Academic English Advanced
英語（上級）
Presentation Skills
Week 4: May 7-13, 2021

Todayʼs agenda• 1) Investigate an actual research paper regarding thethree basic research elements: “Metaphors We Think
With: The Role of Metaphor in Reasoning”(https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/j
ournal.pone.0016782)• 2) Things to consider when choosing your researchpaper• 3) Investigate some books regarding the three basic
research elements

Metaphors We Think With: The Role ofMetaphor in ReasoningLetʼs find the 3 elements:• 1. Observation• 2. Research Question• 3. Hypothesis

Start in the introduction!

Metaphors We Think With: The Role ofMetaphor in ReasoningLetʼs find the 3 elements (introduction):
2. Research Question as Goal/Objective
In this paper we empirically investigate whether using different
metaphors to talk about crime indeed leads people to reason
about crime differently and, in turn, leads them to propose
different solutions to the crime problem.
Basically: Do these metaphors influence the way we think
about crime?

Metaphors We Think With: The Role ofMetaphor in ReasoningLetʼs find the 3 elements (introduction):
2. Research Question as Goal/Objective
In this paper we empirically investigate whether using
different metaphors to talk about crime indeed leads
people to reason about crime differently and, in turn, leads
them to propose different solutions to the crime problem.

3. Hypothesis
Using different metaphors to talk about crime indeed leads
people to reason about crime differently and, in turn, leads
them to propose different solutions to the crime problem.
(Based on the goal)

Metaphors We Think With: The Role ofMetaphor in ReasoningLetʼs find the 3 elements:
Observation
3. Hypothesis
Research Question
Conclusions
The way we talk about complex and abstract ideas is suffusedwith metaphor. In five experiments, we have explored how
these metaphors influence the way that we reason aboutcomplex issues and forage for further information about them.
We find that metaphors can have a powerful influence over
how people attempt to solve complex problems and how theygather more information to make “well-informed” decisions.
Conclusion¡ (1) Crime is a wild beast preying on the city of Addison. The crime ratein the once peaceful city has steadily increased over the past threeyears. In fact, these days it seems that crime is lurking in every
neighborhood. In 2004, 46,177 crimes were reported compared tomore than 55,000 reported in 2007. The rise in violent crime isparticularly alarming. In 2004, there were 330 murders in the city, in2007, there were over 500.
¡ (2) Crime is a virus infecting the city of Addison. The crime rate in theonce peaceful city has steadily increased over the past three years. Infact, these days it seems that crime is plaguing every neighborhood.
In 2004, 46,177 crimes were reported compared to more than 55,000
reported in 2007. The rise in violent crime is particularly alarming. In
2004, there were 330 murders in the city, in 2007, there were over 500.

¡ 1) In your opinion what does Addison need to do to reduce

crime?
¡ 2) Please underline the part of the report that was mostinfluential in your decision.

¡ (1) Crime is a wild beast preying on the city of Addison. The crime ratein the once peaceful city has steadily increased over the past threeyears. In fact, these days it seems that crime is lurking in everyneighborhood. In 2004, 46,177 crimes were reported compared tomore than 55,000 reported in 2007. The rise in violent crime isparticularly alarming. In 2004, there were 330 murders in the city, in
2007, there were over 500.
¡ (2) Crime is a virus infecting the city of Addison. The crime rate in theonce peaceful city has steadily increased over the past three years. In
fact, these days it seems that crime is plaguing every neighborhood.
In 2004, 46,177 crimes were reported compared to more than 55,000
reported in 2007. The rise in violent crime is particularly alarming. In
2004, there were 330 murders in the city, in 2007, there were over 500.

Have something chosen by next week
• Try to find the:• 1. Observation• 2. Research Question• 3. Hypothesis

We will discuss this in nextweekʼs Zoom meeting• NUCT “Lesson 4”:
Send me the link to the article (or PDF). If you donʼthave a link or PDF, send me the document
information (such as book information).

Next weekʼs agenda
We will discuss this in next weekʼs Zoom meeting• 1) Discuss your articles. (1. Observation 2.
Research Question 3. Hypothesis)
I will discuss this in next weekʼs lecture video• 2) Basic presentation structure• 3) Real-world background• 4) Significance