Platax 20: 07-30, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0002

Establishment of a long-term reef-building coral biopsy archive asa tool for the marine biology research community
Anderson B. Mayfield1-3
1

Coral Reef Diagnostics, Miami, FL, USA

2International Coral Reef Society, Tavernier, FL, USA

3

Coral Research and Development Accelerator Platform, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia*

Corresponding author. Email: anderson@coralreefdiagnostics.com oranderson.mayfield@cordap.org

Abstract
Coral reefs are in demise across the planet, with many relics of their former selves. In
most instances, samples collected in one experiment, or during a particular field expedition,
are never again used, nor are the biopsies (or molecules extracted from them) shared withcolleagues or archived in biorepositories. Herein I advocate that a greater degree of sample
sharing be adopted by marine biologists for at least two reasons. First, the corals fromwhich many such biopsies have been taken have likely perished, meaning that the only
information (aside from images & raw data) that will exist for these invaluable researchsubjects must be derived from these very biopsies. Secondly, reuse of previously obtained
biopsies lessens environmental damage; although sampling of small (~100 mg) tissue
specimens from entire coral colonies is unlikely to impact their survival, extraction ofwhole cores with drills, or sacrificing of entire fragments from branching species, could
pose a significant risk to source colonies (especially if they are not sustainably harvested).
In this article, I have outlined pertinent information (e.g., whereabouts & storage
conditions) of coral samples obtained from not only the world’s largest coral reef survey,
the Living Oceans Foundation’s “Global Reef Expedition,” but also select aquarium andfield experiments undertaken in Taiwan and Florida. I anticipate that this global reef coral
sample archive, which is associated with a dataset whose levels of biological organization
span molecules to entire ocean basins, will serve as a long-term research tool for the
research community, if only to serve as a “physiological snapshot” of these corals in the
period just prior to the fundamental shift in their biology caused by global climate change.
Keywords: bio-archive, biopreservation, biorepository, coral reefs, marine ecology

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Introduction

oftentimes difficult-to-reach sites and thecosts for expensive laboratory kits andother research consumables, neither
excuse is particularly acceptable. In
laboratories with limited funding, in which
long-term cold storage is infeasible due tounstable power supplies, shipping samples
to dedicated biorepositories may be an
attractive option that should be more
widely considered (assuming 1) samples
were collected legally & 2) existence offunds for shipping).
Only coral skeletons are evertypically archived in repositories ormuseums since they inherently fossilize

Justification for biopreservation &biobanking
In many research projects, samples
are discarded at the completion of theanalysis, or once the article is published.
This could be due to spatial constraints(e.g., limited freezer space) or simply
because it was thought at the time that the
samples could yield no new information(beyond what was presented in the article).
Given the great expense (money+humaneffort) required to collect and analyze reefbuilding coral samples (Demerlis et al.,2022), both in terms of accessing

Figure 1. A colorful coral reef at Toucari Bay, Dominica (Southeastern Caribbean).
Few disease-free brain corals (Figure 2) can now be found due to the stonycoral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) outbreak.
8FPlatax 20: 07-30, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0002

and can be stored for many years even atroom temperature (RT; see Table 1 for alist of non-standard abbreviations.). Tissue
samples, or molecules derived from living
tissues-RNAs, DNAs, proteins, lipids, andpolar metabolites-are not generally stored
for more than a few years, when in fact the
majority of these samples could be
incredibly valuable to other researchers.
For one, in many instances the coralcolony from which the sample was taken
may no longer exist; the biopsy (or derived
macromolecules) might be the only
remnant of its existence on the planet(beyond images), and it could be useful forenvironmental forensics (Mayfield et al.,2019b), reconstruction of past climate orseawater quality (Doo et al., 2012),
evolutionary analyses, or a plethora ofother topics (e.g., eco-physiology;
Tortolero-Langarica et al., 2016). Braincorals are now virtually extinct in many
parts of the Caribbean (Figure 1) due to therecent emergence of stony coral tissue loss
disease (SCTLD); diver photographs andthe odd skeleton may now be all we haveleft to remember them. Only time will tellwhether it would have been a research orconservation benefit to have bio-banked
any brain corals prior to thisunprecedented marine pandemic.
As the coral biology field grows in
number of researchers and our collective
geographic reach, with more scientists
sampling corals now than ever before(Grottoli et al., 2021), we have an

opportunity to not only probe the biologyof sampled coral colonies in new andexciting ways (Figure 2), but also
biopreserve these specimens for future
study. I will give a personal anecdote toprovide an example in which long-term
biopreservation of coral specimens was
fortuitous. When I began graduate schoolwith the late Dr. Ruth Gates at the Hawaii
Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB, HI,
USA) in 2003, researchers in all biologicaldisciplines were already tapping into thepower of gene expression technologies
with great enthusiasm, especially nextgeneration (RNA or DNA) sequencing(NGS). Twenty years later, in fact, gene
expression research remains popular (e.g.,Monteiro et al., 2020; Rubin et al., 2021;
Morris et al., 2023). I tasked myself withthe development of protocols tailored tomeasuring gene expression in dualcompartmental organisms like reefbuilding scleractinians (e.g., Mayfield etal., 2009), which house dinoflagellate
endosymbionts within half of their cells(those of the gastrodermal layer; Figure 3).
Hundreds of coral and model anemone(Mayfield et al., 2014c; Chen et al., 2016)
articles focused on gene expression havesince been published, with narratives
reaching the likes of Science and Nature(in which gene expression data are
regularly used to make inferences into
cellular behavior). Such stories, however,
have been predicated on the proteinsencoded by these gene mRNAs showing
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doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0002

strong,positivecorrelations
inconcentration, a hypothesis I decided to
first test at the ‘Omics-scale in 2014
(Mayfield et al., 2016b-c) with a model
reef coral Seriatopora hystrix (Figure 4).
Asitturnedout,
NGS-basedtranscriptomics and proteomics yieldedvery different suites of cellular molecules
as being involved in key cellular processes
like high-temperature adaptation; the R2
values were effectively 0 for both hostcoralsandtheirphotosynthetic
endosymbionts.
Upon reproducing these findings inother corals (Mayfield et al., 2018b,
2021a), I had to face the reality that manyof my past, exclusively gene expressionfocused studies were associated with“castle in the sky” story lines; having
boldly assumed that the proteins would
show commensurate shifts, I had madeconjectures about coral health in the
Anthropocene (Mayfield & Chen, 2020)
that were, in the end, unsupported by themolecules
that
actually
enact
physiological changes in cells (i.e.,
proteins). The “silver lining,” and themoral of this story (which is not merely tocast doubt on my early research projects),
is that I had co-extracted and thenbiopreserved nearly all proteins from mypast projects. I could then “revisit” thestudies and instead employ proteomics
approaches, which is exactly what I did(Mayfield et al., 2018a-b). This happens inscience; technologies improve over time.
Figure 2. Molecular analysis ofscleractinian corals. Molecularbiotechnology has revolutionized
our understanding of life on theplanet, and corals are no exception(Chen et al., 2012; Mayfield et al.,2013d; Wang et al., 2013). “Multi‘Omics” (Mayfield et al., 2014d;
Mayfield, 2023) now enables us tomake powerful inferences into thecomplex, long-obscured biology ofcells (Peng et al., 2011), including
the crowded gastrodermal cells ofreef corals, which are occupied intheirnear-entiretybyphotosynthetic dinoflagellates ofthefamilySymbiodiniaceae(Mayfield & Gates, 2007; Figure 3).
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However, it is rare for researchers to go
back through their old samples to reanalyze them with new approaches(Mayfield, 2020a). For one, these samples
may no longer exist for reasons addressed
above. Secondly, in most instances, newpersonnel would be tasked with this, andmany supervisors may be hesitant todeprive their students/employees of what

funded marine laboratories adjacent toeasy-to-access reefs (e.g., HIMB,NMMBA), a good justification must be
made for repeating a past study with living
reef corals (vs. simply asking someone toprovide the samples). For one, many corals
are going extinct before our eyes. Is it
ethical to repeat an experiment if many
corals must be sacrificed in the process?

Fig. 3. A scanning electron micrograph(SEM) of a freeze-fractured
Pocillopora acuta tentacle. The
outer epidermal tissue layer andthe inner gastrodermal layer
featuring
dinoflagellate
endosymbionts of the family
Symbiodiniaceae(asthepronounced, ~10 µm sphericalobjects) can be seen.
many consider to be the more “fun” partsof the marine biology scientific process:field work and/or aquarium studies. Rather
than hand a student a set of proteins froma prior work (or a collaborator’s), it ismore common to just repeat theexperiment (or re-sample the corals in situ).
In a model systems lab with
culturable animals (e.g., Peng et al., 2020),
repeating a study makes sense; surely
something in every hypothetical project
can be improved. Maybe a power analysis
could be performed to justify a superior
sampling regime. However, even in well-This has happened recently in the Republicof Palau. The health and resilience of thereefs were extensively characterized in2015 as part of the Living Ocean
Foundation’s (LOF) “Global Reef
Expedition” (GRE), yet researchers today
are repeating this analysis. To be fair,much has changed since 2015 in terms ofanthropogenic impacts, so a justification
could be made to study what has happenedon these reefs in the interim. However, thecarbon costs required to reach Palau fromthe United States are incredibly high.
I would argue that this new cohort of11

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researchers should reach out to LOF fordata and samples, but this would meanscientists from the USA would not havethe chance to explore a veritable
underwater paradise (Figure 5; albeit one
that is far from pristine). It is not to say that
there is never a need to repeat a study, norshould scientists refrain from re-surveying
previously monitored locations; indeed,
surveys should be repeated. However, I do
think the level of sample-sharing with thecoral research field is minimal, and thisneeds to change. A biopsy from a Palauancoral sampled in 2015 (Mayfield et al., invery similar projects are being repeated
every
few
years,
without
acknowledgement of those that came
before. Whether this is due to not having
found
the
reference,or,
moresurreptitiously, the realization by theauthor(s) that the study is not novel yet
happens to be convenient to conduct,cannot typically be known.
The goal of this article is to provide a
key for finding a large number of coral
samples that have been archived inbiorepositories across the globe (Table 2).
This is not an exhaustive list of all corals

Figure 4. An in situ image of a model coral for research: Seriatopora hystrix(taken during the LOF-GRE mission to New Caledonia).
prep.) is valuable in and of itself and would
also be of use to one interested in thethermal biology of Palau’s reefs in 2023. I
fear we have fallen into a cycle in whichever sampled, but instead those from myprior laboratory experiments (Tables 3 & 9)
and field excursions (Tables 2 & 4-9) that
could be valuable to other researchers. In
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Table 1. Non-standard abbreviations. When applicable, hyperlinks have been overlaid
on the full names, and more obscure terms are defined in parentheses.
Abbreviation
AmmonBicarb
AOML
BIOT
DEPC
DESS
GBR
GRE
HSS
ISRS/ICRS
iTRAQLOF
MassIVE
MS
NCEI
NF
NGS
NMMBA
NOAA
Northwestern
NUS
PWII
RSMAS
RT
SCS
SEM
SmithBioRep
SCTLD
TEAB
TEM
TMT
TORI
UCSD
UMBP

Full nameammonium bicarbonate (commonly used to dissolve proteins for mass spectrometry)
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Miami, FL, USA)
British Indian Ocean Territory (i.e., Chagos)
diethyl-pyrocarbonate (a potent inactivator of RNAses)DMSO+EDTA+NaCl (a solution for DNA preservation)
Great Barrier Reef (Australia)
Global Reef Expeditionhigh salt solution (used for superior precipitation of RNA)International Society for Reef Studies (ISRS; DBA International Coral Reef Society)isobaric tags for relative and absolute (protein) quantification
Living Oceans Foundation
Mass spectrometry interactive virtual environment (San Diego, CA, USA)
mass spectrometry
National Centers for Environmental Information (Boulder, CO, USA)not featured (in tables, figures, or article text)
next-generation (RNA or DNA) sequencing
National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium (Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Washington, D.C., USA)
Northwestern University (Evanston, IL, USA)
National University of Singapore
protein wash II: 95% ethanol with 2.5% glycerol
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (Miami, FL, USA)room temperature
South China Sea (typically referring to Taiwan’s Dongsha Atoll)(prepared for) scanning electron microscopy
National Museum of Natural History’s Biorepository (Washington, D.C., USA)stony coral tissue loss disease
triethylammonium bicarbonate (a common dissolution buffer in proteomics)(prepared for) transmission electron microscopy
tandem mass tags (a proteomic technology developed by Thermo-Fisher Scientific)
Taiwan Ocean Research Institute (Kaohsiung County, Taiwan)
University of California, San Diego (San Diego, CA, USA)
University of Miami-Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (Miami, FL, USA)

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the instances of many of the samples
collected from the field, the respective
coral colonies have indeed perished on
account of climate change-induced or local
anthropogenic stressors (Chen et al., 2022).
These biopsies (or the molecules extracted
from them), then, represent the only hard
evidence of their existence (withphotographs & other data providing“softer” evidence). As seawater conditions
continue to change, eliciting bothephemeral and sustained physiologicalchanges in all manner of marine organisms(Enochs et al., 2020), future generations
may wish to peer into the cells of thesecorals to see how they functioned in theyears
beforetheirmilieuwasfundamentally altered on account of
human activities (sensu Mayfield & Lin,2022).

Orbicella faveolata field experiment(Table 9) are hosted on NOAA’s National
Centers for Environmental Information(NCEI) repository; several of theproteomic datasets deposited at MassIVE
are also archived on NCEI (see below.).
The samples themselves (as biopsies ormacromolecular extracts) can be requested
a number of ways, the easiest of whichbeing
sendinganemail
toanderson@coralreefdiagnostics.com.
Secondly, you may fill out the online formonathttps://coralreefdiagnostics.com/samplesharing. Third, consult Table 10 for thecontact information of the individuals
overseeing the respective biorepositories.
Concluding remarks
The expense, human effort, andcarbon footprint of repeating anexperiment or field expedition are
immense, making it increasingly moredifficult to justify overall cost with thepredicted long-term benefit with respect toscientific discovery and/or coral reef
conservation. For certain, return visits tosites of interest should be undertaken if
and when possible, with data preferably
taken by non-invasive means (e.g., images
or diver-scribed notes; Lin et al., 2018).
Ideally, locals in the nearby vicinity would
tackle such objectives since the associatedcarbon costs would inherently be far lower
than a scientist flying in from abroad. And
if a shoddy experiment is conducted, one

Data & sample access
All data found within the publishedarticles associated with/describing thearchived samples are freely available
either through the journal article itself(normally
accessedvia
the
online/electronic supplemental material);public, open-access data archives (e.g.,
Dryad); or the coral health data hub
coralreefdiagnostics.com. Proteomic data
have been deposited on the University ofCalifornia,
San
Diego’s(UCSD)“MassIVE” data repository, which iscross-listed with Proteome Xchange.
Images of sampled corals in the case of the
14

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lacking in controls (e.g., Seveso et al.,2017)? In this case, the experiment could
very well be repeated. Those carrying out
population genetic analyses or otherwise
analyses of DNA, however, would do well
to request samples from those with themalready in hand. This is surely lessglamorous than collecting the samples for
one’s self in regions of utter beauty (Figure6), but reproducing efforts to obtain themgiven the costs mentioned above is notproviding a net benefit to the coral reef
ecosystems we are aiming to ultimately
protect through these monumental efforts.
It is my hope, then, that the archived
samples presented herein will not only

benefit future coral reef research but lessen
environmental impacts in the process.

Acknowledgments
Thanks are given to the United States
National Science Foundation, LOF, theUnited States Fulbright Program, andmany other agencies for supporting the
projects which generated the various
sample sets described herein. For more
funding details, please go here. Finally,please consider making a charitable
donation to the International Coral Reef
Society (ICRS) here.

Figure 5. A hard coral-dominated reef off the west coast of the Republic of Palau.
Photograph taken by the author at 10-15 m.

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Figure 6. A coral community overgrowing a lava flow in Maluku, Indonesia (Banda
Islands). This image constitutes the background of coralreefdiagnostics.com,
the website archiving all imagery and other data associated with the coral
samples described herein. Watermark translation = “Dr. Coral.”

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Table 2. Summary of samples and data collected to date. Unless otherwise noted, all samples were collectedin situ between. 2008 and 2022 (with rows ordered from earliest to most recent). See subsequent
tables for details on the samples themselves. NA=not applicable (only imagery & survey datacollected). NF=not featured in main text tables.
Location

Taxa

ImagesTissues

TissueRNA

DNA

Protein

Other

Table

SEM & TEM

3

cassettes
Taiwan (mainland)a

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

Taiwan (mainland)a

Seriatopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

French Polynesia

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

TEM

4

Cook Islands

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

TEM

4

Fiji

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

5

Tonga

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

5

New Caledonia

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

6

Australia (GBR)

NA✔

Solomon Islands

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

6

Solomon Islands

Seriatopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

6

Palau

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

7

Palau

Seriatopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

7

Chagos (BIOT)

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

8

Chagos (BIOT)

Seriatopora spp.

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

8

Maldives

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔

8

Maldives

Acropora spp.

✔

✔

8

Taiwan (SCS)

Pocillopora spp.

✔

✔d

Floridab

Orbicella faveolata

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

lipids+metabolites

9

Floridac

Acropora cervicornis

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

lipids+metabolites

9

3

NF

NF

a

Lab samples only (mesocosms). bMix of microcosm & field samples. cLab samples only (microcosms). dn=28
biopsies.

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Table 3. Samples from experimental studies carried out at Taiwan’s National Museum of Marine Biology
and Aquarium (NMMBA) with the model corals Pocillopora acuta and Seriatopora hystrix
between 2008 and 2020. Studies denoted by asterisks (*) feature corals that were stressed (e.g.,
bleached) or died over the course of the study on account of the imposed stressor regime. “Tissuemolecular” and “Tissue-micro” correspond to tissues preserved for molecular (e.g., TRIzol™)and microscopic (e.g., paraffin) analyses, respectively. Note that NMMBA is a hub of coral reef
research, and this list does not reflect myriad experimental studies performed there on othersymbiotic anthozoans (e.g., Chen et al., 2015, 2017; He et al., 2023) nor data from local field
monitoring (Ye et al., 2023; the exception being Dongsha Atoll, South China Sea [SCS], whose
samples are briefly described in Table 2). NA=not applicable.
TargetTemp.

High pCO2

Time-

Tissue-Tissue-

R

D

Pro-

speciestreatment (°C)(µatm)

scale

mole-

micro

N

N

tein

A

A

S. hystrix

NA

NA

hours

S. hystrix

27 vs. 30

NA

hours

S. hystrix

26 vs. 23-29

NA

days

cular

✔

Reference(s)/data repository✔ ✔

Mayfield et al. (2010, 2012b)✔ ✔

Mayfield et al. (2011, 2014b)✔ ✔ ✔dover 6-hr

n=12Mayfield et al. (2012a, 2013c, 2014b,
2016b-c, 2018a), Mayfield (2016, 2020b);
MassIVE accession: MSV000085863;
NCEI accession: 0216077

P. acuta

26 vs. 29a

415 vs. 635

days

P. acuta

26.5 vs. 29.7

NAmonthsP. acuta

31.5-sustained*

NA

weeks

P. acuta

26 vs. 29415 vs. 850

weeks

✔
✔
✔

✔
✔

✔

Mayfield et al. (2013b, 2014d, 2018b)✔ ✔ ✔

Mayfield et al. (2013a, 2014a)✔ ✔ ✔dMayfield et al. (under review)n=9
P. acuta

31.5-return to

NA

weeks

✔

Putnam et al. (2013)✔ ✔ ✔e✔

MassIVE accession: MSV000085868
Mayfield et al. (2013a)

ambient at nightP. acuta

25

400 vs. 1,000

months✔

Liu et al. (2020)

S. hystrix

25

400 vs. 1,000

months✔

Liu et al. (in prep.)

P. acuta25, 28, or 31

400 vs. 800b

months✔

Liu et al. (in prep.)

P. acuta

26 vs. 30

NAmonthsP. acuta

26 vs. 32

NA

hours

P. acuta

26 vs. 30c

NAmonths

McRae et al. (in prep.)
McRae et al. (in prep.)✔ ✔ ✔

McRae et al. (2021);
MassIVE accession: MSV000087874

aLarval study. bNutrient effects also tested. cTrans-generational study. dArchived at SmithBioRep. eArchived at UMBP (n=12).

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Table 4. Pocilloporid coral samples from French Polynesia’s Austral Islands and the Cook Islands. Please see Table
1 for abbreviations and Supplemental table 1 for the exact species sampled (e.g., Pocillopora damicornis,
P. acuta, & others). Note that some sample sizes are estimates for RNAs and DNAs, as some aliquots wereused in their entireties during laboratory analysis. All images of the corals in situ (n=123) can be found oncoralreefdiagnostics.com. Apple Photo libraries of whole-colony and polyp-scale images can be provided
as Adobe
Lightroom
and/or Apple
Photo
libraries(pleasesend
requesttoanderson@coralreefdiagnostics.com or use the sample request form posted here.).
Sample type

SampleSampleSample storage

Storagesize

condition

media

temp.

Location #1

Location #2

Manuscript(s)(if applicable)

Austral Islands, French Polynesia (Apr. 2013): corals were sampled from Raivavae, Tubuai, Rurutu, & Maria Atoll.
tissues+skeleton

61

homogenized

RNALater®

-80°C

NMMBA

tissues only

28

embeddedparaffin

RT

NMMBA

RSMAS

Mayfield et al. (2015)

RNA

30-60

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

SmithBioRep

Mayfield et al. (2016b,

DNA

30-60

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBA

NUS

protein50

precipitated

PWII-150°C

SmithBioRep

unanalyzed
2019a)11/7/23 11:02:00 AM
Mayfield et al. (2015)
unanalyzed

Cook Islands (Apr.-May 2013): corals were sampled from Rarotonga, Aitutaki, & Palmerston Atoll (see Mayfield et al., 2015 for details.)
tissues+skeleton

62

homogenized

RNALater®

-80°C

NMMBA

RSMAS

Mayfield et al. (2015)

RNA

30-60

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

SmithBioRep

Mayfield et al. (2016b, 2019a)

NUS

Mayfield et al. (2015)

DNA

30-60

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBA

protein38

precipitated

PWII-150°C

SmithBioRep

Sample type

SampleSampleStorage media

Storage

Location #1

size

condition

unanalyzed

Table 5. Pocilloporid coral samples from Fiji and Tonga. Please see Table 1 for abbreviations, Supplemental table
1 for the exact species sampled (as well as other sampling data+meta-data), and Table 10 for theindividuals in care of the samples at the respective repositories. Image access is as described in Table 4,
with select habitat photos found here.
Location #2

Manuscript(s)temp.

Fiji (June 2013): please see Mayfield et al. (2017b) for locations of the sampled corals within Lau Archipelago.
tissues+skeleton

153

homogenized

RNALater

-80°C

NMMBA

tissues only

33

embeddedparaffin

RT

NMMBA

RSMAS

Mayfield et al. (2017b)

RNA

61

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

SmithBioRep

Mayfield et al. (2017b, 2018c)

DNA

90-96

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

protein69

precipitated

PWII

-20°C

NMMBA

NUS

Mayfield et al. (2015)-80°C

SmithBioRep

unanalyzed

unanalyzed

Tonga (Sept. 2013): corals were sampled from Ha’apai & Va’vau (see Mayfield et al., 2017a for details & Dryad for images of colonies.)
tissues+skeleton

115

homogenized

RNALater

-80°C

NMMBA

tissues+skeleton

73

unhomogenized

RNALater-80°C

Northwestern

a

RSMAS

Mayfield et al. (2017a)
unanalyzeda

RNA

90-97

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

SmithBioRep

DNA

90

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBA

NUS

protein106

precipitated

PWII-150°C

SmithBioRep

Mayfield et al. (2017a, 2021b)
Mayfield et al. (2017a)
unanalyzed

Will be analyzed via a variety of microscopic approaches to assess light scattering properties (sensu Spicer et al., 2019).

19

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Platax 20: 07-30, 2023
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Table 6. Pocilloporid coral samples from Melanesia (New Caledonia & Solomon Islands). Please see Table 1 forabbreviations, Supplemental table 1 for the exact species sampled, and Table 10 for the individuals in careof the samples at the respective repositories. Image access is as described in Table 4. Note that in the
Solomon Islands, two coral genera were sampled: Pocillopora and Seriatopora (mainly a mix of S. hystrix& S. caliendrum).
Sample type

SampleSamplesize

condition

Storage media

Storage

Location #1

Location #2

Manuscript(s)temp.

New Caledonia (Oct.-Nov. 2013): please see Mayfield et al. (2017c) for locations of the sampled corals.
tissues+skeleton

139

homogenized

RNALater

-80°C

NMMBA

tissues+skeleton

36

unhomogenized

RNALater-80°C

Northwestern

RSMAS

Mayfield et al. (2017c)

tissues only

28

embeddedparaffin

RT

NMMBA

unanalyzed

RNA

120

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

Mayfield & Dempsey

DNA

120

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBA

protein120

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

NMMBA

unanalyzeda

NUS(2022)
unanalyzed

Solomon Islands (Sept. 2015): please see Mayfield et al. (2022a) for locations of the sampled corals.
Genus Pocillopora
tissues+skeleton

126

homogenized

TRIzol

-80°C

NMMBA

tissues+skeleton

76

unhomogenized

RNALater-80°C

Northwestern

Mayfield et al. (2022b)
unanalyzeda

RNA

120

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

Mayfield et al. (2022b)

DNA

120

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBA

DNA

120

diluted

Tris+water

-20°C

RSMAS

partially analyzed

protein120

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

NMMBA

unanalyzed

200

unhomogenized

RNALater or 80% ethanol

-80°C

TORI

unanalyzed

NUS

Mayfield et al. (2022b)

Genus Seriatopora
tissues+skeletonaWill be analyzed via a variety of microscopic approaches to assess light scattering properties.

20

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Table 7. Pocilloporid coral samples from Micronesia (Palau). Please see prior tables for abbreviation and
Supplemental table 1 for the exact species sampled. Note that while 185 biopsies were archived, they werefrom only 150 pocilloporid coral colonies (i.e., 35 colonies were sampled twice.).
Sample type

SampleSample condition

Storage media

size

Storage

Location

Location

temp.

#1

#2

Manuscript(s)Palau (Jan.-Feb. 2015): please see coralreefdiagnostics.com for sample collection locations and other details.
Genus Pocillopora
tissues+skeleton

185

unhomogenized

RNALater & TRIzol

-80°C

NMMBA

tissues only

35

embeddedparaffin

RT

NMMBA

RSMAS

Mayfield & Dempsey (in prep.)
unanalyzed

RNA

120

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

Mayfield & Dempsey (in

DNA

160

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBA

DNA

160

diluted

Tris+water

-20°C

RSMAS

protein160

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

NMMBA

unanalyzed

217

unhomogenized

75% ethanol

-80°C

TORI

unanalyzed

prep.)11/7/23 11:02:00 AM
NUS

Wainwright et al. (in prep.)

Genus Seriatopora
tissues+skeleton

21

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Table 8. Pocilloporid coral samples from the Indian Ocean (Chagos & the Maldives). Please see priortables for abbreviations and Supplemental table 1 for the exact species sampled. In the case of
the Maldives samples, the vast majority of the source colonies perished on account of back-toback bleaching events that occurred in 2016 and 2017.
Sample type

SampleSample condition

Storage media

size

Storage

Sampletemp.

location

Manuscript(s)Chagos (i.e., BIOT; March-May 2015): see coralreefdiagnostics.com for sample collection locations and other details.
Genus Pocillopora
tissues+skeleton

166

unhomogenized

RNALater & TRIzol

-80°C

NMMBA

tissues only70

embeddedparaffin

RT

NMMBA

Mayfield et al. (in prep.)
unanalyzed

RNA

150

precipitatedisopropanol

-80°C

NMMBA

Mayfield et al. (in

DNA

150

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBAaWainwright et al. (in prep.)

DNA

150

diluted

Tris+water

-20°C

RSMAS

unanalyzed

protein150

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

NMMBAbunanalyzed

tissues+skeleton

174

unhomogenized

DESS

-80°C

TORI

unanalyzed

tissues+skeleton30

homogenized

TRIzol

-80°C

NMMBA

unanalyzed

RNA

27

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

NMMBA

unanalyzed

DNA

27

purified

Tris (pH 8.5)

-20°C

NMMBA

unanalyzed

protein24

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

UMBP

unanalyzed

prep.)11/7/23 11:02:00 AM

Genus Seriatopora

Maldives (Jan. 2016 & mid-2017): see coralreefdiagnostics.com for sample collection locations and other details.
Genus Pocillopora-2016 (pre-bleaching event)tissues+skeleton

85

unhomogenized

TRIzol

-80°C

NMMBA

unanalyzed

tissues+skeleton

19

unhomogenized

RNALater-80°C

Northwestern

unanalyzed

Genus Acropora-2016 (pre-bleaching event)tissues+skeleton

82

unhomogenized

TRIzol

-80°C

NMMBA

unanalyzed

tissues+skeleton

18

unhomogenized

RNALater-80°C

Northwestern

unanalyzed

RNALater-150°C

SmithBioRep

unanalyzed

RNALater-150°C

SmithBioRep

unanalyzed

Genus Pocillopora-2017 (post-bleaching)tissues+skeleton

58

unhomogenized

Genus Acropora-2017 (post-bleaching)tissues+skeletona50

unhomogenized

A subset is also at NUS. bA subset of 39 is also at UMBP.

22

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Table 9. Massive coral samples (Orbicella faveolata) from Florida (USA). See prior tables forabbreviations. Online locations of imagery and proteomic data are provided as hyperlinks
overlaid upon the accession numbers. Proteins from six Acropora cervicornis genotypes
exposed to a temperature challenge study (n=89 over the two-week experiment; Shaw et al., in
prep.) are also stored at UMBP (analyzed via Thermo-Fisher Scientific’s “tandem mass tag”
[TMT] labeling followed by nano-liquid chromatography+mass spectrometry [MS]). Sample
sizes in parentheses in right-most column are shown when number differed from that shown in
the “Sample size” column. *Aliquots also stored at AOML.
Sample type

SampleSamplesize

condition

Storage media

Storage

Sampletemp.

location

Manuscript(s)/biorepository accession

Orbicella faveolata-laboratory experiments (described in Mayfield et al., 2021a)
tissues+skeleton

92

homogenized

none

-80°C

AOML

Mayfield (2022)

RNA

92

purified

DEPC-H20

-80°C

AOML

Aguilar et al. (unpublished)

RNA

40

precipitatedisopropanol+HSS-150°C

SmithBioRep*

DNA

41

precipitatedisopropanol-150°C

SmithBioRep*

Manzello et al. (2019)

protein46

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

SmithBioRep*

MassIVE accession: MSV000086098;

protein-shotgun

16

various

PWII

-80°C

SmithBioRep*

MassIVE accession: MSV000086530 (n=16);

protein-iTRAQ

21

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

SmithBioRep*

NCEI accession: 0242879 (n=21)

protein-iTRAQ

41

purified

TEAB

-80°C

UMBP*

Manzello et al. (in prep.)atissues+skeleton

124

preserved

TRIzol

-80°C

AOML

tissues+skeleton

124

preserved

RNALater

-80°C

AOML
AOML

Proteome Xchange accession: PXD021349
proteomics

Proteome Xchange accession: PXD022796;

Orbicella faveolata-field experiment (described in Mayfield & Lin, 2023)
NCEI accession: 0243645 (in situ images)

RNA

42

precipitatedisopropanol

-80°C

DNA

42

precipitatedisopropanol

-80°C

AOML

protein42

precipitated

PWII

-80°C

cannot find*

MassIVE accession: MSV000089240;

protein-iTRAQ

36

purified

TEAB

-80°C

cannot find*

NCEI accession: 0254274 (‘Omic data)aSamples from an unpublished reciprocal transplant study (n=35 out of 41 proteins analyzed via iTRAQ).

23

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Table 10. Contact information of the biorepositories. As this information is subject to change, pleasefirst email me at anderson@coralreefdiagnostics.com, and I will identify the best point-ofcontact. See Table 1 for full names of institutes, as well as hyperlinks to institute websites.
Biorepository

Location

SamplesContact person/people

Contact email

Asia
NMMBA

Pingtung, Taiwan

See Tables 2-3.

Dr. Chiahsin Lin

chiahsin@nmmba.gov.tw

NUS

Singapore

See Tables 3-8.

Dr. Benjamin Wainwrightben.wainwright@yale-nus.edu.sg

TORI

Kaohsiung,

See Tables 3 & 6-8.

Dr. Chien-Hsun Chenchienhsun@narlabs.org.tw

TaiwanUnited States of America
Northwestern

Chicago, IL

See Tables 5-6 & 8.

Dr. Luisa Marcelino

l-marcelino@northwestern.edu

RSMAS

Miami, FL

See Tables 4-8.

Dr. Nikki Traylor-Knowles

ntraylorknowles@rsmas.miami.edu

SmithBioRep

Washington, D.C.

See Tables 3-5 & 8-

Current lab manager

NMNHBiorepository@si.edu

See Tables 2-3 & 8-

Dr. Pei-Ciao Tang

pxt286@miami.edu

9.

Dr. Sanjoy Bhattacharya

sbhattacharya@med.miami.edu

9.
UMBP

Miami, FL

24F

Platax 20: 07-30, 2023
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