004,Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

Title
1 OCEAN UPTAKE POTENTIAL FOR CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION

Researchers
Masao Sorai and Takashi Ohsumi

JournalGeochemical Journal, Vol.39,No.1,29-43, 2005

2 EVALUATION OF BENEFITS OF CO₂ OCEAN SEQUESTRATION

Koji Tokimatsu, Masao Sorai,
Yoichi Kaya, Michimasa Magi and
Takashi Ohsumi

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P773-781,5-9 September 2004,
Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

3 BIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DIRECT CO₂ INJECTION INTO THE
OCEAN

Jun Kita and Takashi Ohsumi

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P783-789,5-9 September 2004,
Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

4 CO₂ RELEASE IN DEEP OCEAN BY MOVING SHIP

Junichi Minamiura, Hideyuki Suzuki,
Baixin Chen, Masahiro Nishio and
Masahiko Ozaki

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P809-817,5-9 September 2004,
Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

5 A LAGRANGIAN METHOD COMBINED WITH HIGH RESOLUTION OCEAN
GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL TO EVALUATE CO₂ OCEANSEQUESTRATION

Yoshio Masuda, Yasuhiro Yamanaka,
Taketo Hashioka, Michimasa Magi,
Shigeo Murai and Takashi Ohsumi

Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies,P819-827,5-9 September 2004,
Vancouver,Canada (printed in 2005)

Title
1 Geophysical Monitoring of CO₂ Sequestration at an Onshore Saline Aquifer in
Nagaoka, Japan

Researchers
Daiji Tanase, Ziqiu Xue,
Hiroyuki Azuma

Forum
2nd Monitoring Network Meeting of IEA,
October 2005

2 Pilot Test of CO₂ Injection in Nagaoka, Japan

Daiji Tanase,
Hiroshi Okuma, Hideki Saito

CO₂Store Group Steering Committee Meeting,
October 2005

3 Time-lapse Cross-well Seismic Tomography for the Monitoring of CO₂

Hideki Saito, Dai Nobuoka,
Daiji Tanase

CO₂Store Group Steering Committee Meeting,
October 2005

4 Simulation Study of PilotCO₂ Injection in Iwanohara，Nagaoka City, Japan

Hiroshi Okuma

CO₂Store Group Steering Committee Meeting,
October 2005

5 Development of Simulator for Geological CO₂ Sequestration

Hiroshi Okuma

CO₂Store Group Steering Committee Meeting,
October 2005

■2005 Original Paper ［CO₂ Ocean Sequestration Project]■2005 Oral Presentation ［CO₂ Geological Storage Project]

RITE Today 2006

19

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication

CO₂ Sequestration Research Group

Title
6 An Overview of the Nagaoka Project in Japan

Researchers
Masanori Abe, Ziqiu Xue,
Keigo Akimoto, Daiji Tanase,Yasunobu Mizuno
7 Time-lapse crosswell seismic tomography and well logging to monitor the injected Ziqiu Xue, Daiji Tanase,
CO₂ in an onshore aquifer, Nagaoka , Japan
Dai Nobuoka

Forum
Society of Petroleum Engineers-Applied
Technology Workshop, November 2005

8 CO₂ monitoring at the pilot-scale CO₂ injection site in Nagaoka, Japan

Daiji Tanase, Ziqiu Xue,
Hideki Saito

2005 AGU Fall Meeting, December 2005

9 The effects of CO₂ injection on the geomechanical behavior of Australian brown
coal:Uniaxial testing

Ziqiu Xue

Alaska Rocks 2005, June 2005

SEG International Exposition, November 2005

■2005 Oral Presentation ［CO₂ Ocean Sequestration Project]
Title
1 Numerical Simulation of Mortality of Zooplankton Caused by Direct lnjection of
Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean

Researchers
Forum
Toru Sato、Yuji Watanabe、Koji Toyota 4th annual conference on carbon capture &sequestration,2-5 May 2005,
Alexandria,Virginia

2 Trophic structure determination of the deep-sea copepods in the South Western Haruko Kurihara, Saeko Mito, Jun Kita The 9th International Conference on
Copepoda, July 2005
Pacific by the stable isotope analysis
3 Japan program for CO₂ sequestration

Takashi Ohsumi

Seminar on Sub-sea CO₂ storage technicalchallenges, risk and environmental aspects,
September 2005,Oslo

4 Advances in Japanese Project on CO₂ ocean storage

Jun Kita

Seminar on Sub-sea CO₂ storage technicalchallenges, risk and environmental aspects,
September 2005,Oslo■2005 Non-Journal Publication ［CO₂ Ocean Sequestration Project]
Title
Researchers
Magazine, Newspaper, etc.
1 Extended probit mortality model for zooplankton against transient change of PCO₂ Toru Sato, Yuji Watanabe, Koji Toyota Marine Pollution Bulletin, April 2005 submitted
Joji Ishizaka

RITE Today 2006

20

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication

Plant Research Group

Plant Research Group■2005 Paper
Title
1 Cyclic electron flow around PSI is essential for photosynthesis

2 Response of Cyclic Electron Flow around PSI (CEF-PSI) to CO₂ in Tobacco
Leaves-Electron flux ratio in PSI to PSII Determined the Magnitude of NonPhotochemical Quenching (NPQ) of Chl Fluorescence
3 Enhancement of cyclic electron flow around PSI at high light and its contribution
to the induction of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Chl fluorescence inintact leaves of tobacco plants

Researchers
Y. Munekage, M. Hashimoto
C. Miyake, K. Tomizawa, T. Endo
M. Tasaka, T.Shikanai,
C. Miyake, M. Miyata
Y. Shinzaki, K. Tomizawa

JournalNature 429: 579-582

C. Miyake, Y. Shinzaki, M. Miyata
K. Tomizawa

Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1426-1433

4 Isolation of Intact Vacuoles and Proteomic Analysis of Tonoplast from
Suspension-Cultured Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant Cell Physiol (in press)

T. Shimaoka, M. Ohnishi, T. Sazuka
N. Mitsuhashi, I. Hara, K. Shimazaki
M. Maeshima, A. Yokota,
K. Tomizawa, T. Mimura
5 Singlet oxygen inhibits the repair of photosystem Ⅱby suppressing the translation Y. Nishiyama, SI Allakhverdiev
elongation of the D1 protein in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
H. Yamamoto, H. Hayashi
N. Murata
6 Photoinactivation of Ascorbate Peroxidase in Intact Chloroplasts from Tabacco
C. Miyake, M. Okamura, M. Miyata
Leaves -Galdieria partita -APX maintains the activity of the Water-Water Cycle in Y. Shinzaki, M. Nishioka, S. Kitajima
Transplastomic Tabacco Plants.A. Yokota, K. Tomizawa
7 Massive accumulation of green fluorescent protein in tobacco chloroplasts by
K. Tomizawa, A. Yokotatransplastomic transformation.

Plant Cell Physiol., Jun 2004; 45: 672-683

8 Sporophyte anatomy of Cavicularia densa Steph. (Blasiaceae)

Bryologist submitted

M. Shimamura, T. Furuki
H. Deguchi

Biochemistry. 2004 Sep 7; 43(35): 11321-30

Plant Cell. subumitted

Nature biotech. subumitted

RITE Today 2006

21

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication

Microbiology Research Group

Microbiology Research Group■2005 Original Paper
Title
1 Multiple large segment deletion method for Corynebacterium glutamicum .

Researchers
N. Suzuki, H. Nonaka, Y. Tsuge,
S. Okayama, M. Inui and H. Yukawa

JournalAppl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69: 151-61. 2005

2 New multiple deletion method for Corynebacterium glutamicum genome using amutant lox sequence.

N. Suzuki, H. Nonaka, Y. Tsuge,
M. Inui and H. Yukawa

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 8472-80. 2005

3 Manipulating Corynebacteria from Individual Genes to Chromosomes

A.A. Vertès, M. Inui and H. Yukawa,Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 7633-42. 2005

4 Enhanced hydrogen production from formic acid by formate hydrogen lyaseoverexpressing Escherichia coli strain.

A. Yoshida, T. Nishimura,
H. Kawaguchi, M. Inui and
H. Yukawa
S.Okino, M. Inui and H. Yukawa

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 6762-8. 2005

5 Production of organic acids by Corynebacterium glutamicum under oxygen
deprivation.
6 Anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds by Magnetospirillum strains:
isolation and degradation genes.

Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68: 475-80. 2005

Y. Shinoda, J. Akagi, Y. Uchihashi,
A. Hiraishi, H. Yukawa, H. Yurimoto,Y. Sakai and N. Kato
R. Koukiekolo, H-Y. Cho,
7 Degradation of corn fiber by Clostridium cellulovorans cellulases andhemicellulases and contribution of scaffolding protein, CbpA.
A. Kosugi, M. Inui,
H. Yukawa and R.H. Doi.
8 Molecular cloning and transcriptional and expression analysis of engO , encoding a S.O. Han, H. Yukawa,
new noncellulosomal family 9 enzyme from Clostridium cellulovorans .
M. Inui and R.H. Doi.

Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 69: 1483-91.
2005

9 Large scale engineering of the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome.

N. Suzuki, S. Okayama, H. Nonaka,
Y. Tsuge, M. Inui and H. Yukawa.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 3369-72. 2005

10 Effect of carbon source on the cellulosomal subpopulations of Clostridium
cellulovorans .

S.O. Han, H. Yukawa,
M. Inui and R.H. Doi.

Microbiology. 151: 1491-7. 2005

11 Cre/loxP mediated deletion system for large genome rearrangements in
Corynebacterium glutamicum .

N. Suzuki, Y. Tsuge,
M. Inui and H. Yukawa.

Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 67: 225-33. 2005

12 A new insertion sequence, IS 14999 , from Corynebacterium glutamicum .

Y. Tsuge, K. Ninomiya, N. Suzuki,
M. Inui and H. Yukawa.

Microbiology. 151: 501-8. 2005

13 Isolation and characterization of a native composite transposon, Tn14751 ,carrying 17.4 kilobases of Corynebacterium glutamicum chromosomal DNA.

M. Inui, Y. Tsuge, N. Suzuki,
A.A. Vertès and H. Yukawa.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 407-16. 2005

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 3504-11. 2005

J. Bacteriol. 187: 4884-9. 2005

14 Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for fuel ethanol production M. Inui, H. Kawaguchi, S. Murakami,
under oxygen-deprivation conditions.
A.A. Vertès and H. Yukawa.

J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8: 243-254.
2004

15 Corynebacterium glutamicum glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
isoforms with opposite, ATP-dependent regulation.

J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8: 91-103. 2004

C.A. Omumasaba, N. Okai,
M. Inui and H. Yukawa.

■2005 Oral Presentation
Title
Researchers
1 Growth-Arrested Microbial Cells as Whole-Cell Biocatalysts: a New Paradigm for Alain A. Vertès, Masayuki Inui, andEfficient Production in Biorefinery Complexes
Hideaki Yukawa

Forum
14th European Biomass Conference andExhibition、October 2005

2 Biohydrogen Production for Commercialization

Alain A. Vertès, Masayuki Inui, andHideaki Yukawa

14th European Biomass Conference andExhibition、October 2005

3 The Energy Revolution: Technology for Ethanol Production

Alain A. Vertès and Hideaki Yukawa

Eastern Biofuels Conference & Expo II、
September 2005

4 Application of the RITE Bioprocess in Hydrogen Production

Hideaki Yukawa and Masayuki Inui

SIM Annual Meeting、August 2005

5 Bio-refinery Technologies

Hideaki Yukawa

BioClusters Asia、July 2005

6 Analysis of a new insertion sequence IS 14999 from Corynebacterium glutamicum Yota Tsuge, Nobuaki Suzuki,
Masayuki Inui, and Hideaki Yukawa

American Society for Microbiology 105th
General Meeting、June 2005

7 Novel large segment deletion method for Corynebacterium glutamicum in which
multiple deletions are possible

American Society for Microbiology 105th
General Meeting、June 2005

8 Development of a new bioprocess for organic acid production using

Corynebacterium glutamicum

Nobuaki Suzuki, Yota Tsuge,
Satoshi Okayama, Masayuki Inui, andHideaki Yukawa
Shohei Okino , Hideo Kawaguchi,
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa

The 27th Symposium on Biotechnology for
Fuels and Chemicals、May 2005

RITE Today 2006

22

2005 Paper, Presentation and Publication
Title
9 Genome engineering and analysis for Corynebacterium glutamicum

Microbiology Research GroupForum
The 2nd Annual World Congress on Industrial
Biotechnology and Bioprocessing、April 2005

10 A novel bioprocess for the production of fuel ethanol and chemicals fromlignocellulosic sugars

Researchers
Nobuaki Suzuki, Hiroshi Nonaka,
Naoko Okai, Yota Tsuge,
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa
Masayuki Inui, Shohei Okino,
Hideo Kawaguchi, Hideaki Yukawa

11 Biohydrogen Research and Development in Japan

Hideaki Yukawa, Masayuki Inui

The 2nd Annual World Congress on Industrial
Biotechnology and Bioprocessing、April 2005

12 High-efficiency hydrogen production from formate

International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005

31 A novel bioprocess for the production of fuel ethanol and chemicals fromlignocellulosic sugars

Hideo Kawaguchi, Akihito Yoshida,
Taku Nishimura, Masayuki Inui,
Hideaki Yukawa
Shohei Okino, Hideo Kawaguchi,
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa

32 The complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum R and thecomparative genome analysis with other corynebacteria

Hiroshi Nonaka, Peter Kós, Naoko Okai, International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa

33 The complete genome sequence of the anaerobic dehalorespiring
Desulfitobacterium sp. Y51

The 2nd Annual World Congress on Industrial
Biotechnology and Bioprocessing、April 2005

International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005

Hiroshi Nonaka, Yoshifumi Shinoda,
Gabor Keresztes, Yuko Ikenaga,
Miyuki Abe, Kae Naito,
Kenichi Inatomi, Kensuke Furukawa,
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa
34 The whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing of Clostridium kluyveri for efficient Hiroshi Nonaka, Yoshifumi Shinoda,
utilization of protein-derived biomass
Yuko Ikenaga, Miyuki Abe,
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa
Nobuaki Suzuki, Hiroshi Nonaka,
35 Novel large segment deletion method for Corynebacterium glutamicum in which
multiple deletions are possible
Yota Tsuge, Satoshi Okayama,
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa
36 High throughput transposon-mediated mutagenesis and construction of disruptant Nobuaki Suzuki, Naoko Okai,
library of Corynebacterium glutamicum
Hiroshi Nonaka, Yota Tsuge,
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa
Yota Tsuge, Nobuaki Suzuki,
37 New Transposable Elements in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Masayuki Inui, Hideaki Yukawa

International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005

38 Transcriptome and proteome analysis of oxygen deprived metabolism in

Masako Suda, Yoshifumi Shinoda,
Shikiko Murakami, Shohei Okino,
Hiroshi Nonaka, Masayuki Inui,
Hideaki Yukawa

International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005

Researchers
G. Sandmann and H. Yukawa

Magazine, Newspaper, etc.
Handbook of Corynebacterium glutamicum

Corynebacterium glutamicum

International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005
International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005
International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005
International Workshop on Biorefinery、February 2005

■2005 Non-Journal Publication
Title
1 Vitamin Synthesis: Carotenoids, Biotin, and Pantothenate

RITE Today 2006

23

Research Institute of Innovative
Technology for the Earth
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Kyoto, 619-0292 JAPANTEL. +81-774-75-2300 FAX. +81-774-75-2314

URL http://www.rite.or.jp