!"# $ .3 % ,1ῌ-3 ,**0 &Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .3, ,1ῌ-3, ,**0'$%& Griggs



Evaluation of fundamental performance of a modiﬁed Griggs typeapparatus installed at Hiroshima University

*ῌ **ῌ*ῌ !"#*
Jun-ichi Ando*, Toru Takeshita**, Kazunari Matsubara* and Yasutaka Hayasaka*
Abstract : Deformation experiments using triaxial solid-medium deformation rigs
such as a Griggs-type apparatus have been important in order to quantitatively
understand plastic behavior of the Earth’s constituent minerals and rocks. A modiﬁed
Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In thispaper, we brieﬂy describe conﬁguration of this deformation apparatus and evaluate its
fundamental performance, using NaCl and glass sample cells, which have been developed by ourselves. We conclude that this deformation apparatus using the NaCl cell
has a good potential to produce precise mechanical data under the following circumstances. The upper limit of conﬁning pressure in the NaCl cell at room temperature isinferred to be ca. - GPa, which is slightly higher than that in glass cell. We calibrated
conﬁning pressure of both cells at high temperature as a function of applied load up to
1/* kN. The results show that conﬁning pressure in the glass cell reaches almost +**ῌof the ideal pressure calculated as (load)/(basal area of the piston), whereas that in the
NaCl cell decreases with increasing applied load and reduced to 1,ῌ of the idealpressure at 1/* kN. Hydrostatic condition can be generated in the NaCl cell attemperatures as low as /**. However, the NaCl cell becomes unstable over 2**. A
sample in the glass cell is non-hydrostatically stressed at low temperature, but stressstate becomes hydrostatic over 1** due to softening of the glass. The glass cell isvery stable up to +-**. Therefore, the NaCl and glass cells can be useful for
deformation experiments at temperature lower than 2** and higher than 1**,respectively. Temperature gradient along the graphite heater is large, and is expressedas Tg*.*3T, where Tg and T represent temperature gradient (/mm) and temperature at the center of heater (), respectively. In order to minimize the temperature
gradient of sample, new devices such as metallic capsule and/or step heater must be
installed in the present sample cell. Using the NaCl cell, we conducted a constantdisplacement rate test of serpentinite at P*.3 GPa, T0**, and at a preset displacement rate of inner-piston of 0** mm/hr. The experimental stress-time curve is goodenough for a dynamic base line, hit point and steady state creep to be well-deﬁned.
Based on the results, it can be inferred that the ﬂow strength of the sample is ca. /1*
MPa at the strain rate of -.++*//s.
Key words : Modiﬁed Griggs-type apparatus, conﬁning pressure calibration, temperature
gradient, constant displacement rate test,**/  3  ,2 ,**0  ,  +.  
Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, HigashiHiroshima, 1-3ῌ2/,0, Japan**   
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate
School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, *0*ῌ
*2+*, Japan*( 27 (

¹ ¡ῌj+ kῌ¢&ῌ£º»¤῎ῌ῏῍ -  Griggs
      
  ! " #$%  
&'( )' , GPa *+',-.
45/  0'123/
DIA 
637 
8!9 "# +* GPa $'%+':Nis&;<&='' >/hiyama et al., ,**/ 3?3 ()  @A*
3/,B # CA+D,- .&D  E
7  / 0F1. 2G H39   -  IJK 4L#:&; <&9 ='#M5'NOPQ!'RS6T
A7U VW 8BX Jung et al.
,**.
 - 'T23/  YZ$%&9[9 :\;]C>/  9 ^_< =`>?D_>?'!
@A./  0.
P!ab;  !'cBC dBe   0' fg9  
'hA'9 1+?ADi 
Ef9 NaCl G'j;klmna
F!9  Go':\;] HF3 ^_<'>?= Gp q.7 8BX Greenand Borch +323 ; Borch and Green +323 ; Gleason and Tullis +33- r'Is  9
[':\;] J)H' ^_<'>?=
 ?AtG9  3?3  b;KῌEu
F!9  LM' vN3/^_>?
 O  " Jung and Karato ,**+ 
Karato and Jung ,**-
 w'K' O
x'PyQ?z^_< {|  ^_>?'='tG q/  Ox
R9 PyQ^_'2}FS~
8BXz./ 4T^_
Kohlstedt et al. +310 0'"# 4U2
/ :\;]' fgD V'"#HBz.  PyQ'6T#PyQ'='
R'^_<'i >?D E7
>7   0'W -  9 ^_< F!9 =` /K   
"  9[:\;] e%X) 4LRB$E' /** MPa,Y +/ km Z[  3?D \>/  -  P!ab;C _>? ]9 K'' 4L#:&;'<&='#M5'NOPQ!RS/ 6T  ,*** ` - RSabRS A^_c : M5F4d e 'fg
$'fh RSi : j+k CA l++mRS4no%pqr.
7 -  stuvw 37 b;x3/  y ?
,e' - z'{ z,>7 '
E| 
ῑῒῐΐ
Griggs  
^ 
'

 Griggs  
'^<&
$%&
 ! 
|B$%& }qq
! !~' ¡j C>/e|
B$%& ¢ £u ¤B ^_
0'<& ¥H   ^ 
3¦¦ F¦?'§ ¤B/.7 *+
'¨ E| ῌ $%& ! B ῍^y ©% ῎ ¤ ©%?z<&./  $%& ! Bª«C>/¬+ .** kgfῌcm, E' «N%^'Q­®¯R LM  0'¬+  ,** &'£uZ[3  !|°,-.* mm  ' m ¬+ ..1 GPa 'ῌ '9   ^w.±. !'GQ­®¯ ῍ '¢+y9  OQ²; Griggs  'W , um F!3«;<&K' 9
>/  Fig. + 
Go37Wm37Is
'K  !3 ^' !
! 9~D2  ^³ F w'B/|?zc´°µ+DF  ]3/ Fig. +c ¬cB'´° 2-.0 mm   0' 
³' !~/  !|9 _ F9 D   ³³
B' Fig. + c ' B B /' !~/_ 1*῍ *GK¶ D  Griggs  
 ! G"?z|U ·¸ Gp/
 0' !'K'K  ^ C>/  !'|U ,WF·¸ Gp/A w' m'<>/ 

¼ 28 ¼  .3  Griggs  

Schematic diagram of a modiﬁed Griggs type deformation apparatus installed at Hiroshima University (Courtesy ofFig. +
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd). (a) and (b) show the front and side views of the apparatus. The frame of the apparatus is
not drawn in (b) which is looked from the left side of (a). (c) shows a close up view of piston-cylinder-inner piston assembly.
A and B in (b) and (c) represent a couple of wedge plates in an inner piston driving equipment and positions of cylinder,
respectively. See text for detailed explanations.

 29 

«9ῌ/ ῌº9?ῌ» Griggs    ῌ 
 
Fig. +  A  !"#$ .% &'() ,   *+,- &.)
&' /*+,-&0123141!567!8  9!:;<# *+,-&7!8  !56 *+,-!;<# =>; !!"? #@&$A  %&!56 '=BC<9(!
)*! DE-FG Griggs HIJ!+K<,#-.=/L;<#  
0123141!5M<; *0 + mm
NL*0 + cm +*O1 mm ῌ secP+*O- mm ῌ sec D1
Q1 RS141 ? =T1 
Griggs  ,2U&348 EQ1V3141#U
34&5W6X8)   ,2
U 7U &348  Y  !!"Z<#U&[A  8  & \;]; ^I_G` EQ18U9 ^b: /I_G7a;CL;
F1` cde<? bF1=!f1g1h
01&&#<i6 Fig. + b  \ j1 *.*mm   klm>?
bF1
n1ohG56 &??
@ pn,o bF1qI_
A.B&C'rDEs6t 4uG  
v1wb IGxF Al, O- '?;<#  bF1& !W?=bF1!5M<34? #@ n1ohG!5M<=? Figs. + a, b  
=FRS141!GH; EIG4b  bF1
3y41
I0J 012314zKL &9!MC8\*@{&3y41? N0J 
n1ohG3y41; #@&9!M'(!
bF1I0J& ? |E1} &~k=T1 [O  PPPQῌ
PU ῌ RF !hGJ&3y41? R
S141?;<#  ![O !h
G!5W;dSu b / u b141 R3O&T&?  P!
5M< u b141!Q; PQ&
Z UVJ&W??  P  /**A QqQPQ&34
 !QP

Q&X&Z<# ῎ῑῌ῍῏ῐ
!X&Z<#!hG& Fig. , !Y?!Z[ \]V 0b  1.* mm,^ 1.* mm   u b141_! !3OB&,C  ) u b1418J$&  ? UVO`aB
b#-GRyIS&8<#  SGRyIcd!56[O!e? P934Jk{? N & Fig. - !Y? fg
3OBh=&+?  ,!
6 +,*** W * +** #=-GRyI
cd!5M<4a 
U9:!/ . 'D!&X&Z<#
Fig. ,  + bn b Al, Si. O+* OH , , 4G| Mg- Si. O+* OH ,  - NaCl . 
IWAKITE--,GLASS   bn bU9: I_G!5 @=4G|q NaCl 
U9:!i!'&? jU&?  ZNZ [Ukbn bU9: U9:
&lZ<# OP"!mn9&[A OP"op&? ;&q¡! f¢!
5M<OP"&M£Z<#  ¤! [Uk!OP" 3*%!¥¦Z<# rstp9&u(op;§?# \! !hGvNLIGxFw&C;dx¨Z<#  ) ,*! !&!z6!
(2U!©#[y!? UV
NaCl U9:&8) ¤! NaCl \X6!
&&#)hGª3Z) / NaCl q
&&#) !hG& \;]; NaCl hG
hGVz?  bn b,[y!
{ j|&4a &}~?  = NaCl U9:&/p « U934&
Z ?  M< bn b 3**  + *¬[O&Z) &X&Z<# u b141&3O8 PQ 
EQ1NLS-GRyIEu&­<u b141> \Z<®bEu ¯#!
 Fe Eu >Q;  J°= !
±,-²|³&C' Pt-Pt+*῍Rh OP"&&#<~k OP" !hG8I_G´\;]; IGxF , µ¢ ,¶S1·&&#<M£;<# !&.8 #@ /I_G8!5W;;)EsbF1!5M<[AL;  !hG8 ¸b|n!5 #@= IGxF ¯# Es!`AL; !&8  IGxF¹ῌB

¼ 30 ¼

v9J¶ K .3 ·¸L ¹º»M Griggs dTUVWXZ

! > ! /012 ?@0ABC4DEF24 GH IJ!
./012KLM N.
O! P I()*QRS4-O ! TUVWX! Y.Z  [\]UVR! !^#"! _#`! $%&# Vabc
/012de#!^!^#"fgUVRbc /012de#!^! hijk3l'#m(n
h I\ op ! P/012 q
rs   #""tuvwx #")*#
yz{ ! P/012 K*!^|! b]! }*+(! '#+,~c,H() F
N! ,- S m, 4!  !^4#" P Pa PFῌSῌ4 * . + ! #")/]z{ ! P/012K%I#")/012K! #") &##01 IJ ῌ  \ ! ()!^#"fg
~c %S23* ! _
e_[\]#"fgUVRbc+ +  
.  P Bi 4.3
 ! Bi 56y7T ! /0
12de#!^: Bi 6yL8$] _ % Bi  ,.// GPa  ,.11 GPa #"
! 8v9῍ῐ῎%I῎ῐ῏? G
#":;< Bi 6yL=8HH
M¡>"4 G6yL=?8$4#"fg[\]Fig. . () ?4 Bi 6yL=? +@¢4 Fig. . a ¢H £() %¤6yL=! + *+, - * / A¥BC8$]=D¦= ()* +,+-/ kN b! ()>"]§ Bi 6yL=*¨|+ >"! D¦=FG >" ª
4 E©
H ! ;<#«t N;<#¬S#"
! ;<­®¯°±²01 IJ6yL=?I³ ¨|+ \ ! ()>"]§ Bi 6yL=*>"4z{ !
£() %¤6yL=D¦=+,;<´+Fig. ,
Cross section of a cell assembly designed for deformation experiment.

Fig. Relationships between electric power and temperature generated at center of the graphite heaters withand without a zirconia sleeve at applied load of /** kN.
The size of graphite heaters in both cells are the same ; f
3./µ3.* and +2 mm in thickness and length, respectively.

*./ῌ   
  NaCl 
& ! "#$ % ! '()*++,-  .! /012 .345 6
7
 89! .:; +* mm <=¼ 31 ¼­®¯`ῌ° ±ῌ²³`´ῌµ¶·¸   
 !"#$% &Fig. . b' ()
*+,-./ Fig. .

Fig. .
Change of (a) normalized electric resistance (R/R*) and (b) average rate of change of electric resistance ofBi with increasing applied load at room temperature. R*
is electric resistance at room pressure. Pressure induced
phase transformations of Bi occur at +.// GPa and +.11
GPa, where its electric resistance decreases and increases,
respectively.

b 0 12$%/*+,342

NaCl 56789:56;2 <=<>?@ABCD/ 56;2 - E7 , EAB
C ,.// GPa 7 ,.11 GPa ;FGHIJK$%/ Fig. / 012$%/>?@LM N O0 P ῌ $%/QRS>?7TU4G@VM3O4W<2 XYZ[ NaCl 56 0  +,*2-\,0 kN,.// GPa, +,20\-. kN ,.11 GPa >?]G^]_ZD/ `a 89:56bc0 NaCl 5
6de3f
 &+,,,*\+* kN' dD2 gD7,.// GPa >?]G h/ +,-** kN ij23 Bi  ῍῏῎ *+,klG^]mn
ZD/ ^0 NaCl op289:>qrs]
f  89:>?tu]avwF? &s+' 
xj2h <VyGavwF? Nz> &PC{s,{s-' ]|}2 ~42
Fig. 0 0 !" 67 
6 !" & 6]^   6,  I/  0 :!" 7G'
2 NaCl 56789:56:
!"o@G7 ] ,/* kN h 0 ¡¢£!"4G] < 7 89:56a]¤¥Zf!"4G 56E¦ 56§¨©Wª2 Fe «¬

Fig. /
Pressure calibration curves at room temperature
for NaCl and glass cells. Solid line represents ideal pressure calculated as (load)/(basal area of the upper anvil).

Fig. 0
Displacement of the upper anvil with increasing
applied load. The displacement was measured using astroke gauge, which has a high resolution of measurement around *./ mm.

¹ 32 ¹[\ ] .3 µ¶^·_6¸` Griggs ¹ "56º4JRa» NaCl     !"#$ % &$  '()*Fe +,-. "/0. 
 Fe +,- "0   12
3456 7& $89( PC  = :;  12 <$>?89.@ABCD 0 E FGHICJK C
L $
NaCl 12 )* +,*** kN .M9NO=P $  QR
CD SFig. /T UV  -.* GPaWB0C& XY )* Z%[>\  Z]^ῌ_`ab7 % & $ )*.@9 >=;c
89( 0  12 BR
89(
NaCl 12 12C&  de(0  % &.f89( ' VB&  gh. 9 i!12"CVB# .$ej2689(  k2l
mn%&o S%  : 12* kgῌcm,T  "Cp$.$e q$ '( %&C UghB)rC&$st
 uv &$./c  j2
6k2lmn%&o._( Green andBorch S+323T Borch and Green S+323T Gleason
and Tullis S+33-T i!12* NaCl $ew<.x+,D ' k2lmn%&oyz{ |&=P7}~C
yz{ |-+,CD+, GHICi!12../012
$c  HI$
 GH CJ3.e 0G
HIC> " +,$ 4C )* /** kN  1/* kN C NaCl 12 12
J } e
GH CJ 4 "5678.9: 4 "56C z,5
3, `t)*.z,5 3,  134512 ;< SFigs. +
1T 4512C;<)* z,5
3, R s+   PC Y&=C  SFig. 1T  ">C

Schematic diagram showing position of a load
Fig. 1cell and stress state in sample cell.

 )* S  F)*K  T .n,
2 `9+,5?
0Ci!.@2 ` S>A <BCi.DT `>  4512C;<)*)* E ¡3" `SFig. 2T E  )*.¢< FAGHC`&
 ZIJ "KLGH Ss+£s,£s-T ¤¥  |  GH $0C PC Y=BM C 4512C;< s+ ¤¥  0.9: GH C;<4512)*'(" .WB  ¦:z,5 3,NOP§ 1.* mm CDGHICJC i!12" i!
.13/  Fig. , ¨i!O
Cz,5 3,.Q©B.¦: 
12 NaCl 12 E)* /** kN  1/* kN
:;. Fig. 3  Fig. +* ¨  12.: < VMCB +,-**ª GH C«< .>0¬RCD ¢ NaCl 12 < 2**ª HIC &SE%3x$­i!1
2T«<$GH $0#  NaCl 
MUV EWC®¯  °-±²z3³5j5C"XYHdxx&c -±²z3³5j5? NaCl Z´$GH $0 Y89(Uc   12 E +,-**ª C NaCl

¼ 33 ¼¦§¨,ῌ©g ªῌ«¬,­ῌ®¯°± 1** 2**     
!"#$  %&!' 
 ()*+,-.
/ %&01 / 2 3  %& 456.789:;<= >? /** kN 1/* kN @ A /** BC 1** !'D(EF)GHIJKL. MFig. 3N O 7 !'P QR STU V=WX Y Z[L.;<= GH-\]^& _ PC `a s+ )B-9GH-#$bc7de.  O ;<= f\ghi 2,+ MIWAKITE--,GLASS jkl
m.N b.) O \Fno  /** BC 1**p %& qr^&JK56 s+ sPC #$%&  m9
tue7)vB. 1** w
xy\#$tuI_(EFz{BJK|}.) O~C (EFBC\F* dL c 1** (),
D \F L.7NaCl  (EF  Fig. +* dL NaCl  %& 456. (EF)z{B
! / 2 JK, L.7
b. O -(EF  NaCl \F'm.\F   / 2 -%b.\F mc

xy\#$m9tuI_(EF)Je.7H. ;<= %&4A(EF)JK-e  NaCl  /** ¡¢ L£¤¥9 xy\te#$e._Fig. 2
Relationship between applied load by hydraulicpumping to the upper anvil and axial load measured byload cell. Axial load increases with increasing appliedload, which is divided into three regions of the linear
relationship with di#erent slopes : *ῌ1* kN, 1*ῌ,** kN and,**ῌ1/* kN of the applied load. This could be caused byyielding of NaCl at 1* kN at room temperature and softening of NaCl at ,** kN at .**, respectively.

Fig. 3
Changes of apparent pressure calculated fromaxial load in the glass cell with increasing temperature at
the applied load of (a) /** kN and (b) 1/* kN. Solid line
represents the ideal pressure.

Fig. +*
Changes of apparent pressure calculated fromaxial load in the NaCl cell with increasing temperature at
the applied load of (a) /** kN and (b) 1/* kN. The idealpressure is indicated in each diagram.

² 34 ²

±²<³ ´ .3 µ¶=3·¸"¹> Griggs oiLMp"º%?»    
 /** kN   1/* kN $%&'!"  /** kN # ( NaCl  )*+,-./#,.)01223456
   789:;
<=>,.?@ -$ $,.
A( 1**B
C>
D
+<=>789:; NaCl :; E
(F GH,.IJ$ Fig. ++ A(/K  Fig. 3  Fig. +* A+5LMIJ
N  :; O+PQ Fig. 3 
Fig. +*  !LM$ + RS5 P T$U
=+5  /** kN  1/* kN O+ NaCl :;789:; PQ *.3V*.* GPa  +.-V*.* GPa, +.,V*., GPa  +.2V*.* GPa  .,(W *> /. X ῌ <=
YZ. O+ NaCl :; 1,ῌ῎1/ῌ 789:; +**ῌ Z*+5
F GH,.IJ[\W *> NaCl :; /**B 5]^ GH_$`a.bc d(We" 2**B $f_:;bcg Z0 #hiLMjZ NaCl . + GPa +,***B kAkella et al., +303l Z
NaCl :; 2*ῌ  GHULM
+5 ! 789:;  GH_`a.bc 789 m(1**B [  `a.bcZ0 +,-**B

Fig. ++
Pressure calibration curves at high temperature
for the NaCl and glass cells. Solid line represents theideal pressure.

5]F GH1#hg>LMS U> .,n!1)5,ῌ ῍῏῎ῐ
Griggs oiLMp" Zq9rstusvw
op"2xyoF.,p"Z@t9z{
 |#i}w~w$5 %iLMp"
8r|#i}w~w$$+5 / Z|#i}w~w$$5>t9z{*+ &  }w~w 
*+Z Z34Z ',-W(
+5 k) Ito and Takahashi k+323ll *F.LM }w~w +1 / mm 
U"0 &+ ++  +*ῌ  -*ῌ @ 5" k) ,k+33,ll  %iLMp"}w~w& F.LM.+ +2 mm  U> }w~w/011PQ 3./ mm  3.*
mm 345 P6  }w~w&+Z034Z .i2
 Zm$3 (LM
}w~w '$(*+ W 4Z'  F Ug LM$S
789:;$$5> , O Pt-Pt+*ῌRh 5O$$
5+8r}w~w&+ $8
> + O5O Fig. , A+5
r}w~w&" ,> U> /5O O+ +2* O0 1 mm " 1] + O5O$, 8r}w~w
 $> @5O1 _:;a/0&+ r s¡t¢s"(+5
 ,** kN  /** kN
 IJ$ Fig. +, A( %LM:;8r}w~w P&+Z034Z $d % )*+P £3(W U>  ,** kN  /** kN  IJ
34Z¤56=Z5
R_8r}w~w ¥&+5 ,O5O" /** kN 
&+¦7 0.* mm "W  8
r}w~w1   &¦7 )+§¨(+ TZ '$<= & % 8*+ ' 9©
 (W  8r}w~w& $ T kBl ># ' Tg kBῌmml
 [\ª«X:(W¬;Tg­*.*3®T῍¯/° %p"$$5>iLM &¼ 35 ¼

T·©ῌUw Vῌ¸¹©^ῌWº»X

Schematic diagram showing typical pressuriFig. +zation and heating processes for experiments. Solid anddashed lines represent applied load and temperature, respectively.

Fig. +,
Temperature di#erence between the center(Tcenter) and end (Tend) of graphite heater measured
with Pt-Pt+*῍Rh thermocouples. Cross and open circle
indicate temperatures at ,** kN and /** kN, respectively.

/.* mm  1.* mm 
 0**    !"# $%&'   () +,/ *+ +/* ,-.+01/2 (301 4/
%56 5 789  !%
:1 (;5<%= >?  5A   BCD1 E%:@)  FG Ni FHIJ
K%9 L 2 Liebermann and Wang
L+33,MM NOPO!Q ' Q01 "?R# L 2 Kushiro L+31/M ; Rubie et al. L+33-MM
5$%%?
-ῌ ῐῒ῏ῑ῎῍&'(  !%S1 T) U*V W+,- !XOPY%Z[1LFig. ,M .\ /.*!%) NaCl JKmm,  /.* mm U*V
U*V]^1 _/)`%abcd79
e0fgh1_.i2/jkl /** kN,
 0** mn opOqrdos- t0** mm . !W jkl /** kN) *.3 GPa u%3;1 LFig. ++M 0** ) %:@  B) /-ῌmm 7 ' ) +-*  (5 (301 4 :@ 4%?
!W vu Ni HIJK%
wabcdxy?5z5? E% Ulmer

and Trommsdor# L+33/M {o|}~d5z%3;  & !u ) {o|}~d5Kr~dPKf%67C1 8; 9)7 5 {o|}~d+:
%Igd/
 !u; Fig. +- %1 ,** kN jkl8u
jkl</%=9 u %= .** 8W& T>?45)7
t@
 4u8u1/**) T.T.A+/?
kN jkl%B% 4 % 
 4- opOqrdoC
j !; D ! ¡ Fig. +. %
1 Fig. +. a )gO¢JKE+/£klt¤¥F &9 Fig. +. b )G@t¤H%& 
Fig.
opOqrdos- ¥F
+. a ¦od A ) s- 5§¨©+%IB
@7 LFig. +. bM £klt¤¥) - ª
:%7 45« LFig. +. aM :ῌ) £kl)t¤J%§¨ %K
opOqrdo)©+- JKL%¬u PC  opOqrdo%:
1?¯° t¤­ M-.©+®K1
J%±fgqrdoC«%31 NO*
8 opOqr+P²5KQ1 4%?
do5JKL%¬1 4 ¯³*)7 5
JKLR-5KQ u5©+®K
A  :ῌA+/ £k
1 Z+/l¥) opOqrdo%31 P²u
5©+- K1 E%:@Z+/. opOqrdo5 
J¯³%´©+- C«S1  £kl):ῌA+/ t¤¥µS1 )³7
LDynamic
£klt¤¥CY¶¼ 36 ¼¦°±² ³ .3 ´µ/C¶· ¸0 Griggs ¹wº

Fig. +.
Mechanical data of deformation of serpentinite
obtained by constant displacement rate test at conditionsof P®*.3 GPa, T®0**¯ and preset inner-piston displacement rate of 0** mm/hr. (a) Axial load of sample versus
time. Point A indicates the time when the inner-piston
started to keep constant displacement rate. (b) Measured
values of displacement rate of the inner-piston versus
time. Preset displacement rate is shown by straight line.
(c) Di#erential stress versus time curve. The sample
probably started to deform at steady state condition only
after point B.

baseline  Fig. +. a 

 Hit point  ! "# $$ % &'()*+,-# $./  0
123 456"# )7*+
 89 :;<=>? Fig. +.
b !3"# $ @A
BC 0/ C
IJ
DEFG# )7*+ H89

A12»KFLM0NOPQ123 R"#"CDFUCD
STF# )7*+ 89EVQW3 Fig. +. b ! VX
R# )7*+ 89 EFL YL# !  6ZG#
89
VX"[FL$\'] ^ _`Fa S[123# bc"6Zd῎e?"fgh6Z Fig. +. a !3"# $ 0./ H ij6# )7*+ $\'k l Umnop ] BC
q oF:r# ! d6"$"stu7vij6w123 YL#fghFL
$ x Yield point y x456"# _`)7*+ 89 %z Fig. +. b
4% q12# dῌe

{|6D# d῎ehFFstu7vij}~T3
 "# $ 0o
# d῍6
./U/qF ^] w$# $*+^]^ 0op!L# $ 0o./ {6DFq"T3
#  F77#hqL# {
F./ W3123dῌe#   .$ 0./ W# $ w$o./Fig. +. c  9 $ # x45 
 9
$
F 6#  
῏/ OT3qH%6Z
" # O 6 $\'6"4 F&
M! ¡hq6DF  x45 )7*+ 89  Fig. +. b W 9' /0. mm 6Z ¢# x
Quench  ¢6
" +,3 )6Z£(" +,,+- mm F";6Z 
6# $
"' 0-* mm 6Z !
# ¤$. ¥n# $\' ¦~123 $$% T§&'()*+ 
"# ¨] e?$ ©Aw*?M+T' /,*** mm NaCl  Z Fig. , w
 ¤$ª«o# $&'()*+ " NaCl ,¬­eG# w-$&'()*+,",Fq) ! q1.o# x45 Z 

¼ 37 ¼

ª´4ῌµZ ῌ¶º4ῌ·¸»¹     NaCl    NaCl    Fig. +. c !ῑ" #  $%&'( B) * +,-./01

234* *  56 %&'( B +,7890:0./01;<
  = >!?@" #="$A%7B
./01890:0&'C()B +*DEB 0**F "./0
1890:0+,* %&'( B +G
&'H0IJ('-KL# $#. /0. mm)
BL# $# -.+M+*N/ῌs) O
P /0#. /1* MPa 
$Fig. +. c) 12Q = Raleigh and Paterson $+30/) R Rutter and Brodie $+322) 3 = "4S5TUVP<W
X6YZ =[\]7^ 8, VPWXZ =[\( 12Q _`
9-abc:Jde ;*890:0<=C  12Q>?#@\fA 9-abJdeB!CDE!FG!Cghijklm
 $Hn Jung et al. $,**.)) I DE
!FG>?#J Clausius-Clapeyron oK
<p!!C*q Lr< - GPa X
6YZ =sBt X6Y
!C MN = OPQ^  = R)]7^8,uS vdJ?@" +,***F +*
Ww6YZ =" NaCl ?@ 
TU05xVW yz(%&'( _` .
/01=*890:&']7B{X*( | }vdJ?@~Y[\(^῍ῌ῎Z[8[8,8TUF\]J k8^_`aXb - $=xc7>!?@ $NaCl ?@vdJ?@) Ide }DE +Z()B ῌ Bi fgh"Xi =xr
jwZ NaCl ?@!CX*. -.* GPa^k  vdJ?@!CX*<23 ῍ NaCl ?@ /**F \l5mw6YB
n?Xop*(]7^ B
 2**F ?@qPr7 =PQ 4s vdJ?@
mw6YOn?X"B vd
Jt* 1**F +*w23n?XP +,-**F \Ww6Y<r7=[ M  NaCl ?@vdJ?@ }
 2**F +Z 1**F +* =u
῎ Ww6YX!Cv vdJ?@w
23 +**῍ ^; NaCl ?@ *A%/** kN  1/* kN }. 1/῍ $P*.3 GPa)
_` . 1,῍ $P+., GPa) m῏ d&(y0:0 }Bxyz[Cwp6 w*{V }w[* d&(y0:0Bxw T $F)C woK Tg $Fῌmm)  +Z|b}*(~N
Tg*.*3MT
ῐ NaCl ?@" X *.3 GPa, w 0**F _` &'H0IJ('L## 0** mm 6Y
12Q =[  }DE TU05
xVW yz(%&'( _` ./01
=*890:'(C 890:0  =  NaCl ?@"
#=[(= 890:0B # -.+M+*N/ῌs "c . /1* MPa Oῑῐῌ[8` [84  " =P
 ῌ[8 * Xi=l*¡ Z[8I¢>!jJ:zs£ ?@¤0¥R¦3  l*£§%0( %¨ ©ªb«
¬}­]   =DE ® ¯  ¡ ¢ £ ¤¥῍-¦©§¨©§TUV°±[C ª²[8«?+¬­®©n³[8¥¯T´°±[ µC = l*,¶¬²E  +*s£
·r¸³¹}*ῒ

῏

Akella, J., Vaidya, S. N. and Kennedy, G. C., +303.

¼ 38 ¼  .3 

Griggs !"#$%& '()*+,

Melting of sodium chloride at pressures to 0/
kbar. Phys. Rev., +2/, ++-/ῌ++.*.
Borch, R. S. and Green II, H. W., +323. Deformationof peridotite at high pressure in a new molten
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