（１） Japan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC)The Atomic Energy Basic Law
The full-scale conduct of research, development, and utilization of atomic energy in Japan began when theAtomic Energy

Basic Law was enacted on December 19th, 1955. The Atomic Energy Basic Law stipulates that the research,development, and utilization of atomic energy should be limited to peaceful purposes only.

Japan Atomic Energy Commission

1956

Based on this law, thewas established on January 1st,
, with thepurpose of systematically carrying out national policy measures under a democratic administration of atomic energy operations.

The Role of the Japan Atomic Energy Commission
The Commission plans, deliberates and makes decisions, from a neutral and broad perspective, onmatters related to utilization of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes (except for enforcement of nuclear safety assurance). When
the Commission deems it necessary as a part of its assigned mandate, it can recommend and seek reports from the head of relevant
administrative organizations through the Prime Minister.

Commissioners
Dr. Yoshiaki Oka, Chairman

Mr. Nobuyasu Abe Dr. Tomoko M. Nakanshi

Commission’s Tasks
Deliverables
１． Nuclear research, development and utilization policies • Plutonium Management in Japan
２． Coordination of the activities of the Government agencies engaged in such activities
3． Collection of information and conducting of surveys concerning such activities
4． Other important matters relating to nuclear research, development and utilization.

••

Basic Policy of Atomic Energy
Utilization
White Paper on Nuclear Energy

（２）Basic Policy of Atomic Energy Utilization
1. Changes of the surrounding nuclear situation
4 items
2. Continuous issues in organizations related to nuclear power
3. Basic objectives in use of nuclear energy
4. Direction of prioritized areas and issues
8 items

（２）Basic Policy of Atomic Energy Utilization
1. Changes of the surrounding nuclear situation
Fukushima nuclear accident
Listening carefully to the public voices, especially for the suffering people from theaccident, and rebuilding trust toward nuclear technology.

Nuclear utilization

Electricity System Reform to liberalize electricity retail business under the competitiveenvironment.
⇒ Predictability of the nuclear business is decreasing has been pointed out .
Increasing expectations for application of radiation, in industry, medical, agriculture, etc.

Global warmingReduction of global warming gas emission by 26% in FY2030 compared to FY2013⇒It is difficult to achieve following the present strategy and requires the solution by theinnovation.

Energy affecting people’s life and industry

Rise of electricity cost due to increased thermal power generation and the Feed-in Tariff
Scheme for Renewable Energy⇒Rise of electricity cost may not be relevant to all the factors, but it has significant effects
on the people’s life and economic activities.

（２）Basic Policy of Atomic Energy

2. Continuous issues in organizations related to nuclear power
Japanese features influencing on nuclear utilizationpressure to harmonize the majority opinions and to standstill the situation⇒ It is needed to share the opinions based on the evidences

3. Basic objectives in use of nuclear energy
It is important to promote the utilization of nuclear power based on peaceful use,prioritizing the insurance of safety, gaining the trust of the public, and considering
the significant value of nuclear technology that benefits the environment, people's
livelihoods and the economy.
 Seriously learn reflections and lessons fromTEPCO Fukushima nuclear power plant accident Aim to use of nuclear energy in view of theglobal warming and the impact on the people's
lives and the economy
 Promote domestic and international efforts inview of international trends
 Promote to secure peaceful use of nuclear
energy and international cooperation

 Aim to recover public trust which is a major
premise for the use of nuclear energy Advance firmly decommissioning measuresand radioactive waste disposal
 Improvement of quality of life using radiation
and radioisotopes
 Advance strengthens of infrastructure for theuse of nuclear energy

（２）Basic Policy of Atomic Energy

4. Direction of prioritized areas and issues
Safety measures not based on “ zero-risk”
 Steady reconstruction and revitalization of Fukushima and reviewing the lessons of the accident
 Investigate the causes and events to prevent the most critical severe accident to secure the safety
and to reduce the impact
 Establishment of safety culture overcoming weaknesses of Japanese mind Promoting risk management to enhance the voluntary safety and transfer to preventive safety assuranceUse of nuclear energy in view of global warming and the impact on
people's lives and the economy
 Proper measures should be considered to take advantage of the nuclear power characteristics tosolve the problem, though the operation cost is inexpensive in terms of the entire project period.
⇒ The predictability of the project may be judged low generation.
 Necessity of nuclear power generation considering not only for reducing greenhouse gas emissions but alsofor people‘s livelihoods, economy and stable supply of energy.
⇒ Adequate measures should be planned based on the long term role.
● Fast reactors should be developed by setting conditions and targets as a commercialization business,seeking for a proper way and direction based on the nuclear cycle policy.

Tackle domestic & interntl. challenges consistent with interntl. trends collection and disseminating the international expertise and experience to develop an international mindset⇒ Introduction of the system complying international standards● Promote the coordination and cooperation, domestically and internationally

（２）Basic Policy of Atomic Energy
4. Direction of prioritized areas and issues
Peaceful use of nuclear energy and nuclear non-proliferation and security
 Contribute to nuclear non-proliferation and security
 Fulfill international accountability for plutonium use, manage plutonium use and balance and promote
MOX fuel use.

Rebuild public trust on nuclear energy, a basic premise of nuclear usage
 Facilitate the consumers to understand the nuclear energy based on science and facts and form an opinion.
 Build a scientific knowledge-based Information network system, available to anyone to consult whenever needed.
 Promote two-way interaction based on scientific knowledge and facts (evidence).
⇒ An intermediary between public and nuclear community is the key for success.

Decommissioning the reactors and disposal of the radioactive waste Decommissioning of research reactors and disposal of radioactive waste should be in an integral manner
 Steadily advance of the radioactive waste disposal is our obligation to the future Build a mechanism where the government centrally overlooks status of storage, processing and disposal ofradioactive waste and advance an integrated policy.

Advance the utilization of radiation and radioactive isotope Develop infrastructure for utilization of radiation and radioisotopes, including quantum beam
 Discover new technology seeds and upgrade technologies along with the research of radiation effectEnhance the infrastructure of nuclear energy utilization
 Explore nuclear science and technologies ⇒ advance basic research and innovation
 Enhance foundational knowledge, technology and human resources
 Nuclear institutions and operators need to cooperate building mutual rich knowledge, based on
respective identity and roles.

EconomicEconomic
Scale & Actualof Radiation
ScaleSituation& Radiation
Usage Utilization
 Radiation is utilized on almost the same economic scale as nuclear energy use.
 The number of businesses that use radioactive isotope (RI) and radiation generators has been
increasing in recent years to 7,515 as of May, 2015. The factor of this increase is due to the increase ofbusiness operator’s (mainly private sectors) that notified the certification device with display
accompanying the introduction of the design certification system in 2005. On the other hand, the numberof research institutes is on a declining trend in recent years.
Transition of the number of permits of utilization andthe number of notifications of businesses forradioactive isotope (RI) and radiation generators

Economic Scale of Radiation Utilization in 2005
Total ¥8,850 billion
Energy Use

Radiation Utilization¥4,741 billion¥4011.70 billion

8000
7000
6000

Medical institutes
医療機関
教育機関
Educational institutes
研究機関
Research institutes
Private enterprises
民間企業
Others
その他

5000
Medical/Health Care use¥1537.9 billion The Details of Radiation Utilization

Industrial Use

4000

3000
2000

¥2295.2 billion
1000
0Agricultural Use¥278.6 billion
Resource: made by the Cabinet Office based on The CAO commissioned project;
The
Report ”Research on Economic Scale of Radiation Use” by JAEA in 2007
出典：日本原子力研究開発機構、内閣府委託事業「放射線利用の経済規模に関する調査」報告書を基に内閣府作成(2007)

Resource: made by the Cabinet Office based on The Public Interest Association
出典：公益社団法人日本アイソトープ協会「放射線利用統計」を基に内閣府にて作成
Japan
Radioisotope Association ”Radiation Use Statistics “Economic Scale
Scale ofEconomicof Radiation
RadiationUse
Useininthe
theU.S.
U.S.
 Radiation use (the diversion of radioisotope-used technology to Industries)
brought about economic effects of over 300 billion dollars and created four
million jobs as of 1995.
 The field of radiation use broadly affects industries. And its economic effects
and its influences on employment exceed those of the field of nuclear energy
use.
Sales figures and employment from technologies used by nuclear energy and radioisotope
in the U.S. industry.
AllIndustries

Sales Figures（💲1million）
Nuclear Industry

Vertical Total $90,151

Radioisotope

Horizontal Total$330,739$420,890
Individual Industry

３１
Manufacturing
Industry

６ AgriculturalIndustry

1995

Sales Figures％

６３
Service Industry※The service industry involves the electrical and sanitary service.
Source：Management Information Services, Inc., 1996

Radioisotope (RI) and Radiation
Radiation( Gy, Sv )Radioisotope (RI)

Light( Candela, cd )Flashlight10

Application of Radiation and RI
Irreplaceable by any other means① Radiation
1. Analysis： High sensitivity, Absolute measurement

Multi-element analysis
2. Imaging： Non-destructive, Real-time(Oil, Water, etc.）
Numerical treatment of the image
3. ＲＩ production： Semiconductor production② Radioisotope（RI）
1. Tracer (pursue the movement）
Non-destructive, under light condition
2. Imaging： Numerical treatment of the image1

① Radiation
1. Element Analysis : trace element analysis
neutron activation analysis (NAA, PGA, etc.)
proton (particle) induced X-ray emission analysis(PIXE)
ex. Element in environment ⇒ environmental problem
search for mining veins, growth site of the plants etc.

2. Imaging：Permeability：
3. ＲＩ production：

1

Ｓｅlenium (Se)Historical description of hyper-accumulator of Se
It is a fact that when they take that road they can not venture
among the mountains with any beast of burden (馬、ロバ、ラバなどの荷物運搬用動物) excepting those accustomed to thecountry, on account of a poisonous plant growing there, which
if eaten by them has the effect of causing the hoofs of theanimals to drop off (食べるとひずめが抜け落ちる毒草がある).
Those of the country, however, being aware of its dangerous
quality, take care to avoid it.
The Travels of Marco Polo13

Accumulation of Se grown in soil containing Se (2 – 4ppm)
A mice dies from eating
wheat grain grown insoil containing 1mg ofSe in 1kg of soil

1920’s in USA
Millions of sheep were deadSeep committee was founded14

Numbers of known plant hyper-accumulators for eight heavy metals and the families inwhich they are most often found

The New Caledonian Sebertia
acuminagta that exudes a sap containing
11% nickel.
From “Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals” by
R.R.Brooks

Japanese morning-glory(T.M.Nakanishi et al.）15

Mine survey by plants

Hg and Kobo-daishi (弘法大師)
There often found Hg mine close to the temples related to
Koabo-daishi (弘法大師)
Hg was an important metals for stamp (red ink) .
Hg was monopolized by a special family called New (丹生).
Off spring of New(丹生) family (professor) said that
New（丹生) family financially supported Kobo-daishi
So, he must be interested in Hg mine.
It is said that he died because of Hg poisoning.
Did he rely on plants to find out Hg mine?

① Radiation

1. Element Analysis : trace element analysis
2. Imaging： Permeability of radiation
X-ray, γ-ray, neutrons, etc.
X-ray image

neutron image
Cu container

3. ＲＩ production：

17

Water specific image by neutrons

チューリップby T.M. Nakanishi et al.

Application of Radiation and RI
Irreplaceable by any other means① Radiation
1. Analysis： High sensitivity, Absolute measurement

Multi-element analysis
2. Imaging： Non-destructive, Real-time(Oil, Water, etc.）
Numerical treatment of the image
3. ＲＩ production： Semiconductor production② Radioisotope（RI）
1. Tracer (pursue the movement）
Non-destructive, under light condition
2. Imaging： Numerical treatment of the image

11. Trace water
2. Calculate
water amountby T.M. Nakanishi et al.20

Water uptake in a soybean plantwater volume [l]60stem 1cm

Whole stem vol.

45-55l

45300.046 ml/s
1502cm above the root

0200

Vessel cell volume（2l ）400 600 800 1000?

time [s]by T.M. Nakanishi et al.

Application of Radiation and RI
Irreplaceable technology by any other means① Radiation
1. Analysis： High sensitivity, Absolute measurement

Multi-element analysis
2. Imaging： Non-destructive, Real-time(Oil, Water, etc.）
Numerical treatment of the image
3. ＲＩ production： Semiconductor production② Radioisotope（RI）
1. Tracer (pursue the movement）
Non-destructive, under light condition
2. Imaging： Numerical treatment of the image

2

There is a wide application of radiation and RI usage.
1. Industrysemiconductor
non-destructive investigation (bridge, buildings, etc.)
functional resin by polymerization.etc.

2. Medical field
inspection, medicine, sterilization, etc.

3. Agriculture
mutation breeding, food irradiation, etc.

・ What is the base for these technology? engineering, physics, chemistry, etc.
・ What is the base for forensic study? ⇒to find out roots of RIRadiochemistry is an essential field to support forensic study.
⇒It studies chemical separation, chemical analysis, measurement, etc.
23

（４） Future Expectations for Nuclear Security Assurance and Nuclear Forensics

The Basic Idea for Nuclear Power Utilization：
・The Role of Nuclear Forensics
IAEA NUCLEAR SECURITY SERIES No. 2-G 「NUCLEAR FORENSICS IN SUPPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS」

Governments are responsible for establishing the infrastructure
for the nuclear security. When nuclear or radioactive substances
are detected out of the controlled management, adequatemeasures, including nuclear forensics supporting investigations,should be prepared by governments.
・Japan’s efforts The 1st Nuclear Security Summit CommuniquéJapan aims to establish exact and strict detection andforensic technics in three years, and share these withinternational society and further contribute to the world.
Achievements Dissemination
Information Sharing

Domestic Nuclear
forensics Community

IAEA Nuclear Security Series Document Architecture

Relevant Ministries & Agencies

Domestic and foreign research institutes, colleges and others areexpected to promote together research and development.

Thank you