Symposium Sessions（abstract）,JASPS 131th Biannual Conference
１． Employment promotion and income security in Europe

Employment promotion programs are one of the major characteristics of social policy in the 21st
Europe. Though they have been criticized as “workfare”, they are moving toward activation or social
inclusion policy. And actual criticism is different from country to country. Then, the situation about
employment promotion seems vague and ambiguous. Seeing closer, however, we will find a specificdirection of social policy. It is self-determination. While all the European countries are not same insocial policy, the three countries here, Sweden, France and Germany, can be analyzed in terms ofself-determination. Sweden and France provide unemployed people with income maintenanceprograms, and also with employment promotion schemes based on social inclusion. While Germany
has similar programs of income security and employment promotion, It lacks in element of social
inclusion. Three presenters here have not necessarily same view on the European social policy. But,
we share a framework of analysis that employment promotion and income security programs arebeing integrated.
Coordinator：Kazuo TAKADA（Hitotsubashi University）
１．Changes in the Swedish social security system as the reaction to persistent unemployment
Mayumi YAMAMOTO（Hokusho University）
In the 1990s, with the aim of encouraging jobseekers to work, services and cash benefits forjobseekers in Sweden were restructured. As a part of these changes, recipients were required to be
actively searching for jobs in order to receive public assistance and unemployment benefits; thebenefits of those who were not actively searching could be stopped. However, in addition to
unemployment benefits, jobseekers might also receive other social insurance benefits; thus, thefunction of benefit sanctions must be understood in the context of a complete picture of the income
security system.
In Sweden, one’s social insurance benefits are not substantially affected by the length of time aperson has no earned income. It may be said that the social insurance system has been sufficiently
comprehensive to deal with continuing high unemployment rates and the persistence of long-term
unemployment.
In this session, how the Swedish universal social security system has reacted to the changing labormarket situation since the 1990s will be discussed.

２．Recipients of social assistance and labor market in France
Yuka OZAWA（Kanazawa University）
The increase in long-term unemployment and instability of employment since the 1980s in France
has brought changes to social protection and employment policy built after WWⅡ. For income
security especially during unemployment, social assistance has been developed. Meanwhile,
employment support policies are also promoted towards the recipients of social assistance, so theapproaching of social protection and employment policies (activation policies) made progress. These
policies have, on one hand, positive aspect from the perspective of strengthening the income
redistribution function for long-term unemployed and low-income earners. However, they are also
criticized to contribute to the increase of recipients in unstable employment.
This research paper has focused on and analyzed the current situation of recipients of social
assistance inside the labor market as well as what the relationship is between such recipients’situation and France’s labor market (political measures), and also investigated the influence tolabor market brought by employment support policies combined with social assistance. Through theabove analysis, I would like to address the challenges faced by activation policies.
３．Current Situation and Problems of German social security system for the long-term unemployed
and working-poor: Focusing on the Basic Security System for

Job-Seekers

Chikako MORI（Takasaki City University of Economics）
The paper argues about how the German social security system for the long-time unemployed (andworking poor) has been changed by the law “Basic Security System for Job-Seekers” enforced in
January 2005, and how the law has influenced on German economy and society. The basic security
system for job-seekers consists of the Unemployed Benefit Ⅱ（UBⅡ: benefit for the unemployed, set
at the same amount as public assistance）and intensive employment promotion. This system has
positive aspects; the number of the unemployed decreased considerably and they could reach theassistance immediately. It has also negative aspects. The amount of the UBⅡ is small, and thenumber of “Aufstockers” (people receiving UBⅡwhile working) increases, and thirdly the system has
created stigma in some regions. My argument focuses on two points; 1) the change of the income
security caused by the basic security system for job-seekers, and 2) what kind of job should be
provided by the employment service, welfare job, “intermediate job”, or general job. Also discussed isthe probability of reform for the each points.

２ ． Functions of Contact Points for Social Security Services and Cooperation with Various

Organisations
The Act for Supporting the Independence of Needy Persons and the Act for Supporting Children and Child
Rearing went into effect in April 2015 based on the “Outline of the Comprehensive Reform of the Social Security
and Tax Systems”. Since then, it has become more important than ever at organisations such as local governments
to determine how organisational operations and staffing should be managed in terms of ensuring effective andefficient implementation of measures.
At this session, each panellist will report on knowledge obtained from basic materials and interviews concerning
regional systems for providing social security services, in relation to the above matter. Through discussion, the aim
is to place greater focus on the relation between the convenience of recipients of the services and the location andfunction of contact points. First there will be a general introduction, specifically a summary about the legal system
including government rules on structure, staffing, etc. of local bodies (the first paper) and classification ofcooperation among service providers (the second paper). This will be followed by particulars (the third to fifth
papers) where consideration will be given to specific regional systems for providing services and the functions ofsuch regional contact points by including the viewpoint of their consistency with theories as well.
The content of the papers made at the session forms part of the results of the “A study on the spatial arrangement
and personnel cooperation of local organizations towards more accessible and efficient social services, a research
project of the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Mr. Kuroda and Mr. Nishimura, who
are not members of JASPS, will report this time since they are both deeply involved in this project as related
persons.

Coordinator：Kota TOMA（National Institute of Population and Social Security Research）
Chair：Yumika SHIRASE（Hitotsubashi University）
１ ． Current Status and Problems of Regulations concerning Organisational Systems of andCooperation among Social Security Service Providers
Ashiya KURODA（National Institute of Population and Social Security Research）
In light of the fact that organisational operations and allocation of human resources at local
governments are issues to be tackled, and they are not topics in the area of social security only, thispaper considers the current situation and issues of regulations related to social security services.
Especially, this paper focuses on issues related to organisational systems of and cooperation amongproviders of services such as welfare for the elderly, support for children and child rearing, and forneedy persons, which are covered in detail in the third and subsequent papers. These topics are
examined from the perspective of the responsibility that service recipients have to bear. These
services are provided directly by local governments or indirectly through the Council of Social

Welfare or non-profit organisations which are outsourcees. In the former case, the focus is placed onchanges in government rules on structure, staffing, etc. of local bodies while looking at how the
allocation of staff engaged in social security operations is planned in terms of laws and regulations.
In the latter case, the current situation and issues of the legal system based on the knowledge
obtained from interviews will be reported, after considering the relationship with the outsourcees
and who should bear responsibility for the recipients of the services.
２．Classification of Cooperation in Welfare Service
Yukimitsu NISHIMURA（National Institute of Population and Social Security Research）
In terms of receiving specific support under a social security system, it is necessary to consider not
only the details of support but also the convenience in receiving services like easy access to contact
points including agencies such as local governments. Welfare service organisations in each region
have considered establishing a Yorisoi (standing-by-you) type of support system since 2000 so thatthey can provide residents who have difficulties in their lives with attentive support based on theactual situation in the respective regions. This paper suggests that contact points play a central rolein ensuring convenient services and Yorisoi-type support. This time, the focus was placed on the
structure of cooperation between local governments and welfare service organisations, which
revolves around the operations of contact points which are the first to handle those who havedifficulties or insecurity in their lives. Based on interviews conducted with 19 local governments(prefectures, ordinance-designated cities, and cities and towns), the structure of cooperation was
categorised, under a tentative assumption, into the following three types by focusing on the main
service providers and who leads the provision of services: a type led by the local government, a typeled by the Japan National Council of Social Welfare, and a combination of both. The procedures
followed in such categorisation and details of an overview will be explained on the day of themeeting.

３．Diversity of Needs of Families Taking Care of Children and Actual Condition of Support under
The Comprehensive Support System for Children and Child-rearing
Kota TOMA（National Institute of Population and Social Security Research）
The Comprehensive Support System for Children and Child-rearing came into force as a result of
the limitations of support measures for child-rearing so far. Specifically, this new support systemaims at not only quantitatively expanding childcare services but also enhancing the quality ofeducation and childcare, improving regional support for childcare, and even expanding the VisitingProject for Supporting Child Care and support for Aid-requiring Child.
However, merely enforcing the system is not enough in term of ensuring sufficient effects. It is
important to determine how the system is operated in the field. Needs for child-rearing support differ
depending on the type of family. In order to meet such various needs of families, it is necessary to
precisely understand their actual situations and then establish and operate a system in whichappropriate support can be provided.
Considering the above, based on the results of the interviews, this paper examines the current
status of support for child-rearing after the enforcement of The Comprehensive Support System forChildren and Child-rearing, especially the actual situations of the handling at contact points which
work as a bridge so that families in need of support can obtain the help they need, and then it focuses
on issues surrounding this matter. It will be revealed how problems presented by the theoreticalconsiderations in the first and second papers are surfacing in the support under The Comprehensive
Support System for Children and Child-rearing, and how those problems are handled.
４．Consideration concerning Setting-up of Contact Points for Comprehensive Consultation underWelfare Administration and Services — Based on an Actual Case of P City
Yusuke HATAMOTO（Yamanashi Prefectural University）
The functions of contact points for welfare administration and services are being enhanced. In thisproject, the focus was placed on the perspective, based on the local governance theory(multi-organisational cooperation approach), that the above trend has appeared because theadministration has to play the role of connecting various institutions or groups.
In addition to the above, this paper presents the perspective that a shift of focus in welfare
administration and services from benefit payment operations to consultation support operations(social work) is also enhancing the functions of contact points.
As an example of confirming the above two perspectives, there will be a report on the background to
the establishment of the comprehensive consultation section in P city of Yamanashi Prefecture andthe survey of the current situation. In addition, consideration is given to the relationship between P
city and the council of social welfare or non-profit organisations within the city which have a strong
connection with P city because they are entrusted with operations or because of other reasons. There
will also be a report on what effects the consultation service function at the enhanced contact point ishaving on cooperation or collaboration inside and outside the local government. By looking at actual
efforts being made by local government and others, theoretical considerations made in the first paper
will become more realistic.
５．Consideration concerning Cooperation Inside and Outside Organisations Focusing on Contact
Points for Welfare Administration and Services — Based on an Actual Case of Q City

Kenichi KUDO（Tohoku Fukushi University）
Contact points for welfare administration and services are receiving requests for a wide range ofconsultations. Amongst the problems people have with their lives, they can receive support for thosewithin the scope of welfare services. However, for problems such as those which cannot be clarified
because of their nature or which relate to both welfare and employment, it is difficult to provide
support. Offering comprehensive support for welfare and employment has been a policy issue, andsome regions have already worked on developing consultation support systems. This paper focuseson the concept of or the creation of a mechanism for, cooperation among departments ororganizations in the process from the discovery of a problem to the provision of consultation support
based on the qualitative survey or disclosed materials of Q city of Miyagi Prefecture. There will also
be a discussion on the associated issues. By considering specific cases, the aim is to contribute to thediscussion of “Basic Research on Spatial Arrangement and Personnel Cooperation” in social security
services, by looking at it from a different angle than that of the first and second papers where
theoretical considerations are made.

３． Precarious Work and Its Organization in Japan, Korea and Germany in the Progress of
Globalization: Female Irregular Workers in Supermarkets and Care-giving, Part1
With the progress of globalization since the 1990s, the domestic economy in Japan, Korea and Germany has
shifted to service industries, while the export-oriented manufacturing industry has remained the center of theeconomy’s competitiveness and become more important. In this process, informal and irregular employments haveincreased and this tendency has been most noticeable among female workers in these countries. Therefore, throughthis international comparative study, we concern ourselves with the actual situation of employment, working
conditions and work, and the mechanism of how these are decided at the workplaces in supermarkets andcaregiving, in which many female irregular workers are working. Moreover, we will discuss the attempts toorganize female irregular workers and the new role of their trade unions.
The reason we consider both supermarket workers and caregivers is that they seem to have different ways ofintegrating into the labor market, even if they are both categorized as female irregular workers. The former caneasily form collective labor-management relations, and their trade unions can regulate their employment andworking conditions. In contrast, the latter irregular workers in these three countries commonly have inferior,unstable employment and working conditions as marginal workers, but are also difficult to organize. Thus, we canclarify the structurally different forms of irregularization of labor by comparing and contrasting these two groups ofirregular female workers.
Coordinator：Nobuko Yokota（Yamaguchi University）
Chair：Nobuko Yokota（Yamaguchi University）

Yoko Tanaka（University of Tsukuba）
１．Work-style and Employment Structure in Supermarkets in Japan
Masako Mitsuyama（Doshisha University）
With the implementation of structural reforms to strive to overcome global competition, the social
systems and laws which regulated working conditions (including hours, shift-work, safety, etc.) for
workers have been diminished in Japan. For example, regulation of business hours for supermarkets
in Japan, which could affect workers’ work-style and work conditions, has been eliminated. As aresult, most supermarkets in Japan have abolished regularly closed day, and thebusiness hours

have become much longer.
This study concerns how business hours of supermarkets, working hours of workers and theemployee management system, which strongly affect workers’ work-style and working conditions,are decided at the workplaces of supermarkets. Moreover, as many female workers and irregular
workers work at supermarkets in Japan, we will clarify through fact-finding case studies for somesupermarket companies, how their work styles and conditions affect the employment structure of thesupermarket industry. Finally, we will highlight the characteristics of the regulation for working
condition at the workplace in Japanese supermarkets.
２．Feminization and Precariousness of Labor in Korean Supermarkets Industry
Sung Hee Kim（Seoul Labor Center）
Since 1998 that globalization fever swept the country and rapidly redefining Korean society
structures, the Korean labor market has faced flexibility of the labor, deepening of employment
precariousness, rapidly increase in outsourced/subcontracted employment. The trend is accompaniedby expansion of the labor market entry of women and the peripherization of women labors. Korean
supermarket industry, along with the personal services of the public sector, is a typical sector
employment has continued to expand and feminization and precaritization of employment is themost significant. Korea's large supermarkets(Great Mart) industry has experienced the globalization
process of advances of the the global supermarket chain companies

headquartered in the UnitedStates, the United Kingdom and France and at the same time localization process of entries ofleading conglomerates(Chaebols) as the dominant operator of supermarkets. Thus, theprecaritization and the feminization of employment like upsurges of irregular women workers is
co-product of foreign-based global companies and conglomerates. Women workers in the
supermarket industry is positioned as a peripheral status and become a symbol of Korean
employment precariousness.

３．Work Style and Employment Structure in German Supermarkets
Yoko Tanaka（University of Tsukuba）
This study clarifies how the working conditions of female precare workers, particularly their formsof employment and working hours, are arranged in supermarkets in Germany. By conducting
interviews with members of trade unions, works councils, and corporate managers, the mechanism
used to decide the allocation of the workforce will be analyzed.
In comparison with Japan and South Korea, the situation in Germany will be discussed in terms of
the following questions. First, how well or not do German part-time workers, who bear advantages
as regular employees and have shorter working hours, coordinate workplace requirements with theirpersonal and familial situations? Second, what kind of functions do German “mini-jobbers” have,
who work for limited hours with disadvantaged working conditions, which is similar to those ofJapanese part-time workers.
Lastly, the ways in which German trade unions and works councils regulate working hours andemployment forms will be compared with the situation in Japan and Korea.
４．The Unionization and the Actual Situation of Long Term Care Workers in Japan
Sachi Kotani（Nihon University）
At this section meeting, we will discuss the long term care workers as a job which is famously
difficult to unionize and with many workers placed in very bad, unstable employment and working
conditions on the fringes of the labor market. When you mention the long term care workers, added
to the relationship between the owners and workers, there is also--characteristic of the service
industry--the relationship with the customers (the user), and on top of that, the constraints of thelong term care insurance system. For example, because of the 2012 revision of long-term care tariff,
over 45 minutes of home help service became the unit of time used for calculation. It is necessary to
focus on the influence brought about by such policy guidance aimed at the fragmentation of visitingtimes. Furthermore, there are the characteristics of workers engaged in care work, or thecharacteristics of care work itself, for example it is vital to consider the specialization or reciprocity
of care. In particular, in the case of home visits, because it is a personal visit, it is mostly a one on one
relationship. This makes it dispersive, and opportunities to work in groups, except for in training,are very few.
This report, based on the actual working conditions of the long term care workers which has thekind of characteristics listed above, and taking up the example of unionization, makes clear astrategy aimed at improving the quality of employment.

５．The Actual Situation of Labor and Organization of the Care-givers in Korea
Nobuko Yokota（Yamaguchi University）
With the progress of globalization since the 1990s, the domestic economy has rapidly shifted toservice industries in Korea. As a result, the Korean service industries split into two types. Bothchaebol-owned and foreign companies, which expelled the traditional, indigenous and small service
industries, developed one type, and the other has been involved in the service economy but kept thelabor processes and modes of work of the service workers as they traditionally used to be.
While a typical example of the former is the distribution industry, that of the latter is the caregiving sector. Care-giving has become part of the mainstream of service industries in an aging society
since the nursing-care insurance system started in 2008. However, traditional, inferior employment
and labor process, and unfair social evaluation of care-givers, who are mostly middle-aged and older
women with a low educational background, have remained the same though they came to be
employed as workers by care-giving business offices. And so, we will clarify how care-givers havebeen organized and how their movement has changed laws and systems in order to improve theirworking conditions and acquire fair recognition of being workers, as well as the actual situation ofthese workers.
６．The Actual Situation of Labor and Organization of the Care-Givers in Germany
Uta Meier-Gräwe（University of Giessen）
The German care system is a rather conservative sector relying on the family as “care giver
number 1.” It is based on assumptions that have become obsolete in the German society. Today,(mainly) female relatives can no longer reliably care for their relatives, for various reasons: women
engage in gainful employment, demographic aging, and also as a consequence of the changes infamily life.
This presentation demonstrates how extreme underfunding of the public care sector in Germany
lead to highly unattractive working and wage conditions for the mainly female care givers in
in-patient, as well as out-patient, care positions. This development is identified as a major cause forthe care sector’s enormous labor shortage that can be found today.
On the other hand, as part of the nursing insurance, private households are given the possibility toreceive care allowance in order to acquire and self-organize their own nursing services. This leads toa Europe-wide “black-gray” market of nursing personnel tolerated by politics. Approximately
200,000 female East Europeans work as 24/7-“indoor”-nurses in German private households under
exploitative conditions. Irregularly employed female migrants are especially found in these positons.

But also great numbers of East Europeans workers who are legally able to work, due to Freedom of
Movement of Workers agreement within Europe, are not employed under fair conditions. This
presentation will also point out alternatives that are being practiced in Scandinavian countries.

４． Poverty revisited at the time of flexible labor market(1) Poverty remains to be important issue for social policy because general affluence of economy
cannot solve it. Recently increase in unemployment due to flexibility of labor market is the
crucial point of the matter. Korea and Japan haven’t so serious problem as West-European
countries because the two has had less unemployment. However, the two have now more
single-person households, feminization of labor, and atypical employment. It is matter of time forthem to have similar situation about unemployment and poverty to Europe.
(2) Traditional employment policy is not effective to chronic unemployment. France and Sweden try
to include the hard-core unemployed socially with vocational training and income maintenanceprograms. The traditional theory of poverty is also challenged by new trend of social inclusion.
Theoretical renovation is needed.
(3) Issues on poverty are diverse and complicated. It is difficult to get easy solution for it. In thissession we are discussing on various points on poverty based on our present situations to seekcommon framework for the future study.
Coordinator：Kazuo TAKADA（Hitotsubashi University）
Chair: Naoko SOMA （Yokohama National University）
Discussant: Yusuke KAKITA（Oita University）
Kazuo TAKADA（Hitotsubashi University）
１．Reexamination in the theory of poverty
Nobuo SHIGA（Osaka City University）"Relative deprivation theory" of Peter Townsend is still the newest theory of poverty. However,"new poverty" as a social issue after the 1980s has some elements which cannot be explained by thetheory. In this presentation I’ll examine Townsend’s and allied theories to show that the social
exclusion theory clarifies “new poverty".
My theory adopts citizenship approach as the theoretical framework, because the citizenshipapproach is characteristic in the EU social policy against social exclusion. In so doing, following threechanges in the theoretical transition "from relative deprivation theory to social exclusion theory” areexplained.

1. In terms of “social participation” concept in the theory of poverty: Change from roleaccomplishment model to self-determination model
2. In terms of behavior model of man as a premise for the theory of poverty:

Change from thesucceeded ability model to the diverse ability model
3. In terms of definition to understand poverty: Change from the material deprivation to thesubstantial freedom(or right) deprivationCurrent Status and Issues of labor education carried out bypractitioners
２．”Second Safety Net”and Social Security Reform
Takao SASAKI（Tokyo University of Social Welfare）
In Japan the programs called “the second safety net” were established when unemployment
increased after the financial crisis in 2008. The Job Seeker Support System and the Self-Reliance
Support for the Destitute are the typical programs for that. General discussion on social security
system also has been done. Comprehensive reform of social security plus tax was planned, and as one
step of the reform the consumption tax was raised in April last year. New childcare allowance wasintroduced last April. Also reformed is the long-term care insurance and medical care programs.
Financial sustainability is regarded as the first agenda in the Japanese social security. On theother hand poverty is another important issue to tackle. The presentation will make clear how the
problems of poverty has been dealt with in the succession of the social security reform, what future
prospects is for “the second safety net”, and what the unattained tasks are.

３．Theories of Poverty Reconsidered: Implications for Social Sciences and Social Policy
Yun Tae Kim（Department of Sociology, Korea University）
The conceptions, definitions and measurement of poverty are long-standing theoretical problems
in social sciences. This article analyzes the theoretical debates of absolute poverty, relative poverty,
capability deprivation, social exclusion, and discusses about the historical development, policy
implication and relevance of the concepts. Numerous factors contribute to the concepts of poverty,
including economic, social and cultural forces. This author explored the evolution of the concept ofpoverty to identify implication for consideration in the social scientific research and social policy. It
argued that poverty is multidimensional and should be understood as a complex social phenomenon.
The multidimensional context of poverty is not based on conflicts of concepts but interdependence ofthem. The appropriate measures to fight against poverty contributed both to preventive welfare andex post facto policies for helping the poor. The concept of relative poverty can be applied to measureand evaluate poverty situation in society, but absolute poverty can be a tool for social assistance or
public assistance. Social exclusion should be introduced to measure the social risk of capability andright. The mature welfare states have performed better social wellbeing through effective social
policies based on the concepts of multidimensional poverty. The anti-poverty policies should becoordinated with multidimensional policy programs that work.
４ ． The role of health, disability, ability to work, and the health security in the process of
impoverishment: A case study of a precarious housing community in Seoul
Haejoo Chung（School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University）
Background: Solitary death in a single-room-occupancy housing area, Dongja-dong, continues torepresent severe social problems in South Korea. While the inverse gradient between individual andhousehold socioeconomic status and health outcomes is well established, limited research haveexamined underpinning mechanisms pertaining to entrenched health inequalities among residents
in impoverished areas. This study was to understand residents’ experiences as follows: (1) which
pathway people experience before becoming residents in a precarious housing area; (2) what priority
health issues residents have or struggled with; and (3) what strategies of intervening actions andpolicies are receptive and sustainable.
Methods: The present study explored the experiences of 24 residents recruited from naturalistic
community settings from May to July, 2013. Rooted in a community-based participatory research
approach, we conducted 24 semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. Data were coded using open andaxial coding through an iterative comparative process.
Results: Five major themes emerged from the data: (1) Community residents experience pasttraumatic experiences including extreme material deprivation, illnesses or disability, andconsecutive loss of labor opportunities before becoming residents in an inner city; (2) Community
residents face multiple barriers to a healthy environment; (3) Perceived social exclusion,
self-deprivation, and hopelessness permeate the community; (4) Excessive alcohol use, chronic
disease, mental health, oral health, malnutrition are priority health issues; (5) Residents suggested
ways to improve the current community health environment and residents’ wellness at thecommunity and policy levels.
Conclusion: The current study revealed a vicious cycle – extreme poverty, loss of being healthy relate
to morbidity or disability, and loss of labor opportunities – that people experienced before becoming a
residents in a precarious housing area. Increased understanding of interrelationship between
marginalization and health inequalities among disadvantaged populations in an inner city can
inform the development and implementation of complex intervening strategies tailoredappropriately for vulnerable residents in an urban slum at the community and policy levels.

５． Intersubjective structure of vocational capabilities, Part 1: training, qualification andremuneration

It is quite difficult to describe and evaluate a vocational capability. It is not impossible to measurea narrowly defined ability such as how many chalks a worker can put into a paper box within aminute, however, such ability is only a small part of the capability necessary in an actual vocational
life. Thus a clear and evident measurement of a vocational capability would be substantially
impossible, or could not pay, and such capabilities tend to be described in much plainer manners. For
example, vocational education and training, amount of remuneration and its calculation, and status or
qualifications of the worker should be proxy indicators of vocational capabilities. it is very
interesting that one can observe some difference in capabilities among workers on equal footing insuch proxy indicators, and that all concerned persons would recognize the difference. In suchsituation it is neither by a single objective manner, nor by disorganized subjective standards, but by
an intersubjective standard of evaluation that a difference in capability could be recognized, and a
shopfloor could be work on such intersubjective standard. This first session will overview thisintersubjective structure of vocational capabilities, and submit some point arguable in the next
session on entry, selection and treatment in employment.

Coordinator：Tomoji ONOZUKA （University of Tokyo）
Chair: Kazue ENOKI（Hosei University）
Discussant :Katsuhiro

SHIMIZU（Chuo University）

１．The Formation of Grade-Based Wage System in the Post-War Era: A Case Study of Yawata Steel
Works
WOO

Jongwon（Saitama University）

This paper examines the formation process of grade-based wage system in the post-war era,
focusing on the case of Yawata Steel Works.
In the late 1960s, the merit-based personnel system and the merit-based wage system, which areadmitted to contribute not only each firm’s profit but also Japan economy’s growth, were establishedat the large Japanese firms, The previous researches have explained this process of establishment
especially by the concept of “from the job-based to the human-based” transition. This point of viewcompares the Japanese-style HRM to the American-style HRM, and highlights the management’s
rediscovering process of the Japanese value. In contrast, this paper underlines the rediscovering

process of the union and management on the worker’s inclination for enhancement. The Yawata
Steel Works case shows that the merit system was driven by the labor union and accepted by the
management. The labor union sought to abolish the status gap between the white collar workers andblue collar workers, and intended to implement the equal pay raise system based on the worker’s
grade of ability.
２．Education, qualification, and professional abilities in France - from the Inter-War Period to theHigh-Growth Era Noriko MATSUDA（Shizuoka University）
Linkage between industry and education in France had become an issue since the mid-19th
century, with the concern focused on the decline in the quality of labor, while the role of the State waslimited, also reflecting the economic liberalism. In the 20th century, especially in the inter-war
period, the State would strengthen its active involvement in the development of technical education
for the purpose of the promotion of professional training. In order to support high growth in post-war
France, the intensification of human resource development became a challenge, and France selecteda policy to link educational background to a variety of vocational abilities. Thus, those abilities ofyoung people in France are, within such a structure, considered to be constructed in a wide variety ofcourses in institutional education and evaluated by external systems rather than from within thecompany.
３．The formation of the competency-based HRM system at Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Makoto SUZUKI（The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training）
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation reformed the HRM system in 1968. The introduction of the system
has resulted in a certain measure of completion of the system to solve various problems in HRM,
which are 1) university graduate treatment and selection, 2) treatment of employees who became
blue-collar worker in spite of graduation from high school, 3) treatment of employees hired
mid-career, 4) disparities in treatment by gender, 5) difference in treatment by academic-background.
And the reformed system was characterized as “a job-specific competency-based system” strongly
defined by the job. Then in 1978, the company reformed the HRM system again. The 1978 reform
was an important reorganization, but the company didn’t abandon the principle of “a job-specificcompetency-based system”. It maintained “the job-specific competency-based system” with somemodifications, while other companies did a shift of the system that was said to be “from job tocompetency” and abandoned the idea of the evaluation relative to the job that originally was includedin the competency-based systems.

６．Care Works of Supporting Families with Young Children and Women’s Empowerment

Child care support recently became one of great movement in Japan. Japanese Government
included new care and support system in 2015 advocated by carers and parents. We directed thesurvey that covered 8prefecture in Japan, so as to find facts and effects of activates in child care andfamily support.
Coordinator：Naoko SOMA（Yokohama National University）
Discussant 1: Hiroto MATSUKI（Osaka City University）
Discussant 2: Rie HASHIMOTO（Kansai Planning Art Institute）
Discussant 3: Kiyomi INOUE（Kawaguchi Junior College）
１．”Family-Support Care Work” and Care Workers’ Empowerment
Naoko SOMA （Yokohama National University）
Satoko HORI（Tokyo University and Graduate School of Social Welfare）
The government has implemented various family support policies in the context of a pro-natalist
policy and has created a “new” type of care work for child and family support in local society since the1990s. The aim of this paper is to analyze, by use of our original survey conducted with child andfamily support care workers, how this new type of care work has the effect of enhancing the social,economic, and political empowerment of women.
２．The Fact-Finding Survey for Carers Supporting Families with Young Children
Satoko CHIKAMOTO（Consumer Co-operative Institute of Japan）
We find out some large effects of care-works on carers who are supporting families with young
children in Japan . One of great effect is to be encouraged by care-works to get money and toentrepreneur NPO’s or groups in the community. We suppose that they got the license in their youth(about 40%) and once retire from teaches, after or in their child rearing they started to become carers
in their living area. Care-works empower them to be good carers, but salary is low. How we canchange to protect carers including various work level? We are able to discus on these issues as
focusing on the survey.

３．An Analysis of “Work” of Carers Supporting Families with Young Children
Mika OMAGARI（Ochanomizu University）
The purpose of this paper is to explore the working environment of child and family support care
workers, using data from a survey on their working hours. Little is known empirically about theactual situation of care worker supporting children and families. Therefore we need to consider thissituation in order to improve their care working environment.This paper focuses on the length ofworking hours and the difference between paid work and unpaid work, and clarifies the conditions
surrounding actual situation of child and family support care work. Furthermore, this research
investigates how child and family support care workers are empowered by being paid for their work.

The Self-Support programs for Needy People is a system which is intended to lead the needy
people to stable employment or social participation. In particular, the employment preparation
program and intermediate work program are important. In this program, there are the policy of
expansion of short-term work opportunities

in the private sector on the one hand. But, the support

policy of long-term the work experience is more desirable in the case of people who suffer fromvarious difficulties on the other hand.
However, on the assumption that the government does not provide financial assistance, thedevelopment of opportunities for intermediate work is a major issue.

At the same time, it would be

important to provide opportunities for work experience with high-quality and stability.
Focusing on social enterprise as subject to challenge in this challenge, we will analyze theevolution of the social enterprise, in particular the network and coordination from the point of viewof the organizational theory.

７．Precarious Work and Its Organization in Japan, Korea and Germany in the Progress of
Globalization: Female Irregular Workers in Supermarkets and Care-giving, Part 2
See ３．

８．Comparative Research of Japan and Korea in Support Independence of Needy People
This committee is to examine the schemes of Self-reliance for poverty alleviation which werereformed in 2015 in both Japan and Korea. The former Japanese scheme is ““the Law to Support
Independence of People in Need” and the latter Korean one is “Hope Re-born Project” of the Ministryof Health which was integrated with “The Employment Success Package” of the Employment Labor
Relations Division in Korean Government.
These reforms in both countries share the same background of development in workfare policies
based on the severe market fundamentalism along with globalization. These reforms demolish theoutcome of past Half-way

Employment, “half welfare and half working,” by emphasizing a form offull working in employment. This indicates a strong necessity to identify the nature in the past
scheme of self-reliance for poverty alleviation in both countries and to clarify possible problems andsolutions.
Coordinator：Noriki TODA（Kobe Shinwa
Discussant: Nobukatsu OTOMO（Seirei

Women’s University）

Christopher

University）

１．Summary of Self-reliance Scheme for Poverty Alleviation in Korea
Her HyunSook（Ministry of Health & Welfare Republic of Korea）
Although the self-supported projects for recipients who can work have conducted since 2000 in
Korea, the results were dissatisfaction. Overcoming this limitation, “Hope Re-born Project”, theperformance-focused self-support projects, is introduced in 2009.
“Hope Re-born Project” is the scheme that assists the poor to get a valid job or to start new
business by supplying individual personalized services, which is analyzed from case managements.
According to the result of this project, employment and start-up rates are 31.8%, 44.6% and 52.7% in
2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. And their lasting ratio after employed and started are 31.8%,
44.6% and 52.7% in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Not only the ratio of just getting a job orstarting a business, but also the high ratio of lasting is assessed to support for the poor meaningfully.
The project is suggestive as a new support method for the poor.
２．A Trend of Half-way Employment in Korea-Focusing on enforcement after National Basic Living
Security ActKwon Sunho（Kobe

Shinwa

Women’s University）

The goal of this research is to consider how Intermediate Employment has been transferred since
National Basic Living Security Act was implemented, especially focusing on the targets of Half-way
Employment and social welfare service delivery system, and finally to clarify the tasks of them.
For Korea, the policy of Half－way Employment was institutionalized and systematized at 2000,
with starting to institutionalize National Basic Living Security Act. Since then, in terms of thefeatures of the policy, first, it has been expanded to National Basic Living Security Act Recipients , as

well as Near Poverty Group or do who have difficulty seeking job’s, concerning the targets forsupport.
Second, to boost the road of the General Labor Market, Korea government has tried to reinforce
Work Incentive, Individualized Support Programs based on the performance system, while it has cut
down the aid of welfare needed for do who have difficulty seeking job’s such as Social Adjustment
Training Program.
Finally, while the role and function of the social welfare service delivery system were clarified andsystematized, the role of the Ministry of Health and Welfare has been more weakened than the
Ministry of Employment and Labor.
From these 3 features above, we can say Half-way Employment of Korean social welfare has been
downsized.
３．Re-cognizing Vision of ‘The Kushiro Model’ in Support Independence of People in Need
YoshieOHTOMO（Health

Sciences Universityof Hokkaido）

The Law to Support Independence of People in Need, "Half-way Employment” is defined as an
employment form positioned between general work and welfare work. It is built on two different
employment forms; one with employment contract as well as support to maintain the job called"Employment-type". The other one is called "Non-employment-type" to which the minimum wage
does not apply.
As long as " Half-way Employment " is supposed to be a bridge between general employment andemployment continuation support B, it is questioned why employment continuation support A does
nothave minimum wage. How should we make sense of "labor" for people with economicallydisadvantaged in a labor market?
This report reflects on the role of ‘The Kushiro Model’ to illuminate “Half-way Employment " forre-organizing its conceptual framework.

４ ． A Trend of the Policy and Public Assistance for Low-income Families in the Process ofEstablishing the Loan Program for Family Rehabilitation
Satoko TANAKA（Prefectural of University of Hiroshima）
The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of the Loan Program for Family Rehabilitationon the Public Assistance for Low-income Families. The poverty policy in Japan has been carried out
repeatedly through the changes of regulation directly related to the Public Assistance for
Low-income Families.

The paper deals with the political background of why the policy of income security and economic
independence for poverty alleviation were transformed into the Loan Program for Family
Rehabilitation in the period of high economic growth from the late 1950s to the early 1960s.In thelate 1950s, the high economic growth was strongly related to the rapid increases of low-income
people and thus of recipients of the Public Assistance for Low-income Families. This pressure
resulted in the tighten policy implementation under “proper operation” in the Public Assistance for
Low-income Families and transfer to the Loan Program for Family Rehabilitation.
This process from the late 1950s to the early 1960s was also indicating the historical transition of
welfare programs which had been excluding the working poor form the Public Assistance for
Low-income Families.
This historical transition of welfare programs throughout the high economic growth period gives
an important horizon to understand the current development of the 2015 welfare reform, “the Law to
Support Independence of People in Need” which is the scheme of self-reliance for poverty alleviation.
５．Comparative Research of Japan and Korea in Policy of Support Independence for Needy People
Noriki TODA（Kobe Shinwa

Women’s University）

The purpose of the presentation is to investigate the background and the possibility of theHalf-way Employment which was revised in both Japan and Korea simultaneously.
"The Kushiro Model" was the practical example of the welfare independence support program andsubmitted the possibility of 'Half Welfare and Half Employment' as a new independence support. In
Korea. “Hope Re-born Project” in the Ministry of Health and Welfare offered many different
programs provided by the case managements and, in practical, supported the scheme of 'Half
Welfare and Half Employment'.
However, in Japan, the Public Assistance for Low-income Families was reformed and established“the Law to Support Independence of People in Need”. At the same time, in Korea, ‘Hope Re-born
Project’ in the Ministry of Health and Welfare was unified by "Successful Employment Package" thatwas managed under the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
The Half-way Employment was the new scheme of Support for Self-Sufficiency, which was called'Half Welfare and Half Employment', but it recurred to the traditional scheme aiming economic
independence for breaking away from protection in both countries, Japan-and Korea.
This presentation is to identify the problems of the policy change in public assistance forlow-income people that occurred simultaneously in Japan and Korea and to clarify the significance ofthe Half-way Employment as a new independence support scheme called 'Half Welfare and Half
Employment'

９．Intersubjective structure of vocational capabilities, Part 2: entry, selection and treatment in
employment

As the first session has shown, one can observe some difference in capabilities among workers on
equal footing in proxy indicators as training, qualification and remuneration, but such difference
could be recognized by those concerned in the same trade. And we proposed a hypothesis that suchdifference would be measured by an intersubjective standard of evaluation, and that on the very
standard a common understanding and a sense of fairness could be furnished to a world of the trade.
In this second session, when we observe more ambiguous proxy indicators of vocational capabilities
as entry, selection and treatment in employment than training, qualification and remuneration dealt in
the first session, we will argue about how an equal footing in such proxy indicators could bereconsructed, and how a difference in capability would be measured by an intersubjective standard ofevaluation. In place of conclusion of these two sessions we shall show an epistemological basis onwhich labor and personnel management,and peer review among professional scholars, could be
effected actually.
Coordinator：Tomoji ONOZUKA （University of Tokyo）
Chair: Kazue ENOKI（Hosei University）
Discussant : Jun KINOSHITA（Kokugakuin University）
１．On the Career and Vocational Capabilities Building of the Graduates from the Technical HighSchoolHiroshi ICHIHARA（Dokkyo University）
This presentation aims to consider the careers and vocational capabilities building of thegraduates from technical high school through the interview survey of the graduates from Chiba
Technical High School. It will elucidate the differences in jobs and vocational capabilities between
the graduates of technical high schools and universities.
Interviewees are mainly the people who graduated from Chiba Technical High School around 1960,
and who worked for chemical, electric supply, electric machinery, subway, precision machinery andnatural gas supply industry.

２．Historical Consideration of White Collar Compensation System in the US Major Firms: Job, Job
Grading, and Salary
Teiichi SEKIGUCHI（Chuo University）

Compensation plans for white collar employees in the US firms are basically based on “job grading”
system. There has been very little discussion about this system in Japanese academy. In this paper,by using the archived company documents, details of salaries of white collar employees and “jobgrading” system will be explored from the historical perspective.
３ ． Discourse on difference of vocational capabilities and entry, selection

and treatment in

employmet at the early stage of industrial society in Britain
Tomoji ONOZUKA （University of Tokyo）
There is a common belief that in the craft tradition of Britain after the Industrial Revolution every
workman after proper apprenticeship was equally capable and paid equally in a single rate. But, tothe contrary, one can easily find in the contemporary records that there were quite many pieces of
discourse which describe and recognize difference of vocational capabilities and wage differentials
among workmen in the same trade. Also many evidences could be observed which showed that not
only employers but also workers gave an approval to such difference.
This paper will consider why and how the common belief of equal footing could emerge among
discourse and recognition of difference, and will try to approach to what entry, selection andtreatment in employment did mean in the intersubjective structure of vocational capabilities andhow a member was treated in a trade societies or engineers’ institutions.