GenoGraphiX-Log version 2.0 is a
keystroke logging software that can beused by teachers, students, researchers
and writing professionals to record awriting session, store session data and toanalyse and visualise data.

GenoGraphiX-Log
version 2.0
User Guide
Gilles Caporossi#1, Christophe Leblay#2 andHakim Usoof#3#1 Dept. of Decision Sciences, HEC, Montréal,#2 Dept. of French, University of Turku#3 Dept. Statistics & Computer Science, University of

Peradeniya

Version 1.0
Date: 30th January 2023

Cite:
Usoof, H., Leblay, C., & Caporossi, G. (2020). GenoGraphiX-Log version 2.0 user guide. Les Cahiers
Du GERAD G-2020-68, 1-63.

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS

II

LIST OF FIGURESIVTABLE OF TABLES

VI

TABLE OF EQUATIONS

VII

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.0
2.1
2.2

INTRODUCTION
LICENCE, WARRANTY, COPYRIGHT & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFUNCTIONALITYFEATURESSYSTEM REQUIREMENTSCONTACT INFORMATIONINSTALLATIONMICROSOFT WINDOWSMAC OS X

1
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
7

3.0

INTERFACE

10

4.0

LOGGING A WRITING SESSION

12GENERAL PROCESS OF WRITINGSUPPORT FOR SPECIAL CHARACTERS
FREE-WRITING
TRANSLATIONEDITING TRANSLATIONPOST EDITING
REAL-TIME GRAPH
3RD PARTY APPLICATION LOGGINGSESSION PAUSE LOGGING

13
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3

DATA STORAGE AND SESSION FILESSESSION LOG AND SESSION DATAINFORMANT DATA
3RD PARTY APPLICATION USAGE

20
20
22
22

6.0

OPEN PROJECT

24

7.0

SESSION REPLAY

25

8.0

SESSION ANALYSIS AND DATA VISUALISATION

26

8.1 GRAPH REPRESENTATION
8.1.1 Graph Visualisation of Writing
8.1.2 Graph Settings
8.1.3 Session Graph8.1.4 Graph Statistics
8.1.5 graph PAUSE ANALYSIS
8.1.6 Progressive graph
8.2 NOTATIONS
8.2.1 Linear Text
8.2.2 S-Notation

27
27
29
31
31
36
37
38
38
41
ii

8.3 ANALYSIS
8.3.1 Statistics
8.3.2 Burst and Fluency
8.3.3 Text Length Analysis
8.3.4 Micro Analysis
8.3.5 Edit Distance
8.4 SESSION LOG

43
43
46
48
50
51
53

9.0

EXPORTING FILES

54

10.0

PREFERENCES

57

11.0

TIPS

59

12.0

REFERENCES

60

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Session Data files ..................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2.1 GGXLog2.exe installation file ................................................................................. 5
Figure 2.2 Windows Security Message ..................................................................................... 5
Figure 2.3 Installation prompt for Windows.............................................................................. 6
Figure 2.4 Windows installation progress ................................................................................. 6
Figure 2.5 Windows installer completion .................................................................................. 7
Figure 2.6 Launch GGXLog2 from Start Menu ........................................................................ 7
Figure 2.7 GGXLog2 Mac OSX installer .................................................................................. 7
Figure 2.8 installation prompt for Mac OSX ............................................................................. 8
Figure 2.9 Mac OSX progress ................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.10 Mac OSX installer completion ............................................................................... 9
Figure 2.11 Icon from Launcher or Application folder ............................................................. 9
Figure 3.1 Main Window of GGXLog .................................................................................... 10
Figure 3.2. Main menu structure of GGXLog ......................................................................... 10
Figure 4.1 Project Menu .......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 4.2 Project type selection .............................................................................................. 12
Figure 4.3 Expected writing session length ............................................................................. 12
Figure 4.4 Realtime Graph option ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 4.5 Set file save location ............................................................................................... 12
Figure 4.6 Informant information collection form ................................................................... 13
Figure 4.7 Informed Consent Form ......................................................................................... 13
Figure 4.8 Record session option ............................................................................................. 13
Figure 4.9 Pause and Save session option ............................................................................... 13
Figure 4.10 Confirmation for Save Session ............................................................................. 14
Figure 4.11 Confirmation for closing window ........................................................................ 14
Figure 4.12 Free-writing session interface............................................................................... 15
Figure 4.13 Translation session interface ................................................................................ 15
Figure 4.14 Open Source Text button ...................................................................................... 15
Figure 4.15 Source text file selection window......................................................................... 16
Figure 4.16 Translation Editing session interface.................................................................... 16
Figure 4.17 Open Source Text button ...................................................................................... 16
Figure 4.18 Source text file selection window......................................................................... 17
Figure 4.19 Open Translation text button ................................................................................ 17
Figure 4.20 Translation text file selection window ................................................................. 17
Figure 4.21 Translation session interface ................................................................................ 18
Figure 4.22 Open Source Text button ...................................................................................... 18
Figure 4.23 Source text file selection window......................................................................... 18
Figure 4.24 Realtime graph enable-disable button .................................................................. 19
Figure 4.25 Realtime Graph in Free-writing interface............................................................. 19
Figure 4.26 Realtime graph in Translation interface ............................................................... 19
Figure 5.1 Session data files .................................................................................................... 20
Figure 5.2 Session data log file format .................................................................................... 21
Figure 5.3 Session final product .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 5.4 Informant information file format .......................................................................... 22
Figure 5.5 3rd part application usage log format ..................................................................... 23
Figure 5.6 3rd Party application usage as an event in the Session Log ................................... 23
Figure 6.1 Project menu to Open existing session log ............................................................. 24iv

Figure 6.2 Session Log file selection window ......................................................................... 24
Figure 7.1 Session Replay interface......................................................................................... 26
Figure 8.1 Graph Start node ..................................................................................................... 27
Figure 8.2 Graph Append node example ................................................................................. 28
Figure 8.3 Graph Insert node example ..................................................................................... 28
Figure 8.4 Delete with Backspace and Removed nodes example ........................................... 28
Figure 8.5 Delete with delete key and Removed nodes example ........................................... 28
Figure 8.6 Copy and Paste example ......................................................................................... 29
Figure 8.7 Displacement node example ................................................................................... 29
Figure 8.8 Pause node example ............................................................................................... 29
Figure 8.9 Graph settings form ................................................................................................ 30
Figure 8.10 Session Graph interface ........................................................................................ 31
Figure 8.11 Node Distribution charts....................................................................................... 33
Figure 8.12 Node Distance between current and edit point chart ............................................ 33
Figure 8.13 Node distribution in subsets chart ........................................................................ 34
Figure 8.14 Cumulative node distribution of subsets increments chart ................................... 34
Figure 8.15 Node distribution in time blocks chart ................................................................. 34
Figure 8.16 Cumulative node distribution in time block increments chart.............................. 35
Figure 8.17 Deletion vs. Node distance chart .......................................................................... 35
Figure 8.18 Insertion vs Node distance chart........................................................................... 36
Figure 8.19 Graph Pause Analysis chart .................................................................................. 37
Figure 8.20 Progressive Graph navigation interface................................................................ 37
Figure 8.21 Progressive Graph interface ................................................................................. 38
Figure 8.22 Linear Text format selection buttons .................................................................... 38
Figure 8.23 Linear Text settings form ..................................................................................... 39
Figure 8.24 Linear Text Format 1 interface and example ....................................................... 40
Figure 8.25 Linear Text Format 2 interface and example ....................................................... 41
Figure 8.26 S-Notation settings form....................................................................................... 42
Figure 8.27 S-Notation navigation interface ............................................................................ 42
Figure 8.28 S-Notation interface and example ........................................................................ 43
Figure 8.29 General Statistics settings form ............................................................................ 44
Figure 8.30 Burst and Fluency settings form ........................................................................... 47
Figure 8.31 Burst and Fluency chart ........................................................................................ 48
Figure 8.32 Text Length Analysis settings form ..................................................................... 49
Figure 8.33 Text Length vs. Time ........................................................................................... 49
Figure 8.34 Text Length in Time Blocks ................................................................................. 50
Figure 8.32 Micro Analysis settings form ............................................................................... 51
Figure 8.33 Editing Distance settings form ............................................................................. 52
Figure 8.34 Session log example ............................................................................................. 53
Figure 9.1 Export button on interfaces .................................................................................... 54
Figure 9.2 Export Files interface ............................................................................................. 55
Figure 9.3 Exported files to Open session log folder............................................................... 56
Figure 10.1 General Programme settings form ........................................................................ 57
Figure 10.2 Session review settings form ................................................................................ 58
Figure 10.3 Custom Consent form text input interface............................................................ 58v

TABLE OF TABLES

Table 8.1 Graph Complexity measure ..................................................................................... 32
Table 8.2 Node Distribution .................................................................................................... 32
Table 8.3 Pause Breakdown example ...................................................................................... 37
Table 8.4 Linear Text representations ..................................................................................... 39
Table 8.5 Linear Text example notation .................................................................................. 39
Table 8.6 Event analysis example ............................................................................................ 44
Table 8.7 Final text/product analysis example ........................................................................ 45
Table 8.8 Time analysis example............................................................................................. 45
Table 8.9 Pause analysis example ............................................................................................ 46
Table 8.10 Gene analysis example........................................................................................... 46
Table 8.11 Session Burst parameters example ........................................................................ 48
Table 8.12 Event list for burst and fluency calculation ........................................................... 48
Table 8.13 Text Length and Delete Count in Time Blocks ..................................................... 50
Table 8.13 Micro level analysis example ................................................................................ 51
Table 8.14 Editing Distance example ...................................................................................... 52
Table 8.15 Coding of events for Editing Distance calculation ................................................ 52vi

TABLE OF EQUATIONS

Equation 8.1 Nodes per minute calculation ............................................................................ 32
Equation 8.2 Final Text edges to Chronology edges ration calculation .................................. 32
Equation 8.3 Final Text edges to Total edges ration calculation ............................................. 32
Equation 8.4 Node distance calculation ................................................................................... 33
Equation 8.5 Efficiency calculation ......................................................................................... 46

vii

1.0 INTRODUCTION
GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0 (abbreviation GGXLog) is a keystroke logging software that was developed as acollaboration between HEC Montréal, University of Turku, ITEM and GERAD. This project is mainly
focused on combining Text Genetics (Grésillon, 1994) and Graph Theory (West, 1996) with Keystroke
Logging in writing studies. Text genetics seeks to gather the material traces of the creative processes,
to put them in relation to each other and to the products to which these traces lead; the idea is thento order them in a chronological sequence that reflects the stages of textual elaboration to identify
the recurring elements and regularities. Graph Theory is a branch of mathematics which studies
networks or vertices connected with edges; this can be used to represent data and relationships
between the data. Furthermore, GGXLog emphases on using data visualisation (Sinar, 2015) tohumanize writing data for learning and research. Data visualisation enables faster processing of
information by the human brain, identifications of patterns, corelations, trends and allows the user tointeract with the data. The GGXLog software is intended to be used by teachers, students, researchers
and writing professionals.
GGXLog will record a writing session, store session data, and analyse and visualize the session data.
The programme stores data as a log (.log) file which can be loaded into the software for analysis anddata visualization and as a tab-separated-value (.tsv) file for loading data into spreadsheet or statisticalsoftware. Furthermore, informant data, third-party application usage and the final text are stored as
support data.
The software is based on the Java programming language and will work on Windows and Mac OS X
operating systems.
1.1 LICENCE, WARRANTY, COPYRIGHT & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTLICENSE
GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0 is published under the following Creative Commons license.
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY_NC-ND 4.0)

WARRANTY
This SOFTWARE PRODUCT is provided by THE PROVIDER “as is” and “with all faults”. THE PROVIDER
makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the safety, suitability, lack of viruses,
inaccuracies, typographical errors, or other harmful components of this SOFTWARE PRODUCT. There
are inherent dangers in the use of any software, and you are solely responsible for determining whether
this SOFTWARE PRODUCT is compatible with your equipment and other software installed on yourequipment. You are also solely responsible for the protection of your equipment and backup of yourdata, and THE PROVIDER will not be liable for any damages you may suffer in connection with using,modifying, or distributing this SOFTWARE PRODUCT.
COPYRIGHT
Intellectual property rights and copyrights for GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0 are held by HEC Montréal &University of Turku.GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0 is protected by copyright laws and international treaties.

11.2 FUNCTIONALITY
The three main functionalities of GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0 are:I

Record writing session
GGXLog is capable of recording data in different writing contexts. The software natively supports
free writing, translation, and translation revision. Softcopy versions of text to be translated may
be loaded onto the software for side-by-side view, and softcopies of translations may be loaded
to the software for editing. All files that are loaded to the software must meet the following
requirements:● Text file
● Encoded as UTF-8
Note: Text files can be created or converted into the required form using Notepad on Microsoft
Windows and TextEdit on Mac OS X.

IIStore session data
The session files are stored in a directory/folder in the location specified by the user. The default
programmed directory is the Documents folder (see section 4.0). The naming format of thespecific session folder is “yyMMddHHmmss”.
Example: The folder name of a session started on 2020/09/08 at 13.23:38 would be200908132338.
Session data is stored in three main file formats:● Log (session_log.log) file: Used by the software for analysis and data visualisation● Session Data as a tab-separated-value (session_data.tsv) file: Used for loading the data
into a spreadsheet or statistical software● Final text of the session (session_text.txt): Can be opened in any text editor

Figure 1.1 Session Data files

In addition to these three files, the software also creates two more files:● Informant data (Informant_info.tsv) file: Can be loaded into a spreadsheet software● Usage of 3rd party applications during the writing session (session_app_usage.txt): Can be
opened in any text editor (see section 5.3)
III Analyse and visualise data
The primary analysis of data in the GGXLog software is based on Text Genetics and Graph Theory,
with emphasis on the visualisation of the writing session as a graph. The developed graph is further
analysed to identify patterns and statistics for study of the session. However, the programme also
provides other data representation formats and analysis used by writing researchers and linguists(see sections 8.2 & 8.3).

2

1.3 FEATURESGenoGraphiX-Log 2.0 is designed to capture writing data, to store such data, and to process these data
to produce data visualisations and analysis. Features of GGXLog are listed below:
I

Text Editor
This allows the recording of a writing session. The software natively supports three primary writing
contexts:● Free-writing (see section 4.3)
● Translation (see section 4.4)
● Editing Translation (see section 4.5)
● Post Editing (see section 4.6)
In addition to the above writing contexts, the software can generate a real-time graph during thewriting session for relatively short sessions (less than 10 minutes). In this setting, the graph will bedrawn alongside the text editor in real time (see section 4.7).
II Data Storage● As LOG, TSV (tab-separated values) and Text files (see section 5.0)
III Replay Session (see section 7.0)
IV Graph Representation (see section 8.1)
● Session Graph● Graph Statistics● Graph Pause Analysis● Progressive Graph
V Notations (see section 8.2)
● Linear Text
● S-Notations
VI Analysis (see section 8.3)
● Statistics● Burst and Efficiency● Micro Level Analysis● Edit Distance
VII Export Data (see section 9.0)
● GGXLog is capable of exporting visualisations, notations, and analysis into common fileformats such as MS Excel, MS Word, HTML, PDF (via Print option in web browser) andJSON.
1.4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The specifications that GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0 has been tested on are given below. However, thesoftware may run on older and lesser configurations without problems.
Intel or AMD 64-bit Processor 1.4GHz or above
4GB RAM
2GB Free Hard disk space
Screen resolution of 1366 x 768 or higher
Windows 10 or Mac OS X 10.13 or later
PDF Reader software and Safari, Google Chrome, Firefox, or Opera web browser

3Note: The programme will run on lower configurations; however, a higher performance configuration
will be required if the real-time graph option is used. Running the real-time graph mode on lower
performance computers may cause lagging and errors in the session log.
1.5 CONTACT INFORMATION
Website: www.ggxlog.net
Email: info@ggxlog.net
Gilles Caporossi
HEC Montréal
3000, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine Montréal (Québec)Canada H3T 2A7
email: gilles.caporossi@hec.ca
Christophe Leblay
School of Languages & Translation Studies
University of Turku
FI-20014 Turku, Finlandemail: christophe.leblay@utu.fi
Hakim Usoof
Dept. of Statistics and Computer Science
University of Peradeniya
20400 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
email: hau@sci.pdn.ac.lk

4

2.0 INSTALLATION
Currently, installers are available for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. The Windows and Mac OS X
versions of the software come bundled with Java 9.0.4 hence it does not require separate installationof Java.
The GGXLog2.jar file for running the application on Linux/Unix environments can be made available
on request. However, the Unix/Linux environments will require Java RE 9.0.4 preinstalled. The 3rd party
application monitoring function is not implemented for Unix/Linux environments.
2.1 MICROSOFT WINDOWS
To install GGXLog on your Windows computer:
1. Visit www.ggxlog.net and download the GGXLog2.exe file. The GGXLog2.exe will likely besaved to the Downloads Folder or another specified location.
2. Double click on the GGXLog2.exe file.

Figure 2.1 GGXLog2.exe installation file

Note: If the following Warning appears, click More info, and Click Run anyway

Figure 2.2 Windows Security Message

3. The default option is to overwrite any existing installations of GenoGraphiX-Log on thecomputer. Click on Next.

5

Figure 2.3 Installation prompt for Windows

4. The programme files will be copied into the programme directory as below.

Figure 2.4 Windows installation progress

5. When all files are copied, click on Finish.

6Figure 2.5 Windows installer completion

6. To launch GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0, click on the Start Menu, then click on GGXLog2. You may
have to allow permissions in your system virus guard.

Figure 2.6 Launch GGXLog2 from Start Menu

2.2 MAC OS X
To install GGXLog on your Mac computer:
1. Visit www.ggxlog.net and download the GGXLog2.dmg file. The GGXLog2.dmg will likely besaved to the Downloads Folder or another specified location.
2. Double click on the GGXLog2.dmg file, then double click on the GenoGraphiX-Log Installer.

Figure 2.7 GGXLog2 Mac OSX installer

3. The default option is to overwrite any existing installations of GenoGraphiX-Log on thecomputer. Click on Next.

7

Figure 2.8 installation prompt for Mac OSX

4. The programme files will be copied into the programme directory as below.

Figure 2.9 Mac OSX progress

5. When all files are copied, click on Finish.

8Figure 2.10 Mac OSX installer completion

6. To launch GenoGraphiX-Log 2.0, click on Launchpador the Applications folder, thenclick on GenoGraphiX Log. You may have to allow permissions on your system virus guard
and also tick GenoGraphiX on System Preferences -> Security & Privacy -> Privacy (Tab) ->Input Monitoring.

Figure 2.11 Icon from Launcher or Application folder

93.0 INTERFACE
The interface is designed according to common interface design standards. The interface has five
primary areas:

Figure 3.1 Main Window of GGXLog

1. Main Menu [Top left-hand corner]
The Main Menu allows the user to select different features offered by the software. It is ahierarchical menu that permits Project creation and opening previous projects, Viewing
analysis and visualisations of session data and accessing links for Help with the software.
Main Menu

Project

New

View

Session Replay

Graph
Representation

NotationsHelp

Analysis

Open

Graph

Linear Text

Statistics

Open Recent

Graph Statistics

S-Notation

Burst & Fluency

Export FIles

Graph Pause
Analysis

Micro Analysis

Preferences

Progressive
Graph

Edit DistanceSession Log

User Guide

About

Quit

Figure 3.2. Main menu structure of GGXLog

10During a writing session, all menus except Help will be disabled to safeguard against accidental
exiting of the session without saving data. The View menu will enable only once the session
log file is loaded into the programme.
2. Interface Language Selection [Top right-hand corner]
Currently the software supports Finnish, Swedish, French and English. Other interface
languages may be added in the future. To change the interface language, click on the flag.
3. Work Window [Centre]
The work area is where the editor for the writing session is loaded. This window also allows
for analyses to be viewed and session data to be visualized.
4. Task in Progress [Bottom left-hand corner]
The task notification functions during a writing session or a session replay. It will display thecurrent task being performed. During a writing session, it will display if the session is being
recorded or paused. During replay, it will display the Player status.
5. Task Clock [Bottom right-hand corner]
The task clock functions during a writing session. During a writing session, it will display thetime elapsed since the click of the Record button. If the writing session is paused, the task
clock will also be paused.
6. Text Length [Bottom right-hand corner]
The text Length functions during a writing session and the replay session. During a writing
session and replay session, it will display the length of the text currently visible in the writingarea. It is the number of characters including white spaces.
7. Event Counter [Bottom right-hand corner]
The event counter functions during a writing session and the replay session. During a writing
session, it will display the total number of interactions performed by the writer which include
typing, mouse clicks, menu selections and other logged events. During the replay session theevent counter shows the event number of the position of replay as well as the total numberof interactions performed during the writing session.
8. Cursor Position [Bottom right-hand corner]
The cursor position functions during a replay session. The cursor position shows the cursor
position at the particular replay event.

11

4.0 LOGGING A WRITING SESSION
To start a logging session:
1. Click on Project menu, then select New.

Figure 4.1 Project Menu

2. The Participant Information and Consent Form window will appear. Select the appropriate
Project Settings for the planned writing session.

Figure 4.2 Project type selection

GGXLog supports four writing contexts or Project Types:● Free-writing: This is intended for writing original text.
● Translating: This is intended for translating texts and provides the option of loading asoftcopy of the source text onto the interface for convenient reading.
● Editing Translation: This is intended for editing already translated text. This option
allows for loading softcopies of both the original source text and the translation onto
the interface. The editing is done on the translation.
● Post Editing: This is intended for post editing a human-written and/or a machine
generated text. This option allows the loading of the softcopy of the source text which
can be viewed in one window while being edited in the other.
3. Select estimated text length. This option will restrict the use of Real-time Graph during a
logging session. A short text is estimated to be approximately 10 minutes of writing.
Figure 4.3 Expected writing session length

4. Select whether the Real-time Graph option should be on or off, in the scenario of a Short Text.
Figure 4.4 Realtime Graph option

WARNING! The Real-time Graph requires considerable computation power, which on a lesscapable computer may lead to lagging and errors in the session log. This may be used for shorttexts to help understand the writing process using graph visualisations.
5. Select the location where session files will be stored. The default location set in Preferencesof the programme is typically the Documents folder.
Figure 4.5 Set file save location

126. Fill in the Informant Information fields.

Figure 4.6 Informant information collection form

In this form:● First Language: First language or native language of the informant● Tested Language: The writing language● Source Language: The language of the source text (applicable only for Translatingand Editing Translations)
7. Read Informed Consent Form. If the writer agrees, tick I grant consent.

Figure 4.7 Informed Consent Form

8. Click on the Continue button.
4.1 GENERAL PROCESS OF WRITING
The writing interface is controlled by three buttons:
Figure 4.8 Record session option●

Record/Pause: Clicking Record starts the recording of the writing session. The text editing
area is only enabled when Record is clicked. Clicking Pause will pause the writing session andclicking Record again will restart recording. All Project and View menus and the Close button
are disabled when Record is clicked and only enabled again when Stop and Save is clicked.
Figure 4.9 Pause and Save session option●

Stop and Save: This button is enabled when recording a session. When clicked, the recordingof the session is stopped and the session files are saved. To complete the session, confirmationmust be given by clicking Yes when prompted by the Confirmation dialog box.

13

Figure 4.10 Confirmation for Save Session●

Close: This button is enabled only before starting a recording of a writing session. Clicking on
it will exit the text editor interface. To exit the text editor, confirmation must be given byclicking Yes when prompted by the Confirmation dialog box.

Figure 4.11 Confirmation for closing window

4.2 SUPPORT FOR SPECIAL CHARACTERS
GGXLog supports French aigu, grave, circonflexe, and tréma accents, which can be typed using deadkeys if they are not possible as a single keystroke. The cedilla/cedille (Ç) can be typed on Microsoft
Windows using Ctrl+COMMA and on Mac OS X COMMAND+COMMA, followed by c or Shift+c for
capitalisation.
Dead keys are special modifier keys on the keyboard that typically associate an accent or diacriticalsign to a basic letter. For example, the dead key acute (´) followed by the letter a (a) will produce á.
Dead keys are dependent on the layout of the keyboard and keyboards may include only a few deadkeys. GGXLog supports the following 16 dead keys;"DEAD_ACUTE","DEAD_DIAERESIS", "DEAD_GRAVE", "DEAD_CEDILLA", "DEAD_TILDA", "DEAD_CIRCUMFLEX","DEAD_ABOVEDOT", "DEAD_ABOVERING", "DEAD_BREVE", "DEAD_CARON", "DEAD_DOUBLEACUTE","DEAD_IOTA", "DEAD_MACRON", "DEAD_VOICE_SOUND", "DEAD_SEMIVOICE_SOUND" and "DEAD_OGONEK"

4.3 FREE-WRITING
The Free-writing option allows the writer to create original text. This would be the most common
option used for writing and common writing research scenarios. The writing is done in Text Editor
marked in blue in the figure below.

14

Figure 4.12 Free-writing session interface

4.4 TRANSLATIONThe Translation option allows the writer to display a source text on the interface, which can then betranslated side-by-side in the text editor. The source text is displayed in the area marked in green andthe translation is done in Text Editor marked in blue in the figure below.

Figure 4.13 Translation session interface

To open a source text with the original text to be translated:
1. Click on the Open Source Text button in the bottom left-hand corner. It is important to notethat only text files encoded in UTF-8 are supported by GGXLog.
Figure 4.14 Open Source Text button

15

2. Select and open the source text from the File Selection window.

Figure 4.15 Source text file selection window

4.5 EDITING TRANSLATIONThe Edit Translation option allows the writer to display the original source text that was translated on
the interface and the already translated text side-by-side in the text editor. The already translated text
can be edited and the editing session is recorded. The source text is displayed in the area marked ingreen and the editing of the translation is done in the text editor marked in blue in the figure below.

Figure 4.16 Translation Editing session interface

To open a source text with the original text that was translated:
1. Click on the Open Source Text button in the bottom left-hand corner.

Figure 4.17 Open Source Text button

16

2. Select and open the source text from the File Selection window.

Figure 4.18 Source text file selection window

To open the translated text:
1. Click on the Open Translated Text button in the bottom-middle. As accuracy is key in
GGXLog, it is imperative that the translated text file be encoded in UTF-8 encoding.
Figure 4.19 Open Translation text button

2. Select and open the translated text from the File Selection window.

Figure 4.20 Translation text file selection window

Note: The Record button will only be enabled once a translation text is loaded into the text editor.
Once the recording of the session is started, the Open Translated Text button will be disabled.
4.6 POST EDITING
The Post Editing option allows the writer to display a source text on the interface, which can then bethen post edited side-by-side in the text editor. The source text is displayed in the area marked ingreen and the post editing of the same text is done in Text Editor marked in blue in the figure below.
The source text may be human-written, or machine generated.

17

Figure 4.21 Translation session interface

To open a source text with the original text to be post eidted:
1. Click on the Open Source Text button in the bottom left-hand corner. It is important to notethat only text files encoded in UTF-8 are supported by GGXLog.
Figure 4.22 Open Source Text button

2. Select and open the source text from the File Selection window.

Figure 4.23 Source text file selection window

4.7 REAL-TIME GRAPH
The Real-time Graph visualises the ongoing writing session as a graph adjacent to Text Editor. The
Real-time Graph may be used for short texts, preferably for writing sessions lasting less than 10
minutes. Longer text sessions may cause lagging and errors in the session log. The Real-time Graph
option is available for Free-writing, Translation and Post-editing project types.

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To disable Real-time Graph during the writing session, untick the Real-time Graph checkbox.
Figure 4.24 Realtime graph enable-disable button

Real-time Graphs will be shown as follows in the Free-writing interface:

Figure 4.25 Realtime Graph in Free-writing interface

Real-time Graphs will be shown as follows in the Translation interface:

Figure 4.26 Realtime graph in Translation interface

4.8

3 RD PARTY APPLICATION LOGGINGGGXLog is capable of recording 3rd party applications during the writing session. If the writer uses a 3rdparty application, for example a web browser or a Word document, GGXLog will record the name of
the 3rd party application, the title of the page and the corresponding index number in the
Session_log.log file. This data is stored in the Session_app_usage.txt file. This event can be identified

19

using the input label <APP_CHANGE> in the session log. This option will keep recording 3rd party
application usage even if the writing session is paused using the Pause button.
4.9 SESSION PAUSE LOGGING
When the writing session is paused using the Pause button, GGXLog logs this event in the
Session_log.log file. This event can be identified by the input label <SESSION_PAUSE> in the sessionlog.
5.0 DATA STORAGE AND SESSION FILES
A session file is stored in the session directory. Each session will create a new directory with atimestamp with the format Year:month:date:hour:minute:second (yyMMddhhmmss). This is also theSession ID.

Figure 5.1 Session data files

A writing session creates five files:
1. Session Log: Stores the session data in .log format and is the data source opened by GGXLogWARNING! The session_log.log file should not be edited in other applications as this would cause
errors when the file opened in GGXLog software.
2. Session Data: Stores the data in .tsv format and is identical to the data stored in the Session
Log file
3. Informant Information: Stores information about the writer
4. Session App usage: Stores data of any 3rd party applications that are used by the writer during
the session
5. Session Text: Stores the final text from the text editor when the Stop and Save button isclicked on at the end of the writing session

5.1 SESSION LOG AND SESSION DATA
Session data is stored in three main file formats:●Session Log (session_log.log) is the file used by the software for analysis and datavisualisation. The Session Log consists of the following data:o Session ID: Same as the timestamp in the session directoryo Data and Time: Date and time when the Record button is clickedo Operating System: The operating system the writing session was done ono Locale: The operating system language and the keyboard layout used

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o
o

Version: Version of the GGXLog software
Session Data:▪ Index: User Input Event number▪ Device: Input device (e.g. Keyboard, Mouse, System)▪ Input: Input (e.g. Character, Mouse Click)▪ Start_Time: Input start time (e.g. Key press time)▪ Start_clock: Start_Time in hour:minute:second format▪ End_Time: Input end time (e.g. Key release time)▪ End_clock: End_Time in hour:minute:second format▪ Event_Time: Duration of the event (Duration between Start_Time and
End_Time)▪ Pause_Time: Duration between the end of an Input Event and the
beginning of the next Input Event▪ Pause_location: The location of the pause (e.g. within word, between
words)▪ Caret_position: Location of the cursor when the Input Event occurs▪ Anchor_position: Position of the selection point (e.g. when a text isselected the selection would be between Anchor_position andCaret_position)▪ Mouse_x: x-coordinate of the Mouse pointer in Text Editor▪ Mouse_y: y-coordinate of the Mouse pointer in Text Editor▪ Selected_text: The selected/highlighted text
▪ Replaced_text: The text that is replaced by another text (e.g. highlighted
and typed over or pasted over)▪ Gene_type: The genetic operation performed on the text

Figure 5.2 Session data log file format●

Session Data (session_data.tsv) is a tab-separated values file that is intended to be used
for loading the data into a spreadsheet (e.g. MS Excel or Numbers), statistical software or
text editor. The data in this file is identical to the session_log.log file.

●

Final Text of the session (session_text.txt) stores the text developed during the writing
session. The text in Text Editor at the time the Stop and Save button is clicked is saved inthis file. This is a text that can be opened in any text editor or word processing software.

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Figure 5.3 Session final product5.2 INFORMANT DATA
The Informant Data (Informant_info.tsv) file stores the data entered by the writer at the beginning of
the writing session. The informant data is stored as tab-separated values and can be loaded into a
spreadsheet software or text editor.
● The Informant Data file consists of the following data:o Session ID: Same as the timestamp in the session directoryo Data and Time: Date and time when the Record button is clickedo Informant Data:▪ Session_Type: A code created for the Project Type● The code is as follows:o The 1st character▪ F: Free-writing, T: Translation, E: Edit translation
and PE: Post Editingo The 2nd character▪ S: Short Text and L: Long Texto The 3rd character▪ G: Real-time Graph enabled● E.g. FS: Free-writing, Short Text
▪ First_Name▪ Last_Name▪ Age▪ Gender▪ First_Language: Native language of informant▪ Tested_Language: Session writing language▪ Source_Language: In the case of a translation or editing translation, thelanguage of the source text
▪ Consent: TRUE if the Informant agrees to the Consent form and ticks the“I grant consent” checkbox

Figure 5.4 Informant information file format

5.3 3RD PARTY APPLICATION USAGE
The Session App Usage (session_app_usage.txt) file stores the information of 3rd party applications
used by the writer during the writing session (see section 4.8). This is a text that can be opened in any
text editor or word processing software.

22

●The Session App Usage file consists of the following data:o Session ID: Same as the timestamp in the session directoryo Data and Time: Date and time when the Record button is clickedo App Data:▪ Log Index: This number corresponds to the index of the Session Log file(e.g. Log Index 54 in the Session App Usage file corresponds to the 54th
index in the Session Log file)▪ Application: The name of the application or software used
▪ Title: The title of the document open in the application

Figure 5.5 3rd part application usage log format

Figure 5.6 3rd Party application usage as an event in the Session Log

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6.0 OPEN PROJECT
To review a session, the session log file should be opened in the software.
To open a session log file:
1. Click on the Project menu, then select Open.

Figure 6.1 Project menu to Open existing session log

2. From the File Open window choose the session log file with the .log extension.

Figure 6.2 Session Log file selection window

3. Recently opened files may be directly opened by clicking on the file name in the Open recent
menu.
When the session log is loaded to the software, the Session Replay interface will be displayed.

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7.0 SESSION REPLAY
Session Replay is the default interface of the View menu. Replaying the session allows for observationof the writing session as seen on Text Editor. The Session Replay interface consists of five components:
1. Open File: Shows the file name and path of the currently opened file.
2. Controls
o Play/Pause: Play and pause a writing sessiono Start: Go to the beginning of the sessiono End: Go to the end of the sessiono Fast: Increase the replay speed up to 500%
o Slow: Decrease the replay speed down to 50%
o Close: Close the open project
3. Progress Slider: The Progress Slider can be used to navigate to different points in the writing
session.
4. Session Text: This window is where the Session Text will be displayed, similar to Text Editor
during the writing session.
5. Time Elapsed/Session Duration: This shows the time elapsed in the replay of the writing
session and the total duration of the entire writing session.
6. Status: The Status indicates Play/Pause, Replay Speed, etc.
7. Current Text Length: The Current Text Length is the total number of characters (including
white spaces) displayed in the session text window.
8. Cursor Position: The Cursor Position is the current position of the cursor at the event of replay.
9. No of Events/Total Session Events: The No of Events displays the current number of events
replayed against the total number of events in the entire writing session.

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Figure 7.1 Session Replay interface

8.0 SESSION ANALYSIS AND DATA VISUALISATIONThe opened project can be viewed in different formats and aspects from the View menu. The views
are categorised into five formats:
1. Replay Session: Allows for the replay of the writing session (see section 7.0)
2. Graph Representation (see section 8.1)
o Session Graph: Visualises the writing session using Graph Theory
o Graph Statistics: Provide numerical statistics and visual summaries of the SessionGrapho Progressive Graph: Constructs the Session Graph in a progressive manner based on
key events during the writing session
3. Notations (see section 8.2)
o Linear Text: Depicts the writing session using two notational formats, whichsummarises the sequence of events during the writing session using text and symbols
o S-Notation: Is a representation by Py Kollberg (1996) used for analysing revisions andtext production during the session
4. Analysis (see section 8.3)
o Statistics: Provides basics statistics for the sessiono Burst and Fluency: Provides an analysis of bursts and fluency between interruptionso Micro Analysis: Provides a micro-level analysis of events and text from the writing
sessiono Edit Distance: Provides an analysis of the distance between two edits
5. Session Log: Displays the filtered set of fields from the session log file (see section 8.4)
To select a particular view:
1. Click on the Project menu, then on Open.

26

2. From the File Open window, choose the relevant session log file with the .log extension(usually Session_log.log file).
3. Click on the View menu, then on the required view option.
4. If the interface consists of a Settings button, click on Settings to specify parameters for theview (this will enable the Process button and other options on the interface).
5. Click on Save Settings.
8.1 GRAPH REPRESENTATION
The graph representation in the GenoGraphiX-Log software uses Text Genetics and Graph-Theory
from the domain of mathematics to represent a writing session as a set of nodes (vertices) and edges(links). A node represents a cluster of continuous events in the writing session (e.g. a sequence ofcharacters inserted in a text, a sequence of characters appended to a text, a sequence of charactersdeleted from a text, or a pause in the writing). An edge represents a relationship between these nodes(e.g. chronological order, the flow with respect to the final text, or a removed text and the deletion).
Nodes are colour coded to represent different categories. The graph representation has 7 types ofnodes:
1. Append: A node created when text is added at the end of the current texta. Non-empty nodes: Nodes that contain textb. Empty nodes: Nodes without text that are created during editing events and required
to maintain graph structure
2. Insert: A node created when text is inserted between the beginning and the end of the text
3. Removed: A text or node removed from the original text
4. Deletion: A node containing the entire deleted text
5. Displaced: A node appearing when a text is moved from one place to another6. Copy: A node created when copying text from one place to another
7. Pause: A pause with a duration greater than or equal to the specified cognitive pause
duration (see sections 8.1.2 and 10.0 on setting the cognitive pause duration)
Edges are colour coded to represent categories of relationships. A continuous line will represent
chronological order while a discontinuous line will represent a relationship. Thus, a colour coded line
may represent both chronology and relationship or just one of them. Edges with an arrow and a similar
colour as an Append node represents the flow of the (final) produced text.
8.1.1 GRAPH VISUALISATION OF WRITING
Graph visualisation is a combination of graphical representations of scenarios that may occur during
a natural writing session. The patterns help to easily identify which scenario occurred at a given
instance and how it affected the text as well as its relationship to other events. A series of writing
scenarios are exemplified below:
I.

Node 0 or the [START] node is the starting position of the Graph.

Figure 8.1 Graph Start nodeII.

An Append at the end of a text is depicted as below.

27

Figure 8.2 Graph Append node example

III.

An Insert is depicted below. An insert that is done in a text will split an existing node into twoparts with consecutive numbers (nodes 1 and 2), and the insert will have a greater node
number (node 3). While chronological order will be maintained in a continuous line, the flowof produced text will include the inserted node between the split nodes. In this example, theinitial text was “This is a text.” and the word “simple” was inserted to create “This is a simple
text.”.

Figure 8.3 Graph Insert node example

IV.

A Delete done using the backspace key is depicted below. The initial text has a word deleted;this splits the single node into three parts (nodes 1, 2 and 3) that will maintain the initialchronological order of the text. The produced text flow will now exclude the removed text
(node 3), which will typically be coloured in a different shade. In addition, the deletion event(node 4) is now included in the order of chronology to emphasise when the deletion occurred.
Furthermore, the reverse order of text in the deletion node represents that the backspace key
was used for deletion.

Figure 8.4 Delete with Backspace and Removed nodes example

V.

A Delete done using the delete key or highlight and deletion is depicted below. The initial text
has a word deleted; this splits the single node into three parts (nodes 1, 2 and 3) that will
maintain the initial chronological order of the text. The produced text flow will now exclude
the removed text (node 3), which will typically be coloured in a different shade. In addition,
the deletion event (node 4) is now included in the order of chronology to emphasise when thedeletion occurred. A highlight and deletion may be displayed when any existing text is
highlighted using the mouse or keyboard and then removed using the backspace, delete, or
any other character key, or when the text is replaced using a (cut-copy-paste) keyboard ormouse action.

Figure 8.5 Delete with delete key and Removed nodes example

VI.

An instance of Copy and Paste is depicted below. In the example below, a part of the existing
text (node 1) is copied, then followed by an append (node 2). Next, the copied text is pasted(node 3) and finally followed by another append to the text (node 4). Here, the discontinuousedge between nodes 1 and 3 represents where the pasted text was copied from. This example

28

also depicts a scenario in which the chronological order of events is similar to the produced
text flow.

Figure 8.6 Copy and Paste example

VII.

An instance of Displacement or Cut and Paste is depicted below. This scenario is treatedsimilar to a deletion followed by an append or insert. Similar to a deletion, the existing nodeis split into 3 (nodes 1, 2 and 3) maintaining the chronological order of writing. The displaced
text is depicted in a different shade (node 3), and the occurrence of the deletion is represented
as a delete node (node 4). The displaced text is now represented as an append or insert, but
in its own unique shade to highlight the displacement (node 5). The discontinuous line
between the displaced node and the delete node shows the relationship between thisdeletion and append or insertion.

Figure 8.7 Displacement node example

VIII.

When the Show Pause option is selected, pauses that are greater than or equal to thespecified cognitive pause value (e.g. 2000ms) are represented by a Pause node (node 2). The
pause time is indicated within the node. The pause is included in the chronological flow.

Figure 8.8 Pause node example

8.1.2 GRAPH SETTINGSThe Graph Settings interface allows the specification of parameters that are used to create the Session
Graph, Graph Statistics and Progressive Graph. This interface is common to all graph representations.

29

Figure 8.9 Graph settings form

Changing the parameters will create unique graph representations. The parameters are as follows:
●
●

●
●

●

●
●
●

●

Pause Time: This specifies the time in milliseconds that a pause is considered a cognitive
pause.
Show Pauses: This indicates pauses with a timespan greater than Pause Time that are shown
as a Pause node in the Graph.
WARNING! Showing Pause nodes will make the Graph larger and visually more complex.
Show Text: This shows the text created during the sequence of events within the node.
Graph Mode: The Graph will be drawn in manual or automatic mode. In automatic mode,
GGXLog will draw the respective graph and the entire graph will be affected if nodes aremanipulated using the mouse. In manual mode, GGXLog will draw the respective graph andonly the specific node will be affected if a node is manipulated. This mode may be turned off
in the Session Graph interface.
IMPORTANT! In the case where there are a large number of edits and the Graph is complex,
automatic mode would be advised.
WARNING! Manipulation of the Graph in automatic mode requires a considerable amount ofcomputational power.
Node Scaling: The shape and size of the nodes are specified here. While boxes and circles
will have text within the nodes, scaled spheres will have text outside the nodes if the Show
Text option is selected. This mode may be changed in the Session Graph interface.
Node Colour: This specifies the colour of each category of node.
Default Colours: This will revert to the default colours specified for the graph in the system.
Node Subset Size: This parameter is relevant to Subset Node Distribution and Cumulative
Node Distribution in Graph Statistics. This parameter specifies the size of the subset of nodes
we consider. The value should be between 1 and the total number of nodes in the Graph,
shown within parentheses for convenience.
Time Granularity: This parameter is relevant to Node Distribution in Time Blocks andCumulative Node Distribution over Time in Graph Statistics. The value should be greater than30

0 and less than the total duration of the session in minutes, shown in parentheses forconvenience.
Note: The colour choices are saved as a preference for the next time the software is used.
8.1.3 SESSION GRAPH
Session Graph visualises the writing session using Graph Theory.

Figure 8.10 Session Graph interface

To view Session Graph:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Graph Representation and click on Session Graph.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
3. To redraw the Graph, click on the Process button until a satisfactory graph is drawn with aconvenient placement of the nodes.
4. To change the shapes of the nodes, click on the Node Scaling options.
5. To automatically redraw the Graph, click on the Automatic Graph Mode button. Click on thisbutton again to disable automatic mode.
6. To increase the distance between nodes in Automatic Graph Mode, move the Node Distanceslider to the right; move the slider to the left to reduce the distance.
NOTE: Options 4-6 are disabled when the graph is larger than the default 120-node size. This value
may be changed in Preferences (see section 10.0).
7. Use the mouse scroll wheel to Zoom-in or Zoom-out.
8. Click on and drag the windows to Move the Graph around in the window.
9. Click on and drag a node to Move the Node around in the window.
8.1.4 GRAPH STATISTICS

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Graph Statistics provides numerical statistics and visual summaries of Session Graph.
To view Graph Statistics:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Graph Representation and click on Graph Statistics.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
Graph Complexity Measure provides the following details:
1. The Nodes Per Minute parameter provides a value that relates to the frequency ofedits/revisions during a writing session, as nodes are created by edits/revisions.
Equation 8.1 Nodes per minute calculation

𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆 =𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑺𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑫𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

2. The Final Text to Chronology Edge Ratio provides insight into the number of nodes in the final
text product against the entire text development and editing events. The maximum value willbe 1 when there are no edits or pauses in the writing session. The greater the number of edits
and pauses, the lower the value will be.
Equation 8.2 Final Text edges to Chronology edges ration calculation

𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔

3. The Final Text to Total Edge Ratio provides insight into the number of nodes in the final text
product against the complexity of the writing process measured by the total number of edges
in the graph. The maximum value will be 1 when there are no edits or pauses in the writing
session. The greater the number of edits and pauses, the lower the value will be; thus thelower the number the more complex the writing process. The number of deletes anddisplacements will have a greater impact on this value.
Equation 8.3 Final Text edges to Total edges ration calculation

𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉

Table 8.1 Graph Complexity measure

The Node Distribution table provides detailed information on how the nodes and characters are
distributed in Session Graph.
Table 8.2 Node Distribution

32

The pie charts for Node Distribution and Node to Character Distribution graphically represent nodeand character distribution in the Session Graph.

Figure 8.11 Node Distribution charts

The Node Distribution between Current and Edit Point chart graphically represents the node distance
between the edit node and the last node of a Graph during the edit.
Note:
Equation 8.4 Node distance calculation

𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉 𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝑬𝒅𝒊𝒕
− 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒅𝒊𝒕

In the example below, there are 10 nodes in the Graph at a given time and an insert is done, which
affects the sixth node of the graph:
𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 10 – 6

Figure 8.12 Node Distance between current and edit point chart

The Subset Node Distribution chart provides a graphical representation of the distribution of nodes ina block of nodes The block size is specified in Node Subset Size in Graph Settings.

33

Figure 8.13 Node distribution in subsets chart

The Cumulative Node Distribution chart provides a graphical representation of the distribution ofnodes in an incremental block. The block size is specified in Node Subset Size in Graph Settings.

Figure 8.14 Cumulative node distribution of subsets increments chart

The Node Distribution in Time Blocks chart provides a graphical representation of the distribution ofnodes in a specified duration. The duration is specified in Time Granularity in Graph Settings.

Figure 8.15 Node distribution in time blocks chart

The Cumulative Node Distribution over Time chart provides a graphical representation of the
distribution of nodes in specified time increments. The duration is specified in Time Granularity inGraph Settings.

34

Figure 8.16 Cumulative node distribution in time block increments chart

The Deletion vs. Node Distance Plot chart provides a graphical representation of the distribution ofdeletions in the Session Graph. The chart represents four dimensions:
1. Average Node Distance: Node Distance between the Delete Node number (number of nodes
at the time of deletion) and the number of nodes affected by the deletion● The smaller the value, the more immediate the deletion; the larger the value, themore delayed the deletion
2. Characters Deleted: Radius of the circle quantifies this parameter
3. Relative Node Distance: Indicated by the darkness of the circle (i.e. Average Node Distanceas a percentage of the total number of nodes when the deletion occurred)● In the example below, there were 10 nodes at the time of deletion and the deletion
affected the sixth node:
10 − 6
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =× 100%
10
4. The Node ID of the Deletion and the numerical value of the Relative Node Distance:
Displayed on Mouse Over

Figure 8.17 Deletion vs. Node distance chart

The Insertion vs. Node Distance Plot chart provides a graphical representation of the distribution ofInsertions in the Session Graph. The Chart represents four dimensions:
1. Node Distance: Node Distance between the Insert Node number (number of nodes at thetime of insertion) and the number of nodes affected by the insertion35

●The smaller the value, the more immediate the deletion; the larger the value, themore delayed the deletion
2. Characters Inserted: Radius of the circle
3. Relative Node Distance: Indicated by the darkness of the circle (i.e. Average Node Distanceas a percentage of the total number of nodes when the insertion occurred)● In the example below, there were 10 nodes at the time of insertion and the insertion
affected the sixth node:
10 − 6
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =× 100%
10
4. The Node ID of the Insertion and the numerical value of the Relative Node Distance:
Displayed on Mouse Over

Figure 8.18 Insertion vs Node distance chart

8.1.5 GRAPH PAUSE ANALYSISThe Graph Pause analysis provides a visualization of pause category distribution and along with thecaret position plotting of pauses. Pauses are considered based on the cognitive pause duration. Pause
with a duration greater or equal to the specified cognitive pause duration are categorised based on
location of the where the pauses occur. Pauses that cannot be categorised are listed as unknown. For
example, a pause between a mouse-movement and a typing of a character is typically categorised as
unknown.
To view the Graph Pause Analysis:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Graph Representation and click on Graph Pause
Analysis.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
Note: As Graph Pause Analysis depends on Pauses, the Show Pause option in Graph Settings willautomatically be enabled and the Session Graph will be redrawn, and the Graph Statistics will berecalculated.
The chart represents six dimensions which are;i.
Pause Category (Colour coding)ii.
Node ID of the pause in the Session Graph (number above the circle)iii.
Pause duration (left y-axis)
iv.
Caret position during the pause (right y-axis)v.
Time of the pause (x-axis)
vi.
Event ID in the Session Log (on mouse over)36

Figure 8.19 Graph Pause Analysis chart

The Graph Pause Analysis data is further summarised in the Pause Breakdown table. This data
includes:i.
A count of the number of pauses in a categoryii.
The count as a percentage of the total number of pausesiii.
Cumulative pause duration of each categoryiv.
The cumulative pause duration as a percentage of the total duration of all pausesv.
Mean pause duration for each pause category
Table 8.3 Pause Breakdown example

8.1.6 PROGRESSIVE GRAPH
The Progressive Graph allows for the visualisation of the Graph at various stages of the writing session.
The concurrent text is displayed in the text area below the graph.
To view the Progressive Graph:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Graph Representation and click on Progressive Graph.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
To navigate the Graph progressively, use the navigation buttons below:

Figure 8.20 Progressive Graph navigation interface

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The Progressive Graph represents the following data:
1. Node Type: Represented by colours specified in the Graph Settings
2. Number of Characters in the Node: Radius of the node
3. Text in the Node: Displayed the mouse is moved over the node

Figure 8.21 Progressive Graph interface

8.2 NOTATIONS
Notations represent the writing session using text and symbols. GGXLog supports three formats.
8.2.1 LINEAR TEXTThe Linear Text format represents all input events linearly. Text entries are represented as text, whileother events are represented as symbols or notations. GGXLog supports two Linear Text formats.
To view the Linear Text:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Notations and click on Linear Text.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
3. To switch between the two formats, click on the radio buttons Format 1 or Format 2 in theinterface.

Figure 8.22 Linear Text format selection buttons

The Settings for Linear Text allows the user to specify:● Pause Time: Represents any pause greater than the specified cognitive pause
duration (in milliseconds)● Show Pauses: Specifies if pauses should be displayed● Colour: Specifies the colour used to represent each category of input● Default Colours: Reverts to the default colours specified for the graph in the system

38

Figure 8.23 Linear Text settings form

Note: The colour choices are saved as a preference for the next time the software is used.
Symbols used for Linear Text representation are listed in the table below:
Table 8.4 Linear Text representations

Representation
Pause
Mouse Action
Mouse Cut
Mouse Copy
Mouse Paste
Backspace
DeleteEnter/Return
Shift
Left Arrow
Right Arrow
Up Arrow
Down Arrow
Page Up
Page Down
Home
End
Cut
Copy
Paste
Undo
Redo

Linear Text Format 1[pause duration][▼][▲][▼]X[▲][▼]C[▲][▼]V[▲]
◀
▶
↲
⇧
←
→
↑
↓
[PG_UP][PG_DOWN][HOME][END][Ctrl+X][Ctrl+C][Ctrl+X][Ctrl+Z][Ctrl+Y]

Linear Text Format 2<pause duration><MOUSE EVENT><MOUSE CUT>
<MOUSE COPY><MOUSE PASTE><BACKSPACE><DELETE><RETURN><SHIFT><LEFT><RIGHT><UP><DOWN><PG_UP><PG_DOWN><HOME><END><CUT><COPY><PASTE><UNDO><REDO>In the case of a continuous sequence of identical input events, the Linear Text notation represents
them as below:
Table 8.5 Linear Text example notation

ExampleLinear Text Format 1

Linear Text Format 2

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5 Backspace presses in sequence
8 left arrow keys

5◀
8←

<BACKSPACE5><LEFT8>Linear Text Format 1 is based on “linear view” in Translog-II (Carl, 2012)

Figure 8.24 Linear Text Format 1 interface and example

Linear Text Format 2 is based on “linear text” in ScriptLog (Wengelin et. al., 2009)40

Figure 8.25 Linear Text Format 2 interface and example

8.2.2 S-NOTATION
S-Notation (Kollberg, 1996) represents text inputs, while primarily focusing on revision or edits basedon Inserts and Deletes. Details about S-notation can be found here.
To view the S-Notation:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Notations and click on S-Notation.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
The Settings for S-Notation allow the user to specify:●●●

Minimum number of characters to include edit number on both markers: Specifies
the minimum number of characters required inside an edit for both markers toinclude edit numbers as superscript. This improves the legibility of the notation for
considerably long revisions.
Minimum number of characters deleted to be considered as a revision: Specifies theminimum number of consecutive delete/backspace key presses required for the edit
to be considered a revision and not a correction. The default value is 0, thus alldeletions are considered revisions (e.g. if 0, correcting a typographical error with asingle backspace will still be considered a revision).
Consider pasting text from the Clipboard at the end of the text as an insert: Specifies
that any text that is copied and pasted at the end of the current text be considered
an insert and not an append.

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Figure 8.26 S-Notation settings form

In S-Notation:● Square brackets represent a Delete, e.g. [this text was deleted].
● Curly brackets represent an Insert, e.g. {this text was inserted}.
● The superscript represents the edit number, e.g. {this is an insert} 2 OR 2{this is an insert}2.
● The subscript and arrow represent cursor location prior to the specific edit, e.g. ⭣2.
The S-Notation interface consists of:●

Navigation

Figure 8.27 S-Notation navigation interface

Highlights in the List of Edits and the S-Notation markers provide convenient tracking of each
edit.
●

List of Edits (Marked in green)o Action: Insert or Deleteo Position: Current caret/cursor positiono Length: Number of characters inserted or deletedo Start Time: Start time of the edito End Time: End time of the edit
Clicking on Edit Number directly navigates to a particular Edit, which highlights the Edit andthe S-Notation position.

●●

S-Notation (marked in red)
Current text (marked in blue)42

Figure 8.28 S-Notation interface and example

8.3 ANALYSIS
Analysis provides common analyses used in writing research. The Session Log data is processed toprovide meaningful information summarising the writing session.
8.3.1 STATISTICS
Statistics provides some basic analyses of the session data including:● Event Analysis: Categorization of input events● Time Analysis: Summarisation of inputs with relation to time
● Pause Analysis: Summarisation of pauses with relation to category and time
● Gene Analysis: Genetical categorization according to the effect of the input events on thetext
To view Statistics:
3. Click on the View menu, then select Analysis and click on Statistics.
4. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
The Settings for Statistics allows the user to specify:● Pause Time: This is the cognitive pause time in milliseconds. Any pause greater than
the specified duration will be represented as a Pause in the notation. The default
value is 2000ms, but may be changed in Preferences (see section 10.0).
● Required Statistics: These specify which statistics to compute.

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Figure 8.29 General Statistics settings form

Event Analysis lists the following statistics:● Total Events: All input events● Total Text Production: Number of textual inputs● Total Text Eliminations: Number of Deletes● Total Cut Events: Number of Cut events (Both keyboard- and mouse-based)● Total Copy Events: Number of Copy events (Both keyboard- and mouse-based)● Total Paste Events: Number of Paste events (Both keyboard- and mouse-based)● Total Cursor Navigations: Number of Navigation key presses● Total Mouse Events: Number of mouse clicks● Total Miscellaneous Events: Number of non-categorised events such as Modifier keys, System
inputs, etc.
Table 8.6 Event analysis example

Final Text Analysis lists the following statistics:● Character Count (incl. Spaces): Total number of Characters in the Final text including spaces
and punctuation● Characters per minute (incl. Spaces): Character Count (incl. Spaces) divided by session
duration● Character Count (excl. Spaces): Total number of Characters in the Final text excluding Spaces● Characters per minute (excl. Spaces): Character Count (excl. Spaces) divided by session
duration● Word Count: Total number of words in the text
● Words per minute: Total number of words divided by session duration● Mean word length: Mean number of characters in the list of words in the final text
● Std. Deviation in word length: Standard deviation of the number of characters in the list ofwords in the final text

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●
●
●

Sentence Count: Number of sentences in the final text
Paragraph Count: Number of paragraphs in the final text
Product to Process Ratio: Ratio of the total number of characters in the final text including
spaces as opposed to the total number of characters including spaces typed during thewriting session
Table 8.7 Final text/product analysis example

Time Analysis lists the following statistics:● Total Duration: Duration of the writing session in hour: minute: second format● Events per Minute: Mean number of inputs per minute● Text Production per Minute: Mean number of textual inputs per minute
Table 8.8 Time analysis example

Pause Analysis lists the following statistics:● Total Pause Time: Cumulative duration of all pauses● Mean Pause Time: Mean Pause duration (Total Pause Time / Total Number of Pauses)● Number of Cognitive Pauses: Number of pauses with duration greater than the specified
cognitive pause duration● Total Cognitive Pause Time: Cumulative duration of cognitive pauses● Mean Cognitive Pause Time: Mean cognitive pause duration● Percentage of Cognitive Pauses: Percentage of cumulative cognitive pause duration against
total pause duration● Percentage of Cognitive Pauses: Percentage of cumulative cognitive pause duration against
session duration● Percentage of Cognitive Pauses: Percentage of the number of cognitive pauses against the
total number of input events45

Table 8.9 Pause analysis example

Gene Analysis lists the following statistics:● Total Appends: Total number of input events that append text
● Total Inserts: Total number of input events that insert text
● Total Deletes: Total number of input events that delete text
● Total Displacements: Total number of input events that displace/move text from one point in
the text to another● Total Replacements: Total number of input events that replace or overwrite a block of text inthe current text
● Total Copy: Total number of input events that copy and paste text within the text
● Total Navigation: Total number of input events that navigate the caret/cursor in the text
● Total Selects: Total number of input events that select/highlight text
● Total Unknown: Total number of input events that may not have a direct implication on the
text (e.g. Modifier Keys, system inputs)
Table 8.10 Gene analysis example

8.3.2 BURST AND FLUENCY
Burst and Fluency (Miller, Lindgren & Sullivan, 2008) provides an analysis of writing bursts between
interruptions and the efficiency of such bursts.
●●

Burst: This is the number of characters typed between two interruptions (pauses ofrevisions). A burst is specified as the number of typed characters. It excludes modifier keys
and dead keys.
Fluency: This is the number of characters per minute within a burst.
Equation 8.5 Efficiency calculation

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒖𝒔𝒕
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 =𝑫𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒕46

To view Burst and Fluency:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Analysis and click on Burst and Fluency.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
The Settings for Burst and Fluency allow the user to specify:●●

Pause Time: Represents any pause greater than the specified cognitive pause
duration (in milliseconds)
Select Interruptions:o Specifies if pauses are considered interruptionso Specifies which input events are considered interruptions

Figure 8.30 Burst and Fluency settings form

The Burst and Fluency chart visualises the burst and efficiency distribution throughout the writing
session.
● The left y-axis specifies the burst size and is related to the bar and value above the bar.
● Bursts are categorised into Append (text added to the end) and Insert (text added within thetext).
● The right y-axis specifies the fluency, and the corresponding dots indicate the fluency ofeach burst.
● The discontinuous line represents the 10% Trimmed Mean Burst Fluency of the entire writing
session. This mean value is calculated by excluding 10% of the lowest and 10% of the highest
fluency values in the set and then calculating the mean of the remainder. This reduces outliersin the fluency data set.
● The x-axis indicates time.

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Figure 8.31 Burst and Fluency chart

The Session Burst Parameters table provides a summary of bursts for the writing session.
Note: The values differ based on the Cognitive Pause Value and considered interruptions specified in
Settings.
Table 8.11 Session Burst parameters example

The Event List table provides a list of events as performed actions. Burst (No. of Characters), Burst
Duration and Fluency are calculated only for append and insert events, which are the events that
produce text using keyboard inputs.
Table 8.12 Event list for burst and fluency calculation

8.3.3 TEXT LENGTH ANALYSIS
Text Length Analysis is a unique representation of the variance of length of the text against time. The
comparison of the length of text is also comparable against the event count, cursor position varianceand the number of deleted characters.
To view Text Length Analysis:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Analysis and click on Text Length Analysis.

48

2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
The Settings for Text Length Analysis allow the user to specify:●●●

Time Granularity: Specifies the time duration (time block) for segmenting text foranalysis of Number of Characters Entered and the Number of Characters Deleted. The
value is specified in minutes (E.g., 1.0 for 1 minute or 0.5 for 30 seconds)
Colour: Specifies the colour used to represent Text Length, Delete Count, Event
Count, and Cursor Position.
Default Colours: Reverts to the default colours specified for the graph in the system

Figure 8.32 Text Length Analysis settings form

The Text Length vs. Time chart visualises the Text Length, Number of Input Events, Number ofDeleted Characters, and the Position of the Cursor distribution throughout the writing session.
● The y-axis specifies the number of Characters.
● The x-axis indicates time.

Figure 8.33 Text Length vs. TimeThe Text Length in Time Blocks chart visualises the Number of Input Characters, and the Number ofDeleted Characters in specific time blocks over the duration of the entire writing session.

49

●
●

The y-axis specifies the number of Characters.
The x-axis indicates time blocks (Duration specified in the Time Granularity in Settings).

Figure 8.34 Text Length in Time Blocks

The Text Length and Delete Count in Time Blocks table provides a list of character counts for specifictime blocks. The number of Characters in Text Length is the increase/decrease in Length of the text
within a specific time duration, and the Delete Count is the number of Characters deleted from thetext within a specific time duration.
Table 8.13 Text Length and Delete Count in Time Blocks

8.3.4 MICRO ANALYSIS
Micro Analysis provides an input-by-input analysis of the writing session.
To view Micro Analysis:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Analysis and click on Micro Analysis.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.
The Settings for Micro Analysis allow the user to specify:●●

Predefined input patterns: The ^ position is the considered a transition (e.g., “. A” would
relate to the “._+Sa” pattern and may be interpreted as the beginning of a sentence)Specific inputs: e.g. Uppercase characters50

Figure 8.35 Micro Analysis settings form

The Micro Level Analysis indicates:●●●

The number of occurrences of a pattern or input
Total pause time of the considered transition pattern or input
Mean pause time of the considered transition pattern or input

Note: The pause time calculation does not differentiate between cognitive pauses and non-cognitive
pauses and considers pauses altogether.
Table 8.14 Micro level analysis example

8.3.5 EDIT DISTANCE
Edit Distance provides an analysis of the distance between two consecutive edits.
To view Edit Distance:
1. Click on the View menu, then select Analysis and click on Edit Distance.
2. Click on the Settings button to set parameters; if parameters are already set, click on theProcess button.

51

The Settings for Edit Distance allow the user to specify which events are considered Edits.

Figure 8.36 Editing Distance settings form

The Editing Distance Analysis indicates the:
●
●
●
●
●

Time the edit occurs.
Event number in the Session Log.
Number of events between two consecutive events.
Amount of time between two consecutive events in milliseconds.
Edit (input type).
Table 8.15 Editing Distance example

The following table provides the codes for Input in the Editing Distance analysis:Table 8.16 Coding of events for Editing Distance calculation

Input<PRIMARY><PRIMARY_DOUBLE>

Setting
Edits with Mouse Clicks
Edits with Mouse Clicks<SECONDARY>

Edits with Mouse Clicks

Event description
Primary mouse button clicks
Primary mouse button double
clicksSecondary mouse button clicks

52

CONTROL+
COMMAND+BACK_SPACE
DELETE
LEFT, RIGHT, UP, DOWN,
PAGE_UP, PAGE_DOWN, HOME,END<MENU_CUT>, <MENU_COPY>,<MENU_PASTE>

Edits with Keyboard Cut-CopyPaste
Edits with Keyboard Cut-CopyPaste
Edits with Backspace and Delete
Edits with Backspace and Delete
Edits with Navigation Keys

Cut, Copy or Paste using keyboard
shortcuts (Windows & Linux)
Cut, Copy or Paste using keyboard
shortcuts (Mac OS X)
Backspace key presses
Delete key presses
Navigation key presses

Edits with Mouse Cut-CopyPaste

Cut, Copy or Paste event withmouse

8.4 SESSION LOG
The Session Log in the software allows the viewing of the log file in the software.

Figure 8.37 Session log example

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9.0 EXPORTING FILESGGXLog allows files to be exported into other formats. Files may be exported once a session file has
been loaded and each setting is specified. Files can be exported in two ways.
* IMPORTANT!
• Safari, Firefox, Google Chrome and Opera are the only web browsers that will accurately
render exported files. One of these browsers should be set as the system’s default browser.
• Files exported to a web browser can be Exported as Portable Document Format (PDF),
printed into PDF, saved as a Web Archive file, captured as Screen Shots or printed out for
future use.

A. Each view contains an Export button. To export files from the particular view:
1. Click on the Export button.
Figure 9.1 Export button on interfaces

2. Specify the save location and the filename.
This approach allows for the exporting of the files listed in the table below.
View
Session Graph
Graph Statistics
Graph Pause Analysis
Linear text
S-Notation
Statistics
Burst and Fluency
Micro Analysis
Editing Distance

Exported Data
Session Graph as a HTML file opened in the web browser*
Graph Statistics as a HTML file opened in the web browser*
Graph Pause Analysis as a HTML file opened in the web browser*
Linear Text (format 1 and 2) saved as HTML files
S-Notation saved as a Microsoft Word document
Statistics saved as a Microsoft Excel file, in which each worksheet
in the file represents a selected table
Burst and Fluency as a HTML file opened in the web browser*
Micro Analysis saved as a Microsoft Excel file
Edit Distance saved as a Microsoft Excel file

B. From the Export Files menu
1. Click on the Project menu, then select Export Files.
2. Choose the files to export, then click on the Export button.
3. The files will be saved to the folder of the opened Session Log file, shown as the File
Save Location.

54

Figure 9.2 Export Files interface

Note: The exporting checkbox is only active if the relevant settings are saved in each interface, as thedata created varies according to the specified settings.
This option allows for the following files to be exported:• Session Graph as a HTML file opened in the web browser*• Graph Statistics Visualisation as a HTML file opened in the web browser*• Graph Data as JSON saves the Session Graph as a GraphData.json file that canbe used to load the Graph data into Excel (only on MS Windows) or to visualise
the Graph in another application that supports json format.
• Graph Statistics Data as GraphStatisticsData.xls, which includes the Table data
• Graph Pause Analysis as a HTML file opened in the web browser*• Graph Pause Breakdown as a Microsoft Excel file as GraphPauseBreakdown.xls• Linear Text (format 1 and 2) saved as HTML files as LinearText1.html andLinearText2.html• S-Notation saved as a Microsoft Word document file as S-Notation.doc• S-Notation Edit list as a Microsoft Excel file as S-NotationEditList.xls• Statistics saved as a Microsoft Excel file as Statistics.xls. Each worksheet in thefile represents a selected table• Burst and Fluency as a HTML file opened in the web browser*• Session Burst Parameters and Event List as a Microsoft Excel file as BurstFluency.xls• Micro Analysis saved as a Microsoft Excel file as MicroAnalysis.xls• Edit Distance saved as a Microsoft Excel file as EditDistance.xls

55

Figure 9.3 Exported files to Open session log folder

56

10.0

PREFERENCES

Preferences permit the setting of common parameters. Preferences are categorised into three main
sections:
1. General Settings (Interface)● Interface Language: Specifies the language used for the interface and currently supports
Finnish, Swedish, French and English● Application Folder: Specifies the location on the computer where session files are stored● Delete Working Folder on Exit: Stores files that are created during Graph Visualization,
Notations and Analysis. If ticked, the folder will be deleted upon exiting the programme● Default font size in Text Window: Specifies font size in Text Areas to help legibility

Figure 10.1 General Programme settings form

2. Session Review Settings● Default Cognitive Pause Time: This value, in milliseconds, will be used in all Settings where
cognitive pause is specified; however, the pause value can be changed in the individual
settings as required.
● Always Consider Cognitive Pauses: If ticked, the default in all settings is to show or
consider cognitive pause.
● Maximum number of Graph Nodes for automatic representation: As the number ofnodes increases and the Graph visualisation becomes complex, this threshold will be used
to switch to a simpler representation of the Session Graph.
● Frequency to check other application use during writing: This specifies, in seconds, thefrequency with which 3rd party application usage information is logged during a writing
session.
● Consider pasting text from the Clipboard at the end of text as an insert in S-notation: If
ticked, text that is cut/copied and pasted at the end of the text will be considered an Insert
Event and not an Append.

57

Figure 10.2 Session review settings form

3. Consent Form Text
● Consent Form Text: This can be modified so that a custom Consent Form text will be
displayed to the Informant at the beginning of the writing session. The text will be usedon the computer the software is installed in until changed.
● Revert to Default Text: This reverts to the default consent form text packaged with thesoftware.

Figure 10.3 Custom Consent form text input interface

58

11.0

TIPS

These are some tips that may help in making GGXLog more efficient.
• Tip 1. Open File name
The full path of the open file is given in the Title bar of the Programme.
• Tip 2. Graph layout
The Session Graph with rectangle nodes will have different layouts each time it is drawn. Hence,press the Process button until the graph layout is satisfactory and legible.
• Tip 3. Improve performance during graph manipulation.
To manipulate the graph if the number of nodes is large;
1.
2.
3.

Export the graph to your web browser (Using the Export button in the interface or the
Export menu)
Close the Session Graph tab using the “x” on the graph tab
Manipulate form the browser and print to PDF.

Web browsers are more efficient in manipulating the graph as well as provides full screen access.
• Tip 4. Saving Session Graphs, Graph Statistics, Burst & Fluency chart.
To save sessions graphs and other data visualisations;1.
2.

Export the visualisation to your web browser (Using the Export button in the interface orthe Export menu)
Use Save As or Save Page As menu on the web browser to save your visualisations as
web pages• On Safari as Web Archive• On Firefox and Google Chrome as Web Page, Complete

Note: The node placement of the Session Graph will not be saved. If a reference is required, print
to PDF using the Print menu of the web browser or obtain a screen shot.

59

12.0

REFERENCES

Carl, M. (2012). Translog-II: A program for recording user activity data for empirical translation
process research. In Proceedings of the eighth international conference on language resources andevaluation. Istanbul, Turkey.
Grésillon, A. (1994). Éléments de critique génétique. Lire les manuscrits, Paris, PUF-CNRS.
Kollberg, P. (1996). Rules for the S-notation: a computer-based method for representing
revisions. Stockholm, Sweden: IPLab, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
Miller, K., Lindgren, E., & Sullivan, K. (2008). The psycholinguistic dimension in second language
writing: Opportunities for research and pedagogy using computer keystroke logging. TESOL
Quarterly, 42(3), 433–454.
Sinar E.F. (2015), Data visualization. Tonidandel S., King E., Cortina J. (Eds.), Big data at work: Thedata science revolution and organizational psychology, Routledge, New York (2015), pp. 115-157
Wengelin, A., Torrance, M., Holmwvist, K., Simpson, S., Galbraith, D., Johansson, V., et al. (2009).
Combined eyetracking and keystroke-logging methods for studying cognitive processes in text
production. Behavior Research Methods, 41 (2), 337-351.
West, D. B. (1996), Introduction to Graph Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

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