Series of DWM Lecture

Handling/Managing
Hazardous Waste

Tomonori Ishigaki(National Institute for Environment Studies, NIES)Self introduction
aaTomonori Ishigaki• Ph D.; background in environmentalengineering• Senior researcher• Center for Material Cycles and Waste
Management Research, National
Institute for Environmental Studies• 20 years research experience in(disaster) waste management

No Waste in canal
Flood waste
management guideline
for Bangkok
https://is.gd/YpxEiU
https://youtu.be/gw_xghsNU08
https://youtu.be/26FrxpQE5Ug
https://youtu.be/SIYe0sSQW6oAppropriate waste
management will savethe urban from flood
NIES Research Booklet
https://www.nies.go.jp/kanko/kankyogi/78/0203.html

Aim and scope of this lecture✓Understand the importance of safe handling ofhazardous waste✓Understand the importance of management of
hazardous materials and substances✓Understand preparedness actions forhazardous waste
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
IN NATURAL DISASTER

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Find out the potential hazard(Photo source: Great East Japan Earthquake Archive Miyagi)

Decentralized
wastewater
treatment plant

Putrescible fishery debris
Fuel, Oil, Battery in ship

Pressurizedgas cylinder

Asbestos inpublic building

Fuel, Oil, Battery in automobile
Electric wire cable
5Hazardous Waste in Disaster Occasions
The waste that is also
regarded as the hazardous
waste in normal situation.

The hazard that is notapparent in normal situation,
but disaster causes to expose
to the living environment.

Nightsoil
Toxicity

Flammable
Explosive

Infectious

Appropriate legislation andmanagement system must be
required before disaster.
Then hazardous disaster
waste is treated securely.

Asbestos
Fuel/Oil
Pressurizedbottle

Special care to potential
hazard is required at disastertime.
6What is the Hazard in terms of Waste
Explosive

Flammable

Toxicity

Oxidative

Corrosive

Infectious

Spontaneously
combustible

Additional Hazard in Disaster Situation
Threats to life andsurvival➢ waste heap collapse➢ Ignition and spreadof fireThreats to health➢ Spread of medical
infectious waste byhospital damage➢ Deterioration ofsanitary environment➢ Asbestos➢ Toxic gas

Threats toenvironment➢ Soil contamination➢ Aquatic pollution➢ Air pollution➢ Odor7

Phase of Treatment of Hazardous Disaster Waste
Search and Rescuephase

Initial Recovery
Phase

Substantial
Recovery PhaseEmergency Relief

Stabilization and returnto daily life

Long-term rebuilding,development,
preparedness

Prompt treatment ofhazardous waste thatblocks the recovery
activity

Ensuring thetreatment of inert
waste that may
contain hazardous
substances

Fast removal ofhazard, to avoid thesecondary damage

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[i] Fast Removal of Hazard
Quick removal and treatment with high priority on✓ Infectious waste✓ Flammable, explosive pressurized cylinder✓ Putrescible waste that may generate explosive gas✓ Careful management of nightsoil for evacuator'ssanitation✓ Deconstruction debris that contains asbestos, heavy
metal-treated wood, gypsum board
In case of urgent without enough capacity✓ Transfer infectious waste from water source✓ Keep flammable or explosive waste away from fire9

[ii] Prompt treatment of hazardous waste
Treating the hazardous waste that may inhibit therecovery activity, such as✓ Automobile includes fuel, oil, battery✓ Home appliances include battery➢ Consider the possibility of recycling in ordinary way

In case of urgent without enough capacity✓ Avoidance of fire or ignition by removing the oil, fuel, battery

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[iii] Ensuring the treatment of inert hazardous waste
Steadily Treatment of the inert waste (e.g. demolition waste)that possesses potential hazard✓ Long placement of hazardous waste in TSS may cause
contamination of soil or aquatic environment➢ Treatment of temporary transferred hazardous waste

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PRACTICAL CASE: ASBESTOS

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What is Asbestos?
◆ Asbestos is a naturally-occurring fibrous silicate
mineral with a diameter of 0.02-0.35 μm and an
extremely fine needle-like shape.
◆ It is an excellent electrical insulator and is highly
Source of SEM image
heat-resistant, and it was used as a building
U.S. Geological Survey
material for many years.
◆ It is now a well-known health hazard and the useof asbestos as a building material is illegal in manycountries.
• Inhalation of asbestos fibers can lead to various serious
lung conditions, including asbestosis and cancer.

◆ Most buildings constructed before the 1980s are thought tocontain asbestos. Many developing countries still support theuse of asbestos as a building material, and mining ofasbestos is ongoing.
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Asbestos waste◆ Asbestos-Consisting Waste
 Sprayed coatings
 Insulation

Special care to remove Asbestos is required before full-scale demolition
work. Safety gears such as dust mask, work clothes must be used, andthey should be treated as asbestos-containing waste.

◆ Asbestos-Containing Waste Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) Asbestos Cement Board Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP)

Source of images: MLIT, GoJ

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Generation of Asbestos Waste in Disasters◆Asbestos waste are generated when the buildings and structures
are damaged by disasters.
◆It is also generated by destruction of building in recovery phase.
◆It is often focused when Earthquake strikes. However, any otherdisasters that may give the damages to the building/structure
should have potential to generate it. It highly depends o the scaleof disasters.
Type of Disasters Earth Tsunami Flooding Typhoo/ Volcanic
quake
Cyclone eruption
Possibility ofMiddlegeneration ofHigh
MiddleMiddleMiddleLow
asbestos waste

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TREATMENT OF ASBESTOS WASTEIN DISASTERS

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How to treat Asbestos waste appropriately (1/5)1) Preparedness in normal time
➢Identifying the buildings that use asbestos➢ Refer to the document/results of survey on building materials
containing asbestos and the history of their use and removal➢Establishing management system to prevent asbestos
pollution/exposure➢Preparing working plan for treatment of asbestos waste➢ Securing materials and equipment necessary for special care of
removal and transportation, and safety for residents

17How to treat Asbestos waste appropriately (2/5)
2) To do in emergency relief phase➢ Alerting to rescue clue and residents➢ Distributing the dust masks in high-risk communities➢ Moisturizing the potential asbestos waste

18How to treat Asbestos waste appropriately (3/5)
3) To do in initial recovery phase➢ Surveying the exposed asbestos➢ Surveying damage situation of buildings using materials
containing asbestos.
➢ Taking emergency measures to prevent scattering andexposure to asbestos➢ Quick removal of exposed asbestos➢ Temporary cover for asbestos➢ Providing information to residents

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Once mixed demolition waste generates, it is hard to identify andseparate Asbestos-containing waste➢ Preliminary identification and removal is essential

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How to treat Asbestos waste appropriately (4/5)
4) To do in Substantial recovery phase➢ Implementing the work plan of treatment➢ Working plan is adjusted to the real situation of the generation ofasbestos waste, that is determined in initial recovery phase➢Demolition of buildings/structures➢ Asbestos-consisting materials must be removed in advance.
➢ Boards, pipes or other materials that contains asbestos should be
carefully removed manually after wetting.
➢ Refer to the specific manual in each country, if it exists.

➢Removal of asbestos from mixed disaster debris➢ Asbestos-consisting waste would contaminate the mixed debris
generated in areas affected by tsunami or flood damage.
➢ It is recommended to remove immediately since the risk ofasbestos is increased due to natural drying and deterioration in thetemporary storage site.
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Mixed Disaster Debris (Tsunami Debris)
Tsunami debris
May be polluted by several
hazardous substances, suchas spilled oil, chemicals, andasbestos

Removal of asbestos
is essential to keep
the safety and quality
control

Washing and Fractionation

RecycledConstruction
MaterialSource: Press release of Kajima Corp. on 2 Dec.2013https://www.kajima.co.jp/news/press/201312/2c1-j.htm

22How to treat Asbestos waste appropriately (5/5)
4) To do in Substantial recovery phase➢ Storage➢ Asbestos waste should be double-packed with waterproof materials,
cautionary labeled, and stored separately without mixing with otherdisaster waste.

➢Collection and transportation➢ Transporting by normal truck with container/cover, avoid press
packer truck.

➢Intermediate treatment and final disposal➢ Asbestos waste is not suitable for recycling or incineration.
➢ Melting or other detoxification (including solidification) technology
can be implemented if they are available➢ It is disposed of the site that is permitted to accept in compliance withrelevant laws or regulations.
➢ It must not be mixed with other waste, by using sealed containers,
wrapping to prevent scattering➢ Displaying the cautionary label on designated area.

It is necessary to establish a reliable
management scheme before disaster

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ON-SITE IDENTIFICATION OF
ASBESTOS WASTE

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What is suitable equipment
for on-site identification of asbestos?
[A] Loupe[B] Torchx 10-20 magnification[C] USB Stereomicroscopex 100 magnification[D] NIR Mobile Asbestos Analyzer[E] X-ray Diffraction Analysis

Useful, but relatively expensive

Precise, but requiring the time25

Identification of Asbestos waste
1) Simple/Preliminary Identification: On-site✓ Quick but inaccurate◆Visual Observation◆Microscopic Observation (Stereomicroscope)◆Mobile NIR asbestos analyzer

2) Accurate Identification: In Laboratory✓ Requiring the skill, taking several days
◆Observation by Polarizing microscope◆Observation by Phase-contrast microscope◆X-ray diffraction Analysis

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On-site identification of Asbestos waste
1) Simple/Preliminary Identification◆Visual Observation◆Microscopic observation➢Bundles of fibrils✓ Single fiber is not asbestos➢Incombustibility✓ Burnt fiber is unblackened, unmelted➢SizeHair
60-70 mm

Grass wool
4-12 mm

Asbestos
0.02-0.35 mm◆Mobile NIR asbestos analyzer
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In-lab identification of Asbestos waste2) Accurate Identification✓Requiring the skill, taking a 3-4 days
◆Observation by Polarizing microscope◆Observation by dispersion staining with phase-contrast
microscope◆X-ray diffraction Analysis

Polarizing microscope image
CERI, Japan

Phase contrast microscope image
CERI, JapanXRD pattern
Dellisanti et al.(2009) Int. J. Miner.
Process.91, 61-67

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WRAP-UP

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◆Safe handling and appropriate treatment of hazardous disaster
waste will be achieved by preparation before disaster✓ Collecting information on distribution of the potential hazard✓ Expanding the treatment/disposal capacity✓ Preparing the equipment for quick identification/ safety gear

◆Local vulnerability against major disaster on management ofhazards must be identified and solved as much as possible
before disasters.

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