Oral Presentations

Grand Challenges in solid Earth Sciences
W F McDonough, Dept of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20472, mcdonoug@umd.edu

Recent observations regarding our understanding of the mantle:‐ The 142Nd controversy no longer exists – the Earth is chondritic‐ Collisional erosion models are unnecessary and unfounded‐ The radioactive power of the Earth is known to a factor of 3 (10 to 30 TW) and the power left in the
mantle is known to within about a factor of 30 (1 to 28 TW).
‐ Measurements of the planet’s geoneutrino flux limit the amount of Th & U in the Earth, defines thebuilding blocks of the planets, and describes convective state of the mantle‐ Mg/Si of Earth: solely a function of planetary accretion of olivine to pyroxene. Temperature‐time‐
space variations in accretion disks generate lateral variations in the proportions of olivine(Mg2SiO4)
to pyroxene(MgSiO3) in planets.
‐ Increased viscosity with depth is consistent stagnation of recycled oceanic lithosphere down to 1000km depth and with changing shape of ascending plumes at 1000 km depth‐ The Earth’s 182W isotopic (t1/2 = 9 Ma) record reveals core‐mantle separation some 30 to 100 Ma
after t0, however, documented 182W isotopic anomalies in the sources of modern to ancient lavasremain.

Challenges we face in understanding the mantle:‐ The Earth and the Moon are genetically related and, relative to chondrites, both are enriched inrefractory elements (e.g., Th & U) and depleted in volatile elements (e.g., K, S, H2O), with the Moon
having a more depleted composition‐ The rate of heat loss from the interior of the Earth is known to be between 50 and 150 K/Ga;
improvements are needed to better describe the thermal evolution of the planet.
‐ Compositional attributes of the Transition Zone remain unresolved. Is this region enriched in water?
Is this region enriched in basalt (Ringwood & Anderson say yes)?
‐ Defining precisely and accurately (±few %) modal proportion of olivine in top 650 km of the mantle
remains a challenge, doing so will constrain compositional evolution of mantle.
‐ Defining the mode content (and uncertainties) of ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O in the lower mantle isrequired to move beyond speculative models that have transient traction in the literature.
‐ LLSVP origins is either primordial or subduction related; sources of plume basalts (OIBs) carry agenetic signature of ocean crust recycling and can be traced to LLSVP margins. Xenon isotopes of
OIB require 4.4 Ga source evolution difference from Depleted MORB source Mantle. How?
‐ Stirring efficiency of the mantle remains to be evaluated. Combined chemical, isotopic andgeodynamic studies need to model preservations of source heterogeneities.
‐ Domains of primordial magma ocean differentiates are interpretations of deep Earth seismologicalfeatures. No geochemical evidence exists to support these interpretations.
‐ ULVZ domains, parasitically(?) sited on toes of LLSVPs, present an enigmatic feature of CMB thatperhaps reflects mass and energy exchange between the core, LLSVP and plunging slabs.

Broad Overview of Neutrino Physics
Itaru Shimizu
Research Center for Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan(shimizu@awa.tohoku.ac.jp)
Neutrino is an elementary particle attracting physicists’ attention. The discovery of theneutrino mass and flavor mixing is a revolution in particle physics, and indicates the existenceof the physics beyond the standard model. In the early universe, neutrinos may play a key role
to generate matter through a slight imbalance between matter and anti-matter. This theory isbased on the hypothesis that neutrinos and anti-neutrinos are identical. The only viable
experimental probe for this neutrino nature is the “neutrinoless double-beta decay”, which is a
special type of undiscovered rare nucleus decay. Many physicists in the world are competitivein the double beta decay search using various types of detectors, aiming at the first discoveryof this undiscovered phenomenon. Neutrinos will be essential to reveal the history of theuniverse.

Geoneutrino flux measurement with Borexino detector
Oleg Smirnov1 on behalf of the Borexino Collaboration
JINR, Russia(osmirnov@jinr.ru)
1

For the moment Borexino is one of two experiments performed a direct measurement of
the geoneutrino flux. The precision of measurement with Borexino achieved ∼25% withthe last published set of data and is driven by the statistical uncertainty. The same data
excludes the absense of the geoneutrino signal at 5.9σ level and with 98% C.F. confirm thepresence of the signal from the mantle. The status of the measurements of the geoneutrino
flux with the Borexino experiment and prospects for near future. will be presented.

KamLAND
Hiroko Watanabe for the KamLAND Collaboration
Research Center for Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan(hiroko@awa.tohoku.ac.jp)

The Kamioka Liquid-scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector (KamLAND) is located ina rock cavern in the Kamioka mine, 1,000 m below the summit of Mt. Ikenoyama
in Japan. The 2,700 meter water equivalent overburden reduces the cosmic ray flux
by a factor of roughly 10−5 compared with the surface flux. KamLAND is marked by
the ability to detect low-energy antineutrino signals at 1,000 tons of ultra pure liquid
scintillator through the inverse β reaction, ν̄e + p → e+ + n. We demonstrated theoscillation nature of neutrino flavor transformation by observing electron antineutrino(ν̄e ) from nuclear reactors and neutrino properties have been explored precisely. Since
neutrinos interact with other particles only via weak interaction, they have extremely
low reaction probabilities. Such elusive property of neutrinos provides us with the ability
to investigate optically invisible deep interior of the astronomical objects, such as the
Earth. Neutrino measurement evolved understanding of neutrino properties to utilizationof neutrino as a “probe”.
The detection of geo-neutrinos, ν̄e ’s produced in β-decays from primordial radioactivities (uranium, thorium, potassium) within the Earth’s interior, brings unique and direct
information about the Earth’s interior and thermal dynamics. KamLAND detects geo ν̄esignals above 1.8MeV due to the reaction threshold energy of the inverse β-decay, resulting to have sensitivity to ν̄e ’s from the decay chains of 238 U and 232 Th. The KamLAND
collaboration reported the results of the first study of geo ν̄e in 2005 [1]. Later the geo
ν̄e signals at KamLAND were used to estimate our planet’s radiogenic heat production
and constrain composition models of the bulk silicate Earth [2]. Following the Fukushima
nuclear accident in March 2011, the entire Japanese nuclear reactor industry, which generates >97% of the reactor ν̄e flux at KamLAND, has been subjected to a protracted
shutdown. This unexpected situation allows us to improve the sensitivity for geo ν̄e ’s [3].
Currently, geo ν̄e observed rate is in agreement with the prediction from existing BSE
composition models within ∼ 2σ C.L., but some extreme models start to be disfavored.
This ability to discriminate is limited by the experimental uncertainty and crust modeling.
In experimental approach, there is a good possibility that recent low-reactor data will
provide new insight into geological field. In this presentation, recent results and future
prospects of geo ν̄e measurement with KamLAND will be presented.

[1] T. Araki et al., Nature 436, 499 (2005)[2] A. Gando et al., Nature Geosci. 4, 647 (2011)[3] A. Gando et al., Phye. Rev. D 88, 033001 (2013)

(Int. WS Neutrino Research; Oct. 25, 2016, Sendai)

Geotectonic evolution of the Japanese Islands: an overview
Yukio Isozaki (isozaki@ea.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp)
Dept. Earth Science and Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Japan The geology of Japan recorded nearly 700 million year-long history of a continental
margin derived from the Neoproterozoic breakup of the ancient supercontiennt Rodinia.
The history of Japan is three-fold; 1) ca. 700-500 Ma (million years ago) as an
Atlantic-type margin, 2) 500 Ma to present as a Pacific-type margin, and 3) ca. 50-250
million years after present as a continental collision suture like Himalaya.

Around 500

Ma, the margin experienced a large tectonic turnover from the Atlantic-type to the
Pacific-type with active subduction, at which a new arc-trench setting appeared to start
forming essential orogenic elements; i.e. accretionary complex at trench, high-pressure
blueschists along the deeper Wadati-Benioff plane, granitoid batholith beneath volcanicarc, and fore-arc and back-arc basins.

The oldest remnants of these orogenic elements

in Japan date back to the Cambro-Ordovician time (520-450 Ma), with younger ones of
the Siluro-Devonian, Permian, Triasso-Jurassic ages.

The occurrence of such full setsof suduction-related orogenic elements guarantees the multiple development of amatured arc-trench system, probably in more or less the same dimension as modern
examples, e.g. > 2000 km long and > 200 km wide.

Nonetheless, the older remnants

are fairly small in total amount, often times occurring sporadically within younger
serpentinite mélange zones. In contrast the majority of present surface crust of Japan iscomposed of Cretaceous and Cenozoic arc granitoids, as shown in recent seismic
profiles.

These indicate that older pre-existing arc crusts were likely erased from thesurface, and replaced by newer arc magmatic rocks. Although granitoids are buoyant
material with respect to heavy mantle rocks, older arc granitoids may have subducted/
disappeared into mantle by virtue of mineral phase transition.

Large-scale tectonic

erosion of granitic crust by subduction, about 5 times of arc crust of modern Japan, isthe most promising explanation, of which modern analogue is currently observed off the
Pacific NE Japan near Sendai.

The putative transportation of granitic crusts in large

amounts can generate large-scale heterogeneity in chemical composition, in particularwith radiogenic elements, thus in temperature of the Earth’s mantle, which can bedetected somehow not only by conventional seismological tools but also by the newapproach of geo-neutrino research.
References:
Isozaki, Y., Aoki, K., Nakama, T., Yanai, S., 2010.

New insight into a subduction-related orogen:

Reappraisal on geotectonic framework and evolution of the Japanese Islands.

Gondwana Research 18,

82-105.
Isozaki, Y., Aoki, K., Sakata, S., Hirata, T., 2014.
NE Japan evidenced by detrital zircon U-Pb ages.

The eastern extension of Paleozoic South China in
GFF 136, 116-119.

Towards Local Tomography Models with Uncertainties
Nozomu Takeuchi1
1

Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan(takeuchi@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp)

High Sensitivity Seismograph Network Japan, Hi-net, was constructed and large amountof data has been accumulated. Although higher resolution tomography models are now
available (e.g., Matsubara et al. 2008), one of the most significant flaws of previous
tomography study is that uncertainties of the obtained model have not been well investigated.
The primary reason for this is that uncertainties in both data and a priori model (the standard
lateral homogeneous model in most cases) are not well known. In this study, we try toevaluate these uncertainties by applying stochastic analysis to the JMA (Japan Meteorological
Agency) catalogue data.
Gudmundsson et al. (1990) conducted stochastic analysis of global traveltime data andevaluated both random data errors and power spectrum of lateral heterogenieties in the Earth.
The former and the latter provide the uncertainties in the data and the a priori model,
respectively, and they are thus indispensable information to evaluate uncertainties of
tomography models. These quantities are obtained by analyzing the coherency of traveltime
residuals within bundles of rays of varying size, and similar analysis should be possible tolocal scale problems. At the time of the presentation, we plan to show the stochastic featuresof JMA data and hope to show that the amount of uncertainties in the local tomography modelin Japan.

References
Matsubara, M., K. Obara, & K. Kasahara, 2008. Three-dimensional P-and S-wave velocity
structures beneath the Japan Islands obtained by high-density seismic stations by seismic
tomography, Tectonophysics, 454, 86-103, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.016.
Gudmundsson, O., J. H. Davies, & R. W. Clayton, 1990. Stochastic analysis of global
traveltime data: mantle heterogeneity and random errors in the ISC data, Geophys. J. Int.,102, 25-43, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb00528.x.

Cooling of Earth’s core and mantle – With or Without a mysterious
structure below the core-mantle boundary
Takashi Nakagawa1
1

Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology, Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan (ntakashi@jamstec.go.jp)

A mysterious structure below the core-mantle boundary (CMB) region has been foundfrom data analyses on seismological and geomagnetic observations [Helffrich and Kaneshima,
2010; Buffett, 2014]. An interpretation for such a region would be ‘stably stratified’ causedby either thermal or chemical origin or thermo-chemical origin. Thermal and chemical
evolution models of Earth’s core have been mainly studied from theoretical approach (theheat flow across the CMB is approximated as simple functional form modeled by mantle
dynamics) but not attempted with a coupled core-mantle evolution model in numerical mantle
convection simulations. Here we develop the thermo-chemical evolution model of Earth’s
core and coupled this as a thermal boundary condition for numerical mantle convection
simulations.
Without a stably stratified region (pure thermal evolution if Earth’s core), the best-fit
scenario on thermal evolution of Earth’s core would be found with 6000 K of initial
temperature at the CMB [e.g. Nakagawa and Tackley, 2010]. With a stably stratified region
caused by thermal and chemical effects, the initial temperature at the CMB would not be sohigh as 6000 K, which is around 4900 K. After rapid cooling caused by huge igneous eventsin early Earth, the temperature at the CMB seems to be steady state, which is around 3800 K
to 4000 K but Earth’s core is still cooled down by adiabatic heat transfer across theconvective region below the interface of stably stratified region. The cooling process on
Earth’s deep mantle is somewhat consistent with that inferred from high pressure andtemperature measurements on mantle rocks except for magnetic evolution of Earth’s core
[Andrault et al., 2016]. The thickness of stably stratified region found from this model isaround 140 km, which is consistent with an inference from geomagnetic secular variations[Buffett, 2014]. Checking the model sensitivity of heat producing element (HPE) in Earth’s
mantle, the main scenario on core-mantle evolution would be changed with varying the heatsource distribution in the deep mantle.
Conclusions are as follows: 1. The initial core temperature may not be very high but
partially molten region in the deep mantle would be still expected. 2. The cooling rate of deep
mantle is not very fast if a stably stratified region has been found. A stably stratified region
below the CMB might be the strongest heat buffer because not very sensitive to distributionof HPE in the deep mantle.

How can heat flow heat up geoneutrino science?
Scott A. Wipperfurth1
1
Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA(swipp@umd.edu)
Geoneutrino studies aim to investigate the concentration and distribution of the heatproducing elements (HPE) uranium, thorium, and potassium inside the Earth. To understandthe elusive mantle concentration of these radionuclides it is necessary to subtract from the total
measured geoneutrino signal the estimated signal from the HPE enriched lithosphere.
Existing studies of the HPE concentration in the crust and lithospheric mantle rely on either
extrapolation of geochemical data (from direct sampling and xenoliths) or the relationshipbetween seismic wave speed and bulk composition. Current models assume a spatiallyhomogenous heat production for the upper continental crust, which accounts for half of the heatproduction of the crust.
There are more than 58,000 heat flow measurements, of which 35,000 have been recorded
from the continental crust. The surface heat flux is a function of the Moho heat flux (mantle +core production/residual heat) and crustal production. In stable continental regions (i.e. notectonic activity for > 1 Ga) we assume a steady state vertical heat flow. Models will bepresented that examine the tradeoff between Moho heat flux and crustal heat production.

Geoneutrino studies with JUNO detector
Oleg Smirnov1 on behalf of the JUNO Collaboration
JINR, Russia(osmirnov@jinr.ru)
1

JUNO is 20 kt liquid scintillator detector under construction at the southern coast of
China with a main goal of a precision reactor antineutrino flux studies. The detector will
have unique characteristics, providing energy resolution of 3 % at 1 MeV, and among
other tasks is suitable for the geoneutrino studies. The potential of the JUNO detector
with respect to geoneutrino flux measurements will be presented.

Proposal: Low-energy Neutrino Research at Jinping
Linyan WAN
Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, China

Jinping Neutrino Experiment (Jinping) is a unique observatory for low-energy neutrino
physics, astrophysics and geophysics, with 4 kiloton of LS or WbLS. Jinping is locatedin China JinPing Laboratory (CJPL), identified by the thickest overburden, lowest reactor neutrino background, dominant crustal geo-neutrino signal, lowest environmental
radioactivity, etc. In this talk, we will present the strong potential of Jinping towards
solar neutrinos, geo-neutrinos and other physics. A number of sensitivity analysis and initial detector R&D studies have been carried, showing Jinping’s capacity to measure thetransition phase for solar neutrinos oscillation from the vacuum to the matter e↵ect, todiscover solar neutrinos from the CNO cycle, and to resolve the high and low metallicity
hypotheses with known neutrino oscillation angles, by more than 5 sigma. It has been
calculated that Jinping will be able to precisely measure geo-neutrinos with an unambiguous separation on U and Th cascade decays from the dominant crustal anti-electron
neutrinos. The estimated event rates of 37 U and 9 Th geo-neutrino events/year/kton
will be significantly above the expected  6 reactor neutrino events/year/kton. The ratioof U/Th can be determined to 10%. We also expect a promising sensitivity for neutrinos from a Milky Way supernova, the di↵use supernova neutrino background, and dark
matter annihilation. These physics goals can be fulfilled using mature techniques and theunique opportunity of the CJPL. The first, small phase of the laboratory (CJPL I) isalready in operation, hosting dark matter experiments. The second, large phase (CJPL
II) is already under construction, with ⇡ 100,000 m3 being excavated.

Future Prospects of Neutrino Oscillation Tomography
Carsten Rott1 , Akimichi Taketa2
1

Sungkyunkwan University, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea(rott@skku.edu)
2Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanWe demonstrate that large neutrino detectors could be used in the near future to significantly improve our understanding of the Earth’s inner chemical composition. Matter
induced neutrino oscillations depend on the Earth’s electron density, while seismic measurements are sensitive to the matter density. The Earth’s chemical composition can be
determined by combining observations from large neutrino detectors with seismic measurements. We present a method that will allow us to distinguish between composition
models of the outer core. We show that the next-generation large-volume neutrino detectors already provide sufficient sensitivity to reject extreme cases of outer core composition.
The prospect of neutrino oscillation tomography will be discussed in the context of the
PINGU (Precision IceCube Next Generation Upgrade).

Towards a refined model for predicting geoneutrino signal at SNO+
Virginia Strati1,2 , Marica Baldoncini1,3, Fabio Mantovani 1,3, William F. McDonough 4,
Scott A. Wipperfurth 4.
(strati@fe.infn.it)
1

Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;
2
INFN, Legnaro National Laboratories, Padua, Italy;
3
INFN, Ferrara Section, Ferrara, Italy;
4
Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA,The SNO+ detector is foreseen to observe almost in equal proportion electron
antineutrinos produced by U and Th in the Earth and by nuclear reactors. The prediction of
the geoneutrino signal at SNO+ is based on the modeling of the distribution and amount of U
and Th in the Earth's reservoirs and can be subtracted from the experimentally determinedtotal geoneutrino signal to estimate the mantle contribution. I will present the 3-D refinedgeological model of the main reservoirs of U and Th in the regional crust extended forapproximately 2×105 km2 around SNOLAB, including estimates of the volumes and massesof Upper, Middle and Lower crust, together with their uncertainties. According to a global
reference model this portion of the crust contributes for 43% of the total expected signal at
SNO+. The remaining contributions come from the far field crust (34%), from continental
lithospheric mantle (5%) and from the mantle (18%).
The main crustal reservoirs are modeled by identifying three main surfaces: the Moho
discontinuity, the top of the Lower Crust and the top of the Middle Crust. About 400
depth-controlling data points obtained from deep crustal refraction surveys and fromteleseismic receivers are the inputs for the spatial interpolation performed with the Ordinary
Kriging estimator. The numerical 3D model consists of about 9 × 107 cells characterized bygeophysical information and U and Th content. The total geoneutrino signal at SNO+,
expressed in Terrestrial Neutrino Unit (TNU), is 40+6-4 TNU, approximately 12% less thanthat calculated using the global reference model.
The Huronian Supergroup-Sudbury Basin (HS-SB) unit is the strongest geoneutrino
source among the local crust reservoirs and it is predicted to produce 7.3+5.0-3.0 TNU. The
compositional heterogeneity of this lithologic unit affects the geoneutrino signal uncertainty
on the order of 60%. A systematic sampling of the main lithologies of the HS-SB for
improving the knowledge of the U and Th content of the unit and a more stringent constraint
on the local contribution to the geoneutrino signal are the goals of the current studies.

Revealing the Earth’s mantle from the tallest mountains using
the Jinping Neutrino ExperimentOndřej Šrámek1 , Bedřich Roskovec2 , Scott A. Wipperfurth3 , Yufei Xi2 ,William F. McDonough3
1

Department of Geophysics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic(ondrej.sramek@gmail.com)
2
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
3
Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
4
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,
Shijiazhuang, China

The Earth’s engine is driven by unknown proportions of primordial energy and heatproduced in radioactive decay. Unfortunately, competing models of Earth’s composition
reveal an order of magnitude uncertainty in the amount of radiogenic power driving mantle
dynamics. Comparison of the flux measured at large underground neutrino experimentswith geologically informed predictions of geoneutrino emission from the crust provide thecritical test needed to define the mantle’s radiogenic power.
We predict the geoneutrino flux at the site of the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (Sichuan,
China). Within 8 years, the combination of existing data and measurements from soon
to come experiments, including Jinping, will exclude end-member models at the 1 level,
define the mantle’s radiogenic contribution to the surface heat loss, set limits on thecomposition of the silicate Earth, and provide significant parameter bounds for models
defining the mode of mantle convection. We sketch how the geoneutrino measurements
at the three relatively near-lying (. 3000 km) detectors KamLAND, JUNO, and Jinping
may be harnessed to improve the regional crustal models.

New vision of water in the Moon
Masahiro Kayama1, 2
1

Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku
University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan (masahiro.kayama.a3@tohoku.ac.jp)
2Creative Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute forInterdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.

Lunar water is one of the most important subject to understand the Moon-Earth system. A
post-Apollo view called for a dry Moon from the surface to the interior (<1 ppb), in directcontrast with the Earth. Considering this dry Moon scenario, formation and evolution
processes have been modeled up to now; A high-energy Giant impact, high-temperature lunar
magma ocean and loss of volatiles by volcanic eruption can be supported by water-depleted
past to present Moon.
With the discoveries of water-rich accessory minerals in the Apollo samples, questions
concerning water in the Moon have recently been revived. Furthermore, most recent ourinvestigations found mantle-originated water in the constitute minerals of olivine, pyroxene
and plagioclase in gabbroic lunar meteorites. Water contents of these minerals proposed a wet
mantle view based on the inferred mantle water content up to 409 ppm with several
assumptions. This wet Moon scenario proposes new visions into the Moon’s history, e.g.,
accumulation of cold and volatile-rich fragment after low-energy Giant Impact, partial
melting of water, KREEP and Th-rich mantle by the overturn and a cause of deep
moonquakes. Since the Apollo era, there remains such unresolved but important problem
concerning lunar water: conflicting hypotheses between the dry and wet Moon scenarios”.
Neutrino physics promises a new insight into this problem because it is useful tool tounderstand thermal and compositional information on the lunar interior that is closely related
to evolutionary history of water in the Moon-Earth system.

Robust Geo-neutrino Results
Steve Dye1,21Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, Hawaii(sdye@hawaii.edu)
2
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii

Geo-neutrino observations uniquely probe the quantities and distributions of the terrestrial heat-producing elements- uranium, thorium, and potassium. The quantities ofthese elements gauge planetary radiogenic power, o↵ering insights into the origin andthermal history of the Earth. The distributions reveal the initial partitioning and subsequent recycling of these elements between metallic core, silicate mantle, and crust types.
Ongoing observations at underground sites in Japan and Italy record the interactions of
geo-neutrinos from uranium and thorium but not from potassium. Most reports of thegeo-neutrino rates observed at the sites assume a spectral shape given by the ratio of thorium to uranium masses found in chondritic meteorites. This assumption allows biased
assessments of the fluxes of geo-neutrinos from uranium and thorium. The most recently
reported fluxes measured at the two underground sites are consistent within experimental
uncertainties. They support equally well both uniform and non-uniform concentrationsof uranium and thorium within the Earth. Analyses of the measured fluxes separate amantle signal from a crust signal, which is predicted by geological modeling. This separation allows estimates of radiogenic heat production for assumed mantle distributions.
Opportunities for measuring non-uniform distributions of heat-producing elements andfor estimating radiogenic heat production by methods that are free of assumptions ofspectral shape and geological modeling await future observations of geo-neutrinos. Observations at geologically contrasting sites, such as the Himalayas and the middle of the
Pacific Ocean, facilitate these robust geo-neutrino results.

Poster Presentations

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AO M TA Web Application for Modeling Anti-Neutrino Emissions
Andrew Barna1 , Stephen Dye2
1

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California
San Diego, California, United States(abarna@gmail.com )2
Univeristy of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

We present a web application with interactive tools to quickly visualize models of antineutrino emissions from both the Earth and nuclear reactors. The application allows
numerous user inputs, facilitates analyses of signals, and provides near instantaneous
results. Results include ‘heat map’ visualizations, anti-neutrino event spectra, and radiogenic power constraint validation, amongst others. We exhibit the features of the web
application in a live demo: https://geoneutrinos.org/. Participants are invited to bring
their laptop and follow along.

Abstract for International Workshop on Neutrino Research and Thermal
Evolution of the Earth
Carsten Rott1, JongHyun Kim2
1

SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea (carsten.rott@gmail.com)
2
SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea

Understanding the inner structure and composition of the Earth is fundamental to Earthscience. Even though Earth's density is known very well, the chemical composition of the
Earth's core has not yet been measured. Neutrinos, which are naturally produced in theatmosphere, traverse the Earth and undergo oscillations that depend on the Earth’s electron
density. Using neutrino oscillations we can remotely measure the electron density of Earth's
core and hereby determine chemical composition of the Earth's core.