ISSN 0386-1678

REPORT OF
THE RESEARCH INSTITUTEOF
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGYNIHON UNIVERSITY

Number 108

February 2024

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INDEX
Yukiyo KURIYAGAWA

2

Yoshitaka MARUMO

4

Hiroshi ITO

6

Kiyozumi NIIZUMA

8

Shoichi AKIBA

10Shin YAMAGUCHI

12

Koki KITANO

14

Noritaka MOROHASHI

16

Ayumi KASHIWADA

18

Yuji KIMURA

20

Koichi MURATA

22

Yohei KAKIMOTO

24

Masayuki ARAI26

Daisuke URAGAMI

28

Kazuhiro AKIHAMA

30

Masami UZAWA

32

Takashi TORIIZUKA

34

Kazuto NAKAGAWA

36

Shinichiro MIURA

38

Hiroaki TAKAZAWA

40

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Professor, Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering
Professor, Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering
Professor, Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry
Associate Professor, Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry
Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
Professor, Department of Mathematical Information Engineering
Professor, Department of Mathematical Information Engineering
Professor, Department of Sustainable Engineering
Professor, Department of Sustainable Engineering
Professor, Department of Conceptual Design
Assistant Professor, Department of Conceptual Design
Associate Professor, Department of Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences
Associate Professor, Department of Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences－ 1 －Yukiyo KURIYAGAWA
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Yukiyo Kuriyagawa is a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University. She earned her
Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1997, followed by her Master of Engineering degree in 1999, and ultimately her Doctor of Engineering degree in 2002,
all from Nihon University. She has had the privilege of serving as a visiting
researcher in various esteemed institutions. From 2010 to 2011, she worked
with the Human Factors Research Group at the University of Nottingham in the
United Kingdom. Additionally, she contributed her expertise as a visiting researcher with the Fatigue Countermeasure Group at the NASA Ames ResearchCenter in the United States from 2016 to 2017. She is an active member of several academic societies, including the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,
the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Inc., the Japan Human Factors
and Ergonomics Society, and the Human Interface Society. She is actively involved in research in the fields of driver state estimation using physiologicalindexes, development and evaluation of in-vehicle technology, and driver model construction.

Research Achievements
1) Study on Road Friction Database for Traffic Safety: Construction of a Road Friction-Measuring Device,
Inventions2022, 7(4), 90, 2022.Oct https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040090
2) Supervision of a self-driving vehicle unmasks latent sleepiness relative to manually controlled driving,
Scientific Reports, 18530, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92914-5
3) The effects of Primary Light Sources on Worker Performance and Alertness, SLEEP2017, 2017.June
4) Pilot study of cognitive function using Event-Related Potential P3 components after manual driving andafter monitoring of autonomous driving, HFES2017, 2017.Aug
5) Menu hierarchies for in-vehicle user-interfaces: Modeling the depth vs. breadth trade-off, Displays,
Vol.34, p.p.241-249, 2013.Oct, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2013.07.001

Examination of Motion Sickness
Detection Methods(Driver state estimation)

Road Friction-Measuring Device(Autonomous driving car)－ 2 －Published Paper

Study on Measurement for Friction Characteristics
on Actual Road Surface
Yukiyo KURIYAGAWA, Ichiro KAGEYAMA, Tetsunori HARAGUCHI, Tetsuya KANEKO,
Motohiro ASAI, Shun TAHIRA and Gaku MATSUMOTO
Since the safety of automobiles depends on the friction characteristics of the road surface, it is very important to understandthe friction characteristics between the tires and the road surface. However, there is almost no data on the road surface
friction characteristics on actual roads. In the previous paper, it was proposed not only the basic design of the friction
characteristic measurement system on the actual road surface but also a road friction estimation method. But the versatility
and practical application of the estimation method have not been sufficiently studied.
Therefore, in this research, we confirm the validity and versatility of the method for estimating the road surface friction
characteristic indexes using the friction characteristic measurement system designed in the previous research.
Keywords : Safety, Road Environment, Road Friction Coefficient, Magic formula

実路面の摩擦特性計測に関する研究- 路面摩擦特性指標の推定手法構築 自動車の安全性は路面摩擦特性に依存するため，タイヤと路面との摩擦特性の把握が非常に重要となる．
しかしながら，実路における車両運動を踏まえた路面摩擦特性に関するデータはほとんど整備されていないのが実情である．そこで前報において，実路面における摩擦特性計測システムの基本設計を行い，理論的な路面摩擦推定方法の提案が行われた．しかしながら，推定手法の汎用性や実用化については十分な検討がな
されていなかった．
そこで本研究では，先行研究で設計した摩擦特性計測システムを用いて路面摩擦特性指標を推定する手法の妥当性及び汎用性の確認を行うため，計測データを用いて路面摩擦推定手法の妥当性を確認すると共に，
実時間における路面摩擦特性指標算出を想定した推定方法の効率化について検討した．
キーワード：安全，路面状況，路面摩擦，マジックフォーミュラ

Journal（掲載誌）
Transaction of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Vol.53, No.2, PP.379-384, 2022 (in Japanese)－ 3 －Yoshitaka MARUMO
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Yoshitaka Marumo is a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering,
College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University. He received his BScEng
in 1998, his MScEng in 2000, and his DEng in 2006, all from Tokyo Universityof Agriculture and Technology. From 2000 to 2005, he served as a researcher
at the Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI). In 2005, he joined Nihon
University as a research associate. Since 2020, he has served as a professor at
Nihon University. Dr. Marumo is a member of the Japan Society of MechanicalEngineers (JSME) and the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE).
His research interests include driver assistance systems, near-miss traﬃcincidents, and vehicle dynamics and control.

Research Achievements
1) Improving stability and lane-keeping performance for multi-articulated vehicles using vector follower
control, Vehicle System Dynamics, 58(12), 1859-1872, Dec 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2019.1651877
2) Driver Assistance System to Prevent Unnecessary Deceleration at Signalized Intersection by Indicating
Deceleration Required Distance on Road, International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 10(1), 100105, Mar 2019. https://doi.org/10.20485/jsaeijae.10.1_100
3) Driver Assistance System to Encourage Appropriate Longitudinal Behavior Considering Pre-preceding
Vehicle Information, International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 6(4), 113-118, Oct 2015.
https://doi.org/10.20485/jsaeijae.6.4_113
4) Control effects of steer-by-wire system for motorcycles on lane-keeping performance, Vehicle System
Dynamics, 49(8), 1283-1298, Aug 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2010.515030
5) Steering control of motorcycles using steer-by-wire system, Vehicle System Dynamics, 45(5), 445-458,
May 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/00423110701200194

β

V

δ
o

1st Trailer

y
f1

γ1
2nd Trailer
ψ

l2

γ2
O

c2

l1

c1

d

b

a
l

Y

Fig. 1 Model of a multi-articulated vehicle

Lateral displacement [m]Tractor

Tractor front axle
1st trailer axlex

Tractor rear axle
2nd trailer axle

Tractor front axle
1st trailer axle

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2
Lateral displacement [m]

X

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0

0

-0.2

-0.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Tractor rear axle
2nd trailer axle

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forward displacement [m]Forward displacement [m](a) without VFC(b) with VFC

140

Fig. 2 Axle trajectories of the step response of the lateral displacement

－ 4 －

160

Published Paper

Improving stability and lane-keeping performance for multi-articulated vehicles
using vector follower control
Yoshitaka MARUMO, Takeru YOKOTA and Akira AOKIThe problem of labor shortage in Japan is a serious situation even in the logistics industry. In order to improve transportation
efficiency, it is necessary to improve the amount of transportation per driver. Since multi-articulated vehicles can transport large
quantities at once, they are expected to be a solution to the driver shortage. However, as the number of trailers articulated to a
tractor increases, the stability tends to decrease, and if an accident were to occur, the damage would be severe, so there is a needfor technology to prevent accidents. The present study discusses the effects of stability control for multi-articulated vehicles
on the lane-keeping performance. Vector follow control (VFC), which aligns the direction of the speed vector at the articulated
point with the trailer’s body centerline by steering the trailer wheels, is applied as the stability control. The control effects areevaluated by conducting simulations using the driver-vehicle system, which consists of a multi-articulated vehicle model, a driver model that simulates driver’s maneuver, and VFC. VFC suppresses the amplification of the lateral displacements of rearward
trailers that occurs without VFC. VFC does not, however, contribute to the performance of the tractor or the driver’s steering
operation. A lane-keeping-assistance system (LKAS) using direct yaw-moment control is applied to the tractor. The LKAS
suppresses the lateral deviation of the tractor and the driver’s steering effort. In addition, the combination of VFC and the LKAS
makes it possible to suppress the lateral deviations of all of the vehicles and reduce the driver’s steering effort.
Keywords : Multi-articulated vehicle, Vector follower control, Active steering control, Lane-keeping-assistance system, Direct
yaw-moment control, Driver model

ベクトルフォロー制御を用いた多重連結車両の安定性と車線維持性能の向上
わが国が抱える労働力不足の問題は，物流業界でも例外ではなく深刻な状況である．輸送効率を高めるた
めに，ドライバ一人当たりの輸送量を向上させる取り組みが必要になる．多重連結車両は一度に大量輸送ができることから，ドライバ不足の対策として期待できる．しかし，トラクタに連結されるトレーラの数が増えると安定性が低下する傾向にあり，万一事故が発生すると，その被害も甚大になるため，事故を未然に防止する技術が必要である．本研究では，多重連結車両の安定制御が車線維持性能に及ぼす影響について検討した．安定制御として，トレーラ輪を操舵することにより，連結点における速度ベクトルの方向とトレーラの車体中心線を一致させるベクトルフォロー制御（VFC）を適用した．多重連結車両モデル，操縦を模擬するドライバモデルおよび VFC から構成される人間－自動車系を用いたシミュレーションを行うことで，VFC の効果を評価した．VFC を適用することにより，非制御時に確認された，後続のトレーラの横変位の増幅を抑制することを確認した．しかし，VFC はトラクタの車線維持性能やドライバの操舵には影響を及ぼさないため，トラクタの直接ヨーモーメント制御による車線維持支援システム（LKAS）を適用した．その結果，LKAS により，トラクタの横偏差とドライバの操舵負担を抑制することが可能となった．さらに，
VFC と LKAS を併用することで，多重連結車両全体の横偏差を抑制するとともに，ドライバの操舵負担も軽減できることを確認した．
キーワード：多重連結車両，ベクトルフォロー制御，アクティブ操舵，車線維持支援システム，直接ヨーモー
メント制御，ドライバモデル

Journal（掲載誌）
Vehicle System Dynamics, Vol. 58, No. 12, 1859-1872, Dec 2020.

－ 5 －Hiroshi ITOProfessor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Hiroshi Ito received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineeringfrom Kyoto University in 1981 and 1983, respectively. In 1983, he joined the
Imaging Systems Laboratory, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation just as consumer
products were being digitized, and he was engaged in algorithm development
and testing for television receivers. He has received more than 20 patents
regarding the digital separation of compound TV signals. From 1994 to 1995,
he was a visiting research assistant at the University of Maryland, MD, USA.
From 1997 to 1999, he was a senior technical staﬀ at the Advanced Television
Laboratory, Mitsubishi Electric, NJ, USA. During these periods in the US, hemainly worked on the development of algorithms for digital coding of video
signals. After coming back to Japan just as digital contents were proliferatingin the market, for several years at Mitsubishi he was engaged in digitalwatermarking research in collaboration with Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) toprotect broadcast contents, which has become his main academic interest in his
later career. Since 2008, he has been with the College of Industrial Technology,
Nihon University. His research interests include digital signal processing andinformation security. He is a member of IEICE, ITE, and IIEEJ.

Research Achievements
1) K. Togashi and H. Ito,“A Communication Method Using Serpentine Patterns and Its Application to Document Authentication,”Journal of IIEEJ, 44-3, pp. 515-520, 2015.
2) H. Ito,“Unique Indexing of Penrose Tiles and Its Application to Information-Bearing Markers,”Proc. the2020 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Medicine and Image Processing, pp. 55-59, Apr. 2020.
3) H. Ito and T. Kasezawa,“Device Dependent Information Hiding for Images,”IEICE Trans. Informationand Systems, 106-D, No. 2, pp. 195-203, Feb. 2023.
Information hiding is a research area related to content security. From ancient times, people want to keep theirprivate information secret and have invented a variety of techniques to achieve this. In the left figure below,
a beautiful pattern called Penrose tiling is shown but did you notice that a piece of information is hidden inthis pattern? Information bearing patterns like this can be used in the background of a document to verify thecontent integration. On the right, hidden information in a picture on the monitor (upper figure) appears when
the picture is printed (lower figure). This is useful for printing deterrence.

－ 6 －Published Paper

Permutation-Based Signature Generation for Spread-Spectrum
Video Watermarking
Hiroshi ITO and Tadashi KASEZAWA
Generation of secure signatures suitable for spreadspectrum video watermarking is proposed. The method embeds a message, which is a two-dimensional binary pattern, into a three-dimensional volume, such as video, by addition of a signature. The message can be a mark or a logo indicating the copyright information. The signature is generated by shuffling or
permuting random matrices along the third or time axis so that the message is extracted when they are accumulated after
demodulation by the correct key. In this way, a message is hidden in the signature having equal probability of decoding
any variation of the message, where the key is used to determine which one to extract. Security of the proposed method,stemming from the permutation, is evaluated as resistance to blind estimation of secret information. The matrix-based
permutation allows the message to survive the spatial down-sampling without sacrificing the security. The downside of
the proposed method is that it needs more data or frames to decode a reliable information compared to the conventional spread-spectrum modulation. However this is minimized by segmenting the matrices and applying permutation to
sub-matrices independently. Message detectability is theoretically analyzed. Superiority of our method in terms of robustness to blind message estimation and downsampling is verified experimentally. (Copyright(C) 2019 IEICE)
Keywords : spread-spectrum, watermarking, information hiding, permutation, blind estimation

周波数拡散型ビデオ電子透かしのための並べ替えを用いた署名生成方法
周波数拡散型のビデオ電子透かしのための安全な署名の生成方法を提案する。この方法は、ビデオなどの 3 次元
データに署名を加算することによって、2 次元のバイナリーデータであるメッセージを秘匿するものである。メッセージは、
例えば、著作権を主張するためのマークやロゴである。署名は、3 次元のランダム信号を時間軸である第 3 軸に沿ってフレーム単位に並び替えることによって生成され、この並び替えは、正しい鍵によって変調された 3 次元データをフレーム方向に積算したときにメッセージが復号されるように行われる。このようにしてあらゆるメッセージを等しい確率で署名の中に埋め込むことが可能となり、どのメッセージが埋め込まれたかはただ鍵のみに依存するようになる。並び替えに起因するこの方法の安全性は、鍵を持たない攻撃者がメッセージを推定することの困難さにより証明される。提案法は、
また、フレームのダウンサンプリングに対して頑健であり、この処理により安全性が損なわれることもない。提案法の問
題点は、従来の周波数拡散型の埋め込み方法に比べて、信頼できる情報の復号に要するデータ量（フレーム数）が増加することである。しかし、これは、3 次元データを複数のセルに区切り、セル単位に並べ替えを行うことにより緩和される。メッセージの復号精度について理論的な解析を行った。鍵を持たない攻撃者に対する安全性とダウンサンプリ
ングに対する頑健性については実験による検証を行った。

キーワード：周波数拡散、電子透かし、情報秘匿、並べ替え、鍵推定
Comments: The major contribution of this paper is to hide information with at most secrecy. In general, data hiding isalways susceptible to illegal key identification and message extraction. This is because it inevitably changes some part ofthe original data. Our paper proposes to manipulate or permute noise contained in the data so that the noise holds message
information. Since permuting noise just yields another noise, the manipulation is hard to identify. In each of the figures
below, we show from left to right, message embedded signal, extracted message with the proper key, the same with nocorrect key. Message is a small square inside. It is seen that conventional method cannot prevent illegal extraction of thehidden information

Fig. 1 Proposed Method

Fig. 2 Conventional Method

Journal（掲載誌）
IEICE Trans. Information and Systems, 102-D, No. 1, pp. 31-40, Jan. 2019

－ 7 －

Kiyozumi NIIZUMA
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Kiyozumi Niizuma is a Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University.
He received a bachelor’s degree in 1982, a master’s degree in 1984 and adoctoral degree in engineering in 2014 from Nihon University.
He has worked at Nihon University since 1989, after working for Canon Inc.
from 1984.
His main research area is electrical and electronic material engineering, especially magnetic material engineering.

Research Achievements
1) Magnetic Properties and Reliability of Fe-Based Nano-crystalline Materials by Heat Treatment in Magnetic Field, T. Magn. Soc. Jpn. Vol.6, No.1, 10-14 (2022)
2) Nitriding of Stainless Steel by RF Plasma Treatment, J. Inst. Electrostat. Jpn. Vol.45, No.5,193-198 (2021)
3) Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Oxide Thin Film Deposited on Transparent PET Film, J. Inst. Electrostat. Jpn. Vol.42, No.1, 21-26 (2018)－ 8 －Published Paper

Nitriding of Fe-Co Foil Irradiated with Nitrogen/Hydrogen-Mixture Plasma
Shota YAZAWA, Yugo NAKANO, Ryo HAGIWARA, Masato KATAGIRI,
Masayuki EGASHIRA, Yusuke KUDO, Takashi KUROIWA and Kiyozumi NIIZUMAWe tried nitriding of Fe-Co foil plasma irradiation method and examined from the view of the process to preparationand the crystal structure and magnetic property of the prepared sample. The Fe-Co foil contained Fe49.27%, Co48.8%,
V1.93%, thickness 100μm was used.
In this study, we first tried the plasma nitriding treatment in the 70%N2+30%H2 mixed gas atmosphere which was theconventional condition, and it was done in the previous research, but from the measurement result of the X-ray diffraction
and the magnetic property, the formation of the nitride substance was not confirmed. Based on this result, we proposed
to irradiate Fe-Co foil with nitrogen plasma in the 70%N2+30%H2 mixed gas atmosphere after plasma irradiation in Ar
gas atmosphere different from the conventional method. After the Ar plasma irradiation which was the proposed nitriding
treatment method, nitriding treatment was successfully performed by plasma irradiation with the 70%N2+30%H2 mixedgas, and formation ofγ-austenite was observed in addition to the Fe-Co peaks.
From the X-ray diffraction results ofγ-austenite, it was confirmed that the diffraction peak increased with increasingplasma treatment current and plasma irradiation time. From the results of the magnetic characteristics, it was confirmedthat the saturation magnetization value decreased and the coercive force increased as the plasma treatment current andplasma irradiation time increased.
The X-ray diffraction peak ofγ-austenite disappeared in the surface electropolished by about 15μm.
Keywords : Plasma treatment, Magnetic material, Permendur

窒素 / 水素混合ガスを用いたプラズマ照射による Fe-Co 箔の窒化
FeCo 箔の窒化を試みた。そして、試料の作製過程ならびに結晶構造と磁気特性の観点から検討した。
FeCo 箔は Fe49.27%, Co48.8%, V1.93% で厚さ 100μm の物を使用した。
本研究では、初めに従来の窒化方法としている 70%N2+30%H2 混合ガスを用いて窒化処理を試みた。しかし X 線回折の結果ならびに磁気特性の結果より、得られた試料には窒化物の生成は確認できなかった。
この結果より、従来の窒化処理とは異なり、70%N2+30%H2 混合ガスで窒化処理をする前に Ar ガスでプラズマ照射を施した。その結果 Ar プラズマ照射後 70%N2+30%H2 プラズマ照射により窒化することができた。
X 線回折結果より、処理された FeCo 箔にはγオーステナイトの生成が確認された。γオーステナイトの回
折ピーク強度は、プラズマ処理電流ならびに処理時間の増加に伴い増加した。磁気特性の結果より、プラズ
マ処理電流と処理時間の増加に伴い、飽和磁化は減少し保磁力は増加することが分かった。
γオーステナイトの回折ピークは、表面から約 15μm まで電解研磨すると消失した。

キーワード：プラズマ処理、磁性材料、パーメンジュール

Journal（掲載誌）
Journal of the Institute of Electrostatics Japan, Vol.44, No.1, 2-7 (2020) (in Japanese)－ 9 －Shoichi AKIBAProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering
Shoichi Akiba is a Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Collegeof Industrial Technology, Nihon University. He received his doctoral degree inengineering at Nihon University in 1994 with the thesis entitled“Study on Application of Three-Dimensional Elastic Analysis to Loading Test on Cylindrical
Molds of Pavement Materials.”Since 1994, he has been a faculty member inthe Department of Civil Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon
University. He is a member of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, the Societyof Materials Science, Japan, the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage andRural Engineering, and the Japanese Geotechnical Society. His research interests include mechanical evaluation of pavement materials, recycling of asphalt
mixture waste, effective use of industrial by-products for pavement, and pavement structural evaluation.

Research Achievements
1) Adaptability of Hydrothermal Decomposition Method for Repeated Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement, Japanese Journal of JSCE, E1, Vol.78, No.2, pp.I_18-I_24, Feb 2023.
2) Recovering and modifying effect of hydrothermal decomposition on aged bitumen, Journal of the Japan
Petroleum Institute, Vol. 63, No.2, p.79-88, Apr 2020.
3) Separation Recycling Technology for Restoring Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Journal of JSCE, Vol. 6,
No.1, pp.110-117, Dec 2018.
4) Pavement Diagnosis Using Underground Radar and FWD Test, Japanese Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 10,
No.2, pp.317-328, Jun 2015.
5) Optimum Value Search Method Using Artificial Life and Its Application to Slope Stability Analysis, Journal of Irrigation, Drainage and Reclamation Engineering, No.240, p.9-17, Dec 2005.

Abnormal signal
Abnormal signal

CavityLoosening of the ground

Abnormal signal

AquiferFig. Images detected by underground radar－ 10 －

Abnormal signal

Buried object

Published Paper

Method of Estimating Cavities below the Road Surface Using Underground
Radar and FWD Test
Shoichi AKIBA, Masakazu JOMOTO, Yosuke KANO, Masaru SHIMAZAKI and Katsumi SATO
Cavities that occur under the road surface can cause injuries, and so road administrators use underground radar to detectsuch cavities and repair those at high risk of collapse. The danger of cave-in is judged from the relationship between theextent and depth of the cavity. However, depending on the soundness of the pavement, there are cases where even small
cavities collapse. In this study, we first examined the risk of cave-ins by analyzing abnormal signal information obtainedby underground radar and the results of FWD tests that can evaluate the soundness of the pavement. As a result, abnormal
signals were classified into cavities, loose parts, and buried objects, and it was confirmed that the FWD deflection directly
above the cavities or loose parts was larger than that of a sound pavement section. However, no correlation was foundbetween the extent and depth of cavities and looseness and FWD deflection. Therefore, we assumed that the pavement directly above the cavity or looseness is an isotropic disc, and investigated a method to evaluate the risk of collapse at the location of the abnormal signal. As a result, it was suggested that the residual TA at the location of the abnormal signal may
be used as the disc thickness to roughly evaluate the risk. Furthermore, we proposed an evaluation method for prioritizing
repairs based on the depth and signal width of cavities classified by degree of risk and the soundness of the pavement.
Keywords: underground radar, FWD test, cavity investigation, cavity, loosening, soundness of pavement

地中レーダーと FWD 試験を併用した路面下空洞の評価
道路の路面下に発生した空洞の陥没は，第三者被害を引き起こす．このため，道路管理者が地中レーダーにより路面下空洞を発見し，陥没の危険性の高いものについて補修を行っている．この場合の陥没の危険性
は，空洞の広がりと深さの関係から判断している．しかしながら，舗装の健全性次第では，空洞の大きさが小さいものでも陥没する事例がある．本研究は，まず，地中レーダー探査において得られる異常信号情報と，舗装の健全性を評価可能な FWD 試験結果の分析により，陥没の危険性に関する検討を行った．その結果，異常信号は空洞，ゆるみおよび埋設物に分類され，空洞やゆるみ箇所直上の FWD たわみは健全な舗装部のたわみより大きくなることを確認した．ただし，空洞・ゆるみの広がりや深さと FWD たわみとの関係に相関性を見いだすことが不可能であった．そこで，空洞・ゆるみ直上の舗装を等方性円板と仮定し，異常信号箇所の陥没の危険性を評価する手法について検討を実施した．その結果，異常信号箇所の残存 TA を円板厚さとすることで，概ね危険性の評価が行える可能性を示唆した．さらに，危険性の大小で分類した空洞の深さおよび信号幅と舗装の健全性から，補修の優先順位の評価方法を提案した．

キーワード：地中レーダー , FWD 試験 , 空洞探査 , 空洞 , ゆるみ , 舗装の健全性

Journal（掲載誌）
Japanese Journal of JSCE, E1, Vol.71, No.3, I_135-I_143, Dec 2015
Japanese Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 10, No.2, 317-328, Jun 2015

－ 11 －

Shin YAMAGUCHI
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Shin Yamaguchi received his M. Eng. degree in civil engineering from Nihon
University and joined IHI Construction Materials Co., Ltd. in 2006. He became a Research Associate in 2010 and then an Assistant Professor in 2014
at the Department of Civil Engineering, College of Industrial Technology,
Nihon University. He has been a full-time Senior Lecturer since 2017 at thesame institution. As a member of the Department of Civil Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, he has been actively studying
low-temperature autoclave curing of silica fume-blended concrete for reducing
both environmental impact and production costs, utilizing his experience inthe production of secondary concrete products. He was awarded his Dr. Eng.
degree for his research work entitled“A Study on Low-temperature Autoclave
Curing of Silica Fume-blended Concrete”in 2013. His current research focus
is on the establishment and practical application of the technology. He is amember of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), the Japan Concrete
Institute, the Society of Inorganic Materials, Japan and the Society of Materials
Science, Japan.

Research Achievements
1) A Study on Measurement of Rheological Quantities of Fresh Concrete Using a Pipe Viscometer, Journalof The College of Industrial Technology Nihon University, No.54 vol.2 pp.1-pp.10, 2021.
2) Basic Study on the Mechanism of High Strength Development of Cement Mortar by Autoclave Curing,
Journal of The College of Industrial Technology Nihon University, No.53 vol.2 pp.11-pp.20, 2020.
3) A Study of A Method for Estimating Rheological Constants Using O Type Funnel Test Equipment, Cement Science and Concrete Technology, No.72, Vol.1pp.136-143, 2018.
My research activities have been focused mainly on two areas. One is evaluation of fluidity of concrete inpump pipes, aiming to improve the efficiency of concrete pumping. (Fig.1) The other is about reducing theenvironmental impact and achieving higher strength development during the manufacturing of autoclave-cured
high-strength concrete precast products such as underground piles. In particular, the research on autoclave
curing received grants from the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research program for fiscal years 2016-2017 and2019-2022. I will continue to study autoclave curing and centrifugal casting (Fig.2) for higher strength concrete, and further extend my research to the use of fine volcanic glass powders.

Fig.1 Pipe viscometerFig.2 Centrifugal casting－ 12 －

Research Note

Basic Study on the Mechanism of High Strength Development by Autoclave
Curing Using Cement Mortar
Shin YAMAGUCHI, Masami UZAWA and Yoshinari ITO
The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism of high strength development in high-strength concrete secondary products by autoclave curing. Using hardened cement mortar and paste exposed to extended autoclave curing,
compressive strength and porosity were measured, formation of hydrates was determined by X-ray diffractometry, andcomposition of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) was analyzed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results
showed that compressive strength was extremely low when the amount of 11 Å tobermorite formed was the maximum,
and that the cause was an increased 6-50 nm capillary porosity which increased the total porosity and coarsened the internal microstructure. This was confirmed by the finding that, the lower the CaO/SiO2 molar ratio, and thus the larger theshift toward excessive formation of the crystalline 11 Å tobermorite, the more the compressive strength decreased.
Keywords : Autoclave curing, Strength development, EPMA, C-S-H, 11 Å tobermorite

セメントモルタルを用いたオートクレーブ養生による高強度発現機構に関する基礎的研究
本研究は，高強度コンクリート二次製品を対象としたオートクレーブ養生による高強度発現機構の解明を目的とし，長時間のオートクレーブ養生を実施したモルタル硬化体を用いて，圧縮強度，細孔空隙，ならびに粉末 X 線回折による生成水和物および電子プローブマイクロアナライザ（EPMA）による C-S-H 組成に関する検討を行った。その結果，11Å Tobermorite の生成量が最大値で圧縮強度が極端に低下するとともに，これらは 6-50nm の毛細管空隙量が増大し，全空隙量が増加する内部の微細構造の粗大化が要因であることを示した。そしてこれらを裏付ける，C/S 比が低下し，結晶性の 11Å Tobermorite 生成過多の方向に進行するにしたがって，圧縮強度が低下することを示した。

キーワード：オートクレーブ養生，強度発現性，EPMA，C-S-H, 11 Å tobermorite

Journal（掲載誌）
Journal of The College of Industrial Technology Nihon University, No.53 vol.2 pp.11-pp.20, 2020.

－ 13 －

Koki KITANO
Professor, Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering
Koki Kitano is a Professor at the Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University. He
gained his B.S. at the Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University in 1991, M.S. at the
Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Graduate School ofIndustrial Technology, Nihon University in 1993, and Ph.D. from Nihon University in 2008. His main research interests include: sustainability and leisureorientation of living in terrace houses, complementary relationship between
downtown and surrounding communities, occurrence characteristics of leisureactivities in neighborhood spaces and their temporal and spatial complementarity, linkage and sustainability in community development activities of local
entities, sustainable area design and community design, resident participationin residential development, etc. He won the Minister of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism Award in the 19th Housing and Urban Development
Design Competition in 2002. He is a member of the Architectural Institute ofJapan, the Association of Urban Housing Sciences and the Tokyo Society ofArchitects & Building Engineers, among others.

Research Achievements
1) Lifestyles of Senior Residence N Offering Care Services and Relationship between Residence N and theCommunity, URBAN HOUSING SCIENCES, Vol.107, 127-132, Oct., 20192) TRENDS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELPOMENT ACTIVITIES FROM THE
STANDPOINT OF CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVITY CONTENT AND CONSCIOUSNESS OF
ACTIVITY ORGANIZATION CARRIED OUT BY NPO IN CHIBA A study on relationship and sustainability of region-based community development activities, Journal of Architecture and Planning, AIJ,
Vol.83 No.745, 465-473, Mar., 2018
3) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPERATOR CONSCIOUSNESS AND ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS
AT SHOPPING STREETS Study on sustainability of living environments in neighborhood spaces, Journal of Architecture and Planning, AIJ, Vol.82 No.742, 3113-3120, Dec., 2017
4) Characteristics of the Occurrence of Leisure Activities and the Temporal and Spatial Complementary Relationships in Neighboring Spaces from the Standpoint of Different Activity Status of Local Residents,
URBAN HOUSING SCIENCES, Vol.91, 100-105, Oct., 2015
Linkage of activity areas in community development activities (initiatives by NPOs)－ 14 －

Published Paper

TRENDS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELPOMENTACTIVITIES FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CHARACTERISTICS OF
ACTIVITY CONTENT AND CONSCIOUSNESS OF ACTIVITY
ORGANIZATION CARRIED OUT BY NPO IN CHIBA
A study on relationship and sustainability of region-based community development activities
Koki KITANO and Risa NODA
Activities related to community development are carried out throughout Japan. Since the Act on Promotion of Specified
Non-profit Activities took effect, the leading role has shifted from local governments to regions involving local residents
and experts. Moreover, the activities cover a wider range of fields. Focusing on region-based community development,
this study examines the sustainability of community development activities based on the mutual relationships amongpeople, activities, places, and time. This paper identifies trends in the activities carried out by certified NPOs in Chiba
prefecture and the characteristics of the community development activities. It also examines the sustainability of thecommunity development activities from the perspective of the consciousness of the activity organizations (operators)
that play a central part in the community development activities. As a result, the following characteristics were revealed.
The consciousness of the operators of the community development activities were studied from the aspects of the activity
purposes, the significance of the activities, and the continuation of the activities. The operators have a positive attitude
toward community development in the regions and are strongly aware of their connection with the local people in carryingout various activities involving the daily lives of the people. As a result, they have a sense that performing the community
development activities has brought about beneficial effects and results. It seems that this attitude of the operators has led
to awareness of the continuation of the community development activities. Thus, there is a tendency that the operators areaware that they will continue with the community development activities in the future while emphasizing their connection with the local residents and governments. The above findings indicate that the operators’
consciousness and thoughts
about the people (primarily local residents), activities, and places (regions) will continue to greatly affect the sustainability of community development activities in the future.
Keywords: Community Development Activities, Sustainability, Activity Organization, Non-Profit Organization,
Citizen Participation

活動内容の特性と活動組織の意識からみた
千葉県の NPO 法人におけるまちづくり活動の動向と持続性について
地域主体のまちづくり活動における連関性と持続性に関する研究
まちづくりに関連した活動は全国各地で展開され，特定非営利活動促進法が施行されて以降，これまでの行政主導から地域居住者や専門家を含み込む地域主体の活動へと変化し，活動内容は多種多様である。本研究は，地域主体で行われるまちづくり活動に視座を置き，人・活動・空間・時間の相互関係に基づいたまちづくり活動の持続性に関する知見を得ることを目的としている。本稿では，千葉県の認証 NPO を対象として，NPO が行っている活動の動向とまちづくり活動の特性を明らかにすると共に，まちづくり活動の担い手である活動組
織（運営者）の意識構造からまちづくり活動の持続性について検証し，以下の知見を得た。まちづくり活動に対する運営者の意識に関して，活動目的，活動意義，活動の継承性の側面から検証した結果，地域のまちづくりに対する向上的な意識や日常生活を含み込む種々の活動を行うにあたり地域の人との結びつきを強く意識する運営者がまちづくり活動を行う目的として位置付けており，活動を行うことで地域に対して有益な効果・成果をもたらしている実感を得ていることが明らかになった。これらの運営者の意識がまちづくり活動の継承性への意識に繋がっていると考えられ，運営者は今後も地域居住者や行政との結びつきを重要視しながらまちづ
くり活動を継承していく意識がある傾向がみられた。以上のことから，人（主に地域居住者），活動，空間（地域）に対する運営者の意識や想いが今後もまちづくり活動の持続性に大きく関わると考える。

キーワード：まちづくり活動，持続性，活動組織，NPO 法人，市民参加

Journal（掲載誌）
Journal of Architecture and Planning, AIJ, Vol. 83 No. 745, 465-473, Mar., 2018

－ 15 －

Noritaka MOROHASHI
Professor, Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering
Noritaka Morohashi is a Professor at the Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University.
He graduated from the College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University
in 1986 and received his Master’s degree from Nihon University in 1988. Hereceived his Ph.D. degree from Nihon University in 2003 after working there
as a research associate. He studied at Columbia University in the City of New
York, U.S.A., as a visiting scholar for one year in 2009 as a long-term overseas
research fellow of Nihon University. His research interests include ductility
improvement of reinforced concrete structures, bond strength of lap splices andanchors, and the use of recycled aggregate concrete for reinforced concrete
structures. Recently, he has developed a composite slab, which is a composite structure of reinforced concrete and cross laminated timber (CLT). He is amember of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), the American Concrete
Institute (ACI), and the Japan Concrete Institute (JCI). He is also a member of
the Structural Diagnosis Guidance Committee of the Japan Greenhouse Institutional Horticulture Association.

Research Achievements
1) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ADHESIVE INTEGRATION OF CONCRETE AND PLYWOOD
USING EPOXY RESIN ADHESIVES FOR BOND, Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, Vol.45,
No.2, 1057-1062, Jul. 2023.
2) FLEXURAL SHEAR EXPERIMENT OF CAST-IN-PLACE PILE USING LOW QUALITY RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE WITH VINYLON FIBER, AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, Vol.28,
No.70, 1218-1223, Oct. 2022.
3) Effects of Shear Connectors on Flexural Properties of RC-CLT Composite Slab, Journal of Advanced
Concrete Technology, Vol.19, 1162-1172, Nov. 2021.
4) An Experimental Study on the Bending Performance of Composite Slabs Consisting of Reinforced Concrete and Cross Laminated Timber Joined with Shear Connectors, Concrete Research and Technology,
Vol.32, 13-23, Jan. 2021.
5) PULL-OUT RESISTANCE OF POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS WITH CRACKS REPAIRED BYEPOXY RESIN, Fifth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies,
264-276, Jul. 2019.

↑ Photo 1 Throwing Vinylon Fiber into Recycled Aggregate
Concrete Agitator Truck← Photo 2 Testing Method of Flexural Shear Properties of Cast-in-place Pile
using Recycled Aggregate Concrete－ 16 －

Published Paper

FLEXURAL SHEAR EXPERIMENT OF CAST-IN-PLACE PILE
USING LOW QUALITY RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
WITH VINYLON FIBER
Noritaka MOROHASHI and Atsuhisa OGAWA
The Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) published a Recommendation for Mix Design, Production and Construction
Practice of Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate in October 2014 to present more specific methods of using recycled aggregate concrete with recycled aggregate classes H to L for building applications. In consideration of establishinga sustainable recycling system, this study focused on recycled aggregate class L, which has the lowest quality among
recycled aggregates, and investigated the flexural shear properties of cast-in-place pile. In general, concrete with low
quality recycled aggregate class L is not completely devoid of the mortar attached to the original aggregate included in
the recycled aggregate. It has been reported that concrete with low quality recycled aggregate at a high substitution rate
shows a higher drying shrinkage percentage and a higher number of drying shrinkage cracks. Another report revealed
that normal concrete can be reinforced with vinylon fibers to have higher crack dispersibility. Based on these reports, it
was decided to apply recycled aggregate concrete with the addition of vinylon fibers for the purpose of reducing drying
shrinkage cracks in concrete with recycled aggregate class L, to cast-in-place pile. As the result, drying shrinkage cracks
was slightly generated in low quality recycled aggregate concrete cast-in-place pile. The load carrying capacity of thecast-in-place pile was increased by the vinylon fiver under flexural shear experiment. Both cast-in-place pile normal concrete and low quality recycled aggregate concrete, load carrying capacity maintained until final acting load.
Keywords : Low quality recycled aggregate concrete, Vinylon fiber, Cast-in-place pile, Flexural shear experiment,
Drying shrinkage rate, Drying shrinkage crack

低品質再生骨材コンクリートにビニロン繊維を添加した
場所打ちコンクリート杭の曲げせん断実験
再生骨材 H から再生骨材 L までを用いた再生骨材コンクリートを建築物に利用する場合のより具体的な方法を示すため，2014 年 10 月に「再生骨材を用いるコンクリートの設計・製造・施工指針（案）」が日本建築学会から発行された。本研究では持続可能なリサイクルのシステムを構築することを考慮して再生骨材のなかで最も品質の低い再生骨材 L に着目し場所打ちコンクリート杭の曲げせん断性状について検討を行った。
低品質な再生骨材 L を用いたコンクリートは再生骨材内の原骨材に付着するモルタル分が充分に除去されていないため，置換率が大きい場合には再生骨材コンクリートの乾燥収縮率が大きくなるとともに乾燥収
縮ひび割れの本数が増加することが報告されている。本研究では，普通コンクリートにおいてひび割れ分散性がビニロン繊維による補強により優れるとの報告があることから，再生骨材 L を用いたコンクリートの
乾燥収縮ひび割れの改善を目的としてビニロン繊維を添加した低品質再生骨材コンクリートを場所打ちコン
クリート杭に適用することとした。
低品質再生骨材コンクリートにビニロン繊維を添加した場所打ちコンクリート杭の曲げせん断実験を行った結果，低品質再生骨材コンクリートの試験体には乾燥収縮ひび割れの発生が僅かに認められた。曲げせん
断実験下においてビニロン繊維を添加することで試験体は耐荷力の上昇が認められた。普通コンクリートおよび低品質再生骨材コンクリートの試験体ともに最終加力荷重まで耐荷力は維持することができた。

キーワード：低 品質再生骨材コンクリート，ビニロン繊維，場所打ちコンクリート杭，曲げせん断実験，
乾燥収縮率，乾燥収縮ひび割れ

Journal（掲載誌）
AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, Vol.28, No.70, pp.1218-1223, Oct. 2022.

－ 17 －

Ayumi KASHIWADA
Professor, Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry
Ayumi Kashiwada is a Professor at the Department of Applied Molecular
Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University. He received
his B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees from the Nagoya Institute of Technology
in 1994, 1996, and 2000, respectively. Dr. Kashiwada worked at the Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture from 2000 to 2002, and thenmoved to Nihon University. In 2009, he was a visiting researcher at the Free
University of Berlin where he focused on de novo design of synthetic peptides. His main research field is biomimetic chemistry. Recently, he has been researching the construction of target-selective liposomal drug delivery systems.
He is a member of the Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ), the Society of Polymer
Science, Japan (SPSJ), and the Japanese Peptide Society (JPS).

Research Achievements
1) Design and Construction of pH-Selective Self-Lytic Liposome System, Processes, 8, 1526, 2020.
2) Self-assembled 2D patterns of structural isomers in isobutenyl compounds revealed by STM at solid/
liquid interface, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 537, 580-590, 2018.
3) pH-Dependent membrane lysis by using melittin-inspired designed peptides, Organic & Biomolecular
Chemistry, 14, 6281-6288, 2016.

Our Work: Liposome Engineering for Designing Drug Delivery System (DDS) Vehicles－ 18 －

Published Paper

Design and Construction of pH-Selective Self-Lytic Liposome System
Ayumi KASHIWADA, Kana NAMIKI and Haruka MORIThis paper describes the design of membrane lytic peptides inspired by Melittin which is one of the most investigatedlytic peptides and is composed of a hydrophobic helix forming segment and a cationic segment. Lytic peptides have avariety of functions including membrane disruption, fusion, and self-defense activities. Their functionalities are attractive
for designing novel antibiotics and bio-surfactants. Moreover, biological stimulus selective peptides are expected to beefficiently utilized in drug or gene delivery systems. In this study, we developed an artificial lytic peptide (LP) that has 26
amino acid residues composed of a helix-promoting hydrophobic segment (Leu-Ala repetitive sequence) and a cationicsegment from Melittin. In the presence of liposomes consisted of L-α-phosphatidylcholine, LP interacts with liposomal
surfaces first and forms a hydrophobic helix in the lipid bilayer. It is considered from this behavior that LP can perturb theliposomal membrane and exhibit a membrane lytic activity over a wide pH range. In order to provide LP with an endosomal pH-selective membrane-lytic activity, we have also designed weakly acidic pH-selective lytic peptides. Our concept
is to design the pH-selective peptides with a hydrophobic helical segment of LP, and so we replaced Leu residues in thehydrophobic segment with Glu residues. Substituting with Glu is expected to cause a structural change from a hydrophilic
random coil at neutral pH to a hydrophobic helix in an acidic pH range. This structural change should have a crucial effecton the membrane-lytic activity of the designed peptide. From the results of a well-established fluorophore-leakage assay
with EggPC liposomes, especially, LPE with a hydrophobic segment in which three Leu residues were replaced by Glu
residues exhibited an acidic pH-selective membrane-lytic activity. Thus, we consider that LPE is an ideal lytic peptide
and hopeful drug release tool for liposomal drug delivery systems. This approach may open new avenues to gain a deeper
understanding of peptide－lipid interactions and their role in cell biological and pathological processes, and may yield
new strategies for therapeutic applications.
Keywords : membrane lytic peptide, liposome, drug delivery system

pH 選択的自己崩壊リポソーム系の設計と構築
本論文は西洋ミツバチ毒由来のメリチンを模倣した人工膜透過ペプチドの設計と薬物内封リポソームからの薬物放出デバイスとしての利用可能性について述べている。メリチンは最も研究されている膜透過ペプチドの 1 つであり，疎水性ヘリックス形成セグメントとカチオン性セグメントから構成されている。本研究では，メリチンの疎水性セグメントを単純化したロイシン - アラニン反復配列とメリチン独自のカチオン性セグメントで構成される 26 アミノ酸残基からなる人工膜
透過ペプチド（LP）を基本ペプチドとして設計した。 L-α- ホスファチジルコリンから形成されたリポソームの存在下で，LP は広い pH 範囲で良好な膜透過活性を示した。そこで，LP の膜透過活性にエンドソーム pH 選択性，すなわち弱酸性 pH 選択的を有する膜透過ペプチドも設計した。われわれの設計指針は LP の疎水性ヘリックスセグメントに pH
選択性を与えることである。すなわち，疎水性セグメントのロイシン残基をグルタミン酸残基に置換したペプチドを新規に設計した。グルタミン酸への置換は，中性 pH での親水性ランダムコイルから酸性 pH 範囲での疎水性ヘリックスへの構造変化に寄与することが期待される。リポソームを用いた種々の評価の結果から，特に，3 つのロイシン残基がグルタミン酸残基に置換された LPE が顕著な弱酸性 pH 選択的な膜透過活性を示した。以上の結果は，人工ペプチド
LPE がリポソームを用いた薬物送達系における有用な薬物放出ツールとなりうる可能性を示している。
キーワード：膜透過ペプチド，リポソーム，ドラッグデリバリーシステム

Journal（掲載誌）
Processes Vol. 8, 1526, Nov 2020－ 19 －

Yuji KIMURA
Associate Professor, Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry
Yuji Kimura is an Associate Professor at the Department of Applied Molecular
Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University. He earned
his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in engineering from Nihon University in2004 and 2006, respectively, and his Ph.D. in engineering from Nihon University in 2013. From 2006 to 2009, he was a manufacturing engineer at Shinko
Electric Industries Co., Ltd. From 2009 to 2010, he was a researcher at the
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). His
main research fields are polymer properties and polymer composite materials.
He also conducts research on micro plastics. Dr. Kimura is a member of the
Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ) and the Society of Polymer Science, Japan(SPSJ).

Research Achievements
1) Gelation and anomalous viscosity dynamics in aqueous dispersions of synthetic hectorite, NPG Asia Materials, 27, 14, 2022.
2) New Aqueous Solutions with Lower Viscosities than Water, Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan,
94(4), 1185-1191, 2021.
3) Functionalization of halloysite nanotube with poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and their application to adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium, Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan,
44(50C), 171-176, 2019.
4) Reversible generation of large retractive tensile forces in isometric chemo-mechanical actuators composed of nanocomposite hydrogels and aqueous NaCl solutions, Soft Matter, 14(6), 927-933, 2018.
5) Clay－Alcohol－Water Dispersions: Anomalous Viscosity Changes Due to Network Formation of Clay
Nanosheets Induced by Alcohol Clustering, Langmuir, 33(19), 4758-4768, 2017.

Fig.1 Schematic representations of the crystal structure of clay (hectorite) and the exfoliation states of clay nanosheets in water.

－ 20 －

Published Paper

Gelation and Anomalous Viscosity Dynamics in Aqueous Dispersionsof Synthetic Hectorite
Yuji KIMURA, Shoichi SHIMIZU and Kazutoshi HARAGUCHIIn this paper, we report on the microstructural changes induced by the addition of various solvents to exfoliated clay
nanosheets of synthetic hectorite. Synthetic hectorite is used to develop advanced functional materials and gels that exhibit many unprecedented properties, such as transparency and high mechanical toughness. Synthetic hectorite aqueous
dispersions were prepared and viscosity measurements were conducted when various solvents were added. In this study,measurements were made under agitated and static conditions of synthetic hectorite aqueous solutions with a vibration
viscometer. When various solvents were added and the pH was varied, the synthetic hectorite aqueous dispersion showedmaximum viscosity with gelation. Viscosity dynamics also varied with the types of clay and additives used, as well aswith temperature and agitation conditions. From these results, we infer that the anomalous viscosity dynamics is a phenomenon in multi-component dispersion systems containing exfoliated clay nanosheets.
Keywords: clay, clay nanosheet, synthetic hectorite, viscosity

合成ヘクトライト水分散液におけるゲル化と異常な粘度変化
本研究では，合成ヘクトライト水分散液への各種溶媒を添加し，分散液中の微細構造の変化について報告した。合成ヘクトライトの剥離クレイナノシートは，透明性や機械的強靭性が高く，さらに光学異方性や自己修復性などの様々な特性もあることから，これまでにない多くの特性を示す高度な機能性材料やゲルの合成に用いられている。前述のように多方面で用いられている材料であり，合成ヘクトライト水分散液のレオ
ロジー特性を，分散液中に形成されるクレイナノシートの微細構造から推定することは重要である。本研究においては，合成ヘクトライト水分散液の粘度変化を振動粘度計を用いて攪拌および静置条件下での粘度測定を行った。pH や塩濃度を変化させると，合成ヘクトライト水分散液はゲル化をともなう最大粘度を示した。
さらに，最大粘度を示した水分散液は、撹拌停止後の静置状態において、大きく複雑な時間依存性の粘度変化を示した。この異常な粘度ダイナミクスは，粘土の種類，酸（塩），温度，撹拌条件などによって変化した。
また，粘度ダイナミクスの異常は，クレイナノシートを含む多成分分散系における一般的な現象であることが推察された。

キーワード：粘土鉱物，クレイナノシート，合成ヘクトライト，粘度

Journal（掲載誌）
NPG Asia Materials Vol. 27, 14, 2022

－ 21 －

Koichi MURATA
Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
Koichi Murata is a Professor at the Department of Industrial Engineering &Management, and the Director of Operations and Production Management Laboratory, College and Graduate Schools of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Japan. He also worked as a visiting scholar in the School of Arts & Humanities, the University of Huddersfield, the UK in 2023. His research interests include operations & production management, industrial engineering, knowledgescience, management of technology, lean management and others. Dr. Murata
is an Editorial Board Member of various international journals, an Advisory
Board Member in international conferences, and has published articles in international academic journals such as Sustainability, International Journal of
Production Research (IJPR), International Journal of Industrial Engineering:
Theory, Applications and Practice (IJIETAP), Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan (JORSJ). He is also a consultant to private companies
and a lecturer for the Global South such as India, Indonesia, and Africa.

Research Achievements
1) Koichi Murata, Internal mechanisms framework of lean implementation using the visual management
systems, International Journal of Industrial Management (IJIM), Vol. 9, pp. 1-14, January, 2021
2) Ren, R. and Murata, K., Understanding the Trend of Scientific Productivity Analysis: Literature Review
of Relevant Papers, 8 pages, Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Engineering and Information Technology for Sustainable Industry (ICONETSI2022), September 21-22, 2022.
3) Ohara, R. and Murata, K., Analyzing Structural Loss of Sustainable Distillation Process by Material Flow
Cost Accounting, Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Engineering and Information
Technology for Sustainable Industry (ICONETSI2020), 6 pages, Swiss German University, Tangerang,
Indonesia, 28-29 September, 2020.
4) Feng, Y. and Murata, K., Exploring Characteristic of Visual Management as Lean Toolbox in Construction
Worksite of Apartment House, Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Engineering and Information Technology for Sustainable Industry (ICONETSI2020), 6 pages, Swiss German University,
Tangerang, Indonesia, 28-29 September, 2020.
5) Murata, K., On the Role of Industrial Engineering in the COVID-19 Era, Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Engineering and Information Technology for Sustainable Industry, 5 pages, Swiss
German University, Tangerang, Indonesia, 28-29 September, 2020.

－ 22 －

Published Paper

Workshop for Learning Visual Management in Japan: A Report
Koichi MURATA
This paper provides a report regarding a visual management workshop conducted for business persons in Japan from
September to December 2022. The aim of the workshop was to aid the participants in solving their problems via the visual
management theory developed. Based on literature review, recent research trends pertaining to visual management showthat the concept has disseminated widely. Nonetheless, the presence of various related studies with different contexts
suggests the insufficient understanding of the concept. Hence, academics must endeavour to explain the details of visual
management in a unified manner such that it can be applied more effectively. The purpose of this study is to address
such issues based on the workshop above, as well as to describe and discuss the state of the workshop. For the study,
the plan–do–check–action (PDCA) cycle, which is a well-established problem-solving process used in various fields, isapplied. This paper summarises the workshop based on four categories: planning, implementation, evaluation, and discussion (based on the PDCA cycle). Data obtained from the workshop include relevant materials, observations from theworkshop, as well as interviews with the participants. The conclusions obtained are as follows: First, participants fromvarious industries with their respective issues can participate in the workshop. Second, the outcome of the workshop, i.e.,
the understanding that visual management connects people, instead of being a tool, is recognised by all the participants.
Keywords : Visual management, lean education, workshop, PDCA cycle

日本における見える化を学ぶワークショップについて
本研究では、日本で行われた見える化のワークショップについて報告する。このワークショップは社会人向けに 2022 年の 9 月から 12 月に開催されている。ワークショップを主催した研究室で開発された見える化の理論を用いて参加者の課題を自ら解決できることを目指している。文献研究により、見える化について近年の研究動向を眺めてみると、その概念が浸透していることが伺える。一方で、様々な研究があるということは、その理解が不安定であることも垣間見える。このような課題について、見える化についての理解を統一的に説明し、よりよく利用してもらうための努力が学術界においても必要である。このような課題に対する試みとして、上述のワークショップを位置づけ、その様子を記述し考察することを本研究の目的とする。
研究手順は、広い分野で知られている問題解決プロセスの PDCA（Plan, Do, Check, and Action）サイクルを援用する。本稿では、この 4 つのステップにそって、ワークショップを企画、実施、評価、考察の 4 つに構成する。そして、ワークショップの観察、参加者へのインタビューやアンケートなどを通してワークショップに関する情報を収集する。得られた結論は次の 2 点である。1 点目は、多様な業種の参加者がそれぞれの問
題認識を持ちながら、見える化のワークショップに参加できるということである。2 点目は、見える化とはツールである前に、人と人をつなぐものであるという理解が参加者全体の共通理解として浸透していること
が、ワークショップの成果であったということである。

キーワード：見える化，リーン教育，ワークショップ，PDCA サイクル

Journal（掲載誌）
Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31), 620–628,
doi.org/10.24928/2023/0118.

－ 23 －

Yohei KAKIMOTO
Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
Yohei Kakimoto is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University,
Japan. He received his B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees from Nagaoka Universityof Technology, Japan in 2016 and 2018, respectively, and Ph.D. degree in engineering from Nihon University, Japan in 2023. He was a research assistant in
the Networking and Multimedia Course, College of Science and Engineering,
Kanto Gakuin University, from 2020 to 2021, then moved to Nihon University
in 2021. His major research field is the application of mathematical optimization for social simulations forming complex systems and modeling for facility
locations on traffic road networks. He received the IEOM Poster Competition
Award at the 9th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (2019) and Best Presentation Award at the 15th International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control (2021).
Dr. Kakimoto is a member of the Operations Research Society of Japan (ORSJ).

Research Achievements
1) Fast screening framework for infection control scenario identification, Mathematical Biosciences andEngineering, 19(12), pp.12316-12333, 2022.
2) Rest-area location model for time-driven demands to the expend buffer time of freight vehicles, International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 18(1), pp.15-28, 2022.
3) Impact of removal strategies of stay-at-home orders on the number of COVID-19 infectors and people
leaving their homes, International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 17(3),pp.1055-1065, 2021.
4) SIR model-based verification of effect of COVID-19 contact-confirming application (COCOA) on reducing infectors in Japan, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 18(5), pp.6506-6526, 2021.
5) Optimal location model of electric vehicle charging facility based on the flow-capturing location-allocation
model –Case study by using the data of road network of Bangkok, Thailand, Journal of Computations andModelling, 8(2), pp.111-136, 2018.

－ 24 －

Published Paper

Fast screening framework for infection control scenario identification
Yohei KAKIMOTO, Yuto OMAE, Jun TOYOTANI, and Hirotaka TAKAHASHI
Due to the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease, many recent studies have investigated prediction methods for
infectious disease transmission. This paper proposes a framework to quickly screen infection control scenarios and identify the most effective scheme for reducing the number of infected individuals. Analytical methods, as typified by the
SIR model, can conduct trial-and-error verification with low computational costs; however, they must be reformulated to
introduce additional constraints, and thus are inappropriate for case studies considering detailed constraint parameters. In
contrast, multi-agent system (MAS) simulators introduce detailed parameters but incur high computation costs per simulation, making them unsuitable for extracting effective measures. Therefore, we propose a framework that implements
an MAS for constructing a training dataset, and then trains a support vector regression (SVR) model to obtain effective
measure results. The proposed framework overcomes the weaknesses of conventional methods to produce effective control measure recommendations. The constructed SVR model was experimentally verified by comparing its performanceon datasets with expected and unexpected outputs. Although datasets producing an unexpected output decreased the prediction accuracy, by removing randomness from the training dataset, the accuracy of the proposed method was still highin these cases. High-precision predictions of the MAS-based simulation output were obtained for both test datasets inunder one second of the computational time. Furthermore, the experimental results establish that the proposed framework
can obtain intuitively correct outputs for unknown inputs, and produces sufficiently high-precision prediction with lower
computation costs than an existing method.
Keywords : multi-agent system, support vector regression, infection control, social simulation

感染拡大を抑制する高速なシナリオ選定のための枠組み
本研究では Multi-agent system（MAS）と機械学習モデルを用いた感染症伝搬を予測するための枠組みを提案する。2019 年 12 月以降新型コロナウイルス感染症の出現により、感染拡大抑制のための施策効果を検証する手法に関する研究が盛んに行われている。SIR モデルに代表される解析的手法は、複数の施策に対する検証を低い計算コストで試行錯誤的に行うことができるが、多くの制約やパラメータを考慮する必要がある場合には、その都度再定式化が必要となり、詳細な検証を行うことが難しい。一方、MAS によるシミュ
レータは、詳細な制約やパラメータの導入が可能であるが、シミュレーションごとの計算コストが高く、多くの施策の中から効果的な施策を抽出するには不向きである。
そこで本研究では、複雑性を有する大規模な空間を想定した社会において高速に多数の入力構成に対する出力を予測するための枠組みを提案する。具体的には、社会に対して検証したい多数の施策の中から、効果的な施策を選定するための枠組みを、MAS によるシミュレータと機械学習モデルの一つである SVR を組み合わせて実現する。また，提案した枠組みにより構築した SVR モデルの予測精度と学習用データセットにおける出力の収束性に着目し、その関係について検証を行った。その結果、提案した枠組みは不確実性に対してロバストで高精度な予測ができることが確認された。

キーワード：multi-agent system, support vector regression, 感染抑制 , 社会シミュレーション

Journal（掲載誌）
Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 19(12), pp.12316-12333, 2022.
doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022574－ 25 －

Masayuki ARAI
Professor, Department of Mathematical Information Engineering
Masayuki Arai is a Professor at the Department of Mathematical Information
Engineering, College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University. Dr. Arai
received his B.E, M.E, and Ph.D degrees in 1999, 2001, and 2005, respectively,
all from Tokyo Metropolitan University, where he worked as Research Associate and then Assistant Professor from 2001 to 2013. In 2013 he moved to Nihon
University, where he has been working as Assistant Professor from 2013 to2016 and as Associate Professor from 2016 to 2021. His research topics include
dependable computing, VLSI testing, and distributed systems. Dr. Arai hasserved on the organizing committees of several international conferences, including IEEE PRDC 2012/2019/2024, IEEE ATS 2008/2012/2016/2021/2025,
and IEEE ITC-Asia 2019/2023/2025. He received the 2020 Best Paper Honorable Mention Award from IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing
in 2021, and the 2021 Best Paper Award from the IEEE Reliability Society
Japan Joint Chapter in 2022. He is a member of IEEE and IEICE.

Research Achievements
1) Toward Improvement and Evaluation of Reconstruction Capability of CapsNet-Based Wafer Map DefectPattern Classifier, The 7th IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-ASIA 2023), Paper 4.1, Sep.
2023.
2) Layout Feature Extraction using CNN Classification in Root Cause Analysis of LSI Defects, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol 34, No. 2, pp. 153-160, May 2021.
3) CNN-based Layout Segment Classification for Analysis of Layout-induced Failures, IEEE Transactions
on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 597-605, Nov. 2020.

CapsNet-based Wafer Map Defect Pattern Classifier－ 26 －

Layout Feature Extraction Flow using CNN

Published Paper

Layout Feature Extraction using CNN Classificationin Root Cause Analysis of LSI Defects
Yoshikazu NAGAMURA, Koji ARIMA, Masayuki ARAI, and Satoshi FUKUMOTO
Root cause analysis (RCA) of failures is mandatory to obtain the reliability and productivity of LSIs. Although analyzing
layout-induced defects is crucial to optimize design rules and to predict unknown defects, it is a challenging task due tothe difficulty in explaining the relationship between defects and circuit layouts. We applied convolutional neural networks(CNNs) to classify LSI layout images to perform the RCA of layout-induced defects in a previous study. However, due
to the low resolution of images, actual defect positions were not clearly distinguished. In the present study, we use image
clips of different sizes and resolutions for the CNN classification. Experimental results indicate that the validity of theextracted layout features depends on the resolution of image clips. Using the visual explanation technique GradCAM++,the features of defective layouts can be accurately captured in local areas when CNN models are trained on smaller image clips with higher resolution. These layout features included a group of patterns with their surroundings. Conversely,
utilizing smaller-size clips deteriorates the classification accuracy due to the incorporation of less information from theimages. In the conducted experiments, even in the case of using smaller clips, acceptable performance (the detection rateof defect positions DTR ≅ 90%, and the risk-image classification rate RCR ≅ 10%) can be obtained by increasing the sizeof training datasets. Partial layouts extracted as features of defective layouts can then be used in RCA and in designing
future products.
Keywords : CNN, Design for manufacturing, Failure analysis, Feature extraction, Image classification, Machine learning,
Neural networks

LSI 欠陥の根本原因解析のための CNN 分類に基づくレイアウト画像特徴抽出
LSI における欠陥の根本原因解析（Root Cause Analysis: RCA）は，信頼性および生産性の向上のために重要な技術である．特に，レイアウト起因欠陥の原因解析はデザインルールの最適化および未知不良の予測のために重要であるが，発生した欠陥とレイアウトの間の関連を説明することは大変困難である．先行研究として，我々は畳込みニューラルネットワーク（CNN）を用いて欠陥を含む LSI レイアウト画像の分類を行
い，その結果に基づいてレイアウト起因欠陥の RCA を行う手法について提案した．しかし，主として入力
画像が低解像度であったことに由来して，先行研究においては欠陥位置を正確に特定することができなかった．本論文では，異なる複数の画像サイズおよび解像度のレイアウト部分画像を用いて欠陥特徴抽出を行う
手法について検討する．実験結果から，抽出されるレイアウト欠陥特徴の精度は画像の解像度に依存することが明らかとなった．特徴可視化ツールである GradCAM++ を用いて欠陥位置の特徴を観測した結果，CNN
モデルの学習時により小さいサイズのレイアウト部分画像を使用した場合に，より正確に欠陥画像の特徴が抽出されることが判った．これらの欠陥特徴は，ある特定の種類のセルと，その周囲のセルの間の特定の画像パターンの組合せとして観測された．一方，小さいサイズのレイアウト画像を使用した場合，欠陥の有無の分類精度は低下した．これは，小さいサイズの画像からは入手可能な情報が限定されるためと考えられる．
総合的な結果として，小さいサイズの部分画像を用いた場合でも，多量の学習用データを用いることによって実用的な性能（欠陥位置検出率（DTR）≅ 90%，リスク画像分類精度（RCR）≅ 10%）を得られることが判った．今後，欠陥の特徴を持つとして分類されたレイアウト部分画像に対して RCA を適用し，将来の製品の設計に生かすことが期待される．

キーワード：CNN，製造容易化設計，故障解析，特徴抽出，画像分類，機械学習，ニューラルネットワーク

Journal（掲載誌）
IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol 34, No. 2, pp. 153-160, May 2021.

－ 27 －

Daisuke URAGAMI
Professor, Department of Mathematical Information Engineering
Daisuke Uragami is a Professor at the Department of Mathematical Information
Engineering, College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University. He received
his B.Sc. in Physics from Kobe University in 2000, M.S. in Earth and Planetary
Science in 2002 and Ph.D. in Informatics and Mathematics in 2007 from Kobe
University. His research field is complex and intelligent systems, which is aconcept or method to renew existing artificial intelligence (AI), inspired byinformation processing in life, humans, and society. Dr. Uragami is particularlyinterested in“internal measurement,”which is a science that focuses on the factthat you and I live in this world. He also specializes in applications of latticetheory, which is an algebra that can deal with both quality and quantity. Dr.
Uragami is a member of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (JSAI),
the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE), the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (JCSS) and the Society for Cocreationology.

Research Achievements
1) セルオートマトンによる複雑知能システムの実装, 人工知能 37(6), 708-715, 2022.
2) Universal Criticality in Reservoir Computing Using Asynchronous Cellular Automata, Complex Systems
31(1), 103-121, 2022.
3) 『セルオートマトンによる知能シミュレーション: 天然知能を実装する』
オーム社, 2021.
4) Universal Emergence of 1/f Noise in Asynchronously Tuned Elementary Cellular Automata, Complex
Systems 27(4), 399-414, 2018.
5) Robotic Action Acquisition with Cognitive Biases in Coarse-grained State Space, BioSystems 145, 41-52,
2016.

－ 28 －

Published Book

Intelligence Simulation with Cellular Automata–Implementing Natural-Born Intelligence–
Daisuke URAGAMI and Yukio-Pegio GUNJI
This book explains how to simulate everything from logic gates, the most fundamental part of a computer, to reservoir
computing, the most advanced machine learning technology in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), in the matrix worldof zeros and ones called cellular automata. This may make some readers imagine a tasteless world of AI, but the worldview developed in this book is quite different. This book focuses on the implementation of natural-born intelligence, aconcept/method that surpasses artificial intelligence and fully affirms the fact that we are alive here and now.
Keywords: cellular automata, reservoir computing, AI, natural-born intelligence

セルオートマトンによる知能シミュレーション－天然知能を実装する－
本書は，コンピュータの最も基礎的な部分である論理ゲートから，人工知能（AI）の分野における最先端の機械学習技術であるリザバー計算までを，セルオートマトンという０と１のマトリックスの世界の中でシミュレーションする方法を解説したものです．そう言われると AI 万歳の無味乾燥な世界を想像する読者がいるかもしれませんが，本書で展開される世界観は，それとは全く異なります．本書の主題は“天然知能”という，人工知能を凌駕する，我々が今・ここに生きているということを全面的に肯定する，そのような概念＝方法を実装することです．
本書の特徴は，教科書という体裁をとりつつも，内容の半分以上が著者らのオリジナルな研究成果によるものであることです．そのような意味で，本書は数多くある人工知能関連書籍の中でも類をみないものであります．一方で，予備知識なしで本書を読み進められるように，本書の理解に必要な基礎知識は全て本書の中で解説してあります．本書が想定する読者は，大学初年次程度の学生から研究者や社会人まで，いわゆる文系や理系を問わず，あらゆるバックグラウンドをもつ方々です．セルオートマトンそれ自体は小学生でもわかるぐらい簡単なものです．
本書のもう一つの特徴は，浦上と郡司という二人の著者による共著であることです．両者の関係を例えると，郡司が「稲妻」であるならば浦上は「避雷針」になることを心掛けました．郡司のアイデアを正面から受け止め，できるだけ平易に言い換え，誰もが利用可能な道具として読者に提供することが浦上の役割です．
読者の中には郡司の別の著作を手にして，その難解さに「感電」してしまった方もいるかもしれません．そのような人にこそ本書をお勧めしたいです．もちろん，郡司の著作を初めて読む人にとっても，本書は最初に読む本としてふさわしいものです．

キーワード：セルオートマトン，リザバーコンピューティング，人工知能，天然知能

Bibliographic Information（書誌情報）
オーム社 (2021/11/26), ISBN: 978-4274227820－ 29 －

Kazuhiro AKIHAMA
Professor, Department of Sustainable Engineering
Kazuhiro AKIHAMA is a Professor at the Department of Sustainable Engineering, College of Industrial Technology of Nihon University. Dr. Akihama
received his B.L.A. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Toyohashi
University of Technology in 1982, and his M.S. in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering from Toyohashi University of Technology in 1984. He received aDr. Eng. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Nagoya University in 1994.
Dr. Akihama worked for Toyota Central Research and Development Labs., Inc.
(TCRDL) from 1984 to 2013, where his major research topics were laser diagnostics (CARS, LIF, etc.) of combustion, numerical simulation of soot formation, advanced fuel, and engine combustion. After retiring in 2013, he moved
to Nihon University to expand his modeling knowledge of soot formation, andlaser diagnostics. He is a member of the Combustion Society of Japan, theJapan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) and the Society of Automotive
Engineers of Japan (JSAE). He is a JSME Fellow and JSAE Fellow Engineer.

Research Achievements
1) Reduced Soot Formation Model for Gasoline Surrogate Fuel, Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Vol.53, No.2, 340-346, 2022 (in Japanese)
2) Mechanism of the Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion by Reducing Temperature, SAE Transactions,Vol.110, Section 3: Journal of Engines, 648-662, 2001
3) Microstructure of diesel soot particles probed by electron microscopy: First observation of inner core andouter shell, Combustion and Flame, Vol.108, Issues:1-2, 231-234, 1997
4) An Investigation of High Load (Compression Ignition) Operation of the“Naphtha Engine”- a Combustion Strategy for Low Well-to-Wheel CO2 Emissions-, SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants,
Vol.1, No.1, 920-932, 2009
5) Experimental measurement of atomic composition in sooting luminous flame by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Energy, Vol.188(1), 115959, 2019

Example of φ (equivalence ratio) –T (temperature) map analysis. Various combustion concepts are indicated on the map.
CDC: Conventional Diesel Combustion, LTC: Low Temperature Combustion, HCCI: Homogeneous Charge Compression
Ignition, SLRC: Smokeless Rich Combustion, SI: Spark Ignition Combustion.

－ 30 －

Published Paper

Reduced Soot Formation Model for Gasoline Surrogate Fuel
Kazuhiro AKIHAMA, Mana NAKAMURA, Kazuhiro ISHI and Jun HASHIMOTO
In recent years, direct-injection gasoline vehicles, which are rapidly becoming popular in Europe and Japan, are capableof low fuel consumption. On the other hand, there are concerns about the emission of particulate matter (PM) including
soot. The Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) is required to comply with Euro 6 regulations in Europe and LEVⅢ in the
U.S.A. However GPFs increase fuel consumption and costs. To this end, it is necessary to reproduce the PM emissions
from direct-injection gasoline engines, especially PM generated during cold startup, using three-dimensional fluid dynamics (3D-CFD) calculations, and to predict PM emission characteristics at an early stage in the development process.
Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a "soot particle formation model," which is important for predicting PM
emission characteristics. In this study, the reduced model for gasoline surrogate fuel was developed from a detailed sootformation model with 233 chemical species and 1375 reactions. The reduced model with 72 chemical species and 409
reactions was proposed, reducing the number of chemical species by about one-third. The eight PAHs considered assoot precursors were reduced to only one, pyrene. The reduced model was further improved. The nucleation rate and theacetylene surface addition reaction rate were adjusted. The results of the reduced model were in good agreement with experimental data of soot formation temperature characteristics (bell characteristics) and soot formation time characteristics
measured with a shocktube under low and high pressure conditions. The reduced model is expected to significantly reducethe computational load in 3D-CFD calculation. We plan to use this model to 3D-CFD calculations in engine cylinders in
the future.
Keywords: Soot formation, Reduced model, Gasoline surrogate fuel, Heat engine, Spark ignition engine

ガソリンサロゲート燃料の簡略すす粒子生成モデル
近年、欧州や日本で急速に普及しつつある直噴ガソリン車は、低燃費化が可能である。その反面、すすを含む粒子状物質（PM）の排出が懸念されている。欧州のユーロ 6 規制や米国の LEV Ⅲに適合させるためには、ガソリン車用の粒子状物質除去装置（GPF）の装着が義務付けられているが、GPF は燃費やコストを悪化させる。そのため、直噴ガソリンエンジンから排出される PM、特に冷間始動時に発生する PM を 3 次元流体
計算（3D-CFD）で再現し、開発の早い段階で PM 排出特性を予測し、対策を検討する必要がある。そのため、
PM エミッション特性予測に重要な「すす粒子生成モデル」の開発が急務となっている。本研究では、233の化学種と 1375 の反応から構成される詳細なすす粒子生成モデルから、ガソリンサロゲート燃料用の簡略モデルを開発した。化学種数 72、反応数 409 の簡略モデルを提案し、化学種数を約 3 分の 1 に削減することに成功した。すす前駆物質として考えられていた 8 種類の PAH は、ピレン 1 種類となった。さらにモデル中の核生成速度とアセチレン表面付加反応速度を調整することでモデルを改善した。得られた簡略モデルの結果は、低圧および高圧条件下でショックチューブを用いて測定したすす生成温度特性（ベル特性）およびすす生成時間特性の実験データと良く一致した。本簡略モデルによって 3D-CFD 計算における計算負荷の大幅な低減が期待できる。今後、このモデルをエンジンシリンダー内の 3D-CFD 計算に適用する予定である。

キーワード：すす生成，簡略モデル，ガソリンサロゲート燃料，熱機関，火花点火機関

Journal（掲載誌）
Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Vol.53, No.2, 340-346, 2022 (in Japanese)－ 31 －

Masami UZAWA
Professor, Department of Sustainable Engineering
Masami Uzawa is a Professor at the Department of Sustainable Engineering,
College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Japan. Dr. Uzawa wasborn in Tokyo, Japan on January 2, 1963. He received his M.Sc. in inorganic
material science from Chuo University in 1987, and his Ph.D. in ultra-superhigh strength short-fiber reinforced concrete (Ductal®) from Nihon University
in 2007.
(Ref: https://www.taiheiyo-cement.co.jp/service_product/ductal/index.html)
Dr. Uzawa has been engaged in the study of cement chemistry, properties offresh and hardened concrete, and civil engineering materials. Currently, he isdeveloping environment-friendly concrete, actively seeking to use unused resources such as sewage sludge incinerated ash and waste concrete fine powder
as concrete admixtures with manufacturers. In addition, he is jointly developing
a sterilization system using ozonated water with a manufacturer. He is a member of JCI, JSCE, and SIMJ.

Research Achievements
1) Study on Application of Activated Sewage Sludge Incinerated Ash to Concrete，Proceedings of the Japan
Concrete Institute, Vol.45，
No.1, 106-111, July 2023.
2) Compressive Strength and Seawater Resistance of Mortar Cured under Different Conditions with Highly
Activated Sewage Sludge Incinerated Ash，
Journal of the Society of Inorganic Materials, Japan，
Vol.29，330-335，
Nov. 2022
3) Effect of Various Conditions on Compressive Strength Development of Mortar Using Highly ActivatedSewage Sludge Burned Ash，
Journal of the Society of Inorganic Materials, Japan，
Vol.29，210-216，July.
2022

Ball Mill Mixing Activation Method
using Calcium Hydroxide for Pozzolanic
Reactive Materials－ 32 －

Published Paper

Compressive Strength and Seawater Resistance of Mortar Cured underDifferent Conditions with Highly Activated Sewage Sludge Incinerated Ash
Akihisa FUKUNAGA, Masami UZAWA, Hiromu TAKEUCHI
This study aimed to determine whether the activation treatment of sewage sludge incinerated ash (SA) by the ball mill
mixing method is affected by the curing conditions. We also investigated whether the addition of calcium hydroxide solution and silica sand to sewage sludge incinerated ash, followed by mixing with ceramic balls, is effective for steam curing.
The results showed that, after 3 days, the compressive strength of the mortar mixed with ash, in which 20 mass% of cement was replaced with silica sand via external splitting, was 13.8% higher than that of mortar with untreated ash. Whilethe compressive strength remained unchanged even on the 28th day, it was still higher than that of mortar without admixture. Furthermore, we investigated the seawater resistance of the mortar on the 28th day mixed with ash when 10 mass%of cement was replaced with silica sand under water and stream curing. The salt permeation became shallower with theaddition of sewage sludge incinerated ash and tended to remain shallower when steam-cured rather than water-cured. Ahigh correlation was observed between the compressive strength and salt permeation. We studied whether this is a specific characteristic of sewage sludge incinerated ash, and confirmed that the high activation treatment of sewage sludge
incinerated ash improves the compressive strength and seawater resistance of mortar regardless of the curing conditions.
Conclusion: In order to develop further applications of activated SA, we clarified whether activation treatment of SA by
the ball mill mixing method is affected by the curing conditions. We investigated and compared the compressive strength
enhancement and seawater resistance with underwater curing. The following findings were obtained.
1) The high activation treatment of SA by the ball mill mixing method is also effective for steam curing.
2) Compared with underwater curing, steam curing is superior in increasing compressive strength at an early age, but
underwater curing is superior at a long-term age.
3) The addition of SA slightly increases the seawater resistance, and the high activation treatment by the ball mill mixing
method can improve the seawater resistance.
4) Regardless of the curing conditions, activated SA has the same compressive strength and salt penetration depth at 28
days of age, and so can be used with curing conditions that match the application.
5) Within the scope of this study, there was a very high correlation between the compressive strength of mortar and thesalt penetration depth, and the salt penetration depth tended to become shallower as the compressive strength increased.
6) The high activation treatment of SA by the ball mill mixing method is effective for increasing compressive strength at
an early age and improving seawater resistance.
Keywords: Sewage sludge incinerated ash, Cement, Compressive strength, Ball mill, Salt permeation

養生条件の違いによる高活性化下水汚泥焼却灰を用いたモルタルの圧縮強度と耐海水性
本研究は，下水汚泥焼却灰のボールミル混合法による活性化処理が養生条件の影響を受けるかを解明することを目的とした．すなわち下水汚泥焼却灰に水酸化カルシウム溶液と珪砂を加え，セラミックス製ボールで混合する活性化処理が蒸気養生においても有効か否かを検討した．その結果，セメントの 20 質量 % 分の下水汚泥焼却灰を珪砂に外割置換した混合モルタルの蒸気養生による圧縮強度は，未処理の下水汚泥焼却灰混合モルタルに比べて材齢 3 日で 13.8% 高くなり，材齢 28 日でも圧縮強度の低下は見られなかった．また，この圧縮強度は混和材無添加のモルタルよりも高かった．さらに，養生条件ごとの材齢 28 日のセメントの 10 質量 % 分の下水汚泥焼却灰を珪砂に外割置換した混合モルタルの耐海水性について検討を行った結果，下水汚泥焼却灰の添加により塩分浸透深さは浅くなり，水中養生より蒸気養生が塩分浸透深さはやや浅くなる傾向であった．加えて，塩分浸透深さと圧縮強度の関係性について検討を行った結果，比例関係が認められた．これが下水汚泥焼却灰のもつ特徴か否かについては今後の課題ではあるが，圧縮強度と塩分浸透深さには本研究の範囲では，高い相関性が得られた．以上より，下水汚泥焼却灰の高活性化処理は，養生条件によらず，圧縮強度の向上および耐海水性の向上に寄与していることが明らかとなった．
Journal（掲載誌）
Compressive Strength and Seawater Resistance of Mortar Cured under Different Conditions with Highly ActivatedSewage Sludge Incinerated Ash Journal of the Society of Inorganic Materials, Japan，Vol.29，330-335，Nov. 2022
－ 33 －

Takashi TORIIZUKA
Professor, Department of Conceptual Design
Takashi Toriizuka is a professor in Human Factors and Ergonomics at College ofIndustrial Technology of Nihon University. Prof. Toriizuka received his B.A. in Human Sciences from Waseda University in 1993, his M.A. in Human Sciences fromWaseda University in 1995, and his Ph.D. from Keio University in 2006, with thethesis titled“Characterization and Application of Human Factors of Maintenance
Tasks in Nuclear Power Plant”. Prof. Toriizuka had been working for the Department of Management of Kanazawa Institute of Technology from 1998 to 2005 as an
assistant and an assistant professor. Then he moved to Nihon University. From 2005
to the present, he has been working for College of Industrial Technology of Nihon
University, as an assistant professor (2005), an associate professor (2009), and a full
professor (2015). During this period, he had also been a visiting professor of Technische Universität Berlin, as a member of the Institute of Man-Machine-System
directed by Prof. Matthias Rötting. His major research topic is to prevent fatal accidents in socio-technical systems from the view of Human Factors including theapproach of resilience engineering. Also, raising the quality of“work”from theview of both system performance and human well-being is his remarkable research
topic as well, carried out using not only the methodology of human factors and ergonomics but also the various methodologies or approaches like cognitive sciences,
affective engineering, system engineering, psychologies, physiology, UX design,and so on. He has been a president of the Japan Human Factors and Ergonomics Society since 2022, and an executive director board member of the Japanese Societyof Safety Engineering since 2020. Internationally, he has been a council member of
the International Ergonomics and Human Factors Association since 2010(as an auditor from 2019 to 2022, a vice-chair of the technical committee of affective designfrom 2017 to present), and been a council member of the Asian Council on Ergonomics and Design since the foundation of this organization. Socially, he is currently a Chair of the Committee on Safety Promotion for the Petrochemical Complexof Ichihara-city, a Chair of the Committee on Occupational Health Management
System in Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, and a chair or a memberof other committees on construction, petrochemical, and nuclear industries. Also,
he is often invited as a guest speaker for academic and industrial associations.

Research Achievements
1) Shengguang Lei, Takashi Toriizuka, Matthias Rötting: Driver Adaptive Task Allocation: A Field Driving
Study, Le travail humain, 80(1), 93-112, 20172) Yasuyuki Yamada, Takeshi Ebara, Takashi Toriizuka: Good Practices of Ergonomic Science Communication in Japan, Industrial Engineering & Management Systems, 21(4), 670-678, 2022
3) Takashi Toriizuka, Diana Löffler, Robert Tcharn: Creativity in Design: Using Cognitive Metaphors toAnveil Knowledge About Relationship in the World, Proc. of IEA2018 (Bagnara, S., et. al. edit.), AISC824,
665-671, 2018
4) Takashi Toriizuka, Yushi Fujita: Changes that Count, Human-Computer Interaction. User Interface Design, Development and Multimodality, Proceedings, Part I, 10271, 245-253, 20175) Diana Loeffler, Lennart Arlt, Takashi Toriizuka, Robert Tscharn, Joern Hurtienne: Substituting Color for
Haptic Attributes in Conceptual Metaphors for Tangible Interaction Design, Proc. of the 10th conferenceof Tangible Embedded and Embodied Interaction(TEI), 118-125, 20166) Diana Löffler, Wolfgang Paier, Takashi Toriizuka, Mio Ikeda, Jörn Hurtienne: Augmented Happiness:
Simple Color Changes Influence Users’Conceptual Choices, Human-Computer Interaction, Part IV,
LNCS 9299, 248-255, 20157) Haruka Yoshida, Taiki Ikeda, Daisuke Karikawa, Hisae Aoyama, Taro KANNO, Takashi Toriizuka. Analysis of Resilient Behavior for Interaction Design. Proceedings of Human Computer Interaction International (HCII2023), 182-195, 2023
－ 34 －

Published Paper

Changes that Count
Takashi TORIIZUKA and Yushi FUJITA
Continuous improvement is considered vital for maintaining the high safety standard. However, it may have down side.
A nuclear criticality accident happened at a nuclear fuel processing factory in Japan illustrates a typical downside. Procedures for manufacturing enriched uranyl nitrate solution had been changed over the years before the accident occurred.
The changes were potentially unsafe and must not have been authorized by regulator if applied for permission. A criticalchange was shared only among the frontline workers as a practice, which caused the accident when workers attempted to
manufacture a highly enriched product. It was a typical organizational failure as widely recognized. It can also be seen
as a typical example of accidents caused by changes that were invented to satisfy a required quality standard in shorter
time. It benefitted the workers in terms of shortening the work time in an adverse work conditions imposed by formal but
tedious operating procedures. The traditional view of increasing the productivity for economic reason was not the issue
there. How to make the system resilient by stopping such changes, which potentially challenge the defense-in-depth but
are made tacitly under the name of continuous improvement, is an important issue.
Keywords: changes, human factor, resilience, accident, JCO, organizational failure「変更」の重要性
高い安全基準を維持するには継続的な改善が不可欠であると考えられている．ただしマイナス面もあり得る．日本の核燃料加工工場（JCO）で発生した核臨界事故は典型的なマイナス面を示すものである．濃縮硝酸ウラニル溶液の製造手順は事故が発生するまでの数年間で変更が加えられていた．この変更は安全ではない可能性があり，許可を申請した場合，規制当局によって許可されるべきものではなかった．重要な変更が実践として現場の作業員のみに共有され，作業員が高濃縮製品を製造しようとした際に事故が発生した．これは広く知られているように典型的な組織の失敗であった．要求される品質基準を短期間で満たすために考え出された変更によって引き起こされる事故の典型例とも言える．これは，形式的ではあるが面倒な作業手
順によって課せられる不利な労働条件下での作業時間を短縮するという点では作業者に利益をもたらした．
そこでは，経済的理由で生産性を向上させるという従来の考え方は問題ではなかった．多層防御に潜在的に挑戦する可能性があるにもかかわらず，継続的改善の名の下に暗黙のうちに行われるこのような変更を阻止
し，システムの回復力（レジリエンス）をどのように高めるかが重要な課題である．

キーワード：変更，ヒューマンファクター，レジリエンス，事故，JCO，組織事故

Journal（掲載誌）
Human-Computer Interaction. User Interface Design, Development and Multimodality, Proceedings, Part I, 10271, 245253, 2017

－ 35 －

Kazuto NAKAGAWA
Assistant Professor, Department of Conceptual Design
Kazuto Nakagawa is an associate professor at the Department of Conceptual
Design College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University. In 2004, He obtained a Doctor of Engineering degree from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at College of Industrial Technology Nihon University. Subsequently,
from 2004 to 2008, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher, focusing on theapplication of supercritical fluids and the development of materials for supercritical fluid equipment. In 2009, he was appointed as a faculty member inthe Department of Conceptual Design, College of Industrial Technology, University, where he continues to work to this day. His areas of expertise include
materials science, materials processing, and design engineering.
As for his current research interests, in the field of materials science andmaterials processing, He is involved in the development of metal materials andprocessing techniques used in sound-producing components for musical instruments. In the field of design engineering, He is working on the development ofauxiliary devices for pMDIs (pressurized metered-dose inhalers) used in inhalation therapy.

Research Achievements
1) Influence of the Shape of Sound Bars for Gamelan on Their Natural Vibration Characteristics,
Journal of Japan Society for Design Engineering, Vol.54, No.2, 99-110, 2019.
2) Pilot test of low-cost measurement system with photoreflector for pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI),
The papers of Technical Meeting on Intelligent Transport Systems, IEE Japan, Vol.16, 23-26, 2018.
3) Effect of Fundamental Drawing Education for 2D Drawing though 3D Modeling, The Human Factors inJapan,Vol.20, No.2, 63-70, 2016.

Fig. Appearance of experimental device.

Fig. Gamelan Production Process (Reyong).

－ 36 －

Published Paper

Influence of the Shape of Sound Bars for Gamelan
on Their Natural Vibration Characteristics
Kazuto NAKAGAWA, Hiroyoshi SHIOKAWA and Masahiro TAKESHIMAThe bronze instrument used in Bali, Indonesia, known as Gamelan, is classified into gong and keyboard instruments basedon the shape of its resonating body. These instruments are arranged according to a specific scale and played accordingly.
The keyboard instruments have trapezoidal sound plates that are symmetrical in shape with a slight curvature along theirlong axis, giving them distinctive characteristics. It is believed that this shape contributes to the diversity of the music, thenon-harmonic overtone structure, and the generation of beats and other acoustic effects. However, instrument making inBali is not just about crafting objects; it is also about creating sound. There are no fixed shapes for each scale, and instrument makers (known as“Pande Gamelan”) rely on their experience to create them. In particular, the shape of the soundplate is designed based on experience, and there is no clear engineering explanation for its specific shape.
In this study, the goal was to design and create sound plates to produce desired tones. To achieve this, the relationshipbetween the shape of the sound plate and its fundamental resonance frequency was investigated. The research method involved measuring the shapes of existing sound plates and conducting acoustic analysis to understand the impact of shapeparameters on vibration characteristics. Additionally, sound plates of various shapes were created for acoustic measurements, evaluating the influence of shape parameters. As a fundamental model for sound plate design, the application of
cantilever beams used in keyboard percussion instruments like xylophones was also considered.
The investigation into the impact of sound plate shape on fundamental resonance frequency, along with the production of sound plates, revealed that the cross-sectional shape significantly influences the fundamental frequency, showing
distinct characteristics from other keyboard percussion instruments. Assuming the fundamental resonance frequency as
the 1st mode of a cantilever beam allowed for the design of sound plates to achieve desired tones. It was confirmed thata trapezoidal cross-sectional shape is a well-balanced shape for improving vibration frequencies, and the height of thecurvature has a relatively small impact on the fundamental frequency. However, the casting conditions had a significant
influence on the mechanical properties, necessitating the creation of models that consider changes in mechanical properties based on the thickness of the sound plate for precise design.
Keywords: acoustic analysis, design, mechanical property, casting, forging

ガムラン音板の固有振動特性に及ぼす形状の影響
インドネシアのバリ島で使われる青銅製の楽器（ガムラン）は，その発音体の形状に基づいてゴング類と鍵盤楽器類に分類され，演奏に使用される．鍵盤楽器の音板は左右対称の台形をしており，長手方向にわず
かな反りを持つなど特徴的な形状を持つ．この形状が倍音構造，うなりの発生などの音響効果を生み出していると考えられる．しかしながら，バリ島における楽器製作は単なる物作りではなく音作りでもあり，各音階に対する決まった形状が存在せず楽器製作者（パンデ・ガムラン）の経験に基づいて製作される．特に音板の形状は経験に基づいて設計され，工学的な意味が明確ではない．そこで，目的の音から音板の設計と製作を目的とし，基礎として音板の形状と基本共振周波数（基本振動数）との関係について調査した．また，音板設計の基本モデルとして，グロッケンシュピールなどの鍵盤打楽器の音板に使用される両端自由梁の適用も検討した．結果，音板の基本振動数には断面形状が強く影響し，他の鍵盤打楽器とは異なる特性が示された．基本振動数を両端自由梁の 1 次モードと仮定することにより，目的音から音板の設計が可能であった．
形状としては台形の断面形状が振動数を向上させるための優れたバランスであることが確認され，反りの高さは基本振動数への影響が比較的小さいことが示された．ただし，鋳造条件が機械的性質に大きな影響を与えたため，高精度の設計を行うには音板の厚みに応じた機械的性質の変化を考慮するモデルの作成が必要である .

Journal（掲載誌）
Journal of Japan Society for Design Engineering, Vol. 54, No.2, 99-110, 2019.

－ 37 －

Shinichiro MIURA
Associate Professor, Department of Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences
Shinichiro MIURA is an associate professor at the Department of Mathematical
Information Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University.
Dr. Miura received a B. Eng. in Mathematical Engineering in 1994, M. Eng. in
Mathematical Engineering in 1996, and Dr. Eng. In Mathematical Engineeringin 1999 from Nihon University. He joined the Tokyo Metropolitan College ofTechnology as an assistant professor and he served until 2016. He served as an
associate professor at Nihon University in 2017.His research interests include
the numerical simulation of turbulent fluid flow fields, particle-based computational technique for free surface fluid flow, parallel computing on CPU/GPU,data-driven fluid flow simulations, and the development of numerical methods
for nonlinear problems.
He is a councilor of the Society for Mathematical Sciences.

Research Achievements
1) Droplet-Falling Impact Simulations by Particle-Based Method, Computational and Experimental
Simulations in Engineering, Proceedings of ICCES2019, Okuda and Satya N. Atluri (Eds.), Springer
International Publishing, vol.75, pp.223-227, 2019.11.
2) New Activation Functions in CNN and Its Applications, ICCES online (International Conference on
Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences(ICCES2019), March 25-28, 2019, Tokyo,
Japan.)
3) Nonlinear Activation Functions in CNN Based on Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications,
CMES:Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, vo.118, no.1, pp.1-14, 2019.1.
4) SPH Simulations of Fluid Flow with Surface Tension, Proc. 28th International Offshore and Polar
Engineering Conference (ISOPE), vol.28, pp.546-552, 2018.6.

Fig.1 Milk crown numerical simulation by particle method－ 38 －

Published Paper

SPH Simulations of Fluid Flow with Surface Tension
Kazuhiko KAKUDA and Shinichiro MIURA
In this paper, we present the application of the GPU-based particle simulation to Three-dimensional (3D) complicated fluid flow problems including free surfaces with surface tension and drag force. The particle approach is based on
the SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) method using quintic spline kernel functions. We adopt the inter-particle
potential force model with a potential coefficient as a surface tension model. The GPU-implementation consists of thesearch for neighboring particles in the locally uniform grid cell using hash function. Numerical results demonstrate theworkability and validity of the present approach through the dam-breaking flow problem, the droplet oscillation and thedroplet-falling impact with surface tension and drag force. We have presented the GPU-based SPH approach for solving
numerically 3D complicated fluid flow problems, namely the dam-breaking flow problem, the droplet oscillation and thedroplet-falling impact with surface tension and drag force. As a surface tension model, we have adopted the inter-particle
potential force model with a potential coefficient. We have also applied the GPU-implementation using CUDA to searchneighboring particles in the locally uniform grid cell using hash function. Through the dam-breaking flow problem, we
have shown that it is possible to perform efficiently such a massive simulation on GPU using CUDA. As the droplet oscillation problem, we have computationally reproduced the droplet close to a sphere from initial cubic droplet. It has beenclearly confirmed that the droplet-falling impact forms the milk-crown and the jet phenomena under some conditions. The
qualitative agreement between our numerical simulation and the experimental photographs appeared also satisfactory.
Keywords: Particle method; SPH; GPU; dam-breaking flow; droplet oscillation; droplet-falling impact; surface tension; dragforce.

表面張力が働く流体の SPH シミュレーション
本論文では，非圧縮性粘性流体を仮定した自由表面を有する流れ場において，表面張力が働く 3 次元流体解析を目的とし，また大規模計算を高速に行うため GPU（Graphics Processing Unit）を用いた流体シミュ
レーションを検証する．その解析手法として，粒子法の一つである 5 次スプライン関数を基本とする SPH（Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics）法，また高精度化のため，自由表面モデルでは粒子間ポテンシャル力モデル，粒子に掛かる空気抵抗などを考慮したモデルを導入する．これらのアルゴリズムの高速化を目的として近傍粒子間探索のセル分割法などを導入し，さらに大規模な計算の高速化を達成させるため CUDA 言語を基本とする GPU を用いて高精度かつ，高速化を図る．その検証として立方体モデルでの表面張力の影響とその精度を確認したのち，3 次元ダムブレイク問題と液滴落下問題に適用し，水滴落下距離の比較検討を行いミルククラウンの再現など充分な精度の計算結果が得られた．

キーワード：GPU，CUDA 言語，SPH 法，表面張力，液滴落下，ミルククラウン

Journal（掲載誌）
Proc. 28th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), vol.28, pp.546-552, 2018.6－ 39 －

Hiroaki TAKAZAWA
Associate Professor, Department of Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences
Hiroaki Takazawa is an Associate Professor at the Department of Liberal Arts
and Basic Sciences, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University. He received his master’s degree in 2000 from the University of Toyo, Graduate Schoolof Law, where he conducted research on“Die konkrete Normenkontrolle desBundesverfassungsgericht in Deutschland / The Federal Constitutional Court’sspecific judicial review of statutes in Germany.”He joined Nihon University
in 2008 as an Associate Professor, and in 2022 became an Associate Professor, a position he holds to this day. He is a member of the Japan Public Law
Association, the Constitutional Law Association, the Japanese Association ofComparative Constitutional Law, the Japanese Association of Law and Political
Science and the Japan Society of Directories.

Research Achievements
1) Materials on Disposal of the War Criminals’Bodies Executed as a Result of the International Military
Tribunal for the Far East in Possession of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Journal of College of Industrial Technology Nihon University, 55 1-43, Jun 20, 2022
2) Photographs of Class B and C Yokohama War Crimes Trials Stored by the US National Archives. Journal of The College of Industrial Technology Nihon University, 53 1-15, Jun 30, 2020.
3) The Commutation Process of the Death Sentence in the Yokohama Court Class B and Class C War
Crimes Trials, against the Orio Incident on September 10, 1947, Journal of Japan Society of Directories,(13) 130-139, Mar 31, 2015.

Fig. Area for scattering ashes of Tojo et al.
The document states“We proceeded to a point
approximately 30 miles over the Pacific Ocean
east of Yokohama where I personally scattered
the cremated remains.”If this sentence is readto mean“30 miles east of Yokohama,”then theashes were scattered over Chiba Prefecture.
Therefore, this document is considered to read
“30miles east of Yokohama from the Pacificcoast of Chiba Prefecture.”Based on this assumption, the area where the ashes were scattered would be the area indicated in white in
the figure.
Figure created by Takazawa based on Google
Maps.

－ 40 －

Published Paper

Materials on Disposal of the War Criminals’ Bodies Executed as a Result of theInternational Military Tribunal for the Far East in Possession of the U.S.
National Archives and Records Administration
Hiroaki TAKAZAWA
This article is a report on newly discovered documents concerning the execution of Hideki Tojo and six others on
December 23, 1948, and the handling of their bodies. These materials are stored at the National Archives and Records
Administration, and I confirmed their existence in NARA in March 2018. One of the materials describes the point where
the ashes of Tojo and others were scattered, and it reads,“We proceeded to a point approximately 30 miles over the Pacific
Ocean east of Yokohama where I personally scattered the cremated remains”. This suggests that the ashes may have been
scattered in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Japan, Honshu and Chiba Prefecture.
Until now, there was testimony from a high-ranking official at GHQ that the bodies of Tojo and others were crematedwithout being returned to their families, and that their ashes were scattered at sea. Some had suggested that the ashes were
scattered in Tokyo Bay, but this document confirms that they were at least scattered in the Pacific Ocean. In addition, these
documents include a manual for handling executed bodies, and the contents of the manual raise the possibility that thesame measures were taken for the bodies of the so-called Class BC war dead related to the Yokohama Tribunal as thoseof Tojo and others.
This paper introduces these materials as well as aims to discuss the treatment of the war criminals executed as the resultof the International Military Tribunal for the Far East held in Tokyo and Military Tribunal in Yokohama.
Keywords: the U.S. National Archives, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Yokohama War Crimes Trials,
Hideki Tojo, the 108th Quarter Master Graves Registration Platoon

アメリカ国立公文書館が所蔵する東京裁判被処刑者の遺体処遇関係資料
本稿は 1948（昭和 23）年 12 月 23 日に執行された東条英機ら 6 名の処刑及びその遺体対応について，新たに発見された資料に関するレポートである。これらはアメリカ国立公文書館に保管されていたもので，2018 年 3 月に筆者が NARA で行った調査においてその存在を確認した。その資料のうち，東条らの遺灰を散布した地点を記したものがあり，そこには「横浜の東の太平洋上約 30 マイルの地点に進み，広範囲に散布した」と記されていた。これにより，遺灰は日本・本州・千葉県沖の太平洋に散布された可能性が高まった。
これまで東条らの遺体については，GHQ の高官の証言により，遺族に還されることなく火葬され，遺灰は海に撒かれたという証言が伝わっていたが，この資料はその証言を公文書で裏付けたことになる。また遺灰の散布場所については東京湾とする説も存在していたが，この資料により少なくとも太平洋であることが確認された。加えてこれらの資料には，処刑された遺体の対応マニュアル書が含まれており，その内容から
横浜法廷関連のいわゆる BC 級戦の刑死者遺体も東条らと同様の措置が取られた可能性が出てきた。
本稿ではこれらの資料の紹介を行うとともに，東京裁判と横浜法廷の刑死者処遇に関する考察を試みた。

キーワード : アメリカ国立公文書館，東京裁判，横浜法廷，東条英機，第 108 墓地登録小隊
Journal（掲載誌）
Journal of The College of Industrial Technology Nihon University, 55, Jun 20, 2022.

－ 41 －EDITORIAL BOARD
Chief Editor

Masakazu FURUICHI professor

Editorial Member

Mitsutoshi ARAMAKI professor
Noritaka MOROHASHI professor
Yukiyo KURIYAGAWA professor
Sadayoshi AOYAMA professor
Yasushi WATANABE professor
Kuninori SUZUKI professor
Takashi NONAKA professor
Harue YAMAGATA professor
Yasukazu NISHI associate professor
Hiromichi ASAMOTO associate professor
Tomohiko SATO associate professor
Shota YAZAWA assistant professor
Daisuke TAKAHASHI assistant professor
Yukari YAMAUCHI assistant professor

Publication:

February 20, 2024
Research Institute of Industrial Technology
Nihon University

Address:

2-1 Izumi-cho 1-chome, Narashino-shi,
Chiba, 275-8575 JapanTEL:+81-47-474-2276

FAX:+81-47-474-2292

E-mail:cit.research@nihon-u.ac.jp

URL:

https://www.cit.nihon-u.ac.jp/research

These publications are issued at irregular intervals.
The authors alone are responsible for the contents of these reports.
All communication relating to these reports should be addressed to
Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Nihon University.
2-1 Izumi-cho l-chome, Narashino-shi, Chiba, 275-8575 Japan