PROCEEDINGJOINT RESEARCH SEMINAR

FACULTY ENGINEERING OF SHIZUOKA UNIVERSITY
WITH
INFORMATICS ENGINEERING OF PASUNDAN UNIVERSITY

4th Campus of Pasundan University
Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 193 Bandung

FACULTY ENGINEERING OF SHIZUOKA UNIVERSITY
WITH
INFORMATICS ENGINEERING OF PASUNDAN UNIVERSITY

Hak Cipta © pada Penulis

Hak Publikasi pada Jurusan Teknik Informatika Unpas dan Faculty Technic of Shizuoka University.
Artikel pada PROSIDING ini dapat digunakan, dimodifikasi dan disebarkan secara bebas untuk
tujuan bukan komersial, dengan syarat tidak menghapus atau mengubah attribut penulis.

Copyright © The Writer
Publication Rights in the Department of Informatics Unpas and the Faculty Technic of Shizuoka
University.
Articles on this PROCEEDINGS may be used, modified and distributed freely for noncommercial
purposes, provided not delete or alter author attributes.

PREFACE
Praise be to Allah, who has given mercy so that the research seminar held jointly by
the Informatics Engineering of Pasundan University with Engineering Faculty of
Shizuoka University, particularly from the Wada Laboratory. This joint seminar
aimed at sharing research results in order to mutually utilize the results of the eachresearch lab for the development of each and also explore the possibility of researchcollaboration between the two sides
From the Shizuoka University, the seminar included Prof.. T Wada as a team leader
along with five of his graduate students. While Unpas of Informatics, involving 3
person lead researcher and 5 members. Electrical Engineering Shizuoka University
presented five papers whereas Informatics Unpas three papers presented and a final
product that is prototype building control system.
Papers from the University of Shizuoka majority of stubs in the area oftelecommunications, while the topic from Informatics Pasundan University is
Information Society as a result of the development of information technology andtelecommunications. The relevance of the paper assosiated with the prospect of
future cooperation to include (1) the use of several innovations in thetelecommunications

field

of

Wada

laboratory

to

solve

problemsoftelecommunications in rural West Java, (2) knowledge sharing and the lab facility forthe manufacture of ICs from the building control system that it’s prototype havebeen developed to be used as mass products (3) sharing knowledge about waste
management in Japan's mobile phone.
We say many thanks to :1.

Prof. Dr. Eddy Yusuf who has facilitated for this seminar

2.

Dr. Lili Satari who have initiated and arrange Seminar.

iii

3.

Dr. Yudhi Garnidha who has supported the research team informatics
engineering pasundan university and pleased welcome to the team from
Shizuoka

4.

Drs. Dadang Bainur, which have helped the event welcoming to the teamfrom Japan

In this proceedings was published 8 papers presented and discussed at the seminarshared the results of research among Informatics Engineering Pasundan University (4papers) with the Faculty of Engineering, University of Shizuoka, especially from the
Wada Laboratory (4 papers).
I hope these proceedings provide benefits to both parties who have worked together
and also to the readers.

Best Regard,

Ririn Dwi Agustin

Head of Informatics Engineering UNPAS

iv

TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE .................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................... v

INFORMATICS ENGINEERING OF PASUNDAN UNIVERSITY
Model Optimization for Winner Determinationin Combinatorial Auctions - Simultaneous Multi Object..................................... 1
Ayi Purbasari and Ririn Dwi Agustin
Utilization Strategic of Information and Communication Technology for Rural
Community Empowerment in West Java .........................................................25
Sali Alas M and Agus Hexagraha
GROWTH OF HANDPHONEWASTE and its treatment ..............................................................................36
Bambang Hariyanto, Iwan Kurniawan and Imam Sapuan
Building Automation System..........................................................................51
Muhammad Tirta Muliav

FACULTY ENGINEERING OF SHIZUOKA UNIVERSITY
Introduction to
Visible Light Communication ........................................................................71
Junya AMINO
Implementation of Wireless Telecommunications Systemusing GNU Radio/USRP2 ............................................................................80
Satoshi HORIBE
An introduction to Meteor burst communication ..............................................83
Keisuke KOMATSUBARADevelopment of Ship Collision Warning Systemusing Mote Terminals ...................................................................................89
Okamura SHUNSUKEvi

INFORMATICS ENGINEERING
OF PASUNDAN UNIVERSITYWEST JAVA - INDONESIA

Model Optimization for Winner Determinationin Combinatorial Auctions - Simultaneous Multi Object(Frequency Auction Case Study)

Ayi Purbasari

Ririn Dwi Agustin

Department of Informatics – Pasundan University Department of Informatics – Pasundan University

pbasari@unpas.ac.id

ririn@unpas.ac.id

Abstract
Spectrum, with its characteristics, requires a specific auction scheme to avoid the
problems that occur as winners curse and free rider problem, especially thecomplexity computation problem. One of the auction schemes is the combinatorial
auction with multi-object objects. The problems that arise in this auction scheme isan explosive combination of offerings that should be set as the winner. In this study,
combinatorial problems are mapped as the Knapsack problem so can be solved with
the idea of brute force approach or the heuristic approach with Genetic Algorithms.
With brute force approach, the problem mapping is more simple but highcomputational complexity. While the idea of genetic algorithm approach, theproblem representation becomes more complicated, but it ensures a lower
computational complexity.

Keywords: spectrum, spectrum auction, combinatorial auction, knapsack problem,
brute force, genetic algorithms.

1

A. Preliminary
1. BackgroundRadio Frequency Spectrum is a limited

Indonesian government has allocatednatural resource that has strategic value

radio frequency spectrum for BWA

in telecommunications and dominatedservices consisting of BWA bandsby the state.

exclusive and non-exclusive.

Radio Frequency

Spectrum Utilization as a natural
resource needs to be done in anorderly, efficient and in accordancewith its designation so as not to cause
harmful interference.

There are a number of organizers who
have obtained an exclusive allocation
license of BWA frequencies previously
granted based on the mechanism of"first come first served". ThisThe need for speed development,

mechanism cannot be applied again

flexibility and mobility, from time towhen more demand for the allocation

time, has encouraged the increasingof frequency operating license.

needs of radio frequency spectrum for

Therefore mechanism of "frequency

wireless-based

services.

spectrum auction" / spectrum auction

To meet the needs of data and Internet

becomes an alternative mechanism inaccessthefrequency licenses request compliance.

Specific characteristics of the frequency

to give per frequency package/package

spectrum require a specific auction

bidding. This is called a combinatorial

mechanism. Among other things, theauction, where every participant will

frequency blocks on offer / bid to thewin the bid as "all or nothing" to theextent possible contiguous placed side

auction object packages that they bid.

by side.

This cause the block of

Wide frequency spectrum should befrequencies being auctioned should be

split into blocks of homogeneousmade packaging, so the auction is held

frequency which is then offered toservice,technology
since

2000

2. Problem Identification2

enthusiast frequency service providers.

improve efficiency, zoning can be

Blocks can be assigned a uniqueimplemented into only 3 zones, theidentity, so that each bidder can specify

form of West, Central, and Eastern.

a block of interest.

As can be seen that there are

To make an adequate competition, therequirements in the spectrum auction:auction should be held not once, but

packaging,

in

gives

auctions, blocking, and zoning. These

opportunity for the bidders to bid

requirements will impact on theseveralsomerounds.

times.

This

rounds

of

so

many

incidence of computing complexity

blocksareproblems, especially when determining

auctioned, bidding should be held

the winner of the auction in eachsimultaneously, to facilitate bidders inround. There are three variables thatmaking bids. Thus, the auction must

affect the complexity of each bid in

be held simultaneous combinatorial

each round, ie the number of bidders,auction. In each round, the bidders

the number of blocks, and the number

allowed to bid / bidding more thanof zones. Of the three parameters there

once

will be combination offers explosion /frequencies

for

With

repeated

objects

packages/ofdifferent

offerings.
Other problems are of the operating
license, due to the vast Indonesianstate, then the permit may be granted
on a regional per zone. Zones inIndonesia is broken down into several
zones.

Thus, the frequency of bid

package consists of a block and aparticular zone. At this time, the zone
applied for 15 regions, but did not rule
areas across Indonesia are grouped into
5 zones based on the islands. To

bidding which influences the size ofthe search space in determining the
optimum combination of offerings. As
an illustration, four bidders; then there
will be a2 − 1 combination;

computational complexity is

so

where

n is the number of bidders. If thelicense arrangements for the set per
regional / zone off each other, then it
would require more combinations to
the area to be auctioned. If Indonesia is
broken down into 15 zones, there are
15 x 2 − 1 combination.

33. Purpose
The purpose of this research is to

if the number of bidders> 20, acreate a model for the optimization ofhomogeneous blocks with identity /the determination of the winning

unique, and zone = 15.

bidder, for the most simple case until
probably the most complex. A simple
case if the number of bidders <5, ahomogenous block / not unique, andzone = 3, while the most complex cases

A deterministic method used by thebrute force method, and will be used
for comparison with genetic algorithm
heuristic methods.

B. Methodology
Here is a picture of the methodology used in this study :ResultAnalysis

LiteratureStudies ofFrequency
Spectrum

LiteratureStudies ofAuction

Algorithm
Construction
Simulation

Combinatoria
l Optimization
Modelling

Heuristic
Algorithm
Construction

Conclusion

LiteratureStudies of
Optimatization
Model

Figure 1 Research methodology
The research begins by studying

Construction

literature related to the frequency

performed based on the combinatorial

spectrum,model,

auction,andthealgorithm

consisting

of

is

then

brute-force

optimization model. Once it's done

algorithms and heuristic algorithms.

modeling of optimization problems

Bothcontained in combinatorial auctions.

illustrate the problem of the same

performed

simulations

to4

auction. Further, do analysis of aspects

and accuracy of optimization resultsof the simulation computation timeand conclusions drawn.

C. Basic Theory
1. Frequency Spectrum
Radio Frequency Spectrum is a limited

to the International Radio Frequency

natural resource that has strategic value

Spectrum allocation for region 3

in telecommunications and dominated(region 3) according to the Radioby the state.

Regulations set by the International

Radio Frequency

Spectrum Utilization as a natural
resource that needs to be done in anorderly, efficient and in accordancewith its designation so as not to cause
harmful interference.
Radio Frequency Spectrum is the
structure of radio frequency bands thathave a frequency less than 3000 GHz
as a unit of electromagnetic waves
propagating vibrations and are inaerospace (air space and outer space).
Radio Frequency Allocation Spectrum

Telecommunications Union (ITU).
Indonesia national frequency allocationtable based on the results of the Final
Act World Radio Communication
Conference-1997 held in Geneva, inNovember 1997.
To meet the needs of data andInternet access service, since 2000 theIndonesian government has allocatedradio frequency spectrum for BWA
services, as follows:of Indonesia determined by reference
A. BWA EXCLUSIVE TAPES
a.

300 MHz frequency band (287-294 MHz, 310-324 MHz)b.

1.5 GHz frequency band (1428-1452 MHz and 1498-1522 MHz)c.

1.9 GHz frequency bandd.

2 GHz frequency band (2053-2083 MHz)e.

2.5 GHz frequency band (2500-2520 MHz and 2670-2690 MHz)f.

3.3 GHz frequency band (3300-3400 MHz)5g.

3.5 GHz frequency band (3400-3600 MHz), the secondary status of
this band satellite serviceh.

10.5 GHz frequency band (10150-10300 MHz and 10500-10650
MHz)

B. BWA NON EXCLUSIVEa.

Ribbons 2.4 GHzb.

Ribbons 5.2 GHzc.

Ribbons 5.8 GHz

2. Auction
Auction / Auction is the process ofthe buyer).

selling and buying certain goods

where there is one seller who offers tooffered for auction and sell it to then buyers. Buyers with an appropriate

auction winner. In economic theory,

supply of goods sold are entitled to it.

auction is a method for determining

3) Double Auction where there are m

the value of a commodity that has thesellers who offer goods to n buyers.

price

could

not

be

determined(variable price)2) Demand Auction,

Auctions can be viewed based on its
type, round which took place, theThere are several characteristics of theorder of bidding, the object being

auction, namely 1) Supply Auction

auctioned, and based on the criteria of

where there are m sellers of goods,

cessation of the auction. Can bewith one buyer (who bought thesummarized in the following

goods in accordance with the needs ofillustration :6

Variabel

Tipe Lelang

Putaran yangberlangsung

Urutan penawaran

Objek Yang Dilelang

Akhir lelang

PrivateSingle round

Sequential

Single item

Harga sudah terpenuhi.

PublicMultiple round

Simultan

Multiple item

Tidak ada bidder yangberani menawar lagi.

Waktu pelelangan sudah
berakhir.

Jika dalam dua putaran
yang berturut-turut tidak
ada perubahan
pemenang.

Figure 2 Categorization Auction

3. Frequency Auction
Frequency auction is basically an

auction of frequencies, among others:

auction item with the object of thefrequency spectrum. Characteristics ofAuction Design in the FCC (Federal
Communication Commission) anda typical spectrum requires a specificdesign.
There are some specific

AUSM (Adaptive User Selection
Mechanism), summarized in theauctionfollowing picture.

designs

destined

for

the

7

Figure 3 Summary of Frequency Spectrum Auction Design
The FCC auction design introduces

The exposure problem (the risks

Simultaneous Multiple Round (SMR)a bidder faces in trying towhich implemented the principle ofconstruct an efficiently large

simultaneous and Multiple Round.

combination of licenses),

There is a SMR development in the

The free-rider problem - theform of SMRPB by allowing package

thresholdbidding. This study does not refer todifficulties small bidders have in

specific designs ever developed, but

beating those who bid for larger

focused on combinatorial problems

packages of licenses), andthat occur when determining the

problem(theThe computational complexity

winner.

problem (which arises from the

There are some specific issues related

fact That the number of possible

to auction spectrum as follows :combinations of licenses is much

Winner's curse, the winner paid
too much for items that arelarger than the number oflicenses).

offered,8

4. Optimization Techniques
Several case examples are included in

Evolutionary Computation is one of

the case of optimization problems

the algorithms that belong to theincluding the TSP (Traveling Salesman

probabilistic-based

Problem), MST (Minimum Spanningalgorithm. Definition of Evolutionary

Tree), and the Knapsack Problem.

Computation

Some of the above cases are cases that

abstractions of the theory of biologicalrequire optimization techniques in theevolution is used to create a procedurealgorithm, the algorithm should beorable to choose one of the best solution

typically applied to computers, whichfrom a number of solutions to existing

are used to solve the problem. This

problems.

algorithm has the basic idea of how

Optimization algorithms are divided
into

two

optimization

types,

algorithm

deterministic-based
optimization

namelythewithapproachandalgorithms

withprobabilistic-based approach.

Some

that

are

included

into

the

deterministic-based algorithms such as
State

Space

Search,Dynamic

Programming, and Branch and Bound.
While the optimization algorithm isincluded into the algorithm based on
probabilistic approach is the Monte

optimization
algorithms

methodology

of

are

optimization,

evolutionary processes that occur inliving things.

Which assumes thatevolution is the result of each willbring something better and optimal.
Evolutionary Algorithm (EAs) is thealgorithms

that

Evolutionary

implement
Computation

abstraction. The algorithm is inspired
from a mechanism in the biologicalsciences
crossover,

that

is

naturalabout

mutation,

selection,andsurvival. One that included into the
EAS is Genetic Algorithms (GA).

Carlo algorithm with a variety ofderivatives.

95. Genetic Algorithm
In biology, living thing from the same

Processes

species called population. They live,

population to re-establish a population

breed and die in an area.

consists of :individualisformed

from

New
the

reproduction between two individuals

1.

giving

The principle was later2.

population.

newoffspringmaybecontent of the chromosome.
3.

The new population is formed
from a particular replacement

This

scheme.

population will experience a variety ofprocesses on an ongoing basis totwomutated, namely the changing

of chromosomes or individuals in it

initialto

By using a certain probability,
the twosolution will be incorporated into sets

singlerise

individuals / offspring.

adopted into a genetic algorithm.

Individuals are then combined into a

Both carriers arethen carried out a crossovers

will provide a distinct advantage forthat are divided in several genes.

theTwo individuals selected asmechanism.

changes experienced by these species

In genetic algorithm, each problem

byparents based on a specificor by mutation. Over time, genetic

the species.

experienced

4.

This iteration process will stop

continually establish new populationsatthrough a series of iterations. In thescheme (stopping condition)

last iteration, AG will provide the best

which may be a certain number

single individual as the solution to theof iterations,problem being solved.

individual variance that largeraparticularterminationtime,

or thethan a certain value.

10D. Model Optimization
1. Knapsack Problems
Knapsack Problem is a problem how

problem is still often found in everyday

to determine the selection of items

life.

from a collection of items where each

Knapsack Problem is if there is a bag

item

profit,with a capacity of 15 kg, and there arerespectively, so that the selection of

5 items with each of the weight andgoods is obtained from the maximum

price as follows: {(12.4), (2.2), (1,2),

profit.

(1, 1), (4.10)}. How to put these items

hasaweightandKnapsack problem is one of the classic
problems which are found in theliterature old and until now the

A concrete example of theinto the bag, so that there is a
maximum price that obtained with amaximum weight of the goods does
not exceed the capacity of the bag.

Item
1
2
3
4
5

Weight
12
2
1
1
4

Price
$4
$2
$2
$1
$ 10

Figure 4 Knapsack Issues Preview
Knapsack problem issues including
category 1 / 0 Knapsack Problem,
where the selected item should becomplete (1) or not selected at all (0).

Illustration issue knapsack 0 / 1 is asfollows :A Knapsack has a total capacity of W,
where there are n different items thatcan be placed in the knapsack. Item i11has a weight and profit . If i is the

In the theory of algorithms, knapsacknumber of items to be included in the

problem belongs to the group of NP-

Knapsack that is worth 1 and 0, thencomplete. Issues including the NP-

the general goals to be achieved are :completemaximize ∑where ∑

polynomial time order.

.
.

≤

cannot be solved in`

2. Mapping Issues Auction - Knapsack Problems
Determination of the winner inthere are examples involving thespectrum auction can be viewed as aspectrum auction bidders, zone, andKnapsack problem. As an illustration,

block as follows :Area CodeArea Name

1

Sumatra2

Java-Bali

3

Borneo4

Sulawesi

5

Papua
Table 1 Illustration of Zone

Here is an illustration of the frequency spectrum to be auctioned :
Unit
Band
Number Number

Lower
(MHz)

Upper (MHz)

Lower (MHz)

1
2

1
2

1755
1757.51757.51760

1850
1852.5Upper (MHz) Bandwidth(MHz)
1852.5
2.5
1855
2.5

3

3

1760

1762.51855

1857.5

2.5

4
5

4
5

1762.51765

1765
1767.5

1857.51860

1860
1862.5

2.5
2.5

6

6

1767.51770

1862.5

1865

2.5

7

7

1770

1772.51865

1867.5

2.5

12

Unit
Band
Number Number

Lower
(MHz)

Upper (MHz)

Lower (MHz)Upper (MHz) Bandwidth
(MHz)

8
9
10

8
9
10

1772.51775
1777.51775
1777.51780

1867.51870
1872.51870
1872.5
1875

2.5
2.5
2.5

11
12

11
12

1780
1782.51782.51785

1875
1877.5

1877.5
1880

2.5
2.5

Table 2 Illustration of Frequency Spectrum
While in the following table is an

participant is to bid only once for eachillustration

round.

relatedtobidding

conducted by the bidders.
Bidders

Package

Each

Zone 1

Zone 2 Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

Bid price

A

Package 1

2

0

1

6

6

41149.4291

B

Package 2

4

7

4

6

7

77543.354

C

Package 3

2

1

0

4

0

73903.1186

D

Package 4

6

7

6

7

0

108730.441

E

Package 5

3

1

7

6

8

29265.0465

F

Package 6

0

5

2

8

8

98722.3229

G

Package 7

6

0

3

2

3

87030.4253

H

Packet 8

0

5

8

8

4

61871.272

I

Package 9

3

5

7

0

4

85769.4127

J

Package 10

7

6

0

3

1

43288.6419

K

Package 11

3

5

0

2

1

30548.8499

L

Package 12

2

4

0

0

8

77738.1688

M

Package 13

3

8

3

0

1

21354.2871

N

Package 14

6

3

7

0

6

43907.7635

etc.

Table 3 Illustration of Offer

13Each block and the zone will have acomparison between the reserved pricevalue of reserved price, the initial priceof each district. Here is an example ofof

its reserved price comparison :

the

goods

to

be

auctioned.

Comparison reserved price is a value
Area

Reserved Price (In Million Rupiah)

Comparison

Area 1 16 000

8Area 2 20 000

10Area 3 14 000

7Area 4 10 000

5Area 5 8000

4

Table 4 Illustration of Reserved Price Comparison
Reserved price comparison value canblock per zone based on value

be useful if in need of searching thecomparison reserved price mentioned

value per block per zone of each bid

above :

package. Here is a formula price perj 1

S   C i Pi
Pj 

i0

n
1
C j 
 (C i M i )M j i j1

Where :

Pj : Unit price in area j.

S : The total price offered in the package.
Ci : The number of frequency units in the bid package in the area i
M i : The scale of the reservation prices at area i.
Calculations carried out in sequence from P1, P2, P3 to Pn.

14

From the illustration above,thethe per-package deals made byknapsack model is built are as follows :Knapsack weights are W is thethe bidder.
each object value represented by

maximum number of blocks areb 1, b 2, ..., b n represents theprovided, in this case is 12

per-package deals made by theblocks for each zone. Because

bidder.

there are 15 zones, then theblocks are available is 60, but thechecks carried out per zone withmaximum blocks per zone is 12.
n number of object value which

Knapsack problem is to find thevalue of x i

such that the

maximum ∑.

is reachedwith the restriction ∑n objects, each of which weights.

≤

are w 1, w 2, ..., w n represents

3. Settlement Knapsack Problems with Brute Force
Following are the completion step ofSort all combinations that meet

knapsack problem with brute force

the requirements, select theapproach :combination with high revenues



Generate all combinations of all
the bidders, so that there is2 − 1 or 2



− 1.

Check all the combinations, if itviolates the constraint that the
number of blocks of each zone

based on its bid price.
To

avoid

an

explosionofcombinations, it is done checking
constraints at the time of generating
combinations.

must be less than or equal to 12

Here is a diagram for solving knapsackblocks, then removed from the

problems with brute force approach :combination.

15

Generate
Kombinasi

Tidak
Memenuhi
Constraint?

Cek Kom binasi

Ya
UrutkanPilih Kombinasi
dengan High Revenue

Figure 5 Brute Force Approach
As an illustration, the following picture of combinations that can be generated andwhich meet the constraint or not :Bidders

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Bid price

Constraint
Zone

A

2

0

1

6

6 41149.4291

 (fulfill)

AB

6

7

5

12

13 118692.783

x

AC

4

1

1

10

6 115052.548



AD

8

7

7

13

6

AE

5

1

8

12

14 70414.4756

AF

2

5

3

14

14 139871.752

x
x
x

AG

8

0

4

8

9 128179.854



AH

2

5

9

14

10 103020.701

x

AI

5

5

8

6

10 126918.842



AJ
AK

9
5

6
5

1
1

9
8

7
7




149879.87

84438.071
71698.279

16

Bidders

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Bid price

Constraint
Zone

AL

4

4

1

6

14 118887.598

X

AM
AN

5
8

8
3

4
8

6
6

7 62503.7162
12 85057.1926



....
ABC

....
8

....
8

....
5

....
16

....
....
13 192595.902

ABCD

14

15

11

23

13 301326.343

ABCDE

17

16

18

29

21 330591.389

ABCDEF

17

21

20

37

29 429313.712

ABCDEFG

23

21

23

39

32 516344.137

ABCDEFGH

23

26

31

47

36 578215.409

ABCDEFGHI

26

31

38

47

40 663984.822

ABCDEFGHIJ

33

37

38

50

41 707273.464

ABCDEFGHIJK

36

42

38

52

42 737822.314

ABCDEFGHIJKL

38

46

38

52

50 815560.483

ABCDEFGHIJKLM

41

54

41

52

51

ABCDEFGHIJKLMN

47

57

48

52

57 880822.533

836914.77


....

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Figure 6 Illustration of Brute ForceThis research will be automated brute-

revenue. Computing will be evaluatedforce approach, with the input of thebased on the performance of thenumber of bidders, bidding of eachcomputational aspects of speed andbidder, constraint zone. The output isaccuracy.

a combination of the best deals / high

4. Completion of Knapsack Problems with Genetic Algorithms
In solving the Knapsack problem within genetic algorithms. Here is a step

Genetic Algorithm, which first made isdetails of the application.

arepresentation.

Next,

set

of

constraints and then set the parameters

17

1.

Bidding Representation
In this representation, it takes

the number of blocks bid by

two arrays, where the first arrayeach zone, and the second array

contains the weight represents

contains the bid price.

Weight / Block:Zones \ Bidders
1
2
3
4
5

A

B C D

E F

G

H

I

2

4

2

6

3 0 6

0

0

7

1

7

1 5 0

1

4

0

6

6

6

4

6

7

0

J

K L

M

N

3 7 3

2 3

6

5

5 6 5

4 8

3

7 2 3

8

7 0 0

0 3

7

7

6 8 2

8

0 3 2

0 0

0

0

8 8 3

4

4 1 1

8 1

6

Bid price:
A

B

C

D

E

F

G

108730.429265.05

8722.32

87030.43

J

K

L

M

N

43288.64

30548.85

77738.17

21354.29

43907.76

1149.43 7543.35 73903.12

HI

61871.27 85769.41

2. Chromosome Encoding
From the above representation, the representation of chromosomes obtained
as follows :
N

M

L K

J

H

G

F E

D

C

B

A

0

0

0

0 0 0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

I

0

That is, a combination package of a selected bidder with a total revenue basedon the bid price: 41149.43
N

M

L K

J

I

H

G

F E

D

C

B

A

18

0

0

0

0

0 0 0

0

0

0

0

0

Further,That is, a combination package

1chromosome

representedof bidders A and B was chosen

1
in

the

1

is

array

dimension that contains 1 or 0.

with total revenue based on thebid price: 118692.7831.
1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Which means that the package of bidders A, B, and N-elect.

Revenue

derived from the calculation of bid price.
3.

Constraint
Since the package consists of

2. Bidders can win the bid

zones and blocks, then it should

package as part of the blockbe evaluated for a combination

to the entire zone.

of each packet so as not toviolatetheconstraint(the3. Bidders can win the bid
package in some zones fornumber of blocks per zone of ≤12). There are several variantsoftheproblem

which

determines the constraint:
1.

Bidders can only win thebid package is all or
nothing for all zones andblocks.

4.

the entire block.
In this study focuses on theprinciple of all or nothing, so
the constraint applied is that all
offerings / bid must not exceed
12 blocks for each zone. If any
constraint is violated, it is notselected.

Termination Conditions

Search for solutions stopped if there

largeramountofevolutionare> 60% of chromosomes that

predetermined limit (if the amounthave a maximum fitness value or aof evolution> 1000).

19

5.

Fitness Function
On evolution in the real world,

capacity of the knapsack, it will

individuals of high fitness value

do the search for genes in thewill survive.

While the low

chromosome which has a value offitness worth individuals will die.

1 to be replaced with a value of 0.

In the AG, an individual isThis is done continuously toevaluated based on a certain

ensure that all chromosomes thatfunction as a measure of its fitness

violate no constraint.

value.

To prevent the presence ofFitness value is obtained bydominant individuals within aadding the bid price of each bid

population (in the choice of

that

the

parent for crossover), we need aknapsack. If the total weight in

Linear Fitness Ranking function.

one chromosome is greater thanThis function will reduce the

the

value

was

electedmaximum

intocapacityoffitness

differences

knapsack, then the fitness value

betweenindividuals,

so

the

assigned 0.

difference

betweenthebest

In addition of calculating fitness
values, also calculated the total
weight of each chromosome thenchecked, which if there is a severe
chromosome total exceeds the6.

offitness values with the lowest
fitness values can be minimized.
With it so each chromosome hasa chance of being selected into
the parent more evenly (morefair).

Selection Function
In this research used Rouletteselection method to be used as

Wheel

selection

methodparent, which chromosome withcombinedwithElitism.

high fitness has a greater chance

Roulette Wheel is chromosomes

to be a parent. While Elitism is a20

method that is useful to maintainIn the AG, the way is to copy

the best value of fitness of athe best individual (maxfitness) as

generationmuch as needed.

so

it

does

not

inherited to the next generation.
7.

Crossover
Crossover is
combining

the processthechromosome

bits

with

in

of

Pcrossover.

a

Pcrossover are assigned by 80%,

anotheras

Where

expected

80%

suffers

this

of

the

from

the

chromosome that was selected as

populationa parent.

The number ofcrossover to a population ofchromosomes that have crossover

individuals become more varied.

is determined by the parameters
8.

Mutation
Mutation is required to restore

constraint.

the information bits that are lost

chromosome whose total weight

due to crossover.

Mutation isexceeds the capacity of thedone at the gene level, and theKnapsack, then randomly, a gene

number of mutated genes that wethat is worth 1 will be replaced

limit in Pmutasi variable of 5%.

with 0 to chromosome does not

This value is taken as more genes

violate any constraint.

are mutated, the quality of anindividualmayexperienceadecline.
After

If

there

is

Here is an overview of the steps
on the approach with Genetic
algorithms:

mutation,aeachchromosome is checked again
whether or not violated the21

Inisialisasi
populasi (random)

Hitung nilai
fitness

Hitung nilai fitness
maksimumHitung volume daritiap kromosom

Pilih parent(random)
Crossover

MutasiYa

Cek kapasitas
knapsack
Memenuhi
constraint?

Ganti bit
kromosom
Tidak

Cek kriteria
berhenti
Memenuhi
kriteria?
Ya
Laporkan populasi
terbaik

Figure 7 Approach with Genetic Algorithm

22

E. Conclusion
Here is the tentative conclusion of thisof the problem becomes simple

study:

but more complex in the searchFrequency auction problem canspace of 0

be stated as a problem of

number of bidders involved in

knapsack

the auction.

Knapsack



can

be



With

a

genetic

algorithm

solved by brute-force approach

approach,or a heuristic method withrepresentation becomes moregenetic algorithm.

complicated, but the search

With



problem

where n is thebruteproblemforce,

space can be reduced so that

representation of the complexity

computing time will be shorter.

F. Future Work
There will be Implementation of thedone in programming language Javasettlement of optimization auction

andproblems with genetic algorithm andcomparison are computing time andcomparedwithaccuracy of the results of execution inapproach.

Implementation will be

the

brute

force

Netbeans.

Parametersforthe same hardware environment.

G. Reference List

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auction_theory , accessed September 2011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spectrum_auction , accessed September 2011

http://www.fcc.gov/auctions/ , accessed September 2011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic_algorithms , accessed July 2011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/knapsack_problems , accessed July 2011

Package Bidding for Spectrum Licenses, Charles River Associates, Market
Design, Inc.., 1997



SAAPB: Simultaneous Ascending, Auctions with Package Bidding, Charles

23

River Associates, 1998
RAD: A New And Improved Design For Multi-object Iterative Auctions,
California Institute Of Technology Pasadena, California 91 125, 1998



CC: Combinatorial Auctioneering Christoph Brunner, Jacob K. Goeree,
Charles A. Holt, and John O. Ledyard *, July 26, 2006



SMR & SMRPB An Experimental Comparison of the FCC's Combinatorial
and Non-Combinatorial Simultaneous Multiple Round Auctions, Prepared
for

the

Wireless

Telecommunications

BureauoftheFederalCommunications Commission, Jacob K. Goeree, Charles A. Holt, andJohn O. Ledyard,, July 12 2006

24

Utilization Strategic of Information and Communication
Technology for Rural Community Empowerment in West Java

Sali Alas M, SST

Ir. Agus Hexagraha

Jurusan Teknik Informatika – Universitas Pasundan

Jurusan Teknik Informatika – Universitas Pasundansali@unpas.ac.id

hexagraha@unpas.ac.id

Abstract
Utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for businessinterests in urban areas has become imperative in order to compete with competitors.
Due to the considerable gap in the provision and use of ICT between urban andrural areas lead the digital divide. Utilization of ICT in urban areas may not be
entirely suitable for rural areas because of a number of factors that influence it. So
many rural villages with a variety of classifications that exist in Indonesia generally
and in West Java in particular, each community has a level of maturity in accepting
different ICT anyway. In order to utilization of ICT in rural areas it can run
effectively, it is necessary to measure the maturity level of each village. So that could
be made an ICT implementation strategy in accordance with the maturity level ofeach village.

Keyword: ICT, Measurement Maturity, Strategy, Rural Community Empowerment.

25

1.

Preliminary
1.1. Background
1. Potential village,
2. Development of communications and information technology,
3. Utilization of mobile phones (mobile / mobile) are increasingly
widespread, from the number of users and uses, not just forcommunication
4. Mobile phone and pulse rates are more affordable
1.2. Problem Identification
1. Low mobilization (note: due to large areas, the population are rarely /scattered)
2. Inadequate transport infrastructure
3. low economic value of rural outcomes because of limited
transportation and information
1.3. Objective
Purpose:
1. Measuring the level of maturity villagers in West Java in readiness toreceive and use ICT.
2. Utilization of information technology to formulate strategies for
empowering rural communities with access to media mobile phone(note: includes government policy, governance, infrastructure,content, implementation strategies).
3. Developing

a prototype

information

technology

for

rural

communities in accordance with the potential dominant villages
concerned.

26

Benefits:
1. Empowering communities in rural communities to enhance theeconomic value of rural outcomes with improved means ofcommunication and access information quickly and cheaply
1.4. Scope
1. Village that became the subject of research is the villages that the area
has already covered by cellular service.
2. Parties are empowered in the village is a community of indigenous andrural economic powerhouse.
3. The village is used as model is coastal villages, agriculture and industries
that exist in each of the villages.
4. The prototype includes content, software applications, governance, andstrategy implementation.

2.

Methodology
1. Defining the village, cellular technology, community empowerment, IT
intervention strategies.
2. Formulate measure for classifying villages according to the readiness toaccept information technology (e-readiness) (Phase II). (Note: there are six
factors according to the EIU (economist intelligent unit) & IBM as
connectivity, business environment, social and cultural environment, legal
environment, government policy and vision, consumer and businessadoption).
3. Formulate intervention strategies

for the empowerment of ruralcommunities IT.

27

3.

Reference
3.1. Understanding of the Village
1. Backward Village or ‘Swadaya’ Village
Backward Village is the village that lacked of human resources or labor aswell as a lack of funds and is unable to exploit the potential that exists in thevillage. Backward villages usually located in remote areas far from the city,and the poor living standard of traditional and do not have the facilities andinfrastructure supporting an adequate.
2. Developing village or ‘Swakarsa’ village
Developing village is the villages are starting to use and exploit the potentialof physical and nonphysical owned but still lacks the financial resources orfunds. This village has not been a lot of rural infrastructure which is usually
located in remote rural areas of transition and urban area. In this villages
education levels are still low.
3. Developed Village or ‘Swasembada’ Village‘Swasembada’ village is the villages that were well advanced in terms ofhuman resources and also in terms of capital funds. so it's been able to harness
and use all the potential physical and nonphysical village maximally.
‘Swasembada’ village life was like a modern city with the work of diverse
livelihoods and facilities that are complete enough to support ruralcommunity life forward.
3.2. Government policy in overcoming poverty
The

Government

of

the

accordance with government

Republic of Indonesia has set a

policy,Poverty

long-term plan (year 2004-

Committee2015) to alleviating poverty,

two main approaches towards

which will be presented inpoverty reduction, namely:

Working Paper SPKN. In

a. Adding the income of thehasReduction
formulated

28

poor

by

increasingb. Reduce financing basic such as

productivity and managerial

education,

health,andability and help them gain

infrastructure-inopportunities and better social

support social activities andprotection in order to achieve

economic development.

order

to

social status, economic, andbetter political
3.3. ICT in Development in Indonesia
In Indonesia, exploiting thein Indonesia. First, the ICT

potential

assiststrategy

will strengthen

thegovernment efforts to reduce

national

commitment

topoverty is still very rare. Now isembrace and exploit ICTs under

the perfect time to revive thethe auspices of the National

fight

in

Framework

Indonesia with the empowering

Technology(National

role

Information

Technology

of

ICT

againstofpoverty

ICTs

development,toinnational

coupledfor

Information

with

Framework). Second, the ICTother measures taken to reduce

strategy will enhance national

poverty.

efforts to reduce poverty as
statedICTstrategy

is

in

SPKN.

Third,

urgently

implementation strategies thatbringing together the three maintake advantage of a decentralized

developments

approach will encourage theinIndonesia

which will be united together

transfer

into

responsibilitiesapowerful

force

for

improving the lives of the poor

of

roles

and

of

centralgovernment to the local level.

293.4. ICTs to help alleviate poverty
ICT helps effectively proved successful

To encourage the development of ICTefforts to reduce poverty in thestrategy in Indonesia, then a number ofdeveloping countries, such as Peru,

related observations and lessons can be

China, Solomon Islands, Zimbabwe,drawn from the experiences elsewhere

and India.

are applying the potential of ICTs
should be considered:

The experiences and lessons learned

1. By themselves, ICTs can play afrom similar efforts elsewhere showsrole not optimal

that ICT is most effective when used as

If there is no surefire strategy

a tool for development, support

development, then ICT cannot

development strategies that have been

beimplemented or will be prepared, than

optimumif ICTs are expected as a fruit or acauses of poverty, as well as theresult of development itself. Therefore,

needs of the poor and thethe ICT strategy offers additional

marginalized should be targeted

moves to complement the technology

precisely, especially pertaining

is applied, in order to better ensure its

to women and children. Eacheffectiveness in fighting poverty.

discourse that use ICTs in an

expected

toresults.

provideBoththeeffort to reduce poverty requires
ICT

optimum

wouldbethat the proponent defines thetechnology

issupporting elements that areembedded in a development strategy

essential to achieve the desiredthat spans the 'hierarchy is telling.

results.

obtainedifresults
the

Otherwise, ICT will only be a

2. ICTisbestharnessed

toproblem-solving, and their impact isimprove the processes that haveless certain. The relationship between

been going pretty well

ICT and Development can be seen in
Figure 1.

30

ICT development cannot fix a failing,

will contribute even more effective

but ICT can make a successfulwhen using ICT. If used incorrectly,

development

better.

ICT will only add to the burden ofTechnology is just one component in

unnecessary costs and will lead todevelopment. There are a number offrustration among users and advocatesother components that must function

if the expected results did not appear,

effectively so that technology can makethus inhibiting further attempts toa contribution. Component which has

utilize ICTs.

for

the

been running well in development,31

3. ICT users are usually the ones

capable, and who realize its

who are already familiar with

usefulness. That fact may have a

ICTpositive impact, but the risk of

At

the

time

of

ICTs

are

setting aside the uneducated, who

introduced then the person will

could not afford, and who are notsoon be able to use it. The firstaware of its usefulness. Therefore,group to embrace the technology

intervetionis usually the ones who educated,conformity with care Of povertyof ICT must be32mechanism, targeting especiallyrelatively easy compared to thethose who are less fortunate, to

procurement

share with them the advantages

infrastructure.

ofinformationthat ICT can be given.
4. Effective

application

involves

both

infrastructure

and

of

ICT

Infrastructure of Indonesian istechnology

poor and retarded. Creatively

information

tackled urgently is needed, in

infrastructure
Mobilizeorder to realize the connectedness

the

of

(connectivity)

of

rural

information into an integrated

communities.

Many

islandinfrastructureandcommunities

arerequiredifferentverysourcesmethods
skillsstill

notconnected via cable telephoneneeded to build the technology

facilities,

infrastructure. ICTs can be an

Internet. The solution of theeffective tool to fight poverty, but

problems can be a very technicalthe spread of technology should

challenge, so that technicians

not be a final destination. Radical

need to be deployed reliably

changes in organizational roles

available. However, no matterand responsibilities will occur; forhowit need to be enforced mechanism

technology, implementation willthat can change the management

always be judged from the results

mechanism is less effective. Theseof its application. Nevertheless,measures usually require directtheintervention

should not divert attention from

from

the

government.

especiallycreativeandtechnological

with

the

efficientchallenges

the main purpose of building

5. In rural areas of developing
countries(whichpredominantly

information infrastructure.

is

6. With ICT, we deserves hope;residential),

even the unexpected can emerge

installation and maintenance ofas a result

technology

Implementation of ICT brings its

infrastructureis33

own dynamics and projects must

result always comes from humanrecognize that the application ofactivities

technology

theInformation infrastructure, anddynamics of the problem. For

especially the people in it, builds

example, can be obtained results

an environment that holds thethat was never expected, but it

key determinant of quality results.

was better than expected. That

If the main focus on technology,

happens when people apply thethere is a tendency to forget thetechnology themselves according

human element. Education andto their needs, which may not beskills are key to the effectivenessplannedbyproponent.

of the use of ICT opener, but soThingslike that just good,

are the attitudes of the person.

indicating

will

the
the

changesuccessof

Therefore, the implementation ofinterventions in response to social

ICT requires an effective methodneeds.

to change them.

7. ICT may open opportunities fordevelopment, but the expected
3.5. ICT in Development Effectiveness
There are certain activities —poverty reduction made by theespecially in effort to reduce

Government of the Republic ofpoverty— that can be optimalized

Indonesia can be seen in Table 1.

by ICT.

C o r r e l a t i o n these

activities with the four pillars ofTable 1. C o r r e l a t i o n ICT with Goverment Effort to Reduce Poverty
Field activities to be
optimized with ICTFour Pillars Of Poverty

Reduction
Creating
Creating job
Increasing
Empowerin
Socialopportunities
competenceg People
Protection

34

Field activities to be
optimized with ICT

1. Empowering disadvantaged andmarginalized people

Four Pillars Of Poverty
Reduction
Creating
Creating job
Increasing
Empowerin
Socialopportunities
competenceg People
Protection

2. Stimulating mikro entrepreneurial
3. Improving long-distance healthinformation services (telemedicine)
4. Improving education through e-learning& lifelong learning
5. Developing trade through e-commerce

√
√

√
√

√

√

√

6. Creating a public administration more
efficient and transparent through egovernance
7. Developing capability√√

8. Enriching culture√√

9. supporting agriculture√√

10. Creating job opportunities√√

11. Encourage social mobility√√

3.6. Information Evolution Model
Information Evolution Model by Jimof Infrastructure, Knowledge Process,

Davis and friends defines five evolution

Human Capital, Culture that have a

steps consist of how a company

role to increase or decrease the value ofmanage and use information. Modela business information.

defines four dimensions for each step35

GROWTH OF HANDPHONEWASTE and its treatment

Dr. Bambang Hariyanto, Iwan Kurniawan and Imam Sapuan
Informatics Departement
Engineering Faculty – Pasundan University

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of communication technology, causes the growth ofhandphone as one of its communication tools. Handphone is produced as a specificpurpose gadget. So, in every new feature embedding that create a new productwhich replace the earlier one position. With the passage of time, these earlier
products will grow as waste. There are three principal in waste processing, such as :Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

Keywords: communication technology, mobile technology, microchip, operating
system, demand, supply model waste management

36

1.

PRELIMINARY

1.1. BACKGROUND
In

this

globalization

era,

the

community that enable people tocommunication technology whichinteract

grow rapidly is cellular phone

communicate(handphone). This product is the

anywhere and at anytime.

most

popular

one

in

each

other

and

directly

from

the

1.1.1. HANDPHONE EVOLUTION
This technology start to used since

network that used internationally in1970 begin with microprocessor

North

using

communication

operate at 450MHz, that is why ittechnology. In 1971, the firstcalled NMT-450. There is also

handphone

NMT-900 that operate at 900MHz

for

network

built

inFinland called ARP. Followed by
NMT in Scandinavia in 1981 and
AMPS in 1983. The utilization of
analogtechnology

for

first

generation cause many debility suchas small traffic and users capacity,and profuse of frequency spectrum.
Beside that, the 1G technology can
only serve voice communication,different with 2G technology thatcan serve text communication too,
we knew it as short messege service- SMS. NMT (Nordic Mobile
Telephone) is the first handphone

Europe.

This

network

frequency.
Associated with the market demand
and the necessary of a better quality,bornasecondgeneration

technology – 2G. This generation
alreadyuse

digitaltechnology.

These 2G technology are IS-95
CDMA, IS-136 TDMA and PDC.
This second generation, besideserving the voice communication, it
also used for SMS and data transfer
with 9600bps maximum speed.
Beside providing a better quality,37

other benefit of 2G compared to 1G

nowdays. It operates on 900, 1800

is larger capacity. Because on 2G,

and 1900 MHz frequency and also

one frequency can be used for more

support 14,4kbps of transfer speed

than one user by using the Timefor data communication. This 2G

Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

technology replace the 1G position.

Because of the market demand that

After 2G, born the 2.5G andneed more and more improvement

offcourse it was better then theto the communication services,earlier

generation.

came out the standard of 2G which

which

were

become the most popular one, it’s

generation are GPRS (General

GSM

fro

Packet Radio Service) and EDGE

Communication) that implemented(Enhanced Data rates for GSM

in most of the cellular phone

Evolution).

The next generation of 3G, theIn addition, the generation of 3G

latest technology in the cellular

can provide multimedia services

world. This generation is better

such as internet, video streaming,

known as UMTS (Universal Mobile

video telephony, and others better.

Telecommunication

This(GlobalSystemSystem)orTwofamousthird-generation

things

on

this

CDMA

WCDMA (Wideband - Coded

technology that originally came

Division Multiple Access). The

from the United States military

excess this latest generation lies intechnology and devoted to the IS-data transfer speeds up to 384 Kbps

95 standard. Several patents on

outdoors and 2 Mbps for indoor

networks that exist today are based

applications.

on CDMA technology owned by
Qualcomm Inc.

38

1.1.2.

THE EVOLUTION OF MICROPOCESSOR

Rapid

technological

today,

isthedevelopments

impactoftheperformance, with optimal efficiencyof electric power.

development of the microprocessor soOnthat manufacturers can deliver the tools

mickropesesor have the ability toof advanced technology. ARM is a

executeleading provider of 32-bit embedded

complex systems, like Linux, Android /microprocessors. By offering a range of

Chrome, Microsoft Windows (CE /processors

based

on

Embedded), and Symbian, with thearchitecturethatdelivers

commonhightheApplication
complex

Processor,

operationson

use of complex graphical interface
system as well.

Figure 1. ARM Processor evolution

39This class of microprocessor also

•Advanced

integrates Memory Management Unit

Players(MMU) to manage the memory• Digital Television

requirements of a complex OS, andallows downloading and execution of
third party software.

PersonalMedia

A wide choice of processors available
applications

allow

developers

tochoose solutions that match specific

Applications for the class of processors
include:criteria of their application. Traditional
single-core processors ranging fromthe

• Smartphone

basic

level-ARM926EJ-S™

through the Cortex-A9 ™ with the• Feature Phone• Smartbook * / Netbook /performance capability of up to 2GHz.

eReaders
1.1.3.

ELCTRONIC WASTE

Consumerism attitudes in people's

tools/devices will shift the old one. So

lifestyles that promote pleasure andby gradually increasing the time the

comfort with leaving the old device

old stuff is not used anymore and be

altought in terms of usability it still able

what

to function properly and optimally. In

WASTE. Most of the waste are notthedegradable by nature and can disrupt

process

technologies

ofdevelopment

generallynewiscalledELECTRONIC

human life in the future.

40

1.2.

THEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Based on the background of the

1. What problems are posed by the

problems above, the formulation ofwaste of electronic equipment,

the problem in this paper is as follows:

handphones?
2. How to deal with problems
caused by waste electronicequipment, mobile phones?

1.3.

PURPOSE OF THE PAPERS

Referring to the formulation of the

1. To find out what the problem

problem above, then the purpose of

posed by waste of mobile

making the author of this paper is aselectronic devices.

follows:

2. To find out the way to solve theproblem.

2.
2.1.

DISCUSSIONELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS

Cadmium is one of the chemicalof production in the preparation ofelements contained in the periodic

ores of zinc, copper and lead. This

table are known to have a symbol Cdelement is soft, metallic bluish whiteand atomic number 48. Discovered bythat can be easily cut with a knife.

Stromeyer in 1817 from impurities in

Cadmium has properties similar to

the zinc carbonate. Cadmium is always

properties of zinc metal.

found in small amounts in zinc ores,
such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenokcite

Vapor of cadmium is very dangerous(CdS) is the only mineral that contains

for humans because of very low

cadmium.

melting

point.

Cadmiumisacomponent of an alloy that has the
Almost all cadmium is taken as a result

lowest melting point. This element is41

used in a mixture of metal shaft with a

Cadmium is very dangerous because it

low coefficient of friction and durable.

is one of the heavy metals and these

He is also widely used in theelements are at high risk of dangerous

application

plating

blood vessel tissue. Cadmium effect on(electroplating). Cadmium is also usedhumans for a long time and canin the manufacture of solder, batteries,

accumulate in body organs especially

Ni-CDI.

mostthe liver and the kidneys. In principle,

commonly found and sulfide has a

at low concentrations have an effect onyellowlungofelectric

Sulfatepigment.

salts

are

Cadmiumandsolutions are highly toxic compounds.

disorders,emphysemaandchronic renal disease turbular.

After one of the elements known to be a problem of electronic devices, thefollowing will explain other elements that harm contained in electronic devices:
Plastic is one of the ingredients we canbottles, baby bottles and even now

find in almost every item. Starting

there are baby bottles and food storage

from drink bottles, TV, refrigerator,that do not contain bisphenol A,

modified pipes, plastic laminating,making it safe for food use. One test

dentures, compact disks (CDs), kutex

proved 95% of people have been(cleaning

wearing items contain bisphenol-A.

nails),

automobiles,

machinery, military equipment to

Plastics are used because they are

pesticides. Therefore, we can almost

lightweight, do not break easily, andcertainly never use and have items thatcheaply. However, the plastic also

contain Bisphenol-A.

poses risks to the environment andOne of the items put on plastic andhealth of our families. Therefore, we

contain Bisphenol A is a food andmust understand plastics safe for ourbeverage industry as a place to storeuse.

food, plastic cover food, mineral water42

Figure 2. Ilustration of harm component of a mobile phone
Most hand-phone users should havedangers of environmental pollution

known about the radiation beam radio

caused by the accumulation of waste

signals - the kind of "non-ionizing

material

radiation" - the suspected cellularcomponent and thrown away if it has

phone antenna can endanger the healthbeen deprecated. Pile of toxic metallicof the user's brain hp, although so far

components (figure 1 : - lead (lead),the effect of the real danger ismercury, etc. - as well as plastics foundcontroversial

in mobile phone waste is now staking a

and

still

in-depthresearch.
Yet another danger is more serious
because the effect is a wider scope than

from

the

hand-phoneserious danger that could undermine
the environmental sustainability ofhuman life.

just a danger to the mobile phone users

Cell phones are just one of many

just seem not to be thought most ofelectronic devices today's household

the burden of hand-phone users, thegarbage heap can be a source of43

environmental

pollution.

Waste

into the trash. A unit hand-phoneelectronic goods such as batteries, TV

devices with components of thesets, video recorders, computers, ormaterial of lead (lead), copper, and

PDA-Personal Digital Assistant or

metallic mercury in units of counts"pocketcontainmay be relatively small, but taking into

components made of metal and plastic

account the overall number of mobile

materials, which if dumped rubbish

phone devices in the form of millions

continually and carefully processed to aof tons of landfill waste that would

seriousindeed be a serious threat to thecomputer"threat

does

to

the

human

environment.
Acceleration

preservation of the environment lives
isfairlyremarkablearound the world.

accumulation of electronic waste fromThus

the illustrated cellular phone users

electronic tools are:around the world in 1999 was about
480 million, and the numbers will
swell. Assuming that the product life
between 1-2 years, it is estimated there

theproblems

arisingfrom

1. The amount of waste that isdifficult to reduce
2. Cause

harmfulchemicalelements

will be 500 million mobile phonedevices that each year will be dumped
2.1.1.

PERTUMBUHAN HANDPHONE

2.1.1.1.

HANDPHONE SEBAGAI KEBUTUHAN PRIMER

Mobile (HP) is now just like a primary

more inexpensive price of HP in theneed. Many households now havemarket and also the increasingly cheap

cellphones, not only parents who havemobile tariffs to the number of

it but the kids until housemaid was also

operators

to have it. This is possible because thecustomers.

whichmutually

attract

44

Figure 3. Percent of Household with cellphone
Figure 3. Percent of Household with

continue to increase because now

cellphone in Indonesia From 3 years ofmany of the active phone number for

the

life.

survey,itturns

percentofhouseholds had mobile phones is rising
sharply. What is interesting is theGroup of wealthy households are also

growth of households with HP among

not left behind, although not as fast as

poor

poorestthe growth of user groups of poor

households), the poorest group washouseholds but the increase is quite

nearly 500% growth since 2005,

large especially when considering that

althoughpoor

this group of households that have thehousehold users the new HP 9.4% in

highest percentage of HP users. In

2007. Likewise with the Q2 by 400%

2007, approximately 74.7% richestuser growth. This suggests that poor

households already have HP as ahouseholds access to these modern

communication tool. Nationally, thedevices have started a high since most

growth of household users of HP rose

likely because HP and Toll cheaper. In

nearly 200% from 19.9% (2005) tothe future growth will probably

37.6%

households

the

(40%

numberof(2007).

45

Figure 4. Percent of household with cellphone by provinces
2.1.1.2. INTERNET ACCELERATE THE CELLPHONE GROWTH
Growth in the number of users ofmobile devices, such as mobile phones,
tablets and netbooks outside estimates.
That's what made Chief Executive
Officer(CEO)of

Google,Eric

Schmidt in a speech at the event theInternet Advertising Bureau's Annual
Leadershipin

California,

UnitedStates.
"Users of mobile devices are growing
faster than our forecast," Schmidt said
as quoted by the tech site Mashable.
The conclusion that he got after
observing the number of visitors to theYouTube site that plays more than 200

46

million videos per day for mobile

He added that as many as 78% ofdevice users. He also cites the results ofsmartphone owners use their phones tocalculations for multiple searches, suchshop. "This is the future and everyone

as GoDaddy is done 315 times throughwill adjust," said Schmidt.

mobile devices. This amount is muchlarger than a desktop search throughonly 38 times (almost 10 time).

2.2.

The

followingstatistics

Internet

growth in Indonesia in 2007

HANDLING OF ELECTRONIC PROBLEMSUse of electronic equipment waste thatcause problems are very harmful tohumans and the environment. Thisrequired the handling of problems thatare not sustainable.
One effort to make the electronics
industry in Germany can produce
more environmentally friendly product47

that has been done IZM Fraunhofer
Instituteincontinuing

Berlin,
to

such

work

as

by

togethertoformulate the R & D industry TPIToxic

Potential

Indicator

besidesdoing research to develop techniquesand methods are aligned with thedemandsofenvironmental

sustainability. TPI Index contains data
such

as

high-potential

poisoninghazard of the material content of themetal components of a cell phone.
Fraunhofer Institute IZM Researchfindings also produce solder from theamalgam material mixture consisting of
tin-silver-coper as an alternative to thebase material of lead solder with ahigh-power

highlypolluted

environment. By applying a similar
rule was the product lead-free cellular
phone or "lead-free cellphones" madein

Germany

canberealized

immediately.
For the Indonesian mobile phone users
which is quite high growth markets in
the Asia Pacific region, then sooner orlater it will face the threat of landfill
waste electronic products that canburden the environment.
The rapid increase in the use of cell
phones drive also must remember
certain characteristics of some of
today's phone users in Asia - includingIndonesia - which considers devices
like hand-phone like "fashion" is often
enough to feel the need to change themodel in a relatively short period oftime.
Presumablyinwelcomingtheenforcement of obligations in the
production process of recycling mobile
phones, the Motorola producer who
claims to have prepared with the future
mobilephone

products

to85%

component of recycled material that isready to be viewed as one of theleading mobile phone products to
produce a friendly environment or"greenphone".
Unfortunately

only

U.S.

made

products

quite

popularandarewidespread users when first cellular
phone service, especially for the firstmodel built in car phone - wasintroduced in Indonesia about 10 years
yl,increasingly

hasbecome48

increasingly submerged in the market

Mobile-phone is deconstructed. The

and according to a recent survey,

parts that can not be used again beleaving only 1.52% of the users hp.

disposed of in a designated protected

There is a service whose name Mobile
Muster conducting

waste disposal

services in both mobile phones andstructured, so it may be able to reducefrom free land. Meanwhile, the parts
can be reused (reuse) will be parsed andcategorized for later reuse in new
products.

though not 100 percent disposal ofwaste but at least the damaging factor isminimized.
3.

CONCLUSION
From the explanations that have been described in the chapter sebelunya onelectronic waste (mobile phones) which become problems in mitigation, it can besummed up as follows:
1. Problems arising from the use ofelectronic tools such as, mobile phones
are:are not sustainable, namely:a. Produce electronic device thatare more environmental friendly

a. Generation of waste that isdifficult to be reduced

as

had

been

done

IZM

Fraunhofer Institute in Berlinb. Produce the chemical elementsb. There should be services thatthat endanger such as cadmium,make e-waste disposal services

the amount of waste is difficult

are good and structured, so it

to reduce it, ozone depletion,

may be reduced although not

Global Warming

100 percent disposal of waste
but at least the damaging factor

2. Use of electronic equipment thatis minimized.

cause waste problems are very harmfulc. There was an attempt on theto humans and the environment. This

electronic equipment should be

required the handling of problems that

dissected for any reusable parts.

49

Ishikawa Diagram of this paper discussion

50Building Automation System

Muhammad Tirta Mulia 1)
Jurusan Teknik Informatika Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pasundan1)
Jl. Setiabudhi No 193 Bandung
Telepon (022) 2019371 ekst 2323

E-mail : mtirtamulia@gmail.com1)
tirta.mulia@if.unpas.ac.id1)

ABSTRACT
Dealing with environmental issues (Go Green)such as reducing energy use in recent
years, one solution is the application of the concept of Building Automation System(BAS), where the use of power tools in the building can be scheduled and monitored
so that the efficiency of consumption electrical energy can be achieved.
The development of information technology has been covering many areas of life.
These developments not only in terms of software, but also a combination ofsoftware and hardware. Unification of software and hardware can be implemented
into the building control system, which is to automate and manage electrical devices
and security through control center. Interfacing is done in communicating between
system software and hardware in this case represented microcontroller.
Building Automation System (BAS) can be realized in this way. Coupled with web
based interface and short messege service for remote controling can make it moreconvenient for the users.
Key words: Software, Interfacing, Building Automation System (BAS),
Microcontroller, web, SMS

51

1. Pendahuluan

1.1.

Latar Belakang

Kompleksitas

rutinitas

yang

harus

Penghematan

sumberuntuk

dihadapi manusia setiap hari semakinrutinitas

meningkat. Baik bagi sebuah individu

mengingat

ataupun organisasi. Seperti halnya

dilakukan dalam masa krisis energi

manajemen gedung-gedung bertingkat

seperti ini. Terutama di kota-kota

yang banyak terdapat di kota besar.

besar

Gedung-gedung

perekonomian

membutuhkantersebutsumbertentunya

yang

perlu

dilakukanpentingnya

efisiensi

menjadidansentrapemerintahan.

yang

Sebagai contohnya pada tahun 2007

besar, baik energi maupun manusia

konsumsi listrik untuk wilayah DKI

untuk dapat berfungsi. Sumber daya

Jakarta dan Tanggerang sebesar 27.939

energi tentunya untuk mengoperasikan

GWh atau sebesar 23% dari total

perangkat-perangkat

listriknya

konsumsi listrik nasional. Dan 29%

termasuk

Kemudiandiantaranya

keamanan.

daya

tersebutdaya

sumber daya manusia untuk mengelola

adalahpengguna

dari

sektor bisnis yang berada di Jakarta.

sumber daya yang lainnya dan juga
termasuk faktor keamanan.

1.2.

Tujuan Penelitian

1. Memperlihatkan pengembangan perangkat lunak yang melibatkan
perangkat keras.
2. Memanfaatkan microcontroller untuk penjadawalan perangkat listrik.
3. Membantu aktivitas manusia dalam hal manajemen perangkat listrik dan
keamanan di gedung.

1.3.

Review Teknologi Terdahulu

Konsep building atomation systemyangkompleks

ditunjukkan

olehgambar 1 berikut.

52

Gambar 1. Diagram Building Automation System (sumber : Wikipedia.com)
Pada penelitian ini dibuat sebuah

lantai. Perangkat listrik lampu di tiap

maket untuk study kasus pengendalianruang

perangkat listrik pada gedung dua

sistem(gambar 2 dan 3)

menjadi

satu

titik

kendali

Gambar 2. Maket untuk simulasi

53

Gambar 3. Setiap ruangan menjadi satu titik kendali

2. Metodologi PenelitianDalam

penelitianini

digunakanometodologi berikut :-Study literatur-

EksplorasioKomunikasi serial pada software
pengembang (Delphi 7).

Merancang

circuitboard

microcontroller

untuk

memudahkan interfacing.
oMerancang basis data perangkat
listrik yang akan dikendalikan.

oMerancang

algoritma

pengecekan jadwal valid saat ini.

54

3. Kebutuhan Perangkat
Perangkat lunak yang digunakan dalam

Merupakan

add-onpenelitian ini adalah :tambahanuntuk

komunikasi

secara-TcomportLib

atau

paket

melakukan
serialdenganmikrokontroler.(gambar 4)

Gambar 4. Komponen Tcomport-

DBMS MySQL 5

Aplikasiini

memdudahkan

digunakan

untuk

dalam

modifikasi

struktur database.

membangun struktur data yang akan-

digunakan pada BAS. Aplikasi ini

Aplikasi ini digunakan untuk men-

dipilih karena pengkombinasiaannya

download program sederhana kendali

denganke

aplikasi

Delphi7

sangatCodeVision AVR

mikrokontroler.

Dasarbahasamudah. Bahasa query pada MySql

pemrograman yang digunakan adalah

dapat langsung dikenal pada aplikasi

C. dalam aplikasi ini telah tersedia fitur

Delphi 7 tanpa ada perubahan sintaks.

pembangkitan kode program sesuai

Tidak seperti Ms Access ataupun Ms.

kriteria

SQL Server 2000 yang memerlukan

gunakan.

modifikasi sintaks saat mengeksekusi-

Eagle layout editor

query.

Dalam

pembangunan-

MySql Front

mikrokontroler

yang

kita

BAS

tidak

terlepas dari perancangan antarmuka

Aplikasi ini adalah pelengkap aplikasi

fisik seperti rangkaian mikrokontroler.

DBMS MySql 5. Bila pada MySQL 5

Untuk itu digunakan aplikasi Eagle

sintaks dituliskan dalam jendela DOS,

dalam perancangan circuit board yangmaka

dibutuhkan.

aplikasi

antarmuka

inin
grafisnya

menyediakan
sehingga55

4. Hasil Perancangan
Rancangan system ini diperlihatkan oleh gambar 5 berikut.

Gambar 5. Diagram Konteks BAS
Perangkat lunak BAS dalam penelitian

diwakili oleh gambar 6. Pada sistem ini

ini dirancang untuk dapat melakukan :komputer tidak akan berkomunikasi

1. Pemantauan operasi perangkat
listrikyang

menggunakan

listrik secara terpusat.
2. Kendali

operasiperangkat

litrik secara terpusat.
3. Pencatatan dan perhitungan
beban daya operasi perangkat.
4. Pemantauan

keamanangedung menggunakan sensor
gerak
denganyang

disimulasikan

IRLED

serta

fototransistor.
Ilustrasi sistem pada penelitian ini(mengendalikan)
perangkat

secaralistriknya,

langsung

karenaport

komunikasi yang terbatas di komputerdibandingkan jumlah perangkat yangakan dikendalikan. Oleh karena itu
komputerakan

dijembatanioleh

mikrokontroler. Komunikasi antara
komputerdanmikrokontroler

menggunakan pola komunikasi serialyang

menjadiprimary

BUSnya.

Sedangkan secondary BUS adalah
komunikasi

antaramikrokontroler

dengan perangkat keras. Pada dasarnya,
komunikasi ini hanyalah menyatakan

56statusperangkattersebutdalam

keadaan ON atau OFF.
Komunikasi antara komputer dan
mikrokontroler

menggunakan

komponen Tcomport untuk Delphi 7.

Sedangkan

mikrokontroler

digunakanadalahyang

ATMega8535,

dipilih karena banyak port yang bisa
digunakan sehingga semakin banyak
berangkat yang bisa dikendalikan.

Gambar 6. Ilustrasi sistem.
Tabel 1. Flowchart komunikasi aplikasi dengan mikrokontroler

57

Antarmuka untuk pengguna berupa

disimpan ke dalam database. Databaseaplikasi desktop di komputer, padajuga menyimpan data perangkat listrik.

aplikasi inilah kendali dan penjadwalan

Perancangan basis data ditunjukkan

ditanamkan. Sedangkan jadwal sendiri

pada tabel 2.

Tabel 2. Perancangan Data
Nama
Tabel
LOKASIPERANG
KAT

Struktur Tabel

Lokasi_ID

Key
P

F

Tipe Data

Lebar
Data

Varchar5

Lokasi_Nama

Varchar20

Lokasi_Lantai

Varchar3

Varchar10

Perangkat_Jenis

Varchar10

Perangkat_Mikrokontr

Varchar3

Perangkat_Pin

Varchar2

Perangkat_Status

Varchar3

Perangkat_Kondisi

Varchar5

Perangkat_Beban

int

5

Varchar5

Varchar3

Varchar10

Perangkat_ID





oler

Lokasi_ID
JADWAL

Jadwal_ID
Jadwal_Nama




58

Nama
Tabel

Struktur Tabel

Key
P

Jadwal_Tipe

VarcharJadwal_Wkt_On

Time

Jadwal_Wkt_Off

TIme

Jadwal_Tgl_Mulai

Date

Jadwal_Tgl_Akhir

Date

PENJADW Perangkat_ID
ALAN

PENGGU
NA

F

Tipe Data

Lebar
Data
10



Varchar

10

Jadwal_ID

Varchar3

Lokasi_ID

Varchar5

Varchar3

Pengguna_Nama

Varchar15

Pengguna_KataSandi

Varchar10

Pengguna_Wewenan

Varchar15

Varchar14

Varchar5

Varchar3

Varchar15

Varchar10

Pengguna_IDg
Pengguna_Telepon
GP_ID
GP_ID
GroupPengguna

GP_Nama
Perangkat_ID



59

Nama
Tabel

TRANSA

Struktur Tabel

IndeksKeyP

Tipe Data

F

TP_On

Datetime

PEMAKAI

TP_OffDatetime

TP_Pemakaian

Integer

Perangkat_ID

Dataautoinc



KSI

AN

Lebar



Varchar

10

Gmbar 7. Perancangan Relasi

60

Circuit board hasil perancangan ditunjukaan pada gambar 8.

Gambar 8. Rancangan & Rangkaian microcontroler
Pada gambar 8 digunakan tiga buah

memilikimikrokontroler,digunakan

masingnya menjadi titik kendali untuk

ketiganya atau salah satunya. Pada

tiap ruangan. Perintah kendali yangpenelitiansatu

dikirimkan aplikasi ke mikrokontroler

mikrokontroler karena cukup untuk

maksimal 8 bit atau 255. Gambar 9

menangani gedung dua lantai dalammenunjukan nilai untuk kendali tiap

simulasinya. Untuk kendali, digunakan

pinnya.

hanya

bisa

digunakan

8

pin

yang

masing-port B dan C, dimana tiap port ini

61

Gambar 9. Nilai instruksi tiap pin
Misalnya, kita akan menyalakan lampu

Berikut adalah code yang ditulis padadi ruang rapat (dikendalikan pin 0) dan

mikrokontroler:ruang staff (pin 7) maka aplikasi
mengirimkan nilai ‘129’.
{// Place your code here
int a;
a=getchar();if (a==0){a=getchar();
PORTC=a;cekSensor();}else
if (a==1){
a=getchar();PORTB=a;cekSensor();}else
if (a==2){
a=getchar();PORTD=a;cekSensor();}};a=getchar();
PORTC=a;
}
else

62

{
a=getchar();
PORTA=a;}};void cekSensor(){
int pantul;
pantul=adc_data[0];// pantul < 300 = tidak terhalangif (pantul<300){
putchar('C'); //CLEAR}
else{putchar('B'); //BLOCKED}
delay_ms(10);}Sepertiyang

sebelunnya,

telah

disebutkan

penelitianini

saklaryang

mikrokontroler

dikendalikan
tanpa

merubahmenggunakan maket untuk simulasi.

rancangan lainya yang telah dijelaskan.

Namun kendali perangkat listrik nyata

Rangkaian saklar ditunjukkan oleh

(220v)

gambar 10.

telah

dibuktikan.

Denganmenambahkan satu perangkat sebagai

Gambar 10. Skema rangkaian saklar
Selain rancangan di atas, satu hal lagi

memeriksa jadwal mana sedang valid.

yang

perlu

perancangandiperhatikanadalahSebelumnya, jadwal dibagi ke dalam 4algoritma

untuk

tingkatan,

terurutdari

prioritas

63tertinggi adalah :Denganmemungkinkan

1. Aksidental
Hanya dieksekusi satu kali, padatanggal yang ditentukan.

seperti

untuk

ini,

membuatjadwal untuk jam kerja dan bukan jam
kerja

pada

setiapharinya.

Danmembuat jadwal libur setiap hari

2. Bulanan
Dieksekusi

rancangan

minggu. Setelah jadwal dibuat makasetiaptanggalditentukan untuk setiap bulannya.
3. Mingguanyangpenjadwalan dapat dilakukan dengan
menyandingkan perangkat-perangkat
ke satu jadwal atau lebih. Berikut
adalah diagram algoritma pengecekan

Dieksekusi setiap tujuh hari sekali.

jadwal valid.

4. Harian - Diseksekusi setiap hariGambar 11. Flowchart Pencarian Jadwal Aktif (bag 1)

64

Gambar 12. Flowchart Pencarian Jadwal Aktif (bag 2)
Berikutnya adalah perancangan proses untuk sistem ini (gambar 13).

Gambar 13. Struktur proses

65Tabel 3. Penjelasan prosedur Monitoring & Control
No

ProsesFungsi

3.1

Pemrosesan Perintah

Perubahan status satu atau sebagian atau
semua perangkat menggunakan display
kendali.

3.2

Pemantauan

Status Perubahan status satu atau sebagian atau

Perangkat

semua perangkat melalui sms sehingga
pengguna tidak perlu ada di pusat
kontrol.

3.3

Pembuatan Log Aktifitas

Mencatat setiap aktifitas sistem secara
berkala.

Pada tabel 3 baris terakhir, ada sebuah

telah

proses untuk pembuatan log aktifitas.

dibutuhkan.

Pada proses ini dihitung lama operasi
tiap perangkatnya, yang kemudian bisa
dihitung berapa beban listrik yangterpakai dikarenakan tiap perangkatnya

dicantumkan

Adapunperancangan

daya

yang

antarmuka

interaksi aplikasi ditunjukkan padagambar 13.

Gambar 13. Antarmuka pembuatan jadwal baru

66

Gambar 14. Antarmuka untuk penjadwalan

Gambar 15. Antarmuka kendali tiap lantai
Antarmuka tiap lantai harus dibuat sesuai dengan layout gedung aslinya.

Gambar 16. Antarmuka pencatatan (log) aktifitas/penggunaan perangkat.

67

Pada gambar 16 dapat dilihat bahwa

menghitung berapa kWh daya yangaplikasi dapat memberikan daftar alat-

dipakai. Dan dengan mengisi biaya

alat yang dipakai dalam rentang waktu

kWh nya, dapat dihasilkan estimasi

tertentu dan juga lama pemakaiannya.

biaya listirk untuk waktu tersebut.

Hal

ini

memungkinkan

untuk

5. Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan

hasil

implementasi

perangkat lunak BAS saat ini dapat
diambil kesimpulan, bahwa:

telah bersifat generic.
- Aplikasi mampu menerima input dariperangkat keras seperti sensor IrLed,- Penggunaan Mikrokontroler dapat

pada keadaan nyata bisa digantikan

menambah kemampuan monitoring

dengan sensor lainnya.

dan kendali perangkat gedung yangmenggunakan
denganlistrik

dibandingkan

mengandalkan

menggunakankomunikasi

komputerlangsungseperti pada Aplikasi Kendali Perangkat
Listrikyang

pernahdibangundapat

memantau,- BAS dapat meningkatkan efisiensi
penggunaan

energilistrik

denganpenjadwalan operasi perangkat listrik di
gedung.

sebelumnya.
-

Aplikasiinimengendalikan dan menjadwal operasi
perangkat yang menggunakan listrik.
-

Aplikasi

ini

dapat

mencatat

penggunaan daya listrik dalam jangka
waktu

tertentudanmemberikan

estimasi beban biayanya.
- Pada aplikasi ini, selain fungsi untuk
pengaturan antarmuka, fungsi lainya

68

6. Daftar Notasi
SIMBOL

KETERANGAN

Menggambarkan sistem
XXXX : Menyatakan namasistemMenyatakan entitas luar
XXXX : Menyatakan nama
entitas luar

Menyatakan aliran data atau
informasi
XXXX : Menyatakan namaaliran data atau informasi

7. Ucapan Terimakasih
Ucapan terimakasih disampaikan kepada Bapak Aan Albone, ST., MTi,
Bapak Rachmad Hartono, Ir., MT, Ibu Ririn Dwia, Ir., MT serta segenap
panitia TEKNOIN UII.

69

8. Daftar Pustaka[1] Afit, Fery, (2008), Mikrokontroller AVR ATMega 8535, diakses
desember 2009, dari http://ATMega8535%20-%20ittelkom.ac.id[2] Arifianto, B., (2003) Aplikasi Mikrokontroller Untuk Dunia Otomasi[3] Bahri, Kusnassriyanto Saiful dan Wawan Sjachriyanto. (2005).
Pemrograman Delphi. INFORMATIKA, Bandung.
[4] Firman, Harry. (2004). Menulis Karya Ilmiah. Diakses 17 Juli 2009
dari http://fpmipa.upi.edu/bi/pdf/Karya%20ilmiah.pdf[5] Kadir, Abdul. (2003). Dasar Aplikasi Database MySQL Delphi. Andi,
Yogyakarta

70

FACULTY ENGINEERINGOF SHIZUOKA UNIVERSITY
JAPANIntroduction to
Visible Light Communication

Junya AMANO
Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University
Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561 Japan

1.

WHAT IS VLC?

Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a communication system using the visible
light as a carrier.
VLC has many advantages as follows:
As shown in Fig.1, the visible light is very high frequency, therefore VLC has verystrong tolerance to the radio wave interference. Besides, in Japan, the frequency ofthe visible light is beyond the limit of the frequency range regulated by the Radio
Law. We can develop and use VLC without a license.
VLC allows to use a light source as not only the illumination but also thetransmitter, which is called Illumination Communications. Illuminations arealmost everywhere, therefore we can construct an ubiquitous network by using
Illumination Communications.
Usually, it is difficult to transmit radio waves in the water, whereas visible light canbe transmitted in the water. Therefore, VLC enables to do wirelesscommunications in the water.
Visible light almost never has negative influence to human bodies and precisionequipments, therefore we can use VLC in the environments that are strictly

71limited to usage of radio wave such as hospitals, trains and planes.
Since the communication range of VLC is visible, we can control thecommunication range easily. By only blocking the light, we disconnect from the
network.
VLC can use high electric power for transmission. Rapid spread of Light Emitting
Diodes (LED) is one of the important reasons VLC begins to be attention. In theconventional illuminations, it is difficult to control switching on and off fast. In
contrast, since it is easy to control switching an LED, VLC using an LED enables
to do fast communication.

Fig. 1: The Frequency Classification in Japan
2.

THE VLC ARCHITECTURES

Up to the present, the VLC architectures corresponding to the various purposes
and the channel conditions have been proposed. These architectures are roughlyclassified into two categories. One serves only communication, and the otherserves both illumination and communication. The former is demanded thecommunication performance to the channel condition, the latter has to be72

considered, of course the performance, brightness and flicker to avoid vitiating theits role as the illumination.
3.

TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS

VLC can use not only an LED but also a visible light laser, an organic
electroluminescence or an inverter fluorescent light as a transmitter. The VLC
using an LED is more popular because it is versatile and inexpensive. As thereceiver, VLC use a photodiode or an image-sensor because the carrier of VLC isvisible.
The light reception range of a photodiode is very small, therefore in order toestablish communication, Photodiode Communication demands very severe
adjustment. However, this scheme allows Gigabit communication.
An image-sensor has very high spatial resolution, which means that the number ofpixels of the image-sensor is the number of maximum channels.

Fig. 2: 4PAM

Fig. 3: 4PPM

73

Therefore Image-sensor Communication allows parallel communication.
Moreover, this scheme has very strong tolerance for disturbance by eliminating
another light sources from the received image.
However, the frame rate of the standard image sensor is 30 _ 60[fps], which is too
slow to use it as the receiver. Nevertheless, Image-sensor Communication has
been developed more popularly than Photodiode Communication, because
Image-sensor Communication has above-mentioned unique features and mostcellular phones are equipped with an image-sensor as a digital camera.

Fig. 4: The Constellation of CSK

4.

MODULATION METHODSIn modulation of VLC, Pulse Modulation (PM), such as Pulse-Amplitude
Modulation (PAM) or Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM), is adopted popularly.
Illumination Communication adopts particular modulations based on PM to avoid
vitiating role of light as a illumination. In case of PAM, the transmitted signal ismodulated by PAM applying appropriate bias voltage to ordinary PAM (Fig.2(a))
to gain sufficient brightness for the illumination.
As shown in Fig.3(a), in ordinary PPM, one of time slots is set at high and theothers are set at low. Whereas in case of PPM for VLC, in order to gain sufficientbrightness and avoid flickering, the selected time slot should be set at low and the74others are set at high. This modulation is called inverted-PPM (I-PPM, Fig.3(b)).
Besides shown as Fig.4, modulation in which information symbols are mapped on
RGB color coordinate is proposed, which is called Color Shift Keying (CSK).
5.

SCENES VLC IS AVAILED

Putting the features of VLC to good use, VLC is expected to be availed infollowing scenes.
5.1. Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITS

Today, many vehicle lights and traffic lights in Japan are equipped with LEDs, andcars are equipped its front and rear with cameras. Therefore, it is possible to do
vehicle-to-vehicle communication or road-to-vehicle communication by using
these equipments.

Fig. 5: Traffic Light Using LED
5.2. Augmented Reality, AR

Image-sensor Communication can detect the signal light in the received image.
Then users can enjoy new image which is made by merging the received image
and the received information.

75

Fig. 6: Received Image Overlaid with Received Information
5.3. Maritime Safety

Many lighthouses and floating lights are equipped with LEDs. Transmitting
information such as positions of surrounding other ships by using their light as thecarrier, VLC increases the maritime safety.

Fig. 7: Lighthouse Using LED
5.4. Inter-diver Communication

In the water, it is very difficult to use radio wave for communications. However
divers can communicate with each other wirelessly in the water by using VLC.

76

6.

INTRODUCTION TO MY STUDY

I have constructed parallel transmitting VLC system using an LED matrix panel(Fig.9) and a USB camera (Fig.10). In my system, the LED panel is controlled by a
Peripheral Interface Controller and transmitted information by expressing

Fig. 8: VLC Enables Inter-diver Communication

Fig. 9: LED Matrix Panel Fig. 10: USB Camera”1” by ON and ”0” by OFF. It is embedded with 512 LEDs, therefore maximum
transmission bits is 512 bits per frame. Since the frame rate of this USB camera is
60[fps], the maximum bit rate is 30720[bps].
The receiver gets information by digital image processing of the received images.
Firstly, we convert the received image (Fig.11) into the binary image (Fig.12) tosimplify the later processes. Next, we detect the position of the LED panel in thebinary image. Then, we expand the area of the LED panel in the binary image(Fig.13). Finally, by dividing the expanded image into the number of signals

77

(Fig.14), one of the divided spaces is called cell, we judge state of LEDs as ON or
OFF by referring to the number of white pixels in each cells.

Fig. 11: Received Image

Fig. 12: Binary Image

Fig. 13: Expanded Image

Fig. 14: Divided Image

78

7.

REFERENCES[1] T.Yamazato, ”What Visible Light Communication can do, what VLC cannot
do.”, RCS2011-49[2] Visible Light Communication Consortium HP, URL: http://www.vlcc.ne

79Implementation of Wireless Telecommunications Systemusing GNU Radio/USRP2

Satoshi HORIBE
Graduate school of Engineering, Shizuoka University

1.

Abstract

The operation verification and the performance assessment ofresearches ofvarious protocols of wireless ad-hoc networks and sensor networks are mainly
done by the computation simulation. And, it is necessary to implement the
protocols because, by measuring performance of them under real environment,
we can check the validity of the result of the computer simulation.
Usually, since each protocol needs its own hardware, we have to prepare many
hardwares to evaluate all proposed protocols, which requires much cost and time.
Given this situation, SDR (Software Defined Radio) is attracting attention
recently. SDR is a wireless machine that can change the physical layer processingof the wireless telecommunications only by rewriting software. That is, it is awireless machine that can correspond to many wireless telecommunications
systems without changing hardware. The SDR that combines GNU Radio with
USRP2 (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) is used for our research. The GNU
Radio is a software development tool for SDR and USRP2 is a general-purpose
signal processing hardware. General SDRs need a special development setting andlicence, but GNU Radio is licence-free. Thus, it has many attentions from bothindustries and academics because of the ease of deployment and the ease of use.
In our study, we implement a wireless telecommunications system to GNU
Radio/USRP2, and examine the effect of the system under real environment.

80

2.

GNU Radio & USRP2

GNU Radio is a freeware for the SDR was developed as part of the GNU Project.
There are some module programs which describe modulation methods and are
written by C++. In order to integrate the module programs, a contorol program
which is written by Python should be prepared. USRP2 is hardware developed asa front end for GNU Radio, and it operates by connecting PC by Gigabit
Ethernet. The radio frequency band can be changed by the daughter board whichcorrespond to desired frequency.
The frequency, 2.4GHz and 5.1GHz, and the overhead power of the daughter
board used in our study passed the registration check by the Regional Bureau of
Telecommunications, Japan. The GNU Radio/USRP2 can be used for otherpurposes, e.g., frequency spectrum observation, cognitive radio and a teachingmaterial for the radio communication education.
3.

Implementation of Network Coding

We now take up network coding(NC) as one of the wireless telecommunications
techniques that can achieve high throughtput. A relay node combines reception
packets from two or more terminals by XOR operation and forwards the
combined packet to the entire network. An example of the network coding isshown in Figure 1, and the photo of the experiment is shown in Figure 2. It isthought that channel condition between terminals greatly influences thecharacteristic when NC is used for mobile telecommunications or the small
wireless sensor terminal.

81

Fig. 1 An example of Network Coding
Therefore, evaluation under real environment with an SDR becomes important.
Performance of NC is shown in Figure 3. The performance of NC that obtained
from this experiment has a similar tendency as the performance obtained from thecomputation simulation.

Fig. 2 An example of Network Coding

Fig. 3 Performance of NC82

An introduction to Meteor burst communication

Keisuke KOMATSUBARA
Graduate school of Engineering, Shizuoka University

1.

Introduction

Meteors are space dust particles entering the earth’s atmosphere. Most of themeteors cannot be seen by naked eyes. However billions of tiny meteors enter theearth’s atmosphere daily.
When the meteors enter the earth’s atmosphere, an ionized gas column (meteor
burst) is generated at the height of about 100 kilo meters. The typical length of themeteor bursts is several tens kilo meters. Those disappear in a few seconds due todiffuse. A meteor burst during it exists works as reflection medium of radio waves
inthe

low VHF

band(30-100MHz)and

enablesover-the-horizon

communication between two stations within 2,000 kilo meters.
Meteor Burst Communication (MBC) is a system for over-the-horizon
communication, utilizing signal propagation from the meteor bursts. Figure 1
illustrates an example of MBC. A radio wave in a low VHF band from atransmitter is reflected at the meteor burst and reaches a receiver. MBC is
unsuitable for communication required immediacy because of the randomness ofthe generation of meteor bursts and the diffusion of the meteor bursts. However if
the system has small capacity and the delay is allowed, MBC has advantages, forexample, simplicity of construction and operation of the system, easiness of
automatic

operation,

economic

83

efficiency, and difficulty of interruption. Existing and proposed applications of
MBC include meteorological data acquisition, remote monitoring, and vehicle
tracking.
2.

Type of meteor bursts

Meteor bursts are roughly classified into ”underdense burst” and ”overdense
burst” according to reflectance properties. The reflectance variations of theunderdense burst and the overdense burst are shown in Figures 2 and 3,
respectively.

Figure 1: Meteor burst communication

On the underdense burst, the received power becomes a peak when the meteor
burst occurs and attenuates exponentially with time. On the overdense burst,
duration time of the channel is relatively long.
A difference of reflectance properties relies on electron density of the meteor burst
and this border value is about 2_1014[electrons/m]. This value of electron density
corresponds to the meteor burst generated by a space dust particle of one severalthmilligram. The number of meteors is inversely proportion to the weight of space
dust particles. Therefore most of the meteor bursts are underdense burst.

84

3.

Properties of the meteor burst channel

In MBC, radio wave in the VHF band is used because interference by ionosphericreflection is little. When we use higher frequency, we obtain lower reflection
intensity.
Among a great number of meteors entering the earth’s atmosphere, only thoseentering at proper location and correct orientation support communication
between two specific points. From a past experiment, it is known that thegeneration interval is Poisson process. Average generation interval is tens ofseconds. Generation interval depends on transmit power, antenna beam width,
frequency, and receiver sensitivity.

Figure 2: Underdense burst

Figure 3: Overdense burst

85

Duration time of the meteor burst channel depends on system parameters such astransmit power, frequency, and antenna gain. Moreover it differs greatly by thetype of meteor bursts. It is known that channel available time approximately has an
exponential distribution. Generation of meteor burst channel and its duration time
are probabilistic. However during the channel exists, it is stable.
4.

The transmission control proto-col

Many of systems utilizing MBC are data acquisition system, that is, a master stationcollects data such as whether information from many remote stations. Figure 4
illustrates the typical transmission control protocol of the data acquisition systemutilizing MBC. The description of the protocol is as follows:
1. The master station transmits probe packets (PP) at constant interval.
2. When the MBC channel between the master station and a remote station
opens and the remote station receives a probe packet, the remote stationtransmits a data packet from its transmission queue.
3. When the master station receives the data packet, the master station returns
an ack (acknowledge) packet including the remote station number.
4. When the remote station receives the ack packet including its remotestation number, the remote station discards the data packet which was
already transmitted.

Figure 4: MBC protocol

86

5.

The research contents

Most of the meteor bursts are the underdense burst. On the underdense burst,
received power attenuates exponentially with time as Figure 2. Hence the latterpart of the packet is influenced by noise than the former part. Therefore the latterpart of the packet may include errors. In conventional Automatic Repeat reQuest(ARQ) schemes, even if errors occur only in the latter part, whole of the packet isdiscarded.
In MBC, which has very short communication period, the influence by this loss isserious. To overcome this problem, we propose a new ARQ scheme named Go
Back i-symbol ARQ (GBi-ARQ) scheme which can achieve symbol-wise
retransmission by using a convolutional encoder and a Viterbi decoder. The
concept of the GBi-ARQ scheme is shown in Figure 5. In this proposed scheme,
only the latter part of the packet including errors is discarded and retransmitted.
Communication efficiency is improved by using the proposed scheme. Figure 6
shows the performance of the proposed scheme and the conventional scheme bycomputer simulations. The vertical axis represents amount of transmitted bits per
burst. The horizontal axis represents initial signal-to-noise ratio. From the figure,the proposed scheme exhibits better performance than the conventional scheme.
We are researching aiming at the further improvement of performance of the
proposed scheme.

87Figure 5: Concept of GBi-ARQ scheme in MBC
ChannelFigure 6: Performance comparison between proposed
scheme and conventioinal scheme

88Development of Ship Collision Warning Systemusing Mote Terminals
OKAMURA SHUNSUKE

Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka Univerisity

1.

Introduction

Ship Collision Warning System is a system that raises alarms when there is fear ofcollision of ships. Although a radar and GPS are usually used with this system, they
are expensive for the individual use. To prevent collisions of ships, a warning
system should spread widely and thus it is necessary to develop an inexpensivenessand reliable system.
In this paper, the collision warning system that uses the RSSI (Received Signal
Strength Indication) measurement function of IRIS Mote is proposed. IRIS Mote
is a terminal used for WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) and not expensive for theindividual use. By this method, we can roughly measure a distance between two
ships by checking power of the electric wave.
2.

IRIS Mote

IRIS Mote is a wireless terminal for the sensor network developed by Crossbow
Technology Co. in the United States, and it conforms to IEEE802.15.4. By using IRIS Mote, we can easily construct ad-hoc multi-hop powersaving communication networks by using Tiny OS, which is small OS for thesensor terminal. The following table show the specification of IRIS Mote.

89

Table 1. Speciﬁcation of IRIS Mote
CPU

Program
MemoryData
MemoryFrequen
cy
band

Power
sourceTwo AA
Batteries

Atmega1289
Consumed
Power(high)

128KB

512KB

2.4GHzConsumed
Power(low)Transmission
speed

size

18mA

300µA

250kbps

62X35X
27mm

3.

Principle of Distance Measurement

To obtain a distance between two terminals, we use the Friis Transmission
Formula (Eq. (1)) that is an important formula for design and evaluation of the
propagation of an electric wave. We also use the Two-Ray Model (Eq. (2)),
which is also an important formula and expresses the effect of combination of adirect wave and a reflected wave. By assuming the parameters GT , GR, PT , _, _shown in Table 2, the relation between the Received Power, PR, and the
distances, d, r1 and r2, can be obtained.

Table 2. Parameter Values
Antenna
HeightGain

Transmit
Power

Wave
lengthReflection
CoefficienthT , hR
0.76[m]GT , GR2[dBi]

PT2[mW]

λ0.13[m]R(θ)-1

We can estimate a rough distance between terminals by applying Eq. (3) that is
calculated from Eqs.(1) and (2) to the RSSI value, PR, that is obtained from the90

RSSI measurement function of the IRIS Mote. The lower form of Eq. (3) can begiven by an approximation of Eq. (2) by assuming d as large.

4.

Experiment Results

In this study, I have carried out some experiments using two terminals. At first,
the two terminals are set at 100[m] apart and then one of them moves to the otherwith a fixed velocity.
Fig. 1 shows an example of the result of RSSI. The dashed line is a theoreticalvalue of Two-Ray Model and the solid line is the measurement result of RSSI. It
can be understood that the result tends to follow the theoretical value to somedegree. Fig. 2 shows the estimated distance from Eq. (3) by using measured RSSI
value. The dashed line is the true distance and the solid line is an estimateddistance. The estimated distance increases by the increase of the true distance, i.e.,
the proposed scheme can be used for roughly estimation of the distance. But wecan also find a nonnegligible difference between the estimated true values. The
reasons of this difference is the transmission loss of antennas and the transmission
line of IRIS Mote. The study for accurate distance measurement is required.

91

Fig. 1: Result of RSSI Measurement

Fig. 2: The Estimated Distance92