◆CCS Technical Workshop 2022◆

CO2地中貯留技術開発と実用化への取組
From Research and Development to Demonstration
for Commercial Deployment

二酸化炭素地中貯留技術研究組合・技術部長(公財)地球環境産業技術研究機構（RITE）
CO2貯留研究グループリーダー
せつじきゅう薛 自求
Ziqiu Xue (xue@rite.or.jp)

１．温故知新－CO2-EOR/ CO2地中貯留
Before looking ahead, let’s review the journey so far(DOE, 2020)

実用化？

Commercial Scale： 1Mt /year

JAPAN： Nagaoka Pilot CO2 Storage Project

USA： Texas Frio Pilot CO2 Storage Project2

US/DOE (2020)

50+ milliontons
地域特性を考慮

Shale OilEOR

2011- (new regional initiative)

2005-2011
1 million tons

地層水汲み上げによる圧力緩和法

光ファイバーセンシング技術（分布式音響測定 - DAS）
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US/DOE (2020)
US/DOE (2020)

石炭・ガス火力＋CCUS
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US/DOE (2021)

Up-Scaling: 数100～数10万トン  100万トン  5,000万トン
5Scaling up to Commercial(1Mt-CO2/y)
2020-

Implementing core tech fordevelopment

Core Tech R&D

Including Overseas Deployment(Asia CCUS Network )Storage Potential Assessment
2000 Fundamental ResearchInternational Collaborations(USA, Australia, Norway)6 Scaling up to Commercial-scale
2050年に向けて、徐々に拡大するケース（我が国のCCS導入のあり方に係る調査事業）調査報告書
https://www.meti.go.jp/meti_lib/report/2019FY/000145.pdfLow-cost ： Capture （随伴ガス、高濃度CO2）
Transport （排出源と貯留サイトの距離）
Storage （モニタリング技術の統合、効果的運用）
Low-risk ： Storage （サイト選定＆評価、自然地震＆微小振動
CO2漏洩・漏出＆環境影響）
Start-early & Start-small：できる事業から始めよう
We arehere now

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・三菱ガス化学株式会社

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Membership: 6 @2016.4  11 @2022.1

・三菱ガス化学株式会社

9Research & Development

Demonstration, Deployment

不確実性の低減・安全性＆経済性の向上
投資

環境Cathcart et al., 2013

安全性政策

社会的受容性法規

実用化には、技術開発以外の要素（安全性、経済性、社会的受容性、法整備）
10SRM: CO2 Storage Resources Management（経済性評価込み）

Nakajima and Xue (2019)

RITE (2006)

RITE (2006)
Source: GCCSI貯留可能量、排出源（排出量、距離）、輸送手段、貯留規模、経済性、社会的受容性（SLO）、複数の実想定サイトを選定！

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METI(2020)

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US/DOE (2021)

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CO2貯留層特性の違い：日本 vs 海外（reservoir porosity, permeability, heterogeneity, thickness）
Storage Capacity, Injectivity

0.001 milidarcy

1 darcy Quest (Canada) Decatur-ICCS (US)

100 milidarcy
10 milidarcy

National Academy of Sciences, 201315

CO2 high buoyancy in high permeability and thick formation (1/2)
Low storage factor at Sleipner, North Sea

Furre et al., 2017

Map of the two-way time interpretation of the CO2 plume in Utsira sand(Utsira sand: a giant sand body with high permeability and large thickness)
In the early years the CO2 signatures in the shallower layers (6-9) were spatially small, and in more
recent data, imaging is better for layers 5-9, whereas layers 1-4 are challenging to interpret.
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CO2 high buoyancy in high permeability and thick formation (2/2)
at the Sleipner site
Furre et al., 201717

Gravity Override of the Injected CO2
In high permeability reservoir(Xue et al., 2014)18

the high storage factor at Quest (high CO2 saturation)
1 Mt/year, started in 2015

Shell Report, 2017

Sandstone reservoir property Quest
thickness: 40m; permeability: ～ 1,000 mD
the plume extent is closer to the theoretical minimum
is another indication that the reservoir is behaving better
than expected, and that the displacement of brine by theCO2 may be more effective than pre-injection modelling
predicted. (CO2 saturation assumed up to 100%)19

医療用X-CTによる砂岩中のCO2 挙動の可視化

灰色-黒色域：密度が低い（隙間が多い）

白色域：密度が高い（隙間が少ない）
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CO2 Distribution @Nagaoka, Japan
Spinner Test

Conglomerate

Sand
Mud

Profile: which depth, howmuch CO2 was injected.

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中性子孔隙率(CO2含有率）変化図 (OB-2)

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Estimating Volumetric Storage Capacity
Sf: Storage efficiency(RITE, 2006; Ogawa et al., 2011)

reservoir

CO2 injection

Injected CO2idealbuoyancy

Sf : a “storage factor”, the ratio of immiscible CO2
fingering

plume volume to total pore volume, the combined effectsof trap heterogeneity, CO2 buoyancy and displacement
efficiency.
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Storage Factors in Different Regions
0.25

Storage potential＝A×h×Sf×φ×Sg／BgCO2×ρ

AhSfφSg
BgCO2
ρ

0.5

(Ogawa et al., 2011)： aquifer area
： effective thickness： storage efficiency factor： porosity：CO2 saturation：CO2 volume factor 0.003m3/m3 , depth: 2000m, 70oC
：CO2 density 0.001976 (t/m3)

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(Ogawa et al., 2011)

全国貯留ポテンシャル：約1,460 億t-CO225

CO2

Steam Heater

CO2

Flow Meter

Brine
Pump

CO2tank

CO2 pump （7～11MPa）
Xue et al., in preparation

CO2＋Brine : Co-injection（8MPa, 50℃）
（CO2 : Brine = 9：1）

上田ほか、2020; Xue et al., 2021

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Xue et al., in preparation

Bubbling test at lab

Downhole Tool for
Microbubble CO2 Generation

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Xue et al., in preparation for Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control

28https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-234099

埋める
場所はあるか

本当に安全か

長期安全性（貯留メカニズム）、地域社会の理解（地震や漏洩への懸念解消）
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２．CO2地中貯留技術開発から、実用化（運用・検証・普及）へ
Research, Development and Deployment of CO2 Storage

Up-Scaling Injection and Down-Sizing Costs
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MMV plan throughout the project life @QUEST

MMV: Measurement, Monitoring and Verification

31 Advanced Monitoring by US/DOE
・Monitoring at a carbon storage site is necessary to track the movement ofCO2 and assure permanence for geologic storage.
・Advanced monitoring technologies are needed to decrease the cost anduncertainty in measurements and satisfy regulations.
・Giving site operators the ability to: (1) measure critical subsurface
parameters associated with the injected CO2, (2) provide measurementsof down-hole and reservoir conditions for real-time decision making andprocess optimization, and (3) provide long-term post-injection monitoringof the fate of injected CO2.
・Transformational sensor to support demonstration and deployment ofadvanced coal power with CCS beginning in 2025.
Fiber Optic Sensing: temperature, pressure, strain, acoustic, fluid chemistry32

Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing (DFOSS)(DTS)with Rayleigh Scattering

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Applications of Optic Fiber Sensing in CO2 Storage Caprock and Well Integrity Monitoring
Strain Pressure and Plume Fronts Monitoring DAS/VSP CO2 Monitoring
Acoustic
 Microseismic /Earthquake Monitoring
Modified from Buscheck et al. 201434

Field Applications: Collaborations with Univ. North Dakota/EERC
and Red Trail Energy in North Dakota (onshore)
http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/adeos/index.html

Satellite measurements+ GPS and geodesy for onshore sites

http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8747/tab-figures-dataDemonstration of concept and methods:
onshore surface heave (e.g. In Salah)

Onshore: North Dakota
Offshore: North Sea/Norway

http://www.drillingcontractor.org/high-cost-subsea-sector-faces-test-of-economics-35798

http://www.npd.no/no/Nyheter/Nyheter/2017/Oppstart-av-Gina-Krog/

The World First Field-scale Demonstration!
A fully-coupled Surface-Subsurface (InSAR – FiberOptic) Geomechanical Monitoring at the Red Trail
Energy CO2 Storage Site, North Dakota, USA !
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Fiber Optic Sensing for Multi-purpose Data Acquisition(DTS, DAS, DSS) and Permanent Monitoring for CO2 Storage

Observation Well

Class VI Approved(Oct. 2021)

Injection Well

US/DOE

Baseline Survey Underway, CO2 Injection: Spring 2022

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US-Japan CCUS Collaboration at North Dakota

CO2（4Mt/y, FEED）

CO2（180kt/y, deep saline aquifer storage
under construction）

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DFOSS for Geomechanical Monitoring
Water Injection Test (1/2)

Amer et al. in preparation

Strain profile suggests injection profile, revealing reservoir heterogeneity

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DFOSS for Geomechanical Monitoring
Water Injection Test (2/2)
9:50 (10 min afterbreakdown)

Strains fromRayleigh shift

Amer et al. in preparation

Perforatedzone

Pressure Breakdown

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Strong correlation between strain and particle size (lithology)
particle size: large size, uniform
particle size: wide range, small sizeAmer et al. in preparation for IJGGC

40Application #1 Strain profile from injection well or observation
well as injection profile (as an input for CO2 flow simulation)

Strain profile

No need to stop injection for running spinner test
to collect injection profile !

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Application #2 for well integrity monitoring, combined withAZMI (Above-Zone Monitoring Interval) pressure monitoring Strain response as an
early alert of fluid leaking
 Caprock / cement integrity

Fiber cables
behind casing

Hovorka et al, 201842

市原サイトの地表変状測定
光ファイバー vs 変位計

隆起Amer, R.; Xue, Z.; Hashimoto, T.; Nagata, T., Distributed
Fiber Optic Strain Sensing for Geomechanical Monitoring:
Insights from Field Measurements of Ground Surface
Deformation. Geosciences 2021, 11, 285.
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070285

沈降43

Fiber Optic Sensing Application at Mount Terri

US/DOE, 2021

Hydromechanically Reactivated Fault : Integrity Monitoring

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CO2 plume front vs pressure front(Geomechanical Modeling)https://www.equinor.com/en/news/20201019-sharing-data-northern-lights.html

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＠Northern-Lights Project46

Collaborations Between RITE-CSIRO & RITE-CO2CRC
Fiber Optic Sensing for Fault Integrity Monitoring
DAS (Acoustic), DSS (Strain), DTS (Temperature)

New wells?
New wells?

RITE-CO2CRC @Otway

RITE-CSIRO @SW Hub In-Situ Lab

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Fault Integrity Monitoring (reactivation, leakage)with Fiber Optic Sensing

Installing fiber optic cables behind casing of monitoring wells forDistributed Strain, Temperature and Acoustic sensing

a fault identified
in 3D seismic image
Kakurina et al, 2020

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3. Social License to Operate (SLO) for CO2 Storage in Japan
Social license (SLO)
社会からの免許
Actuarial license (ALO)
法規制の免許（許認可）
Political license (PLO)
政策的な免許Risk Communication
Approaches

Tools for project cost estimation & business models

49技術開発（technology development）から話術（art of conversation）への変身（transforming）

Risk Communications Approaches
Uncertainties in Subsurface Characterization (Geology, Science and Technology), Policy and Regulation

 Public Concerns over Potential Risks  Sending Experts into the Community & Building

Relationships and Trust !

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謝辞
この成果は、国立研究開発法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構（NEDO）の委託業務の結果得られたものです。ご協力いただいた関東天然瓦斯（株）、（株）物理計測コンサルタント、サンコーコンサルタント（株）、東京ガス（株）、ニューブレクス（株）にも感謝申し上げます。

This talk is based on results obtained from a project commissioned by
the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO) and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan.

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