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沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告
第 51 号，2017 年 1 月㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱̿␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊ⫱ᡂࡢࡓࡵࡢ⌮ㄽ࡜࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ̿ᮧᯇ ┤Ꮚ 
On Intercultural Education in National Institute of Technology:Theories and Approaches to Enhance Intercultural Communicative Competence
Naoko MURAMATSU
Key words: intercultural education, intercultural communicative competence, interculturalcompetence, cultural awareness, foreign language education㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ 1 2ㄒࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱㆑➼ࠊ␗ᩥ໬㛫࡟ᯫᶫࡍࡿㅖ⬟ຊࡀᚲᅜ㝿♫఍࡛ά㌍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟⮬ࡽࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ

せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡸ⏕ά⩦័࡟⧅ࡀࡿ⮬ࡽࡢᩥ໬ࠊពぢࡸឤᛶࢆእᅜேࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣ➨஧ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ⌮ㄽ◊✲ࠊ୰㛫ゝㄒㄒ⏝ㄽ࡟ྥࡅ࡚Ⓨಙࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࢆ㌟࡟╔ࡅࡿࡇ࡜◊✲ࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᏛࡢどᗙࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡢᩍ⫱ⓑ᭩ࠕ௒ᚋࡢⱥㄒ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡛ࠕ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࠖࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࠊᩍᖌࡀᩍ⫱ࡢᨵၿ࣭඘ᐇ᪉⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ ሗ࿌㹼ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ᑐᛂᢚ࠼࡚࠾ࡃ࡭ࡁ⌮ㄽࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࢆᵓᡂࡋࡓⱥㄒᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢ஬ࡘࡢᥦゝ㹼ࠖ㸦ⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡢᅾࡾ᪉࡟㛵ࡍࡿㅖせ⣲ࠊᩥ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋṧࡍࡿ᭷㆑⪅఍㆟ࠊ2005㸧ࡢࠕ㸯㸬ⱥㄒᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢ⫼ᬒࠖࡢ࡞ᛕ࡞ࡀࡽ⌧ᅾࠊ἟ὠᕤᴗ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡣࠊኟఇࡳᮇ㛫࡟༑࠿࡛ࠕᡃࡀᅜࡢⱥㄒᩍ⫱࡛ࡣࠊ㸦୰␎㸧≉࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙྡ๓ᚋࡢᏛ⏕ࡀ௵ពཧຍࡍࡿࢩ࢔ࢺࣝㄒᏛ◊ಟ࣭␗ᩥ໬య㦂ࣥ⬟ຊࡢ⫱ᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᨵၿࢆຍ㏿໬ࡍ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟ࡶከ࠸ࠖ࡜グࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊṇつ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ࡟␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱ࡢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᏛᰯᩍ⫱ࡣᅜ㝿໬᫬௦࡟㏻⏝ࡍࡿࣞࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣ࡞࠸ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡢᡭ㡰࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ➨ 2 ࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ࣋ࣝࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࢆᏛ⏕ࡓࡕ࡟⩦ᚓࡉࡏࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⫱ࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ➨㸱ࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽእᅜㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᅜ㝿ࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢᵓᡂせ⣲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ➨㸲ࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊⓗ࡟㏻⏝ࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊ――ࡑࡢᵓᡂせ⣲――ࠕ␗ᩥ໬㛫⬟ຊࠖ㸦Intercultural Competence㸧(Byram 1997)࡜ࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺࿨㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᩍဨࡓࡕࡀࡑࢀࢆព㆑ࡋࠊࡑ

࡜ࠕᩥ໬࡬ࡢẼ࡙ࡁࠖ(cultural awareness) ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ➨㸳ࡢ⫱ᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪉ἲㄽࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣ␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱࡟ᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿᩥ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࣉⱥㄒᩍ⫱࡟㛵ࡍࡿከࡃࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࡸᤵᴗᐇ㊶ሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢ

࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊ␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱ศ㔝ࡢ◊✲ࡀㄝ᫂ࡀ༑ศ࡟࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲࠊⱥㄒࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࢆ㌟࡟╔ࡅࢀ᪥ᮏࡼࡾᩘ༑ᖺ᪩ࡃ࠿ࡽ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢඛ⾜◊ࡤࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࠿✲ࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࠋ᭱⤊ࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ➨ 5 ࢭࢡࢩࣙࣥࡲ࡛ࡢ

ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃ᐹࡀᩘከࡃぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ㆟ㄽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱ࡢᚲせᛶᐇ㝿ࡣࠊእᅜㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࠾ࡼࡧ␗ᩥ໬㸦㛫㸧ࢥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⧳ࡵࡿࠋ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡣࠊእᅜㄒ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣẕㄒࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡢ࡯㸰. ࡞ࡐ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࠿3࠿࡟ࠊ⮬ᅜࡢᩥ໬࡞ࡽࡧ࡟እᅜᩥ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࠊᩥ໬࡜ゝ἟ὠᕤᴗ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯồࡵࡽࢀࡿ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊ̿➨஧ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ⌮National Institute of Technology, Numazuㄽ࡜ㄒ⏝ㄽࡢどᗙ࠿ࡽࡢ⪃ᐹࠖࡢ➨ 1 ࢭࢡࢩࣙࣥࠊ➨ 2 ࢭࢡCollegeࢩࣙࣥࡢෆᐜࢆ⡆₩࡟⧳ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ

3 ᮏ✏ࡢ➨ 2 ࢭࢡࢩࣙࣥࠊ➨ 3 ࢭࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢෆᐜࡣࠊ㏆ࠎᏛேᏛ⩦⪅ࡢⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢᙅⅬࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡞ࡀ

఍⣖せ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡿணᐃࡢᣋㄽࠕ᪥ᮏேⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࡟ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏே࡟ᑐࡍࡿ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࡢᚲせᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᏛၥ1

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沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告

第 51 号

ࣙࣥࡢᩥ໬㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᩍ⫱ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ぢཷࡅࡽ➨஧ゝㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢゝㄒ౑⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᫬࡟ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢゝㄒ౑⏝࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ◊✲ࡍࡿ୰㛫ゝㄒㄒ⏝ㄽ◊✲࡜࠸࠺Ꮫၥ

ࢀࡿࠋ㡿ᇦࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊTakahashi & Beebe(1987)ࠊTakahashi㸱㸬␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢᵓᡂせ⣲(1996)ࠊ Maeshiba et al.(1996)ࠊTanaka (1998)ࡽࡣ᪥ᮏே

␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞◊✲ࡢⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ୰㛫ゝㄒㄒ⏝ㄽ࡟ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᖸ΅ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑡࡋࡎࡘ◊✲ࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓᨵⰋࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ㏆ᖺ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKondo (1997)ࡣࠊ
ࠕㅰ⨥ࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ⓨヰ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢᵓᡂせ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍᪉࡟ࡣゝㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ࠊ౛࠼Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡀᩥἲⓗ࡞࣑ࢫࢆࡏࡎ࡟ⱥᩥࢆసࡾࠊ
ࡶ࠺୍᪉࡟ࡣࠕ␗ᩥ໬㛫⬟ຊࠖ
(Intercultural Competence)ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛㧗࠸ⱥㄒຊࢆᣢࡘሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚

(Byram 1997) ࡸ ࠕ ␗ ᩥ ໬ ࡬ ࡢ Ẽ ௜ ࡁ ࠖ ࢆ ព ࿡ ࡍ ࡿࡶࠊⱥㄒᅪ࡛ࡢ㛗ᮇ⏕ά⤒㦂ࡀ඲ࡃ࡞࠸᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡼ

“intercultural awareness”࡜࠸ࡗࡓᩥ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡿⓎヰ࡟᪥ᮏㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࢇ࡛ࡑࡢ୧᪉ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ≉࡟␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࡋࡲ࠸ࠊㄗゎࡸ⾪✺ࢆᣍࡁ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸Ⓨヰࢆࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࢆලయࣙࣥᏛࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋᩥⓗ࡟ྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ໬㠃ࡢ⬟ຊ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᩥ໬࡜ゝㄒ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢫఀᮾ (2010㸧ࡣࠊ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯࡢ⏕ᚐ㐩ࡀࠊ▷ᮇㄒᏛ␃Ꮫ࡟ࢱ࢖ࣝࡢᬑ㐢ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ゎࡸࠊ➨஧ゝㄒࡢᩥ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋཧຍࡋࡓ㝿ࠊⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ♫఍ⓗሙ㠃࡟ྜࢃࡏࡓ㐺ษ࡞ࢺࣆࢵࢡࡸ఍ヰࡢࢱ࣮࣭ࣥࢸ࢖ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᩘ࠶ࡿ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡞࡝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࡀ࡞࠸ࡤ࠿ࡾ࡟ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࣔࢹࣝࡢ࡞࠿࠿ࡽࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃྛᅜࡢ࣭ࣙࣥࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡢࠕ㐪࠸࡟ᡞᝨࡗ࡚ᮏ᮶ࡢຊࢆⓎ᥹࡛ࡁࡎࠊゝㄒ࣭ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࢆ≌ᘬࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ The Council of Europe

ពᚿ␯㏻ࡢᶵ఍ࢆ㑊ࡅࠖࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋOto (1995)

ࡀ 1997 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓ Byram㸦1997㸧ࡢ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࡣࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚⾪✺ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡢࡣࠊࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࣔࢹࣝࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᩥἲࡢㄗࡾ࡟ᅉࡿࡼࡾࡶᑀࢁࠊእᅜㄒᩥ໬≉᭷ࡢ౯್ほࡸࢥ⬟ຊࡢᵓᡂせ⣲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢫࢱ࢖ࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ゎ୙㊊࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿ⣬ᖜ࡟㝈ࡾࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵヲ⣽ࢆ┬ࡃࡀࠊByram㸦1997㸧ࡢ␗ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊẖᖺ኱Ꮫ࡛ᩥ ໬ ࢥ ࣑ ࣗ ࢽ ࢣ ࣮ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ⬟ ຊ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ (Interculturalⱥㄒᅪ␃Ꮫࡢࡓࡵࡢⱥㄒㅮᗙࢆᢸᙜࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ⤒㦂ࠊࡲࡓࠊᾏCommunicative Competence Model) ࡢ஧ࡘࡢᙉࡳࡣࠊ➨஧እ␃Ꮫ୰ࡢ᪥ᮏே኱Ꮫ⏕ࡀⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࡞࠿࡛ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡜ࠊᩥ໬┦ᑐ୺⩏ࡢ❧ሙ࡟❧ㄗゎࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿሙ㠃ࢆ┠ࡢᙜࡓࡾ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ⤒㦂࠿ࡽࠊ➹ࡕࠊẕㄒヰ⪅ࣔࢹࣝࢆ㏥ࡅ࡚ࠊ“intercultural speaker” ――␗⪅ࡶྠឤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩥ໬㛫ࡢᯫࡅᶫ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿே――ࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୖࢆせ⣙ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡦ࡜ࡀእᅜㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜࠊࡑࢀࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡶ࠶ࡿࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ୍᫇๓ࡲ࡛᪥ᮏࡢእᅜㄒᏛ⩦ࡀᑓࡽ㏣ồࡓࡵࠊẕㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠕゝㄒ⬟ຊࠖ㸦Linguistic Competence㸧ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࣭ࣥࢫࢱ࢖ࣝ࡟ᑐᛂࡋᚓࡿ⬟ຊࡀ୙ྍḞ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩥἲ⬟ຊ࠾ࡼࡧㄒᙡຊࢆ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢᅄୡ⏺࡛᭱ึ࡟኱つᶍ࡞ᅜ㝿໬ࡢືࡁࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊࡍ࡛࡟ᩘ༑ᖺ

ࡘࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡢෆࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ஧࡟ࢃࡓࡿከᩥ໬⎔ቃୗ࡛ࡢእᅜㄒᩍ⫱ᐇ⦼ࡀ࠶ࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡘ ┠ ࡢ ᵓ ᡂ せ ⣲ ࡣ ࠕ ♫ ఍ ゝ ㄒ ⬟ ຊ ࠖ㸦 Sociolinguistic࡛ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⬟ຊࡣࠕ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࠖ

Competence㸧ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊゝㄒ౑⏝ࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࡜ሙ㠃࡟(Intercultural Communicative Competence㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚ࡁᛂࡌ࡚㐺ษ࡞⾲⌧ࢆ౑࠺⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ୕ࡘ┠ࡢ⬟ຊࡓࠋࡣࠕㄯヰ⬟ຊࠖ㸦Discourse Competence㸧ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊㄯヰ࡟᪥ᮏࡢⱥㄒᩍ⫱࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫࡢࠕ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮࠾࠸࡚㤳ᑿ୍㈏ᛶ࡜⤖᮰ᛶ (coherence and cohesion)ࢆಖࡘ

ࢩࣙࣥࠖࡸࠕᅜ㝿㛵ಀࠖ➼ࡢྡࢆෙࡍࡿᏛ㒊࡛ࡣ␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱⬟ຊࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ୖグ୕ࡘࡢ⬟ຊࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ Canale (1983)

ࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡶቑ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽ୰➼ᩍ⫱ẁ㝵ࡢࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࣔࢹࣝࠖ㸦Communicative࡛ࡣࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊゝCompetence Model㸧ࡢᵓᡂせ⣲୕ࡘ࡜ྠࡌྡ⛠࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑㄒ⬟ຊࢆ୰ᚰⓗ࡟ᩍ࠼ࡿゝㄒᩍ⫱௨እ࡟ࠊ㠀ゝㄒ⾜ືࡸᛮ⪃ࡢᐃ⩏ࡶ࡯ࡰྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅄࡘ┠ࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡣࠊࠕ␗ᵝᘧࡶྵࡴᩥ໬⌮ゎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿᩥ໬㛫⬟ຊࠖ㸦Intercultural Competence㸧ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊẕᅜ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀṤ࡝ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩᩥ໬ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ྠኈࡢẕㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣᚲせ࡛ⓗࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ㄽドࡋࡓࠋ2

高等専門学校における異文化理解教育―異文化コミュニケーション能力育成のための理論とアプローチ―

77ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡣᚲせ࡞⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊእᅜㄒᩍ⫱㣴ᡂࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྠᴫᛕ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ࡇࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣ␗࡞ࡿᩥ໬࡜ゝㄒࢆ⩦ᚓࡋࡓே㛫ࡀࠊ஧ࡘࡢ

ࡢ⬟ຊࡢ⫱ᡂ᪉ἲࡀᩍᤵࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

ᩥ໬ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆᡂຌࡉࡏࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟

ࡉ࡚ࠊByram㸦1997㸧ࡢ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࣔᚲせ࡞⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⬟ຊࡔࡅࡣゝㄒ⬟ຊ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟

ࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ“critical cultural awareness”ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Critical cultural awareness/political education㸲㸬ࠕ␗ᩥ໬㛫⬟ຊࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕᩥ໬࡬ࡢẼ௜ࡁࠖ࡜ࡣ࡞࡟࠿

(savoir s’engager)ᮏࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊࠕ␗ᩥ໬㛫⬟ຊࠖࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡸ⬟ຊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡼࡾヲࡋࡃㄽࡌࠊ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ⩦ᚓࡉࡏࡿAn ability to evaluate critically and on the basis ofࡓࡵࡢᩍᤵἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ୰࡛ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ஦᯶࡟

explicitࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋproducts in one’s own and other cultures andcriteria

perspectives,practiceandcountries. (Byram 1997, p.53)

Byram (Byam)ࡢ ICC ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ
ࣙࣥࡣࠊᅗ㸯࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㏻ࡾᅄせ⣲――Educationࠊ
AttitudesࠊKnowledgeࠊSkills――࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᩥ໬࡬ࡢẼ௜ࡁࠖ ࡣࠊ⮬㌟ࡢᩥ໬ᅪ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩥ໬
࡜ゝㄒ࡜⏕άࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࠊே⏕ほࠊୡ⏺ほ࡞࡝ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᐈほⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸦Knowledge㸧࡜ࠊ௚⪅ࡢᩥ໬ᅪ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡑᅗ㸯ࢀࡽࡢ㛵ಀࡸ౯್ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿែᗘ㸦Attitude㸧࡜ࡶ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ⾜ືࢆ㉳ࡇࡍ㝿ࡢ※Ἠ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⬟ືⓗ࡞ാࡁࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕᩥ໬࡬ࡢẼ௜ࡁࠖࡣ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᏛࡸ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱࡛㔜せどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
‘Factors in intercultural communication’ (Byram 1997,㸳㸬␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱࡟ᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿᩥ໬࡬ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳp.34)

␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱඲⯡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ඹ㏻ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᩥ໬ࢆᢅ
ࡗࡓࡾࠊᩥ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩍ࠼ࡿ㝿ࠊࠕᩥ໬ࠖࢆ኱ᩥᏐࡢࢫ࣌ࣜୖグࡢᅗࡢ࡞࠿࡛୰ᚰ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡣࠕᩍ⫱ࠖ
㸦Education㸧࡛ࣥࢢ࡛ጞࡲࡿ “Culture” ࡜ᑠᩥᏐࡢࢫ࣌ࣜࣥࢢ࡛ጞࡲࡿ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㛗ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ␗ᩥ໬ᩍ⫱◊✲ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ

“culture” ࡢ஧ࡘ࡟᫂☜࡟ศࡅࠊᏛ⏕㐩ࡀᑠᩥᏐࡢ “culture”

␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊᩍ⫱ࡣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚▱㆑ࡸ⪃ᐹࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞఩⨨ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᩍ⫱࡞ࡋ᪉ἲㄽࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᭷ព⩏࡛࠶ࡿ࡜➹⪅ࡣ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ኱ᩥᏐࡢ࡟ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇ㛫␗ᅜ࡛ᑵປࡋࠊ⏕άࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡿᾏእ⏕ά⪅࡛࠶“Culture” ࡜ᑠᩥᏐࡢ “culture” ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ␗ᩥ໬ࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ῝ࡃ⌮ゎࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᏛࡢ୰࡛ゝཬࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊከᩥ໬ඹ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࢆ⾜࠺㝿࡟ᣦᑟ⪅ࡀᢚ࠼࡚࠾ࡃ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶⏕ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩥ໬ᦶ᧿ࡸẸ᪘㛫ࡢᑐ❧࡞࡝ࡀࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ≀ࢁ࠺ࠋ㧗஭㸦2008㸧ࡣ Bennet (1998)࡟ࡼࡿࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢᩥ໬

ㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ㸯ࡀ♧ࡍ㏻ࡾࠊᩍ⫱ࡀⅭࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࡢ༊ศࡢศᯒࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤂௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡣ“cultural awareness” ࡢ ⫱ ᡂ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ “culturalawareness” 㸦critical cultural awareness ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ“C” ᩥ໬ࡣⱁ⾡ࠊ๻ࠊྂ඾㡢ᴦࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⯙㋀࡞࡝ࡢ࠶ࡿ㸧ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ヂࡏࡤࠕ㸦⮬௚ࡢ㸧ᩥ໬࡬ࡢẼ௜ࡁࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ὑ⦎ࡉࢀࠊไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊᐈほⓗ࡟㚷㈹࡛ࡁࡿ

ព࿡࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣᐇ㝿ࡣࠊᩥ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢫ࢟ࣝࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᅜࡢ♫఍ไᗘࡸᨻ἞࣭⤒῭ࡢ௙⤌࠿⬟ຊ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ4ࠋⱥㄒᅪ࡛ࡣࡇࡢ⏝ㄒࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㎡᭩࡟ࡶ㍕ࡗࡽゝㄒయ⣔ࡲ࡛♫఍ⓗ࡟☜❧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ“c”

࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ㈨᱁ࡢ࠶ࡿእᅜㄒᩍ⫱㛵ಀ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛▱ࡽᩥ໬ࡣ୺ほⓗせ⣲ࡢᙉ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡟ᐦ╔ࡋࠊ㣗ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡀᏛࢇ࡛࠸ࡓⱥᅜࡢ኱Ꮫ㝔ࡢ TESOL ᑓᨷࢥᩥ໬ࡸヰࡋゝⴥࡢᩥ໬࡞࡝ேࠎࡢᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡸ౯್ほ࣭4㸦2017㸧࡟ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓࠋࠕᩥ໬࡬ࡢẼ௜ࡁࠖ࡜ࡣఱࢆࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ Byram (1997)࡟ࡼࡿㄝ᫂ࢆᮏㄅᥖ㍕ࡢᮧᯇ

3

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沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告

第 51 号ୡ⏺ほ࡟ᐦ᥋࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࠋእᅜேࡀእ࠿ࡽ

Communicative Competence, Multilingual Matters,ぢ࡚ࡶ࡞࠿࡞࠿ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡙ࡽࡃࠊࡑࡢᩥ໬ෆ࡛㛗ᮇ㛫⏕(1997).
Canale,άࡋ࡚ึࡵ࡚ぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦㧗஭ 2008, p.58㸧

M.

From

communicativecompetence

tocommunicative language pedagogy. (1983). In J. C.
Richards and R. W. Schmids (Eds.): Language andCommunication. Longman, (1986). pp. 2-27.

␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚㞀ᐖ࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ୍
⯡ⓗ࡟኱ᩥᏐࡢ “Culture” ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᑠᩥᏐࡢ “culture” ࡛Kondo, S.: The development of pragmatic competence by࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡦ࡜ࡓࡧ⮬ᩥ໬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್య⣔ࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ

Japanese learners of English: Longitudinal study onࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ᪉ἲࢆ㌟࡟௜ࡅࡓࡦ࡜ࡢሙྜࠊ௬࡟␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗ

Interlanguage Apologies, Sophia Linguistica, 41,ࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ኻᩋࡋࡓሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀᑠᩥᏐࡢ(1997). pp.265-284.

“culture” ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜Ẽ௜࠿࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃ

Maeshiba, N., Yoshinaga, N., Kasper, G. and Ross, S.

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋOto (1995) ࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊእᅜࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣈࢵ

Transfer and proficiency in interlanguage apologizing.

ࢡ࡛ࡣ኱ᩥᏐࡢ “Culture” ࡢࡇ࡜ࡣᩍ࠼ࡿࡀᑠᩥᏐࡢ(1996). In S. Gass and J. Neu. (eds.). Speech Acts

“culture” ࡢࡇ࡜ࡣᩍ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗ

Across Cultures. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

ࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᙼࡢゝⴥࢆ೉ࡾࢀࡤ

(1996) pp. 155-190.

‘a cultural guidebook with information about cultural value

Oto, T. S.: Teaching Intercultural Awareness in English assystem and communication methods used by people of aforeign Language course in Japan, ௝ྎ኱Ꮫ⣖せ, 26,particular culture’ (p.82) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᑠᩥᏐࡢ“culture”࡟

(1995). pp. 81-95.
Takahashi, S.: Pragmatic Transferability. Studies inࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᩍ࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

Second Language Acquisition, 18, (1996), pp.189-223.
Takahashi, T. and L. M. Beebe: The development of㸴㸬࠾ࢃࡾ࡟

pragmatic competence by Japanese learners of᫖௒ࠊ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓᩍ
⫱ࡀ᥎ዡࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊEnglish, JALT Journal, 8, (1987), pp.131-155.

ᮏ✏࡛ㄽࡌࡓ㏻ࡾࠊ༢࡞ࡿⱥㄒᩥἲ⬟ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡣู

Tanaka, N.: Some problems for Japanese Languageḟඖࡢ⬟ຊ࡜ど㔝ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊᮏ✏࡛⪃ᐹࡋࡓ࡜࠾speakers of English, JALT Journal, 9, (1988), pp. 81-ࡾࠊࠕ␗ᩥ໬㛫⬟ຊࠖࠊࠕᩥ໬࡬ࡢẼ௜ࡁࠖࡣᩍ⫱࡞ࡋ࡟ࡣ102.

⩦ᚓࡋ㞴࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊṦ࡟ᓥᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏ࡟⫱ࡗࡓ୍⯡ⓗ࡞᪥ఀᮾṊᙪ: ῶᑡࡍࡿ␗ᩥ໬㛫ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢺࣆࢵࢡᮏேᏛ⏕ࡣࠊⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ᪉ἲࡀ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࢫ, KATE Bulletin, 24, 㛵ᮾ⏥ಙ㉺ⱥㄒᩍ⫱Ꮫ఍,࡝࠺␗࡞ࡿ࠿య⣔ⓗ࡟ᩍࢃࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ௒ᚋࠊ἟ὠᕤᴗ(2010).

㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮫ⏕㐩ࡢⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊ㧗஭཰: ␗ᩥ໬ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᩍ⫱ࡢヨࡳ̿㧗ࢥࣥࢸ࢟࡞ࡽࡧ࡟␗ᩥ໬ᑐᛂ⬟ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᚲಟ࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ

ࢫࢺᩥ໬࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢತྃ, ゝㄒࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᗈሗ language࣒࡟␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᩍ⫱ࢆ᪋ࡍࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᑟ

studies, 16, (2008. 1), pp.57-62.

ධࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ5ࠋᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬: ௒ᚋࡢⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡢᨵၿ࣭඘ᐇ᪉⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ ሗ࿌̿ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓⱥㄒᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢ஬ࡘࡢᘬ↷ᩥ⊩ᥦゝ̿, ⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡢᅾࡾ᪉࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭷㆑⪅఍㆟,Bennet, M. J.: Intercultural Communication: A Current(2014. 9).

Perspective. In Bennet, M. J. (ed.) Basic Concepts ofᮧᯇ┤Ꮚ:

Intercultural Communication: Selected Readings,◊✲ࠖࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜ᤵᴗᐇ㊶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃ᐹ̿,἟ὠIntercultural Press, (1998). Cited and translated in 㧗ᕤᴗ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ◊✲ሗ࿌, 51, (2017), pp. 79-84.

஭ (2008).
Byram,5㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱̿ࠕ࣑ࢽ

M.:

Teaching

andAssessing

Intercultural

2016 ᖺᗘ࡟➹⪅ࡀ἟ὠ㧗ᑓ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ␗ᩥ໬⌮ゎᩍ⫱ࡢᐇ㊶ෆᐜ࡜ᡂᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮏㄅᥖ㍕ࡢᮧᯇ (2017) ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓࠋ4