 !"# $ .3 %# .3ῌ1+# ,**0 &Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .3, .3ῌ1+, ,**0'/0ῌ ῌFriction, deformation and ﬂuid-ﬂow apparatuses at Kyoto University

*ῌ *ῌ*ῌ*ῌ *ῌ!"#$**ῌ%& '***ῌ()*+*ῌ,-$.****
Toshihiko Shimamoto* , Akito Tsutsumi*, Takehiro Hirose*,
Yasutaka Aizawa*, Hiroki Sone*, Shin-ichi Uehara**, Wataru Tanikawa***,Hiroyuki Noda* and Kazuo Mizoguchi****
Abstract : This paper introduces and describes four deformation and ﬂuid-ﬂow apparatuses used at Kyoto University (see gravure of this issue for their photographs). (+)
A high-temperature biaxial frictional testing machine was designed to get very sensitive friction data, free from O-ring friction, jacket strength and changing normal stressthat cause error in triaxial machines. It is equipped with a furnace (up to about +,***
degrees Celsius) and a gear-train loading system (*.*- mm/yr to +./ mm/s in slip rate).
Total displacement is limited to ,* mm and we are developing a torsion apparatus tocomplement this machine. (,) A rotary-shear high-velocity friction apparatus is the
only apparatus even at present that allows reproducing seismic slip rates of up to a few
m/s and simultaneously measuring mechanical properties of simulated faults. Thismachine is not equipped with a controlling device for pore-water pressure, and there isa gap in slip rate between this and conventional testing machines. Thus we are now at
a ﬁnal stage of modifying and adjusting a second machine, a wide slip-rate (- mm/yr to+* m/s) hydrothermal friction apparatus that enables one to perform high-velocity
friction experiments on faults with supercritical pore-water pressure. (-) A hightemperature high-pressure deformation and ﬂuid-ﬂow gas apparatus is the ﬁrst gasmedium triaxial testing machine developed in Japan that goes to pressure to ,,* MPa(limited to this pressure by government regulations). It is a standard gas apparatus, but
equipped with a good servo-controlling system for pore pressure (either gas or liquid),
which has been used for permeability measurements with oscillation method (*.**+ to+* Hz in oscillation period). We plan to develop a molybdenum furnace for this in thenear future to attain temperature well above +,*** degree Celcius. (.) An intra-vessel
deformation and ﬂuid-ﬂow apparatus was developed to make a simple, economical,
easy-to use and high-quality triaxial apparatus for deformation and ﬂuid-ﬂow studies(conﬁning medium : oil, maximum conﬁning pressure : /** MPa, routine conﬁning
pressure : below ,** MPa). It is installed in a temperature-controlled chamber forsafety and for achieving high accuracy with controlled temperature. Porosity can bemeasured at pressures using a simple pycnometer, and permeability can be measured
with gas and water ﬂow method very quickly and also with pulse-decay method with
di#erent proportion of upstream and downstream reservoir volumes. The machine is,**0  /  +, * Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 0*0ῌ2/*,, Japan
** 


Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 0*0ῌ2/*+ Japan***   
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Kochi 12-ῌ2/*,, Japan****   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Tsukuba -*/ῌ***0, Japan( 49 (

n­®ῌ¯ °7ῌῒ±²³ῌ´ΐµ¶ῌ·¸,¹ῌ>º\ῌ¸¹ ῑῌ(º»¼ῌ»£\

extremely simple to use and more than -/* runs were made last year with more than/,*** permeability/porosity values collected. A gas apparatus can be developed as an
intravessel machine at a low cost in the future.
Key words : rock deformation, friction apparatus, gas-medium apparatus, frictional melting, permeability, porosity

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Fig. +(a) Schematic sketches of the high-temperaturebiaxial frictional testing machine ; +, motor ; ,, gear-trainsystem ; -, ball-bearing screw ; ., axial force gage ; /,displacement transducer ; 0, normal force gage ; 1, oildriven actuator (oil cylinder) ; 2, water-circulating chamber for cooling of the pistons ; 3, specimen assembly ; +*,motor controller. (b) Schematic diagram of the gear-trainsystem of the machine. Gears are divided into two partsby the electromagnetic clutches, the upper gear-train andthe lower gear-train. All the gears of the both gear-trains
rotate if the motor is rotating. One of the four of therotation lines (fastest, fast, medium and slowest) is connected with the use of the electromagnetic clutches to thelower gear-train and eventually to the ﬁnal rotation axis
to rotate the ball screw axis. In the diagram, the medium
speed line (+/+****) is connected to the ﬁnal line. Selected
clutch connection can be changed instantaneously with
an electric circuit system without stopping the rotation of
the motor.

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Schematic diagram (a) and its interpretation (b)Fig. ,
for the sti#ness of the high-temperature biaxial frictional
testing machine. Sti#ness of the series of pistons can bemeasured in a loading experiment on an intact sample.
Sti#ness of the press and loading system in series can becalculated from stick-slip experiments.

Shear force versus displacement curve during a
Fig. sti#ness measurement on the series of pistons by loading
cycles. Note the large amount of hystereses after the ﬁrst
shear load cycle.

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Fig. .
system by stick-slip experiments. Each data point represents a single stick-slip event showing the stress drop
over displacement.

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M-HI J f#$% -KLI*/M7%-2+  
3431H  ,/ mm 3
1 .* mm 31'6NO\ %2 31
P*M >$% 34d& pQO: C*+ῌ +33.D p
RS@'$%8 TM/ ,/ mm, P +/mm ]-^31 epb7: +,/**rpm xhnyzpRSt +* kN *st7-U QO: +.0 m ῌ s, RS@-+ MPa # 7f7 KQVL , 
MW>??#RS@pXY\Z_ egHhf 8YB  UO:[7#27
X* *.2  RS@ -+ MPa U 31*b7\c #'*L c
\ \ gHhX; 2. Nm #? egHh?@ C; /* NmD *M >$% ?#RS@ egHh?@>?;,* MPa ]:Y\  # Z^U!
#_NT6:`Q>YB
1U U!#_2!"#h!
h()31:,a7b7%7N-.
 ?#RS@`2 C- MPaD c dTT# >N¡*¢}TU#b() 8% 1U: _2Ye:f7% , £K`2X# Cgῌ*#b_N:`Q*hS >?1+ +33.D
YQ*R #N-.31i¤*¥j=¦§gkN# ¨l\ # U=¦§gmkUr()*©@no\ B? KLAª#f#f«p#2
C¬VD - 31*]-.#8],.:`Qqa+,\  rs\ t@# @­uv*wxB/ yL?:®*©@F\8-. ]-.31*¯N z72 U{|&}*~°S8± U RS@*²#2'?O:*\c3³
M
  .* mm 31H  *´7- '  , 
1U U|>31e:`L?:µUfL% 2-. Ye`2Ymxhnyz*st
'2 31e()RSt ¶ rs\  TM/ :IT*'2-

¼ 54 ¼

·¸¹º » .3 ¼´:­µ ῌ ῌ;¶ B +.0 MPa,  +.0 m ῌ s   *.*/ mmῌs  
 Tsutsumi and Shimamoto, +331  !" #$%&' ()*+",'-#. / 0123456"78
9":;<$ =#>?@!" @9A)  B  >?
@ !"C* 0DE2F5659<. #.- G$ F05H I4JK5LA !M>?'NO"PQ9 
 !"RS'H TU5V<.# Fig. / A' >? !' +* L >
?WTV"X78<. YYZ"[\9"_`
'].  ^'a bc.# Fig. /. #.#Od -+ Pa =$e >?'fg 0.- N hi3 j!"'kl9 m# G$ O#n$%  *.*, m-ῌs op 0DE2F565 *.+/ MPa *+ , kN %& =$e +.. mῌs "&`qrhT st]$%&' g*+"R''u9m# ovC*hi3'-#. rhT (gwxy s <#z 0.- N op{#S'`A)9|}
) )`~ "Lye +/ MPa *+ 0 kN * 'P<$+4 b g , mmῌs =  O
%'k,9A# <L<' op'' >? !
ArhT 5V -    ."' *.+ kN /*+)%&
= Fig. 0 c '<$ O"0
9"1"9<.-]$  
'{J1"c  ^"2<.
J1"$9m 9g*+9
"<.# LA *+
R m *+q¡' ^39 '¢
A£w¤R*+'$)3 ¥O
B$<.#9¦)39LAV5I"4§9L Fig. 0 c J1LA5'6¨  =#©' ¥ >?
 !rhT ª «©6 ' )¬) *.+ kN /op­mg*+7pb<§g*+[X).- ® )
ov'J1 ^<.bg*+ ^< g ¯°® *.*0# g*+mm o '-].# ov9LA
*+
893­m  *.*/ kN  *./ kN /*+± rhT 5V ­m
'*< G$*+q¡' ^3 5V
 '9b*+ ^"².#b9³`A

Schematic sketches of the rotary shear high-velocity frictional testing machine. +, specimen ; ,, motor ; -, torqueFig. /
limiter ; ., torque gauge ; /, electromagnetic clutch ; 0, rotary encoder ; 1, rotary column ; 2, thrust ball bearing ; 3, ball bush ;+*, torque-axial force gauge ; ++, ball spline ; +,, axial force gauge ; +-, displacement transducer ; +., air actuator ; +/, water
reservoir ; +0, three directional valve ; +1 regulator ; +2, air compressor and +3. air bottle.

 55 

ῌ ῌῌῌUῌ@ῌ ῌ ¡¢£ῌ¤¥@¦Fig. 0(a) Axial shortening and axial load versus time curves form a frictional melting experiment of gabbro performed ata slip rate of *.2/ m/s and at an averaged normal stress of +.. MPa (Run number : HVR*+,). (b) Axial displacement versus
axial load curve of the run HVR*+,. Arrows indicate the passage of time. Axial load initially increased ﬁrstly with adilation of the sample, and then it decreased with the initiation of the shortening of the sample. (c) Axial displacement
versus axial load curves from a loading test of a dummy sample (a jack), of which length can be change by hand (Run
number HVR10+). Spike-like noises of the records are artiﬁcial noises associated during the handling of the jack.

   
 !"# $%&'()*+,-./0 1-./23
456  -./7 89:;<=>" ?@A1 Fig. 0a, b  Fig. 0 a 23  BCDE
FGHI23JKAL56 23MNOPQR
Q*+S1TUV6#W 231
MN$%X" 5YZ[' \&']  ^_`a ,/ bcd#*+,65 @QR  $%X"5ef()gh,65ijkl mn1 o p QRqr6stu Fig. 0 b #W `a^_ vw#""64x Fig. 0 c yz{i|}s1~565(-  
FG23#  7  , 
#| 165 \Fig. /] |p 56 pºgh¬ i .3 »¹dῌ 8ῌefK, 

  
 Tsutsumi and Shimamoto, +330 !"# #$% &'(#) *+, -."/ Fig. /$%ῌ#$%0 1234!/  56 ,/mm, 6 +/ mm 789: *.*1 Nm .; *.,+ MPa </</= >? /#$% +,@ !/AB/. C/ Fig. 1  &&ῌD@#$%0  EC/ ..<!
G#$% !H F
I  !" JK"-/#$ L M%& N%OPQRSR T1UVW)XR 
'(#)Y VR$'Z[\ ](^ )* _`)* (^ a/b  *.+ kN ]c./.  Fig. 1 ! . *.+ kN  !" G" GAB
+:]@9: #$%0  *.*0 Nm V
d#</. / . %e123
4!/#$%Yf  gh,aij$C/ .!k-_` . l/#$ !"#$%gh  mn JKopk-/ #$% AB 0nqr)OisR cantilever S3t#$%1u</. !"kv@/_Gw

Fig. 1Plot of axial load versus output of the torquesensor currently used in the high-velocity frictional testing machine from a loading-unloading cycle test. Interaction between the torque and axial load is serious if
the amount of the axial load change is large.

. 
x2y3JK Tsutsumi and Shimamoto,+331 ; Hirose and Shimamoto, ,**/  45z!"]zw @#$; {,MPa _JK</. ]|6C" }
 ~789+]y:89I
;/. ]02_" . Fig. 2 c
!78<= / mm 6 +., mm g
=M }.N$ #>/. !"?</. ]@ N$   }9@] 0** :9@A
B ":89 {
3** ]c.wq N$ $#+C
@/g=C mn_`C/ _ DEFN$ $#+]@MG+ *.+} I]!
HC  N$ [\HI]6
. ] _"@ }.>? <=
+ mm N$ #>J=
 Fig. 2 d  89JK-. 
#,]K</ RS /.  56 .* mm 78 N/$ #. !" 6L3+ l[\=M@/78-G y#$; JK-.. ]
M "// 
N56 ,/ mm GM .* mm 7O8
  ¡d¢)W)£VR$</. !" Fig. 2 e y3I;/.
]MC/ ¤ #$;  , MPa ¥¦</ .¡d¢)W)£VR$</.
]6M JKP§ BJKJKRSQ¡d¢)[\]@M0  ¡d¢)[\HI</RS]
C/ ¨© T4U]C  _ª=y3
VR$«Vῌu1 y#$; 
 56 .*y3JK-.RS]C/mm 785 ¡d¢)VR$</. !" ! y3W+yy3JKG>? /0  
:U¬ ­+NX®YZ¯

1!"[\/. ][`w/V4!"NX+]¦°</  0nq
\:Cwq]±r$V^kF;]c. _±l]`]F;aPb NX_`c0=w/ .! ­+²lF;+:³´µ)¶R· SR N I Q;¸

¼ 57 ¼

a*Htῌ) ¸uῌ'(¹vῌwxyzῌ{ºC»ῌ³·|-ῌ}D ~ῌqῌYZ-e

Fig. 2Current specimen conﬁgurations used in highvelocity experiments. (a) solid specimen, (b) hollow specimen, (c, d) solid specimen with a metal ring, and (e) solid
specimen with Teﬂon ring for gouge experiments. Diameter of specimen is either ,/ mm or .* mm, and length isabout ,/ mm.


  !"#$%&'"#()
*+("#  ,( - 
.*  !/0"#() 1*2(+ )345 6789(:6. );7* +῍ <= >?=( @AB896 
CDEF1GHIJ5K
1*2(+ ,( LM
6 . !"#N@ῌO$PQ
RS6. 3TUT8
9 1 GF.
%V&6. 1*(WWX'(ῌYZῌ)[* , 9\]H+^_`#ab X+33.
, , c-d Xe[fg-dh RT-/* i[ 1"#O]
jOLkl `#ab X+332 , , c-d Xe[
fg-dh Xe[m#ῌn ARH--*** i[ o.34 /016 1p%o."#O]
qrL ,st23u% ,4v6`#ab XFig. 3[ "#O]qrL , Ar, N, 56w7!0O8
016x9 yz&:;<9
|/1( +,***{ @j=(L 1*(W => M. A.. Paterson "#O
] ,(}~;<9? +,.**{ @.6*  ABCuD-1 E(
EF;<-dG(+ T!0O8016
 1 0O8016H9 ,IK#5JK*3s 1*(
  _5L MNs*(W 1W jῌO=(ML* 0O$O]qrL ,1IK1W
 "#O]qrL ,CHO(+ CDO]qrL ,( O80169
Px92j(
PQ*? /**{ <=Q
34 * ,`#ab  ;
RBSTU(VWXY2JRL (W ,** Hz @H+7PO9\Zr$Q*2(+ T 9\,o *.**++* Hz V[R(O\Q*2(+. 4O\U
]Y^L *(WO*CW_`(+ Xa*/ +333[* ,`#ab bO1Ocv3v
OK OQPO9\]OdeQO$f
Z K(L  ]Y 
r$vCPO9\]^_# XFig.
3[ jF*]Y 0 ¡g¢  ,*0jQ34hOiG
34 <= `#abo.6£Kj
`#ab¤7 ¥ `#ab9(W]Y tk+ 
* ,O$f¦ 0* mm, §¦ ,+* mm ¨lL( XFig. +*[ ©ª«&ῌ¬­bῌ}~
® XSNCM0-*[  ¯°j(±m²
 22/ MPa <³ ´n.² +,*2* MPa <³(+ O$fKH$jo Tresca ±
mPQp91 bO* .*0 MPa @+.fi*±m
6µ X¶qῌr·
X+33,[  +* s X,. 3[ ]x9[ bO*3cv¼ 58 ¼f¸¹º » .3 ¼³´µ!"¶ῌῌ·FGM

Schematic diagram of the gas-medium high temperature high pressure tri-axial deformation ﬂuid-ﬂow apparatus : +Fig. 3Pressure vessel ; , axial load actuator ; -, gas bottle ; . pressure generator ; / intensiﬁer ; 0 pore pressure controller ; 1
vacuum pump ; 2 water tank ; 3 pore pressure generation system ; +* temperature controlled chamber ² safety shield ; ++gas ﬂow meters ; +, gas bottle ; +- extra pore pressure downstream reservoir.

   
      !!"#$ +.+ GPa %& '()ῌ*+ '+33,, ! +,  ',.
+/, -./ , 0"12 345678.9:;
 " !/ " ,,* MPa <=%&  >; "  ?! @; , AB
!3 .CD  12"/ "!
+./ A!"=%E"FG.HIJK:
L;!% FGMNO  --* MPa <P
Q"%RSI TU;& 'V!  WXY!3Z[.  &," ?  ?\T[ ,* mm ]!F
.T[%R " ?  Paterson !12"FGM^  " S_2`a!bc!
." ?%deMf 'gh, .ijkl% 'Fig. +* !P, !gh"!mnaD >;H V!? "^o12"66>; gh?!pq_2`ars!S
I = tu>;H !vwaxy!P!pq_2`a '-* mm ], !zv{u|>;&  >; gh?!_2`a}"~}_2`azv~ ! %" !?
6>;bkL   waxy]',* mm, waxyP!pq_2`a] '-* mm,
SC!% !_2`a" S>; }
"~ }'_2`azv, 'waxyzv,~ ! %bcL '" ,** MPa ! bc
 1/ kN, ; ! ! D }
P6wa"~}waxyzv~ !"
xy |   D " ;C waxy "= H6L gh  ".6:waxy
RL;I!% waxy ".6: "!Q @;q._2`a Q
 & NG    !SI 
" '", waxy.!q. %R  gh!! `%&  pq¡2¢£ " S_2`a
FGM!SI "!bc| !%
w¤¥-pq ¦§¨©ª¤«! /** kN ¬­ ®L; gh!¯  !%&   waxy. _2`a.bk°" ?!vu  ±59¦ §ῌ¨ ©ªῌ«¬ῌ­®ῌ¯°N±ῌ²³ῌ´µ ῌ¶·¸ῌ¹º»

Fig. +*
Pressure vessel with sample assembly. Gas pressure inlet from the upper side of the vessel leads pressurized gas
to the compensator room. O-ring and wedge-ring seals are used on the plugs.


 
 !"#$ !%& '()*+(, -Tullis
and Tullis, +320. /0123456$ #7 08 !" 9: ;<= - >O ?=@A(B0C&!"#D EFGHI=J
A(BKL  M NO#$ !2P 
QR0STUVWX :YZ  [\%& ]O6$^_H`aA(B Z  O ?=@" G()bcdefg?=@Rh  -Fig.
+*.$ defg?=@ij -Fig. +* klm
nj. Jop -q(r(.  s 47D t
2P^jK 0L !"%u4!op Jvwx3UP  ty1A(Bz1$J,ῌ ῒῑ῍῎῏ῐ_H{J^52P |aῌ}~]
QRsJ"#$ Q AHq,
 Q -Fig. 3  .. Q -Fig. 3  /.  , >K#D t  0i ῌ^ 
C5
!"%u4 z% !"JO$Fig. ++ "03
2$  B + " , Jp 
Q0 54 +** MPa ^0  $[ ^ N +.-0+*- m- -+.-0
l. 6D  ij -n. "^j -
. GHI= ,..1 6$ ! Q
 GHI=Jn !" 
07!#&QR045$ Q^
_H ¡¢£J8¤ 452P GHI=
JnJu4 Q^JnJu4¥ AHq,
jK Q_HJ 4AHq,j_Hn¼ 60 ¼

·¸¹ º .3 »´,µ*ªῌ¯ῌ(¶ ¡3

Fig. ++
Pressurization steps for conﬁning pressure. Gas pressure of a commercially available gas bottle, about +, MPa at
the maximum, is used as an initial pressure for the pressurizing process. The pressure generator is used for the steps up to
about +** MPa and then the intensiﬁer is used to raise the pressure up to ,** MPa.


   +, MPa  +** MPa  -  !" # $%&'# 0 () +** MPa *+ ,-./0 + " 1 23" 4,"56 232  /.,/ ,37
8!9:;<+=4 23"  + 
 ( ,-, MPa >(,? ()!& '# - () ,@ 2@
A "B!CDEFGH I
.H" JKLMNO3 ",J4P! =8! NO? () $QR:STU  VWXS
8Y4ZJK[8!\S
K1 $]^JK_7S 
S"`+:K1 abKQ
$M"c1YKd7I.H" (?  - 
,efg hijk./0ῌl^mn8Y4opqr(st"uvK&ZJKQ v4 - qrwFxyz{ Fig. 3  RD + , - . , qr|}~ Fig. 3  SP + , ;+=4 wF
xyz{ ;!+=Kz{W"#("efg$J |}~;!"uv |}
Y4J*= +=
Y4. 
#Z Fig. 3  0 9  -* mm,   ,,*,,* mm ()! 
X -.++*. m- *.-+ l () $A EF5+=4 38Y4 9M ,** Hz * 
H(#"(Q 3
8Y4 %v|#& _ YK' ( ¡?  Y4 >K owI./0 ;!8! Fig. 3 ./0 b "¢4 a "6 )"£7? () =" J4"
JK %v|¤¥¦§!¨©A(*ª«¡k +¬¦§!¨©A(­®¯ ¡ ?
 )efg( #"N°3 J4 ±²³/~#Z3 " v4

¼ 61 ¼

}~ῌ\ ῌῌ< ῌ¸c¹ῌ#ºi·ῌ ῌῌ»T·g

Fig. 3  3 

  !
'() *
"# $%&
+ + *,- . +-* mm- *.+- cc
*-# + /01. 2../ + $%
23# 45)6($% #   (7,8 + 9:# ;$%
 <=> */ 
;?23 .# @A03BCD !,  -;EFG!"HI JK#L# M:@A03#$ N
O P!QR' STU# Fig.
2 c Sone et al., ,**0 R%VH.!"HW&'X Y# Y. 
Y<' ,Z# <!Y[(.#;P)\*! +]O 6^# ;?23
_)`a ' ,=# ;?b cO;_+,d,Z .# ;?e23f-.g# Y[(9:# ;?e_/hi^01j=23 *
Fig. +, .;?e235kf345l
 67 8,9 * mLoadingn [,o:/ pqrs .# ;?23 .PQR 0t ; <= Fig. +, a
. Fig. +, b ( >uV4= u# vw#?@QRb c'.# Y<.# 09:# 'A x6=y34

Fig. +,(a) Schematic diagram and (b) its interpretation
for the sti#ness of the gas apparatus. Measured displacement is the sum of the deformation of a sample andthe loading frame Kloading frame, which includes the press,
pistons and some metal parts of the oil-cylinder.

Fig. +, b  A -# ; @A03# # ;#R%VH _B' 6 ,=# Fig. +, b  Kloading frame =z95# B!
PR%PY[(9:# ;P)\_+{Z=>6 Kloading frame .#;/|}C=~D *5{Z: .#;EF2A'PR%QR,8# <!,YR%9: Kloading frame
{Z' Fig. +- 1?v  v.# 2A; |}C ,** GPa GH+/# <!,IY+9:hi'' v 9:#  5:xu.*
=# Kloading frame .cM +./  +*2 N ῌ m +/* kN ῌmm JK *=z9
 #  Kloading frame .# ;LM
6B-N .46''(O P23=* M(6N,Z .# QRE
10 H- Fig. +, b  Kl, #
023Q-=9O#f- R4
6S^N# ;?e23If,d23=*0 $%T.,.U
VB' WXCBY.# ῌ Bh;
+Y# ῍ B;+Y# ῎ $%  ZY# ῏ $%
[Y6=> * \¡9# ,**-
Bh;+Y .# @/0;+<23
Fig. 3  ++ $%]¢X; ^_# ;+B  '';+<23.B`£¤6 / ¥a@/0¦;+<9:6-# :;+<'/O  +ml ῌ min 9: -* l ῌ min  ;+B=u bK.# M§@ ¨0  +῍ * 96=:# ;WXC=*JKcu'dl23!©e=fª u6^6-#v 7 BWXC #«=g¬ $%;]h­-)cu6­Jxij; x'&Y',®# 9O# +*¯+- m, JKWXC=
k:, ,=# JK=WXCB
°76#« *±4:$%[Y'dl .# $%lgm²n
 #;&$%[!"# M oX;&
Q!< Fig. 3  PT . < M
Q-# 6zK#;&X;&![[pqY<³9:;WXCrs{Z 6 &Y x'.# 45 Kranz et al.
+33*  Fischer and Paterson +33, c'S
^tu!' $%[Y c'.# WXC
B v,´wxµ=y¶# ·z
WXC={'¡v|6´wxµ.{^6 ;¼ 62 ¼

uY  .3 »¸.¹ºῌ5ῌSB

Fig. +Measured axial load as a function of measured
axial displacement during loading cycles in a sti#nessmeasurement. Stainless-steel was used as a sample in thetest and the deformation of the sample has been subtracted from the measured displacement records for theplot.

 +*  +* Hz     
  ! "#$%
 ! & '()$!*+"$, -./0#$+ 1 $"$$% !  234 5Fig. 3  g6 $7%+ &'(8 9:;$&)*-<=.>+$+?-<=@A ,BCD"  B-.AE 5/0+* ,+ m, 2FG=1E6 @. +* ,*3 I4
HG$  
JGKL5M 5FFT6 .>+1=N6$O-*P 7KG;?QR5S.T 8
2(UV$9WA X:@;<A
5$Yῌ=>ῌZ[ῌ?6
,B ,7$ ,**, @ + \A] 55^6 L,**0 @V ῌ (G IVDR-,**,L _6 ,**. @D+ 5^6`3(AabcB(dGefVgh$iDjk @ ClD=E7bcm
"fVghD$ Fig. +. n- FGoaB  p qrstV HfK:HG
qrfVghuIE* ,B <* E+p "Jvwx*+<=y.KL -z{ p@
qrstVM|$@}  p"ND *j~=V:$(+5(arOqr$C<
/Jv>+ 5P, ,**-6 ,BQ7=+H$(+C y.B /** MPa P  ,** MPa  R+7  S 5+** MPa 6 x
V 5,./ MPa6 (  d:s3 ,* mm, d:
s31 /* mm 
oaB$<./uI=-<= fVg
hE7:; T_U "B$N-<= =>  V./ ,B S=VW  fVgh)*E*+C i X37 
Y-Z$C</<=  1z [ fVghRG9;$ !O\]
 ,BfVghC+  BE7 R
E* U "NE*+ ! 
R5S$ + 2^k<=A ;$$_A+,Bp `aSVg:tV
SUS0-*]>+C 1E 0// mm,  ,**mm, B-"  /* mm 5b 1/ mm6 <- Vg:tV I- IVc
IV(p(A-@dE*+ eSf* I j0ggh <-GR¡i¢+,***£+,+2* MPa, ¤>j¢ +,*1*£+,-+* MPa 5Z¥ kA!*.>+5z6 ¡i
=+¦l§$(+V(p=mnm¨$-= B /+/ MPa p o¡i$©! B +,/-* MPa p-=pE7¡i-<= o¡i-=ª{pqr-zD  <p
 /** MPa (m$=iD+ 5«¬­
UA6
B X F(3®:s 5y.H 1* MPa6 x
dGefVgh 5y.H ,* MPa : s¯i+V6 $(+j=tu$C</ 5vw
6 { @xyIBxz- $@>+ ! p=B°(: jp$N+++ 5Fig. +.6 arO  qr
"V:{$V: "|!w±ª5N²!C<
m 5LVDT ; Fig. +.  06  
> ³}@=´A {$rO5M-<=.>++ 5N "5Nm 5{µG¶l Fig. +.  +*6 $(+m+, 
,BdGefVgh 5Fig. +.6   B
=qr$*·*y~+C</<=

¼ 63 ¼

ῌFig. +.
Outline of the intra-vessel deformation ﬂuid-ﬂow apparatus. Note that load frame and load actuating system are both assembled as a part of the pressure vessel ;axial load is applied by the lower moving piston and the vessel cylinder and the nuts on both sides of the cylinder support the axial load.

ῌ ῌῌῌῌ ῌῌ !

" 64 "

»Z  .3 1

¹u ºῌTῌkd =@ 
 ,* MPa   
   !"# 0* mm, $ +,* mm,. ; Fig. +. . % 2& '()*%+,  '.
/.  0  '
1%.23. ῌ  45  ῍ 4
ῌ6 %3789   :;<'1%. ῌ;4  ῍ ;4 5 =78
%3. >?0@%..;< LVDT&  AB  . 0 '1%. ῌ
῍  4%35$4 
 =A/*C*%7 =@'!<" #$D!  %$'E%  FG&'
 1* MPa  '(*%9 )* FG ,* MPa 7 HI  +'
J Fig. +. 2 ,
'-.E*%3 *K+3.-.
N
L/7013M, +7
3.  O23A4$J*%3
 P , 5   %6 7'23.'8,Q) 97 R9&' '8*%7 6
%: +'23.S;J*%3.
 9  %: =@'E%
 +,< =>'AP %'E, T
= +,U 
%% J0179
 %7 , P.KVWXY" 97 ?Z
%
7@AB[  \ % Fig. +.
  & 'E3. $ C'/* ] ^X_'E3.DE'F`WXY"A9 a!  =@'b. GH =@'cd.I  ed..f#$D!9 GjkY"7g h'&iJ
MN,OoPJlKL'm?J=npq'1%.='/*CB[9r
C QE sR'm?t.- KL=S
TO%UKO'*4J+CVW'
Xd 4 ]E YZu .[4\ vw
P7* * 
K.4+ ]= T^+C '& ' %:/*CB[9- 
-x_`y`'2CB[  za>K.a!
{' bc ,./ MPa |$6 .2
. -x_`d} ~`'B[ ed f 2 MPa, Fig. +.
+.& ^ ~`'a!
   ,./ MPa& '. J'. >? d'JB[  x 'U g,0d hi bc'*%  +** MPa  -x'd*%7
.

_nm
 =@8jklCm  -x !6om9 _nm'a!_nm'B[  C5 a! pq_n jq& O._n<'2.o. 
"_n< Fig. +. +/ Koflok, RK+./*& 
rs_n?_n  jq +/,*** ml ῌ
min& 'kJ*%7  C8y`p tu%a!H?K. __n< Fig. +. +0 Agligent, ADM,***& %v_n< Fig. +. +1 wB!YSF-+Uῌ,U&   >?rs_n'CJ*%789, gKK _njq *.++,***mlῌmin, *.,+** mlῌmin 9 ]E , P _n<xy%. %X>t.X
J*%7zn {|3ῌ8}3f%} a!~.2J*%7z
79?K ~`'-x_`%.JB[M').~` Zn' Fig.
+.
+2& +,F <C "-*%+,_n'.
_nm+=/.jkl m, G K=> m, G=- -x  Paῌm _` _n m-ῌs -x_` 3ῌ l Paῌs +,Z>K G  _n< Cjqm -x}'cJ% y`%d'2J*%+, DE 3 7 , ¡¢C& jkl7//+g +*£+,
+*£,* m, G'CJ*%789
¤C@ ¥¦! < _n<&  ¤ +῍|:& 'cJ% jkl C§C/῍ |: d?K.A %cd?K
*K G'6-x :
_` _K+-x  75f}
>B[9 ¨ xjkl7UGC/._n7B[ G=©]  <,>K+,Aw\4 %*%7?(>K ª>K-x + '©]<ZJ*% %« 7 R¬ %*r y`'C_n7 +,*** mlῌmin '­d% ® ¯°7`±²'³*%7´>K.
 +3.R   Cjkl H+*£+. m, Oµ% ¶]+,·¸'v U¼ 65 ¼

efgῌh ´µῌij¶kῌlmnῌo·$¸ῌ8¹ῌpq rῌstuvῌº»w 
  
 /ῌ ῍῎ῒ῏ῐῑ!" #$ %& '()*+,-,./0123456 789:;7<  =>?@.
ABCD EFig. +/F GHI $ JKL M;NOP
QR!%" STU;#$5
 %V WXY& Z $[\L]!^_ '`( P)ab*+ @ c, M;Nd- $ LR^_e  %fg.h/i0  jXklO5612
635m !")ab*+1(n4$ .
'%(XoTpqo  5r67"
 89 ' 56()*+,-,:;8!"34 Z.% E.s!"F <?@!" 34
!" @56#$tD$= .ῌ!"_uv$
STU;w6Vῌ>?R Ex
5VwyzF t@`
56#${|Q54 AB C}~PDE4D? R ESTU;
FE 
wῌ5F 5r6@A0e r
G ;HQ %@
STU;t$ῌtI {J
Q. !"Z##OZ ,,*ml, *.+/ ml K6@ EFig. +0F 
0$ 56@5VwA!":T EFig. +. M;N A  B !FL ml MNQ$#P 15r E()*+,-F 5 3,, ml !'`Qv@OCO& $ OCjXkl P,&QBRL / OP .ῌ!"D *.*/῍ xC
E{Q$ :STU;PS?@ tc. ῌ !" *.+῍ 6TQ$ DP 567
9:;UV $ E
W$@ jXklE E'`¡¢X{0 jXklYE£ZL[  jXkl$

Schematic diagram showing procedures in a
Fig. +/
volume measurement by gas pycnometer method. Standard process for the measurement is as follows ; Firstly,
open all of the valve and vents of the system to depressurize both reservoirs so that the gage-pressure inside
the reservoirs become zero. Input sample to the sample
room and close the valve between the reservoirs andpressurize the gas reservoir. Next open the valve toequilibrate the pressure of the system. Since the initial
volume of the reservoirs are known, volume of thesample can be calculated from the pressure record. In
this system, three volume-calibrated spacers are used toadjust the internal volume of the pycnometer, so that the
maximum resolution is obtained for each measurement.

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' ] .3 »f(yºῌ _ῌgh[uFig. +0(a) Comparing resolutions of grain volume measurements with di#erent sample room volume (internal volume of
pycnometer). (b) Comparing resolutions of pore volume measurements with di#erent gas-reservoir room volume. Curves
show the relationship between ﬁnal pressure and sample grain/pore volume. Each curve represents the relation when (a)the sample room volume, in ml, is equivalent to the adjacent italic numbers, (b) the gas reservoir room volume, in ml, isequivalent to the adjacent italic numbers. The slopes of the curves represent the volume sensitivity of the ﬁnal pressure, so
the resolution of each volume measurements is higher when the slope is steeper. Values expected for sample grain and porevolumes fall in between ,-,* ml and *.*+-/ ml, respectively. Thus the optimum sample room volume and gas reservoir room
volume for these situations become approximately +*-,* ml and +-/ ml, respectively.

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Schematic diagram of an intra-vessel deformaFig. +1
tion and ﬂuid ﬂow apparatus. The design is almost thesame as the intra-vessel deformation ﬂuid-ﬂow apparatus
in Fig. +.. In this apparatus, actuator is connected to thevessel at the bottom with a screw. Cross sectional area ofthe plate inside the actuator is designed larger than thatof the actuator shown in Fig. +. to create a higher axial
loading ability for this apparatus.

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Dieterich, J. H., +313, Modeling of rock friction, +.
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Friedman, M., Logan, J. L. and Stearns, D., eds.,
Mechanical Behavior of crustal rocks, Geophys.,
Monogr., ,., AGU, Washington, D. C., +*-ῌ+,*.
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Kranz, R. L., Saltzman, J. S. and Blacic, J. D., +33*,
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Sci., Geomech., Abs., ,1, -./ῌ-/,.
+33,
 ῌ    -/. p.
ῌ +33.
 !
"#$%&'()*+,-./- 01 : 23456 789: no. -3 +-/ῌ+..
 ,**- ;<=$>?@3A BC D
E F9:GHI ++* JGHKLM++/.
ῌN OP +33. QRSTUV W
X@3A : Y Z[\]^_`4 789:
no. -3 0/ῌ12.
 ῌ ab c ῌ de ῌ Qdf ῌ ghi=$ῌ>?@
 +333 QRSjk V l
3mkno pq F9:GHI +*0 TGHKLM 1,.
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Mizoguchi, K., Tanikawa, W., Tsutsumi, A. andShimamoto, T., ,**0, Rock deformation apparatuses at Kyoto University. Japan. Jour.
Struct., Geol., no. .3, vῌviii.
N OP ῌ rs ῌ tuvE ῌ whxy ῌ z{vῌ ,**- |} ~ (+   > m  ] ++3 /+.ῌ/+2.

Tsutsumi, A. and Shimamoto, T., +330, Frictional
properties of monzodiorite and gabbro during
seismogenic fault motion. Jour. Geol. Soc.
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Tsutsumi, A. and Shimamoto, T., +331, High-velocity frictional properties of gabbro. Geophys.
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Washington, D. C., ,31ῌ-,..

 : 


Enomoto, Y., Akai, M., Hashimoto, H., Shimamoto,T., Tsutsumi, A., Mori, S., Asabe, Y. and Sakurai, T., +33/, Studies of source mechanism forseismic electromagnetic anomalies by meansof charged particle’s measurements, In Fujinawa, Y., ed., Electoctromagnetic ﬁeld changes
as a precursory phenomenon of earthquakes andvolcanic eruptions, Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, +30, ./ῌ0*.
Enomoto, Y., Shimamoto, T., Tsutsumi, A. and Hashimoto, H., +33/, Transient electric signals prior
to rock fracturing : potential use as an immediate earthquake precursor, In Hayakawa, M.
and Fujinawa, Y., eds., Phenomena Related to
Earthquake Prediction, TERRAPUB, Tokyo,,/-ῌ,/3.
Hiraga, S., Morimoto, A. and Shimamoto, T., ,**,,
Stress e#ect on thermoluminescence intensities of quartz grains  for the establishmentof a fault dating method. Bull. Nara Univ.
Educ., /+, +1ῌ,..
ῌῌ ,**. WX(  j¡¢ TL £¤¥¦=§ ¨©ª«¬­®+¯°±²³´µ¶¦ ·¸¹Gº /- , +1ῌ,3.
Kawamoto, E. and Shimamoto, T., +331, Mechanicalbehavior of halite and calcite shear zones frombrittle to fully-plastic deformation and a revised fault model. Proceedings of the -*th International Geological Congress, Beijing, +., 23ῌ+*/.
Kawamoto, E. and Shimamoto, T., +332, The
strength proﬁle for bimineralic shear zones :an insight from high-temperature shearing ex-

 69 

ῌ! "#ῌnoῌµ'¶ ῌ·¸(¹ῌº<»Iῌ¼ (ῌpqrῌGHI@

periments on calcite-halite mixtures. Tectonophysics, ,3/, +ῌ+..
ῌ +33.       +,
112ῌ12,.
ῌ! "#ῌῌ $%&ῌ'ῌ() +330*+ * ,-./0 : 1
2
3+4  56786+ 9: ;<=>?@ABCD E F -+.ῌ--,

Di Toro, G., Hirose, T., Nielsen, S., Pennacchioni, G.
and Shimamoto, T., ,**0, Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults
during earthquakes. Science, -++, 0.1ῌ0.3.
 ῌ GHI@ ῌ  ῌ  J ,**,
ESR KL *MNO  P;Q*+ RSTU+VW;  XYZ[ no. -0 2,ῌ23.
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from natural pseudotachylytes. Jour. Struct.
Geol., ,/, +/03ῌ+/1..
Hirose, T. and Shimamoto, T., ,**/, Growth ofmolten zone as a mechanism of slip weakeningof simulated faults in gabbro during frictional
melting. Jour. Geophys. Res., ++*, B*/,*,, doi +*.
+*,3/,**.JBOO-,*1.
 Jῌ +33. \]9^_`ab0
cdefg7 hij9 klm no. -3 2/ῌ
+*+.
Lin, A. and Shimamoto, T., +332, Selective melting
processes as inferred from experimentally generated pseudotachylytes. Jour. Asian Earth
Sci., +0, /--ῌ/./.
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Laboratory veriﬁcation of submicron magnetite production in pseudotachylytes : relevance for paleointensity studies. Earth Planet.,
Sci. Lett., ,*+, +-ῌ+2.
ῌnoῌGHI@ῌpqr ,**-
*RM+s N@tu vw+4  ixy ++, 313ῌ333.
ῌ J +33. Mz{|}_+~{|klm no. -3 13ῌ2..
ῌ Jῌ! "#ῌ()ῌ @+33, s hῌab0cdefg7 mx32 XVIIῌXVIII.
! "# +33. RM W]9V`ab0
cdefg7
  kl

m no. -3 +,/ῌ+--.
Tsutsumi, A., +333, Size distribution of clasts inexperimentally produced pseudotachylytes.
Jour. Struct. Geol., ,+, -*/ῌ-+,.
! "#ῌ +33. R *@9V` M
U3 kl
m no. -3 +*-ῌ++..
Tsutsumi, A. and Shimamoto, T., +331, Temperature measurements along simulated faults
during seismogenic fault motion. Proceedingsof the -*th IGC Beijing, /, ,,-ῌ,-,.
ῌ
noῌ  ,**/ ?
 * !kl+ ¡;¢£;¤¢£¥¦KL; mx +++-**ῌ-*1.
GHI@ῌnoῌ ,*** Q * ¡kl ; "§¨©#ª$«¬­%&® KL;   -+ /2ῌ0/.
Noda, H. and Shimamoto, T., ,**/, Thermal pressurization and slip¯weakening distance of a
fault : an example of the Hanaore fault, Southwest Japan. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 3/, +,,.ῌ
+,--, doi +*. +12//*+,**.**23.
°±²³ῌ! "# ,**- ´n * !kl+
 ¡kl klm no. .1 .3ῌ/0.
Tsutsumi, A., Nishino, S., Mizoguchi, K., Hirose, T.,
Uehara, S., Sato, K., Tanikawa, W. and Shimamoto, T., ,**., Principal fault zone width andpermeability of the active Neodani fault, Nobi
fault system, Southwest Japan. Tectonophysics, -13, 3-ῌ+*2.
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during earthquake cycle. Tectonophysics, -12,
-ῌ., +2-ῌ+3/.
Uehara, S. and Shimamoto, T., Permeability of fault
rocks from the Median Tectonic Line in Ohshika-mura, Nagano, Japan as studied by pressure-cycling tests, Geol. Soc. London Spec.
Publ., in press.
Wibberley, C. A. J. and Shimamoto, T., ,**-, Internal structure and permeability of major strikeslip fault zones : the Median Tectonic Line in
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Wibberley, C. A. J. and Shimamoto, T., ,**/, Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained; 70 ;

,-!"

.3 I

?@A<BCῌDEῌFGH

by thermal pressurization. Nature, .-0, 023ῌ03,,
doi +*.+*-2.


Shimamoto, T., Noda, H., Tanikawa, W., Wibberley,
C. A. J. and Uehara, S., ,**., Fault-zone permeability structures and their implications forearthquake mechanisms and geo-engineering
problems, In Ohnishi, Y. and Aoki, K., eds.,
Contribution of Rock Mechanics to the New Century. Proceedings of the Third Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, ,**., Kyoto, Japan, Millpress, Rotterdam, +*,+ῌ+*,0.
 ῌ

!
 Klinkenberg " #$%&
 ῌῌW.-K. WeyῌW.-Y. WuῌC.-W.
LinῌW.-C. Lai, ,**- +333 ''!(()*+,-./0123456789:;& !
<=> ++, 3-3ῌ3/,.
Tanikawa, W., Shimamoto, T., Wey, W.-K., Wu, W.
-Y., Lin, C.-W. and Lai, W.-C., ,**., Sedimentation and generation of abnormal ﬂuid pressurein the focal area of +333 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. In Ohnishi, Y. and Aoki, K., eds., Contribution of Rock Mechanics to the New Century,
Proceedings of the Third Asian Rock Mechanics
Symposium, ,**., Kyoto, Japan, Millpress, Rotterdam, //-ῌ//1.

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