32nd ROBO-ONE
16th ROBO-ONE Light
3rd ROBO-ONE auto
Competition Rules

Drafted November 24, 2017 (changes from previous version in red)

Drafted: Biped Robot Association
Inquires: bra-info@biped-robot.or.jp

Participation Flow for 32nd ROBO-ONE / 165th ROBO-ONE Light /3rd ROBO-ONE auto
The participation and attendance flow for the 32nd ROBO-ONE / 16th ROBO-ONE Light / 3rd
ROBO-ONE auto competition is as follows.
1) Publication of competition rules (3 months prior to the competition)2) Participation applications received (from 1 month prior to the competition)3) First day of the competition
・ROBO-ONE Light Standards screening/ Preliminaries
・ROBO-ONE auto Standards screening/ Preliminaries
・ROBO-ONE Standards screening/ Preliminaries
・ROBO-ONE auto Finals Tournament4) Second day of the competition
・ROBO-ONE Light Finals Tournament
・ROBO-ONE Finals Tournament

1 Publication of competition rules
The competition rules are generally published on the official ROBO-ONE website(http://www.robo-one.com) three months prior to the competition.

2 Participation applications
Participation in ROBO-ONE/ROBO-ONE Light/ROBO-ONE auto is open to all. There are nonationality requirements. Participation applications are only taken on the official ROBO-ONE
website (http://www.robo-one.com). You must register as a competitor and also register toparticipate. Complete the registration procedures by following the instructions on the screen.
Applications are not screened, so when building your robot be sure to read the competition rules
carefully to avoid rule infractions.
Team and robot names should be 20 letters or less.
Also please be sure to register the photo of the robot by the day of the convention.
Explanation 1
Robot and team names may continue to be registered in Japanese, but you must also enter
English names. At international competitions, the English names (letters) are used.

3 Standards screening
In the standards screening, robots are screened for whether they have been created in accordancewith the competition rules. The weight limits for this competition are 5 kg or less for
ROBO-ONE auto 3 kg or less for ROBO-ONE and 1 kg or less or a certified robot for
ROBO-ONE Light. Certified robots can participate in all classes if they satisfy the certified
robot standards.
2

The standards for certified robots are as followed.
Standards for certified robots(a) Commercially available robot certified by the Biped Robot Association.
(b) Complies with the rules stipulated for each certified robot listed on the official
ROBO-ONE website.
(c) Does not use optional parts other than the certified optional parts listed on the official
ROBO-ONE website.
(d) If making modifications beyond what is stated in the user’s manual, etc. for acommercially available robot that is provided by the manufacturer, the weight must
not increase more than 20% and the length of the left and right arms must not increase
more than 10 mm each. However, the weight must not exceed 2 kg.
Modifications may include adding color, adding stickers, adding head parts that do notenhance performance, decorating with paper, fabric, plastic or sponge materials, andchanging the software. Adding decorative lights and sensors and changing the control
microprocessor are also permitted.
If your robot fails the standards screening, you will not be able to participate in the competition,so make sure to sufficiently review the rules and standards in advance.

4 Preliminaries
ROBO-ONE will always perform preliminaries. ROBO-ONE Light and ROBO-ONE auto may
not perform preliminaries depending on the number of participating robots.
In the preliminaries, the robots travel 4.5 meters (subject to change depending on the venue).
In the case of course-out or time-out, you can’t participate in the final tournament.
If the robot goes off course or runs out of time, the distance to that point is recorded.
Places are determined by the time to the goal or distance travelled, and the top 48(maximum)
robots for ROBO-ONE,32robots for ROBO-ONE Light and 16 robots for ROBO-ONE auto(including the top 3 robots in the world rankings and robots certified at sanctioned tournaments)
move on to the finals tournament.
The top 3 robots in the world rankings, robots certified at sanctioned tournaments areautomatically in the finals, but they participate in the prelims for tournament seeding purposes.

5 Finals Tournament
All final tournaments will be done with maximum 48 robots.
ROBO - ONE Light and ROBO - ONE auto’s final tournament will be done with all robots
when the number of participants are lower than 64.
The final tournament will be held with each class of preliminary winners.
Only one robot per operator may participate in the finals tournament.
The competition consists of one round of 3 minutes and an overtime of 2 minutes, depending on3

the circumstances. There may be multiple overtimes, so have batteries, etc. ready.
Depending on the situation, the game time may be set to 2 minutes per round and an overtime of
1 minutes. Overtimes will not be performed in some cases.

ROBO-ONE Competition Rules
1

Preamble
The purpose of ROBO-ONE is to promote the fun and excitement of robots to more and more
people. It aims to be a robot competition that is enjoyable for spectators and highly motivating
for participants. For this reason it emphasizes technological prowess and entertainment value
over winning and losing.
Technical information is also released to the extent possible to promote the spread and sounddevelopment of robotic technologies.

2

About the Competition
The competition involves matches in a preset ring between biped robots created byparticipants. Winners and losers are determined by the decision of referees and judges. The
competition consists of a tournament-style main round and a preliminary round preceding it.

3

Ring Standards and Conditions
3.1
Ring
The size of the rings is shown in Diagram 1. There are cases where the game progresses
simultaneously with two rings and the case where it progresses with one ring and thedimensions are as described respectively.
Surface bumps are ±1mm or less. There are no particular specifications with regard to thematerial.
Do not place objects up to 2 m of the ring and 30 cm around the ring, down to 30cm to thefloor around the ring. However, the referee can move this range freely. (See diagram 1-(3))(1) With one rings(2) With two ring4

(1) Side view of the ring
Diagram 1 the size of rings

3.2

Outside disturbances

There are no specific regulations on the photographic equipment used by general spectators,
media members or competition officials. For this reason, if there is a chance that a
participating robot will be impacted by indoor lighting, sunlight, infrared light from cameras
or video cameras, flashes or photographic lighting, etc., the participant is responsible fortaking countermeasures.

4

Robot Standards
4.1
Method of movement
Robots must be bipeds capable of walking with steps that are 10 mm or higher.
Explanation 2
Walking is not screened in the standards screening, but if a referee judges during thecompetition that this standard has not been met, the competition will be interrupted andwalking will be judged, so make sure your robot is able to walk right, left, forward and backtaking steps that are 10 mm or higher.
If the robot does not satisfy this standard, the referee gives 1 down and a correction time of 2
minutes. instructs the modification. If you can’t fix it, you will be a knockout. Everything
related to the robot standards will be handled in the same way.
Robot standards are common to ROBO - ONE, ROBO - ONE Light, and ROBO - ONE auto
unless otherwise specified.
Please prepare for regulations related to the referee instructions during the standard screening
and game, so that you can operate as instructed.
Please refer to 8.1- (a) for the regulations of walking.

4.2

Robot standards

The robot’s shape is open as long as the following rules are observed. However, it isrequired to be able to distinguish feet, two legs, two arms, trunk(torso) and head.
54.2.1

Rules on feet and legs(a) The size of the soles of the feet (the part that comes into contact with the ground) is
stipulated per weight category as shown in Table 1. The length of the sole from front toback must be X% or less of the length of the leg. However, soles can be no longer thanY cm. The width of the sole from right to left must be Z% or less of the length of the legs.
Leg length is measured from the axis of forward and back movement at the very top of
the leg to the sole of the foot when the leg is fully extended.
Table 1 Robot Sole by Weight
Robot WeightX
1 kg or less (ROBO-ONE & Light & auto)
60%
2 kg or less (ROBO-ONE & auto)
55%
3 kg or less (ROBO-ONE & auto)50%
5 kg or less (ROBO-ONE auto)
45%
7 kg or less40%
10 kg or less
35%
Over 10 kg
30%(Figures for weights over 3 kg are for reference.)

Y
12 cm
13 cm
14 cm
16 cm
18 cm
20 cm
20 cm

Z
40%
35%
30%
30%
25%
25%
20%

Explanation 3
As shown in Diagram 2, the leg length is the length from the axis of forward and backmovement to the sole of the foot. The size of the foot is measured as shown in Diagram 3.
We are planning to miniaturize foot size at future events.

Diagram 2

Diagram 3(b) If in the shape of a clog (geta), the sole length is measured as the length of the red line in
Diagram 4.

6

Diagram 4(c) When the robot is standing, the lines tracing the outermost perimeter of the soles of theleft and right feet must not overlap when looked at from above.
Explanation 4
In the structure shown in Diagram 5, the lines tracing the outermost perimeter of the soles
overlap, so the robot would not be allowed to participate. (The dark blue portion is the areathat would be judged to overlap.)

Diagram 5(d) Suction/absorption devices (including adhesive materials) must not be placed on footsoles.

4.2.2

Arms, tails, etc.

(a) The length of parts that move away from the trunk must be Z cm or less, as shown in
Table 2 by robot weight (see Diagram 6). For parts that move away from the robot trunk,excluding the legs, such as the arms, tail, neck, etc., the maximum distance from anarbitrary fixed position on the center line in the left-right direction as seen from the top of
the robot must be within 120% of the length of the leg. The center in the left-right
direction is the center point between the left and right legs. (See Diagram 7).
Table 2 Standards by Weight for Parts that Move Away from the Trunk
Robot WeightZ
Range ofMovement
1 kg or less (ROBO-ONE & Light & auto)
20 cm
2 kg or less (ROBO-ONE & auto)
25 cm
3 kg or less (ROBO-ONE & auto)
30 cm
Within 120%
5 kg or less (ROBO-ONE auto)
35 cm
of leg length
7 kg or less
40 cm
10 kg or less
45 cm
Over 10 kg
50 cm(Figures for the 5 kg or less category to the over 10 kg category are for reference.)

Explanation 5
For parts that move away from the trunk, the length of the portion that moves away from thetrunk when fully extended is measured, as shown in Diagram 6. Even if the robot is covered
with a stuffed toy, etc., the structure is checked and parts judged by the judges to move are7measured. The length of the arm of the robot having the axis moving the arm inside the body,the judge confirms the internal structure of the body, and the tip of the arm from the axis
inside the body is the length of the arm. The judge will measure from the actual moving axis
when the arm is freed and moved.

Diagram 6
Range of motion is measured as shown in Diagram 7 (robot seen from above).
Arms

Center line
Distance from center
Within 120% of leg length✓✓

Arbitrary point
Distance from arbitrary point on center line within 120%of leg length
Tails and horns
Right

Left

Point moved down
Tailslightly

Point can be anywhere on center line, but…
Hand protrudes, so an infraction

Does not protrude however it moves

×

✓

×

✓

Distance fromDistance from

center within 120%

center within✓： OK

of leg length

120% of leg

×：Disallowed✓

Diagram 78✓ length

4.2.3

Center of gravity rules(a) The robot’s center of gravity in the vertical direction must be clearly higher than the axisof forward and back movement at the very top of the legs. Also, when measuring centerof gravity, parts like hands used for attacks must be placed below the axis for moving
them away from the trunk. Center of gravity is measured using the seesaw method.
Explanation 6
Center of gravity is measured with the legs fully extended and the hands placed lower thanwhen horizontally extended (see Diagram 8). Program the robot so that it can get into a
position that allows its center of gravity to be measured (see Diagram 9).

Diagram 8

Diagram 9

4.2.4

Prohibitions(a) The power source must be mounted inside the robot.
9Explanation 7
If the battery is exposed on the outside, there is a risk of shorts are fire, so position thebattery to prevent shorts and battery damage in normal matches between robots made ofmetal and plastic, etc. Also, adequately protect circuit boards and power-supply lines.
If judged to be in a dangerous position, a red card (1 “down”) is assessed, and if it is not
repaired within 2 minutes, a technical knockout is assessed. If there is smoke or fire, atechnical knockout is immediately assessed.
For example, if the battery cover comes off during the match and exposes the battery, thereferee judges that there is risk involved and orders it repaired. This count as 1 “down,” andthe repair time is 2 minutes, the same as timeout rules.
At this time the participant is not allowed to increase the weight or change the position of
the center of gravity. Repairs could include screwing the cover down or taping it down withplastic tape, etc.
(b) Parts that could hurt someone are not allowed.
Explanation 8
The judge checks in the standards screening by directly touching the parts, and if judged to
be a danger, the participant is asked to make repairs. If repairs cannot be made, the robot is
disqualified. Make sure to conduct adequate processes such as deburring.
(c) Robots must not have jamming devices or other devices that intentionally disrupt the
opponent’s control such as lasers or strobes. However, sensing equipment such as laser
range sensor is excluded.
(d) Robots must not use any parts that could damage or dirty the ring.
(e) Robots must not have objects, liquids, powders or liquids that can be blown at the
opponent.
(f) Robots must not have devices that ignite.
(g) Robots must not have weapons that could damage the opponent or ring. Dangerous
objects like knives or things that revolve at high speeds are prohibited.
(h) Robots are not allowed to fly or move using fans or propellers, etc. that revolve at highspeeds.
(i) In addition to the above, if a judge or referee judges something to be antithetical to thespirit of ROBO-ONE, it is ruled non-compliant.
(j) Robots are not allowed to have structures that hook other things or have hands, arms or10

tails that hold highly adhesive materials, hooks among others.
(k) When decorating, keep the robot7s decoration in a length that does not touch the ringwhen standing upright and walking.

Explanation 9
When a robot grabs and knocks down its opponent using a hooking structure or with hands
made with a highly adhesive material, the attack is not valid.
If the referee decides that it is against the regulation, makes it 1 down and asks the player tomake correction within 2 minutes.
It is desirable that the structure to be caught is about 120 degrees or more in the case of
bending.
In the standard screening, the judges judge strictly whether the paper sticks to stickiness.
However, this does not mean that grabbing, pinching or hugging actions, etc. are disallowed.

4.3

Shape may not be altered

Robots must not be modified to alter their shape at any time during the preliminaries andfinals.

4.4

Replicas not allowed

Robots that replicate the shapes or forms of existing characters or people not authorized by
the Biped Robot Association the ROBO-ONE committee, as well as use of their illustrations
or photos, etc., are prohibited. Copyrighted music and voices, trademarked names and otherequivalent items also must not be used.
When necessary, permission must be obtained by the participant.
In addition, if you receive permission, contact the Biped Robot Association in advance.

5

Robot Control
5.1
Prelims/Finals Control Method
During the prelims and finals, robots may be self-controlled by a computer or controlled
manually by a human operator. If controlled manually, wireless communications must be used(radio, infrared, etc.). Participants must consider match conditions (light, sound, radio waves)and take steps to keep from obstructing control by the opponent even if using the same system.
If using low-power, weak-signal radio control, use a wireless system with eight or more
frequency channels. Also, if using an RC proportional controller, have at least eight crystal
oscillators available.

Explanation 10
RC controllers should use the following frequencies.
1127 MHz band: 26.975-27.255 MHz (12 bands, 1 to 12)
40 MHz band: 40.61-40.75 MHz (8 bands, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75)
AD band (25 MHz weak, 20 bands)
2.4 GHz band, 5 GHz band
Approved wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc. may also be used.
Use of wireless formats not approved in the host country is prohibited.
You should use systems that allow eight channels to be used simultaneously.
Preparations may be performed by friends or a team. After participants in the finals
tournament are determined, wireless frequencies are assigned to the robots. If using a remotecontroller, have the crystal oscillators available up to this time.
5.1-2. ROBO-ONE auto's robot operation method
Through preliminaries and the finals tournament, the robot must be an autonomous motion by
a computer and a sensor installed in the robot during the game. However, the robot isconnected to the network and the robot can exchange information without human operation.
The robot is designed to start its motion at the beginning signal of the referee and to stop the
motion with a wait or a stop signal, and at this time human manipulation is permitted.
However, it shall be equipped with wireless start, stop and depower mechanism. You cannot
touch until the robot is completely stopped.
Also, do not touch the controller during the game. Therefore, take countermeasures such as
hanging the controller from the neck to quickly stop or depower the robot.

6

Prelims Format(a) Each robot travels 4.5 meters. The width of the lane is 90 cm. (This may change
depending on the venue and operational circumstances.) The time limit is 1 minute.
Decide the ranking by the time to the goal. In the case of course-out or time-out, you
can’t participate in the final tournament.
(b) Travelling in the direction of the goal must be accomplished by walking only—the left
and right foot alternate in being put forward. The feet do not need to alternate if making
adjustments to stay in the lane or change the robot’s direction, etc.
(c) Robots must not move toward the goal when anything other than its feet soles aretouching the ground.
(d) If the robot falls over, it gets up at that spot and continues the competition.
(e) The lane uses the ROBO-ONE ring, but a part of the course may have a sheet with athickness of 5 mm or less placed down on it and affixed with double-sided tape. Twotypes of sheet material are used, one with good grip and one that is slippery. (Changes
may be made depending on the circumstances at the venue.)(f) The order in the prelims is determined randomly and the robots race in the predeterminedorder. A 10-second penalty is assessed each time a participant passes their place in theorder. If a robot is unable to complete the race, the number of passes is limited to 2 times.
12

50 cm is subtracted from the measured distance travelled.

Explanation 11
In future competitions, there will be bumps of 10 mm or more, or a target will be set up
midway that has to be punched, etc. in order to promote higher levels of walking andattack abilities.

7

Finals Tournament(a) Matches are generally 1 round of 3 minutes and are won by knockout or number of“downs.” Depending on the number of participants and other circumstances, the match
time may be changed.
(b) The referee issues yellow cards and red cards according to circumstances, but it becomesone red card with two yellow cards. Red cards are handled equally as one "down".
Explanation 12
A 1 point difference in the number of yellow cards cannot determine a victory. Only thedifference in the number of downs (including two yellow cards) determines which robot
won. However, this does not apply to overtime.
(c) When neither robot secures a victory in one round, there is a 2-minute overtime roundthat is decided by sudden death—whichever robot scores a down first wins. If there is nowinner even after overtime, victory is determined by the judges on points. However, if itis the final contest, depending on the situation, there may be overtime. Also, when there
are large numbers of participants, victory may be determined by decision without
conducting overtime.
Explanation 13
Judgment of games is done as follows.
<In the usual round>
The number of downs (including red cards) will determine the outcome. Winning or
losing is not decided by yellow card difference.
<Overtime round>If winning or losing cannot be decided, the judges will score based on the number ofyellow cards, the number of slips-downs and the number of offenses within the extension
time, and decide on winning or losing. At this time the yellow cards in the round will behanded over. The number of slip downs and attacks are not handed over.
<Re-overtime round>
If the judge cannot judge it, we will perform re-overtime round, but at this time without amaintenance time (battery exchange is not allowed), we will immediately extend for 2

13minutes.
If there is no down, decide the outcome by the number of slip down. In the case of thesame number of slip downs, decide by the number of attacks. Furthermore, if it is thesame number, we do further extension without maintenance time.
<In the non-overtime round>
Just like the above "Overtime round", the judges will score based on the number ofyellow cards, the number of slips-downs and the number of offenses within the extension
time and decide on winning or losing.
If it is impossible to judge by any means, it will carry out an extension round in the same
way as "Re-overtime round" above.
(d) The preparation time until the match starts is less than 2 minutes, and a red card isassessed if this is exceeded. A red card is treated as 1 down. After that, yellow cards are
given each minute, with two yellow cards becoming a red card. The preparation time tothe start of the game shall be within 2 minutes, if it exceeds this, it shall be defeated.
However, if there is an application for late arrival by a participant or an agent during the
preparation time, we will wait for the participants to be ready. Give a red card every 2
minutes from the time the preparation time passes.
Explanation 14
The match order is listed on the tournament schedule, so be ready at your match venue by
the start of the match three matches prior to yours. After you are called, the matchproceeds in accordance with the above competition rules.
The tournament schedule is updated in real time, so check it to confirm the progress ofthe matches.
(e) The ring has a red corner and a blue corner; the left side of the tournament schedule is red
and the right side is blue. When the schedule is written vertically, the upper is red and thelower is blue.
(f) There are rules on where participants may stand during the competition to allow
spectators to enjoy the technological brilliance and entertainment value of the robots andto record the proceedings for video distribution. During finals matches (not including
timeouts) and the prelims, participants must not enter the ring or touch the robots.
Touching a robot results in a yellow card.
Explanation 15
Participants are everyone around the ring, including the people operating or controlling therobots, people participating in teams and other supporters, etc. People other than those14

controlling the robots may not stand.
Please follow the instructions of the referee as to where the contestants stand in theconvention venue.
Instructions will be provided on the day of the event regarding the ring and standing area
for competition participants in this tournament.

8

Match Rules
8.1
Walking(a) If instructed by the referee, the robot must lift the soles of its feet at least 10 mm off theground and proceed forward, backward, left and right for at least three steps.
If the walking of regulation can’t be done, give 1 down and give 2 minutes correction
time. If it can’t be modified, it will be knocked out.
(b) Robots are not allowed to walk in a crouching position, and the judgment on this is madeby the referee and judges.
Explanation 16
Walking in a crouching position refers to when the knee joints are at 90 degrees or less, orwhen crouching with the hip joints open 90 degrees or more left to right. The same
applies when two servos are used for the knee joint (see Diagram 10).

✓：OK

Diagram 10

8.2

Match Proceedings(a) The referee calls the start of the game "Hajime", the end of the game "Yame", and "Mate"to stop the game. At this time, the referee stops the timer as necessary. To resume, call"Hajime". After the opponent gets down (slipping, standing) and gets up, you can start an
attack with a "fight" signal.
(b) If the opponent goes down, the other robot must back away 1 m or more from the
opponent. If the opponent goes down, you must leave a distance that does not disturb
your opponent's getting up.
15

Explanation 17
Since the same rule is adopted also in ROBO - ONE auto, please be able to detect that
opponent is down. It is a yellow card when you disturb opponent's getting up or attack.
However, in the case of ROBO - ONE auto, if the opponent gets up, even if there is no
instruction of the referee, it is possible to attack.
(c) When a robot goes down and does not get up after the referee counts to ten, it is aknockout (K.O.), and the other robot is awarded the victory. The count will continue even
if the round has ended.
(d) If robot fall after doing own attack, even opponent go down it is not a "down" but "slip".
However, if you can’t get up during 10 counts of referee, it will be knocked out.
(e) When a robot is knocked down three times during the same match, it is ruled a knockoutand victory is awarded to the opponent.
(f) The match continues even if both robots fall on top of each other due to an attack.
However, if the referee judges that it is not possible to continue the match, the robots areplaced in the fallen position apart from each other and the count is commenced.
Explanation 18
Make it possible for your robot to depower at the reference’s signal if the two robots
become entangled. Build your robot so that the power can be turned off quickly and it canbe restarted quickly.
Also, in order to ensure the referee’s safety, do not operate your robot without thereferee’s signal. The penalty is a yellow card. The referee leaves them to move from theintertwined position to the inside of the ring.
In addition, the venue makes a variety of lighting to improve the entertainment quality
and make it easier to see. Please take countermeasures for this.
Dazzling high-brightness LEDs etc. may be judged to be disturbing lights to the driver, so
it is desirable that they be able to dim the light and turn off.
(g) Do not attack a robot when it has gone down.
If a robot has stopped without falling down for 3 seconds or if it does not move forward,
reverse, left and right for more than 10 seconds, declare it as "standing down" and start
counting. If it cannot move by 10 counts, it will be a technical knockout.
Standing down is "down", when the robot moves, it is regarded as having recovered fromthe “down.”(h) “Give up” may be indicated to the referee during the match. If the referee then judges thatthe match cannot be continued, a “technical knockout” may be declared.
(i) In case of crouching with defense, fall prevention etc., If a robot crouches to attack or
defend, etc., it must stand back up within 3 seconds. The robot then may not attack or16crouch again until it has taken at least three steps. If there is a violation, the referee will
issue a yellow card.
Explanation 19
Walking in a crouching position refers to when the knee joints are 90 degrees or less, orwhen crouching with the hip joints open 90 degrees or more left to right. This same
applies when two servos are used for the knee joint (see Diagram 10).
See Diagram 10 in Explanation 16.
(j) If the match rules are broken or there is unsportsmanlike conduct, a yellow card or red
card may be issued on the referee’s judgment.
(k) If a part falls off (not including screws), a yellow card is assessed. If the situation is
judged to be dangerous, a red card is assessed and the participant is ordered to makerepairs.
(l) Time does not stop unless there is indication from the referee.

8.3

Rules on Downs(a) A robot is ruled “down” only if it falls due to a valid attack.
Explanation 20
Attacks should be effective punches or moves that involve grabbing and throwing the
opponent.
(b) If the robot goes out of the ring, it is treated as equivalent to one down.
(c) If the robot goes out of the ring when standing up after going down due to a valid attack,it does not count as an additional down. If both robots go out of the ring at the same timeas an attack, the robot that made the valid attack is not considered down.
Two yellow cards become a red card, which is treated as equivalent to one down.
(d) If a robot is slipping frequently during the match, the referee may stop the match, conduct
a walking test (make the robot walk forward, back, left, and right), and if the robot cannot
walk in a stable manner, the referee may declare a technical knockout.
(e) If the referee judges that a robot has repeatedly slipped intentionally (including falls that
do not result in a down or diving in response to an attack, etc.), a yellow card is assessed.

8.4

Taking timeouts(a) Participants may request that the referee call “time” (a timeout) once per match.
(b) The referee receives the request, judges the situation in the match and calls the timeout.
(c) Timeouts must be no longer than 2 minutes.
(d) When the timeout is called, it is treated as one down.
(e) The timeout is not recognized if your robot has received a valid attack and gone down. In
17the case of slip, timeout can be requested.
Explanation 21
For the timing to finish the timeout, priority is given to the call on the side that took thetime. So, the side who have not taken must follow this.

8.5

Attack rules

8.5.1

Crouching attacks
Crouching attacks are prohibited. This is the subject of the yellow card.

(a)

Explanation 22“Crouching attack” refers to attacks made in a crouching position, the same as walking in a
crouch in Explanation 16.

8.5.2

Lateral attacks(a) Lateral attacks are prohibited. This is the subject of the yellow card.
Explanation 23“Lateral attack” refers to attacks made at ±45 degrees in the lateral direction from yourrobot. Lateral direction is the direction at a right angle from the direction the robot is
walking; The walking of the robot must be same as the walking specified by prelims.
The intention to attack in the walking direction includes not only the upper body but the
movement of the legs as well. So, the direction the legs are facing is forward.
Even if the opponent's robot is not next to your robot, the Lateral attack may be judged to
be an attack for checking.

Diagram 11

8.5.3

Sacrifice attacks(a) Attack moves in which a part of the robot other than the feet touch the ring just before orafter attacking the opponent are called “sacrifice attacks,” and It is not a valid attack, it isa slip.
regardless of whether the opponent goes down, each of the three types of sacrifice attacks
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can only be conducted once per match, including overtime.
(b) Even if you defeat the opponent with a valid attack, if your own machine collapses at thesame time, it will be slip.

Explanation 24
Attacks involving falling onto the opponent, frontwards somersaults or head-butts withboth hands and feet on the ring, etc. are regarded as sacrifice attacks. It is necessary thatthree sacrifice attacks to use can clearly distinguish by referee. Symmetry sacrifice attacks
in the left and right and in the front and rear are regarded as the same.
If parts (including the decoration of clothing etc) other than the feet touch the ring, it iscounted as a “down,” but slipping down intentionally is a yellow card.
Extensive use of slipping and sacrifice attacks will be subject to yellow cards.
When attacking from below, a hand touching the ring, etc. is regarded as intentional. Be
aware though that it may also be regarded as a sacrifice attacks.
Attack is effective by placing the center of gravity on the opponent. At this time, when the
robot is not controlled and falls down, it is judged Sacrifice attack.
Also, when the robot grasps the opponent by hand and falls together, it is regarded as a
Sacrifice attack.

8.5.4

Owaza (“bold attack”)

Attacks involving holding and throwing the opponent are “throws.” “Throw” decisions
are made by the referee. Attacks that result in the opponent coming off the ring into theair(a) Attacks to attract spectators are called “Owaza,” or “bold attacks.” Owaza can be worth 2
downs. Owaza decisions are made by the referee, but they require the consent of amajority of judges.
(b) The attacks that the opponent fly higher than the waist of the own robot is taken as a
Owaza.
(c) If the robot falls your opponent with a kick that is higher than own waist position, it is a
Owaza.
(d) Own robot rotates 180 degrees or more, and the attacks to defeat the opponent is Owaza.
(e) For the Owaza, it is excluded from the lateral attacks and sacrifice attacks. However,crouching attacks are prohibited.
(f) Owaza with lateral attacks or sacrifice attacks includes overtime, same attacks can beused only once in one game.

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Explanation 25
If a throw or owaza is executed and the attack is valid, it is not regarded as a sacrifice throw
even if parts other than the feet touch the ring before or after the attack. However, if invalid
owaza continue, a yellow card may be issued by the referee.
Owaza that send the opponent into the air off the ring are specifically defined as follows
with the names commonly used in martial arts. However, they are not limited to thesemoves; the decision of the referee and judges is given precedence.
In addition, it is necessary that Qwaza must be clearly distinguishable by referee.
Attacks that will be targeted in the left and right front and rear are regarded as the same.
*Owaza are still not clearly defined and are left up to the judgment of the referee andjudges. In the case of a new Owaza, or if the referee cannot make a clear decision, thereferee and judges make the decision. You should consider the risk that a move may not berecognized as Owaza before taking up the challenge.
・Back-drop・Shoulder throw
・Leg sweep
・Overhead throw
・Forward rotation kick・High kickExplanation 26
If there is a mistake in the judgment of the referee or if you feel doubt about the judgment,
please inform the judge when the game stops. For example, it is better to offer after thesignal of "waiting" "stop" of the referee. The operator raises his / her hand and in large loudvoice please offer the judge "objection".
The judge will stop the watch and deliberate the content. If it is not decided, it will befinally judged by the judging committee chairperson.
The decision will be confirmed at the end of the match. It will not be covered after that.
There will be more than two judges for fairness.

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