Makinoa New Series
Supplement Issue

Taxonomic Enumeration ofNatma Taung National Park
Vol. 1

Kazumi Fujikawa, Yumiko Baba, Thant Shin,
Aung Zaw Moe & Hajime Mizukami (eds.)

The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden (MBK) & Forest Department (FD)iii

Foreword
I am delighted to have the opportunity to write a foreword for the annotated checklist entitled
Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1.
Myanmar lies at the convergence of different ecoregions, resulting in remarkable ecologicaldiversity and species richness. Conservation, effective management, and sustainable use are
primary objectives to preserve the biological resources of Myanmar. Scientific information is thecore element in conserving and managing biodiversity effectively. In this regard, the Forest
Department (FD) is promoting scientific cooperation and joint research on biodiversity withinternational and national organizations.
The Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park is one of the fruitful results ofscientific cooperation and research between the FD and the Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical
Garden (MBK) which focuses on plant diversity. This checklist is an extremely useful andimportant document for biological conservation in Natma Taung area.
Furthermore, this is a welcome contribution, because the more we know about the flora of
Myanmar, the greater the potential to conserve and manage these valuable forest resources. I do
believe that this checklist will become a valuable resource for educational purposes, a goodreference for botanists and conservationists.
Last but not least, I offer my sincere gratitude to MBK for diligence and scientific rigor inproducing the Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park and for enduring efforts tounderstand and conserve biodiversity of an important protected area. It is my hope that the FD
and MBK can produce more publications from long and continuous scientific cooperation andresearch on the biodiversity of Myanmar.

		
		
		
		
		
		

Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Ph.D.
Director General
Forest Department
Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environmental Conservation
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar

iv

Preface
Myanmar is home to an array of ecosystems, from tropical forests along the coast to alpine
vegetation in the north, leading to its rich plant diversity, with over 16,000 estimated species ofvascular plants. The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden (MBK) started a joint research
venture with the Forest Department of the Ministry of Forestry (currently, the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation), Myanmar, to unravel the plant diversity in
Myanmar, by signing a memorandum of understanding in 2000.
We carried out an inventory program by collaborating with scientists and staff belonging tointernational and local organizations, with expeditions to Chin, Shan, Kachin, Kayin, Sagaing,and Mandalay. So far, approximately 32,000 specimens have been collected. As a result, achecklist of flowering plants in Mt. Popa was published and several new species have been
described. One of the focal areas of our field expedition was the Natma Taung National Park. We
started a field inventory in March 2002 and collected more than 15,500 specimens in the area incollaboration with international and local botanists.
In line with these activities, with great pleasure, the MBK is publishing the first volume of
Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Myanmar, focusing on pteridophytes andgymnosperms. I believe that this, together with the following volumes on angiosperms, will be an
important step toward unraveling the flora of Myanmar. It will also help in diversity conservationand sustainable utilization of plant resources in Myanmar.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Tetsuo Koyama, a former Director General of
MBK, for the leadership to commence and operate our “Flora of Myanmar” project and to all thescientists and staff who are engaged in the project under harsh environment.

		
		
		

Hajime Mizukami, Ph.D.
Director General
The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden

Contents
Foreword·················································································· ⅲ
Preface ·················································································· ⅳ

Part 1. Overview of Natma Taung
Forest in Natma Taung National Park·········································· 3		Kazumi Fujikawa, Tin Mya Soe & Shein Gay Ngai

Water Environment and Land Use in Natma Taung National Park········ 17
		Takeshi Fujino
Chin: People, Society, and Culture············································· 25		Katsumi Tamura

Life in Natma Taung National Park············································ 27
		Shigeo Yasuda
Brief history of botanical inventory in Natma Taung National Park
between Forest Department and Makino Botanical Garden············· 41
		Kazumi Fujikawa

Part 2. Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung
Lycophytes & Pteridophytes···················································· 49
Gymnosperms···································································· 103

Plate		 ···················································································· 107
Index ··················································································· 117

Part 1. Overview of Natma Taung National Park

Rhododendron arboreum Sm.

3

The Forest of Natma Taung National Park
Kazumi Fujikawa1, Tin Mya Soe2 and Shein Guy Ngai3
1Research Botanist, The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden

4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan

2Park Warden, Natma Taung National Park (2010–2014)

Present address: Park Warden, Inle Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division,
Forest Department, Myanmar
3Park Warden, Natma Taung National Park (up to 2010)
Present address: Kanpetlet, Chin State, Myanmar(1saussure@makino.or.jp)

Myanmar is the largest country in continental Southeast Asia at 676,578 km2 and is known for its
rich plant diversity. Multiple factors contribute to this diversity, including geography, topography,
climate, seasonal rainfall patterns, and the presence of high mountains and major rivers.
Myanmar includes a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems spanning from wet tropical forests andcoastal mangroves in the south, to arid scrub in the central dry zone, to montane subtropical andtemperate forests in the north (Middleton et al. 2019). Floristically, Myanmar is unique in that isrepresents the intersection of four floristic regions: the Indian, Sino-Japanese, South-East Asian,and Malesiana. The most recent sur vey of Myanmar identif ied over 11,800 taxa ofspermatophytes in 273 families (Kress et al. 2003), and since then the discovery of 580 taxa ofvascular plants and new record-based botanical explorations throughout Myanmar have beenreported (Yang et al. 2020). Myanmar is thus a major global biodiversity hotspot and has beenrecognized for both its high conservation value and high level of threats (Myers et al. 2000).
Six forest policy imperatives prescribed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental
Conservation, with the first imperative, protection, involving safeguarding water catchments,
ecosystems, biodiversity, plant and animal genetic resources, soil, scenic reserves, and national
heritage sites. Accordingly, the Forest Department (FD) established protected area systems
represented by the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, with 45 protected areas designated sofar (Forest Department 2020).
Natma Taung National Park, also known as Khaw Nu M’cung National Park, is located at 20°
45´–22° 00´, E 93° 15´–94° 15´ in the Chin State of western Myanmar (Fig. 1). This park was
proposed in 1994 and established in 1997 (Oikos & BANCA 2011), then was officially designateda national park in 2010 and awarded ASEAN Heritage Park status in 2012 (Kang et al. 2017).
This park covers 72,300 hectares of the Chin Hills, including Mt. Natma Taung (“Taung” means
mountain in Myanmar), or Mt. Victoria, with an elevation ranging between 740 m and 3053 m(Oikos & BANCA 2011, Fujikawa et al. 2008) (Fig. 2). The Chin Hills form part of the Rakhine
Yoma range, a fold mountain belt uplifted during the Miocene epoch that skirts the Bay of Bengal
and bears northwards along Myanmar’s western border. From here, the peaks rise steadily inelevation until they meet the Himalayas in Manipur, in northeast India. The mountains in the
Rakhine Yoma consist of old crystalline rocks surrounded on either side by hard, tightly-folded
sedimentary rocks (Hadden 2008). The park encompasses a well-preserved biome characterizedby high plant endemism and diverse forest communities (Mill 1995). Natma Taung National Parkis also an important catchment for two major and nine medium and small rivers on which three
million people depend for their livelihood (Oikos & BANCA 2011).

4

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Fig. 1. Location of Natma Taung National Park in Chin State, Myanmar.

The national park office of the FD is located in Kanpetlet at an altitude of 1550 m and currently
houses 32 staff members (1 park warden, 5 rangers, 6 foresters, 3 clerks, and 17 laborers) as ofMarch of 2018. The park is managed according to an annual plan deve­loped based on zoning
principles under the management of the Nature & Wildlife Conservation Division. In the corezone, flora and fauna are regularly monitoredby park staff, and biodiversity surveys areoccasionally conducted with international
agencies (Oikos & BANCA 2011).
This forest plays an incredibly integralrole for the people living in this area. The
wealt h of t he forest u sed by local
communities occurs in the form of timber,
food, folk medicine, farming, household
good, closing, and more. The people ofNatma Taung make their living mostly, oreven solely, by making use of the richresources of their surrounding forest.
Fig. 2. View from the summit of Natma Taung (Jan. 23,2018).

The Forest of Natma Taung National Park

Vegetation types of Natma Taung
Natma Taung National Park has diverse vegetation resulting from a combination of geography,
elevation, and human activities. It is considered an ecological island and a refuge for various
temperate species (Kingdon-Ward 1958). The vegetation of Natma Taung National Park was
documented early on by Kingdon-Ward (1958), as described in previous reports by the authors(Fujikawa et al. 2008, 2012, 2014 & 2015). Vegetation types of the Natma Taung are illustrated inFig. 3. The altitudinal ranges of main trees and shrubs in the national park based on herbarium
specimens’ data are shown in Appendix I.

Fig. 3. Vegetation types of Natma Taung.

Surroundings of Kanpetlet at altitudes of 1000–1800 m
Kanpetlet, with a population of ca. 5,000 people, is the gateway to the Natma Taung National
Park. Situated on a ridge at an altitude of 1200 m, Kanpetlet leads to the summit of Natma Taungin the Chin Hills. The climate of the Kanpetlet area is characterized by mild tem­peratures andhigh rainfall and humidity. There are roughly three distinct seasons, hot, rainy, and cold, as inother areas of Myanmar. However, the area near experiences heavy rainfall during the rainyseason due to monsoon storms coming from the Bay of Bengal. The rainy season near Kanpetlet
begins slightly earlier and ends later than in other places, lasting from middle and/or late May toearly December, during which humidity often surpasses 80 % (Fujikawa et al. 2009).
The area surrounding Kanpetlet is largely used to support the local human population, and little
natural vegetation remains around the villages (Fig. 4). Extension of a secondary forest consisting
mainly of fast-growing trees mostly with wind-dispersed seeds or re-sprouting root suckers, suchas Alnus nepalensis D.Don (Betulaceae), Craibiodendron stellatum (Pierre) W.W.Sm., Schima
wallichii Choisy, (Ericaceae), Macaranga indica Wight (Euphorbiaceae), Gmelina arborea Roxb.
ex Sm. (Lamiaceae), Engelhardia spicata Blume (Juglandaceae), Kydia calycina Roxb.
(Malvaceae), and Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Pinaceae) has occurred due to shifting
cultivation, which is the main way of farming for local staples food. Roadsides are commonly
covered by invasive cosmopolitan weeds, such as Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King &H.Rob., Bidens pilosa L. var. minor (Blume) Sherff, and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King &H.Rob. (Asteraceae).
The remaining forests on mountain slopes are composed of Archidendron clypearia (Jack)

5

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

I.C.Nielsen, Dalbergia cana Graham ex
Kurz (Fabaceae), Castanopsis fleuryi
H ickel & A .C a mu s , Lith o c a r p u slindleyanus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.Cams(Fagaceae), Lindera pulcherrima (Nees)
Hook.f., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.
B.Rob. Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees
(Lauraceae), Schoepfia fragrans Wall.
(Olacaceae), Bridelia glauca Blume(Phyllanthaceae), Ziziphus incurva
Fig. 4. Shifting cultivation area around village (May 30, 2007).
Roxb. (Rhamnaceae), Laurocerasusarborea (Blume) Iketani (Rosaceae). Along streams, there are small patches of the original
evergreen forest that include Saurauria nepaulensis DC., S. roxburghii Wall. (Actinidiaceae),
Syzygium glabiflorum (Duthie & Kurz) Bahadur & R.C.Gaur (Myrtaceae), Ardisia polycephalaWall. ex A.DC., Maesa indica (Roxb.) A.DC., and M. membranacea A.DC. (Primulaceae).
Seasonally dry forests
At the foot of Natma Taung Saw is a very large town located beside the Saw river at an altitude of
450 m. Along the Saw river are stretches of rice paddies and fertile fields. Fabaceae is a common
family found near the Saw river and includes species
such as Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., A. megaladena
Desv., Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth., Bauhinia
racemosa Lam., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fig.
5), B. superba Roxb. ex Willd., Caesalpinia hymenocarpa(Prain) Hattink, Cassia fistula L., Dalbergia oliveri
Gamble ex Prain, Millettia brandisiana Kurz, M.
leucantha Kurz var. latifolia (Dunn) P.K.Lôc, Senna
siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby.
Slopes contain natural forests that are mainly
c omp ose d of de ciduou s t re e s not d ist u r b e d by
agriculture and that widespread up to 800 m in altitude.
The south-facing slopes are dominated by Dipterocarpus
tuberculatus Roxb. known as a dry dipterocarp forests( I nd a i ng for e st s i n Mya n m a r), m a i n ly i nclu deBuchanania lanzan Spreng., Gluta usitata (Wall.) Ding
Hou (A nacardiaceae), Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.
(Fabaceae), Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
(Moraceae), and Wendlandia tinctoria DC. (Rubiaceae)
Fig. 5. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.
(Fig. 6). Various bamboo species are also present at low(Mar. 2, 2007).
to mediu m elevat ions, wit h Tectona g randis L.
(Lamiaceae) plantations common at low elevations.
Pine (Pinus kesiya) forests
The extensive and exclusive forests of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Pinaceae) occur on dry
ridges and south-facing slopes at 1800–2700 m of altitude (Fig. 7). At the edges and roadsides of
the Pine forest, at around 1800–2400 m in elevation, grow Alnus nepalensis, Nyssa javanica(Blume) Wangerin (Cornaceae), Vaccinium exaristatum Kurz (Ericaceae), Ostodes paniculata

The Forest of Natma Taung National Park

Blume (Euphorbiaceae), and Toona sureni (Blume) Merr.
(Meliaceae). At slightly higher elevations, Rhododendronarboreum Sm. and Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude(Ericaceae) become increasingly prominent.
On the forest f loor, Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.,
Globba wardii (B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.) K.J.Williams(Zingiberaceae) and Indigofera dosua Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don (Fabaceae) can be found due to the wide spacingof the trees, which allows light to reach the forest floor ataltitudes of 1800–2400 m.
Temperate broad-leaved forests
Species-rich temperate oak and/or laurel forests are alsoabundant around Natma Taung, except on dry or southfacing slopes and the ridges described above (Fig. 8).
These forests are composed of tall and dense evergreen
trees along with climbers and epiphytes. Fagaceae
species belonging to the genus Lithocarpus andCastanopsis, as well as members of theFig. 6. Dry dipterocarp forest (Feb. 13,
2007).
Lauraceae such as Lindera pulcherrima(Nees) Hook.f., Litsea doshia (D. Don)
Kosterm., L. elongata (Nees) Hook.f.,
Machilus clarkeana King ex Hook.f., andNeolitsea foliosa (Nees) Gamble were
dominant in these forests along with
Euonymus theifolius Wall. ex Lawson, E.
tingens Wall. ex Roxb. (Celastraceae),
Cornus oblonga (Cornaceae), Rhamnus
procumbens Edgew. ( R ha m naceae),
Symplocos acuminata (Blume) Miq., S.
Fig. 7. Pine forest (May 30, 2007).
ramosissima Wall. ex G.Don and S .
theifolia D.Don (Symplocaceae), which arefound on the roadside above an altitude of2300 m. Epiphytes such as Coelogyne
corymbosa Lindl. (Orchidaceae) adorn the
branches of these trees (Fig. 9), exploiting
a niche amid the tough waxy oak leaves
high up in the canopy. These dense crowns
cast the forest floor in deep shade, making
the sub-canopy and shrub layers somewhat
thinner. On north and north-west slopesaround the summit to Natma Taung at ca.
Fig. 8. Temperate broad-leaved forest (May 28, 2007).
3000 m of altitude, evergreen trees andshrubs such as Mahonia napaulensis DC. (Ber­b eridaceae), Myrsine semiserrata Wall.
(Primulaceae), and Daphne papyracea Wall. ex G.Don (Thy­melaeaceae) can be found.
On south-facing slopes and ridges, pine forests fade away with increasing elevation and are
replaced with mixes of Rhododendron arbo­reum Sm. (Ericaceae) and Quercus seme­carpifolia

78

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Sm. (Fagaceae) beginning at around 2,700 m
in altitude. Continuing up toward the summitof Natma Taung, forest stature drops to 6–7
m and the trees become more widely spaced(Fig. 10). In open scattered forests along thetrekking path to the summit, such shrub
species as Rhododendron burma­n icum
Hutch. (Ericaceae), Piptan­thus nepalensis(Hook.) Sweet (Fabaceae), Rosa sericea Lindl.,
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.
(Rosaceae), and Leptodermis griffithii Hook.
f. (Rubiaceae), Symplocos phyllocalyx
C.B.Clarke (Symplocaceae) can be observed.

Fig. 9. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl. (May 28, 2007).

Montane meadow
The summit of Natma Taung is covered with
an open meadow created by wind exposurethat resembles an alpine meadow (Fig. 11).
T h is me a dow produce s sp e ct a cu la rly
colorful displays of Primula denticulata Sm.
( P r i ­m u la ce a e) i n Feb -Ma r., Ane moneobtusiloba D.Don (Ranunculaceae) in MayJuly, Iris decora Wall. (Iridaceae) in MayFig. 10. Rhodedondron & Quercus scattered forest (MayJuly, Allium wallichii Kunth (Amaryllidaceae) 26, 2012).
in July-Dec., Gentiana cephalantha Franch.
(Gentianaceae) in Oct.-Dec., and Anaphalisbusua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. (Asteraceae) in
Nov.-Jan. These plants bloom one after
another all year round in the meadow. In
addition, Swertia burmanica Harry Sm.
(Gentianaceae), Potentilla montisvictoriae
H.Ikeda & H.Ohba (Rosaceae), Roscoea
australis Cowley (Zingiberaceae), andJurinea nat­mataungensis (Fujikawa) Fujikawa
Fig. 11. Montane meadow at the summit of Natma Taung(Asteraceae) are endemic species that can be (May 28, 2007).
found on Natma Taung National Park and thesurrounding area.

Acknowledgements
We express our cordial thanks to Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Director General of the Forest Department,
Mr. Win Naing Taw, ex-Director, and Dr. Naing Zaw Htun, Director of the Nature and Wildlife
Conservation Division, Forest Department, Myanmar, and Dr. Tetsuo Koyama, ex-Director
General of the Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Japan, for their continued
enthusiasm and support of field expeditions. Special thanks are also due to the rangers of NatmaTaung National Park for their kind help during field surveys.

9

The Forest of Natma Taung National Park

This article summarized previous reports on forests of Natma Taung by Fujikawa et al. (2008,2012, 2014 & 2015).

References
Forest Department. 2020. Forestry in Myanmar 2019-2020. 64 pp. Myanmar.
Fujikawa, K., Kuroiwa, N., Maeda, A., Gale, S., Shein Gay Ngai & Aung Din. 2008. A guide to
the forest of Natma Taung. 30 pp. The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Kochi,
Japan.
Fujikawa, K., Srisanga, P., Maknoi, C. & Tin Mya Soe. 2014. Botanical expedition to NatmaTaung (Mt. Victoria) National Park, Chin State, Myanmar in August to September 2013.
Newsletter Himalayan Bot. no. 48: 1–13.
Fujikawa, K., Srisanga, P. & Win Naing Thaw (eds.). 2015. 100 wild flowers of Natma Taung. 76
pp. The Kochi Prefectural Makino Memorial Foundation, Inc. & The Kochi Prefectural
Makino Botanical Garden, Kochi, Japan.
Fujikawa, K. & Yasuda, S. (eds.) 2012. Project report “Education and training of Myanmar
personnel for the realization of phyto-diversity conservation and sustainable use of plantresources to improve economy of the rural population” 84 pp. The Kochi Prefectural Makino
Memorial Foundation, Kochi and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Shikoku,
Japan (in Japanese).
Hadden, R.L. 2008. The Geology of Burma (Myanmar): An annotated bibliography of Burma’s
geology, geography and earth science. 312 pp. Topographic Engineering Center, U.S.
Kang, D.H., Lee, J.H., Ong, H.G., Ling Shein Man & Kim, Y.D. 2017. Seed plants of NatmaTaung National park, Myanmar. 632 pp. National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon,
Korea.
Kingdon-Ward, F. 1958. A sketch of the flora and vegetation of Mount Victoria in Burma. Acta
Horti Gotoburgensis 22: 53–74.
Kress, W. J., DeFilipps, R.A., Far, E. & Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs
and climbers of Myanmar. Contribution from the United States National Herbarium 45:
1–590.
Middleton, D.J., Armstrong, K., Baba, Y., Balslev, H. Chayamarit, K., Chung, R.C.K., Conn, B.J.,
Fernando, E.S., Fujikawa, K., Kiew, R., Luu, H.T., Mu Mu Aung, Newman, M.F., Tagane, S.,
Tanaka, N., Thomas, D.C., Tran, T.B., Utteridge, T.M.A., van Welzen, P.C., Widyatmoko, D.,
Yahara, T. & Wong, K.M. 2019. Progress on southeast Asia’s flora projects. Gard. Bull.
Singapore 71: 267–319.
Mill, R.R. 1995. Regional Overview: Indian Subcontinent, pp 61–141. In: Davis, S.D., Heywood,
V.H. & Hamilton, A.C. (eds.), Centers of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for theirConservation vol. 2: Asia, Australia and the Pacific World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and
The World Conservation Union (IUCN). IUCN Publications Unit Cambridge.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Fonseca A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity
hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.
Oikos & BANCA. 2011. Myanmar Protected Areas: Context, Current Status and Challenges. pp.
72–73. Milano, Italy.
Yang, B., Deng, M., Zhang, M.X., Aung Zaw Moe, Ding, H.B., Mya Bhone Maw, Pyae Pyae Win,
Corlett, R.T. & Tan, Y.H. 2020. Contributions to the flora of Myanmar from 2000 to 2019. Pl.
Diversity 42: 292–301.

B. variegata L.

B. racemosa Lam.

A. lucidum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen
Bauhinia malabarica Roxb.

Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen

A. lucidior (Steud.) I.C.Nielsen
A. odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.

A. corniculata (Lour.) Druce

A. pennata (L.) Willd.
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.

A. megaladena Desv.

Daphniphyllaceae
Daphniphyllum himalayense (Benth.) Müll.Arg.
Grossulariaceae
Ribes laciniatum Hook.f. & Thomson
Fabaceae
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.
A. concinna (Willd.) DC.

Buxaceae
Sarcococca wallichii Stapf

Berberidaceae
Mahonia napaulensis DC.
Proteaceae
Helicia nilagirica Bedd.

Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees

Neolitsea foliosa (Nees) Gamble

Machilus clarkeana King ex Hook.f.
Neocinnamomum caudatum (Nees) Merr.

L. monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.

L. glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.

L. elongata (Nees) Hook.f.

L. doshia (D.Don) Kosterm.

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.

Lindera pulcherrima (Nees) Hook.f.

Goniothalamus sesquipedalis (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Lauraceae
Beilschmiedia globularia Kurz

Annonaceae
Artabotrys burmanicus A.DC.

M. lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot.

Magnoliaceae
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar

Taxaceae
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. var. mairei (Lemée & H. Lév.)
L.K.Fu & Nan Li

Pinaceae
Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon

FamilySpecies
400

500

600

700

Elevation (m)3000
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

Appendix I. Altitudinal ranges of main trees and shrubs in Natma Taung National Park based on herbarium specimens' data.

10
Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Spiraea bella Sims.

R. pedunculosus D.Don
Sorbus verrucosa (Decne.) Rehder

R. ellipticus Sm.

R. sericea Lindl.
Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

Rosa longicuspis Bertol.

P. integrifolia T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku
Photinia integrifolia Lindl.

Padus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Carrière

Laurocerasus arborea (Blume) Iketani
L. undulata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) M.Roem.

E. glabrescens J.E.Vidal var. victoriensis J.E.Vidal

Eriobotrya bengalensis (Roxb.) Hook.f.

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.
Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne.

Cerasus cerasoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) S.Ya.Sokolov

Rosaceae
Aria corymbifera (Miq.) H.Ohashi & Iketani
A. verrucosa (Decne.) Iketani

Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) Sweet

M. leucantha Kurz var. latifolia (Dunn) P.K.Lôc

Millettia brandisiana Kurz
M. extensa (Benth.) Baker

E. suberosa Roxb.

Entada rheedei Spreng.
Erythrina stricta Roxb.

D. rimosa Roxb. var. foliacea (Benth.) Thoth.

D. oliveri Gamble ex Prain
D. ovata Graham ex Benth.

D. obtusifolia (Baker) Prain

Dalbergia cana Graham ex Kurz
D. cultrata Benth.

Cassia fistula L.

C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw.
C. sappan L.

Caesalpinia hymenocarpa (Prain) Hattink

Fabaceae
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.
B. superba Roxb. ex Willd.

FamilySpecies

Appendix I. Continuation.

400

500

600

700

Elevation (m)3000
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

The Forest of Natma Taung National Park11

E. tingens Wall. ex Roxb.
Gymnosporia hookeri (Loes.) Loes.

E. theifolius Wall. ex M.A.Lawson

C. stylosus Wall.
Euonymus frigidus Wall. ex Roxb.

C. paniculatus Willd.

Celastraceae
Celastrus monospermus Roxb.

Betulaceae
Alnus nepalensis D.Don
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

Juglandaceae
Engelhardia spicata Blume

Q. semecarpifolia Sm.
Myricaceae
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

Q. helferiana A.DC.
Q. lanata Sm.

Quercus aliena Blume ssp. griffithii (Hook.f. & Thomson
ex Miq.) Phengklai

L. xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgr.

L. lindleyanus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.Camus
L. truncatus (King ex Hook.f.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson

L. fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehder

L. elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo

Lithocarpus dealbatus (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq.)
RehderC. tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC.

Fagaceae
Castanopsis fleuryi Hickel & A.Camus

Urticaceae
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd.

F. subincisa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

F. neriifolia Sm.
F. semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

F. hederacea Roxb.

Z. rugosa Lam.
Moraceae
Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.
Ficus auriculata Lour.

Z. oenopolia (L.) Mill.

Ziziphus incurva Roxb.
Z. mauritiana Lam.

Ventilago calyculata Tul.

Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus napalensis (Wall.) M.A.Lawson
R. procumbens Edgew.

Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus griffithii Servett.

FamilySpecies

Appendix I. Continuation.

400

500

600

700

Elevation (m)3000

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

12
Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Staphyleaceae
Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.
Burseraceae
Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl.

Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex Ker Gawl.

Melastomataceae
Melastoma malabathricum L.

L. villosa Wall. ex Kurz
Myrtaceae
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Tristaniopsis burmanica (Griff.) P.G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.

L. venusta Wall. ex C.B.Clarke

Lagerstroemia macrocarpa Wall. ex Kurz

Terminalia alata B.Heyne ex RothT. chebula Retz.
Lythraceae
Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp.

Getonia floribunda Roxb.

Combretum latifolium Blume

Hypericaceae
Hypericum uralum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
Combretaceae
Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guillem. &Perr.

C. formosum (Jack) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer

Clusiaceae
Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Malpigiaceae
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz
Salicaceae
Salix psilostigma Andersson

A. montanum Blume
Bischofia javanica Blume
Bridelia glauca Blume
B. retusa (L.) A.Juss.
B. tomentosa Blume

Macaranga indica Wight
M. pustulata King ex Hook.f.
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.
Ostodes paniculata Blume
Phyllanthaceae
Antidesma acidum Retz.

Euphorbiaceae
Homonoia riparia Lour.

Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus braceanus Watt ex C.B.Clarke
E. lanceifolius Roxb.
Sloanea tomentosa (Benth.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson

FamilySpecies

Appendix I. Continuation.
Elevation (m)3000
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

The Forest of Natma Taung National Park
13

Hydrangeaceae
Philadelphus delavayi L.Henry

Nyssa javanica (Blume) Wangerin

C. oblonga Wall.

S. siamensis Miq.
Olacaceae
Schoepfia fragrans Wall.
Cornaceae
Cornus capitata Wall.

Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume

Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.

Pterospermum semisagittatum Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne papyracea Wall. ex G.Don

Kydia calycina Roxb.

G. laevigata Vahl
G. sclerophylla Roxb. ex G.Don

G. hirsta Vahl

Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Br.
Grewia eriocarpa Juss.

Eriolaena candollei Wall.

Malvaceae
Colona floribunda (Kurz) Craib

Melia azedarach L.
Toona sureni (Blume) Merr.

Meliaceae
Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex SimsZ. scandens Blume

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.
Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.

Tetradium fraxinifolium (Hook.f.) T.G.Hartley

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.
Rutaceae
Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr.
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack

A. oblongum Wall. ex DC.

Toxicodendron wallichii (Hook.f.) Kuntze
Sapindaceae
Acer campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Hiern

Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz

Semecarpus subracemosus Kurz

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.
Rhus chinensis Mill.

Gluta usitata (Wall.) Ding Hou

Anacardiaceae
Buchanania lanzan Spreng.

FamilySpecies

Appendix I. Continuation.

400

500

600

700

Elevation (m)3000
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

14
Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

W. paniculata (Roxb.) DC.

Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Sm.
Wendlandia budleioides Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

M. villosa Wall. ex G.Don

Morinda persicifolia Buch.-Ham.
Mussaenda macrophylla Wall.

L. pinceana Hook.
Mitragyna rotundifolia (Roxb.) Kuntze

Luculia gratissima (Wall.) Sweet

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale
Leptodermis griffithii Hook.f.

Vaccinium exaristatum Kurz
Rubiaceae
Catunaregam tomentosa (Blume ex DC.) Tirveng.

R. cuffeanum Craib ex Hutch.

Rhododendron burmanicum Hutch.
R. arboreum Sm.

Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude

S. roxburghii Wall.
Ericaceae
Craibiodendron stellatum (Pierre) W.W.Sm.

S. theifolia D.Don
Actinidiaceae
Saurauia napaulensis DC.

S. ramosissima Wall. ex G.Don

S. phyllocalyx C.B.Clarke
S. racemosa Roxb.

Symplocaceae
Symplocos acuminata (Blume) Miq.

S. wallichii (DC.) Korth.

Theaceae
Schima khasiana Dyer

Myrsine semiserrata Wall.

Maesa indica (Roxb.) A.DC.
M. membranacea A.DC.

Embelia tsjeriamcottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC.
E. undulata Mez

Ardisia virens Kurz

Primulaceae
Ardisia polycephala Wall. ex A.DC.

D. montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae
Diospyros glandulosa LaceE. cerasifolia (D.Don) Kobuski

Pentaphylacaceae
Anneslea fragrans Wall.
Eurya acuminata DC.

FamilySpecies

Appendix I. Continuation.

400

500

600

700

Elevation (m)3000

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

The Forest of Natma Taung National Park15

S. hypoleuca (Kurz) Harms

Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms

Brassaiopsis mitis C.B.Clarke
Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze

Araliaceae
Aralia leschenaultii (DC.) J.Wen

Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum napaulense (DC.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson

Caprifoliaceae
Leycesteria formosa Wall.

V. cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
V. erubescens Wall.

Viburnaceae
Viburnum atrocyaneum C.B.Clarke

Asteraceae
Monosis volkameriifolia (DC.) H.Rob. & Skvarla

Aquifoliaceae
Ilex dipyrena Wall.

Bignoniaceae
Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. ex G.Don) Steenis
Stereospermum tetragonum DC.

V. quinata F.N.Williams

Vitex burmensis Moldenke

Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm.
Tectna grandis L.f.

Lamiaceae
Callicarpa arborea Roxb.

B. macrostachya Wall. ex Benth.
B. paniculata Wall.

Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja asiatica Lour.

J. dispermum Wall. ssp. forrestianum (Kobuski)
P.S.Green

Oleaceae
Jasminum dispermum Wall.

Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.

Apocynaceae
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.

Loganiaceae
Strychnos nux-blanda A.W.Hill

FamilySpecies

Appendix I. Continuation.

400

500

600

700

Elevation (m)3000
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

16
Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

17

Water Environment and Land Usein Natma Taung National Park
Takeshi Fujino
Professor, Saitama University
255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan(fujino@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp)

Rainfall and hydrological cycle
Although there is a brief risk of water shortage in the Ayeyarwady river basin every February,data collected between 1996 and 2005 indicate that water is otherwise stable throughout the year
(Hoekstra & Mekonnen 2011). Over the long term, however, the flow volume of the basin shows asignificant declining trend when compared to records from the 1870s (Furuuchi et al. 2009). Past
rainfall data for the Southern Chin State has never been recorded, but the annual rainfall for
Falam and Hakha in Northern Chin State is 1,457 mm and 1,811 mm, respectively (MNPED2010). In addition, the annual rainfall in the western part of the State reaches 4,000–6,000 mm
due to the Indian summer monsoons (FAO 2015). In Mindat, the wet season starts in April andcontinues until October (Weather Outlook 2015). As a consequence, the water retaining functionof forests is important for preserving water resources during the dry season. Indeed, reduction inforest cover due to slash-and-burn agriculture during the 1990s and early 2000s has been aconcern for maintaining both water quality and quantity (Fujino et al. 2013). However, minimal
deforestation occurred in the Chin State between 2001 and 2010 (0.28%), and currently, it is themost protected region in Myanmar (Wang & Myint 2016).
The Natma Taung National Park contains extensive broad-leaved forests, and evapo­transpiration from these forests plays an important role in the regional water budget. Due to its
steep topography, the regional water cycle is easy to establish and measure (Fig. 1). Theoretically,
approximately 40% of rainfall in forested areas cycles back into the atmosphere as
evapotranspiration, 25% is transferred to the shallow and deep soil layers as infiltration, while
10% is discharged to river catchments (Allan & Castillo 2007). Therefore, when forests aredestroyed through slash-and-burn agriculture, transpiration rates decrease and discharge andinfiltration rates into the catchments increase substantially. Over the long term, decreasing
evapotranspiration contributes to declining rainfall, which in turn affects the quantity of waterretained in the system, eventually resulting in decreasing river flows. On the other hand, sudden
heavy rainfall can cause landslides in such steep topography. For example, in August 2015,
western Myanmar experienced the largest rainfall event ever recorded, causing widespread
damage and landslides throughout the region, including the Chin State.
Appropriate forest management can help to mitigate the effects of such disasters, especiallyfrom unpredictable weather patterns that are expected to increase due to climate change, such as
irregular rainfall and storm events. However, the poorly planned widening of arterial roads andmountain track linking of Mindat to the Magway Region have impacted entire slope faces,
exacerbating the effects of heavy rainfall, and leading to an increased likelihood of landslides.
The effects of these projects also have had a major effect on biodiversity in the region.

18

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1(a) Forested(b) Whittled away

Figs. 1. Changes in hydrological cycles with loosing in catchment.

Water quality and river environment
The Chee river catchment provides high quality water to local people and communities, with anannual water temperature between 12 and 26ºC at 735 m altitude near Mindat (Fig. 2). The
diurnal range of the surface water temperature is 3–5ºC (Fig. 3). The water chemistry (pH) andelectric conductivity (EC) are stable throughout the year, with pH ranging between 7.5–8.0 andWater Environment and Land Use in Natma Taung

Fig. 2 Annual Chee river water temperature in 2013.
Table 1. Electric components and hardness of streams and rainwater in 2014.

At pH 7.5-8.0

EC var ying between 0.1 and 0.2 mS/cm.
Dissolved calcium (38 mg/L) and magnesium
ions (6.2 mg/L) are in the middle of thehardness range, according to WHO guidelines.
The EC of the rainwater at Kanpetlet was 0.032
mS/cm, indicating that there is much less aerial
pollution there than in urban areas (Table 1).
Nevertheless, alterations to the riverscape (seebelow) have been conf ir med from recent
observations.
Fig. 3. Chee river before excessive precipitation
Planarization of the riverbed;
in August 2015, Mindat (Feb. 7, 2015).
Due to annual large-scale heavy rainfall in
recent years, the shape of the Chee river has been altered, and the gap in the riverbed has been
filled by fine soil, which has been transferred to the catchment from the surrounding mountainslopes. In the hot season between April and May, filamentous algae grow in areas of slow current
along the riverside. Nutrients supplied from slash-and-burn agriculture are inferred (Figs. 4 & 5).
Pollution from organic substances is induced, and the microhabitats of various benthic
invertebrates are affected or destroyed. Overall, diversity in the aquatic biota is reduced, which inturn contributes to a decrease in predatory fish species.

19

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Fig. 4. Chee river after excessive precipitation in
August 2015, Mindat (Nov. 26, 2015).

Fig. 5. Vagrant filamentous algae on Chee riverbed, Mindat (May 15, 2016).

Hydropower construction without environ­mental impact assessments
The construction of a dam for hydropower
began in 2014 on the Saw river near Kanpetlet,
but no environmental impact assessment wascompleted prior to beginning production. In
addition, baseline investigations of the flow
regime and sediment transport have not been
conducted. Subsequently, construction was
suspended due to a large-scale flood in August
2015. Due to the steep topography in theFig. 6. Hydropower dam construction at Saw river(Mar. 4, 2014).
catchment and deforestation, it appears that
infilling the dam is inevitable. Moreover,
crude construction techniques and poor development planning have led us to conclude that thedam footprint likely will have considerable environmental impacts (Fig. 6) .
No scientific information for water supply source
The first water supply system in Mindat was constructed in the 1970s, and it is located far fromthe center of the village. Tap water must be transported by narrow plastic pipes. Access to thesource is very difficult, as only the ranger can monitor the station. Since 2012, UNICEF
constructed water supply systems in other remote areas in Natma Taung. However, there is no
scientific information about water quality. The local government should recognize the importanceof the water supply source and take advantage of scientific input regarding conservation (Fig. 7) .

Land use in the Chee river catchment
Satellite images and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maps of the Chee rivercatchment from February 1993 to January, 2017 show a transition in land use (Figs. 8a-f). Until
2005, areas of slash-and-burn agriculture were distributed widely along the main channel andbranches of the Chee river. Within 1 km of the channels, about half of the slash-and-burn
agriculture could be located. As a result, nutrient rich soil was transferred into the river during
the rainy season (Fujino et al. 2013). After 2009, the burned area was significantly reduced and21

Water Environment and Land Use in Natma Taung

Fig. 7. The first water supply systems in Mindat (April. 17, 2017).

a. True color image on Feb. 27, 1993.

b. NDVI distribution on Feb. 27, 1993.

c. True color image on Jan. 27, 2005.

d. NDVI distribution on Jan. 27, 2005.

e. True color image on Jan. 2016 with showing object
region of Satellite image data.

f. NDVI distribution on Jan. 19, 2017.
Color: negatives, green: positives.

Fig. 8. Landsat TM true color image and NDVI distribution for Chee river catchment.

22

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

the very low NDVI areas were limited to residential areas. On the other hand, the arterial roads
and mountain tracks were clearly recognized in 2017 and were the result of increased roadwidening. Previous studies have shown that high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations wereobserved for a few weeks after the forests were burned. The concentrations decreased at sites ofsteep topography but persisted for 3–5 years in sites with more gentle topography (Hauer &Spencer 1998). In the case of the Chee river catchment, a change in the river water quality
becomes more apparent after May, when the wet season begins. The duration of this change inwater quality is not known, because rainfall intensity has not been estimated. However, if farmers
start applying chemical fertilizers to increase production of crops, then proper management to
mitigate the effects on water quality and minimize pollution will be required (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9. Slope face of arterial road (right) and mountain track (left) linking Mindat to the Magway Region
and to the Victoria mountain (Apr. 7, 2016).

The comprehensive management of water and land
To preserve natural forests in the upstream region of Natma Taung, it is important to extend thefallow period and control the heavy use of fertilizers for slash-and-burn agriculture. This will
have important consequences in the downstream Magway Region, which is the grain belt for thepeople of Chin and Magway. The Chin tribes are in the process of transitioning to an increasingly
modern lifestyle, and comprehensive water and land management plans are required in NatmaTaung for sustainable development in the region. Tourism is likely to be an important part of thelocal economy in the future, and promotion of ecotourism is surely an important step in the
direction of sustainable development.

References
Allan, J.D. & Castillo, M.M. 2007. Chapter 2 Streamflow. In: Stream Ecology 2. pp. 13–32
Springer. Netherlands.
FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Main Report (FRA 2010). Food andAgriculture Organizations of United Nations. Room. Italy.
Fujino, T., Wityi, H. & Nanda, A. 2013. Aquatic invertebrate monitoring in least developed areas
in Myanmar – effect of shifting cultivation on water quality. Advances in River SedimentResearch. Taylor & Francis Group: 1611–1617.
Furuuchi, T., Win, Z. & Wasson, R.J. 2009. Discharge and suspended sediment transport in theWater Environment and Land Use in Natma Taung

Ayeyarwady river, Myanmar: Centennial and decadal changes. Hydrological Processes 23:
1631–1641.
Hauer, F.R. & Spencer, C.N. 1998. Phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics in streams associated withwildfire: A study of immediate and long-term effects. Int. J. Wildland Fire 8: 183–198.
Hoekstra, A.Y., Mekonnen, M.M., Chapagain, A.K., Mathews, R.E. & Richter, B.D. 2012. Global
monthly water scarcity: Blue water footprints versus blue water availability. PloS One. 7(2):e32688.
Ministry of Natural Planning and Economic Development. 2010. Myanmar Statistical Yearbook.
Taft, L. & Evers, M. 2016. A review of current and possible future human-water dynamics in
Myanmar’s river basins. Hydrology and Earth System Science 20: 4913–4928.
Tun, L. 2015. Weather Outlook, prepared, Former DG of DMH and PR of Myanmar with WMO,
CEO, Myanmar Climate Change Watch, TODAY.
Wang, C. & Myint, S.W. 2016. Environmental Concerns of deforestation in Myanmar 2001-2010,
Remote Sensing 8: 728.

23

24

25

Chins: People, Society, and Culture
Katsumi Tamura
Emeritus Professor, National Museum of Ethnology
10-1 Senri Expo Park, Suita, Osaka 565-8511, JapanThe Union of Myanmar is a multi-ethnic country which includes 135 official ethnic groups. The
Burmese constitute the majority group and account for around 75% of the entire population of
Myanmar (50 million people). The Burmese mainly live in the plains of the Ayeyawaddy river
Basin, which is administratively divided into seven Regions. The minority groups mostly live in themountainous peripheral areas surrounding the plains. These areas are divided into seven States thatare named after the main local ethnic group. Some of the minority groups historically existed as a
type of political and social unit, such as the Rakhine (Yakhine), Mon, Kayah, and Shan, although
the latter was divided into several chiefdoms. The Karen (Kayin), Kachin, and Chin have neverexisted as united groups and have been culturally and socially divided into many sub-groups.
The Chin languages belonging the Tibet-Burman linguistic sub-group to the Kuki-Chin groupof the Burma section. The term has been coined by others, but the Chin do not use a single namefor themselves. The word “Chin” is derived from Khyang or Khalang and means friend. The term
has been historically recorded since the 13th century. Many Chin groups use the word, which is avariant of “zo” or “yo,” which mean uncivilized, in contrast to the word “Burmese”, which means
civilized.
The Chin people inhabit the mountainous areas of western Myanmar in the border area with
India. The Chin encompass many groups. Traditionally, each group is a separate social andpolitical unit and has its own language and culture. According to a Chin legend, their place oforigin is the source of many rivers, some of which flow through the continental southeast, perhaps
in the Kan-Su province of China. They scattered because of aggressive attacks by the Chinese.
Some of them moved down the water stream of Chindwin and Ayeyawaddy, and the ancestralpeople of Chin settled down in the basin of Chindwin from about the middle of the firstmillennium A.D. In the same group as the Chin people, there are other groups belonging to the
Tibet-Burman languages (i.e., the Thet, Naga, and Kachin), but there is no conclusive evidence on
whether the ancestors of these people existed as subsistenive and emigrated together.
This story is a type of myth. Historically, from the 14th to the 19th centuries, people dwellingin the plain areas of the riversides of Chindwin moved westward into the mountainous areas ofChin Hill due to fighting between the Burmese and Shans and between the Burmese andManipuri. As well the Chin people were often raided by other people. By the way, Manipur was
the Hinduized state in the valley of Manipur in Northeast India. The Meithei, the dominant groupof this kingdom, is one type of Chin people that possibly separated from the emigration of other
Chins and entered India. They are historically the only “civilized” people among the Chin.
Most Chin people living in hilly terrains have traditionally run subsistence economies based onslash-and-burn agriculture. They use this technique to get manure with salt that wild animals
come to lick and believe that mature males should hunt the animals. Some groups sacrificepoultry, pigs, and other animals and apply the blood of sacrificed animals on seeds to attract good
harvests. The Chin share a variety of customs to worship traditional spirits, as well as methods toburn, cultivate, and sow.

26

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

The Chin society practices a division of labor between men and women. Men cultivate fields,
build houses, make baskets and mattresses, hunt, and defend the village. Women cook food,pound and winnow rice, and fetch water and firewood. Every Chin woman is able to weave. On
the other hand, it is important for every Chin man to hunt.
As for kinship relations within Chin people, descent is patrilineal and they have patrilineages.
This custom is similar to those of other mountainous people such as the Kachin but differs fromthose of plain people like the Burmese, where kinship relations are bilateral. At the time of
marriage, a Chin woman enters into the kinship group of her husband. Most Chin groups fromthe hills prefer marriages with the real or classificatory daughter of the mother’s brother. In some
Chins, the kin group which provides the bride and that which provides the bridegroom are fixed.
Through marriage, wealth and human resources are exchanged, and social and economic
equilibrium is maintained in the whole community. Among hill Chins, in some places,
inheritance is by primo geniture (inheritance by eldest child) and, in other places, by ultimo
geniture (inheritance by youngest child), but combinations of both are also found.
In southern Chin people, formal political institutions at the village level are largely absent,
whereas in some northern Chin people, villages are led by a chief or village headman or are
governed by a village council. Some chiefs are descendants of the first people who settled in theland of village. In the north, kin groups are stratified into aristocrats and commoners. In thesouth, each household achieves differential status by the performance of ‘feasts of merit’ (feast
held at the occasion of achieving).
For Chin people, mithun (gayal) cattle are the most valuable animals. Chin people measure an
individual’s wealth and honor by the number of mithun he has, and entertaining guests by killing
mithuns at ceremonial occasions (e.g., rites of passage) brings great honor. If a man hunts or kills
many animals, it is deemed that he would possess many animals in the next world. When a man
kills an animal, especially in the case of big game, he holds a feast with drinking and dancing andinvites other villagers to sacrifice domestic animals. In addition, the Chin people think hornbills
are happy birds, and if a person shoots this bird dead, he holds a feast. The hornbill is a symbol of
the Chin male and is depicted on the flag of the Chin State. If a person does not hunt any game, hewould fall into hell or would receive a punishment in the next world. Skulls of animals that were
hunted or sacrificed are hung along with weapons on the outer walls of Chin houses. Villagers
thereby witness the influence and authority of owner of the house. Good hunters are respected in
Chin society, and in some places, these people would be appointed or elected as leaders orofficials of the village.
Chin people believe in the afterlife. The soul of a deceased person will go to a village of thedead, and at the entrance of that village, the person will receive a trial. Men who failed in hunting
and women who could not weave are usually punished. In some Chin people, admission toheaven is based on achievements in feasts of merit during the deceased’s lifetime. The differentialsocial status achieved in this world would be prolonged in the afterlife. The Buddhist Burmese
make merits to wish for a better life in the next world. They donate or give alms to Buddha,monks, and laypeople and practice religious duties and meditate. They accumulate merits that
determine their destiny in the next life. At ceremonial occasions such as rites of passage, theBuddhist Burmese hold feasts to entertain villagers and friends by offering meals with meat. This
performance enhances the influence and authority of the host and creates merits for the next life.
Although the economy, social system, and culture of Chin people differ from those of the plain
people, who are mostly Burmese, some aspects are common to both people. To understand thehistory and ethnic relationships of Myanmar, it is important to study and understand the cultureof Chin people and compare it with that of Burmese people and other ethnic groups.

27Life in Natma Taung National Park
Shigeo Yasuda
Project Manager of FD-JICA-MBK Project (2007–2009), The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden
Present address: Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-0033, Japan(fynbos@wd6.so-net.ne.jp)

In recent years, Myanmar has opened up greatly to the outer world both politically andeconomically; most notably welcoming the establishment of a new government led by Aung San
Suu Kyi in early 2016. Various aspects of daily life in Myanmar have changed hugely as aconsequence. Economic changes have germinated in larger cities like Yangon, where they haveaccelerated most dramatically. But even in remote rural areas like Natma Taung in Southern Chin
State, lives are changing so rapidly that just a few years into the future the information reported
here may be a relic of the past. The unique agricultural and hunting traditions, so necessary to thelivelihoods of indigenous communities of Chin State through centuries, may go the same way ofmany other such native civilizations and become mere tourist attractions.
As part of a project conducted by the Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden (MBK),
Forest Department (FD) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the author spent
two years (May 2007 to May 2009) as a resident manager living and working together with thetownspeople of Kanpetlet. Experiences accumulated during this stay was reported in FD/JICA/
MBK project report issued in 2012. As the author continued his annual visit to the area untill
2019, some revisions based on additional findings have been made here in this article.

About Natma Taung
Located at the western end of Myanmar andsharing a border with Bangladesh, Chin State
comprises 9 townships. The southernmost,Kanpetlet, is home to a population of 21,493(surveyed in 2014) including 53 ethnic groups in
127 villages (Fig. 1).
Until just a few years ago, tourists fromforeig n cou nt r ies v isit i ng Nat ma Tau ng(formerly named Mt. Victoria) for birdwatchingor to observe traditional cultures were required
to obtain advance written permission from
Fig. 1. Bird’s eye view of Kanpetlet (June 2007).
governmental authorities. Even today, tourists
must present their passport details to the town’s immigration office upon arrival. A tough day’s
journey in a jeep over rough roads is still necessary to reach Kanpetlet.
Since Natma Taung is located at high mountainous altitudes of 1300–3000 m above sea level,
the use of vehicles between the center of Kanpetlet (population of 4,159; surveyed in 2014) and its
peripheral villages is highly limited. Motorcycles can be used to access about a hundred villages,
but the remainder still demand numerous hours of walking through narrow mountain passes with

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

some distant villages taking over two days to reach.
To understand life in Natma Taung, one must realize that large disparities in lifestyles exist
between the inhabitants of central Kanpetlet and those in the surrounding villages. The former
usually work in local government offices, small provision shops and businesses, regionaltransport of goods, and so on. Daily necessities and groceries are purchased with cash and theirlives are closely connected to the monetary systems in place. On the other hand, people inneighboring villages rely largely on shifting cultivation and hunting for sustenance. Apart fromselling firewood and other goods, which they carry on foot to Kanpetlet, for money to exchange
for daily necessities such as rice, salt, medicine and other items, which they take back to theirvillages, money is rarely used there. Due to the poor accessibility of these villages, age-old
customs and lifestyles of the Southern Chin can still be observed.

Slash-and-burn agriculture
Residents of the area in and around the Natma Taung National Park in southern Chin State are
divided between those in the regional political and economic centers of Kanpetlet and Mindat
Townships and those living in the villages around them. The former’s residents live a life that isfully integrated into the cash economy, including the existence of a periodic truck transport
service between large cities such as Pakokku and Chauk, and they are not involved in agriculture
except for limited production for self-sustenance.
On the other hand, residents of surrounding villages (from about one hour to three days on footfrom the town center) rely on slash-and-burn agriculture in the mountains and forests and arestrongly motivated by the need for self-sustenance (i.e. they are not integrated into the cash
economy). While they cultivate staple foodstuffs like corn for self-sustenance through slash-andburn agriculture, they also acquire cash by participating in road construction, farming ofcommodity crops, and harvesting from the forest.
To understand the reality of shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn agriculture is to understandthe lives of local residents. Therefore, in order to acquire basic local knowledge prior to engaging
in forest conservation and resource cultivation initiatives, a study on slash-and-burn agriculture
was conducted.
MethodAt the outskirts of Kanpetlet in Old Town village, the team observed the following activities:a) Clearing the forest (began in December 2008 and ended on February 16, 2009)b) Setting the fire (March 1, 2009)c) Planting corn (March 3, 2009)
These activities were confirmed as legitimate
and photographs were taken. The village chief
was also interviewed regarding village mattersand the status of slash-and-burn agriculture.
a) Clearing the forest
Clearing of the forest takes place after the
beginning of the dry period from December toFebr uar y of the next year ( Fig. 2). It is
important for the felled trees to be sufficiently

Fig. 2. Cutting grass prior to setting fire toprevent over-burning (February 2009).

29

Life in Natma Taung National Park

dry, and thus it usually requires about twomonths from the time they are felled until they
are set on fire. When setting the fire, grass andfallen trees are carefully removed from aroundthe target area to prevent the spread to nearby
mountains and residences.
b) Setting the fire
The fire is set on a day with no wind. The forest
area that was designated to be burned in thisi nst a nce was ext remely close to v illage
residences so special care was taken so that thefire would not spread. Two villagers withtorches set fire on the upper slope and let the fire
spread downward (Fig. 3). Flames a few meters
high erupted and spread furiously, igniting eventhe leaves on the highest branches of large
unfelled trees (Fig. 4). The target area of about
5,0 0 0 m 2 wa s bu r ned complet ely i napproximately an hour.
c) Planting corn
Planting was conducted two days after burning.
The ground was covered with ash and residual
heat still remained from the fire. Corn seeds
from the previous year’s harvest, held in baskets
hung from the villagers’ shoulders, were plantedin the ground, about three at a time, using astrong, long wooden pole (about 1.6 m) to bore ahole in the ground and then nimbly throwing theseeds in (Fig. 5). No effort was made to cover
the seeds with soil or to water them.
Information from the village chief
The field where we observed the farm work wasa forest that had been untouched for 30 years
and all the trees that were felled were large(more than 15 m high with diameters of about
50 cm at breast height). We were informed thatfelling and burning such mature forests was
becoming a rare occurrence. Fields that had
been left fallow for a sufficient period yielded a
lot of ash after burning, and ash from large trees
is highly nutritious. Furthermore, because thetrees had provided a lot of shade, there is little
weed growth and the land was therefore easier
to cultivate after conversion into a field.

Fig. 3. Setting fire with torches (March 2009).

Fig. 4. Flames a few meters high (March 2009).

Fig. 5. Planting corn seeds on the burned slope(March 2009).

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Observation
In the investigated area, population growth has contributed to the shortening of fallowing
periods, which was about a 10 year period around 10 years ago but is currently down to about 4
years. As such, the harvest from the same area of land has supposedly decreased to about half ofwhat it used to be. This situation has exacerbated a bad cycle that promotes further slash-andburn and shorter fallowing periods. Slash-and-burn cultivation itself is actually not the root causeof deforestation but can be described as “a culture that has been developed through a very highlevel understanding of the forest ecosystem” (Shirasaka 2004). The slash-and-burn agriculture inthis area was probably originally the result of a balanced union between nature and people’s daily
lives. However, due to population growth and the decrease in the area of land owned by villages
due to the National Park designation in 1994, the balance has been broken and deforestation(prevention of forest regeneration) is occurring.

Food
Rice is the staple food in Kanpetlet. However, it is impossible to cultivate locally due to a
multitude of factors including poor soil fertility, high altitudes, and a rainy season lasting six
months out of every year with a resulting lack of sun. All rice is bought in from the Magway
Region at the foot of the mountains. Corn, the staple crop of the surrounding villages, iscultivated using slash-and-burn practices. As the harvest is insufficient to satisfy annual demand,
deficits are met by buying rice from Kanpetlet. As such, villagers need cash to buy rice to live.
Inhabitants of towns and villages alike cultivate their own vegetables in their own gardens (Fig.
6). Obtaining enough protein is no simple matter, and free-range chicken eggs from home areprobably the easiest protein source to come by. This is followed by chicken, pork, and mithun(gayal) beef. On average, poor villagers eat meat about once a month. As such, they will eat any
wild protein sources that they come across, including field mice, frogs, snakes, and hares (Fig. 7).
Plants cultivated in towns and villages on the outskirts of Mindat (>1500 m altitude) include
tea, coffee, avocados, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, limes, tobacco, knotweed (used frequently incooking), bananas, Assam apples (Docynia indica, Rosaceae), and chrysanthemums (used on
Buddhist altars).

Fig. 6. Home garden in a village outside Mindat(September 2015).

Fig. 7. Dried frog brought in from Saw (March
2008).

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Life in Natma Taung National Park

Soaring food prices
The increasingly open economy over the past few years has caused food prices to soar in Chin
State.
Rice: Mostly from Chauk, with some transported from Saw. Partly due to rising costs oftransportation fees, prices are higher than those at lower altitudes. Although five kinds of rice are
now available, prices for all have nearly doubled from 7 to 8 years ago.
1 viss (Myanmar unit of measurement) is 1.6 kg.
MMK: Myanmar Kyats (1USD=1,340MMK as of March 2018)
Vegetables: Values on the left and right reflect the price in 2008 and the current price (Sepember.
2015), respectively.
Cabbages (1 head)
200 MMK ⇒700 MMK
Tomatoes (1 viss)
300 MMK ⇒ 1,800 MMK
Potatoes (1 viss)
600 MMK ⇒ 1,200 MMK
Eggs (12 pcs)
1,000 MMK ⇒ 1,000 MMK (8 pcs)
Onions (1 viss)
600 MMK ⇒ 1,400 MMK
Chilies (1 bag)
200 MMK ⇒600 MMK
Ginger (1 viss)
1,000 MMK ⇒ 3,000 MMK

Availability of water
Water is drawn from a stream in the mountainover several kilometers through a PVC pipe
(Fig. 8). Segments have been simply fused
together with fires, and there are continual
problems, such as connections being split, pipes
being burned by forest fires, or crushed bywandering mithan bull, or clogged by leaves andpebbles. Each such incident causes water to stop
flowing, and a meticulous search for the causeof the problem is necessary. Since excessive
slash-and-burn agriculture in the forest is
rapidly depleting the sources of water, this may
well be the biggest issue faced by the NatmaTaung people in the future.

Fig. 8. PCV pipes are tied to tree or supported byforked branches to cross a stream (July 2007).

Fuel
Firewood and charcoal are used as fuel; there is greater use of charcoal in the townships and thesurrounding villages rely solely on firewood. Charcoal costs about 3,500 MMK per bag (about 15kg) and firewood about 2,000 MMK per basket (September. 2015). A family using firewood forcooking consumes approximately 2 tons of firewood per year. as a result, it needs to berecognized that one of the benefits of electric power deployment in the area is preservation of theforests.
Since 2015, some wealthier people in Kanpetlet has begun using LP gas to supplement its fuel32

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

needs. Locals with access to cars replenish their supplies in the distant town of Chauk using gas
cylinders. Improvement in road infrastructure may, therefore, lead to the increased consumptionof gas.

Electricity
Electricity supply in Kanpetlet is below rudimentary. There is a publicly operated generator, but
as it is financially prohibitive to purchase diesel so even town centers receive about two hours ofelectricity between 7 and 9 in the evening, but only once a week (Fig. 9). The power is mostly
being used for lighting, DVD viewing, and karaoke. The few DVD viewing rooms in town use
charged batteries and screen Korean dramas (a ticket for one viewing was 100 MMK in 2007).
Since the area is mountainous with a long rainy season, there are streams that do not dry up
even during the dry season. The benefits that a mini hydropower installation in such a stream
may bring to this area are incalculable. Even if electricity could be provided for only three hours
per day, the following benefits could be realized: 1) Students could find time to study at night; 2)
Reduction in the use of firewood, thus protecting the forest since, as mentioned above, annual
consumption of firewood per family is up to 2 tons; 3) Supply to the hospital would facilitate
vaccine preservation and use of X-rays and other medical equipment; and 4) and perhaps mostimportantly, people would be freed to enjoy leisure activities as night, such as DVD viewing andreading, leading to a decline in the excessive rate of population growth (birth rate).
Currently, the proposed hydroelectric power plant on the Saw river, which will allow local
businesses to proliferate, is facing delays in construction. However, a project aimed at installingelectrical cable from Magway Region to Kanpetlet is now underway (April 2016) (Fig. 10).

Fig. 9. The diesel generator at the power plant in
Kanpetlet (November 2008).

Fig. 10. Newly installed post for power supply in
Kanpetlet. Also note a typical house with stilts(April 2016).

33Life in Natma Taung National Park

Although it remains unclear when the supply of electricity will begin, its continuous availability
will change the lives of the locals beyond any expectations.
Note: in the summer of 2019, 24hour power supply started in Kanpetlet finally.

Communication
Poor communication infrastructure is a problem across Myanmar and is not solely limited toNatma Taung, but it is especially problematic in this area. In the first year of the project, a public
telephone facility with a satellite telephone installation was used to communicate with Yangon(overseas phone calls are not permitted from this telephone facility). However, from 2009 CDMAsatellite phone service has started to spread, and domestic phone call conditions havedramatically improved. Internet access is provided via the satellite communication network. Theinternet service at the project office was, of course, the only one in the village.
Price, convenience, and other factors are causing the rapid adoption of mobile phones. Despite
this, communicating overseas from Kanpetlet was still impossible in 2015. As SIM cards
continue to drop in price, the locals are moving toward a life with smartphones.

Housing
All of Chin State lies in the mountains. Townships that are central to the southern region of thestate, such as Kanpetlet and Mindat, have developed along mountain ridges. As such, the rightand left flanks of the townships are sudden steep slopes. Flatlands are very rare, and homes areconstructed on stilts on these slopes. The stilts are used to adopt to sharp slopes and also help torelease humidity and provide more comfort during the long rainy season (Fig. 10).
Floors and walls are made of single pine wood sheets. Roofs are thatched but, increasingly, tinroofs are replacing them. Inside, a part of the space behind the hearth is set up as a kitchen, andwater is used outside on a balcony-like space. There are no drains, and liquids are simply poured
down the sides of the hills.
Living conditions differ greatly between the town of Kanpetlet and its surrounding villages.
Homes in the latter have thatched walls and floors made of pine planks, whereas the newer housesin the town have concrete floors and walls (rebars are only infrequently used and bricks areplastered over with concrete) and tin roofs.

Education
Pr i mar y and m iddle school education is
mandatory, so even the poorest villagers sendt hei r ch ild ren to school w it h al most no
exception (Fig. 11). Perhaps because of the local
culture, students do not ask questions and chantin unison. The level of instr uction is notparticularly high.
If the children progress to tenth grade, they
are given the right to move on to college. The

Fig. 11. A classroom in an elementary school at
Oak Pho village (July 2008).

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

examination to advance to tenth grade is held nationwide on the same day. The exam spans twodays, and soldiers even guard the entrances of exam halls. Exam topics include history, Burmese,
English, and chemistry. The author was quite surprised at the high level of English in the examquestions that we were shown. As an aside, tiny cheat books for each test subject are being sold(about 3 to 4 cm and properly bound), and most test takers seem to be using them, reminiscent of
the historical Chinese exams for prospective government officials. After observing the schools, it
seemed that the girls were studying relatively more seriously than the boys.

Medical facilities
Even in a region like Natma Taung, which is lacking in so many aspects of modern life, we could
not overlook the poor medical facilities because of their direct effect on lives.
Both Kanpetlet and Mindat have hospitals (Fig. 12). A skilled doctor is sent from Yangon orfrom larger cities to work for a period of two years. This doctor makes his rounds not only in
Kanpetlet but also in surrounding villages. By conducting medical work in such a remote area,
they secure the special privilege of being able to train overseas after the two-year period is over.
Several nurses work at the hospital and support the doctor. If the doctor’s check-up (free ofcharge) results in a prescription, medicine can be bought from the hospital or in the town. If
hospitalization is necessary for monitoring, patients can stay at the hospital. However, there are
no provisions for meals, among other things, so patients must bring their own bedding and food(Fig. 13). There is no charge for beds, but the villagers’ biggest problem is that they cannot afford
to pay for medicines and operations, and some must take out loans within their villages. Children
commonly suffer from tuberculosis (TB), malaria (which affects both children and adults), burns,
and skin diseases due to insufficient bathing.
A refrigerator donated from Japan (solar powered) has been set up to store vaccines forchildren. Free TB vaccines from UNICEF have been received by the hospital and some children
have had them administered. The X-ray machine is used by turning on the generator, but poor
villagers are rarely able to pay for an X-ray.

Fig. 12. Patients wait for doctor’s examination at
Kanpetlet Hospital (April 2013).

Fig. 13. Hospitalized patients at Kanpetlet
Hospital (September 2015).

Religion
Religion plays an important role for the Chin even though Yangon, as a prime example, and mostLife in Natma Taung National Park

large cities, including Mandalay, were observed to have seen a decline in the role of religion indaily life. However, for the people of the mountainous Chin State, who live far from cities andlong distances from the cash and market economy, religion is part of their daily lives andinfluences them as much as does food production. As a result, the religion of the Chin people wasstudied and recorded.
Spirit worshipA l l et h n ic g roups u nde r t he Ch i n t r ibe
traditionally believe in spirits (David & Barbara
Fraser 2005). The Nat religion, which is a formof spirit worship, is practiced across all areas of
Myanmar and is widespread among the Chin
(Fig. 14). The name Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria)
owes its symbolism to Nat worship; the peakitself, however, has a Buddhist pagoda on it
because to the former government’s policy of
promoting Buddhism.
Fig. 14. Statues in a Nat shrine. Road fromAt the crossroads between the old Burmese
Kanpetlet to Mindat (September 2015).
capital of Bagan and Natma Taung, there aremany shrines to Nat gods and goddesses. Drivers who believe in spirits sound their horns whengoing past these. In this way, their faith can be seen not only at festivals but also in daily life.
Christianity
During the first half of the 19th century, when
Burma was annexed as part of India under the
British, evangelism was promoted to convert
animists in the region as part of colonization
policy. Initially, Roman Catholicism had taken
root, and among modern day Chin it seemed as
if Catholics were the most abundant Christians(Fig. 15).
Aside from Catholics, Baptists, Methodists,
and members of the Assembly of God have theirFig. 15. Sunday mass at the Catholic church inown respective churches and are quite active.
Kanpetlet (March 2009).
The priests and pastors of each church makeperiodic rounds of their parish for missionary work. There was an opportunity to dine with acardinal visiting Kanpetlet from the provincial capital Hakha in the north of Chin State, and weheard how the cardinal himself was taking great pains to train villagers in agricultural skills sothat they can secure daily food supplies.
Buddhism
It is thought that, traditionally, there were few Chin people who believed in Buddhism. However,much of Chin State, not just limited to Natma Taung, has seen an inflow of Burmese who havearrived as public officials (State Peace and Development Council [SPDC], police, medical
personnel, Forestry Ministry, Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry, etc.) and live locally. Civilian
migration from areas such as Magway has also been observed and these people are, without
exception, Buddhist (Theravada, or in other words Hinayana Buddhists). Because of the

35

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

government’s pro-Buddhism policy, in order for
one to be promoted above a certain level inpublic office, one must be Buddhist. As a result,numbers of Buddhists and Christians in theNatma Taung region are now almost equal.
One characteristic of Theravada Buddhism
is a deep reverence toward monks. Around 8 every
morning, monks belonging to the Buddhist
monaster y in Kanpetlet can be obser ved
receiving alms (Fig. 16). Adherents gather in themonaster y on the night of the full moon,reciting and chanting scriptures loudly, anotherFig. 16. Alms offering in the center of Kanpetlet.
characteristic that is not observed in Mahayana
Rice and dishes to go with these are provided(January 2008).
Buddhism. The monastery not only looks afterorphans and children from poor backgrounds
but also provides primary and secondary education. Out of the 80 children enrolled in the
Kanpetlet monastery, about 20 of them became monks after graduation (Sep. 2015).
Observations
Traditionally, locals were mostly spirit worshippers, but after colonization by the British,
Christianity spread through evangelism, and after the war, government policy led to the rise of
Buddhism. In both of these religions, religious events have been incorporated into the daily livesof the Chin are greatly influential; for example, Christian traditions such as Sunday mass, saying
grace before meals and participation in Christian festivals (Easter, Christmas, etc.), as well as
those from the Buddhist faith, such as offerings of flowers and prayer at altars in each home every
morning and evening, offerings of flowers at pagodas and offerings of alms. Thus, religion plays alarge role in the daily lives of the Chin and other people living in the Natma Taung area. Both
Buddhist monks and Christian clergy visit neighboring villages for their missionary work, which
aids in strengthening the people’s faith, particularly since public organizations do not carry out
such activities.
A booklet containing simple information for the conservation of forest resources, cultivation offorest resources, introduction to agroforestry, preparation methods for fertilizers, etc. (withdrawings and text in Burmese and sometimes Chin) is encouraged to be prepared and utilized byclergymen as part of their services and it must be very useful to the populace.

Traditional Chin culture
As mentioned previously, the livelihoods of the people of Kanpetlet and its neighboring villages
differ greatly. The lives of the Chin “forest people” have traditionally been far removed from the
cash economy, but the changes occurring in society may hasten the disappearance and dilution ofthese unique customs. These are detailed here as recorded over years of visits and observations.
AttireWestern dress has skyrocketed in popularity among males and females alike, though female villagers
still wear clothes made from textiles that they weave at home. Traditional attire is more often worn byfemales than males (Fig. 17 & 18). Young men, especially, are commonly seen in jeans.

37Life in Natma Taung National Park

Fig. 17. A villager is wearing his longyi (Pa Soe)with a southern Chin design. A bamboo basket
with a ‘Chin knife’ is a necessary item for men.
Kanpetlet (April 2016).

Weaving
Central to traditions of the Chin are textiles
woven by hand (Fig. 19). Designs are unique toeach ethnic group; upon seeing a specificdesign, one can immediately deduce the tribe of
the wearer. Textiles are also presented as aformal gift to guests from distant places.
Thoroughly researched information on the
textiles from Chin State can be obtained fromthis text:
Fraster D. W. and Fraster B. G. 2005. Mantles ofMerit: Chin Textiles from Myanmar, India and
Bangladesh. River Books Co., Ltd, Thailand.

Fig. 18. A lady in typical southern Chin tunicand longyi (Hta Mein). Note her tattooed face.
Mindat (April 2016).

Fig. 19. A v i l l a ge wo m a n i s we av i ng i n
Kanpetlet (March 2018).

Mithan feast
To the Chin, the Mithan feast (a celebration of the gayal or Mithan bull, Bos frontalis) is thelargest and most important ceremony. Villagers pool their resources to obtain a Mithan bull,which they then slaughter in the ceremony. Its skull and horns are then hung as decoration in
front of houses, and the households possessing more horns are those that yield more power in thevillage (Fig. 20).

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Fig. 20. A Mithan feast that we participated in on
the outskirts of Mindat. The sacrificed cow’s
head and heart are lashed onto a wooden post
(February 2008).

Fig. 21. A lady with her granddaughter in
Kanpetlet (April 2016).

Fig. 22. Dancers f rom So Long village insouthern Chin traditional costume (April 2013).

Tattooed females
In the southern Chin region, many of the moresenior females possess face tattoos of several
designs (Fig. 21). The author recognized at least
three completely different patterns whichclearly show the particular ethnic group thelady belongs to. Younger generations do notexhibit such markings because the tradition has
been prohibited by the central government.

Fig. 23. An old lady plays her nose flute. Notehuge decoration attached directly into her
earlobes in Mindat (September 2015).

Dancing and nose flute
Dancers in traditional clothing and accessories move to the monotonous and non-melodiousrhythms of gongs and bells (Fig. 22). Though the author has not been fortunate enough to be able
to listen to local folk songs, a senior lady in Mindat did play her songs about the love between
husband and wife with her nose flutes (Fig. 23).
Tools
Since the daily lives of the Chin people are closely linked to the forest, a short knife named the“Chin knife” is a necessary tool that is always carried by the men (Fig. 24). The knife is useful in39Life in Natma Taung National Park

Fig. 24. A villager uses his ‘Chin knife’ toprepare firewood in Kanpetlet (April 2016).

Fig. 25. Villagers of Hilong village cutting up atree that had fallen and blocked a road (August2007).

many ways, including for hacking away atbranches that block mountain paths, cutting
wood, and even peeling the skin of fruits. It is
carried in a scabbard basket made from local
bamboo. Another traditional tool is a large sawthat must be handled by two people and is used
for felling trees and manufacturing large planksof wood (Fig. 25).
Chin beer
The brewing of alcohol is carried out by theFig. 26. Water is added before ser ving infermentation of finger millet; this traditional
Kanpetlet (September 2015).
alcoholic beverage is popular with both sexes
and has low alcohol content (Fig. 26). Many households brew their own and take pride in theirhomemade concoctions.

Reference
Shirasaka, S. 2004. Changing traditional Swidden in the southern mountains of Yunnan
Province, China. J. Geogr. 113: 273–282.

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41

Brief history of botanical inventory in Natma Taung National Park
between Forest Department and Makino Botanical Garden
Kazumi Fujikawa
Research Botanist, The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden
4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan(saussure@makino.or.jp)

The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden (MBK), Japan has launched a joint research
project with the Forest Department (FD), Ministry of Forestry (currently Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environmental Conservation) that combines a floristic inventory and subsequenteconomic botanical development for the conservation of natural resources in Myanmar under the
Memorandum of Understanding signed on March 23, 2000. Dr. Tetsuo Koyama1, the former
Director General of MBK from 1999–2016, initiated the cooperative program to inventory theplants of Myanmar. Since then systematic plant explorations have been conducted in protectedareas, such as Popa Mountain Park in Mandalay Region, Natma Taung National Park in Chin
State, Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Sagain Region and Panlaung-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife
Sanctuary in Shan State, as well as in several other places in the states of Kayin and Kachin by
MBK and its associated institutions in collaboration with FD. At present, over 32,000 herbarium
specimens of vascular plants have been collected from Myanmar by collaborative research
between FD and MBK. All specimens have been deposited in either the national park office or theherbarium of Forest Research Institute (FRI, international herbarium acronym is RAF), andMBK. Based on these collections, numerous new species and records have been reported, and achecklist for the flowering plants of Mt. Popa was published (Tanaka et al. 2006). The floristic
inventories are ongoing and we aim to produce additional specimen-based, annotated checklists
for each research area. Here a brief history of the botanical inventory and the subsequent researchfindings in Natma Taung National Park from this collaboration is summarized.

Botanical Inventory
The Makino Botanical Garden started a field inventory in Natma Taung National Park, Chin Statein March of 2002, in an area restricted to foreign visitors at the time. Botanical inventories
continued until 2014 in the national park and adjacent areas in collaboration with the nationalpark office, which belongs to the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, FD. As a result,more than 15,500 herbarium specimens were housed at MBK (Table 1).
The progress in Natma Taung NP can be viewed as three phases. In the first phase, the primary
aim was to collect specimens that represent as complete picture of the flora as possible from thenational park. In the second phase, MBK targeted community development for rural villagers andcapacity building for national park staff for the conservation of plant resources, alongside of thecontinuing f loristic inventories in the area. In the third phase, our research focused more
Current Affilitation: 1 Okinawa Churashima Foundation Research Center, Okinawa, Japan & Bernice P. Bishop Museum,			 Honolulu, Hawai, USA.

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1
Table 1. Expeditions to Natma Taung National Park and adjascent area in the years 2002-2014 & Members.
Year

Date

Visit Area (Township)

2002

Mar. 8 - 14

Kanpetlet

2002

June 2 - 9

Kanpetlet, Saw

2002

July - Nov.

Kanpetlet, Saw

2002

Nov. 30 - Dec. 11

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2003

Feb. - Apr.

Kanpetlet

2003

Apr. 22 - 30

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2004

Feb. 27 - Mar. 5

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2004

May 13 - 25

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2005
2006
2006
2006

Dec.
Mar. 3 - 10
Mar. 16 - 24
throught a year

Kanpetlet, Saw
Kanpetlet, Saw
Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw
Kanpetlet, Saw

2007

Feb. 13 - Mar. 2

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2007

May 15 - 20

Kanpetlet

2007

May 23 - June 2

Kanpetlet, Saw

throught a year
May 24
July 30 - Aug. 17
Aug. 8 & Dec. 6 - 10
June 21 - 29
Dec. 8 - 15
throught a year

Kanpetlet, Saw
Kanpetlet
Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw
Kanpetlet
Kanpetlet
Kanpetlet
Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2007
2008
2008
2008
2009
2009
2007-20092011

Jan. 16 - 19

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2011
2011

Sep. 1 - 15
throught a year

Kanpetlet, Saw
Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2012

Feb. 10 - 23

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2012

Apr. 26 & Aug. 28

Kanpetlet

2012

May 19 - June 4

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2012

Dec. 1 - 13

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

throught a year

Kanpetlet, Saw

2012 - 2013
2013

Feb. 25 - Mar. 3

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

2013
2013
2014

June 15 - July 30
Aug. 20 - Sep. 15
Jan. 9 - 20

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Matupi, Saw
Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw
Mindat2014

Feb. 20 - Mar. 16

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Matupi, Saw

2014

Apr. 21 - 28

Kanpetlet, Mindat, Saw

Members
Jin Murata, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Nobumitsu Kawakubo, Hiroyuki Akiyama,
Nobuhito Kuroiwa, Ayako Maeda
Nobuyuki Tanaka, Takashi Sugawara, Noriaki Murakami, Kyoko Aoki, Shoko
Sakai, Kana Watanabe, Khin Myo Htwe
Ling Shein Man, Cho Cho Win
Jin Murata, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Takashi Sugawara, Tomoyuki Nemoto, Yu Iokawa,
Fumio Shimozono, Hong Mang, Ling Shein Man, Cho Cho Win
Ling Shein Man, Cho Cho Win
Jin Murata, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Takashi Sugawara, Tomohisa Yukawa, Noritoshi
Inagaki, Hong Mang, Ling Shine Man, Cho Cho Win
Nobuhito Kuroiwa, Kazumi Fujikawa, Hana Sonoki
Nobuyuki Tanaka, Takashi Sugawara, Shiro Kobayashi, Tetsuo Toma, Toshiyuki
Akiyama, Kana Watanabe
Ling Shein Man
Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Koji Yonekura, Tetsuo Ooi -Toma, Ling Shine Man
Kazumi Fujikawa, Atsushi Nomachi
Ling Shein Man, Aung Htay
Kazumi Fujikawa, Nobuhito Kuroiwa, Ayako Maeda, Chika Mouri, Takashi
Watanabe, Khin Myo Htwe, Ling Shine Man, Hong Mang, Aung Htay
Nobuyuki Tanaka, Santi Watthana, Mano Tamaragusa, Shigeo Yasuda
Kazumi Fujikawa, Nobuhito Kuroiwa, Ayako Maeda, Prachaya Srisanga, Ling Shein
Man
Ling Shein Man, Hong Mang, Aung Htay
Mitsuo Matsumoto, Takashi Watanabe
Kazumi Fujikawa, Kenji Kano, Mitsuo Matsumoto, Ling Shein Man, Hong Mang
Mitsuo Matsumoto
Nobuyuki Tanaka, Tomohisa Yukawa
Kazumi Fujikawa, Hong Mang, Maung Nu, Aung Zaw Ling
Shigeo Yasuda
Kazumi Fujikawa, Mitsuo Matsumoto, Tin Mya Soe, Toe Min Min Mon, Ling Shein
Man
Hidenobu Funakoshi, Hong Mang, Ling Shein Man, Wai Min Htay
Tin Mya Soe, Ling Shein Man, Hong Mang, Ha Shein Ohm, Law Shine
Kazumi Fujikawa, Hiroshi Ikeda, Motohiro Hamaguchi, Nobuko Yamamoto,
Prachaya Srisanga, Min Min San, Ling Shein Man, Law Shine
Mitsuo Matsumoto
Kazumi Fujikawa, Santi Watthana, Kittiphong Kertsawang, Tin Mya Soe, Myint
Hlaing, Ling Shein Man, Law Shine, Htun Tin
Kazumi Fujikawa, Katsunori Miyake, Kota Yabe, Mu Mu Aung, Ling Shein Man,
Law Shine
Ling Shein Man & Law Shine
Sunisa Sangvirotjanaphat, Santi Watthana, Mitsuo Matsumoto, Ling Shein Man, Law
Shine
Mu Mu Aung, Ling Shein Man, Law Shine
Kazumi Fujikawa, Prachaya Srisanga, Charun Maknoi, Ling Shein Man, Law Shine
Law Shine
Prachaya Srisanga, Monthon Norsaengsri, Robert Unwin, Michele Rodda, Eric
Schuettpelz, Tin Tin Mu, Ling Shein Man, Law Shine, Kazumi Fujikawa
Ayako Maeda, Kittiphone Kertsawang, Ling Shein Man, Law Shine

No. ofspecimens
367
649
180
898
122
229
219
676
91
372
253
213
258
56
306
401
15
528
98
307
105
350
74
306
1321
669
40
520
793
1336
231
832
1554
29
1033
353

specifically on documenting the flora of Natma Taung National Park in collaboration with aninternational collaborative team of botanists.
In the first phase of exploration in Natma Taung National Park (2002–2006), the botanicalinventories were led by Dr. Nobuyuki Tanaka2 from MBK and Prof. Dr. Jin Murata from the
University of Tokyo (TI), Japan. Many specimens of vascular plants and bryophytes werecollected. An important publication from this phase was “Mosses of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria)
National Park” published by Tanaka et al. (2003). In total, 35 families, 102 genera, and 152
species were recognized. The region’s similarity to the Himalayan flora was also discussed, as anumber of genera and species of flowering plants found here are also common to eastern Indiaand eastern Nepal (WWF & IUCN 1994–1995), and a similar pattern was found for the mosses(Tanaka et al. 2003).
Current Affilitation: 2 National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan.

Brief history of botanical inventory in Natma Taung National Park

In the second phase (2007–2014), MBK and FD jointly started a project supported by Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Partnership Program in the national park. The major
objectives were to protect plant resources, to establish their sustainable use, and to educate local
community members. Although the Natma Taung National Park is rich in plant resources, such as
Dendrobium spp. (Orchidaceae), Paris polyphylla (Melanthiaceae), Amorphophallus spp.
(Araceae) traded at high prices for exporting to overseas, the plants are threatened byoverexploitation such as illegal picking and over-collecting of natural resources and shortened
fallow periods of shifting cultivation. The program was designed to provide an alternative andsustainable income to reduce the impact on the environment, and also educate and train thetechnicians of FD in the fields of botany and conservation. Queen Srikit Botanic Garden (QBG),
Chiang Mai, Thailand, which is MBK’s sister-botanical garden, cooperated with the project, andseveral of their researchers joined the field inventories. Both Dr. Prachaya Srisanga and Dr. Santi
Watthana 3 from QBG visited the national park several times to share their knowledge andresearch techniques in botanical inventory and orchid propagation in particular with national park
staff members. Mr. Shigeo Yasuda was the resident manager of the project from 2007 to 2009. Hecollected primarily orchids throughout the year, together with Mr. Hong Mang, who was a ranger
at the national park. In addition to their collections, a lot of valuable specimens were accumulatedby Ms. Ling Shein Man and Mr. Law Shine. The second phase of botanical inventory was
undertaken by the national park staff under the management of the park wardens, Mr. Shein Gay
Ngai (until 2010) and Mr. Tin Mya Soe (2010–2014). Duplicates of specimens were sent tocollaborating institutions, and specialists for species identification and enumeration.
Natma Taung National Park covers three Townships: Kanpetlet, Mindat, and Matupi. It also
contains Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), the highest mountain in the park which is located in
Kanpetlet Township. Most expeditions were conducted in the southern portion of the park, with
the national park office in Kanpetlet as the base camp for expeditions. Access to Kanpetlet andMindat Townships from various cities, such as Yangon and Mandalay via Bagan and Pakkok, wasmore realistic, since both townships are a gateway to the national park and eco-tourism areas.
The northern Matupi area of the national park was more challenging, since it had been closed toforeigners for a while, and is difficult to access in the rainy season due to poor road conditions
and the presence of steep cliffs between Mindat and Matupi. The international team, FoMIC(FoMIC = Flora of Myanmar Institutional Consortium) was able to enter the northern area, andcollected over 1,000 herbarium specimens in 2014. The FoMIC in Myanmar was convened by the
FD in March 2013, with the intention of working on the f lora of Myanmar; however, thismovement stalled because a multilateral Memorandum of Agreement was not completed(Middleton et al. 2020).
During the second phase, a report on the sustainable development project supported by JICA
was published (Fujikawa & Yasuda 2012), as were three booklets for conservation and education(Fujikawa et al. 2008, 2009, 2015). These publications were not scientific, but rather promoted abetter understanding of Natma Taung National Park’s plant diversity. All four can be downloaded
from the MBK’s website (https://www.makino.or.jp/multilingual/wts.php?lang=en).
In the third phase (2015–2020), our focus shifted more specifically to documenting the flora ofNatma Taung National Park. A total of 55 botanists belonging to 24 institutions worldwide joined
this phase of the project to publish a taxonomic enumeration of the region. Publication was
originally planned for 2017, but the process was delayed leading to the decision to publish thework as a series. The Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1 included 22
Current Affilitation: 3 Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.

43

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

families, 68 genera, and 174 species of lycophytes & pteridophytes, and 5 families, 6 genera, and7 species of gymnosperms. Vol. 2 will include only Orchidaceae and is forthcoming. Following
these publications an enumeration of the angiosperms will also be forthcoming. Given the
success of this project, MBK and FD will continue to collaborate on field intensive surveys inother regions of the country and on related taxonomic research.

Research Findings
A total of 17 new species, 3 new varieties, and 1 new nothospecies of flowering plant werediscovered from the Natma Taung National Park and adjacent areas based on the specimens
collected between 2002 and 2014 (Table 2). Six taxa of Cyperaceae, three each of Acanthaceae
and Ranunculaceae, two each of Asteraceae and Orchidaceae, one each for Balsaminaceae,
Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Smilacaceae, and Zingiberaceae were described. In addition to
MBK’s activities, Natma Taung National Park is one of the areas in Myanmar that has been thesubject of repeated and concentrated collecting efforts by various research institutions, such as
the Korean National Institute of Biological Resources, and the Chinese Academy of Science led
by Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (Middleton et al. 2019). Numerous new taxa were
described (Yang et al. 2020), and a guidebook entitled “Seed Plants of Natma Taung National
Park” was published (Kang et al. 2018). We can expect that there may be many more undescribed
Table 2. New taxa discovered from Natma Taung National Park and adjascent area based on collections in the years 2002-2014.
FamilySpecies

Type specimen

Smilacaceae
Heterosmilax pertensis T.Koyama var. parviflora T.Koyama Ling Sein Man 093214
Orchidaceae
Dendrobium koyamae Nob.Tanaka, T.Yukawa & J.Murata
N. Tanaka et al. 200040042
Doritis natmataungensis T.Yukawa, Nob.Tanaka & J.Murata* J. Murata et al. 029289
Zingiberaceae
Hedychium natmataungense Nob.Tanaka
N. Tanaka 10-59
Cyperaceae
Carex leptogyna T.Koyama
M. Matsumoto & Hong Man 084083
Carex matsumotoi T. Koyama
M. Matsumoto 088451
Carex nitidiutriculata L.K.Dai var. heterostachya T.Koyama N.Tanaka et al. 023604
Carex thailandica T.Koyama var. brevirostris T.Koyama
Ling Sein Man 092974
Fimbristylis fujikawae T.Koyama
K. Fujikawa et al. 095142
Fimbristylis pulvispicula T.Koyama
A. Maeda et al. 099215
Ranunculaceae
Aconitum jin-muratae Kadota & Nob.Tanaka
J. Murata et al. 025165
Clematis pseudopterantha Kadota & Nob.Tanaka
Ling Shein Man & Cho Cho Win 024432
Thalictrum tamurae Kadota & Nob.Tanaka
J. Murata et al. 024590
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens kingdon-wardii Nob.Tanaka & T.Sugaw.
N. Tanaka et al. 024566
Rubiaceae
Argostemma victorianum Nob.Tanaka
N. Tanaka et al. 023632
Convolvulaceae
Argyreia decemloba Traiperm, Fujikawa & Staples
K. Fujikawa et al. 095008
Acanthaceae
Eranthemum natmataungense J.R.I.Wood
Law Shine 096358
Strobilanthes muratae J.R.I.Wood
J. Murata et al. 022905
Strobilanthes tanakae J.R.I.Wood
J. Murata et al. 025237
Asteraceae
Ainsliaea hederifolia Fujikawa & H.Ikeda
H. Nagamasu et al. 035401
Himalaiella natmataungensis Fujikawa**
K. Fujikawa et al. 082033

Reference

Makinoa, n.s. 11: 63 (2016)
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 60: 172 (2010)
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 60: 167 (2010)
Bull. Natl. Mus. Natur. Sci., Tokyo B 42: 63 (2016)
Taiwania 63: 1 (2018)
Makinoa, n.s. 11: 49 (2016)
Makinoa, n.s. 11: 52 (2016)
Taiwania 63: 3 (2018)
Makinoa, n.s. 11: 55 (2016)
Makinoa, n.s. 11: 53 (2016)
J. Jap. Bot. 85: 200 (2010)
J. Jap. Bot. 85: 205 (2010)
J. Jap. Bot. 85: 208 (2010)
Phytotaxa 234: 90 (2015)
Blumea 55: 65 (2010)
Willdenowia 49: 66 (2019)
Makinoa, n.s. 11: 67 (2016)
Kew Bull. 64: 39 (2009)
Kew Bull. 64: 41 (2009)
J. Jap. Bot. 92: 88 (2017)
Makinoa, n.s. 10: 168 (2012)*Treaded as Phalaenopsis natmataungensis (T.Yukawa, Nob.Tanaka & J.Murata) Dalström & Ormerod in Orchids (West Palm Beach) 79: 702 (2010).
**Treated as Jurinea natmataungensis (Fujikawa) Fujikawa in Taxon 69: 708 (2020).

Brief history of botanical inventory in Natma Taung National Park

species to be discovered from these collected specimens, and research is ongoing.

References
Fujikawa, K., Kuroiwa, N., Maeda, A., Gale, S., Shein Gay Ngai & Aung Din. 2008. A guide to
the forest of Natma Taung. 30 pp. The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Kochi,
Japan.
Fujikawa, K., Srisanga, P. & Win Naing Thaw (eds.). 2015. 100 wild flowers of Natma Taung.
76 pp. The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden. Kochi, Japan.
Fujikawa, K. & Yasuda, S. (eds.) 2012. Project report “Education and training of Myanmar
personnel for the realization of phyto-diversity conservation and sustainable use of plantresources to improve economy of the rural population” 84 pp. The Kochi Prefectural Makino
Memorial Foundation, Kochi and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Shikoku,
Japan (in Japanese, translated English version in 2013).
Fujikawa, K., Yasuda, S., Matsumoto, M., Tanaka, N., Sheing Gay Ngai & Aung Din. 2009. A
guide to the economic plants of Natma Taung, Natma Taung National Park, Myanmar. 28 pp.
The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Kochi, Japan.
Kang, D.H., Lee,J.H., Ong, H.G., Ling Shein Man & Kim, Y.D. 2017. Seed plants of Natma Taung
National park, Myanmar. 632 pp. National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea.
Middleton, D.J., Armstrong, K., Baba, Y., Balslev, H. Chayamarit, K., Chung, R.C.K., Conn, B.J.,
Fernando, E.S., Fujikawa, K., Kiew, R., Luu, H.T., Mu Mu Aung, Newman, M.F., Tagane, S.,
Tanaka, N., Thomas, D.C., Tran, T.B., Utteridge, T.M.A., van Welzen, P.C., Widyatmoko, D.,
Yahara, T. & Wong, K.M. 2019. Progress on southeast Asia’s flora projects. Gard. Bull.
Singapore 71: 267–319.
Tanaka, A., Khin Maung Zaw, Shein Gay Ngai & Akiyama H. 2003. Moss of Natma Taung (Mt.
Victoria) National Park, Myanmar. Makinoa N.S. 3: 1–84.
Tanaka, N., Koyama, T. & Murata, J. 2006. The Flowering plants of Mt. Popa, central Myanmar –Results of Myanmar-Japanese joint expeditions 2000–2004. Makinoa N.S. 5: 1–102.
WWF & IUCN. 1994–1995. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for theirconservation vol. 3. 578 pp. IUCN Publication Unit, Cambridge. U.K.
Yang, B., Deng, M., Zhang, M.X., Aung Zaw Moe, Ding, H.B., Mya Bhone Maw, Pyae Pyae Win,
Corlett, R.T. & Tan, Y.H. 2020. Contributions to the flora of Myanmar from 2000 to 2019. Pl.
Diversity 42: 292–301.

45

Part 2. Taxonomic Enumeration ofNatma Taung National Park

Pinus kesiya forest

48

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Arrangement of the Enumeration
The present volume of enumeration of vascular plants of Natma Taung National Park and adjacentareas comprises Lycophytes & Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. The families in Lycophytes &Pteridophytes are arranged in alphabetical order, and the families in Gymnosperms are arrangedin the sequence presented in Christenhusz et al. (2011). Genera, species, and infraspecific taxa ineach family are arranged in alphabetical order. The authors for each treatment are shown at the
beginning of the phyla in Lycophytes & Pteridophytes, and each family in Gymnosperms.
Dichotomous keys to genera and species are not included in this volume. In Myanmar, or evenin Chin state, only a partial flora is known, and keys may lead to misidentification as new records
or new species are likely to be found. Standardised author(s) abbreviations of taxa follow
Brummitt & Powell (1992) and The International Plant Name Index (https://www.ipni.org/) for
additional authors after the date of publications. Basionyms where appropriate, and selectedsynonyms for those related to Myanmar, are given in italics, followed by author(s) andbibliographic citations. Protologues and selected bibliographical citations are listed in thestandard abbreviation formats published in Lawrence et al. (1968), Bridson & Smith (1991) and
Bridson et al. (2004). If no recommendations were made in the publications, we give the fulltitles.
The specimens cited are listed only for those identified by the authors and those chiefly housedin the Herbarium of the Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden (MBK). The list is arrangedin the following order: Chin State, Kanpetlet, Mindat, Matupi Township to Magway Region, Saw
Township. In each township, specimens are arranged first by those without altitude recorded,followed by altitude records from low to high. Where a recorded altitude is available, it is given in
metres above sea level, after the locality. Then the date of collections, collectors and theirreference numbers are shown. Information of the locality is based on specimens’ label data, andNatma Taung National Park is abbreviated as NMT NP.
For taxa that extend beyond Myanmar, countries of distribution are listed in the order fromwest to east within Asia first, then continued to the eastwards for the countries elsewhere. In
parts, where it is more informative than listing countries, a generalised range such as ‘Himalaya’,‘cosmopolitan’, ‘pantropical’ or ‘Pacific islands’ is used.
Notes include supporting information and discussion that may be useful.

References
Bridson, G.D.R. & Smith, E.R. 1991. B-P-H/S: Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum/Supplementum.
Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Bridson, G.D.R., Townsend, S.T., Polen, E.A. & Smith, E.R. 2004. BPH-2: Periodicals withbotanical content. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Brummitt, R.K. & Powell, C.E. 1992. Authors of plant names: A list of authors of scientificnames of plants with recommended standard forms of their names, including abbreviations.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
Christenhusz, M.J.M., Reveal, J.L., Farjon, A., Gardner, M.F., Mill, R.R. & Chase, M.W. 2011. A
new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.
Lawrence, G. H. M., Buchheim, A. F. G., Daniels, G. S. & Dolezal. H. 1968. B-P-H: BotanicoPeriodicum-Huntianum. Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

49

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes
Kiyotaka Hori
The Ferns of Burma was firstly documented by Dickason (1946), reported 460 species ofpteridophytes belonging to 104 genera, and listed 140 species as first records. However,
Lycophytes and partial family of pteridophytes (e.g. Equisetaceae) was not listed. Recently, Thet
Yu Nwe (2009) newly reported several pteridophytes from Kyaik-Hti-Yoe Wildlife Sanctuary:
Araiostegia imbricata Ching, Bolbitis copelandii Ching ex C.Chr. & Tard., Crypsinus cruciformis(Ching) Tagawa, Crypsinus ebenipes (Hook.) Copel. Doryopteris concolor (Langst. & Fisch)Kuhn, Elaphoglossum malayense Holtt., Davallia trichomanoides Blume, Humata vestita Blume,
Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) Presel., Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) Kaulf., Microsorum
scolopendrium (Burm.f.) Copel., and Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum. Thet Yu Nwe etal. (2016) newly reported pteridophytes from Natma Taung National Park in the Chin State:
Adiantum monochlamys D.C.Eaton, Ctenitis decrrentipinnula (Ching) Ching, Pteris tripartita Sw.
and Paragymnopteris vestita Hook. K.H.Shing. Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) listed 299 species
belonging to 72 genera and 24 families of lycophytes and pteridophytes from Northern Myanmar
including new records. They also compared the flora between northwestern region (Natma Taung,
Chin State) and north region (Hponkanrazi + Hponyinrazi, Kachin State) in Myanmar, founddifferent maximum species richness (in Natma Taung 2,200 m, in Hponkanrazi + Hponyinrazi
1,200 m). Furthermore, Thet Yu Nwe et al. (2019) newly reported pteridophytes from NatmaTaung National Park in the Chin State: Pteris bella Tagawa, Dryopteris lepidopoda Hayata and
Loxogramme duclouxii H.Christ.
In this enumeration, two families, three genera and seven species of lycophytes and 20
families, 65 genera and 167 species of pteridophytes of Natma Taung National Park are listed.
Family order was followed by Flora of China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013). The
genera and species in a family are arranged in alphabetical order. The following species were
newly repor ted from Myanmar in this enumeration: Antrophyum callifolium Blume,Hymenasplenium retusulum (Ching) Viane & S.Y.Dong, Deparia wilsonii (Christ) X.C.Zhang,Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore, Neolepisorus ovatus (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching, andPolypodiodes lachnopus (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching. I removed Adiantum cf. incisum C.Presl,
Sphaerostephanos validus (Christ) Holttum, Bolbitis crispatula (Wall.) K.Iwats., Elaphoglossum
stelligerum (Wall. ex Baker) T.Moore ex Salomon, Polystichum lentum (D.Don) T.Moore, P.
manmeiense (Christ) Nakaike, P. pseudotsus-simense Ching, Arthromeris amplexifolia Ching,
Loxogramme subecostata (Hook.) C.Chr., Goniophlebium mengtzeense (Christ) G.Roedl-Linder,
G. dareiformis (Hook.) Ching ex Tardieu & C.Chr., reportd by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) fromthis list because these species have problems of taxonomic treatments and/or scientific names.
There were cosmopolitan species to East Asia, Southeast Asia to Malaya such as Lycopodium
japonicum, Selaginella involvens, Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. debile, Crepidomanes
latealatum, Pteris wallichiana, Asplenium ensiforme, Dryopteris hendersonii and pantropic
species such as Hymenophyllum polyanthus, Marsilea minuta, Pteridium revolutum, Adiantum
philippense, Cheilanthes farinosa, Pteris biaurita, P. cretica, P. vittata, Cyclosorus dentatus, C.
The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan.
E-mail: khori@makino.or.jp

50

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

interruptus and Nephrolepis cordifolia. There were also the species which are distributed mainly
in southern China to Himalaya such as Selaginella bisulcata, Angiopteris helferiana, Microlepia
platyphylla, Pteris aspericaulis var. aspericaulis, Dryopteris fructuosa, D. marginata,
Arthromeris wallichiana, Loxogramme chinensis, Pyrrosia stenophylla. A few species are
distributed in more west regions including Afghanistan, Pakistan, India to Himalaya such as
Athyrium mackinnoniorum and Polystichum piceopaleaceum. The species of Athyriaceae,
Dryopteridaceae and Polypodiaceae were found richer than that of Malaya. These characteristics
are well coincided to the whole fern flora of Myanmar (Dickason 1946).
This enumeration firstly reported reproductive mode of pteridophytes in Myanmar. Manton(1950) reported reproductive mode (Manton 1950) of 30 pteridophyte species which belong to thegenera which appears to have taxonomic confusion. Of the eight species were apogamous such as
Pteris biaurita, P. cretica and Dryopteris atrata, 22 were sexual such as Cheilanthes farinosa,
Hymenasplenium retusulum, Polystichum semifertile and one species was both (Pteris fauriei s.l.).
This information must be useful to understand classification of Asian pteridophytes.

Lycophytes
Lycopodiaceae P. Beauv. ex Mirb.
Huperzia delavayi (Christ & Herter) Ching in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3: 303. 1981; Fl. China 2−3: 19.
2013.
Distribution. China.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Lycopodium japonicum Thunb., Syst. Veg. 14: 944. 1784; Fl. China 2−3: 30. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023805 (MBK); 7 miles from the entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2435 m, 5 Dec. 2012,
K. Fujikawa et al. 090927 (MBK); along unpaved road at 10-14 miles from entrance of National
Park between Kanpetlet and Mindat road, NMT NP, 2680 m, 28 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al.
094617 (MBK). Mindat Township: along walking trail between 17 miles junction from Mindatand Hilong village, 1670-2445 m, 9 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090945 (MBK); from Mindat tonorthen part of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 2350-2550 m, 7 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 024730(MBK); roadside between 15 miles and 10 miles from Mindat, walking towards Mindat around 4
miles, NMT NP, 2460 m, 3 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097521 (MBK); near 16 miles Forest
camp, NMT NP, 2530 m, 25 July 2013, Mu Mu Aung & Law Shine 092722 (MBK); 37 miles from
Mindat, between Mindat and Matupi (Mindat-Matupi Road), NMT NP, ca. 2545 m, 8 Dec. 2012,
K. Fujikawa et al. 090941 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam; other countries of S
Asia.
Phlegmariurus fordii (Baker) Ching in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 126. 1982; Fl. China 2−3: 25. 2013.

51

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053557 (MBK); Yelong Pan village, NMT
NP, 1371 m, 15 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088230 (MBK); ca. 1500 m, 24 May 2008, M.
Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080964 (MBK).
Distribution. India (E Himalaya), China, Japan.
Phlegmariurus hamiltonii (Spreng. ex Grev. & Hook.) Li Bing Zhang, Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 6(3): 42. 2004; Fl. China 2−3: 24. 2013.
— Lycopodium hamiltonii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 16: 429. 1828.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Old town village, NMT NP, ca. 2000
m, 21 Oct. 2012, Ling Shein Man 091819 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the walking trail
between Hilong village and 14 miles junction from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road), NMT NP,
2200 m, 24 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089208 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat andMatupi township, NMT NP, ca. 2400-2600 m, 18 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030702 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.

Selaginellaceae Willk.
Selaginella bisulcata Spring in Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique. 24: 259. 1850; Fl. Thailand 3: 27.
1979; Fl. China 2−3: 59. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Hkouk Htu village, NMT NP, 1700 m,
18 Jan. 2011, M. Matsumoto 084073 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles
base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2030 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
086532 (MBK); NMT NP, 2215 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023759 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022063 (MBK); along the roadside between 4 and 6 miles from
Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053037 (MBK); along the road between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT NP, 2600 m, 10
Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053581 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the roadside between Mindatand Matupi Township (56miles N of Mindat), NMT NP, ca. 2400-2500 m, 17 May 2004, N.
Tanaka et al. 030859 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia (Java).
Selaginella braunii Baker in Gard. Chron. 1867: 1120; Fl. China 2−3: 52. 2013.
Distribution. China, Malaysia (Peninsular).
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Selaginella chrysocaulos (Hook. & Grev.) Spring in Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles. 10: 232.
1843; Fl. China 2−3: 57. 2013.

52

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Malaysia (Peninsular), Vietnam.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring in Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles. 10: 136. 1843; Fl. Thailand
3: 24. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 53. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: between the guest house and Popa
village, NMT NP, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023731 (MBK); Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, ca.
1500 m, 24 May 2008, M. Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080968 (MBK); around Makyauk Ar
village, NMT NP, 1520 m, 3 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090473 (MBK); water resort area, near
Kanpetlet, ca. 1828 m, 4 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088103 (MBK). Matupi Township: Pong
Thsala waterfall on Laemio river, approximately 3 miles from Tisawn village, NMT NP, 1283 m,
8 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097700 (MBK). MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: Thee Kone
village, ca. 304 m, 20 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087877 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam,
Malaysia, Philippines.
Selaginella labordei Hieron. ex Christ in Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 11: 272. 1902; Fl. China
2−3: 58. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088475 (MBK); Old town
village, NMT NP, ca. 2000 m, 15 Sep. 2012, Ling Shein Man 091746 (MBK); along the roadside
between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053399 (MBK).
Distribution. China.
Selaginella minutifolia Spring, Monogr. Lycopod. 2: 239. 1850; Fl. Thailand 3: 28. 1979; Fl.
China 2−3: 58. 2013.
Specimens examined. MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: near Saw, along the roadside
between Saw and Kazunma, 470 m, 9 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053322 (MBK).
Distribution. NE India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia.
Selaginella repanda (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring in Gaudichaud, Voy. Bonite, Bot. 1: 329. 1844; Fl.
Thailand 3: 22. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 59. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 20 Jan. 2013, Law Shine
096458 (MBK); between Kanpetlet and Makyauk Ar village, ca. 1517 m, 3 Dec. 2012, K.
Fujikawa et al. 090033 (MBK). MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: Thee Kone village, ca. 304
m, 20 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087877A (MBK).

53

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Distribution. India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines.

Pteridophytes
Equisetaceae Michx. ex DC.
Equisetum diffusum D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 19. 1825; Lindsay et al. in Thai Forest Bull., Bot.
37: 77. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 68. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos andCambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: in the vicinity of Kanpetlet, NMT NP,
6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 080981 (MBK); Ma Kyauk Ah village, NMT NP, 27 Feb. 2007, Shein
Gay Ngai 051078 (MBK); 1 Sep. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088485 (MBK); NMT NP, 3 Oct. 2012,
Law Shine 091597 (MBK); ca. 1750-1820 m, 10 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022903 (MBK); alongwalking trail between Saw Loung village and Saw Chaung river (Saw river), 695-1375 m, 13 Dec.
2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090843 (MBK); 750-1375 m, 6 Sep. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 095040(MBK); Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 2 Sep. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088483 (MBK); along footpath and unpaved new car road between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1260-1435
m, 23 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094336 (MBK); a traverse route between Kanpetlet andYelong Pan village, ca. 1300 m, 6 Sep. 2012, Ling Shein Man 091712 (MBK); between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1445 m, 15 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085361 (MBK);
roadside between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, approximately 2 miles from Yelongpan
village, NMT NP, 1504 m, 24 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097230 (MBK); 1690 m, 2 Dec. 2012,
K. Fujikawa et al. 090450 (MBK); 090906 (MBK); northern side of Old town area, ca. 1828 m, 26
Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087914 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the Chi Chaung, NMT NP,
ca. 741 m, 10 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090199 (MBK); Chi Chaung river, along the roadbetween Kanpetlet and Mindat, 840 m, 16 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086775 (MBK); along theroadside between Mindat and Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 1065 m, 22 Mar. 2006, K. Fujikawa & A.
Nomachi 035865 (MBK); Hilong village, NMT NP, 1740 m, 5 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053133 (MBK). MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: along the roadside between Kangyi andSaw, 470 m, 27 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089348 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, China, Japan, Tahiland, Laos, Vietnam.
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. subsp. debile (Roxb. ex Vaucher) Hauke in Amer. Fern J. 52:
33. 1962; Fl. Thailand. 3: 34. 1979; Lindsay et al. in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 37: 78. 2009; Fl.
China 2−3: 70. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012
onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: Mindat area, NMT NP, 22 Oct. 2011,
Law Shine 088245 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 1065 m,
22 Mar. 2006, K. Fujikawa & A. Nomachi 035880 (MBK). MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township:near Saw, along the Saw river, 435 m, 19 Mar. 2006, K. Fujikawa & A. Nomachi 035793 (MBK);
around Annya Galen village, ca. 2 miles from Saw, north of Saw, 440 m, 12 Sep. 2013, K.
Fujikawa et al. 095480 (MBK).

54

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Distribution. India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Singapore,
Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines; S Pacific islands (Fiji, New Caledonia, New
Hebrides).

Ophioglossaceae Martinov
Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., Icon. Filic. 1: t. 79. 1828; Ferns Burma: 118.
1946; Fl. Thailand 3: 39. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 75. 2013.
— Japonobotrychium lanuginosum (Wall.) Nishida ex Tagawa in J. Jap. Bot. 33: 199. 1958; Fl.
East. Himal: 453. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: between 2 miles from entrance of
National Park and Old town village, NMT NP, 2065 m, 24 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094366(MBK); along the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 2750-3050 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J.
Murata et al. 024895 (MBK). Mindat Township: along unpaved road between 16 miles junction
from Mindat and Lone Pang village, NMT NP, 2550 m, 1 Sep. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094877(MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia(Java, Sumatra), New Guinea, Philippines.
Ophioglossum thermale Kom. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 85. 1914; Fl. China 2−3: 79.
2013.
Specimens examined. MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: near the border of Chin and
Magway, along the roadside between Saw and Kanpetlet, 23 June 2009, N. Tanaka & T. Yukawa
081075 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Korea, Japan, Russia (Kamchatka).

Marattiaceae Kaulf.
Angiopteris helferiana C.Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid.: 22. 1845; Ferns Burma: 118. 1946; Fl.
Thailand 3: 41. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 87. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 1088 m, 20 Jan. 2013, Law
Shine 096448 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.

Hymenophyllaceae Mart.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. in Philipp. J. Sci. 67: 60. 1938; Ferns Burma: 130.
1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 456. 1966; Fl. Thailand. 3: 89. 1979; Lindsay et al. in Thai Forest Bull.,Bot. 37: 79. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 97. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos andCambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: road between Kanpetlet and Mindat,ca. 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2300 m, 25 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051260 (MBK);NMT NP, 2320 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023767 (MBK); 023768 (MBK); 023769 (MBK);
2415 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023727 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8
miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2400 m, 26 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051305 (MBK); 6 miles
from entrance of NMT NP, along unpaved road between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of
National Park, NMT NP, 2400 m, 21 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094167 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam,
Malaysia; Australia.
Crepidomanes cf. minutum (Blume) K.Iwats., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 13: 524.
1985; Fl. China 2−3: 98. 2013.
Distribution. Sri Lanka, Nepal, NE India, China, Korea, Japan, Russia (Siberia), Thailand,
Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; Africa, Australia, Pacific islands(Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia).
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev. in Icon. Filic. 1: t. 76. 1828; Fl. China 2−3: 101. 2013.
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook. in Sp. Fil. 1: 109. 1844; Fl. Thailand. 3: 73. 1979; Fl.
China 2−3: 102. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012
onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Mecodium exsertum (Wall.) Copel. in Philipp. J. Sci. 67(1): 19. 1938; Ferns Burma: 130. 1946;
Fl. East. Himal.: 457. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, ca.
1500 m, 24 May 2008, M. Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080967 (MBK); ca. 13 miles from entranceof National Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28 May 2012,
K. Fujikawa et al. 089436 (MBK); NMT NP, 2620 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023786(MBK).
Distribution. N India, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia.
Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw. in J. Bot. (Schrader). 1800 (2): 102. 1801; Fl. Thailand 3:

55

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

70. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 103. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos andCambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Mecodium polyanthos (Sw.) Copel. in Philipp. J. Sci. 67(1): 23. 1938; Ferns Burma: 130. 1946;
Fl. East. Himal.: 457. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088476 (MBK); 088477(MBK); road through park, walking along the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP,
2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097010 (MBK); NMT NP, 2600 m, 7 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023787 (MBK).
Distribution. Tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

Lygodiaceae M.Roem.
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. in J. Bot. (Schrader). 1800 (2): 106. 1801; Ferns Burma: 118. 1946;
Fl. East. Himal.: 455. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 62. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 119. 2013; Lindsay &Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/
thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: between Panine village and Longdon
village, NMT NP, 1289 m, 14 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097997 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, S Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam,
Malaysia, Philippines; Africa, Australia, Pacific islands.
Lygodium salicifolium C.Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid.: 102. 1845; Ferns Burma: 118. 1946; Fl.
Thailand 3: 64. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 121. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laosand Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along foot path (short cut for villagers)
between ca. 4 miles from Kanpetlet and Saw., 445-850 m, 29 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al.
094687 (MBK); roadside on Kanpetlet to Saw road, approximately 4 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT
NP, 747 m, 22 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097142 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the roadside
between Mindat and Kangyi, 900 m, 19 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086149 (MBK). MAGWAYREGION. Saw Township: around 4 miles from Saw, along the roadside between Saw and Kangyi,
500 m, 14 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086667 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia.

Marsileaceae Mirb.

57

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Marsilea minuta L., Mant. Pl. Altera. 308. 1771; Fl. China 2−3: 123. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and Saw, Saw Chaung river, NMT NP, 850 m, 4 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025566 (MBK).
MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: around Annya Galen village, ca. 2 miles from Saw, north ofSaw, 440 m, 12 Sep. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 095479 (MBK); along the roadside between Kangyi
and Saw, 454 m, 6 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053186 (MBK); near Kangyi village, along theroadside between Mindat and Kangyi, 480 m, 27 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089330 (MBK).
Distribution. Paleotropics, plus sporadic introductions in the Americas and Caribbean (Brazil,
Trinidad and Tobago, and SE United States).

Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsy
Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn in Linnaea. 36: 146. 1869; Ferns Burma: 131. 1946; Fl. Thailand
3: 116. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 164. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022067 (MBK). Matupi Township: track off road, approximately 2 miles
along track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan Pyang village, NMT NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar.
2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097843 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand.
Microlepia platyphylla (D.Don) J.Sm. in London J. Bot. 1: 427. 1842; Ferns Burma: 131. 1946;
Fl. Thailand 3: 121. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 160. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand,
Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1,
2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the stream in the valley, Yelong
Pan village, NMT NP, 1330 m, 28 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091116 (MBK); NMT
NP, ca. 1611 m, 10 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035591 (MBK); along the roadside between
Masatwi and Kanpetlet, 1900 m, 26 Dec. 2012, Ling Shein Man 096023 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines.
Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn in Chaetopt. 347. 1882; Ferns Burma: 131. 1946; Fl.
East. Himal.: 463. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 118. 1979; Fl. China 2−3: 165. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Hkouk Htu village, NMT NP, 1700 m,
18 Jan. 2011, M. Matsumoto 084076 (MBK); 4-8 miles from tentrance of National Park, between
Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29
May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089551 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles
base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2260 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
086025 (MBK); 2330 m, 12 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086033 (MBK); NMT NP, 2420 m, 3
June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023719 (MBK); ca. 2464 m, 6 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035434

58

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1(MBK); ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022037 (MBK); along the road between
Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT NP, 2600 m, 10 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053579(MBK); 053582 (MBK); northen side area of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2743 m,
19 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087860 (MBK). Mindat Township: around Mindat, NMT NP,
2000-2300 m, 2 Mar. 2004, N. Kuroiwa et al. 030437 (MBK); between Ohn village and Lone Panvillage, NMT NP, 2155 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097636 (MBK); track through forestfrom 16 miles basecamp to Hilong village joining up with main road from Mindat at around 14
miles walking back up to 16 miles basecamp, NMT NP, 2354 m, 4 Mar. 2014, M. Norsaengsri etal. 097550 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Matupi township (56miles N of
Mindat), NMT NP, ca. 2400-2500 m, 17 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030866 (MBK); along newroad towards Maha Myaing village, NMT NP, 2526 m, 27 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097327(MBK).
Distribution. India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.
Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 109. 1925; Fl. China 2−3: 150.
2013.
— Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. wightianum (J.Agard.) W.C.Shieh in Quart. J. Chin.
Forest. 6(4): 98. 1973; Fl. East. Himal.: 465. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 14 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022959 (MBK); ca. 1847 m, 9 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035630(MBK); 2455 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023723 (MBK); along the roadside between
Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug.
2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053390 (MBK). Matupi Township: roadside on road from Matupi to
Mindat, approximately 1 mile from Matupi walking down away from the town, NMT NP, 1019
m, 13 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097943 (MBK).
Distribution. Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia; N Australia.

Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn.
Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1096. 1753; Ferns Burma: 135. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.:
458. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 214. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 249. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns ofThailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved
Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: Pong Thsala waterfall on Laemio river,approximately 3 miles from Tisawn village, NMT NP, 1283 m, 8 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097648 (MBK).
Distribution. Widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions in Africa, America, Asia,
Europe, Oceania.
Adiantum edgeworthii Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 14. 1851; Ferns Burma: 135. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 459.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 210. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 243. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: between Kanpetlet and Makyauk Ar
village, NMT NP, 1475 m, 27 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091074 (MBK). Matupi
Township: roadside between Matupi and Mindat, approximately 12 miles from Matupi walking
downhill towards the Laemio river, NMT NP, 920 m, 12 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097885(MBK). MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: Road between Kazunma and Saw, 319 m, 23 May
2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051173 (MBK); near Saw, along the roadside between Saw and
Kazunma, 470 m, 9 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053321 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, N Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines.
Adiantum malesianum J.Ghatak in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 73. 1963; Fl. Thailand 3: 207. 1985;
Fl. China 2−3: 241. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: around Chi Chaung river (Chi river),
NMT NP, 4 Mar. 2013, M. Matsumoto 091236 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines;
Pacific islands (Polynesia).
Adiantum monochlamys D.C.Eaton in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. 4: 110. 1858; Fl. China 2−3: 247.
2013; Thet et al. in Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 46: 286. 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: along the roadside between 56 miles
point and Matupi, NMT NP, ca. 2400 m, 17 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030629 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Korea, Japan.
Adiantum philippense L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1094. 1753; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 459.
1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 211. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 242. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns ofThailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved
Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: near Kanpetlet, 30 July 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053026 (MBK); along foot path (short cut for villagers) between ca. 4 miles from
Kanpetlet and Saw., 445-850 m, 29 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094682 (MBK); Saw river, Saw
Loung village, ca. 609 m, 9 Dec. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087957 (MBK); between Kanpetlet andKantar Yon village, 1200 m, 12 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085293 (MBK); along the trail
between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, 1262-1450 m, 1 June 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089648(MBK); along the walking trail between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, 1480 m, 16 Jan. 2011,
K. Fujikawa et al. 084031 (MBK). MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: along the roadside
between Saw and Paynut village, ca. 450-500 m, 10 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025263 (MBK);
near Saw, along the roadside between Saw and Kazunma, 560 m, 9 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053298 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia,

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Indonesia, Philippines; tropics and subtropics of Africa, Oceania.
Antrophyum callifolium Blume in Enum. Pl. Javae. 2: 111. 1828; Fl. China 2−3: 251. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the way to Yelong Pan village,
NMT NP, 1230 m, 28 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091121 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines; Australia.
Note. This is a new record for Myanmar.
Calciphilopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) Yesilyurt & H.Schneid. in Phytotaxa 7: 56. 2010.
— Doryopteris ludens (Wall.) J.Sm., Hist. Fil. 289. 1875; Ferns Burma: 133. 1946; Fl. China 2−3:217. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://
rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Pteris ludens Wall. ex Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 210. 1858; Fl. Thailand 3: 197. 1985.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: around Chi Chaung river (Chi river), 3
miles from Mindat, between Mindat and Kanpetlet mountain road, NMT NP, 740-1025 m, 10
Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090747 (MBK); along the Chi Chaung, NMT NP, ca. 741 m, 10
Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090196 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines; Australia.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).
Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf in Mem. Foug., Gen. Filic. 153, pl 12B. 1850; Fl. Thailand
3: 203. 1979; Ferns Burma: 133. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 460. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088462 (MBK); roadside on
Kanpetlet to Saw road, approximately 4 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 747 m, 22 Feb. 2014, P.
Srisanga et al. 097134 (MBK); between Kanpetlet and Saw, 830 m, 2 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi etal. 085064 (MBK); ca. 2-4 miles from Kanpetlet, between Kanpetlet and Saw, 850-1450 m, 2
June 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089674 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1500 m, 4 Sep. 2012, Ling Shein Man
091678 (MBK); 2525 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023799 (MBK); around Makyauk Ar
village, NMT NP, 1520 m, 3 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090470 (MBK); along the roadside
between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2220 m, 11
Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086538 (MBK). Mindat Township: around Chi Chaung river (Chiriver), NMT NP, 4 Mar. 2013, M. Matsumoto 091237 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat
and Kangyi, 840 m, 19 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086859 (MBK); between Ohn village andLone Pan village, NMT NP, 2083 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097625 (MBK); along thewalking trail between Hilong village and 14 miles junction from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road),
NMT NP, 2200 m, 24 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089213 (MBK); 089220 (MBK); along theLycophytes & Pteridophytes

roadside between Mindat and Matupi township (56miles N of Mindat), NMT NP, ca. 2400-2500m, 17 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030855 (MBK). Matupi Township: track off road,approximately 2 miles along track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan Pyang village, NMT
NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097841 (MBK).
Distribution. Tropics or warmer regions in both the Old and New Worlds.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Note. This species has large morphological characteristics in size and shape of lamina. However,
the individuals had intermediate characteristics between several ‘morphological types’ were nothybrid which have abortive spores. This means C. farinosa is basically one ‘biological species’(Yatabe et al. 2009) has large morphological variation.
Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw., Syn. Fil. 129, 332. 1806; Ferns Burma: 133. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 460. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 201. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 220. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: near Kanpetlet, 30 July 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053019 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia;
Australia, Oceania (including New Zealand).
Coniogramme fraxinea (D.Don) Fée ex Diels in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 262.
1899; Ferns Burma: 135. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 460. 1966; Lindsay et al. in Thai Forest Bull.,Bot. 37: 92. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 172. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos andCambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053550 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m,
14 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022949 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles from
Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088139 (MBK); 4-8 miles fromtentrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt.
Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089549 (MBK); roadthrough park, walking along the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20
Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097031 (MBK). Mindat Township: near Mindat, along the roadside
between Mindat and Kangyi, 1310 m, 19 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086136 (MBK); along theroadside between Mindat and Matupi township (56miles N of Mindat), NMT NP, ca. 2400-2500m, 17 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030868 (MBK); along new road towards Maha Myaing village,
NMT NP, 2526 m, 27 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097330 (MBK). Matupi Township: track offroad, approximately 2 miles along track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan Pyang village,
NMT NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097816 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.
Haplopteris amboinensis (Fée) X.C.Zhang in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 40: 460. 2003; Fl. China 2−3: 253.

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2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Vittaria amboinensis Fée in Mém. Foug. 3: 14. 1851; Ferns Burma: 130. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053554 (MBK); trail between 4 and 6 miles
from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088474 (MBK); along theroadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP,
2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053384 (MBK); along the roadside between 4 and 6
miles from Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa
et al. 053044 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP,
2400 m, 26 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051297 (MBK); NMT NP, 2495 m, 8 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023794 (MBK); 2630 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023778 (MBK); 2750 m, 3
June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023741 (MBK). Mindat Township: between Ohn village and Lone Panvillage, NMT NP, 2155 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097640 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Matupi township, NMT NP, ca. 2400-2600 m, 18 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al.
030705 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.
Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E.H.Crane in Syst. Bot. 22: 514. 1998; Fl. China 2−3: 255. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.
org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Vittaria flexuosa Fée, Mém. Foug., 3. Hist. Vittar. 16. 1851; Ferns Burma: 129. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 499. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 225. 1985.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 24 May
2008, M. Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080961 (MBK); water resort area, near Kanpetlet, ca. 1844m, 4 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088095 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles from
Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088137 (MBK); start at half way
go down to foothill, NMT NP, 2330 m, 3 Mar. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091221 (MBK);NMT NP, 2365 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023711 (MBK); ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J.
Murata et al. 022039 (MBK); along the roadside between the Chin Village Resort and the entrance to the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 2430-2540 m, 5 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et
al. 025015 (MBK); road through park, walking along the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office,
NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097011A (MBK); 097028 (MBK); ca. 13 miles
from entrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m,
28 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089391 (MBK); along unpaved road at 10-14 miles from entranceof National Park between Kanpetlet and Mindat road, NMT NP, 2680 m, 28 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094581 (MBK). Matupi Township: between Panine village and Longdon village, NMT
NP, 1289 m, 14 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097985 (MBK); road from Matupi to Palatwa, NMT
NP, 1821 m, 10 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097784 (MBK).
Distribution. Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia,
Vietnam.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Haplopteris taeniophylla (Copel.) E.H.Crane in Syst. Bot. 22: 514. 1998; Fl. China 2−3: 253.
2013.
Distribution. China, Philippines.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze var. lucidum (D.Don) Christ in Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 52(Mém. 1): 60. 1905; Ferns Burma: 133. 1946; Fl. China 2−3: 215. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Old Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 1 Mar.
2009, M. Matsumoto 053585 (MBK); along the roadside between entrance of National Park and
Hla Long Pan Road, NMT NP, 1920 m, 25 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091001 (MBK);
along the walking trail between 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung and summit of Natma Taung(Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2800-3000 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053496 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Vietnam.
Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 469. 1906; Ferns Burma: 133. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 464. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 195. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 213. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton,
Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/
Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 20 Jan. 2013, Law Shine
096451 (MBK). Matupi Township: roadside on road from Matupi to Mindat, approximately
between 3 and 4 miles from Matupi walking down away from the town, NMT NP, 910 m, 13
Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097963 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam,
Malaysia; Oceania.
Paragymnopteris vestita (Hook.) K.H.Shing in Indian Fern J. 10: 230. 1993; Fl. China 2−3: 236.
2013; Thet et al. in Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 46: 286. 2016.
— Gymnopteris vestita (Hook.) Underw. in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 627. 1902; Fl. Thailand 3:
193. 1985.
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, N Thailand.
Note. The species was reported by Thet Yu Nwe (2016) from Natma Taung NP.
Pteris arisanensis Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 102. 1936; Fl. China 2−3: 206. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the trail between Kanpetlet andYelong Pan village, 1262-1450 m, 1 June 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089647 (MBK); Yelong Pan
village, NMT NP, ca. 1400 m, 24 May 2008, M. Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080966 (MBK).

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Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).
Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.Agard. var. aspericaulis, Spec. Pter. 22. 1839; Fl. Thailand 3: 253.
1985; Lindsay et al. in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 37: 93. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 200. 2013.
— Pteris aspericaulis Wall., Numer. List: no. 107. 1820, nom. nud.; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053551 (MBK); roadside between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1510 m, 24 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097253 (MBK); NMT
NP, ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022036 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet andMindat, 10-12 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2677 m, 29 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051401(MBK). Mindat Township: along the trail between 12 miles from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road)and Lone Pang village, NMT NP, 2554 m, 18 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086845 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).
Pteris bella Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 166. 1939; Fl. Thailand 3: 250. 1985; Lindsay et
al. in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 37: 93. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 206. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Fernsof Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved
Aug. 1, 2016. Thet et al. in Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 49: 9. 2019.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: Pong Thsala waterfall on Laemio river,approximately 3 miles from Tisawn village, NMT NP, 1283 m, 8 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097675 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Pteris biaurita L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1076. 1753; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 465. 1966; Fl.
Thailand 3: 237. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 204. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laosand Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: near Saw Loung village, NMT NP, ca.
914 m, 10 Dec. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087990 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines; pantropical.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Pteris cretica L., Mant. Pl. 1: 130. 1767; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 465. 1966; Fl.
Thailand 3: 255. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 191. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laosand Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1803 m, 6 Mar. 2006,
H. Nagamasu et al. 035442 (MBK); 5.5 miles point to valley along the trail to the top, NMT NP,
2100 m, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023807 (MBK); 4-8 miles from tentrance of National Park,
between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 22002600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089550 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7
miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2286 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088146 (MBK); along
the roadside between 4 and 6 miles from Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP,
2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053038 (MBK); road through park, walking along theroad 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097027 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022038 (MBK). Mindat
Township: between Ohn village and Lone Pan village, NMT NP, 2155 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P.
Srisanga et al. 097630 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines; Africa, SW Asia, Europe, Pacific islands (Fiji, Hawaii).
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).
Pteris esquirolii Christ in Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 50. 1909; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. China
2−3: 192. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023814 (MBK).
Distribution. China, N Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Pteris fauriei Hieron. s.l. in Hedwigia. 55: 345. 1914; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. China 2−3:204. 2013.
— Pteris linearis Poir. var. fauriei (Hieron.) C. Chr. & Tardieu, Fl. Indo-Chine 7(2): 159. 1939;
Fl. Thailand 3: 239. 1985.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1650-1800 m, 8 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022869 (MBK); ca. 1800-2750 m, 14 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022945(MBK); 2305 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023765 (MBK); 2410 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023712 (MBK); ca. 2464 m, 6 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035435 (MBK); ca. 2500 m, 12
Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022040 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles
base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2030 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
086527 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2286
m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088156 (MBK). Mindat Township: Mindat area, NMT NP, 18
Apr. 2012, Law Shine 088405 (MBK); along new road towards Maha Myaing village, NMT NP,

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

2526 m, 27 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097339 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Japan, N Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium) or sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Note. Future study needs to check whether apogamous type and sexual type are same species ordifferent species.
Pteris longipes D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 15–16. 1825; Fl. Thailand 3: 235. 1985; Fl. China 2−3:206. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://
rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 14 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022944 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles basecamp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2030 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086511(MBK); 086521 (MBK). Matupi Township: track off road, approximately 2 miles along trackfrom Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan Pyang village, NMT NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar. 2014, P.
Srisanga et al. 097842 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines.
Pteris puberula Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 11: 52. 1941; Fl. China 2−3: 205. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between 3 and 7
miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088138 (MBK); along
the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT
NP, 2340 m, 12 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086037 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022033 (MBK); 2540 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023797 (MBK); ca.
2826 m, 5 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035362 (MBK); ca. 2850 m, 9 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et
al. 022897 (MBK); along the walking trail between 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung andsummit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2800-3000 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053494 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhuan, China.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Pteris terminalis Wall. ex J.Agard., Recens. Spec. Pter. 20. 1839; Fl. China 2−3: 197. 2013.
— Pteris excelsa Gaud., Voy. Uranie 388. 1827; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. Thailand 3: 248.
1985.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: between Kanpetlet and Kantar Yon
village, 1200 m, 12 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085294 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, N. India, Nepal, China, S Korea, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam,

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Malaysia, Philippines; Pacific islands (Fiji, Hawaii).
Pteris tripartita Sw. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800: 67. 1801; Fl. Thailand 3: 237. 1985; Fl. China
2−3: 210. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards,
http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016; Thet et al. in Korean J. Pl. Taxon.
46: 286. 2016.
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines;
Africa, Australia, Madagascar, Pacific islands (Polynesia), South America (Brazil).
Note. The species was reported by Thet Yu Nwe et al. (2016) from Natma Taung NP.
Pteris vittata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1074. 1753; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 467. 1966; Fl.
Thailand 3: 233. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 193. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laosand Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: near Saw Loung village, ca. 609 m, 9
Dec. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087968 (MBK); along walking trail between Saw Loung village and
Saw Chaung river (Saw river), 695-1375 m, 13 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090836 (MBK).
Mindat Township: Chi Chaung river, along the road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 840 m, 16
Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086774 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Kangyi,
900 m, 19 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086147 (MBK). Matupi Township: approximately 19
miles from Matupi on road to N. Chin State, NMT NP, 1526 m, 9 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097759 (MBK).
Distribution. Widely distributed in tropics and subtropics of the Old World.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Pteris wallichiana J.Agardh, Recens. Spec. Pter. 69. 1839; Ferns Burma: 134. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 467. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 236. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 209. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton,
Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/
Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between the Chin
Village Resort and the entrance to the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 2430-2540 m,
5 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025013 (MBK); NMT NP, 2495 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al.
023791 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).

Cystopteridaceae Shmakov

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Acystopteris tenuisecta (Blume) Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 73. 1938.
— Cystopteris tenuisecta (Blume) Mett. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1(8): 241. 1864; Ferns
Burma: 137. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 473. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022049 (MBK).
Distribution. Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, China, Indonesia, S Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore,
Malaysia, Philippines; New Zealand.

Aspleniaceae Newman
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Bech. in Candollea 6: 23. 1935; Fl. China 2−3: 287. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Makyauk Ar village area, ca. 1371 m,
24 Dec. 2011, Ling Shein Man 088077 (MBK); around Makyauk Ar village, NMT NP, 1520 m, 3
Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090475 (MBK); Oak Pho village, NMT NP, 1525 m, 3 Dec. 2008,
M. Matsumoto 053543 (MBK); Old town village, NMT NP, ca. 2000 m, 3 Oct. 2012, Ling Shein
Man 091773 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP,
2300 m, 24 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051217 (MBK).
Distribution. India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; tropical Africa,
tropical America, Australia, Macaronesia, Pacific islands (Hawaii).
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., Icon. Filic. 1: t. 71. 1828; Ferns Burma: 124.
1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 487. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 266. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 274. 2013; Lindsay &Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/
thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053824 (MBK); trail between 4 and 6 miles
from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088463 (MBK); Yelong
Pan village, NMT NP, ca. 1500 m, 24 May 2008, M. Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080965 (MBK);
between 2 miles from entrance of National Park and Old town village, NMT NP, 2065 m, 24
Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094382 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles from
Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088131 (MBK); NMT NP, 2215
m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023772 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al.
022056 (MBK); 2495 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023793 (MBK); 2585 m, 7 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023783 (MBK); 023784 (MBK); 2675 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023754(MBK); 2780 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023755 (MBK); 2980 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023756 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of NatmaTaung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053387 (MBK); along
the roadside between 4 and 6 miles from Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP,

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053042 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8
miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2400 m, 26 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051296 (MBK); roadthrough park, walking along the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20
Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097011B (MBK); along the trail to the paek of Mt. Victoria, NMT
NP, ca. 2700-3050 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 024586 (MBK); along the road to the entranceof the trail to the peak of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 2750 m, 28 June 2009, N. Tanaka & T.
Yukawa 081370 (MBK); along the roadside between Mt. Victoria and Mindat, NMT NP, 27502500 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025509 (MBK); along the walking trail between 16 miles
base camp of Natma Taung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2900 m, 13Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053499 (MBK). Mindat Township: between Ohn village and Lone
Pan village, NMT NP, 2155 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097632 (MBK); 21 miles toward
Madupi from Mindat, 2355 m, 9 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085245 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Asplenium indicum Sledge in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 264. 1965; Fl. East. Himal.:
487. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 285. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 286. 2013.
— Asplenium planicaule Wall., Numer. List: no. 189. 1829, nom. nud.; Ferns Burma: 125. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088471 (MBK); Yelong Pan
village, NMT NP, ca. 1500 m, 24 May 2008, M. Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080969 (MBK);
around Makyauk Ar village, NMT NP, 1520 m, 3 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090475A (MBK);
6 miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2194 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088164 (MBK); 4-8
miles from tentrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of NatmaTaung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089523(MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2300 m, 24
May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051217A (MBK); NMT NP, 2315 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al.
023737 (MBK); 2370 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023706 (MBK); 2425 m, 3 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023725 (MBK); 2495 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023792 (MBK); 2585 m, 7
June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023779 (MBK); along the roadside between 4 and 6 miles from
Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053039 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 18 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2373
m, 21 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050068 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8
miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2400 m, 26 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051284 (MBK); 6 miles
from entrance of NMT NP, along unpaved road between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of
National Park, NMT NP, 2400 m, 21 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094135 (MBK); road throughpark, walking along the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014,
P. Srisanga et al. 097023 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the roadside Hilon village, Mindat, theNMT NP, ca. 2300-2500 m, 28 Apr. 2003, J. Murata et al. 029260 (MBK); along the roadside
between Mindat and Matupi township (56miles N of Mindat), NMT NP, ca. 2400-2500 m, 17
May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030865 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Matupi
township, NMT NP, ca. 2400-2600 m, 18 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030700 (MBK).

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Asplenium tenuifolium D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 8. 1825; Ferns Burma: 125. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 488. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 274. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 295. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088465 (MBK); along theroadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP,
2030 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086524 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7
miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2286 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088154 (MBK); NMT
NP, 2315 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023766 (MBK); 2420 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al.
023722 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022048 (MBK); 022054 (MBK);
2640 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023777 (MBK); along the roadside between 4 and 6 miles
from Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et
al. 053047 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 18 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP,
2373 m, 21 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050069 (MBK); ca. 13 miles from entrance of National
Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28 May 2012, K. Fujikawa
et al. 089447 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 10-12 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP,
2677 m, 29 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051391 (MBK); northen side area of Natma Taung (Mt.
Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2743 m, 19 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087861 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines.
Asplenium yoshinagae Makino in Phan. Pter. Jap. Icon. t. 64. 1900; Fl. China 2−3: 286. 2013.
Distribution. India, China, Japan, Vietnam.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Hymenasplenium excisum (C.Presl) S.Linds. in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 37: 69. 2009; Fl. China
2−3: 314. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards,
http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Asplenium excisum C.Presl, Epimel. Bot.: 74. 1851; Fl. Thailand 3: 278. 1985.
— Asplenium unilaterale Lam. var. rahaoense (Hayata) Hayata, Gen. Index Fl. Formosa 103.
1917; Ferns Burma: 125. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: Mindat area, NMT NP, 22 Oct. 2011,
Law Shine 088254 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines; tropical Africa.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).

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Hymenasplenium retusulum (Ching) Viane & S.Y.Dong, Fl. China 2−3: 311. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2030 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K.
Fujikawa et al. 086523 (MBK); 5 miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling
Shein Man 088160 (MBK); NMT NP, 2215 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023771 (MBK);
023773 (MBK); 2230 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023770 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022055 (MBK); 022062 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the trail between
12 miles from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road) and Lone Pang village, NMT NP, 2554 m, 18 Feb.
2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086848 (MBK).
Distribution. China.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Note. Murakami et al. (1998) referred to morphological variation in H. obliquissimum sensu lato,‘thin laminae type’ and ‘thicker laminae type’. Thin laminae type was a monophyletic group in
the plastid gene rbcL phylogeny, but thicker laminae type which contain several species insouthern Yunnan in China (H. changputungense, H. furfuraceum, H. latidens, H. quercicola, H.
retusulum, H. szechuanense, Ching 1965) was paraphyletic and they shared the haplotypes ofrbcL and morphological variation although taxon sampling from each type localities (Murakami
et al. unpublished). Therefore, it is reasonable to treat these species as one species, H. retusulum,
Ching (1965) firstly described in the article.
This is a new record for Myanmar.

Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic.Serm.
Cyclosorus articulatus (Houlston & T.Moore) Panigrahi in Res. J. Pl. Environ. 9: 66. 1993; Fl.
China 2−3: 381. 2013.
— Thelypteris articulata (Houlston & T.Moore) Tagawa & K.Iwats. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26:
169. 1975; Fl. Thailand 3: 406. 1988.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1371 m,
15 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088223 (MBK); roadside between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan
village, NMT NP, 1575 m, 24 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097298 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 206. 1938; Fl. China
2−3: 377. 2013.
— Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P.St.John in Aemr. Fern J. 26: 44. 1936; Fl. Thailand 3: 427.
1988.

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: ca. 2-4 miles from Kanpetlet, between
Kanpetlet and Saw, 850-1450 m, 2 June 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089673 (MBK); NMT NP, ca.
1566 m, 10 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035601 (MBK); ca. 1611 m, 10 Mar. 2006, H.
Nagamasu et al. 035617 (MBK); ca. 1750-1820 m, 10 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022913 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Japan, tropical and subtropical Asia; N Africa, tropical America.
Cyclosorus procerus (D.Don) S.Linds. & D.J.Middl. in Nordic J. Bot. 30: 308. 2012; Fl. China
2−3: 379. 2013.
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP as“Christella procera (D.Don) Mazumdar”.
Cyclosorus truncatus (Poir.) Farwell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist. 12: 259. 1931; Ferns Burma: 123.
1946; Fl. China 2−3: 374. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.
2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Thelypteris truncata (Poir.) K.Iwats. in Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 31: 33.
1964; Fl. Thailand 3: 420. 1988.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023808 (MBK); around Kanpetlet, 2200 m, 29 Dec. 2012, Ling Shein Man 096024 (MBK).
Mindat Township: around Mindat, NMT NP, 2000-2300 m, 2 Mar. 2004, N. Kuroiwa et al.
030432 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; N Australia, Pacific islands (Polynesia).
Glaphyropteridopsis erubescens (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching, in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 320. 1963.
Fl. China 2−3: 357. 2013.
Distribution. Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, S Japan, N Vietnam, Philippines.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Macrothelypteris ornata (Wall. ex J.Sm.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 309. 1963; Fl. China
2−3: 339. 2013.
— Thelypteris ornata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching in Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 346. 1936;
Ferns Burma. 122. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 488. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 396. 1988.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the trail between Kanpetlet andYelong Pan village, 1262-1450 m, 13 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086633 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand.

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Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 310. 1963; Fl. China 2−3:341. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://
rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023809 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia,
Philippines; tropical and subtropical regions of America, Australia, Pacific islands.
Pronephrium nudatum (Roxb.) Holttum in Blumea 20: 111. 1972; Fl. China 2−3: 393. 2013.
— Cyclosorus nudatus (Roxb.) B.K.Nayar & S.Kaur, Companion Handb. Ferns Brit. India 66, 69.
1974; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Thelypteris nudata (Roxb.) C.V.Morton in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 38: 352. 1974; Fl. Thailand 3:
411. 1988.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053544 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines.
Pseudocyclosorus tylodes (Kunze) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 323. 1963; Fl. China 2−3:362. 2013.
— Thelypteris tylodes (Kuntze) Ching. in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 296. 1936; Ferns Burma: 122. 1946 [“xylodes”]; Fl. East. Himal.: 488. 1966 [“xylodes”]; Fl. Thailand 3: 421. 1988.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053546 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1500 m, 4 Sep.
2012, Ling Shein Man 091672 (MBK); ca. 1750-1820 m, 10 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022902(MBK); ca. 2300-2450 m, 4 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023301 (MBK); 023302 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, China, N Thailand, Vietnam, N Philippines.

Athyriaceae Alston
Anisocampium cumingianum C.Presl in Epimel. Bot. 59. 1851; Fl. China 2−3: 448. 2013.
Distribution. Sri Lanka, S India, China, Laos, Indonesia (Java), Philippines.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP as“Athyrium cumingianum (C.Presl) Ching”.

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Anisocampium cuspidatum (Bedd.) Yea C.Liu, W.L.Chiou & M.Kato in Taxon 60: 829. 2011; Fl.
China 2−3: 449. 2013; Hwang et al. in Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 45: 111. 2015.
— Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (Bedd.) Pic.Serm. in Webbia 28: 455. 1973; Fl. Thailand 3: 442. 1988.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and Saw, 606 m, 9 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053285 (MBK).
Distribution. W Himalaya, N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, N Thailand, Laos.
Athyrium anisopterum Christ in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 962. 1898; Fl. China 2−3: 464. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088472 (MBK); northern side of
Old town area, ca. 1828 m, 26 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087925 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053398 (MBK); along the roadside between 4 and 6 miles from
Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053043 (MBK); NMT NP, 2415 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023718 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022057 (MBK); along the roadside between the Chin Village
Resort and the entrance to the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 2430-2540 m, 5 Dec.
2002, J. Murata et al. 025014 (MBK); along the road between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp,
NMT NP, 2600 m, 10 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053575 (MBK); along the walking trail between
16 miles base camp of Natma Taung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 28003000 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053495 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.
Athyrium atkinsonii Beddome in Suppl. Ferns S. Ind. 11. 1876; Fl. China 2−3: 496. 2013.
Distribution. N Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, S Korea, Japan.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Athyrium biserrulatum Christ in Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 17: 135-136. 1907; Fl. China 2−3:459. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053397 (MBK); along the walking trail between 16 miles base camp of NatmaTaung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2800-3000 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053497 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C.Chr. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26: 296. 1931; Ferns Burma:Lycophytes & Pteridophytes123. 1946; Fl. Thailand 3: 446. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 458. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053556 (MBK); Yelong Pan village, NMT
NP, 1371 m, 15 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088224 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1650-1800 m, 8 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022862 (MBK); ca. 1803 m, 6 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035443(MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt.
Victoria), NMT NP, 2080-2660 m, 30 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089605 (MBK); along theroadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP,
2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053382 (MBK); 053385 (MBK); 2600 m, 10 Dec. 2008,
M. Matsumoto 053571 (MBK); 053576 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Athyrium drepanopterum (Kunze) A.Braun ex Milde, Fil. Eur. 49. 1867; Ferns Burma: 123.
1946; Fl. China 2−3: 463. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: 7 miles from the entrance of National
Park, NMT NP, ca. 2400 m, 5 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090102 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Vietnam, Philippines.
Athyrium falcatum Bedd. in Ferns S. India t. 151. 1863; Ferns Burma: 123.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023812 (MBK).
Distribution. India.
Athyrium mackinnoniorum (C.Hope) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 143. 1905; Fl. China 2−3: 476. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 11 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022936 (MBK); along the walking trail between 16 miles base camp ofNatma Taung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2800-3000 m, 13 Aug. 2008,
K. Fujikawa et al. 053493 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the trail between 12 miles from
Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road) and Lone Pang village, NMT NP, 2554 m, 18 Feb. 2012, K.
Fujikawa et al. 086849 (MBK).
Distribution. Afghanistan, Pakistan, N India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Athyrium roseum Christ in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 961. 1898; Fl. China 2−3: 486. 2013.
Distribution. China.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Deparia boryana (Willd.) M.Kato in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 90: 36. 1977; Fl. China 2−3: 425. 2013.

75

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1— Athyrium boryanum Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 144. 1935; Ferns Burma: 122. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053547 (MBK); NMT NP, 2640 m, 7 June
2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023775 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines; Africa.
Deparia wilsonii (Christ) X.C.Zhang, Lycophytes Ferns China 391. 2012; Fl. China 2−3: 432.
2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: road between Kanpetlet and Mindat,ca. 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2300 m, 25 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051262 (MBK);
along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria),
NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053395 (MBK). Mindat Township: 37 miles
from Mindat, between Mindat and Matupi (Mindat-Matupi Road), NMT NP, 2450-2545 m, 31
Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094735 (MBK).
Distribution. China.
Note. This is a new record for Myanmar.
Diplazium bellum (C.B.Clarke) Bir in Mehra & Bir, Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. Sci., n.s. 15: 148.
1964; Fl. East. Himal.: 474. 1966; Fl. China 2−3: 509. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: above Kanpetlet near old town
village, NMT NP, ca. 1755 m, 1 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090014 (MBK); 4-8 miles fromtentrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt.
Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089525 (MBK); NMT NP,
2305 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023764 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata
et al. 022051 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 18 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP,
2373 m, 21 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050064 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. in J. Bot. 1801(2): 312. 1803; Fl. Thailand 3: 466. 1988; Fl.
China 2−3: 505. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012
onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: Mindat area, NMT NP, 18 Apr. 2012,
Law Shine 088427 (MBK).
Distribution. Tropical Asia, subtropical and tropical Polynesia.
Diplazium maximum (D.Don) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 235. 1905.

77

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053545 (MBK); roadside between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1510 m, 24 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097251 (MBK); NMT
NP, ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022065 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, China, S Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines; tropical Australia, Pacific islands (Polynesia).
Diplazium muricatum (Mett.) Alderw., Malayan Ferns: 829. 1909; Fl. East. Himal.: 474. 1966;
Fl. Thailand 3: 461. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 511. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand,
Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1,
2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: around Mindat, NMT NP, 2000-2300 m,
2 Mar. 2004, N. Kuroiwa et al. 030430 (MBK); track through forest from 16 miles basecamp to
Hilong village joining up with main road from Mindat at around 14 miles walking back up to 16
miles basecamp, NMT NP, 2370 m, 4 Mar. 2014, M. Norsaengsri et al. 097564 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, China, Thailand.
Diplazium spectabile (Wall. ex Mett.) Ching in Lingnan Sc. Journ. 15: 278. 1936; Fl. China 2−3:512. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 14 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022955 (MBK). Matupi Township: track off road, approximately 2 miles
along track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan Pyang village, NMT NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar.
2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097818 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Diplazium succulentum (C.B.Clarke) C.Chr. in Index Filic. 240. 1905; Fl. China 2−3: 533. 2013.
Distribution. India, China.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.

Hypodematiaceae Ching
Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn & Decken in Kersten, Reisen. Ost-Afr. 3(3): 37. 1879;
Ferns Burma: 122. 1946; Fl. Thailand 3: 437. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 536. 2013; Hwang et al. in
Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 45: 112. 2015; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.
2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Makyauk Ar village area, ca. 1371 m,
24 Dec. 2011, Ling Shein Man 088050 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and Kyat

78

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Chan village, NMT NP, 2000 m, 3 Jan. 2013, Ling Shein Man 096108 (MBK). Mindat Township:around Chi Chaung river (Chi river), NMT NP, 4 Mar. 2013, M. Matsumoto 091238 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, China, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines; Africa, SW andsubtropical regions of Asia.
Leucostegia immersa C.Presl, Tent. Pterid.: 95. 1836; Ferns Burma: 131. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.:
469. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 169. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 539. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns ofThailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved
Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053555 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1500 m, 4 Sep.
2012, Ling Shein Man 091666 (MBK); along the walking trail between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan
village, NMT NP, 1552 m, 2 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053098 (MBK); along the walking
trail between 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria),
NMT NP, 2260 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053485 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New
Guinea; Pacific islands (Polynesia).
Note. This species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) as “Leucostegia truncata(D.Don) Fraser-Jenk.”.

Dryopteridaceae Herter
Arachniodes henryi (Christ) Ching in Acta Bot. Sin. 10: 258. 1962; Fl. Thailand 3: 342, f. 30.7-8.
1988; Fl. China 2−3: 558. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.
2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053553 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Thailand, N Vietnam.
Arachniodes simulans (Ching) Ching in Acta Bot. Sin. 10: 259. 1962; Fl. China 2−3: 558. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 2305 m, 6 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023763 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 18 miles from Kanpetlet,
NMT NP, 2373 m, 21 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050065 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Japan.
Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18: 49. 1959; Fl. East. Himal.: 472.
1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 318. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 715. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns ofThailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Aug. 1, 2016.
— Egenofolia sinensis (Baker) Maxon in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 36: 173. 1923; Ferns
Burma: 121. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053549 (MBK); between Kanpetlet andMakyauk Ar village, NMT NP, 1475 m, 27 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091075 (MBK);
above Kanpetlet near old town village, NMT NP, ca. 1755 m, 1 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
090013 (MBK). Mindat Township: near Mindat, 1200 m, 8 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085207(MBK). Matupi Township: Pong Thsala waterfall on Laemio river, approximately 3 miles from
Tisawn village, NMT NP, 1283 m, 8 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097666 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda
Islands.
Ctenitis decurrentipinnata (Ching) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 291–292. 1938;
Fl. China 2−3: 559. 2013; Thet et al. in Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 46: 286. 2016.
Distribution. China, Vietnam, Philippines.
Note. The species was reported by Thet Yu Nwe et al. (2016) from Natma Taung NP.
Ctenitis subglandulosa (Hance) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 302. 1938; Fl. China
2−3: 561. 2013.
— Ctenitis rhodolepis (C.B.Clarke) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 8: 300. 1938; Ferns
Burma: 120. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 2540 m, 8 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023798 (MBK); ca. 2900-3050 m, 9 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022885 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines; SE Asia.
Dryopteris atrata (Wall. ex Kunze) Ching in Sinensia 3: 326. 1933; Ferns Burma: 119. 1946; Fl.
East. Himal.: 475. 1966; Fl. China 2−3: 578. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2030 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086528 (MBK); 2330 m, 12 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086032 (MBK); 5 miles
from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088161 (MBK); 4-8 miles
from tentrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt.
Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089553 (MBK); NMT NP,
2360 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023707 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata
et al. 022050 (MBK); 022061 (MBK); ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022042 (MBK).
Mindat Township: between Ohn village and Lone Pan village, NMT NP, 2155 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P.
Srisanga et al. 097634 (MBK).

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).
Dryopteris caroli-hopei Fraser-Jenkins in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 18(5): 422. 1989. Fl.
China 2−3: 596. 2013.
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Dryopteris chrysocoma (Christ) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 257. 1905; Ferns Burma: 119. 1946; Fl.
East. Himal.: 476. 1966; Fl. China 2−3: 583. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053394 (MBK); along the walking trail between 16 miles base camp of NatmaTaung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2900 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa
et al. 053488 (MBK); 053490 (MBK); NMT NP, 2980 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023743(MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Dryopteris cochleata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 258. 1905; Ferns Burma: 119.
1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 476. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 347. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 594. 2013; Hwang etal. in Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 45: 112. 2015; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos andCambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053823 (MBK); along the roadside between
Kanpetlet and Saw Long, NMT NP, 1245 m, 26 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091037(MBK); between Kanpetlet and Kantar Yon village, 1310 m, 12 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al.
085279 (MBK); along foot path between Makyauk Ar village and Kyat Chan village, NMT NP,
1345-1520 m, 10 Sep. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 095373 (MBK); along the trail between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 1450-1262 m, 13 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086608 (MBK). Mindat
Township: Mindat, NMT NP, 26 Feb. 2009, M. Matsumoto 053587 (MBK). MAGWAY REGION.
Saw Township: ca. 459 m, 8 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035505 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia,
Philippines.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Dryopteris fructuosa (Christ) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 267. 1905; Fl. China 2−3: 593. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka etLycophytes & Pteridophytes

al. 023803 (MBK); ca. 1800-2750 m, 14 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022952 (MBK); ca. 1803 m, 6
Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035439 (MBK); 2675 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023749(MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2400 m, 26
May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051307 (MBK); 7 miles from the entrance of National Park, NMT
NP, ca. 2400 m, 5 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090101 (MBK). Mindat Township: a roadbetween Mindat and Saw, 2 Mar. 2004, N. Kuroiwa et al. 030452 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).
Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 270. 1905; Ferns Burma: 120. 1946; Fl.
Thailand 3: 350. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 619. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laosand Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: 4-8 miles from tentrance of National
Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca.
2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089526 (MBK); NMT NP, 2210 m, 6 June 2002,
N. Tanaka et al. 023762 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022047 (MBK);
road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 18 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2373 m, 21 Feb.
2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050063 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, China, S Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines.
Dryopteris lepidopoda Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 161, 1914; Fl. China 2−3: 586. 2013.
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Note. The species was reported by Thet Yu Nwe et al. (2019) from Natma Taung NP.

Dryopteris marginata (C.B.Clarke) Christ in Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 212. 1907; Ferns Burma: 120.
1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 476. 1966; Fl. China 2−3: 596. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1650-1800 m, 8 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022870 (MBK); ca. 1803 m, 6 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035438(MBK); ca. 1829 m, 11 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022927 (MBK); northern side of Old town
area, ca. 1828 m, 26 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087911A (MBK); 087912 (MBK); 087915 (MBK);
water resort area, near Kanpetlet, ca. 1837 m, 4 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088094 (MBK); roadbetween Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2300 m, 24 May 2007, N.
Kuroiwa et al. 051218 (MBK); along the road between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT
NP, 2600 m, 10 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053570 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).

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Dryopteris paleolata (Pic.Serm.) Li Bing Zhang in Taxon 61: 1208. 2012; Fl. China 2−3: 621.
2013.
— Acrophorus stipellatus (Wall.) T.Moore in Gard. Chron. 1854: 135. 1854; Ferns Burma: 131.
1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 470. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 328. 1988.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053392 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8 miles from Kanpetlet,
NMT NP, 2400 m, 26 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051304 (MBK); road through park, walking
along the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et
al. 097021 (MBK); along the road between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT NP, 2600 m,
10 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053583 (MBK); along the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP,
ca. 2750-3050 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 024893 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Vietnam, Philippines.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Dryopteris peranema Li Bing Zhang in Taxon. 61: 1211. 2012; Fl. China 2−3: 627. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: 14 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088184(MBK); 2620 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023774 (MBK); ca. 2989 m, 5 Mar. 2006, H.
Nagamasu et al. 035371 (MBK); along the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 27503050 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 024891 (MBK). Mindat Township: roadside approximately
40 miles from Mindat (approximately 24 miles from 16 miles basecamp), NMT NP, 2480 m, 1
Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097447 (MBK); 37 miles from Mindat, along the road between
Mindat and Matupi (Mindat-Matupi road), NMT NP, 2530 m, 17 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
086115 (MBK); along the trail between 12 miles from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road) and Lone
Pang village, NMT NP, 2554 m, 18 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086847 (MBK); 086852 (MBK).
Distribution. Himalaya, China.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Dryopteris pseudocaenopteris (Kunze) Li Bing Zhang in Taxon 61: 1209. 2012; Fl. China 2−3:624. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 14 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022946 (MBK); 2415 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023717 (MBK); ca.
2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022045 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles
from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088133 (MBK); along theroad between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT NP, 2600 m, 10 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto
053580 (MBK); ca. 13 miles from entrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat
seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089395 (MBK). Mindat
Township: along new road towards Maha Myaing village, NMT NP, 2526 m, 27 Feb. 2014, P.
Srisanga et al. 097333 (MBK); Matupi Township: track off road, approximately 2 miles along

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan Pyang village, NMT NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar. 2014, P.
Srisanga et al. 097823 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines, New Guinea.
Dryopteris pteridoformis Christ in Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 17: 137. 1907; Fl. China 2−3:595. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022066 (MBK).
Distribution. India, China.
Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching in Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 6: 3. 1933; Fl. China 2−3:576. 2013.
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813. 1891; Ferns Burma: 132. 1946; Fl.
East. Himal.: 476. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 352. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 602. 2013; Lindsay &Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/
thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and Saw Loung village, NMT NP, 1245 m, 26 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091037A(MBK); NMT NP, ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022053 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. in Bot. Not. 1953: 352. 1953; Fl. China 2−3: 588. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023804 (MBK); 2415 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023714 (MBK); 2530 m, 8 June 2002,
N. Tanaka et al. 023802 (MBK); 2890 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023746 (MBK); ca. 29003050 m, 9 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022876 (MBK); 022887 (MBK); 022888 (MBK); 2920 m, 3
June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023745 (MBK); ca. 2956 m, 5 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035369(MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2286 m, 9 Jan.
2012, Ling Shein Man 088143 (MBK); road through park, walking along the road 1 mile to 7
miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097029 (MBK); along
the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 2750-3050 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al.
024892 (MBK); along the walking trail between 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung and summitof Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2800-3000 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053498

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1(MBK); 2900 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053489 (MBK); 053491 (MBK); summit ofNatma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 3035 m, 18 Jan. 2011, K. Fujikawa et al. 084061 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Malaysia.
Reproductive mode. apogamous (32 spores/sporangium).
Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore, Index Filic.: 5. 1857; Fl. Thailand 3: 305. 1988;
Lindsay et al. in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 37: 76. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 721. 2013; Lindsay &Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/
thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053558A (MBK); trail between 4 and 6 miles
from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088478 (MBK); 088487(MBK); along the walking trail between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1552 m, 2Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053097 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 6 miles
from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2100 m, 24 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051219 (MBK); along theroadside between the Chin Village Resort and the entrance to the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria,
NMT NP, ca. 2430-2540 m, 5 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025012 (MBK); along unpaved roadbetween 6 miles and 7 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2490 m, 15 Sep. 2013, K.
Fujikawa et al. 095540 (MBK). Mindat Township: along foot path between 14 miles junction from
Mindat and Hilong village, NMT NP, 1670-2445 m, 2 Sep. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094938(MBK); along the walking trail between Hilong village and the junction of 14 miles from Mindat,
NMT NP, 1740 m, 5 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053136 (MBK). Matupi Township: road from
Matupi to Palatwa, NMT NP, 1821 m, 10 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097803 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, S India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; E
Africa, Madagascar.
Note. This is a new record for Myanmar.
Elaphoglossum marginatum (Wall. ex F´ee) T.Moore, Index Fil. 11. 1857; Fl. China 2−3: 722.
2013.
Distribution. Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Polystichum acutidens Christ in Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 11: 259. 1902; Fl. China 2−3: 712.
2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: roadside between Matupi and Mindat,
approximately 12 miles from Matupi walking downhill towards the Laemio river, NMT NP, 920
m, 12 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097886 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, China, Thailand, N Vietnam.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Polystichum attenuatum Tagawa & K.Iwats. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 23: 113. 1968; Fl. Thailand 3: 335. 1988; Fl. China 2−3: 655. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos andCambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 2395 m, 3 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023710 (MBK); 2530 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023801 (MBK); ca. 2585 m, 4Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035339 (MBK); 2670 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023757(MBK); 2675 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023751 (MBK); ca. 2860 m, 9 Mar. 2002, J. Murata
et al. 022895 (MBK); ca. 2900-3050 m, 9 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022896 (MBK); along theroad between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT NP, 2600 m, 10 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto
053574 (MBK); ca. 13 miles from entrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089418 (MBK); along unpaved
road between 8 miles and 10 miles base camp from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2680 m,
22 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094235 (MBK); along the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT
NP, ca. 2750-3050 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 024894 (MBK). Mindat Township: along thetrail between 12 miles from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road) and Lone Pang village, NMT NP, 2500m, 18 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086133 (MBK); 2554 m, 18 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
086846 (MBK).
Distribution. NE India, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Polystichum discretum (D.Don) J.Sm. in J. Bot. (Hooker) 3: 413. 1841; Fl. China 2−3: 658. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 11 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022937 (MBK); 2640 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023776 (MBK); ca.
2656 m, 4 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035336 (MBK); 4-8 miles from tentrance of National
Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca.
2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089548 (MBK); along the roadside between
Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug.
2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053402 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 10-12 miles from
Kanpetlet , NMT NP, 2677 m, 29 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051384 (MBK); 10-11 miles fromthe entrance of National Park, along the roadside between Kanpetlet and Mindat, NMT NP, ca.
2700 m, 20 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086169 (MBK); 086171 (MBK); northen side area ofNatma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2743 m, 19 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087862A(MBK). Mindat Township: around Mindat, NMT NP, 2000-2300 m, 2 Mar. 2004, N. Kuroiwa et
al. 030436 (MBK); roadside approximately 40 miles from Mindat (approximately 24 miles from16 miles basecamp), NMT NP, 2480 m, 1 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097448 (MBK); along thetrail between 12 miles from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road) and Lone Pang village, NMT NP, 2554
m, 18 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086850 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).

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Polystichum hookerianum (C.Presl) C.Chr., Index Filic.: 67. 1905; Fl. China 2−3: 690. 2013.
— Cyrtomium hookerianum (C.Presl) C.Chr., Index Suppl.: 101. 1930; Ferns Burma.: 120. 1946;
Fl. East. Himal.: 473. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 2230 m, 6 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023760 (MBK). Mindat Township: around Mindat, NMT NP, 2000-2300 m, 2 Mar.
2004, N. Kuroiwa et al. 030433 (MBK); along the roadside Hilon village, Mindat, the NMT NP,
ca. 2300-2500 m, 28 Apr. 2003, J. Murata et al. 029261 (MBK); track through forest from 16
miles basecamp to Hilong village joining up with main road from Mindat at around 14 miles
walking back up to 16 miles basecamp, NMT NP, 2370 m, 4 Mar. 2014, M. Norsaengsri et al.
097565 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, N Vietnam.
Polystichum piceopaleaceum Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 255. 1936; Fl. China 2−3:672. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1803 m, 6 Mar. 2006,
H. Nagamasu et al. 035441 (MBK); 2415 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023715 (MBK); 2420
m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023720 (MBK); ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al.
022041 (MBK); 2530 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023800 (MBK); ca. 2602 m, 4 Mar. 2006,
H. Nagamasu et al. 035342 (MBK); 2675 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023752 (MBK); ca.
2900-3050 m, 9 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022889 (MBK); ca. 13 miles from entrance of
National Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28 May 2012, K.
Fujikawa et al. 089421 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 10-12 miles from Kanpetlet,
NMT NP, 2772 m, 29 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051411 (MBK).
Distribution. NE Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Polystichum semifertile (C.B.Clarke) Ching in Lingnan Sci. J. 15: 398. 1936; Fl. Thailand 3: 338.
1988; Fl. China 2−3: 658. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.
2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Old Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 1 Mar.
2009, M. Matsumoto 053588 (MBK); along the roadside near the Chin Village Resort, NMT NP,
ca. 1750-2700 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025152 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 11Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022931 (MBK); 2420 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023721 (MBK);
ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022046 (MBK); ca. 2457 m, 6 Mar. 2006, H.
Nagamasu et al. 035433 (MBK); ca. 2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022035 (MBK);
022043 (MBK); ca. 2602 m, 4 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035341 (MBK); northern side of Old
town area, ca. 1828 m, 26 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087911 (MBK); 4-8 miles from tentrance of
National Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT
NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089552 (MBK); along the roadside
between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053403 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles
base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2330 m, 12 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
086034 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 18 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP,
2373 m, 21 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050070 (MBK); road through park, walking along theroad 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097026 (MBK); along the road between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT NP, 2600 m, 10
Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053572 (MBK); 053577 (MBK); 053578 (MBK); northen side area ofNatma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2743 m, 19 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087858(MBK); 087862 (MBK). Mindat Township: around Mindat, NMT NP, 2000-2300 m, 2 Mar.
2004, N. Kuroiwa et al. 030434 (MBK); 030435 (MBK); between Ohn village and Lone Panvillage, NMT NP, 2155 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097629 (MBK); along the roadside
between Mindat and Matupi township (56miles N of Mindat), NMT NP, ca. 2400-2500 m, 17
May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030867 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Matupi
township, NMT NP, ca. 2400-2600 m, 18 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030738 (MBK); along newroad towards Maha Myaing village, NMT NP, 2526 m, 27 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097328(MBK); along the trail between 12 miles from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road) and Lone Pang
village, NMT NP, 2554 m, 18 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086851 (MBK). Matupi Township:
track off road, approximately 2 miles along track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan
Pyang village, NMT NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097815 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).
Polystichum squarrosum (D.Don) Fée in Mém. Foug. 5: 278. 1852; Fl. China 2−3: 658. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 11 Mar.
2002, J. Murata et al. 022938 (MBK); ca. 2450-2500 m, 12 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022060(MBK); ca. 2585 m, 4 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035338 (MBK); 2675 m, 3 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023748 (MBK); ca. 2700 m, 14 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088183 (MBK); 2740 m, 3
June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023750 (MBK); ca. 2789 m, 5 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035363(MBK); ca. 2900-3050 m, 9 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022880 (MBK); 022886 (MBK); ca. 2989
m, 5 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035372 (MBK); ca. 13 miles from entrance of National Park,
between Kanpetlet and Mindat seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al.
089411 (MBK); 10-11 miles from the entrance of National Park, along the roadside between
Kanpetlet and Mindat, NMT NP, ca. 2700 m, 20 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086170 (MBK);
086176 (MBK); along the walking trail between 10 miles base camp and summit of NMT, NMT
NP, 2700-3053 m, 15 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086729 (MBK); on walking trail of Mt.
Victoria, NMT NP, 2900 m, 17 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050057 (MBK); summit of NatmaTaung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 3035 m, 18 Jan. 2011, K. Fujikawa et al. 084062 (MBK). Mindat
Township: along the trail between 12 miles from Mindat (Mindat-Matupi road) and Lone Pang
village, NMT NP, 2554 m, 18 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086850A (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Reproductive mode. sexual (64 spores/sporangium).

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Nephrolepidaceae Pic.Serm.
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl, Tent. Pterid.: 79. 1836; Ferns Burma: 132. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 473. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 172. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 728. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton,
Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/
Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: between Kanpetlet and Saw, 840 m, 2
Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085048 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Korea, Japan,
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; Africa, SW
Asia, Australia, North and South America, Pacific islands.

Tectariaceae Panigrahi
Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26: 331. 1931; Ferns Burma: 121.
1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 481. 1966; Fl. China 2−3: 735. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns ofThailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved
Aug. 1, 2016.
— Tectaria christii Copel. in Phipp. J. Sci., C 2: 416. 1907; Fl. Thailand 3: 621. 1989.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053548 (MBK); NMT NP, 31 July 2002, Ling
Shein Man & Cho Cho Win 024320 (MBK); ca. 1750-1820 m, 10 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al.
022911 (MBK); along the roadside between Saw and Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 475-850 m, 14 Aug.
2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053522 (MBK); Yelong Pan stream, Yelong Pan village, ca. 914 m, 17
Dec. 2011, Ling Shein Man 088004 (MBK); between Kanpetlet and Kantar Yon village, 1200 m,
12 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085288 (MBK); along foot path and unpaved new car roadbetween Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1260-1435 m, 23 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et
al. 094331 (MBK); between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, 1445 m, 15 Sep. 2011, H.
Funakoshi et al. 085371 (MBK); 1510 m, 24 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097252 (MBK). Mindat
Township: near Mindat, along the roadside between Mindat and Kangyi, 1250 m, 19 Feb. 2012,
K. Fujikawa et al. 086860 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam,
Malaysia; tropial Africa, Madagascar.

Oleandraceae Ching ex Pic.Serm.
Oleandra musifolia (Blume) C.Presl, Epimel. Bot. 42. 1851; Fl. China 2−3: 748. 2013.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Distribution. Sri Lanka, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl, Tent. Pterid.: 78. 1836; Ferns Burma: 125. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 469. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 179. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 747. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton,
Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/
Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053558 (MBK); along the walking trail
between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1552 m, 2 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053096 (MBK); along unpaved road at 10-14 miles from entrance of National Park between
Kanpetlet and Mindat road, NMT NP, 2680 m, 28 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094587 (MBK).
Mindat Township: along foot path between 14 miles junction from Mindat and Hilong village,
NMT NP, 1670-2445 m, 2 Sep. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094961 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam.

Davalliaceae M.R.Schomb. ex A.B.Frank
Araiostegia faberiana (C.Chr.) Ching in Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 2: 293. 1959;
Fl. Thailand 3: 152. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 735. 2013.
— Leucostegia faberiana (C.Chr.) Ching in C.Chr., Index Filic., Suppl. Tert. 120. 1934; Ferns
Burma: 132. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the roadside between Kanpetlet
and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053386 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Thailand.
Araiostegia pulchra (D.Don) Copel. in Philipp. J. Sci. 34: 241. 1927; Fl. East. Himal.: 468. 1966;
Fl. Thailand 3: 154. 1985; Fl. China 2−3: 751. 2013.
— Leucostegia pulchra (D.Don) J.Sm. in London J. Bot. 1: 426. 1842; Ferns Burma: 132. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088467 (MBK); along unpaved
roadside between 2 and 3 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2075 m, 20 Aug. 2013,
K. Fujikawa et al. 094035 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base campof Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053393(MBK); NMT NP, 2565 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023785 (MBK); 2780 m, 3 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023742 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 10-12 miles from Kanpetlet,
NMT NP, 2677 m, 29 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051402 (MBK); along the walking trail

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between 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT
NP, 2850 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053492 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, N Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.

Polypodiaceae J.Presl & C.Presl
Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16: 117. 1929; Fl. East.
Himal.: 489. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 551. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 764. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton,
Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/
Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: roadside on road from Matupi to
Mindat, approximately 1 mile from Matupi walking down away from the town, NMT NP, 1019
m, 13 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097948 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, China, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia(Peninsular).
Arthromeris lehmannii (Mett.) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping. 2: 96. 1933; Ferns
Burma: 128. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 489. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 567. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 771.
2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: near Kanpetlet, 30 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053018 (MBK); along the roadside between the Chin Village Resort and the entrance
to the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, ca. 1100 m, 6 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025181(MBK); ca. 1750-2550 m, 7 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025206 (MBK); northern side of Old town
area, ca. 1828 m, 26 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087926 (MBK); water resort area, near Kanpetlet,
ca. 1828 m, 4 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088104 (MBK); NMT NP, 1935 m, 3 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023739 (MBK); 2600 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023788 (MBK); along unpaved roadside between 2 and 3 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2075 m, 20
Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094036 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines.
Arthromeris wallichiana (Spreng.) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping. 2: 92. 1933;
Ferns Burma: 128. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 490. 1966; Fl. China 2−3: 769. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the walking trail between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1552 m, 2 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053101 (MBK);a long driving road in NMT NP, 1935 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023738 (MBK); NMT NP,
2415 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023716 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, N Vietnam.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Drynaria delavayi Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 52(Mém. 1): 22. 1905; Fl. China 2−3: 768.
2013.
Distribution. Bhutan, China.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) as “Aglaomorpha delavayi(Christ) Hovenkamp & S.Linds.”.
Drynaria parishii (Bedd.) Bedd., Suppl. Ferns S. Ind.: 24. 1876; Fl. Thailand 3: 548. 1989; Lindsay
et al. in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 37: 86. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 767. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton,
Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023810 (MBK); 2315 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023734 (MBK); 2600 m, 7 June 2002,
N. Tanaka et al. 023790 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) J.Sm. ex Bedd., Ferns Brit. India 1: t. 160. 1866; Ferns
Burma: 128. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 489. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 547. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 767.
2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along foot path between Kanpetlet andParkown village, 1155 m, 7 Sep. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 095092 (MBK); Yelong Pan village,
NMT NP, ca. 1500 m, 24 May 2008, M. Matsumoto & T. Watanabe 080960 (MBK); aroundMakyauk Ar village, NMT NP, 1520 m, 3 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090472 (MBK); 4-8
miles from tentrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of NatmaTaung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089554(MBK); NMT NP, 2315 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023733 (MBK); 2360 m, 3 June 2002, N.
Tanaka et al. 023708 (MBK); 2655 m, 6 Mar. 2003, D. Hodel V16 (MBK). Mindat Township:
along the walking trail between Hilong village and 14 miles junction from Mindat (MindatMatupi road), NMT NP, 2200 m, 24 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089234 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.) Ching ex Tardieu & C.Chr. in Notul. Syst. (Paris). 6: 2.
1937; Fl. Thailand 3: 616. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 786. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns ofThailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved
Aug. 1, 2016.
— Davallia dareiformis (Hook.) Levinge ex C.B.Clarke in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 403. 1879; Fl.
East. Himal.: 468. 1966.
— Leucostegia dareiformis (Hook.) Bedd., Suppl. Ferns India: 4. 1876; Ferns Burma: 132. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles from

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entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088468 (MBK); alongunpaved roadside between 2 and 3 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2075 m, 20
Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094033 (MBK); 4-8 miles from tentrance of National Park, between
Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2200-2600 m, 29
May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089534 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles
base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053396 (MBK); 6 miles from entrance of NMT NP, along unpaved road between Kanpetlet and
10 miles base camp of National Park, NMT NP, 2400 m, 21 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094137(MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos.
Lepisorus bicolor (Takeda) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 4: 66. 1933; Fl. Thailand 3: 510.
1989; Fl. China 2−3: 819. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.
2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088464 (MBK); NMT NP, 31
July 2002, Ling Shein Man & Cho Cho Win 024307 (MBK); ca. 1500 m, 4 Sep. 2012, Ling Shein
Man 091671 (MBK); 1935 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023740 (MBK); 2600 m, 7 June 2002,
N. Tanaka et al. 023789 (MBK); between Kanpetlet and Kantar Yon village, 1310 m, 12 Sep. 2011,
H. Funakoshi et al. 085278 (MBK); Oak Pho village near Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 1525 m, 30 July
2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053001 (MBK); along the walking trail between Kanpetlet and Yelong
Pan village, NMT NP, 1552 m, 2 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053100 (MBK); along unpaved
roadside between 2 and 3 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2075 m, 20 Aug. 2013,
K. Fujikawa et al. 094029 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base campof Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053380A(MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2400 m, 26
May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051306 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 10-12 miles
from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2677 m, 29 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051397 (MBK). Mindat
Township: along the walking trail between Hilong village and the junction of 14 miles from
Mindat, NMT NP, 1740 m, 5 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053139 (MBK); along unpaved roadbetween 16 miles junction from Mindat and Lone Pang village, NMT NP, 2550 m, 1 Sep. 2013,
K. Fujikawa et al. 094810 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, China, Thailand.
Lepisorus mehrae Fraser-Jenk. in New Sp. Syndr. Indian Pteridol. 159. 1997.
Distribution. Himalaya.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.

Lepisorus nudus (Hook.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 4: 83. 1933; Fl. Thailand 3: 512.
1989; Fl. China 2−3: 819. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.
2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023811 (MBK); 2370 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023703 (MBK); 023705 (MBK); 2460
m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023724 (MBK); around Makyauk Ar village, NMT NP, 1520 m,
3 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090471 (MBK); Oak Pho village near Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 1525m, 31 May 2007, A. Maeda et al. 051451 (MBK); 3 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053542 (MBK);
along the roadside near the Kanpetlet guest house, NMT NP, ca. 1700-2030 m, 21 May 2004, N.
Tanaka et al. 030988 (MBK); water resort area, near Kanpetlet, ca. 1828 m, 4 Jan. 2012, Ling
Shein Man 088098 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp ofNatma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2080-2660 m, 30 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089622(MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2100 m, 24
May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051221 (MBK); along the walking trail between 16 miles base campof Natma Taung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2260 m, 13 Aug. 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053487 (MBK); along the road between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp, NMT
NP, 2600 m, 10 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053573 (MBK). Matupi Township: between Panine
village and Longdon village, NMT NP, 1289 m, 14 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097976 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand.
Lepisorus scolopendrium (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Mehra & Bir in Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. Sci.,
n.s. 15: 168. 1964; Fl. East. Himal.: 494. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 511. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 820. 2013;
Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.
rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the road to the entrance of thetrail to the peak of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP, 2030-2295 m, 27 June 2009, N. Tanaka & T. Yukawa
081319 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2100m, 24 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051220 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles
from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2133 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088140 (MBK); NMT NP,
2320 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023732 (MBK); 2370 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al.
023704 (MBK); 2585 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023782 (MBK); along the roadside
between 4 and 6 miles from Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July
2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053045 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8 miles from
Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2400 m, 26 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051303 (MBK); along the roadside
between the Chin Village Resort and the entrance to the trail to the top of Mt. Victoria, NMT NP,
ca. 2430-2540 m, 5 Dec. 2002, J. Murata et al. 025011 (MBK); road through park, walking along
the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097006 (MBK); ca. 13 miles from entrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat
seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089377 (MBK). Mindat
Township: between Ohn village and Lone Pan village, NMT NP, 2083 m, 6 Mar. 2014, P.
Srisanga et al. 097620 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Matupi township, NMT
NP, ca. 2400-2600 m, 18 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030704 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Indochina.
Lepisorus sublinearis (Baker ex Takeda) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 4: 78. 1933; Ferns
Burma: 127. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 494. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 512. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 821.

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2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Leptochilus ellipticus (Thunb.) Noot. var. pothifolius (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) X.C.Zhang, Lycophytes Ferns China: 653. 2012; Fl. China 2−3: 836. 2013.
— Colysis pothifolia (D.Don) C.Presl, Epimel. Bot.: 148. 1851; Ferns Burma.: 128 (1946); Fl.
Thailand 3: 512. 1989.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Yelong Pan stream, Yelong Pan village, ca. 914 m, 17 Dec. 2011, Ling Shein Man 088003 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1800-2750 m, 14
Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al. 022954 (MBK); 2230 m, 6 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023761 (MBK);
along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria),
NMT NP, 2030 m, 11 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086525 (MBK); northen side area of NatmaTaung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, ca. 2743 m, 19 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087859 (MBK). Mindat Township: roadside between 16 miles basecamp from Mindat and Ohn village, on new road
construction proposed to link with Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2274 m, 28 Feb. 2014,
P. Srisanga et al. 097389 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines.
Leptochilus hemionitideus (C.Presl) Nooteboom in Blumea 42: 285. 1997; Fl. China 2−3: 834.
2013.
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Thailand.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Loxogramme chinensis Ching in Sinensia 1: 13. 1929; Ferns Burma: 129. 1946; Fl. Thailand 3:
578. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 762. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023736 (MBK); 2355 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023700 (MBK); 2360 m, 3 June 2002,
N. Tanaka et al. 023701 (MBK); 2370 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023702 (MBK); 2495 m, 8June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023796 (MBK); 2585 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023781(MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053380 (MBK); along the roadside between 4 and 6 miles from Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July
2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053046 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, 6-8 miles from
Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2400 m, 30 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051429 (MBK); ca. 13 miles fromentrance of National Park, between Kanpetlet and Mindat seasonal road, NMT NP, 2610 m, 28
May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089393 (MBK).

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Loxogramme duclouxii Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 16: 140. 1907; Fl. China 2−3: 764.
2013.
Distribution. NE India, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, N Vietnam.
Note. The species was reported by Thet Yu Nwe et al. (2019) from Natma Taung NP.
Loxogramme involuta (D.Don) C.Presl, Tent. Pterid.: 215. 1836; Ferns Burma: 129. 1946; Fl.
East. Himal.: 495. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 577. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 763. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton,
Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Saw Loung village, 19 Jan. 2011, M.
Matsumoto & Hong Mang 084077 (MBK); NMT NP, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023735(MBK); 2495 m, 8 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023795 (MBK); 2585 m, 7 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023780 (MBK); along the roadside between 3 and 7 miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca.
2286 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088153 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet and Mindat, ca. 6
miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2300 m, 24 May 2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051216 (MBK); 6 miles
from entrance of NMT NP, along unpaved road between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of
National Park, NMT NP, 2400 m, 21 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094134 (MBK); road throughpark, walking along the road 1 mile to 7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014,
P. Srisanga et al. 097011 (MBK). Mindat Township: along the roadside between Mindat andMatupi township (56miles N of Mindat), NMT NP, ca. 2400-2500 m, 17 May 2004, N. Tanaka et
al. 030864 (MBK); along the roadside between Mindat and Matupi township, NMT NP, ca. 24002600 m, 18 May 2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030703 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, China, N Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Metapolypodium manmeiense (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 29. 1978; Fl. China
2−3: 798. 2013.
— Polypodium manmeiense Christ in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 870. 1898; Ferns Burma: 129. 1946;
Fl. Thailand 3: 568. 1989.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088470 (MBK); along theroadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP,
2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053381 (MBK); 6 miles from entrance of NMT NP,
along unpaved road between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of National Park, NMT NP, 2400
m, 21 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094152 (MBK).
Distribution. NE India, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.
Microsorum membranaceum (D.Don) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 4: 309. 1933; Ferns

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Burma: 128. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 496. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 526. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 831.
2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 2 Sep.
2012, M. Matsumoto 088482 (MBK); Saw Loung village, 1253 m, 7 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al.
053211 (MBK); along foot path and unpaved new car road between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan
village, NMT NP, 1260-1435 m, 23 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094330 (MBK); between
Kanpetlet and Kantar Yon village, 1390 m, 12 Sep. 2011, H. Funakoshi et al. 085297 (MBK).
Matupi Township: roadside between Matupi and Mindat, approximately 12 miles from Matupi
walking downhill towards the Laemio river, NMT NP, 920 m, 12 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097880 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Neolepisorus ovatus (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 99. 1964; Fl. China 2−3:806. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: a traverse route between Kanpetlet
and Yelong Pan village, 6 Dec. 2008, M. Matsumoto 053552 (MBK); between Kanpetlet andMakyauk Ar village, NMT NP, 1475 m, 27 Feb. 2013, S. Sangvirotjanaphat et al. 091073 (MBK);
around Makyauk Ar village, NMT NP, 1520 m, 3 Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090474 (MBK);
along the roadside between Makyauk Ar village and Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2000 m, 31 Dec. 2012,
Ling Shein Man 096048 (MBK).
Distribution. China, Vietnam.
Note. This is a new record for Myanmar.
Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic.Serm. in Webbia 28: 460. 1973; Fl. China 2−3: 828.
2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel. in Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 14:112. 1929; Fl. Thailand 3: 533. 1989.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along unpaved roadside between 2
and 3 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2075 m, 20 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al.
094034 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, India, China, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Thailand, Vietnam Malaysia,
Philippines, Papua New Guinea; Africa, Australia, Pacific islands (Polynesia).
Platycerium wallichii Hook. in Gard. Chron. 1585: 765. 1858; Ferns Burma: 126. 1946; Fl.
Thailand 3: 488. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 796. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laosand Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: roadside on Kanpetlet to Saw road,approximately 6 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 739 m, 22 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097108(MBK); NMT NP, ca. 790 m, 27 Apr. 2003, J. Murata et al. 029723 (MBK); ca. 2-4 miles from
Kanpetlet, between Kanpetlet and Saw, 850-1450 m, 2 June 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089678(MBK). MAGWAY REGION. Saw Township: Kangyi village, ca. 485 m, 25 June 2009, N.
Tanaka & T. Yukawa 081168 (MBK).
Distribution. E India, China, Thailand, Malaysia.
Polypodiastrum argutum (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 28. 1978; Fl. China
2−3: 799. 2013.
— Polypodium argutum Wall. ex Hook., Sp. Fil. 5: 32 1864; Ferns Burma: 128. 1946; Fl. East.
Himal.: 496. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 572. 1989.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088469 (MBK); alongunpaved roadside between 2 and 3 miles from entrance of National Park, NMT NP, 2075 m, 20
Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094028 (MBK); 094055 (MBK); along the roadside between
Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug.
2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053388 (MBK); 6 miles from entrance of NMT NP, along unpaved roadbetween Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of National Park, NMT NP, 2400 m, 21 Aug. 2013, K.
Fujikawa et al. 094151 (MBK).
Distribution. Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, China, Thailand.
Polypodiodes amoena (Wall. ex Mett.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 27. 1978; Fl. China 2−3:803. 2013.
— Goniophlebium amoenum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd., Ferns Brit. India 1: 5. 1865; Lindsay &Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/
thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett., Farngatt. Polypod.: 80. 1857; Fl. East. Himal.: 496. 1966;
Fl. Thailand 3: 569. 1989.
— Polypodium amoenum Wall., Numer. List: no. 290. 1829; Ferns Burma: 128. 1946.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088473 (MBK); NMT NP, 6
June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023758 (MBK); 2395 m, 3 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023709(MBK); along the roadside between 4 and 6 miles from Kanpetlet to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria),
NMT NP, 2340 m, 31 July 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053041 (MBK); 6 miles from entrance of
NMT NP, along unpaved road between Kanpetlet and 10 miles base camp of National Park, NMT
NP, 2400 m, 21 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094153 (MBK); road between Kanpetlet andMindat, 10-12 miles from Kanpetlet, NMT NP, 2677 m, 29 May 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051404(MBK). Mindat Township: 37 miles from Mindat, between Mindat and Matupi (Mindat-MatupiRoad), NMT NP, 2450-2545 m, 31 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094734 (MBK).

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Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Polypodiodes lachnopus (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 27. 1978; Fl. China
2−3: 802. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, ca. 1500 m, 4 Sep. 2012,
Ling Shein Man 091685 (MBK); along unpaved roadside between 2 and 3 miles from entrance of
National Park, NMT NP, 2075 m, 20 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094027 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Note. This is a new record for Myanmar.
Pyrrosia flocculosa (D.Don) Ching in Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1: 66. 1935; Ferns Burma: 129. 1946;
Fl. East. Himal.: 498. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 503. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 792. 2013; Lindsay &Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/
thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: NMT NP, 9 June 2002, N. Tanaka et
al. 023813 (MBK). Matupi Township: Pong Thsala waterfall on Laemio river, approximately 3
miles from Tisawn village, NMT NP, 1283 m, 8 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097690 (MBK).
Distribution. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Pyrrosia mannii (Gies.) Ching in Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1: 55. 1935; Fl. East. Himal.: 498. 1966;
Fl. Thailand 3: 502. 1989; Fl. China 2−3: 803. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand,
Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1,
2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Mindat Township: Thaing Teet Villege, NMT NP, 1672 m,
9 Jan. 2014, Law Shine 098034 (MBK). Matupi Township: roadside between Matupi and Mindat,
approximately 12 miles from Matupi walking downhill towards the Laemio river, NMT NP, 920
m, 12 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097887 (MBK); road from Matupi to Palatwa, NMT NP, 1821m, 10 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097801 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Pyrrosia mollis (Kunze) Ching in Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1: 53. 1935; Ferns Burma: 129. 1946; Fl.
East. Himal.: 498. 1966; Fl. Thailand 3: 501. 1989.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: water resort area, near Kanpetlet, ca.
1828 m, 4 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088097 (MBK).
Distribution. Sri Lanka, Himalaya, SW China, Thailand, Indochina.
Pyrrosia stenophylla (Bedd.) Ching in Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1: 55. 1935; Fl. China 2−3: 794.
2013.

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along foot path and unpaved new car
road between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1260-1435 m, 23 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa
et al. 094335 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Selliguea ebenipes (Hook.) S.Lindsay, Edinburgh J. Bot. 66: 356. 2009; Fl. China 2−3: 781. 2013.
Distribution. Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, China, Thailand.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Selliguea incisocrenata (Ching ex W.M.Chu & S.G.Lu) S.G.Lu, Hovenkamp & M.G.Gilbert, Fl.
China 2−3: 782. 2013.
Distribution. China.
Note. The species was reported by Phyo Kay Khine et al. (2017) from Natma Taung NP.
Selliguea oxyloba (Wall. ex Kunze) Fraser-Jenk., Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes 44. 2008; Fl. China 2−3: 779. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos andCambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Crypsinus oxylobus (Wall. ex Kunze) Sledge in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 2: 145. 1960;
Fl. Thailand 3: 559. 1989.
— Phymatodes oxyloba (Wall. ex Kunze) C.Presl ex Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad.
Peiping 2: 67. 1933; Ferns Burma: 127. 1946; Fl. East. Himal.: 492. 1966.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: trail between 4 and 6 miles fromentrance of National Park, NMT NP, 28 Aug. 2012, M. Matsumoto 088466 (MBK); along thewalking trail between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village, NMT NP, 1552 m, 2 Aug. 2008, K.
Fujikawa et al. 053099 (MBK); along the roadside between Kanpetlet and 16 miles base camp ofNatma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2300 m, 11 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053389 (MBK);
6 miles from entrance of NMT NP, along unpaved road between Kanpetlet and 10 miles basecamp of National Park, NMT NP, 2400 m, 21 Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094136 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Vietnam.
Selliguea rhynchophylla (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk., Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental
Pteridophytes 48. 2008; Fl. China 2−3: 775. 2013; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laosand Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
— Crypsinus rhynchophyllus (Hook.) Copel., Gen. Fil.: 20. 1947; Fl. Thailand 3: 556. 1989.
— Phymatodes rhynchophylla (Hook.) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 2: 69. 1933;
Ferns Burma: 127. 1946.

99

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: road from Matupi to Palatwa, NMT NP,
1821 m, 10 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097799 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines.
Tomophyllum donianum (Spreng.) Fraser-Jenk. & Parris, Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental
Pteridophytes 75. 2008; Fl. China 2−3: 850. 2013.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: along the walking trail between 16
miles base camp of Natma Taung and summit of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), NMT NP, 2260 m,
13 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053486 (MBK); 6 miles from Kanpetlet to NMT NP, ca. 2286 m,
9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088168 (MBK); road through park, walking along the road 1 mile to7 miles from Park Office, NMT NP, 2474 m, 20 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097025 (MBK).
Distribution. N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China.
Tricholepidium normale (D.Don) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 29: 43. 1978; Fl. China 2−3:805. 2013.
— Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tagawa in J. Jap. Bot. 27: 217. 1952; Fl. Thailand 3: 523.
1989; Lindsay & Middleton, Ferns of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2012 onwards, http://rbgweb2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/ Retrieved Aug. 1, 2016.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: track off road, approximately 2 miles
along track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right to Chan Pyang village, NMT NP, 1676 m, 11 Mar.
2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097817 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.

Acknowledgements
I wish to thank Dr. A. Ebihara of National Museum of Nature and Science, Dr. N. Murakami ofTokyo Metropolitan University, Dr. Phyo Kay Khine and Dr. Tao Fujiwara of Xishuanbanna
Tropical Botanical Gaeden for their kind suggestions and helps of identif ication in
Hymenophyllaceae and Aspleniaceae.

References
Ching, R.C. 1965. Asplenium unilaterale Lam. and its confused species in China. Acta Phytotax.
Sin. 10: 183–191.
Dickason, F.G. 1946. The ferns of Burma. Ohio J. Sci. 46: 109–401.
Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2013. Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae. in: Wu, Z.Y.,
Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of China, vol. 2–3, 959 pp. Science Press & Missouri
Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
Manton, I. 1950. Problems of cytology and evolution in the Pteridophyta. 316 pp. Cambridge

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

University Press, Cambridge.
Murakami, N., Yokoyama, J., Cheng, X., Iwasaki, H., Imaichi, R. & Iwatsuki, K. 1998. Molecular
α-taxonomy of Hymenasplenium obliquissimum complex (Aspleniaceae) based on rbcL
sequence comparisons. Plant Spec. Biol. 13: 51–56.
Phyo Kay Khine, Fraser-Jenkins, C., Lindsay, S., Middleton, D., Miehe, G., Thomas, P. & Kluge,
J. 2017. A contribution toward the knowledge of ferns and lycophytes from northern andnorthwestern Myanmar. Am. Fern J. 107: 219–256.
Thet Yu Nwe. 2009. Diversity of ferns and its identification in Kyaik-hti-yoe Wildlife Sanctuary.
146 pp. PhD dissertation, Yangon University, Yangon, Myanmar.
Thet Yu Nwe, Moon, M.-O., Hwang, I.C., Lee, S.-H. & Sun, B.-Y. 2016. New records of ferns in
the flora of Myanmar found in Natma Taung National Park in the Chin State. Korean J. Pl.
Taxon. 46: 283−287.
Thet Yu Nwe, Moon, M.-O., Lee, S.-H. & Sun, B.-Y. 2019. Newly recorded ferns from the flora of
Myanmar in Natma Taung National Park. Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 49: 8−12.
Yatabe, Y., Shinohara, W., Matsumoto, S. & Murakami, N. 2009. Patterns of hybrid formation
among cryptic species of bird-nest fern, Asplenium nidus complex (Aspleniaceae), in West
Malesia. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 160: 42–63.

101

103

Gymnosperms
Kazumi Fujikawa 1

A total of 76 taxa of Gymnosperms belonging to nine families was reported from Myanmar(Kress et al. 2003, Yang et al. 2020). In Natma Taung, five families, six genera and seven species
were recorded and enumerated below. Family order was followed by Christenhusz et al. (2011),
and genera and species in a family were arranged in alphabetical order. Localities of each species
listed in IUCN Red List as CR, EN and VU were excluded.

Cycadaceae Pers.
Kazumi Fujikawa

Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham. in Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 322. 1826; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma
2: 503. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 657. 1890; Smitinand, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 190. 1972; Hill &Yang in Brittonia 49: 56. 1999; Chen & Stevenson in Fl. China 4: 7. 1999; Kress et al. in Contr.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 34. 2003.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: 1289 m, 14 March 2014, P. Srisanga et
al. 097978 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.

Gnetaceae Lindl.
Akihiro Seo 2

Gnetum latifolium Blume var. funiculare (Blume) Markgr. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg sér. 3,
10: 463. 1930; Markgraf, Fl. Malesiana I 4: 343. 1951; Phengklai in Fl. Thailand 2 (3): 210. 1975.
— Gnetum funiculare Blume in Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 1: 162. 1834; Kurz, Forest Fl.
Burma 2: 496. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 643. 1890.
— Gnetum kinglanum Gamble in Kew Bull. 92. 1915.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: Saw Loung village, 23 Apr. 2003, J.
Murata et al. 029118a (MBK); 029118b (MBK); near Kanpetlet, 1000-1200 m, 3 Mar. 2004, N.
Kuroiwa et al. 030460 (MBK); along the roadside between Maswati road and Kanpetlet, 1100 m,
21 June 2013, Ling Shein Man 092837 (MBK).
Distributions. Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.
Gnetum montanum Markgr. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg sér. 3, 10: 466. 1930; Phengklai in Fl.
Thailand 2 (3): 209. 1975; Fu et al. in Fl. China 4: 104. 1999; Kress et al. in Contr. U.S. Natl.
1 The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan. Email: saussure@makino.or.jp
2

The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan. Email: akiseo@makino.or.jp

104

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Herb. 45: 34. 2003.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: between Kanpetlet and Saw, ca. 914
m, 9 Apr. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087322 (MBK); ca. 4 miles from Kanpetlet, 1000 m, 25 May
2007, N. Kuroiwa et al. 051232 (MBK); between Kanpetlet and Parkown village, 1155 m, 7 Sep.
2011, Hong Mang et al. 085185 (MBK); along the trail between Kanpetlet and Yelong Pan village,
1450-1262 m, 1 June 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089625 (MBK); near Kanpetlet, ca. 1600 m, 20 May
2004, N. Tanaka et al. 030905 (MBK). Matupi Township: roadside between Matupi and Mindat,
approximately 12 miles from Matupi walking downhill towards the Laemio river, 920 m, 12 Mar.
2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097877 (MBK).
Distribution. Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, Bangladesh, S China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia,
Vietnam.

Pinaceae Lind.
Kazumi Fujikawa

Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon in Loud. Gard. Mag. 16: 8. 1840; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 499.
1877; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 652. 1890; Phengklai in Fl. Thailand 2(3): 194. 1972; Fu et al. in
Fl. China 4: 15. 1999; Kress et al. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 35. 2003.
—Pinus insularis Endl. var. khasyana (Griffiths) Silba in Phytologia 68: 51. 1990.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: around Oak Pho village, 1600 m, 3
Dec. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 090496 (MBK); NMT NP, ca. 1750-1850 m, 8 Mar. 2002, J. Murata
et al. 022422 (MBK); ca. 2300-2450 m, 4 June 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023329 (MBK); ca. 2698 m,
6 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035542 (MBK); Old Town area, ca. 1828 m, 14 Feb. 2011, Ling
Shein Man 087108 (MBK); a road from entrance of trail to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria) to
Mindat, 2100-2200 m, 29 Feb. 2004, N. Kuroiwa et al. 030355 (MBK); along the roadside
between an entrance of trail to Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria) and Chin Resort Guest House, 2310
m, 24 Mar. 2006, K. Fujikawa & A. Nomachi 035936 (MBK); around 10 miles base camp ofNatma Taung (Mt. Victoria), 2710 m, 12 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086590 (MBK). Mindat
Township: along the roadside between 35 miles and 56 miles (Mindat-Matupi car road), 2400 m,
24 July 2013, Mu Mu Aung & Law Shine 092702 (MBK); roadside 36 miles from Mindat, walking
back towards Mindat and 16 miles basecamp, 2470 m, 2 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097469(MBK).
Distribution. NE India, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines.

Podocarpaceae Endl.
Kazumi Fujikawa

Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don, Descr. Pinus 2: 21. 1824; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 649. 1890;
Phengklai in Fl. Thailand 2(4): 199. 1975; Fu et al. in Fl. China 4: 82. 1999; Kress et al. in Contr.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 35. 2003.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Matupi Township: road from Matupi to Palatwa, 1844 m,

105

Gymnosperms

10 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097779 (MBK).
Distribution. Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; Pacific Islands.

Taxaceae S.F.Gray

Cephalotaxus by Kazumi Fujikawa, Taxus by Yumiko Baba 3
Cephalotaxus harringtonii (Knight ex J.Forbes) K.Koch in Dendrologie 2: 102. 1873; Lang et al.
in Amer. J. Pl. Sci. 2: 500. 2011; Lang et al. in Phytotaxa 84: 13. 2013.
— Taxus harringtonii Knight ex J.Forbes, Pinet. Woburn.: 217. 1839 [as harringtonia].
— Cephalotaxus mannii Hook.f., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 16: t. 1523. 1886; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5:647. 1890; Kress et al. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 33. 2003.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: road between Kanpetlet and Mindat,ca. 4 miles from Kanpetlet, 1997 m, 13 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 051002 (MBK); ca. 20 miles
from Kanpetlet, 2373 m, 21 Feb. 2007, K. Fujikawa et al. 050079 (MBK); 7 miles from Kanpetletto Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), ca. 2438 m, 9 Jan. 2012, Ling Shein Man 088180 (MBK); northernside area of Natma Taung (Mt. Victoria), ca. 2743 m, 19 Nov. 2011, Ling Shein Man 087833(MBK). Matupi Township: between Hteesaung village and Pong Thsala waterfall, 1160 m, 19
July 2013, Mu Mu Aung et al. 092577 (MBK); Pong Thsala waterfall on Laemio river,approximately 3 miles from Tisawn village, 1283 m, 8 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097655(MBK); track off road, approximately 2 miles along track from Matupi to Palatwa, on right toChan Pyang village, 1676 m, 11 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et al. 097831 (MBK).
Distribution. NE India, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia.
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. var. mairei (Lemée & H.Lév.) L.K.Fu & Nan Li in Novon 7: 263. 1997;
Fu et al. in Fl. China 4: 91. 1999.
— Taxus baccata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1040. 1753; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 622. 1890 pro parte; Grieson& Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(1): 56. 1983 pro parte; Kress et al. in Contr. U.S.Natl. Herb. 45: 35. 2003.
— Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3: 803, pl. 5.
1843; Kress et al. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 35. 2003.
Specimens examined. CHIN STATE. Kanpetlet Township: 20 Jan. 2013, Law Shine 096469(MBK); 1700 m, 18 Jan. 2011, M. Matsumoto 084072 (MBK); 2210 m, 21 Mar. 2006, K.
Fujikawa & A. Nomachi 035837 (MBK); 035840 (MBK); 2360 m, 24 Feb. 2007, C. Mouri & T.
Watanabe 050113 (MBK); 2400-2600 m, 29 Feb. 2004, N. Kuroiwa et al. 030342 (MBK); ca.
2500-2750 m, 6 July 2002, N. Tanaka et al. 023601 (MBK); 2500-2750 m, 3 Dec. 2002, J.
Murata et al. 025483 (MBK); 2600 m, 16 Aug. 2008, K. Fujikawa et al. 053535 (MBK); 2610
m, 28 May 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 089381 (MBK); 2639 m, 25 Feb. 2014, P. Srisanga et al.
097323 (MBK); ca. 2656 m, 4 Mar. 2006, H. Nagamasu et al. 035400 (MBK); 2680 m, 28
3 The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan.

Current address: Auckland War Memorial Museum, Tāmaki Paenga Hira, The Domain, Private Bag 92018, Victoria Street
West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Email: ybaba@aucklandmuseum.com

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Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

Aug. 2013, K. Fujikawa et al. 094577 (MBK); ca. 2700 m, 11 Mar. 2002, J. Murata et al.
022477 (MBK); 20 Feb. 2012, K. Fujikawa et al. 086944 (MBK); ca. 2750 m, 28 June 2009, N.
Tanaka & T. Yukawa 081383 (MBK). Mindat Township: 2480 m, 1 Mar. 2014, P. Srisanga et
al. 097425 (MBK); 2543 m, 5 Mar. 2014, M. Norsaengsri et al. 097597 (MBK).
Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Laos, Vietnam.

References
Christenhusz, M.J.M., Reveal, J.L., Farjon, A., Gardner, M.F., Mill, R.R. & Chase, M.W. 2011. A
new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.
Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Far, E. & Yin Yin Kyi 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs,
Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 45: 33–36.
Yang, B., Deng, M., Zhang, M.X., Aung Zaw Moe, Ding, H.B., Mya Bhone Maw, Pyae Pyae Win,
Corlett, R.T. & Tan, Y.H. 2020. Contributions to the flora of Myanmar from 2000 to 2019. Pl.
Diversity 42: 292–301.

107

A

B

C
A. View of Natma Taung form trekking path to the summit (Dec. 25, 2012).
B. View of Chin hills from the summit of Natma Taung (Jan. 23, 2018).
C. Trekking path to the summit of Natma Taung (Sep. 14, 2013).

Plate 1

108

A

B

C

D

E

F

A. Summit of Natma Taung (Nov. 26, 2018).
B. Kanpetlet, gateway to Natma Taung National Park (Aug. 13, 2008).
C. Gate of the Natma Taung National Park office, Kanpetlet.
D. Staff office of Natma Taung National Park, Kanpetlet.
E. Orchid nursery for conservation in the Natma Taung National Park office.
F. Education center of Natma Taung National Park.

Plate 2

109

A

B

C

D

E

F

A. On the way to Mindat (Dec. 12, 2012).
B. Vegetation survey in evergreen forest, Natma Taung National Park (Feb. 16, 2007).
C. Collecting specimens along the roadside in Natma Taung National Park (May 25, 2012).
D. Collecting specimens in Mindat (Mar. 11, 2014).
E. International botanical expedition at Pong Thsala waterfall, Matupi (Mar. 8, 2014).
F. Drying specimens by rangers of Natma Taung National Park (Sep. 11, 2012).

Plate 3

110

A

B

C

D

E

F

A. View of Saw at the foot of Natma Taung in rainy season (Aug. 4, 2018).
B. View of Saw in dry season (Dec. 11, 2012).
C. Saw river at Saw (May 9, 2010).
D. Seasonally dry forest along the roadside between Mindat and Matupi (Mar. 9, 2014, photo by Dr. Michele Rodda).
E. Bauhinia variegata, flowering in dry season at Matupi (Mar. 13, 2014, photo by Dr. Michele Rodda).
F. Dry dipterocarp forest along the roadside between Saw and Kanpetlet (May 25, 2007).

Plate 4

111

A

B

C

D

E

A. Secondary forest around village (Nov. 27, 2018).
B. Administration office in British rule in Burma at Kanpetlet (Nov. 26, 2018).
C. Alnus nepalensis, major component species in the secondary forest at Kanpetlet (Dec. 2, 2016).
D. Lyonia ovalifolia, growing mountain slopes ranging from ca. 1300 m around Kanpetlet to the summit ofNatma Taung at altitude of 3050 m (Sep. 24, 2013).
E. Engelhardia spicata var. integra, common growing on mountain slopes (Dec. 11, 2012).

Plate 5

112

A

B

C

D

A. Pinus kesiya forest on south facing slopes of Natma Taung (Aug. 9, 2016).
B. Globba wardii, growing forest floor of Pinus kesiya in rainy season (Aug. 20, 2013).
C. Temperate broad-leaved forest of Natma Taung (May 24, 2007).
D. Attractive red flowers of Rododendron arboreum of Natma Taung in dry season (Feb. 25, 2012).

Plate 6

113

A

B

C

D

E

A. Scattered forest composed of Quercus semecarpifolia and Rhododendron arboreum around the summit ofNatma Taung (May 28, 2007).
B. Roscoea australis, flowering at montane meadow of Natma Taung (June 11, 2012).
C. Anemone obtusiloba and Potentilla montisvictoriae, flowering at montane meadow of Natma Taung (May 28,2007).
D. Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia, growing on rocks at the summit of Natma Taung (Sep. 14, 2013).
E. Rhododendron burmanicum, growing on slopes near the summit of Natma Taung (May 8, 2010).

Plate 7

114

A

B

C

D

E

A. Pteridium revolutum [Dennstaedtiaceae].
B. Adiantum philippense [Pteridaceae].
C. Coniogramme fraxinea [Pteridaceae].
D. Asplenium yoshinagae [Aspleniaceae].
E. Diplazium bellum [Athyriaceae] (photo by Dr. Michele Rodda).

Plate 8

115

A

B

C

D

E

A. Arthromeris lehmannii [Polypodiaceae].
B. Lepisorus bicolor [Polypodiaceae].
C. Leptochilus ellipticus var. pothifolius [Polypodiaceae] (photo by Dr. Michele Rodda).
D. Microsorum membranaceum [Polypodiaceae].
E. Platycerium wallichii [Polypodiaceae].

Plate 9

116

B

A

C

D

E

A. Cycas pectinata [Cycadaceae].
B. Gnetum latifolium var. funiculare [Gnetaceae].
C. Gnetum montanum [Gnetaceae].
D. Pinus kesiya [Pinaceae].
E. Pinus kesiya [Pinaceae] (photo by Dr. Michele Rodda).

Plate 10

117

Index

I n d e xA

B

Acrophorus stipellatus

82

Bolbitis sinensis

78

Acystopteris tenuisecta

68

Botrychium lanuginosum

54

Adiantum capillus-veneris

58

Adiantum edgeworthii

58

Adiantum malesianum

59

Calciphilopteris ludens

60

Adiantum monochlamys

59

Cephalotaxus harringtonii

105

Adiantum philippense

59

Cephalotaxus mannii

105

Aglaomorpha coronans

90

Cheilanthes farinosa

60

Angiopteris helferiana

54

Cheilanthes tenuifolia

61

Anisocampium cumingianum

73

Colysis pothifolia

94

Anisocampium cuspidatum

74

Coniogramme fraxinea

61

Antrophyum callifolium

60

Crepidomanes latealatum

55

Arachniodes henryi

78

Crepidomanes minutum

55

Arachniodes simulans

78

Crypsinus oxylobus

99

Araiostegia faberiana

89

Crypsinus rhynchophyllus

99

C

Araiostegia pulchra

89

Ctenitis decurrentipinnata

79

Arthromeris lehmannii

90

Ctenitis rhodolepis

79

Arthromeris wallichiana

90

Ctenitis subglandulosa

79

Aspleniaceae

68

Cycadaceae

103

Asplenium aethiopicum

68

Cycas pectinata

103

Asplenium ensiforme

68

Cyclosorus articulatus

71

Asplenium excisum70

Cyclosorus dentatus

71

Asplenium indicum69

Cyclosorus nudatus

73

Asplenium planicaule

69

Cyclosorus procerus

72

Asplenium tenuifolium

70

Cyclosorus truncatus72

Asplenium unilaterale var. rahaoense

70

Cyrtomium hookerianum

86

Asplenium yoshinagae

70

Cystopteridaceae

67

Athyriaceae

73

Cystopteris tenuisecta

68

Athyrium anisopterum

74

Athyrium atkinsonii

74

D

Athyrium biserrulatum

74

Davalliaceae

89

Athyrium boryanum

76

Davallia dareiformis

91

Athyrium dissitifolium

74

Dennstaedtiaceae

57

Athyrium drepanopterum

75

Deparia boryana

75

Athyrium falcatum

75

Deparia wilsonii

76

Athyrium mackinnoniorum

75

Diplazium bellum76

Athyrium roseum

75

Diplazium esculentum

76

Diplazium maximum

76

118

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

I n d e x
Diplazium muricatum

77

Gymnogrammitis dareiformis

Diplazium spectabile

77

Gymnopteris vestita

63

Diplazium succulentum

77

Gymnosperms

103

Doryopteris ludens

60

Drynaria delavayi

91

Drynaria parishii

91

Haplopteris amboinensis

Drynaria propinqua

91

Haplopteris flexuosa

62

Dryopteridaceae

78

Haplopteris taeniophylla

63

Dryopteris atrata

79

Huperzia delavayi

50

Dryopteris caroli-hopei

80

Hymenasplenium excisum70

Dryopteris chrysocoma

80

Hymenasplenium retusulum

71

Dryopteris cochleata

80

Hymenophyllaceae

54

Dryopteris fructuosa

80

Hymenophyllum badium

55

Dryopteris hendersonii

81

Hymenophyllum exsertum

55

Dryopteris lepidopoda

81

Hymenophyllum polyanthos

55

Dryopteris marginata

81

Hypodematiaceae

77

Dryopteris paleolata

82

Hypodematium crenatum

77

Dryopteris peranema

82

Dryopteris pseudocaenopteris82

Dryopteris pteridoformis

83

Dryopteris scottii

83

Dryopteris sparsa

83

Dryopteris wallichiana

83

91

H
61

J
Japonobotrychium lanuginosum

54

K
Kuniwatsukia cuspidata

E

74

L

Egenofolia sinensis

79

Lepisorus bicolor

92

Elaphoglossum angulatum

84

Lepisorus mehrae

92

Elaphoglossum marginatum

84

Lepisorus nudus

92

Equisetaceae

53

Lepisorus scolopendrium

93

Equisetum diffusum

53

Lepisorus sublinearis

93

Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. debile

53

Leptochilus ellipticus var. pothifolius

94

Leptochilus hemionitideus

94

G

Leucostegia dareiformis

91

Glaphyropteridopsis erubescens

72

Leucostegia faberiana

89

Gnetaceae

103

Leucostegia immersa

78

Gnetum funiculare

103

Leucostegia pulchra

89

Gnetum kinglanum

103

Loxogramme chinensis

94

Gnetum latifolium var. funiculare

103

Loxogramme duclouxii

95

Gnetum montanum

103

Loxogramme involuta

95

Goniophlebium amoenum

97

Lycophytes

50

119

Index

I n d e x
Lycopodiaceae

50

Phlegmariurus hamiltonii

Lycopodium hamiltonii

51

Phymatodes oxyloba

99

Lycopodium japonicum

50

Phymatodes rhynchophylla99

Lygodiaceae

56

Phymatosorus scolopendria

96

Lygodium flexuosum

56

Pinaceae

104

Lygodium salicifolium

56

Pinus insularis var. khasyana

104

M

51

Pinus kesiya

104

Platycerium wallichii

96

Macrothelypteris ornata

72

Podocarpaceae

104

Macrothelypteris torresiana

73

Podocarpus neriifolius

104

Marattiaceae

54

Polypodiaceae

90

Marsileaceae

56

Polypodiastrum argutum

97

Marsilea minuta

57

Polypodiodes amoena

97

Mecodium exsertum

55

Polypodiodes lachnopus

98

Mecodium polyanthos

56

Polypodium amoenum

97

Metapolypodium manmeiense95

Polypodium argutum97

Microlepia firma

57

Polypodium manmeiense

95

Microlepia platyphylla

57

Polystichum acutidens

84

Microlepia trapeziformis

57

Polystichum attenuatum

85

Microsorum membranaceum

95

Polystichum discretum85

Microsorum scolopendria

96

Polystichum hookerianum

86

Polystichum piceopaleaceum

86

Polystichum semifertile

86

N
Neocheiropteris normalis

100

Polystichum squarrosum

87

Neolepisorus ovatus

96

Pronephrium nudatum

73

Nephrolepidaceae

88

Pseudocyclosorus tylodes

73

Nephrolepis cordifolia

88

O

Pteridaceae

58

Pteridium aquilinum subsp. wightianum

58

Pteridium revolutum

58

Oleandraceae

88

Pteridophytes

53

Oleandra musifolia

88

Pteris arisanensis

63

Oleandra wallichii

89

Pteris aspericaulis var. aspericaulis

64

Onychium japonicum var. lucidum

63

Pteris aspericaulis

64

Onychium siliculosum

63

Pteris bella

64

Ophioglossaceae

54

Pteris biaurita

64

Ophioglossum thermale

54

Pteris cretica

65

P

Pteris esquirolii

65

Pteris excelsa

66

Paragymnopteris vestita

63

Pteris fauriei

65

Phlegmariurus fordii

50

Pteris linearis var. fauriei

65

120

Taxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1

I n d e x
Pteris longipes

66

Pteris ludens

60

Pteris puberula

66

Taxaceae

105

Pteris terminalis

66

Taxus baccata

105

Pteris tripartita

67

Taxus harringtonii

105

Pteris vittata

67

Taxus wallichiana var. mairei

105

Pteris wallichiana

67

Taxus wallichiana

105

Pyrrosia flocculosa

98

Tectariaceae

88

Pyrrosia mannii

98

Tectaria christii

88

Pyrrosia mollis

98

Tectaria coadunata

88

Pyrrosia stenophylla

98

Thelypteridaceae

71

Thelypteris articulata

71

S

T

Thelypteris dentata

71

Selaginella bisulcata

51

Thelypteris nudata

73

Selaginella braunii

51

Thelypteris ornata

72

Selaginellaceae

51

Thelypteris truncata

72

Selaginella chrysocaulos

51

Thelypteris tylodes

73

Selaginella involvens

52

Tomophyllum donianum

100

Selaginella labordei

52

Tricholepidium normale

100

Selaginella minutifolia

52

Selaginella repanda

52

Selliguea ebenipes

99

Vittaria amboinensis

62

Selliguea incisocrenata

99

Vittaria flexuosa

62

Selliguea oxyloba

99

Selliguea rhynchophylla

99

VTaxonomic Enumeration of Natma Taung National Park Vol. 1.
Editors
Kazumi Fujikawa, The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Japan
Yumiko Baba, Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira, New ZealandThant Shin, Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar
Aung Zaw Moe, Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar
Hajime Mizukami, The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Japan
Date of publication: January 30, 2021
Published by
The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Japan
Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanmar
Copyright ©
The Kochi Prefectural Makino Memorial Foundation, Inc.
4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan
Printed by Kobun Printing Co., Ltd., Kochi, Japan