Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries– The First International Workshop at the First
ACM+IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries

Katy Börner

Chaomei Chen

School of Library and Information ScienceIndiana University, USAkaty@indiana.edu

Department of Information Systems and Computing
Brunel University, UK
chaomei.chen@brunel.ac.uk

Today’s digital libraries are content rich, multimedia, multilingual collections that are distributed
and accessed worldwide. Digital libraries’interfaces are playing a crucial role in helping users
to achieve an easy and effective access to the information that they need. Visual interfaces
represent one of the most exciting areas of research and development in digital libraries.
Visual interfaces to digital libraries aim to reduce the user’s cognitive load by capitalizing on
our powerful perceptual abilities. Research in visual interfaces has a strong connection to thefast-moving field of Information Visualization.
Information Visualization
Information visualization is interdisciplinary in nature, involving computer graphics, electronicengineering, information systems, geography, information science, just to name a few. It has
been seen to have a tremendous potential of improving the way we access, process, andmanage information.
Information Visualization is a process of transforming and representing a wide variety of data,
especially non-spatial and non-numerical data, in a visual form so as to help users tounderstand the information. It uses computer-supported, interactive, visual representations ofabstract data to amplify cognition (Card et al., 2000). The design of visual interfaces canbenefit from the advances of information visualization.

Figure 1: Examples of visual interfaces to digital libraries (Left: Börner et al., 2000; Right:Chen & Ray 2001).
Examples of Visual Interfaces

Figure 1 shows examples of visual interfaces from our own work. The LVis Digital Library
Visualizer uses Latent Semantic Analysis (Landauer et al, 1998) to extract salient semantic
structures and citation patterns automatically. Cluster techniques and a modified Boltzman
algorithm are used to spatially visualize co-citation patterns and semantic similarity networks ofretrieved documents for interactive exploration (Börner et al., 2000).
Chen and Ray (2001) introduce an approach to visualizing a knowledge domain's intellectualstructure by extending traditional author co-citation analysis (ACA). Citation patterns areextracted from the scientific literature and represented as a three-dimensional knowledge
landscape. The integration of citation profiles and co-citation patterns within such knowledge
landscapes provides an intellectual view of a knowledge domain. Domain visualizations help
users to discover patterns, make valuable connections, and retrieval relevant works from theliterature.
Good Visualizations and Good Interfaces
Good visualizations can help the design of visual interfaces in several ways, for example, by• reducing visual search time (e.g. by exploiting low level visual perception),• providing a better understanding of a complex data set (e.g., by exploiting data
landscape metaphors),• revealing relations otherwise not being noticed (e.g., by exploiting the mind’s ability to
see relationships in physical structures),• enabling to see a data set from several perspectives simultaneously, and• conveying information effectively .
We believe that visual interfaces to digital libraries can assist• to provide rapid and efficient access to enormous amounts of multi-media knowledge
and information,• to analyze document collections in new ways,• to leverage information (annotations, digital dog ears, footsteps) from previous users,and• to facilitate information sharing & collaborations.
The First International Workshop
The first international workshop on “Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries" was held at the first
ACM+IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries in Roanoke, VA, USA on June 28th 2001.
The one-day workshop draw an international audience of 37 researchers, practitioners, andgraduate students from a range of disciplines, including information visualization, digitallibraries, human-computer interaction, library and information science, computer science, andgeography.

Figure 2: Participants of the workshop. Photograph by Doug Pearson.

The workshop was successful in raising the awareness of several interconnected fields ofresearch related to the design and use of visual interfaces to digital libraries, especially in
information visualization, human-computer interaction, and cognitive psychology.
The workshop started with Katy Börner’s introduction and overview, followed by an invited talkfrom Stephen Eick of Visual Insights, entitled “Visualizing On-line Activity”. Stephen explained
how their eBizInsights provides a rich visual interactive workspace for analyzing users’accessto a given website and discovering browsing patterns.
In a self-introduction session, all participants enjoyed the opportunity to introduce themselves,especially on their interests and what they expected from the workshop. Eight papers werepresented in two sessions. The topics ranged from literature visualization, spatial hypertext, togeographic information systems.
1. Buzydlowski et al.: Co-Cited Author Analysis as an Interface for Digital Libraries
2. Weiss-Lijn et al.: Supporting Document Use Through Interactive Visualization ofMetadata
3. Buchanan et al.: Spatial Hypertext as a Reader Tool in Digital Libraries
4. Sullivan: Hilbert Problems in Visual Interface Development/Evaluation
5. Skupin: Cartographic Considerations for Map-like Interfaces to Digital Libraries
6. Cai: GeoVIBE: A Visual Interface to Geographic Digital Library
7. Boyack et al.: Information Visualization, Human Computer Interaction, and Cognitive
Psychology: Domain Visualizations
8. Christel: Accessing News Video Libraries through Dynamic Information Extraction,
Summarization, and Visualization

Figure 3: Interactive demo’s on large screens. Many participants tasted VRCO's threedimensional virtual reality system - VGeo for the first time.
Two interactive demonstration sessions included a demo of VRCO's VGeo system anddemos from many WS attendees. An expert panel discussed the future of research anddevelopment and started formulating top-ten research challenges for visual interfaces todigital libraries to help focus and guide research. In his concluding remark, Chaomei Chen
outlined promising areas for future information visualization research, namely, VisualInformation Retrieval, Visual Information Exploration, Visual Information Organization,
Accommodating Individual Differences, Supporting Collaborative Work, Information
Visualization for Bibliometrics, Information Visualization for Scientometrics, Knowledge
Tracking, Knowledge Discovery, Designing and Deploying Tangible and Meaningful VisualSpatial Metaphors in Digital Libraries.

Figure 4: A lively discussion between the audience and the expert panel.
The Future
The workshop has brought together people across disciplines. Many participants haveexpressed their increased interests in this multidisciplinary research. In response to theenthusiastic audience, the high-quality inputs, and many promising work in progress, we planto hold the workshop again at the next JCDL Conference in Portland, Oregon, US, July 14-18,
2002.
Papers, presentation slides, and other information are available from the workshop’s
homepage http://vw.indiana.edu/visual01/.
We would like to thank the JCDL organizing committee for their great support and Virtual
Reality Software & Consulting for their sponsorship (http://www.vrco.com/). We would also
like to thank the members of our program committee.
References
Katy Börner, Andrew Dillon & Margaret Dolinsky (2000) LVis - Digital Library Visualizer.
Information Visualisation 2000, Symposium on Digital Libraries, London, England, 19 -21
July, pp. 77-81.
Card, S. K., Mackinlay, J. D., and Schneiderman, B. (eds) (1999) Readings in Information
Visualization. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Chen, C. & Paul, R. J. (March 2001) Visualizing a knowledge domain’s intellectualstructure. Computer, 34(3), 65-71.
Cruz-Neira, C., Sandin, D. J. and DeFanti, T. A. (1993) Surround-screen projection-based
virtual reality: The design and implementation of the CAVE, in J. T. Kajiya (ed.), Computer
Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 93), Vol. 27, Springer Verlag, pp. 135-142.
Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998) Introduction to Latent Semantic Analysis.
Discourse Processes, 25, 259-284.