Contents of Report
01
02
03
04
05

Foreword
Preface
Concept Note
Course Description
Schedule of Activities

1
2-4
5
6-9
10-12

Day One06
07

Welcome Address by the Director General
Zia Ahmad Khan Curriculum Vitae
Synopsis Humaneering Brochure Feedback

13
14-19

Day Two08

Prof. Dr. Ismail Wali Curriculum Vitae
Synopsis Style and Structure of Judgment: Basics
 Avoidance of pitfalls
 Plain English
 One Word Vocabulary

20-27

Day Three0910

 Synopsis: Principles of Effectiveness by Dr. Ismail Wali Feedback
Dr.Khurshid Iqbal
 Curriculum Vitae
Synopsis Contemporary Trends in Judgment Writing: A Literature Review
 Feedback

28-29
30-36

Day Four11

Mr. Niaz Muhammad Khan Curriculum Vitae
Synopsis Elements of Court judgement
 Admissibility of Evidence Interpretation of Law in Judgment Writing (Missed, Time
Constraints)
 Feedback

Day Five

37-43

12

13

Mr. Muhammad Aamir Nazir
 Curriculum Vitae
Synopsis Procedural provisions pertaining to judgment writing
 Feedback
Dr. Adnan khan Curriculum Vitae
Synopsis
 Essay Writing & Basic Terms in Research Feedback

44-48

49-52

Day Six
14

Qazi Attaullah Curriculum Vitae
Synopsis Judgement writing in Islamic Perspective
 Feedback

53-57

Concluding Ceremony
A
B
C
D
E

Annexes
Address of the Chairman/Hon’ble the Chief Justice
Address of the Director General
Address of the Class Rep (Feedback)Names of the ParticipantsGroup Photo

58-59
60-61
62-63
64
65

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Foreword
It would not be an exaggeration to say that the Dean Faculty and his team are performing awonderful job. After the completion of each training on Judgment Writing, they shoulder the
responsibility of preparing its report. The task is indeed an exhaustive one but I am delighted thatthey have compiled a comprehensive report. Now, the report of fifth training is in your hands.
I am honored to forward this report, which has been prepared for members of legal fraternity andall those associated with the noble task of administration of justice. The contents of the report are
self-explanatory and are readable as well. The response of the trainees is encouraging. It givesme an immense pleasure to see that the resource persons are putting their blood and sweat intheir presentations.
I wish you pleasant reading and meaningful attainment.
Hayat Ali Shah,
Director General,

Page |2

Preface
As judicial training is gaining universal currency, judgment writing is increasingly becoming a
popular subject of judicial education and research.1Even in countries, like the United Kingdom(UK), where judgments were traditionally used to be delivered orally (called speeches; dialogues
between the bench and the bar),2 there have been concerted efforts to formalize judicial decision
making and penning it down.3 The bulk of literature demonstrates that two countries—the UnitedStates (US) and Australia—have pioneering contributions to research and teaching on the art of
judgment writing. In the US (where court judgments are called opinions), research on judgment
writing could be traced back to 1960s. Robert A. Leflar, for example, conducted empiricalresearch in 1961. Its focus was who the judges write judgments for. 4 Judge RuggeroAldister has
made significant contributions to the subject. His book Opinion Writing, commissioned by theWest Publishing Company, published in 1990, was based on the Senior Judge Seminars
sponsored by the Institute of Judicial Administration at New York University in 1970-71, 19731982 and 1985. The second edition of the book has appeared in 2009. 5 Joyce J. George's
Judicial Opinion Writing Handbook first appeared in 1981; its fifth edition has appeared in2007. 6 Other contributors, cited by Judge Aldister, include Charles G. Douglas, Richard A.
Wasserstrom, George Rose Smith, Dwight W. Stevenson, B.E. Witkin, Elizabeth, A. Francis andJames D. Hopkins, to name but a few.7 Most of these pieces appeared in the famous Judges'
Journal. The Australian contributions date back to early 1970s; their publication commenced inearly 1990s. The Rt Hon Sir Frank Kitto wrote an article: "Why Write a Judgment?" in 1973,
which was published in 1992. Key contributors include Justice Kirby, Justice Mahoney, Justice
Gibbs and Justice Alsson.8 It appears that the Australian Judges initially focused on judgment
writing by the Judges of the superior courts. In other jurisdictions, too, the trend on judgment
1See, generally, Justice Mahoney, “The Writing of a Judgment”, 6(1) Judicial Officers Bulletin(1994), p61. See also
an extended version of the article in the form of a paper Justice Mahoney presented at a Judicial Conference 18 July
1996, available in Papua New Guinea (2007), Supreme Court, National Court & District Court Notes & Materials
on Judgment Writing, pp 9-224. It could be accessedathttp://www.pngjudiciary.gov.pg/jecpng/doc/pdf/4c_notes_for_new_judge.pdf (last accessed 10 Sep 12).
2
Judge Gerald Lebovits, “Judgment Writing in Kenya and the Common-Law World”, 1 Kenya Law Review (2008), p
3.
3
The UK Judicial Studies Board issues an Equal Treatment Bench Book in May 2004. The Book has been updated
up to 2010, which is available at http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/publications-and-reports/judicialcollege/Pre+2011/equal-treatment-bench-book.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic (last accessed 10 Sep 12).
4
Robert A. Leflar, ''Some Observations Concerning Judicial Opinions", 61 Columbia Law Review, 1961, pp 810-5
HonorableRuggero J. Aldister, Meehan Rasch and Mathew P. Bartlett, "Öpinion Writing and Opinion Readers",
31(1) Cardozo Law Review 2009, pp1-43, pp 3-4. Also See, Aldister, "Opinion Writers and Law Review Writers: A
Commentary and Continuity of Approach",
6
See Joyce J. George, Judicial Opinion Writing Handbook, Hein & Company, 2007; second, third and fourth
editions were published in 1986, 1993 and 2000, respectively.
7Charles G. Douglas, "How to Write a Concise Opinion", 22 Judges'Journal, 1983, p4; Richard A. Wasserstrom,
The Judicial Decision: Towards a Theory of Legal Justification, 1961; George Rose Smith, Ä Primer of Opinion
Writing for Four New Judges", 21 Arkansas Law Review, 1967, p 197; Dwight W. Stevenson, "Writing Effective
Opinions", 59 Judiciature, 1975, p 134; B.E. Witkin, Manual of Appellate Court Opinions, West Publishing Co.,
1977 (California Center for Judicial Education and Research); Elizabeth A. Francis, "Faster, Better Way to Write
Opinions", 27 Judges'Journal, 1988, p 26; James D. Hopkins, "Notes on Style in Judicial Opinions" 8
Judges'Journal, 1969, p 49.
8
Justice Kitto, "Why Write Judgments?", 66 Australian Law Journal 1992, p787; Justice Kirby, "On the Writing of
Judgments", 64 Australian Law Journal, 1990, p 691; Justice Mahoney, "The Writing of a Judgment", 6(1) Judicial
Officers Bulletin, 1994, p61.

Page |3

writing training courses, workshops and seminars, guest lectures and conferences, is growing.
Those worth citing are India, Kenya, Papua New Guinea and Thailand.9
This Academy realizes that it should become part of the global training and research community,
in general and on judgment writing, in particular. The above brief literature review indicates that
it is imperative for a judicial training institute like ours to appreciate the significance of thegrowing body of legal scholarship on the art of judgment writing. The Academy has a mandate
for research. It will encourage research in judicial education. It may thus exploit the existing
legal scholarship in this key area of judicial education. The existing literature also shows that
despite differences in national legal systems, similarities do exist in the structure andorganization of judgment writing, thus providing evidence of best practices. It is also gleaned
from the growing body of literature that efforts are underway to systematize judgment writing
skills of judges. One may argue that though an art, judgment writing is growing like a science.
Judges are professional writers. Their judgments should not only be clear, precise and succinct,
but also honest and respectful that will serve the ultimate purpose of justice.
As the Academy was established early this year, it was decided that a training course on
judgment writing should be its foundational training activity. For this purpose, the Dean carriedout a review of the current literature on judgment writing (cited herein). Alongside that, theAcademy also launched an indigenous Training Needs Assessment (TNA) exercise. The purpose
was to explore the needs of the judges of the District Judiciary. A questionnaire was circulated
amongst all districts. For the sake of the objectivity, anonymity was ensured. Even then,unfortunately, the responses received reflected a perception bias. However, the responses clearly
depicted that there was indeed a need for training on judgment writing. In light of the literature
review and TNA findings, the training under report was designed. The concept note, annexedherewith, contains aims and objectives and key outcomes of the training and modules. As thetraining course was an in-service refresher course in nature, the main focus was on twodimensional practical aspect of judgment writing—language and substance. Serious efforts weremade to hire the services of experts of the highest profile. Each module was explained in twoways. First, focus and second skills it will enhance. Details of the course are available in a
separate document included in this report.
As compared to similar other trainings, the Academy successfully managed time. Two new
lectures were added. They were: Procedural Provisions Pertaining to Judgment Writing and
Judgment Writing and Research Skills. A new feedback form was devised with the help of Mr.
Sher Shah Khan, Senior Governance Specialist, the World Bank. Feedback of the participants
was sought on each resource person. The graphic results are annexed to this report. Mr. Khanalso helped in providing support on how evaluation pertaining to learning (level 2) and on job
application of skills (level 3). In the next course, the Academy will confine level 1 evaluation to
feedback on the training as a whole, which will be sought on the last day of the training, leaving
learning (level 2) to individual resource persons, who may prepare form to explore the learninglevel. The Academy will duly consider the level 3 evaluation in due course of time. I am
personally thankful to Mr. Khan for his help in this regard.
9

See the West Zone Regional Workshop, 2008 and the Advanced Course on Management and Judicial
Administration, 2006, of the Indian National Judicial Academy; the Judicial Colloquium of the Kenya Judicial
Training Institute, 2009; Judgment Writing Workshop of Papua New Guinea, 2001; the Thailand-Australia Mature
Administrative Law Program, 2007--at all these events papers were presented on Judgment Writing.

Page |4

We made all possible efforts to design and deliver it in a befitting manner. This course will run
for all judges of the District Judiciary in future, albeit with some modifications. We hope, it will
not simply prove as a tool of judicial capacity building, but will engender critical thinking aboutsound judicial decision making in wider and diverse perspectives. We are attempting to lay afoundation in the key area of judgment writing. We will make further efforts to cement thisfoundation not for ourselves alone, but also to make it a trend setter for other judicial schools in
the country and to enrich academic and practical knowledge about judicial decision making in
the perspective of capacity buildingand the rule of law.My thanks are due to Dr. Niaz Shah,
Senior Lecturer, the University of Hull, UK, for sendingme some key articles on judgment
writing, which proved greatly helpful.
Dr Khurshid Iqbal,
PhD (Ulster/UK); LLM (Hull/UK)
District & Sessions Judge
Dean FacultyPage |5

Concept Note
Training Course on Judgment Writing‘Judgment writing is the hardest of the legal arts to master’. While there is a significant body ofliterature on judgment writing skills, there is a near consensus among judicial pundits that good
judgment writing depends more on practice than theory. Caseloads have a telling negative impact
on a sustainable good judicial style in judgment writing.
Pakistan’s 2009 National Judicial Policy and its rigorous monitoring by the judicial leadership,
has generated tremendous pressure on the judges of the District Judiciary. There is a growing
perception in the legal fraternity that fighting delay on war footing has led to the delivery of
hasty judgments. While the avalanche of the caseload has been visibly melting down, it is now
time to divert attention to improvement in the quality of judgment writing.
A quality judgment, as commonly understood, requires that is should speak for itself, be concise,reflect good writing skills, appreciate the readers’ needs and litigants’ wants. Appreciating thefact that the essence of judgeship is the delivery of judgments, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial
Academy plans to conduct its first training course on judgment writing. The underlying objectiveof this course is the development of one word vocabulary linked with the writing skills of judges.
The guiding principle is an Arabic idiom:‫( ﺧﯾر اﻟﻛﻼم ﻣﺎ ﻗل ودل وﻟم ﯾﻣل‬Tr. Best speech is one which is precise, speaking andfree from boring length.)
The training curriculum and module will be designed on the basis of the needs of the judges. The
Academy, however, intends to follow a participatory approach by seeking the in-put of thetargeted trainees. To this end, the Academy has prepared a questionnaire, which is sent herewith
for your valuable responses and views. The prime objective being training needs assessment, theAcademy intends to ensure anonymity of respondents. Please do not write your name, nor put
your signature on the questionnaire, which may be sent on the address given in the attachedletter, as soon as possible.

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Course Description

Training
ParticipantsMethodReference
T-5/2013/JW/06 days
Judgment Writing
Duration
Civil Judges/Judicial
No. of participants
Magistrates
Participatory, practical
Designed by
Dr Khurshid Iqbal, Dean Faculty

06 days
Total 25; Male 20,
Female 05

Aims and Objectives
While quality in judicial opinion writing has always been a top priority of the judiciary in all
countries, in recent years there has been a growing concern about it in Pakistan. Arguably, one
glaring reason is the mechanism of time bound disposal of cases proposed by the 2009 National
Judicial Policy (Policy). The concern is that the mere disposal is and should not be enough.
Another reason is a general need of capacity building as part of continuing judicial education.
The main aim of this training is to build capacity of all judges of the District Judiciary, in the key
area of judgment writing, both in regard to expression or language (effective communication)and substance or content (judicial aspects, such as appreciation of evidence). The principal dutyof a judge is to deliver judgment after announcement of the decision in a case. Judgment writingis thus a vital part of judging or ‘judge craft’. There is no worth while training on the linguistic
mechanics of judgment writing. Hence, judgment contains lapses which potentially harm judges’
credibility and efficiency as communicators of facts and legal analysis of law and evidence. It is
for this reason that judgment writing has been selected as the first training at the Academy. The
training has been designed in the backdrop of a questionnaire survey—an indigenous training
needs assessment—of all judicial officers, including those working in the special courts andtribunals. The training will generate and encourage critical thinking about judicial opinion
writing. A pluralist and diverse approach will be adopted to build professional capacity of thetarget participants. The participants are strongly advised to actively participate in the training,which will be firstly, graded at the Academy, and secondly, subjected to post-training impact
assessment.
Key outcomes
The participants should be able to—

Understand the basic concept and procedure of judgment/order writing.
Learn necessary skills for appreciation of evidence and application of substantive andprocedural laws and precedents.

Page |7


Explore and understand current global trends.
Know and follow judicial opinion writing in the perspective of Islamic law.
Strengthen theoretical foundations to know and understand the process, flow, models,
mediums, types, barriers to and principles of effective communication.
 Be sensitized to the problem areas of English, and sharpen their skills for writing
effective and self-contained judgments.
Requirements


Send to the Director General (DG) a copy of two judgments: one civil, one criminal,
which they rank as the best. The judgments will be examined through peer review.

EvaluationFeedback for each resource person (level 1).
Feedback about the course on the last day (level 2).
On job application of skills in due course of time (level 3).
MODULESLAGUAGEProf. Dr Islmail Wali, PhD in English, Professor Institute of Management Sciences,
Peshawar
Style and structure of Judgment: Basics
Focus: Structural aspects and style of a judgment. Skills: Structuring and writing a
judgment.
Judgment writing: Principles of effectiveness
Focus: 4Cs of effective communication. Skills: Concise, clear, correct and complete.
Judgment writing: Modern strategies
Focus: Avoidance of verbal pitfalls.

Skills: Words to avoid.

Judgment writing: One word vocabulary
Focus: Consistency.

Skills: To develop consistency.

Judgment writing: Practical-I
Focus: Evaluation of a judgment.

Skill: To evaluate a judgment.

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Judgment writing: Practical-II
Focus: Writing a judgment.

Skill: To write a judgment, applying the skills learnt.
SUBSTANCE

Mr. Niaz Muhammad Khan, Registrar, Islamabad High Court
Elements of a court judgment
Focus: Procedural and substantive elements of judgment. Skill: The Dos and donts.
Appreciation of evidence in judgment writing
Focus: Conscious understanding and application of rules of evidence. Skill: Avoiding
irrelevant and selecting the cogent.
Interpretation of laws in judgment writing
Focus: Juristic understanding of text of laws. Skill: Translation into judgment writing.
OTHERS
Mr. Zia Ahmad Khan, Senior Instructor (retired), NIPA, Peshawar
Perception lock and its impact on judicial decision making
Focus: Psychology of judicial decision-making. Skill: To break the psychological barriers inreaching a just conclusion.
Mr. Amir Nazir, Senior Director Research, KP Judicial Academy
Procedural provisions pertaining to Judgment Writing
Focus: Revisiting relevant procedural rules. Skill: Correct application of procedural rules.
Dr Khurshid Iqbal, Dean Faculty, KP Judicial Academy
Contemporary trends in judgment writing
Focus: Analysis of contemporary research. Skill: To know best practices.
Qazi Attaullah, Director Instructions, KP Judicial Academy
Judgment writing in Islamic law

Page |9

Focus: The significance of judicial decision making. Skill: Knowledge and application of
relevant rules.
Dr Adnan Khan, Director Research, KP Judicial Academy
Research Skills Focus: The need and importance of judicial research. Skill: Learning ofresearch skills

P a g e | 10

Schedule

DAY-1 Monday
Registration of the Participants
8:30 AM
Recitation from the Holy Quran& Dua
8:45 AM

DAY-2 Tuesday

Recitation and Dua
09:00 AM -- 09:05 AM
Presentation Group (A)
09:00 AM -- 09:15 AM
Judgment Writing: Modern Strategies
09:15 AM -- 11:00 AM(By Dr. Ismail)Dua
9:00 AM
Welcome Address by the Director General
9:10 AM

Tea Break
11:00 AM -- 11:30 AM
Judgment Writing: One Word Vocabulary
11:30 AM -- 01:00 AM

Instruction
09:20 AM (Dean)
Pre- Training Evaluation
09:30 AM -- 10-00 AM
Perception lock, impact on Leadership
10:0 --11:30 (By Mr. Zia Ahmad Khan)

Lunch
1:00 AM -- 02:00 AM

Tea break
11:30 AM -- 12:00 AM

Peer Review
02:00AM —03:30 AM

Perception lock, impact on Leadership
12:00AM -- 02:00AM
Lunch + Prayer break
02:0AM -- 03:00 AM
Study circle: Perception lock -Humaneering
03:00 AM —04:00AMP a g e | 11

DAY-3 Wednesday

DAY-4 Thursday

Recitation & Dua
09:00 -- 09:05

DUA
09:00 -- 09:05

Presentation Group(B)
09:05 -- 09:15

Presentation Group(C)09:05 -- 09:15

Judgment Writing: Principles ofEffectiveness(By Dr. Ismail)09:15 – 11:00

Appreciation of evidence in judgment writing
09:15 -- 11-00(By Niaz Muhammad Khan)

Tea Break
11:00 -- 11:30

Tea Break
11:00 -- 11:30
Elements of a Judgment
11:30 -- 01:00

Contemporary trends in Judgment Writing
11:30-- 01:00 (By Dr. Khurshid Iqbal)

Lunch + Prayer Break
01:00-- -02:00

Lunch + Tea break
01:00---02:00
Practical-- One word vocabulary
02:00---03:30

Interpretation of laws in judgment writing
02-00 -- 03:30

DAY-5 Friday

DAY- 6 Saturday

Presentation & Dua
09:00 -- 09:05

Recitation & Dua
09:00 -- 09:05

Presentation Group(D)09:05– 09:15

Presentation Group(E).
09:05 -- 09:15

Post training evaluation
09:15–10:00
Procedural Provision of Judgment
Writing(Mr. Muhammad Aamir Nazir)
10:00 – 12:30

Judgment Writing---- Islamic Perspective(Mr. Qazi Atta Ullah)
09:15 -- 10:00
Break
11:00 -- 11:30
Arrival of the Hon’ble the Chairman
11:30 -- 12:00

P a g e | 12

Academy Night to be organizedby the participants which shall include
a dinner with a dignitary

Concluding ceremony
Certificate distribution
Concluding address by the DG
Concluding address by the ChairmanDuaP a g e | 13

Welcome Address by the Director General

Let us pray—may Allah Almighty guide us to the right path. We are highly pleased tocommence 5th six-day training course on judgment writing. With this we are able to shoot up our
figure of trained judicial officers to 125. It is heartening to know your expectations from thiscourse. We will do our best to come up to those expectations. However, I may inform you that
we have designed this course in the background of an indigenous Training Needs Assessment.
The responses, which we received, as part of the TNA, suggested that there is indeed a greatneed of such like training. In light of the scholarly literature on judgment writing, it appears that
it is now a well established area of judicial capacity building. Interestingly, we found what I may
call inconsistent responses from the judicial officer. The inconsistent responses themselves
reflected the need of this training. No doubt, judges are learned people. They are supposed to belearned. They are time and again reminded that they are learned. That much is good. But the
point is whether and how far judges weigh in the estimation of the justice service-users—theultimate beneficiaries of the justice system. In this perspective, there is always a need. We
believe that the need is not confined to mere writing of a judgment; rather the main focus isjudicial decision-making. And, judicial decision making is a critical and diverse judicial process,involving mental rigour, at times, mental rigors of great magnitude, to hand down, a verdict on acause.
Dr Khurshid Iqbal, the Dean of the Faculty will share with you the course description in detail.
Let me welcome you all. I advise you to take great interest in this course. All that we expect ofyou, is that at the end of this course, you should feel significant change, particularly, in yourattitude. I wish a very happy and enjoyable stay with us. If you have any query, please feel free
to ask any of our staff members.

Hayat Ali ShahP a g e | 14

Zia Ahmad Khan
Curriculum Vitae

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P a g e | 19

Feedback
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
Not Good
20

Fairly Good
Good
Very Good
ExcellentP a g e | 20

Prof. Dr. Ismail Wali
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Muhammad Ismail Wali
Father’s Name: Mir AfzalWali
Date of Birth: March 3, 1960
Domicile: Chitral, KPK
Permanent Address: PO & Village Mastuj, TehsialMastuj, District Chitral, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
Mailing Address: Institute of Management Sciences, Phase-7, Hayatabad, Peshawar
Email: ismwali@gmail.com
Mobile: 03038330745
Academics:

MatricYear School/College/University
1976 GHS Mastuj, Chitral

Subject (s)English, Math
General Science
Pak studies
Persian
I studies
EnglishUrdu
Economics
Islamic History
Persian

MO
541

Div/Gr
1st

FA

1978

GDC, Chitral

548

2nd

BA

1980

Private Capacity

EnglishEnglish Elective
Islamic Ideology
Islamic History
Urdu
English

311

2nd

MA

1984

PG Jahanzeb College, UoPof Peshawar

M Phil1998

Department of English,
U0P of PeshEnglish

3.3
GPA

PhD

2009

Department of English,
UoP of Peshawar

English

3. 7
GPA

2nd

P a g e | 21

Research Details:
1. Awarded M Phil for research on Matthew Arnold’s Poetry, A Journey through Night: An
Interpretative Study. The study focuses on the symbolic aspects of the image of “night” inArnold’s poetry, backed by an extensive statistical analysis applied to a literary text for the firsttime in Pakistan.
2. Awarded PhD in English for research on a Shakespeare’s comedy from a Jungian perspective:
A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Shakespeare’s Syzygy of Meaning. The research work wassupervised by Professor Nasir Jamal Khattak, PhD (Amherst), the Chair, Department of English
and Applied Language, University of Peshawar. This is the first foreign-evaluated degree
awarded to a scholar of the above department.

Published and Prospective Papers:

S
No
1

Title of Paper

Year

JournalPoetical Appeal in Charles Lamb’s
Essay “The Child Angel”

1993

Journal of English LiteraryClub

2

Bottom’s Bottom’s Dream

2003

Journal of Humanities andSocial Sciences, Vol. IV, 1& 2, 2003

3

Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream:
Syzygy in Action

2005

Seeing Through Shakespeare’s a MidsummerNight’s Dream, co-authored by Prof. Nasir
Jamal Khattak, PhD

2008

5

“Brave Night and Hideous Night:” A Jungian
Reading of Shakespeare’s Sonnets

Under
process

6

Shakespeare’s Synergizing Potential: A Studyof A Midsummer Night’s Dream fromManagement Perspective

Underprocess

4

Do
Vol. XIII, 1 & 2, 2005
Do
Vol. XVI, 1, 2008

P a g e | 22

Track History: Joined Education Department, NWFP, as lecturer in English in March 1986 on
ad hoc basis, and worked in that capacity till regularization through NWFP Public Service
Commission in 1987. I have been teaching English at FA and BA levels till my deputation to theInstitute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, in November, 2009.

Field Activities:
Supervised a team of auditors for 3rd part validation of schools in
KhyberPakhtunkhwa.
Designed a course on Language and Communication Skills for PMS Officers
Conducted a one day workshop on “psychology of Learning and Research” on 122-2010 in I/M Sciences
Administrative Experience: worked as Section Officer in Higher Education Department, Civil
Secretariat, Peshawar, from Feb 2002 to Nov 2002. During this period I learned how






to prepare briefs and summaries for Ministers/Chief Ministerto put up cases of appointment, transfer, leave, and disciplinary action
to work in an official environment
deal with issues of public interest
to put up a proposal for approval

Social Activities: worked as volunteer chairperson of QASADO, a local non-profit organization
for human and natural resource development. In this capacity, I experienced how towork in a participatory environment
formulate policies for sustainable development
establish linkages with donors for partnership programs
preside over meetings and lead a team

Immediate Future Plan:
Vision: to work for creating an academic environment and intellectual growth in such a way as
to produce not “living copying machines” to follow a “cut and paste method” for promotion, but“creative individuals” for procreative activities in every field of human activity., and to work forliving together as humans irrespective creed, caste, and culture.

P a g e | 23

Style and Structure of Judgment: Basics
Conceptual Background: Besides legal knowledge and judicial wisdom, writing a judgment is askill involving orthography (how thoughts are turned into symbolic patterns on paper/computer,grammar and punctuation (mechanics of English), idiomatic structures (which are governed byconventions) and semantics (study of meaning). The core objective of these lectures is tosensitize the participants to verbal strategies for writing legally effective and stylisticallypersuasive judgments.
Brainstorming
Question: what psychic component governs all our activities as humans?
All human activities are governed by the ego, the regulator of our waking life. The process of
judgment writing is no exception to it. If the ego malfunctions, semantic distortions occur in a
judgment. Therefore a judge should empty his/her mind of all those contents which may
negatively affect his/her judgment. The presence of such contents may impair their objectivity,
impartiality, fairness and sense of justice. And without these values both the structure and styleof a judgment lose their effectiveness.
This lecture focuses on the basics of structure and style of judgment before familiarizing theparticipants with the strategies of professional writing. Usually, the structure of a judgment
comprises of 1) information on court, judge and his/her station; 2) case and its file No; 3) title ofcase; 4) introduction; 5) facts; 6) evidence analysis; 7) reasoning; 8) application of law; 9) order;10) signature/seal/date. The style of a judgment depends upon diction, structure of sentences andparagraphing to organize ideas for an effective management of language. Words are the building
blocks of a judgment; hence knowledge of words and their denotative aspect is essential for
judgment writing. Collocations are fraught with difficulties for non-native users, and throughthis lecture participants will be sensitized to the usage of words in English. Words, phrases andclauses are combined to make sentences for generating extended units of meaning. Sentences
may be simple, compound or complex, depending upon the ideas on the mind of a user.
Sentences are combined to form paragraphs. A good writer organizes his/her ideas into easily
graspable paragraphs, each having a thesis statement.
Writing is a difficult process, and all professional writers follow certain formal steps for
producing an effective piece of writing. These steps are: 1) planning, 2) drafting/writing, 3)
revising, 4) editing, and 5) making a fair copy. Like all other organized activities, judgment
writing needs strategicplanning for effective communication. Planning includes making an
outline of paragraphing a judgment. The outline should be based on the notes of a judge which
he/she has been taking for the final version. Keeping in view the contents of the outline, thewriter should proceed to commit it to writing on paper/computer in detail. After writing/P a g e | 24

dictating the first draft, the writer should let it “cool off” for some time. After the “cooling”
process, comes the stage of revising. Revising is usually a process of searching for gaps inmeaning and organization of ideas till the end. The third step is that of editing, which is
conducted for grammatical and punctuation lapses. After editing, the writer makes a fair copy of
the write-up. The fair copy should finally be read for complete satisfaction.
The outcome is that both attitude and aptitude are required for producing a legally effective andstylistically persuasive document.

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Avoidance of Pitfalls
Brainstorming
Guess the meaning of “judicial Heroism.”
This session is complementary to the previous session on principles of effective communication.
The core objective of this session is to familiarize with the concept of avoiding verbosity,
unnecessary repetitions, ambiguity, overuse of legalese, and judicial heroism. The term “judicial
heroism” has been coined here to epitomize the intellectual environment of a judge to impose
his/her legal knowledge on the reader, which breeds verbosity, unnecessary repetitions,ambiguity, overuse of legal jargons, unwise use of modifiers with the result that the reader isimpressed by the big and difficult words without being clear on what the judgment says.
This session contains sample judgments and relevant portions from world constitutions how“judicial heroism” is practiced, which makes a legal writing open to different interpretations.
Through this session, participants will be sensitized to the concept of clear thought and clear
language, so that common readers should understand their rights and duties, which will prepare
the way for good governance, development of civic sense leading to legal empowerment.
After doing this session, participants will be able to know the problem of “judicial heroism” andmake their judgments reader-friendly as far as possible.
Practical: Participants will be engaged in re-writing the samples for learning how to avoid
verbosity, unnecessary repetitions, ambiguity, and overuse of legalese.

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Plain English
Brainstorming
What do we mean by Plain English?
The seminal objective of this session is to introduce the concept of Plain English Movement in
the world, especially in legal/judicial contexts. It is pertinent to mention here that billions ofdollars are spent on drafting legal documents, and the followers of PEM have succeeded inentering into the judicial culture for working for making legal documents easily understandable.
The followers of PEM recommend to 1) use words of Anglo-Saxon origin, 2) to avoid
nominalization, 3) to prefer active voice, 4) to minimize legalese and Latin terminology. The
followers of PEM argue that simple words are more effective than difficult words; simple
sentences (one idea one sentence) are more easily graspable than compound and complex
sentences.
Plain English Movement is active in Australia, Canada, England and America. PEM focuses on
easily understandable language in legal contexts including judgments. To support their view,
PEM activists usually refer the judgments of Lord Denning. In this session, judgments written byLord Denning will be used as resource to introduce participants to the concept of Plain English
as reference guide for learning simple verbal strategies, avoidance of nominalization, legalese,
Latin terminology, and use of active voice.
The session will enable participants to learn how to apply the strategies propounded by thefollowers of PEM.

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One-Word Vocabulary
Brainstorming Question: what do we mean by One Word Vocabulary?
Language is a very complex medium of communication. Language is an ever-evolving
phenomenon. Language is the product of the environment in which it evolves. As non-native
users of English, we have to learn its mechanics, which is lifelong process. English has been
evolving for the last fifteen centuries with three major shifts (Old English, Middle English, andModern English) in its history. During its evolutionary history, English has absorbed words from
Latin, Greek and French including Arabic, Persian, and many other languages of the world. An
introduction to the basics of etymology will help participants understand how to guess themeaning of a word.
The term “One Word Dictionary” has been coined to conceptualize all those words which
compresses many shades of meaning into one word, and this word makes our meaning concisely
precise, saving both our time and space given the constraints of judicial officers. For example, ananimal which feeds only on grass and grains is called herbivore; 10 words compressed into one
word. An animal which lives both in water and on land is called (12 words) is called amphibian.
The word for a person who pleads cases at courts on behalf of others is (15 words) a lawyer. In
legal contexts, the term “murder” covers all shades of killing in an unlawful manner. The
sentence “evidence is clear that he/she has committed murder” is enough to clarify other shadesof meaning associated with the details of an individual case whose mechanics may be different
from any other act of murder.
The participants will be motivated to think of and make a list of such words so that a database of“One Word Dictionary” will evolve with the passage of time for future references.This exercise
will sharpen the verbal skills of the participants for saving their time and space.
Note: The participants were also given an opportunity to do reading and writing practice with aview to know and understand modern strategies.

P a g e | 28

Principles of EffectivenessBrainstorming
What is language? Come up with a working definition.
Judgment is a micro medium of communication, and communication is a process of sharing
ideas with sender/writer at one end and reader/receiver at the other. The essential elements ofcommunication are: 1) sender, 2) content, 3) medium, 4) audience, 5) context, 6) feedback. This
chain completes the process of communication. The sender should have both knowledge andskill for framing his/her content according to the needs, knowledge level and cultural dynamics
of the audience/receiver in the proper context. In a judicial context, the structure and style of ajudgment, besides its legal and constitutional aspects, should also function as a public instrumentof communication for knowledge management and research purposes.
Experts incommunication usually refer to certain principles for making a piece of communication effective.
In this regard, conciseness, correctness, clarity, completeness, coherence, consistency andcourtesy are thought to be essential for delivering a message effectively.
Conciseness refers to the economy words to make one’s meaning easily understandable.
Conciseness saves both our time and energy. Conciseness is attained by confining to the words
for the intended meaning. Removal of redundant material and avoidance of repetitions makes ajudgment concise. However, conciseness loses its value without correctness: grammar andpunctuation. Conciseness and correctness refer to the verbal skills of a writer; however, clarity
comes from analytical and critical thinking. Clear ideas turn into clear sentences. Completenessrefers to the inclusion of all relevant facts and figures in the relevant portion of a judgment.
Consistency involves both structure and style.
Inconsistency in structure or in style breeds
confusion, making our meaning blurred. Coherence refers to the organization of ideas in a
judgment. Courtesy means that the wording of a judgment should not be discriminatory based on
race, ethnicity, sex, color or creed.
This lecture also contains examples and exercises to clarify each principle. The theoreticalframework as outlined above prepares the participants for peer-reviewing each other’s judgmentsfor practical purposes to internalize the principles of effective communication. After doing thissession, the participants will learn skills how to apply the principles of conciseness, correctness,clarity, completeness, consistency, coherence and courtesy.
Practical: the participants will re-read rewrite their judgments to search for lapses (if any)
keeping in view the principles of effective communication.

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Dr. KhurshidIqbal
Curriculum Vitae
DR KHURSHID IQBALDean Faculty
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Phone: 0092-333 92 99 326
Email: zwnakh@hotmail.com
Alternate: gulalaikhattk@yahoo.com
Official: Khurshid@kpkjudicialacademy.gov.pk

Education
 Sep 2004—Nov 2007: University of Ulster, UK. PhD: International Human Rights Law
 Sep 2001—Sep 2002: University of Hull, UK. LLM: International Business Law
 Oct 1993—Oct 1995: University of Peshawar, Pakistan. M.A.: Political Science Mar 1988—Mar 1990: University of Peshawar, Pakistan. L.L.B.
Professional Qualification
 Feb 1991—Dec 1992: Advocate, District Courts (non-practising)
Employment
 Dec 1992—Present: Judge, District Judiciary, Government of Pakistan
 Jan 2008—Present: Visiting Lecturer, Law College, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
 June 2009—Present: Visiting Lecture, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Career progression
I joined Provincial Judicial Service of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, as a Civil
Judge, in 1992, promoted as Senior Civil Judge (1997), Additional District & Sessions Judge(2003) and the current position of District & Sessions Judge (2011).
Job description
Dean
As Dean of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy, Peshawar, I am responsible for teachingvarious training courses for judges, lawyers, prosecutors and other personnel of the justicesystem. I also design training modules, organize seminars and workshops on legal and judicial
topics and produce their detailed reports for publication. As Dean I am the editor of the
Academy’s quarterly newsletter. I have designed the Academy’s brochure. I also head the
Research Wing of the Academy. Currently, I am leading two research studies of the Academy,
funded by the UNDP.
Judge

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I am a trial Judge for offences carrying capital punishment and first appellate Judge for private
disputes, such as, contracts, torts, family, guardianship, rent, mortgage, compensation. I also
perform administrative duties such as recruitment and promotion of court staff, evaluation of
performance of subordinate judges and court staff, budget and accounts.

Specialtasks (as a Judge)
1. Jan 2008—March 2008: Course Coordinator for a pre-service training of newly recruited
Civil Judges/Judicial Magistrates at the Federal Judicial Academy, Islamabad.
2. March 2008—August 2008: Founding Director of the Judicial Training Centre at thePeshawar High Court, Peshawar.
3. April 2008: A key member of the organizing team of the 5th Provincial Judicial Conference
held at Peshawar on 7 & 8 April 2008; produced detail report of the Conference.
4. August 2009: Organized, conducted a District Judicial Conference at Dera Ismail Khan
(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan); produced its detail report.
5. Jan 2010—June 2010: Additional Special Judge Anti-Corruption.
6. Oct 2010—May 2011: Additional Member Inspection Team; Acting Director General of the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy.
7. Sep 2011—May 2012: Director Human Rights Cell, Peshawar High Court, Peshawar.
8. Sep 2011—Feb 2012: Director Human Rights Cell, Peshawar High Court, Peshawar.
9. Feb 2012—Present: Dean Faculty, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy, Peshawar
Supervision & administration (as a visiting Lecturer) Currently, I am supervisor for three LLM and one PhD student
 I acted as an External Examiner for five LLM students.
 Member the Board of Studies of the Faculty of Law and Shari‘ah at the International Islamic
University, Islamabad.
 I am also a member of the admission committee of PhD students.
Consultancy
1. June 2012—I worked as Principal Facilitator at a one-day consultative of the UNDP,
Islamabad and produced its detail report.
2. Dec 2009—Present. I am one of the trainers for the Society for the Protection of the Rights of
the Child (SPARC), Peshawar (an Islamabad-based well known NGO). I conduct training
sessions to an audience from Judges and Police Personnel.
3. Jan 2008—Present. I am one of the resource persons at the Federal Judicial Academy,
Islamabad.
4. Oct 2011—Present. I am one of the resource persons at the Pakistan Provincial Services
Academy, Islamabad.
Expertise by region: Pakistan
I am a recognized expert on the legal system of and human rights conditions in Pakistan. I am
regularly invited by the Society for the Protection for Rights of the Child (SPARC) and the
Pakistan Provincial Services Academy (PPSA), Peshawar.

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Research interests
 Public International Law: human rights law, child rights, women’s rights, security anddevelopment
 Application of Islamic law in Muslim states especially in Pakistan.
 Judicial education
Current research project Currently, I am working as a Subject Specialist with a UNDP support project: Strengthening
the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) Judicial Academy. Part of that project is writing a
research article for a peer reviewed journal of international repute.
 My other currentlong term research projects are:o Countering Terrorism in a Post Colonial Society: the Case of Pakistan;o The Right to Development of the Vulnerable Poor: the Case of Pakistan’s Forced
Labourers.
Publications: monograph
1. K. Iqbal, (2009) The Right to Development in International Law: the Case of Pakistan,
London: Routledge.
Peer reviewed articles
2. Iqbal, K. (2011), ‘The Right to Development at the National Level: the Case of Pakistan’s
Judiciary’, The Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, pp 1-26.
3. Iqbal, K. (2010) ‘Re-conceptualizing the Right to Development in Islamic Law’,
International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 14, Issue 7, pp 1013-1041 (2010).
4. Iqbal, K. (2009) ‘Judging Juvenility: Determination of Age of Juvenile Offenders under
Pakistan’s Juvenile Justice System’, Pakistan Journal of Criminology, Vol. 1(3) October
2009, pp 105-118.
5. Iqbal, K. (2007) ‘The Declaration on the Right to Development and its Implementation’,
Political Perspective. Vol. 1(1), pp 1-39.
6. Iqbal, K. (2005) ‘The “War on Terror” and the Rights-Based Approach to Development’,
Journal of Islamic States Practices in International Law (JISPIL) Vol. 1(1), pp 23-36.
7. Iqbal, K. (2003) ‘The Role of NGOs in the Dispute Settlement of the World Trade
Organization’, Journal of Law and Society (Faculty of Law, University of Peshawar), pp 1128. Vol. XXVIII (41), pp 11-28.
8. Iqbal, K. (2004) ‘Environment as a Human Right’, International Human Right Perspective,
Vol. III (1), pp 139-167. (Human Rights Centre, Faculty of Law, University of Peshawar).
Book review
Iqbal, K (2007) ‘Women, the Koran and International Human Rights Law’ (by Niaz A Shah,
2006, MartinusNijhoff Publishers), Religion & Human Rights.Vol. 2. pp 189-193.
Expert papers (unpublished)P a g e | 33

1. K. Iqbal (Jan 2011), ‘Comments’ on Research Project-I (“Streamlining the Overlapping
Mandates of Judicial Academies in Pakistan” ) and Research Project-II (“Some Observations
on the Problems Facing Judicial Education in Pakistan”) by Sultan Babar Mirza and Syed
Ehsanullah Shah), submitted on the instruction of the Peshawar High Court, for onward
discussion in Pakistan’s National Judicial Policy Making Committee.
2. K. Iqbal (June 2011), ‘Report on implementation of the Principles of Policy’, produced on
the instruction of the Peshawar High Court, for onward submission to the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly.
3. K. Iqbal (Sep 2009), ‘A Review of the Juvenile Justice System Ordinance (JJSO), 2000 inPakistan: Problems, Issues and Recommendations’, commissioned by Pakistan Society of
Criminology as a background paper for reviewing the JJSO.
Presentations/Conference Papers since 2009
1. ‘Judicial Education in Pakistan: Challenges to and Prospects of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Judicial Academy’, International Judicial Conference, Islamabad, 13—15 April 2012,
organized by the Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan.
2. ‘Consultation on the draft Borstal Law and Borstal Institution’, as part of law making for theprotection of the rights of the child, Peshawar, 31 December 2011, arranged by Regional
Directorate of the Ministry of Human Rights, Peshawar.
3. ‘Judiciary and Judicial System in PATA’, as a Thematic Expert at a two-day workshop on
the implementation of Strengthening the Rule of Law in Malakand (SRLM), Peshawar, 15-16
December 2011, arranged by UNDP, European Union and USAID.
4. ‘Determination of age of Juvenile Offenders’ at one-day Consultation on the Juvenile Justice
System Ordinance, 2000, for Judicial Magistrates of Malakand Division, Swat, 3 December
2011, arranged by Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (SPARC) incollaboration with the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy.
5. ‘The Concept, Evolution and Ideology of Human Rights’, Guest Lecture, the University ofPeshawar, 20 May 2011, arranged by the Departments of Gender Studies, Sociology andSocial Work at the University of Peshawar.
6. ‘The Women’s Protection Act, 2006’, Guest Lecture, the University of Peshawar, 9 April
2010, arranged by the Departments of Gender Studies, Sociology and Social Work at the
University of Peshawar.
7. ‘The Right to Development in International Law’, Guest Lecture arranged by the Faculty of
Law and Shari‘ah, the International Islamic University, Islamabad, 10 May 2010.
8. ‘Protection of Child Rights by the Police Personnel’, two-day training of Police Investigators,
District Battagram, 17-18 December, 2009.
9. Protection of Child Rights by the Police Personnel’, one-day training of Police Investigators,
District Peshawar, 5 April, 2010, arranged by an NGO Shehri Best Citizen for Environment.
General Editor
I am acting as one of the general editors of the Pakistan Journal of Criminology.
I acted as a sub editor of the Journal of Islamic States Practices in International Law, UK
FundingP a g e | 34

1. In 2008, I won an Australian Endeavour Research Fellowship for my postdoctoral research
project at the University of Melbourne, but could not avail because of refusal of leave by myemployer.
2. In 2009, I won an Erasmus Mundus Research Fellowship for my postdoctoral studies at the
University of Brussels, Belgium, but could not avail because of personal reasons.
3. In 2004, I won a Vice Chancellor Research studentship for my PhD at the University of
Ulster, UK.
4. In 2001, I won a prestigious Britannia Chevening award for my LLM at the University ofHull, UK.

Membership of societies
1. I am a member of the Pakistan Society of Criminology (2009).
2. I am a member of the Society of Legal Scholars, UK (2011).
Teaching and developing new courses Jan 2008—present
Since joining the Law College, the University of Peshawar and International Islamic University,
Islamabad in June 2009, I have designed and developed courses on international and national
protection of human rights. I have developed two new postgraduate courses on Islamic law andhuman rights, development and human rights and international humanitarian law.
Postgraduate
International Human Rights Law: Convenor
Islamic Law and Human Rights: Convenor
Human Rights and International Humanitarian: Convenor
Dispute Settlement in the WTO: Convenor
Undergraduate
International Human Rights Law: Convenor
Islamic Law and Human Rights: Convenor
Human Rights and International Humanitarian: Convenor
Dispute Settlement in the WTO: ConvenorP a g e | 35

Contemporary Trends in Judgment Writing: A Literature Review
The session aims at reviewing existing legal scholarship on the subject of judgment writing. It
also seeks to inculcate a spirit of research-based reading and exploration of best practices inother jurisdictions. It argues that while the existing literature reflects that judgment writing is anart, the trend in judgment writing trainings seems to be heading in the direction of developing an
inventory of skills and attributes of judgment writing. This systemization of knowledge and skills
may be seen as if the art of judgment writing is being developed like a science.
The session reviews a range of key research articles under different themes: definition, reasons
for writing judgments, readers of court judgments, writing style and its kinds and reasoning. It
critically examines the definition of judgment given by judicial pundits in their research. It
discusses various definitions of judgment from Australian, American, Indian, British andPakistani perspectives. It then examines the reasons why judges write judgments. The bulk ofliterature shows that judges write judgment because judgment writing is a statutory requirement,
judges are professional writers, judges write for publication, judgment writing is no lessimportant than deciding a matter, judges must have potential readers in their mind and being aserviceable product, judgment creates respect for judiciary and inspires confidence of the public.
There are two kinds of readers of judgments: primary and secondary. Primary include parties andtheir lawyers and appellate judges. Secondary include all others, such as, lawyers, law teachersand students, political and social scientists, researcher, to name but a few. In any case, ajudgment must be clear, concise, logical, unambiguous and free of lingua franca (thejabberwocky of legal profession). The session then discusses the style of judicial writing. They
are rhetorical, literary, low or exploratory and high or declaratory. Some judges are known for
their thoughts: for example, Justice V. Krishna Ayer is known as a philosopher; Justice Bagwati
as a social scientist. The participants are advised to read Pakistani judgments and explore who
falls in which category. The contemporary literature also contains much about the role andsignificance of judicial reasoning. The session highlights different methods of reasoning. They
are inferential—reliance on evidence; intuitive—psychological process; neutral—non-aligned
and impartiality—uncontaminated thinking. It also discusses deductive and inductive method ofreasoning in the process of judicial decision making. At the end, the session shares a list of
bibliography with the participants.

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Mr. Niaz Muhammad Khan
Curriculum Vitae

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Elements of Judgment Writing
This topic covers the following five main areas of judgment writing:-

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Linkage of Judgment Writing with Law;
Linkage of Judgment Writing with Code of Conduct;
Neutrality of Judgment Writer;
Grasp of facts;
Application of Law.

i)
Linkage of Judgment Writing with Law: The participants are made aware of thedifferent provisions of law enjoining upon a decision maker to deliver a judgment. The various
legal aspects of law are discussed focusing on necessity of delivering a reasoned judgment.
ii)
Linkage of Judgment Writing with Code of Conduct: This area covers the
responsibilities of a judge who is to deliver a judgment which qualifies all the elements asreflected by the Code of Conduct for Judges. For instance, the trait of impartiality of a Judge
requires a judgment to be impartial and an unbiased Judge shall deliver unbiased judgment.
iii)
Neutrality of Judgment Writer: The participants are made conscious of the importanceof the neutrality of the decision maker. The emphasis is not only on partisan tilt on material
considerations such as extra judicial but also on psychological inclinations, mostly the product of
unconscious evolutionary indoctrination, which leads to cognitive and implicit biases ranging
from cognitive dissonance to anchoring bias and the like. The discussion also includes thetechniques for reducing these biases to the minimum which include psychological catharsis,
openness and impeachment of personal perceptions.
iv)
Grasp of Facts: No Judgment can be called good judgment unless the decision makerhas full grasp of the facts. The focus is on contextual understanding of the pleadings leading tounderstanding of core differences and then translating the same into real issues.
v)
Application of Law: The participants are made aware of the importance ofunderstanding the law in the decision making. The emphasis is on the understanding of bothsubstantive and procedural laws and their application to the facts before them. A good judgment
is one which makes proper nexus of law with the facts of the case. The understanding of law infactual context is an important feature of the talk.

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Appreciation of Evidence

The Judgment Writing in judicial matters is based upon the correct appreciation ofevidence. No Judicial Officer can deliver a good judgment unless he has the ability to appreciate
the evidence holistically and in its true perspective. The focus is on sifting of relevancies from
irrelevancies in order to avoid decision on the basis of irrelevant facts. The participants are madeknown the different categories of relevancies and their due weightage. They are also sensitizedabout the admissibility of the facts depending upon the cogency of the same. They are
empowered to differentiate between rebuttable and irrebuttable presumptions about facts andalso the conclusive evidence. The focus is on practical aspect of the matter enabling a Judicial
officer to decide these issues at the moment when they crop up at the time of recording ofevidence. They are also made conscious of the fact that how judgment is affected when an
inadmissible fact is given weightage and how it goes to the root of judgment when relevancy is
not appreciated.

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Interpretation of Law

The topic focuses on a good judgment in the context of interpreting the laws. A good
judgment is one which is based on correct interpretation of laws as applicable to the facts of thecase. The difference between the juristic and journalistic approaches is highlighted and it isemphasized that how the rules of interpretation can better be understood and applied whileinterpreting the laws. The discussion extends to different types of laws including ConstitutionalLaw, Ordinary Law, Delegated Legislation and the like. The participants are also empowered todifferentiate between superiority and subjection of laws, the effects of laws in retrospect andprospect; the effect of repeal of laws qua the substantive and procedural laws; the importance ofwords in the legislative instruments; the holistic approach in interpretation of laws and different
approaches towards interpretation like purposive interpretation, contextual interpretation and thelike. The participants are also made known the limitation of the courts in interpretation of laws
and judicial review.

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Mr. Muhammad Aamir Nazir
CurriculumVitae

Name:
Father’s Name:
Designation:
Basic Pay Scale:
Parent Department:
Current Place of Posting:Date of Birth:
N.I.C #:
Domicile:
Marital Status:
Countries Visited:
Email Address:
Permanent Address:

Muhammad Aamir Nazir
Muhammad Nazir Ullah Khan
District & Sessions Judge/Senior Director Research
BPS-# 21
Peshawar High Court, Peshawar.
Peshawar.
15th June, 1973
17301-1678995-3
Peshawar, KP
Married.
U.S.A, U.K, UAE, Saudi Arabia
aamir_ justice @ yahoo.co.uk.
QasreDilKusha, Sikandar Town, Peshawar City.

Education Qualification(01). LL.M
Subjects:(02). LL.B.

(03). B.Sc

Passed with distinction from Peshawar University.
Administrative Law, Human Rights and Corporate Law.
Passed with distinction from Faculty of Law, University ofPeshawar.

Subjects:(04). Computer Skills:

Mathematics, Statistics.
Excellent Skills of desktop computer use and word processing
programs.

Professional Experience(01).

Served as Civil Judge-cum-Judicial Magistrate, Rent Controller,
Judge Family Court from August 1998 to July 2003.
Performed Judicial functions as Civil Judge-cum-Judicial Magistrate, Rent
Controller, Judge Family Court and decided maximum number of cases

P a g e | 45

and also successfully achieved all the targets set from time to time.
(02).

Served as Senior Civil Judge From August 2003 to November 2004.
Besides Judicial Functions, performed administration functions including
recruitment of subordinate staff, imparting training to the court officials,
monitoring their work and conduct and evaluation of their performance.
Being drawing and disbursing Officer participate in budgetary planning.

(03).

Served as Additional District & Sessions Judge.
Performed Judicial functions as appellate court at district level.
Presently serving as District & Sessions Judge/Senior Director Research& Publication at KP Judicial Academy Pakistan in BPS - 21.

(04).

Journalist:
Served as sub-editor in daily The Frontier Post, Pakistan Observer andstaff reporter in PPI News Agency from 1995 till 1997.

(05).

Lawyer:As lawyer all the cases were successfully handled to the satisfaction of
courts and clients during the period 1997 to 1998.

(06).

Visiting Lecturer:
As visiting lecturer the undersigned taught Constitutional Law, Civil Law,
and Criminal Law at the post graduates level from 1997 to 1998.

SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS/CONFERENCES ATTENDED
01.

Pre-services training course of Civil Judge-cum-Judicial Magistrate from
September, 5th, 1998 to October, 31st 1998.

02.

Provincial Judicial Conference held for Establishment of the Office ofDistrict Courts Administrator in N.W.F.P held on 17th August, 2003.

P a g e | 46

03.

Management Orientation Workshop held at Peshawar High Court,
Peshawar from 4th to 10th August 2004.

04.

Provincial Judicial Conference held at Peshawar on 3rd July 2004.

05.

Workshop for N.W.F.P Environmental Magistrates on the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act, 1997” held on May 9th 2004.

06.

Workshop on “Delay Reduction” organized in collaboration with
Canadian International Development Agency, held on 18th September
2004.
07. Workshop on "Strengthening Justice Delivery To ThePoor: Options & Priorities" organized
by UNOPSP a g e | 47

Procedural Provisions of Judgment Writing

Abstract of the lecture delivered by Muhammad Aamir Nazir, Senior Director Research &Publication.
A judgment is the expression of the opinion of a Judge arrived at after due consideration of theevidence and of arguments, if any, advanced before him. In civil cases it is the final order passed
in a suit instituted in a court, while in criminal cases it is the final order in the trail terminating
either in the conviction or the acquittal of the accused as also in the appeal or revision.
In the lecture, participants were apprised at length about the procedural provisions related tojudgment writing both in Civil Procedure Code as well as in the Criminal Procedure Code. The
lecture also disseminated on informing the participants about the judgment in general, essential
requirements of judgment including its language, important components of a good judgment andcommon pitfalls in the judgment.
Though judgment writing is an art, however, arriving at a just and proper decision is the primary
responsibility of a Judge. A judgment may be well carved, yet if it does not coincide with themerits of the case; it is nullity in the eyes of law. A precise, concise and a balanced judgment
based on evidence depend upon the knowledge, proficiency and aptitude of a Judge. For writinga good judgment, a Judge must have the knowledge of all the relevant provisions related tojudgment writing. By overlooking the relevant provisions while penning down judgment, thesame will lose its legal worth and would be of no legal effect.

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Dr. Adnan Khan
Curriculum Vitae
Adnan Khan
Kamarbagh, College Colony, Saidu Sharif, Swat
Email: akhan@lincoln.ac.uk. Tel: 03469415233
DOB: 10/01/1980
Academic Qualification2012 Bar Transfer Test, Kaplan, UK
2012 Qualified Lawyer’s Transfer Test, Kaplan, UK
2011 PhD Law, University of Lincoln, UK
2004 LLM International Law, University of Hull, UK
2003 LLB (Hons) Shariah and Law, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
2002 MA Politics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
2001 BA Law and Politics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan

Present Position
Director Research & Publication, KP Judicial Academy

Work ExperienceLecturer Business Law, National College of Business & Management Sciences Islamabadfrom Feb 2004 to Jan 2005.

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Advocate High Court registered with KPK Bar Council since 02/12/2004.

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Civil Judge-cum-Judicial Magistrate KPK Judiciary from March 2006 to Feb 2012

Public Service Interpreter at police stations registered with Cintra Ltd. Cambridge sinceApril 2009.

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Legal Executive, SABZ Solicitors Manchester since April 2012.

Membership of Professional Body

Law Society of England and Wales as Solicitor of the Superme Court.

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KPK Bar Council as Advocate of the High Courts.

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In the process of registering as a Practicing Barrister with Bar Standard Board.

Research workSuccessfully completed PhD dissertation on Blasphemy laws.

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Successfully completed LLM dissertation on Corporate Laws.

Passed all the module essays each of approx. 5000 words on Comparative Company Law,
International Law of Trade and Development, Multinational Corporations and the Law,
International Environmental Law, Public International Law Human Rights Law during LLM
at Hull University.

Publications
“The Extent of Sovereign Immunity under our Legal Edifice” in the process of
publication.

2008“Movement for Restoration of Judiciary in Pakistan” Conference Publication in
annual research conference, University of Lincoln, Dec 2008.

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2007 “Role of the Bench Bar Liaison Committee in the Administration of Justice”
Conference Publication at the annual conference of judges from NWFP Judiciary, Swat, Nov
2007.

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2003“Climate Change Conventions: How effectively do they address the Issues?”
Conference Publication, University of Hull, Feb 2003.

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2003“The Concept of Corporate Personality in Islamic Law” Conference Publication,
University of Hull, June 2003.

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Recently compiled Annual Report for the Peshawar High Court Peshawar.

Computer Skills:
Have a sound knowledge of MS Word, Excel, Power Point, Internet Programs, Search Engines,
Windows and other software installations, Adobe etc.

Language Skills:
Proficiency in English, Arabic, Urdu and Pashto

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Essay Writing & Basic Terms in Research
Abstract of lecture presented by Dr. Adnan Khan, Director Research.
Essay refers to a piece of writing reflecting author’s views about a certain thing. Generally, allessays start with an introductory part; they have a main body, and end with a conclusion. The
easiest and most convenient way of writing an essay is to start with mind mapping, a techniquealso known as brain storming. In the process, different aspects of the subject matter of essay are
noted down in the shape of mind mapping tree. Subsequently, each point is elaborated in modest
sentences. One point, preferably of a generic nature is left for the conclusion.
While writing academic essays, care should always be taken to avoid plagiarism. Material quoted
or referred to should be referenced properly. References may be given in the shape of footnotesor endnotes. There are different styles of putting references in a paper, and it is for the researcher
to adapt a certain style; however, there must be constituency in adapting a certain pattern.
Primarily, there are two types of researches: theoretical research (also known as doctoral
research) and empirical research or applied research. In the former research, secondary sources
are utilized and the study takes place in a library or laboratory. In the latter type of research, theresearcher has to obtain data from the field. It may be obtained in the form of questionnaires,interviews and many other modes. These two types of researches are also known as qualitative
research and quantitative research.
Sources of research are divided into primary sources and secondary sources. Statistical datacollected from the field, interviews, public record, statutes and courts’ judgments come under the
category of primary sources. Published work in the form of books, articles and other materialcome under the category of secondary sources. Tools of research differ from sources of research.

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Qazi Attaullah
Curriculum Vitae
Qazi Attaullah
Shah Dehrai Tehsil Kabal, District Swat
Email:qaziofmalakand@gmail.com. Tel: 03005740081
DOB: 4 Feb 1968
Academic Qualification (Post Hifz of Quran al Kareem)2012 PhD Islamic Law & Jurisprudence International Islamic University Islamabad (Thesis
Writer)1996 LLM Shariah& Law(Gold Medalist) International Islamic University Islamabad
1992 LLB (Hons) Shariah& Law(Distinction) International Islamic University Islamabad
1990 BA University of Peshawar
1988 Shahadat al Ala’mia(MA Islamiyat-cum-Arabic)Wifaaq al Madaris Multan
1988 Dars e Nizami(Graduation in Islamic Sciences) Mazhar al Uloom, Mingora Swat

Present Position
AlaqaQazi/Civil Judge-cum-Judicial Magistrate KPK JudiciaryWork ExperienceLecturer Islamic Studies, Army Public College Peshawar from April 1994 to June 1995.

Extra Assistant Commissioner/AlaqaQazi (Criminal) Government of NWFP From July 1995
to May 2004

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Civil Judge-cum-Judicial Magistrate KPK Judiciary from June 2004 till date

Visiting Resource Person at Various Institutions including Federal Judicial Academy
Islamabad.

Professional & Vocational Trainings

Thirty Seventh Shariah Orientation Course (In Country and abroad) July 1997 to October
1997, Shariah Academy IIU IslamabadP a g e | 54

Pre Service Training (Attachment) at different Session Divisions of KPK June 2004 to
August 2004

Four Weeks Training for Newly Appointed Judicial Officers at Federal Judicial Academy
Islamabad, April 2005

Research work

PhD dissertation on Alternative Dispute Resolution in progressSuccessfully completed LLM dissertation on the concept of Trial in Absentia

Computer Skills:
Have knowledge of MS Word, Power Point, Internet Programs, Search Engines, Windows andother software installations, Adobe etc.

Language Skills:
Proficiency in:
1. English
2. Arabic
3. Urdu4. Persian
5. Pashto

Countries Visited:
1. Saudi Arabia
2. Sudan
3. Egypt
4. JordanP a g e | 55

Judgment Writing In Islamic Perspective

Priliminaries
1- Shariah, meaning and definition.
2- Branches of Shariah (a) Acts (b) Faiths.
3- Fiqh, meaning and definition.
4- Branches of Fiqh (a) Worships (b) Transactions.
5- UsululFiqh meaning of.
6- Shariah, Fiqh, and UsululFiqh, distinction of.
7- Division of Fiqh on the basis of its subjects.
Details of Topic
1. Judgment, meaning of.
2. Basic requirements.
3. Utilization and accommodation of Precedents.
4. Considering the material available on the record only.
5. Anger and other discomforting and irritating factors.
6. Avoiding contemptuous language.
7. Review of judgment.
8. The concept of judicial review.
9. Incorporation and non-incorporation of personal knowledge
10. Coherence and proper sequence.
11. Reasons based opinion.
12. Writing of judgment is wajibbut it may be oral as well.
13. No value for unnecessary statements.
14. No room for retrospectivity.
15. Unnecessary delay in writing of judgment.
16. Trial in absentia and ex-party decree.
17. No room for personal ambitions in a judgment.
18. Every discretion which may lead to unjust results must be avoided and the voice versa
must be exercised.
19. Judgment is act of the qazihowever his every act shall not amount to judgment.
Conditions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

It must be in a case.
Operative part must be imperative in nature.
Clear and unequivocal.
In the presence of the litigating parties.
Stating of reasons to parties of the case.
Providing an opportunity for objections.
Not repugnant to primary sources of Islamic Law.

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Kinds
1. Express and Implied judgments.
2. Oral and act-based judgments.
3. Judgment for entitlement and preventive judgment (qazaistihqaqand qazatark).
4. Mere declaratory judgment and judgment granting consequential issues.
Judgment after pronouncement
1. Compulsorily enforceable, not open to any sort of judicial review.
2. Unenforceable at all, compulsorily revisable by judicial review.

Extent of judgment
1. Covering the disputed and litigated issue only.
2. Cannot change the Command of Shariah.

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Annexure (A)Address of the Chairman / Hon’ble Chief Justice
The Director General K.P.K Judicial Academy & his team; The Resource persons; The Registrar
and my team from High Court; Course participants; Media persons; Ladies and Gentlemen.
Assalam-O-Alaikum!
Being amongst you on your graduation, made this day pleasureful for me.I extend my warmest
greetings on eve of your successful completion of training.
My dears, you are really blessed Judicial Officers having opportunity to discover your potential
and refine your skills by undergoing training process. Your resource person must haveintroduced to you the term “Perception lock”. I hope during this short period of one week, youmust have succeeded in breaking up your perception lock. Process of learning knows no limits.
Even age matters not. It goes on from cradle to grave.
Ladies and Gentlemen!
Need of establishing a Provincial Judicial Academy had been felt since long, with grace of
ALLAH (SWT) and with concerted efforts of my team, I succeeded to achieve this goal. Role ofacademies cannot be ignored in any service structure; nevertheless Judicial Academy is ofutmost importance. Judicial Officers are confronted with different and divergent situations,almost on each date of hearing. They are also supposed to keep abreast of new laws andamendments. Litigant public has lot of expectations and courts are their ultimate hope to getjustice. In this perspective training imparted at Judicial Academy would matter a lot.
Ladies and Gentlemen!
An independent, accessible and efficient justice delivery system is pre-requisite for maintaining
healthy democratic traditions and pursuing equitable development policies. During last few
years, we noticed a flood of cases, which is manifest of confidence, reposed on this Institution. I
am deeply gratified by the trust and confidence of the people of country. Our Superior Judiciaryhas played a leading role in protecting constitutional values and upholding rule of law in ourcountry. The vital social role of the Courts has been strengthened by the creative reading of ideas
such as “equality before law” and personal liability especially with the evolution of (P.I.L)
Public Interest Litigation, the understanding of rights has expended in many directions. From
conferring guarantees of a civil political nature, the fundamental rights have been interpreted toinclude positive Socio-economic obligations on the state. The means that the Courts of law are
unique spaces where just solutions are devicedinspite of socio economic inequalities between thelitigants.

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Ladies and Gentlemen!
Asignificant consequence of the severe shortage of Judges is that substantial numbers of poor
people are unable to obtain the protection of Courts to preserve and strengthen their rights. In
many cases, the undue delay in disposal is a consequence of hurdles placed in the procedural
steps involved in litigation. In the course of legal proceeding there is likelihood of delay at
various stages. If the party apprehends an adverse result, there is tendency on part of litigants toplace obstacles in these proceedings. The logical response to this endemic problem is that Judges
need to be more proactive in managing the flow of proceedings before them. Nevertheless, desire
to improve procedural efficiency should not compromise the quality of justice.
Dear participants, our courses and modules are specially designed to enhance and improve yourcapability to deliver a balanced, logical, fair, dispassionate and speaking judgment. If you areable to deliver in this manner, I assure you, it will curb at-least 30% of further litigation. People
satisfied of verdict of court neither prefer impugning same at higher level nor are so advised bylawyers.
Ladies and Gentlemen!
Through conclusion of this training program, we will be crossing centaury by imparting training
to about 125-judicial officer. However, we are not satisfied.
Being Chairman of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy, I have advised exploring new ideas
and new horizons. Here in Judicial Academy very soon we will start evaluation of on job
application of skills and knowledge having learnt in training course. An evaluation form is being
deviced, which will seek evaluation of course in the following area:
1. Measuring change in knowledge, skills and attitude both qualitatively and quantitatively;
2. Measuring productivity gains/results of the Training;
3. Reasons for not being able to do the things you were taught at the training;
4. The District & Sessions Judge of the concerned District will also provide feedback inthese three areas.
Here I must also emphasize that when you are back to your courts, you must generously share
this knowledge and experience.
Ladies and Gentlemen, we are working on distant learning program through FM station which
will see light of the day very soon. In this regard we are thankful to different donor agencies who
stepped ahead to help materialize our efforts.
Thank you.
Pakistan Zinda Bad
Dost Muhammad Khan
Hon’ble Chief Justice,Peshawar High Court, PeshawarP a g e | 60

Annexure (B)Address of the Director General

Hon’ble the Chief Justice; hon’ble Mr. Justice Mifahudin Khan, distinguished guests, ladies andgentlemenLast night I was thinking who could be the luckiest people on earth. There are people who dreamfor themselves. There are those who dream for others. Those who dream for others are reallygreat people. The reason is obvious: they dream of the well being of others. When their dreams
come true, they feel satisfaction. They are indeed lucky. The dream that Hon’ble Chief Justicesaw for the judiciary, is coming true day in and day out. Let me cite a few examples to prove
how it is happening.
Sir,
We have conducted five trainings on the core area of judgment writing. In the present one we
introduced two additions: one, a lecture on procedural provisions pertaining to judgment writing,and second, research skills. One was delivered by Mr. Aamir Nazir, Senior Director Researchand the other by Dr. Adnan Khan, Director Research. Both are good. We have also changed our
feedback form, with the help of the World Bank. Per your instructions, we have also developed aform for post training evaluation. The World Bank, which funds this and six other similar
trainings, has helped the Academy in this regard, for Dr. Khurshid Iqbal, Dean of the Faculty
held a meeting with Mr. Sher Shah Khan, a Senior Governance Specialist. Our post training
evaluation will comprise of a feedback form to be filled by those who were imparted training andthe District & Sessions Judges under whose control they are working. Besides, we will also
evaluate their judgments at the Academy. Dr. Khurshid Iqbal and his team have prepared reportsof the trainings and seminars, which were presented to your good self a while ago. Dr. Khurshid
Iqbal deserves appreciation for preparing those reports. We hope you will find the reports worth
reading.
The civil work is also inching forward: the mosque is under construction; the hostel’s PC-I is in
its final stage. We have recruited some staff members: a librarian, a web developer and web
administrator. They are sitting with us. I am thankful to Justice Miftahuddin Khan, the ViceChairman of the Board of Governors, for being highly cooperative with us. The Registrar and theMember Inspection Team of the PHC also deserve my appreciation for their cooperation. It will
be injustice if I do not mention the names of our resource persons, particularly, Mr. Zia Ahmad
Khan, Dr Ismail Wali and Mr. Niaz Muhammad Khan; they are the real contributors to ourtrainings. I am also highly thankful to the learned Advocate General for honoring us with his

P a g e | 61presence. Last but not the least; I must appreciate Professor Abdul Manan, Principal Law
College,the University of Peshawar, for his participation on this occasion.
Thank you very much.

Hayat Ali ShahP a g e | 62

Annexure (C)Remarks of CR
Hon’ble the Chief Justice, Peshawar High Court, worthy DG, KPK Judicial Academy, worthy
Dean Faculty, respectable directors of KPKjudicial academy, distinguished guests and my dearcolleagues
Assalam o Alaikum
I am grateful to my fellow participants for providing me the opportunity to express my views on
their behalf.
Hon’ble Sir, our other colleagues who earlier completed their trainings were talking high of the
Academy, but it had little effect on most of us. There is a saying that seeing is believing. Thissaying came true when we participated in the present training. Earlier we had only heard that
Judicial Academy has been established. We thought that we will be seated in the century old,
dusty and dirty building but we were astonished to see that the glory of hundred years has beentransformed into a blend of old and modern architecture. We must congratulate your lordship andyour team on conversion of a century old building into such a splendid seat of learning equippedwith ultra modern technology.
Sir! Before participating in this training program we thought ourselves as the experienced
judicial officers having skills of perfect opinion writing. But after this training we have realizedthat there is wide room for improvement. The perception lock of being master has been
unlocked.
Sir.. Due to rush of work and other allied problems, judges always remain under stress andpressure. This core issue was successfully addressed by Mr. Zia Ahmad khan. He described anumber of tools and techniques for minimizing stress and pressure at workplace. He also
introduced the process of de-learning. This process will greatly help us in developing patienceand avoiding anger. Dr. Ismail Wali dilated upon the linguistic side of the judgment. He
sensitized us about the proper usage of punctuation and grammar in writing clear, concise andcorrect judgments. He also addressed a number of other important areas that will greatly help us
in future. Mr. Niaz Muhammad Khan talked in detail about the contents of a judgment purely
from legal perspective. He linked the code of conduct of Judicial Officers with the subject of
judgment writing and concluded that judges are bound to write good judgments. Earlier we were
not cognizant of a number of areas that were addressed by Niaz Muhammad Khan. His lecture
would be useful in writing good judgments. Dr.Khurshid Iqbal discussed in detail thecontemporary trends in judgment writing. His research oriented lecture highlighted the current
world-wide literature on the subject. He explained the international standards and opinions injudgment writing and developed our curiosity for searching modern trends while writing
judgments. Mr. Aamir Nazir discussed the procedural provisions for writing judgments indifferent nature of cases. Dr Adnan dilated upon the research methodology and developed ourbasic understanding in writing a research paper. Qazi Atta Ullah discussed the Islamic
perspective of judgment writing. Overall the training course was designed wisely.

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The atmosphere and the entire team of the Academy remained very friendly and cooperative. We
were provided with an excellent learning atmosphere, comfortable lodging and delicious food.
On behalf of all my colleagues, I assure you Sir that the skills learnt in this training will bepractically implemented for improving quality of our judgments and strengthening of theconfidence of litigants and public in the institution.
Thank you.

Dost Muhammad Khan
Civil Judge/ Illaqa Qazi, Matta,
SwatP a g e | 64

Annexure (D)List of participants

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Name
Mr. Rashid Rauf
Mr. Shoukat Ahmad Khan
Mr. Dost Muhammad Khan
Miss FarzanaShahid
Ms. ShabanaMehsood
Miss SadiaAndaleeb
Miss HinaMehwish
Mr. Alamgir Shah
Syed ShoukatUllah ShahMr. Muhammad Tayyib Jan
Mr. Nasir Khan
Mr. Muhammad Faisal
Mr. Umer Al Farooq
Mr. FazalGul
Mr. Tayyab Ali
Mr. Muhammad Iqbal
Mr. Naseer Ahmad
Miss FarhanaTabassum
Syed Hassan Raza
Mr. IhsanUlHaq
Mr. Muhammad Ilyas Khan
Mr. Shakeel-Ur-Rehman
Mr. Ishtiaq Ahmad
Mr. Sheraz Tariq
Mr. AdilZaib

Posting At
Batagram
Peshawar
Matta (Swat)
Nowshera
LakkiMarwat
Karak
Swat
Chakdara (Dir Lower)
Khawazakhela (Swat)
Swat
Buner
Charsadda
Mansehra
Behrain (Swat)
Drosh (Chitral)
Kohat
Wari (Upper Dir)
Mansehra
TakhtNusrati (Karak)
SwabiPeshawar
Paharpur (DIKhan)
Bannu
Charsadda
TakhtNusrati (Karak)P a g e | 65

Group Photo