Petroleum Association of JapanOIL SPILL SYMPOSIUM 1995
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND
THE CURRENT SET-UP BY THE INDUSTRY

National Framework and The Role of The Oil Industry
INDONESIA (Present Status and Prospect)

1． INTRODUCTION
The geographical position of Indonesia, has special values especially from view of theeconomic and environmental aspects. It is located in the long tradition shipping lanes
connecting Australia, New Zealand, For East, Middle East, other parts of Asia, America
even Africa and Europe.
Indonesia also endowed with rich ecological values, i.e. flora and fauna including its
marine resource. It is then understood that the preservation of marine environment inthis area is not only for the interest of Indonesia but also have a global concern.
The Government of Indonesia had partake at various important international, regional
as well its national efforts to safeguard this rich inheritance for its preservation.
Therefore all efforts including co-operations connected with the conservation of marine
resources are supported and motivated, also for the prevention, preparedness andresponses to marine oil spill.

2． VULNERABILITIESAreas of vulnerabilities to oil spills are determined among others by the:‑‑‑‑

sensitive areas
shipping lanes, especially tanker traffic
offshore oil and gas activities
marine terminals

2．1 SENSITIVE AREAS
Appendix I shows a sample of the map of one sensitive area in Indonesia.
The marine areas specified as sensitive are : coral reefs, wetlands, mangroves, whales,dugongs, sea turtles, seabirds and waders, cocanut crabs, fisheries, milkfish fry, algae
and others.
12．2 SHIPPING LANES
Indonesia had ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of The Sea (UNCLOS)
1982 thru her Act No. 17 of 1985 which is now enforced interna-tonally since November
1994. Therefore its national jurisdiction area is approximately 8 million square miles(including the exclusive economic zones). Due to its archipelagic nature, and refer toArticle 53 this Convention, the Government are processing the establishment of official
shipping lanes, the proposed draft appears in Appendix II.
The proposed archipelagic sea lanes other than Malacca/Singapore Straits are :(1) Sunda Strait - Java Sea - Karimata Strait - Natuna Sea - South China Sea(2) Lombok Strait - Makassar Strait - Sulawesi Sea(3a) Sawu Sea - Ombai Strait - Banda Sea - (West of Buru Island) - Serarn Sea - (East ofMangoli Island) - Maluku Sea - Pacific Ocean(3b) Timor Sea - Leti Strait - Banda Sea - (West of Buru Island) - Serarn Sea - (East ofMangoli Island) - Maluku Sea - Pacific Ocean(3c) Arafur Sea - Banda Sea - (West of Buru Island) - Serarn Sea - (East of Mangoli Islan) Maluku Sea - Pacific Ocean
with the possibility of future modifications or alter ations.
The inland water traffic followed the traditional navigation sea-lanes as indicated in themap shown at Appendix III.
Tanker traffics and important marine terminals locations have been marked separately
for clarification on the above mentioned maps.
In fact there are 122 marine tanker terminals throughout Indonesia, 14 for them areclassified as large terminals, 22 are medium and the rest are small terminals.

2．3 OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIESAppendix IV shows the map of oil and gas activities specifically for offshore operations
which vulnerable to the safety of navigation thus have the threat to possible oil spillincident occurences.
There are good future prospects for offshore oil and gas explorations and productions
developments are which eventually will also effect the strategy for preparedness andresponse : to prevent, mitigate and abating oil spills.
Refer to the abouve mentioned informations, the degree of priority of vulnerabitities to marine
oil spill it the area are (1) Malacca and Singapore Straits, (2) Lombok-Makassur Straits and2

Sulawesi Sea, (3) Sundo Strait-Java Sea-karimata Strait and (4) Ntuna Sea-South China Sea,
then followed by the other sea areas.

3． LEGAL JURISDICTION FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION
3．1 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL
Indonesia had ratified the following International Conventions:
UNCLOS 1982 SOLAS 1974 MARPOL 1973/Protacol 1978 Appendix I and II, CLC 1969,
IOPCF 1971, STCW 1974, Basel Convention 1985 (for hazard-ous wastes), UNCED
Con-vention 1992 and presently are in the process for possible ratification of otherConventions such as: CLC 1984/1992, OPRC 1990, London Dumping Convention,
Intervention I The High Seas, MARPOL 1973/1978 Appendixes III thru V.

3．2 NATIONAL COVERAGERegulations concerning preservations of the environments were enacted through Act No.
4 of 1982 : The Environment Management Act and Act No.5 of 1990 concerning theProtection and Preservation of the Living Environment.
A number of Government Regulations as well as Presidential Decree and Guidelines
from various Ministries to safeguard marine ecology and preventing marine pollutions
have also been issued.

3．3 INDUSTRY SET-UP
Guidelines and Contingency Plans for Oil Spill Preparedness and Responses areprepared to comply with the Government Regulations. Moreover, references tointernational oil and gas practices are adopted or adapted to suit the condition andapplication in the country or to the appropriate location.

4． COOPERATIONS FRAMEWORKS
4．1 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKInternational Agencies : IMO, UNEP, UNDP, World Bank have been involved in a
number of coordinative activities supporting the efforts to deal with various
environmental issues in the region.
Within the ASEAN Organization auspices, the marine environmental aspects arecoordinated through the ASOEN (ASEAN Senior Officials for Environ-ment), where
Brunel Darussalam chaired the Marine Environment Committee.
A tripartite agreement was concluded in 1971 among the Governments of Malaysia,
Singapore and Indonesia have to strengthen co-operation among the three coastal stateson the safety of navigation (establishment of Traffic Separation Schemes/TSS) as adopted3

by IMCO (then the International Maritime Consultative Organization) in 1971.
Thereinafter, co-operation by the tripartite states with Japanese Consortium is agreed onwhat is known as the Malacca/Singapore Straits Revolving Fund in 1981 . Thisagreement provide the availability of fund to initiate and operate the oil spill incident
abatements in the Malacca and Singapore areas. The costs will be reimbursed to theRevolving Fund after being paid by the Polluter or Liable Parties. Through this scheme,
the three countries have also conducted joint exercises in these straits regions.
The Philippines and Indonesia have agreed on the Sulawesi Sea Network Cooperations
since 1978. Combined exercises by both countries have been conducted annually.
Experiences gained from these exercises have proven to be beneficial.
Through the OSPAR Project with the Japanese Government under the auspices of theIMO 1990 OPRC Convention, a cooperation to enhance national capabilities within
ASEAN countries have been agreed including the supplles of oil spill abatement
equipments including communications facilities and data-base systems.
Furthermore, the ASEAN Oil Spill Response Action Plan (OSRAP) which is the Regional
Contingency Plan have been agreed upon with the signing of the Memorandum ofUnderstanding among the ASEAN Member Countries in May 1993.
The ASEAN OSRAP recognizes the Leading Agency from each Member Country which willthen coordinate the Supporting Agencies for the purpose of oil spill response andabatement The oil and gas companies operated in Indonesia under Pertamina management
are one of these Supporting Agencies. The network are shown in Appendix IV.
The National Contingency Planning (NCP) which is still in its draft form had proposedthat the Ministry of Communication, i.e. Director General of Sea Communication will act
as the National Coordinator for Marine Oil Spill Incident.
Government co-optation thru EMDI (Environment Management Development ofIndonesia) involving Canada, Australia and Japan have also contribute developments inthe coastal management and preservations of endangered marine ecosystems.
Government Agencies from USA, UK, Norway, Netherland and other countries haveparticipated in various bilateral or international efforts to assist on the conservations ofenvironmental aspects.
The network of National involvement at the International Network is ilustrated inAppendix V.

4．2 COORDINATION OF NATIONAL FRAMEWORKCooperation among National Agencies and industries are coordinated by the National
4Agency for Planning and Development (BAPPENAS), the Office of The State Ministry ofEnvironment for State Agency for Environmental Impact Management (its Indonesianacronym is BAPEDAL).
Joint national or regional marine oil spill exercises involving Indonesia is co-ordinatedby the Directorate General of Sea Communication.
The NOCOP (National Operation Center for Oil Pollution) was established at the Sea
Communication Headwater which linked to various provinces in the country and havethe capability to communicate with its counterparts as Leading Agencies in the ASEAN
region.

4．3 OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY SET-UP IN NATIONAL FRAMEWORKBACKGROUND
Referring to the 1945 Constitution, the management of natural resources including oiland gas belongs to the State, therefore Pertamina was established as the State Oil andGas Mining Enterprise.
Pertaminal has the responsibility to manage and co-ordinate the various oil and gas
industries from many countries operation in Indonesia.
There are some advantages gained from the set-up of oil spill preparedness andresponses within the industry, i.e. :* Operating Companies have dual references for compliance :- to the Indonesian regulations and Pertamina's guidelines- to its Headquarter' or Company's standard* These multi-national industries are in many cases advance in their set-up of oil spill
management as well as preparedness which eventually will assist Pertamina's ability
to set-up standards for compliances.
* Set-up of International or regional co-operations among the multi-national industries'affiliation have further enhance response capabilities of those operators
ROLE OF THE INDUSTRIESThe role of the industries in the marine oil spill incidents are :* incident derived or involving the industry's interest : the industry will have theinitiative role
* incident which is not involve the interest of the industry's interest, the Government
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will take the initiative role and the industries will be as Supporting Agency as draftedin the NCP.

Referring to the "sustainable development principles", the preparedness and response
strategies by the oil, gas and geothermal industries are :* establish tiered response capabilities* establish equipment stockpile bases refer to the tiered response and risk assessment
scenarios* establish and maintain co-operations among industries, actively partake at national,
regional and international co-operations schemes* maintain and improve preparedness and response capabilities, including facilities,
human resources

The challenges among others are :* widespread of locations and areas affecting the effective and efficient span of control
which eventually give more financial burdens* unavailability of infrastructures and facilities to back-up prompt and effective actions,
therefore decreasing the preparedness and response capabilities* financial impacts for the establishments, supply, replenishment of stockpile bases andoil spill equipments.

SET-UP BY THE INDUSTRY (PRESENT STATUS)
The various Government Agencies have always involved Pertamina (repre- senting theoil, gas and geothermal industries operating in Indonesia) on all policy-making
processes, activities and co-operations of oil spill issues.
At International level, Pertamina is a member of :* IPIECA (International Petroleum Industry Environmental Association)* E & P Forum* World Petroleum Congress* Industries' employees are also active members of SPE (Society Petroleum Engineers)

6

At Regional Level, in the ASCOPE (ASEAN Council of Petroleum), where co-operations
and issues on marine oil spill are coordinated through the ASGES (ASCOPE Study
Group on Environment and Safety).
It should be noted that co-operations with NORAD (Norwegian Agency for Development)
and CCOP (The Committee for Coordination of Joint Prospecting Mineral Resources in
ASIA Offshore Areas) are developed including training and education programs on oilspill issues.
At the Industry's Corporate Level, the co-operations are coordinated through :* Pertamina management* IPA (Indonesian Petroleum Association) at its Environment Committee

Through these co-operative efforts and involvements, the industries have opportunities toenhance us well as up-date its management, technical capabilities in order to maintainand catch-up the current International leverage with the dynamic global changes
The tiered response srutegy of the industry (Appendix VII) are :* Corporate Level as tier III, the main stockpile base is Tanjung Priok, the harbour ofJakarta.
* 9 (nine) terminals have the tier II capabilities, presently established and will
eventually up-graded at : Pangkalan Brandan, Dumai, Tanjung Uban, Jakarta,Cilacap, Surabaya, Balikpapan, Ujung Pandang and Sorong* 52 terminals have tier I capabilities.
* Small depots handling petroleum products, i.e. gasoil, kerosene and gasoline are
equipped with adequate amount of oil boom, sprayers and dispersant to suffice forpossible routine spills and not regarded as tier I capability.

5． CONCLUSION

Refer to the vulnerable degree of priorities of sea-lanes as described earlier, the easternpart of Indonesian sea-waters are less prepared compared to the west and this are due to :(1)
(2)

less oil and gas industries' asctivities in those regions
distances involved from Equipment Stockpile Centers are far
7

(3)
(4)

inavailability or inadequacy of infra-stuctures, communication facilities as wellas transportations have affected to the prompt and effective response capabilities
to a certain extend : less traffic

Nevertheless, the industries' set-up the national frameworks are :* compliance to regulations and company' standards or rules* strengthen industry's capability for preparedness and response to oil spill incidents
focused no the industry's interests or concerns* to certain extent, play roles as Supporting Agency under government Coordination foroil spill responses* assist Government Agencies in promoting and improving preparedness to respond tooil spill incidents* enchance co-operations among industries, Government or other related parties either
at local, national, regional or international level to achieve the objective of adequate
preparedness to prevent and response
With the increasing awareness of co-operative needs, the future prospects of building
partnerships at various levels, national or international are neded and very promisingand will eventually strengthen the preparedness and response capabilities to safeguard
our global marine environments.
Jakarta, March 16th, 1995
Prepared by,
Max Maloringan
Pertamina, Indonesia

8Appendix I

910

APPENDIXINDONESIA

inland sea traffic lanse

11III

12

Appendix
INDONESIA : NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN ( NCP)

Note :

Legal binding text still in process for approval Operationally, binding for all
Government Agencies & Industries concerned

13V

APPENDIX

14VI

Appendix

15VII