CONTENTS
GENERAL TOPICS
page
1. OVERVIEW OF JAPAN ................................................................... 1
A. The Japanese Archipelago ............................................................. 1
B. Climate ............................................................................................ 4
C. Population and Vital Statistics ...................................................... 6
D. The People ....................................................................................... 9
2. THE HISTORY OF JAPAN ............................................................ 10
A. Prehistoric Japan ........................................................................... 10
B. The Founding of the Country ...................................................... 12
C. The Tairas and the Minamotos ................................................... 14
D. The Shogun and Shogunate Government .................................... 15
E. Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Edo Period ......................................... 17
F. The Meiji Restoration ................................................................... 19
3. DRESS, FOOD, AND DWELLINGS .............................................. 20
A. Dress .............................................................................................. 20
B. Food ............................................................................................... 22
C. Dwellings ....................................................................................... 24
4. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS .................................................. 25
A. Overview ....................................................................................... 25
B. Imperial Family ............................................................................ 30
5. EDUCATION .................................................................................... 32
6. SPORTS ............................................................................................. 37
A. Sumo .............................................................................................. 37
B. Judo ............................................................................................... 39
C. Aikido and Karate ........................................................................ 40
7. ENTERTAINMENT ......................................................................... 42
A. Noh (Noh and Kyogen) ................................................................. 43
B. Kabuki ........................................................................................... 46
C. Puppet Theater (Bunraku and Ningyo Joruri) .......................... 48

D. Geisha ............................................................................................ 50
8. AESTHETIC TRADITION ............................................................. 51
A. The Japanese Garden ................................................................... 51
B. Flower Arrangement ..................................................................... 53
C. The Tea Ceremony ....................................................................... 55
D. Haiku ............................................................................................. 59
9. RELIGION ........................................................................................ 61
A. Overview ........................................................................................ 61
B. Shinto .............................................................................................. 66
C. Buddhism ....................................................................................... 69
D. The Buddhist Divinities ................................................................ 75
10. THE ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY ............................................... 86
Gross Domestic Product and National Income per Capita ............ 86
A. Overview ....................................................................................... 86
B. The Manufacturing Industry ....................................................... 92
C. Foreign Trade ............................................................................... 96
D. Labor ........................................................................................... 101
E. Standard of Living ...................................................................... 103
11. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES ..................... 105
A. Overview ..................................................................................... 105
B. Rice .............................................................................................. 108
C. Livestock Farming ...................................................................... 111
E. Forestry ....................................................................................... 112
F. Fishery .......................................................................................... 113< KANTO>TOKYO ............................................................................................ 115-139
OVERVIEW OF TOKYO .................................................................. 116
LANDMARKS OF TOKYO ....................................................... 116-139
The Imperial Palace (116), The New Imperial Palace (117), The New
Imperial Residence (117), Higashi Gyoen (117), Imperial Palace Plaza(118), Fujimi Yagura (118), Imperial Household Agency (118), Marunouchi
and Otemachi (118), Tokyo Central Railway Station (118), Hibiya Park (119),
Kasumigaseki (119), The National Diet Building (119), Ozaki Memorial Hall(119), The Old Prime Minister's Official Residence (120), The New Prime Minister’s Office Building (120), The Supreme Court Building (120), The National
Theater (121), American Embassy (121), Aoyama Cemetery (122), Meiji
Shrine Outer Garden (122), National Stadium of Kasumigaoka (122), Meiji
Memorial Picture Gallery (122), Meiji Shrine (123), Emperor Meiji (123),
Yoyogi National Gymnasium (123), Togu Palace (124), State Guest House,
Akasaka Palace (124), Hanzomon Gate (124), Yasukuni Shrine (124),
Koishikawa Korakuen Garden (125), Korakuen Sport Center (125), Tokyo
Dome (the “Big Egg”) (125), Kodokan (125), Yushima Seido (125), The University of Tokyo (126), Rikugien Garden (126), Akihabara (126), Ueno Park
(127), The Statue of Saigo Takamori (127), Tokyo Bunka Kaikan (127), The
National Museum of Western Art (128), The National Museum of Nature andScience (128), Tokyo National Museum (128), Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum (128), Toshogu Shrine (129), Asakusa District (129), Sensoji Temple (129),
Kaminari-mon (129), Nakamise Street (130), Hozo-mon (130), Incense Burner(130), The Main Hall (130), Asakusa Shrine (131), Niten-mon (131), TOKYOSKYTREE (131), Edo-Tokyo Museum (132), Nihombashi Bridge and its vicinity (133), Mitsukoshi Department Store (133), Bank of Japan (133), Ginza(134), Kabukiza (134), Tsukiji Honganji Temple (134), Tokyo Central Wholesale Market (134), Tokyo Tower (135), New Tokyo International Airport at
Narita (NRT) (136), Tokyo International Airport at Haneda (HND)(137), Tokyo
Rinkai-Fukutoshin Area (138), Rainbow Bridge (138), Ogasawara Islands (138)TOKYO TO HAKONE ................................................................... 140-165
1. YOKOHAMA .......................................................................... 140-165
OVERVIEW OF YOKOHAMA ...................................................... 141
LANDMARKS OF YOKOHAMA͐͐͐͐͐͐͐͐͐͐͐͐141
MM-21 (141), Landmark Tower (142), Sankeien Garden(142), Yokohama
Bay Bridge (142), Chinatown (143)2. ENOSHIMA ISLAND .................................................................... 143
3. TOKAIDO HIGHWAY ................................................................. 144
KAMAKURA ................................................................................... 146-155
OVERVIEW OF KAMAKURA ........................................................ 146
LANDMARKS OF KAMAKURA ..................................................... 149
1. DAIBUTSU ...................................................................................... 149
2. TSURUGAOKA HACHIMAN SHRINE ....................................... 151
3. HASE KANNON TEMPLE ........................................................... 154
FUJI-HAKONE-IZU NATIONAL PARK .................................... 156-165
OVERVIEW OF FUJI-HAKONE-lZU NATIONAL PARK .......... 156
LANDMARKS OF FUJI-HAKONE-IZU NATIONAL PARK ...... 159
1. MIYANOSHITA ............................................................................. 159
2. OWAKUDANI ................................................................................. 159
3. LAKE HAKONE AND VICINITY ............................................... 160
4. TEN-PROVINCE PASS .................................................................. 160
5. MT. FUJI ......................................................................................... 161
6. ATAMI ............................................................................................. 164
NIKKO ............................................................................................. 166-195
OVERVIEW OF NIKKO ................................................................... 167
LANDMARKS OF NIKKO ............................................................... 169
1. CRYPTOMERIA (CEDAR) AVENUE ......................................... 169
2. SHINKYO (THE SACRED BRIDGE) .......................................... 169
3. RINNOJI TEMPLE ........................................................................ 171
4. TOSHOGU SHRINE ...................................................................... 173
5. FUTARASAN SHRINE .................................................................. 187
6. TAIYUIN MAUSOLEUM .............................................................. 188
7. IROHAZAKA ................................................................................. 190
8. KEGON WATERFALL ................................................................. 191
9. MT. NANTAI .................................................................................. 191
10. LAKE CHUZENJI .......................................................................... 192
11. TACHIKI KANNON TEMPLE ..................................................... 193

12. FUTAARASAN SHRINE CHUGUSHI ......................................... 193
13. TAMOZAWA IMPERIAL VILLA MEMORIAL PAR ............... 194
14. STATUE of ITAGAKI TAISUKE ................................................. 194
15. NIKKO KANAYA HOTEL ........................................................... 195
TOMIOKA SILK MILL ....................................................................... 196
SERICULTURE ..................................................................................... 198<TOHOKU>
SENDAI ............................................................................................ 199-203
OVERVIEW OF SENDAI ................................................................. 199
SHIRAKAMI SANCHI WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY ............. 202
HIRAIZUMI ........................................................................................... 202
THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE ..................................... 203< HOKKAIDO>SAPPORO AND ITS VICINITY ................................................... 204-214
OVERVIEW OF SAPPORO ............................................................. 204
LANDMARKS OF SAPPORO ................................................... 205-209
Hokkaido University (205), Botanical Garden (206), Maruyama Park
(206), Nakajima Park (206), O-dori Park (207), Clock Tower (207),
Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station, Livestock Division (207),
The 1972 11th Winter Olympic Facilities (207), Sapporo Snow Festival(208) , Niseko (208)
LAKE TOYA AND NOBORIBETSU ........................................ 209-213
OVERVIEW OF SHIKOTSU-TOYA NATIONAL PARK ............. 209
1. LAKE TOY A AND ITS VICINITY ......................................... 210
2. NOBORIBETSU ......................................................................... 211
3. SHIRAOI POROTO KOTAN .................................................... 213
SHIRETOKO NATIONAL PARK..................................................... 213
THE SEIKAN TUNNEL .................................................................... 213
HISTORICAL FACTS REGARDING THE NORTHERNTERRITORY ISSUE ............................................................................ 214<CHUBU>NAGOYA ......................................................................................... 215-220
OVERVIEW OF NAGOYA ............................................................... 215
LANDMARKS OF NAGOYA .................................................... 218-233
Nagoya Castle (218), Tokugawa Art Museum (219), Toyota Commemorative
Museum of Industry and Technology (219), Meiji Mura (Meiji Village) (219),
SCMAGLEV & Railway Park (220)
OVERVIEW OF ISE-SHIMA NATIONAL PARK ............................. 220
LANDMARKS OF ISE-SHIMA NATIONAL PARK .................. 221-231
1. ISE CITY ..................................................................................... 221
2. THE ISE JINGU ......................................................................... 222
3. FUTAMI TOWN ......................................................................... 227
4. TOBA CITY ................................................................................ 228
5. MIKIMOTO PEARL ISLAND .................................................. 228
6. WOMEN DIVERS ....................................................................... 231
IGA CITY, MIE ....................................................................................... 232
KUMANO KODO ................................................................................... 233
KANAZAWA ................................................................................... 234-239
OVERVIEW OF KANAZAWA ........................................................ 235
LANDMARKS OF KANAZAWA .............................................. 235-239
Kenrokuen Garden (235), Kanazawa Castle Park (236), Seison-kaku villa(237), Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Traditional Arts and Crafts (237),
Ishikawa Prefectural Noh Theater (237), Kanazawa Noh Museum (237),
Nagamachi Samurai Residence District (237), Nomura-ke Garden (238), Higashi Chaya District (238), Shima Geisha House (238), Omicho Market (238),
Tatsumi Canal System (238), Gold Leaf Workshops (239), 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art (239), D.T.Suzuki Museum (239)
TAKAYAMA ................................................................................... 240-244
OVERVIEW OF TAKAYAMA ......................................................... 240

SHIRAKAWA-GO & GOKAYAMA..................................................... 243<KANSAI>KYOTO ............................................................................................ 245-273
OVERVIEW OF KYOTO .................................................................. 246
LANDMARKS OF KYOTO ....................................................... 248-273
1. NISHI HONGANJI TEMPLE ................................................... 248
2. HIGASHI-HONGANJI TEMPLE ............................................. 250
3. SANJUSANGENDO TEMPLE ................................................. 251
4. NIJO CASTLE ............................................................................ 254
5. KYOTO IMPERIAL PALACE ................................................. 257
6. HEIAN JINGU SHRINE ............................................................ 259
7. KINKAKUJI TEMPLE .............................................................. 261
8. RYOANJI TEMPLE ................................................................... 263
9. KIYOMIZU-DERA TEMPLE ................................................... 266
10. KATSURA IMPERIAL VILLA ................................................ 267
11. SHUGAKUIN IMPERIAL VILLA ........................................... 270
12. BYODOIN TEMPLE ................................................................. 271
13. FUSHIMI INARI TAISHA SHRINE ......................................... 272

NARA .......................................................................................... 274-298
OVERVIEW OF NARA ..................................................................... 275
LANDMARKS OF NARA .......................................................... 276-298
1. NARA PARK ............................................................................... 276
2. KASUGA TAISHA SHRINE ..................................................... 277
3. WAKAKUSA-YAMA HILL ...................................................... 278
4. TODAIJI TEMPLE .................................................................... 279
5. KOHFUKUJI TEMPLE ............................................................. 287
6. YAKUSHlJI TEMPLE ............................................................... 289
7. TOSHODAIJI TEMPLE ............................................................ 291
8. HORYUJI TEMPLE .................................................................. 293

OSAKA ....................................................................................... 299-308

OVERVIEW OF OSAKA .................................................................. 299
LANDMARKS OF OSAKA ........................................................ 302-307
1. OSAKA CASTLE ....................................................................... 302
2. SHITENNOJI TEMPLE ............................................................ 304
3. EXPO’70 & NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ETHNOLOGY ..... 305
4. MIDOSUJI AVENUE ................................................................. 305
5. KOKURITSU BUNRAKU GEKIJO ......................................... 305
6. KAIYUKAN ................................................................................ 306
7. KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ................................. 306
8. UMEDA SKY BUILDING ........................................................ 307
9. ABENO HARUKASU ................................................................. 307
KOBE ............................................................................................... 308-312
OVERVIEW OF KOBE ..................................................................... 308
LANDMARKS OF KOBE .......................................................... 309-312
Ikuta Shrine (309), City Hall of Kobe (309), Port Tower (309), Meriken Park(309), Motomachi Street (310), Sorakuen Garden (310), Maiko Beach (310),
Sumaura Park (310), Mt. Rokko (311), Port Island (311), Rokko Island (312),
Por of Kobe Earthquake Memorial Park (312), The Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake (312),
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE ................................................................ 313
HIMEJI CASTLE ................................................................................... 313<CHUGOKU>HIROSHIMA ................................................................................... 314-321
OVERVIEW OF HIROSHIMA ........................................................ 315
1. THE ATOMIC BOMB ............................................................... 316
2. THE DAY .................................................................................... 317
LANDMARKS OF HIROSHIMA .............................................. 318-320

Hijiyama Park (318), Radiation Effects Research Foundation Laboratory (318),
Hiroshima Castle (Carp Castle) (318), Shukkeien Garden (318), A-Bomb
Dome (318).
PEACE MEMORIAL PARK ...................................................... 319-320
Peace Clock Tower (319), Atomic Bomb Memorial Mound (319), Peace Bell(319), Children’s Peace Monument (Statue with One Thousand Cranes) (319),
Flame of Peace (319), Cenotaph for the Atomic Bomb Victims (320), Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum (320), Hiroshima National Peace Memorial
Hall (320), Peace Boulevard (320).
HIROSHIMA OYSTERS ................................................................... 320
Oyster Rafts (321).
MIYAJIMA ...................................................................................... 322-326
OVERVIEW OF MIYAJIMA ........................................................... 322
1. ITSUKUSHIMA SHRINE .......................................................... 323
IWAKUNI ........................................................................................ 326-327
OVERVIEW OF IWAKUNI .............................................................. 327
LANDMARKS OF IWAKUNI ................................................... 326-327
Kintaikyo Bridge (Abacus Bridge) (327), Iwakuni Castle (327).
IZUMO ................................................................................................... 328
IZUMO TAISHA .................................................................................... 328
THE ADACHI MUSEUM OF ART ...................................................... 328
IWAMI KAGURA .................................................................................. 329<SHIKOKU>OVERVIEW OF SHIKOKU ISLAND ................................................. 330
SHIKOKU PILGRIMAGE ................................................................ 330
INLAND SEA NATIONAL PARK ............................................ 331-335
OVERVIEW OF THE INLAND SEA ............................................... 332
1. SETO OHASHI ............................................................................... 334
2. MEGIJIMA ISLAND ..................................................................... 334

3. NAOSHIMA .................................................................................... 335
4. SETOUCHI SHIMANAMI KAIDO .............................................. 335
TAKAMATSU ........................................................................................ 336<KYUSHU>FUKUOKA AND VICINITY ................................................................ 339
OVERVIEW OF FUKUOKA CITY ................................................. 339
DAZAIFU ............................................................................................. 341
YANAGAWA ....................................................................................... 341
NAGASAKI ...................................................................................... 342-346
OVERVIEW OF NAGASAKI ........................................................... 342
LANDMARKS OF NAGASAKI ................................................. 343-346
Urakami Cathedral (343), Oura Cathedral (344), Peace Park (344), The 26
Martyrs Shrine (344), The Former Dutch East India Company’s Factory on
Dejima (345), Suwa Shrine (345), Glover's House (346), Confucian Shrine
and Chinese Museum (346), Mitsubishi Shipyard (346), Megami Ohashi
Bridge (346).
UNZEN AND SHIMABARA .......................................................... 348-350
OVERVIEW OF UNZEN ................................................................... 348
OVERVIEW OF SHIMABARA ........................................................ 350
KUMAMOTO .................................................................................. 351-352
OVERVIEW OF KUMAMOTO ....................................................... 351
LANDMARKS OF KUMAMOTO ............................................. 351-352
Kumamoto Castle (352), The Castle Restoration Program (352), Suizenji
Park (352).
ASO .......................................................................................................... 353
OVERVIEW OF ASO ........................................................................ 353
BEPPU .............................................................................................. 355-357
OVERVIEW OF BEPPU ................................................................... 355

KAGOSHIMA ................................................................................. 357-359
OVERVIEW OF KAGOSHIMA ...................................................... 357
LANDMARKS OF KAGOSHIMA ............................................ 357-359
Shiroyama Lookout Point (358), Sengan-en (358), Shoko Shuseikan
Museum (338), Satsuma Ware (358), Mt. Sakurajima (359), YakushimaIsland (359)<OKINAWA>
OKINAWA ....................................................................................... 360-369
OVERVIEW OF OKINAWA ............................................................ 360
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 360
2. HISTORY ...................................................................................... 362
LANDMARKS OF OKINAWA ........................................................ 364
1. Cultural Heritage Sites ................................................................ 364
Shuri Castle Park (364), Shuri Palace (365), Shurei Gate (365)Okinawa
Prefectural Museum (365), Pottery town, Tsuboya (365), Modern Cultural
Village (365)
2. Beauty of Nature ............................................................................ 366
Churaumi Aquarium (366), Kerama Islands (366)
3. War Monuments in Okinawa ....................................................... 366
Himeyuri Peace Memorial Museum (367),
NAHA AND ITS VICINITY .............................................................. 368
OVERVIEW OF NAHA ................................................................... 368<INDEX>6. SPORTS
In Japan, sports in the pure meaning were not developed or practiced
until modern times. Some of the traditional “sports” introduced below
were originally developed or practiced as religious rites or as martial art
training. In particular, those sports whose names end in “do” (meaning“moral principles” or “the right way”) are practiced for self-discipline,
and often the manner in which a participant competes is considered to be
more important than victory or defeat.

A. Sumo
Sumo , a type of wrestling, is native to Japan and its origins date backto ancient times. One myth tells of gods wrestling with each other. Sumo
was not just a sport; it was an important event to attract the attention of
Shinto deities. Later it developed into a spectator sport. Even now, tracesof Shinto rituals are seen in the actions of the sumo wrestlers (calledrikishi) and the referees (called gyoji).
Although sumo is practiced among young and old, men or women, as
an amateur sport across the country, at present the Nihon Sumo Kyokai is
the only professional sumo organization in Japan. It has about 700 members and 43 stables, or heya.
Nihon Sumo Kyokai holds a grand tournament six times a year, in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka. The tournaments of January, May, andSeptember are held in Tokyo, while the other three in March, July, andNovember are held in Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka, respectively. Grand
tournaments each last fifteen days.
The professional wrestlers are called rikishi. On the basis of theirskill, they are divided into two grades: maku-uchi, which is the seniorgrade, and maku-shita, which is the junior grade. The highest position37

9. RELIGION
A. Overview
Source: Shukyo Nenkan 2014

A. Adherents of Religions in Japan, as of December 2013 ( ,000 )Shinto ······················································· 91,260
Buddhism ··················································· 86,902
Christianity ·················································· 2,948
Others ························································ 9,066
Total
190,176B. Adherents of Religions in Japan,
Based on the Reports by Comprehensive Religious Organizations under
the Jurisdiction of MEXT, as of December 2013
( ,000 )Shinto ······················································· 85,665
Shrine-Shinto ·········································· 82,173
Sectarian Shinto ········································ 3,530
Shin Kyoha ················································ 282
Buddhism ··················································· 49,090
Tendai ··················································· 3,024
Shingon ················································· 9,118
Jodo ····················································· 18,068
Zen ······················································· 5,216
Nichiren ················································ 12,946
Nara ························································ 711
Others ························································ 7
Christianity ····················································· 966
Catholic ···················································· 455
Protestant ·················································· 511
Others ························································ 5,207
Total
140,92861

Introduction Religion in Japan today means primarily the three re cognized religions: Shinto, Buddhism, and Christianity. Confuci anism,
although not strictly a religion but rather a way of living, has also had agreat influence on the spiritual life of the Japanese. Besides these, there
are some syncretic religions and new religions. Except for Christianity
and certain Buddhist groups, most of the faiths are generally not excl usive. In fact, a majority of Japanese claim to be adherents of two or morereligions simultaneously. As a result, the total number of the adherents of
all religious bodies shown in the statistics always far exc eeds the total
population of Japan.
Thus, practically all Japanese are considered to be Shintoists, yet thevast majority accept in a general way the teaching of the Confucian cla ssics. Moreover, more than half of the Japanese population claim to bemembers of one or other of the Buddhist sects. A Shinto altar and a Bu ddhist altar are found sometimes side-by-side in a Japanese home. And
pious parents teach their children to worship both Shinto and Buddhist
deities impartially. Of the various explanations f or the religious pluralityof the Japanese people, one is given here. The Japanese family professes
faith as a unit. For instance, if the family head is a Buddhist and belongs
to a parish of a certain sect, the entire family is registered as family parishioners, or danka, and the temple of the parish claims all the members of the family as its adherents even though some members may bebaptized as Christians. Shinto operates the same way, with its traditional,
extensive parish system known as the ujiko-ujigami system.
People in Japan were once encouraged to worship the Shinto divinities
as the ancestors of the Imperial Family, even if their personal faith might
be Buddhism. This may be another reason for the tolerance of Shinto andBuddhist parishioners.
It is also said that the Japanese take their religious beliefs lightly
62

10. THE ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY
Gross Domestic Product and National Income per Capita
Source: Sekai no Tokei 2014

GDP, nominal                 (1,000,000 U.S.$)
Year
Japan
U.S.A.
China
Germany
France3,082,736 5,979,600
1990
404,494 1,714,447 1,244,124
4,730,102 10,289,700 1,192,836 1,886,400 1,326,334
2000
5,510,722 14,958,300 5,949,786 3,304,439 2,565,039
2010
5,935,866 16,244,600 8,358,400 3,425,956 2,611,221
2012
National Income per Capita                (U.S.$)
Year
Japan
U.S.A.
China
Germany
France1990
24,971
23,495347
21,301
21,334
2000
37,29536,156932
22,58821,77043,038
2010
47,905
4,375
39,80439,362
46,537
2012
51,163
6,070
41,376
39,617
Annual Growth Rate, Real GDP               (%)
Year
Japan
U.S.A.
China
Germany
France
1990
5.6
1.9
3.8
5.7
2.6
2000
2.9
3.7
8.4
3.2
3.9
2010
4.7
2.5
10.4
4.0
1.7
2012
1.4
2.8
7.7
0.7
0.0

A. Overview
Business Trends Ja pan’s ra pid ec onomic growt h afte r Worl d War II
surprised the Ja pane se the mselve s, a s we ll a s the re st of the world. Within
25 y ears Japan rose from the de va stati on of war t o bec ome the se condlargest industrial nation in the Free World. In 1968 Japan’s gross national
product finally reached 140 billion U.S. dollars, the third largest in theworld afte r those of the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.
However, Japan’s economy entered a new phase in 1970. Business86

<KANTO>TOKYOTokyo Metropolis:Source: Internet home page of Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Population (as of Jan. 1, 2016)
Metropolis (Tokyo-to) ································· 13,507,347
23 wards ················································ 9,256,625
peripheral cities ········································· 4,166,760
towns & villages ··········································· 83,962
Area
Metropolis ···································· 2,188km 2 (845mi 2 )City proper ······································ 622km 2 (240mi 2 )Schools:         Source: Tokyo-to Tokei Nenkan 2014
138 Universities,  44 Junior Colleges,
432 Senior High schools, 819 Junior High schools,
1,363 Elementary schools, 1,042 Kindergartens
History:1456 Ota Dokan begins constructing a castle: the origin of Edo.
1590 Tokugawa Ieyasu moves into Edo.
1869 City renamed Tokyo as the capital of Japan .
1923 September 1, the Great Kanto Earthquake and fire leave
Tokyo in ashes. Approximately 440,000 houses damaged.
1943 Tokyo reorganized into Tokyo Metropolis.
1991 The new Tokyo Metropolitan Government office complex
completed at Shinjuku.
2011 Ogasawara Islands designated World Natural Heritage
by UNESCO.
2012 TOKYO SKYTREE opened.
2013 Tokyo chosen to host 2020 Olympic/Paralympic Games.
115

OVERVIEW OF TOKYO
Introduction Tokyo is the capital of Japan. Population-wise, it is oneof the largest cities in the world. Tokyo forms a special administrative
district called the Tokyo Metropolis, which comprises the 23 wards, theTama Area that includes 26 suburban cities, and 9 islands. The center ofadministration, economic activity, industry, culture, and so on, Tokyo is
the hub of Japan.
The 23 wards can be roughly divided into an upper (Yamanote) and alower (Shitamachi) area. Tokyo developed around the I mperial Palace,which used to be the largest castle in Japan. An extensive network of u rban trains, subways, and buses serves all parts of the city. The Chuo -sen,or Central Line, the Yamanote-sen, or Loop Line, of Japan Railways, aswell as a number of subway lines are the basic transportation arteries in
the Tokyo Metropolitan area.

History

Its origin goes back to 1456, when a feudal lord named Ota

Dokan (1432-1486) built a castle on the site where the Imperial Palacestands now. Toward the end of the 16th century, Tokugawa Ieyasu,
founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, moved in and reconstructed the ca stle as the headquarters of his government. Tokyo, called Edo in thosedays, continued to flourish as the shogun’s capital . In 1868 the reign ofgovernment was returned to the emperor and it was named Tokyo. The
Emperor Meiji moved from Kyoto, which is located some 500km(320mi)
west of Tokyo, to the new capital.

LANDMARKS OF TOKYOThe Imperial Palace The city of Tokyo grew around the present Imperial Palace, which was once called Edo Castle, the largest feudal ca stle
in Japan. From the beginning of the 17th century to 1867, the1161. THE ATOMIC BOMBSTATISTICS OF DAMAGE DUE TO THE ATOMIC BOMB
I. Human Damage
The moment the atomic bomb exploded, a fireball was generated thatemitted fierce heat rays and radiation in every direction, e xpanding the
air around the fireball and creating a super-high-pressure blast. These
three factors interacted in such a way as to inflict tremendous damage on
the human body. It is estimated that approx. 50% of those exposed at
1.2km away from the hypocenter were killed on the 6th, and on the sameday, 80% to 100% of those who were much closer to the hypocenter pe rished. The likelihood of death for those who escaped initially varied according to their proximity to the hypocenter and the severity of their inj uries.
The precise number of people that perished in the bombing is u nknown.
Several estimates have been made public. Hiroshima City estimates thatby the end of December 1945, when the acute symptoms had subsided,
some 140,000 (± 10,000) had died.

II. Damage to Buildings
Total number of buildings

76,327 (100%)

Totally demolished and burned
Totally demolished

47,969 (62.9%)
3,818 (5.0%)

Half burned
Half demolished

253 (0.3%)
18,107 (23.7%)

Partially demolished

6,180(8.1%)

The atomic bomb exploded over the city center, and 85% of the buildings in the city stood within 3 kilometers of the h ypocenter. More than317

90% of its buildings either burned or were demolished. Hiroshima wasinstantly leveled.

2. THE DAY
Three U.S. B-29 bombers approached the city on the morning of August 6, 1945. At 8:15 a.m. one of them dropped a single bomb and flew
away at full speed. The bomb exploded 43 seconds later, abou t
600m(2,000ft) above Shima Hospital with a blinding flash, creating afireball that blazed like a small sun. More than a million degrees Cels ius(1.8mil°F) at its center, in one second the fireball reached a maximum
diameter of 280m(900ft), and the surface temperatures in the vicinity of
the hypocenter rose to between 3,000 and 4,000°C (5,432-7,232°F). Simultaneously a column of white smoke rose and formed into the so-called“atomic mushroom cloud.” The Atomic Energy Commission of the U.S.
disclosed that it rose to a height of 9,000m(29,500ft), just below thestratosphere, in 8 minutes 30 seconds. And 15 minutes after the atomic
cloud started surging upward with radioactive particles , rain began to fallbringing the radioactive particles back down to the ground. Simultaneously with the explosion, the heat rays kindled fire s at various places all overthe city. Kitchen fires and other sources of heat in flattened houses also
caused fires. The fires developed into a conflagration and the entire city
was enveloped in a sea of flames by 2 p.m. The whole organization of thecity was paralyzed and rescue parties from neighboring communities were
delayed. (Source: Peace Memorial Museum. A booklet by Mr. S.
Nagaoka)318

㸫INDEX㸫(A)
ABCC ................................... 319
Abeno Haruka ....................... 308
A-bomb .... 315,317,319, 343,345
A-Bomb Dome ..................... 319
Adachi Museum of Art ......... 329
Aerospace industry.................216
Aikido ..................................... 40
Ainu ................ 9,10,205,206,212
Aircraft Manufacturing ........... 95
Aizawa Tadahiro ..................... 10
Aizen Myo-o............................84
Akasaka Palace ..................... 124
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge .......... 314
Alexander the Great.................75
Alluvial layer ........................ 308
Ama ...................................... 231
Amakusa Shiro ..................... 351
Amano Hashidate .......... 201,324
Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun
Goddess) ..................... 31, 222
American Embassy ............... 121
Amida Buddhism .................... 72
Amida Nyorai ......................... 79
Andesite ................................ 211
Ando Tadao ......................... 336
Anglo-Satsuma incident........ 358
Anime ................................... 126
Aoyama Cemetery ................ 122
Arable Land Area.................. 105
Archery Contest.....................267
Archipelago .............................. 1
Asahina Sogen ........................ 74
Asa-ichi ................................ 241
Asakusa Kannon Temple ...... 129
Asakusa Shrine ..................... 131

Ashikaga Shogun........... 147,252
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu ............ 251
Atomic bomb ........................ 317
Atomic Bomb Memorial....... 320
Atomic Bomb Museum ........ 345
Atsuta Shrine ........................ 215
Automobiles ........................... 94(B)
Baku ..................................... 186
Bakufu.....................................15
Balloon-frame building ........ 207
Bank of Japan ....................... 133
Basho Memorial Museum .... 232
Batchelor Memorial Museum 206
Bato(Horse-headed) Kannon.................................. .082,172
Benten(Benzaiten).................144
Beppu ................................... 356
Big Site ................................. 138
Binzuru ................................. 282
Birushana.................................79
Black Ships............................. 19
Blakiston, Thomas Wright .... 206
Board of Education ................. 34
Bodhisattva ........................ 77,80
Bonten .................................. 286
Book of Tea ............................ 55
Bruno Taut ............................ 244
Buddha ................................... 76
Buddhism ............................... 63
Buddhist ................................. 62
Bugaku ................................... 42
Bunraku ............................. 42,48
Byakugo ............................ 77,78
Byodoin Temple.....................269(C)
Cabinet 26