Chemical-Catalytic will be the future
Crude Oil is a product derived from Biomass. We will continue to derive this product from Biomass, however in the Future it will comefrom Biomass currently active in the Carbon cycle. It will not be recovered from the depth of the earth, where its carbon content issecurely stored. And despite being produced from Biomass, there will also be no need to compete with Food production. This Oil will
be produced from the by-products of activity involving organic materials, and in this way also become a solution to the growing
problem of waste disposal. After many mistakes made by researchers and developers to harness the energy in biomass throughpyrolysis, gasification and the Fischer – Tropsch – Synthesis, we now know that the only real solution is chemical-catalytic, attemperatures below 300 degrees Celsius.

PDC = Chemical-Catalytic pressure free conversion to oilThis natural process to convert Biomass to oil started about 1 Billion years ago with the development of photosynthesis. This
created an atmosphere rich in Oxygen, instead of CO2. The internal nuclear heating of the Planet, which started about 320 Million
years ago, caused the formation of Volcanoes emitting CO2, the splitting of the one original continent into 5, expansion of theoceans through the extraction of water of crystallisation and the increase of the earth’s size to 2.5 times its previous diameter. The
continents became green, and the earth’s atmosphere reached an oxygen content of 20.9%.
This oxygen content was possible, because the emerging plant life absorbed CO2, which then was stored underground where it
gradually converted to Oil, and under different circumstances to Coal.
This stored energy of the past is not only limited, its use also pollutes our atmosphere by again releasing these vast amounts of CO2
into the Atmosphere, again enriching it with CO2. This, as we know, creates global warming. In a socio-economic view, the Industrial
activity related to its recovery creates a relative small amount of Jobs, benefitting only a selected few. The PDC Technology requires
only the waste of agricultural activity, and it will through implementation in poorer areas of the world lead to potentially full
employment and a sustainable wage for those who often have nothing now. Only 10% of the bi-products of the available arable land
would be sufficient to fill the current demand, and this option is not limited like oil and coal reserves, but can continue for as long as
the sun shines, and our earth supports life.

Development of crude oil and oxygen in the atmosphere
due to photosynthesis

Crude oil is a result of 1 billion years of photosynthesis
Synthetic oil production is a copy of this natural process

Non – pyrolytic production of fuel, through chemical-catalytic conversion to Diesel with natural suspended
catalysts (Kation-Aluminium-Silicates) in the carrier oil without the creation of undesirable by-products
The raising of the temperature to above 300 degrees Celsius in the reactor is considered pyrolysis. (thermal destruction) It
produces dioxins, furans, coke, sticky particles, olefins and other undesirable by-products of thermal destruction. After thepyrolysis process, this product needs to be further converted through gasification or Fischer – Tropsch – Synthesis partially tosynthesis product. The majority is not convertible, and is burned for process heat. Finally, only about 2% of the calorific value ofthe input material is converted to Diesel. This process, utilized by Choren and Bioliqu for example, requires 63 steps in line, needs
a massive plant and reaches costs in excess of € 500 Million.
The chemical – catalytic reaction in the PDC requires extensive mixing of the input material and catalyst, in order to ensure that all
surface of the input material get’s in contact with the catalyst. This starts the catalytic reaction which extracts the oxygen contentfrom the input material in the form of CO2, and the formation of oil without any oxygen content in the product once the process
is completed.
(Cellulose) C6 H11 O5 = 2,5 CO2 + 3,5 CH2 (Diesel) + 4HThis intensive mixing utilizes the majority of the process energy to ensure a complete blending of the catalytic oil with the input
material molecule by molecule. This process is only possible in a mixing Turbine, application of external heat is not capable ofcreating such a reaction. The internal creation of process heat via the Turbine also ensures the least possible energy loss. This
process reaches through friction the necessary temperature of 240° C for the production of Diesel in the timeframe required. This
form of reactor is currently the only system capable to produce this reaction through complete blending of the catalyst with thereactive material. For this purpose we have designed a new, low maintenance mixing Turbine, featuring dynamic seals, produced
in precision melting.

Schematic of the reactor

The first series of plants of the first generation consist of the following
components:•Pre-processing : Mixing of the shredded input material with the catalytic oil in a swirl at 170°C to generate the first catalytic reaction, turning
the solid input material to a sludge.
•KDV Turbine: Reaction of the sludge and separation of the diesel steam from the rest of the catalytic oil. This catalytic oil empties into the oilcollecting vessel and begins the process of converting the next sludge entering the Turbine from the pre-processing to Diesel.
•Ash plant : To limit the inorganic contents in the circulation oil to no more than 40%, portions of this saturated oil are extracted over the gap
filter to the catalytic evaporation plant.
•Feeding system for the input material of bio residues, organic residues and industrial residues containing hydro carbons.
•Safety system to stabilize the plant.
•The inherit weakness of the first generation plants was the requirement for a large network of piping between the individual parts of theplant. These pipe systems were the casue of some problems to the continuous flow of material, and therefore Para-Cat developed arevolutionary new system, without the need for such an extensive use of pipes, as you will see in the next slides.

Competition in fuel production systems•Germany supported Choren and Biolique in the production of bio-fuels. They employ a combination of Pyrolysis, hightemperature gasification (Choren) or high temperature pressurized gasification (Biolique 60 bar), many cleaning and reaction steps(CO-conversion, CO2-extraction and neutralization), the compressing of the syngas to 60 bar and finally the Fischer-TropschSynthesis. The combination of such processes in line multiplies the low efficiency to finally about 2 % of CV of the input material.
•These processes have been known for a long time. The latest invention of this system, the Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis, wasinvented in the year 1922. This process was applied successfully only to hard coal. Attempts were made in the 1970‘s to apply
this process to brown coal and biomass by the company Thein-Braun/KWU, but this ended without success.
•Choren finally stopped after 130 Mio. invested in „research“. Biolique received for the nearly same process so far €30 Mio.
Biolique uses high temperature pressurized gasification at 60 bar, in a melting chamber (1300 – 1400°C) in contrast to Choren at1600°C pressure free but also pure oxygen gasification.
•The German Government now puts its hopes on wind power to become the energy system of the Future, as well as electrolysis.
Energy production from wind has a significant disadvantage concerning the relation of wind speed to electricity production. Theenergy production changes with the potency of 3. When the wind drops from maximum to 10 %, electricity production drops to1 /1000. Therefore a 6 MW turbine at 10 % of wind power produces 6 kW. Solar-systems require high subsidies. Germany spent€100 Billion in solar subsidies for a return of 2 % of electricity production in Germany from solar PV.
•PDC needs for the process 15 % of the produced fuel (diesel). The low temperature conversion, in a closed system creates
virtually no by-product. Therefore the overall efficiency of the system reaches about 85 %.

Nature‘s Energy Solutions•Plants specifically suited for the hot and dry areas of the world, such as Jatropha and Sand peaches, offer us plenty off raw
material for energy in areas not generally known for biomass. The roots of the Sand peaches reach up to 30 m below ground, andcan be used for the re-greening of the desert. Jatropha is a poisonous plant, but has use for the pharmaceutical Industry, as well
as for fuel production using KDV technology. The yield is more than 10 tone of Diesel per ha per year.
•Sugar cane plantations are ever increasing on this planet, and already cover vast areas. These areas alone could produce enoughby-product to fill the current global need for fossil fuel of 3.8 billion tones per annum, using the KDV Technology.
•Palmoil is introduced in many countries as the green oil solution. Malaysia and Indonesia alone produce each year 17 Mio. tonesof Palmoil each, creating 156 Mio. tones off green residues in each country. This would be enough to produce an additional 25
Million tones per annum off carbon neutral, high quality diesel.
•Large countries such as Brazil, India, USA and Canada, can become virtually independent from fuel imports if their green residue
potential for energy production is utilized. This can contribute to stopping global warming, increase the life-style of farmers andcreate further employment in these economies. There is currently no sector in the economy with more potential to create fulltime employment then green fuel. Employment opportunities in the green fuel supply for the poor and hopeless, aside fromraising the standard of living, are an effective way to prevent discontent, and can so even be an effective peace program.
•The realization of decentralized energy centers for urban areas in underdeveloped nations require technically simple solutions,with low maintenance. The new PDC 150, as you can see in the slide, featuring the new turbine, the air cooling system and thepipeless compact system offers itself as an ideal solution, capable of being mass produced economically, and deployed at thesource of the raw material, if desired even in mobile units.
•The input requirement for the PDC 150 is about 1000 t per annum of dry material.

Jatropha-1000 has.
-8,000 tons of diesel per year

Sugar cane waste-1000 has.
-9,000 tons of diesel per year

Palm oil waste-1000 has.
-7,000 tons of diesel per year