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Environmental Conservation Consciousness of the Black Forest in Germany: A Study on the Characteristics of
Bioenergy Villages
Minoru HOSAKA ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1

長 崎 大 学 環 境 科 学 部
2020 年 12 月

Paper (non-peer-reviewed) Journal of Environmental Science, Nagasaki Univ., Vol.23, No.1, pp.1-9, Dec., 2020

Environmental Conservation Consciousness of the Black Forest inGermany: A Study on the Characteristics of Bioenergy Villages
Minoru HOSAKA*

Abstract
Freiburg, located in Baden–Württemberg, a southwestern state of Germany, has been regarded as an environmental capital,
is surrounded by forests, and its relationship with the Black Forest is essential. In the research so far, the relationshipbetween the Black Forest and the environmental consciousness among residents has not necessarily been specificallyexamined. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what aspects of the Black Forest contribute to the promotion ofenvironmental consciousness among residents. It can be said that the unique natural landscape is an opportunity to produce
eco-business because of its strong effect in promoting environmental consciousness.
Key Words: the Black Forest, Bio-energy Villages, Freiburg
1. INTRODUCTION

Vauban Freiburg. Many houses in Vauban have been built
to specification in various ways and many residents are

Freiburg has been regarded as an environmental capital

highly environmentally conscious.

and its various environmental policies have beenemphasized. For example, its famous environmental

This high environmental consciousness is reflected notpolicy was prohibiting private cars from entering the city

only in the active introduction of environmental policies

centerbicycles.

but also in the high approval rating of the Green Party, an

Environmentally-related think tanks are found in Freiburg.

environmental political party. The Green Party in Freiburg

For example, the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

has long been well received and has contributed to the

Systems

promotion of environmental policy.

and

ISE

actively

introducing(Fraunhofer-Institut

fürSolareFor example, in the distribution of Freiburg City

Energiesysteme, 1300 employees), is the largest solartheCouncil, in the election held in May 2019, the Green Party

International Solar Energy Society (founded in 1954) is

won 13 seats (26.5%) as the first party, an increase of 2.2%

also located in Freiburg. The “Environmental Capital”

on the 2014 election. Even though Alternative foraccredited by Freiburg in 1992 is a local government

Germany (Alternative für Deutschland [AfD]), which

competition organized by the Environmental Action

insists on the exclusion of immigrants and supports

Germany (Deutsche Umwelthilfe) in cooperation with

nuclear power, gains seats in areas like Saxony becoming

German environmental movement groups (German Union

the second party, the strength of the Green Party can befor Environmental Conservation [BUND] and the German

seen in Freiburg. The second party, with 12.7%, is theFederation for Nature Conservation [NABU]) since 1991.

Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the third party, with

Murakami (2007) examined ecological houses in

11.8% is the Christian Democratic Union of GermanylaboratoryinEurope.

The

headquartersof(Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands [CDU]).
AfD ranks 10th with 3.6%.

* 長崎大学大学院水産・環境科学総合研究科
受領年月日：２０２０年５月２９日

The Green Party in the Freiburg City Council has long

受理年月日：２０２０年１０月１９日

held 48 seats. The Green Party first won a seat in theLandtag of Baden–Württemberg (BW) in 1980, and also
-1-

Minoru HOSAKA
won seats in the Freiburg City Council (4). At the national

Imaizumi referred to the relationship between thelevel, the Green Party won seats in the Bundestag in 1983.

nature of the Black Forest with such characteristics and

The Green Party in the Freiburg City Council had won thethe environmental consciousness of Freiburg residents

most seats each time, with four elections since the largest(Imaizumi, 1997: 91). An effort has been made to protect

number of seats in 2004. The acquisition rate of the Greenthe Black Forest because it is the basis of life. It is fair to

Party in Freiburg City Council is 26.5% (2019). Moreover,say that it is the basis of life, but the difference from otherBW Landtag in 2016 was 30.3% and the Landtag in 2017

regions that also utilize nature is not always clear, and thatwas 8.9%. Although the BW Landtag in 2016 wasresearch is not necessarily considered unique to the Blackoutstandingly high, it made a big leap forward in 2011,

Forest.

from 11.7% in 2006 to 24.2 in 2011. It can be said that the

Imaizumi then took up a theme about Wyhl’s anti-

great breakthrough of the Green Party in BW was greatly

nuclear movement. The fact that both the vineyard farmers

influenced by the opposition movement called “S21” andand the students of Freiburg University developed an(1). The S21 movement,

opposition movement that prevented the construction of

the green party is on the side, is opposed to a large-scale

the nuclear power plant was also attributed to thedevelopment work on the Central Station of Stuttgart, thegeographical relationship between the Black Forest andcapital of BW, and the conservatives who want to preserve

the vineyards (Imaizumi, 2013: 38). However, the analysis

the pre-WWII station building change to support thedoes not always address residents other than vineyard

Green Party.

farmers.

the Fukushima nuclear accident

The mayor in Freiburg now is Martin Horn who is a

When referring to Freiburg’s environmental policies,

non-partisan, but the mayor from 2002 to 2018 was Dieter

the anti-nuclear movement in Wyhl is often mentioned.

Salomon who belongs to the Green Party.

Wyhl is located in the Emmendingen county of BW, 25

Because of the S21 opposition movement, BW can be

km northwest of Freiburg. The population is about 3,000.

said to be the state where the Green Party has been

It is famous for the fact that when the nuclear power plant

dominant in recent years, but the city of Freiburg itself has

project was proposed in 1971, the vineyard farmers near

been stable politically where the Green Party has been

the project area and the students of the Freiburg University

dominant since the 1980s and has been portrayed as a

jointly formed an opposition movement and blocked thissuccessful example of a “new social movement” in which

plan. When the plan was proposed, more than half of theyoung people who are oriented toward “post-materialistic

village residents agreed, but the results of 55% opposition

values”(Inglehart, 1977) and have been brought up in acame from the 1975 referendum. Many studies have

wealthy family challenge environmental and minority

evaluated the case of Wyhl as a successful example of theissues. The Green Party in Freiburg is a major example ofanti-nuclear movement in which conservative farmers

this type of new social movement.

participated and often referred to the tradition of

Numerous studies in Japan have pointed out that theuniversity towns as a background of the movement’s

environmental policy of Freiburg is advanced. Imaizumi,

origination, due to the existence of the University ofwhoFreiburg (e.g., Honda, 2002: 110).

introduces

Germany’s

environmental

policy,Freiburg belongs to the region of Baden, and the

published numerous books, for example, the title Freiburg
Report)historical regional culture may differ from that of Stuttgart(Imaizumi, 2001) has been adopted as one book that deals

belonging to the region of Swabia. Baden–Württemberg

with all aspects of environmental policy in Germany.

was formed in 1952 by the merger of Württemberg (suchKankyoreport(Freiburg

Environmental

Freiburg is surrounded by forests, and its relationshipas Stuttgart), Baden (such as Freiburg), and Hohenzollern

with the Black Forest is essential. The origin of the name(such as Sigmaringen). The region centered on Stuttgart isof the Black Forest lies in the fact that the Roman army

called “Swabia.” Since there is no unit called the state in

who arrived there some 2,000 years ago named the dark

Japan, it cannot be said unequivocally, but it can be(2)

forest “Silva Nigra” . Most of the research on the Black

compared with the historical names of the Kanto region

Forest is in the geological and botanical fields related tosuch as Kanhasshu and Musashi.
Aoki

rocks and plants.

-2-(2013)

summarized

Wyhl’santi-nuclear

Environmental Conservation Consciousness of the Black Forest in Germany: A Study on the Characteristics of Bioenergy Villages

movement. At first, even the people who agreed the plan

the Black Forest, in Chapter 3, to clarify the characteristics

found that, for example, if a nuclear power plant wasof the Black Forest that promote environmental

constructed in the Oberrhein region, it would inevitably

consciousness, by referring to residents’ opinions.

affect crops, and at that time the Three Mile Island

The significance of this paper is to show theaccident had occurred, and the opposition movement was

relationship between the Black Forest and environmental

worked up (Aoki, 2013: 114). According to Aoki, theconsciousness by showing concretely the relationshipmemory of historical resistance such as the “German

between the Black Forest and residents, and at the same

Peasant War” and the “Revolutions of 1848” provided

time, I want to show different forms of environmental

mental support for the opposition movement. The

consciousness from some explanations by using theresidents of the Oberrhein region have continued toconcepts of “new social movement” or “post-materialistic

describe themselves as an example of being suppressedvalue.”In the interview research, many stories mentioned thebut not giving in to power (Aoki, 2013: 122).

role of Christianity, but due to space limitations, thisNow, whether it is the explanation of Freiburg or thearticle does not refer to this theme (4).

anti-nuclear movement of Wyhl, the existence of theBlack Forest has been pointed out as one of the successfactors. Nakai referred to the significance of the Black

2. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLACK

Forest (Nakai, 1986: 124). Muramatsu also insisted that

FOREST

the people of Freiburg loved the rich nature of this region,

The Black Forest is about 160 km north–south and its

including the Black Forest (Muramatsu, 1997: 8).

east–west width is 40–60 km. It is long north to south. The

Indeed, the Black Forest is rich in nature and is thought

area is over 5,000 square kilometers. The breadth of theto promote environmental consciousness. However,Tokyo Metropolitan area is 2,187 square kilometers, so

deforestation in the Amazon may not occur if the forest

the Black Forest is twice as large as the Tokyo

itself promotes environmental consciousness. I think it

Metropolitan area. The Black Forest is also famous as anecessary to consider why the existence of the Blackski resort, and the construction of ski lifts is said to be theForest is linked to environmental protection. What aspects

oldest in Europe. The Black Forest Society (Schwarzwaldof the Black Forest contribute to promoting environmental

Verein), which was established 130 years ago, is also

consciousness? In the research so far, this theme has notfamous for the construction of promenades (5).

necessarily been specifically examined.

A geographical feature of the Black Forest not well

The purpose of this paper is to clarify what aspects ofknown in Japan is that the Black Forest can be divided into

the Black Forest contribute to the promotion of

three areas. Figure1 is an example showing that the Blackenvironmental

in

Forest is divided into three. There are various methods of

bioenergy village. Even though most residents have highclassification, such as two methods applied in ancientenvironmental consciousness, some may be urban

times, but in this paper, I will consider the area according

residents who are not interested in forests. For this reason,

to the categories heard in the interview. Below, I would

I planned to interview the residents who took part in thelike to look at each of the Northern, Central, and Southern

bioenergy village near Freiburg. For residents in the forest,

Black Forests (6).

consciousness

among

residents

focusing on forestry and animal husbandry requires a huge
2-1 The Northern Black Forest(Nordschwarzwald)

number of interviews. In addition to taking part in forestry
and livestock farming, the residents featured in this paper

The Northern line of the Northern Black Forest is fromare also involved in renewable energy businesses.

Karlsruhe to Pforzheim, the southern line is from

The research was conducted between 2015 and 2017

Freudenstadt to Oberkirch along to Rench (7). Baden,

and I interviewed 19 people including mayors and project

famous for its hot springs, is located in the Northern Black

leaders from five villages including Schönau (5 people),

Forest. The annual precipitation of this area is the highest

Mauenheim (3), Freiamt (5) (2015), St. Peter (3), Breitnau

in Germany, with a maximum of 2,200 mm per year, and(3)

forests are also the most dense of all black forests (8).

(3) (2017) .
In Chapter 2, I would like to summarize the outline of

In 2001, the Central/Northern Black Forest Nature Park

-3-

Minoru HOSAKA
2-3 The Southern Black Forest (Südschwarzwald)(Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord) was established. In
January 2014, an area of about 10,000 hectares wasCompared to the northern and central regions, the forest

designated as a National Park of the Black Forest, making

has fewer trees and is more open. In the Southern Black

it a popular place for winter sports.

Forest, is Mt. Ferdberg that is the highest in BW. In thisarea, there are three mountains with an altitude of 1,400

2-2 The Central Black Forest (Mittlerer Schwarzwald)m, and there are many high mountains in the Black Forest.

The Central Black Forest is an intermediate zone

Mt. Feldberg (1,493 m), Mt. Herzogenhorn (1,415 m), andbetween the Northern Black Forest and the Southern

Mt. Belchen(1,414 m) are the three highest mountains inBlack Forest. The border with the Southern Black Forest

the Black Forest.
Also in this region is the upper course of the Rhine river,is the line from Freiburg to Donaueschingen.
The Central/Northern Black Forest Nature Park is theso there are many flatlands and the landscape changes

third-largest in Germany, 90 km north–south, 60 km east–

rapidly. It is also one of Europe’s leading bird

west, and covers an area of 375,000 hectares. There areconservation areas. Some medieval buildings remain in(9)

about 100 municipalities with 700,000 residents .

Figure1. The Black Forest［Source: Gästehaus – Hug(https://gaestehaus-hug.de/Lage)］-4-

Environmental Conservation Consciousness of the Black Forest in Germany: A Study on the Characteristics of Bioenergy Villages

the Rhine basin of the region. Some industries use waterwith a dip angle of more than 40 degrees is a scene hardly

streams.

seen in Japan. The green grass maintained on the steep

The Southern Black Forest Natural Park in the Southernhillside is shining, and the view of grazing cattle on theBlack Forest is a BW State Park. There are seven BW state

spreading grass is wonderful. Such grazing land exists inparks, accounting for 35% of the state area.

open hills and forest hills, and it is possible to see thediversity just by looking at the grazing land.

The northern line of the Southern Black Forest is from
Herbolzheim to Triberg, the southern line is fromFor example, Mr. S, the former mayor of the village ofWaldshut-Tiengen to Lörrach. To the west of the Southern

Schönau, explains the relationship between the diversity

Black Forest are the rolling hills that lead to Freiburg andof the Black Forest and environmental consciousness.

Emmendingen. The eastern line of the Black Forest goesto Donaueschingen and Bad Dürrheim on the Baar plain.

There is a diversity of terrain and landscape. This

The Southern Black Forest covers 39,400 hectares, withcreates residents’ understanding of diversity. For

115 municipalities, five counties, and Freiburg itself.

example, the Southern Black Forest has 60% of

Many activities in this area are supported by volunteers,

hardwoods, but the Central Black Forest and theand therefore, residents promote it as a “factory for

Northern Black Forest have many conifers and become

regional activities” (Werkstatt regionalen Handelns).

dark. Also, due to the diversity of terrain, some villages

Sports such as hiking, mountain biking, cross-countrybuild houses close to each other, and some villages

skiing, and downhill skiing are also popular in this area.

build houses far apart, then there are also variations in
the distance between houses (12).

The Southern Black Forest has high mountains, whilesmaller settlements are scattered on the slopes and gather
at the bottom of the valley (10).

A similar opinion is heard from Mr. H who is the former
union president of Mauenheim, the second bioenergy

3. THE BLACK FOREST AS A FACTOR IN RAISING

village in Germany. He insists that the diversity of the

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESSBlack Forest fosters the moderate character andenvironmental consciousness of the Black Forest residents.

The Black Forest has the characteristics mentioned
above. But what kind of points raises the environmental
consciousness of the residents? Of course, I can imagine

I think the Black Forest can foster an understandingthat its abundant nature is the reason, but many otherof diversity. The landscape and terrain are diverse in theplaces in Germany are like this as well. Considering theseBlack Forest. For example, houses are different

situations, I would like to examine that the Black Forest

between hills and valleys. If it’s a valley, a resident

promotes environmental consciousness among residents

builds a house close to my neighbor, but the hill isfrom the perspective of diversity (Section 1) and “Tüftler

different (13).

und Erfinder (Tinkerer and Inventor)” (Section 2) (11) .
Ms. R, Mayer of Freiamt, explains the diversity by
3-1 Diversity of Naturereferring to the existence of the valley.

The residents believe that the diversity of the Black
Forest's

naturalenvironment

promotes

their

Since Freiamt is in a valley, it seems that there is only

environmental consciousness. Based on the opinions ofa view of the world in the valley, but it is also open to a

the residents, I find that the existence of a diverse natural

new world because it is in contact with the landscape ofenvironment leads to the understanding of the diversity of

the hills. The variety of landscapes contributes to thespecies by the residents, the development of the residents’moderate character of the residents. I think themoderate character from the understanding of the diverse

expression “moderate” fits people here (14).

existence, and the fascinating natural landscape itself
promotes environmental awareness.

Mr. M, Citizen Energy Saint Peter’s union (Bürger

I was also interested in the landscape of the Black

Energie St. Peter eG), says that the forests, which consist

Forest when I visited there. Grazing using steep hillsidesof the Northern Black Forest, the Central Black Forest,-5-

Minoru HOSAKA
and the Southern Black Forest, have a variety ofespecially in the region centered on the state capitallandscapes that gives residents an incentive to protect the

Stuttgart. Unlike the Ruhr region, where coal is excavated,

forest.

BW has no resources, and it is difficult to make a livingfrom agriculture because there are no large-scale farms

There is a great difference between north and south.

since the history of inheritance by equal distribution was

In the open part of the south, where there are many

introduced by Napoleon. It is said that invention is

grasslands, the residents cannot keep the grass without

required to live. Successful examples are Benz andcutting trees, so they must be aware of themselves andPorsche, and the state has more patents than elsewhere.

protect the Black Forest(15)

The spirit of “Tüftler and Erfinder” is characteristic of.

BW, but BW was created by the merger of Württemberg,
Mr. F and Mr. C also agree with such an opinion (16).

Baden, and Hoenlohe after WWII. Given that it was a

Certainly, it can be said that the Black Forest itself

different state before the war, it can be understood that theraises environmental consciousness, but it has not been

Black Forest, which belongs to the Baden region, has aclear until now what points about the Black Forest affectdifferent regionality from the Swabia region withconsciousness. The forest can be divided into northern,

headquarters of Mercedes-Benz and the capital ofcentral, and southern regions according to various

Württemberg, Stuttgart.

topography such as high mountains, valleys, and flatlands,

The spirit heard in the Black Forest is the same as in theand various vegetation. It becomes clear that the diversity

Swabia region in that it places importance on inventions

instills consciousness in the residents to protect the

because there is no other resource, but in the Swabia

various characteristics of the Black Forest, and at the same

region, the system of inheritance by equal distribution istime, knowing the diversity positions the residents of theoften adopted, while in the Black Forest it is not

Black Forest as a moderate character.

necessarily adopted. It is also characteristic that theinheritance method differs depending on the region of the

However, because of the variety of landscapes,
notBlack Forest (according to Mr. S mentioned above, thenecessarily lead to a renewable energy business. For

Southern Black Forest inheritance by equal distribution is

example, there is a way to make a living by doing

uniform, and the central part and the northern part areecotourism business by utilizing the diverse and uniquedifferent). Besides, the characteristic of the Black Forest

natural environment of the Black Forest. Of course, theis that it is deep in the mountains, so in the winter there

renewable energy villages I visited have been developing

are snowfalls, and residents stay in their homes, whichan ecotourism business. In addition to this business, theymeans that they have to make a living from invention. The

also have developed renewable energy businesses.

city of Stuttgart is not in a mountainous area.

fostering

environmental

consciousness

will

In the Black Forest, it is required to stay in the forest forIn the next section, I will consider the relationshipbetweenenvironmental

consciousness

anda long winter, but there has been a strong commitment toenergytechnology such as watchmaking, and it has become

technology in the Black Forest.

necessary to devise energy technology with a high3-2 The Spirit of “Tüftler and Erfinder” in the Blackenvironmental consciousness.

ForestMs. R also said.

When thinking about the relationship between
environmental consciousness and energy technology inthe Black Forest, in the narratives of the residents

With a long winter and lots of time, the residents canconcerned, the sobriquet “Tüftler und Erfinder” (Tinkerer

think a lot and develop the spirit of “Tüftler andand Inventor) cannot be ignored. It has the meaning of the

Erfinder.” The machinery industry and the watch

spirit of patiently working and working, and is often heard

industry appear. The Black Forest has always had thatin the BW State. In BW, this expression is used because

spirit, and the inventors have also existed. Renewable

the lack of resources and the history of inheritance byenergy businesses also come from a willingness toequal distribution have led to the spirit of invention,

adopt new ones (17).
-6-Environmental Conservation Consciousness of the Black Forest in Germany: A Study on the Characteristics of Bioenergy Villages

For the northern, central, and southern divisions, theIn this area, the cuckoo clock is one of the most famous

example of the Shiretoko Peninsula, which is a World

results of this spirit. Switzerland is famous for its clocks,

Natural Heritage site, may be helpful. For example,

but in the Black Forest, clocks are a traditional industry,

Katayama (2009) points out that residents are highly

represented by cuckoo clocks. Based on the above

conscious of living in Shiretoko. After dividing theopinions, it can be said that the Black Forest has an

Shiretoko Peninsula into east and west, Katayama

inventor spirit because it is in the mountains and theanalyzes the consciousness of residents in each region.

environmental consciousness described in the previous

However, it is not an analysis that links diversity,

section has also been added, the habitants have entered themoderateness, and environmental consciousness, andrenewable energy business.

besides, the Black Forest is 160 km north–south, 40 km
east–west is 5,000 square kilometers, Shiretoko is 65 km,

4. CONCLUSION

and 25 km east–west is 700 square kilometers, making it

My interview research in the Black Forest reveals thatdifficult to compare with the Black Forest. It would be

the diversity of landscape promotes the environmental

difficult to find all the diversity of the Black Forest in

consciousness of residents. The significance of the Black

Shiretoko. I will examine whether the model developed inForest can be understood from the unique natural

this paper will be applied to Shiretoko.
In any case, there may be a place where the uniquelandscape of the Black Forest.

naturalOther places could match the unique natural landscapeenvironment

raisestheenvironmentalof the Black Forest. For example, some rice terraces in

consciousness because residents want to protect theJapan are located in steep mountains and have a very

uniqueness, or the environmental consciousness rises

beautiful landscape. In 1999, the Ministry of Agriculture,from the interest in the uniqueness.

Forestry and Fisheries established a system called “100A “frame” is an interpretation scheme that enables an

Selected Rice Terraces,” and rice terraces (Oyama

individual to locate, perceive, identify, and label

Senmaida) also promote environmental consciousness.

phenomena that have occurred in their living space andIn common with the analysis in this paper, not only thesociety (Snow et al., 1986). It can be said that the “Black

rice terraces are diverse but also the private houses around

Forest” has become a frame of environmental protection

the terraced rice fields. Regarding the former, the slope offor residents in the Black Forest. Besides, the existence ofthe mountain where the rice terraces are located, thethe spirit of "Tüftler und Erfinder," another regional frame

widening of the space, and the area of the rice terraces

that connects the Black Forest with renewable energy, iscreate diversity, which leads to various beautiful riceunique to the Black Forest.

terraces, and the private houses around various rice

The significance of this paper is in finding theterraces are also diverse (Nagafuchi et al., 2017).

relationship between unique natural landscapes andMoreover, Kobayashi and Miyawaki (2014) found thatenvironmental consciousness from the perspective of themany residents cited “a perspective of biodiversity” as aresidents of the Black Forest, as well as the regional

reason for preserving Oyama Senmaida. However, thisframework that contributed to the environmental

tendency is the outcome of the questionnaire research andconsciousness toward the renewable energy business.

almost no opinion was found in the interview research, so

It can be said that the background has been clarified

it is not always clear that the residents recognize it. This

regarding eco-business linked to environmental protection,

point is different from the findings of this paper obtained

but it can also be said that the unique natural landscape isin the Black Forest. Residents of the Black Forest may be

an opportunity to produce eco-business other than tourism

able to talk about environmental consciousness in their

because of its strong effect in promoting environmental

own words. Regarding the difference, rice terraces have aconsciousness.

relatively small area unlike the black forests, so there is noregional division such as northern, central, and southern

NOTE

regions, and therefore, vegetation is not as diverse as in(1) See Hosaka (2013) for details.

Germany.

(2) http://www.kuroi-mori.de/ (Last viewed on May 1,-7-Minoru HOSAKA
environmental consciousness of residents, and from2020).
(3) I have been conducting an interview research inthis perspective that it is related to renewable energy

Germany since 2004 and heard the opinions of more

technology, the spirit of “Tüftler und Erfinder” is taken

than 200 people so far. In the 2015 and 2017 research

up. Due to space limitations, I would like to takereferring to this time, I also heard BUND leaders foranother opportunity to organize the discourse fromtheir opinions. However, it is not referenced because it

another perspective.

is not directly related to this theme. I would like to thank(12)October 27, 2015, Mr. S (former mayor of Schönau).

the many people who responded to the interview. The(13)October 28, 2015, Mr. H.

Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Germany(14)October 29, 2015, Ms. R.

(BMEL) have advanced the “Towards a bioenergy(15)December 6, 2017, Mr. M.

village” project since 2005. As of 2017, 140 villages(16)October 29, 2015, Mr. F(Biogasanlage Reinbold Bio-have been certified for the project. There are 40 villages

Energie) and Mr. C(Freiamt village eco-tourism).
(17)October 29, 2015, Ms. R.

in BW, accounting for 28.6% of the total. There areseven bioenergy villages in the Black Forest (north 1,
middle 1, south 5). Including the area around the Black

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Aoki, S., 2013, Doitsu niokeru genshiryoku shisetsu

to the southern periphery, 80 km east of Freiburg.

hantai undo no tenkai ［ Development Of Nuclear

Schönau has not participated in the Bioenergy Village

Facility Opposition Movement in Germany］, Kyoto:

Project, but known worldwide as a pioneering city of

Minerva Shobo.

renewable energy.

Hosaka,

M.,

2013,

Midorinotoseikenno(4) I was able to hear a lot of opinions about thetanjo―Hoshuteki na chiki niokeru kankyo undo no

relationship between Wyhl’s anti-nuclear movementtenkai ［ Birth of the Green Party Government －and Christianity.

DevelopmentofEnvironmental

Movements

inConservative Areas］, Kyoto: Koyo Shobo.

(5)http://www.blackforest-tourism.com/Black-Forest/
130-ans-tourisme (Last viewed on May 1, 2020).

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Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg［ 'Environmental Capital' Freiburg ］ , edited by the(2010).

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Hoki Shuppan.

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See

also

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-9-

「総合環境研究」第２３巻

第１号

編集委員
渡邊

貴史（委員長）

重富

陽介

吉田

護

高辻

俊宏

中山 智喜

２０２０年１２月

１日発行

発行者

長崎大学環境科学部「総合環境研究」編集委員会〒852-8521

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JOURNAL OFENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE,NAGASAKI UNIVERSITY
Vol. 23, No.1
CONTENTS

Environmental Conservation Consciousness of the Black Forest in Germany: A Study on the Characteristics of
Bioenergy Villages
Minoru HOSAKA ･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCENAGASAKI UNIVERSITYNAGASAKI, JAPANDECEMBER 2020