JADH2019

Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities
Edited by Nobuhiko Kikuchi and Hitoshi Ogawa
Copyright© 2019 by the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities
Published by:Open Research Center for Asian Studies, Kansai University
3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka
http://www.ku-orcas.kansai-u.ac.jp/
Online edition: ISSN 2432-3144
Print edition:ii

ISSN 2432-3187

JADH2019

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ iii



JADH 2019 Committees .................................................................................................. 1

Time Table and Floor Map .............................................................................................. 3

Keynote Session


JADH2019 Keynote Session and KU-ORCAS International Symposium ................. 5

Workshops[Workshop 1] Workshop on TEI by SIG-EA/JP ........................................................... 7
Kazuhiro Okada, Satoru Nakamura, and Kiyonori Nagasaki[Workshop 2] Morphological analysis and lexical indexing of Chinese ................... 9
Yoshihiro Hino[Workshop 3] Geo-referencing and mashup old Japanese maps with Japanese
Map Warper .................................................................................................................... 11
Ryo Kamata

Session LP1: Developing DH
Developing a Digital Humanities and Social Science Learning Environment in viewof e-Learning .................................................................................................................. 13
Chyi-Kuan Wang, Chih-Ming Chen, Chiao-Min Lin, Lin-Kuei Tsai, Ting-Wei
Chiang, Wei-Yuan Fan

The History of Australian Digital Humanities ............................................................ 17
Paul Longley Arthur

Session LP2: Analyzing society

From Tables to Graphs: The Korean Yangban Network Data in Cytoscape and
Neo4j................................................................................................................................ 20
Javier Cha

Equal Rights over Child Custody in Taiwanese Transnational Marriages: Natural
Language Processing and Machine Learning in Legal Text ...................................... 21
Hsuanlei Shao, Siehchuen Huang

Session LP3: Across internatonal bordersThe Poetics of Scale: The Convergence of Digital Humanities and World Literature.......................................................................................................................................... 24
Youngmin Kim



Who Studies Japan, What and When: Analysis of Journal of “Japanese Studies”
by Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing ......................................... 27iii

JADH2019
Hsuanlei Shao

Localization in the Context of Japan of a Large-Scale Relational Biographical
Database on the Model of the China Biographical Database.................................. 32
Michael A. Fuller, Bettina Gramlich-Oka

Session LP4: Challenging media


Potentials and challenges of a data-driven perspective on videogame production,
distribution and reception ............................................................................................ 34
Martin Roth

Predicting Book Circulation Across a Large Public Library System ....................... 36
John Shanahan

Panel sessionModels of Context Discovery Systems for Different Archives ................................ 40
Jieh Hsiang, Chijui Hu, Chih-Yang Huang, I-Mei Hung

Session SP1: Short paper sessionPre-modern Japanese Books as Data of Humanities:

Finding Image of Edo

Famous Place from Meisho-Ki 名 所 記 and Meisho-Zue 名 所 図 会 using IIIF
Curation Platform ........................................................................................................... 42
Chikahiko Suzuki, Asanobu KitamotoA study on narrative structure and change factors of emotions through analysis
of literary emotions - Focusing on Korean Classic Novel The Cloud Dream of theNine(九雲夢) – ................................................................................................................ 46
Kang Woo-kyu, Kim Ba-ro

Hoshi: A Japanese Morphological Adorner for TEI XML .......................................... 49
Jerry Bonnell, Mitsunori Ogihara

The Bibliography is not Flat: Crowd-sourced Visualizations, Glocal Knowledge . 52
Chong Eng Keat

Establishment of the Ukiyo-e Similarity Database by a Game with a Purpose ... 55
Zhenao Wei , Yuntian Ma , Shizhe Wang , Nogc Cuong Nguyen , Pujana
Paliyawan , Ruck Thawonmas , Tomohiro Harada , Keiko Suzuki , and Masaaki
KidachiImage-Based Content Indexing for Books with Iconographic Elements - the Caseof Bukan Complete Collection ...................................................................................... 59
Hakim Invernizzi, Asanobu Kitamoto, Frédéric Kaplan

Poster Session
iv

A Quantitative Approach to a New Digital Platform of Ancient and Medieval

JADH2019Japanese Sutras ............................................................................................................. 64
Aiko AidaA Preliminary Consideration on Designing Domain Ontologies on Local Foods andTheir Real Stories ........................................................................................................... 66
Ikue Kawamura , Shun Shiramatsu

An Analysis of the Differences Between Classical and Contemporary Poetic
Vocabulary of the Kokinshū.......................................................................................... 68
Hilofumi Yamamoto, Bor HodoščekAn innovative dynamic visual model for digital archive in traditional cultural
Heritage – Evidence from Stone fish weirs Culture in Penghu, Taiwan ............... 72
Ju-Chuan Wu , Jui-Chi Wang

Analyzing Cybersecurity-related Articles from Worldʼs Major Newspapers ......... 74
Piyush Ghasiya, Koji OkamuraApproach to develop Digital Collection for Small Organization considering
Sustainability and Reusability with IIIF and Static File ........................................... 76
Satoru NakamuraBuilding Models from Topic Models ............................................................................. 79
Radim Hladík



Deep Learning based Japanese Early Books Understanding .................................. 84
Bing Lyu , Hiroyuki Tomiyama , Lin MengEmotional Effect on Utterance Styles in Fiction Writing .......................................... 86
Hajime Murai , Naoko MatsumotoEnd to End word spotting network for modern Japanese magazines .................. 90
Anh Duc LeFacilitating Digital Humanities Research in Central Europe through the Advanced
Speech and Image Processing Technologies ............................................................. 93
Jan Švec, Petr Stanislav, Marek Hrúz, Aleš Pražák, Josef V. Psutka, Pavel
Ircing

Honkoku2: Towards a Large-scale Transcription of Pre-modern JapaneseManuscripts ..................................................................................................................... 97
Yuta Hashimoto, Yasuyuki KanoMusical Pitch Expansion by Spectral Peak Shifting for Japanese Traditional Music
Box ................................................................................................................................. 100
Shoji Ueda , Misaki Otsuka , Takahiro Fukumori , Takanobu Nishiura , and Ryo
Akama



Potentials of Games With a Purpose and Audience Participation Games for
Descriptive Data Collection in Humanities Research ............................................. 104
Ngoc Cuong Nguyen , Pujana Paliyawan , Ruck Thawonmas ,Hai V. Pham ,Harada Tomohiro , Keiko Suzuki , and Masaaki Kidachiv

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Putting the Official History in Personal Memory: TEI and LOD............................ 107
Sho Makino

Query-Based Mashups of Historical Live Music Recordings .................................. 109
Florian Thalmann, Thomas Wilmering, Mark B. Sandler



Rubbing Character Recognition base on Deep Learning and Lexical Analysis .. 113
Zhiyu Zhang , Yuxi Chen , Hiroyuki Tomiyama , Lin MengThe Hidden Link -- A Clue to Explore the Relationships among Poets, Capitalists
and Social Activists Through Analytical Tools ......................................................... 116
Su-Bing Chang, Hao-Ren Ke, Shun-Hong SieThou and You in Emily Dickinsonʼs Poems Using Topic Modeling: Reconsiderationof Interjections ............................................................................................................. 121
Miki Okabevi

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JADH 2019 Committees
Program Committee:Paul Arthur (Edith Cowan University, Australia)Marcus Bingenheimer (Temple University, USA)

Tarin Clanuwat (ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities / National
Institute of Informatics, Japan)

James Cummings (Newcastle University, UK)

J. Stephen Downie (University of Illinois, USA)Øyvind Eide (University of Cologne, Germany)

Makoto Goto (National Museum of Japanese History, Japan)



Shoichiro Hara (Kyoto University, Japan)

Yuta Hashimoto (National Museum of Japanese History, Japan)

JenJou Hung (Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts, Taiwan)



Jieh Hsiang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)

Akihiro Kawase (Doshisha University, Japan)

Nobuhiko Kikuchi (Kansai University, Japan)Asanobu Kitamoto (ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities / National
Institute of Informatics, Japan)

Chao-Lin Liu (National Chengchi University, Taiwan)



Maciej Eder (Pedagogical University of Kraków, Poland)

Yoko Mabuchi (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Japan)

A. Charles Muller (University of Tokyo, Japan)Hajime Murai (Future University Hakodate, Japan), Chair

Kiyonori Nagasaki (International Institute for Digital Humanities, Japan)

Satoru Nakamura (University of Tokyo, Japan)



Chifumi Nishioka (Kyoto University, Japan)

Ikki Ohmukai (National Institute of Informatics, Japan)

Geoffrey Rockwell (University of Alberta, Canada)Martina Scholger (University of Graz, Austria)Susan Schreibman (National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland)

Masahiro Shimoda (University of Tokyo, Japan)

Raymond Siemens (University of Victoria, Canada)Donald Sturgeon (Harvard University, USA)

Tomoji Tabata (Osaka University, Japan)



Ruck Thawonmas (Ritsumeikan University, Japan)Toru Tomabechi (International Institute for Digital Humanities, Japan)

Kathryn Tomasek (Wheaton College, USA)

Ayaka Uesaka (Osaka University, Japan)



Raffaele Viglianti (University of Maryland, USA)
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

Christian Wittern (Kyoto University, Japan)

Taizo Yamada (University of Tokyo, Japan)Natsuko Yoshiga (Saga University, Japan)

Local Organizers:Keiichi Uchida (Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies) - Chair

Takao Fujita (Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies)Nobuhiko Kikuchi (Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies)Hajime Murai (Future University Hakodate)Kiyonori Nagasaki (International Institute for Digital Humanities)



Toru Tomabechi (International Institute for Digital Humanities)



Hitoshi Ogawa (Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies)

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Time Table and Floor Map
August 29(Tue), Day 1
13:00-18:00

Workshop 1: TEI, Conference Room 3

13:00-16:15

Workshop 2: Morphological Analysis of Chinese Texts,
Conference Room 4

13:00-16:15

Workshop 3: Japanese Map Warper, Conference Room 1

August 30(Fri), Day 2
9:30-9:45

Opening, Conference Hall 1

9:45-10:45

Session LP1 (2), Conference Hall 1

11:05-12:05

Session LP2 (2), Conference Hall 1

Lunch break
13:30-15:30

JADH2019 Keynote Session and KU-ORCAS International
Symposium, Conference Hall 1

16:00-17:30

Poster session with poster slam, Conference Hall 1

18:00-

Banquet, Conference Hall 2

August 31(Sat), Day 3
9:30-10:30

Session LP3 (3), Conference Hall 1

10:50-12:20

Session LP4 (2), Conference Hall 1

Lunch on JADH Annual General Meeting, Conference Room 2
13:30-15:00

Panel session, Conference Hall 1

15:20-16:50

Short paper session (6), Conference Hall 1

16:50-17:10

Closing

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JADH2019 Keynote Session and KU-ORCAS International Symposium

East Asian Studies and DH<Keynote Speaker>
Harnessing Digital Resources for Sinology Research
Jieh Hsiang (Distinguished Professor in Computer Science,
Director of Research Center for Digital Humanities,
National Taiwan University)

Analysis of writing styles on wood slips of the Han period
Takao Fujita（Professor, Faculty of Letters, Kansai University）

Image analysis for character region extraction from wood slips
Soh Yoshida (Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai
University)



The KU-ORCASʼs Digital Archives Project for East Asian Studies
Nobuhiko Kikuchi (Project Associate Professor, KU-ORCAS, Kansai University)Japanese Sources in the Vatican Library: Takahashi Shomatsu and Ancient
ShakyoHitoshi Ogawa (Postdoctoral Fellow, KU-ORCAS, Kansai University)

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JADH2019[Workshop 1]
Workshop on TEI by SIG-EA/JP
Kazuhiro Okada, Satoru Nakamura, Kiyonori Nagasaki

Description
The workshop focuses on an introductory tutorial on textual markup according to Text
Encoding Initiative (TEI), the international de-facto standard. As the tutorial is basedon the activities of the Special Interest Group of East Asian/ Japanese, participants
will learn about how to encode Japanese texts partially including characteristics ofChinese. After this workshop, participants will have skills of XML markup andstructuring texts for humanities. (This workshop will be held mainly in English withsome additional Japanese explanation).
Relevance to the DH Community
While TEI is a basic technology for digital humanities in the world, it has not spreadenough among Asian countries. The workshop will provide an opportunity to bridge
the gap.
Instructors
Kazuhiro Okada, Assistant professor, National Institute for Japanese Literature
Satoru Nakamura, Assistant professor, The University of Tokyo
Kiyonori Nagasaki, Senior fellow, International Institute for Digital Humanities
Target Audience and Prereqs
This workshop will offer the tutorial for people who are interested in how to
structuralize text data for humanities especially for Japanese studies. Each participant
will be expected to have a basic knowledge on HTML and/or XML.
Each participant must bring a laptop computer which enables to run Java environment,
connect Wifi, and has USB type A slot to insert a USB memory.
Language
EnglishWorkshop Outline
1. How texts should be structuralized for humanities?
- Background: interoperability and sustainability- Diversity in the humanities

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JADH2019- Some applications for TEI
2. Markup for a letter (1)- Trying markup for a letter with an introductory tutorial
3. Markup for a letter (2)- Trying markup for a letter with an introductory tutorial
4. Q&A

References
https://tei-c.org/ (in English)
https://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/index.html (in English)
https://doi.org/10.24576/jadh.1.0_3 (in Japanese)
https://github.com/TEI-EAJ/jp_guidelines/wiki (in Japanese)

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JADH2019[Workshop 2]
Morphological analysis and lexical indexing of Chinese
Yoshihiro Hino

Description
We will explain two themes: Chinese morphological analysis and creation of a full
vocabulary index. With regard to morphological analysis, we will specifically explain
services with relatively easy access to the web that can be used on the web, focusing
on services such as NLPIR / THULAC / CTA / HanLP, and give lectures on how to use
them. Furthermore, as one of the usages of the text subjected to morphologicalanalysis, in order to extract a word included in a specific book and create an entire
lexical index which can reveal how many times the vocabulary appears on which page
We will introduce the available services and how to use them.
Relevance to the DH Community
It is related to DH communication because of the basic skills required to use text dataobtained from books etc. as research resources.
Instructors
I am a lecturer at the Mejiro University, and a guest Researcher at Kansai University
Open Research Center for Asian Studies. Specialized field is Chinese education andChinese education history, Chinese analysis using a computer. The current research
theme is a study on the history of Chinese education, focusing on the 19th to 20th
century Chinese teaching materials. In recent years, we have started researchingsuch as catalog creation and digitization of Chinese teaching materials, constructionof a teaching material corpus using text data included in Chinese teaching materialsof each era, extraction of basic vocabulary by morphological analysis, and the like.
Target Audience and Prereqs
People who are interested in Chinese morphological analysis and lexical indexing. All
you need is basic computer knowledge. As you do the actual work, please bring a PC
connected to the Internet.
Workshop Outline
The first half of the workshop will give an overview of Chinese morphological analysis
by giving examples. In the second half we will look at some of the morphologicalanalysis services we will introduce. In addition, a text service is marked up using a9

JADH2019web service operated by a reporter called “Index-converter”, and the creation of an
entire vocabulary index is practiced.

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JADH2019[Workshop 3]
Geo-referencing and mashup old Japanese maps with Japanese Map
WarperRyo Kamata
Description
Map Warper is an online geo-referenceing tool developed by Mr. Tim Water in 2009.
Map Warper is an open-source software and you can download the source code from
GitHub.com and install it to your own server freely as long as you keep its license.
With Map Warper, you can specify control points to warp uploaded map images via
web browser. You can download or access to the geo-refferenced images in several
format, such as KML, GeoTIFF, Tile URL and etc.
In the workshop, we will describe the background of the tool and an instanceJapanese Map Warper, we have established as portal site of Japanese old maps. In
the hands-on section, we will try to do geo-referencing with illustrated maps withJapanese Map Warper and utilize them with external services, such as Google Earth.
Relevance to the DH Community
The workshop describes:-

Why and how we have established such service-

cases of utilization of open-source software for DH researchInstructor(s)-Developer of Geolonia (https://geolonia.com), a venture company which

provides GIS services-

Developer of TaroSky inc.

-

Part time teacher of Ritsumeikan University-

Expert of API and User Interface designing

Target Audience and Prerequisites-

Basic computer operation-(optional) Please bring any old maps their copyrights and other rights arecleared and you want to try geo-reference with Map Warper if you have-

If you have a laptop, please bring it

Language-

Japanese11

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Workshop Outline-

Total: 2 classes-

Introduction of Map Warper (first half)-

Background-

System-About Japanese Map Warper-

Hands-on (latter half)-

Registration-

Uploading Maps-

Geo-referenceing-

Mashup with external services

References
2017 年度 国際ワークショップ 「⽇本の古地図ポータルサイト」
https://www.arc.ritsumei.ac.jp/GISDAY/2018/workshop.html
オープンプラットフォームによる⽇本の古地図オンラインの構築
⽮野 桂司, 鎌⽥ 遼
2017 年度⽇本地理学会春季学術⼤会
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajg/2017s/0/2017s_100313/_article/-char/ja/
ジオリファレンスソフトウェア Map Warper の導⼊事例紹介
鎌⽥ 遼・⽮野 桂司
FOSS4G 2017 KYOTO.KANSAI
https://www.osgeo.jp/events/foss4g-2017/foss4g-2017-kyoto-kansai-coredaytimetable
⽇本版 Map Warper の構築と活⽤
⽮野桂司・鎌⽥遼
GIS 学会 2017 年度学術研究発表⼤会
http://www.gisa-japan.org/news/file/2017_abstract1029_ver.3.pdf
⽇本版 Map Warper を⽤いた旧版地形図の公開
GIS 学会 2018 年度学術研究発表⼤会
http://www.gisa-japan.org/file/1012_poster.pdf

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Developing a Digital Humanities and Social Science Learning Environment
in view of e-Learning
Chyi-Kuan Wang, Chih-Ming Chen, Chiao-Min Lin, Lin-Kuei Tsai, Ting-Wei
Chiang, Wei-Yuan Fan1
With the improvement of digital technology, digital tools have become a transforming
element for teaching and learning. The shift also affect humanities in many ways,
including education in universities. Since 2010, Bunde and Engel have proposed theidea of partnering computing skills and humanities in undergraduate education. The
rapid development of Digital Humanities has also represents the urgency of
establishing a new education model, which merges humanities knowledge and theuse of digital tools. However, in Taiwan, many people are unfamiliar with the field, it
limits the development of potential talents. Moreover, the area of Humanities suffersfrom insufficient resources in developing a new education system, as well as the areaof Social Science. In order to solve the problem, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan
cooperates with National Chengchi University on “The Digital Humanities and Social
Science Course Database and Forum Project.” The main objective of the project is tobuild up a new learning environment that is able to support the need in teaching,self-directed learning, and improve communication between teachers and students.
The purpose of the paper is to describe the building process of this new kindof e-learning environment for Digital Humanities based on ADDIE model. This model
contains five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.
In the Analysis stage, the project team found out that, although many teachers andstudents are eager to know more about the Digital Humanities, without a clear viewof the field, it is hard for teachers to formulate new approaches in teaching. Thus,
students are unable to understand the concept nor using certain digital tools properly.
Lack of applying digital resources in their research leads to low information
literacy, and this is the reason why the development of a new learning environment
becomes the first priority. In the Design and Development phase, we intended todevelop a learning environment, which not only provide platforms for teaching andlearning, but also allows people with humanities background to work with digitaltalents, as well as holding educational dataset for digital humanities.
Based on the first three stages, in the Implementation phase, we created fiveplatforms: Innovative Curriculum of Digital Humanities Course Collection; Innovative
Curriculum of Digital Humanities Courses in Moodle; Innovative Curriculum of Digital
Humanities Courses Forum; Datasets for Curriculum of Digital

1

National Chengchi University
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Humanities Courses; and Talent Match in Digital Humanities Database. These
platforms are capable to store multi-media resources, and also offer rich interactive
components to user. Each database has its own distinct function. The Innovative
Curriculum of Digital Humanities Course Collection and the Innovative Curriculum of
Digital Humanities Courses in Moodle mainly focus on collecting the courses delivered
by Digital Humanities specialists. These online course providers are served ascustomized systems, more specifically, they would be modified based on usersʼ
requests. They are also ask to hold the teaching materials offered by the specialists,
which includes video lectures, handout, and other documents that are relevant to thecourses, such as syllabus and a list of references. Therefore, the system designers
use open source software as the systemsʼ architecture, the former uses Dspace andthe latter adopts Moodle. From February 2018 until June 2019, we have collected
over 80 courses, and were categorized by three subjects, Social Science, Humanities
and Science and Methodology. Because anyone can access these courses for free, we
pay full attention on the copyright of the teaching materials. Through asking thespecialists to join the Open Education program at Creative Commons works at the
beginning of each semester, we are able to support CC mission through education.

Figure1: The Homepage of Innovative Curriculum of Digital Humanities Course
Collection

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Figure 2: The Homepage of Innovative Curriculum of Digital Humanities Courses in
MoodleThe later three databases are used to support teachers and students who are
not familiar with Digital Humanities by providing them with a dataset of resources
built by research institutes or local governments, and promote exchange between
specialists and novices. As the paper mentioned above, these databases wedeveloped are prone to build up on open source software, in order to cope withconstant modification. The Innovative Curriculum of Digital Humanities Courses
Forum applied Asgaros Forum, a free Wordpress plugin, as the system architecture.
It helps junior faculties to overcome challenges in teaching. Experienced teachers in
Digital Humanities field can share their teaching experience with others, and figureout solutions together. Moreover, experts in the field can also make suggestions tocertain courses. Currently, the posts on the forum are classified in two categories,
Announcement and Discussions. The construction of Datasets for Curriculum of
Digital Humanities Courses is due to certain teachers and studentsʼ unfamiliarity with
Digital Humanities, which we found in the analysis phase. Therefore, the dataset was
designed to provide big data resources for teaching, and it combines the basic
features of Moodle with MySQL relational database. Last but not least, the Talent
Match in Digital Humanities Database is developed under Dspace architecture, andapplies the features of PostSQL in designing the back-end database. This dataset aims
to provide information of professors in the field of Digital Humanities, who can assist
teachers, students, and corporations in searching for interdisciplinary collaborative
partners. At the time of writing, the project is in mid-way to completion, andAssessment plan is ongoing.

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Figure3: The Homepage of Innovative Curriculum of Digital Humanities Courses
Forum

Figure4: Datasets for Curriculum of Digital Humanities Courses and Talent match in
Digital Humanities Database
Digital Humanities is the key of cultivating interdisciplinary talents, and thee- Learning environment we built offers several benefits to teachers, learners, or evencorporates. With the help of the tools and information technology specialists, theresearchers in humanities can collect and analyze the data in a more effective way.
References
Bunde, J., Engel, D. (2010). Computing in Humanities: An Interdisciplinary
Partnership in Undergraduate Education. Journal of Archival Organization, 8(2): 149159.

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The History of Australian Digital Humanities
Paul Longley Arthur1
This paper discusses the history of digital humanities in Australia, referring to major
projects and events. The launch in 2002 of the Australian e-Humanities Network and
Gateway was a milestone in the fieldʼs development. This database was theculmination of an Australian Research Council grant led by the Australian Academyof the Humanities. In its time the portal gave exposure and recognition to a vastvariety of pioneering digital projects and examples of digitisation and scholarly efforts
to create enhanced digital resources for preservation and access in the early web era.
From the beginning of the new century, conferences began to play a significant
role. The conference Computing Arts: Digital Resources for Research in the
Humanities, at the University of Sydney in 2001, has been regarded as the first major
conference devoted to issues in humanities computing generally in the AustraliaPacific region. It was followed in 2004 by a further conference in the series, held at
the University of Newcastle.
Around this time, projects started to demonstrate a more conscious
commitment to interdisciplinarity and to the development of digital methods with aview to long-term sustainability of online resources. There were many centres, teams,
projects and individuals that played a part in the long-term development of digital
humanities in Australia.
Ground-breaking research in language and textual studies, for which Australia
is internationally regarded, has been undertaken at the Centre for Literary and
Linguistic Computing, established in 1989 at the University of Newcastle, where John
Burrows pioneered early techniques in stylometry. The centreʼs continuing work has
been led by Hugh Craig from 2001 to 2018. This foundational program has included
development of techniques for stylistic analysis and authorship attribution including
the Delta, Iota and Zeta methods.
The projects of the Archaeological Computing Laboratory (later ArtseResearch) at the University of Sydney, including TimeMap from 1995 and those built
on the Heurist reference database system since 2005, have featured an emphasis on
enabling end users to create their own data management solutions and on web-based
mapping with a temporal dimension. They include the award-winning Digital Harlem,
developed by University of Sydney historians to visualize and explore the spatial
dimensions of everyday life in Harlem during its heyday, 1915–1930; and theDictionary of Sydney from 2004.
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Edith Cowan University, Australia

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AustLit was started in 1999 by a consortium of universities, led by the
University of Queensland and ADFA at the University of New South Wales, initiallywith the National Library of Australia. The AustLit consortium has built upon this baseto become what is now considered the worldʼs most comprehensive record of anationʼs creative writing across all forms and genres, and critical works associatedwith that output. AustLit has also developed a specialisation in Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander writers.
Further projects initiated at the turn of the century included AusStage, theAustralia Live Performance Database. The first phase of the project involved theatre
scholars from eight Australian universities, with the Australia Council. Throughsuccessive grants, AusStage has evolved over a 20-year period, with a recent focus
on linking to international collections and visualising Australian live performancevenues.
The Consortium for Research and Information Outreach (CRIO, 2001–2009)at the Australian National University (ANU) had strengths in digital anthropology andfilmmaking, forming the foundation for the Digital Humanities Hub (now Centre for
Digital Humanities Research), established in 2010. The centre is now a leading
research concentration indicative of the growing institutionalisation of the fieldnationally.
Paradisec (the Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered
Cultures) began in 2003 with an original focus on the Asia-Pacific region but has since
expanded to include materials from all over the world, thus providing citable researchdata as well as access for speakers of languages. With over eleven hundred languages
included to date, in 2016 the resource was given a Special Commendation by theUKʼs Digital Preservation Awards.
The Australian Dictionary of Biography is the premier reference resource forsignificant lives in Australian history. The ADB online initially utilised the Online
Heritage Resource Manager (OHRM) database system developed by the Australian
Science and Technology Heritage Centre (Austehc) at the University of Melbourne,
but since 2011 has been hosted independently at the Australian National University.
Numerous other projects have utilised the OHRM including the Encyclopedia ofAustralian Science, Encyclopedia of Melbourne, Australian Womenʼs Register and theFind & Connect Web Resource (jointly with the Australian Catholic University).
Another premier reference resource and biographical project with a long history,
Design and Art Australia Online was launched in 2007. It drew content from theDictionary of Australian Artists, first published in 1984, but had its origins in the 1970s.
In Australia, as in other parts of the world, libraries have played a pivotal rolein supporting the evolution of digital humanities. One of the best-known national
digital projects is Trove. With its genesis in the late 1990s, Trove was formallyplanned in 2008 as a portal to the National Library of Australiaʼs discovery services.

18

JADH2019
Trove has grown to become a full-text repository resource providing access to a vastarray of information about Australia and Australians, an aggregator of diverse digitalcontent and also a highly successful crowdsourcing platform for the correction of
OCR-digitised content of Australian newspapers.
Through such initiatives it is clear that digital humanities points to a future inwhich researchers will be able to utilize comprehensive data from many different
sources nationally and internationally, to form diverse and inclusive infrastructuresand methods for data sharing and analysis, to further advance knowledge andunderstanding and to develop new skills in the broad field of humanities and social
sciences.
References
Austlit (n. d.). Retrieved from https://www.austlit.edu.au
AusStage (2018). The Australian Live Performance Database. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ausstage.edu.au
Australian Dictionary of Biography (1966–). Australian Dictionary of Biography.
Retrieved from http://adb.anu.edu.au
Design and Art Australia Online (n.d.). About the DAAO. Retrieved fromhttps://www.daao.org.au
Paradisec (the Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered
Cultures). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.paradisec.org.au
Trove (n.d.). Retrieved from https://trove.nla.gov.au

19

JADH2019

From Tables to Graphs:
The Korean Yangban Network Data in Cytoscape and Neo4j
Javier Cha1

1

College of Liberal Studies, Seoul National University

20

JADH2019

Equal Rights over Child Custody in Taiwanese Transnational Marriages:
Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning in Legal Text
Hsuanlei Shao1
Siehchuen Huang2
There are getting more and more transnational (international) marriage cases in
Taiwan today. We often name the foreigner of the marriage as “New Immigrants（新住⺠）” who come from global area then becoming an important part in our local
community. As an ethnic group, the New Immigrants are facing equality/ inequalityof social right and legal right. The article would discover it by method of Digital
Humanities (DH), and focus in their judge practice and legal text.
The topic we noticed in this article is the Child Custody Legal System. Thissystem in Taiwan is a legal term which is used to describe the legal and practical
relationship between a parent and a child in that personʼs care, such as the right tomake decisions on behalf of a child and the duty to care for and support the child.
Usually the legal parent of the child has custody. If the child has two parents who aremarried to each other, both parents are entitled to child custody. This becomes aproblem when the married couple decides to divorce, such that one parent will nolonger live with the other and it becomes necessary to decide on a new child custodyarrangement. In general, like all issues arising from divorce̶including property
division, child support, and alimony̶child custody will either be decided byagreement between the divorcing couple or, in the case that an agreement cannot bereached, by the court.
Theoretically no matter where you come from and which nation you arebelong to, you should be treated equal in court. But a situation can be seen inpractice: there are many transnational marriages in Taiwan. Most of them are a
Taiwanese man marry a woman who from Southeast Asia, is doing a labor work,often poor income, and weak social network. A “new immigrant spouse” who might
have an unbalance social status to a Taiwanese one. It comes an instinct question:
Is it equal a local/ foreigner person to use the legal system in Taiwan inpractice? If yes/ no, how and why?
In the other hand, The United Nationʼs (U.N.) principles of equality and nondiscrimination are part of the foundations of the rule of law. Taiwan government
seems itself as a member states who noted in the Declaration of the High-Level
Meeting on the Rule of Law. The government would like to follow the principles in

1

National Taiwan Normal University

2

National Taiwan University
21

JADH2019it, such as: “ʼAll persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including
the State itself, are accountable to just, fair and equitable laws and are entitledwithout any discrimination to equal protection of the law”(para. 2). They also
dedicated themselves to respect the equal rights of all without distinction as to race,
sex, language or religion (para. 3): The international human rights legal
framework contains international instruments to combat specific forms of
discrimination, including discrimination against indigenous peoples, migrants,
minorities, people with disabilities, discrimination against women, racial andreligious discrimination, or discrimination based on sexual orientation andgender identity. Equality of every citizen is a global issue.
We used the NLP and ML method on the legal text. We checked two main
hypothesis: 1. Are there different “style” in local/ foreigner partner judge? 2. Are
there word (concerned terms) in local/ foreigner partner judge? Regarding the
research processing: 1. Collecting data: In this article, we processed 119 legal texts(judgements), which are about 3,000~10,000 Chinese characters. 2. NLP Method:
we could input the raw data (unprocessed txt file), then pre-processing, segment,
ifidf, then structured as a matrix automatically. 3. Then we use tree-based machinelearning model to train and test the dataset. Mainly the random-forest model andgradient descent algorithm. 4. It could get average accuracy over 90 percent.
We can figure out “Aboard, Appear” are key factors which can differ the
NI/TW the cases. As the bellowed table:
Table.1: Mean Tfidf of “Aboard, Appear” in NI/ TW jedgements
Mean(TFIDF_aboard)

Mean(TFIDF_appaer)

New Immigrants

0.03710.0339Taiwanese Both

0.000642

0.0208The result shows the Judge concerns if NI is still in Taiwan. In the judgement,
the Judge asks “if they aboard/ appear to the court?” and we can tell “Rent, live
together” are key factors in NI and TW cases, too.
Table.2: Mean Tfidf of “Rent, live together” in NI/ TW jedgements
Mean(TFIDF_rent)

Mean(TFIDF_live together)

New Immigrants

0.01550.0515

Taiwanese Both0.00495

0.0341

And the research results are: 1. We cannot see specific style judges which
can support us there is unequal judge in the corpus. 2.We can figure out some “keyterms” can divide local/ foreigner partner judge, such as “appear /aboard”, “Rent,
22

JADH2019
live together” etc.… which is about legal processing terms. It shows the Judge
concerns if NI is still in Taiwan. The Judge asks “if they aboard/ appear to the court?”
When we know these key factors more, we could give the judge or the party betteradvice.
Relating the equality issue of the new immigrants in Taiwan, we can find somedifficult cases in former researches, interviews, reports and oral history. Peoples also
aware there might be some problem in particular cases which often not to be seem
in official statistics. But it is not a clear status up till the present moment. The article
attempts to apply the method of Digital Humanities (DH), to find if there isequality/ in equality of Custody Right in Taiwanese Transnational Marriages. In
detail, we will study hundreds real legal texts (judgement texts) by Natural
Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML). Then we can find a
specific “terms” which can direct the legal reason in local/ foreigner judgement texts.
It can prove how inclusive a new immigrants in Taiwan society nowadays by not acase studies, but a general way. This is an example that shows local issue (Taiwanese
New Immigrants) could be solved by a global DH way (NLP and ML) which can be
fitting the title of JADH2019: "Localization in Global DH". And it is also a global
human right issue of Equality of social and legal right in a specific ethic groups in
Taiwanese local community.
Additionally, it is a fine practice in cross-domain work which have NLP
Modern Chinese texts with special domain knowledges (jurisprudence) in theory
and practice.
Keywords:

Legal

Analysis,

DigitalHumanities,

NaturalLanguage

Processing(NLP), Machine Learning(ML), Equality, Custody, Transnational
Marriages.

23

JADH2019

The Poetics of Scale:
The Convergence of Digital Humanities and World Literature
Youngmin Kim1
The Digital Humanities platforms provide us with the future orientation of our world
literature studies which turns from close reading to distant viewing. In particular,when one reflects upon oneʼs confronting the “other” literatures and cultures, one
recalls the vortex of inbound authenticity and outbound hybridization in the big dataof the literatures and cultures of the world. This dynamic vortex, when gathered andseen from the perspective of the structured data, will construct the database of world
literature which will cover the ethnic, racial, cultural, and national border-crossing
intermixtures. One can find mapping, digital reconstruction of social network, andlarge scale visualization as the potential representations of this vortex as we witness
in such examples as Baldwinʼs Paris (baldwinsparis.com), Six Degrees of Francis
Bacon (bit.ly/6-d-bacon), and On Broadway (on-broadway.nyc).
Technological innovations change quickly and the field of digital humanities
expands, and more and more materials come online, through research projects.
Other repositories or platforms combine technical, academic and cultural issues at ascale that is unprecedented. When one clicks one of the DH literary platforms, one
can get the sense of the scales of these different projects. The image of geographic
scale becomes more and more a set of distinct platforms upon which geopolitics andother social phenomena are performed. World systems theory posits the global
sphere as the most important scale. Locality studies have privileged the local as thescale at which meaning or lived experience is constructed. The paradoxical positions
taken on local, national, and global scales were starting points for much of the critical
discourse on scale.
Cartographically “scale” implies the graphic scale bar or the representative
fraction (RF) on a map. Richard Howitt applies the concept of the “scale” torepresentation of “glocalization,” a double movement of the local and the global which
contextualizes “the simultaneous and contested shift up-scale towards the global anddown-scale to the local as a response to changing economic, political and culturalpressures” (“Scale,” A Companion to Political Geography, 142). This concept ofglocalization from the perspective of “up-scale” and “down-scale” is in fact zoomingin and zooming-out of the object of observation which ironically turning closely andgoing away distantly. Scale becomes the ground for an interactive map of world

1

Professor, Department of English, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

24

JADH2019
literature studies to understand the dynamic interrelatedness of the whole ofliterature as in the so-called “The World Republic of Letters.”
Casanovaʼs rationale for the world republic of letters, her version of world literature,
is based upon the scale of “aesthetic distance” of spatio-temporality. In another 2005
essay, “Literature as a World,” Casanova provides a conceptual model of “world
literary space,” which she explains as “a body of literature expanded to a world scale,whose documentation and, indeed, existence remains problematic̶but a space: a
set of interconnected positions, which must be thought and described in relationalterms” (277). To support her argument, Casanova provides the metaphor of the
Persian rug. In Henry Jamesʼs “The Figure of the Carpet,” she deploys the beautiful
metaphor of the Persian rug, which appears as “an indecipherable tangle of arbitrary
shapes and colors.” From the right angle and proper distance, the attentive observer
can detect the carpet of “superb intricacy,” when the observer can see “in their totality,
in their reciprocal dependence and mutual interaction,” but not when viewed “casuallyor too close up.” Each figure in the carpet can be grasped only in terms of “the position
it occupies within the whole, and its interconnections with all the others” (277). In
fact, Casanova envisions each text in world literature on the basis of their “relative
position within this immense structure,” and Casanovaʼs project is “to restore thecoherence of the global structure within which texts appear, and which can only beseen by taking the route seemingly farthest from them; through the vast, invisible
territory which [Casanova] called the ʻWorld Republic of Letters.ʼ” Casanova herself
interprets her own conceptual tool of “world literary space,” that each of the
inhabitants or authors of the Republic of Letters are differently situated within theirown national literary space, and each writerʼs position is dual: the position he/she
occupies in a national space and place he/she occupies within the world space. This
double position is inextricably national and international.
In fact, world literature reminds us of the big data of the literatures andcultures of the world. This big data, when gathered and seen from the perspective of
the structured data and put in terms of the concept of “scale,” can be seen in termsof “database.” World literature as database is closely related to the concept ofglocalization from the perspective of “micro-scale” and “macro-scale,” since close
reading and distant reading is, in fact, zooming-in and zooming-out of the data as we
observeanalyticallyandphenomenologically.

What

is

at

stake

is

the

paradoxical/double positions of local, national, and global literary texts in world
literature.
When literatures and cultures encounter those of the other counterparts interms of the big data or statistics of a new reconfiguration, the tangential points ofthe borderland will be reduced to what W. J. T. Mitchell calls “a mere abstraction ona map,” which nevertheless will provide the interstitial zone of “intersections,competition, and exclusions” for potential interpretation after one is equipped with

25

JADH2019
the elaborated topic analysis of the literary data. Structured data beyond natural
language processing (NLP) data is a crucial aspect of Digital Humanities work,
providing the standards in data formats for the purpose of making it possible for
digital humanists to extract, search, analyze, find, and style the data in files. Then,
one needs to demonstrate some examples of how text analysis, text encoding, MarkUp, TEI, GIS mapping, distant reading and cultural analytics, visualization, network
analysis, semantic web, and other fields of digital humanities will contribute to thepotential platform for the future convergent area of world literature and digital
humanities.
References
Baldwinʼs Paris. baldwinsparis.com.
Casanova, Pascale (2004). The World Republic of Letters. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard UP.
Casanova, Pascale (2013). “Literature asa World.” In DʼHaen T, César

Domíngues, C, and Thomsen M. (eds), World Literature: A Reader. London and
New York: Routledge, pp. 275-88.
Howitt, Richard (2003). “Scale.” A Companion to Political Geography. In Agnew, M.
and Toal, M. (eds), MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 142.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (2013). “Border Wars: Translation and Convergence in Politics andMedia.” English Language and Literature 59.3 (2013): 343.
Montello, D. R. (2001). “Scale in Geography.” In Smelser, N. J. and Baltes, B.
(eds). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier,13501-13504. Web.
On Broadway. on-broadway.nyc
Six Degrees of Francis Bacon. bit.ly/6-d-bacon.

26

JADH2019

Who Studies Japan, What and When: Analysis of Journal of “JapaneseStudies” by Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing
Hsuanlei Shao1
While studying knowledge areas/ knowledge communities, we researches often belimited by our resource, and shall make one's choice to cost/performance. But wecould enhance our vision by modern technology. In this article, we try to analyze
2,237 research articles from The Journal “Japanese Studies” between 1991~2017,
which is the journal published by Institute of Japanese Studies, Chinese Academy ofSocial Sciences (JSCASS) with methods of the Machine Learning and the Natural
Language Processing.
In detail, we use the LDA(Latent Dirichlet allocation) model to cluster 2,237
research articles. The LDA is the one of the generative statistical models that allows
sets of observations to be explained by unobserved groups that explain why someparts of the data are similar. For example, if observations are words collected into
documents, it posits that each document is a mixture of a small number of topics andthat each word's presence is attributable to one of the document's topics. It often
used on English-based NLP studies, such as like: David M. Blei, John D.Lafferty, “A
Correlated Topic Model of Science”, The Annals of Applied Statistics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jun.,
2007), pp. 17-35 and John Laudun, Jonathan Goodwin, “Computing Folklore Studies:
Mapping over a Century of Scholarly Production through Topics”, The Journal of
American Folklore, Vol. 126, No. 502 (Fall 2013), pp. 455-475. But it still not so
popular in Chinese-based NLP studies. That is why we would like to try in this article.
The process mainly can be described with five stages(Figure 1. Research
Processing):

Figure 1. Research Processing

1

National Taiwan Normal University
27

JADH20191.

We collect the raw data (2,237 research articles) by from the well-establisheddatabase. (CKNI, CSSCI…)

2.

We make a corpus for this project, segment it.

3.

We picked up some keywords, in order to filter information (like the institutes andauthors)

4.

Use LDA model to cluster every text.

5.

We researchers can interpret (explain) the cluster meaning by our domain
knowledge.
In this stage, I could show the table (Table 1. Keywords of each Cluster in

2,237 ”Japanese Studies” articles) about step 4 and step 5, which shows the
keywords (by Chinese) of the clusters after-LDAing.
Table 1. Keywords of each Cluster in 2,237 ”Japanese Studies” articles

Topic 1
Economics

Topic 2
Politics

Topic 3Topic 4

Managemen Ideology

Topic 5Topic 6

Topic 7

CultureIR

SocialSociety

Economy

t
⾦融

憲法

企業

⽂學

⽂化

產業

⽇元

邦交

⾏政

技術

農業

意識

釣⿂島

政黨

經濟學

戰爭

⺠間

資料

⽂明

對華

國際化

哲學

主義

公司

江戶

宗教

台灣

財政

全國

⺠族主義

科技

藍⽪書

朝鮮

製造業

⺠主黨

銀⾏

軍國主義

⼯業

社會科學

婦⼥

安保

家庭

⾦融危機

靖國神社

經濟體制

⼩說

神道

海洋

資本主義

貨幣

⼩泉

價格

儒學

⼥性

產業結構

共同體

東京

思潮

⽴國

⾝份

佛教

能源

地⽅

⼈⺠

天皇制

⽇本式

農村

國⺠性

規制

政局

城市

天皇

法⼈

德川

藝術

地緣

物價

國際交流

右翼

市場經濟

武⼠

甲午戰爭

聯合國

匯率

⽅針

教科書

外國

幕府

形象

友好條約

⼈⼝

⾺克思主義

保守主義

產業政策

輿論

帝國主義

夥伴關係

議員

東北亞

⽇本國

資產

差距

⽇語

沖繩

國債

貨幣政策

感情

範式

作品

思維

威脅論

政界

⽂化交流

策略

職能

投票

特性

主席

迴圈

歐洲

太郎

歐美

品質

福澤諭吉

競爭⼒

國會

⽇本銀⾏

倫理

科研

農產品

交流史

雙邊

景氣

貸款

議會

股票

⼯程

性格

福⽥

政治體制

存款

國家主義

汽⾞

韓國

史學

琉球

地震

28

JADH2019

泡沫

家族

網路

天津

語⾔

空⼼化

勞動⼒

學術研究

信任

序列

規範

⽅法論

朝鮮半島

⼟地

利率

史觀

科學

⼤陸

關係史

中曾根康弘 居⺠

區域合作

侵略擴張

收⽀

獎評

列島

政經

社會保障

學派

歷史系

員⼯

朱⼦學

規律

⽯油

鳩⼭

⼈⼠

⽇本⾸相

經驗教訓

武⼠道

加藤

和約

稅制

⾯向

事變

法制

⽂學史

⾵⼟

國際法

債務

債權

權利

經貿

辦法

神話

⽇⽅

中央

⽇本學

三國

關係史

學術論⽂

印度

改⾰開放

⽯油危機

※

The raw text is Chinese-based corpus, so you provide it on it basically.
Then we could also calculate every cluster quantity by year, and visualize it.

(table 2 and figure 2)
Table 2. Clustered Article of ”Japanese Studies” Number Per Year

LDA
clusters

Financial&

Politics

Management Ideology

eco.

CulturalSocietySocial

IR

Total

Eco.

1991

17

19

13

11

11

12

13

96

1992

25

10

20

7

17

6

7

92

1993

12

14

18

8

10

8

14

84

1994

12

10

13

10

12

4

13

74

1995

21

15

18

14

12

8

12

100

1996

9

14

10

13

14

9

8

77

1997

18

12

14

9

12

13

8

86

1998

20

7

10

10

16

15

6

84

1999

16

13

12

11

10

13

7

82

2000

19

14

10

13

12

17

5

90

2001

15

19

12

12

8

11

4

81

2002

12

19

8

8

13

9

12

81

2003

16

17

10

6

9

15

9

82

2004

10

20

8

9

8

10

13

78

2005

16

25

8

9

10

9

9

86

2006

10

19

13

11

17

12

8

90

2007

20

7

12

13

17

15

8

92

2008

18

15

15

8

14

17

4

91

2009

23

13

5

19

13

8

8

89

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JADH2019

2010

24

9

15

16

8

9

12

93

2011

16

9

9

20

9

12

16

91

2012

11

17

5

14

5

16

11

79

2013

15

8

6

9

8

19

8

73

2014

9

15

11

10

9

9

7

70

2015

17

12

10

16

8

11

7

81

2016

11

11

6

20

5

10

5

68

2017

11

10

3

7

1

11

4

47

423

373

294

313

288

308

Total

238 2237

Figure 2. Overlay of Clusters of ”Japanese Studies” Number Per Year

Then we could answer 1. Who/ what institutes study Japan. 2. What fields
can be clustered in Japanese Studies, and their keyword. 3. The number flows of the
fields by year. We have practiced to analyze thousands Chinese long text, andcaptured the key information semi-automatically, in order to support reader tosimpler complex information efficiently. We could know highly productive writers,
highly productive institutes, what they publish per year, and main fields of JapaneseStudies, which are “Economics, Politics, Management Science, Literature/Ideology,
Culture/Society, IR, and Social Economy” in this research progress. The research
could provide a macro perspective in the knowledge areas/ knowledge communities.
I could use a borrowing idea from one of my DH colleague. It is called “long30

JADH2019
distant prospective”. We can topic few or dozens essays by reading hard. But in a
research field which have thousands or more articles? It only be possible by DH way.
Therefore, to ask “Who Studies Japan? By what topics of a grand research field” canbe a answerable question. This is I can see the way we can use this result, of course,
also in other fields like DH.

31

JADH2019Localization in the Context of Japan of a Large-Scale Relational
Biographical Database on the Model of the China Biographical Database
Michael A. Fuller1
Bettina Gramlich-Oka2
The China Biographical Database (CBDB) draws on a wide range of historical data tomodel social experience in premodern China. Its integration of kinship structures,social networks, geographic networks, of the participation of individuals both in arange of social institutions and in institutional hierarchies allows users to explore
large-scale interactions in the social, cultural, political, and religious history of
premodern China in a way that has not been possible heretofore.
The more facets of historical experience that can be included in the database,the more powerful its relational analyses become. CBDB has been fortunate in having
access to GIS data available from the China Historical GIS project, although even here
there is significant continuing research to refine our understanding of historicaladministrative units across China. Much of the other historical information that serves
as the foundation of the database has grown from research projects focused onparticular aspects of premodern history. Scholars are still reconstructing thebureaucratic structures of the successive dynasties, and we still need a broader
representation of the types of social institutions, such as temples and local academies,
that played important roles in Chinese social activity.
This paper presents the challenges faced when localizing the CBDB to
Japanese history. In early 2017, an older version of the current Japan Biographical
Database (JBDB) was converted to the basic architecture of the CBDB. Directly
applying the specific design of the Chinese model to the data of Japanese history did
not work perfectly, owing to historical differences and particularities between the two
cultures and societies. Even when the focus is only on premodern Japan, various
issues had to and still must be overcome.
One challenge is to adapt the design of data structures to reflect differencesin Japanese social experience.

Although CBDBʼs basic concept of a databasemodeling the key entities in the structure of social experience remains as applicable
to Japan as to China, in a database of Japanese prosopography the structures willneed to be revised to better accord with the realities of Japanese historical experience.
For example, in Japan there exist kinship relations that are rare in China and that willneed additional strategies to be adequately reflected in the modeling. Another issue

1

University of California, Irvine

2

Sophia University

32

JADH2019
in data design is that the functioning of social institutions and official bureaucracies
in Japan does not match the Chinese models and will require some rethinking of thetables to better represent these entities in the database. More recently, moreover, the
JBDB added new tables that accommodate modern contexts, thus changing thedatabaseʼs original purpose of modeling social experience during the Tokugawa period(1600–1868).
A second challenge for developing a relational model for premodern (and also
ideally modern) Japanese biographies is institutional rather than conceptual. Much
information about people, places, and institutions already exists within the scholarly
community in Japan, and it would be foolishly inefficient to recreate rather thanintegrate those different domains of data. Part of the challenge, then, is how tointegrate the existing naming authorities for people, places, and institutions spreadout among many heterogeneous databases. In Japan, NII and the Diet Library use
different systems, but since VIAF is fed by both, JBDB is exploring issues around use
their ID numbers. Without a unified coding of IDs for all of the entities in the database,the database cannot function properly. Thus such a project would require identifying
possible participants who might contribute data and working approaches to data
access. While there is a trend in Europe to design prosopographical databases with
RDF and LOD standards to define entities in order to allow greater integration acrossdatabases, these paradigms remain cumbersome for developing JBDB APIs, given the
structure of the JBDB entities, and like CBDB, JBDB for the moment plans to use amore ad hoc approach to assuring data exchange across databases within the Japancyberinfrastructure.

As we explore the possibility of integrating external data

structures for GIS information, for additional biographical information, and for dataon social institutions from repositories in Japan, we initially will examine thechallenges of mapping between data structures on a case-by-case basis.
A third issue for a Japanese relational database for premodern biographies isinstitutional at a different level: where would the project be housed and how would
it be funded and maintained? This is no small matter and depends very much on thelocal infrastructure for digital humanities in Japan.

We hope to learn about

possibilities and challenges from the experiences of other participants in the JADH
conference.

33

JADH2019

Potentials and challenges of a data-driven perspective on videogame
production, distribution and reception
Martin Roth1
This paper presents a data-driven perspective on Japanʼs videogame culture.
Videogames have changed significantly throughout history. As one of the frontrunnersof both technological development and industrialized entertainment culture, they are
increasingly perceived as a global, pervasive culture. However, there is also
considerable doubt about this globalization hypothesis among experts (Consalvo,
2016; Kerr, 2017). In my paper, I show that drawing on a wide range of metadata
helps us to move beyond such general claims of universality and the global characterof videogames, instead providing insight into the complexity at work in videogame
production, distribution and reception. Focusing on the case of Japan is particularlyinteresting in this regard. Japanʼs videogame culture has been a very important
influence on videogame cultures around the world since the early 1980s, producing
widely popular content like the Super Mario or Pokémon franchises, as well as
successful game consoles. At the same time, a significant share of professional andamateur (indie and dōjin) videogame production in Japan targets and remains within
the confines of the domestic market.
Metadata, meaning data about data, exists in many forms, ranging fromadvertisements, teasers and manuals, to playthroughs on Youtube or Twitch, fandriven wikis and walkthroughs published in print or online. For the purpose of thisresearch project, we used data from diverse datasets ranging from fan- andcommons-based data like Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org/) or Mobygames(https://www.mobygames.com) to publicly funded, research-driven databases likethe Japanese Media Arts Database (https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp) or the Leipzig
Wortschatz project (https://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/de). As I hope to show, thedata available online offers a rich, fine-grained resource for videogame research. This
serves to highlight the skill and effort fans and volunteers put into representing theirfavorite media.
Integrating heterogeneous datasets offers a partial solution to a perceived
lack of reliable data in the field of videogames (Kerr, 2017: 31). However, suchdiversity has its challenges for the researcher. In my paper, I introduce some of thesechallenges related to access, integration, analysis and visualization from theperspective of a media culture researcher. Introducing several concrete researchcases, I show that the character of the used databases promotes asking certain

1

Leipzig University and Stuttgart Media University

34

JADH2019questions over others; the scope of the data determines the possible scope of theresearch; their ontologies (in the information science sense of the categories andrelations between concepts, data and entities) determine the compatibility with otherdata and influence the research perspective in many ways.
More broadly speaking, the data-based perspective on videogame culture I
develop in this paper is an attempt at approximating the complex character of thevideogame medium. As I hope to show, the working solutions my research group(https://diggr.link) has developed shed light on this complexity and allow tracing themultilayered local and global entanglements Japanʼs videogame culture has been built
on since the early 1980s. This methodology can potentially be applied in acomparative study of videogame cultures around the world. At the same time, thepaper emphasizes some of the challenges a data-driven perspective on media culture
confronts both cultural researchers and data scientists with. Doing so, I hope tocontribute to a discussion about the potentials and limitations diverse data sources
have for a more adequate understanding of the medium videogame. Analyzing thevarious classification systems created in scholarly and fan community practicefurthermore serves as a starting point for discussing how the politics of classification(Bowker and Star, 2000) are informed by the complexity of the medium and, in turn,influence videogame cultures across the globe.
Bibliography
Bowker, G. C. and Star, S. L. (2000). Sorting Things out: Classification and Its
Consequences.

First

paperbackedition.

(InsideTechnology).

Cambridge,

Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press.
Consalvo, M. (2016). Atari to Zelda: Japanʼs Videogames in Global Contexts.
Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press.
Kerr, A. (2017). Global Games: Production, Circulation and Policy in the Networked
Era. New York & London: Routledge.

35

JADH2019

Predicting Book Circulation Across a Large Public Library System
John Shanahan1This paper explains findings and tools that link book circulation data, social media
data, city data, and textual features data from several years of a large city-scale
literary program. The Reading Chicago Reading (RCR) project is a digital humanities
project studying the One Book One Chicago program (OBOC) hosted by the Chicago
Public Library (CPL) and repeating annually city-wide since fall 2001. Our researchgroup recently completed its first predictive models to discover relationships between
text measures, book circulation over time, and social media.
While our data comes from one city (Chicago), our techniques and model canbe applied elsewhere. Our project offers researchers an opportunity to formulate
repeatable and testable hypotheses about reading culture at city-scale. The project
has grown from some core digital humanities tasks such as text processing to quantify
and then compare textual features data in a corpus of in-copyright texts by using thesecure data capsule of the HathiTrust digital library.
This paper will first cover inputs of our predictive model, for example the 80branch CPL book circulation data:

Figure 1: book circulation (all branches) for seven seasons (2011-2017)with CPL launch date as zero on the x axis.
The time series in Figure 1 allows us to grasp the effects of promotion by CPL. One
can see that in most cases after an initial burst of interest (i.e. checkouts) created by
the launch date, the checkout totals decline sharply. However, notably books present
different shapes of secondary and tertiary spikes for their city-wide checkout totals.
Figure 2 shows a (logarithmic) visualization of normalized circulation at each

1

Department of English, DePaul University, Chicago, USA

36

JADH2019branch for each book.

Figure 2: Normalized branch circulation by book, colored by cluster.
The cluster colors of branches indicate how six different classes of neighborhood
demographics might correlate to interest in OBOC books.
The dependent feature of our circulation models is normalized circulation
value: that is, checkouts at a given branch per 1000 visitors. The independent
variables are combined reading difficulty score, degree of promotion (number of
events at a branch), and locality. The values are combined with the variables from aprevious model: three demographic variables and the number of holdings. For the
first model, MPrior, we added each bookʼs prior circulation (previous 90 days) at thatbranch.

Figure 3: Average feature importance for MPrior circulation models
With prior circulation as an input variable, we enable MPrior to predict impact of the37

JADH2019libraryʼs selection of a particular book. In other words, what is the change incirculation pattern induced by a bookʼs selection? The model without prior circulation(MCirc, below) is interesting to us for a different reason: with this model, we predict
de novo what the match between demographic and book characteristics might say
about a bookʼs popularity at a given branch given a particular level of investment by
the library system (in promotions and book holdings).
We added three principal components drawn from city neighborhood
demographic data. The model type we chose is a boosted regression tree, anappropriate model for learning the relationship between a numeric output variable
and a diverse set of input variables. Our model was trained and evaluated using across-validation technique. In each step of evaluation, one OBOC season was omitted
and the model was trained on the other six seasons. Then the model was used to
predict the missing year and the error calculated. This was repeated across all sevenyears, and averages computed across all years. The average mean absolute error for
MPrior was 0.017. (Recall that all values were normalized between 0 and 1, including
the circulation.) This average 1.7% corresponds to about 7-8 checkouts in a given
branch. The corresponding value for MCirc is 6%, or about 3.5 times as high. This is
not surprising as this model has much less information to work with. However, it isstill within 10% of the actual checkout total. The importance of prior circulation isvery high, and reflects the interest of a particular set of patrons in particular text.
The other variables in descending order of importance are Holdings, Difficulty, PC1,
PC3, PC2X, Promotion, and Proximity.
Figure 4 contains similar importance values for MCirc, in which prior circulation
is not considered. Here we see that the roles are reversed between the set of
demographic variables and the holdings/reading difficulty measure. The priorcirculation variable in MPrior to some extent builds in the baseline appeal of the bookto the patrons of a particular branch, and when this variable is removed demographic
factors become a stronger element. Here we see effects of principal components 1,
3, and 2X, similar to those found in our multi-level model. Once we get past theseeffects, we have a consistent pattern relating holdings, reading difficulty, promotional
events, and proximity.

38

JADH2019

Figure 4: Average feature importance for MCirc models.
Figure 5 shows the average feature importance for an MBinary model. The results for
MBinary are quite important as they demonstrate that high accuracy in toponym
attribution is not essential to making use of locality in our circulation modeling. It issufficient to label a book as Chicago-connected or not, and we expect that this will
be possible without the manual effort required to achieve high accuracy for eachgeographic label.

Figure 5: Average feature importance for MBinary models.
One of the key findings of our predictive model is that prior circulation makes thelargest predictive contribution for the circulation of OBOC selected works. It is possible,
as we have shown, to do similar types of predictions without prior circulation data,
but with significantly lower accuracy. Our ability to quantify the effect with thesemodels and forthcoming “dashboard” will enable library staff to reason about thetradeoffs inherent in choosing texts already circulating well in the system as opposed
to “importing” choices from outside the system in the name of expanding readersʼhorizons.

39

JADH2019

Models of Context Discovery Systems for Different Archives
Jieh Hsiang1, Chijui Hu2, Chih-Yang Huang3, I-Mei Hung4
After decades of digitization effort, large quantities of historical resources are now
available on the Web. Systems that are designed to use these materials in research
are highly anticipated by historians. However, different material requires different
thinking in how they can be utilized. In this panel we present four different systemdesigns, each tailors to a different type of digital historical archives. All of them weredeveloped by the Research Center for Digital Humanities of National Taiwan University
and have been heavily used by scholars.
Although each system caters to the specific archival material, a common
design principle is that they are not based on the precision/recall retrieval model.
Instead, they regard a search result as a meaningful set and try to find the textual
context such as contexts based on metadata or statistics (e.g. word co-occurrence)
among documents in the set. We find this methodology much closer to a scholarʼsneed than precision/recall.
The four papers in this panel are :“Context Discovery with the Digital Library of Local Councils Journals (DLLCJ)”,
presented by Jieh Hsiang.
“ The Border in Missionaries ʼ Imagination: Through the Chinese Recorder Index
Searching Engine (CRISE)”, presented by Chijui Hu.
“A user-oriented HGIS platform of Taiwanese Land Deeds “ by Chih-Yang Huang.
“Dan-Hsin Archives on DocuSky: an application to Hakka Studies”, presented by I-Mei
Hung.
Session Speakers Information
Speaker1: Prof. Jieh Hsiang
Topic: Context Discovery with the Digital Library of Local Councils Journals (DLLCJ)
Affiliation: Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Speaker2: Dr. Chijui Hu
Topic: The Border in Missionariesʼ Imagination: Through the Chinese Recorder Index
Searching Engine (CRISE)
Affiliation: Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
1

Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

2

Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

3

Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

4

Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

40

JADH2019

Speaker3: Mr. Chih-Yang Huang
Topic: A user-oriented HGIS platform of Taiwanese Land Deeds
Affiliation: Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Speaker4: Dr. I-Mei Hung
Topic: Dan-Hsin Archives on DocuSky: an application to Hakka Studies
Affiliation: Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

41

JADH2019

Pre-modern Japanese Books as Data of Humanities:
Finding Image of Edo Famous Place from Meisho-Ki 名所記 and MeishoZue 名所図会 using IIIF Curation Platform
Chikahiko Suzuki1, Asanobu Kitamoto2
Introduction
Media such as publications have functions to recognize and enhance urban images,
and functions to create images also. This paper attempts to retrieve information of
Edo city from pre-modern Japanese books and try to examine the effects ofpublications on the formation of famous places and urban images in Edo period (17th19th century Japan). For this purpose, we use IIIF Curation Platform (ICP) to deal
with the information contained in the digitized pre-modern Japanese books. As aninterim conclusion of our analyses, we focus on plants. We find the difference intendency between famous places related to the cherry blossom 桜 and pine 松.
Materials and method: Curation “Illustration of Edo Famous Places”
A publication is collection of information. The information is organized in a certain
context. We considered that it is possible to take information separated from context
for analyze across multiple publications. In particular, non-text information such as
illustrations can be important data comparable to text information.
Images of Edo famous places are provided by various publications such asnovels and Ukiyo-E (Ando,2005 Yamamoto,2005). We focus on the Meisho-Ki 名所記
and Meisho-Zue 名所図会 that have been published throughout the Edo period. They
contain information about famous places. For examples, Edo-Meisho-Ki 江⼾名所記
and Edo-Meisho-Zue 江⼾名所図会 have been used for studies about famous places(Okano et al,2002). Edo-Meisho-Zue is considered to be the Edo image shown by Edo
residents (Suzuki,2001).
Many Meisho-Ki and Meisho-Zue are digitized by the National Diet Library and
NIJL-NW project and provided on IIIF (International Image Interoperability
Framework). We consider the illustrations on these books as data about image of Edo
famous places. We pick up 1255 illustrations from 6 titles (21 volumes), Edo-MeishoKi (1662), Edo-Meisho-Hyakunin-Isshu 江⼾名所百⼈⼀⾸(1663), Ehon-Edo-Zakura 絵
本江⼾桜(1795), Ehon-Edo-No-Mizu 絵本江都の⾒図(1795), Edo-Meisho-Zue (1834-

1

ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities, National Institution for

Informatics
2

ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities, National Institution for

Informatics
42

JADH2019
1836) and Ehon-Edo-Miyage 絵本江⼾⼟産(1850-1867). In the Edo period, many
Meisho-Ki and Meisho-Zue have been published. At this stage, we select two titles
from each century.
We use the ICP for organizing illustrations as data. Then we add metadata
such as place names and keywords. Place names were input as described in eachdocument. We make name identification on “Rekishi Chimei Data” created by National
Institutes for the Humanities, and input as a “controlled place name”. At that time,the id on “Rekishi Chimei Data” was also input, so that information such as latitude
and longitude was available. The results are published as the “Curation: Illustrationof Edo famous places” (Fig.1).
Fig.1: Illustration of Edo famous places: Senso-Ji(an important temple in Asakusa)

from each book
Results: Difference between cherry blossoms and pine
We aggregated the metadata to understand the tendency. There are various famousplaces such as temples, bridges and playgrounds. In this time, we focused on theplants.
As a plant in the famous place, cherry blossoms have the largest appearance
frequency with 43 cases. They are linked to specific places such as Kanei-Ji 寛永寺,
Asuka-Yama ⾶⿃⼭ and Senso-Ji 浅草寺. The frequency is high because there are
multiple illustrations in some books. The number of pines is slightly reduced with 38
cases, but it is pictorialized as a ubiquitous planting in various places (Table.1).
Table.1: Number of illustrations about plants and number of famous places related

43

JADH2019(more than 5 appearances)
In the early Edo period, cherry blossoms and pines are listed as specific single
tree such as Konno-Sakura ⾦王桜 and Azabu-Ippon-Matsu ⿇布⼀本松. The later, thesingle cherry tree are replaced by the masses of trees. On the other hand, single pine
remains as landmarks (Fig.2). Moreover, the number of single pine tree increases.
The famous places have been extended gradually to the suburbs (Iwabuchi,2016).
This trend can be seen strongly for pines.
Fig.2: Single pines: Fude-Sute-Matsu 擲筆松, Gohon-Matsu 五本松, Isonare-Matsu 磯馴松（upper）
Masses of cherry trees: Kanei-Ji, Asuka-Yama, Sumida-Gawa-River 隅⽥川（lower）
Edo-Meisho-Zue, from Dataset of Pre-Modern Japanese Text (10.20730/100249896)

Discussion: Image of famous places with publications
In the previous research on tourism and planting in Edo, the relation between thedevelopment of famous places by Shogunate and cherry blossoms is pointed out(Iioka,2006). The first example is the maintenance of Kanei-Ji by Shogun Tokugawa
Iemitsu 徳川家光. After that Yoshimune 吉宗 maintained the outskirts of Edo, suchas Sumida River and Asuka-Yama. As confirmed by our result, the cherry blossoms
in the publications published after middle Edo period are masses of trees such as in
Kanei-Ji, Sumida River and Asuka-Yama.
On the other hand, we can see various plants in previous research about
landscapes. After the middle Edo period, plants in the garden of a farmer or temple
in the suburbs became famous places. Also, outing to the suburbs were recreational(Hida,1991). Under these circumstances, famous places with pines were created and44

JADH2019
found. They were depicted such as Isonare-Matsu on the Suzuga-Mori 鈴 ヶ 森
coastline, and Fude-Sute-Matsu with Myokeno-Do 妙⾒堂 at Kanazawa-Hakkei ⾦沢
⼋景.
This paper is in an early stage which confirmed the tendency and tried toconnect it to the previous studies. Our purpose is to take information separated fromcontext for analyze across multiple publications. It becomes possible to look back on
the Edo period like a time machine by using abundant digitalized materials about Edo(Okuno, 2014). In next step, we will try to retrieve information of Edo city like thepoint of interest (POI) from publications not limited to famous places. We also should
confirm the influence between publications. It is also necessary to enrich data curated
from the publications.
References
Ando, Yuichiro. (2005). Kankou Toshi Edo no Tanjo, Shinchosha
Hanyu, Fuyuka. Okano, Shoichi. (2003). “A Study on the Characteristic of
Traditional Sights of Edo, and on its Transition after the Meiji Restoration” Journal of
the Institute of Landscape Architecture, 66 (5): pp.457-460
Iioka, Masaki. (2006). “Edo-Bakufu no Kankou Kourakuhci Kaihatsu to Keiei” Bulletinof ARACS, 9: pp.103-122
Iwabuchi, Reiji. (2016). “Haruka naru Edo” Bibliology, 9: pp.16-26
Hida, Norio. (1991). “Teien Shokusai no Rekishi 20, Edo-Jidai no Shokusai 3” Nihon
Bijutsu Kougei, 635: pp.82-89
Okano, Shoichi. Toyoda, Akira. Hanyu, Fuyuka. (2002). “A Study of the Change
in Edo City Suburban Sights as Seen in the Guidebook to Sights of the Edo Era” Journalof the Institute of Landscape Architecture, 65 (5): pp.797-800
Okuno, Takuji. (2014). Edo “Media Hyoushou” Ron. Iwanami Shoten
Suzuki, Akio. (2001) Edo no Meisho to Toshi Bunka. Yoshikawakoubunkan.
Yamamoto, Mitsumasa. (2005). Edo Kenbutsu to Tokyo Kanko, Rinsen Shoten
Curation: Illustration of Edo famous places http://www.ch-suzuki.com/icpedo/finder/(View 2019-06-26)
IIIF Curation Platform http://codh.rois.ac.jp/icp/ (View 2019-06-26)
Rekishi Chimei Data https://www.nihu.jp/ja/publication/source_map (View 201906-26)

45

JADH2019

A study on narrative structure and change factors of emotions throughanalysis of literary emotions - Focusing on Korean Classic Novel The
Cloud Dream of the Nine(九雲夢) –Kang Woo-kyu1, Kim Ba-ro2
Is emotion universal or cultural? From the evolutionary view, emotion is a product ofevolution and universal. Eckmann's six basic emotions and Plutchik's Wheel of
Emotions represent an evolutionary view of the universality of emotions. From ananthropological view, emotions are seen as historical and cultural products. But both
viewpoints are all about the universality and locality of emotions, and they are notmutually exclusive. The universality and locality are the same as the relationshipbetween Yin(陰) and Yang(陽). If so, what aspects of emotion are universal, andwhich aspects are cultural? This paper addresses this question.
Toward this end, this paper analyzes Korean and English versions of Koreanclassic novel The Cloud Dream of the Nine. We also compare the emotional narrative
structures of the two versions using a both Korean-based and English-based digitalemotion dictionary. Based on the comparison result, this research aims to examine
the universality of emotions and the factors that change emotions according to culture.
The Cloud Dream of the Nine is a Korean representative classic novel, andthere are numerous editions. The contents of The Cloud Dream of the Nine analyzed
in this paper is the Korean version(Jung, Byung-Sulʼs translation) and the English
version(Galeʼs translation). Both versions are assumed to be derived from
eulsabon(⼄⺒本, Chinese version).
The Korean-based digital emotion dictionary, the HK + project of Chung-Ang
University, was used by 594 Korean modern literary works with 49463 texts and theiremotions using the deep-learning method. The English-based digital emotion
dictionary is used by the NRC Word-Emotion Association Lexicon (EmoLex), which
extracts the intensity of emotion words using collective intelligence using Amazon's
Mechanical Turk.

1

Chung-ang University

2

Chung-ang University

46

JADH2019
This paper has been established the following analysis processes forcomparing the emotional narrative structures of Korean and English versions of The
Cloud Dream of the Nine.

1) Building and refining data of ① Korean version, ② English version, ③ automatictranslation English version (automatic translation of Korean version through Google
translator) and ④ automatic translation Korean version (automatic translation ofEnglish version through Google translator)
2) Through the Korean-based emotion dictionary, emotional analysis and crossvalidation of text ① and ④
3) Through the English-based emotion dictionary, emotional analysis and crossvalidation of text ② and ③
4) Analysis of emotional narrative structures between Korean version and English
version based on results of 2) and 3) emotional analysis cross validation

Table 1 example of 3)
type

text

ange anticip disgu

fear

joy

r

ation

st

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

sadn surpr
ess

ise

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

2

2

0

0

0

0

0

trust

negat positi
ive

ve

1

2

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

2

1

2

3

0

0

3

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

Your ladyship has already spared this head of②mine that was doomed, and now you wish toserve me.

②

②

③

③

How shall I repay you?

My wish is to bind you to me by the endlesscontract of marriage.

How can a man save his life and grant his
body so that he will repay his grace?

I will make it a hundred years with my son."Through these processes, we try to understand the emotional narrative structures of
Korean and English versions of The Cloud Dream of the Nine and compare cultural
emotions in the translation of literary works. Also, we compare the analysis results of47

JADH2019
the Korean-based emotion dictionary and the English-based emotion dictionary toinvestigate the difference of the emotion analysis results according to the method ofbuilding the emotion dictionary. Based on this study, we will establish a basic
methodology for comparing novel emotion. After that, we will expand the study to alarge number of Korean and English novels.

48

JADH2019

Hoshi: A Japanese Morphological Adorner for TEI XML
Jerry Bonnell1, Mitsunori Ogihara2
Morphological adornment of text in TEI-encoded XML can be useful for studies intextual analysis (John Unsworth and Martin Mueller, 2009) (C. M. Sperberg-McQueen,2018). For English texts, the principal tool for facilitating such functionality isdemonstrated by Northwestern Universityʼs MorphAdorner (Philip R. Burns, 2013).
While an indispensable resource for DH scholarship, its handling of branching text,
e.g. when <choice> appears, modifies the input presentation and, consequently,
requires an additional preprocessing step to obtain the desired results. Motivated bythis issue, this project purposes to answer the following questions: (1) how canbranching text be handled with minimal corruption of the input TEI XML, (2) treating
parsing software available online as a “black box,” can an application be written toaddress these delicate issues using an output format similar to MorphAdorner, and(3) can a tool be developed to adorn text in other languages? If the answers are in
the affirmative, such a tool can scale to efficiently and reliably provide adornment forlarge exhibits of texts in the target language. To enlighten us about the feasibility ofsuch an application, we introduce a tool to adorn TEI-encoded XML for Japanese text.
Unlike English, Japanese poses a unique challenge to parsing: words lack spacedelimiters and sentences do not require punctuation to terminate. Furthermore,
software like MorphAdorner does not exist for the language to-date. Japanese parsers,
however, abound and can be used to handle (and abstract) the parsing logic needed
for supplying the adornment. Three are selected for this project: Kuromoji, MeCab,
and Kagome (atilika) (Taku Kudou) (ikawaha). The standard IPADIC dictionary isused to build the model for each and, once constructed, a 9-piece annotation isreturned for each token in the input. This contains useful morphological informationsuch as levels of parts of speech, inflections, spellings, readings, etc. To encode thisin TEI XML, we extend TEI with a conformant custom schema to include new
attributes in the standard <w> tag. To present this information in the output
document, each tag will begin on a newline and indentation will be increased for every
open tag and decreased for every closing tag seen. Applying this design also allows
for recovery of the input XML; a tool need only to strip all <w> tags, newlines, andtab characters.
To implement the processing work for this application, we require that the
input document be complete and its sentences terminate with the “kuten” maru

1

Department of Computer Science, University of Miami

2

Department of Computer Science, University of Miami
49

JADH2019(“。”). It is also assumed that the input is free of any overlapping markup. List data
structures are then used to process each sentence, and parts within the sentence arecharacterized as tag (e.g., <w>, <saidwho>, <choice>) or non-tag (e.g., メロスは激怒 し た 。 ) units. Tag units are printed directly to the output document without
modification, and non-tag units are collected into a buffer and passed to the parser
for adornment. The parser returns the tokens in the sentence with its corresponding
annotations and, using a processing loop, these are aligned with the original text.
While this strategy is effective for most cases, it is challenged by text that issegmented by some tag unit(s) and branching text, issues common with
MorphAdorner. To overcome these, we propose that adornment be given only to thefirst character(s) of the segmented token and, following MorphAdorner, tags like<sic> be ignored when a branch is given. An additional “token” attribute containing
the full token is introduced and appended to the custom attribute set if the token issegmented. This approach is taken in mind with the goal of preserving the input
document integrity and allowing an input TEI XML to be submitted with minimal
preprocessing, e.g. the addition of punctuation delimiters. If an input document lacks
such punctuation and its length exceeds the capacity of what the parsers can receiveat once, the tool may exhibit undefined behavior; an alternative parser that can scale
to large input sizes would be needed to handle this use case. Should such software
exist, its incorporation into the pipeline is straightforward thanks to the flexibility of
our application.
While this tool is useful for outputting a TEI XML that can be queried by somemorphological criteria, the applications of the methods outlined here extend further.
Of these, our tool can be used to adorn any section of a TEI XML and to supply
adornment for Japanese poetry. Moreover, the adorning techniques proposed here
can be generalized to other languages, so long as a parser exists in the target
language. This can be encouraging to DH scholars to make use of adorning techniquesin their target language and, consequently, help to enhance TEI scholarship thatprioritizes the use of morphological information.

Referencesatilika

Kuromoji:JapaneseMorphological

Analyzer.

Tokyo,

Japan:

atilika

http://www.atilika.org/.
C. M. Sperberg-McQueen (2018). Page, Text, and Sentence Markup for the ATMO
Project: Interlocking TEI Customizations. Technical report
http://uyghur.ittc.ku.edu/2018/05/atmo-schemas-PTS.xml.
ikawaha Kagome: Self-Contained Japanese Morphological Analyzer Written in Pure
Go. https://github.com/ikawaha/kagome.

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John Unsworth and Martin Mueller (2009). The MONK Project Final Report.
Technical report Indiana University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
University of Virginia, and Northwestern University
http://monkproject.org/MONKProjectFinalReport.pdf.
Philip R. Burns (2013). MorphAdorner v2: A Java Library for the Morphological
Adornment of English Language Texts. Evanston, IL. Northwestern University.
https://morphadorner.northwestern.edu/morphadorner/download/morphadorner.p
df.
Taku Kudou MeCab: Yet Another Part-of-Speech and Morphological Analyzer.
http://taku910.github.io/mecab/.

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The Bibliography is not Flat: Crowd-sourced Visualizations, Glocal
Knowledge
Chong Eng Keat1
While global DH efforts have led to many fruitful outputs meaningful for the entire
humanities community, local applications and use at the level of individual researchers
remain limited to only a segment. Bridging the two requires that we rethink ourapproach to DH as an academic enterprise, and what new approaches need to be
developed to bring about glocalized – globally-informed yet local – knowledge. At thesame time, this paper proposes that DH scholars should consider and implement
measures to make their work immediately impactful to other scholars who might beless engaged in the field.
Through the lens of the Humanistic Buddhism Bibliography Project (HBBP)
initiated by Nan Tien Institute, Australia, and funded by the Hsing Yun Education
Foundation, we explore how the compilation of English academic publications
specifically related to Humanistic /Engaged/Applied Buddhism can simultaneously
achieve the global, local and glocal aspects of DH – building a shared pool of records,
identifying meaningful keywords, annotating them automatically, then building
network visualizations of them to aid scholars in quickly building a bibliography
suitable and specific to their research question.
The HBBP was initiated with the mandate to bring all these materials together
in a single bibliographic record in order that 1) researchers can conveniently locate
publications related to their topic of interest and 2) to present a full picture of thestate of research in Humanistic Buddhism. After completing its first phase, the HBBP
thus contributed its entries to the H-Buddhism Zotero Project, resulting in an additionof 200 new items. At present, the Humanistic Buddhism bibliography currently
features 335 books (chapters) and 407 articles, a result of compiling from otherbibliographies, library records and online database searches. A quick review of thelist shows that topics covered are many – from ethics and law to economics andenvironmentalism.
Yet despite the small number of records, researchers will probably find it
difficult to filter it down to a list which is directly relevant to their research interest.
This is due to two possible scenarios: 1. they do not fully understand what iscontained in the entire bibliography, small as this current one is at just over 700
entries; and, 2. the bibliography exist as a flat record which is not readily grasped.
To resolve these, and as a first step, the HBBP compiled keywords from the keyword

1

Nan Tien Institute, Australia

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database of the “Digital Library and Museum of Buddhist Studies 2 ,” totaling 737
covering the broad categories of general introduction, sect, history, dharma-gate,
practitioner, buddha and bodhisattva, sutra, appellation and others.
By identifying these keywords in the titles and abstracts of the HBBP entries,
a bimodal network of titles and their keywords is then built, which is then presented
in a browser-based application which can be easily accessed by users keen on using
the HBBP itself. 3 This helps researchers quickly understand the overall state ofresearch in a particular field, while still retaining the traditional functionality of thesearch function so that the bibliography can be navigated and filtered down, which
we have demonstrated in other webpages with specific keywords selected (e.g.,
Humanistic Buddhism, Engaged Buddhism, Pure Land, Taixu, Chinese Buddhism,
Bodhisattva, Master, Compassion, Spirit, Mind, Meditation).4
In many cases, researcher are not interested in only singular topics or
keywords but what the publications they are linked to discuss. In this case, using aego-network with value of two, we can show what other keywords are related to a
specific one. Consider here that of the keyword “Meditation,”5 which is found in the
abstracts of 31 publications. To further filter down the list to a more manageable one,the researcher might find he is interested in “virtue” and thus selecting finds that thebibliography he is looking at lists 4 entries.6 In doing so the researcher has quickly
ascertained a select and pertinent set of publications he should consider reading.
While traditional boolean search allows for such functionality, the visualizationof a set of defined keywords as occurs in the publication abstracts make the existing
keywords visible and ready to be used for filtering of the HBBP into a usable list.

2

See http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/DLMBS/en/search/search_key.jsp

3

See http://dlinkup.com/02_KeywordAbstractHBEBIntersection/

4

See respectively http://dlinkup.com/03a_KeywordAbstractHumanisticBuddhism/;

http://dlinkup.com/03b_KeywordAbstractEngagedBuddhism/;
http://dlinkup.com/03c_KeywordAbstractPureLand/;http://dlinkup.com/03d_KeywordAbstractTaixu/;
http://dlinkup.com/03e_KeywordAbstractChineseBuddhism/;
http://dlinkup.com/03f_KeywordAbstractBodhisattva/;
http://dlinkup.com/03g_KeywordAbstractMaster/;
http://dlinkup.com/03h_KeywordAbstractCompassion/;
http://dlinkup.com/03i_KeywordAbstractSpirit/;
http://dlinkup.com/03j_KeywordAbstractMind/;
http://dlinkup.com/03k_KeywordAbstractMeditation
5

See http://dlinkup.com/04a_KeywordsAbstract_Meditation_Ego2/

6

See http://dlinkup.com/05a_KeywordsAbstract_Meditation_Virtue/
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JADH2019
A similar procedure could be applied to publications of other themes, whether
in Buddhism, to perhaps “Zen” or “Japanese Buddhism,” so that together withexisting networks, such visualizations may be made more comprehensive andinteresting. If we were to extend the same to fields outside of Buddhism, it should
work similarly, with the caveat that there exist similar keyword databases for thatfield.
The future holds much more possibilities. With the application of AI in thefield of automated news summaries, we can perhaps look forward to similar
technologies helping scholars with their literature reviews for their papers, anduncovering sources and materials which were previously unknown to us.

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Establishment of the Ukiyo-e Similarity Database by a Game with a
PurposeZhenao Wei1, Yuntian Ma2, Shizhe Wang3, Nogc Cuong Nguyen4, Pujana
Paliyawan5, Ruck Thawonmas6, Tomohiro Harada7, Keiko Suzuki8, and Masaaki
Kidachi9This work presents a new game with a purpose (GWAP) to collect image similarity
data. Few existing databases contain image similarity data. In particular, there exists
no database of Japanese artwork ukiyo-e images containing such data. Inspired byexisting studies on GWAP, we propose a solution that utilizes players' interests ingames to help us obtain ukiyo-e similarity data.
Keywords - GWAP, ukiyo-e, database, image similarity
1. Introduction
We introduce a game with a purpose (GWAP) for acquiring similarity data of ukiyo-e
images. Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which presents a distinctive hue andrichness in color and has always been popular with the public. An ukiyo-e database
operated by the Art Research Center ARC , Ritsumeikan University, one of thelargest ukiyo-e databases, has 157,125 images. However, this ARC database does
not provide a recommender system for users. As a result, users can hardly find datathat suit their preferences in a short time.
Our long-term goal is to build a recommender system for the ARCʼs ukiyo-e
images. To do so, we need user preferences and information such as similarity data
between images. Most reliable similarity data can be obtained by humans, but it costs
a lot of human efforts and time. Therefore, to solves this issue, we propose a GWAP
which can reach a large number of players and allow them to have fun while oursystem is obtaining said similarity data.
2. Previous Work1

Ritsumeikan University

2

Ritsumeikan University

3

Ritsumeikan University

4

Ritsumeikan University

5

Ritsumeikan University

6

Ritsumeikan University

7

Ritsumeikan University

8

Ritsumeikan University

9

Ritsumeikan University
55

JADH2019
2.1 Recommender systems
Recommender systems are roughly divided into two categories: collaborative filtering(CF) [1] and content-based filtering (CBF) [2]. A CF-based system recommends items
to a user, based on historical data of users that have similar usage behaviors with thecurrent user. A CBF-based system recommends items to a user, based onthepredefined features of items and the usage behaviors of the current user. CF-basedand CBF-based systems are often combined into hybrid recommender systems.

http://www.dh-jac.net/db/nishikie-e/search.php?enter=default

Each type of recommender systems has strengths and weaknesses. CF-based
systems require a large amount of user decision data to make accurate
recommendations, and thus in the beginning face with a so-called “cold start problem[3]”. Although CBF-based systems need less amount of data to start, only items
similar to the ones that the current user has watched are recommended. This is areason why most recommender systems nowadays use the hybrid approach [4].
2.2. GWAPThe concept of GWAP [5] is based on the idea of using games to enhance theenthusiasm of players to solve tedious and complex problems. Many web games use
this kind of concept to obtain image labels, through keywords about those images
that the players type [6]. However, as Steinmayr et al. [7] stated, existing GWAP
systems do not produce comprehensive image descriptions.
Our solution is to design a card game similar to Old Maid to obtain humansubjective feelings about image similarity and to ensure the quality of answers
through mutual supervision of players.

3. System Design
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Our game is divided into two major parts: 1) main gameplay which is a card-matchinggame and 2) a gallery (Card Book) for card collection. Players obtain cards for theirgallery as a reward from playing the card-matching game. Progress on card collection
is based on their scores in the game. The purpose of having this gallery is to promote
playersʼ motivation. The whole game system is shown in Fig. 1.

3.1 Rules of the system
The current game version has only a two-player mode. The game randomly pairs
players and starts gameplay by selecting seven pairs of similar cards̶determined bya typically used similarity metric explained in 3.3̶from the database and randomly
assigning seven of the cards to each player. The players can only see their own cards.
In each turn, a player can discard a pair of hands that the player thinks aremost similar, and the system will give a “score” based on the aforementioned
similarity metric. On the other hand, when the player thinks there is no similar pairat all, the player can pass the turn. In addition, at the beginning of each turn, except
for the first turn, the player must draw one of the opponent's cards.
The game is over when all cards are discarded, or game play time runs out.
3.2 Prevent cheating
A player can choose to “bid” each time the opponent discards if she or he can findbetter pairs for the discarded cards. The two discarded cards will go to the bidderʼshand with the cost of scores equal to that the discarder gained. This mechanism
allows players to get more points from capturing the opponent's mistakes or cheatingby randomly discarding cards. In order to prevent players from hoarding cards, we
set the hand limit for each player to nine cards.
3.3 Unpolished similarity metric
During the “cold start” period, i.e., when the amount of collected image similarity
data is still low, we use a similarity metric called cosine similarity, presented in ourprevious work [8], to calculate image similarity. This is considered as an “unpolishedsimilarity metric,” which will be improved later by using similarity data measured byhumans obtained from this game.
3.4 Reward
After each game, a player has a chance to get a reward ukiyo-e card to their gallery.
The higher the score, the greater the chance. Initially, all the cards in the gallery aregray. When a card is obtained, it will be colorized.
4. Conclusions and Future Work
We proposed an interesting game to collect subjective feelings from its players to

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establish an ukiyo-e similarity database.
We intend to improve the game, for example, by developing multiple modes,
such as a single-player mode and a multiplayer mode.

References[1] P. Resnick and H. R. Varian. Recommender systems. Comm. ACM. 1997. pp. 56–
58.
[2] R.J. Mooney and L. Roy. Content-Based book recommending using learning fortext categorization. ACM SIGIRʼ99. 1999. pp. 195­204.
[3] M. Elahi, F. Ricci and N. Rubens. Active learning in collaborative filtering
recommender systems. Springer. 2014. pp. 113–124.
[4] R. Hoekstra. The knowledge reengineering bottleneck. Semant Web. 2010. pp.
111–115.
[5] L. von Ahn and L. Dabbish. Designing games with a purpose. Comm. ACM. 2008.
pp. 58–67.
[6] L. von Ahn and L. Dabbish. Labeling images with a computer game. CHI04. 2004.
pp. 319–326.
[7] B. Steinmayr, C. Wieser, F. Kneißl and F. Bry. Karido: A GWAP for telling artworks
apart. CGAMES. 2011. pp. 193-200.
[8] Z. Wei, L. Xiong, K. Mori, T. D. Nguyen, T. Harada, R. Thawonmas, K. Suzuki and
M. Kidachi. Deep Features for Image Classification and Image Similarity Perception.
JADH. 2017. pp. 60-62.

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Image-Based Content Indexing for Books with Iconographic Elements the Case of Bukan Complete Collection
Hakim Invernizzi1, Asanobu Kitamoto2, Frédéric Kaplan3
1. Introduction
This work proposes a machine learning based pipeline with the goal of indexing thecontent of books through their iconographic content. It is argued that an image-based
approach to content indexing can be relevant when there is an abundance of
iconographic elements and when text-based solutions do not yield optimal results or
are more challenging to implement.
At least one similar pipeline has been proposed, with a focus on theenrichment of the metadata of book and newspapers illustrations through deeplearning techniques (Moreux and Chiron, 2018). However, the idea of using
iconography as a proxy for textual content is, to our knowledge, innovative. It must
be noted that such an approach is effective only if the iconography in the book ishighly representative of its content. Examples of promising candidates include ancient
illustrated books such as illuminated manuscripts or incunabula, as well as books
containing heraldic achievements or flags.
The goal is to design a general pipeline that can be applied to any collectionof books with iconographic elements. As a first step, the pipeline will be tested on the
bukan collection (CODH, 2017). The collection currently consists of 381 bukan books,
owned by the National Institute of Japanese Literature (NIJL). A bukan is awoodblock-printed book from the Edo period, which contains information ofadministrative nature about people and institutions of the time. Its purpose could becompared to todayʼs college yearbooks: providing distinctive information about aperson or a group at a particular time.
The “Bukan Complete Collection” (CODH, 2018) is the digital database of
bukan created and curated by ROIS-DS Center for Open Data in the Humanities(CODH). The project aims at creating a complete time-series database of the people,
daimyō and bakufu officers described in the bukan collection (Kitamoto et al., 2018).
However, the indexing of the collection brings some challenges. First, its large size
demands for an automated approach. Moreover, text-based indexing is difficult to1

École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), National Institute of Informatics

2

Center for Open Data in the Humanities, Joint Support-Center for Data Science

Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems / National Institute ofInformatics
3

École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
59

JADH2019
implement because bukan are written in pre-modern Japanese, a language for which
OCR research is still undergoing (Clanuwat et al., 2018). Therefore, automatedsolutions for image-based indexing are the focus of this work.
2. Proposed pipeline
Image-based content indexing is the mapping of index terms to their occurrences in
the collection by using image features obtained from iconographic material. The
pipeline to extract and classify the features of iconographic elements is composed of
the three following steps.
1.

segmentation of the iconographic elements

2.

classification of the segmented elements into distinct iconographic classes

3.

identification of index terms based on iconographic classes

In the following section, the three-steps pipeline is described in detail.
3. Methods and results
3.1 Segmentation
The goal of the segmentation step is to extract all iconographic elements in the input
image. It is performed using dhSegment (Oliveira et al., 2018), a document
segmentation framework developed by EPFLʼs digital humanities lab (DHLAB).
dhSegment leverages a state-of-the art convolutional neural networks (CNN), Resnet50 (He et al., 2016), pretrained on the ImageNet dataset (Deng et al., 2009) in orderto carry out the segmentation of the document.
The first experiment focuses on segmenting daimyō family emblems. As
Figure 1 shows, the segmentation model takes a bukan page as input and produces
a mask of family emblems as output. In terms of input for the segmentation model,
161 pages from 4 bukan constitute the training data. The resulting model has been
evaluated on 70 pages from 3 other bukan. Table 1 summarizes performance of themodel. The model achieves high recall, which means that it is able to detect the large
majority of pixels belonging to the emblems.

Table 1: results of the segmentation step

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Figure 1: Input (left) and output (right) of the segmentation step
3.2 Classification
The goal of the classification step is to label the segmented elements into distinct
iconographic classes. The definition of these classes is performed by the user anddepends on the kind of iconographic category being processed. It is argued that theclassification of iconographic material from books is a few-shot problem, since often
few samples per class are available. In light of this remark, a few-shot techniquecalled “prototypical networks” (Snell et al., 2017) is used for the classification. Thismodel can be trained on a set of classes and tested on another, reducing the need fora large number of samples per class and allowing for a transfer learning approach.
In the case study, the definition of the emblem classes posed a challenge. A
naive approach would be to create a class for each family emblem. However, theanalysis of studies on Japanese heraldry (Phillips et al., 2018; Dower, 1990) highlights
why this methodology is unsuitable. This is due to the existence of countless emblems,many of which are very similar visually. Instead, each class will represent a heraldic
charge. Charges are clearly defined visual elements suitable both for image
classification and for family identification, since daimyo family tended to use a limited
set of charges. Examples of heraldic charges can be seen in Figure 2. The results ofthe classification step using prototypical networks, trained on 1077 emblems from 23classes, and tested on 1011 emblems from 55 classes (the 23 seen classes plus 32
new classes) are presented in Table 2. The model achieves solid performance.

Figure 2: Heraldic charges. Left to right: ivy, oak, bamboo, plantain. (Dower, 1990)

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Table 2: results of the classification step
3.3 Identification
The goal of the identification step is to define which index terms are present on a
page of the collection, based on which iconographic classes are represented. To doso, a probabilistic approach to content indexing will be introduced, where thepresence of an iconographic class estimates the probability of a given index term
being present.
In the case study, a probability will be associated to each possiblecombination of heraldic charge and family name.
4. Conclusion
The first experiment produces promising results with respect to the first two steps ofthe pipeline. The identification step is currently being tested. Future plans include
testing the pipeline on other iconographic categories present in the bukan collection.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Prof. Kazuaki Yamamoto and Prof. Kumiko Fujizane of NIJL for their
help in the analysis and understanding of the bukan collection.
References
Moreux, J.-P. and Chiron, G. (2018). Hybrid Image Retrieval in Digital Libraries: A
Large Scale Multicollection Experimentation of Deep Learning Techniques. In Méndez,
E., Crestani, F., Ribeiro, C., David, G. and Lopes, J. C. (eds), Digital Libraries for Open
Knowledge, vol. 11057. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 354–58
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00066-0_39.
Center for Open Data in the Humanities (2017). Dataset of Pre-modern Japanese
Text http://codh.rois.ac.jp/pmjt/book/?武鑑 (accessed 21 June 2019).
Center for Open Data in the Humanities (2018). Bukan Complete Collection
http://codh.rois.ac.jp/bukan/ (accessed 21 June 2019).
Kitamoto, A., Horii, H., Horii, M., Suzuki, C., Yamamoto, K. and Fujizane, K.
(2018). Differential Reading by Image-based Change Detection and Prospect for
Human-Machine Collaboration for Differential Transcription. In Palau, J. G. and Russell,
I. G. (eds), Digital Humanities 2018, DH 2018, Book of Abstracts, El Colegio de México,
UNAM, and RedHD, Mexico City, Mexico, June 26-29, 2018. Red de Humanidades
Digitales A. C., pp. 414–415.
Clanuwat, T., Bober-Irizar, M., Kitamoto, A., Lamb, A., Yamamoto, K. and Ha, D.

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JADH2019(2018). Deep Learning for Classical Japanese Literature.
Oliveira, S. A., Seguin, B. and Kaplan, F. (2018). dhSegment: A generic deeplearning approach for document segmentation. 2018 16th International Conference
on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR): 7–12 doi:10.1109/ICFHR2018.2018.00011.
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. and Sun, J. (2016). Deep Residual Learning for Image
Recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition. pp. 770–78 .
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L., Kai Li and Li Fei-Fei (2009). ImageNet: Alarge-scale hierarchical image database. 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision
and Pattern Recognition. pp. 248–55 doi:10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848.
Snell, J., Swersky, K. and Zemel, R. (2017). Prototypical Networks for Few-shot
Learning. In Guyon, I., Luxburg, U. V., Bengio, S., Wallach, H., Fergus, R.,
Vishwanathan, S. and Garnett, R. (eds), Advances in Neural Information Processing
Systems 30. Curran Associates, Inc., pp. 4077–4087.
Phillips, D. F., Valerio, E. and Kariyasu, N. (2018). Japanese Heraldry and Heraldic
Flags. 1st edition. Danvers, Massachusetts: Flag Heritage Foundation.
Dower, J. (1990). Elements Of Japanese Design: Handbook Of Family Crests,
Heraldry & Symbolism. Revised ed. edition. Boston: Weatherhill.

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A Quantitative Approach to a New Digital Platform of Ancient andMedieval Japanese Sutras
Aiko Aida1
Our research projects, in collaboration with the Art Research Center at Ritsumeikan
University (ARC) and the National Museum of Japanese History, have been compilinga digital database of old Japanese Buddhist manuscripts. The database is modeled on
the framework of the ARC digital resource database, ARC ArtWiki. It was designed toprovide basic information (including title, period, medium, dimensions, and owner),
infrared digital photographs of manuscripts, and explanations of the Buddhist painting
motifs. We feel that the database contributes to the promotion of interdisciplinary
studies and analyses of metadata. There are exceptionally few venues for researchers
to directly examine these black-on-white or gold-on-blue manuscripts from the Nara,
Heian, and Kamakura periods (eighth to the fourteenth century), even though there
are many web sites dedicated to Buddhist manuscripts. The SAT Daizōkyō Text
Database (http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/) and the Collection of Old Buddhist
Manuscripts in Japanese (https://koshakyo-database.icabs.ac.jp) are already quite
renowned.
One of the most significant features of our database is the infrared digital
photography. The digital images of these sutras reveal elements such as characters,
inscriptions, pictures, and signatures previously hidden beneath the navy blue dye ofsome of the manuscripts. Until now, these kind of web site was nothing. Anothersignificant feature is that the entire database provides explanations of the painting
motifs found on these manuscripts, with special attention given to over 60 motifs
found on the Lotus Sutra (Sanskrit, Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra). As a result,information about and images of Buddhist narrative paintings will be readily available.
Furthermore, this study explores the relationship between period or age andthe quality of the paper of these ancient and Medieval scriptures. A quantitative
survey is the principal component of the study. The survey assigns numerical values
to a manuscript based on its “period” and “paper quality.” The latter refers mainly tothe size of various elements of the paper in order, which aids in gaining deeper insight
into the variety of old Japanese Buddhist scriptures copied on indigo, purple, white,and other decorative papers. We modeled the relationship between the size of themanuscriptsʼ various elements, the existence/non-existence of hidden signatures,and their ages using principal component analysis. Our results showed that the scoreof the principal elements distributed more in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuriesʼ

1

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

64

JADH2019
grope, and the existence of hidden signatures tended to correlate with the size or ageof the paper.
In conclusion, the group of manuscripts from the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries tended to have the widest spread, and the ancient group also indicated awide score. Nonetheless, the data suggest that the relationship between the size ofthe paper and the size of the ruled lines is justified in all ages. This study suggeststhat the ratio is more significant than any individual rule, such as is found in volume
twelve of Engishiki (延喜式), written in 927. This means that our database contributes
to the analysis of metadata concerning the old Japanese Buddhist manuscripts.

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A Preliminary Consideration on Designing Domain Ontologies on Local
Foods and Their Real Stories
Ikue Kawamura1, Shun Shiramatsu2
1. Background and Purpose
Stories on local foods handed down is important to understand the characteristics ofthe regional cuisine culture. Local foods are made from foodstuff with local
characteristics and have been handed down in each area. Therefore, if there is no
one to convey it, details of the cooking method may not remain. In addition, evensimilar local foods often have subtle differences and contexts that only local people
can understand. Therefore, in this research, we have developed a web map of local
foods to organize and visualize such local food information [1]. This map displays thelocation and attributes of mocha (Popular local food in Japan) on a Japanese map,and is a system to know regional characteristics from local food understanding.
In this study, we aim to handle more detailed information by adding an
ontology to the web map 3 we have created before. Therefore, we think thatimportant information is included in the stories of people in the area where each local
food travels, and we study the local food ontology for storing detailed information,
including subtle differences in local food. In addition, in considering this ontology, weare considering ways of thinking that the difference between the past and the present
is important for preservation and utilization of food history and culture.
2. Proposed Method
We designed a domain ontology for recording stories on local foods. Our ontology isrepresented by the resource description framework (RDF) standardized by W3C and
IMI common vocabulary standardized by IPA, a governmental agency in Japan [2].
In this research, we especially focus on “Mochi”, which is the most popular
local food in Japan, when designing the local food ontology. We firstly try to construct
an instance dataset about Mochi stories, which is we actually heard, to consider whatkind of classes and properties are needed. After that, we design two ontologies, one
is about local food and another is about local food stories, according to the instancedataset. There are many foods named "Mochi" that are made with similar materials

1

Department of Computer Science ， Graduate School of Engineering ， Nagoya

Institute of Technology University
2

Department of Computer Science ， Graduate School of Engineering ， Nagoya

Institute of Technology University3

http://phirip.com/t/mochimap/e/index.html

66

JADH2019and methods, and names and materials may differ slightly depending on the region.
3. Result
We focused on the stories about difference between similar Mochis that have different
names when designing the ontology. Such viewpoint is important to understandregionality from local foods. As a result, we found that we need to prepare original
properties such as material and how to eat.
4. Conclusion
We designed a domain ontology for local food stories by referencing actual stories
about Mochi. We found that we need to prepare original properties such as material
and how to eat through considering difference between similar two local foods. We
currently reconsider the design of the ontology for local food stories in order torepresent historical details. As a future work, we are planning to apply our ontologies
to build a Mochi dataset of various actual cases and apply the dataset to e-learning
system for local food culture with visualization mechanisms.
References[1] Ayao Okumura: Mochi, Zouni, Kiki-sho - Home cooking in hometown, vol. 5, 2002.
(in Japanese)[2] IMI common vocabulary project: Practice! Hackathon and Workshop on IMI
commonvocabulary,

https://peatix.com/event/298493?lang=ja,

2018.

(in

Japanese)67

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An Analysis of the Differences Between Classical and Contemporary
Poetic Vocabulary of the Kokinshū
Hilofumi Yamamoto1, Bor Hodošček2
1. Introduction
The purpose of the project is to clarify the relationship between literal elements andnon-literal elements of an ancient language. We will examine whether the translationsof the Kokinshū use the same words as in a poem or whether they use words notcorresponding to words in a poem. To specify elements written only in the translations,
we subtract the elements of original poems (OP: the Kokinshū) from the elements intheir contemporary translations (CT), and analyze the residual elements. The
differences, therefore, may include two kinds of elements: 1) elements resulting fromchronological differences in language; 2) elements added for interpretation.
2. Methods
We will use the corpus of the Kokinshū by Nakamura et al. (1999). Poems are
separated into tokens using the classical poem tokenizer, kh (Yamamoto 2007). We
convert the tokens into meta-codes, then using the meta-codes, subtract theelements of the original from the elements of their translations. We examine thelength of the portion of meta-codes between the two elements (Figure 2). As analgorithm for matching the elements of CT and OP, we use Longest Common
Subsequence (Traum and Habash 2000). An example of subtraction processing withcode2match.c (Yamamoto 2005) is shown in Figure 3.

1

Tokyo Institute of Technology

2

Osaka University

68

JADH2019

3. Results
Table 2 shows a calculation of the components of OP(298) as an example. 12
elements out of 16 (75 percent) are matched in CT(298, koma). If we assume thatmatched elements at all the three levels are expressed in CT(298, koma), then 15
elements (94 percent) of OP(298) are expressed as the elements in CT(298, koma).
The remaining 6 percent of elements of OP(298) do not match against any elements
in CT(298, koma). None of the ten translations could be fully expressed with theancient language. The amount of added information was 80 percent higher than theoriginal (Table 4).

4. Discussion
Based on the differences between the two, we assume that translators attempted toexpress some cultural elements unfamiliar to modern people. CT(298, koma) uses
the same 12 elements as in OP(298) (Table 3). The total number of elements ofCT(298, koma) is 41; thus 29 percent of CT(298, koma) is calculated as thecomponent of OP(298). The rest of CT(298, koma), Ratio A, 71 percent, is considered
as addedannotated text and it should be deconstructed into three kinds ofcomponents: 1) P1 estimated from the field match F and the group match G; 2) P2

69

JADH2019
estimated from the unmatched elements which are assumed to be somehowtranslated into CT; and 3) the purely added component, D estimated from the ratioof the annotation minus P1 and P2 (Figure 4). If the estimation is correct, the practicalvalue D can be close to the theoretical value H, and the validity of the operation will
be supported.

5. Conclusion
The current paper discussed the differences between the original poems of the
Kokinshū and their translations. We attempted to classify the components of both OP
and CT to examine whether or not CT includes added elements, which are the nonliteral elements of OP. After subtracting the matched elements between OP and CT
from CT, the presence of a residual indicated that CT includes newly added elements.
It shows that it is impossible to convert the contents in the ancient language into only
their equivalents in the modern language.
References
Hasumi, Yoko (1991) “Dōitsu jōhō ni motozuku bunshōhyōgen ni tsuite no bunseki/ Diﬀerence of expressions on the same information”, Mathematical Linguistics, Vol.
18, No. 3, pp. 136–144.
Kaneko, Motoomi (1933) Kokinwakashū Hyōshaku: Shōwa Shimban, Tokyo:
Meijishoin.
Katagiri, Yoichi (1998) Kokinwakashū Hyōshaku Jō, Chū, Ge, Tokyo: Kodansha.
Kojima, Noriyuki and Eizō Arai (1989) Kokinwakashū, Vol. 5 of Shin-Nihon bungaku
taikei (A new collection of Japanese literature), Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.

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Komachiya, Teruhiko (1982) Gendaigo yaku taishō Kokinwakashū (Kokinwakashūwith modern Japanese translations), Obunsha Bunko Taiyaku Koten Series, Tokyo:Ōbunsha.
Kubota, Utsubo (1960) Kokinwakashū Hyōshaku (Vol. 1, 2, 3), Tokyo: Tokyodo
shuppan.
Kyūsojin, Hitaku (1979) Kokinwakashū Zenʼyaku Chū (Comprehensive annotationsof the Kokinwakashū), Vol. 1–5 of Kodansha Gakujutsu Bunko: Kodansha.
Matsuda, Takeo (1968) Shinshaku Kokinwakashū Vols.1 and 2, Tokyo: Kazama
Shobo.
Miyazima, Tatuo (1979) “Kyōsantō Sengen no yakugo (Translated terms in theCommunist Manifesto)”, in Gengogaku Kenkyūkai ed. Gengo no Kenkyū (Study oflanguage), Tokyo: Mugi Shobo, pp. 425–517.
(1980) “Jodōshiʼ to ʻHojodōshiʼ (Auxiliary verbs and subsidiary verbs)”, in Society ofModern Language ed. Kindaigo kenkyū (Study of contemporary vocabulary), Vol. 6,
Tokyo: Musashino shoin, pp. 455–468.
Nakamura,

Yasuo,

YoshihikoTachikawa,

Kokubungaku

kenkyū

shiryōkan

dētabēsu

and

koten

Mayukokorekushon

Sugita(1999)“Nijūichidaishū”

Shōhobanbon CD-ROM (Database Collection by National Institute of Japanese
Literature “Nijūichidaishū” the Shōho edition CD-ROM): Iwanami Shoten.
Okumura, Tsuneya (1978) Kokinwakashū, Shinchō Nihon Koten Shūsei, Tokyo:
Shinchō sha.
Ozawa, Masao (1971) Kokinwakashū, Vol. 7 of Nihon Koten Bungaku Zenshū, Tokyo:
Shōgakkan.
Suzuki, Tai (1988) “Weirando Shūshinron no Kanji (Kanji in the “Elements of moral
science” by Francis Wayland)”, in Gengo no Kenkyū (Study of language), Vol. 8 of
Kindai Nihongo to Kanji (Contemporary Japanese and Kanji), Tokyo: Meijishoin, pp.
128–164.
Takeoka, Masao (1976) Kokinwakashū Zen Hyōshaku Jō Ge (the complete annotatededition of Kokinwakashū, Vols. 1 and 2), Tokyo: Yubun Shoin.
Traum, David and Nizar Habash (2000) “Generation from lexical conceptual
structures”, in NAACL-ANLP 2000 Workshop on Applied interlinguas, pp. 52–59,
Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.
Hilofumi Yamamoto (2005) “A Mathematical Analysis of the Connotations ofClassical Japanese Poetic Vocabulary”, Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National
University.
Hilofumi Yamamoto (2007) “Waka no tame no Hinshi tagu zuke shisutemu / POS
tagger for Classical Japanese Poems”, Nihongo no Kenkyu / Studies in the Japanese
Language, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 33–39.

71

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An innovative dynamic visual model for digital archive in traditional
cultural Heritage – Evidence from Stone fish weirs Culture in Penghu,
TaiwanJu-Chuan Wu1, Jui-Chi Wang2
Development with technology and multimedia, digital archives are made to expand
historical research and recreate new value to many valuable contents.

Unliketraditional displaying way that historical context is limited paper margin, using
dynamic visual model can reveal traditional outcomes and innovative presentation.
Hence, most researchers adopt digital archive visual methods to collect, display,
analyze, and recreate value-added historical data. Led to focus on preserving the local
traditional culture of the country and humanities scholars using digital collections.
The knowledge level of human sharing and multiple data value-added applications topromote the local life and culture. To let these precious cultural productions can besustainable maintained through the form of digital collections, for example, thepreservation and presentation of the early stone weir culture which only exists in
Penghu nowadays.
This study has observed the relevant literature and historical data which
related to the stone weirs preservation status and methods around the world in recent
years. There are still several improvements, such as (1) the relevant literatures ofthe stone weirs havenʼt been digitalized completely; (2) the digitalized data is too
fragmented and incomplete; (3) the historical data categories are not clear, it isdifficult to reorganize the historical context and to reproduce the pattern andappearance of the stone culture; (4) the system presents mostly forms of static
content, similar to the early paper collection of the presentation design, the lack oftime axis guideline and the event series and other dynamic presentation; (5) thesustainable management issue of digital collections. The current situations can besummarize into two levels factors: (a) content presentation: the relevant factors in
the activities of the stone weirs havenʼt been fully summarized yet, it is difficult tounderstand the pattern between the stone weirs and the local life, and has become
the barrier for humanistic researchers to investigate the changes of the stone weirs(b) information and communication technology needs: the past research results showthat the man-machine interface is one of the important factors in the use of digitalcollections, so the man-machine interface design is particularly important, and themultiple resources of the stone weirs are not effectively integrated and applied.

1

Department of Business Administration. Feng Chia University, Taiwan

2Enterprise Information System Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan

72

JADH2019
This study aimed to focus on protecting origin appearance of stone weirs
culture and dynamic displaying Penghu ancient life story in community. First,
summarize the elements of the stone weirs , then separate the activities dimensions,interface, service and process. Second, use the concept of hypermedia to visualize
and connect the interface elements, and assemble the interface layer, the service
logic layer, the data layer under the service-oriented architecture for the processintegration. Third, build the historical pattern of the original stone culture, andmanage the stone weirs knowledge through the digital form to provide users toinvestigate the local humanities and the environment under different time and space
and to understand the social and economic relations and implications of the ancient
Penghu community. Users can accordance with needs to assemble multi-media
resource by itself to show dynamic diversification of stone weir and to return culture
visualization.
This study proposed and developed dynamic visualization models for the
display of stone weirs and Penghu culture provided for two efforts: (1) Researchersof humanities can follow mechanism of stone weirs culture to analyze features about
lifestyle and religion in Penghu community in at the past from built style and year ofstone weirs. (2) Application of value-adding data is for marketing and popularizing,
to provide general users to realize Penghu local culture and to experience cultural
story and life behavior of mutualism of local forefather and ocean.
Keyword: Stone weirs, Information Communication Technology(ICT)、Service
Oriented Architecture(SOA), Service as a Service (SaaS),Visualization.

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JADH2019

Analyzing Cybersecurity-related Articles from Worldʼs Major Newspapers
Piyush Ghasiya, Koji Okamura
Securing nations citizen, critical infrastructure, and internet-of-things (IoT) devices
from cyber-attacks is the primary concern of governing authorities of almost every
country of the world. Every day there is news of some kinds of data breach, hacking,and backdoors. As the importance of cybersecurity is growing, the attention given to
it by media is also increasing. In this scenario, it would be interesting to analyze howsome of the most prominent newspapers (online) from different countries arereporting about cybersecurity. Doing this would not only help in understanding theprincipal concern of a nation in the field of cybersecurity but also useful in grasping
the similarity and the difference between countries priorities to the critical events
under cybersecurity area. The countries that are considered for this research are
Japan, the U.S., the U.K., Australia, Canada, and India. English language website ofnewspapers will be used for this research. The period chosen to collect articles is from
April 2018 to March 2019.
This research can be divided into four main steps:
1) Step One – Data Acquisition
This step will collect cybersecurity-related articles from at least three
newspapers from each country.

For that, Pythonʼs BeautifulSoup package

will be used.
2) Step Two – Content Analysis
Content Analysis of collected articles will be performed using KH Coder. KH
Coder is an open source software for quantitative content analysis or text
mining. As the main objective of this research is to understand how
newspapers are reporting cybersecurity related issues in different countries,
this step would help to find critical patterns from the collected corpus.
3) Step Three – Sentiment Analysis
After finding patterns from step two and categorizing the corpus accordingly,
sentiment analysis would be performed on only articles related to the specificissue. Like content analysis, sentiment analysis is also a content-based
analysis. However, sentiment analysis categorizes the text into positive or
negative. Pythonʼs TextBlob package will be used for performing sentiment
analysis.
4) Step four – Critical Analysis
This step would critically analyze the specific issue or issues that content
analysis showed from step two.
First, all four steps would be performed for each country, and thecomparative analysis between different countries is performed to understand the74

JADH2019difference.
Analysis of Japanʼs Newspaper
As this researcher has already finished the analysis of Japanʼs newspapers. Below are
the results of each step.
1. Step One - Data Acquisition
182 Cybersecurity-related articles from three newspapers: The Japan Times,
Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun are collected between the period
mentioned above.
2. Step Two – Content Analysis
The content analysis used term-frequency analysis and co-occurrence
analysis for finding patterns. These analyses showed that contention between
the U.S. and China over Huaweiʼs 5G technology or network is the crucial
issue. Forty-five articles (25%) of the collected corpus are related to Huawei.
This can explain the importance of the ongoing tussle over 5G for Japan.
3. Step Three – Sentiment Analysis
From the perspective of International Relations (IR), the Huawei issue is anegative development. Even the media is also using the word such as techwar, race, contention, and battle. In this setup, it would be interesting to lookat how sentiment analysis categorizes Huawei-related articles. 89% of 45
articles are categorized as positive. This shows the limitation of the contentbased analysis. This point can be further pondered upon, as this research
move further in analyzing newspapers from other countries.
4. Step Four – Critical Analysis
Critical analysis of the Huawei issue showed that Huawei is one of the leadersin 5G technology. The U.S. allegations of a backdoor in Huawei product andspying for the Chinese government is only theoretical till now. Huawei is justa pawn in this battle of tech supremacy between the two most powerfulnations of the world. Japan, the biggest ally of the U.S. in Asia, also acted
against Huawei and banned it. This whole issue can create a deep fissure in
Japan-China relation, which was showing a sign of normalization after a longtime.
Future research would analyze cybersecurity-related newspaper articles fromthe countries mentioned above. As this is an ongoing research, the author is still in
the process of collecting data from other countries starting from the U.S. The analysisof newspaper articles from the U.S. and comparative study of Japan and the U.S.
would be included in the final poster.
Keywords – Content Analysis, Sentiment Analysis, Critical Analysis, Newspaper,
Cybersecurity

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Approach to develop Digital Collection for Small Organization considering
Sustainability and Reusability with IIIF and Static File
Satoru Nakamura1
1. Introduction
Digital collection plays an important role as a research resource for digital humanities.
In particular, the recent introduction of IIIF has greatly improved the interoperability
and reusability of image resources. On the other hand, one of the challenges in digitalcollection is the sustainability of the system. Eschenfelder[1] introduces a ninedimensional framework for organizational sustainability in the digital cultural heritage
community; Technology, Management, Relationships, Revenue, Cost, Valued product,
service, Disaster planning, Legal/policy, and Metrics/assessment. In this research,
we focus on three of those dimensions, which are Technology, Management, and Cost.
In concrete, maintaining staff and budget for system operation and maintenance over
the years is difficult. To address this issue, Egusa[2] proposes a way to develop digitalcollections using only static files such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript files. Her approach,or generic SSG (Static Site Generators), offers better security and reduce server
related requirements such as server side language and database software. This
reduces maintenance and migration costs. In this study, IIIF is added to her approach,and a methodology is proposed to develop digital collections that take into accountboth sustainability and reusability with IIIF and static files.
2. Proposed method
The proposed method consists of the following four steps.
・ Upload image data to server
・ Create metadata with spreadsheet software・ Convert data to HTML and JSON files
・ Provide browsing environment using online tool
In the first step, the images in the collection are uploaded to the server andcan be accessed by a URL. IIIF Image service is desirable but not required in IIIF
Presentation API[3], therefore this approach also does not require IIIF-compatible
image server.
Next, metadata about the item is described using spreadsheet software, suchas MS Excel and Google Spreadsheet. Two types of data are required. One is a list of
metadata for each item. Metadata fields specified in spreadsheet software header

1

The University of Tokyo

76

JADH2019lines are represented by URIs, and this data can be converted to RDF data. For
example, the title field is represented by "dcterms:title". In addition, required fields
and optional items are provided as metadata. For example, licenses (dcterms:rights)
and attribution (sc:attributeLabel) of items are provided as required fields, and thesedata are used to generate IIIF manifests.
The third step is data conversion from spreadsheet to IIIF manifest (JSONfile) and landing page (HTML file) of each item. This data conversion uses a scripting
language such as Python. In addition, RDF data (such as XML or JSON file) and IIIF
collection (JSON file) are also generated for bulk data download. Especially for landing
pages, RDF metadata is embedded by RDFa to improve machine readability. By
uploading these data to the server, each item can be accessed by URL.
The fourth step provides a browsing environment using various online tools.
Online Document Viewer[4] is used to browse the list of metadata in MS Excel. Users
can browse images with the landing pages and IIIF viewers such as Universal Viewerthat loads the IIIF manifest. In addition, Image Annotator[5] is used to list thumbnails
and browse images based on the IIIF collection.
The proposed methodology applies to the development of several digitalcollections. These sites are basically published using GitHub Pages, which is a static
file hosting service. This realized the improvement of data reusability with IIIF, while
improving the sustainability by developing web sites with only static files.
3. Discussion
This study does not propose a whole new approach. Several organizations havemanaged metadata in a spreadsheet and converted to IIIF manifests using tools suchas [6, 7, 8]. Regarding publication of websites using GitHub Pages, it has been applied
to different websites as guided by Visconti[9]. The difference from these existing
works is that this proposed method covers the end-to-end process, from uploading
images to developing a digital collection system with JavaScript. We also need tothink about updates of JavaScript, but the data with standard formats such as RDF
data and IIIF Collection will help to reduce the cost to handle those updates.
Furthermore, for the purpose of developing larger digital collections, a searchengine such as Apache Solr should be adopted. On the other hand, the proposed
methodology is an approach which aims at developing a small digital collection thatcan browse the list of items by spreadsheet software. Although the functionality ofthe search system in this proposed methodology is limited, this approach provides
high data reusability and interoperability. Thus, data such as the IIIF manifest may
be easily harvested by others or applications, and the inconvenience of the developed
system can be solved by them. This is the utility of the proposed methodology thattakes into consideration the sustainability and reusability of digital collections.

77

JADH2019[1] Eschenfelder, K. R., Shankar, K., Williams, R. D., Salo, D., Zhang, M., & Langham,
A. A nine dimensional framework for digital cultural heritage organizationalsustainability: A content analysis of the LIS literature (2000–2015), Online
Information Review, Vol.43, No.2, pp.182-196, 2019.
[2] 江草由佳. 移⾏しやすく使いやすいデジタルアーカイブの構築:教育図書館貴重資料デジタルコレク
ションの経験から, 情報知識学会誌, Vol.28, No.5, pp.367-370, 2018.
[3] https://iiif.io/api/presentation/2.1/#image-resources[4] Online Doc Viewer | View MS Office Documents Online,
https://products.office.com/en/office-online/view-office-documents-online[5] Image Annotator, https://www.kanzaki.com/works/2016/pub/image-annotator[6] https://github.com/ndlib/marble-manifest-pipeline[7] https://github.com/ColbyMuseum/export_align[8] http://georgetown-university-libraries.github.io/File-Analyzer-TestData/iiif/demo8[9] Visconti, A. Building a static website with Jekyll and GitHub Pages, The
Programming Historian, 2016.

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Building Models from Topic Models
Radim Hladík1
The method of automated topic analysis known as LDA – Latent Dirichlet Allocation(Blei et al., 2003) – can process large number of texts as well as detect topics –defined as distributions of words across documents – that researchers would notnecessarily find with traditional content analysis. Although it has not been always
welcomed enthusiastically by digital humanists (Schmidt, 2012), its sheer utility has
nevertheless made it a widely-used tool (e.g. Schöch, 2017; Tabata, 2017; Goldstone
and Underwood, 2012). From the digital humanities perspective, the fact that LDA
provides ordered lists of words makes it superior to methods such as latent semantic
indexing (LSI), a type of dimension reduction technique for document-term matrices,which is readable by machines but noninterpretable by humans. In addition to topics
in the corpus, LDA also calculates descriptions of documents as mixtures of topics.
This is often desirable, as usually readers do not expect texts to be about one andsingle topic only. Another potentially advantageous attribute of LDA is the assignmentof words to topics based on probabilities, no matter how infinitesimal it may be. This
result matches well with the intuition that the same word can appear in more contexts
from which it will ultimately derive a specific meaning.
The LDA method has also its drawbacks, some of which are overcome in its
more advanced variations. For example, the mutual independence of topics in the
traditional LDA violates the common-sense assumption that some topics are more
likely to be discussed together. The correlated topic models (CTMs) makes room forcorrelations among individual topics (Blei and Lafferty, 2007). Structural topics
models (STMs) go a step further and allow for specification of external metadata withwhich the topics should correlate. Effectively, this means that STMs make it possible
to trace associations between topics and other variables (Roberts et al., 2013).
However, because these associations are constructed in the very process of building
the topic model, STMs cannot be used for inferential claims.
The presentation will address another shortcoming of LDA that is theproperty of the compositional nature of the Dirichlet distribution (or other normalized
distributions) used under the hood of the technique. The mixtures of topics on
document level cannot be used in regression models, where they would introduce
multicollinearity. Alternative regression models for compositional data exist, but rely
on transformations that make interpretation of effects challenging (Filzmoser et al.,2010). Discarding some topic loadings based on arbitrary thresholds (Antons et al.,1

National Institute of Informatics / Institute of Philosophy of the Czech Academy of

Sciences
79

JADH20192018) can allow for models to work computationally, but such hacks do not respect
the nature of compositional data, where a change in one value must be accompanied
by a corresponding change in at least one other value. In short, while LDA-based
topic models allow researcher to quantify semantic information, using these models
beyond the document classification tasks is cumbersome at best.
Alternative solutions to topic modeling can come from modeling of semantic
networks (Leydesdorff and Nerghes, 2017). A recent method, TopSBM model,
proposes hierarchical stochastic models in bi-partite networks made up of words anddocuments (Gerlach et al., 2018) as a network alternative to LDA that sharesmathematical properties with probabilistic topic modeling. It does not require settingof hyperparameters and, perhaps more importantly, the topic models based on
TopBSM have non-probabilistic, empirical distributions. The technique porposed byGerlach et al. (2018) normalizes topic distributions per document, but the existenceof empirical distributions and non-overlaping topic categories actually does notnecessitate this step. Instead, we propose a different implementation that allows us
to express the keyness (Pojanapunya and Watson, 2018) of topics in a document as
log odds ratios instead of probabilities and thus overcome the multicollinearity issues
associated with LDA and LDA-inspired methods. Such topic loadings can beinterpreted as conditional probabilities of a document belonging to a topic given theoverall prevalence of the topic in the corpus. Consequently, we are able to treat each
topic as a fully independent covariate to be used in other models, i.e. as features ina regression. In this sense, despite having its own limitations, such as the inability to
account for heterogenous meanings of the same word, TopSBM is a welcomed
addition to the methodological arsenal for modeling semantic structures in corpora.
The proposed approach is illustrated by showcasing a regression model ofcitation counts of sociological papers. The model explores the question whether the
topic of a paper can have effect on citations. If citations reflected only quality, we
would expect citations to be distributed randomly across all topics. However, it is also
conceivable that some topics (perhaps through a funding intervention by thegovernment or thanks to the involvement of prominent scholars) are more “popular”
among academic authors than others. To examine the effect of sociological topics on
citations, we use the available data on Czech sociology. The data consists of articles
published between 1993–2016 in the Czech Sociological Review (CSR), which is a“core” and generalist journal of the Czech sociology. The corpus of 522 articles wasused for building a topic model with the TopSBM method. Only nouns appearing morethan 2 times were retained to enhance both the computational and semantic
efficiency of modeling (Martin and Johnson, 2015). For 499 of the articles, citation
data were matched in the Web of Science with their citation records. Control variables
include binary author-level data: single vs. team authorship, man vs. woman leadauthor, the age of publication, and lexical richness calculated as type/token ratio from80

JADH2019
random samples of 250 terms per document. Table 1 conveys the results of theregression model for cumulative citations after stepwise selection of topic variables(pseudo-R2 = 0.26). The ability to discard some topics with the stepwise or othermethods of feature selection is one of the advantages of our approach. Topics
themselves are reported through their five highest-ranking words.
We can see that quantitative (topic 19) and network-based (topic 22)
approaches along with urban sociology (topic 6) yield advantage in citations. On thecontrary, articles with a focus on social theory (topic 17) or with a penchant forphilosophical reflection (topic 25) have negative effect on citations. The highest
negative effective is associated with research on political decision-making (topic 30),
which may be of more interest to qualitative sociology. An interesting contrast exists
between this topic and the slightly positive effect of another political topic that,
however, betrays preoccupation with more quantitative aspects of political life, suchas voting behavior and surveys (topic 8). The opposite effects for theoretical (17, 25)
and methodological topics (19,22) suggest a mismatch between theory and empiricalresearch in Czech sociology. Perhaps the most important insight is that accounting
for the topics of articles in the model of citation counts eliminates the significance ofcontrol variables, including the sex of authors and the team vs. single authorship. If
future research arrives at the same conclusions, it will be strong evidence about themoderating effect of research topics on bibliometric indicators. The demonstration of
the predictive utility of topical feature space can also inspire other applications.
Table 1:
Variable

Coefficent(Intercept)

0.819 ( 0.651 )1st author sex (female = 0, male = 1)

0.028 ( 0.119 )Age (Years since publication)

0.006 ( 0.008 )Collaborative authorship (single = 0, team = 1)

0.15 ( 0.124 )Lexical richness (types/tokens ratio)

0.237 ( 0.966 )Topic 01 school phase transition origin dynamics

-

Sig

.

0.087 ( 0.048 )Topic 06 city resident municipality house housing

0.115 ( 0.045 )*Topic 07 question society case measure job

0.34 ( 0.22 )Topic 08 election government democracy reform vote

0.094 ( 0.044 )*Topic 13 sociology sociologist image order spirit

0.132 ( 0.077 ).

Topic 17 theory principle action law rule-*0.161 ( 0.082 )81

JADH2019
Topic 19 number data information category factor

0.26 ( 0.09 )

**

Topic

0.147 ( 0.045 )***0.103 ( 0.06 ).

22 network interaction community integration exclusion
Topic
23 centre facility transportation countryside concentration
Topic 24 position demand claim conflict public

0.103 ( 0.077 )Topic 25 world thing science culture critique-*

0.224 ( 0.097 )
Topic

-

**

26 sign communication intention media representation

0.154 ( 0.055 )Topic 30 majority member support program decision-0.29 ( 0.102 )**Topic 33 sex old-age ageing senior doing-*

0.108 ( 0.053 )Note: . p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
References
Antons, D., Joshi, A. M. and Salge, T. O. (2018). Content, Contribution, andKnowledge Consumption: Uncovering Hidden Topic Structure and Rhetorical Signals
in Scientific Texts. Journal of Management: 0149206318774619
doi:10.1177/0149206318774619.
Blei, D. M. and Lafferty, J. D. (2007). A correlated topic model of Science. The
Annals of Applied Statistics, 1(1): 17–35 doi:10.1214/07-AOAS114.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0708.3601.
Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y. and Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journalof Machine Learning Research, 3: 993–1022.
Filzmoser, P., Hron, K. and Reimann, C. (2010). The bivariate statistical analysisof environmental (compositional) data. Science of the Total Environment, 408(19):4230–38 doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.011.
Gerlach, M., Peixoto, T. P. and Altmann, E. G. (2018). A network approach to
topic models. Science Advances, 4(7): eaaq1360 doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaq1360.
Goldstone, A. and Underwood, T. (2012). What can topic models of PMLA teachus about the history of literary scholarship. Journal of Digital Humanities, 2(1): 39–
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Leydesdorff, L. and Nerghes, A. (2017). Co-word maps and topic modeling: A
comparison using small and medium-sized corpora (N1,000). Journal of the

Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(4): 1024–35
doi:10.1002/asi.23740.

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Martin, F. and Johnson, M. (2015). More Efficient Topic Modelling Through a Noun
Only Approach. Proceedings of Australasian Language Technology Association
Workshop: 111–15.
Pojanapunya, P. and Watson, T. R. (2018). Log-likelihood and odds ratio:
Keyness statistics for different purposes of keyword analysis. Corpus Linguistics and
Linguistic Theory, 14(1): 133–67 doi:10.1515/cllt-2015-0030.
Roberts, M. E., Tingley, D., Stewart, B. M. and Airoldi, E. M. (2013). The
Structural Topic Model and Applied Social Science. Advances in Neural Information
Processing Systems Workshop on Topic Models: Computation, Application, andEvaluation.: 4.
Schmidt, B. M. (2012). Words Alone: Dismantling Topic Models in the Humanities.
Journal of Digital Humanities, 2(1).
Schöch, C. (2017). Topic Modeling Genre: An Exploration of French Classical andEnlightenment Drama. Digital Humanities Quarterly, 11(2).
Tabata, T. (2017). Mapping Dickens s Novels in a Network of Words, Topics, andTexts: Topic Modelling a Corpus of Classic Fiction. In, Proceedings of the 7th
Conference of Japanese Association for Digital Humanities ʻCreating Data ThroughCollaborationʼ. Kyoto: Doshisha University, pp. 73–79.

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Deep Learning based Japanese Early Books Understanding
Bing Lyu1, Hiroyuki Tomiyama2, Lin Meng3
Early books and literatures record lots of information as culture heritage, which help
us understand the politics, history, culture etc. However, lots of these early books andliteratures are unlocked which limits the currently research.
This paper introduces an in-work-progress, focus on understanding earlyJapanese books which are recoded in the Database of Ritsumeikan University [1]. In
the Early Japanese Books Database, the early Japanese books are scanned and stored
as digital images. When we try to lock these literatures by image processing, following
technical problems exist.
1) Some of literature images have lots of noises due to the aging process, whichmakes the recognition became difficult.
2) The figure and character areas are ununiformed in the literature image.
3) The pictures and the texts are mixed together, increasing the difficulty ofunderstanding the literature.
4) Lots of literatures are described by the cursive style which is very difficult to berecognized, because of lots of variation. And only few specialists can read the style.
In this paper, we propose a deep-learning based method for recognizing thecharacters and help preserving and protecting these cultural heritages.
In detail, for solving the problems of noise, Gaussian filtering and binarization
are applied for noise reduction, firstly. The threshold is set by the Otsu method. For
extracting the figure and character area, the pixel number of vertical axis andhorizontal axis in binarized image are counted, and a statistical method are proposed
for extracting the figure and character area.
About the character recognition, many image processing methods have been
proposed. Currently, researchers find that deep learning methodes such as
GoogLeNet, AlexNet etc. are better than the conventional image processing methods[2]. However, the problem of these models is the images should be cut previously.
In this research, we try to apply and extend the deep learning model of SSD(SingleShot MultiBox Detector) for extracting the characters from the literature
images directly. Unfortunately, SSD is not fit for more than thousand objects detection.
Furthermore, a larger number of characters exist in the literatures, and one words
have several styles, and one styles have several variations especially in the case of1

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

2

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

3

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

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cursive style. If the several type characters are mixed in the same training database,overfitting may happen.
Here, we plan to apply three network mode for solving this problem. Firstly,
we try to apply a smaller network for recognizing the character types. Then,characters typed SSD and AlexNet combined networks are applied for detecting andrecognizing every types character, respectively. SSD is used for character detection,
which may give a bounding box to every detected character, and the detectedcharacters are forwarded to AlexNet which is used for character recognition.
Acknowledgments
Part of this work was supported by a JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career
Scientists (No. 18K18337) and Art research center of Ritsumeikan University.

[1] https://www.arc.ritsumei.ac.jp/en/database.html (2019/4/28 accessed)[2] Lin Meng, Naoki Kamitoku and Katsuhiro Yamazaki, “Recognition of Oracle Bone
Inscriptions Using Deep Learning based on Data Augmentation,” 2018 IEEE
International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (IEEE
MetroArchaeo 2018), Oct. 2018. (In Cassino, Italy)[3] Wei Liu, Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Christian Szegedy: SSD: SingleShot
MultiBox Detector, ECCV 2016: Computer Vision – ECCV 2016, pp.21-37,2016.

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Emotional Effect on Utterance Styles in Fiction Writing
Hajime Murai1, Naoko Matsumoto2
Introduction
Among the various elements in story texts, conversational sentences are a challenge
for automatic processing. Colloquial language often includes irregularities, reflecting
daily usage of omissions and idiomatic expressions. Therefore, it is difficult to processirregular word sequences using natural language processing techniques.
Moreover, in novels or general story texts, each character is differentiatedbased on their manner of speech; it is a popularly used technique to help readers
understand each characterʼs personality (Kinsui, 2003). Some readers can identify
various attributes (e.g., gender, age, temperament, and social status as in actual daily
conversations (Okamoto, 1997 and 1999)) of characters in a text based on thecharacteristics of each characterʼs dialogs. Moreover, even if the speakerʼs identity is
not elaborated through descriptive sentences, most readers can accurately identify
the speaker through conversational sentences. Basic types of those Japaneseutterance styles in story texts have been clarified based on usage of particles andauxiliary verbs (Murai, 2018).
In addition to those basic types that are related to speakersʼ various attributes,
emotional states could have an effect not only on tones of voice (Siegman and Boyle,1993), but also utterance styles. Therefore, this paper investigated the differences inutterance styles that are dependent on emotional styles in Japanese story texts.
Results of the scientific analyses can provide objectification and falsifiability to
the interpretation of narratives. Moreover, they can clarify effective features for
identifying charactersʼ emotional states.
Target contents
To analyze relationships between attributes and conversational sentences, a tagged
dialog corpus of Japanese novels was employed (Murai, 2016). This corpus is basedon a random sampling of the texts of Japanese novels within the Balanced Corpus ofContemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ) (Maekawa et al., 2014). The Japanese
texts, included in the Nippon Decimal Classification class number 913, were extracted
from the library-based corpus in the BCCWJ, and 100 texts were randomly selected(Appendix). Although there is also a BCCWJ speaker information corpus that covers

1

Future University Hakodate

2

Future University Hakodate

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the texts of Japanese novels in BCCWJ, that corpus includes only gender and age
attributes.
Conversational sentences within the selected texts were extracted andattributes of the speaker (name, gender, occupation) and listener (name),
relationship between the speaker and listener, and situations (e.g., family, office,criminal investigation…) were manually added to each utterance. A total of 5,632
utterances from 100 Japanese novels were tagged.
Tagging and categorization of emotion
Tags about the emotional state of the speaker were added for each utterance in the
100 Japanese texts based on consultation with two researchers. Those emotional
states were inferred on grounds of the utterance and surrounding descriptive
sentences. As a result, emotional tags were added to 554 utterances. The numbers of
resultant tags are shown in Table 1. Those emotional states were categorized in four
major categories (“Positive,” “Negative,” “Aggression,” and “Unexpected”) to fulfill therequirements of statistical analysis.
Table 1. Large and small categories for emotions within utterances
Positive
Joy
Confidence
Admiration
Gratitude
Love
Reassurance
Nostalgia
Negative
Sadness
RegretLack of confidence
Feelings of guilt
Compassion
Aggression
Anger
DisgustUnexpected
Surprise
Bewilderment
Fear
Restlessness

148
36
4
12
76
5
14
1
107
12
28
10
40
17
173
117
56
126
61
24
40
1

Five hundred and fifty-four utterances were analyzed by Japanese parts ofspeech tags, and functional words (particles and auxiliary verbs) were extracted. For
frequently appearing functional words, a chi square test was conducted (Table 2). In

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Table 2, ▲▲ shows many at a 1% significance level, ▲ shows many at a 5%
significance level, ▽▽ shows few at a 1% significance level, and ▽ shows few at a
5% significance level. Those cells meet Cochranʼs rule.
Table 2. Chi-squared test of frequencies of particles and auxiliary verbs in four
categories

Table 2 shows that polite (“Desu”) and feminine (“Wa” and “Ne”) utterance
styles (Murai, 2018) were frequently used and the negative expression (“Nai”) does
not appear frequently in positive emotions. More than half of the positive emotion
was composed of “gratitude” and Japanese females more frequently express“gratitude” than Japanese males. Therefore, positive emotions are related to afeminine utterance style.
On the other hand, a negative utterance style frequently appeared, and polite

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JADH2019or feminine styles were not used in a state of aggression. Moreover, the final particle“Na” was frequently used in unexpected situations.
Conclusions and future work
The results clarified that Japanese utterance styles in fiction writing change depending
on emotional state. However, changes of utterance styles related to detailed emotional
states have not been investigated because of the limitation of data size.
The detailed examination of relationships between emotional states andutterance styles could be enabled if a larger corpus, which includes more emotional
expressions, could be utilized in the future.
Kinsui, S., (2003). Virtual Japanese: Mystery of Functional Words, Iwanami Shoten,
Tokyo.
Maekawa, K., Yamazaki, M., Ogiso, T., Maruyama, T., Ogura, H., Kashino, W.,
Koiso, H., Yamaguchi, M., Tanaka, M., and Den, Y., (2014). “Balanced corpus ofcontemporary written Japanese,” Language Resources and Evaluation, 48(22):345­371.
Murai, H., (2016). “Towards agent estimation system for story text based on agent
vocabulary dictionary,” IPSJ Symposium Series, 2016( 2): 209–214, 2016. (InJapanese).
Murai, H., (2018). “Factor analysis of utterances in Japanese fiction writing based on
BCCWJ Speaker Information Corpus,” Advances in Human-Computer Interaction,2018 Article ID 5056268, 9 pages.
Okamoto, S., (1997). “Social context, linguistic ideology, and indexical expressions inJapanese”, Journal of Pragmatics, 28(6): 795–817.
Okamoto, S., (1999). “Situated politeness: Manipulating honorific and non-honorificexpressions in Japanese conversations”, Pragmatics, 9(1): 51–74.
Siegman A.W., and Boyle, S. (1993). “Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness anddepression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness
and depression,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(3): 430–437.

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End to End word spotting network for modern Japanese magazines
Anh Duc Le1
With the development of open data in humanities, an enormous amount of historical
documents has been available electronically on the Internet for humanities
researchers. Such as large documents can be accessed efficiently if researchers cansearch and extract necessary text. The traditional approach for this task is making an
index for documents manually. Since the manual approach is expensive, automatize
indexing process will reduce costs. On our current project, a large of modern
Japanese Magazines have been available for research communities. However, theirindexes do not exist, researchers have to look for necessary keywords manually. In
this research, we aim to propose a new method to spot keywords effectively on
modern Japanese magazines.
For Japanese documents which have a complex layout and a large vocabulary,
the state of the art methods for word spotting such as PHOC descriptors [1], PHOCNet[2], HWNet [3] are inappropriate, since they require that documents have been
segmented into words. Moreover, the accuracy of OCR for modern Japanesemagazines is still low. It is very challenging to make indexing from OCR results. To
overcome the above challenges, we propose a new method for keyword spotting,which predicts locations of an input keyword from document images without any preprocessing.

Figure 1. The architecture of the word spotting network.
The architecture of the word spotting network is shown in Figure 1. The
1

Center for Open Data in The Humanities, Tokyo, Japan

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network is inspired by Single Shot Detection [4] on object detection and Connectionist
Text Proposal Network [5] on text detection. The network has three parts: features
extraction, keyword embedding, and bounding box regression. For feature extraction,
we employ VGG16 to extract features from an input image. Then, we employ a
Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BLSTM) to explore meaningful context
information of keyword. For keyword embedding, we convert a keyword character toan embedded vector. The embedded vector is concatenated with each extracted
features. Finally, the bounding box is predicted from the concatenated vector. Figure
2 shows the result from the word spotting network for keyword “流”. There are three
sequential bounding boxes (red, green, and blue boxes). The result location isdetermined by merging sequential bounding boxes to a single box for the input
character.

Figure 2. The result of word spotting for keyword “流”This research is work-in-progress. Currently, we are developing the networkon the Tensorflow framework. We plan to employ annotated documents fromprevious work [6, 7] for evaluating the end to end word spotting network. The dataset
contains 1000 pages of historical magazines from 1870 to 1945. We randomly select
80% of pages for training, 10% of pages for validation and the rest for testing. We
plan to do initial experiments by selecting 100 characters for keywords. Then, we will
increase the vocabulary of keywords to 1000 and 3000 characters. The experimental

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results will be presented on the poster at JADH2019.

[1] J. Almazan, A. Gordo, A. Fornes, E. Valveny, Word spotting and recognition withembedded attributes, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
36 (12) (2014) 2552-2566.
[2] S. Sudholt and G. A. Fink, PHOCNet: A deep convolutional neural network forword spotting in handwritten documents, in ICFHR, 2016.
[3] Praveen Krishnan · C.V. Jawahar, HWNet v2: An Efficient Word Image
Representation for Handwritten Documents. https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.06194.
[4]

Wei Liu, Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Christian Szegedy, Scott Reed,

Cheng-Yang Fu, Alexander C. Berg, SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector, ECCV 2016.
[5] Z. Tian, W. Huang, T. He, P. He, and Y. Qiao, Detecting Text in Natural Image with
Connectionist Text Proposal Network, ECCV, 2016.
[6] 永野雄⼤, 幡⾕⿓⼀郎, 持橋⼤地, 増⽥勝也, CNN を⽤いた近代⽂献画像からのテキスト領域
抽出, PRMU 2018
[7] Anh Le Duc, Daichi Mochihashi, Katsuya Masuda, Hideki Mima, An attention-based
encoder-decoder for recognizing Japanese historical documents, PRMU 2018.

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Facilitating Digital Humanities Research in Central Europe through theAdvanced Speech and Image Processing Technologies
Jan Švec1, Petr Stanislav2, Marek Hrúz3,
Aleš Pražák4, Josef V. Psutka5, Pavel Ircing6

In the recent decades, there is a constantly growing amount of multimodal data being
collected and stored in order to be preserved for a future use. These data include –among other things – videotaped oral history interviews, archived footage of various
TV broadcasts and a plethora of scanned hand-written and typed documents andphotographs. The resulting archives present invaluable resources for many branchesof the humanities (history, linguistics) and social sciences (political science,
communication studies).
However, almost all of such archives share the same problem; unless they
are really thoroughly equipped with the detailed metadata (describing e.g. topics of
the individual documents, names and place appearing in the documents and/or being
mentioned there, etc.) – and it is only rarely the case – it is almost impossible to findthe desired information in the vast amount of data.
Our research lab has been participating in several projects (in some of themas the leading partner) that applied first the speech processing technologies and later
also the image processing ones to facilitate the access to the information content of1

Department of Cybernetics & NTIS – New Technologies for the Information Society

Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic2

Department of Cybernetics & NTIS – New Technologies for the Information

Society Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech
Republic3

Department of Cybernetics & NTIS – New Technologies for the Information

Society Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech
Republic4

Department of Cybernetics & NTIS – New Technologies for the Information

Society Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech
Republic5

Department of Cybernetics & NTIS – New Technologies for the Information

Society Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech
Republic
6

Department of Cybernetics & NTIS – New Technologies for the Information

Society Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech
Republic
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JADH2019the archives.
First, we started with building the systems for automatic speech recognition(ASR) for the Czech, Slovak, Russian and Polish recordings from what is nowadays
the USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive (http://vhaonline.usc.edu). The
original plan was to transcribe the audio track of the video recordings into the plain
text format and then use the traditional information retrieval techniques to findelaborately crafted search topics. This has proven to be problematic due to a relatively
poor recognition accuracy (more than 30% Word Error Rate) on the challenging data
and we have resorted to using an approach called spoken term detection (STD)
instead.
In STD, the task is to find any occurrence of a specified word or a shortphrase (the query) in the archive and return the exact time point where suchoccurrence takes place. Ideally, there is also a graphical interface that allows user toplay the relevant segment from the recording instantly, as is shown in Figure 1.
Since the user does not need to read the text produced by the ASR as he/shewatches directly the original passage from the recordings, we can use more than justthe usual sequence of words that the ASR engine deems most probable (so called
one-best transcription). Instead, we can take into account the entire set ofrecognition hypotheses stored in the form of a lattice – a directed acyclic graph where
nodes represent the time instants and edges “carry” words together with a confidence
score that represents a probability that a given word actually occurs within the given
time interval.
In order to allow efficient searching, the lattices are processed into the data
structure called the (inverted) index using the following procedure: The individualedges of the lattice are subject of a two-stage pruning. The first stage takes place atthe beginning when all the edges whose confidence scoreis lower than a threshold𝜃

0.05 are discarded. Each of the remaining edges is represented by a 5-tuple(start_t, end_t, word, score, item_id) where start_t and end_t are the beginning andend time, respectively, word is the ASR lexicon item associated with the edge, scoreis the aforementioned confidence score and finally item_id is the identifier of theoriginal video file (start_t and end_t represent the offset relative to the beginning of
this file). The index is further pruned by removing similar items; that is, if there are
two edges labeled with the same word that are either overlapping or are being lessthan Δ 𝑡

0.5 𝑠 apart, only the edge with the higher score is retained. It follows

from the description that the indexing procedure omits the structural properties ofthe original lattice but, on the other hand, makes a compact and efficient
representation of the recognized data. The resulting index is stored in a MongoDB
database.

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Figure 1 - The latest version of the user interface for STD in the USC ShoahFoundation Visual History Archive
The current version of the search system depicted in Figure 1 is able to searchin all the Czech and Slovak recordings from the USC Shoah Foundation Visual History
Archive (approx. 1 000 hours and 800 hours, respectively) and about 2 000 hours of
the English ones (in this case, it amounts to only about 4% of all the available
interviews). All Czech, Slovak and English versions use the same core ASR, indexing
and visualization

technologies but of course there is also a substantial amount oflocalization to the individual languages – from the obvious ones such as different ASR
phoneme sets and lexicons to the completely

distinct approach to lemmatization

used for Czech and Slovak on one side and English on the other.
In the last decade, we have started developing similar search engines for
Czech institutions that have recorded similar audiovisual archives. The processing of
the audio track of the video recordings was the main task in all cases but there werealso some additional “data streams” to be explored. The first of the archives – thecollection put together by Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes(https://www.ustrcr.cz/en/) – includes also a substantial amount of scanned written
documents that we wanted to make searchable in the similar manner as the audio
content. The second archive – the ever-growing collection of the main news broadcastof the Czech public television broadcaster – contains the video recordings only but
the broadcaster asked us to develop a technique that would allow to search also in
the “visual” track. That is, to look for a specific person appearing in the video and tofind the occurrence of words showing on the screen (running headlines, text
documents shot by the camera or even banners in the crowd).
Thinking about those requirements carefully, we have found out that all ofthem can be rather easily indexed as in the case of audio-only indexing. Once we95

JADH2019
have a sequence (or lattice) of words, we can create a searchable index in the samemanner as described above for the speech data.

The challenge is then reduced togetting the text representation from all the modalities – this can be done using theoptical character recognition (OCR) when dealing with scanned documents, facedetection and recognition when searching for faces and a so-called reading text
in the wild techniques when processing the text from the video footage. That way
we can create multiple indices and have the application to search in all of them. Notethat for the faces and the text captured in the video footage the individualcomponents of the index 5-tuple have the same meaning as for the speech track, inthe case of the words recognized in the scanned documents, we use the coordinatesof the word bounding boxes instead of start_t and end_t labels.

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Honkoku2: Towards a Large-scale Transcription of Pre-modern JapaneseManuscripts
Yuta Hashimoto1, Yasuyuki Kano2
Introduction
In this poster presentation, we will describe and demonstrate the next versionof Minna de Honkoku (https://honkoku.org/), a crowdsourcing platform for thetranscription of pre-modern Japanese manuscripts. This was originally developed bymembers of the Historical Earthquake Study Group (HESG) at Kyoto University. HESG
is a joint group of seismologists and historians at Kyoto University, including thepresent authors, who have been studying pre-modern earthquake records for seismic
research and disaster prevention. The original Minna de Honkoku was a project totranscribe a vast number of historical records stored at the Earthquake ResearchInstitute (ERI) of the University of Tokyo.
Although crowdsourcing has become a major technique for transcribing large
volumes of historical manuscripts in the last 10 years, it has been claimed that thistechnique is not applicable to pre-modern Japanese materials, as reading kuzushiji,classical calligraphic renderings of Japanese characters, is prohibitively difficult for
non-trained volunteers. Kuzushiji was common both for publishing and handwriting
in medieval and early-modern Japan. However, owing to the drastic change in thewriting system that occurred at the end of the 19th century, 99% of modern Japanesepeople are unable to read kuzushiji.
The authorsʼ approach to this challenge was to integrate crowdsourcing withthe online learning of kuzushiji [1]. In other words, we designed our crowdsourcing
system as an online learning service for kuzushiji, so that users can participate in the
project as a continuation of their learning. We developed the first version of Minna de
Honkoku (Honkoku1) based on this approach, and launched it in January 2017. The
result surpassed our expectations. By March 2019, 4,887 people had participated in
the project, and the transcription of all 499 records (16,076 pages) stored at the ERI
had been completed. The total number of characters transcribed by volunteers
reached six million.
The next version of Minna de Honkoku (Honkoku2) aims to extend theapproach described above to make it possible to transcribe a broader range ofmanuscripts on an even larger scale. To this end, two technologies will play key roles:
the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) and Handwritten Text

1

National Museum of Japanese History

2

Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
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JADH2019
Recognition (HTR).
Methods
Honkoku1 was designed to only deal with the digital images stored by the ERI. The
introduction of IIIF will remove this limitation, and make it possible for our platform
to collaborate with multiple cultural institutions. The IIIF is an international standard
allowing the interoperability of images and collections of images, developed by acommunity of academic and cultural institutions [2]. Increasing numbers of
institutions in Japan, including the National Diet Library (NDL) and National Instituteof Japanese Literature (NIJL), have adopted the IIIF as a framework to publish theirdigital collections online. Honkoku2 will be IIIF-compatible; that is, it will be able toimport images and their metadata from any digital archive that supports the IIIF via
APIs, and conduct crowdsourced transcriptions of these images (see Fig. 1).
The last 10 years have witnessed rapid progress in HTR, mostly owing to thebreakthroughs in deep neural network (DNN) technologies. A number of papers on
the automatic recognition of kuzushiji using DNNs have been published in recent
years [3,4]. However, HTR remains a computationally difficult problem, and it is still
difficult to imagine that fully automated HTR of kuzushiji with 100% accuracy will
become possible in the near future. Our idea is to employ HTR to augment rather
thanreplacehumantranscribers,

for

more

productive

andaccuratetranscriptions. Honkoku2 will come with an automated recognition system forkuzushiji. Given a rectangle for a character, this will display candidate characters (seeFig. 2). We expect this feature to make it easier for transcribers, especially beginners,
to decipher kuzushiji, thus leading to wider participation.

Fig. 1 A comparison of image handling between Honkoku1 and Honkoku2.

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Fig. 2 Automatic recognition of kuzushij. The program lists four candidate
characters with their probability scores.
Conclusion
In contrast to Honkoku1, which began as a project to transcribe the historical records
stored at the ERI, Honkoku2 aims to provide an inter-institutional crowdsourcing
platform with the support of machine learning technology, for larger-scaletranscriptions of pre-modern Japanese materials. Honkoku2 will officially be released
at the start of July 2019. Thus, we believe that we will be able to report on the initial
reactions of the public to Honkoku2 at the conference.
Bibliography
1. Yuta Hashimoto, et al. (2018). Minna de Honkoku: Learning-driven Crowdsourced
Transcription of Pre-modern Japanese Earthquake Records. In Proceedings ofDigital Humanities 2018, pp. 207-210, Mexico City, 2018.
2. International Image Interoperability Framework. https://iiif.io/
3. Hung Tuan Nguyen, et al. (2017). Attempts to Recognize Anomalously Deformed
Kana in Japanese Historical Documents, In Proceedings of the 4th International
Workshop on Historical Document Imaging and Processing, pp. 31-36, 2017.
4. Tarin Clanuwat, et al. (2018). Deep Learning for Classical Japanese Literature,
arXiv preprint, https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.01718.

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JADH2019Musical Pitch Expansion by Spectral Peak Shifting for Japanese Traditional
Music Box
Shoji Ueda1, Misaki Otsuka2, Takahiro Fukumori3,
Takanobu Nishiura4, and Ryo Akama5
Digital archives have recently attracted attention for preserving tangible andintangible cultural heritage including art, sounds, and production processes. Japan
has a wealth of cultural heritage, providing knowledge about the countryʼs history,
which is important to preserve for future generations. Digital archives enable longterm preservation without time-related deterioration and can be disclosed to people
via the Internet.
In this research, we focused on digital archives for the sounds produced bya Japanese traditional music box called shikokin. It is mechanical musical instrumentthat was popular during the middle of the Meiji era (from 1884 to the middle of 1897).
It is difficult to determine what the music fashion was during the Meiji era from
historiography; thus, we investigated the music fashion during the Meiji era to learn
more information about Japanese culture. We also wanted to enable many people tolearn about the shikokin by exhibiting the results of our research via an accessible
system. To achieve this, we reproduced the sounds of the shikokin through digital
signal processing [1]. For ease of access to our results, we also expanded the capacityof sound reproduction such as playing style and playable pitch. We also created a newmusical piece by a combining traditional and modern music.
The shikokin has a crank on the side and fourteen holes on top, as shown in
Fig. 1. Inside each hole, reeds are positioned with different lengths. When the crankis turned, the reed is vibrated by air flow through the hole, producing sound with thepitch related to the reed length. To play a melody, a rolled music score made ofJapanese paper is required, as shown in Fig. 2. It has holes to pass the air flow, anda pattern of holes represents the notes of the melody. The sounds are produced only
when the holes on the score overlap with the holes on the body of the shikokin. The
score must be hand made with the holes in the proper position. Editing the melody
requires modifying the holes by hand again. Therefore, it takes a long time to makea score. In digital data, the melody can be easily edited and is accessible to many

1

Ritsumeikan University

2

Ritsumeikan University

3

Ritsumeikan University

4

Ritsumeikan University

5

Ritsumeikan University

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JADH2019
people. In our previous research, we digitally reproduced the sounds, which are
pitches that can be played with the shikokin. We also constructed an accessible
system by expanding the pitch range to play contemporary music.
We developed a method of reproducing the sounds of the shikokin with thepitches of an 88-key piano. We first acquired the original sound played with theshikokin. However, squeaky noise was also included due to turning the crank. To(a) Overall(b) Holes on top of shikokin

Figure 1: Japanese traditional musical box shikokin

Figure 2: Rolled musical scorereduce this noise, we estimated the power spectral peaks of the noise and subtracted
the estimated peaks from the power spectrum of the acquired sound. We thenreproduced the sound of the shikokin from the acquired sound with the 88 pitches.
Previous studies on sound reproduction conducted concatenative synthesis [1, 2].
This can create pitch-changed sound by concatenating the stretched sound from theoriginal sound. It can sufficiently reproduce sounds with the pitch range near the
pitches playable with the shikokin. However, at extremely higher or lower frequencies,
the pitch-changed sounds are close to electronic sounds. This indicates that it
insufficiently reproduces sounds because it enhances the unnecessary spectral peaks
depending on the spectrum of the original sound.
We expanded the range of the pitches from the original sound by spectral
peak shifting. Figure 3 shows the flows of musical-pitch expansion. We first convert
the waveform of the original sound to the spectrum. In this spectrum, the intervals
between the contiguous spectral peaks contain the pitch information. Hence, the pitch
is changed by shifting the spectral peaks. We can easily modify the power on theunnecessary spectral peaks because this method is used in the frequency domain.

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We can then obtain the pitch-changed sound by converting the peak-shifted spectrum
to the waveform. On the other hand, this method insufficiently reproduces thefluctuation in the sound pressure by turning the crank. The sound pressure of the
shikokin fluctuates related to the rotational speed of the crank. To simulate thisfluctuation, we measured the rotational speed. According to the measured speed, weapplied the process that the sound pressure fluctuates in a random period to simulate
it more naturally. We carried

Figure 3: Flows of pitch expansion
out a subjective evaluation to confirm the effectiveness of our method. This method
reproduced the sound of the shikokin more smoothly and naturally than concatenativesynthesis.
Based on above efforts, we constructed a web-based system to exhibit theresults of our research. With this system, we can listen to the original and reproduced
sounds of the shikokin and observe its operation. It also has a synthesizer to createa melody played with the shikokin. This synthesizer selects the reproduced sounds

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based on the melody inputted by the user and concatenates them by concatenativesynthesis. We can listen to well-known contemporary music with traditional soundwith this system.
Acknowledgement
This work was partly supported by Art Research Center, Ritsumeikan University.
References[1]

M. Otsuka, S. Okayasu, T. Fukumori, T. Nishiura, and R. Akama, “Sound

reproduction by concatenative synthesis for Japanese traditional music box,” Culture
and Computing, pp. 153-154, 2017.
[2] A. Hunt and A. Black, “Unit selection in a concatenative speech synthesis systemusing a larger speech database,” ICASSP, pp. 373-37

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Potentials of Games With a Purpose and Audience Participation Games for
Descriptive Data Collection in Humanities Research
Ngoc Cuong Nguyen1, Pujana Paliyawan2, Ruck Thawonmas3,
Hai V. Pham4, Harada Tomohiro5, Keiko Suzuki6, and Masaaki Kidachi7This abstract provides a survey on Games With a Purpose (GWAPs) and Audience
Participation Games (APGs). We also discuss potentials in combining GWAPs and APGs
on live-streaming platforms. Nowadays, many deep learning and machine learningtechniques have been developed, which require a large amount of high-quality datain the training process. However, for certain applications, particularly those in thehumanities, which need descriptions of cultural items such as images or artworks,
such descriptive data are usually sparse, insufficient or low in quality. Usually, humanexperts are required to create the data, but this task is tedious, demanding and costly.
GWAPs have demonstrated how games can harness human intelligence to generate
more quality descriptive meaningful and relevant data without any pain but fun andenjoyable [1]. APGs are based on an idea of game live streaming that allows
audiences to not only watch but also participate in part of play. It would be, therefore,
interesting to combine a GWAP and an APG to utilize their advantages for descriptive
data collection in humanities research.
GWAPs have proven successful in many different domains from computer
vision, natural language processing (NLP) to web accessibility. For example, the ESP
game was the first successful GWAP implemented by Ahn and Dabbish to annotate
arbitrary images [2], in which a player guesses what his or her partner would typeas keywords for a given image to achieve a matched label for the image. In anothergame called Karido [3], players play to obtain specific labels for artwork images.
Dziedzic [4] proposed a GWAP to annotate natural language data in the NLP domain.
The Phetch game by Ahn et al. [5] copes with the problem of attaching descriptive
sentences to images on the web, which is beneficial in web accessibility. In the
aforementioned GWAPs, the players have to concentrate on playing them, without
doing anything else. Therefore, it is difficult to reach a massive number of players
1

Ritsumeikan University, Japan

2

Ritsumeikan University, Japan3

Ritsumeikan University, Japan

4

Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam

5

Ritsumeikan University, Japan

6

Ritsumeikan University, Japan

7

Ritsumeikan University, Japan

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JADH2019willing to spend time only on such games for a long time. Meanwhile, live-streaming
APGs can be a perfect choice for implementing GWAPs as in-game mini games toreach massive audiences and have them do valuable tasks while enjoying watching
the main contents.
Game live streaming is currently booming, with a large and ever-increasing
number of people watching the contents on services such as Twitch. One of thereasons is because they want to interact with others and participate in streaming
communities of their interests [6]. Therefore, with the increase of interactionoriented audiences, the role of the audiences has changed. This idea of audienceparticipation gaming has blurred the line between audiences and players by allowing
the former to impact gameplay conducted by the latter in a meaningful way [7]. The
most well-known example of APGs is Twitch Plays Pokémon, a result of a
crowdsourced attempt to play the Pokémon video game by parsing, processing, andexecuting commands sent by audiences through the channelʼs chat room [8].
However, the purpose of this kind of games was just for fun or to promote social
interactions between audiences and streamers or audiences themselves, not for
obtaining valuable data through audiencesʼ participation in the games.
We are convinced that using GWAPs on live-streaming platforms can reachmass audiences who not only watch game live streaming but would also be willing toparticipate in playing mini games provided. For example, Nguyen et al. [9] introduced
a mechanism for GWAPs on live-streaming platforms such as Twitch to obtain
informative and descriptive sentences for ukiyo-e images by letting audiences play amini game by using chat messages in addition to watching live streaming of gameplay.
In summary, this abstract presented an introduction to the literature on
GWAPs and APGs and proposed to combine them in order to create high-quality
descriptive data for humanities research and new applications. The combination of a
GWAP and an APG is promising as it allows audiences to have more fun, build social
interactions and create valuable descriptive data at the same time.
References[1] Von Ahn, Luis, and Laura Dabbish. "Designing games with a purpose."
Communications of the ACM 51, no. 8 (2008): 58-67.
[2] Von Ahn, Luis, and Laura Dabbish. "Labeling images with a computer game." In
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp.
319-326. ACM, 2004.
[3] Steinmayr, Bartholomäus, Christoph Wieser, Fabian Kneißl, and Fracois Bry.
"Karido: A GWAP for telling artworks apart." In 2011 16th International Conference
on Computer Games (CGAMES), pp. 193-200. IEEE, 2011.
[4] Dziedzic, Dagmara. "Use of the Free to Play model in games with a purpose: the
RoboCorp game case study." Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems 12, no. 4 (2016): 187-

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JADH2019197.
[5] Von Ahn, Luis, Shiry Ginosar, Mihir Kedia, Ruoran Liu, and Manuel Blum.
"Improving accessibility of the web with a computer game." In Proceedings of the
SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems, pp. 79-82. ACM, 2006.
[6] Hamilton, William A., Oliver Garretson, and Andruid Kerne. "Streaming on twitch:
fostering participatory communities of play within live mixed media." In Proceedingsof the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp.
1315-1324. ACM, 2014.
[7] Seering, Joseph, Saiph Savage, Michael Eagle, Joshua Churchin, Rachel Moeller,
Jeffrey P. Bigham, and Jessica Hammer. "Audience Participation Games: Blurring theLine Between Player and Spectator." In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on
Designing Interactive Systems, pp. 429-440. ACM, 2017.
[8] Ramirez, Dennis, Jenny Saucerman, and Jeremy Dietmeier. "Twitch Plays
Pokémon: a case study in big g games." In Proceedings of DiGRA, pp. 3-6. 2014.
[9] Ngoc Cuong Nguyen, Zhenao Wei, Pujana Paliyawan, Hai V. Pham, Ruck
Thawonmas, Tomohiro Harada, "Using GWAP to Generate Informative Descriptions
for Artwork Images on a Live Streaming Platform," The 4th International Conference
on Consumer Electronics Asia 2019 (ICCE-Asia 2019), Thailand, Jun. 1

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Putting the Official History in Personal Memory: TEI and LOD
Sho Makino1
This study aims to make History of the Irish Confederation by Richard Bellings(written in 1660s and published in seven volumes from 1882 to 1891) marked up
with TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) and connect to LOD (Linked Open Data). As oneof the leading politicians of the Irish Confederation that fought the British Civil War
in Ireland in the mid-seventeenth century, which was a fatal phenomenon, only
Bellings composed the official historical writing of the Confederation. Therefore, hiswork is crucial for the interpretation of the seventeenth century Irish history.
Historians has regarded the History of the Confederation as an importantprimary source in the seventeenth century Irish history in two senses: public andpersonal. The former is that the book was written using a lot of official documents
which now no longer exist because the archive of them was burnt down in the earlyeighteenth century. The other is, although it has been less mentioned comparing to
the first one, that the work is composed of a personal memory of the author. Even
though he composed the book with official documents, it has inevitable personalbiases on his memory; it is assumable that the source is also fit for considering about
a mental world of the seventeenth century Ireland. Therefore, considering theimportance of the historical source, to formatise the text with TEI is a important workfor the seventeenth century Irish historiography.
First of all, it is important to note that, as to develop this study for building abigger model later, I am going to sample the first two volumes out of, in total, seven
where each of them has over a hundred pages. Next, the way how to handle withthe text will be three-fold: to obtain, clean, and put in TEI format. Initially, thanks toGoogle Books, the primary source already not only has images but also text data. Yet,as the text may not still be perfect, due to an accuracy of OCR (Optical Character
Recognition), I will need to clean it up for marking up with TEI. Next, in order to clean
the text-data automatically, making use of Regular-Expression with Python would be
helpful. Thirdly, I am going to put them into TEI format, then, focusing especially on“personʼs names” (<persName> tagging) and “place names” (<placeName>tagging) to connect them to LOD (Linked Open Data) technology such as VIAF (The
Virtual International Authority File), DOI (Digital Object Identifier) given tobiographical entries, and historical maps accordingly (OʼHara, 2013; ⼩⾵, 2019).
Regarding to the extracting names, Recogito should be taken into
consideration for the NER (Named Entity Recognition) for automation of the1

Graduate School of University of Tokyo
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procedure (Simon et al., 2015). Also, historical maps Recogito prepares is easier toplot places on a visual map. However, it will be necessary to modify the parsonʼsnames by hand to some extent in the end. This is because it is presumable that there
might be a problem for the names; Irish names tend to have “Mc”, “Mac” or “Ó”
before surnames and the names were not set in a particular form yet in theseventeenth century.
In sum, it is possible to consider that this study prospects roughly two
features. Simply speaking, first, the result of this study will make the text easier tospecify who and where through tagging with TEI. Second, more importantly,
specifications of personʼs names and place names connected to LOD enables to referto the particular personʼs biography and his bibliography. Furthermore, as the History
often describes where battles happened and how they went on, which implies thatgeographical information tells how the war progressed as time passed. Analysing thepersonʼs and place names, this study is going to clarify what emphasis Bellings
intended to put on about the wars. Hence, putting the History in TEI will enable toregard it as a text of personal experience and thought as well as the official record of
the Confederation.

Bibliography
Gilbert, J. (1882-1891). The History of the Irish Confederation, and the War in
Ireland, 7 vols. Dublin.
Gillespie, R. (2000). “Political Ideas and their Social Contexts in SeventeenthCentury Ireland” in O'Hara, L. T. (2013). "Cleaning OCRʼd text with Regular
Expressions." The Programming Historian 2,<https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/cleaning-ocrd-text-with-regularexpressions>.
Ohlmeyer, J. (ed.), Political Thought in Seventeenth-Century Ireland. Cambridge
University Press: 107-127.
Rankin, D. (2009). Between Spenser and Swift: English Writing in SeventeenthCentury Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Simon, R. et al (2015). “Linking Early Geospatial Documents, One Place at a Time:
Annotation of Geographic Documents with Recogito.” e-Perimetron,10-2: 49–59.
⼩⾵尚樹 (2019).「Python によるセマンティック TEI マークアップのためのガイドライン」『「TEI で⻘空⽂庫勉強会」参考資料』、1­23 ⾴。

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Query-Based Mashups of Historical Live Music Recordings
Florian Thalmann, Thomas Wilmering, Mark B. Sandler1
Navigating and searching large archives of audio or musical material can be tedious
due to the temporal nature of the content. Whereas in visual archives one can gain areasonably reliable overview of search results at a glance simply by scrolling throughcollated images, with audio material one has to go through search results by listening
to individual recordings one by one – a process that may take a considerable amountof time and effort. In this paper we investigate different strategies of automaticallycreating sound collages based on user-defined queries enabling the user to gain aquick overview of a large number of results. We demonstrate the principles in a
prototypical application based on the Grateful Dead collection of the Live Music
Archive (LMA)2.
BackgroundIn recent years, advancements in music information retrieval have led to an improved
organization of large digital music collections. In addition to extra-musical metadata,
items in musical archives can now be automatically annotated with content-based
information ranging from simple audio descriptors to high-level musical analyses.
With these annotations one can now satisfyingly query and filter archive content, andquantify or visualize desired characteristics of the results (Elias et al., 2002, Bechhofer
et al., 2017). However, for certain tasks it may still take a long time to make senseof these outputs, which can often only be done by listening to the discovered
examples one by one.
To address this problem, we propose the concept of query-based mashups
which can be generated once the material of an archive is annotated with appropriate
audio features. These features can be used to align and reorganize relevant fragmentsof the material and present them to the users as coherent collages facilitating the
exploration of the audio results in an interactive way. Query-based mashups are
based on a three-step process:Selection: the user designs a search query to find a subset of the databaseʼscontent. For example, all the recordings of a particular performance, all theversions of one song within a given time span, or all the performances in aparticular place. The queries may also be based on audio descriptors such as

1

Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary University of London

2

https://archive.org/details/GratefulDead
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JADH2019
tempo, timbre, or musical structure.
Organization: the users decide how the resulting material is to be organized orordered, e.g. by recording date, tempo, or based on content similarity
Mashup Parameters: finally, the users define how the material is to be mixed

together: how much of each result is used (e.g. in number of bars or seconds),
what part is used (e.g. the loudest or most varied segment), by how much thesegments overlap, etc.
Demo Application
Our prototype is part of a Web platform focusing on live concerts of the band The
Grateful Dead (Benson, 2016) of which a considerably large number of recordings
survive in the LMA - over 12,000 from the years 1965 to 1995. The platform allows
users to explore the band's concert history in the form of an audiovisual experience.
The audio recordings are linked with content from several Semantic Web resources
such as LMA Linked Data (Bechhofer et al., 2013) or DBpedia3, as well as data fromother Internet resources such as the Grateful Dead Archive Online at UCSC4. The data
include information about venues, locations, setlists or lineups, and scans of artefacts
such as tickets, posters, photos, or fan mail, which are aggregated and transferred
into structured RDF data based on several ontologies (Thalmann et al., 2018). Audio
feature extraction results are linked via the Computational Analysis of the LMA(CALMA) dataset (Bechhofer et al., 2017). In earlier publications we demonstrated
how Semantic Web technologies are useful for interlinking various Cultural Heritage
resources and searching them in a joint manner (Wilmering et al., 2016, Thalmann
et al., 2018).
The platform allows exploring different entities such as shows, venues,
locations, songs, tours, or musicians with their aggregated metadata as well as
creating custom playlists of items found along the way. In addition to this we
experimented with different alternative ways in which the musical material can be
explored. One application automatically mixes the different recordings of one
particular concert into an immersive experience by aligning and resampling therecordings to match the different tape speeds, and by clustering them into a
multidimensional space based on their average distance from each other over time
(Wilmering et al., 2016).
In our latest addition (shown in Figure 1) one can choose between different
sets of songs, orderings, and parameter settings to create mashup compositions fromthe archive material. Mashups are particularly interesting in this context given that
one of composer John Oswaldʼs plunderphonic albums is based on selected Grateful3

https://wiki.dbpedia.org

4

https://www.gdao.org

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Dead recordings (Oswald 1996). The prototype is based on an in-browser automatic
DJ mixing framework based on semantic audio technologies (Thalmann et al., 2018.).
One can for example create a diachronic timelapse mashup that traces the evolutionof one song through the history of the band, each version playing for the duration ofa given number of bars. Alternatively, one can choose to organize the chosen
recordings by similarity and overlap them for a significant amount of time in order tocreate a coherent sound collage reminiscent of John Oswaldʼs. Figure 1 shows amashup of the song Me and My Uncle, currently playing an excerpt of a concert at
The Matrix and showing poster of the event. During playback, each fragment iscomplemented with corresponding visual artifacts from the collection. The metadataor artifacts can be clicked on to explore further and to reach the original recordings
currently heard. The primary audience of this application are music listeners and fansof the band and the queries and mashups parameters are thus presented as a formof simple presets. However, following the principles outlined above, the platform could
be easily adapted to enable digital humanities scholars and musicologists to answer
specific questions such as for example finding the most unusual rendition of aparticular song, or getting a sense of the audience and atmosphere at a particularvenue over time.

Figure 1: The plunderphonics prototype during a mashup of Me and My Uncle.
References
Bechhofer, Sean, Kevin Page, and David De Roure. “Hello Cleveland! Linked Data
Publication of Live Music Archives,” in Proceedings of WIAMIS, 14th International
Workshop on Image and Audio Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services, 2013.

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Bechhofer, Sean, Kevin Page, David M. Weigl, György Fazekas, and Thomas
Wilmering. “Linked Data Publication of Live Music Archives and Analyses.” Lecture
Notes in Computer Science The Semantic Web – ISWC 2017, 2017, pp. 29–37.
Benson, Michael. Why the Grateful Dead Matter. ForeEdge, an Imprint of University
Press of New England, 2016.
Oswald, John. “Grayfolded” [CD]. Artifact Music, 1996.
Pampalk, Elias, Andreas Rauber, and Dieter Merkl. "Content-based organizationand visualization of music archives." In Proceedings of the tenth ACM international
conference on Multimedia, pp. 570-579. ACM, 2002.
Thalmann, Florian, Lucas Thompson, and Mark Sandler. "A User-Adaptive
Automated DJ Web App with Object-Based Audio and Crowd-Sourced Decision Trees."
In Proceedings of the 4th Web Audio Conference, Berlin, 2018.
Thalmann, Florian, Thomas Wilmering, and Mark B. Sandler. "Cultural Heritage
Documentation and Exploration of Live Music Events with Linked Data." In
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Semantic Applications for Audioand Music, ISWC 2018, Pacific Grove, pp. 1-5. ACM, 2018.
Wilmering, Thomas, Florian Thalmann, and Mark B. Sandler. “Grateful Live:
Mixing Multiple Recordings of a Dead Performance into an Immersive Experience.”
Audio Engineering Society (AES) 141st Convention, 2016.

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Rubbing Character Recognition base on Deep Learning and Lexical
Analysis
Zhiyu Zhang1, Yuxi Chen2, Hiroyuki Tomiyama3, Lin Meng4
Rubbing is a reproduction technique for the descriptions which are scribed on thebone, metal, stone etc., by placing a piece of paper over these subjects and rubbing
the paper with ink. Also, Rubbings are among the oldest ancient literatures andpotentially contain a lot of knowledge yet to be discovered. However, as of now, therubbing characters are recognized manually which takes an enormous amount of timeand effort, because there are so many different character styles, variations and lotsof variations which are only legible to a small number of specialists. Still, the aging
process, which may damage characters or add noises, further increases the difficultyof rubbing character recognition.
Currently,

researchers

try

to

recognizetherubbingcharactersforunderstanding the rubbing descriptions. Some studies have been shown that deeplearning methods bring an exciting accuracy of rubbing character recognition, muchbetter than the conventional image processing methods [1,3,4]. However, there are
two problems limiting the accuracy improvement of rubbing character recognition.
One is the shortage of the training data, resulting to models with insufficient training
and then mis-recognition. The other is the broken characters caused by aging process.
Some parts are lost or very blur, increasing the difficult of recognition process, whichindicates that in these cases, deep learning might not be an optimal solution to good
accuracy.
In this project, we propose a method by combining deep learning and lexical
analysis for increasing the accuracy of rubbing character recognition. The method
utilizes deep learning for obtaining the confidence of candidates, and uses lexical
analysis method for re-recognizing the low-confidence and unclear characters. This
work is work-in-progress, and the experimentation uses rubbing character databasewhich is developed by Kyoto university. This database is the most complete databaseof the rubbing images and preserves about 5,000 rubbing images from Chinaʼs Han
period (starting in 206 B.C.) to Qing period (finishing in 1912 A.D.) [2].
In detail implementation of the proposed algorithm, a conventional deeplearning

1

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

2

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

3

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

4

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
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JADH2019
Table.１ Recognition results of deep learning
Target characters

Recognition Results
Rank1

Rank2

Rank3

Rank4

Rank 5崇

崇(99.40)祟(0.46)宗(0.1)

茅(0.0)

堂(0.0)哉

哉(99.83)

裁(0.09)天(0.05)災(0.02)

戍(0.01)天

天(100)

⼤(0.0)

更(0.0)

⼾(0.0)

未(0.0)柱怒(90.45)

柱(3.75)妃(1.89)桂(1.49)掾(0.92)逈避(66.58)

堂(7.54)怛(6.08)逈(2.93)哩(2.61)出

出(99.97)⼭(0.02)⼟(0.01)之(0.0)

⼆(0.0)孤孤(67.72)

弧(32.18)豫(0.04)

軫(0.01)銷(0.01)亭亭(99.88)⼾(0.03)粟(0.03)茅(0.02)宗(0.01)

method (AlexNet)[3] is first used forrecognizing the characters and obtaining
theconfidence

of

the

candidates(classes). Then, rubbing descriptions forclear character images are generated by
selecting the recognition results withhigh-confidence.

Therubbing

description dose not complete here, andthe character with blurry images or lowconfidencecandidates

will

be

re-

recognized. The third step is lexicalFig1. Rubbing image example

analysis which uses statistical methods
such as the appearance frequency ofwords, N-Gram etc., for predicting theunclear or low-confidence characters. Certainly, in the lexical analysis step, these
unclear and low-confidence characters are not used, on the contrary, the weights ofthese candidates are calculated. At last, the weights and the confidences of thesecandidate are used for the calculation and decision of the final re-recognition results.
Table 1 shows recognition results of the rubbing image of Fig. 1. The
characters are less legible. In Table 1, the column of target character shows the Kanji
of the rubbing image according to the rubbing character database provided by Kyoto
University [2], and the ranking shows the candidates obtained through deep learningand the confidence of them. The results prove that deep learning is an effective
method for rubbing character recognition, however its accuracy needs to be improved.

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Therefore, we propose to re-recognize the rubbing characters using lexical analysis.
Hence, combining the deep learning and lexical analysis for achieving high accuracy
recognition becomes an important future issue.
Acknowledgments
Part of this work was supported by a JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career
Scientists (No. 18K18337) and Art research center of Ritsumeikan University. The
authors wish to acknowledge Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University
and Dr. Koichi Yasuoka, Professor of Digital Humanities, Kyoto University, for providing
the data and research advices.
[1] Lin Meng, Masahiro Kishi, Kana Nogami, Michiko Nabeya and Katsuhiro Yamazaki,“Unlocking Potential Knowledge Hidden in Rubbing: Multi-style Character Recognition
using Deep Learning and Spatiotemporal Rubbing Database Creation,” EuroMed2018
7th International Conference on DIGITAL HERITAGE, LNCS11196, pp.741-751, 2018.
[2] Rubbing characters Database, Kyoto University. http://coe21.zinbun.kyotou.ac.jp/djvuchar. (2019/4/30 accessed)[3] Christian Szegedy, Wei Liu, Yangqing Jia, Pierre Sermanet, Scott Reed, Dragomir
Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Vincent Vanhoucke, Andrew Rabinovich, “Going deeper
with convolutions,” 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR 2015), 2015.
[4] Alex Krizhevsky, IIya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton, G.E, “ImageNet
Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” Neural Information
Processing Systems 25 (NIPS 2012), 2012

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The Hidden Link -- A Clue to Explore the Relationships among Poets,
Capitalists and Social Activists Through Analytical Tools
Su-Bing Chang1, Hao-Ren Ke2, Shun-Hong Sie3
Taiwan Biographical Database (TBDB) is a database for Taiwanese historical figures.
TBDB comprises a database and a set of analytical tools according to thecharacteristics of modern Taiwanese history and historical figures and the needs ofhistorians. One of the major purposes of developing TBDB is to build a model for
exploring Taiwanese figures, either through the prosopography, social network
analysis (SNA), or geographic information system (GIS).
In the initial phase, TBDB includes 888 figures from the Personage
Biographies in the revised Local Gazetteers of ChangHua County, all authors of which
participate in the creation of TBDB. TBDB employs the concept of object-oriented
databases for the properties of figures and Lucent as the search engine for biographic
full-texts, and it is equipped with several tools such as text mining, SNA, and GIS.
One important tool is the SNA tool, which is designed to help both scholars and those
who do not have the digital humanities background to easily perform basic social
network analysis.
In modern Taiwanese history, group- or poetry-society- participation was a
popular and potentially important activity for Taiwanese historical figures. Therefore,
when designing the database, we have been paying special attention to such new
historical phenomenon. Similar to CBDB (China Biographical Database), we attempt
to populate TBDB automatically by named entity recognition (Bol, Hsiang and Fong,2012; Liu, Huang, Wang, and Bol, 2015).
The proposed approach is a semi-supervised approach. Historians build apreliminary list of poetry societies, and store them in the peripheral database. Threeparameters can be computed from the preliminary list: 1) the average length ofpoetry society names, l, 2) the length of the longest common strings between poetrysociety names, n, and 3) the respective longest common strings, W. Given a
biographic full text S, if W appears in the pth position of S, then substring(S, p-l+n,l-n)+W and W+substring(S, p+n, l-n) may be new poetry society names. Fig. 1

1

Graduate Institute of Taiwan History, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan,

R.O.C.
2

Graduate Institute of Library and Information Studies, National Taiwan Normal

University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
3

Graduate Institute of Library and Information Studies, National Taiwan Normal

University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
116

JADH2019shows that if n =2, l=4, and W=吟社, four poetry societies, 菱⾹吟社, 螺溪吟社, 興賢
吟社, ⾹草吟社, can be recognized (Sie, Ke and Chang, 2017) . This approach is simple
and effective, and can be extended to other types of named entities such asorganizations and schools.

.....他被推選為菱⾹吟社⾸任社⻑，擅⻑傳統古詩……亦多次於北⽃螺
溪吟社、員林興賢吟社、⼆林⾹草吟社擔任課題詞宗.....。

Fig1. An example of the recognition of poetry societies
Based on these results, TBDB could draw a map about relationships between
members and poetry societies. As Fig. 2 shows, when combining members, poetrysocieties and locations, TBDB provides a start point for researchers to further
investigate. We have to admit the fact that because TBDB lacks the information on
the years of poetry-society participation of the historical figures, it can only give aclue for researchers to explore. Despite this, the SNA tool has the ability to analyze
the social networks of the members of poetry societies. With an initial analysis, wehave already found various interesting points that are worth further investigation.
First, there were very few overlap of membership among different poetry societies.
Second, two sets of poetry societies (each included two poetry societies) have asignificant number of overlapping members. Third, among the four largest poetrysocieties, three were well connected in the social network, but one by and large was
secluded from the network. All the three points are worth further investigation to
uncover their historical significance.

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Fig 2. An example of poetry societies and membersʼ relationship including historicalfigure names (left), poetry society names (middle), and place names (right)

Fig 3. Combining more properties into single social network

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More interestingly, when we combine the social networks of poetry society
with those of other categories, some hidden relations were revealed. Although noneof the major bank shareholders participated in Taiwanese parliament movement
directly, many of them participated in cultural associations, many members of whichwere also members of poetry societies. This suggests that capitalists (major bankshareholders) actually also cared about politics, but in order not to confront with theJapanese government directly, they chose to influence the politics in an indirect way,participation in cultural activities and poetry societies to a certain extent concealing
their political engagement. As Fig 3 shows, we try to combine more properties suchas education background and organization into a single social network, which mightprovide more hidden information in it.
Thus, we develop a method to find hidden relationships and makeconnections with different groups or people automatically, by using extra information
with the proposed Automatic Concept Hierarchy Generation algorithm, which is basedon hierarchical agglomerative clustering (Jain and Dubes, 1988). As Fig 4 shows, thename marked as red were connected to another one by the same detected
information.

Fig 4. An example of Automatic Clustering in the Construction of Relationships
between Historical figures
The above example is clear to demonstrate the importance of analyzing
group and poetry-society social networks in modern Taiwanese history. The current

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challenge lies in continuing to develop the tool for enabling users to choose any
combination of categories of social networks and overlap them, and to visualize theresultant social network in a clear and clean format.
In the future, this project will continue to expand the content of the databaseby adding information extracted from biographies of other gazetteers, dictionaries ofhistorical figures, Taiwanese biographies and diaries. In the process of development,
the database will adjust dynamically, such as adding more fields for new attributes,
in order to respond to new types and new kinds of data.

Reference
Bol, P.K., Hsiang, J. and Fong, G. (2012). Prosopographical Databases, Text-mining,
GIS and System Interoperability for Chinese History and Literature, Proceedings ofthe 2012 International Conference on Digital Humanities.
Jain, A. K. and Dubes, R. C. (1988). Algorithms for clustering data.Prentice Hall.
Liu, C. L., Huang, C. K., Wang, H. and Bol, P. K. (2015) Toward Algorithmic
Discovery of Biographical Information in Local Gazetteers of Ancient China, In 29th
Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC 29),
Shanghai, China, October 30 – November 1, 2015.
Sie, S. H., Ke, H. R. and Chang, S. B. (2017, November). Development of a Text
Retrieval and Mining System for Taiwanese Historical People. In Pacific Neighborhood
Consortium Annual Conference and Joint Meetings (PNC), 2017 (pp. 56-62).

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Thou and You in Emily Dickinsonʼs Poems Using Topic Modeling:
Reconsideration of Interjections
Miki Okabe1
1. Introduction
The present study attempts to reveal interrelationship between the meaning of poems
written by Emily Dickinson and second person pronouns (2PP) which appear in her
works.
American poet Emily Dickinson (1830-86) mainly uses traditional themes inher poems: NATURE, LOVE, DEATH, ETERNITY, and GOD. More than half of her
poems use “I”, and the stories go on as I narrate. With regard to 2PP in her poems,
the frequencies of two pronouns are almost comparable2: she uses “thou”, which has
almost decayed in Modern English, as well as “you”, which is generally used nowadays.
You

Thou

address to social superiors ← - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - → address to social
inferiors
address to social equals: upper ranks ← - - - - - - → address to social equals: lower
ranks
address in public ← - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - → addressin private
formal or neutral address ← - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - → familiar or intimate
address
respect, admiration ← - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - →contempt, scorn
Figure 1 The main uses of thou and you during the medieval period (adapted from
Wales 1983:116)
In Old English, old thou meant singular, and you was used as plural pronoun.
This distinction began to disappear in the late Middle English, when people used you
as reverential or polite address and thou as familiar or contempt address (See Figure1). “You-forms increasingly encroached on the territory of the thou-forms, ” Wales(1996:75) says, “so that a distinction between ʻpoliteʼ and ʻfamiliarʼ usage […] camegradually to be replaced by the turn of the sixteenth/seventeenth centuries by […]1

Graduate School of Language and Culture, Osaka University

2

229 poems use you-family (total frequency of pronouns is 545) and 193 poems

use thou-family (444).
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ʻunmarkedʼ (you) versus ʻmarkedʼ (thou).” Thou-forms remain in conventional poetic
and dramatic address with an ʻelevatedʼ stylistic function, and also in ʻliturgicalʼ
discourses, except some regional dialects.
Considering the diachronic transformation of 2PP, it is noteworthy that a lotof thou are found in Dickinsonʼs poems written in 19th century. Then, how Dickinson
uses you and thou separately? Is there any interrelationship with poetic motifs? Inorder to answer the questions, the present study applies topic modeling to Dickinson
corpus with a view to analyzing what kind of words make up topics featuring 2PP.
2. Applying topic modeling to the Dickinson corpus
Topic modeling, which is one of machine learning methods, helps discover hidden
topics from a corpus of text. Here, Topic means word clusters which are likely to cooccur across texts, in other words, subject or category of document. The method isapplied to various literary data, such as novels (Jockers & Mimno 2013), dramas(Schöch 2017), and poetry (Navarro-Colorado 2018).
In the present study, LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) topic modeling (Blei etal. 2003) has been applied to the Dickinson corpus using MALLET 3 after preprocessing as follows; (1) all the 1785 poems are labeled as D1 to D1785 in thechronological order of their production years4; (2) set the number of topics as 40;(3) filter by stop-words including function words instead of lemmatization. Concerning(2), the appropriate number of topics varies depending on the size of a corpus as wellas the granularity of the analysis. Therefore, several tests have been done using
various amounts of topics (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100), and it is concluded that 40 isthe best among them to get coherent topics. Moreover, the unique point of thepresent study is, with reference to (3), that 2PP are not added to stop-words
deliberately, although pronouns are usually excluded in topic modeling experiments.

3

A Java-based toolkit for machine learning applications to text.

4

The corpus is made from Johnson T. H. (ed.) (1960). The Complete Poems ofEmily Dickinson.
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brokenshore
child pray

you'rethyself

enamoredtaught lostajar

diamonds
held forgive happy
patent

your

eyes

find
twill

fellowdear
cherished

save

i'm
heart

rest

flightFigure 2 word cloud of topic 23

buy

shalt

o'er

farther

didn'tah sir blame
leftbring message
day
letter true
lovingboot fingers

won't

split

sweet

maid

thy

dost

bride

thine

promise

alway

wall
foot slow cautious
couldn't hear

you'll

soul
sir

lord

wert

art
dwell ohsentence
yours bubble

you
thou

jesus
wilt sacredhast point

JADH2019

Figure 3 word cloud of topic 3

As a result, topics numbered 0 to 39 and word clusters composing each topic
are obtained. Among the 40 topics, topic 23 features thou (Figure 2) and topic 3
highlights you (Figure 3). As analyzing topic 23, it is found that there are mainly threecharacteristics describing thou topic; first, archaic wordings are included in wordclusters such as art (are), hast (have), dost (do), which appear in concord with thearchaic pronoun; second, words related to Christianity such as soul, pray, jesus, lord,sacred, and bride (meaning bride of God) are also main keywords of this topic, and
it is understood that thou is used in religious contexts; third, thou also co-occurs withwords as maid and sweet, where thou is employed as an affectionate term of address
like medieval period. The third one is surprising a little, because that usage is not
typical in modern poetry.
On the other hand, topic 3 is so complicated that itʼs difficult to interpret.
However, two features have been found so far. First, wordings related tocorrespondence are found such as dear, letter, message, and hear, indicating that you
are preferred to be used when poetic motif is letter. Also, there are words of bodyparts such as foot, eyes, and fingers, which are used to describe actions of charactersin poems.
3. 2PP and interjections
Interestingly, topic 23 (thou) and topic 3 (you) include different interjections, oh andah respectively. Table 1 shows the number of four patterns of poems. According to
the table, the number of poems including thou & oh are much more than thou & ahpoems, although there is only slight difference between you & ah poems and you &oh poems.

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You

Thou

Ah

12

6

Oh

9

25

Table 1 number of poems including ah and oh
The reason why specific interjection relates with a pronoun might be due toa theme of a poem. For instance, as previously noted, main key words of thou topic
are archaic and religious wordings, which give poems solemn impression. In those
poems, thou, who I (a narrator) talks to, is described as unfamiliar person or I thinks
thou is beyond reach of me. Then, the poems tend to depict the narratorʼs surpriseat such existence by using oh rather than ah, because ah suggests that received
information has connected with information in a speakerʼs mind, resulting in his
understanding or remembrance of something.
The impression of minor thou & ah poems, on the other hand, is quite
different from thou & oh poems. In those poems, thou is close to me like a lover or afriend. Here, the pronoun is obviously used as familiar thou, which is mentioned in
Section 2. However, this usage of thou seems peripheral. The same explanation could
be possible about the relation between you and interjections, while it has still
ambiguous grounds and needs more research.
References
Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent dirichlet allocation, Journal of
Machine Learning Research, 3: 993–1022.
Brown, R. & Gilman, A. (1960). The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity, Sebeok, T.
A. (ed.), Style in Language, 253-276.
Jockers, M. L., & Mimno, D. (2013). Significant themes in 19th-century literature.
Poetics 41.6: 750–769.
Johnson, T. H. (Ed.) (1960). The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Little Brown
and Company.
Navarro-Colorado, B. (2018). On Poetic Topic Modeling: Extracting Themes andMotifs From a Corpus of Spanish Poetry, Frontiers in Digital Humanities. Aveilable athttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdigh.2018.00015/full(Access

date2019-6-25)
Schöch, C. (2017). Topic Modeling Genre: An Exploration of French Classical andEnlightenment

Drama,

DigitalHumanities

Quarterly,

11.2.

Aveilableat

http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/11/2/000291/000291.html (Access date2019-6-25)
Wales, K. (1983). Thou and you in Early Modern English: Brown and Gilman reconsidered, Studia Linguistica 37, 107-25.
̶̶̶̶ (1996). Personal Pronouns in Present-day English. Cambridge.

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JADH2019̶̶̶̶ (2004). Second Person Pronouns in Contemporary English: The End of a
Story or Just the Beginning?, Franco-British Studies 33, 172-85.
Walker, T (2007). Thou and You in Early Modern English Dialogues. John Benjam

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