沙漠研究 23-4, 185 -191 (2014)－APCSEET2013 Refereed Papers－

Journal of Arid Land Studies

Research, Education and Extension of Environmental Technologies
in Developing Countries- Case Study of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
Masaaki YAMADA*1), Yoshiko KAWABATA2) and Yosei OIKAWA1)
Abstract: Universities have a unique ability to support international cooperation involving environmentally and socioeconomicallysound development, through integrated interactive field and laboratory research, and the associated dissemination of new informationand technologies to targeted populations. Since 2008, the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology has undertaken three ruraldevelopment initiatives, in Vietnam, Uzbekistan and Brazil. This paper discusses the University’s attempts to organize on-site
development education, studies focused on the challenges of family farms, and the diffusion of appropriate technologies for improved
production. Students and staff of the University and its local sister schools cooperated on the projects, with development intervention
financing from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and scientific research funding from additional sources.
Participation of the rural beneficiaries in all phases of the initiatives boosted the projects’ effectiveness. Today’s increasing donor
expectations of universities’ social contributions may further mobilize academic human resources and lead to better global society.
Key Words: Agroforestry, Charcoal, Grassroots technical cooperation, Research grant, Silk.

1. Introduction
In the United States, the fundamental mission of Land
Grant Universities has been government-university-private
sector partnerships for the advancement of practical research
associated with national needs, based on the notion of public
service and the transfer of research results to better society A).
Originally, land-grant education was intended for the childrenof ordinary people in agriculture and mechanical engineering,with an emphasis on pragmatic studies as stipulated by the
Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The Hatch Act of 1887
specified that the research functions of the universities be
carried out by agricultural experiment stations. The resulting
information and technology were to be disseminated throughthe Cooperative Extension Service, as designated by theSmith-Lever Act of 1914. In an age when half of the US
population lived on farms, agriculture was the main business ofthe day and thus a prime focus of the land-grants A).
However, World War II, the 1970s crisis of economic
competition with Germany and Japan, and a shift in industrial
structure from rural to military and civilian industries changed
the orientation of the original land-grant model from public
service to one based on non-agricultural commercial sectors.
This new emphasis was also adopted by private universities allover the country A). Various national acts passed in the 1980s* Corresponding Author: masaakiy@cc.tuat.ac.jp
3-5-8, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, JAPAN
1) Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
2) International Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japanlinked American universities to industry in order to spur thenation’s economic recovery. This seemingly provided alesson for the incorporation of national universities in Japan in
2004 during its long economic slump.
Article 22 of Act No. 112 of 2003 (the National University
Corporation Act) entitled a National University Corporation to
conduct the following services in Japan B):(i) To establish a National University and operate it.
(ii) To provide students with counseling on their education,
career paths, and physical and mental well-being, as wellas other forms of support.
(iii) To conduct educational and research activities withparties outside a National University Corporation, byreceiving commissions or in joint collaboration.
(iv) To furnish educational opportunities to the public byuniversity extension courses and other programs.
(v) To disseminate research outcomes of a National
University and promote the use of them.
(vi) To finance projects designated by government ordinance,
which promote the practical application of inventions at a
National University.
(vii) To conduct services ancillary to the matters listed in theitems above.
While item (i) relates to academic research and education
functions, and (ii) refers to student services, items (iii), (iv), (v)and (vi) define a university’s outreach or social contribution, as（Received, August 30th, 2013; Accepted, February 13th, 2014）

functions of the land-grant Cooperative Extension System.
The Act became effective in April 1, 2004, accompanied by
the Intermediary Objectives (1st period; April 2004 to March
2010) prescribed by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology based on Article 30 of the Act, andcorresponding Intermediary Plans under Article 31 andprepared by each National University Corporation. The first
Administrative Council of the National University Corporationof Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology was heldthat month with sixteen councilors including nine external
members C) to constitute “equal to or more than half” of theCouncil as required by item (iii), paragraph (2), Article 20 of
the Act, which demanded an objective performance review
from a university corporation. In view of the University’s
Intermediary Plan, that stipulated the promotion ofcomprehensive and interdisciplinary research in partnershipwith society to fulfill its social responsibilities, and global
contributions through academic exchange and cooperation D),
Councilor Mr. Atsushi Hatakenaka, then Vice President of theJapan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and a former
Japanese ambassador to Australia and South Africa, stressed atechnological university’s potential in facilitating sustainable
development of underdeveloped countries, which are still
heavily dependent upon the primary sector, and foodprocessing and light manufacturing of the secondary sector.
The predecessors of Tokyo University of Agriculture andTechnology, the Meiji Interior Ministry’s Agricultural Training
Institute and Sericulture Experiment Section, were founded in
1874 E) to back up the two most important national industries atthat time. These industries contributed to rapid
industrialization and modernization of Japan before World War
II. (Even today, the Emperor plants rice and the Empress
feeds silkworm in the Palace of Central Tokyo, in the annual
imperial rites for prosperity of the nation). In 1890, theAgricultural Training Institute was expanded and integrated
with the Secondary Department (renamed Practical
Applications Department in 1898) of the Agricultural Collegeof the Imperial University (today’s University of Tokyo),which later incorporated itself into Tokyo Imperial College ofAgriculture and Forestry in 1935. On the other hand, theSericulture Experiment Section became Tokyo Imperial
College of Sericulture in 1914. After World War II, both
Imperial Colleges of Agriculture and Sericulture merged into
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology in 1949, with
its Faculty of Agriculture and Faculty of Textile. Around thattime, cotton textiles took over the lead in Japanese exports ofsilk threads and fabric. Finally in 1962, the Faculty of Textile
changed its name to Faculty of Engineering when Japanese
exports of all textile goods were surpassed by iron, steel, andmachinery. During this reform, the Departments ofTable 1. JICA Partnership Projects of Tokyo University of Agriculture
and Technology.
Country &Location
Viet NamThừa Thiên
Huế
Province
Uzbekistan
Farg'ona(Fergana)
Province

Periodmm/yy
07/08-06/11(phase 1)
08/11-03/13(follow-up)
09/09-08/12(phase 1)

Xorazm(Khwarezm)
Province

03/13-09/15(phase 2)

BrazilPará State

11/11-03/16(phase 1)

Official English Title &(Running Title of the Project)
Improving Rural Living and Nature
Conservation by Multipurpose Useof Charcoal and Wood Vinegar in
the Bach Ma National Park
(Bach Ma Charcoal Project)
Revitalization of the Silk Road Silk
Industry in Uzbekistan Developing a Rural Income
Generation Model by the Improved
Sericulture in Fergana Valley
Technical Cooperation Project for
Promotion of the Silk-Road
Industry in Uzbekistan Developing a Technical Transfer
Model to Increase Sideline Incomeof Remote Villages(Uzbek Silk Project)
Project for Rural Income
Enhancement and Environmental
Conservation and Rehabilitation in
the Brazilian Amazon throughDissemination and Certification of
Successional Agroforestry Systems
Developed by the Nikkei Farmers(Amazon Agroforestry Project)

Budget
106 ¥
50

30
50

50

100

Sericulture and Practical Sericulture were transferred fromFaculty of Textile (later Engineering) to Faculty of Agriculture.
In this way, Tokyo University of Agriculture andTechnology has been an academic and technological engine forthe modern industrial development of Japan, both in primaryand secondary (especially light industry) sectors, with anemphasis on practical applications for farm fields and factory
floors. Therefore the University may find its special mission
in international cooperation or globalized outreach todeveloping countries, which may in return enrich research andeducation as intended in the land-grant model. In carryingout this mission faculty and students experience first-hand therealities of underdevelopment, gain insights into sustainable
rural development, and are motivated to conduct participatory
research to alleviate farmers’ challenges at the following
project sites.

2. Outline of the Projects
In response to the recommendation of Councilor
Hatakenaka, University President Dr. Seizo Miyata (term: May
2001- April 2005) ordered a task force for elaborating a JICA
Partnership Project F). It was four years before the first project
was launched in Central Vietnam in 2008 (Table 1).
This study takes the form of action research, throughimplementation of the projects regulated by JICA’s project
cycle management (PCM) G) with supervision of JICA Global
Plaza office. The authors conducted semi-structured

Fig. 2. Organogram of Bạch Mã Charcoal Project (follow-up phase).

Fig. 1. Demonstration of rice-husk charcoal making to local farmers
and Bạch Mã National Park rangers.

interviews, questionnaires and observations to identify
beneficiary needs and to evaluate project performance inreference to the project design matrix (PDM) of each project.

3. Project Outputs and Outcomes
3.1. Vietnam H)
This project aimed to improve rural living throughsustainable development based upon multi-purpose use ofagro-waste charcoal (Fig. 1) in the buffer zone of Bạch Mã
National Park I), Central Vietnam. A goal of the project wasthat local people live in harmony with the conserved nature of
the Park, which was a Vietnamese candidate for a World
Natural Heritage site. The project was planned with the vicedirector of the Park, Mr. Nguyễn Vũ Linh, an awardee of aJapanese Grant Aid for Human Resource Development
Scholarship (July 2004-September 2006). Mr. Nguyễn Vũ
Linh studied with the first and third authors and received amaster degree from the Department of International
Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of
Agriculture of Tokyo University of Agriculture andTechnology in 2006, when the initial project proposal was
submitted to JICA. Our local sister school, Hue University ofAgriculture and Forestry, and its partner institution Hue Center
for Agricultural Research and Development also participated in
the project, with faculty, researchers, students, and model
horticulturists working within suburban Hue City (Fig. 2).
Using limited information on rural life and production
systems within the Park’s extensive buffer zone, which consistsof a mosaic of different soil, climate, topography and ethnicity
types, a baseline survey was conducted in 2009 to clarify thepriority of project activities (Bạch Mã Charcoal Project, 2011).
Meanwhile, charcoal kilns were constructed in Khe Su
Hamlet, located two km southeast of the Park headquarters, toFig. 3. CEFL Model proposed by the Bach Ma Charcoal Project.

demonstrate agro-waste charcoal production to farmers.
Using charcoal and wood vinegar made from agro-wastes suchas rice husks, organic fertilizer production, integrated pest
management, and piglet health control were tried out
successfully (Fig. 3) (Arima, 2013).
Researchers and students of the Japanese and Vietnamese
sister schools worked together to address challenges of farmers
in the field and laboratory, and presented their research findings
to them by lectures and field-day events. Three bachelor
theses, six master theses, and numerous articles were publishedin the process. Recently-weaned piglets demonstrated asignificant reduction in diarrhea occurrence: 22.5% of thecontrol group compared to 1.6% of piglets treated with feed
mixed with 1% in weight of wood-vinegar-moistened charcoal.
The latter showed 440 g per day of weight growth,significantly better than 350 g per day of the control group.
New crops including strawberry were introduced forparticipatory evaluation of their economic potential. In
addition, new markets for organic vegetable were developed in
nearby cities (Nguyen, 2012). The project received
Vietnamese and French TV coverage and newspaperinterviews, and participant farmer leaders were invited to threeinternational conferences in Vietnam and Thailand, organizedFig. 5. Sericulture orientation to Uzbek farmers.
Fig. 4. Uzbek Silk Project and multipurpose use of mulberry trees.

by the Asian Development Bank, to share project achievements.
By the end of the Project, 155 famers received agriculturaltraining, of which 36 were entitled as master farmers.
3.2. Uzbekistan J)
Thanks to its unique foundation as mentioned earlier,Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology holds anextensive network of sericulture scientists and practitioners, aswell as related industries. The second author, having longand extensively studied the water quality of the Aral Sea andgroundwater in Uzbekistan, witnessed farm soil degradationfrom salinization that trapped farmers in poverty and poor
health. She fell upon the idea of reviving the ancient symbolof the Uzbek Silk Road, the mulberry (Morus alba) tree.
These trees were once planted along Uzbek roads and farmboundaries like the old ‘soil binder’ mulberry trees in Japan, forfeeding silkworms, and producing fruit, timber, fuelwood andshade (Uzbek Silk Project, 2012). We expected that the
introduction of improved silkworm races and the developmentof multiple products from mulberry trees, such as processed
fruit (e.g., jam and juice) and wood crafts made of old trees,
would increase local farm income. We hoped this would
motivate them to plant and maintain mulberry hedgerows thatwould also contribute to ameliorating the micro climate offarm lots (Fig. 4).
The project is continuing in its second phase incollaboration with Uzbek Research Institute of Sericulture K) L),with two sericulture science graduates of our University
stationed in Uzbekistan during the spring and autumn breeding
seasons. Our faculty in related specializations, such as
silkworm disease and plant pathology, are dispatched whenneeded. With the introduction of Japanese silkworm
crossbreeds Shungetsu × Hōshō and Kinshū × Shōwa, andorientations at frequent farm visits, Uzbek farmers familiar
with silkworms for generations quickly picked up
recommended know-hows (Yamada et al, 2012). The

Fig. 6. Poster of Handicraft Contest Exhibition in Tashkent.

Fig. 7. Uzbek Rural women learning handicrafts (left) and theirproducts sold at JETRO Shop Narita Airport.

cocoons they produced were spun to 3A-ranked warp certified
at the Gunma Sericultural Technology Center in Japan (Fig. 5).
The project participants yielded 20-40% more cocoon byweight and a 10-20% better unit price, resulting in an increaseof one-month’s income for an average family farm in theregion. The project’s successes received attention from the
Uzbek Government that resulted in a technical cooperationaccord with our University, and a national plan to promote
sericulture. Conferences and seminars on this project were
held in Tashkent and Tokyo with TV coverage.
In addition, the project collaborated with the Uzbek
Business Women Association (BWA) in developing
handicrafts made of traditional silk ikat ‘atlas’ to empower
rural women by giving them a side income source. A contest
was held in Japan that received almost 300 creative designs

Fig. 8. Activities of the Amazon Agroforestry Project.

donated to BWA, and winner exhibitions were mounted at themalls Iias Tsukuba and Sapporo, Gunma Prefectural
Government in Maebashi, the Uzbekistan Embassy in Tokyo,
and the Ikuo Hirayama International Caravan-Sarai of Culture(ICSC) in Tashkent (Fig. 6). The silk products of female
farmers have been marketed at the Japan External Trade
Organization (JETRO) One Village, One Product Markets at
Narita and Kansai International Airports, university
cooperative shops and others (Fig. 7).
3.3. Brazil M)
In the Amazon region of South America, Japaneseimmigrants and their descendants have been farming for morethan a century, and a settlement called Tomé-Açu is world
famous for its unique agroforestry practice (Anderson, 1990).
The Tomé-Açu Agroforestry has been nominated as a ‘social
technology’ by the Brazilian government, and has been themain research topic of the first author for the last two decades(Yamada, 1999). The Amazon Agroforestry Project has agoal of disseminating the nikkei agroforestry methods to smallfamily farms in northeastern Pará State, for improving
productivity of their swidden agriculture, so that rapid
urbanization causing social instability may slow down (Fig. 8).
The first activity of setting up demonstration farms in threelocations, JAMIC in Tomé-Açu, Espedito Ribeiro in Santa
Bárbara do Pará, and São Brás in Igarapé-Açu, has beenrealized (Figs. 9, 10 and 11). Local farmers participated inland preparation and planting, then cared for plants, and were
given weekly or biweekly monitoring visits by our local staff
and extension specialists from Tomé-Açu Multipurpose
Agricultural Cooperative (CAMTA) N). While demonstration
farms are located on poor lateritic (Tomé-Açu) and sandy(Santa Bárbara do Pará and Igarapé-Açu) soils of the region,
appropriate fertilizer applications rendered excellent harvests ofannual crops, such as watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize (Zea mays), while intercropped
tree species grew well in the same field. In Santa Bárbara do
Pará, cacao (Theobroma cacao) outgrew human height in a year
and started bearing fruit. Invited lecturers from Brazil

Fig. 9. Santa Bárbara do Pará Demonstration Farm (6 months after
planting cacao and banana intercropped with watermelon,
2012/09/22).

Fig. 10.

Santa Bárbara do Pará Demonstration Farm (1 year after
planting cacao and banana, with maize seeded for thesecond time between rows, 2013/03/08).

Fig. 11.

Igarapé-Açu Demonstration Farm (4 months after planting
acerola, cacao, banana, black pepper and gliricidia
intercropped with maize; 2013/05/21).

and Japan provided farmers with information and insights into
agroforestry management, fertilizer application, plant
protection, pruning and thinning, product processing, andcooperative marketing (Fig. 12).
A number of students from various universities in Japanvisited our project; some came repeatedly. The students
published theses and journal articles related to agroforestry

Fig. 12.

Agroforestry extension specialist from São Paulo giving
lecture to small farmers in Santa Bárbara do Pará.

management and plant nutrient cycling, and presented research
results to local farmers at seminars organized by CAMTA andits partners. Recently the project received a visit from threeprofessors from our sister school, São Paulo State University(UNESP), in joint preparation for launching project activities 2
and 3 in this and next school years.
3.4. Overall reflections
Two official reports were published on 22nd June, 2011
from the Japan Association of National Universities: ‘AnInterim Report of The Council on Promotion of Human
Resource for Globalization Development’ O) from the Office ofPrime Minister, and ‘Enhancing the Functions of National
Universities - Pledge to the People - Interim Report P). The
former explained that in modern history Japan both faced andovercame various crises by “seeking international contacts andinteractions”. It urged Japan to recover its “frontiers to strivefor” by “refocusing overseas and reexamining its own identity”
to develop sustainable national economy and a happy andspiritually-rich society that would “help Japan gain trust andrespect from the rest of the world”, and “the very first step andthe main objective” for it was “none other than to develop‘global human resources’ as Japan’s national strategy”. For
this end, the report recommended that the universities promotestrategic research collaboration and student exchange with
universities in developing countries. The second reportargued that “in order for Japan to play an important role as amember of the international community, it is indispensable todevelop talented people by systematically and actively sending
researchers and students to overseas education and researchorganizations, and receiving researchers and students fromoverseas, to train people who meet the needs of theinternational community, including international organizations,to support developing countries in creating education andresearch infrastructures, and to develop people who can take onthese responsibilities”.
Through these initiatives, “thenational universities will boost their competitiveness on a
global scale by making greater contributions to theinternational community and human resource development”.
The authors believe that the Tokyo University ofAgriculture and Technology’s integrated research, educationand extension initiatives through JICA partnership projects forsustainable development, involving students, researchers,
extensionists and administrative staff, were in line with theabovementioned public goals, yet it does not seem to be a
popular idea among academic community members, due toabsence of a system for aptly evaluating such experiences at thetime of hiring or promotion in Japanese research institutes O).
Nevertheless, the University’s JICA partnership development
projects were generally welcomed by the target population inthree countries. By the projects’ participatory nature, local
people enjoyed interacting with us, their foreign partners, andquickly absorbed practical knowledge and skills generated or
introduced in the projects. Our students and faculty were also
enthused by the exotic environment and close contacts withlocal people, and above all, by the fact that their researchoutcomes applied on farms received immediate feedback fromthe beneficiaries. The agents of JICA, during their project
evaluation field visits, frequently praised our academic
capability in prescribing solutions to the problems beneficiaries
faced. The user-oriented research model in agriculture andsericulture that we used in our international outreach helped us
to create an efficient and effective system for generation ofknowledge valued in both the scientific discipline and the user
environment N), thanks to the interactive education andextension functions involved. However, well-coordinatedacquisition of research grants and intervention funding, plus
funding for follow-ups and monitoring, still remain challenges.
Moreover, in order for the beneficiaries to perpetuate andsustain the fruits of development projects, leadership training
and product marketing seem to be the key agendas.

4. Conclusion
These authors have demonstrated that, in the age ofaccelerated globalization, international outreach may promotecomprehensive and interdisciplinary research that meets thenational and global contributions projected in the Intermediary
Plan of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.
This outreach and research model may be applicable to otheruniversities engaged in practical sciences as well. The publicand donor anticipations for improving international society
through the further mobilization of the university’s academic
resources may lead to increased funding for globally-oriented

participatory endeavors in scientific research.

Notes (web links valid as of 2013/08/30)
A) Rahm D. (1997): The Land-Grant University Mission.
http://www.bioethics.iastate.edu/forum/rahm.html
B) e-Gov (2003): National University Corporation Act (inJapanese). http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H15/H15HO112.
htmlC) Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (2004):
Bulletin No. 430 (in Japanese). http://www.tuat.ac.jp/
univ-report/2004/upimg/20090225125305344529960.pdf
D) Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (2004):
List of Intermediary Objectives and Intermediary Plan
http://www.tuat.ac.jp/en/outline/kei_hyou/cyuuki/upimg/20
130328131309810635634.pdfE) Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: History
http://www.tuat.ac.jp/en/outline/history/index.html
F) Japan International Cooperation Agency (2008):
Understanding Japanese NGOs from Facts and Practices Collaboration between JICA and Japanese NGOs
http://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/jica_archive/bro
chures/2008/pdf/ngo_03.pdf
G) European Commission (2004): Project Cycle Management
Guidelines.
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/multimedia/
publications/publications/manuals-tools/t101_en.htm
H) Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Bach Ma
Charcoal Project. http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~bachma/I) Bạch Mã National Park: Vườn quốc gia Bạch Mã (inVietnamese). http://www.bachmapark.com.vn/index.php
J) Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Uzbek
Silk Project (in Japanese) http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~jica-uz/
index.html
K) Uzbek Silk Association (2005): The Investment Potentialof Silk Industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan
http://www.counsellors.gov.tr/upload/UZ/Silk%20Industry.
pdf
https://www.icac.org/meetings/uzbek_2005/papers/english/e_shermukhamedov.pdf
L) Homidy H.: National plan for sericulture development in
Uzbekistan.
http://www.bacsa-silk.org/en/uzbekistannational-sericulture-development-plan/M) JICA Knowledge Site (2013): Basic Information of Project(in Japanese).
http://gwweb.jica.go.jp/km/Project
View.nsf/11964ab4b26187f649256bf300087d03/eb9cfcb8
374a3bf9492579370079d660?OpenDocument&ExpandSe

ction=6#_Section6N) Tomé-Açu Multipurpose Agricultural Cooperative:
C.A.M.T.A Cooperativa Agrícola Mista de Tomé-Açu (inPortuguese). http://www.camta.com.br/O) Office of Prime Minister of Japan (2011): An Interim
Report of The Council on Promotion of Human Resource
for Globalization Development.
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/global/1206011interim_rep
ort.pdf
P) The Japan Association of National Universities (2011):
Enhancing the Functions of National Universities - Pledge
to the People - Interim Report.
http://www.janu.jp/eng/interim_report.pdf
Q) Gerber, J.M. (1994): Integrating Research and Extension
Education in the Agricultural Sciences - Models,Paradigms and the New Organization.
http://www.umass.edu/umext/jgerber/entoappr.htm

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