i/  .2 ¡/ ++ῌ,,/ ,**. +Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .2, ++ῌ,,, ,**.G1234 

 !"#$*
The deformation temperature and the di#erential stress inferred fromdeformation twins of calcite in the “Atokura Formation”
A consideration on the nappe-forming process of the Takeyama Klippe%&'(**ῌ)*+,***
Shirou Chikashige** and Kazuo Kosaka***
Abstract : Deformation twins develop remarkably in calcite veins in sandstone blocksof the mélange-like “Atokura Formation”, a contituent of the Takeyama Klippe, in
Minano-town of Saitama Prefecture in the northeastern Kanto Mountains. Theirmorphological features in thin section suggest the deformation temperature of ,**-** and the twin densities (number of twins/mm) suggest di#erential stress of ,+*
,2/ MPa. The “Atokura Formation” of this area has experienced metamorphism of theprehnite-pumpellyite facies, as suggested by the deformation temperature. The “Atokura Formation” deformed under the maximum shear stress of +*/+.- MPa.
This Formation can be considered to have undergone metamorphism of the prehnitepumpellyite facies on the burial level of several km during sedimentation in the forearc
basin covering the accretionary complex or in the trench landward slope. This
Formation of the Takeyama Klippe, directly contacting with the Chichibu belt and theunderlying Mikabu greenstones, is considered to have emplaced onto the Mikabu
greenstones from the northern Chichibu belt, considering the top-to-the-northeast
sense of shear in the basal fault of the “Atokura Formation” in the Yorii-Ogawa area
near the study area.
The deformation twins in calcite veins are inferred to have formed during/after
metamorphism of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies and before/during northward movement.
Key words : Takeyama Klippe, “Atokura Formation”, deformation twins, deformation
temperature, di#erential stress, maximum shear stress, northern Chichibu
belt

-./0




,**-  +,  ,0 / ,**.  /  +* * -i9 ++* 9 +GJ o** - 
Institute of Natural Sciences, College of Humanities andSciences, Nihon University. -ῌ,/ῌ.* Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo +/0ῌ2//*, Japan*** - > C
Department of Geosystem Sciences, College of Humanities
and Sciences, Nihon University. -ῌ,/ῌ.* Sakurajosui,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo +/0ῌ2//*, Japan  !"#$%&'()* +,. / +3/- ; 01ῌ,2/ +323 ; 3-ῌ45/ +33, ; 6
789:ῌ;<=>?@ABCDEF9/ +33/GH I
 !"#$%JK/ 67LMNO PQ)*R
!"#$ +,-. / +3/-G ST)* U VW 
XYῌZ[\]^_`aVῌb`aVcd
ef?Agh`i jklmn&op]/ XYq
r&st uvwx*H-yzwj/ IXYqr{|S}~]/  Helvetic Nappe XYqr )* +32*
+Pﬁ#ner, +32, ; Rowe and S
Rutter, +33* ; Burkhard, +33- G/ R!"#$:¢ 11 ¢

¹ºMῌ+»NO  




῎῍ῌ῏
  ! " #$ % " &'(#$)*ῌ+, "- ./0 123456731 8 9:
7,;<=>?@A BC
5- DEFGHI 0JKLCMN Oῌ +33, ; #$JP! ῌ 6QRSTUVWXY"ZP+33/[ OFig. +[:#$% "-
%45;<=> EF\ =>]^TV_: `ῌ&ab#$ &`%'(0)\cd
OFig. ,[ EF\!- efTghfi *jk%lmn>:+bo,M-p &`%!q.d)\rjMsn>+#$:t
OFig. ,[% " 9u/ vῌ O+33,[ k:jMwx EF\-0y4 O+3/-[ 'z! "01245!QR0LC DEF{3|I'1 8>0LCk
%}~ῌ4 
-5>ῌ>:#$ B@A>6>\:z>7 \45@Aa4jM6>7 z 4ῌ 4M->7 >6>\:vct Oῌ  +33,[ 5>-fi95ῌ8945z9>9
>5:: %lmn>k5 By4;
> ῌ  ῌ > ῌ H^ ῌ <CN>ῌ>ῌ>ῌ6>5ct: 7,./5-CMNN Oῌ  +33,[ 5-y0: +* cm   0 .* cm = ¡ Oῌ  +33,[ > "c- 9 ¢£¤}-?¥LCMNN: >¦45 ! "EF\@ Oq§y4 +30-[ 12LC @¨3©ª0«5CMN OA+ +30.[> "%lmn>- EF\0Bs)\cd C%EF\1M&`a¬DMN
O­4ῌ0® +323 ; q§y4 ,***[ >E¯-sn K-Ar  ,0- Ma :F5CMN
O­4y4 +323[ efTghfi-%lmn>? A °±EF\0)\cd O­4ῌ0® +323[sn>-+#$ct: }~ῌ²G)\0 d>0`:EF\0)\cd%
>:tz E¯-³´: ++, Ma O­4y4+323[ ©´: +*/ Ma O+H +32/[ sn K-Ar 
:F5CMN=>]^TV_-4`  EF\&%µI#$ &%'(0d Oῌ  +33,[ ¶n>:vcEF\0d#·J>£kK¸L9>:µ#$ Oῌ   +33,[ EF\? A#$0

Fig. +
Geological sketch map of the northeastern Kanto Mountains. Simpliﬁed from the Geological
Sheet Map + : ,**,*** “Nagano” (Nakano et al., +332) and “Utsunomiya” (Sudo et al., +33*) of theGeological Survey of Japan.
MTL : Median Tectonic Line, ISTL : Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line, TTL : Tanagura Tectonic Line.

¼ 12 ¼rs) º .2 »>?ABCDw abc*d (AB·f¸¹

Fig. ,
Geological outline of the Takeyama Klippe in the Kanezawa area,the northeastern Kanto
Mountains. Based on Makimoto and Takeuch(+33,).

  ῌ
 ῌ    !" ῌ+,-.ῌ #$%&'()*/01234(56  789 ῌ :;+33,<=
῕ῐ῔῍ῌ῔ῑ
EF!GHIJKL(>?@(ABCDM!NOPQ RSTMU
V*WXY
Z;!R[\]^_(`; 7Fig. -< ( abc*d!= efP\g3h12i RSTjk
A(lmn$o !pq$= R )ῌ)>?@(ABCD(lmtv$
rs(tuwx!yz{!f|x=

Raymond῎ΐ῏ῒ : 9*( }!~[\
7+32.< (g3h12("!P\o  * (  V (    coherent broken dismembered !"P\PwEῌ 7,**,<(!P `;( abc*d W )*(rs!\[*7coherent formation< "V\[(()*(
 ! \[[V* 7broken
formation< )*( !Vwo _ !     f P \ 5 6 $  5 6 * 7dismembered formation< 7 ¡ tu¢fP\
56 £$< (¤~!"¥¦f!$ 7Fig.
.<= * +** m  56* +* m  ¦(§¨©V* +** m Wª «! ¬­© ®¯°!R¥*±²³(´("µ¶!

¼ 13 ¼῍ῐ῏ΐῌῑ῎῔ῒ

Sampling locations of deformation twins in the north area of the quarry. (a) Structural data
Fig. map. (b) Cross section along the A-B-C section.

ῌ 14 ῌ

¯°

± .2 ²

56!89:;W $%&'( 89«q¬­®

 + ῌ /*,***  
  ,***  !"# $%&'( )*+, )-.'/012
34
56!789:;<=>?')@A-.')BCD !"EFGHIJKLMN OP
Q R, LMNST/U4 VW 5
6!789:;XY@>?'STZ

Fig. . c [4\,  BCD $%&'( )]^_'`abcdefghijkSlSm' alternationof pebbly sandstone and mudstone Qn1 -o
pq rs tu' Fig. . a vwxQO.@
W-.' Fig. . b @ kSSy1Ozl>?S`>?' Fig. . c l >?S{vwx Fig. / `4 |0,Wr tu')}~>?'OPD)4 m'1AlS)
ῌASQn4 lS')Qnw
!"LMNijkSlSm'OPD'- m lS'1?pqQn4 VW jj1
jS)`4
ijkSj)!S S1F 
!S S ¡bf S kSlSrw`4 j¢)£1 .* cm ¤¥Qn4
kS¦§ijkSlSm')¥ijkSlSm'ijkS¨'Q . m©+* cm, lS¨'Q ,*cm©/ mm, ijkSlS@ª1 / : + ¤i
jkS¦§Qn4 ijkSlSm'ijk
S¨'Q + m©+* cm, lS¨'Q +*©+ cm, ijkS

Fig. .
Classiﬁcation of rock facies in the “AtokuraFormation” of the Takeyama Klippe.
(a) Coherent
formation.
(b) Broken formation.
(c) Dismemberedformation.

Slip surface in the dismembered formation of theFig. /“Atokura Formation”. (a) Whole view of the slip surface.
(b) Close up view of the slip surface.

³ 15 ³

UV»<ῌAW=>

 , : +         . m+* cm   ,*cm/ mm  !  "   # 
$% $ &#  + m
  ' +* cm 
()*# ' %)*# ' $  '+ ',- ./0
12!34/5 $    -** m,    ) ./* m '46"7' 8
9: $ ;<=>?! @AB
C'!DE8F(G HBC IJKLG*M
NOP?QRS0T UVῌAW,**, 7T0?$XYZ[\]^:# 7T(0?BC_D$ `#2
77 $a# : bcde$
.ῌ f  .ῌg  ( 7f 'g hi/0
jklmKn^:# Fig. - 0
,** m  o,/* m/0%  Fig. - bc de$de p%/0o/** m  0
+-* m %
^:# Fig. -  ῌde)q!D + ῌ, ῌ- % -  % )?r!D Fig. - : Gst*! &#XYZ
 $ "u vwx,- '"uhi# top-to-the-southwest y$)z#NO{|}#~(!_/S0T #~(!$%! u }u w *"$S0TF hi!$&$!3
9:!39:)' #~(!$I
=KJKw *E8F(40T Fig.
/ b #~(!$()5D
 : Z[$   ῌ)*+,-*hiu $&!D* ./!
# ¡¢£0Ze'¤ Zeh)¤.
/** m Z1/02S)3M( ¤ ,1* m )3¥34¦ ,/*-** m Z1  /05u!D§¨6©ª)*+/0    «7'/0 7U7hiu  $#~(!¬2T ­*'"7hi    )*+^:#7'$®/
 :   $ ,-  "u  ¯°(±²T3   vwx³]" + mm 8d9:)' ¯
°(±²T3  ;<=>$´mm d9: "u $ µ¶=·¸¹T Fig. 0 7T0/0(º;^:,0/*¥D UVῌAW ,**,
(º;$ XYZ FT"¼ 16 ¼

Fig. 0Occurrence of hydrothermally altered pebbly
sandstones and mudstone matrix of dismembered rocks.
(a) Hydrothermally altered pebbly sandstones.
(b), (c) Mudstone matrix of dismembered rocks.

¯°±3 ² .2 ³

^(rsz/ ©ª«I¬ ^( {­®



  mm   + mm  !"#$%& '()*+ ,Fig. 0 b- ./ 0!  *.+ mm  "# 12345678
9./244:6;<= > *.+?*./ mm 
234@3$%&6789./24
4:A6# 'BCD'EF ,Fig. 1-
GHI 234@36JFK4LMNOP6$
+ K4LMNOQR6ST6UVF ,WXY
VF- Z[\6 1]ῌ* K4LMNO1^3FCD'_F ,Fig. 0 b- GHI$%&`
a[IK45JFa[Ib
K456c.8 ,Fig. 2 a- GHI6A D d efgD 1hHF1 a[IK
46 i*+j ,Fig. 2 b-Fig. 1
Photomicrographs showing the relation between
quartz veins and calcite veins in the sample Ta-0.
Earlier-formed quartz veins are cut by later-formed
calcite veins in the muddy matrix of the dismemberedrocks.
Upper (Crossed nicols), lower (Plane-polarized
light).

a[Ikl^3'mn+K4$%&GHI
oepqD^(234@3K44:6
rs'tuvw?xDpq1yh* W
z6V{F , |rszj^(rs'tu }i1~d !6 `CD'ῌ oepqD^(rs'tuvw?xD
pq
0!
a[Ikl^3'mn+K46
ep#pqA6Q= +* mm !oepqD1@356* ,* mm,** mm !^(rs'tuvw?xDpqyhF
CD'_F ,Fig. 3, Ta-,-῍  ^(rs
*/%u6   mm  + mm  !" '()*+ ,Fig. 0- 
6^(rs't+,,ῐ+- jkl^3CD'_FK46^(rs ,Fig. +* a*./ mm  = , V{Frs1}i* Burkhard ,+33-- 6%^(rs(z=
+ mm  type῎ d Frs'F
+/* ? -** d type ῏ 6* ,**  ,    r s    twin density 0- ῌmm d
,,ῐ,- 23GH4K4LMNO6O'tu^(rs ,Fig. +* b2** mm   6 , V{Frs1}i* `> O't+ Burkhard ,+33-- 6%^(rs(z=/ mm 
type῏6* ,** , rs
twin density 11ῌmm d #pq6 ¢p1 ^( ¡,,ῐ-- 3GH423@35£T(¤s,2** mm/** mm- zj +,*** mm '¥¦ ,Fig. ++ a- 6 , V{F =/mm  type῎^(rs1}i* 23@35#
pq6  ^( ¡ 1
,,ῐ.- 3GH45K4LMNO6 /** mm   ,Fig. ++ b=/ mm §§Frs6V{Frszj type῏^(rs1()= 
 ,** ,    r s    twin density 01 ῌmm d #pq6  ^( ¡¢p1
,,ῐ/- 23GH423@356¨D'_F#pq'B= +/ m   ,Fig. +,, V{Frs1}i*=/ mm  type῎^(rs1}i* +/*?-** , ´ 17 ´¡¢£¤ῌ¥¦§¨

Fig. 2
Occurrence of calcite veins developed in the “Atokura Formation”. (a) Calcite veins cut
sandstone in the broken formation and are limitted within sandstone. (b) Calcite veins cut thedismembered formation and are limitted within the dismembered formation. Pencil in circle for scale(white dot lines indicate the boundary between the broken formation and the dismembered formation).



Fig. 3
Calcite grains in the hydrothermally alteredsandstone in the broken formation of the Atokura
Formation”. Crossed nicols.

 twin density  00 ῌ mm  
!Fig. +," #$%&%'()*
+,-. / 

01 c 23456 78 9e: ;<=>? +* MPa @ABCDEFGHI J
KLMN O ῌPQR
STUVWXYZ[Q I3\ >!Ferrill, +33+ ; Burkhard, +33- QR" ^_]Rowe and Rutter !+33*" N=>01
`ῌmm, ῍ab3cde
6 fEFdghij%8]>klVmno  01 pqfEFrsHo
Rowe and Rutter !+33*" N=>tu^>]>] v.- MPa wf ![xyf" z{|6 }~  XY ,**-** Y_018]>de_fEFZ[Q
I3\ >] !Burkhard, +33-"
\tz    601XY3zO__
fEFNztbO I33{I fEFdg6 3>Rowe and Rutter !+33*" => Twin density 3
> No. of twins/mm z3 No. of twins/mm 
5f
 Ferrill !+33+" Q]

© 18 ©

¤ª« ¬ .2 ­

 SWXBCx¥¦§¨© WX\: `[aFig. +*
Photomicrographs of calcite twinned twins (+)(mechanical e-twinning of calcite, dark lines indicated byarrows labeled T). (a) Twinned twins in the sample Ta-,showing the twin density 0-/mm. (b) Twinned twins inthe sample Ta-- showing the twin density 11/mm. Upper(Crossed nicols), lower (Crossed nicols).

Fig. ++
Photomicrographs of calcite twinned twins (,)(mechanical e-twinning of calcite, dark lines indicated byarrows labeled T). (a) Twinned twins in the sample Ta-.
showing the twin density 1*/mm. (b) Twinned twins inthe sample Ta-/ showing the twin density 01/mm. Upper(Crossed nicols), lower (Crossed nicols).

 
 , 
Fig. +* a, +* b    
 !"ῌmm #$ %&'()*+,-./ 012-./ 345678
*0 0 9: #$8 ;0<="ῌmm >?@  *0 09: 12ABCDEFG 0/AH:FI
Table +  0 JKLMNOPKBCQ RS
F@ Twin density TNo. of twins/mmU
Burkhard T+33-U VWXXYZ[\: T]U V^ Rowe and Rutter T+33*U V 8
QC_ Twin density `[a34 @ b
TRowe and Rutter T+33*U  Fig. 3U c_ defBCQ `[a 
Table + BC WX\: +/*g-**] I7,**] h* ic_`[a ,+*g,2/ MPa Tj.MPaU kQC_ lmWX@ SnR`[aZ[opq_87

 WX\: @8 Burkhard T+33-U VWXXYBC type῍ῌtype῎ rsop
8 ,**]g-**] H: t kFuῌ῍ῌ WXvwBCx WX\: WXy`[a
Burkhard T+33-U VWXXYZ[Xz\: T]U V^ Rowe and Rutter T+33*U 
V 8QC_ Twin density `[a34 
defBC WX\: ,**g-**] `[a ,+*g
,2/ MPa Tj.- MPaU ic_ k t_Clm
WX@ SnRZ{| }~@ GFIF t_ RXzc_  S}~t  
WXRWXyKῌp   k@8(w{w{ ¡¢kXzc_£R ¤z® 19 ®

ῌ5

Fig. +,
Photomicrographs of calcite veins with twinned
twins in the sample Ta-0.
Band-like undulatory
extinction (indicated by white arrows), sub-grains(indicated by black arrows) in quartz grains and twinned
twins (dark lines indicated by arrows labeled T) in calcite
veins are observed.
Upper (Crossed nicols), lower(Plane-polarized light).

               Ramsay and
Huber, +32- Burkhard +33-  !"#$%&'()*+,-./ Burkhard +33- &'( Fig. 1 b, 1 c '0 Fig. 3 b 1 23# 456#$%789&:;<=  &=>>?@1 A
2 BCD EFGHI J6KL%7&=23#   M?BCD23# )*+)NO ,**P-**Q
RST#ῌUVWX#Y Z[ P-P Y NO&\]< Liou et. al., +321 ^_ `aῌ5bCDF
GHYBHcdHMRST# UVWX#eL< P-P Y)fghi(1 jk+32. BCD EFGHI 23# > P-P Y)hi(lm
Rowe and Rutter +33* n]op 7qO&
)hr=RST# ῌ UVWX#Y s,**P-**Q #$%&tg tBu)*+vwxwyz Helvetic
nappes )*+{|&}~h Burkhard, +33- RST#ῌUVWX#Y)fghi( ^NOῌo[&?=BCD EFGHI J6KL%23#)*+& ^>)NOῌ)h>=<=n]o>& Rowe and Rutter +33* n]ophtg 

Table +
Measurements of twin density (No. of twins/mm) and the di#erential stress values
estimated based on the results of Rowe and Rutter (+33*).

 20 

}?& i .2 »+  > `1 $%  e
 ῌ  ῌCantabrian thrust  Somiedo Nappe, Esla Nappe   ,-13 twinsῌmm     +2*,1/ MPa Rowe and Rutter, +33*!"   Helvetic  Helvetic Nappe  +3*.** MPa Pfiffner, +32,!" # $%&'()*+    ,+*
,2/ MPa! ,-./0*1 

2134" 5678. $% 9+*/+.- MPa :; <21,=>?

@A#B4CDEF+
> GH
4B !IJKL31
M"N O PQ 9R P# ῐ $ῐ$$#Q?STU%! VW" ,**,! XYZ[H4" #*O \&]^K_'?῍ # $% 0*1 J<> `1 J\
abῐc(#)ῌ*+? P-P ) J<Z0*4B, %," +32.!" dP-P )eῌf  ,**-,*gῌ+-*,+* MPa ?h Liou et. al., +321 ij!"  ->M"21 e, ki,> " 
# $% l P-P ) JZ0*4B
  #  $  % "  .  top-to-thesouthwest m/QZn0oph1Z2qr
skῌct" ,**,!" r3ph456
3ph4567J> u Jv? P-P ) JZ0*18?45)? ,... MPa ῌ km wxkfZ9" P-P ) JZ0*:;y /.-2.0 km 
 5678. $% z({x<=|)>}?@~ +** m N" A /km @" B +* km 78.C
JZ0*1LN +,*** m,`?"
B +* km l i&D?31" EN 1FZGqrH" B
rῌIB1?45DJ"N  12" ,i&D $% KL?i" 6CM=)$#Qm/2 $% ~"N
21, OῌP" +323 ; VWS>" ,***! Z" $% 6CM=)ki31&D?31Qli" #~N)ῌ*+. top-to-the-northeast Q>q3

sk" ,***! Z924" RSm/
/
QZJ"" r3ph45Dz($#TU?4524,? P-P ) JZ
0*K3/34Qm/
2{x<=|)>~"N21
1" +V  " eR
i Z0*WX,Z". top-to-the-southwest m/QZnr3
ph456Y? P-P )e@, B?" r3ph4564
5K P-P )e@?i Z0*4
" J3/
JN 1
XZ21Q῍ ῌ ῎ῌ 5678.Z}J $%  ¡¢S&'()V+[\  > " Je ,**g-**g M"N abῐc(# $%  P-P ) JZ0*
4B,> " # $% l P-P ) J
Z0*4B῍ +   Twin density  XY
Zn£¤¥ Rowe and Rutter, +33*! > M"N  ,+*,2/ MPa ¦.- MPa! ?,>" 56-./Jv?9 +*/+.- MPa 
:; <2 $% Z N:1
 ,] Helvetic Nappe ^?M"N
4B]῎ # $% " r3ph4567
J> u Jv?" :;y km *:;"J<34 P-P ) JZ0*1 J\" TUZGqrH" BrῌIB1?45DJ"N  #?l
#s_) ῌ *+.
top-to-the-northeast Q>q3/ZJ"" r3ph45Dz($
TU?4524,? P-P ) JZ0*"K3/34m/2{x<=|)>~"N21,Zn§24B῏ +V  J eRi Z0*WX,Z
" P-P )e@?i Z0*1" 3/XZ21Qῐ῏`¨©ZªH1ha«¬ ­! XY®¯R°±\bc²³d+ῌ³´ ZB1
B1 Vµ¶¶·we¸¶¨©¸cf¹ghº¼ 21 ¼

]V^;ῌPe


 
   
+.ῌ+/ "! 
" #
$%῍

ῌ& ῌ '( ῌ  )* ῌ + , ῌ &ῌ-ῌ./ῌ01ῌ2 34ῌ56
56!ῌ!&ῌ7ῌ8"9!#ῌ': ;ῌ<=>! +30- ?$@:%&' ()*A+,B-C".  -DE" no. 0. +2ῌ-+.
&FG ,**, HI/ J0'-()1+KL2MN3 -CO +*2 /1/ῌ/3*.
&FGῌPQ4ῌ5674ῌ5R ,*** ()STU8V2W'STU X79 -C"Y: +*1 "ZY[\ ++3.
Burkhard, M., +33-, Calcite twins, their geometry,appearance and signiﬁcance as stress-strain
markers and indicators of tectonic regime : areview, Jour. Struct. Geol., +/, -/+ῌ-02.
]V^; ,*** J0'-<0_  =`a>"1?bc@BdAB1 c@-C No. .. --ῌ./.
]V^; ῌ Pe ,**, J0'-<0 f'g
hTic  j()1k ClmnDoBE
FDC -C"Y: +*3 "ZY[\,-0.
Ferrill, D. A., +33+, Calcite twin widths and intensities as metamorphic indicaters in natural
low-temperature deformation of limestone.
Jour. Struct. Geol., +-, 001ῌ010.
G/pῌH qIῌ RJ +3/- J0'-<
KLrc@ MNsOEPQ no. . +ῌ.+.
RST +32. J0'-<0  tu-v UwA
xyz{| -CO 3* 0,3ῌ0.,.
VR/T +30. }fῌTfW] ~()1 : + Q MNsOEPQ No. +, ,3ῌ
-/.
PXῌY Z ,**, Doc@By m[\]^fTo _ CO +*2 /3ῌ1-.

Liou, J. G., Maruyama, S. and Cho, M., +321, Very
low-grade metamorphism of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks-mineral assemblages andmineral facies. In Frey, M. eds., Low Temperature Metamorphism. Blackie, /3ῌ++-.
` Pῌab^ +33, tu-v -C -vC Q / cd + -Cef -Cg
+-0 p.
+  ,*** Whi djBWi-C"c@1k l -C"m no.
// +ῌ+/.
+n  ῌ ab^ ῌ Go! ῌ &  ῌ p0q
ῌ RTῌ¡rs +332 ,* cd + -C
ef ¢tn£ -CgPn ¤ +32/ J0'-¥n' ¦uAv D A
wB K-Ar x -CO 3+ +3ῌ,/.
Pﬁ#ner, O. A., +32,, Determination mechanisms andﬂow regimes in limestones from the Helvetic
zone of the Swiss Alps. Jour. Struct. Geol., .,.,3ῌ..,.
Ramsay, J. G. and Huber, M. I., +32-, The techniquesof modern structural geology, volume + :strain analysis. Academic Press, London, -*1 p.
Raymond, L. A., +32., Classiﬁcation of mélanges.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap., no. +32, 1ῌ,*.
Rowe, K. J. and Rutter, E. H., +33*, Paleostress estimation using calcite twinning : experimental
calibration and application to nature. Jour.
Struct. Geol., +,, +ῌ+2.
§¨yY+ῌKJ©ªz«{¬­z{Y +33/ J®¯B°| -DE
0'- + ῌ KJ©" .3 ,1+ῌ,3+.
}G~±ῌ` Pῌ ²Tῌ³n ´ῌῌe µῌ¡rsῌ RT +33* ,* cd + -Cef ¢³¶£ -Cg
5RῌGR +323 J0'-<_·-l¸Ai -CO 3/ 00-ῌ02/.
ῌGR +323 J
5Rῌ¹& ºῌb»0'-<_¸Aw K-Ar x -CO
3/ -03ῌ-2*.

¼ 22 ¼