ENERGY POLICIES, GEOPHYSICAL
CHALLENGES AND 4D MICROGRAVITYDEVELOPMENT FOR RESERVOIRMONITORING DURING EOR (Water and CO2Injection) IN INDONESIA
Wawan Gunawan A. Kadir, Djoko Santoso, Eko Widianto, Rachmat Sule

Institut Teknologi Bandung – Indonesia
Presented on CCS Technical Workshop: CO2 Behavior Monitoring Technology,Thursday, December 9th 2010 in Kyoto ‐ Japan

Indonesian’s President Message
The president stressed Indonesia’s commitment toreducing emissions by 26 percent by 2020, and up to41 percent if international support is forthcoming
Two Main Contributions can be given by Indonesian Earth
Scientists (also through international cooperation) in
reducing Carbon Emission
1. Increasing the use of renewable energy(geothermal).
2. Introducing CCS and CO2‐EOR to the community
and implementing those approaches in IndonesianHydrocarbon Fields

Vision of Energy supply and demand on 2025

CHANGES IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT PARADIGMENERGY SUPPLY SIDE MANAGEMENT
SUPPLY

Fossil energy regardlessof cost
(Even subsidized)

DEMAND

Sectorial Energy
Needs that have notbeen efficient:- Housing- Transport- Industry- CommercialENERGY DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
SUPPLY

Efficient Sectorial
Energy Needs:-Housing-Transport- Industry- Commercial(CONSERVATION)

Renewable Energy as an
AlternativeCurrently:
1.Energy needs has not been efficient
2.Energy needs are supplied with fossil energy at a
cost of whatever and even subsidized
3.Renewable energy as an alternative only
4.Unutilized Renewable energy sources is wasted
God's gift

DEMAND
Maximizing the use ofRenewable Energy
Supply and price of
Avoided Fossil Energy
Costs(DIVERSIFICATION)
Fossil Energy as a
Balancing Factor

Future:1.Efficiently the energy needs
2.Maximize the supply and demand of renewableenergy, at least with the price of avoided fossil
energy cost, if necessary subsidized
3.Fossil energy is used as a counterweight
4.Unutilized Fossil energy sources is as a legacy tochildren and grandchildren /exported

EOR of Mature-Old Field inIndonesia• Background:– Oil production in Indonesia is dominated byonshore mature fields that are :experiencing rapid rates of decline,
yet hold significant remaining reserves.
– Mature/Old oil field in Indonesia: 70%.
– Contribution to production from oil field: 90%– Common blockers include a lack of appropriatetechnology, poor processes, etc

Oil production in Indonesia peaked 15 years ago
and is now in steep decline
INDONESIA: Oil production (bars) & consumption (dots)
Thousands of barrels of oil per day

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
20001955© Energyfiles Ltd

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Year
6

To maintain Oil production : - Exploration on new area (new potential)- EOR
using CO2 Injection (and CCS)
- etc

INDONESIA:ESTIMATE
PRODUCTION
OFtoOIL
UNTIL 2050
INDONESIA:
Oil productionforecast
2050

Thousands of barrels of oil per day

2000
1800

WITHOUT NEW
DISCOVERY

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
40020001930© Energyfiles Ltd1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Year

(Satyana, 2008)

EOR of Mature-Old Field in Indonesia• To maintain/ improve production
Mature/Old Oil field should be developed– Reason:• Existing infrastructure and current technology improvement

EOR(WATER AND GAS (CO2) INJECTIONS)

Prospective New Technology on
Reservoir monitoring
Mostly mature/old oil field locate in/close to the country area
Needs technology with : small team, handy equipment(moveable),
Easy in station to station movement, no environmental damage,Min. ‘electricity support’, nearly no social conflict• 4D (Surface and Bore Hole Microgravity measurements)• Seismic modeling combined to 4D microgravity

Long term monitoring
Objectives:
1. Characterize the reservoir
Goal  produce information on structure and fluid movement
2. Characterize the cap rocks
Knowledge of the extent, nature and sealing capacity of the caprock is perhaps the key purely geological element in assessing
and establishing the long‐term safety case for the CO2 repository.
3. Elucidate CO2 migration pattern and its performance to oil
production EOR.

Geophysical and Geodetic methods offered formonitoring:‐‐‐‐‐

Time‐lapse gravityMicroseismic
GPSInSAREM

4D MICROGRAVITY
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

4D Reservoir Monitoring (x,y,z,t)
A Paradigm Shift in Production Management
Science & Technology Components(Gravimeter and processing technology)•

Integration of Disparate Data (Kinds & Scales)– Cased Hole Logs
– Production Histories– Pressures & Temperatures– 4-D Seismic Monitoring
Survey repeatability– Gravity Monitoringis less than 5 Gal
– Borehole Seismic– Remote Sensing

Gravity• Gas, oil and water have different densities, andare subject to gravity forces in the reservoir• Mass redistributions will cause changes in thegravity attraction in boreholes and at the surface• Reservoir compaction and overburden subsidence
will also cause gravity changes in boreholes and atthe surface

Galileo Galilei (1562 - 1642)

Gravity Monitoring (4D)• Surface gravity changes reflect underground mass
redistribution caused by production and re-injectionof hydrocarbon fluids• Precise measurement and analysis of gravity changes
can thereby help reveal changes in reservoir
conditions• establish a systematic procedure for micro-gravity
monitoring of operating Hydrocarbon fields

Gas storage reservoir

Injection period

Production period

Source of 4D Microgravity Anomaly
1. Dry and Wet Seasons
2. Land Subsidence
3. Ground water level change
4. Mass Decrease in Subsurface (Oil and Gas
Production in Reservoir)
5. Mass Increase in Subsurface (Water and Gas
Injection in Reservoir)
6. Pressure increase and decrease in the reservoir

4D MICROGRAVITY
CASE STUDY (Water Injection)‐X Field (sandstone reservoir)‐ Y Field (Carbonate reservoir)

Total of water injection is
30.000 barrel/day

Time-lapse microgravity of
May03-Dec’02 after correctedby surface water

first measurement(Dec’ 2002)

second measurements(May 2003)

Gravity value of the X field and surrounding areas(sandstone reservoir) and its station distribution

FaultIncreasing
Oil production
from re-opening
Wels based on
4D microgravity

3D view of
Mei’03-Dec’02
Time-lapse grav

Density contrast map

Apparent saturation(indicate injectionwater increase)Second Case Study is Y Field (Carbonate Reservoir):
COMBINED SEISMIC DATA AND 4D MICROGRAVITY• EXISTING SEISMIC DATA• STRUCTURE DERIVED FROM SEISMIC DATA• STRUCTURE FROM COMBINED SEISMIC AND 4D
MICROGRAVITY DATAY field: plunging anticline axis

Sept’04 measurement

Nov’06 measurement

Time-lapse microgravity anomaly
of Nov’06-Sept’04
Constant fluidproduction

N

Fluid production
lowering

Top Carbonate reservoir

Time-lapse microgravity, gross production
and its top carbonate reservoir

SWNENE

Fault(?) orFacies changesSWCorrelation between subsurface model ofTime-lapse microgravity anomaly (Nov 06 – Sep 04) andIts seismic section

Facies change
on BRF Carbonate

TBN-6

TBN-1
TBN-9

Time-lapse microgravity of
Nov 06 – Sept 04

Prod. Lowering

Nov06-Sep04

Estimated area in which production will be lowering(no more fluid production in Sept’07 at TBN-19)

Constant Prod.

Constant Prod.

Nov06-Sep04

Estimated area in which production will be
constant or rising(positive injection impact on pressure
maintenance)

COMBINED SURFACE AND BORE‐HOLE TIME‐LAPSE MICROGRAVITIESSTUDY ON SYNTHETIC MODELModel of fluid movement (705 m depth)
t0t10.088 gr/cc

0.082 gr/cc

t2
Well R1
Well R2
Well P1
Well P2
Well P3
Well P4

0.096 gr/cc

Bore-hole time-lapse microgravity
Scheme 1

Scheme 2

Well R1
Well R2
Well P1
Well P2
Well P3
Well P4

P4
P3

P2

Explanation:
Scheme 1 = t11 – t00
Scheme 2 = t22 - t00

R2

R1

P1

Comparison density change at 705 m depth between
synthetic model and result of Joint Inversion (surface andbore-hole time lapse microgravity) for Scheme 2
UTARA

0200

400

600

800

gr/cc

1000 mgr/cc

0.12
1800

0.110.1

1600

0.090.08

1400

0.07
0.06

1200

0.05
0.04

1000

0.03
0.02

800

0.01
0600

-0.01
-0.02

400

-0.03
-0.04

200

-0.05
-0.06
200

Synthetic Model

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Inversion result

1600

1800

Our Provocative Goalon CCS Program

Present Situation (2010)

The situation in 2016, if Indonesian – Japan cooperation is completed

GundihSummary
1. To maintain Oil Production and Decreasing CO2emission:‐ CO2 injection for EOR‐CO2 storage‐Technology improvement in monitoring activity

Technology Improvement on reservoir
monitoring using 4D microgravity
2. Separation between oil and gas location‐ the area impacted by water injection (posanomaly)
location in which oil production still maintained‐ the area without water injection (neg. anomaly)
decreasing oil production, secondary gas cap
no more fluid and/or remaining gas

3. Better understanding of the reservoir model‐ to understand heterogeneity of reservoir relatingwith fluid movement‐ to know lateral distribution of injection water‐ reposition of injector to optimize injection activity‐ identify geological structure (fault) that relate withfluid movement‐ geological compartmentalization

Thank you very much
Terima kasih
Arigatou Gozaimasu