It’s a sheer lie that the Senkaku Islands have been Chinese territory
since the Ming Dynasty
Professor SHIMOJO Masao, Takushoku University
China has increasingly manifested its intention to invade the Senkaku Islands.
Using Chinese sources, I will clearly prove that the historical evidence which China
relies upon to boldly assert its territorial right over the Senkaku Islands is invalid.
Heated controversy over the Senkaku Islands
Ever since the incident involving an attack by a Chinese fishing vessel against a Japan
Coast Guard patrol boat, the Japanese people have finally begun to realize the issue of
traditional Chinese hegemony. Chinese history repeats itself: whenever a new dynasty isestablished and its national power strengthens, China invariably carries out armed
invasions into neighboring countries and places them under control and in a position ofsubservience through a traditional Chinese tributary system.
The current Chinese Communist Party government is no exception to the Chinese
tradition of hegemony. As soon as the People’s Republic of China was proclaimed on
October 1, 1949, the Chinese Communist Party invaded Turkistan (present-day Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region is a part of this) and put Tibet under Chinese rule. And now,
China is claiming territorial rights over the Senkaku Islands and Nansha Islands. TheRepublic of Korea and China are competing over the ownership of Riodo (SocotraRock) located in the South Korean Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is a reef 4.6
meters below the sea surface (the Chinese name of the reef is Suyanjiao).
Ever since the Senkaku Islands became a part of Japanese territory by a cabinet decision
made on January 14, 1895, except during the period of U.S. Army occupation following
her defeat in the Second World War, Japan has been, for all practical purposes, incontrol of the Islands.
It was only after a treaty authorizing the reversion of Okinawa to Japan was signed by
Japan and the United States in June, 1971 that China and Taiwan began to show theirinterest towards the Senkaku Islands. The Senkaku Islands were included in the treaty as
part of the Okinawa Archipelagoes. Regarding the Senkaku Islands, the Taiwanese1government announced, in a statement from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, that “theislands belong to a province of Taiwan and are part of the Republic of China’s territory,”
and the Chinese government also stated on December 31, 1971, “The Senkaku Islands
are appendant islands of Taiwan and as such these islands have been irremovable
Chinese territory ever since ancient times. It is illegal to include the Chinese island ofDiaoyudao in the list of areas to be returned in the treaty of reversion between the USand Japanese governments.” The statement also announced that the Chinese people
are firmly determined to regain islands like Diaoyudao, which are appendant to Taiwan.
Today, the Chinese government regards the Okinawa Archipelagoes as the primaryarchipelago line and the Senkaku Islands as a core interest, along with Taiwan,
apparently based on the statement then made by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The diplomatic problem which was thus started and remains unsolved suddenly becamea most heated issue after the incident brought about due to a collision caused by aChinese fishing boat two years ago. As they say, “Better late than never”—now is agood time to rightly assess traditional Chinese diplomatic positions and promptly apply
a strategic response. To help in such an action, this paper intends to examine theChinese assertions that the Senkaku Islands are part of the Republic of China and, basedon Chinese sources and their historical point of view, that they have been irremovable
Chinese territory since ancient times.
On January 31 of this year, the Japanese government named 39 non-inhabited islands aspart of Japan’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Then, on March 3, the Chinese State Oceanic
Administration named 71 islands, including the very small islands of Senkaku, and reefs
and announced them in a show of retribution against the Japanese action. One day after
Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Fujimura Osamu announced the naming of thenon-inhabited islands, the organ of the Chinese Communist Party, The People’s Daily,
dated January 17, stated their historical position: the Senkaku Islands are, just like Tibet
and Taiwan, China’s “core interest”, an unyielding national interest from the Chinese
national security point of view, and as such “intrinsic Chinese territory since old times.”
Furthermore, on March 15, following the decision made by the Naha District Public
Prosecutors Examination Commission, the captain of the Chinese fishing boat wascompulsorily indicted, and commenting on the indictment, press officer Liu Weimin of
the Chinese foreign ministry asserted: the Senkaku Islands and appendant islands have2

been intrinsic Chinese territory from ancient times, and Japan has no right to execute
any official affairs in that particular area of the seas and, therefore, any legal procedures
Japan may impose on the Chinese people are illegal and invalid. On the next day, twooceanic research vessels belonging to the Chinese State Oceanic Administration crossed
into Japanese territorial waters around the Senkaku Islands. In response to questioning
by the Japan Coast Guard, the captains of the oceanic research boats said, “We areconducting navigational duties around these waters. These islands, including Diaoyudao,
are Chinese territory.”
Evidence contrived by Inoue Kiyoshi about the Chinese territorial claim over theSenkaku Islands
It is simply amazing that the evidence the Chinese use to support their historicalassertion was provided by a Japanese scholar. Former Kyoto University professor InoueKiyoshi published in 1972 a book entitled The Senkaku Islands—Historical Analysis on
Diayutai Islands. In the preface to the book Inoue writes, “Did Japan rob China of theSenkaku Islands during the Sino-Japanese War? If so, the Senkaku Islands must havebeen automatically returned to China, based on the territorial clause of the Potsdam
Declaration, the moment Japan unconditionally accepted the Potsdam Declaration,
which was issued by the Allied countries, including China, and surrendered. If Japan
were to claim once again that the Senkaku Islands are Japanese territory, it would benothing more than a recurrence of Japanese Imperialism.”
Overlapping the statement by the Chinese foreign ministry in December 1971, China
clearly made the most of Inoue’s book. In fact, immediately after the “collisionincident” at the Senkaku Islands, on September 15, 2010, press officer Jiangyu from theChinese foreign ministry emphatically said, “The Senkaku Islands are Chineseterritory.”
What motivated Inoue to write The Senkaku Islands—Historical Analysis on Diayutai
Islands was to clarify the two points: 1) Diayutai Islands were not originally “no-man’sland”, but Chinese territory since the Ming Dynasty and 2) Japan’s ownership of theSenkaku Islands was an act of robbery prompted by victory in the Sino-Japanese War.
Similar views were held in Taiwan and China at the time, but since it was a study done
by a Japanese scholar, the book was translated into Chinese at a very early stage and3

well read and received in China. Is there historical authenticity in Inoue’s view that theSenkaku Islands are Chinese territory?
Flaws in the Chinese arguments
According to Inoue’s assertion, the evidence supporting the claim that the Senkaku
Islands are Chinese territory lies in the fact that the Senkaku Islands were used as anavigational reference during the Ming Dynasty (14th to 16th century) and Qing
Dynasty (17th to 20th century), when Chinese Imperial missions were sent to thetributary state, the Ryukyu Kingdom (present-day Okinawa Prefecture). In one of thevoyage guidebooks of the Ming, Shunfen Xiangsong or Fair Winds Voyage (1403), an
island named Diaoyuyu among the Senkaku Islands is seen.
China also depends on records of the Imperial missions sent to the Ryukyu Kingdom
since the Ming Dynasty onward as evidence to support their assertion that the Senkaku
Islands are historically Chinese territory. In Record of Mission to Ryukyu by Chen Kan(1534), Revised Record of Ryukyu Missions by Guo Rulin (1562), Assorted Record ofRyukyu Missions by Wang Ji (1683), Zhongshan Chuanxinlu by Xu Baoguang (1719),
Summarized Record of Ryukyu by Zhou Huang (1756), Record of Ryukyu Missions byLi Dingyuan (1800), Continued Summary of Ryukyu by Zhai Kun (1808) and others
appear reference to the Senkaku Islands (Diayuyu or Diayutai) and in Zhongshan
Chuanyinlu and Summarized Record of Ryukyu appears a “voyage chart” depicting
Diayuyu, Huangweiyu and Chiweiyu.
Among these, Record of Ryukyu Mission states “Kumejima (the town of Kumejima in
Okinawa Prefecture) belongs to Ryukyu,” and Assorted Record of Ryukyu Envoys
designates the area between Kumejima and Chiweiyu as a “national boundary”. Basedon these descriptions, China maintains that the area up to Kumejima is Ryukyu territory
and that to the west of Chiweiyu, including the Senkaku Islands, is Chinese territory.
Where is the northern boundary of Taiwan?
In the autumn of 2005, Marine Country, one of the lost volumes that was a part of Six
Phases of Fleet Life, was located at an antique book fair in China. In the book, there is a
description: “At 5 o’clock of the 13th I saw Diayutai.” China regards this as unarguableevidence showing that the Senkaku Islands were Chinese territory.
4However, there is no authentic evidence to support the assertion that the Senkaku
Islands are Chinese territory, based on the description in Marine Country.
Marine Country recorded the experiences of the main character in Six Phases of Fleet
Life, who accompanied Imperial Mission Zhai Kun and went to the Ryukyus in 1808.
Mission Zhai Kun left Fuzhou early in the intercalary month of May of 1808 and sailed
through Wuhumen, Jilongshan, Diayutai, Chiweiyu, Heigouyang, Gumishan andMachishan, and entered the port of Naha on the evening of the 17th of the leap month ofMay.
Zhai Kun’s essay, Hundred Verses of the East Sea, includes Eight Verses from theVoyage, which depicts the voyage leaving the port of Taiping and entering Naha Port inthe Ryukyus. Near Taiwan, Zhai Kun wrote a five-letter verse entitled Jilongshan,
which is a mountain in the province of the Taiwan. In that verse, Zhai Kun refers toJilongshan as “seemingly the Chinese national boundary”. The mountain of the provinceof Taiwan, Jilongshan, is the boundary of the Qing Dynasty.
When the boat was nearing the Ryukyus, Zhai Kun wrote another verse on Gumishan(Kumejima) and in a footnote to the verse he stated, “This mountain is within theboundary of the Ryukyus. That is, Diayutai and Chiweiyu, located between Jilongshan
and Gumishan, are consequently no-man’s land, neither belonging to the Qing Dynasty
nor to the Ryukyus.
Zhai Kun’s recognition that “Jilongshan is the Chinese boundary” is also confirmed by
the description “passing Jilongshan, the Chinese boundary” in another of Zhan Kun’s
rhymed verse following Eight Verses from the Voyage. (Photo 1)
Why, then, did Zhai Kun refer toJilongshan in the province ofTaiwan as the Chinese border?
The Qing Dynasty made Taiwan
a Chinese possession in 1684
(the 23rd year of Kangxi) andestablished Taiwan as a province.
In the Book of Taiwan Province,(Photo 1)
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published during the Kangxi years
by Jiang Yuying, there is thedescription: “To the north, Jilong
Castle is 2,315 Ri (approx.1,296kilometers) away,” and also in
Revised Book of Taiwan Province,
published in 1693 (the 35th yearof Kangxi)(Photo 2) compiled by
Gao Gonggan and others, it is(Photo 2)
written that “To the north Jilongshan
is 2,325 Ri (approx.1,296 kilometers) away and makes the boundary.” Jilong Castle,
near the present-day city of Jilong, and Mount Jilongshan mark the northernmost
boundary of Taiwan.
This is the evidence of Zhai Kun’s description in Hundred Verses of the East Sea, that
“Jilongshan is the Chinese border.” The fact is, Zhai Kun’s recognition of Jilongshan as
the boundary between Qing China and Kumejima is the boundary of the Ryukyus
constitutes unarguable evidence, but the description “At five on the 13th, I saw
Diaoyutai” does not make for unarguable evidence that the Senkaku Islands are Chinese
territory.

The boundary of the province ofTaiwan is also drawn in theGeneral Map of Taiwan Province
in the Book of Taiwan Province.
Based on this map, the Boundary
Map of Taiwan Province in thegovernment-compiled Imperial
Collection of Old and New Books(published in 1728), depicted in(Photo 3)
Photo 3, the map does not depict
the Senkaku Islands. What is actually shown is the area up to Jilongshan, which isconsidered to be the northernmost part of the province of Taiwan. In the Book of Great
Qing, published in 1744 (the 9th year of Qianlong) (Photo 4) the northernmost6

boundary of Taiwan is Jilongcheng. The Map ofTaiwan Province in the Book of Great Qing does notshow the Senkaku Islands. The same is true of theMarine Country Travel Record (1793). The Senkaku
Islands are not part of the province of Taiwan andtherefore not Chinese territory.
(Photo 4)

Republic of China inherits boundaries of Qing Dynasty Taiwan
It was after the Qing Dynasty establishment of the province of Taiwan that Taiwan
became part of Chinese territory. In the Map of the Great Ming (Foreigners Section)compiled by the government in 1461 during the Ming Dynasty, the Penghutao(Pescadores) Islands, located between Fuchien Province and Taiwan, are a possession ofthe Ryukyus. The Map of the Great Qing, compiled during the Qing Dynasty, also refers
to Taiwan as follows: “It’s been a remote, barbaric land since ancient times and does notbelong to China—and is called east wilderness. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,
Japanese people gathered there and Zheng Zhilong joined them. Later Dutchmen cameto stay.” In the first edition of the Map of the Great Qing, the following sentence states:“It belongs to Japan.” So long as the Senkaku Islands did not belong to Taiwan, which
China owned during the Qing Dynasty, the natural conclusion is that Ming China did
not possess the Senkaku Islands.
Following the Map of the Great Qing, geographical recognition that Jilongshan andJilong Castle mark the northern boundary of Taiwan is also consistently maintained inbooks compiled during the period of the Chinese Republic, such as in Dynasty
Document Review (1912) and Qing History. Even when China became a republic after
the Qing Dynasty, the Senkaku Islands never became a part of Taiwan.
I have already mentioned that Chinese historical recognition is based on Inoue’s
Senkaku Islands—Historical Analysis on Diayutai Islands. However, Inoue’s study had
been refuted early on by Okuhara Toshio, then assistant professor at Kokushikan
7University. Professor Okuhara is a scholar specializing in international law and he madeit clear that the Senkaku Islands are not a part of Taiwan, not only from the point ofinternational law, but also from a historical point of view, based on the Book of Taiwan
Province and the Book of Jilong City. Regrettably, after Okuhara Toshio, there has
been no significant progress made in the study of Japanese history. Therefore, based oninternational law, Japan maintains that the Senkaku Islands are Japanese territory, while
China asserts that the Senkaku Islands have been Chinese territory since the Ming
Dynasty based on their own historical recognition. Both sides never agree and Japan has
no strong countermeasures against assertions made by the Chinese, who firmly clutch
Inoue’s book as if it were the gold standard.
As I have shown in this paper, if one reads the Chinese sources, which clearly state that“Jilongshan is the boundary of China and Gumishan (Kumejima) is the boundary of theRyukyus,” it will be clear how arbitrary in nature Inoue’s study is.
Let me repeat again. The Senkaku Islands were in no-man’s land until Japan made thema part of Japan. China has no historical precedent to claim a territorial right over theSenkaku Islands.
Some final thoughts
There is very a similar way of thinking or modus operandi between China and SouthKorea. The former claims that the Senkaku Islands have been Chinese territory since theMing Dynasty and constitute a “core interest”, while the latter unlawfully occupies
Takeshima, claiming that “Takeshima has been Korean territory as far back as the sixthcentury.” In this regard, as I mentioned in my paper, “Why not silence the Republic ofKorea in dealing with the naming issue of the Sea of Japan?” (uploaded at this site:
http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/86_S4.pdf), it is worth noting that immediately after
the attack by the Chinese fishing boat, the Hong Kong-based Asian Weekly, dated
September 26, 2010, commented: “Following the example of the unlawful occupationof Takeshima by South Korea, we should occupy the Senkaku Islands.” This kind ofthinking, that Japan’s territorial problems with other countries can work advantageously
toward their own territorial problem, is seen in many occasions. Professor Yin Yanjunof Kanto Gakuin University asserts, “China and Russia should cooperate in theirterritorial problems and exert strong pressure toward Japan,” in Youth Reflection(Internet edition) dated December 14, 2010, and Yu Zhirong of the Chinese Fisheries
8Research Institute said on Twitter, dated February 21, 2012, “If necessary, we shouldaddress the issue in cooperation with countries like South Korea and Russia having
territorial problems with Japan.” Japan can hardly afford to sit by and be easy prey tothem in dealing with the Senkaku Islands, Takeshima and the northern territories.
About the Author: Shimojo Masao
Born in Nagano Prefecture in 1950, Mr. Shimojo completed a doctorate course andgraduated from the Graduate School of Kokugakuin University. He went to South Korea
in 1983 and taught at the Samsung General Research Institute as chief lecturer and atInchon University as visiting professor. Mr. Shimojo returned home to Japan in 1998
and since 1999, has been professor at Takushoku University. He is the most prominent
expert on research on Takeshima and chairs the “Takeshima Study Group” of Shimane
Prefecture. Among his many books are: Japan and South Korea: Way to Overcome
History (Tenden-sha) and To Which Country, Japan or Korea, Does Takeshima Belong?
(Bunshun New Books).

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