2015. 10. 9

Japan Society of Civil Engineers
International Activities Center

International Activities Center News：Special Issue 9
The Last Large Scale Hydropower Plant in Sri Lanka
Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project (UKHP)◆Power Supply Conditions in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka’s GDP is currently growing at approximately 7% annually. In step with this, electricity demand in thecountry has increased and continues to increase. Consequentially, power sales have grown at approximately
6% pa, on average, over the past decade. Because of the increased demand, the Ceylon Electricity Board(CEB) developed and executed a plan which became known as the Long Term Generation Expansion Plan(LTGEP).
As a result, an agreement to finance UKHP as a project under the Special Terms for Economic Partnership(STEP) was made in March 2002 between the Government of Sri Lanka and the Japan Bank for International
Cooperation (JBIC) (currently known as Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)). The UKHP isfundamental in the country’s requirement to improve its ability to provide power, but as natural resources forhydropower were almost fully developed, the UKHP is considered to be the last large scale hydropower project
to be undertaken in the country.

◆Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project (UKHP)
The work required in the construction of the UKHP comprised of 5 lots: Lot-1 Preparatory Works; Lot-2 Main
Civil Works; Lot-3 Hydro-Mechanical Works; Lot-4 Generating Equipment; and Lot-5 Transmission Lines.
Maeda Corporation was awarded the contract for Lot-1 and Maeda-Nishimatsu Joint Venture the contract forLot-2. Construction for Lot 2 commenced in January 2007, commercial power generation was commissioned inJuly 2012 and the whole of the Works were completed in February 2014. This article focuses on the Lot-2contract.

Fig-1 Diagram of Main Civil Works

As shown in Fig-1, the Lot-2 Main Civil Works are divided into nine integral sections:
1. Intake Dam (Picture-1、Concrete Gravity Type、height 35.5m、length 185m);
2. Headpond (Picture-2);
3. Headrace Tunnel (Picture-3、length 12.5km、diameter 5.0~5.8m）;
4. Surge Tank (Picture-4、height 98m、diameter 8.5m);
5. Penstock (Picture-5、length 790m、diameter 4.3～1.45m, inclination 48°);
6. Underground Powerhouse (Picture-6、length 60m、height 36.5m、width 19m);
7. Tailrace Tunnel (Picture-7、length 459m、diameter 5.0m）;
8. Switchyard (Picture-7) and9. Auxiliary building works（Picture-8、St. Clair Viewing Gallery, Control Buildings, Guardhouses, etc.）.
Clearly, this is representative of so-called “mountain civil engineering” as the Contract involves a wide diversityof complex engineering activities. Moreover, the Site extends over a large area. As an example, the distancefrom the site of the Intake Dam to the site of the Switchyard is approximately 12km in a straight line andapproximately 23km by way of national road B412 following its improvement under Lot-1: Preparatory Works,by Maeda Corporation.

Picture-1 Intake Dam

Picture-2 HeadpondPicture-3 Headrace Tunnel

Picture-4 Surge Tank (from the bottom)

Picture-5 Penstock (Pilot Tunnel)

Picture-6 Underground Powerhouse

As can be seen from these data, if the Lot-2 works are compared with other famous national projects aroundthe world, the Lot-2 works are not large. However, the work for each section was extremely challenging andrequired the use of ingenious construction methods as opposed to those more traditionally employed on civilengineering projects. Whilst not an eye-catching contract employing full leading edge civil engineering
technologies the construction of the UKHP reminded us of the pure joy of “monozukuri” (the making of things),
through engaging in civil engineering works.

Picture-7 Switchyard

Picture-8 St.Clair Viewing Gallery◆Longest Tunnel and Largest Underground Space in Sri Lanka
Throughout the project difficulties were encountered in completing the works. These included the civil war(which didn’t end until 2008), the shortage of construction materials due to the demand from mega projects
such as the Beijing and London Olympics and the shortage of skilled workers. Other local difficulties arose
because the Intake Dam and Headpond construction sites were located adjacent to a residential zone.
At a total length of approximately 17km, the tunnels are the longest tunnels in Sri Lanka. Unsurprisingly there
were no local skilled workers for tunneling works of this magnitude. As a result, workers from several countries
were recruited including those from Indonesia, Malaysia and Nepal.
The most difficult parts however were (a) the Penstock Tunnel as it is inclined at a maximum of 48 degrees tothe horizontal and (b) the vertical shaft of the Surge Tank as it is 98m in height. The Underground Powerhouse
is a 33,000 ㎥ rock cavern the plant located therein generating a maximum power output 150MW.
It is clearly not possible to introduce each and every detail of the works in this piece. Nevertheless, a number ofissues can be selected that adequately illustrate ingenuity of construction.

◆Mix design of Concrete for backfilling the Penstock
The external area of the Penstock was filled with concrete after the installation of the steel pipes. Clearly it isnot easy to place concrete in inclined tunnels at 48 degrees to the horizontal even if special equipment waseasily available, which it was not. We therefore employed a method which became known as the chute castingmethod. The chute material, chosen was a φ450mm PVC pipe cut in half (simply for ease of cleaning andchecking abrasion). However, this method of placing concrete was not without its problems, the most obvious
being velocity control and material segregation. Indeed, during trial casting, it was recognized that the physicaleffect of such placement meant that the concrete was no longer able to satisfy the relevant requirements. The
only solution therefore was to change the characteristics of the concrete by changing its mix proportion. As aresult, of raising the sand/aggregate ratio and increasing the cement paste rate, we successfully obtained
more viscosity which reduced placement velocity and consequentially increased resistance to segregation.

Picture-9 Trial Chute Casting

Picture-10 Condition of Concrete at Casting Place◆Sky Platform for Surge Tank Concrete Lining WorkAs well as the Penstock, the external area of the Surge Tank steel lining had to be filled with concrete. Work
here was undertaken at an elevation of up to 1,194m. Above the steel lining a concrete lining had to beconstructed, such work being carried out up to an elevation 1,248m. Originally the plan was to use a slip form
usually used in dam construction. However, in consideration of safety and the progress of the work, the sky
platform was devised that entirely covered all cross sections of the Surge Tank. By employing the sky form, it
was possible to make scaffolding and formwork mutually independent of one another and to obtain better
workability. In addition it eased difficulties that would have otherwise been an issue due to the work being
carried out at a very high elevation.

Fig-2 Image of Sky Platform

Picture-11 Setting Sky Platform◆Message to the Youth Engineers
I was 27 years old when I first visited Sri Lanka to work on the UKHP Lot-1. It was not until I was 36 years oldthat I returned to Japan. This means that now after 9 years of living in Sri Lanka, I have spent 25% of my entire
life and 75% of my entire time with Maeda Corporation at Kotmale, Sri Lanka. Whilst this may seem to be along period of time, I can honestly say that my experience on this project was worth every minute of my time.
Please therefore be proud of the ability of Japanese engineers’ as they are surely amongst the very best in theworld. However, having said that, when we look around the world, we may find that there are technologies
employed by others that sometimes surpass those of Japan. Go abroad if any good opportunity arises and inso doing you will realise that by releasing your spirit of engineering you will be able to reach your furthest goals.
You may nevertheless face difficulties in coming to grips with different aspects of construction, safety control,
contract administration, filing and even in just everyday life some things of which you cannot experience inJapan. In this globalized world, many companies are trying to be global players and strengthening theireducation system for their staff who want to work overseas. If the opportunity arises therefore I hope that you
will be brave enough to take it and face the challenges ahead of you with a pride that comes with being
Japanese.

【References】
１）International Development Journal September 2011, “Sri Lanka: Large Scale Hydropower with preciousown resources”
２）Electric Power Civil Engineering, November 2014,”Development of Generation for Peak Demand in SriLanka”

Satoshi KOBAYASHI
Maeda Corporation International Operations Branch, Contract Management Division,
Assistant Engineer
Kobayashi-san joined Meada Corporation in 2002 since that time he has worked onoverseas contracts including the Rehabilitation of National Road Route No.7 (Cambodia); theImprovement of the Circumferential Road in the Pohnpei Island (Micronesia); and then from
August 2005 he was engaged on the Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project Lot-1: Preparatory
Works. Upon the award of the contract for the construction of the the UKHP Lot-2 Main Civil
Works to Maeda-Nishimatsu Joint Venture, he was permanently engaged to the UKHP. On
July 2014, he returned to Japan after the completion of the project to undertake his presentposition.

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◆Editor's postscript
In this special issue, we focus on Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project in Sri Lanka that was the theme of
IAC Japanese Civil Engineers the Global Leaders Symposium Series Vol.5 held on July 22, 2015.
I have marveled at the scale of the overseas projects every time, which is huge for me working in theoffice. In the symposium, a TV program was screened that featured an engineer working for this projectand his child who had traveled a long distance to see his father. I realized how much effort the engineers
working overseas put in.
The symposium series vol.6 will be held by the end of fiscal 2015. I look forward to the theme of the next
one. (H.T.)【Comments and Questions】
Please send us your feedback and comments to help us improve the IAC news. We look forward to hearing fromyou.JSCE IAC: iac-news@jsce.or.jp