LHC Beam Preparation
R. Giachino

R. Giachino

CERN

CERN

WAO 2010

1Outline

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

R. Giachino

Introduction
Timeline of the LHC
Hardware Commissioning
Dry run and Machine Checkout
Conclusions

CERN

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LHC SchematicCMS

RF System

Collimation(Momentum)

Beam Extraction

8 distinct sectors
cryogenics & powering

Collimation(Betatron)

ALICE

LHC-b

Beam-1 Injection

Beam-2 Injection
ATLAS

Transfer Line (2.9km)
R. GiachinoTransfer Line (2.7km)
CERN

3LHC Timeframe
2002

R. Giachino

2003

2004

2005

CERN

2006

2007

2008

4LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP
2002

2003

2004

20052006

2007

2008

Decommissioning of the LEP machine

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP
2002

Helium Distribution Line
2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

27kms of helium line installed by supplier,Significant problems with:• Geometry • Leaks • Welds • Procedures …

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP

Helium Distribution Line

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Triplet2007

2008

Inner Triplets – Either side of each experimentThree superconducting magnet assemblies

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP
2002

Helium Distribution Line
2003

2004

2005

2006

Triplet2007

2008

Magnet Tests

Magnets put into Cryostats

R. Giachino

Magnets Tested and Characterised

CERN

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LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP
2002

Helium Distribution Line
2003

2004

2005

2006

Triplet2007

2008

Magnet Tests
Magnet Storage
Installation

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP
2002

Helium Distribution Line
2003

2004

2005

Triplet

2006

2007

2008

Magnet Tests
Magnet Storage
Installation
Interconnects
SC Tests

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP
2002

Helium Distribution Line
2003

2004

2005

2006

Triplet

CRYO

2007

2008

Cool down the machine for operation

10/07

R. Giachino

11/07

12/07

01/08

02/08

03/08

CERN

04/08

05/08

06/08

07/08

08/08

11LHC Timeframe
Tunnel:LEP
2002

Helium Distribution Line
2003

2004

2005

2006

Triplet

CRYO

2007

2008

7-8 Commissioning
4-5 Commissioning
Operation
Breakdown

R. Giachino

CERN

12LHC Hardware Commissioning
Commissioning of the magnets & circuits follows predefined test steps.
(power converter, quench protection, interlocks..)
1’700 circuits, 10’000 magnets Commissioning time ~5 months
LHC commissioned for a beam energy of:2008:

5.5 TeV (5 TeV target for physics).
Issue with Magnet re-training required above ~6 TeV.

2009:

1.2 TeV (incident, commissioning delays).

2010:

3.5 TeV (limited by joint quality).

2008 – 11’122 test steps – 162 days2009 – 10’398 test steps – 86 days

R. Giachino

CERN

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Safety Powering
IF hardware intervention NO possible power on theadjacent sectors

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC schedule

Hardware Commissioning

Beam Commissioning

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CERN

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LHC schedule

Hardware Commissioning

Machine Checkout
Beam Commissioning

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC schedule

Hardware Commissioning
Machine Checkout

Beam Commissioning

R. Giachino

CERN

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LHC schedule

Machine Checkout after a regular shut-down

Beam Commissioning

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CERN18

Machine Preparation for BeamDry runs– Started in 2003 (injection lines)– Individual system tests conducted by the equipment groups– Blocks of few days spaced by few weeks for analysis and correction of the problems– In Cern Control Centre using operational software– Driven by System Experts, System Commissioners and EiCs

Machine check-out– Test of the different circuits/sectors in unison and in operational conditions (acceleration rates, settings) once released by Hardware Commissioning– Integration of the various accelerator systems (injection, beam dump, RF, collimators,beam interlocks, alarms, etc.) once debugged in Dry Runs.
– In Cern Control Centre using operational software– Driven by the “users” (EiCs, Operators)
verifying the operation of several systems, mimicking different operational phases(e.g. Injection, ramp, squeeze, beam dump, interlocks tests, etc.)
R. Giachino

CERN

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Machine Check-Out
Verification of the remote control
functionalities for the various systems as
they became available from Hardware
Commissioning:• Magnetic circuits• Injection & extraction elements• Beam instrumentation

COLLIMATORS

Synchronous powering of circuits together
with other systems (e.g. collimators, RF)
Validation of the Beam Interlocks• Vacuum valves• Power converters• Beam Loss Monitors• Experiments

R. Giachino

CERN

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st
1 Beam Injection Test (8-10 Aug.)R. Giachino

CERN

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st
1 Beam Injection Test (8-10 Aug.)
What we did:• Trajectory correction• Optics measurements• Physical aperture measurements• Instrumentation setup
What we found:• Quench limit: ~4×109 p (as expected)• BPM sensitivity (excellent)• Injection aperture restriction
misaligned vacuum port (corrected)• Optics problem point 3
trim quadrupole polarity errors (corrected)

R. Giachino

CERN

S. Redaelli

F. Zimmermann

R. Jones22

2nd Beam Injection Test (22-24 Aug.)R. Giachino

CERN

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nd2 Beam Injection Test (22-24 Aug.)
What we did (Beam1 & Beam2):• Trajectory correction• Optics measurements
some polarity corrections• Physical aperture measurements
injection aperture OK• Optic ok after polarity correction

R. Calaga

What we found:• Optical Problem at end of TI8 line
being investigating.

R. Giachino

V. Kain, J. Wenninger

CERN24

rd3 Beam Injection Test (5-7 Sep.)

B. Goddard

Discovered and corrected:
Polarity errors in points 7 and 4

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CERN

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September 10th

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Conclusions
The rapid progress of Beam commissioning:
Injection, circulate, ramp, collision at 450 GeV and 3.5 TeV
without hindrance show the importance of theMachine Check Out.

R. Giachino

CERN27