19沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告
第 51 号，2017 年 1 月༓ᮏ὾࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᾏᓊᯘ㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬̿✵୰෗┿ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓணഛⓗㄪᰝ̿㕥ᮌ㟼⏨ຍ⸨㍤୍
Area changes of black pine coastal forest along Senbonhama:A preliminary investigation by aerial photographs
Shizuo SUZUKI*, Kiichi KATO*
Abstract
Because pine forest protected the landward area from the strong wind with salt spray and sandfrom the shore, environments of the area behind the pine forest became mild. Such forest is also
useful as recreation area. Coastal forests dominated by Japanese black pine is important forresidents near the coast. Senbonmatsubara is one of the largest Japanese black pine forests inShizuoka prefecture. In this study, Changes in coastal forest area dominated by Japanese blackpine in Senbonhama were quantified with aerial photographs from 1974 to recent year. An
accurate region extraction by binarization method can be conducted for area measurement of theblack pine coastal forest. The developed method enable efficient software operations and theprocessing of large number of image analysis. Percentages of the coastal forest area increased
about 10% from 1974 to 1983 and decrease about 7% from 1988 to recent year. These results
suggest that, the increasing and decreasing in coastal forest area are due to enhanced growth ofblack pine itself as well as invasion of broad-leaved tree species after seawall construction andlogging after pine wilt disease, respectively.

Key Words:

Aerial photograph, Binarization, Black pine, Coastal forest, Vegetation changeᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ᫂☜࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣゎ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

࡞࠸[3][4]ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢᾏᓊࡢከࡃࡣࠊᾏ࠿ࡽ᮶ࡿ㣕◁ࠊ₻㢼ࠊ㟝ཬࡧ༓ᮏᯇཎࡣ἟ὠ㧗₻➼ࡢᙳ㡪࠿ࡽෆ㝣㒊ࢆ㜵ㆤࡍࡿᶞᮌࡀࠊᖏ≧࡟ᯘ❧௨す࠿ࡽᐩኈᕷ⏣Ꮚࡢᾆࡲ࡛ࡢ⣙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᾏᓊᯘ࡟ࡣከᵝ࡞ᶞ✀ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ

10km ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ㛗኱࡞ࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᳜ᯘࡢ㛤ጞࡣ௦⾲ࡀࢡ࣐ࣟࢶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᾏᓊᯘࡣࠊ⮬↛ఇ㣴ࡸᡓᅜ᫬௦ࡲ࡛㐳ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ᪥ᮏࡢⓑ◁㟷ᯇ 100 㑅࡟ࡶ㑅㢼⮴➼ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ᫇࠿ࡽከࡃࡢேࠎ࠿ࡽぶࡋࡤࢀࡿṔྐ࠶ࡿᯇཎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ༓ᮏᯇཎ࡛ࡶᯇᯤࢀ⌧ࡲࢀࡿ᭷┈࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ[1]ࠋ㇟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1966 ᖺ㡭࡟ࡣࠊ኱ᚄᮌࡀ⾶㏥ࡋࠊ↓ᾏᓊᯘࡢ⏕⫱≧ែࡣࠊẼ㇟ࡸᅵተ࡞࡝ࡢ❧ᆅ≉ᛶࡸᐦ❧ᮌᆅࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ⮬↛ಖㆤᛮᗘ⟶⌮࡞࡝ࡢேⅭⓗ᮲௳࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ

᝿ࡢᾐ㏱࡟ࡼࡾ᳜࠼ࡽࢀࡓᗈⴥᶞࡀ⌧ᅾࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘ࡟ከࡑࢀࡀཎᅉ࡛ᶞໃࡀ⾶㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙᡤࡀ࠶ࡿ[2]ࠋ㏆ᖺࠊࡃ౵ධࡋࠊ1940 ᖺ௦࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃᯘᒙࡀኚࢃࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ሗᖿ⥺㐨㊰ἢ࠸ࡢ࣐ࢶᯤࢀࡀⴭࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡀ࠶ࡾ[3]ࠊ

࿌ࡀ࠶ࡿ[5]ࠋᬒほࢆಖᏲࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᑐ⟇ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢡ࣐ࣟࢶࡇࡢᐇ᝟࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ㐺ṇ࡞ࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢㄪᰝࡀࡢ኱㔞ᯤṚࡣࠊᯇࡃ࠸⹸ࡢቑṪㄝࡸࠊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘ࡬ࡢከᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛㛗኱࡞ᾏᓊᯘࡢ⏕⫱≧ែࢆ⌧ᆅ࡟⾜ࡃࡢᗈⴥᶞࡢ౵ධㄝࠊࡉࡽ࡟᭱㏆࡛ࡣ኱Ẽởᰁ࡞࡝ࡶཎ

ࡗ࡚ㄪᰝࡍࡿ࡟ࡣከ኱࡞ປຊࢆせࡍࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᗈ኱࡞᳜* 㟁ᏊไᚚᕤᏛ⛉⏕ㄪᰝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⾨࣮ᫍࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢࡀ᭷ຠ࡞᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ ࡚ ᣲ ࡆ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ [5][6] ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ⾨ ᫍ ⏬ ീ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ࡶ

Department of Electronic Control System Engineering1

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沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告

第 51 号

LANDSAT ࡣ⏬ീゎീᗘࡀప࠸ࡓࡵࠊ༓ᮏ὾ࡢࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘࡢࡼ࠺࡟⊃ᖜ࡛㛗࠸㠃✚ࡢ᳜⏕ࡣゎᯒࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ[7]ࠋ

 ⏬ീࡢ⡆␎໬୍᪉ࠊ✵୰෗┿ࡣ⾨ᫍࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢ⏬ീฎ⌮ࢯࣇࢺ Gimp ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ኱ࡲ࠿࡞࣐ࢶᯘࡢእ

࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ᆅୖศゎ⬟ࡀ㧗࠸ࡓࡵࠊᖜࡣ⊃࠸ࡀ㊥㞳ࡀ㛗ᙧࢆษࡾྲྀࡗࡓࠋ୙せ࡞㒊ศࢆษࡾྲྀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஧࠸᳜⏕࠿ࡽ࡛ࡶ᭷ຠ࡟ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྲྀᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓᆅୖࡢ್໬ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟㞀ᐖ࡜࡞ࡿఫᏯᆅࡢ㝜࡞࡝ࢆ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵษᘓ㐀≀ࢆ┠༳࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛␗࡞ࡿᖺ௦ࡢ⏬ീࢆᑐẚࡋࠊࡾྲྀࡗ࡚࠿ࡽゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿᑐ㇟ࢆヲ⣽࡟ゎᯒ࡛ࡁࡿ[8]ࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ✵୰෗┿ࢆ⏝࠸࡚༓ᮏ὾࡟⏕⫱ࡍࡿࢡࣟ ⏬ീࡢ஧್໬࣐ࢶࡢᖺ௦ู᳜⿕㠃✚ࡢணഛⓗㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸ࠊྛᖺ௦࡛Ⓨ⏬ീฎ⌮ࢯࣇࢺ ImageJ ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ᾏᓊᯘ✵୰෗┿
㸦Fig.

⏕ࡋࡓ஦㇟࡜↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞せᅉࡀ2a㸧ࡢ஧್໬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋImageJ ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᅜ❧⾨⏕◊

ࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘࡢ┒⾶࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿᳨ウࡍ✲ᡤࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࢯ࣮ࢫࡢ⏬ീฎ⌮ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡿࠋ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⛉Ꮫ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏬ീゎᯒ࡟ᗈࡃ฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋImage㸦⏬ീ⦅㞟㸧࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗ࠿ࡽ Adjust㸦⿵ṇ㸧ࢧࣈ࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗࡢ Threshold㸦㜚್㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ┠どุ࡛᩿᪉ἲ
༓ᮏ὾ᾏᓊᯘࡢ✵୰෗┿ࡢධᡭ࠿ࡽ⏬ീฎ⌮ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㜚್ࡢ್ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⏬ീࢆᾏᓊᯘ㒊ศ࡜ᐃࡲ࡛ࡢࣇࣟ̿ࢳ࣮ࣕࢺࢆ Fig. 1 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ⫼ᬒ࡟ศ๭ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛㜚್ࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡛ᾏᓊᯘ㠃✚

Process㸦ฎ⌮㸧࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗ࠿ࡽ Binary㸦஧್໬㸧ࢧࣈ࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗࡢ Make Binary㸦஧್໬⏬ീࡢస〇㸧࠿ࡽ Fig. 2bࡢ஧್໬⏬ീࡀసᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢసᴗࢆ 4 ᖺ௦ศ⾜࠸ࠊ䠄㻞㻚㻝䠅✵୰෗┿⏬ീࢹ࣮ࢱ⯟✵⏬ീ䝕䞊䝍䠄㻞㻚㻞䠅⡆␎໬䠄㻞㻚㻟䠅஧್໬஧್໬䠄㻞㻚㻠䠅஧್໬⏬ീࡢ㠃✚ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ஧್໬⏬ീࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋ(a)⡆␎໬஧್໬⏬ീ䛾ᐃ㠃✚ ᐃ(b)Fig. 1 ⏬ീゎᯒࡢࣇ࣮ࣟࢳ࣮ࣕࢺ✵୰෗┿⏬ീࢹ࣮ࢱᮏ◊✲࡛౑⏝ࡍࡿ✵୰෗┿ࡣࠊᅜᅵᆅ⌮㝔㸦㟁Ꮚᅜᅵweb㸧[9]ࡀබ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ✵୰෗┿㸲ᖺ௦㸦1974 ᖺ~1978ᖺࠊ1979 ᖺ~1983 ᖺࠊ1988 ᖺ~1990 ᖺࠊ2007 ᖺ~㸧ࡢ
1/10000 ⦰ᑻࡢࡶࡢࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊሙᡤࡢ⠊ᅖࡶ἟ὠ

Fig. 2 ἟ὠᕷ❧∦὾ᑠᏛᰯ㏆ࡃࡢ㹼∦὾㥐ࡢ㛫ࡢᾏᓊᯘ࡜⠊ᅖࢆ⤠ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟⠊ᅖࢆ(a) ✵୰෗┿࡜ (b) ࡑࡢ஧್໬⏬ീ⤠ࡗࡓ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ➨୕ᮇ㸦1988~1990 ᖺ㸧࠿ࡽ➨ᅄᮇ㸦2007 ᖺ~㸧ࡢ㛫࡟ᾏᓊᯘࡢ≧ែࡀ኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ ஧್໬⏬ീࡢ㠃✚ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᾏᓊᯘࡣᪧᅜ㐨୍ྕ⥺࡛࠶ࡿ┴ᐃ⏬ീฎ⌮ࢯࣇࢺ ImageJ ࢆ⏝࠸࡚సᡂࡋࡓ஧್໬⏬ീ

㐨 380 ྕ⥺௨༡࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ࡢ㠃✚ࢆ2ᐃࡋࡓࠋࡲࡎࠊ✵୰෗┿࡟௜ᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⦰ᑻ

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千本浜におけるクロマツ海岸林面積の経年変化―空中写真を用いた予備的調査―ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ Analyze㸦ゎᯒ㸧࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗࡢ Set Scale㸦ࢫࢣ࣮໬⏬ീࢆ )LJ  ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᖺ௦ẖ࡟ 8 ࡘ࡟༊ษࡗ࡚ࡑࢀࣝタᐃ㸧࠿ࡽࣆࢡࢭࣝ༢఩ࡢ㛗ࡉࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࢥ࣐ࡒࢀࡢሙᡤ࡛㠃✚ࡢኚືࢆぢࡓࠋࣥࢻࢆ౑࠺๓࡟ࠊ⦰ᑻࡢ㊥㞳ࡢ㒊ศࢆ࡞ࡒࡿࡼ࠺࡟┤⥺ࢶ࣮࡛ࣝ┤⥺ࡢ㑅ᢥ㒊ศࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᚋࠊSet Scale⤖ᯝཬࡧ⪃ᐹࢲ࢖࢔ࣟࢢࢆ࿧ࡧฟࡋࠊKnown Distance 㸦᪤▱ࡢ㊥㞳ࠊ඲ᑐ㇟ᆅࢆྵࡴᾏᓊᯘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬㸦Fig.

༢఩㸧ࢆ

4㸧࡜༊ศู㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬㸦Fig. 5b, e, f, g, h㸧ࡼࡾࠊ࣓࣮ࢺࣝ࡟タᐃࡋࠊOK ࢆࢡࣜࢵࢡࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ➨୍ᮇ㸦1974㹼1978 ᖺ㸧࠿ࡽ➨஧ᮇ㸦1979㹼1983 ᖺ㸧Global 㸦඲⏬ീ࡟㐺⏝㸧࡟ࢳ࢙ࢵࢡࢆ࠸ࢀࠊࡇࡢࢲ࢖࢔ࡢᮇ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᾏᓊᯘࡢ㠃✚ࡀቑຍࡋࡓࠋ㛗ࡉ㸧ࢆ 100 ࡟ࠊUnit of Measurement 㸦ィࣟࢢ࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡓࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡀࡑࡢ࢔ࢡࢹ࢕ࣈ࡞⏬ീࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⏬ീ࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡶ࠺
୍ᗘ Threshold ࢥ࣐ࣥࢻࢆ⏝࠸࡚஧್໬⏬ീࡢ㯮ࡢ㒊ศࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࠊAnalyze ࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗࡢ Set Measurements㸦ィ㻔㼍㻕㻔㼑㻕㻌㻔㼎㻕

㻔㼒㻕㻌

㻔㼏㻕

㻔㼓㻕㻌

㻔㼐㻕

㻔㼔㻕㻌

ࡢタᐃ㸧ࡢࢲ࢖࢔ࣟࢢ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࡢ Limit to Threshold࡟ࢳ࢙ࢵࢡࢆධࢀࠊ㑅ᢥࡋࡓὀ┠㒊ศࢆ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ィ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࠋAnalyze ࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗ࠿ࡽ Measure㸦ィ㸧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࠊ㠃✚ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋฟຊࡉࢀࡓ Results ࢘ᾏᓊᯘ䛾㠃✚㻌 㻌 䠄u㻝㻜㻟㻌㼙㻞䠅㻌࢕ࣥࢻ࢘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊArea ࡟⾲♧ࡉࢀࡿᩘ್ࡀ஧್໬⏬ീࡢ㠃✚࡛࠶ࡿ㸦༢఩ࡣ੍㸧ࠋࡇࡢᡭἲ࡛஧್໬⏬ീࡢ㠃✚ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᖺ௦࡛⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ㻔㼍㻕㻌㻔㼑㻕㻌㻔㼒㻕㻌

010075
Fig. 3 ࢢࣛࣇ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿᾏᓊᯘࡢ༊ศࡅ50(a)㹼(h)ࡣ Fig5 ࡜ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋ25㻝㻥㻤㻤䡚㻌㻝㻥㻥㻜 ᖺ㻌㻝㻥㻣㻥䡚㻌㻝㻥㻤㻟 ᖺ㻌㻟㻞ᾏᓊᯘ䛾㠃✚㻌 㻌 䠄u㻝㻜 㻌㼙 䠅㻌㻝㻥㻣㻠䡚㻌㻝㻥㻣㻤 ᖺ㻌0㻞㻜㻜㻣 ᖺ䡚㻌㻔㼔㻕㻌㻝㻥㻤㻤䡚㻌㻝㻥㻥㻜 ᖺ㻌25

㻔㼓㻕㻌㻝㻥㻣㻥䡚㻌㻝㻥㻤㻟 ᖺ㻌㻔㼐㻕㻌50㻝㻥㻣㻠䡚㻌
㻝㻥㻣㻤 ᖺ㻌㻔㼏㻕㻌75㻞㻜㻜㻣 ᖺ䡚㻌㻔㼎㻕㻌

100✵୰෗┿䛾ᖺ௦㻌
Fig. 5 ྛ༊ศ࡛ࡢ㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬㻌(a)㹼(h)ࡣࠊFig. 3 ࡜ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋ

㻝㻥㻣㻠䡚㻌
㻝㻥㻣㻤 ᖺ㻌㻝㻥㻣㻥䡚㻝㻥㻤㻟 ᖺ㻌

1959 ᖺ࡟ఀໃ‴ྎ㢼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㧗₻ࡢ⿕ᐖࢆཷࡅࡓ༓㻝㻥㻤㻤䡚㻌 㻞㻜㻜㻣 ᖺ䡚㻝㻥㻥㻜 ᖺ㻌ᮏ὾ᾏᓊ࡟ࡣࠊኳ➃㧗 13 m ࡢ㜵₻ሐࡀᾏᓊᯘࡢ๓㠃࡟ᘓタࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ1966 ᖺࡢྎ㢼 26 ྕ࡟෌ࡧ㧗₻ࡢ⿕ᐖࢆཷࡅࠊ1967㹼1972 ᖺ࡟㜵₻ሐࡀኳ➃㧗 17 m ࡟

Fig. 4 ༓ᮏ὾ᾏᓊᯘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬ᔞୖࡆࡉࢀ⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ[5]ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢᮇ㛫࡟㐀ᡂࡉࢀࡓ㜵₻ሐ㸦ኳ➃㧗 17 m㸧ࡀᾏ࠿ࡽࡢᙉ㢼࡜ሷศࡉࡽ࡟ᾏᓊᯘ㠃✚ࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࢆヲࡋࡃぢࡿࡓࡵ࡟஧್
3

22

沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告第 51 号ࢆ㜼Ṇࡋࠊᶞᮌࡀ౵ධࡋ᫆࠸⎔ቃࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃᗈⴥᶞ࡞࡝ࡢᶞ✀ࡀᐃ╔࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜᥎ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᾏᓊᯘࡢ㠃✚ࡀቑຍࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᾏᓊ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㜵㢼ࡣࠊᶞᮌࡢ⏕⫱ࡸᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡀ࠶ࡿ[10]ࠋ㜵㢼ᰙࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓ㔝እᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊᰙࡢ㢼ୗ 30 m ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛㢼㏿࡜ሷศ㔞࡟㢧ⴭ࡞ῶᑡࡀぢࡽࢀࠊᰙタ⨨ᚋ 9 ᖺ⤒㐣ࡋ࡚ࡶ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ᶞᮌࡢᡂ㛗ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓ[11]ࠋࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࢡ࣐ࣟࢶࡣ௚ࡢᶞ✀࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ◁὾ࡢ஝⇱ࠊ㧗ࠊሷศࢆྵࡴᙉ㢼ࠊ㈋ᰤ㣴࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸

⪏ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᾏᓊࡢᙉ࠸㝧ගࡢୗ࡛᪲┒࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆࡍࡿࠋᶞ㧗ࡣ 40 m ࡟㐩ࡋࠊ600 ᖺࡢᶞ㱋ᮌࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᗂ㱋ᮌ࠿
Fig. 7 ↓❧ᮌᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌧ᅾࡢ≧ἣࡽᡂ㛗ࡀ᪩ࡃࠊ㛗ᖺ᭶࡟Ώࡗ࡚ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿ[12]ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟
⪏ᛶࡢᙉ࠸ࢡ࣐ࣟࢶ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㜵₻ሐ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃ᮲௳ࡢ⦆࿴ࡣṇࡢ᪉ྥ࡟ാ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

඲ᑐ㇟ᆅࢆྵࡴᾏᓊᯘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬㸦Fig.

୍᪉ࠊᗈⴥᶞ࡞࡝ࡢᐃ╔ࡣࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢせᅉࡶᏑᅾࡍ4㸧࡜༊ศู㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬㸦Fig. 5c, d, e, f㸧ࡼࡾࠊ➨୕ࡿࠋ㐣ཤ࡟ᾏᓊᯘ࡛Ⴀࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ⇞ᩱཬࡧ⫧ᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᮇ㸦1988㹼1990 ᖺ㸧࠿ࡽ➨ᅄᮇ㸦2007 ᖺ㹼㸧ࡢᮇ㛫࡟ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢ཰㞟సᴗࡢῶ㏥୪ࡧ࡟⥔ᣢ⟶⌮సᴗࡢ⾶㏥ࡣࠊ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᾏᓊᯘࡢ㠃✚ࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࠋ἟ὠᕷ⏘ᴗ᣺⯆㒊㎰᳜⏕ࡢ㑄⛣ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ㑄⛣ࡢ୺࡞ࡶࡢࡀࢡ࣐ࣟᯘ㎰ᆅㄢ࠿ࡽධᡭࡋࡓᯇᯤࢀ⿕ᐖ㔞࡜㎰⸆ᩓᕸࡢ㈨ᩱ࠿

ࢶᯘ࡬ࡢᗈⴥᶞࡢ⮬↛౵ධ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㑄⛣ࡣྛࡽ἟ὠᕷ඲ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢶᯤࢀ⿕ᐖ㥑㝖㔞ࢆ Fig. 6 ࡟♧ᆅ࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿ[13][14]ࠋᗈⴥᶞ⮬↛౵ධࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࢢࣛࣇ࠿ࡽࠊ➨୕ᮇ⤊ࢃࡾࡢ 1990㹼1993 ᖺ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊࣜࢱ࣮ࡢሁ✚࡟ࡼࡿᅵተࡢⓎ㐩࡜ࡑࢀ࡟࡟࣐ࢶᯤࢀ⿕ᐖ㥑㝖㔞ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ1991 ᖺ࡛ࡣᴟࡵ࡚క࠺ᅵተ㣴ศ㔞ࡢቑຍ࡛࠶ࡿ[13][14][15]ࠋ

኱ࡁ࡞㥑㝖㔞ࡀグ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࣐ࢶᯤ

㏆⏣ࡽ࡟ࡼࡿ༓ᮏ὾࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘෆ

ࢀᮌࡢఆ᥇࡜㥑㝖࡟ࡼࡾᾏᓊᯘࡢ㠃✚ࡀῶᑡࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼

࡟ 90 ✀ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿᮌᮏ᳜≀ࡀ⏕⫱ࡋࠊࢡࢫࣀ࢟ࠊ࣐ࢸࣂ

ࡽࢀࡿࠋࢩ࢖ࠊ࢚ࣀ࢟➼ࡢࢡ࣐ࣟࢶ࡜➇ྜࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡘᶞᮌ

἟ὠᕷࡢグ㘓࡛ࡣࠊ⿕ᐖࡢከࡃࡣ㤶㈏ᒣࡢࢡ࣐ࣟࢶ࡛

ࡶከࡃྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᯘᗋࡢ⟶⌮ࡢ⾜ࡁᒆ࠸ࡓ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᚚ⏝㑰グᛕබᅬࡸ༓ᮏ὾ࡣ㤶㈏ᒣࡢ㏆㞄࡛࠶ࡿ༓ᮏᯇཎᮾ➃࡟࠶ࡿ༓ᮏබᅬෆ࡛ࡣࠊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶࡣ⣧ᯘࢆࡓࡵࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘࡶ࣐ࢶᯤࢀ⿕ᐖࢆ㏨ࢀࡿࡇ࡜

ᙧᡂࡋᯘᗋ᳜≀ࡢᏑᅾࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ[5]ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼ

ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ[16]ࠋ࣐ࢶᯤࢀࡣࠊ㛗ࡉ 1 mm ࡢ⑓ཎ⥺⹸

ࡾேⅭ௓ධࡣࠊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘࡀඃ༨✀࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࡓࡵࡢ

㸦࣐ࢶࣀࢨ࢖ࢭࣥࢳࣗ࢘㸧ࡀࠊ㸳᭶ୗ᪪࠿ࡽኟ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᚲせ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ✸Ꮝᛶᐖ⹸ࡢ࣑࣒࢝࢟ࣜࢩ㸦࣐ࢶࣀ࣐ࢲ࣑ࣛ࢝࢟ࣜ㸧ࢆ፹௓⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ࣑࣒࢝࢟ࣜࢩࡀᯤṚᮌ࠿ࡽ೺඲ᮌ࡬࡜

㻟䝬䝒ᯤ䜜⿕ᐖ㥑㝖㔞㻌 㻌 䠄u㻝㻜 㻌㼙 䠅㻌⛣ືࡍࡿ㝿࡟⥺⹸ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡟ఏ᧛ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᣑ኱ࡍࡿ㻟ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⥺⹸ࡀ࣐ࢶࡢయෆ࡟౵ධࡋ࡚࠿ࡽ⣙㸯࠿᭶㛫࡛ᶞ⬡ⁱฟࡀ㏵⤯ࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋ⣙㸯࠿᭶㛫࡛ᯤṚࡀ᫂░࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[17][18]ࠋ1950 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽࡢ⇞ᩱ㠉࿨࡛㔛ᒣࡀ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡎࠊᯤṚᮌࡢᨺ⨨ࡀቑ኱ࡋࡓࠋᯤṚᮌ୰ࡢ࣑࣒࢝࢟ࣜࢩࡸ⥺⹸ࡣࠊ⇞ᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚㥑㝖ࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ࣐ࢶᯤࢀࡢఏᰁࡀᣑ኱ࡋᯤṚ⿕ᐖࡀ⃭⏒໬ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[17]ࠋ࣐ࢶᯤࢀ⿕ᐖࢆ㜵ࡄ࡟ࡣࠊ፹௓⏥⹸ࡢ㥑㝖ࡀ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐ࢶࣀࢨ࢖ࢭࣥࢳࣗ࢘࡟ࡼࡿ࣐ࢶᯤࢀ௨እ࡟ࡣࠊ1995すᬺ䠄ᖺ䠅㻌
Fig. 6 ἟ὠᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯤṚᮌࡢఆ᥇ᮏᩘ

ᖺ 9 ᭶࡟༓ᮏ὾ࡢᾏᓊᯘ࡛ᅵተࡢᴟᗘ஝⇱ࡀཎᅉ࡜᥎ࡉࢀࡿࢡ࣐ࣟࢶ኱㔞ᯤṚࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊ⩣ᖺ 9 ᭶࡟ࡣྎ㢼࡟ࡼࡿࢡ࣐ࣟࢶࡢ㢼ಽ⿕ᐖࡀ✺Ⓨࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ༓ᮏ὾ᾏ

4

23

千本浜におけるクロマツ海岸林面積の経年変化―空中写真を用いた予備的調査―ᓊᯘ࡛ࡢ᪂つ቎ᆅ㐀ᡂࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡾ↓❧ᮌᆅࡀ⏕㉳ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ[5]ࠋ༓ᮏ὾ࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᾏᓊᯘࡢ⮬↛ఇ㣴ࡸ㢼ㅰ㎡⮴➼ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆኻࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ἟ὠᕷ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜

἟ὠᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢶᯤ⿕ᐖ㔞࡜⸆๣ᩓᕸࡢ⤒⦋࡟ࡘ࠸ᯇᯘࡢ୰࡟㐟Ṍ㐨ࡢᩚഛࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶࡀ࡞ࡃ

࡚ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡑࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ἟ὠᕷ㒔ᕷィ⏬㒊⥳ᆅ࡞ࡗࡓ↓❧ᮌᆅ㸦Fig. 7㸧࡟᭷ᚿࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡜࡜ࡶ࡟බᅬㄢཬࡧ⏘ᴗ᣺⯆㒊㎰ᯘ㎰ᆅㄢࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟ࡈ༠ຊࢆ㈷ࡾ

ࢡ࣐ࣟࢶⱑᮌࢆẖᖺ᳜ᯘࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᐦ⏕ᆅࡢ㛫ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟グࡋ࡚ᩗពࢆ⾲ࡋࡲࡍࠋᘬࡁࡸᗈⴥᶞࡢఆ᥇ࠊᯇᯤࢀᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚⸆๣ᩓᕸࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭦࡟᭷ᚿࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡀࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘෆ࡟࠾࠸ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩࡚ⴠⴥᅇ཰➼ࡢಖ඲άືࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㏆ᖺࡣ

[1]

ᮧ஭ᏹ: 㛤Ⓨ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ࡜ಖ඲⟇, ᮧ஭ᏹ, ⏣୰୍ኵ⦅, ᪥ᮏࡢᾏᓊᯘ : ከ㠃ⓗ࡞⎔ቃᶵ⬟࡜ࡑࡢάᯇᯤࢀࡢⓎ⏕ࡣࠊ࡯ࡰぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⏝, ࢯࣇࢺࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ♫, (1992), 492-505.

௒ᚋࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞᳨ウࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡎ
[2]୍ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ㑄⛣ࡢ㐍⾜ࡋࡓࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘࡢ⟶⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛ

ᕤ⸨຾㍤, すᕝ⫕, ⸨஭ኖ⏕ ᡣ⥲༙ᓥࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᾏᆅࡢࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᾏᓊᯘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㔪ᗈΰ஺ᯘࡲࡓࡣᖖ⥳ᓊᯘࡢ⾨࣮ᫍࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲, ᾏᗈⴥᶞᯘ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ[19]ࠊᗈⴥᶞࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡓ

ᓊᯘᏛ఍ㄅ, 5, (2006), 7-14.
[3]ࡵࡢᶞ✀ࡢ⢭㑅ヨ㦂ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ[20][21][22]ࠋࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘ

㐲⸨⛱: ᯇ㔪ⴥࡢⴥ㠃୺࡜ࡋ࡚ẼᏍ୰࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௜࡬ࡢ౵ධᗈⴥᶞࢆά⏝ࡋࡓᾏᓊᯘ⟶⌮ࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡾࠊᾏᓊ

╔≀㉁(⢏Ꮚ≧≀㉁)ࡢศᯒ : ᯇᯤࢀࡢཎᅉゎ᫂࡬ᯘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᗈⴥᶞࡢᡂ㛗≉ᛶࡣᮍ▱࡞Ⅼࡀከ࠸ࠋ౵ධᗈ

ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ, ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ఍ㄅ, 16, (2003),

ⴥᶞࡢ㐺ษ࡞⟶⌮ࡣࠊ㜵⅏ᶵ⬟ࡢ⥔ᣢ࡟࠾࠸࡚᭷ຠ࠿ྰ

1-10.
[4]

࠿ࠊ୪ࡧ࡟⟶⌮࡟せࡍࡿ㈝⏝ཬࡧປຊࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭷
ຠ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ[23]ࠋ

ຍ⸨㱟ኵ, ⰼ஭⩏㐨, ᵔ⏣༤ ࢫ࣑ࢳ࢜ࣥࡢ✵୰ᩓᕸ࡟ࡼࡿ኱Ẽởᰁ, ᶓ὾ᅜ❧኱Ꮫ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮⣖せ, 13, (1986), 25-36.

஧ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ᪩ᮇุ᩿࡟ࡼࡿ࣐ࢶᯤࢀᑐ⟇࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┠ど[5]࡛ࡣุูࡋ㞴࠸࣐ࢶࣀࢨ࢖ࢭࣥࢳࣗ࢘࡟ࡼࡿึᮇ⿕ᐖᮌ㏆⏣ᩥᘯ, ఀ⸨ᛅኵ, すᕝ⫕ ἟ὠᕷ༓ᮏᯇཎᾏᓊࡢ㆑ูࡀࠊ⾨ᫍ⏬ീࢆ⏝࠸ࡓẚ᳜⏕ᣦᶆ࡜୰㛫㉥እ⥺Ἴᯘࡢ㔜ែ: I. ᾏᓊᯘࡢᴫせ࡜࣋ࣝࢺࢺࣛࣥࢭࢡࢺ࡟

㛗ᇦ࠿ࡽ⟬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝᣦᶆ࡛ྍ⬟࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽࡼࡿ᳜⏕ㄪᰝ, Bulletin of the National Science࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡓ[24]ࠋࡲࡓ᭱㏆࡛ࡣࠊ↓ே⯟✵ᶵ㸦ࢻ࣮ࣟࣥ㸧Museum Series B, Botany, 22, (1996), 77-85.
[6]࡜఩⨨᝟ሗ࡟ࡼࡿ✵୰᥈ᰝ࡛ࠊ࣐ࢶࣀࢨ࢖ࢭࣥࢳࣗ࢘࡟

኱ᯘᡂ⾜: ேᕤ⾨ᫍ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿᆅ⌫ほࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ౑࠸᪉, 234, ኱ᡂฟ∧♫ (2002).

ࡼࡿ࣐ࢶᯤࢀࡢ≉ᐃ࡜ឤᰁᮌࡢศᕸࢆ⢭ᗘⰋࡃㄪ࡭ࡿヨ[7]ࡳࡀ⮬἞య࡜௻ᴗࡢ༠ാ࡟ࡼࡾ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓ[25]ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺

᯶⃝Ꮥ࿴, ᮏᲄẎ, ᱵᮌΎ ⯟✵෗┿ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ஑༑࡞ヨࡳࡣࠊᾏᓊᯘࡢ⥔ᣢ⟶⌮ࡢᙉ໬ࡸపࢥࢫࢺ໬࡟ࡘ࡞஑㔛ᾏᓊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘࡢ᳜⏕ኚ໬ࡢゎᯒ, ⎔ቃ᝟ሗࡀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

⛉Ꮫㄽᩥ㞟, 21, (2007), 457-462.
[8]

㸬せ⣙

℩ᡞᓥᨻ༤, ௒஭㟹᫭, ⯪ᶫᏛ, ຾ᮌಇ㞝 ⯟✵ࢹ࣮ࢱୖࡢⰍㄪኚ໬࠾ࡼࡧⴠⴥ᥎⛣࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃΰ஺ᯘࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ᶞ✀ࡢ༊ศ, ࣛࣥࢻࢫࢣ࣮ࣉ◊✲ 68,ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ⏬ീࡢ஧್໬ࢆ⏝࠸࡚༓ᮏ὾ᾏᓊᯘ࡟࠾

(2005), 931-936.

ࡅࡿᖺ௦ูࡢ㠃✚ኚ໬ࢆ஦㇟࡜↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡞ࡀࡽ࡝ࡢ
[9]

ࡼ࠺࡞せᅉࡀࢡ࣐ࣟࢶࡢ┒⾶࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿ࢆ᳨ウࡋᅜᅵᆅ⌮㝔: ᆅᅗ࣭✵୰෗┿㜀ぴࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ, <ࡓࠋᾏᓊᯘࡢ㠃✚ࢆ⣽࠿ࡃศࡅ࡚㠃✚ࡢኚືࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜

http://mapsgsigojp>, (࢔ࢡࢭࢫ᪥㸸2015 ᖺ 10 ᭶࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢᅵᆅ࡛ࡢኚ໬ࢆࡼࡾヲࡋࡃ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ22 ᪥).

࡛ࡁࡓࠋ⮬↛ⓗ࡞஦㇟ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㜵₻ሐࡢᘓタ࡞࡝ࡢ[10] ኱ụ⯟ྐ, బ㔝῟அ 㜵㢼ᰙ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤࡀࢡ࣐ࣟ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞஦㇟ࡶᾏᓊᯘ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࢶᾏᓊᯘࡢᡂ㛗࡜᭦᪂࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪, ᗈⴥᶞ◊✲,16, (2015), 21-27.

ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ༓ᮏ὾ᾏᓊᯘࡢ୍㒊ࡢࡳࡢゎᯒࡋ࠿⾜࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࠊ௒ᚋࡣ༓ᮏ὾඲㠃࡛ࡢ᳜⿕[11] ᒣ㔝஭ඞᕫ, Ἑྜⱥ஧, ⁁ཱྀᗣᏊ, ᕤ⸨ဴஓ, ᯇᒸ㠃✚ࡢ⤒ᖺኚ໬୪ࡧ࡟ࡼࡾṇ☜ཬࡧ㎿㏿࡞ุㄞ᪉ἲࡢ◊ᘅ㞝 ᾏᓊᯘࡢᶞ㧗ᡂ㛗࡟ཬࡰࡍ㛫ఆᮦ㜵㢼ᰙࡢ✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㜵₻ሐࡀ㐀ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸

ຠᯝ, ᪥ᮏᯘᏥ᭳ㄅ, 83, (2001), 143-149.
[12] ㏆⏣ᩥᘯ ࡞ࡐ,ࢡ࣐ࣟࢶ࡞ࡢ࠿? : ᪥ᮏࡢᾏᓊᯘ࡞࠸୕ಖࡢᯇཎ➼࡜ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㜵₻ሐࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡢ㜵⅏ᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚, ᾏᓊᯘᏛ఍ㄅ, 12, (2013),᭦࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ5

24

沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告

第 51 号◁ୣ◊✲, 30, (1983), p233-247.

23-28.
[13] Ἑ ྜ ⱥ ஧  ᾏ ᓊ 㜵 ⅏ ᯘ ࡢ ᭱ ㏆ ࡢ ၥ 㢟 Ⅼ , ᒣ ᯘ ,[20] ᖹᑿ຾⏨, すᇉ┿ኴ㑻 ᾏᓊᯘࡢᐇែㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࢡ(2000), 58-65.

࣐ࣟࢶ࡟᭰ࡿᶞ✀㑅ᐃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚, ᯘᴗヨ㦂ሙヨ㦂[14] ୰ᓥຬ႐ ᾏᓊᯘࡢ⌧≧࡜ㄢ㢟, ᪥ᮏ◁ୣᏛ఍ㄅ,◊✲ሗ࿌, (1984), p23-31.
[21] ඵ⚄ᚨᙪ ▼ᕝ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿᾏᓊᯘ᳜⏕࡜ᶞ✀㌿᥮

47, (2000), 128-135.
[15] ⸨⏣ᜨ⨾, ୰⏣ㄔ ᾏᓊ◁ୣᆅࡢࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘ࡟࠾

࡟㐺ࡋࡓᶞ✀ࡢ㑅ᐃ, ▼ᕝ┴ᯘᴗヨ㦂ሙ◊✲ሗ࿌,ࡅࡿᗈⴥᶞࡢΰ஺࡟ࡼࡿ❧ᆅ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬ : ᪂₲┴(2005), 1-8.
[22] ᯘᴗᢏ⾡⦅㞟㒊 ⚄ዉᕝ┴•༡ᾏᓊࡢ◁㜵ᯘ, ᯘୗ㉺ᆅ᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஦౛, ᪥ᮏᯘᏥ᭳ㄅ, 83, (2001),

ᴗᢏ⾡, (1991), p17-20.

84-92.
[16] ㏆⏣ᩥᘯ, ఀ⸨ᛅኵ, すᕝ⫕ ἟ὠᕷ༓ᮏᯇཎᾏᓊ[23] ᒣཱྀ཭ᖹ, ୰⏣ㄔ ᕷ⾤ᆅ࡟㞄᥋ࡋࡓᾏᓊࢡ࣐ࣟᯘࡢືែ II.༓ᮏᯇཎᾏᓊᯘࡢಖ඲, ⮬↛⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫࢶᯘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖖ⥳ᗈⴥᶞࡢ౵ධ࡜ᡂ㛗--᪂₲┴᪂₲◊✲, (1997), 17-30.

ᕷࡢ஦౛, ᾏᓊᯘᏛ఍ㄅ, 7, (2008), 7-15.

[17] 㯮⏣៞Ꮚ 㔛ᒣࡢ೺ᗣపୗ࡜ࡑࡢせᅉ(2)࣐ࢶᯤࢀ

[24] すᕝ⫕, ⸨஭ኖ⏕, ᕤ⸨຾㍤ ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡢཎᅉ࡜ᑐ⟇, ㎰ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧᅬⱁ, 90, (2015), 1107-ࡓࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᾏᓊᯘࡢᐖ⹸⿕ᐖุᐃἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲,1112.

ᾏᓊᯘᏛ఍ㄅ, 1, (2001), 21-26.

[18] ஧஭୍⚞ ᾏᓊࢡ࣐ࣟࢶᯘಖ඲ࡢㄢ㢟 : ୕ಖࡢᯇ[25] ᪂₲ᕷ ᪂₲ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢻ࣮ࣟࣥᐇドࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡ

ཎಖ඲ࢆ౛࡜ࡋ࡚, ࢢ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࣜࣥࢪ, 42, (2015),ࢺ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ 㐃 ᦠ ༠ ᐃ ࢆ ⥾ ⤖ ࡋ ࡲ ࡋ ࡓ ,25-28.

https://www.city.niigata.lg.jp/shisei/seisaku/kokk[19] Ἑᓮᘺ⏕, ⏣୰୍ኵ ᾏᓊ㜵⅏ᯘࡢಖ⫱,᭦᪂࡟㛵

atokku/tokku/tokku-oshirase/drone-kyoutei.html,(࢔ࢡࢭࢫ᪥㸸2016/11/25), (2016).

ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ◊✲-1-ᐦᗘ⟶⌮࡜ᯘศᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚,6