Introduction to Quantinuum
Trapped-Ion Quantum Computing
Steve Sanders
KEK Workshop
26 March, 2024

Outline▪ Introduction to Quantinuum as a Company▪ Our Quantum Computing Architecture – the Trapped Ion Quantum
Charged Coupled Device (QCCD)▪ Current H-Series Machine Performance and Features▪ What can you do with the machine?
▪ The Future – Scaling to Larger Systems© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

▪ Introduction to Quantinuum▪ The Trapped Ion Quantum Charged Coupled Device (QCCD)▪ Current H-Series Machine Performance and Features▪ What can you do with the machine?
▪ The Future – Scaling to Larger Systems

Quantinuum at-a-glance
WHO WE ARE

WHAT WE OFFER

LARGEST PLAYER

H-SERIES

in integrated quantum
hardware and software375+
scientists and engineers(of which > 200PhDs)

World class QCCD, ion trap hardware
with industry-leading fidelity andscalability

Scientific publications from Quantinuum>80

InQuanto Quantum chemistry software.
TKET open-source developer tool kit.
LAMBEQ open-source natural language
processing> 400
Global users of H-Series hardware>1,500,000
Collaborations and partnership withleading commercial and academicorganization

CUSTOMERS & PARTNERS

Premier financial
institutions:
JPMC | HSBC

Scientific publications using H-Series
hardware

FULL STACK

Global teams in largest
quantum markets(USA, UK, Europe, Japan)>155

USER COMMUNITY

Downloads of TKET open-source toolkit

Top industrials:
Honeywell | BMW |Airbus | JSR
US Department ofEnergy Labs, RIKEN
Cloud service partner:
Microsoft Azure Quantum© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Accelerating Quantum Computing with an Integrated Approach
Applied Algorithms

Chemistry

Cybersecurity

Third party platforms

Monte Carlo, PDEs, Optimization, QML,QNLP, Condensed Matter Physics, etc.

Quantum Computational Chemistry:
Transforming the discovery of new materials
and novel processes

Quantum Origin: Enterprise-grade
quantum-computing-hardened
cryptographic solution

Enables other partners toleverage the power of quantum
via open-source access

The integrated platform for users of quantum computers

High-performance quantum software development kit | Open-source | > 1 M downloads

Ecosystem back-ends

H – Series Quantum Computers
Powered byQuantinuum Products

Partner / Ecosystem Products© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

▪ Introduction to Quantinuum▪ The Trapped Ion Quantum Charged
Coupled Device (QCCD)▪ Current H-Series Machine Performance and Features▪ What can you do with the machine?
▪ The Future – Scaling to Larger Systems

Quantum Charged Coupled Device (QCCD) Architecture

Wineland et al., J. Nat. Inst. Stand. Tech (1998)

Image credit: NIST

▪ 1 qubit = 1 ion▪ Qubits are mobile▪ Lasers perform gateoperations▪ Laser zones fixed▪ Gate in pairs orsingles▪ Rearrange for arb
connectivity▪ Laser zones
separated → low
cross-talk© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

H2 ion trap32 qubits
traversing H2© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Quantinuum QCCD Trapped-ion Architecture

Quantum bits (qubits) are stored in theelectronic states of IDENTICAL Yb+ ions

171Yb+|1 ۧ

Hyperfine qubit

QCCD architecture enables using gate zones• Minimal and frequent calibrations• All-to-all connectivity• High fidelity operations

Cooling ions provide mid-circuit cooling,
maintaining circuit fidelity throughout circuit
138Ba+

Cooling ion|0 ۧ© 2023 by Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

𝑡=0

QCCD Operation
Qubits move to operation zones, eg gate zones

𝑡=11-qubit gate

Quantum Circuit
𝑡=01|0ۧH|0ۧH

2

34Move, Join

𝑡=22-qubit gate

|0ۧ

|0ۧ
𝑐1

Reinitialize the green qubit → now can use
it again in circuit

Swap, Split
Move, Join

𝑡=32-qubit gate

𝑡=4

Measuregate zones© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

2REAL-WORLD VIEW
150mm

Split and Combine
Ion is transported into the same zone
Ions are combined into a single potential welland then re-separated

Swap
Ions are carefully manipulated to reorder positions© 2024 by Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

▪ Introduction to Quantinuum▪ The Trapped Ion Quantum Charged Coupled Device (QCCD)▪ Current H-Series Machine Performanceand Features▪ What can you do with the machine?
▪ The Future – Scaling to Larger Systems

H-Series Commercial Quantum Processing Units
Key Features▪ Universal gate set + unique native
arbitrary angle two qubit gate
▪ High fidelity emulator to aid indevelopment and debugging

▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

20 fully-connected qubits
5 parallel gating zones
TQ gate fidelity ≥ 99.8%
SQ gate fidelity > 99.995%
SPAM fidelity > 99.7%
Measurement cross talkerror < 0.01%

▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

32 fully-connected qubits
4 parallel gating zones
TQ gate fidelity 99.8%
SQ gate fidelity 99.997%
SPAM fidelity > 99.8%
Measurement cross talkerror < 0.01%▪ Tightly coupled classical computing
and advanced control features enablereal-time, algorithmic decoding▪ Communication API based on
OpenQasm, compatible with QIR,
Qiskit, TKET

© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

H2 Benchmarks1
Component

System-level

Algorithmic▪ Single-qubit randomizedbenchmarking▪ Mirror benchmarking▪ Random circuit sampling▪ 1D transverse field Ising modelsimulation▪ Two-qubit randomized
benchmarking▪ GHZ state fidelity▪ QAOA▪ Quantum volume▪ Repetition code

▪ Two-qubit SU(4) randomizedbenchmarking▪ HoloQUADS▪ Logical circuits▪ Two-qubit parameterized gate
randomized benchmarking▪ Measurement crosstalk brightstate depumping▪ Reset crosstalk bright state
depumpingTransparency▪ Publish the data and processing scripts on Github 2▪ SPAM test
▪ Two-qubit cycle benchmarking

1- Phys. Rev. X 13, 041052
2- github.com/CQCL/quantinuum-hardware-h2-benchmark© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Quantum Volume Benchmarks
Quantum volume is a measure of the largest circuit that can successfully
be run with depth = qubit number. QV = 2min(depth, qubit number)
4 rounds, 12 two-qubit gates
Qubit 0UUUU

Qubit 1PPP

Qubit 2UUUU

Qubit 3
Qubit 0
SQ Z
SQ

Z

SQ
SQ

ZZ

SQ
SQ

ZZ

SQ
SQ

Qubit 1Qubit 2Random two-qubit gateshttps://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2022-05-09-707/Qubit 3Random permutation of qubits© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

H-Series: The Most Benchmarked. The Highest Performing.

Quantum Volume ~ 1,000x higher
than next best published result© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

32 qubits → 496 Qubit Pairings
Qubit

32

182416© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

496 Qubit Pairings, All at High Fidelity
32

1
Identical ion
chains for 2Q
gates

Dedicated gate
locations

82416© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

496 Qubit Pairings, All at High Fidelity
321Identical ionchains for 2Qgates

Dedicated gatelocations

824496 calibrations of qubit interactions replaced with 4calibrations of gate zones

1699.8% 2Q gate Fidelity is currently typicalon H2 system© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

2-Qubit Gate PerformanceH1-1 fidelity is 0.9988 and Long Linear Chain (LLC) fidelity is 0.9954

H1-1 Fidelity▪ Median 0.9989 ± 0.0004▪ IQR: 0.0006

LLC Fidelity▪ Median 0.9954 ± 0.007▪ IQR: 0.0023

H1-1 data across all 5 gate zones, ~2 months of operation© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

2Fidelity first in commercial systems

Average err < 0.1%, avg 2Q fidelity > 99.9%© 2023 Quantinuum Ltd. All rights reserved.

Differentiating Functionality
All-to-All Connectivity
Nearest NeighborAll-to-All

Qubit Measurement and Reuse

Parameterized 2Q gate

Measurement and reuse|𝜓2 ۧ Quantum state remains intact
Measure|𝜓1 ۧ

𝑈𝑧𝑧 (𝜃)𝑅𝑧 (𝜃)

Reinitialize|0ۧ𝑐Conditional logic
If c==1, perform gate
If c==0, do not|𝜓ۧ
𝑐𝑢1 (𝜋/2)▪ 𝑈𝑍𝑍 𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝑍𝑍𝜃/2▪ Applications on
physical layer▪ Low error gatesneeded for both goals== 1

Advanced features + high fidelity → shorter time to solution© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Native Gate Set© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

QCCD Architecture: Scalable AND High Performance
Perfectly identical qubits.

Not engineered,no manufacturing variability.

Any-to-any connectivity withminimal calibrations.

Number of calibrations required <<number of qubit pairs

Mid-circuit cooling: consistent
performance for long circuits.

Included in QCCD architecture “by design”

Low cross-talk mid-circuit measurement.

Required for error correction.
Included in every generation of H-series© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

▪ Introduction to Quantinuum▪ The Trapped Ion Quantum Charged Coupled Device (QCCD)▪ Current H-Series Machine Performance and Features▪ What can you do with the machine?
▪ The Future – Scaling to Larger Systems

H-Series User Publications© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Applications of Mid-Circuit Measurement
Create Long-Range
Entanglement in Constant Depth

arXiv:2302.03029

Create Topological States ofMatter (non-abelian anyons)

Nature 626 (2024) 505-511

QAOA on Circuits having 4x more
Qubits than your Machine(80 qubit MaxCut QAOA on
H1 w/ 20 qubits)

PHYSICAL REVIEW X 13, 041057 (2023)© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Application: Neutrino Oscillations▪ “Multi-Neutrino Entanglement andCorrelations in Dense Neutrino Systems” byMarc Illa and Martin Savage at IQuS,
University of Washington- Effective Hamiltonian for N neutrinos in a 2flavor space- All-to-all interactions- Trotter evolution circuits up to 12 qubits▪ Emulator results and hardware results areconsistent with the ideal Trotter evolution

https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.08656© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Scattering States for Quantum Field Theory▪ “Scattering wave packets of hadrons in gauge
theories: Preparation on a quantum computer”
by Zohreh Davoudi, Chung-Chun Hsieh, andSaurabh Kadam at UMD and IQuS
- Use a shallow circuit ansatz to create wave
packets for scattering experiments in gauge
theories- Optimize circuits classically- Prepare wave packets on H1-1 with high fidelity- arxiv.org/pdf/2402.00840.pdf© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Toward Fault Tolerance and Quantum Error Correction

Deploy theoretically understood error
correction codes (e.g. Surface code)

Explore Emerging paths (e.g. Non-AbelianAnyons, qLDPC, …)

Low intrinsic physical errors

Both Paths
require:All-to-all connectivity

No fixed topology
Low cross-talk MCMR

© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing with QCCD
Fidelity of Logical C-NOT and SPAM better than fidelityof physical C-NOT and SPAM
LogicalPhysicalSPAM

0.9995

0.997

C-NOT[0.9957,0.9963][0.9850, 0.9903]

Quantum Phase Estimation with
Iceberg Code

Decode with
Minimum Weight
Perfect Matching(repetition code)

encodedunencoded

S. A. Moses, et al., arXiv:2305.03828
C. Ryan-Anderson et al., arXiv:2208.01863
K. Yamamoto et. al, arxiv:2306.16608

2020

2021

2022

2023

First demonstration of real-time error
correction on a logical qubit
Iceberg code with quantum
volume 28

C. Self et. al., arxiv:2211.06703

C. Ryan-Anderson et. al., Phys. Rev. X 11, 041058 (2021)

2024

2025

Fault-tolerant one-bit addition withcolor code

Error rate:∼ 1.1 × 10−3 fault tolerant∼ 9.5 × 10−3 unencoded

2026

2027

Magic State Distillation with QIR

N. C. Brown et al., arxiv:2310.12106

Y. Wang et. al., arxiv:2309.09893© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Versatile QEC Testbed Enabled by High Quality Qubits
Many codes alreadydemonstrated on H-series

World’s first demonstrationsof real time decoding▪ Surface codes – not yet published▪ Color code [[7,1,3]] Ryan-Anderson et. al,Phys. Rev. X 11, 041058 (2021)▪ [[5,1,3]] code Ryan-Anderson et al.
<arXiv:2208.01863>▪ [[k+2,k,2]] codes Self et al. <arXiv:2211.06703>▪ Bacon-Shor code – not yet published▪ [[16,2,5]], [[12,2,4]] code – not yetpublished▪ Non-Abelian Anyons Iqbal et al.
<arXiv:2305.03766>▪ [[8,3,2]] code Wang et al. arXiv:2309.09893 (2023)© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

On-premise As a Service© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

H-Series Product Roadmap

2030 +2020
In operation

In operation

In development© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Scaling Trapped-Ion Hardware – Our Strategy
High-fidelity
qubitsHigh-performance,high-capacity traps

Atomic Ions

Ion Traps

Light-Delivery to Ions

Control Electronics▪ Every ion identical▪ More capable traps▪ Miniaturize the optics▪ Modular – add cards▪ Ions easy to create▪ More qubits per trap area

▪ Integrate functionalities▪ Miniaturize – ASIC

▪ Every ion high-fidelity▪ More qubits per trap electrode▪ Move nearer to trap

▪ Scalable software▪ Much more capability
per qubit▪ More qubits per trap power, etc.

▪ Move onto trap

▪ Hybrid computing forreal-time error correction

Modular, scalable subsystems▪ Need fewer qubits!
Confidential and Proprietary© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Trap Scaling Roadmap

LINEARPARALLELGATE ZONESGRID

INTEGRATED OPTICSLARGE SCALE

Grid Trap Prototype

Photonic Waveguides& Couplers

Modular, Tiled Traps

Akhtar et al, (Sussex/Universal Quantum)
arxiv.org/pdf/2203.14062.pdf

Confidential and Proprietary© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Trap Scaling Progress

H1

H2

Grid-trap prototype

GridConfidential and Proprietary© 2023 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Ion Sorting in Full 2D QCCD Array: Concept© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Ion Sorting in Full 2D Grid: Realized(with reduced electrode count)© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Future Applications – High Energy and Nuclear Physics?
PRL 129, 212502 (2022)

PRL 131, 172501 (2023)

PRL 130, 152502 (2023)

arXiv:2306.06432v1© 2024 Quantinuum. All rights reserved.

Thank you!