Jan Lievens(Leiden 1607 – 1674 Amsterdam)© 2017 The Leiden Collection

Jan Lievens
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How To Cite
Bakker, Piet. "Jan Lievens." In The Leiden Collection Catalogue. Edited by Arthur K. Wheelock Jr. New
York, 2017.
https://www.theleidencollection.com/archive/.
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Jan Lievens was born in Leiden on 24 October 1607. His parents were Lieven Hendricxsz, “a skillfulembroiderer,” and Machtelt Jansdr van Noortsant.[1] The couple would have eight children, of whom Jan
and Dirck (1612–50/51) would become painters, and Joost (Justus), the eldest son, a bookseller.[2] In 1632
Joost married an aunt of the painter Jan Steen (1625/26–79).[3]At the age of eight, Lievens was apprenticed to Joris van Schooten (ca. 1587–ca. 1653), “who painted well[and] from whom he learned the rudiments of both drawing and painting.”[4] According to Orlers, Lievens left
for Amsterdam two years later in 1617 to further his education with the celebrated history painter Pieter
Lastman (1583–1633), “with whom he stayed for about two years making great progress in art.”[5] What
impelled his parents to send him to Amsterdam at such a young age is not known. When he returned to
Leiden in 1619, barely twelve years old, “he established himself thereafter, without any other master, in his
father’s house.”[6]In the years that followed, Lievens painted large, mostly religious and allegorical scenes. His subjects andcompositions, like his use of color and striking chiaroscuro, however, bear little relation to the work of
Lastman; rather, they share qualities with Utrecht Caravaggisti such as Dirck van Baburen (ca.
1594/95–1624), Hendrick ter Brugghen (1588–1629), and Gerrit van Honthorst (1592–1656).[7] The
similarity raises the question of whether he might have spent some time with a Utrecht master; considering
Lievens’s young age at the time, this supposition is certainly reasonable, though for the time being there are
no documents to support it. His rendering of dramatic candlelight also seems to be indebted to Peter Paul
Rubens (1577–1640), whose masterpiece Judith with the Head of Holofernes was in the collection of
Theodorus Schrevelius, the noted rector of the Latin school in Leiden in 1621.[8] No doubt such a “Utrecht”
painting was at the center of a dispute between Lievens’s father and Johan Francois Tortarolis, the directorof the Leiden Lending Bank, who refused to pay for a work painted by Jan in 1624.[9]This affinity with the Utrecht Caravaggisti diminished significantly after 1625, the year in which Rembrandt
van Rijn (1606–69) returned to Leiden after having apprenticed in Amsterdam with Lievens’s former
master, Lastman, for half a year. Lievens and Rembrandt maintained exceptionally close ties, though,despite some suggestions, there is no evidence that the two painters ever shared a workshop.[10] Theirrelationship may perhaps best be characterized as one of “creative competition.”[11] This emerges fromtheir work after 1625, in which they traded subjects and technical discoveries back and forth while the one© 2017 The Leiden Collection

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tried to equal if not surpass the other in composition and interpretation. They also portrayed each other andserved as models for each other’s paintings. Hence, the figure in the background of Rembrandt’sAllegoryof Hearing is assumed to be Lievens.[12]The extent to which the two painters responded to each other also emerges from the autobiographicalmemoirs of Constantijn Huygens, secretary to Stadholder Frederik Hendrik.[13] Huygens met Lievens andRembrandt while visiting Leiden in October 1628, and was greatly impressed by their talent. “I dare say that
Rembrandt surpasses Lievens in the faculty of penetrating to the heart of his subject matter and bringing
out its essence, and his works come across more vividly,” according to Huygens, but “Lievens, in turn,surpasses him in the proud self-assurance that radiates from his compositions and their powerful forms. All
that his young spirit strives after must be grand and exalted. He is inclined to depict the objects and models
before him not life-size, but larger than life.”[14] Prophetic words, indeed.
The contact with Huygens had a great impact on Lievens’s career. For instance, shortly after their meeting,the secretary had Lievens portray him in The Hague and offered the painter housing while he was working
on his likeness in the last months of 1628 and the first of 1629.[15] Huygens likewise probably mediatedbetween Lievens and other Hague owners of the artist’s work.[16] The “portrait of a Turkish commander witha Dutch head” will also have been acquired for Frederik Hendrik’s collection through Huygens’s
intercession.[17] Moreover, Frederik Hendrik bought from Lievens a life-size painting “depicting a student,
amusingly dressed up in a cap and clothing, seated near a peat fire and reading a book.”[18] The stadholder
gave this work as a gift to the English ambassador, who in turn presented it to King Charles I of England.
Probably encouraged by this success, the ambitious painter conceived a plan to travel to England,
undoubtedly with the intention of entering into the service of the English king. He must have abandoned hisplan in April 1629 because “at the request of the Prince of Orange he was busy working on a painting thatwould require around three months to finish.”[19]Three more years would transpire before Lievens traveled to London. What caused the delay remains aguess for now. He may have lacked the necessary introductions for acquiring a position at the English court,
a condition that had changed by the time of his departure in 1632. In the months before he left, he becameacquainted with Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641), who upon the invitation of Huygens visited The Hague inthe winter of 1631–32 to portray Frederik Hendrik, Amalia von Solms, and their son William. During thissojourn, Van Dyck also met Lievens, whom he portrayed, along with Huygens, for his gallery of celebrated
people. Lievens was deeply impressed by Van Dyck’s work, and Van Dyck would certainly have admired
one of Lievens’s finest court commissions—the recently painted likeness of Prince Charles Louis of thePalatinate, the young nephew of King Charles I.[20] It is difficult, therefore, to see Lievens’s departure forLondon as separate from Van Dyck’s appointment as court painter to the English king. According to Orlers,in London, in addition to the royal couple and their two children, Lievens portrayed many other “groote
Heeren” (great lords), but all traces of these portraits are missing.[21] Given that his later style is influenced
by Van Dyck, and a few works by the latter from this period seem to betray Lievens’s hand, it cannot be
excluded that he served as a workshop assistant for Van Dyck in London.[22]Lievens left London in the spring of 1635, traveling via Calais to Antwerp, where he joined the Guild of Saint© 2017 The Leiden Collection

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Luke. If in London he (presumably) worked only on commission, in Antwerp he turned to the free market, forhe painted tronies again, as he had done earlier in Leiden. Entirely new, however, was his interest inlandscape. The fully personal style that he developed was grafted onto the work of Adriaen Brouwer(1605/06–38). Furthermore, he received ample commissions, primarily from the Jesuits. In this respect hedoubtless profited from his contacts with Andries Colijns de Nole (1598–1638), “an outstanding and skillful
woodcarver and sculptor,” who worked on countless commissions for Jesuit churches in Antwerp andBrussels.[23] Lievens married Colijns de Nole’s daughter Susanna in 1638. In 1639 he spent a short time in
Leiden, where he painted a mantelpiece with the Continence of Scipio for the Vroedschapskamer of thetown hall for 1500 guilders.[24]
In March 1644 Lievens established himself in Amsterdam, a step that may have been dictated by financial
problems that had put him at the mercy of his creditors in Antwerp. He might also have hoped to make an
impression on the Amsterdam elite with a Van Dyckian painting style. After all, the portrait fashion in
Amsterdam, which had been dictated by Rembrandt, was changing, and shortly after Lievens’s arrival,
Govaert Flinck (1615–60) also cast off Rembrandt’s style in favor of Van Dyck’s.[25] In 1644 Lievens madehis mark with the beautiful portrait of the elegantly dressed Adriaen Trip, which soon was followed by manyother commissions from leading Amsterdam families.[33] He also received commissions from The Hague,
the second city Lievens targeted and where he lived for a few years on two occasions.[27] In 1656 he wasone of the founders of the artists’ confraternity Pictura in The Hague. He had remarried by then, for
Susanna had died shortly after they had moved to Amsterdam. He wed his second wife, Cornelia de Bray,
the daughter of a notary, in 1648.
Lievens also received official commissions. He was the only painter, for example, to take part in two of themost prestigious decorative programs of the Golden Age: the Oranjezaal in Huis ten Bosch Palace, and the
new town hall in Amsterdam. While working on the Oranjezaal around 1650, for which he painted a
depiction of The Five Muses,[28] he once again encountered Huygens, who as a confidant of Amalia vonSolms was closely involved in the project. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and spouse ofFrederik Hendrik’s eldest daughter, invited Lievens to come to Berlin in 1653.[29] Upon his return he painted
a chimneypiece with a depiction of the Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus for the burgomasters’chamber in the new Amsterdam town hall in 1656.[30] And in 1660, also for the town hall, he created amonumental depiction of an episode from the Batavian rebellion for one of the tympana of the gallery.[31] Healso continued to receive important commissions from outside of Amsterdam. In 1664 he painted a morethan three-meter tall allegory of the god of war Mars for the new assembly hall of the States of Holland at
the Hague Binnenhof.[32] Shortly thereafter he produced, together with his son Jan Andrea Lievens(1644–80), a painting of a geographer in his study for the Rijnlandhuis in his native Leiden.[33]
Lievens died in Amsterdam on 4 June 1674. Even though the artist received numerous lucrative
commissions throughout his career, he seems to have faced financial difficulty at the end of his life. In 1671
his household effects were attached on account of arrears of rent. He ultimately left behind so much debt
that his children renounced their inheritance.
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Endnotes
1. “Een Constich Borduyrwercker.” Jan Jansz. Orlers, Beschrijvinge der Stadt Leyden (Leiden,
1641), 375.
2. Work by Dirck Lievens is mentioned in two Leiden estate inventories. Burgomaster Jan Orlers
in 1640 owned “een Persiaensche Tronye naert leven” (a Persian tronie after life) and “twelandtschappen … ao 1638, het een de poort van Hoorn naert leven” (two landscapes … anno
1638, one of the gate of Hoorn after life). Geschildert tot Leyden anno 1626 (Exh. cat. Leiden,
Stedelijk Museum de Lakenhal) (Leiden, 1977), 17. One year later, mention was made of “eenlantschap deur Jan Lievensz broeder” (a landscape by Jan Lievens’s brother) in the estate
inventory of Claes Adriaens van der Maes, RAL, NA not. J. van Vesanevelt, inv. 349, deed 54,
22 July 1641. In 1640 Dirck Lievens moved to Amsterdam and in 1648 left for the East Indies,
where he died in 1651.
3. Joost and his wife, Maria Steen, apparently both succumbed in the summer of 1649 to “deheete coortse” (the plague). Bredius, Künstler Inventare:urkunden zur Geschichte derHolländischen kunst des XVIten, XVIIten und XVIIIten Jahrhunderts , 7 vols. (The Hague:
1915–22), 1:194. The heirs were informed that the estate “met veel schulden soude mogen sijn
beswaert” (would be heavily encumbered with debt). Therefore, they asked the Supreme Court
for benefit of inventory, which they were granted. RKD, Bredius Notes, folder: Lievens.
4. “Den wel-schilderenden … by den welcken hy zijne beginselen, so van Teyckenen als van
Schilderen genomen ende geleert heft.” Jan Jansz. Orlers, Beschrijvinge der Stadt Leyden(Leiden, 1641), 376.
5. “By welcken hy met groote vorderinge vande Konst omtrent den tijt van twee jaeren geblevenis.” Jan Jansz. Orlers, Beschrijvinge der Stadt Leyden (Leiden, 1641), 376. There is noconsensus regarding the exact period during which Lievens apprenticed with Lastman in
Amsterdam. According to Schneider, Lievens left Leiden only in 1619, returning there in 1621.
Schneider refers to Orlers’s comment that Lievens just kept on working in peace during theRemonstrants revolt; given that this revolt took place on 14 October 1618, Lievens—should
Orlers be correct—was in Leiden in that year. Hans Schneider, Jan Lievens, sein Leben undseine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with a supplement by R.E.O. Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973), 3;
see also Roelof van Straten, Rembrandts Leidse Tijd, 1606–1632 (Leiden, 2005), 291.
6. “Heeft hy daer nae sonder eenigen anderen Meester, hem zelven ten huyse van sijn Vader
onthouden.” Jan Jansz. Orlers, Beschrijvinge der Stadt Leyden (Leiden, 1641), 376.

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7. Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., “Jan Lievens: Bringing New Light to an Old Master,” in Arthur K.
Wheelock Jr., ed., Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington D.C.,
National Gallery of Art; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het
Rembrandthuis) (New Haven, 2008), 6–10.
8. Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., “Jan Lievens: Bringing New Light to an Old Master,” in Arthur K.
Wheelock Jr., ed., Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington D.C.,
National Gallery of Art; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het
Rembrandthuis) (New Haven, 2008), 9, derived from G. J. Hoogewerff and Johan Quirijn van
Regteren Altena van Regteren Altena, Arnoldus Buchelius: “Res Pictoriae” (The Hague, 1928),
49. The work in question is most likely Judith with the Head of Holofernes , oil on panel, 120 x
111 cm, Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig, inv. no. GG 87, which Rubens painted
around 1617.
9. Jan Briels, Vlaamse schilders en de dageraad van Hollands Gouden Eeuw 1585–1630(Antwerp, 1997), 353–54. Incidentally, upon his death in 1656, Tortarolis owned three works by
Lievens, a kitchen scene, a Bathsheba, and “een Christus” (a Christ); see Willem Johan Jacob
Cornelis Bijlevelt, “De boedel van J. F. Tortarolis te Leiden,” Oud-Holland 44 (1927): 183. See
also R. van Straten, Rembrandts Leidse Tijd, 1606–1632 (Leiden, 2005), 29.
10. Ernst van de Wetering, “De symbiose van Lievens en Rembrandt,” in Christiaan Vogelaar etal., Rembrandt & Lievens in Leiden (Exh. cat. Leiden, Stedelijk Museum de Lakenhal) (Leiden,1991), 39–46; Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., “Jan Lievens: Bringing New Light to an Old Master,” in
Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., ed., Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington
D.C., National Gallery of Art; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het
Rembrandthuis) (New Haven, 2008), 11. On this issue, see also R. van Straten,Rembrandts
Leidse Tijd, 1606–1632 (Leiden, 2005), 36.
11. Christiaan Vogelaar, “Een jong en edel Leids schildersduo,” in Christiaan Vogelaar et al.,Rembrandt & Lievens in Leiden (Exh. cat. Leiden, Stedelijk Museum de Lakenhal) (Leiden,1991), 14.
12. Three Musicians (Allegory of Hearing), c. 1624–25, oil on panel, 21.5 x 17.7 cm, The Leiden
Collection, New York, inv. no. RR-105.
13. Huygens wrote his memoirs in Latin intermittently between May 1629 and April 1631. Various
Dutch translations of them have been published. The one used here is A. H. Kan,De jeugd van
Constantijn Huygens door hemzelf beschreven (Rotterdam, 1946; 2nd facsimile edition, 1971).

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14. “Zo voor de vuist weg durf ik wel te stellen dat Rembrandt in trefzekerheid en levendigheid
van emoties de meerdere is van Lievens … [o]mgekeerd wint deze het door een grootsheid invinding en in gewaagdheid van onderwerpen en vormen. Al wat zijn jonge geest nastreeft moet
groots en verheven zijn. Liever nog dan zich aan de ware grootte van het afgebeelde te houden
geeft hij zijn afbeeldingen een groot format.” A. H. Kan,De jeugd van Constantijn Huygens door
hemzelf beschreven (Rotterdam, 1946; 2nd facsimile edition, 1971), 79.
15. Portrait of Constantijn Huygens, c. 1628–29, oil on panel, 99 x 84 cm, Rijksmuseum,
Amsterdam (on loan from the Museé de la Chartreuse, Douai); Hans Schneider,Jan Lievens,sein Leben und seine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with a supplement by R.E.O. Ekkart,
Amsterdam, 1973), 311–13, 333, no. 243; Werner Sumowski,Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schülerin vier Bänden, 6 vols. (Landau, 1983), 3:1807–8, no. 1286; Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., ed.,Jan
Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington D.C., National Gallery of Art;
Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het Rembrandthuis) (New Haven,2008), 112–13, no. 16.
16. Huygens’s Hague network included both Thomas Brouart, treasurer of the stadholder, andJacques de Gheijn III, whose father had instructed Huygens in drawing. Both owned a few
tronies by Lievens. In his memoirs, Huyens also mentions “mijn vriend” (my friend) Nicolaes
Sohier, an Amsterdam merchant, at whose house—the Huis met de Hoofden on the
Keizersgracht—he once saw Rubens’s Medusa after Caravaggio. Jacob Adolf Worp,“Constantijn Huygens en de schilders van zijn tijd,” Oud-Holland (1891): 119. He also recalledthat Sohier owned some work by Lievens from his pupillage: “werken van zeer grote waarde dievan een onvergelijkelijk artistiek kunnen getuigen” (paintings of incalculable value andincomparable artistry). A. H. Kan, De jeugd van Constantijn Huygens door hemzelf beschreven(Rotterdam, 1946; 2nd facsimile edition, 1971), 81. In Sohier’s estate, along with abovementioned work by Rubens and other South-Netherlandish and Italian masters, was “eenschildery synde een dootshooft ende eenige boecken van Lievensz” (a painting of a skull and a
few books by Lievens). Another work by him might have been hiding behind descriptions such as“een dito synde een oude man ende oude vrouw” (a ditto of an old man and an old woman).
SAA, NA not. P. de Bary, inv. 1681 B, 9 September 1642; Montias Database, Frick Collection,
New York.

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17. “Portret van een Turkse bevelhebber met een Hollands hoofd.” A. H. Kan,De jeugd van
Constantijn Huygens door hemzelf beschreven (Rotterdam, 1946; 2nd facsimile edition, 1971),
81. This is probably An Oriental, c. 1629–31, oil on canvas, 135 x 100.5 cm, monogrammed “L,”
Stiftung Schlösser und Gärten Potsdam, Sanssouci. H. Schneider,Jan Lievens, sein Leben undseine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with a supplement by R.E.O. Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973),
130, no. 152; Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler in vier Bänden , 6 vols.
(Landau, 1983), 3:1794, no. 1236.
18. “Verbeeldende een Student, geestig van muts en kleederen toegetakelt, zittende by eenbrandend turfvier in een boek te lezen.” Arnold Houbraken, De groote schouburgh der
Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen, 3 vols. (Amsterdam, 1718–21; rev. ed., The
Hague, 1753; reprint, Amsterdam, 1980), 1:297. The painting of a man reading near the hearth
is no longer known.
19. “Hy opt versouck van de Prins van Oranigen een stuck schilderie onder hant hadde, daeraen hy noch omtrent drye maenden werck hadde.” Jan Briels, Vlaamse schilders en dedageraad van Hollands Gouden Eeuw 1585–1630 (Antwerp, 1997), 352–53; RAL, Archief vande schutterij, inv. 5, fol. 236.
20. Jan Lievens, Prince Charles Louis of the Palatinate with His Tutor Wolrad von Plessen , oilon canvas, 103.5 x 96.5 cm, monogrammed and dated 1631, J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu. H.
Schneider, Jan Lievens, sein Leben und seine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with asupplement by R.E.O. Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973), 328, no. 135; Werner Sumowski, Gemälde
der Rembrandt-Schüler in vier Bänden , 6 vols. (Landau, 1983), 3:1778, no. 1186; Arthur K.
Wheelock Jr., ed., Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington D.C.,
National Gallery of Art; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het
Rembrandthuis) (New Haven, 2008), 138–39, no. 29.
21. A 1639 inventory of the royal collection includes three portraits of members of the royal family
by Lievens, among them one of King Charles I. This portrait was later traded for the famous
fifteenth-century Wilson Diptych. B. van den Boogert, “Lievens in Londen. Een Leids wonderkind
in Van Dycks atelier,” Kunstschrift 3 (2009): 32.
22. Bob van den Boogert, “Lievens in Londen. Een Leids wonderkind in Van Dycks atelier,”
Kunstschrift 3 (2009): 35.
23. “Een uytnemende ende konstich Beeldsnijder ende Beeldhouwer.” Jan Jansz. Orlers,
Beschrijvinge der Stadt Leyden (Leiden, 1641), 377.

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24. The Continence of Scipio Africanus , 1640, oil on canvas, 188 x 237 cm, formerly the
Vroedschapskamer of the town hall (burned 12 February 1929), Leiden.
25. See the biography of Govaert Flinck in this catalogue.
26. Portrait of Adriaan Trip, oil on canvas, 107.5 x 83.5 cm, monogrammed and dated 1644,
Museum het Rembrandthuis, Amsterdam (on loan from a private collector). Hans Schneider,Jan
Lievens, sein Leben und seine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with a supplement by R.E.O.
Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973), 151, no. 263; Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schülerin vier Bänden, 6 vols. (Landau, 1983), 3:1809, no. 1290; Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., ed., Jan
Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington D.C., National Gallery of Art;
Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het Rembrandthuis) (New Haven,2008), 164–65, no. 44. For a survey of Lievens’s identified patrons, see: J. van der Veen,“Patronage for Lievens’ Portraits and History Pieces, 1644–1674,” in Arthur K. Wheelock Jr.,ed., Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington D.C., National Gallery ofArt; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het Rembrandthuis) (NewHaven, 2008), 28–39.
27. On Lievens and his work in The Hague, see Edwin Buijsen et al.,Haagse Schilders in de
Gouden Eeuw (The Hague, 1998), 190–93, 324–25.
28. The Five Muses, oil on canvas, 319 x 240 cm, monogrammed “IL” and dated 1650, Huis ten
Bosch Palace, Oranjezaal, The Hague. Hans Schneider, Jan Lievens, sein Leben und seine
Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with a supplement by R.E.O. Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973), 113, no.
89; Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler in vier Bänden , 6 vols. (Landau,
1983), 3:1785, no. 1206.
29. For the commissions granted Lievens while he was working for Elector Frederick William in
Berlin, see Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., ed., Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat.
Washington D.C., National Gallery of Art; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam,
Museum Het Rembrandthuis) (New Haven, 2008), 20, 176–77, no. 50.
30. Quintus Fabius Maximus Dismounts Before His Son (Livy XXIV.44.9 and Val. Max. II.2.4),
oil on canvas, 203 x 175 cm, dated 1656, Royal Palace, Amsterdam. H. Schneider,Jan Lievens,sein Leben und seine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with a supplement by R.E.O. Ekkart,
Amsterdam, 1973), 116–17, no. 102; Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler invier Bänden, 6 vols. (Landau, 1983), 3:1787, no. 1211.

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31. Brinno, Leader of the Canninefates, Raised Aloft on a Shield (Tacitus, Historiae IV.15), oilon canvas, 546 x 538 cm, monogrammed and dated 1661, Royal Palace, Amsterdam. Hans
Schneider, Jan Lievens, sein Leben und seine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with asupplement by R.E.O. Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973), 115–16, no. 99; Werner Sumowski,Gemälde
der Rembrandt-Schüler in vier Bänden, 6 vols. (Landau, 1983), 3:1788, no. 1213.
32. Mars or the Consequences of War , oil on canvas, 340 x 215 cm, monogrammed “IL” anddated 1664, First Chamber of the States General, The Hague. Hans Schneider,Jan Lievens,sein Leben und seine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint with a supplement by R.E.O. Ekkart,
Amsterdam, 1973), 112, no. 86; Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler in vierBänden, 6 vols. (Landau, 1983), 3:1798, no. 1247.
33. The Geographer, c. 1665, oil on canvas, 132 x 169 cm, monogrammed “IAL,” Rijnlandhuis,
Leiden. Hans Schneider, Jan Lievens, sein Leben und seine Werke (Haarlem, 1932; reprint witha supplement by R.E.O. Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973), 121, no. 117; Werner Sumowski,Gemälde
der Rembrandt-Schüler in vier Bänden , 6 vols. (Landau, 1983), 3:1798, no. 1248; Arthur K.
Wheelock Jr., ed., Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered (Exh. cat. Washington D.C.,
National Gallery of Art; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam, Museum Het
Rembrandthuis) (New Haven, 2008), 186–87, no. 55.

Literature
Orlers, Jan Jansz. Beschrijvinge der Stadt Leyden. Leiden, 1641, 375–77.
Houbraken, Arnold. De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en
schilderessen. 3 vols. Amsterdam, 1718–21; rev. ed., The Hague, 1753; reprint,
Amsterdam, 1980, 296–303.
Kan, A. H. De jeugd van Constantijn Huygens door hemzelf beschreven. Rotterdam, 1946;
2nd facsimile edition, 1971, 78–82.
Schneider, Hans. Jan Lievens, sein Leben und seine Werke. Haarlem, 1932; reprint with asupplement by R.E.O. Ekkart, Amsterdam, 1973.
Sumowski, Werner. Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler in vier Bänden. 6 vols. Landau, 1983,
3:1764–816; 6:3726–30.
Vogelaar, C. et al. Rembrandt & Lievens in Leiden. Exh. cat. Leiden, Stedelijk Museum de
Lakenhal. Leiden, 1991, 39–46.
Briels, Jan. Vlaamse schilders en de dageraad van Hollands Gouden Eeuw
1585–1630. Antwerp, 1997, 352–53.
Buijsen, Edwin et al. Haagse Schilders in de Gouden Eeuw. The Hague, 1998, 190–94,
324–25.
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Van Straten, Roelof. Rembrandts Leidse Tijd, 1606–1632. Leiden, 2005.
Wheelock Jr., Arthur K., ed. Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered. Exh. cat.
Washington D.C., National Gallery of Art; Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; Amsterdam,
Museum Het Rembrandthuis. New Haven, 2008.
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