AAS01-01

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Global carbon modeling using GOSAT observations*Makoto Saito1, Yukio Yoshida1, Hibiki Noda1, Isamu Morino1, Osamu Uchino1, Tsuneo Matsunaga1,
Tatsuya Yokota1, Shamil Maksyutov1
1.National Institute for Environmental Studies
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) was launched on January 2009 to measurespatiotemporal variations of column carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations fromspace. The GOSAT measurements provide uniform global coverage and thus show a standardized
distribution and CO2 and CH4 concentrations over the globe, allowing an assessment of potential
impact of climate change on the CO2 and CH4 budgets. Here we show how drought events influence CH4
emission in the Amazon region by using the GOSAT observation, as a case study to examine
utilizationof of earth explore satellites for advancing our understanding of the global carbon
cycle and for distinguishing emission sources from the atmospheric concentrations.The GOSAT mission
can be considered as a demonstrator for discussing future missions of greenhouse gas observing
satellites.
Keywords: satellite observations, global carbon budget, greenhouse gases©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-01 -AAS01-02

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Current Status of GOSAT and GOSAT-2 Projects*Ryoichi Imasu1, Tatsuya Yokota2, Tsuneo Matsunaga2, Masakatsu Nakajima3, Yukio Yoshida2, Naoko
Saitoh4, Gen Inoue
1.Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 2.National Institute forEnvironmental Studie, 3.Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency, 4.Center of Environmental Remote
Sensing
GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite) is the world’s first satellite dedicated to greenhousegas monitoring from space, and it was successfully launched on January 23, 2009. Although it has
finished its nominal operation period (5 years) in January 2014 and is currently in the extended
operation period, it has still been monitoring the Earth’s atmosphere continuously. The data havebeen widely used not only for source/sink inversion of carbon dioxide and methane in global scale
but also for assessing regional emission sources of the gases. The successor, GOSAT-2, will belaunched in FY2017. Most of the design reviews for spacecraft, instruments, and ground dataprocessing systems have been finished. The main sensor of GOSAT-2, Thermal And Near- infrared
Sensor for carbon Observation –Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS)-2 is designed based on
CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder) onboard NASA’s Suomi NPP for gas sounding. It has a widened
band in a short wavelength infrared region to detect carbon monoxide (CO). Intelligent pointing
system, which is a dynamical system for targeting at selected clear sky scenes has been newly
developed. It is expected that the detectability of clear sky scenes become larger twice or morecompared with the current system. “GOSAT Air Pollution Watch” is being designed for rapid
processing / distribution of GOSAT TANSO-Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI) data for monitoringof air pollution caused mainly by particulate matters such as PM2.5 and Black Carbon (BC). Its
testbed is already developed and basic performances have been demonstrated using TANSO-CAI data.
Data processing algorithms in GOSAT Air Pollution Watch are based on but modified fromGOSAT/GOSAT-2 algorithms for aerosol product so as to realize faster and timely data processing.
Its data will be used to inform the current distribution of the polluted air. In addition, they
will contribute to short term prediction of air pollution using atmospheric transport models. NIES
would like to issue “Call for new GOSAT Air Pollution Watch partners” to extend the coverage of the
testbed to Southeastern and South Asian countries. These activities may have close relationships toJCM (Joint Crediting Mechanism) activities between Japan and Asian countries.
Keywords: GOSAT, Carbon dioxide, Methane, GOSAT Air Pollution Watch©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-02 -AAS01-03

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Measuring Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide with the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2)*David Crisp1
1.Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) was successfully launched from Vandenberg Air Force
Base in California on 2 July 2014. Two months later, its spectrometers began routinely returning
almost one million soundings over the sunlit hemisphere each day. About 10% of these soundings are
sufficiently cloud free to yield full-column estimates of the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole
fraction, XCO2. Nadir soundings over land yield XCO2 estimates with single-sounding random errorsthat increase from 0.5 ppm to 1 ppm between the sub-solar latitude and solar zenith angles near 60
degrees. Observations of the glint spot over the ocean yield XCO2 estimates with single sounding
random errors near 0.5 ppm at solar zenith angles below 70 degrees. The initial observing strategy
recorded only glint or nadir observations over the entire sunlit hemisphere for a complete, 16-day,ground-track repeat cycle, and then used the other observing mode in the next 16-day cycle. Thisapproach provided adequate coverage of oceans and continents on monthly time scales, but produced
16-day long gaps in the coverage of the ocean while in nadir mode, and limited coverage of highlatitude continents while in glint mode. In early July of 2015, this observation strategy was
modified to alternate between glint and nadir observations on alternate orbits to yield more
continuous coverage of the entire sunlit hemisphere every day.
Preliminary, global maps of XCO2 compiled from soundings collected over 16-day ground track repeat
cycles reveal some of the most robust features of the annual atmospheric carbon cycle. Regions ofenhanced XCO2 that are co-located with intense fossil fuel emission sources in the eastern US andeastern China were most obvious in the fall and early winter of 2014, when the north-south gradientin XCO2 was small. XCO2 enhancements coincident with intense biomass burning in the Amazon, central
Africa, and the Indonesian Archipelago were also most obvious during this season. In the early
spring, when the pole-to-pole gradients in XCO2 are largest, contributions from these emission
sources were clearly seen in individual orbit tracks but were much less obvious in the global maps.
However, between late May and early July of 2015, OCO-2 maps show a 2-3% reduction in XCO2 acrossmuch of the northern hemisphere, as the land biosphere rapidly absorbs CO2 through photosynthesis.
As the carbon cycle science community continues to analyze these OCO-2 data, quantitative estimatesof regional-scale emission sources and natural sinks (absorbers) are expected to emerge.
The OCO-2 team started delivering Version 7 products to the Goddard Earth Sciences Data andInformation Services Center (GES-DISC) in early June 2015. These products include calibrated,
spectral radiances (Level 1 products), and retrieved geophysical quantities, including spatiallyresolved estimates of XCO2, surface pressure, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (Level 2
products). The calibration of the Level 1 products continues to be refined, and the effort to crosscalibrate these products with those from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT)
are under way. The Level 2 products are currently being validated against observations from the
Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and other standards to identify and correct biases.
This presentation will summarize these and other aspects of the OCO-2 mission status, early
products, and near-term plans.
Keywords: carbon dioxide, carbon cycle, remote sensing©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-03 -AAS01-04

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Regional methane emission estimation based on observed atmospheric concentrations(2002–2012)*Prabir Patra1,2, Tazu Saeki1, Edward J Dlugokencky4, Kentaro Ishijima1, Taku Umezawa3, Akihiko Ito3
, Shuji Aoki2, Shinji Morimoto2, Eric A Kort5, Andrew Crotwell4, Ravi Kumar Kunchala6, Takakiyo
Nakazawa2
1.Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan, 2.CAOS,
Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 3.National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, 4.NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Colorado, USA,
5.University of Michigan, Michigan, USA, 6.Arctic GRENE, National Institute of Polar Research,
Tachikawa, Japan
Methane (CH4) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) due to its dual
roles as a strong greenhouse gas and in air pollution chemistry. A better understanding of theregional (country-level) emissions is required for effective policymaking for emission mitigation
as well as for evaluating progress of the committed INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined
Contribution) at the Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris in 2015. An atmosphericchemistry-transport model (i.e., JAMSTEC’s ACTM) has been developed to simulate greenhouse gases
and ozone depleting substances. With atmospheric CH4 lifetime being ~10 years, accurate knowledgeof the transport and chemistry are established first for monitoring and verification of CH4
emissions using atmospheric data by inverse modeling (referred to as top-down method). We have
performed an ensemble of 7 inversions, by varying the bottom-up emissions for top-down estimationof CH4 emissions from 53 partitions of global land using the ACTM forward simulations andatmospheric measurements at 39 surface sites. Our top-down results show that CH4 emissions for the
East Asian and Tropical regions are overestimated, up to about 20 Tg/yr (1Tg = 1012g) each, by thebottom-up method. In contrast, top-down estimation for the southern extratropics is about 10 Tg/yrhigher CH4 emissions compared to the bottom-up method. Furthermore, the emission increase between
2002 and 2012 is also overestimated by the bottom-up method for East Asia. We use additional
observational evidences to show that CH4 emissions from coal burning is overestimated from the East
Asia (China) region, and the emissions from enteric fermentation (livestock farming) is increasingin the tropical countries. We determine the tropical CH4 emissions increase is due to livestock
farming, based on an analysis of observed carbon isotopes of CH4 (δ13C) by Tohoku University andanimal population from Food and agriculture organization (FAO) statistics.
This study has been carried out as part of Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (Research
Number: 22241008), Suishin-hi (Research Number: 2-1401), and the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science and Arctic Climate Change Research, Green Network of Excellence (GRENE) Project (led by
National Institute of Polar Research) by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andTechnology.
Keywords: greenhouse gases, source/sink inversion, regional CH4 emission©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-04 -AAS01-04©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

- AAS01-04 -AAS01-05

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Toward assimilation of CONTRAIL data to estimate surface CO2 fluxes*Yosuke Niwa1, Yousuke Sawa1, Toshinobu Machida2, Hidekazu Matsueda1, Taku Umezawa2, Nobuko Saigusa2
1.Meteorological Research Institute, 2.National Institute for Environmental Studies
Inverse modeling is a powerful method to elucidate carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes at the earth
surface. Using the Bayesian algorithm, an inverse model quantitatively estimates spatiotemporalvariations of surface fluxes from observations of atmospheric concentrations with help of a priori
information. In this study, we have developed a new inversion system based on a state-of-the-art
assimilation technique of the four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method. Differently from a
conventional method, the 4D-Var method has no limitation in the number of observations and it has
an ability to estimate model grid resolution fluxes, so that regionally limited CO2 flux anomalies
such as biomass burnings are detectable. Since 2005, the aircraft measurement program named
CONTRAIL has observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations worldwide. Using the developed 4D-Var system,
it is expected that such numerous aircraft data could strongly constrain the surface flux
estimation especially for Asian regions. In this study, we discuss appropriate data processing or
assimilation technique which is required before using the aircraft data in the flux estimation.
Furthermore, we present conceivable impacts and valuable information provided by CONTRAIL for
estimating Asian carbon budgets.
Keywords: carbon cycle, data assimilation, aircraft observation©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-05 -AAS01-06

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Fine-scale CO2 variations over the Tokyo megacity observed by CONTRAIL*Taku Umezawa1, Hidekazu Matsueda2, Toshinobu Machida1, Yousuke Sawa2, Yosuke Niwa2
1.National Institute for Environmental Studies, 2.Meteorological Research InstituteUrban areas are considered to account for ~70% of the global anthropogenic carbon emissions. Many
cities now take actions to reduce their carbon emissions. However, atmospheric CO2 measurement
networks capable of verifying carbon emissions from large cities are still far from sufficient.
CONTRAIL, an ongoing project to measure trace gases with instruments onboard aircraft of Japan
Airlines, has obtained millions of CO2 data over worldwide large cities since 2005. In general, we
have observed increases of CO2 concentration approaching down to the airports, indicating presenceof CO2 plume over metropolitan areas. We found vertical gradient of CO2 concentration (i.e.
difference between the free troposphere and the lowermost layer) larger for large megacities,
suggesting that CO2 plume correlates with size of the city. This infers that the CONTRAIL
measurements may have potential to assess city’s carbon emission trends. In this study, we focus on
detailed analysis of CO2 distributions over Tokyo, currently the world largest megacity. Analyzing
thousands of vertical profiles of CO2 over the Narita and Haneda airports over the last 10 years,
we found CO2 levels significantly different between areas over Haneda and north and south of
Narita. This likely reflects different catchments of CO2 plumes over the respective areas.
Keywords: Megacity, CO2, Aircraft measurements©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-06 -AAS01-07

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Influence of Fossil Fuel Emissions on CO2 Flux Estimates by Atmospheric Inversions*Tazu Saeki1, Prabir K. Patra1, Shinji Morimoto2, Shuji Aoki2
1.Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2.Graduate School of Science,
Tohoku University
Top-down approaches (or atmospheric inversions), using atmospheric transport models with CO2
observations, are an effective way to estimate regional carbon fluxes. CO2 flux estimates byBayesian inversions require a priori knowledge of terrestrial biosphere exchanges, oceanic fluxes,
and fossil fuel and cement production (FFC) CO2 emissions. In most inversion frameworks, global andregional FFC CO2 emissions are assumed to be a known quantity because FFC CO2 based on world
statistics are thought to be more reliable than natural CO2 fluxes. However different databases of
FFC CO2 emissions may have different temporal and spatial variations especially at locations where
statistics are not so accurate. In this study, we use 3 datasets of FFC emissions in inversion
estimations and evaluate the sensitivity of the optimized CO2 fluxes to FFC emissions with
JAMSTEC’s ACTM (an AGCM-based atmospheric chemistry-transport model) for the period of 2001–2011.
Interannually varying a priori FF CO2 emissions were based on 1) CDIAC database, 2) EDGARv4.2
database, and 3) IEA database, with some modifications. Biosphere and oceanic fluxes were
optimized. Except for FF emissions, other conditions were kept the same in our inverse experiments.
The three a priori FF emissions showed ~5% (~0.3GtC/yr) difference in their global total emissions
in the early 2000’s and the difference reached ~9% (~0.9 GtC/yr) in 2010. This resulted in 0.5–1
GtC/yr (average 2001–2011) difference in the estimated global total emissions for the ACTM
inversions. Regional differences in the FFC emissions were relatively large in East Asia (~0.5
GtC/yr) and Europe (~0.4 GtC/yr). These a priori flux differences caused differences in theestimated biosphere fluxes in East Asia and Europe. Boreal North America and North Africa had lessdifference in FFC emissions but showed larger difference in estimated fluxes which might beaffected by their neighboring regions.
Forward simulation results with the prior and posterior fluxes were compared with aircraft
measurements over Japan by Tohoku University to validate the flux amplitudes and trends.
Acknowledgements. This work is supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development
Fund (2-1401) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. We thank Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx forproviding IEA FF emission dataset.
Keywords: Carbon cycle, CO2, Inverse modeling©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-07 -AAS01-08

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Development of anthropogenic pollutant emission inventory for India and its validation
using satellite data
*Satoru Chatani1, Sumit Sharma2, Atul Kumar2, Richa Mahtta2
1.National Institute for Environmental Studies, 2.The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
India is facing serious problems caused by heavy air pollution. Delhi has been ranked as the mostpolluted city in the world, and other 12 Indian cities have been also ranked within the top 20
polluted cities. It is urgently required to introduce effective strategies to improve air quality
over India. Air pollution is caused by primary pollutants which are directly emitted by sources andsecondary pollutants which are formed in the atmosphere from various precursors via complex
photochemical reactions. Emission inventory which tabulates amount of emissions of primarypollutants and precursors emitted from various sources could be helpful to consider effective
strategies.
This study has developed emission inventory of primary pollutants and precursors emitted fromanthropogenic sources in India. The target sectors include domestic combustion, transport,
industrial combustion, power plants, and non-energy sources. GAINS-Asia model were utilized toestimate CO, NOx, SOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and particulate matter (PM)emissions based on information of emission factors, activities, and abatement technologies. Suchinformation was collected from various reliable government and published data sources.
Estimated amount of CO, NOx, SOx, NMVOC and PM10 emissions in whole India is 53.8, 5.41, 7.03,
9.81, and 10.7 Tg for year 2010. The highest contributors to emissions are domestic combustion for
CO and NMVOC, transport for NOx, power plants for SOx, and industrial combustion for PM10.
In order to use the emission data in air quality simulations, the emissions were horizontally
allocated to 36 x 36 kilometers meshes covering whole India based on district-wise information onregistered vehicles and population, and state-wise information on industries. For large industries
like cement, refineries, oil and gas explorations, iron and steel, thermal power plants,
allocations were made at their exact location. The emissions of some sectors are vertically andtemporally allocated based on information including traffic flows, time of cooking, and stackheights.
An air quality simulation using the regional chemical transport model, CMAQ version 5.0.2 wereconducted to validate the emission data. The meteorological field was fed from the regional
meteorology model, WRF version 3.7.1. In addition to the anthropogenic emissions developed in thisstudy, GFED version 4.1 was used for biomass burning emissions, and MEGAN version 2.0.4 wasutilized to estimated biogenic VOC emissions. The target domain consisted of 36 x 36 kilometers
meshes includes several surrounding countries as well as whole India. The gridded emission databaseof ECLIPSE version 5a was used for the anthropogenic emissions from other surrounding countries
than India. The gridded concentration fields simulated by the global chemical transport model,
MOZART4 were provided as boundary concentrations.
The simulated results were compared with the satellite data. The retrieved values of aerosol
optical depth (AOD) over the target domain in the MODIS level 2 dataset, and the simulated values
at the corresponding locations and timings were picked up. While the simulation well reproduced
features in a horizontal distribution of AOD indicating high aerosol loading over the Indo-Gangetic
plains, its absolute level was underestimated. It is much important to improve emission inventory
for not only anthropogenic sources but also missing sources including fugitive dust.

©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-08 -AAS01-08

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Keywords: Emission inventory, Air quality simulation, Satellite data

©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-08 -AAS01-09

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Examination of the impact from biomass burning emissions on NO2 column density overSoutheast Asia
*Syuichi Itahashi1, Itsushi Uno2, Hitoshi Irie3, Jun-ichi Kurokawa4, Toshimasa Ohara5
1.Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2.Research Institute for Applied
Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, 3.Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba
University, 4.Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), 5.National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES)
In Southeast Asian countries, the emissions originated from biomass burning is one of theconcerning issue during dry season. In this study, the impact from biomass burning emissions on the
tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) over continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) was systematically analyzed using satellite observations by the
SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and a regional
chemical transport model (CTM) during 2003–2008. NO2 VCD over continental Southeast Asia showed adistinctive large peak from winter (December) to early spring (April). The regional CTM wasconfigured with anthropogenic emissions taken from the Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS)
version 2.1 and biomass burning emissions taken from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED)
version 3.1. Overall, the model could reproduce the NO2 VCD observed by space-borne sensors.
Mismatch between satellite observations and the regional CTM was found only in January overCambodia. A likely reason for this mismatch was diurnal variation in biomass burning emissions.
During the analysis period, the largest biomass burning event was reported from December 2003 to
April 2004, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted by omitting the biomass burning emissions in
the CTM. It was found that the seasonal variations of NO2 VCD, with the peak during winter to early
spring, were caused by biomass burning emissions in all countries in continental Southeast Asia.
The contribution of biomass burning emissions to NO2 VCD over continental Southeast Asia was anaverage of 28% during this period and a maximum of 58% in March 2004.
Keywords: Southeast Asia, Biomass burning emissions, NO2 vertical column density, Satellite
observation, Regional chemical transport model©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-09 -AAS01-10

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Estimation of global CO2 emission by biomass burning from 2001 to 2015
*Wataru Takeuchi1, Soni Darmawan1, Ryoichi Imasu2
1.Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 2.Atmosphere and Ocean ResearchInstitute, The University of Tokyo
As a cause of global warming, CO2 is most effective green house gas and many countries are trying
to reduce emission of that. However, the report of quantitative description is few still because
the amount of CO2 emission is difficult to estimate for their complex process.This research is todevise a method to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from biomass burning such as forest
fires and field burning in croplands in Global scale. The methodology consists of mainly three
types of bio-physical parameters including (1) fire hotspots and radiative power measurements by
MODIS thermal anomalies, (2) above ground biomass changes calibrated by MODIS NDVI and LAI indices,(3) ground water table modeled by MTSAT thermal anomalies and GSMaP rainfall measurements. Field
campaigns were carried out from 2012 April to September in four types of land covers in (1)mangrove forest in Thailand and Vietnam (2) grassland in Mongolia (3) rice paddy field in Indonesia
and Thailand and (4) forested peatland in Indonesia. Above ground biomass mapping of mangrove
forest was investigated by ALOS PALSAR HH and HV polarimetric backscatter coefficients and an
allometric equations derived by in-situ measurement of biomass parameters. That of grassland in
Mongolia was mapped by MODIS LAI and NDVI, grassland height by ICESaT GLAS supplemented by in-situ
observations. Rice paddy fields cropping patterns were mapped by MODIS NDVI and AMSR-E land surface
water coverage parameters. Ground water table (GWT) was mapped to represent dryness over forested
peatlands and the number of peat fires and peat decomposition were modeled with satellite-derived
GWT and that of in-situ measurement. The estimated CO2 emissions from 2001 to 2015 were
demonstrated and compared with Global Fire Emission Database version 4 (GFED 4) and EDGAR global
database, and discrepancy between the models, challenges and technical problems were also
discussed.
Keywords: land cover change, wild fires, emission inventory©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-10 -AAS01-10©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

- AAS01-10 -AAS01-11

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Data-driven synthesis on terrestrial CO2 budget changes in Asia
*Kazuhito Ichii1,2, Prabir Patra1, Masahito Ueyama3, Masayuki Kondo1, Nobuko Saigusa2
1.Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2.National Institute for Environmental
Studies, 3.Osaka Prefecture University
Observational data provides a good constraint on understanding terrestrial CO2 budget in aquantitative way. In recent years, more and more observation data (both satellite and groundobservation) are being available, therefore, effective use of these data is an important step toimprove our understandings of terrestrial CO2 budget. In this presentation, we will show our recent
progresses on the data-driven synthesis of terrestrial CO2 budget in Asia. Topic includes (a)data-driven terrestrial CO2 budget comparison in Asia as a continental scale case, and (b)satellite data analysis of large fire events in Southeast Asia in 2015 as a regional scale case.
The first part synthesizes results of data-driven top-down and bottom-up estimations of terrestrial
CO2 budget in Asia. We used an empirically upscaled estimation of terrestrial CO2 budget using
AsiaFlux data and remote sensing data (bottom-up approach) and GOSAT Level 4A product (top-down
approach). The differences of the two estimation were explained by different definition of them inSiberia and East Asia. The empirically upscaled estimation is 'net ecosystem productivity', which
is a difference of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration, and GOSAT L4A island-atmosphere net CO2 fluxes, which includes fire, dissolved inorganic carbon export throughriver, and land use changes. The Southeast Asia region shows large differences between the two
estimations, implying the requirement of further research.
The second part focuses on analysis of forest fire in Southeast Asia. In 2015, an intense El Nino
occurred, resulting in extremely low rainfall, anomalous fire were reported in Indonesia andcountries in the tropical Asia. Using multiple satellite-based data, such as aerosol optical index,
land surface temperature, active fire counts, and vegetation index, the large scale massive fire
event in 2015 were analyzed. We clearly detected anomalous climate and fire occurrence in Southeast
Asia during August to October from MODIS active fire counts, and aerosol optical index. These datashows strong anomalous patterns compared with the normal year. We analyzed the cause of more
frequent fire events in El Nino years, and found that persistent negative anomalies inprecipitation is most strongly correlated with fire frequency at interannual time scales.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Funds (2-1401) from
the Ministry of the Environment of Japan, the JAXA Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) project(grant No. 115), and the JSPS KAKENHI (grant No. 25281003).
Keywords: Material Cycle, Asia, Fire, Terrestrial Biosphere©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-11 -AAS01-12

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Network connection of tower flux measurement data
:Toward long term stable flux measurement*Yuji Kominami1, Katsumi Yamanoi1, Kenzo Kitamura1, Takafumi Miyama1, Yasuko Mizoguchi1, Satoru
Takanashi1, Yukio Yasuda1, Nobuko Saigusa2, Yoshiyuki Takahashi2, Wonsik Kim4, Akira Miyata4, Keisuke
Ono4, Shigeyuki Ishidoya3, Hiroaki Kondo3, Takahisa Maeda 3, Shohei Murayama3, Samreong Panuthai5,
Taksin Archawakom6
1.Foresry ansd Forest Products Research Institute , 2.National Institute for Environmental Studies,
3.National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 4.National Institute forAgro-Environmental Science, 5.Department of National Park, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation ofThailand, 6.Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research
Since last half of 1990's, many flux towers have been constructed mainly for monitoring CO2 flux
using eddy covariance method at various land ecosystems in the world. And much effort have been
made to keep data quality. Comparing with standard environmental factors (e.g. sun radiation, windspeed), eddy covariance measurement requires sensitive equipment (infrared CO2 gas analyzer andsupersonic anemometer), frequent maintenance and severe data quality are necessary. On the other
hand, to evaluate the effect of land ecosystem to global climate change, long term and quality
certified data are demanded. We, 4 national research institutes, constructed and have maintained 11
CO2 flux measurement towers in Japan and East Asia (Fig.1, 8 in Japan and 3 in East Asia
countries). To reduce effort of maintenance and increase data quality, we have conducted following
contrivances supported by Environmental Agency Fund.
1. For quick check of flux measurement devices and data quality, we constructed the system tointegrate whole flux site data in a data saver at Tsukuba using network.
2. To reduce effort of data analysis, we set up standardized flux data format and developed an
automated flux data analyze system.
3. To check each site data quality, we developed a mobile closed pass CO2 flux measurement system
4. For quick learning of flux measurement technique, we published a flux measurement manual(http://www2.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/labs/flux/manual/FluxManual_Ver1.1b.pdf)
Keywords: CO2 flux, Land ecosystem, Flux tower©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

- AAS01-12 -AAS01-12©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

- AAS01-12 -