保健医療科学

2019Vol.68 No.1 p.17−26

Topics: Recent topics in public health in Japan 2019

＜ Review ＞
Challenges and action on environmental health for the
Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in 2020
Michiko Bando, Yohei Inaba, Toshihiko Yunokawa
Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health
Abstract
For the Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in 2020, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan is working on various public health issues. Among them, this paper picks up three topics: secondhand smoke measures, securing food safety and supervising the private lodging business, and reviewing
the present conditions, challenges and countermeasures. We also present some of our research works related to those subjects.
For the Tokyo 2020 Games, the Health Promotion Act was revised and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government passed the Smoking Prevention Ordinance in 2018. The laws have strong restrictions to prevent unhealthy effects by secondhand smoke. However, Japan has a large sales volume of heated tobacco productsthat are difficult to handle with the law.
Regarding food services, the “Basic Strategy for Food and Beverage Services at the Tokyo 2020 Games”
was formulated. As countermeasures against the hazards of food security, the following matters are shown:compliance, voluntary hygiene control, cooperation with administrative organs, food defense, and cooperation with targets of food and beverage services.
Private lodging (minpaku in Japanese) has spread rapidly in the past several years. It has been promotedby the government as promoting tourism, regional activation, and effective utilization of vacant houses. The
Private Lodging Business Act came into force in June 2018 for disseminating proper minpaku under certain
rules. There are three types of minpaku: with permission under the Inns and Hotels Act, with authorization of the National Strategic Special Zones Act, and registered under the Private Lodging Business Act. At
the moment, the Private Lodging Business Act does not contain sufficient rules regarding securing publichealth.
It is necessary to conduct research to accumulate evidence gradually for health impact assessment and tocontribute to public health policy for the success of the Tokyo 2020 Games.
keywords: Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, food safety, prevention of secondhand smoke, private lodging (minpaku), public health(accepted for publication, 21st January 2019)

I．Introduction
The Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games will
be held in 2020 (hereinafter referred to as “Tokyo 2020
Games”). To achieve the security and relief of athletes andspectators gathering from all over the world, the following

actions have been taking by the Ministry of Health, Labourand Welfare of Japan[1].
・NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical material) counterterrorism
・General improvements for accepting foreign patients・Promotion of heat measures for athletes and spectators

Corresponding author: Michiko Bando
2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
Tel: +81-48-458-6249 /Fax: +81-48-458-6253
Email: bando.m.aa@niph.go.jp

J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 201917

Michiko Bando, Yohei Inaba, Toshihiko Yunokawa
・Promotion of the prevention of secondhand smoke・Countermeasures for the shortage of accommodations(supervision of the private lodging business)
・Infectious disease measures
・Quarantine inspection system, food poisoning measures
・Drug and dangerous drug measures
・Securing accessibility・Social participation support for people with disabilities
Of these, this paper picks up three subjects: preventionof secondhand smoke, food safety and supervision of theprivate lodging business, and reporting present conditions
and challenges on these matters from viewpoint of environmental health hygiene that the National Institute of Public
Health is working on as a research theme.

II．Prevention of secondhand smoke
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Olympic Committee signed an agreement to improvehealthy lifestyles for a Tobacco Free Olympic Games in2010[2]. “A Guide to Tobacco-Free Mega Events” not only
covers secondhand smoke but also measures to realize acomprehensive tobacco-free environment by promotion as
well as banning tobacco, sponsorship activities, and vending
machines[3]. The differences between a tobacco-free event
and a smoke-free event are defined in this guideline[3].
Smoke-free event:・100% smoke-free environment
Tobacco-free event: more comprehensive than a smoke-free
event
・100% smoke-free environment
・Banning all tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship
・Banning sales of tobacco products or related tobacco
products within the event site or the area of its control
・Informing, educating, and training the public
・Absolutely no links with the tobacco industry in any form
Tobacco use causes more than 7 million deaths each year
worldwide[4]. More than 6 million smokers die and 890,000
secondhand smokers die[4]. In Japan, 120,000 to 130,000
smokers die and 15,000 secondhand smokers die[5,6].
Smoking, the cause of death, can be prevented. According
to the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 2017, thesmoking prevalence in Japan is 18.8%, with males at 30.6%
and females at 7.7%[7]. Smoking prevalence among males
in their 30s and 40s was especially high, at 39.7% and39.6%, respectively[7]. The reduction of smoking preva-

18

lence among male smokers is a problem in Japan. The place
where secondhand smoke is occurring is eating and drinking establishments (42.4%) and workplaces (30.1%)[7]. In
past Olympic Games, tobacco control has been implemented based on the guidelines, and the same level of tobacco
control is expected at the Tokyo 2020 Games.
For the Tokyo 2020 Games, the Health Promotion Act
was revised on July 18, 2018, and the Tokyo Metropolitan
Government passed the Smoking Prevention Ordinance onJune 27, 2018[8,9]. These laws have strong restrictions toprevent unhealthy effects from secondhand smoke. Since
the World Health Organization concluded the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in 2005, Japan has been working on several tobacco control measures.
However, “Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke” inarticle 8 of the FCTC was evaluated as the lowest level (upto two public places completely smoke-free). Revision tothese laws will only increase the situation one rank (three
to five public places completely smoke-free). In the past,
Japanese smokers were able to smoke in restaurants, cafés,pubs, and bars. Many restaurants in Japan adopt bun-ensystems. Bun-en means dividing the space into a smoking
area and a nonsmoking area. This system makes it difficult
to prevent secondhand smoke. Managers are resistant toa smoke-free system, worried about a drop in restaurant
sales, despite the fact that many of the reports done so far
indicate that restaurants sales are not declining.
The revised Health Promotion Act eliminates undesirable secondhand smoke and takes into account secondhand
smoke countermeasures for each type of facility and its location, paying particular attention to children and patients,
who have larger health impacts from secondhand smoke.
Table 1 shows the conditions of the revised Health Promotion Act and the Tokyo Secondhand smoke Ordinance. The
percentage of nonsmoking restaurants is 45% nationwide in
the case of the Health Promotion Act[8]. Tokyo’s secondhand smoke prevention ordinance covers 84% in Tokyo[9].
The Health Promotion Act plans to gradually increase nonsmoking restaurants because all new restaurants will be
nonsmoking[8].
This time, heated tobacco products (HTPs) were difficult
to handle in each of these laws. HTPs are tobacco productsthat allow smoking by directly or indirectly using an electric
device[10]. Japan is a country with a comparatively large
sales volume of HTPs. The reason is widely recognized by
the introduction of the IQOS product on a famous TV show
in Japan in 2016[11]. Furthermore, electronic cigarettes
containing nicotine are hardly widespread because theyneed to be marketed as pharmaceuticals in Japan. Since
the heating temperature of HTPs is controlled to be lower
than the combustion temperature (500–900°C) of a ciga-

J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 2019

Challenges and action on environmental health for the Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in 2020
Table 1 Comparison of secondhand smoke countermeasures of the Health Promotion Act and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Smoking Prevention Ordinance
Law
EstablishedPublic Space

18 July 2018kindergarten
nursery school
elementary school
junior high school
high school
universities
hospitals

No smoking on the premises(Smoking places could installed in places where measures necessary to prevent secondhand smoke are taken
outdoors)

public administrationindoor office
workplaces not considered in any
other category (such as factory)
public transportation
hotelsRestaurants

Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Smoking Prevention Ordinance
27 on June 2018

Health Promotion Act

Large scale of facilities that serve
mostly food and bevarage
small scale of facilities that serve
mostly food and bevarage

Percentage of no indoor smoking
storesAdministrative penalty

No smoking on the premises

No smoking on the premises(Smoking places could installed in places where
measures necessary to prevent secondhand smoke aretaken outdoors.)

In general no indoor smoking(smoking room could installed)

In general no indoor smoking(smoking room could installed)

In general no indoor smoking(smoking room could installed. HTPs smokers could
eat and drink in a smoking room, but cigarette smokers
prohibit to eat and drink.)
Smoking is possible if the following conditions are satisfied.
1. The capital does not exceed 50 million yen, the floorarea of 100 square meters or less
2. For all facilities, smoking area are not allowed for customers and employees under the age of 20.

In general no indoor smoking(smoking room could installed. HTPs smokers could
eat and drink in a smoking room, but cigarette smokers
prohibit to eat and drink.)
In general no indoor smoking
Only eating and drinking establishments that do nothave employees (only restarants that are operated
by families who live together) can be accesstable tosmoking if a sign is posted.

45% (in Japan)

84% (in Tokyo)

Administrator's fine is up to 500,000 yen.
Smoker's fine is up to 300,000 yen.

Administrator's fine is up to 50,000 yen.
Smoker's fine is up to 30,000 yen.

Source: Reference [8, 9]rette, the generation of harmful chemical substances is also
suppressed[10,12]. Currently, three types of heated cigarettes—IQOS, Glo, and Ploom Tech—are sold in Japan’s
tobacco products market. These products are manufactured
by Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco,and Japan Tobacco, respectively. In the tobacco industry,
HTPs promote consumers to accept that the health impactof secondhand smoke is lower than from cigarettes. Recently, some restaurants in Japan allow only the use of HTPs.
In the research reports on heated tobacco, many articles
from the tobacco industry selling heated tobacco have been
published[10,12], and there are few presentations by publichealth agencies at present[13]. The National Institute of
Public Health in Japan continues to analyze harmful chemical substances generated from HTPs and has already madeseveral reports[14,15]. According to these, the amount of
nicotine in mainstream smoke was close to that of heated
tobacco. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK), N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN), formaldehyde, and1,3-butadiene were quantified from mainstream smoke.
These compounds have been classified as Group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) and are carcinogenic to humans. Although
the analysis results for harmful chemical substances werereduced compared to cigarettes, carcinogenic substanceswere confirmed, and the number of components did not
drastically decrease. Recently, St. Helen et al. reported that58 constituents were lower in IQOS HTP components com-pared with mainstream smoke of a reference cigarette[16].
However, 56 constituents in IQOS mainstream smoke werehigher than cigarettes[16]. For the harmful compounds they
contain and health effects caused by secondhand smoke in
HTPs, it is necessary to conduct research, and it is desirable to accumulate evidence for a health impact assessment.

III． Food safety
During the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games,
the number of stakeholders to which eating and drinking
services are offered are expected to be 8 million people atthe former and 2.4 million people at the latter[17]. Therefore, even though it is a sports competition, preparation becomes very big. First of all, “The Basic Spectrum Plan for
the Olympic and Paralympic Games[18]” has been created.
In the plan, 52 functional areas that specify various activities and operations required for the events are set up, andeach activity and operation is clarified. Regarding “Food andBeverage (FNB)” included therein, the mission is to “Develop and implement plans necessary to meet the needs ofeach client group for sustainable food and beverage services
during the Tokyo 2020 Games and ensure excellent quality.
In addition, showcase the high quality of Japanese food as alegacy of the Tokyo 2020 Games, while providing diversity
and harmony of food and beverages with tastes from theworld.” The plan referred to there is “Basic Strategy for
Food and Beverage Services[17]”.

J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 201919

Michiko Bando, Yohei Inaba, Toshihiko Yunokawa
This was formulated from the past London games[19] andthe Rio games[20] as well. In this “Basic Strategy for Foodand Beverage Services at the Tokyo 2020 Games[17]”, thefollowing description is a target.
“Tokyo 2020 aims to provide food and beverage services
that enable athletes participating in the Tokyo 2020 Gamesto maintain good condition and perform to the peak of theirabilities. To achieve this goal, Tokyo 2020 will be engaged
in the following four activities before and during the Tokyo
2020 Games, which will contribute to further progress in Japan’s food industry even after the Games.” The four points
are as follows.
1. Tokyo 2020 will provide food and beverage services
that take into full consideration issues regarding food hygiene, nutrition, sustainability, and so on at the Tokyo 2020
Games with the aim of improving the capacity of services
so that it is able to respond to large-scale food and beverage
provision, production, and distribution.
2. Concerning food safety, as the Tokyo 2020 Games areto be held in midsummer, Tokyo 2020 will take a series ofwell-considered measures to prevent food poisoning. In addition, it will also promote other measures, including raising
the Games’ food safety standards to international standards.
3. Concerning sustainability, in addition to the credibility
already established with the process of food provision fromproduction through consumption, Tokyo 2020 will promote
the globalization of certification systems and other measures. It will also promote environmental measures, including controlling food waste.
4. The Tokyo 2020 Games will serve as a wonderful
opportunity for Japanese people to reacknowledge and disseminate the merits of their food culture. Tokyo 2020 seeks
to provide hospitality with Japanese food in an acceptable
way for overseas nationals, taking diverse food cultures into
account.
Of these, the first two points are management mattersthat adequately control food safety and quality at the direct
Olympic and Paralympic Games. The third point shows that
the Olympic Charter[21] says “to encourage and support a
responsible concern for environmental issues, to promotesustainable development in sport.” The fourth point is amatter showing efforts from a unique perspective on Japanese food culture.
In addition, as specific matters regarding food safety, four
points that require attention are cited[17]. The first point is
the complexity of the supply chain. This is an ordinary matter considering the current food distribution system, andin particular because Japan relies on imported food for 60%
of its necessary food, it is a matter to keep in mind at all
times. However, it is expected that the distribution volume
and range related to the second point will expand with the20

Olympic Games. Then there is a concern that the distribution channel may be overloaded by a larger quantity of foodthan before, and there may be some parts where management is insufficient in the supply chain.
However, as is said by the second point, there is concernthat points will be insufficiently managed by expanding
the distribution and scope of food products at the Olympic
Games. Food safety is guaranteed by controlling temperature etc. appropriately at all stages of continuous distribution in the current food chain. Therefore, if management isinsufficient even in part, there is the possibility that foodpoisoning may occur as a result. Especially considering that
it will be carried out during the high summer, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention throughout the food chain.
The second point is about the magnitude of the provisionof eating and drinking, which, as noted earlier, is a point
to pay particular attention to. In the limited space of the
Olympic and Paralympic venues, if cooking exceeding thepermissible range is to be carried out, temperature control
may be insufficient, cross-contamination may occur in finished food and raw materials, and even employee hygiene
management may be worse. Therefore, it is necessary to
determine the quantity that can be properly managed and to
manage it so as not to exceed it.
The third point is the season in which the Tokyo 2020
Games are to be held. It is a hot and humid period of summer, suitable for the growth of microorganisms. However,looking at Japan’s food poisoning statistics in recent years,
food poisoning does not increase rapidly from July to August[22]. Meanwhile, since the main dining area at theathletes village provides food and drink on a 24-hour basis,
if the temperature and time management of the food to beprovided becomes insufficient, there is a high possibility
that food poisoning will occur. Therefore, it is necessary to
manage the temperature and time for reliable supply.
The fourth point is the existence of persons with malicious intent who may attempt to disrupt the successful
operations of the Games. Even in Japan, it is thought thatthe number of factories that are taking measures to protect
foods has been increasing since the incident of pesticides
intentionally mixed into frozen foods, but it is not yet ageneral practice. Therefore, it becomes a matter that needs
further strengthening from now.
The following matters are shown as countermeasures.
1. Compliance: Tokyo 2020 strictly complies with related
laws and regulations, including the Food Sanitation Act,
which was established to prevent sanitation hazards resulting from eating and drinking. It also ensures the traceabilityof food and beverages served at the Games from farm totable.
2. Voluntary hygiene control: It is fundamental that hy-

J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 2019

Challenges and action on environmental health for the Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in 2020
giene control be conducted by those who handle food toensure food safety. Tokyo 2020 plans to adopt the Hazard
Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system, theworld standard for food hygiene control, and will request
suppliers to comply with the HACCP system to the fullest
possible extent to control food hygiene and prevent foodpoisoning. In addition, Tokyo 2020 will promote cooperation among related contractors to ensure that temperature
controls of foodstuffs and cooked foods are continuously andvigorously implemented at all stages, from farm to table.
3. Cooperation with administrative organs: Acquiring
the support of administrative organs can make a majordifference in encouraging the implementation of voluntary
hygiene control measures. Tokyo 2020 has established good
relationships with administrative organs such as health centers under whose jurisdiction Games venues are to receive
appropriate instruction, advice, and support.
4. Food defense: With the cooperation of administrative
organs, Tokyo 2020 aims to enhance food safety measures
for those who handle food materials, and develop measures
to prevent and respond to risks caused by people with malicious intent.
5. Cooperation with targets of food and beverage services: In securing food safety, consumers play an importantrole. Therefore, Tokyo 2020 will provide consumers withall necessary information concerning important activities tosecure food safety—for example, encouraging hand-washing and raising awareness of carrying food for a long periodof time. It will also establish a cooperative relationship withtargets of food and beverage services through mutual communication, for example, soliciting their opinions and disseminating information on the safety of provided food andbeverages.
It seems that these are general matters that can be taken
as measures concerning food safety against the above-mentioned problems. Since the HACCP system is hygiene control focusing on management against the hazards that cause
food poisoning, it is especially effective because it clearlyclarifies which points need to be managed in cooking andprocessing of food.
Also, providing a large amount of food and drink on a 24hour basis may lead unexpectedly to insufficient sanitation
management. Therefore, mutual communication that accepts opinions from people who offer food and drink may beeffective in preventing accidents.
Japan is a country made up of islands and surrounded by
the sea. Also, as forests occupy most of the land, there islittle cultivated land suitable for agriculture. In our opinion,
it seems that unique efforts were made to secure foods
even at times of poor resources by effectively using limited
resources. For that reason, we generally made effective useof what seemed to be hard to eat, or made processed foods
that could be preserved for a long time by fermenting ingredients using microorganisms. Furthermore, by making various seasonings, we have devised measures to eat various
foods deliciously. The efforts are designated as intangible
cultural heritage[23], and Japanese food typified by umami
is accepted by many foreigners. It seems that efforts to exploit scarce natural resources and to make delicious use offoods that other people do not eat have developed current
Japanese food. We hope that more people can safely enjoy
this unique food culture with the Tokyo 2020 Games.

IV．Supervision of the private lodging business
The number of foreign tourists who visit to Japan surpassed 10 million people a year in 2013 and broke through30 million in 2018. The Japanese government aims to accept 40 million foreign visitors in 2020[24]. Approximately
18 million are an upward fluctuation compared to the trend
before the decision on the Tokyo 2020 Games[25]. Therefore, a shortage of the number of guest rooms is predictedby expansion of demand with the increase of foreign visitors[26].
On the other hand, in recent years, there has been rapid
development of businesses via the internet matching those
who want to rent out a vacant room for a short period withthose who hope to find accommodation. Those kinds ofaccommodation services, utilizing housing (all or part ofcondominiums, apartment houses, and detached houses),are called minpaku or “private lodging” in Japan.
Minpaku spread rapidly in the past several years. The
Japanese government is promoting them from the viewpoint of promoting tourism, regional activation, and effective utilization of vacant houses. In Japan, the increase of
vacant houses is a serious social problem. An accumulationof vacant houses that are not being properly managed mightbring deterioration of the residential environment, suchas collapse, fire, crime, illegal dumping of garbage, rats
and other pests, offensive odors, and aggravation of thescene[27]. Minpaku is regarded as a good practice of effective utilization of vacant houses.
Since there are people conducting minpaku without approval, however, although they fall under the hotel business,
which requires approval under the Inns and Hotels Act, it isnecessary to handle these situations by setting rules, giving
consideration to securing public health, such as preventing
the spread of infectious diseases, and to prevent trouble
with community residents.
Based on these issues, the Private Lodging Business Act(Act No. 65 of 2017) came into effect in June 2017 for dis-J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 201921

Michiko Bando, Yohei Inaba, Toshihiko Yunokawa
seminating proper minpaku under certain rules. After starting with the enforcement of the Private Lodging BusinessAct from June 2018, minpaku has been developed throughone of following three methods[28]. (Table 2)
1. Obtain permission under the Inns and Hotels Act (ActNo. 138 of 1948)
2. Obtain authorization under the National Strategic Special Zones Act (Act No. 107 of 2013) (Special Zone Private
Lodging)
3. Register under the Private Lodging Business Act
At the moment, the Private Lodging Business Act does
not contain sufficient rules regarding securing public health.
Since minpaku is the accommodation business utilizing
houses, their locations, structures, plans, and facilities aredifferent from those of hotels and inns that are constructed
for accommodation business purposes.
From our survey in 2018[29], before the Private Lodging
Business Act was enforced, at the district of Osaka City

where many minpaku operate, it was clarified that theidentification of the location of minpaku was difficult. The
location of approximately 60 percent of minpaku posted on
the Airbnb platform could be identified. The density of minpaku was high in certain districts, and spread in residential
areas where hotels and inns are not permitted. Most of theminpaku identified were the “absent landlord” type.
The number of illegal minpaku is increasing after the enforcement of the Private Lodging Business Act. The development of organizational frameworks for disclosing illegal
minpaku on the site will be required.
We also carried out on-site measurement of the indoor
environment of minpaku[29]. The deterioration of theindoor environment by lack of a ventilation system was observed at many of them. In addition, problems of repairs forstarting operations of accommodation business were found.
For example, air-conditioner plumbing did not penetrate
a wall, and it was furnished inadequately. Environmental

Table 2 Comparison of three laws concerning minpaku
Inns and Hotels Act（Simple Lodging）

National Strategic Special Zones Act（portion related to Special Zone Private
Lodging）

Private Lodging Business Act

Appropriate Ministries andAgencies

Ministry of Health, Labour andWelfare (MHLW)

Cabinet Office(Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare(MHLW))

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism (MLIT)
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare(MHLW)
Japan Tourism Agency

Permission, approval, etc.

Permission

Authorization

Registration

Operation in residential
areas

Not available

Available(There may be restrictions for each registering municipality)

Available
May be limited by ordinances

Limitation on days ofoperation

No limitation

Subject to 2-night/3-day stay or longer(The minimum days will be set forth in ordinances, but the annual maximum operation
days are not set)

Annual number of days provided are within
180 days(Implementation term may be limited byordinance)

Obligation to create andstore a Lodgers' RegistryBook

Required

Required

RequiredObligation to install an
entryway(structural standard)

Not required

Not required

Not required

Minimum floor space: secure minimum floor space(3.3m2/lodger)

Minimum floor space required(33m2. However, 3.3m2/lodger, if
less than 10 lodgers)

25m2 or more per room, in principle

Minimum floor space required（3.3m2/lodger）

Hygiene measures

Measures on ventilation, daylight, illumination, dehumidification, cleanliness, etc.

Measures on ventilation, daylight, illumination, dehumidification, cleanliness, etc. andprovision of clean room upon the start of use

Measures on ventilation, dehumidification,cleanliness, periodic cleaning, etc.

Obligation to takemeasures to secure safety,
including emergency
lighting equipment

Required

Required
Not required for facilities for 6-night/7-day
stay or longer

Required
Not required for facilities with small lodging
room area where the house owner lives on
the premises

Installation of fire
protection equipment, etc.

Required

Required

Required
Not required for facilities with small lodging
room area where the house owner lives on
the premises

Measures to prevent
trouble with neighboring
residents

Not required

Required(proper explanation to the neighboring residents, system and method for appropriately
responding to complaints and inquiries, andsecuring contact information)

Required(Obligation to provide explaination to Lodgers, obligation to respond to complaints)

Outsourcing business to a
manager upon absence

Not regulated

Not regulated

Regulated

Source: Reference [28]22J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 2019

Challenges and action on environmental health for the Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in 2020
problems such as dead insects, the belongings of former
guests, and leftover food in the refrigerator were often seen
by insufficient cleaning and management.
From the survey of owners and managers of minpaku,
it was found that most were conscious of daily cleaningand hygiene management, but few of them were conscious
about preventing infectious diseases, methods of garbage
disposal, and the disaster preparedness[29]. It is thoughtthat infectious disease issues and disaster issues were put
at low priority in daily management. They had no awareness of those risks and had a lack of information.
Of the 150 local authorities that handle the registrationand supervision of environmental hygiene in tourist accommodation, one-third of the authorities set the ordinances orregulations for minpaku[30]. The purpose of the ordinancesand regulation is to secure relief and security of the living
environment of local inhabitants. With ordinances and regulations, local authorities limit the areas and number of daysin which the operation of minpaku is available. Concrete
methods and techniques more than the guidelines of thenational government are not shown about hygiene management.
In London and Paris, where the Olympic Games andParalympic Games were or will be held, private lodgings arealso very popular and widespread. In London and Paris, theincrease of private lodgings have a negative impact on therental housing market, and it causes a shortage of affordable
rental housing supply in some areas[31-35]. So far, in bothcities, not much attention has been paid to hygiene management. In any case, it is said that Japan is the first runner totry to supervise private lodging for certain levels of hygiene
management and secure public health.
Far more attention and more research about environmental health issues are needed to achieve a successful Tokyo
2020 Games.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
regarding the publication of this article.

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J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 201925

Michiko Bando, Yohei Inaba, Toshihiko Yunokawa

2020 年東京オリンピック・パラリンピックに向けた環境保健の課題と対策
阪東美智子，稲葉洋平，温泉川肇彦
国立保健医療科学院生活環境研究部

抄録
2020年に開催される東京オリンピック・パラリンピック競技大会（以下，東京2020大会）に向けて，
厚生労働省では，NBC（核・生物・化学物質）テロ対策，外国人患者受入環境整備，アスリート・
観客の暑さ対策の推進，受動喫煙防止の推進，宿泊施設の不足解消に向けた対策，感染症対策，検疫体制・食中毒対策，麻薬・危険ドラッグ対策，アクセシビリティの確保，障害者の社会参加支援などに取り組んでいる．本稿では，このうち，受動喫煙防止の推進，食の安全確保，宿泊施設の不足解消に向けた対策（民泊サービス）の 3 つのトピックスを取り上げ，現状と課題および対策について概観する．また，これらに関連して国立保健医療科学院が取り組んでいる研究活動について報告する．
東京2020大会に先立ち，2018年に健康増進法が改正された．また，東京都では，2018年に「東京都受動喫煙防止条例」が制定された．これらの法律・条例は受動喫煙の健康影響を防ぐために強い規制を定めている．しかし，日本では法律の規制が難しい加熱式たばこが大きな売上高を占めており，加熱式たばこへの対応が課題となっている．
飲食の提供については，「東京2020大会における飲食提供に係る基本戦略」が策定され，食の安全を脅かすリスクへの対策として，法令順守，自主的衛生管理，行政機関との協働，食品防御，飲食提供対象者との協力といった取り組みが示されている．
宿泊施設については，民泊サービスが，観光振興や地域の活性化，空き家の有効活用などの観点から推進され，ここ数年で急速な広がりを見せている．2018年 6 月には，一定のルールのもとに適切な
民泊サービスの普及を図るため，住宅宿泊事業法が施行された．現在，民泊サービスには，旅館業法の許可を得たもの，国家戦略特区法（特区民泊）の認定を得たもの，住宅宿泊事業法の届出を行った
もの，の 3 種類がある．住宅宿泊事業法は，公衆衛生の確保という点では，まだ十分な規制内容を含んでいるとはいえない．
東京2020大会の成功に向けて，さらなる研究を重ね，健康影響評価に関するエビデンスを蓄積し，公衆衛生政策につなげていくことが求められている．
キーワード：東京オリンピック・パラリンピック，食の安全，受動喫煙対策，民泊，公衆衛生

26

J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 68 (1) : 2019