Platax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004

A new record of the whiteface waspfish Richardsonichthys
leucogaster (Richardson, 1848) in Taiwanese waters(Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae)
Yo Su1* and Yu-Cheng Chen2
1

Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

2School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan*

Corresponding author. Email: scott03150315@gmail.com

Abstract
A whiteface waspfish Richardsonichthys leucogaster (Richardson, 1848) was recently
collected off Southwestern Taiwan, representing the first record from Taiwan and thenorthernmost record of this species. It can be distinguished from other tetrarogids in its 1)
naked body, 2) lateral line running below the dorsal-fin base, 3) gill slit’s upper end being
located near the dorsal fin base, 4) dorsal-fin ray counts (XIII, 7), and 5) pelvic-fin ray
counts (I, 5). A detailed description of this specimen has been provided herein.
Keywords: biodiversity, ichthyology, Scorpaeniformes, taxonomy, waspfish
AmongIntroduction

them,Richardsonichthys

leucogaster (Richardson, 1848) is the only

The Indo-West Pacific waspfish

member of Richardsonichthys (Smith,family Tetrarogidae is characterized by

1958), which is widely distributed in thespecies whose 1) skin at the gill opening is

Indo-West Pacific Ocean. It can be

not broadly connected to the isthmus, 2)

distinguished from other genera/species bylacrimal bones are mobile and not boundits naked body, dorsal-fin ray counts (XIII,

to the suborbital bone, 3) pectoral-fin rays7), pelvic-fin ray counts (I, 5), presence ofat the lower portion are not separated frompalatine teeth, position of its dorsal-fin

the remainder, and 4) body and head spinesorigin anterior to the posterior margin of

are

1999;

the eye, lateral line running below theChungthanawong and Motomura, 2021).

dorsal-fin base, and upper end of gill slit

Currently, 44 species within 18 genera arenearlyconsidered valid (Chungthanawong and(Chungthanawong and Motomura, 2021).

compressed(Poss,

Motomura, 2022; Fricke et al., 2023).
43

F

reaching

thedorsal-fin

basePlatax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004

Recently, a single waspfish wasrounding to the nearest 0.1 mm. Standard

collected off Ke-Tzu-Liao fish market inlength (SL) and head length (HL) are given

Southwestern Taiwan, and it was identified

for certain relative measurements, and theas R. leucogaster based on possessing

specimen was deposited at the Piscesthesepresent

Collection of the National Museum of

specimen, which is described in detail

Marine Biology and Aquarium, Taiwan

below, represents the first record of this

(NMMB-P).

characteristics.

The

species in Taiwan.

Results
Materials and methods

Family Tetrarogidae

The specimen was collected by

Richardsonichthys leucogasterbottom trawl and observed in the(Richardson, 1848)

associated bycatch at the Ke-Tzu-Liao fish

English name: Whiteface waspfish

market in Southwestern Taiwan by the

New Chinese name: ⽩腹⾥⽒真裸⽪鮋

second author. The specimen was fixed in

Figs. 1-2 & Tables 1-2.

10% formalin in tap water for one week

Apistes leucogaster Richardson, 1848:5, pl.

and subsequently transferred to 70%

5, Figs. 1-2. (Original description. Typeethanol

locality: Sea of China [no precise localityforlong-term

storage.

The

methods for taking counts followed

given]).

Motomura (2004), with pseudobranchial

Tetraroge

filaments additionally quantified. The

Macleay, 1877:278, pl. 6. (Type locality:

measurement

Erub [= Darnley] Island, 9°35'00''S,

Motomura

methodsetand143°46'00''E, Torres Strait, Queensland,

Chungthanawong and Motomura (2018).

Australia): Allen et al., in Hoese et al.,The last two dorsal- and anal-fin rays were2006:902 (listed).

divided at the base and thus counted as a

Tetraroge leucogaster (Richardson, 1848):

single ray. Counts were taken from the leftAllen and Swainston, 1988:50 (in part).

side of the specimen unless the character

Richardsonichthys leucogasterwas obscured, in which case the right side

(Richardson,

was

and

1989:447 (in part). Randall et al., 1990:80

pseudobranchial filaments were quantified(in part). Allen, 1997:78 (in part). Randall

from the right side. Vertebrae counts were

et al., 1997:80 (in part). Poss, 1999:2333

determined from X-rays. Measurements(listed). Poss, in Randall and Lim,

were made with 150-mm digital calipers,

2000:605 (listed). Mandrytsa, 2001:278

Gill(2008)

Alleyneandinspected.

al.

followed

darnleyensis

rakers44F1848):

Paxtonetal.,Platax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004(analysis of lateral-line system). Hutchins,
2001:27(listed). Allenvertebrae 10+14=24.

and Adrim,

Body slightly elongated, its depth 2.8

Allen et al., 2003:381

in SL; body compressed, anterior width(in part). Adrim et al., 2004:119 (listed).

5.2 in SL, and becoming progressively

Randall, 2005:129 (in part). Allen et al., in

more

Hoese et al., 2006:902 (listed). Prokofiev,

moderate: length 2.4 in SL, width 1.9 in

2008:304 (in part). Motomura, in Kimura

HL; anterior profile of head slightly

et al., 2009:70 (in part). Fricke et al.,curved. Entire body without scales; small

2011:380intentacles present on pupil. Lateral line

Matsunuma et al., 2011:67 (in part).

singular, complete, and with large pores

Larson et al., 2013:84 (listed). Kwik andrunning along dorsal profile, slightly

Lim, 2020:18 (in part). Poss, in Heemstra

below dorsal-fin base. Swim bladder

et al., 2022:555 (in part).
Material examined.
NMMB-P38306, 45.4 mm SL, off KeTzu-Liao (ca. 22°42'53"N, 120°13'12"E),
Kaohsiung, Southwestern Taiwan, 10 Dec.
2022, bottom trawl, collected by Y.-C.
Chen.
Description of NMMB-P38306.

absent.

2003:30 (listed).

(listed).

Motomura,premaxilla; posterior nostril tubular, withsingle dermal flap and situated in front ofeye. Eyes moderately large, width 3.0 in
HL; bony rim of orbit forming ridge on
Tab. 1. Meristic characters of the examined
specimen of Richardsonichthys

Body Dorsal-fin elements XIII, 7,

leucogaster (Richardson, 1848)
from Taiwan (NMMB-P38306).

first three spines situated on top of skull,rays

branched;

pectoral-fin

elements 15, upper and lower most rays

Character
Dorsal-fin elements
Pectoral-fin elements
Anal-fin elements
Pelvic-fin elements
Caudal-fin elements
Gill rakers
Pseudobranchial filaments
Lateral-line pores
Vertebrae

unbranched, others branched; pelvic-fin
elements I, 5; anal-fin elements III, 6, allsoft rays branched; principal caudal-fin
rays 7+6; procurrent caudal-fin rays 2
dorsally and 3 ventrally; gill rakers onouter face of first gill arch 2+1+7=10, allformingbumps;

filaments

16;

pseudobranchial

lateral-line

pores

Head

nostril rounded and situated above tip ofprovided in Tables 1-2.

soft

posteriorly.

Two pairs of nasal openings; anterior

Meristic and morphometric data areallcompressed

12;

45

F

Value
XIII, 7
15
III, 6I, 5
2+7+6+3
2+1+7=1016
12
10+14=24

Platax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004

upper
Ascending process
of of the examined specimen of Richardsonichthys
Tab.portion.
2. Morphometriccharacters
leucogaster (Richardson, 1848) from Taiwan (NMMB-P38306). Abbreviations:
A=anal-fin; D=dorsal-fin; HL=head length; SL=standard length.
Characters
SL (mm)HL
Head width
Body depth
Body width
Snout length
Orbital length
Postorbital lengthInterorbital length
Suborbital length
Upper-jaw length
Maxillary depth
Predorsal length
Prepectoral length
Prepelvic length
Preanal length
1st D spine
2nd D spine
3rd D spineth

4 D spine
5th D spine
6th D spine
7th D spine
8th D spine
9th D spine
10th D spine
11th D spine
12th D spine
13th D spineLongest D ray
D length
1st A spine
2nd A spine
3rd A spineLongest A ray
A length
Pectoral-fin length
Pelvic-fin spine length
Pelvic-fin length
Caudal-fin length
Caudal-peduncle depth
Caudal-peduncle length

Value
45.4
18.7
10
16.2
8.7
4
6.2
10.4
3.2
2.7
9.1
3.3
8.3
17.7
17.2
30
5
8.1
8.6
N/A
7.2
9.3
N/A
N/A
8.1
11
7.7
8.3
11.8
9
33.8
3.3
5.1
7.7
8.7
12.8
14.2
11.4
7.7
12.3
4.2
6.7

% SL
41.3
22.1
35.6
19.1
8.8
13.7
22.9
7
5.8
20.1
7.2
18.3
38.9
37.8
66.2
10.9
17.9
18.8

% HL

in HL

53.4
86.3
46.3
21.4
33.2
55.4
16.9
14.1
48.7
17.5
44.4
94.2
91.6
160.2
26.4
43.4
45.6

in SL
2.4
4.5
2.8
5.2
11.3
7.3
4.4
14.4
17.1
5
13.8
5.5
2.6
2.6
1.5
9.2
5.6
5.3

15.9
20.4

38.5
49.4

6.3
4.9

2.6
2

17.9
24.3
16.9
18.3
26.1
19.8
74.5
7.2
11.3
16.9
19.2
28.3
31.4
25
16.9
27.2
9.2
14.7

43.3
58.9
40.8
44.2
63.2
47.8
180.5
17.5
27.4
41
46.6
68.5
76
60.6
41
65.8
22.4
35.5

5.6
4.1
5.9
5.5
3.8
5.1
1.3
13.9
8.8
5.9
5.2
3.5
3.2
4
5.9
3.7
10.8
6.8

2.3
1.7
2.4
2.3
1.6
2.1
0.6
5.7
3.6
2.4
2.1
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.4
1.5
4.5
2.8

46

F

1.9
1.2
2.2
4.7
3
1.8
5.9
7.1
2.1
5.7
2.3
1.1
1.1
0.6
3.8
2.3
2.2

Platax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004

ridge. Upper and lower jaws with villiform
teeth; vomer and palatines with villiform
teeth. Lips thin and without papillae.
Symphyseal knob present, short, and blunt,
its surface edentate.

upper portion. Ascending process ofpremaxilla well developed. Interorbital
space narrow, its width 2.0 in orbit
diameter; interorbital ridges with twonearly parallel, moderately developed

Gill rakers on outer face of all fourridges that diverge anteriorly, their tips andends

formingsmall

lumps;

arches blunt and forming bumps. Inner

medianrakers also forming bumps and present oninterorbital ridge absent.
Nasal, supraocular, and supracleithralspines absent. Parietal, nuchal, pterotic,
and posttemporal bones forming ridges but
without distinct spines. Suborbital bone
forming three low ridges; both upper andmedian ridges extending posteriorly tonear base of uppermost preopercular spine.
Preopercle with five simple spines,
uppermost longest and protruding fromskin, its posterior tip not reaching tomargin of opercle; 2nd to 4th spines shortand embedded in skin. Opercle with two
crests forming V shape but not connected
anteriorly, their endings without distinct
spines. Upper end of gill opening bearing
single dermal flap on opercle, ending
below horizontal through upper margin ofeye. Lacrimal bone movable, with two
simple spines; anterior spine short,
directed postero-ventrally; posterior spine
long, directed backwards, its posterior tip
not reaching posterior margin of upper jaw.
Mouth moderately large (upper-jaw length
2.1 in HL), terminal, and slightly oblique;posterior margin of maxilla not reachingvertical through posterior margin of orbit;
surface of maxilla smooth and lacking

outer three arches. Fourth gill archconnected to body, without slit between
4th gill arch and 5th ceratobranchial. Large,
somewhat triangular villiform tooth patch
on 5th ceratobranchial. Large, teardroplike villiform tooth patch on third
pharyngobranchial.
OtolithSagittal otolith (Fig. 2) rather large,
length 19.8% HL; its shape elliptic,
length/depth ratio 1.89. Both dorsal andventralmarginssmoothly

curved;posterior margin entire and convex, no
pseudo-excisura or pseudo-rostrum; distal
surface slightly concave; proximal surface
slightly convex; sulcus groove shallow,
narrow, and ostial; both colliculums absent;
both crista superior and crista inferior
poorly developed and forming very low
ridges; rostrum convex, its margin rather
blunt; antirostrum poorly developed; notchon excisura present but indistinct; dorsal
depression rather deep and broad; ventral
depression absent.

47

FPlatax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004

Fig. 1. Richardsonichthys leucogaster (Richardson, 1848) from Taiwan (NMMBP38306, 45.4 mm SL). A. Fresh condition. B. Preserved condition. C. X-ray.

48

F

Platax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004

Fig. 2. Right sagittal otolith of Richardsonichthys leucogaster (Richardson,
1848) from Taiwan (NMMB-P38306, 45.4 mm SL). A. Distal face. B.
Proximal face . Anterior to left. Scale bar=500 μm.
Colorationslightly reddish; dorsal fin variegated, with

When fresh (Fig. 1A), body orange

two brown blotches on spiny portion andtinted with brown patches; lower jaw, gular,

two brown bands on soft-ray portion.

isthmus, and abdomen all white; lateral-

When preserved (Fig. 1B), body brownish,line pores also white. Pectoral fin orange,

with abdominal region, lower jaw, gular,

with brown vermicular patterns and brown

and isthmus whitish. Head, pectoral fin,margin; pelvic, anal, and caudal finsdistal half of caudal fin, anal fin, and tip of49

FPlatax 20: 43-53, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0004

pelvic fin all dark brown. Oral cavity,

base (vs. well-separated in all otherincluding

genera).

undersideof

tongueandperitoneum, white.
Distribution

The specimen was collected alongsideshallow-water

species,suchasWidespread in the Indo-West Pacific,

Leignathidae spp. and Platycephalidae

including Taiwan (this study), South China

spp., via bottom trawling. According to

Sea (Adrim et al., 2004), Singapore (Kwik

prior reports (Allen et al., 2003; Motomura,and Lim, 2020), Indonesia (Allen and2011; Poss, 2022), this species inhabits

Adrim, 2003), Australia (e.g., Allen, 1997;

sandy bottoms or coral reefs at depths <90

Allen et al., 2006; Larson et al., 2013),

m. Together with this information, wewest coast of Thailand (Motomura, 2009),

hypothesize

and South Africa (Poss, 2022).
Remarks

collected shallower than 90 m. It is a

that

the

specimenwasnocturnal species and buries itself in the

The present study agrees well withsand during the day (Kuiter and Tonozuka,

the diagnostic characters provided by

2001).

Chungthanawong and Motomura (2021),

Acknowledgements

and we conclude our specimen to be R.
leucogaster. Among the tetrarogid genera

We thank the Ke-Tzu-Liao fishingrecorded in Taiwan (Shao, 2023), R.

port staff for assistance in specimen

leucogaster can be distinguished in its

collection, P.-N. Lee (NMMBA) for

XII–XIII dorsal-fin spines (vs. >XIII in

curatorial assistance, M.-H. Chiang for

Ablabys, Ocosia, & Paracentropogon;

assistance in taking X-rays, and H.-C. Ho

Chungthanawong and Motomura, 2021);(NMMBA) and H.-C. Lin (NSYSU) for

14-17 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 10-11 inaccess to facilities and providing resource

Paracentropogon); I, 5 pelvic-fin rays (vs.

materials.

I, 4 in Paracentropogon); 9-14 lateral-line
pores

(vs.

>14

in

Neocentropogon,

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