高知工科大学̲「交替劇」 第10回研究大会̲A4冊子̲背厚7mm̲K＋DIC255̲1さ150226

文部科学省 科学研究費補助金︵新学術領域研究︶ ﹁交替劇﹂ 第 回研究大会
10

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第 10 回研究大会

ネアンデルタールとサピエンス交替劇の真相:
学習能力の進化に基づく実証的研究
2015 年 3 月 7 日(土) ‒ 8 日(日)高知市高知会館
科学研究費補助金「新学術領域研究」2010 - 2014

赤澤 威(編)2015. 3. 7.
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 782-8502ӫ ͽ ͵ ӥ ϛ ǹ ƕ ÷ ǩ ͕ ͘ 185
 TEL: 0887-57-2760
 FAX: 0887-57-2777
 Email: akazawa.takeru@kochi-tech.ac.jp
Email: akazawa0823@qd6.so-net.ne.jpͧВ ʐ җ Ώ Ǆ ͳ ½ Ώ Ǆ ΀ Λ ћ Н Ņ ҡ ' ʕ Ǆ Г Ӗ ƛ ΀ Λ ( 2010-2014 ΀ΛӖƛų's»·¾·O ¢x»ÞʯŁTͶͱ:ǄϞϨłT҄ōRƝL7Ǎжͪ΀Λ( Ӗ ƛ ͞ Ů 1201
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 FAX: 03-3267-8714
All communications pertaining to this Conference and Publication should be addressed to
Koutaigeki Project Office as below:
 Research InstituteKochi University of Technology
 Kami-shi, Kochi Prefecture 782-8502, Japan,
 TEL: +81-887-57-2760
 FAX: +81-887-57-2777
 Email: akazawa.takeru@kochi-tech.ac.jp
 Email: akazawa0823@qd6.so-net.ne.jpⓒKoutaigeki Project, 2015
¥ ¹  w   v x ¤ u  (Project Website)
URL: http://www.koutaigeki.org/− ii −

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Preface

We have been involved in a five-year (2010-2014) major research project entitled“Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of
Learning”, funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andTechnology (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, Grant No. 1201).
The project has undertaken to study the replacement of Neanderthals by modern Homosapiens, implementing an innovative framework that illuminates the contrast between
modern human societies, which succeeded in solving survival-strategic problems, andNeanderthal societies, which failed to do so.
As the foundation for this scheme, we assumed that this divergent outcome between the
two types of societies is attributable to a difference in learning abilities between the two
populations. On that basis, we proposed a working hypothesis which explains thereplacement in terms of a population-level difference in learning ability. In the final stage,
we subjected this hypothesis to various empirical tests.
This conference, marking the completion of the closing stage of the project, has two
objectives. The first objective is to present the overall outcomes of the project, and more
specifically, to bring together the research achievements outcomes from the various fields
encompassed by the project: archaeology, cultural anthropology, theoretical biology,
environmental science, biomechanics, neuroscience, genetics. The second is to discuss theworking hypothesis proposed by the project, newly coined as the “learning hypothesis.”
We are pleased to acknowledge the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology for their financial support and for their interest in our project andthis conference.
 Takeru Akazawa Ph.D.
 Project Leader
 Professor of Anthropology
 Research Institute Kochi University of Technology
 Project Website
 URL: http://www.koutaigeki.org/− iv −

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− vii −− viii −ӂƎƬÞ̒OÞʯŁԀ΋˝OƗƛs¾TΈïчˍ3j ƞĤŬʴ
The origin of cross-boundary communications during the Replacement:
Analysis by the social survey of spirits dance (kagura) and local art projects
 Shiro Horiuchi    84

ӗЋ uOоͽRġҀAlғðͪƝͮT҄ōͪϟǘ ǩŨâʚǀ"ʸʾàã
Evolutionary analysis of common genetic basis for cognitive ability andcephalic size in humans
 Kyoko Yamaguchi, Ryosuke Kimura    85

ΈïǄϞRilŖłͪΈïTǇǋQωɢ ϾҟŢÀҖThe stable maintenance of cooperative society by social learners
 Joe Yuichiro Wakano    89

΀ Λ ӓ ͯ B02Ӻ Research Team B02´¾¹R29lʕáɠʌʷT˘͒    92
 ƮͿӴư"Wing-Le Chan"ҳҗȞǀ
Vegetation change in Europe during the Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans
 Ryouta O’ishi, Wing-Le Chan, Ayako Abe-Ouchi
¾¦¾pƝR?Gӫ΂ȏȅçɱǋ Ʈ˖њÎ"÷ҟŋǉ"ί͕ Θ
Accurate age estimation based on radiocarbon database Takayuki Omori, Katsuhiro Sano, Minoru Yoneda    93

Regional last glacial climate synthesis for the Eastern Mediterraneanʰν̀ʷR29lƗÊ̗˂җT͑ƦȪĘ Stephen P. Obrochta, Yusuke Yokoyama, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Ryouta O'ishi, Wing-Le Chan, Hodaka Kawahata    95

ʛá½ʕáT͒ɀ¯¶»ġŲ΀ΛTaOd    96
 ѹЎȒÍ"÷ҟŋǉ"Ʈ˖њÎ"ҳҗȞǀ"Ҹ ́Ĵ"ƮͿӴư" ҬϪсØ"ҫ̈˯˦"ǞŨ ӫ"СΎϻǉ"ί͕ Ι
Ecological niche modelling for the Neanderthals and modern humans: Achievementsof the interdisciplinary collaboration
 Yasuhisa Kondo, Katsuhiro Sano, Takayuki Omori, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Wing-Le Chan, Ryouta O’ishi, Seiji Kadowaki, Masaki Naganuma, Takashi Oguchi, Yoshihiro Nishiaki, Minoru Yoneda
Stadial and interstadial climates, as simulated in experiments with the MIROC    98
climate model
MIROC ˾ĉ¯·p͔/G"ǛʷOÜү̀ʷT˾ĉT¬±¸¾³» Wing-Le Chan, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Ryouta O’ishi, Kunio Takahashi− ix −

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Ʈï¥¹µ­
CONFERENCE PROGRAMΥ 1 ʚԀȄɇ 27 ȅ 3 ʱ 7 ʚӶƕӷDay 1ԀMarch 7, 2015 Saturday+ÞʯŁ¥¹w,

Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Project
10:00 – 10:45

Ѣ̫ ƾâQD"ÞʯŁR°¸»Al3

    8

Takeru Akazawa
Why explore the replacement of Neanderthals by modern
humans now?
+ÞʯŁTϸūOETʦç,The Scene of the Replacement and its Historical Period
10:45 – 11:30

СΎϻǉ
ϟũǄ3jbGÞʯŁ   15

Yoshihiro Nishiaki
Archeological approaches to issues regarding the
replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans
11:30 – 12:15

ί͕ ΘƗ͎ΏǄ3jbGÞʯŁ   17

Minoru Yoneda
Geoscientific studies on the replacement of Neanderthals
by modern humans
12:15 – 13:30

î Ƀ Coffee break

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KEYNOTE LECTURE



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˂ßƮǄųмʋɪʐʠOΈï4̦ÝAlO5 x·¶sʐōTơűRK/M  

Masanori Aoyagi Ph.D.
Commissioner of the Agency for Cultural Affairs
Emeritus Professor at the University of Tokyo
When a Society and its Culture Die Out:The Case of the Etruscan Culture



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Why explore the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans now?
Takeru Akazawa
Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology
Modern humans appeared in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Later, as they spread across Eurasia,
they encountered indigenous Neanderthal populations. The two populations coexisted until 40,000
years ago, perhaps even later, but the Neanderthals eventually went extinct. The question has longoccupied us: what happened to the Neanderthals? A number of current hypotheses propose possible
mechanics of the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans, and there has been extensive
debate as to whether or not the presence of the modern humans accelerated the extinction of the
Neanderthals.
In 2010, we launched the major five-year (2010-2014) research project entitled “Replacement of
Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning" (RNMH). The
RNMH project interprets the replacement of Neanderthals by modern Homo sapiens in an
innovative framework that illuminates the contrast between modern human societies, which
succeeded in solving survival-strategic problems, and Neanderthal societies, which failed to do so.
We view this divergent outcome between the two types of societies as being attributable to adifference in learning abilities between the two populations.
Thus, we have proposed a working hypothesis (the “learning hypothesis”), which explains thereplacement occurred as a result of the difference in learning abilities between archaic Neanderthals
and modern humans, and that the social and cultural divides caused by this difference determined
the outcome, and have subjected this hypothesis to various empirical tests.
In order to attain its overall goal, the project created an entirely new research paradigm involving
interdisciplinary collaboration, new perspectives and methods brought forward by researchers fromthe humanities, biology, and engineering. The project takes the novel approach of broadcollaboration involving archaeology, cultural anthropology, theoretical biology, environmental− 10 −

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The fate of the Neanderthals seems to have been the subject of only isolate research in the past, and
it is the aim of the project to bring together as many disciplines as possible so as to be able to draw
a comprehensive scenario of the evolution and dispersal of modern humans on the Earth. With thecollaboration of our colleagues from different fields, working in multi- and trans-disciplinary teams,
we will undoubtedly be inspired to further pursue our endeavors.
We humans, what are we? Various approaches to answering this question come to mind. One
possibility is to investigate, through the numerous fossils of now-extinct hominids, how thosehominids lived their lives. This should provide some understanding of the path by which we havecome to be who we are today. Among those fossil hominids, there is much to be learned from the
Neanderthals in particular, since they were the last hominid population on Earth before modern
humans took over.
Whenever human evolution reached such a fork, a new instance of humanity thrived while an old
instance became extinct. In the last of these recurring succession dramas, the humans closest to us
today, the modern Homo sapiens, thrived while the earlier humans, archaic H. sapiens met theirdemise. All humans currently inhabiting the earth are descendants of the anatomically modern H.
sapiens who survived that epic transformation; now it is entirely possible that they are in midcourse
towards the next succession event.
We can imagine the disappearance of today’s modern humans and their replacement by some newbranch of the human family, but no one knows what that new branch might be, nor can we
concretely envision the nature of that new succession event. One long-term goal of humans, anabstract one, is to come to an understanding of the varied forms of existence we have experienced
during our evolution. This quest may be of monumental importance: essential clues to anunderstanding of our future may lie hidden in our past.

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Archeological approaches to issues regarding the replacement of Neanderthals bymodern humans
Yoshihiro Nishiaki
The University Museum, The University of Tokyo

The archeological team (Research Team A01) for the project “Replacement of Neanderthals byModern Humans (RNMH)” had two primary aims. The first was to synthesize archeological data
related to the processes of replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans, considering thechronology and routes of dispersals of the latter from Africa to Eurasia, and issues related to thedisappearance of the former. The second goal was to test the working hypothesis, designated the“learning hypothesis,” which postulated that innate differences in learning abilities played adecisive role in the replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans.
The first goal was approached through the construction of a global-scale database (Neander DB),
which documents approximately 3200 Middle and Upper Paleolithic excavated sites across Africa
and Eurasia (including east Eurasia and parts of Oceania) dated to between 200 and 20 kya, withpublished information on their archeological finds and radiometric dates. Based on a criticalevaluation of the spatio-temporal contexts of the lithic traditions and other records, it is evident thatthe indigenous Neanderthal populations were not eliminated immediately after the arrival ofModern Humans in many regions. As suggested by recent developments in genetic research,co-existence and interaction between these populations was possible, and the topic deserves
thorough investigation using archeological evidence.
To fulfill our second aim of investigating potential differences in innate learning abilities, we
carried out comparative analyses of the learning behaviors of the two populations/societies based onarcheological evidence. An examination of the spatial organization of lithic manufacturing activities,
and patterns of change in lithic industries when each population expanded into new environments,
indicates multiple factors affecting the capacity for acquiring wider variation in learning behaviors.
Differences in social environments, including population size and social organization, wereconsidered particularly important. These differences may possibly be caused by cognitive
differences between the two populations, accounting for differences in learning ability. However,available records also suggest contrary evidence, implying that it is too simplistic to postulatepotential innate cognitive differences as the single force accounting for replacement of the
Neanderthals. It is now time to update the “learning hypothesis” proposed in 2009, taking into
consideration non-innate social issues as important factors affecting learning behavior in the two
populations.

− 16 −

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Geoscientific studies on the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans
Minoru Yoneda 1, Takayuki Omori 1, Yasuhisa Kondo 2, Ayako Abe-Ouchi 3,
Yusuke Yokoyama 3, Hodaka Kawahata 3, Takashi Oguchi 4
1. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
2. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
3. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
4. Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo

We conducted some research project in the Research Team B02, including meta-analysis ofradiometric database, the tempo-spatial analysis of the impact of climate change on the archaic andmodern human species, and the comparison of geochemical proxies from different regions. Eachresearch approaches have been established in their field of science but this is the first trial in Japan
to combine these scientific achievements in light of human evolution, especially the replacement of
Neanderthal by the modern humans.

− 18 −

Radiocarbon dating which is most common radiometric method for the sample up to five thousand
years ago could be comparable paleo-climatic data dated by other methods such as annual ringcounting, because the calibration dataset for conventional radiocarbon ages were expanded to 50 ka
by “IntCAL09 (Reimer et al. 2009). Furthermore, some research projects were on going byapplying some new preparation techniques, including ultrafiltration and step-combustion, wereapplied for bones, shell and charcoal to obtain more accurate dates of the replacement of
Neanderthal by modern humans on the key archaeological sites in Europe (Higham et al. 2009).
Although we have limited access to the materials related to Neanderthals and modern humans in
Europe, we have conducted a meta-analysis on the radiocarbon database to extract the
spatiotemporal distribution of these human species. In this research, we have developed a novel
method to correct the old radiocarbon age obtained by conventional methods and estimate
reasonable uncertainty with each samples.
By applying the Bayesian model on each archaeological stratigraphy, we have estimated moreaccurate ages (with larger uncertainties). We have collaborate with archaeologists of Research
Team A01 to evaluate the start and terminal period of each lithic industries of the Middle and Late
Paleolithic, suggesting the decline the number of Middle Paleolithic sites was significant prior to
the emergence of the industries with modern humans. This is generally agreed with the estimatedtime of transition from Middle to Late Paleolithic based on new radiocarbon data by improved
preparation techniques. This result suggested that the decline of Neanderthal is not directly related
to the cooling event or the competition with modern humans.
At the same time, we have developed the analysis method to estimate the population dynamic bycomparing the sum of probability of calibrated radiocarbon datasets by region. Although we can get
more accurate age by correcting conventional date by our methods, additional uncertainties make it
difficult to compare the temporal change of probability with frequent drastic climate change with
1000 year scale. However, we found this approach is quite useful for the archaeological setting
which have more precise dataset such as Jomon period of prehistoric Japan. It will explore new
field of archaeological study on the impact of climate change on prehistoric hunter-gatherers.
In order to interpret the accurate data of each site and lithic industry, we collaborate witharchaeologists of Research Team A01 to reconstruct the distribution of lithic industry of terminal
Middle Paleolithic, transitional entities, and the Late Paleolithic. We have developed thepaleoclimate map based on the global circulation model and improved its resolution by applying
modern differences from the average to convert the original 100 km scale map intro 10 km scaleone. The stadial and interstadial conditions were reasonably reconstructed by a horsing experimentadding fresh water mass on the North Atlantic.
It makes us possible to extract the limiting factor of environment for the both archaic and modern
human distributions. The ecological niche models which have been develop for modern animal
species were applied to lithic industries and the comparison between the habitable environment of
Neanderthals and modern humans were compared. Our preliminary results suggested that themodern humans can survive in cooler winter conditions. We will continue our investigation byfocusing these experiments on some specific areas where more precise age data is available, to
extract the exact factors which affect on the activities of archaic and modern humans.

− 19 −

ʕáUs»·¾·áikeŀ҂ͪQT3
Were Modern Homo sapiens More 'Creative' Than
Neanderthals?
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Innovations and human history A01 ͌ 2014 ȅȏ΀ΛƠź*˂ßƮǄόű΀Λř̀Ӥ#Innovations and human history
Seiji Kadowaki
Nagoya University Museum, Nagoya University

Several kinds of archaeological approaches have been taken in the RNMH project since its start in2010, and some results of the archaeological examinations are presented in this paper with ageographic focus on Africa, west Asia, and Europe. The paper then takes a broader view of humanhistory and discusses more general issues on the relationship between innovations and humanhistory. An innovation is considered here as a creative behavior that provides new culturalelements. The RNMH project has been investigating whether creative behaviors had an importantrole in human evolutionary histories that differed between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. Morespecifically, a main purpose of the project is to examine whether the survival of Homo sapiens andthe demise of Neanderthals can be explained by their differences in leaning behaviors, particularly
creative learning behaviors.
As part of inter-disciplinary approaches to this question, a group of archaeologists (Team A01) hasconstructed a database of archaeological records dated between ca. 200 and 20 ka in the Old Worldand examined spatiotemporal patterns of creative behaviors observable in the appearance of newlithic/bone technologies and symbolic objects. Referring to the results of this investigation, thepaper argues that it is the learning behaviors in Europe, instead of Africa or west Asia, that shouldhave had an important role in the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans in Europe. The
dispersal of Homo sapiens into Europe may have occurred around ca. 48–45 ka according to somearchaeological and fossil records, and regionally diverse archaeological cultures appeared
subsequently in Europe by ca. 40ka when Neanderthals disappeared. It is critical to determine
whether Neanderthals were involved in the creation of innovative cultural elements, such aslithic/bone technology and ornaments, during this period of diverse cultural occurrences althoughcurrently available records do not allow us to conclude on this problem.
To expound on the relationship between innovations and human history, the paper then refers tostudies on a much earlier replacement event in Africa between Paranthropos and Homo groups
and a much later influence of human dietary change after the development of agriculture. These
case studies indicate that innovations in human history were not only a driving force for thedevelopment of lifeways and socio-economy but also an important factor in biological changes, i.e.,
human evolution. Give such a role of innovations in various scales of human evolution, the paper
finally proposes several different scenarios of how creative learning behaviors were relevant in thereplacement of Neanderthals by modern humans.

− 22 −u¦¾³»ϨłOʐō҄ōӉʸĎÀʠ̇ƮǄ΀Λͽїɉ͝˨ˠϟũЯҧ4рláӝTʐōŬU 260 ÁȅRš[#ʛͿƊʦçTʐō҄ōU"ʔχͪN.J
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ͽRҰ҃Al'Ȇ҈QΝ̶ƫ͟(Tī͍RiJMȖ5ѣ;=mGOϟ1lT4ʧҀN.l#ʻƠźNU;mOUǚ̸ͪR"«· O©¾µ¥Tϟ1pАű?G¯·Rik"͑ƦaGUu¦¾³»ϨłTē3Qƫō4"ʐō˿̣Tȶ̬3KƮ5QƫōpeGj
AơűT.l;Op·A#ÞʯŁTú˛éуN.l'ǄϞéу(NU"s»·¾·Tυ̦O RilϙɶTÌŝƍpÈϠTʐō˿̣Tҍ/R̂dM/l#ÃЯ¯·TÕ̠U"u¦¾³»Ϩł
Tē3Qҍ/RiJMʐō˿̣TƮ5Qҍ/4͒@GŪϨȷp·?M2k"ǄϞéуTƹȜȷpʃɢAlπˇOQJM/l#Innovativeness and cultural evolution
Kenichi Aoki
Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties,
Meiji University

Hominid cultural history as seen in the archaeological record spans 2.6 million years. Cultural
evolution during the Palaeolithic is believed to have been punctuated. That is, long periods during
which little happened were interspersed with sudden and dramatic shifts in cultural level—theso-called “creative explosions.” Within this pattern of cultural evolution, the creative explosions areusually thought to have occurred in response to major environmental changes, or to have been
driven by “fortuitous mutations” each with a major effect on cognition. In this report, I describe amodel in the Malthusian-Boserupian framework, which by contrast predicts that a small change inthe environment or in innovativeness can produce a sudden and dramatic change in the culturallevel of a population.
Our working hypothesis for the RNMH project—the “learning hypothesis”—holds that a differencein the cultural levels of Neanderthals and modern humans contributed significantly to the extinctionof the former and their replacement by the latter. The theoretical result noted above entails that alarge difference in cultural level could have resulted from a small difference in innovativeness, andhence adds support to the learning hypothesis.

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³»pΗbҞSM5G4"ÞʯŁèĺRU.akͯΡJGeTNUQ7"s»·¾·áOTʐōͪǶ͟e.akQ3JGO/oml#?3?"ÞʯŁpƦR×ȻUÀƫAl#ͿƊОú"͒˛̑Ŋ"ο̜̑Ŋ"Έïξϖ"єȭͪВŊQPR2/MͯЦa?/ƫō
4͒@G#ETŝƍO?Mú˛ЯɄgǍВ˨ϨQPTϭ˨ϨӶͽϨӷTͧҌ4ɤ:jmM/lӶWynn & Coolidge 2011ӷ4"ϭ˨ϨTͧҌH9Nu¦¾³»4͒BlTNUQ/;OUʠj3N.l#ÞʯŁèҴTu¦¾³»Tȶ̬QƧńRU"ϭ˨ϨpŷcͽϨTƫōTåR"=a>aQΈïͪТƍ"͒ɀǄͪТƍ4όűͪRĔ/GTN.n0#Q3
NeʻʚŦkÃ:G/TUÞʯŁpƦR Oϲ̶"Oko9ҟ͒Ŋ̀OTҰā4Ʈ57
ƫoJGO/0×ǍN.l#Ŋ̀U'ӟ]lRi/eT(3j'ϟ1lRi/eT(
ӶLévi-Strauss 1962ӷOQk"̐Ξƨ͙QPTϽГͪ̑ŊpȖ5ѣ;?" Tʫj?R
»©¶Q˪ĘpĮkҮ/G#ŲʦRϲ̶͚\T¬®»TǍѪO?M"̈́͆ɮӂ͒̑TeJOeƝʻͪQВŊN.lʚ$TǄϞВŊ4΂Ρ=mG# Uʚ$ϲ̶TШǘpҀ?METαƸ="Ө͟OϛpͧУ?"ȼĕłpɳ5ΡMjm"u¦¾³»pŀ
īAl;ORQJGTN.l#− 24 −

How do innovations come about?
Hideaki Terashima
Department of Cultural Anthropology, Kobe Gakuin University

Innovations are not brought about by a single ability, but based on the combination of various
physical, cognitive, cultural and social conditions. Around the period of RNMH, important changes
seem to have occurred in human life that prepared the emergence of innovations. Homo sapiens
appeared in Africa around 200 ka, and accumulated cultural innovations there, but such innovations
did not bring about much change on their lives. The difference between Homo sapiens andNeanderthals was not so great then. But after the RNMH, in the period of post-Neanderthals,conspicuous changes have occurred in stone tool technology, subsistence and economic activities,
social organizations, and symbolic behavior. One of the reasons that brought about such changes
was supposed to be the development of brain function in modern humans such as working memory
and executive function (Wynn & Coolidge 2011), but that cannot explain all human culturaldevelopments by itself. In addition to cognitive development, ecological and social factors shouldhave contributed very much to the conspicuous innovations in modern humans. Here I would like topick up a fact that the relationship between humans and nature, particularly between humans andwild animals, have changed greatly. As a consequence, animals became to be considered not simply
as ‘good to eat’ but became ‘good to think about’ (Lévi-Strauss 1962) after the RNMH. The
beginning of artistic representations of splendid animals opened a higher dimension in human life.
As a commitment to nature, learning cycle in nature began to turn. Humans explored nature
everyday with meticulous observation and discovered the fineness, wonder, and beauty that inspired
humans with imaginations, and led them to make innovations.

− 25 −

ʕáUs»·¾·áikeџ/T3
Were Modern Homo sapiens More 'Clever' Than
Neanderthals?
s»·¾·áTϭpȪĘAlЂŝͰҋɂɆϝƥƮǄ͏ǳǄҗ˨˕ǳǄΏʛá½ʕáTǄϞϨłǶp"ǄϞВŊpůl΋οƝͮTȝɀǶRƝL/M˼ѱЪĻǄͪR
˙жAlGdRU"ϭ4ťaJM/GǒƊ"AQoIōͿӗЋOETϭҤƚpαǕRȪĘAlȯТ4.l#ETGdʻ΀ΛNU"Amud 1"Gibraltar 1"La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 T 3
Ks»·¾·ӗЋөO"Qafzeh 9"Skhul 5"Mladec 1"Cro-Magnon1 T 4 KTʝʷ¨¯½ ¢x»ӗЋөTǳǄͪȪĘpВJG#
Amud1 ŮU"CT ͙ĕ3jӗЋ΁̽TĥĭӄpВ/"Ű΁̽T 3 ˪Ęȝ͂¯·pˠέ?
G#E?M"Ű΁̽TЗӍȝ͂p¦wʬӍN¯·ōAl;ONӀɰAl΁̽TЗӍȝ͂pÕ̠?"ʰҐōЭΫRƝL/MӀɰ΁̽pʎ͏ͪRξbÃ:G#GH?"Amud 1 ŮTӗЋȎgΧƬĤϯUƮ57˩ɹ½΁ɹ?M/l#E;N";mjҗôTғǁ͂̉Tϻ/
Gibraltar 1 ŮO La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Ůp"Ќ˄¥µu»Ұʎp͔/Mƫȝ=CНү?
G#Gibraltar 1 ŮU"ӗӑҗRƮ5Q˩ɹ4.l#;TGdÃѻTʖ̋p͔/M La
Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Ůpƫȝ=CНү?G#La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 ŮUƝʻͪRUғǁ͂
ɀ4ϻƶNU.l4"ӗЋȎTȪĘR Gibraltar 1 Ůpƫȝ=CG#ʝʷ¨¯½ ¢x»
RK/MeƝʻͪRUŲˢTɍ̋pҐ͔?"ŰōͿӗЋөTȪĘpǈɇ=CG#
ȪĘ?Gs»·¾·áO͍͒áӝTӗЋөȝ͂p˼ѱAlO"s»·¾·á
TӗЋөU"͍͒áӝTEmikĺȥRҫ7ȥӗҗ4Νī?"ǴŭRͅ7"ÃÄRõ/ĒŴ4УjmG#aG"͍͒áӝNU"́RǞϭOӗӑЈRǚȳAlҗô4ͱǚͪRƮ5/
ĒŴ4.l;O4ʠj3OQJG#ѹȅ";0?GÈϠTӗЋөTȝɀǶU"ī͒ͰȥTɇҫ»TǶRѣƍ?M͒@M/l;O4·Ƅ=mM/l#ī͒ȥTϭTɇҫ»T
ҍ/4"ÈϠTž҈pĭ9lǄϞϨł½ВŊTǶRKQ4JGŪϨȷ4ϟ1jml#aG"΀Λ¾­ C02 ͌OġŲN"ōͿϭTȝɀpӗЋө3jȪĘAlʎ͏ͪɍ̋p΂Ρ
?G#ĢøͪRU"͍çáTӗЋөȝɀ3jȪĘ?GōͿӗЋөȝɀ\TΜүƫȝҰʎp"
DARTEL p͔/MЯѻ?G#Emp͍çáϭȝɀRȜMUdŲˢTƫɶpВ0;ON"ōͿӗЋөRťalϭȝɀpɱǋ?G#− 27 −

Reconstructing Neanderthal brains
Naomichi Ogihara
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University

In order to examine the possible differences in learning ability between Neanderthals and earlymodern humans in terms of the brain anatomy, original antemortem appearance of fossil crania that
enclose the brains must be correctly restored (Ogihara et al. in press). In the present study, we
performed the virtual reconstructions of three Neanderthal crania, Amud 1, Gibraltar 1, andChapelle-aux-Saints 1, and four early modern human crania, Qafzeh 9, Skhul 5, Mladec 1, andCro-Magnon1. The endocranial morphology was then analyzed using geometric morphometrics.
In the case of Amud 1, we mathematically reassembled the fragments based on smoothness of thejoints among fragments (Kikuchi and Ogihara 2013). As a result, smooth yet globally consistentassembly of the fragments of Amud 1 cranium became possible. However, the cranial base andendocranial surface of Amud 1 are largely missing or damaged. We therefore warped the Gibraltar
1 and La Chapelle-Aux-Saints 1 onto the Amud 1 crania to estimate the missing basicranial anddamaged endocranial regions. In the case of Gibraltar 1, the La Chapelle-Aux-Saints 1 was warped
to compensate for the missing regions, and vice versa in the case of La Chapelle-Aux-Saints 1.
Reference modern human cranium was then warped onto the new reconstruction by iterativethin-plate spline deformation to compensate for the missing parts and complete exo- andendocranial morphology was generated. The endocasts of the early modern humans were also
generated in the same manner.
We then analyzed the morphological variability of the endocranial shape of the fossil skulls using
landmark-based geometric morphometrics. On the endocranial surface, a total of 16 anatomical
landmarks were digitized. Equally-spaced points along the anterior boundary of the anterior cranial
fossa and the inferior border of the groove for transverse sinus were also defined as landmarks(Morita et al. 2013). We define sliding semi-landmarks on the entire endocranial surface based on
the shortest paths connecting pairs of anatomical landmarks and equally-spaced points along the
midsagittal curve. Therefore, the variability in endocranial shape was examined based on a total of
171 anatomical and sliding semi-landmarks. We also included endocasts of the modern Japaneseand European populations for comparisons.
Our results demonstrated that exo- and endocranial shapes are quantitatively different between
Neanderthals and modern humans. Specifically, our geometric morphometric analyses revealed thatmodern human cranium shows relative enlargement of the cerebellar region, and relative expansionof the parietal area as suggested by other studies (Bruner et al. 2010; Gunz et al. 2010; Weaver2005), possibly indicating that neuroanatomical organization may be different between the two
species. Recent morphological studies on the pattern of endocranial ontogeny of Neanderthals andmodern humans suggested that relative expansion of the parietal and cerebellar regions are observed
during the early postnatal period in modern humans so that the endocranium becomes more globular,
but it is not the case in Neanderthal lineage (Gunz et al. 2012). Ontogenetic differences of the
cranium and hence the brain between Neanderthals and early modern humans may thus differentiate
developmental process of learning and social skills in early childhood, possibly leading to a criticaldifference in innate learning capacity between the two populations.
The shape of the brains inside the Neanderthal crania was estimated by defining the spatial mapping− 28 −

from a template human cranium to each of the fossil crania using the DARTEL algorithm, and theextracted differences in brain morphology between Neanderthals and modern humans were
evaluated.
References
Bruner E., Martin-Loeches M., Colom R.
 2010 Human midsagittal brain shape variation: patterns, allometry and integration.
J. Anat. 2010: 589-99.
Gunz P., Neubauer S., Golovanova L., Doronichev V., Maureille B., Hublin JJ.
 2012 A uniquely modern human pattern of endocranial development. Insights from a new cranialreconstruction of the Neandertal newborn from Mezmaiskaya. J. Hum. Evol. 62: 300-313.
Gunz P., Neubauer S., Maureille B., Hublin JJ.
 2010 Brain development after birth differs between Neandertals and modern humans. Curr. Biol.
20: R921-R922.
Kikuchi T., Ogihara N.
 2013 Computerized assembly of neurocranial fragments based on surface extrapolation,
 Anthropol Sci., 121: 115-122.
Morita Y., Ogihara N, Kanai T., Suzuki H.
 2013 Quantification of neurocranial shape variation using the shortest paths connecting
pairs of anatomical landmarks, Am J Phys Anthropol, 151: 658-666.
Ogihara N., Amano H., Kikuchi T., Morita Y., Hasegawa K., Kochiyama T., Tanabe HC.
 in press Towards digital reconstruction of fossil crania and brain morphology,
Anthropol Sci.
Weaver AH.
 2005 Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans. Proc. Natl.
	  Acad. Sci. USA. 102: 3576-3580.

− 29 −

− 30 −

s»·¾·áTϭpғðǀ3jɯlʝǰʉÎÑǱƮǄƝȇʋϦҶѹȅ"ПʎTs»·¾·áT­ҙİ4Ъф=mlOOeR"Ų@ʛáN.lºáT­ҙİeЪф=m"ʛáTғðǀҙİpͰɰǚєO?M΀Λ4В1li0
RQJM5M/l#E?M";mj­ҙİpeOR"ϭ˨ϨRҰolғðǀpʕáOʛáOTүN˼ѱЪ˅Al;ON"ŰáӝŔͪ͟R2;JGϭ˨ϨRҰolғðͪƫō
pͽl;O4N5l#;mjTƫōU"ŰáӝƒʲTϭ˨ϨTғðͪƝͮOϟ1jm"E
Tҍ/UʕáOs»·¾·áTÞʯŁRҞТQȡĿpˇG?GObjml#
ʻͧЗNU"ʛáT­ҙİЪф3j̖3YÃ4JM5G"ʕáOʛáTүR29lϭ˨ϨRҰolғðͪQҍ/pμãAl#E?M";mjғðͪQҍ/TÞʯŁNTȡĿR
K/MёщAl#

Genetic basis of Neanderthal brain
Toshiyuki Hayakawa
Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University

In the first year of 21st century, the draft sequence of modern human genome was released, andheralding a new era of human genome biology. Following this landmark, a great deal of effort wasmade in the genome sequencing projects of archaic humans. This effort resulted in the release of thedraft genome sequences of Neanderthal and Denisovan. These genomic achievements enable us toconsider about the evolutions of modern and archaic humans by directly using their genome
sequences. The comparison of genome sequences would reveal the differences in genetic basis ofbrain function between modern human and archaic human, and be helpful to examine thereplacement of Neanderthals by modern humans from a viewpoint of brain function.
In this talk, I will introduce about the differences in genetic basis of brain function between modern
human and Neanderthal, and discuss about their roles in the replacement of Neanderthals bymodern humans.

− 31 −

ª¾ͧЗТʜ
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONSόɡ͌Steering Committee− 33 −

RNMH-iii: ÞʯŁ¥¹wR29l΀ΛȻƠσű×˛T;m3jѹЎȒÍόűƗ͎͑ƦǄ΀ΛɌ΀Λӫȏōʃɷ»¾

όɡ͌NU"¥¹wT΀Λ̑ŊpҀ@M͒bī=ml΀Λɇˇpσű?M"ÞʯŁ
O/0ʕǄГӖƛğøpĆͺAlͽѐƝͮpȝɇAlGdR"΀ΛȻƠσű×˛'RNMH-iii(
ӶReplacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans initiative to integrate informationӷpɱ҄?M
5GӶѹЎå 2013"ѹЎ 2014ӷ#ÞʯŁ¥¹wϲøU 2015 ȅ 3 ʱʺpeJMνÔAl4"RNMH-iii U 2015 ȅȏèҴe×˛pφχAl#ĢøͪRU"Ű΀ΛЭ͙͌NЊΗ?
M5G΀ΛɇˇTʮнȻƠӶ®¾ӷpÀĘͪRӂζ?"φχͪRz»µu»ĠҮA
l#Ű͌Nˠέ?G¾¦¾TŪϨQάƐNTĠҮe0Q4?G/#;Ti0QȻƠƝͮU;maN´¾¹T¾pÊȮRˠέ4҄djmM5G4"ʻ
×˛NUťҧάƐps£¶{"ss"zssRɠƮ?"20 Áȅĺ3j 2 ÁȅĺaN
TʛáOʕá2iYϲ̶͑ƦRҰAlϟũǄ½áӝǄ½˽ʘǄ½ғðǄ½ũ͑ƦǄ½ϭ΋
οΏǄp˥ʔAl¹¾·QȻƠƝͮpȝɇAl#ʻ×˛TˠȼRUÇ͚T΀ΛϠ3j
ʝʷǍ͍pʷȣAlƪ4ͱ˪/NǔCjmM2k"̗Ƭ¥¹wOT¾ġʲpҀ
?M"Ç͚Tʛá½ʕá΀Λp¶¾Al΀ΛƝͮOQl;O4ʷȣ=ml#Ȗ͔ʐ͇ѹЎȒÍ"ËǰӁÂ"ǞŨ ӫ"Ѣ̫ ƾ
 2013'RNMH-iii: ÞʯŁ¥¹wR29l΀ΛȻƠσű×˛(ǙǮΌʠϏ)ΏǄ΀ ΛћНŅҡӶʕǄГӖƛ΀Λӷ's»·¾·O ¢x»ÞʯŁTͶͱԀǄϞϨł T҄ōRƝL7Ǎжͪ΀Λ(Υ 8 ƌ΀ΛƮï*55-57 Ӑ#ѹЎȒÍ 2014'RNMH-iii: ÞʯŁ¥¹wR29l΀ΛȻƠσű×˛ӶΥ 2 Ơӷ(СΎϻǉϏ )ΏǄ΀ΛћНŅҡӶʕǄГӖƛ΀Λӷ's»·¾·O ¢x»ÞʯŁTͶͱԀ ǄϞϨłT҄ōRƝL7Ǎжͪ΀Λ(Υ 9 ƌ΀ΛƮï*96-97 Ӑ#− 34 −

Achievements and future tasks of the replacement of Neanderthals by modern
humans initiative to integrate information (RNMH-iii)
Yasuhisa Kondo
Center for Research Promotion, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature

The Steering Committee of the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans (RNMH) project
established the initiative to integrate information (RNMH-iii) and built a holistic knowledge basefor RNMH (Kondo et al. 2013; Kondo 2014). While the RNMH project itself will terminate at theend of March 2015, the RNMH-iii will continue by integrating metadata of research results
produced by six research teams for permanent online publication. Research teams will be
encouraged to publish their databases online as much as possible.
Although similar information platforms have been developed in Europe, this initiative extends thetarget areas to Africa, Asia and Oceania to create a global information platform on hominids(Neanderthals, early modern humans, and others) and the natural environment at 200 to 20 ka.
Moreover, it bridges archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, genetics, palaeoenvironmental sciences
and cognitive neurosciences. This initiative was truly in demand by researchers worldwide, and thus
will represent a leading platform of international studies on Neanderthals and early modern humans
through data sharing with other projects abroad.
References
Kondo, Y., Y. Marukawa, T. Oguchi and T. Akazawa
 2013 RNMH-iii: The Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans initiative to integrate information. In: H. Terashima (ed.) The 8th Conference on Replacement of	  Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning, pp. 55-57.
Kondo, Y.
 2014 RNMH-iii: The Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans initiative to integrate information (Part 2). In: Y. Nishiaki (ed.) The 9th Conference on Replacement	  of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning, pp.
 96-97.

− 35 −































ª¾ͧЗТʜ
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS΀Λӓͯ A01
ϟũќʑRƝL7ʛá½ʕáTǄϞВŊTǍжͪ΀Λ

Research Team A01
Archaeological Research of the Learning Behaviors of the Neanderthals
andEarly Modern Humans− 37 −

v¦}»"s»~µ̐ΞīƕTŊ̀өRblÊʷʛͿƊʦçáTŊ̀Ĵ͔ʕÛɎØ 1"z¦½s¶¥°£ 2"ë͕Ʈá 3"ÂʸĎМ 1"Ʈ˖њÎ 4"·­½¸u«£ 5"СΎϻǉ 4
1. ˂ßƮǄƮǄҶáʐΈïγ΀ΛΏ
2. v¦}»ƓΡ˴Ŭř̀Ӥ
3. ӉǩǄҶƮǄʐǄҗ
4. ˂ßƮǄόű΀Λř̀Ӥ
5. v¦}»ƓΡƮǄ˴ŬǄҗs»~µ̐ΞUv¦}»ŗҗRôϙAlǞƚT̐ΞғѨN.l#ʻғѨUҊşRv¦}»ӹs®¶{űŲчˍҼRiJMͧɬ4ВomM2k"ȜƗƛR29lÊʷ
ʛͿƊȥʷӺʛͿƊʦçTΓВT¥¹p͏ЪAlGdT/7K3TҞТQжɟ4Ȩj
mM/G4"Ơź4^OqPВomQ3JG̲RлλUÅʠQaaN.JG#ETi0Q
͂̉TÄ"2013 ȅO 2014 ȅRv¦}»ӹʚʻűŲчˍҼRikĥͧɬ4Вom"ÊʷʛͿƊʦçȥœRȅçæ9jmlƭʎTͿƊOŊ̀ө4ȨjmG#ʻͧЗNUET0IŊ̀өTĭ˅πˇpɵ·Al#ӟϥӝTғǁøOөR˶=mGƀͥT˩Ʒik"īƕ?
GŊ̀өs»¤¶UÌRáү̑ŊRiJMȝɇ=mGeTN.lOĲʔ=mG#;;NȨjmGπˇU̐ΞRǤö?Gá$T̈́͆ɉ͝TbQjB"ȜкʷR29láŨŊɀ
R=1eЬš?0leTN.lOϟ1jml#Šϟʐ͇
Glantz, M.
 2010 The history of hominin occupation of Central Asia in review. In: C.J. Norton and D. R.
 Braun (Eds.), Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 101–112.
Glantz, M., R. Suleymanov, P. Hughes, and A. Schauber 2003 Anghilak cave, Uzbekistan: documenting Neandertal occupation at the periphery.
 Antiquity 77: http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/glantz/glantz.html?pagewanted=all.
Glantz, M., B. Viola, P. Wrinn, T. Chikisheva, A.P. Derevianko,, A. Krivoshapkin, U. Islamov,
R. Suleimanov, and T. Ritzman
 2008 New hominin remains from Uzbekistan. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 223–237.
 Nishiaki, Y. O. Aripjanov, R. Solimanov, H. Nakata, S. Arai, T. Miki and J. Ismailova 2014)
 New insight into the end of the Middle Palaeolithic in Central Asia. RNMH 2014 –The	  Second International Conference on the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans:
	  Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning, Date, November 30–December 6, 2014.
Nishiaki, Y., O. Aripdjanov and R. Suleimanov 2014 The late Middle Palaeolithic occupations at Anghilak Cave, southern Uzbekistan. The	  7th Annual Meeting of the Asian Palaeolithic Association Conference, Gongju, Korea,	  November 12–16, 2014.

− 38 −

Zooarchaeological study at the Middle Palaeolithic cave of Anghilak, Southern
Uzbekistan
Saiji Arai 1, Otabek Aripdjanov 2, Hiroto Nakata 3, Takehiro Miki 1, Takayuki Omori 4,
Rustam Suleymanov 5, Yoshihiro Nishiaki 4
1. Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo
2. The State Museum of the History of Uzbekistan
3. Faculty of Letters, Aoyama Gakuin University
4. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
5. Faculty of History, National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Anghilak is a small cave site situated in Southern Uzbekistan. The site was excavated by an Uzbek American joint team in the early 2000s, and provided important palaeoanthropological evidence
pertinent to understand the processes of transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic in the region(Glantz et al. 2003, 2008; Glantz 2010). However, the details of the archaeological records haveremained unpublished. In the light of the importance of this cave, the Uzbek – Japan joint teamconducted its re-excavations in 2013 and 2014, which yielded plenty of lithics and animal bones
dated to the late Middle Palaeolithic. In this paper, we present preliminary results of analysis on the
animal bones from the new excavations. The virtual absence of carnivore remains and bones withgnawed mark indicate that the assemblage was accumulated primarily through human activities.
The zoo-archaeological features presented in this paper help understanding not only hunting
strategies by the Middle Palaeolithic inhabitants of the cave, but also population dynamics in the
period.
References
Glantz, M.
 2010 The history of hominin occupation of Central Asia in review. In: Norton, C.J., Braun, D.R. (Eds.), Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 101–112.
Glantz, M., R. Suleymanov, P. Hughes, and A. Schauber 2003 Anghilak cave, Uzbekistan: documenting Neandertal occupation at the periphery.
 Antiquity 77: http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/glantz/glantz.html?pagewanted=all.
Glantz, M., B. Viola, P. Wrinn, T. Chikisheva, A.P. Derevianko,, A. Krivoshapkin, U. Islamov, R.
Suleimanov, and T. Ritzman
 2008 New hominin remains from Uzbekistan. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 223–237.
Nishiaki, Y. O. Aripjanov, R. Solimanov, H. Nakata, S. Arai, T. Miki and J. Ismailova
 2014 New insight into the end of the Middle Palaeolithic in Central Asia. RNMH 2014 –The	  Second International Conference on the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans:
	  Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning, Date, November 30-December 6, 2014.
Nishiaki, Y., O. Aripdjanov and R. Suleimanov 2014 The late Middle Palaeolithic occupations at Anghilak Cave, southern Uzbekistan. The	  7th Annual Meeting of the Asian Palaeolithic Association Conference, Gongju, Korea,	  November 12–16, 2014.

− 39 −

ÞʯŁҰ҃ғѨ½ͿƊОúðσ¾¦¾ Neander DB ˠέTaOd
ѹЎȒÍ 1"÷ҟŋǉ 2"ҬϪсØ 3"ҫ̈˯˦ 4"СΎϻǉ 2
1. όűƗ͎͑ƦǄ΀ΛɌ΀Λӫȏōʃɷ»¾
2. ˂ßƮǄόű΀Λř̀Ӥ
3. ųũǥƮǄř̀Ӥ
4. Ŏ̗ҋƮǄsu½ěö˽΀Λ»¾

A01Ӷϟũӷ͌NU"ϟũǄͪжɟ3jʛá½ʕáÞʯŁT¥¹pЪʠAlGdTќʑӂɇpͯͪO?M"ÞʯŁҰ҃ғѨ½ͿƊОúðσ¾¦¾'Neander DB(pˠέ?G#s£¶{"´¾¹"ss"zssT"20 Áȅĺ3j 2 ÁȅĺaNT/B
m3TʦʷTʐōǨ4ͧɬ=mGғѨpǚєO?M"ғѨȻƠ 3216 ì"ғѨĤTʐōǨȻƠ 7170 ì"ȅç̠ǋċȻƠ 6235 ì"ͿƊОúðσȻƠ 173 ì"ʐ͇ȻƠ 827 ìpťҧ?
GӶ2015 ȅ 1 ʱ 30 ʚ͍Ɩӷ#Neander DB \T¾ĞłR.GJMUӸПʎT΀Λ˨ҰR
ɌǧAl΀ΛϠ4u»¾pã?M¾¦¾ ¾Rs?"«¾
¦¾pǿRʰʕRăKȝNú˛p҄dG#
Neander DB TȽϝU"ěВAlŲ¾«T¾¦¾NUȋ7OeƮҺάƐRҵǋ=m
M/Gťҧǚєp"Ɨ͎ФˤRɠƮ?G;ORiJM"ÞʯŁT¥¹pƗ͎ФˤN˼ѱϟǘAl;OpŪϨR?G;OR.l#ETǄГͪĀċUӫ/4"ĀċpωɢAlTUǒʡNUQ/#O/0Te"¾¦¾Uʭʕ4čˮ=mG͹үRҸϮō4Ƽal3j
N.l#ETGd"¥¹wνÔȥR¾¦¾pωɢAlʖ̋OøĶRK/M"͍Ɩ˙Юp҄dM/lO;nN.l#− 40 −

Neander DB, a site and lithic industry database for the replacement of Neanderthals
by modern humans: Project summary
Yasuhisa Kondo 1, Katsuhiro Sano 2, Seiji Kadowaki 3, Masaki Naganuma 4,
Yoshihiro Nishiaki 2
1. Center for Research Promotion, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
2. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
3. Nagoya University Museum
4. Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University

The archaeology team of the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans (RNMH) projectcompiled Neander DB, a site and lithic industry database to foster a better understanding of thereplacement process. Information was collected from excavated sites in Africa, Europe, Asia, andOceania dated between 200 to 20 ka. As of 30 January 2015, the database has recorded 173 lithic
industries from 7170 cultural layers and 6,235 radiometric dates of 3216 sites. These data weretaken from 827 literature sources. A group of researchers working at different universities accessed
the Neander DB server online to edit and update a master database.
The Neander DB helped to achieve global-scale comparative research on the replacement process ofby extending study areas to the above-mentioned continental zones, while the previous databaseprojects covered a single continent at most. Therefore, Neander DB has great potential for scientificapplications, although it is difficult to sustain because it can easily become obsolete when it is nolonger updated. While fully aware of this problem, we are considering ways of maintaining thedatabase after the RMMH project ends.

− 41 −

ʛͿƊʦçғѨRblͿƊОúɔГðҌTGdTǄϞВŊTƫ͟Ӭć ηŎ̗ҋƮǄƮǄҶʐǄ΀ΛΏͧЗϠU"ʕáTǄϞВŊ4ʛͿƊʦçTɰűќʑRPTi0RŤʣ=mM/lT3pʠ
j3RAlGdR"Ŏ̗ҋŢͩғѨϜNȨjmM/lͿƊɰűќʑpŦkÃ:"ETɔГͪĭ˅p2;QJM5G#πˇͪR"ıȮϠRilШǘǄϞgиВҦтTϑϞ"̹ϑϠ
Ril¯»¸¾³»QP"ͿƊОúTɔГðҌR33olǄϞВŊ4̧ͩғѨϜ
R2/MUǍʗ=mM/l;O4ʠj3OQJG#aG"Έï½ВŊͪ»"O
ko9"PTi0QΓŊȷ"Ӗƛȷ"͒˛"Ǥö"ƗƛүÞ̒OTҰāTQ3NʕáTǄϞВŊ4ƜВ=mM5GT3RK/Me"ϟũǄͪRч]lиbpɵ·?GӶTakakura,2014ӷ#ʻͧЗNU";mjTɇˇpeOR"ғѨĤNTĢøͪQǄϞВŊTȪĘ3j"áӝTǄϞT҄ōpPTi0RЪʠN5lT3RK/M"ʚʻO´¾¹TʛͿƊʦçғѨTýpŦkÃ:"Ǧʵp·?M/5G/#
Ȗ͔ʐ͇
Takakura, J.
 2014 Toward an understanding of learning strategy in the Upper Paleolithic: A case study in Hokkaido, Northern Japan. In RNMH 2014-the Second International Conference on	  Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Human: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning, edited by T. Akazawa, Y. Nishiaki, pp.85-87, Tokyo: Kochi University of Technology.

− 42 −

Variability of the learning behaviors for the transmission of lithic production
technology: A view from the lithic records of the Paleolithic sites
Jun Takakura
Graduated School of Letters, Hokkaido University

Recently, I have searched for the learning behaviors of modern humans through the analysis oflithic refitted artifacts obtained from the Upper Paleolithic sites. To achieve this goal, I haveaddressed the technological analysis of the lithic refitted artifacts from the Shirataki Upper
Paleolithic sites in Hokkaido, Northern Japan. As a result, I have mentioned that novice’s
observation and exercise as well as expert’s demonstration related to the prehistoric learning
behaviors were conducted at Shirataki. In addition, I assessed how the learning behaviors in the past
were actually related to the behavioral system of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers such as mobility,
territoriality, subsistence, settlement, and regional interaction (Takakura, 2014). In this paper, I
attempt to discuss the evolution of hominid’s learning by focusing on the intra-site spatial analysesof the Paleolithic sites in Europe and Japan.
References
Takakura, J.
 2014 Toward an understanding of learning strategy in the Upper Paleolithic: A case study in Hokkaido, Northern Japan. In RNMH 2014-the Second International Conference on	  Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Human: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning, edited by T. Akazawa, Y. Nishiaki, pp.85-87, Tokyo: Kochi University of Technology.
Nishiaki, Y. O. Aripjanov, R. Solimanov, H. Nakata, S. Arai, T. Miki and J. Ismailova
 2014 New insight into the end of the Middle Palaeolithic in Central Asia. RNMH 2014 –The	  Second International Conference on the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans:
	  Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning, Date, November 30-December 6, 2014.
Nishiaki, Y., O. Aripdjanov and R. Suleimanov 2014 The late Middle Palaeolithic occupations at Anghilak Cave, southern Uzbekistan. The	  7th Annual Meeting of the Asian Palaeolithic Association Conference, Gongju, Korea,
 November 12–16, 2014.

− 43 −

ʶӭœǬ3jbGȥʷʛͿƊōT͙ʷҫÛь̇˂ŎϽГǳΏƮǄ¹¾·¾·Nѣ5G͍çƚʕáTɠʌO­Ъ˅RilπˇO4Ν5űo=m"˜˂ssTÊNT'ȥʷʛͿƊō(4áӝΓŊTŊɀOġRщ@jmM/l#ETπˇO?M"ƖƗ҄ō¯·ӶSeong 2009ӷ" ŗŎΓö¯·ӶBae 2010ӷ"!ΓöӺÞɶͱÙú͔¯·ӶBae & Bae 2012ӷΧT϶ż̚/¯·4ɵ·=mM/l#ý1V"͍͒áӝTɠʌTɔГɣˣO?Mҫj7ҞХ=mM5GͿĬɔ̋RҰ?MU"ѣ̢ƗT́ǋO/0
ƆӚpѥ1M"ӎʕȷTțșRƝL7λĭ4Вom"ET˸ҽͪðɾ4щ@jmM/l#ÃѻT O!Téу3jbGͿĬɔ̋TʶӭœǬ\TĵҌʦʷO/0̱RK/MU"ETɱǋȅçUζ 35,000 ȅĺ3j 40,000 ȅĺOɸmM/l#?3?Q4j"ETʈƗp¦¶sʖӍR̂dlO/0̱NUƭ7TȽУUÀϴ?M/l#âʚT˜˂ssR29lȥʷʛͿƊō͍єU"a=R͍єTÃʮ5RilПűͪʐō͓
̀N.l#ʚʻİǬpŷcʶӭœǬƛTÞʯŁRK/MU"²¾µsƮҺ˂ΣT˜˂s
sO/0ƮϸūR29láӝΈïʐōTƫŊO?Mɨ1lȯТ4.l#ÌøϠO?MT
áөќʑ4˜dMǟQ/˜˂TʛͿƊϟũǄR2/MU"ͿƊќʑp˶?GƭʎTáΕӶԁɚ/ɍӷṕǋN5Q/O/JGʖ̋щÃTҵ͚4.l#ȅç̠ǋ=mGќʑRK/Me"ETɮ͔RȜGk¹wOαˍ4ȯӕN.k"áөќʑRK/MUө3jͰɰȅç̠ǋ=mQ/ҵk"ȨjmGȅçċTĄәȷUõ/#;0?G͍͂R2/M"˂ssъƓR29lʛá½ʕáÞʯŁRK/M"˯?7зĀN5Q/¸»«4.l#΍GIU"'ͿƊʐōðσ(T҃χOÅ҃χRK/M"үɰͪNU.l4ʰe΂ǍQжɟpΗbÃ:M"ƗҋQϟũǄͪёщpχ9Mh7ȯТ4.l#ʻͧЗU"ζӾȅү39M΀Λ¾­ A01 ͌TʛͿƊϟũǄĭҟNВJM5G˂ssR
29lʛá½ʕá'ÞʯŁ(Ұ҃ғѨӶ200-20 kaӷӂɇ"2iYETϟũǄͪЪ˅RK/
M"aOdi0OAleTN.l#Ȗ͔ʐ͇
Bae, K. D.
 2010 Origin and patterns of the Upper Paleolithic industries in the Korean Peninsula and movement of modern humans in East Asia. Quaternary International 211(1-2): 103-112.
Bae, C. J. and K. D. Bae
 2012 The nature of the Early to Late Paleolithic transition in Korea: Current perspectives.
 Quaternary International 281:26-35.
Seong, C. T.
 2009 Emergence of blade industry and evolution of late Paleolithic technology in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Anthropological Research 65 (3): 417-451.

− 44 −

Revolutionary changes in global perspective: The transition to Upper Paleolithic
industries in the Korean Peninsula
Kenji Nagai
Tohoku University of Art & Design

Blade technology has long been considered an important proxy for cultural variability during theTransitional Period, which belongs in the Middle (or Early) Upper Paleolithic of the Far East.
Historically, interpretations of Upper Paleolithic cultural variability based on blade technologies
have relied entirely on studies of blade and/or blade core morphology. Little attention has been paid
to technological variation, which is a stronger indicator of culturally learned behavior than aremorphological typologies. Previous research by the author and others suggests that this variation
may indicate the time differences of the phased diffusion process or the concept involved a different
kind of systematic removal of blades (e.g. Bae 2010; Bae & Bae 2012). As a contrast, more rustic
elongated flake removal traditions developed on the Korean Peninsula (Seong 2009).
These multiple occurrence phenomenon suggests that those who lived in Siberia and on the Korean
Peninsula, adopted the same traditional rules concerning blade removal, or they had identicalcultural behavior. Although the emergence time of blade technology in the Far East region is
unclear, e.g. most all consider it as during the 35-40ka period; however, there is a high possibility
that the birthplace of the elaborated blade technology of the later Paleolithic phase was outside the
Korean Peninsula. These facts also enhance the possibility that in Siberia, the Korean Peninsula andnorthern Japan, these Upper Paleolithic cultures shared identical lithic removal technologicalprocesses. Additionally, it suggests the validity of Kidong Bae’s‘North-South Model’of Modern
Homo migrations into the Korean Peninsula. This poster presentation describes ongoing research of
the replacement by early Modern Humans in East Asian regions, including the Korean Peninsula
and the Japanese Archipelago. The results indicate that there exist revolutionary changes in lithic
manufacturing traditions in the global perspective.
References
Bae, K. D.
 2010 Origin and patterns of the Upper Paleolithic industries in the Korean Peninsula and movement of modern humans in East Asia. Quaternary International 211(1-2): 103-112.
Bae, C. J. and K. D. Bae
 2012 The nature of the Early to Late Paleolithic transition in Korea: Current perspectives.
 Quaternary International 281:26-35.
Seong, C. T.
 2009 Emergence of blade industry and evolution of late Paleolithic technology in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Anthropological Research 65 (3): 417-451.

− 45 −

ÞʯŁ3jbGʚʻİǬTıʷʛͿƊϜë͕ƮáӉǩǄҶƮǄʐǄҗѹȅTғðЪ˅ɔГTͧҌRik"˂²¾µsNUʕá ¢x»4ETɠʌTοѩÃNʛás»·¾·OÞӃpϗkѺ?M/G;O4ʠj3RQJG#˂ŗssgz
ssT͍çáRUºáOTÞҦ4.JGғðжɟe·=mM/l#ʕá ¢x»UʛáӝOTɰЫpϗkѺ?M͒̀ǄͪQӂƎȝɇp҄dGÀʖN"ϟũǄͪжɟ3
jU"O7R˂ssNӛЉQi0R"ƖƗTʐōðσ4҃χAl;O4́ȭO=mlӶСΎ 2014ӷ#˂²¾µsR29lÞʯŁpϟ1lR.GJMU"'̛Б(O'҃χ(O/0}¾º¾NŰƗTϟũǄͪжɟpOj1"ET»pʠj3RAlȯТ4.l#;TШ̱3jʚʻİǬTͿƊʐōpOj1MbG#̱˙?GTU"Ӷ1ӷ͏ōǄͪʖ̋Re
OL/GͿƊu»¶¾Tȅçͪʏ͏"Ӷ2ӷEmRiJMѐĳN5lu»¶¾
TΕӝ"Ӷ3ӷғѨʎ½ғˠʎTҠͪɱΓRУjmlǤö»Tƫō"TÂKN.l#π
ˇO?M"/7K3TĒŴ4У/HCG#
1. ʚʻİǬNU 38 ka RUáӝӂƎ4ĵˁ?M/l#
2. ETʦʷTͿƊu»¶¾UƋKRĭ9jml#
ӶaӷƮƚΆͿƊOǞƚĽ̽ͿƊp
ReKÀϜ"ӶbӷСŗʚʻRǦҮAlҥ˲ϒͿƊgǞƚĹƊpͿƊƚȔReKÀϜ"ӶcӷǞƚĽ̽ͿƊϜ"ӶdӷĬҗ΄ОͿʓOǞƚĽ̽ͿƊϜpeKÀϜ"N.l#;T0I"
eJOeũ/ȅçċUӶaӷN·=m"ӶbӷӶcӷgӶdӷ4҆mM͍oml#
3. ÊҗƗʖgҰ˂ƗʖNU 36 ka ӒRͿĬɔГ4ͨơAl#ǞŨƚTŘʖŴͿˑ3j"ŜɍNΣҗǠĬRQlͿĬ4ɏIĿjml#;m3jƝҗńǳTǠĬͿƊ4újml#?3?Q4j";TͿƊϜRUŎ˂²¾µsTͿĬu»¶¾Ti0Q·¼r¹ºȔTͿƊɔГgКӡƁTӝUоdjmQ/#
4. ͿĬɔГUŎ˂ss3jĵˁ?GʕáӂƎRiJMeGj=mGŪϨȷ4ӫ/#E
ȥ"ͿĬͿƊϜUĬҗ΄ОͿʓpʲAlͿƊϜOАű?"ȥʷʛͿƊu»¶¾pȝ
ɇAl#
5. ;Tʕu»¶¾èȥ"ғѨʎgғˠʎ4˪ΥRƧń?U@dl#=jRU͑͂¤¹ϜTi0Q́͟QǤöˢȔe͍mlӶ36 ka-ӷ#ʚʻİǬTơű"ͿĬɔГTʲ̴RiJMʛͿƊʐōpĺʷOȥʷRŏĭN5l#ĺʷRbjmGǞƚĽ̽ɔГUȥʷReφɓ=ml#;TɔГUʚʻİǬeZ7d˂ssRÀϺͪQͿƊɔГN.k"ÊƓNU 10 Áȅĺĺȥ3jШǘ=mM/l#ʚʻİǬTEmeE
0?GƖˁðσO̴ҰāNUQ3n0#;0?GĽ̽ɔГ4ȋ4lÊRͿĬɔГpʲAl
ӂƎ4ĵˁ?G#;T͍єUЄŎ"¯»·QPTͿĬͿƊϜTī͍OóM/l#GH?
ʚʻTͿĬɔГRU·¼r¹ºͪˢͱU˶=mM/Q/;O3j"Em4˩Ї?GikȥīTͿĬɔГ4eGj=mGOϟ1jml#ǍҾ"ʚʻNTͿĬɔГTī͍UȢƗR7j− 46 −

]M 5000 ȅ-2000 ȅ^P҆/#èÃpaOdlO"ʚʻİǬTıʷʛͿƊϜRUСŗʚʻRȋ4JM/GĽ̽u»¶¾O"ETȥRǦҮ?GͿĬu»¶¾TØK4bjm"ETȥ;mjTu»¶¾4ÞҦ?"Аű?MʚʻİǬTȥʷʛͿƊϜ4ȝɇ=mG#EṮ3jbM"͍͂
NUʚʻİǬNŁͪQÞʯŁ4.JG;OUȼǋ?R7/#
Ȗ͔ʐ͇
СΎϻǉ
2014'͍͒áӝTɠʌO˂ssTʛͿƊ()ǃįϟũǄ*Υ 126 Ů"33-36 Ӑ#

Early lithic industries in the Japanese Palaeolithic: a view from the “Replacement of
Neanderthals by Modern Humans”
Hiroto Nakata
College of Literature, Aoyama Gakuin University

The recent development of genetic technology has revealed that modern humans repeatedlyinterbred with Neanderthals during their diffusion to Eastern Eurasia. The other genetic evidence
also indicates that modern Southeast Asian islanders and Oceanian people have Denisovan DNA.
The archaeological evidence in East Asia has shown that lithic tradition developed continuously
while modern humans interbred with extinct humans and developed their biological population trait(Nishiaki 2014). To consider the replacement of archaic humans by modern humans, therefore, weshould observe the archaeological facie and clarify its diachronic patterns in East Asia by using the
keywords, “assimilation” and “continuity”.
From this point of view, I examined early lithic industries in the Japanese Archipelago on thefollowing three topics: (1) chronological data of lithic industries measured by radiocarbon dating,(2) types of industries identified by lithic technological variability, (3) changes of settlement
patterns based on the quantitative data of the number of sites and features. As a result, the following
insights were obtained.
1. Human populations arrived at the mainland of the Japanese Archipelago by 38ka.
2. Lithic industries at that time are divided into four groups: (a) heavy duty tool and flake based toolindustry, (b) denticulate and small scraper dominated industry, (c) small flake industry, (d)edge-ground axe and small flake tool industry. Of these industries, the oldest one is (a), followed by(b), (c) and (d).

− 47 −

3. In central Japan such as Chubu area and Kanto area, a blade industry appears around 36ka. This
industry includes uni-directional narrow faced cores and pointed thick blades are detached from thistype core. However, unlike the initial Upper Palaeolithic in Northeast Asia, Levallois-like
assemblages and ornaments are not found in this industry.
4. It is very likely that this blade industry was brought by modern humans from Northeast Asia.
Then, this blade industry mixed with the edge ground axe industry and formed the late Palaeolithic
industry.
5. Since then, the number of Palaeolithic sites and features began to increase gradually in Japan.
And even the remarkable settlement type, named “Kanjou Burokku-gun”, also appeared (36 ka-).
In Japan, the Palaeolithic culture can be divided into early and late phases by the presence of blade
industry. The flake industries inherited from the Early Palaeolithic continued in the Late
Palaeolithic. These industries are common in East Asia including Japan and have been observed
since 100 ka in North China. The flake industry found in Japan is not independent of this regional
cultural tradition. By the time this industry spread widely, human populations with blade industry
moved into the central part of Japan. This phenomenon resembles the appearance of blade industry
in North China and Mongolia. Considering the scarcity of Levallois-like assemblage in the blade
industry in Japan, it is possible that the advanced blade industry spread from Northeast Asia. In fact,
the radiocarbon dates of the blade industry in Japan are 5000–2000 years later than those in
Northeast Asia.
To summarize, there are two main lithic industries in Japan. The flake industries first spread widelyin the mainland of Japan. Then, the blade industry moved in by 36 ka. It is believed that theseindustries mixed with each other and developed to form the late Palaeolithic industry. At present, it
is difficult to assume a rapid replacement of lithic industries in the transition from the early to late
Palaeolithic in Japan.
Reference
Nishiaki, Y.
 2014 The dispersal of modern humans and the Palaeolithic culture in East Asia. Archaeology	  Quarterly. Vol.126: 33-36.

− 48 −

ЀŝʨШOʛͿƊʦçR29láӝΓö·¾TŪϨȷҫ̈˯˦"ńЎřʐŎ̗ҋƮǄsu½ěö˽΀Λ»¾

ʛͿƊʦçTáӝUӟʑO?MTϥgөӪH9NQ7"Жʳgˢ$QҋĢTƮĮQŝʑO?Me"Ŋ̀ќ̢Ӷ̈́͆ǚє͉ӷpĴ͔?M/G#Oko9ЀŝʨШR͒ȸAlϜ͒Ѐӟ͉ӶŰΕT{"v«"v" QPӷU"ʛͿƊʦçTáӝROJMʲ͔Qќ̢T
ǌȑN.JG#;0?GϜ͒Ѐӟ͉OTǕɰQcAYK5p΂ă?χ9jmlTN.mV"ǖĩQƗƛg"ˣӫ4ӫ7Ҝθ̭ȏTõ/Ɨƛ\TΓöe"Em^PƏӅNUQ3JG3e?mQ/#G
O1Vŗ¦¶s3jӱ̆TʰÃ̒җpο͖?MÊƓTŗСҗRϳlΓö·¾g"ÊƲ
ss3j¬¾·ӫŝ"ƯǩǩϫTǵƮǩƗTǩӰpðJMu»ÜƮҺTŎҗRϳlΓö·¾p"ȼǋN5l3e?mQ/#

On the possibility regard to the grassland landscapes and Paleolithic humanmigration routes
Masaki Naganuma, Hirofumi Kato
Center for Ainu & Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University

The Paleolithic peoples was dependent on animal resources (hunting games) not only meats andmarrows as their foods, but also important raw materials for clothing and several tools.
Particularly, the gregarious herbivore (Cervus, Equidae, Bovinae, Sheeps, etc.) ware treasure troveof useful resources.
It is possible to think that the Paleolithic immigration to cold regions and to low oxygen
concentration high altitude area ware not so hard for peoples if they could keep a close relationshipwith the gregarious herbivores. For example, migration routes from the south Siberia to southwest
China via upstream part of the Yellow River, and from Central Asia to the northern part of the
Indian subcontinent across the piedmont of the Pamir and Tian Shan Mountains can be assumed.

− 49 −

ˡěΣҗTѡҠ4ˡTӞѧӄR2i_AȠӏʚʫ̎͗ƮұƮǄƮǄҶáүΏǄ΀ΛΏs»·¾·O ¢x»TÞʯTŝƍpуʠAl=a>aQéуTÊR"ÈϠTү
RǁƖ?G̈́͆ɔГTҍ/pҞХAlУʖ4.l#;TУʖU"ͿƊT uTb3j̈́
͆ɔГTΕӝ4ĲʔN5lO/0ĺɵRÿɟ?M/l4"ѹȅ;TĺɵRŤAlжɟ4ɵ
·=mM/l#;mjṮRK/M=jRёщAlGdRU"ͿƊT u4̈́͆ĢT˨ϨӶGO1Vɕǜ̀TӞѧӄOљҀłgžÊαȏӷRPTi0QȠӏp2i_AT3pͽ
lȯТ4.l#ʻ΀ΛNU"ˡěΣҗTѡҠRiJMɕˡƊpeI/Mɕʂ=mGˡTӞѧӄ4PTi0RƫōAlT3pч]G#ŠńϠUĎǿɇá͗ȷ 1 ųӶ29 ˳ӷN"ʰƮņłNʸОTɕˡƊӶ108gӷRilʸОTˡӶ215gӷTɕʂp2;QJG#ˡěΣҗTѡҠU"5 ΕӝTӶ10.5g, 24.0g, 48.5g, 112.5g, 167.5gӷpˡRК͸?Mƫō=CG#ˡTӞѧӄO?M"ѬbĮkύOˡTЇÄƗ̱OTүTѧӄpЭ̠?G#ˡTӞѧӄUζ 20m 3j 60m N.J
G#ˡěΣҗTѡҠOˡTӞѧӄOTүRʲȽQіTͱҰ4оdjmGӶP < 0.05ӷ#ʻ΀ΛTπˇpeOR"ϟũќʑ2iY˽ʘќʑR2/MɕˡƊRК͸=mGӶOϟ1jmM/lӷͿƊT u4"ˡTӞѧӄṮNɕˡƊT˨ϨpʰҐōAlT3RK/MϟǘAl#ʻ΀ΛUɞȣ΀Λ's»·¾·O ¢x»Tө˓TȝɀǶ3jɯlӞYҋĢü͔ВŊTǶ͟(TÀ͑O?M2;QomG#− 50 −

Effects of added mass to the tip of the spear on throwing distanceYasuo Higurashi
Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University

Among various hypotheses explaining the cause of the replacement of Neanderthals by modern
humans is a view that emphasizes differences in hunting technology. Although this is based on theassumption that the type of hunting technology can be inferred from the size of stone points, recent
evidence against this theory has been presented. To further address these issues, we need toinvestigate how the size of stone points affects the functions—for example, hunting distance,
penetration, and directness of aim—of hunting weaponry.
Here, we examined effects of added mass to the tip of the spear on throwing distance of the spear
launched with a spear thrower. One healthy adult male (aged 29 years) participated in this study.
The participant threw a wooden spear (mass of 215g) with a wooden spear thrower (mass of 108g)
using maximum effort. Mass was added to the tip of the spear using five steel nuts (10.5, 24.0, 48.5,
112.5, and 167.5g). Throwing distance was measured from the starting line to the point where thetip of the spear landed. The throwing distance ranged between 20–60 m. The mass of the tip of thespear significantly negatively correlated with the throwing distance (P < 0.05). We will discuss
whether the size of archaeological and ethnographic stone points that were (believed to be) used forthe spear throwers maximizes the function of the spear thrower in terms of throwing distance. This
study is a part of the project “Reconstruction of Hunting Behavior with Projectile Weapons in
Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans Based on Differences in Skeletal Morphology”.

− 51 −































ª¾ͧЗТʜ
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS΀ΛӓͯA02̈́͆ɮӂ˽TчˍRƝL7TǄϞВŊT́ȷTǍжͪ΀Λ

Research Team A02
A Study of Human Learned Behavior Based on Fieldwork
Among Hunter-Gatherers− 53 −

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ơ?"Ŋ̀OáүUÅŪĭN.lOɣɼ?G#ƮáT͆RŲВAlơű"ǟȅU"ȅҫϠTВŊgú˛pлλRШǘ?MǄ[TN.l4";;NUЬрRiJMÆ1jmlͽѐeǟQ7Q/#ETÊR" »T˽ʘŊ̀ͽTÀK
N.lŊ̀ΕүTʁĶͪ}³vuҰā4.lӶImamura & Akiyama in pressӷ#;mU"ƬУgϞȷ4óҀJGŊ̀ΕүRę-ȘTҰā4.lObQ?M·¾¢»Al"ÀΕT˽ʘĭӝǄ½γσǄOeŽ]leTN.l#;Ti0QŊ̀ΕүTʁĶͪ}³vuҰāU"Ŋ̀ΕүRáTЧʘҰāT®£r¾p͔/M͏Ъ?i0OAlȼĕłT͓̀N.k"À
ΕTʁáōN.l#;TͽѐU"ЬрNTbφɓ=m0leTN.l4"̈́͆pφχͪRВ/"ǍҾRŊ̀GIpͯɽ?"ШǘAl;ORiJM"υ1BѼо=mM/lTN.l#− 54 −

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Ȗ͔ʐ͇
Ѓŝſǂ
 2012'Ŋ̀OáүTɰЫӖƛR29lÅŪХTú͔Ì ―̈́͆ɮӂ˽uTшйĭ˅ 3j()Contact ZoneӶ»½¾»ӷ*2012 ȅӿʱŮ"ßҘƮǄáʐ. ΏǄ΀ ΛɌáʐǄƓҾ΀Λ»¾"19-61 Ӑ͕ÊØҖ 1994)ʰȥT̈́͆ɮӂ˽ ˴ŬT̒mO¤±«»*P0[KΈ
Imamura, K., Akiyama H.
 in press How Hunter-gatherers Have Learned to Hunt: Transmission of Hunting
 Methods and Techniques among the Central Kalahari San. African Study Monographs	  Supplementary Issue− 55 −

The learning process in how to read nature
Kaoru Imamura
Faculty of Economics, Nagoya Gakuin University

In order to theorize about how hunting methods evolved around the time Neanderthals was being
replaced by anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMH), the hunting methods used by the San
people—hunter–gatherers in the modern age—were studied in detail. As a result, it became clearthat the San use a wide variety of methods to hunt small mammals and birds, in addition to usingbows and spears to hunt large animals. It was also discovered that hunters included not only adultmen, but also boys and adult women; boys in particular begin learning skills related to hunting and“reading nature” at the age of four or five.
San boys observe older boys carefully from an early age, and acquire various skills and knowledge
by imitating them. In this process, there is no verbal guidance; trial and error by repeatedobservation and practice plays a central role in their informal education.
Boys learn the characteristics and appropriate use of each material and plant while using a knife toplay with plants and making toys such as bows and arrows. A lizard, which is a prey when playing
with a bow and arrow, becomes bait to catch a mongoose when playing at trapping, while bait for
catching a bird includes wild watermelon and termites’ nests found in the ground. This knowledge
is passed down by adults, such as parents; however, boys learn the actual practical methods while
playing with the older boys. We are capable of learning things that require complex procedures andconcepts, such as relationships, because humans can communicate information using language.
However, this study suggests that it is necessary to directly observe and imitate the behavior of ourelders in order to have a proper relationship with nature, including both animals and plants, in agiven situation. Meanwhile, communicating information through the use of language is also
important. Without language, it is impossible to create a mental image of animals and share thatimage with others. When parents teach their young children about animals, it is mainly about
harmful creatures called paaxo (ones that bite), such as snakes and scorpions; however, stories told
to children around a bonfire also play an important role. For example, Tanaka (1994) pointed outthat animals and humans are inseparable because most of the characters that appear in San stories
are animals that are always personified, while maintaining their animal characteristics.
The inferred sibling relationships between animals described in this paper are products of theimagination, attempts to understand animals by using the metaphor of human kinship, or a type of
personification. This knowledge can only be passed down through language, but it is reinforced
during regular hunting practices, by actually seeing the animals, and making observations.
We must be cautious about assuming that there is validity in discussing early AMH solely on thebasis of the San people. However, it is probably correct to think that, as hunter–gatherers, early
AMH must have used their imaginations—which are probably reflected in their murals and otherdrawings—in relation to animals. Sugawara (2012) asserts that two groups of San in different eras
and regions, with different languages, share the same attitudes toward animals, stating that: “thehunter–gatherer people in southern Africa must have lived through some common intercorporeality.”
Regardless of whether they were living in southern Africa or not, it seems that people who survive
by hunting animals have many similarities in how they acquire the knowledge and skills for hunting,− 56 −

and the way in which they use their imaginations in relation to animals, namely, acquiring hunting
skills through observation, imitation, trial and error, and the act of intercorporeality that attempts topersonify animals and read their intentions.
Taking an interest in animals and reading their minds through careful observation—an ability
unique to modern humans who are the only animals to possess this faculty—can be traced all theway back to the origins of the Homo sapiens. The human–animal relationship is deeply connected
to human evolution, in the sense that it prompted a change in humans’ cognitive abilities.
References
Sugawara, KӶЃŝſǂӷ
 2012'Ŋ̀OáүTɰЫӖƛR29lÅŪХTú͔Ì ―̈́͆ɮӂ˽uTшйĭ˅ 3j()Contact ZoneӶ»½¾»ӷ*2012 ȅӿʱŮ"ßҘƮǄáʐ. ΏǄ΀ ΛɌáʐǄƓҾ΀Λ»¾"19-61 Ӑ
Taneka, JӶ͕ÊØҖӷ
 1994)ʰȥT̈́͆ɮӂ˽ ˴ŬT̒mO¤±«»*P0[KΈ
Imamura, K., Akiyama H.
 in press How Hunter-gatherers Have Learned to Hunt: Transmission of Hunting
 Methods and Techniques among the Central Kalahari San. African Study Monographs	  Supplementary Issue− 57 −

ǄϞ"҇Y"ʋϦRҰAl͏щͪ"˽ʘнͪ΀ΛÓÛòǂȾͽ͵ΡƮǄƬƓрǄҗ}¾º¾: ǄϞ"҇Y"ʋϦ"̈́͆ɮӂ˽{"{®·¾»

s»·¾·áO¨¯½ ¢x»TʐōƫōTҍ/RK/Mʠj3RAlGdRU"ʐōðɓTZGKT­RK/Mʠj3RAl;O4ȯТN.l#ETZGKOU'ʋϦ(O'҇Y(N.l#ʻͧЗNU"̺ǽӆˆT̈́͆ɮӂ˽R29lǀPeTВŊT×ýpҀ@M"ʋϦO҇YT˨ϨÓȭp˙ЮAl#¨¯½ ¢x»U"ʋϦAlO/0ϨłpeK²¾QΕN.lOЬoml#GH?"ET͍mʖUΈïgʐōT́ȭRÿɟ?M/l#ʋϦAlϨłU".lΈïNUțч=m
leTT"ĳTΈïNU=^Pțч=mQ/;O4.l#Àʖ"҇YU"áүR2/Mʧ҉ͪRУī=mlВŊN.l#҇YU?V?VáүTʐōÀϺTQ3TÀҗĭOУQ=ml4"҇YUʐōTǁƖROJMikʻѡͪQТƍpˠɇ
?M/lOУjml#
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l;ORik"҇YɍU/3Qlʦe"/3i0ReВŊpƫ1l;O4N5lTN.l#{u´ºӶ1958ӷU"҇YTʧ҉ʐ̋T͏щTQ3N"'s»('s¸s('¬¬¶¾('u¶»(O/0҇YTƋKTƝʻͪТθpɣɼ?G#;mjƋKTТθe"ʐōTðɓOӎʕTʧ҉ͪQ­TQ3RôϙL9Mĭ˅"зĀAl;O4N5lӶÓÛ2010ӷ#ʐōTðɓOӎʕRҰoláүTВŊ"GO1V"ʋϦgǄϞU";T҇YT͏щ
TШ̱N˙ж=mlȯТ4.l#¨¯½ ¢x»TʋϦO҇YTʻѡRK/M˙ЮAlҾR"΍GI͍çTҘǹ͒̑pƉ
cáYOU"åΕO˼ѱAlR2/Mi/ »¥·OQjQ/#̈́͆ɮӂΈï3jǄ[;OTȯТȷU";ṮR̂djml#
1997-1998 ȅ2iY 2012 ȅ"{®·¾»ġſƓT̺ǽӆˆRʫjÄ́͆ɮӂ˽{ΈïR
2/M£t¾·º¾pВ/"èÄTi0Qπˇ4ȨjmG#;T 15 ȅүRoGJM"
{TǀPeGITʐōO͒̑Uƫō?M/Q3JG#ШǘOˤĊ4/aeQ2ǀPeG
IR29lǄϞTƝʻͪQɍ̋N.JG#'ʋϦͪВŊ4ǟQ/(O/0̈́͆ɮӂΈïT́ȭUωɢ=mM/G#;T'̈́͆ɮӂΈïTǀPeGITǄϞ¯·(U"åTΕO˼ѱAlÃN·ƄpeGjA#− 58 −

− 59 −

MНț=mKK"âȥ΍GIT҄ōT¥¹OВ7ʺRùj3TĜpȜMleTOQl
N.n0#
Ȗ͔ʐ͇
{u´º, ¹w
 1958=1990 ƭ͕ҋưҖ½ƤǭȇƱг)҇YOáү*˂ß: эшΈ.
ÓÛòǂϏ
 2010)˖TǞ=Q%»¾&GI: ̈́͆ɮӂ˽TǀPeT˽ʘн*ßҘ: ßҘƮǄ ǄГī̾ï.
ÓÛòǂϏ 2009)҇YTáӝǄ;OU@d: £t¾·NīïJG%ǀPe&GI*ßҘ: ʥſ Ɵ.
Sperber, Dan 1996 Explaining culture: A naturalistic approach. Oxford: Blackwell.

Theoretical and ethnographic studies on learning, play and education
Nobutaka Kamei
Aichi Prefectural University
Keywords: learning; play; education; Baka hunter-gatherers; Cameroon

In order to clarify the differences of culture changes among Homo neanderthalensis and Homosapiens, it is necessary to focus on the two systems of cultural transmission: "education" and "play."In this presentation, I try to examine functions and characteristics of "education" and "play," withshowing some cases of child behaviors among hunter-gatherers in the forest.
It is often said that H. sapiens is a unique species among animals that has the ability of "education."
However, its appearances depend on the characteristics of societies and cultures. This ability may
be enhanced in some societies, while it may not be enhanced so much in others.
On the other hand, play is the behavior universally found among humans. Play is often regarded as
one of subcategories of human culture in general. However, it can be considered as more essential
factors for the existence of culture.
One of the functions is for the transmission of culture. As Sperber (1996) pointed out, culturalforms are stable and widely distributed just because children find them easy to think and easy to− 60 −

− 61 −

If H. neanderthalensis was playing, did not use the ability of education, was conservative with theirmaterial culture, their image is "conservative players." In other words, they were silent tool/toy
makers who loved to play imitating others without saying anything.
On the other hand, H. sapiens was also playing, and they did not use the ability of education somuch in its history. However, they were not conservative with their material culture. So, theirimage is "independent players." In other words, they were tool/toy makers who sometimes imitatedothers but mainly loved to play in their own styles, later, started to talk, and finally became noisy
instructors.
I pointed out the importance of play for human culture in comparison to the education. Through theobservation of hunter-gatherers, I showed that education is not so essential for human evolution andits history. I proposed two different images of learners=players for two species, H. neanderthalensis
and H. sapiens, which might result in their different destinies. Cultural anthropology on play andeducation, enhanced with biological theories including brain science on play, may throw some lighton the process of our evolution, and our destiny in the future.
References
Caillois, Roger
 1958 Les jeux et les hommes. Paris: Gallimard.
Kamei, Nobutaka 2010 Little "hunters" in the forest: Ethnography of hunter-gatherer children. Kyoto: Kyoto
 University Press.
Kamei, Nobutaka ed.
 2009 Introduction to the anthropology of play: Encounters with "children" in the fields.
 Kyoto: Showado.
Sperber, Dan 1996 Explaining culture: A naturalistic approach. Oxford: Blackwell.

− 62 −

Innovation of paintings and its transmission―Case studies from aboriginal art inAustralia
ʕGQŀ҂OETφɓ ―s©¶ϽГ3jTϟǘ
Sachiko Kubota
Graduate School of Intercultural Studies, Kobe University(Π͕Ȇǀ΋ɋƮǄƓҾʐōǄ΀ΛΏ)

1. Introduction
David Lewis-Williams wrote in his book, “The Mind in the Cave” in 2002 discussed about the
explosion of creation happened at the time of replacement, 40,000 BP to 20,000 BP and posed aquestion ‘Why H. Sapiens produced arts?’ His hypothesis is that “Difference of the levels ofConsciousness” enabled the production of art for H. Sapiens, and was difficult for Neanderthal. He
constructed the hypothesis based on the study of Gerald Edelman, “Bright Air, Brilliant Fire- On
the matter of the Mind” in 1992. Edelman wrote that ‘recognition in the brain was rather likerecognition in the immune system’ and said that ‘consciousness has evolved biologically’ He madethe distinction between primary consciousness and higher-order consciousness (Edelman 1972:187).
Almost all the mammals have primary consciousness. But only H. Sapiens acquired higher-orderconsciousness, and pointed that it came with the development of language. He argued thathigher-order consciousness made possible for H. Sapiens to have consciousness about social self,and concept of past and future at the same time. Based on this assumption, Lewis-Williams argued
that the origin of art was made possible by recollection and socialization of personal visions such as
dreams or state of altered consciousness. H. Sapience remembers it and tries to visualize them.
Inspired by his discussion, I want to discuss why are Aboriginal Arts so impressive? Bark paintings
and Acrylic paintings were started to be produced for commercial purpose from 1970s. And they
acclaimed very high profile as ‘arts’ by 1990s. My tentative conclusion was that they are impressive
as it is the expression of altered world: Dreaming. Among Aboriginal paintings it is quite obviousthat ‘abstraction’ is becoming very popular and it has contributed for its high profile.
In 1990s majority of Aboriginal paintings have changed their styles to abstract form. By which they
are getting higher appraisal. In those changes, there were innovators and followers. In this paper, I
will look into the changes happened all over Australia to see the structure of transition and also
examine the meaning of Abstraction
2. Aboriginal people and Arts
The population of Aboriginal people of Australia is about 500,000 in 2012 (2.5%). They were
migrated to Australian continent about 50,000 years ago, and spread to whole continent living as
hunters and gatherers. In 1788, colonization from England started. At that time, it is estimated about
300,000 Aboriginal people were there in the continent divided about 600 language groups. Various
art activities of Aboriginal people were known, such as rock paintings, rock engravings, body
paintings, bark paintings, and acrylic dot paintings and so on.
Aboriginal people have their unique world view, generally called Dreaming (Wangarr, Tjukurrpaetc). It includes creation stories of ancestral spirits, their activities and travels, the places ofsignificance of the travel and their language and etc. Each group have their ancestral dreaming story− 63 −

− 64 −

5. Balgo Paintings
Balgo is the Aboriginal town in north Kinberly area in Western Australia. The art center was started
in 1980s, part of the desert art movement. Dotted acrylic paintings with very colorful paints are
unique to this area. In 1986 first exhibition was held in AGWA. There were many iconographic
paintings. But in the exhibition held in 2004, all the paintings are abstract, no iconography (Carty2011).
Among the paintings, various abstract techniques are found. According to Carty, they tackle thetraditional way of painting, experiment, deconstruct the form and reconfigure the meaning’ (Carty
ibid.) So they try various attempts to innovate their art styles and dots. Carty note there are several
such new styles there, “Kinti kinti style”, “fluid style”, and “peaked dots”.
6. Eastern Arnhem LandIn eastern Arnhem Land, their bark paintings have a long history and famous. It is a painting withocher on eucalyptus bark. It was traditional art used in rituals and they are produced for commercial
purposes in modern context. Each patri-clan has its distinctive stories and designs. For example,
cross-hatchings, diamond patterns, and wavelike patterns are all have meanings, and there arestories behind them. Many paintings have figurative expression with those designs. The ones
without figures have iconographic representations.
Since the 1990s, many artists started to take the abstract expression. Figures started to disappear
from the painting, and all the screen is covered by the geometric designs.
7. Western Arnhem Land
Western part of Arnhem Land is another very famous area for bark paintings. It is the area which
has rock art traditions, and their bark paintings have apparent similarities to rock art. They are very
figurative; animals, fish, ancestral and spiritual beings are drawn as the main topic. Many of thesefigures are painted in X-ray styles.
Very famous artist, John Mawurndjul is from this area. He changed his style to abstract in late
1990s. He used to paint figurative art typical in this area. He developed his original distinct styles ofgeometric pattern, and acclaimed very high profile. And the style was shared by family andrelatives
8. Conclusion
As we have seen, abstraction becoming very popular in Aboriginal paintings since 1990s. It is clearthat they respond to the taste the outside world. There are art gallery agents, art advisers, anddealers. Aboriginal arts always accommodate the changes happening around them.
Important point here is there are Innovators and Followers. Innovators are artists of both sexes intheir late 40s or 50s. They changed their styles responding to market needs. But the story behindthem is still there in all the cases. In other words, the content is still their dreaming stories althoughmany of them are more generalized. On the other hand, followers are usually innovator’s relatives,family members, or clan members. In any case, new expression is regarded as their ‘styles’
References
The Aboriginal Gallery of Dreamings
 1996 NANGARA - the Australian aboriginal art exhibition. Melbourne.
Buku-Larrnggay Mulka Center 1999 Saltwater – Yirrkala Bark Paintings of Sea Country− 65 −

Carty, John
 2011 Creating Country: Abstraction, economics and the social life of style in Balgo art. PhD
 thesis, Australian National University.
Chubb, Claudette & Nancy Sever eds.
 2009 Indigenous Art at Australian National University. Macmillan Art Publishing
Edelman, Gerald
 1992 Bright Air, Brilliant Fire- On the matter of the Mind
Lewis-Williams, David 2002 The Mind in the Cave
Morphy, Howard 1998 Aboriginal Art. Phaidon
Morphy, Howard 2007 Becoming Art – Exploring Cross-Cultural Categories. Berg.
Museum Tinguely 2005 ≪Rarrk≫John Mawurndjul-Journey through Time in Northern Australia. Crawford
 House Publishing Australia− 66 −̈́ ͆ ɮ ӂ ͒ ̑ T Q 3 N Ϧ K ǀ P e T є ȭ ˨ Ϩ T ͧ Ҍ —Baka T ǀ P e T ч ˍ
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− 68 −

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aG"̈́͆ú˛4҄ВAlQ3N"ǀPeTú˛RK/MȽżpÆ1MgJGk"ӉȅGI4̈́͆ÊTgkOkN͔/M/l£¸¾p"ǀPeGIRϲ͖RüoCGkAlŻƐ
TŦkξbeУjmG#;Ti0R"̈́͆RΗ˜ͪRŠń?i0OAlǀPepɛcTN− 69 −

UQ7"c?n͂̉RűoCMǀPeTŠńpΗ˜ͪRˠ҂ō?i0O?M/l;O40
341G#¨¯½ ¢x»TǄϞВŊU"̈́͆ÊTƶ˨gĶζp0a7ɨ1Q4j"͂
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Ȗ͔ʐ͇
Goffman, E.
 1964 The neglected situation. American Anthropologist. 66 (6): 133-136.
Kuhn, S. L. & Stiner, M. C.
 2006 What’s a Mother to do? The division of labor among Neanderthals and modern Humans in Eurasia. Current Anthropology. 47(6): 953-980.

− 70 −

Companions’ cooperation to structure children’s participation in group hunting:
The case of Baka Pygmies hunter-gatherer in Cameroon
Koji Sonoda
Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University

Children’s subsistence role in the group hunting of Neanderthals has been recognized. Indeed, it has
been reported that children and women contributed significantly by serving as beaters or gamedrivers (Kuhn and Stiner, 2006). Although the modern hunter-gatherers also have been recognizedchildren and women participation in group hunting, the organization of activities must be
differentiated from that of Neanderthals regarding the companions’ cooperation between children
participating in group hunting. Kuhn and Stiner (2006) argued that “[t]he competitive advantage
enjoyed by moderns came not just from new weapons and devices but from the ways in which theireconomic lives were organized around the buffering advantages of cooperation and complementary
subsistence roles for men, women, and children.” This argument indicates that one of the factorsthat made long term hunting and gathering economy possible for man seemed that they could aligntheir behavior one another within the opportunity and the restrictions that happened in theenvironment. This paper supposes that the complementary alignment of actions in the learning
behavior of Homo sapiens made a distinction with Neanderthals. Especially, we focus on the
structuring of children participation in the group hunting. Structuring means here the action to
implicate the ongoing situation for children. In this paper, we consider that the structuring occurs in“social situation.” Goffman (1964) defined a social situation as “an environment of mutual
monitoring possibilities, anywhere within which an individual will find himself accessible to thenaked senses of all others who are ‘present,’ and similarly find them accessible to him.” Thequestion here is how companions cooperated to help children in structuring their participation to thegroup hunting.
This paper targets the Baka hunter-gatherers, who lived within the tropical rainforest in Eastern partof Cameroon. It provides clues to understand the learning behavior of Homo sapiens in their grouphunting. Although the giant rat hunting was treated here, it is different from the individual hunting
for large mammals because the giant rat hunting is often carried out by people having a wide rangeof age groups. Thus, it was a valuable opportunity in which the author could observe theparticipation of children to the hunting. Our results indicate that the companions of children did not
reject their participation to the group hunting, but they structured it positively. In this way, it isimaginable that Homo sapiens could help children’s structuring of their participation to the grouphunting, in response to the opportunity and restriction emerging in the ongoing activity.
References
Goffman, E.
 1964 The neglected situation. American Anthropologist. 66 (6): 133-136.
Kuhn, S. L. & Stiner, M. C.
 2006 What’s a Mother to do? The division of labor among Neanderthals and modern Humans in Eurasia. Current Anthropology. 47(6): 953-980.

− 71 −

Έïͪ͂̉R29lʋϦOǄϞԀ»µ·½{µ¶½»T×ý3jӫ͕ ʠßҘƮǄƮǄҶss½s£¶{Ɨƛ΀Λ΀ΛΏ

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Education and learning during social situations: With special reference to the San of
the Central Kalahari
Akira Takada
Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University

Hunter-gatherer societies, including groups of the San, have occupied a particularly important placein research on child socialization. This is principally because the features of hunter-gatherer
societies have been associated with discussions about the nature of human child rearing. However,few studies have empirically analyzed the education and learning that actually occur during theeveryday life of the San. To reconsider several of the premises underpinning most approaches tohuman education and learning, I performed an interaction analysis of the mutual accommodationthat occurs while caregivers and infants engage in nursing and ‘gymnastic’ behaviors, and theprocess by which children imitate each other during singing/dancing activities among the G|ui and
G||ana (Central Kalahari San) living in Botswana. This analysis clarifies how participants ininteractions align and affiliate with each other during culturally distinctive activities. These
dynamics serve as a foundation for the education and learning that is inherent in collaboratively
organized sequences of interactions, by means of which experienced and inexperienced people
participate in social situations, such as those listed above. The approach adopted in this paper also
facilitates reconsideration of the individualistic perspectives on ability.

− 72 −

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40ԃ50 ĭ^Pҫ/ʦүpћg?M/G#16 ʚүN 45 kg pѤ1l͉ϥO 27.5 kg T˿˗Ŋ̀ќ̢4ɢIǾjmG#x·~¾½»ѡOeR2iE 30%4ǀPeӂƎ"50%4ƮáӂƎ"20%UǀPeOƮáTűŲú˛RiJMȨjmM2k"1 ʚ 1 á.GkTӟ̀͊ȨϨR2/MǀPeUƮáTζ 1/3ԃ1/4 ΔȏOɱ̠=mG#FAO/UNU/WHOӶ2007ӷTƝ̣p͔/G»ѡTɌТҠ˼U"ƮáN 118.7ӵ"ǀPeU 78.2%^POɱǋ=m"ǀ
PeӂƎR2/MUϲѭTɌТҠR̡GQ/aNe"/7K3TěВ΀Λ4ѻ]M/lċ
ik˼ѱͪĚѦ͋4ӫ/;O4ɱ̠=mG#− 73 −

The food procurement by Baka children in southeast Cameroon: From theobservation of 16 days of foraging camp
Izumi Hagino 1, Taro Yamauchi 2
1. Graduate school of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, JSPS research fellow.
2. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University.

In hunter-gatherer society, due to their emphasized egalitarianism and individualism likelaissez-faire policy, children are rarely forced to take responsibility for their subsistence work. In
spite of rich notes about adult hunter-gatherers’ food procurement activities, children often ignoredin the description of subsistence activities, and it is also mentioned that adults almost never
expected the fruit of food contribution from children. However, because children consist nearest ahalf of members in many hunter-gatherer populations, it is considered to be hard to maintain theirsubsistence economy by wholly depend on only adults; thereby the self-support among forager
children are considered to be necessary and should be existed.
The author accompanied the Baka on a short-term hunting camp planned by the inhabitants of the
Baka village, and observed the children’s activities and their contribution to food acquisition. The
foraging trip was conducted for total 20 days in September 2012 and August 2013. Total numbersof participants for these foraging camps were 410 (172 boys) person-days of children and 156 (78males) person-days of adults. Direct observations of a total of 16 children (5-18 years old) wereconducted, their activities were noted whenever they changed and recorded to the minute from06:00 to 18:00. All foods brought back to the camp were identified and weighed, the value ofenergy and protein they contained was calculated using food composition tables.
As their age increased, the time allocated for “playing” and "strolling" decreased significantly.
Older children spent significantly longer time for travelling in forest. Children generally spentconsiderable time (142–227 min/day) for food procurement activities as hunting, fishing, andgathering, and these times were considered to be comparable to Baka adults usually spent in forest
camps. During 16 days of camp, more than 45 kg of games and 27.5 kg of aquatic food wereobtained. 30% of them were brought back by children group, and about half of them were by adults.
Despite greater total numbers of person-days, children could obtain smaller amount of forest foodthan adults, and the food procurement ability among children were roughly estimated at 1/4 – 1/3 ofadults. Using FAO/WHO/UNU (2007) reference about protein intakes, it was found that adults
could gain sufficient amount of protein for their requirements (118.6 %). Children did not attaintheir requirement (78.2 %); however, Baka children could obtain greater amount of foods whichwere described in previous hunter-gatherer children’s studies.

− 74 −

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2014 ȅȏUΥ 2 ʷɞȣ΀ΛTʰνȅȏN.k"ŲʦRÞʯŁ¥¹wTʰνȅȏNe.l#2013 ȅȏOŲˢ"¢¬¾γ̈́͆ɮӂ˽ BAKA T£t¾·чˍOs»·¾·T͒̑ŬéуTˠέpВJG#EmFmRK/MÌQ΀Λɇˇpɤ:l#1. ¢¬¾γ̈́͆ɮӂ˽T£t¾·чˍ΀Λ½{®·¾»ġſƓ˂җǱRʫjÄ́͆ɮӂ˽ӶBakaӷTӂƎ uOáŨˠ҂RK/MȋƛчˍpВ/"ѹӀTѵϢ˽TӂЇOűoCMǋöӂЇT«¢»pВJG#½Baka TÒĝӶn = 5ӷR҃χ 3 ʚү"1 ʚ 9 ʦүӶ6:00ԃ18:00"˻ʦ 45 ĭүӷw¾p͔/MÒĝTВŊOӢϦϠTϦĝ̑ŊpШǘ?GӶn = 16,200 boutsӷ#˺Чpҷ7ϦĝŖĔϠUÒĝ 1 á 1 ʚ.GkȄƘ 15.8 áN.k"̼"Ί̼˺"ęƻ"ETåTǀPe½ɇá4Ϧĝ2iY͒˛̑Ŋpĭ˛?M"˺Чp ª¾?M/l;O4ĭ3JG#
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·~¾Ґȳɉ͝3j"s»·¾·Tɇҫ½ɇ̹4ͱǚͪRʝ/O/0éуpˠέ?
G#=jR"fMRI Rilϭ͙ĕu®¾»ĭҟR29lϭTɇҫ½ͧҌTͽУ3j"͍͒áӝOs»·¾·Tŀ҂ȷTǶ͟RK/MЬš?GӶ2015 ȅ 1 ʱTƓҾ»ªv­R2/MŨӗͧЗpВJGӷ#½ϬTҫ=OøҞTȠӏNs»·¾·T˱ВӶ¹¯¾³»ӷŉ͋U͍͒áӝR˼]Mõ3JGOɱщ?G#˱ВǗ͆ɮӂpU@dOAlğMTѭø̑ŊTƝʻOQl
Gd"ǖĩҐȳRilƝ΅çюTÃʞRń1M"s»·¾·Tx·~¾Ґȳɉ͝TЪʠTβŨOQl;O4ʷȣ=mlӶ2015 ȅ 2 ʱTĠҮэ̨ïR2/MŨӗͧЗpВJGӷ#¥¹wνÔAl4"s»·¾·T˱ВÖ́͆ɮӂTx·~¾"͍͒áӝR29lӟOʑ͏T҄ō"żЦOˎӢOŀ҂ȷQPRK/MT͏щ΀Λ"aG͍çT̈́͆ɮӂ˽T£t¾·чˍpâȥeφχ?M/5G/#− 75 −

Life history and nutritional ecology of the Neanderthals: Field surveys in a modern
hunter-gatherer population and an energetic adaptation hypothesis for Neanderthals
Taro Yamauchi
Graduate School/Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University

The FY2014 is the final year of the RMNH (Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans)
project. Following the FY2013, we conducted filed surveys on a hunter-gatherer population living
in semi-settled villages in Cameroon. We also developed an hypothesis on Neanderthals’ life
history based on that of modern humans, considering estimations and assumptions about nutritional
adaptation of Neanderthals at both individual and population levels.
Research topics and findings
1. Field surveys on a modern hunter-gatherer population½Mapping the distribution of settled villages of the hunter-gatherers and neighboring
agriculturalists covering a widespread area including the research sites and detect group size anddemographic structure of the hunter-gatherer population.
½Childcare activities and mother-infant/child relationship of modern hunter-gatherers:
We conducted intensive observation on 5 infants and their caretakers including mother for 3
consecutive days for 9 hours in 30 second intervals. Consequently, the observation time counts
16,200 bouts. The mean number of caretakers was 15.8/day/infant excepting the mother. Infants’
fathers, grandparents, elder brothers/sisters, other neighboring children and adults did childcare andsubsistence activities to help infants’ mothers.
2. Life history for Neanderthals½Differences in creativity between modern humans and Neanderthals:
Adolescents lack consideration and engage in high-risk behaviors, and conventional brain studies
have attributed this phenomenon to a lack of maturity of the brain. Recent brain imaging studies
using fMRI, however, suggest that from an evolutionary perspective, adolescent behavior ispositive.
We propose that the flexibility of the brain caused by late completion of myelination is a uniquetrait for Homo sapiens, and that it may differ in Neanderthals (Oral presentation in RNMH2014
international symposium, January 2015).
½Energetic efficiency of Neanderthal locomotion:
Leg length and body weight influence the energy cost of locomotion in modern humans. The energy
cost of locomotion for Neanderthals with shorter legs and heavier body weight than modern humans
was estimated. The higher energy cost of locomotion together with elevated basal metabolic rate
due to cold environment adaptation for Neanderthal are thought to be essential element to discuss
the replacement of the two populations (Oral presentation in RNMH open lecture meeting, February2015).

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s¾p҇[ǀþGI      ―{½¢¬¾O͍çΈïTǀPeTɴ͙Oµ¾±3jǩÃ˟ǀ΋ɋǄҶƮǄáʐǄҗ

1. ͯͪ'ÞʯŁ(R2/MЉϠU"ͧҌȮ͏Ǆͪɍ̋Rik"̈́͆ɮӂΈïO͍çΈïTǀPe
T˼ѱ΀Λ3j"'1Ӹ̈́͆ɮӂ˽R29lǄϞTȮ͏Ǆͪ́ȷ"2ӸͧҌҊΔOǄϞ́ȷOTҰā"3Ӹ̈́͆ɮӂ͑Ʀ4ǄϞВŊ"оͽϨłTͧҌRÆ1lȠӏ(p˙ЮAlGdR"
2010ԃ2012 ȅȏUĈáTȮ͏ͪͧҌӶÌO?MĈøǄϞӷṞ̵p.M"2013ԃ2014 ȅȏUӂƎTÊNTͧҌӶÌO?MΈïǄϞӷpϟǘцӚO?M5G#чˍŖłϠU"{®·¾»T̈́͆ɮӂ˽{½¢¬¾TǀPeGI"ʚʻTҰС½ÑǱƗƛTǀPeGI"ίƓ½{¶£y·sǱƖTǀPeGIN.JG#чˍθʽO?MU"s¾TÀΕN.lɴ͙gµ¾±QPTХЦͪϽГp͔/G#
2. s¾(ϽГ)Tł 
s¾RK/MU=a>aQХ̱3jƭǪRoGlǋϝ4Q=mM5M/l#s¾U'Ȯ͏ͪҋĢ(ӶVygotsky, L.S.1934ӷTXOKO?M"ЬрgЭΫ­OOeR" Tо
ͽ½ȵϟRј͇AleTN.k"'A]MTȵϟUu®¾pŷb½½ҐĮQХЦͪοӧU
ŉˇͪQʋϦROJMʻѡͪ(ӶArnheim, R. 1969ӷOЬoml#s¾U'Ě̥ȷ"З͍
ȷ"ˠɇ(ӶThomas, G.V. & Silk, M.J. 1990ӷ3jɇk"͍ǍÇ͚RЗī=mlƬͪǚєN.
kQ4j"ȵȼ½Ąê½ӜʵQPTĤͪǚєpE;RŷcGdR'ΓВǚє(ӶWinnicott, D.W.
1973ӷOeЬom"ӅǣpĮkɗ9l'Ѥѥ˨Ϩ(ӶJung, C.G. 1928ӷ"'ʞЄ½{·(ӶFreud, S. 1915ӷŉˇpɢKeTN.l#Oko9"ǀPeROJMTs¾U"'ȿȻgȻŊTϲǷЗ͍OQk"̡ѦpeGjA(ӶLowenfeld, V & Brittain, W.L. 1975ӷeTN.k"
Caillois, R. (1958)T/0҇YT 4 ТθT0I"ȋ/ȽżNT'ˤʁ"ͷʩ"҈(pŷb"ǍҾ"PTʐōTǀPeGIes¾º¾p҇Y"˝?qH#
3. ġʲͪȱŴȷOƿãͪВ̲O?MTs¾
ǀPeGITĈ$Ts¾º¾3j"ǀPeGITҐȳȷ"ŀ҂ȷ"¸¶x»pУ
/H?G#ӂƎº¾3jU"ġʲͪȱŴȷ(Tomasello, M. 2009)gƿãͪВ̲(Wertsch, J.W.
1991) TͯˣO?MTs¾TȽżO"E?MŲʦR¾·O?MTs¾TȽżp˙Ю
?G#̈́͆ɮӂΈïNUӌЬрͪͱÙú͔4"͍çΈïNUЬрͪͱÙú͔4ǚáơӍNUėôpŚdleTT"/BmTʐōTǀPeGIe"ͧҌ˸ҽgw»¾ǶpŷbQ
4je"s¾TłpȨM"ϲǷЗ͍p˝?qH #− 77 −

Playing art children―From their drawing and collage in Baka Pygmy and modern society
Eiko Yamagami
Faculty of Sciences and Humanities, Kobegakuin University

1. Purpose
From the view of developmental psychology I examined the psychological characteristics oflearning in hunter−gatherers, the relationship between the developmental process and learning traits
and the influence of a foraging environment on learning behavior and cognitive ability. I focused on
the individual psychological development in 2010 ~2012 and on social learning in 2013~2014. Bothresearch projects involved the participants of children mainly of Baka-pygmy and modern societies
such as Japan and the US as comparative groups, and importantly, art activities like drawing andcollage were applied to them as investigation materials.
2. Power of art
Art has been defined from various standpoints. For example, art was defined as one of the“psychological tools” (Vygotsky 1934) like language and calculation system. They can contributeto human cognition and thinking and “every thinking involve image ½½½appropriate visualexperience is essential for effective education” (Arnheim, R. 1969). Art consists of “repletion,
expressiveness and composition” (Thomas, G.V. & Silk, M.J. 1990). Art also consists of an external
object existing in the real world and at the same time it involves an internal object expressing idea,
belief and desire of humans, so that it has been called a “transitional object” (Winnicott, D.W.
1973). Moreover, art has a “transcendent function” (Jung, C.G. 1928) by which humans overcome
difficult situations and also it has the effect of “sublimation and catharsis”ӶFreud, S.1915ӷ. In
particular, art for children “make them feel satisfaction, expressing their own feeling and emotion”(Lowenfeld, V & Brittain, W.L. 1975). Art might have three factors of play such as “mimicry,
dizziness and chance” (Caillois, R. 1958), so that, actually, the children of any culture enjoyedplaying the art work of drawing and collage.
3. Joint intentionality and art as one of mediated actions
I found the adaptability, creativity and resilience of the children, resulting from their experimental
individual art work. The meaning of art as a goal of “joint intentionality” (Tomasello, M. 2009) and“mediated action” (Wertsch, J.W. 1991) were explored as well as being a tool from their group
work. The non-verbal interaction in a foraging society and the verbal interaction in modern society
seemed to be dominant respectively in the interpersonal relationship. Nevertheless, every childunder different culture enjoyed self-expression, playing and gaining the power of art with thediversity of developmental stage and gender.

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ª¾ͧЗТʜ
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS΀ΛӓͯB01TǄϞϨłT҄ō¯·T΀Λ

Research Team B01
Research on Evolutionary Models of Human Learning Abilities























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− 80 −

ȄΧQŖłΈïTÄNTu¦¾³»ВŊT҄ōʸʾàã͎͐ƮǄƮǄҶŐǄ΀ΛΏоͽ½ǄϞϨłR29ls»·¾·áO¨¯½ ¢x»Tҍ/U=M25" TγσR2/Mӝá͈OU͟Qlӫ˪ϭ˨Ϩp͊Ȩ?G;OR͠/pɥcϠU/Q/Hn
0#¨¯½x¸RʦçRѣ5GƮϭōUͿƊTü͔OʦpŲ@7?M2k"ҋĢTü͔4ӫ˪ϭ˨ϨT͊ȨOǕɰRπYK/M/l;Op·Ƅ?M/l#aG" TΈïNUŖłВŊgĭ˛"ӟʑĭҙg̀ќTÞɶQP4ͧҌ?M2k"ПӃQΈïOTġ҄ōTπˇ"ӫ˪ϭ˨Ϩ4ͧҌ?GOeϟ1jml#E?M" U"ǄϞAl;ONʐōgɔГpЊΗ=CMʐʠpέ5Ã:GƗ͎ÃNƅÀT͒̀O/1l#NU" NTbӛЉ
Rbjmlu¦¾³»ВŊU"PTi0QˀìTÄN҄ōN5lTHn03#ʻ΀Λ
NU"ќ̢pȄΧĭҙAlŖłΈïTÄN¶Tñ0u¦¾³»ВŊ4вǒ=ml;Op·AOOeR"u¦¾³»Tɚ/ɍN.lĈøǄϞϠTӂƎÊTӘȏ2iYɔГ҄ōҁȏRȠӏpš_AТƍRK/Mч]G#πˇO?M"1ӷӟʑĭҙQPpВ0ŖłΈï4ǁƖ?Q9mV"u¦¾³»ВŊTǁƖUӌǿRӅ?/;O4·=mG#;T;OU" Oӝá͈TŖłВŊTҍ/;E4"
ǄϞɉ͝R29lҍ/e͒@=CG;Op·ƄAl#ŖłВŊ4͒amG;O4"ǄϞɉ
͝2iYϨłT҄ōTȖ5ҡRQJGOϟ1jml#?3?Q4j"2ӷŖłΈïTÄR2/Me"u¦¾³»ВŊU҄ōͪRUșʲǐN.k"mutation-selection ȄЕRiJMӂƎÊRωɢ=ml;Oeo3JG#;T;OU"u¦¾³»ВŊRāolғðǀƫ
͟4ȯB?e˯Tϲ̶Ғɘpŧ9M҄ō?M/lo9NUQ/;OpȽżAl#aG"3ӷŖł·¾¥T u4Ʈ5/^PĈøǄϞϠTĿűUƮ57Qk"=jR;T;ORik"ikҁ/ɔГ҄ōp͒c;Oe·Ƅ=mG#E?M"4ӷΈïǄϞTάƐ4Ŗł·¾¥ĤRҵǋ=mmV"·¾¥үΤÖRik"u¦¾³»ВŊ4ik҄ō?gA/͂̉4͒aml;O4ϟ1jmG#âȥ"ҋĢü͔gΈïВŊpŷdGáӝ҄ōTğøĕp
͏щͪRĥ͍Ali0Qиb4ȯТN.l#s»·¾·ápŷcυ̦?GʛáO¨¯½ ¢x»OTүRu¦¾³»ВŊ
2iYϨłR2/M̅ǋͪQҍ/4.JGT3Ԃ;TƆ/;E4"ÞʯŁ¥¹wR
29lÊȮͪQцӚN.l#s»·¾·áT­ȻƠ4ȨjmM/l͍Ɩ";T
Ɔ/RΪ1l;OUÅŪϨQ;ONUQ7QJG#?3?Q4j"ETGdRU"оͽgǄϞR29l΋οƝͮ½ĭǀƝͮgғðǀƭƚOЗ͍ƚTҰ҃TЪʠpȣGQ9mVQj
Q/#− 81 −

Evolution of innovation behaviors under an egalitarian and cooperative society
Ryosuke Kimura
Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus

What conditions lead to the evolution of risk-taking innovation behaviors? This question must be a
key to consider the difference in the learning strategy between Neanderthals and modern humans.
Considering innovation behaviors as a genetic trait, this simulation study shows that an egalitarianand cooperative society allows the presence of innovation behaviors. In addition, this study
indicates what factors have an influence on the frequency of individual learners in the populationand on the evolutionary rate of technologies. Even in an egalitarian and cooperative society,risk-taking innovation behaviors still have a weakly deleterious effect. Therefore, innovation
behaviors are maintained in the population by mutation-selection equilibrium. This suggests thatgenetic variants involved in the learning strategy and ability are not necessarily under positive
selection in the human lineage.

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− 83 −

ӂƎƬÞ̒OÞʯŁԀ΋˝OƗƛs¾TΈïчˍ3jƞĤŬʴǩȝƮǄ COC ɱ҄ǏʕáOʛáTǶ͟O?M"ĺϠR29lΗ˜ͪQӂƎƬÞ̒4ɤ:jml#QDʕáUӂƎƬÞ̒p2;QJGT3"ET͏͖pʠj3RAlGd"͍çʚʻáTӂƎƬÞ̒TǍɀчˍp2;QJG#чˍǚєU"ÑǱT΋˝OƴϻTƗƛs¾N.k"PIjeáŨ
̝ǟ4ƈϋTцӚOQJM/lƗƛN.l#ÑǱT΋˝RK/MU"Ƭҗ3jTǎpɞ7"ӂƎƬÞ̒O?MT΋˝4"ϾɍTǋ͸RɇŃ?M/lĒŴ4.l;O4o3JG#ƴϻTƗƛs¾RK/MU"ȜıUÀҗTúǑGIT҈ŊøHJGT4"ƗƛƎø½Ɨƛö
˽QPƭ7Táүpa5;cӂƎƬÞ̒OQJM/JGπˇO?M"Μ5ǑTĴ͔̑4҄
qH;O4ĭ3JG#;Ti0RӂƎƬÞ̒U"ʛˁT}¶4Ƴoml"ĺДͪQϽ
Г4ƏӅRQlQPT˩̱e.leTT"ƗƛӂƎTωɢO/0Ш̱NUŉˇ4.l#Þ
ʯŁȜʦe"ikƭ7Táүpa5;cӂƎƬÞ̒U"ӂƎTωɢRȡΡJGT3e?mQ/#

The origin of cross-boundary communications during the Replacement: Analysis by
the social survey of spirits dance (kagura) and local art projects
Shiro Horiuchi
COC Promotion Office, Yamagata University

This study tries to elucidate the origin of cross boundary communication during the Replacement,by the social survey of the present Japanese societies, particularly in the areas of depopulation andaging. At first we studied Japanese spirits dance, kagura, which have been inherited by local
residents since hundreds years ago in Kyushu Island. The social survey found that kagura ofcross-boundary communication caused young dancers settle into the area, irrespective of
depopulation and aging in those areas. We also studied local art projects, which have been started
by local residents in Nara prefecture since 2010. The social survey found that the project wasinvolving many stakeholders as time passes and caused some outsiders rent vacant houses in thearea, irrespective of depopulation and aging in those areas. The social survey suggests that
individuals unintentionally involved others in order to continue dance or art, which may havecaused the origin of cross-boundary communication during the Replacement.

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ӗЋuOоͽRġҀAlғðͪƝͮT҄ōͪϟǘǩŨâʚǀ"ʸʾàã͎͐ƮǄƮǄҶŐǄ΀ΛΏ¨¯ǧT҄ōUƮϭōŔȭL9jm"ϭǒҠTƧńRñ/оͽϨł4ӫ7QJGOϟ1
jmM/l# Os»·¾·UϭTƮ5=4óM/l4"оͽϨłUŲΔȏQT
Hn03ԂϟũǄͪжɟRimV" R2/MUŀ҂ȷpɢKĈø4ʕGQɔГp͒b
ī?"ETɔГpåTĈø4ΈïǄϞRikϞȨAl;ON"ʕGQ͑ƦRҐȳ?M/J
GOϟ1jml#ʻ΀ΛNU" Os»·¾·TÞʯŁRǄϞϨłgΈïȷ4P
Ti0RҰÆ?G3p˙жAlGdR"ғð¾p͔/GЪ˅pВJG#͍çʚʻáR29lӗЋҰ҃ғðǀpŲǋ?GπˇU"ʙR΀ΛӂïNƠź̜bN.l4"
ӗƐO suggestive associationӶP < 1.0x10-5ӷp·?G SNP TÀҗU"CNTNAP2 O/0σűƳчͤ"ţ˜ȷҿǐ"ϲҭͤQPTα΋͢ȹgϭT connectivity OTҰ҃4Ơź=mM/lғðǀRǁƖ?M/GӶAlarcon et al. 2008; Whalley et al. 2011; Clemm von Hohenberg et al.
2013; Ji et al. 2013ӷ#aG"ºá"s»·¾·áT­T΀Λ3jU" 
TγσN CNTNAP2 Rƫō4͒@G;O4·Ƅ=mM/lӶMeyer et al. 2012; Prüfer et al.
2014ӷ#E;N"CNTNAP2 TӗƐ"ӗȀOҰ҃p·?GӖƛT¥¹u¥pɱǋ?"
ºá"s»·¾·áT­¾pń1M"҄ōͪЪ˅pВJGTNƠźA
l#;TπˇU"ũáөˣʻTӗҗȝɀRƝL/M"ϭ΋οgоͽϨłTɱ̠4ŪϨN.
l;Opʷȣ=Cl#Ȝ¥¹w C01 ͌T΀Λ3jU"ÈϠTϭT3GITǶUӗӑЈT˚ĺҗӶprecuneusӷgǞϭTƮ5=gȝTǶRѣƍAl;O4·Ƅ=mM5GӶBruner 2010; Kubo et al. 2014ӷ#âȥU CT ͙ĕp͔/MлλQȝɀTғðͪƝͮpч]"'ōͿϭ(RғðǄͪ¾3jTУƗpń1l;ON"ikαǕRs»·¾·áTоͽϨłpȪĘ?M/5G/#
Ȗ͔ʐ͇
Alarcon M., Abrahams BS., Stone JL., Duvall JA., Perederiy JV., Boma, JM., … & Geschwind DH.
 2008 Linkage, association, and gene-expression analyses identify CNTNAP2 as an autism-susceptibility gene. Am J Hum Genet 82(1), 150-159. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.005.
Bruner E.
 2010 Morphological differences in the parietal lobes within the human genus: a neurofunctional
 perspective. Current Anthropology, 51, S77-S88. doi: 10.1086/650729.
Clemm von Hohenberg C., Wigand MC., Kubicki M., Leicht G., Giegling I., Karch S., … &Mulert C.
 2013 CNTNAP2 polymorphisms and structural brain connectivity: a diffusion-tensor imaging
 study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 47(10), 1349-1356. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.002.
Ji W., Li T., Pan Y., Tao H., Ju K., Wen Z., . . . & Shi Y.
 2013 CNTNAP2 is significantly associated with schizophrenia and major depression in the Han Chinese population. Psychiatry Research 207(3), 225-228. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.024.
Kubo D., Tanabe HC., Kondo O., Ogihara N., Yogi A., Murayama S., & Ishida H.
 2014 Cerebellar size estimation from endocranial measurements: an evaluation based on MRI data. In Akazawa T, Ogihara N, Tanabe HC, & Terashima H (eds.) Dynamics of Learning in− 85 −

	
  Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 2 Cognitive and Physical Perspectives, pp. 209-215.
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Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge MT., Li H, Racimo F., Mallick S.,… & Pääbo S.
 2012 A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 338(6104), 222-226. doi: 10.1126/science.1224344.
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 2014 The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505(7481), 43-49. doi: 10.1038/nature12886.
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 2011 Genetic variation in CNTNAP2 alters brain function during linguistic processing in healthy
 individuals. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 156(8), 941-948. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31241.

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Evolutionary analysis of common genetic basis for cognitive ability and cephalic sizein humans
Kyoko Yamaguchi, Ryosuke Kimura
Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus

The evolution of the genus Homo is characterized by encephalization accompanied by change incognitive ability. Although the cranial size of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens overlaps with eachother, their cognitive ability would not have been the same. Studying the genetic basis for the
cephalic form and cognitive ability may contribute to the reconstruction of archaic population.
As we have already reported in the previous meeting, our genome-wide analysis of cephalic form
among Japanese found that some of the polymorphisms that showed suggestive associations (P <1×10-5) with head circumference were located on CNTNAP2, a gene whose relation to autism andschizophrenia as well as language impairment and brain connectivity, has been reported (Alarcon etal. 2008; Whalley et al. 2011; Clemm von Hohenberg et al. 2013; Ji et al. 2013). The same gene isreported as a genomic region that underwent change specific to the human lineage after thedivergence from Denisovans and Neanderthals (Meyer et al. 2012; Prüfer et al. 2014). We estimatedthe haplotypes of the genomic region that was associated with head circumference and head width,and conducted an evolutionary analysis using the publically available genome data of Neanderthals
and Denisovans.
The results would shed a light on the evolution of cranium size in the genus Homo, and may enable
us to infer cognitive ability based on the cephalic form of fossil specimens including Denisovan.
Our future research includes a search for genetic basis of cranium morphology using CT images, tounderstand the morphological difference in precuneus of parietal lobe or cerebellum between
Neanderthals and Homo sapiens reported by C01 group of this project (Bruner 2010; Kubo et al.
2014).
References
Alarcon M., Abrahams BS., Stone JL., Duvall JA., Perederiy JV., Boma, JM., … & Geschwind DH.
 2008 Linkage, association, and gene-expression analyses identify CNTNAP2 as an autism-susceptibility gene. Am J Hum Genet 82(1), 150-159. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.005.
Bruner E.
 2010 Morphological differences in the parietal lobes within the human genus: a neurofunctional
 perspective. Current Anthropology, 51, S77-S88. doi: 10.1086/650729.
Clemm von Hohenberg C., Wigand MC., Kubicki M., Leicht G., Giegling I., Karch S., … &Mulert C.
 2013 CNTNAP2 polymorphisms and structural brain connectivity: a diffusion-tensor imaging
 study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 47(10), 1349-1356. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.002.
Ji W., Li T., Pan Y., Tao H., Ju K., Wen Z., . . . & Shi Y.
 2013 CNTNAP2 is significantly associated with schizophrenia and major depression in the Han Chinese population. Psychiatry Research 207(3), 225-228. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.024.
Kubo D., Tanabe HC., Kondo O., Ogihara N., Yogi A., Murayama S., & Ishida H.
 2014 Cerebellar size estimation from endocranial measurements: an evaluation based on MRI data. In Akazawa T, Ogihara N, Tanabe HC, & Terashima H (eds.) Dynamics of Learning in	  Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 2 Cognitive and Physical Perspectives, pp. 209-215.

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 Springer, Tokyo.
Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge MT., Li H, Racimo F., Mallick S.,… & Pääbo S.
 2012 A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 338(6104), 222-226. doi: 10.1126/science.1224344.
Prüfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F, Sankararaman S., Sawyer S.,…& Pääbo S.
 2014 The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505(7481), 43-49. doi: 10.1038/nature12886.
Whalley HC., O'Connell G., Sussmann JE., Peel A., Stanfield AC., Hayiou-Thomas ME., . . . &Hall J.
 2011 Genetic variation in CNTNAP2 alters brain function during linguistic processing in healthy
 individuals. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 156(8), 941-948. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31241.

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− 89 −































ª¾ͧЗТʜ
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS΀ΛӓͯB02ʛá½ʕáʦΜĭǺO˾ĉƫŊTҰ҃ȷTĭ˅

Research Team B02
Reconstructing the Distribution of Neanderthals and Modern Humans inTime and Space in Relation to Past Climate Change− 91 −

´¾¹R29lʕáɠʌʷT˘͒ƮͿӴư 1, 2"Wing-Le Chan 2"ҳҗȞǀ 2, 3
1. ƓΡ˜Ɨ΀ΛɌ
2. ˂ßƮǄƮ˾̗̏΀ΛɌ
3. ̗̏Үͧ΀Λ˨ˠʕáɠʌʷR29l˘͒ĭǺTʦүΜүͪƫŊU"͍͒áӝTΓŊp͏ЪAlGdRҞТQТ
θN.l#ƗѡǄͪжɟ3jȨjmlũ͑ƦɣˣUͰɰTɍɭ3kNU.leTT" »¥·ʎ4ҵjmM/lGdΜүͪĭǺpĥ͍AlTUƏӅN.l#ETĥ͍RU"ũ͑ƦɣˣH9
NQ7ʎċ¬±¸¾³»ɍ̋pû͔AlT4ʲŉN.lOϟ1jml#B02 ͌NUƮ˾̗̏Ʈȫ͑¯·p͔/M»|¾½z±|¾ u·RçЗ=mlǛʷ-Üү̀ʷTũ˾ĉĥ͍ǍӧpВJM2k"ʻ΀ΛNU;TǍӧπˇOҺƛ͒ɀγ¯·pξbűoCl;ON"˼ѱͪӫЪĕȏNũ˘͒ĭǺpĥ͍Alɍ̋pҮͧ?G#ʻ΀ΛNU"Ʈ˾̗̏Ʈȫ͑¯
·R29lǛʷTǖĩōTÅ΂ǍȷeϟɁ?"˘͒ĭǺĥ͍ReŤʣ=ClÕǋN.l#

Vegetation change in Europe during the Late Pleistocene dispersal ofmodern humans.
Ryouta O’ishi 1, 2, Wing-Le Chan 2, Ayako Abe-Ouchi 2, 3
1. National Institute of Polar Research
2. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
3. Japan Agency of Marine-Earth Science and Technology

The spatial and temporal variation of vegetation distribution is an important factor in understanding
the migration of Modern Humans during the Late Pleistocene. Geological evidence such as proxy
data is spatially limited and it is difficult to reconstruct vegetation distribution. In order to do so, it
is more effective to not only make use of the geological evidence but also to combine it withnumerical simulations. Team B02 is trying to reproduce stadial-interstadial climate change,
typically known as the Dasgaard-Oeschger events, by a GCM (General Circulation Model). In thepresent study, we developed a new method to reproduce past vegetation distribution by applying
past climate information from the GCM to a DGVM (Dynamical Global Vegetation Model) with apractical resolution which is comparable to scales associated with the anthropological evidence. In
the present study, we also try to introduce the uncertainty of reproduced stadial-interstadial climatechange by the GCM to the uncertainty of vegetation distribution.

− 92 −

¾¦¾pƝR?Gӫ΂ȏȅçɱǋƮ˖њÎ"÷ҟŋǉ"ί͕ Θ˂ßƮǄόű΀Λř̀ӤÞʯŁ¥¹wNU"΀Λӓͯ A01 g B02 RiJM͏ōǄȅçpӂɇAl¾¦¾
ˠέ4҄djmM5GӶA01 ϟũ͌ Neander DB; B02 ũ͑Ʀ͌ Neandat DBӷ#Ɉ$U";mj¾¦¾Rťҧ=mG͏ōǄȅç"́R"ʆǜȷ̰θȅçp͔/G"ʕá½ʛáTÞʯŁTϸūO=mlÊʷʛͿƊ3jȥʷʛͿƊʦçTғѨĭǺgͿƊОúðσTοʦͪQƫґpʏ͏Alʕ?/¾Ъ˅̋TҮͧRņdG#;mRik"ik΂3j?/ғѨĭǺgϟũǄϏȅpəī?"΀Λӓͯ B02 4ĥ͍Alũ͑ƦƗƑgũ͑Ʀ¥¹}
¾O˼ѱAl;ON"ʕá½ʛáTũ͑ƦƫōRǚAlҐȳϨłgВŊTҍ/T˙жpͯɣ?G#¾¦¾ÃTʆǜȷ̰θȅçpɑ0ÃNʰe̍ȽpɐoQ9mVQj/Q/цӚU"ȅçċTĄәȷзĀN.JG#Ɉ$U"ʆǜȷ̰θȅç̠ǋTɔГͪQШ̱Ӷĭ˅ɍ̋"иʑTΕӝ"ĺĪ͏̋QPӷ3jȅçċTαˍpВ/"γσͪRĄәȷpзĀN5l̅ǋʸpɵ˔?G#=jR"́Rөg̰ṑTʆǜȷ̰θȅç̠ǋRikŉˇͪQ"ʕ?/ĺĪ͏̋OEmRikʄƇ=mlȅçċTĒŴR͸ͯ?"ҊşRƠź=mGȅçċp͍ƖTɔГƝ̣Nфbʯ1lН˯¯·pɵ·?G#
Ɉ$U"ĄәȷTзĀOН˯¯·p͔/"´¾¹TÌТQʛͿƊғѨR29lϟũϏȅgs»·¾·Tυ̦ȅçTɱǋpиbG#¯·RiJMȨjmGϏȅgυ̦
ȅçU"ѹȅƠź=mGʆǜȷ̰θȅçTĥ̠ǋπˇOʏű?G#Ɉ$4¾¦¾3
jəī?Gȅç¯·U"ʖ̋щͪQҵ͚3jʦүЪĕȏU 1000 ȅŘôOУѷam"ΝͧͪQũ͑Ʀu¦»OTлλQ˼ѱ4Ӆ?/#?3?"ikƭ7Tȅçċp͔/l;O4
ŪϨN"ғѨĭǺTȋ4kgғѨTӘȏĭǺpϊϚͪRɑ0;O4N5lĴ̱4.k"¯
·ō=mGȅçpƝRѹЎj4҄dl¯·QPRȳ͔4҄djmG#− 93 −

− 94 −

Regional last glacial climate synthesis for the Eastern Mediterraneanʰν̀ʷR29lƗÊ̗˂җT͑ƦȪĘStephen P. Obrochta 1, Yusuke Yokoyama 2, Ayako Abe-Ouchi 2, 3, Ryouta O'ishi 2, 4,Wing-Le Chan 2, Hodaka Kawahata 2
1. Faculty of International Resource Science, Akita University, Japan
2. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan
3. Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Japan
4. National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

We present a regional climate synthesis for the Eastern Mediterranean region based on a variety ofrecords including lake sediment core pollen. We both examine spatial trends and gradients byconsidering all records individually and create a stacked record which is compared to the NorthGRIP ice core. Before stacking, care was taken to ensure that the age models of each record wereconsistent. For older records that used the GISP2 the Meese-Sowers 1994 age scale, we updated
their age models to the GICC05 model-extended chronology. Results are consistent with previous
work and show in general good agreement with Greenland and North Atlantic climate, withgenerally variations corresponding to Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations. Cool and dry conditions arecommon during stadials, and warm and moist conditions are observed during interstadials.

− 95 −

ʛá½ʕáT͒ɀ¯¶»ġŲ΀ΛTaOd
ѹЎȒÍ 1"÷ҟŋǉ 2"Ʈ˖њÎ 2"ҳҗȞǀ 3, 4"Ҹ ́Ĵ 3"ƮͿӴư 3, 5"ҬϪсØ 6"ҫ̈˯˦ 7"ǞŨ ӫ 8"СΎϻǉ 2"ί͕ Ι 2όűƗ͎͑ƦǄ΀ΛɌ΀Λӫȏōʃɷ»¾
˂ßƮǄόű΀Λř̀Ӥ˂ßƮǄƮ˾̗̏΀ΛɌ̗̏΀ΛҮͧ˨ˠƓΡ˜Ɨ΀ΛɌųũǥƮǄř̀ӤŎ̗ҋƮǄsu½ěö˽΀Λ»¾
˂ßƮǄΜүȻƠΏǄ΀Λ»¾

ÞʯŁ¥¹w A01Ӷϟũӷ͌O B02Ӷũ͑Ʀӷ͌TġŲ΀ΛNU"˾ĉƫŊ4ʛá½ʕáT͒ɀˠέRš_?GȠӏp"ʙͽTϟũғѨTôϙO˾̟½Ҵ˿Ҡ½ˣӫΧTũ͑ƦȻƠRƝL7˨˕ǄϞ¯·RiJMзĀ?G#
΀ΛR.GJMU"Ӷ1ӷ50-46 ka T²¾µsğƛӶСο 20 ȏ-˂ο 160 ȏӸѢҋ-Ŏ˜ӷO"Ӷ2ӷ50-38 ka T´¾¹½¸¼r»ӶСο 15 ȏ-˂ο 45 ȏӸŎϐ 30 ȏ60 ȏӷpЪ˅άƐRǋdG#ͿƊОúðσRáӝӂƎTВŊɉ͝4Ťʣ=mM/lOéǋ?M"Ӷ1ӷR2/MUıʷÃҗʛͿƊʦçͿƊϜӶInitial Upper Palaeolithic; IUPӷ"Ӷ2ӷR
2/MU 50-45 ka Tȥʷ­¶s»"45-43 ka T°·§¹s»"43-40 ka T¥¹½z¾¶s»ͿƊϜ4īƕ?GʐōǨp"A01 ͌T¾¦¾ӶNeander DBӷ
3jəī?G#=jR"EmjTʐōǨ3jȨjmGʆǜȷ̰θȅçċpσЭͪRαˍ?"¯·TĞłǚєOAlғѨpρkѷqH#/J`0"ũ˾ĉ¾U"ʰν̀ʷTģƚ
ͪQǖĉʷOʪĉʷRǚȳAlʕ?/Ʈ˾̗̏πűƮȫ͑¯·3jŦȨ?G#ЭΫǍӧTπˇ"Ӷ1ӷIUP ͿƊϜRҰ?MU"ǖĉʷOʪĉʷNӫ΂͋ƛRǶ4^
OqPоdjmB"͑ƦƫʎT0IʰǖʱӶ1 ʱӷT˾̟4PIjTʦʷReˠέ
RƮ5QȠӏpÆ1M/l;O4ʠj3RQJG#aG"ӫ΂͋ƛTƌȓ4"¸¼
r»3js¶spοM˂˫½Ê˫\ϳl·¾O"uµ»ŗǫ½s£|»p
οMs·uƗʖRϳl·¾RʹŦ=mG#Ӷ2ӷTͿƊϜRҰ?MU"/Bmeʪĉʷ
R4ӫϐȏƗʖRɠƮAlO/0πˇ4īG#;TġŲ΀ΛTȽϝU"ϟũǄ½ȅçǄ½˾ĉǄ½ƗȝǄT΀ΛϠ4"EmFmTĭҟNĄәȷpw?G¾pɢIǔk"áӝӂƎTˠέRPT͑ƦТƍ4PTΔ
ȏȠӏpÆ1GT3ǋҠͪRзĀAlʖ̋pOOT1G;OR.l#âȥU"x¾w»¦¾¬±¸¾³»Tȳ͔Rik 2 ӂƎTΤűp¯·RξbĞmlQPT
ʄϻp҄dM/5G/#− 96 −

Ecological niche modelling for the Neanderthals and modern humans:
Achievements of the interdisciplinary collaboration
Yasuhisa Kondo 1, Katsuhiro Sano 2, Takayuki Omori 2, Ayako Abe-Ouchi 3, 4,
Wing-Le Chan 3, Ryouta O’ishi 3, 5, Seiji Kadowaki 6, Masaki Naganuma 7,
Takashi Oguchi 8, Yoshihiro Nishiaki 2, Minoru Yoneda 2
1. Center for Research Promotion, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
2. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
3. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
4. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
5. National Institute of Polar Research
6. Nagoya University Museum
7. Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University
8. Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo

The archaeology and palaeoenvironment collaborative research group of the Replacement of
Neanderthals by Modern Humans Project assessed the impact of climate change on the ecologicalniche construction of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. It did so through the machinelearning model using the location of archaeological sites and palaeoenvironmental indices such astemperature, precipitation and elevation.
The research was conducted for two spatio-temporal windows: 1) the entire area of Eurasia (20°W
to 160°E, 0° to 90°N) at 50 to 46 ka and 2) Europe and Levant (15°W to 45°E, 30° to 60°N) at
50–38 ka. Based on the assumption that different lithic industries indicate different behaviouralstrategies of human populations, cultural layers containing the Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP)
industry were extracted from the archaeological database (Neander DB) for the first geographic
window. Similarly, the Late Mousterian at 50 to 45 ka, the Châtelperronean at 45 to 43 ka, and theProto-Aurignacian at 43 to 40 ka were extracted as site groups for the second geographic window.
Sites were filtered by statistical treatment of radiocarbon dates. Palaeoclimatic data were preparedby a new atmospheric-ocean global circulation model for typical cold and warm periods of the Last
Glacial.
Results showed little geographical difference in high niche probability areas for the IUP industries
between warm and cold periods. The coldest month (January) temperature significantly affected theniche construction in both warm and cold periods. High niche probability corridors were observedon the routes from the Levant to Eastern and Central Europe via Anatolia and to the Altai via thesouthern coast of Iran and Afghanistan. Lithic industries of the second geographic windowcommonly expanded their ecological niche to higher latitude zones in warm period.
This collaborative research was unique because archaeologists, geochronologists, climatologists andgeomorphologists contributed data that they scientifically validated to establish methods ofquantifying environmental impacts on niche construction of human populations using an ecologicalniche model. Further improvements will be pursued by embedding the niche confliction of two
population groups to the model through an agent-based simulation.

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Stadial and interstadial climates, as simulated in experiments with the MIROC
climate model
MIROC ˾ĉ¯·p͔/G"ǛʷOÜү̀ʷT˾ĉT¬±¸¾³»Wing-Le Chan 1, Ayako Abe-Ouchi 1, 2, Ryouta O’ishi 1, 3, Kunio Takahashi 2
1. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2. Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Japan
3. National Institute of Polar Research, JapanIce core data from Greenland have shown that, during the last glacial period, a series of abrupt
climate changes known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events took place. These events are characterized
by relatively rapid warming in the northern hemisphere within the span of a few decades, followedby progressive cooling over about 1,000 years. Some of the cool stadial states coincide with
Heinrich events during which large amounts of freshwater from melting icebergs were added to theNorth Atlantic Ocean, thereby altering the global ocean circulation and climate. These abruptchanges may have had a profound effect on the migration patterns of the Neanderthals and modern
humans, and may have played a role in the extinction of the former.
To investigate how the stadial and interstadial climates differed and how the land vegetation may
have responded, we used results from experiments which were performed with a coupledatmosphere-ocean model, MIROC, and which included the effects of the discharge of freshwater
into the Atlantic Ocean. Sea ice and sea surface temperature data from these experiments wereapplied to a mid- and high-resolution atmosphere model to remove sea surface temperature biases in
the coupled model and also investigate how model resolution could affect the simulated climate.
Freshwater forcing leads to a bipolar climate pattern with cooler and drier conditions across most of
the northern hemisphere and warmer and wetter conditions in parts of the southern hemisphere
Proxy data suggest weaker summer Asian monsoons during the stadials and this is seen moreclearly when model sea surface temperature biases are removed from the atmosphere model.
Temperature and precipitation from these experiments were subsequently applied to a dynamic
global vegetation model to investigate changes in vegetation during the stadials. In general, there isa reduction in forest over most of Europe, much of this being replaced by grassland. On the other
hand, in the small area stretching from the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula to the western
coast of Italy, forest cover increases. Access to a variety of proxy data is important in increasing ourconfidence in model results.

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ª¾ͧЗТʜ
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS΀Λӓͯ C01ӽ˪Ę¯¶»ɔГRƝL7ōͿӗЋTӫαȏȪĘResearch Team C01
Reconstruction of Fossil Crania Based on Three-Dimensional Surface
Modeling Techniques− 99 −

x»}°3jǞϭǒΗpɱǋAlɍ̋TҮͧOs»·¾·šYʭʕÇ ¢x»\Tȳ͔ÍăƮѳ 1"͕Ҕǉ˦ 2"ѹЎ ą 3"ƯҟϿѴ 4"ϵĖ ȟ 5"ʾǩѕÎ 5"Ϳ͕ Ϥ 6"ЂŝͰҋ 4
1. Ω̌ƮǄøϦγ
2. ųũǥƮǄƮǄҶ͑ƦǄ΀ΛΏ
3. ˂ßƮǄƮǄҶ͏Ǆγ΀ΛΏ͒̀ΏǄǛʅ
4. ɂɆϝƥƮǄ͏ǳǄҗ˨˕ǳǄΏ
5. ͎͐ƮǄƮǄҶŐǄ΀ΛΏʆǜύеʔ̇ͦǄэȐ
6. ͎͐ƮǄƮǄҶŐǄ΀ΛΏáøЪĻǄэȐӗЋϯ3jUϭT ugЪĻǄͪ́ȭRҰAlҵjmGȻƠ4Ȩjml4"ȧˁTáӝ
Ǆͪ΀ΛR2/MōͿáӝTǞϭR̍ͯ?GeTU^OqPQ3JG#QDQj" T
ϭU"åTӈҫӝR˼]MǒΗ4Ʈ5/H9NQ7"Ʈϭͬѡ҃űҟ4ͱǚͪRɠƮ?M/lO/0̱Ń͟N.lÀʖ"Ǟϭ4ӫȏQоͽ˨ϨRҰÆ?M/lO/0жɟUÏ?
3JGGdN.l#?3?ѹȅ"ǞϭɹđRñ0˨ϨҿǐTƠźH9NQ7"fMRI N̠ǋ=mlоͽцӚ҅ВʦTǞϭ̑Ŋ"ĎǿϠĤNTǞϭǒΗOоͽ˨ϨOTͱҰ"ƮϭͬѡOǞϭOpπ[΋ο҃ςRҰAl΀ΛQP3j"Ǟϭeоͽ˨ϨTÀҗRҰÆ?M/lO
Tϟ14ȋakKK.l#ʻ΀ΛNU"x»}°3jǞϭOƮϭTǒΗpɱǋAlʖ̋pҮͧ?"Emp͔/Ms»·¾·OʭʕÇ¨¯½ ¢x»RǧAlōͿќʑR29lϭğøRŚdlǞϭTĿűpɱǋ?"͍çáO˼ѱ?G#
ʚʻáǄ͒ 32 áĭTӗҗ MRI ¾pǚєR"ӗЋϯÃҗTǒΗOƮϭǒΗTͱҰ"ȥӗЋΟTǒΗOǞϭǒΗTͱҰpч]GO;n"/Bmeӫ/ͱҰp·?"ӗЋϯÃҗTǒΗUƮϭǒΗp"ȥӗЋΟǒΗUǞϭǒΗpɱǋAl01Nʲ͔QɣˣRQk0l;O4΂о=mG#ɱǋȔp CT ¾͖ˁTx»}°RҐ͔ŪϨRAlGd"ĳT 3áĭTӗҗ MRI šYŲÀáTӗҗ CT ¾3jTЭ̠ċT˼püJM"32 áĭT MRI
3j̠ǋ=mGȥӗЋΟOӗЋϯÃҗTǒΗpН˯?"ӗЋϯÃҗOƮϭǒΗT RMA
Ӷreduced major axisӷ"ȥӗЋΟOǞϭǒΗT RMA pǝī?G#ȨjmG RMA ƌǾȔpō
ͿќʑRҐ͔?MϭğøRŚdlǞϭǒΗTĿűpΫī?GO;n"èÄT;O4o3J
G#ΥÀR"Êʷ2iYȥʷʛͿƊʦçT¨¯½ ¢x»UǞϭǒΗĿű4͍çáOƫ
ojQ3JG#ΥØR"s»·¾·U"ϭǒҠU͍͒áӝOƫojQ/4"Ǟϭǒ
ΗĿű4ʲȽRǞ=3JG#ѹȅT΋οΏǄ΀ΛRilO"ǞϭU҈Ŋ}·ǄϞʦTĤҗ¯·ȝɇRҰoJM2k"͏щͪRUоͽǄϞReҰÆ?M/lŪϨȷ4.l#?G
4JM"ʻ΀ΛN·=mG͍͒áӝOs»·¾·TǞϭǒΗĿűTǶU"ǄϞTŉ͋OҰ҃?M/G3e?mQ/#− 100 −

Development of a method to estimate the cerebellar volume from the endocast and its
application to the Neanderthals and Pleistocene Homo sapiens
Daisuke Kubo 1, Hiroki C. Tanabe 2, Osamu Kondo 3, Hideki Amano 4, Akira Yogi 5,
Sadayuki Murayama 5, Hajime Ishida 6, Naomichi Ogihara 4
1. Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2. Department of Social and Human Environment, Nagoya University
3. Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo
4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University
5. Department of Radiology, University of the Ryukyus
6. Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, University of the Ryukyus

The endocranial cavity of fossil human crania provides limited information about the brain volume
and some anatomical features. The cerebellum of fossil hominins has been rarely focused among
many studies on the endocranial cavity. It is because the human brain is characterized by theabsolutely large size as well as the relatively enlarged cerebral association areas compared to thosein the other primates. However, the association of the cerebellum with the higher cognitive
functions has been recently supported or discussed by an increasing number of evidence, such as the
cognitive impairment related with cerebellar lesions, the activities of the cerebellum duringcognitive tasks which are detected by functional MRI, the correlation between the cerebellar
volume and cognitive performance in healthy subjects, and the neuroanatomical connectivity
between the cerebral association areas and cerebellum.
In order to assess the cerebellar volume of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens, we devised a new
method to estimate the cerebral and cerebellar volumes, which was derived from the volumetric
relationships between endocranial subregions (i.e. supratentorial and posterior cranial fossa regions)and brain components (i.e. cerebrum and cerebellum) based on MRI data of living human subjects(n=32). To apply the MRI-derived relationship to CT data, the volumes of endocranial portions
were calibrated by coefficient factors derived from paired comparison between the CT and MRI
measurements of the same individuals (n=3). We found that the volumes of endocranial subregions
are useful estimators for the cerebral/cerebellar volumes. We then applied our estimation method tofour Neanderthal, and two Middle and two Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens specimens. The results
showed that: (1) The Middle and Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens are comparable to the living humans
in their relative cerebellar volumes, and (2) The Neanderthals had relatively smaller cerebella than
H. sapiens, although these two species were comparable in the whole volume of the brain. Recently,
neuroscience research has indicated that the cerebellum is involved in formation of internal models
for motor skill learning, and theoretically suggested to be involved in cognitive learning as well.
Therefore, the difference in the cerebellar proportion relative to the whole brain size between
Neanderthals and H. sapiens might have been related to the efficiency of their learning.

− 101 −

{£¾9 ŮӗЋTȪĘOx»}°ȝɀѹЎ ą 1"ÍăƮѳ 2"ңʸǉ˯ 3"ЂŝͰҋ 4
1. ˂ßƮǄƮǄҶ͒̀ΏǄǛʅ
2. Ω̌ƮǄøϦγ
3. ˂ßƮǄƮǄҶαǕǳǄǛʅ
4. ɂɆϝƥƮǄ͏ǳǄҗ˨˕ǳǄΏ

;T΀ΛNU"{£¾9 ŮTx»}°ȝɀpǟʎTōͿáӝ"͍çáO˼ѱAl#
Ɉ$U"{£¾9 Ůx»}°TȪĘTҾ?z¶·ˣʻRƮ5QǴŭӌǚΒȷpУī?";mpĎǿQ͍çáTǴŭǶTƫ͟ReOL/Mą˯Al;OpиbGӶKondo
et al., 2014ӷ#;;NU"͍x»}°ӶQaf9orgӷOą˯ȥTƫȝx»}°ӶQaf9defӷ
RK/M"ύȝЭ̠pВ/";mpǟʎTōͿáӝ"͍çʚʻá"͍çz¾µ¶sá
TeTO˼ѱ?G#x»}°pͰɰЭ̠?GϭǒΗU"͍x»}°4 1411cc NƫȝȥU 1477cc
N.k"ʙǁTɱǋċӶʰǞØÐ̋Ril 1531cc, Holloway et al. 2004ӷikǞ=/#ą˯ĺȥTǶUσЭͪRʲȽN.lӶT ˙ǋӷ4"PIjTɱǋϭǒҠe¨¯ǧTϭǒҠTƧƮĒŴRUÀϴAl#ą˯ȥTx»}°U"ÊӗЋΟ4ӫ7ĺӗЈҗ4ͅ/#ͅǞQĺӗҗUaG"σЭͪRʲȽN.leTT͍çáTƫ͟ĤRťak"¨¯ǧTĺӗҗTɠƮĒŴRUͻͲ?Q/#x»}°Э̠ċpÌɇĭĭ˅?Gπˇ"ą˯ȥTӫ=TƧƮ4ӛЉRУī=mG#{£¾9 ŮTx»}°U"͍¾³»eą˯¾³»ePIje"͍çáTƫ͟»TŻѶRôϙAl#͍¾³»NUϭTӫ=ӶCH and EHӷ4ҾΡI"ą˯¾³»NU;m4=jRțч=ml#;TπˇTЪҝRU"x»}°TƫȝɍӔӶǟʎTЪĻǄͪ́ȭ̱ReOL7ӷR̍ȽAlȯТ4.l4"e?;mpŧ9ĞmlQj"{£¾9 ŮUÃÄRӫ/ϭpɢJM/GRҍ/Q7"“Ѥ͍çͪ”OЯѲ=mM5GĭӝÃTôϙpțчAleTOQl3e?mQ/#− 102 −

Reconstruction of Qafzeh 9 braincase and its endocast morphology
Osamu Kondo 1, Daisuke Kubo 2, Hiromasa Suzuki 3 and Naomichi Ogihara 4
1. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University ofTokyo
2. School of Health and Physical Education, University of Tsukuba
3. Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo
4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Keio University

In this paper, we compare the size and shape of the endocast of Qafzeh 9 with those of recent
humans and several fossil hominids. At the time of endocast reconstruction of the Qafzeh 9
accomplished by ourselves (Kondo et al. 2014), we recognized that the present reconstruction of the
Qafzeh 9 cranium suffers from a significant degree of R-L asymmetry, and tried to correct theobserved degree of deformation or distortion along the most variant direction against the normal
R-L asymmetry of recent human crania. In this situation, we aim to assess both of the original(Qaf9org) and the morphed (Qaf9def) versions of endocast for the Qafzeh 9 by comparing themwith those from a few fossil and recent human endocasts from Japanese and Australians.
Directly measured endocranial volumes (ECVs), 1411 cc for the original reconstruction and 1477 cc
for the morphed version, respectively, are smaller than previously published data (1531 cc,
Holloway et al., 2004) using least-square regression equations. Although the difference isstatistically significant by T-test, those estimated ECV values fit well within the gradual evolutionof the ECVs in genus Homo. After morphing, the endocast is higher at the middle cranial fossa andnarrower at the frontal lobe. The narrower frontal width, which is statistically significant, falls
within the range of the recent human variation, and it follows the trend of widening of frontal lobes
in the genus Homo.
Principal component analysis based on the endocranial measurements highlights the increase in theheight measurements for the morphed version (Qaf9def) endocast. Among the present comparative
samples, the Qafzeh 9 endocasts (both versions) fall the periphery in the variation range. The
position of the original version illustrates the significance of the endocranial heights (CH and EH).
After morphing, the position is exaggerated with the shift to the right-most end. Before accepting
this result, we should care about the morphing procedure, which was made on the small number ofanatomical landmarks. However, if we accept the morphing version of the endocast, that of the
Qafzeh 9 must have gained a higher brain, which would strengthen the taxonomic description as“quite-modern” status for this specimen.

− 103 −

s»·¾·áO͍͒áӝTx»}°T˼ѱ ―ĺӗĺҟTȥϒpȪĘAl ―Ǟˆ ӊ 1"˃ÛĴȒ 1"ƯҟϿѴ 2"˖͕Ήã 2"ЂŝͰҋ 2
1. ҲДŐΏƮǄˏЪĻǄэȐ
2. ɂȳϝƥƮǄ͏ǳǄҗ˨˕ǳǄΏ;maNT΀ΛN"omomUx»}°TȝɀRƝL/MĺӗĺҟTȥʖ\TάƐpɱ̠Alʖ̋pҮͧ½˙ж?M5G#ETπˇ"ĺӗĺҟO҈ŊĺҟTƦ͚pQAÄÊ
ȮĺƌTôϙp̅ǋAlÃN"ħ͂ϔű4ҐĮQµ»«¾N.l;O4ʠj3RQJ
G#«{·ΧT ·O|·NUÄÊȮĺ̤Oħ͂ϔűÄҗ4ѹɰ?M/lTR
ǚ?M"͍͒áӝTÄÊȮĺƌUħ͂ϔűÄҗikʲȽRȥʖR.k"ETȄƘѧӄUx»}°TĺӗȥӗҫT 6.3ӵRͱȜ?G#ʻ΀ΛNU;TôϙҰāps»·¾·áReҐ͔?M"ÊȮĺƌTôϙgĺӗĺӖƛӶͩѡpŷcӷTȝɀǄͪ́ȭp˼ѱ?G#s»·¾·áO͍͒áӝONU"ĺӗĺӖƛTȥϒOɱ̠=mGʔӍTӍΗRͱҍ4УjmG#ETӍΗTx»}°ǒΗRǚAlĿűU"͍͒áӝR˼?Ms»·¾·áNǞ=/ĒŴR.JG#;TɌУU"s»·¾·áR2/MĺӗĺҟT̂ȮȷQ/?ҎȮȷTύω҃ς4͍͒áӝikeҠͪRĶζ=mM/GŪϨȷp·Ƅ?M/l#− 104 −

Comparison of endocasts between Neanderthals and modern humans―Reconstruction of the caudal border of the prefrontal cortex―
Yasushi Kobayashi 1, Toshiyasu Matsui 1, Hideki Amano 2, Yusuke Morita 2,
Naomichi Ogihara 2
1. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, National Defense Medical College
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University

In our previous reports, we developed and evaluated the methodology to infer the caudal extent of
the prefrontal cortex based on the endocast morphology. We demonstrated that the coronal suture isa suitable landmark to locate the inferior precentral sulcus, which is located between the prefrontal
cortex and the premotor area. In monkeys and Hylobates, the inferior precentral sulcus or the lower
limb of the arcuate sulcus was located close to the inferior portion of the coronal suture. In contrast,
the location of the inferior precentral sulcus in modern humans was markedly caudal to the coronal
suture. The average distance between the sulcus and the suture was 6.3% of the fronto-occipital
length of the endocasts.
In the present study we applied this spatial relationship also to Neanderthals, and compared thelocation of the precentral sulcus as well as several morphological characteristics of the estimatedprefrontal region (including the white matter). Neanderthals and modern humans showed
differences in the cross sectional area of the estimated caudal border of the prefrontal region: thearea in proportion to the endocast volume tended to be lower in Neanderthals than in modern
humans. This implies that the afferent and efferent connections of the prefrontal cortex might belimited in Neanderthals.

− 105 −

ōͿӗЋTǋҠЪ˅TGdTȉùĪ͏ɔГTҮͧҋǰһƩ 1"Ѕ͕ǗÎ 2"ңʸǉ˯ 2"˖Ũʟ˦ 3"ЂŝͰҋ 4
1. ƮұƮǄ͑Ʀu¦¾³»u»»¾
2. ˂ßƮǄƮǄҶǳǄγ΀ΛΏ αǕǳǄǛʅ
3. ÊƲƮǄ͏ǳǄҗȻƠǳǄΏ
4. ɂɆϝƥƮǄ͏ǳǄҗ˨˕ǳǄΏʻ΀ΛTͯͪU"ōͿs»·¾·áQPTōͿӗЋp»¢±¾NǋҠͪRЪ˅
AlGdTɍ̋pɵþAl;ON.l#Ɉ$UӸʻͯͪpҌɇAlGdRӸ˪TӽKTɍ
̋pҮͧ?G#ÀKͯTɍ̋U"ˠ҂Ъ˅pĴ͔?Gӽ˪Ę͙ĕTӖƛĭ9ɍ̋N.l#;mUӸξbΡ
MjmM/lөpөʔ̽˻RĭӄAlɍ̋N.l#ƝʻͪQsusU"ˠ҂Ъ˅pĴ͔
?M"ˠ҂ͪRϩșQʔ̽TɰűҗpУK9l;ON.l#ʻ΀ΛNU"ÀϺͪQˠ҂Ъ˅NU²¾4Æ1lЁҞˀìgɝʿˀìp"Ʈa3QӖƛɣǋRikœϲŊō=Clɍ̋pɵ˔?G#ɵ˔ɍ̋Rik"»¢±¾ĤNōͿӗЋpĥξbΡMN5li0RQ
JG#
ØKͯTɍ̋U"CT ͙ĕ3jTʰƬ˹Ӎəīɍ̋N.l#ÀϺͪR"CT ͙ĕTª¶»ōU"ΧċӍpЭΫAl;ONВ0#?3?"ȬλQΜ̐eª¶»ō?M?a0#;Ti0QΜ̐U"ΧċӍTˠ҂pПӃR?"ȥĪ͏RȺȠӏpš_AƆӚ4.l#ʻ΀ΛNU"̀øTʰeƬďTӍTbpª¶»ōAlɍ̋pҮͧ?G#ɵ˔ɍ̋UӸȬλQΜ̐pӽ˪Ę͙ĕRǚAl¯·£y¹¾ɿúN˙ī?"ETҗĭT CT ċpɿúAl;ON"ETҗĭRΧċӍ4͒ɇ=mQ/i0RAl#;mRik"ӗЋTЗӍTbpª¶»ōAl;O4ŪϨOQJG#ÂKͯTɍ̋U"ϭҤƚª¶»Təīɍ̋N.l#ϭҤƚUӸӗЋTĤҗR.k"ōͿӗЋTϭȝ͂pɱǋAlҾRüoml#?3?"ӗЋTЛďR.lϭҤƚTbpª¶»NəīAl;OUƏӅN.JG#ʻ΀ΛNU"Watershed ̋RƝL7Μ̐TӖƛĭ9ɍ̋p
Үͧ?G#ɵ˔ɍ̋U"ϭҤƚ4ӗЋĤNʰƮTΜ̐N.lO/0ШǘRƝL5"ϲŊōpǍ͍?G#− 106 −

Development of geometry processing tools for quantitative analysis of fossil crania
Takashi Michikawa 1, Hiroyuki Hishida 2ӸHiromasa Suzuki 2, Masaki Moriguchi 3,
Naomichi Ogihara 4
1. Center for Environmental Innovation Design for Sustainability, Osaka University
2. Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo
3. Department of Information Engineering, Chuo University
4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University

The objective of this research is to provide tools for analyzing human crania including
Neandelthals. In this research, we developed the following three methods.
The first method is a segmentation of 3D images by using structural analysis fordecomposing assembled bones into a set of fragments. A basic idea is to find structurally
weak region by structural analysis and to decompose the images there. We proposed a
semi-automatic method for estimating constraint and loading conditions those are usually
defined by the users manually. This enables us to decompose fragments of fossil craniawith rough design of the boundaries and it makes possible to re-assemble the crania in
virtual space.
The second method is an outermost surface extraction method from CT images. In general,the polygonal data can be computed from CT images by isosurfaces of the scalar fielddefined by CT value. However, this approach usually creates small porosities inside themodel. These structures make the isosurfaces complicated. In addition, they often becomebottlenecks in post-processing. We developed a method for polygonizing only external
structure of the isosurfaces. The method finds small porosities by morphological operatorsand manipulates CT values at the porosity structure so that isosurfaces are not computed
there.
The last method is a polygon extraction method of endocast from CT images. The
endocasts exist inside the crania and they can be used for estimating the brain shape of the
crania. However, it is hard to extract them from the isosurfaces manually. We proposed an
automatic extraction method based on watershed segmentation of the empty space. Basedon observation that the endocast is largest empty space in the cranium, we automatized theextraction procedure.

− 107 −

ļøͪQȝ͂ƫȝRiḷˣѐ̱TѰĦ˖Ũʟ˦ 1"ҋǰһƩ 2"ңʸǉ˯ 3"ЂŝͰҋ 4"ѹЎ ą 5
1. ÊƲƮǄ͏ǳǄҗȻƠǳǄΏ
2. ƮұƮǄ͑Ʀu¦¾³»u»»¾
3. ˂ßƮǄƮǄҶǳǄγ΀ΛΏαǕǳǄǛʅ
4. ɂɆϝƥƮǄ͏ǳǄҗ˨˕ǳǄΏ
5. ˂ßƮǄƮǄҶ͏Ǆγ΀ΛΏ͒̀ΏǄǛʅ

Semi-landmark transfer using as-rigid-as-possible transformation
Masaki Moriguchi 1, Takashi Michikawa 2, Hiromasa Suzuki 3, Naomichi Ogihara 4,
Osamu Kondo 5
1. Department of Information and System Engineering, Chuo University
2. Center for Environmental Innovation Design for Sustainability, Osaka University
3. Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo
4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University
5. Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo− 108 −

ª¾ͧЗТʜ
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS΀ΛӓͯC02ʛá½ʕáTǄϞВŊRҰAlϭ˨Ϩ«¥Túɇ

Research Team C02
Functional Mapping of Learning Activities in
Archaic and Modern Human Brains− 109 −

ЭΫщͪЪĻǄRilȪĘӗЋөp͔/GϭȝɀȪĘ̆Ĥǩһε 1, 2"͕Ҕǉ˦ 3"ҫђǰƓƮ 3"ЂŝͰҋ 4
1. ːȔïΈƓҾӇ˾ҀĄƝ΅ɔГ΀ΛɌ
2. ϭȻƠҀĄόű΀ΛɌ
3. ųũǥƮǄƮǄҶ͑ƦǄ΀ΛΏ
4. ɂɆϝƥƮǄ͏ǳǄҗ˨˕ǳǄΏʻ΀Λ·¾¥U"s»·¾·TōͿϭTȝɀЪ˅πˇO͍͒áӝ¨¯½ ¢x»
Tϭ˨ϨƗƑOpσű?"ETҍ/3jÈϠTǄϞϨłǶp˙Ю?M/l#;Tͯͪp
ҌɇAlGdR"Ɉ$U͍͒áӝTϭ˨ϨƗƑps»·¾·TōͿϭ\Ħĕ?"˼ѱ˙ЮAlɍ̋TҮͧpВJM/l#;maNT C01 ͌O C02 ͌TġŲ΀ΛRiJM"
s»·¾·TȪĘōͿϭӗЋ CT ͙ĕ3jȨjmGӗЋ͙ĕgx»}°͙ĕO͍͒áӝT MRI ͙ĕ3jɱǋ?GӗЋ͙ĕgx»}°͙ĕp«»Al;ORiJM"͍͒áӝTϭ3js»·¾·TϭpƬɧ½ȪĘAl;ORɇŃ?G#=jR"ȪĘϭp͔/M"͍͒áӝOs»·¾·TүNϭȝɀTǋҠͪQ˼ѱpВ0ɍ̋"Surface displacement based morphometryӶSDBMӷpҮͧ?G#
ʻƠźNU";mjTʖ̋p͔/M"͍͒áӝOs»·¾·Tϭȝɀ˼ѱpВJG#
¾RU"͍͒áӝӶС̏á½˂̏ápŷc 1190 ĈøӷT MRI ͙ĕ"ıʷ͍͒áӝӶ4ĈøӷTȪĘϭ"s»·¾·TȪĘϭӶ3 Ĉøӷp͔/G#;mjTx»}°͙ĕ3jȄƘx»}°͙ĕpúɇ?"ŰĈøTx»}°͙ĕOȄƘx»}°͙ĕTүTƫôҠpЭΫ?G#;TƫôҠRǚ?M"ƭƫҠЪ˅̋T 1 KN.l
¨¶» T2 ˙ǋpǍʗ?MӶSDBM Ъ˅ӷ"͍͒áӝ vs. s»·¾·"ıʷ͍͒áӝ vs. s»·¾·T˼ѱpВ/"ϭȝɀTǶpзĀ?G#ETπˇ"͍͒áӝ > s»·¾·TӖƛӶѢͼśӷU"Ǟϭ"ӗӑЈN.JG#À
ʖ"s»·¾· > ͍͒áӝTӖƛӶӉͼśӷU"ĤďďӗӖƛ"ȥӗЈN.JG#
ıʷ͍͒áӝ > s»·¾·TӖƛӶѢͼśӷU"ǞϭTbN.JG#Àʖ"s»·¾· > ıʷ͍͒áӝTӖƛӶӉͼśӷU"ĤďďӗӖƛN.JG#âȥU"͍çáTоͽ˨ϨƗƑOʻπˇpǚȳ=CQ4j"ÈϠTϭ˨ϨǶRK/Mёщ?"ʰνͪRǄϞéуT˙жpВ0#− 110 −

− 111 −Neanderthals and modern humans using the BETESM and SDBM analyses. We used three fossil
skull CT images of Neanderthals, four fossil skull CT images of early modern humans, and 1190
MR images of modern humans. The multivariate Hotelling T2 statistics in the SDBM analysis wasused to compare the endocast morphology in in terms of contraction or expansion of endocast
surface.
Figure 1 shows the result of multivariate tests (upper column) for differences in the displacement
vectors (lower column) using the SDBM analyses. The comparison of endocast between 1190
modern humans and 3 Neanderthals showed some significant brain areas including bilateral parietal
cortices, occipital cortex, medial temporal region and cerebellum. Compared to the early modern
humans, Neanderthals showed morphological changes of endocast in medial temporal region andcerebellum. The colored arrows in figure 1 indicate 3D displacements from the modern human’s to
the Neanderthal’s endocast. The arrows in cerebellum are long and inward mean the smaller
cerebellum in Neanderthals compared to the early and current modern humans (red arrows). The
SDBM results also show the parietal shrinkage (red arrows) and the occipital and temporal
expansion (blue arrows) in the Neanderthal’s endocast.
In the final stage, we will explore the structural-functional relations using a combination of thecurrent approach along with the meta-analysis about social learning skills and creativity.

− 112 −

͍çáϭ˨ϨƗƑúɇ ―ΈïоͽϨłT¦¾O?MTġŲ̍ȽR29lǞϭTȡĿ ―
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Functional Brain Mapping of modern humans: The role of cerebellum in joint
attention as a base of social cognitive ability
Norihiro Sadato 1, Hiroki C. Tanabe 2
1. National Institute for Physiological Sciences
2. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Research team C02 assumes that ability of social cognition is one of the key factors to divide thefate of Neanderthals and Sapiens. We promote the exploring the neural mechanisms of social ability
using dual functional MRI system. Especially, we focused on the neural mechanisms of ‘joint
attention’, which seems to be the basis of the social cognitive ability. The results of our fMRI
studies showed that bilateral cerebellar hemisphere (lobule VI) were activated in both initiative andresponding to joint attention, whereas the cerebellar parasagittal region (Crus l) was activated onlyin the responding to joint attention. This suggests that cerebellum has at least two different roles
during joint attention. Moreover, our results of meta-analysis for neuroimaging studies of the social
cognition showed that lateral part of the cerebellum is activated in many of those studies. It
indicates that cerebellum plays a significant role for social cognition.

− 113 −

Ӡ5RǚAlǚĪɉ͝T΋οƝͮOŀ҂ȷOTҰ҃ʼ̔Ęà˂ŎƮǄńӳŐǄ΀ΛɌ

Ӡ5UϗkѺ=mlĸ̬gú˛RiJM"В̲½͂̉TȽϝpУīCQ7QJGO5Rȿ
@ĺʲTіTȿȻN.l#;TӠ5ȿȻ\TǚĪɉ͝O?M"Ɉ$UƬͪ͂̉.l/UĤͪ͂̉ӶϲĭTα΋͂ɀӷpƫ1lВŊpŦl#Ӡ5ǚĪ"́RĤͪɉ͝UӠ5T͂̉
RҰAlͽЦTĥˠέRҞТN.k"ŀ҂ȷOTҰā4ɱ̠=ml#ʻ΀ΛNUӼΕӝTӠ5ǚĪɉ͝T΋οƝͮO";mOŀ҂ȷOTҰāpʠj3R?G#ĎǿЙӧϠpǚєO?"MRI ÊNĦͶgτ͙QPTХЦĸ̬pҪўAlцӚO"ETĸ̬RǚAlӠ5ȿȻTΔȏpзĀAlцӚpÞÙRϗkѺ=CG#ʰӫȏTзĀRiJMʕ?/ĸ̬pТ̂AlҒɘ?GơűpƬͪɉ͝O?G#;TȥR 50ӵT΂͋NaGŲ@ĸ̬4ɵ·=mlơű4.k"ETҾRĤͪɉ͝4͔/jmlO?G#ÈǚĪɉ͝RҰAlϭ̑Ŋ4ϰĤďĺӗĺͬѡpƼdOAlͬѡĤďӖƛRУjmG#aG"Ĥͪɉ͝R29lȥǽ͂ͬѡ(PCC)šY
ŭďЩƌ(AG)T̑ŊUЙӧϠTŀ҂ȷȨ̱O˯ͱҰp·?G# T PCC O AC 4ϭT҄
ōҊΔTʺʷRͧҌAlO/0×ǍU"Ĥͪɉ͝4¨¯½ ¢x»Tŀ҂ȷRùj3T
ȡĿpˇGAŪϨȷpʃɢAleTN.n0#

The neural basis of coping strategies for boredom and their association with creativity
Motoaki Sugiura
Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University

Boredom is a negative feeling, which is felt when we lose meaning in an act or situation, during
repeated presentation of a stimulus or performance of a task. Two strategies for boredom coping aredefined: externally-oriented behavioral coping (BC) and internally-oriented cognitive coping (CC).
Boredom coping, especially of the CC type, is suggested to involve creativity, which is essential in
restructuring one’s perceptions of a boring situation. We investigated the neural correlates of BC
and CC strategies and their relationship with creativity. While undergoing functional magnetic
resonance imaging, subjects viewed repeated presentations of the same picture and rated theirdegree of boredom. For BC, the subjects could request a new picture by rating a maximal level ofboredom. However, there was a 50% chance they would have to view the same picture again, thus
requiring CC. We observed neural activation common to both coping strategies in the ventromedial
prefrontal cortex and other midline structures, which presumably reflected general coping strategies.
We also observed regional neural activation specifically associated with CC and positively
correlated with individual differences in creativity, in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and theright angular gyrus (AG). The fact that the human PCC and AG develop at the latest stage of thebrain evolution may be supportive of the role of CC in the creativity of Homo sapiens.

− 114 −

ϭ˨Ϩu®¾»¾T®Ъ˅Ril͍çáϭ˨Ϩ«¥TúɇҫђǰƓƮ 1"̆Ĥǩһε 2, 3"͕Ҕǉ˦ 1
1. ųũǥƮǄƮǄҶ͑ƦǄ΀ΛΏ
2. ATR ϭȻƠҀĄόű΀ΛɌ
3. ATR-Promotions ϭ̑Ŋu®¾»»ÞʯŁ¥¹w C02 ͌NU"ʛáʕáÞʯŁTТƍO?M"ÈϠTоͽ˨ϨǶR̍ͯ
?M/l#;mp˙ЮAlGdRU"s»·¾·OT˼ѱǚєO?M"aB͍çá
Tϭ˨Ϩ΀Λpόɡ?M27ȯТ4.l#aGɈ$TʰѹTЪ˅πˇNÈϠTϭȝɀǶ4
ǞϭRУjmG;O3j"ǞϭR29lоͽ˨ϨǣƖe˙ЮAlȯТ4.l#
E;Nʻ΀ΛNU"ѹȅTϭ˨Ϩu®¾»΀ΛTɇˇp Activation-likelihood Estimation
̋Rik®Ъ˅?"ÀϺͪQоͽ˨ϨpϊϚ?Gϭ˨ϨƗƑpúɇAl;OO?G#¾RU BrainMapӶwww.brainmap.orgӷp͔/"E;3jçЗͪQ 4 KTоͽ˨ϨӶ̍Ƚ"Ьр"ЯɄ"ΈïͪоͽӷRҰolЭ 3,882 ìTϭ˨Ϩu®¾»¾pəī?"®Ъ˅R͔/G#Ъ˅Tπˇ"̍Ƚ˨ϨRK/MUϧďĺҗǽ͂ƌgϧďĺӗĺҟQP 10 TӖƛ4"Ьр˨ϨRK/MU¤¹¾{ҟgvw·ҟQP 8 TӖƛ4"ЯɄR2/MU̗ӦgǬͬѡ
QP 29 TӖƛ4"ΈïͪоͽR2/MUĺӗĺͬѡĤďҗgďӗ-ӗӑπűҗQP 18 TӖƛT̑Ŋ4оdjmG#aGǞϭR2/MU̍Ƚ"Ьр"ЯɄR2/MƬďҗӖƛOTҰ
҃4·=mG#ΈïͪоͽR2/MU"âƌTЪ˅NUσЭͪRʲȽOUQjQ3JG4"ǞϭT̑ŊpƠź?G΀ΛUƭ7УjmG#;mjTπˇpƝR"PTi0Qоͽ˨Ϩ4
ÈϠT҈žpĭ9GT3RK/MȖ5χ5˙ЮAl#− 115 −

Meta-analysis of functional brain maps in modern humans employing
activation-likelihood estimation (ALE)
Kunihiro Hasegawa 1, Takanori Kochiyama 2, 3 , Hiroki C. Tanabe 1
1. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University
2. Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, ATR
3. Brain Activity Imaging Center, ATR-PromotionsIn the C02 project of the RNMH (Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans), we
hypothesized that the difference of cognitive functions between Homo neanderthalensis and Homosapiens promotes the replacement. To test this, we created functional topographic maps of thecognitive abilities in modern humans, employing an activation-likelihood estimation (ALE)
meta-analysis (www.brainmap.org/ale). The ALE is able to summarize the previous results of theneuroimaging studies, and to compensate the limitation of the single experiment study. The
BrainMap database (www.brainmap.org), which contains the results of the 3,882 fMRI experiments,
was used in the present study. We focused 4 major cognitive domains: attention, language, memory,and social cognition. As our recent results of comparative anatomical approach showed that themorphological differences in cerebellum between them, we also focused on the functionalcorrelation between cognitive functions and cerebellum.
The results of the meta-analysis showed that 10 cortical regions including dorsolateral prefrontal
cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, were defined as consistently activated in attention, while 8
cortical regions including Broca's and Wernicke's areas were defined as consistently activated inlanguage. Twenty-nine cortical regions including hippocampus and insula were defined asconsistently activated in memory. Regarding the social cognition, 18 cortical regions including
medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction were defined as consistently activated. We
also found that the lateral cerebellar cortex was consistently activated in attention, language, andmemory. Many studies reported the activation of the cerebellum in social cognition, although it was
not reached the statistical threshold in the present meta-analysis. Based on these findings, we
continue to examine which cognitive abilities are deeply correlated with their fate.

− 116 −

uTƢp͔/GΈïǄϞOĈøǄϞǶT˙жǍӧʢҟǂό 1"Âђɂư 2"Â̔Ͱ˦ 3"͕Ҕǉ˦ 4"ҫÛь̇ 5
1. ӫͽǳΏƮǄ­ǳǄϜ
2. ӫͽǳΏƮǄ
3. ˂Ŏǳ˛ƮǄǳǄҗ
4. ųũǥƮǄƮǄҶ͑ƦǄ΀ΛΏ
5. ˂ŎϽГǳΏƮǄɈ$U;maNŤȪ·¼r¹ºʖȔRilĽӄВŊʦTѭøŊú¾pЭ̠?Ъ˅pВ
JM5G#πˇ3jͿƊОúT҅ВRΈïǄϞOĈøǄϞ4ҰÆ?M/lŪϨȷ4·=m
G#
ʻ΀ΛNUЭ͙½҅В˨ϨpТAluTƢp͔/G fMRI ǍӧpВ/"ΈïǄϞOĈøǄϞRilϭ˨ϨǶTЪʠpͯͪOAl#ʻǍӧNTЙӧϠU'ΈïǄϞ·¾¥("'ĈøǄϞ·¾¥(aG'ǄϞQ?·¾¥(Tùm3Rǧ?G#3 ·¾¥ġRцӚĤǒ
UŲÀO?"цӚүR͟QlǄϞʖ̋NцӚǄϞpВJG#цӚĤǒU"MRI ĤNǛ͔T»¹¾µp͔/G 5 ˸TuTƢpЪ7цӚӶ3 ƆӚӸŰ 40 ΐӷp 5 иВǍʗ?G#;maNTǍӧNU"цӚʦTɿúƌʎgɿúʦүT£y¾«»πˇ3j"Ű·¾¥TǄϞT҄В"šY·¾¥үTǄϞRilǶ4Ш̠=mG#
âƌT fMRI Ъ˅3jӸaHĈáЪ˅¸¦·NU.l4ǄϞĺȥTϭѠ̑ǶO?M"ΈïǄϞ·¾¥RÃĺӗƌTѠ̑T̝И"ĈøǄϞ·¾¥RϷ͂ƌT̝И4΂о=mG#
ʻͧЗNU 3 ·¾¥<OTӂƎЪ˅RilπˇRK/MƠźAl#− 117 −

Verification experiment of social learning and individual learning using Tower of
Hanoi
Yukinobu Hoshino 1, Keita Mitani 2, Naoki Miura 3, Hiroki Tanabe 4, Kenji Nagai 5
1. School of Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology
2. Kochi University of Technology
3. Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology
4. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University
5. Tohoku University of Art & Design

In the previous report, we measured and analyzed 3D motion data by subject that has expert skillsof the recurrent Levallois method. Execution of stone-tool production was shown to concern with"social learning" and "individual learning" by our results.
In this study, our purpose is verification of difference between "social learning" and "individual
learning" from fMRI analysis. However, execution of stone-tool production in MRI is impossible,
so we focus attention on "Tower of Hanoi" as the task of execution function analysis. Participants
belonged to the “Social learning group”, “Individual learning group” or “Non learning group”. Task
contents of all groups were same, but learning contents of between tasks were different. As the task
detail, participants performed the task of Tower of Hanoi (3 problem, each 40 second) 5 times.
From the previous experiment results, operation count and operation interval time by each groups
were observed difference. Therefore, we think that each groups had the difference about progress oflearning and way of the plan.
In this fMRI analysis, social learning group had decrease of brain activation in the Superior frontal
gyrus, and individual learning group had decrease of brain activation in the Lingual gyrus, but thisresults is the individual analysis. In this poster session, we will report about the results by group
analysis of each group.

− 118 −

®Ъ˅RƝL7ҋĢü͔T΋οƝͮTɱǋÂ̔Ͱ˦˂Ŏǳ˛ƮǄǳǄҗʻ΀ΛNU"ʛá½ʕáүTǄϞВŊǶp΋οΏǄͪRʠj3RAlGdR"͍çáTǄϞ˨ϨƗƑpúО?"ЭΫ˨ЪĻǄ΀ΛRƝL5ɱǋ=mlʛá½ʕáүTϭȝɀǶOσűͪRёщAl×pͯͪR΀Λpɱ҄?M5G#ETÊNéR"ΈïǄϞTÀKTȝɀN.lˤĊǄϞRK/M"åϠTҋĢü͔pШǘAl͂̉pǚєRҰÆAl΋οƝͮTЪʠRŦkξqN5G#;maN΀ΛNUͿƊОúŊúTˤĊǄϞRҰÆAl΋οƝͮTɴ
īRK/M fMRI p͔/MВJG4"ʻƠźNUϭ˨ϨЭ̠΀ΛƠźRǚAl®Ъ˅ɍ̋p͔/M";maNT΋οΏǄͪжɟRƝL7ҋĢü͔T΋οƝͮTɴīpиbl#;maNRƠź=mGҋĢü͔TШǘ2iYˤĊRҰAlϭ˨ϨЭ̠΀Λpʐ͇¾¦¾3jťӂ?Gπˇ"ҋĢü͔TШǘ2iYˤĊRҰol΀Λ 19 Ϗ4ťӂ=mG#ťӂ=mGщʐR2/MƠź=mM/lϭ˨ϨЪ˅πˇ3jҋĢü͔TШǘцӚ2iYˤĊцӚpВJM/lҾTϭ̑ŊҗôTȐˣpəī?G#®Ъ˅RU Activation Likelihood
Estimation (ALE)p͔/M"əī=mGϭ̑ŊTȐˣRƝL5"ҋĢü͔RҰÆAl΋οƝͮTɴīpВJG#
ETπˇ"ǴďƬďĺӗͬѡ"Èďӗӑү̤Ӗƛ"ÈďÊďӗƌ"ŭďǞϭĺЈΧTӖƛRσЭͪʲȽQѠ̑4оdjmG#aGǴďƬďĺӗͬѡgǴďӗӑү̤ӖƛTѠ̑U"èĺRɴīpВJGŀ҂ȷT΋οƝͮOeġҀAlӖƛ4ǁƖAl×4оdjmG#aG
ǞϭTШǘ=mGʲȽQѠ̑ӖƛUɈ$TҊşT fMRI ΀ΛNƠź?G"ͿƊОúŊúTШǘR2/MǄϞOOeȒŊ4ƫōAlӖƛOÀϴ?M2k"ҋĢü͔ŊúTˤĊǄϞOț7ҰÆAlӖƛN.l×4·Ƅ=ml#ЭΫ˨ЪĻǄRƝL7ʛá½ʕáүTϭȝɀǶ˼ѱπˇ3j"ǞϭOӗӑЈRʲȽQȝɀǶ4оdjmG×3j";Ti0Q΋οƝͮ
RiJMЗ͍=mlоͽ˨ϨTǶ͟4"ʛá½ʕáүTǄϞВŊTǶOQJGŪϨȷ4·Ƅ=ml#− 119 −

Functional brain map of human’s tool-use; meta-analysis for neuroimaging data
Naoki Miura
Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology

In this research project, we investigated to clarify the functional map of human learning behavior
for discussing the difference of cognitive capability relating the learning behavior between the
Neanderthals and modern humans based on the morphological differences of brain. Especially, we
have examined to elucidate the neural substrate of imitation learning which is a kind of social
learning. For this research objective, our previous fMRI experiment has revealed that neuralsubstrate of observation learning for bodily action of Mousterian stone-tool making. And, thepresent report conducted a meta-analysis for neuroimaging data to obtain the robust findings forneural substrate of tool-use.
Nineteen neuroimaging research reports about observation or imitation of tool-use were collectedfrom several citation databases. Coordinates of activation foci relating experimental task ofobservation and imitation for tool-use action were extracted. And, a meta-analysis using Activation
Likelihood Estimation method was performed to depict the functional maps of tool-use.
The result showed that significant activated regions were observed on the bilateral prefrontal cortex,
intraparietal sulcus region, middle temporal gyrus, and right cerebellar anterior lobule. And, parts ofactivation clusters of left prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus were overlapped with neuralsubstrates of creative thinking obtained by our previous study. Furthermore, the activation clusteron right cerebellar anterior lobule was located on similar region with our previous fMRI finding
about learning-related activation during observation of stone-tool making and it is indicated that thisregion is related to imitation learning of tool-use. From the result of computational anatomy for the
Neanderthals and modern humans, cerebellum and parietal cortex has morphological difference
between two species. Thus, those findings imply that those morphological and functional
differences may represent the difference of learning behavior between he Neanderthals and modern
humans.

− 120 −

ǄϞȽˬ2iY͡ňϡȷT΋οƝͮOϭȝɀȻƠ˿ҟ ʍ͏ōǄ΀ΛɌµu£ ux»ɔГƝͮ΀Λ»¾ĎȒ½ͣɀΏǄ΀Λ¾­
ƮұǹΡƮǄƮǄҶŐǄ΀ΛΏ͡ňŐǄэȐ͍͒áӝpǚєO?G΋οȮ͏Ǆͪɍ̋RƝL7ΈïǄϞOĈøǄϞTϭǣƖO"ōͿϭȪĘRilETϭӖƛTȝɀǶT˼ѱ˙ЮRik"s»·¾·áӶʛáӷOʕáTǄϞϨłǶTΡж4ʷȣN5l#ȜкӖƛ΀ΛӶRNMH ¥¹wӷU"΀ΛҮƼȜı"ΈïǄϞR2/MˤĊǄϞT΋οƝͮ"ĈøǄϞR2/MǄϞĶȩӶțōǄϞӷT΋οƝͮp¾O?M/l#=jR"ĈøǄϞR2/M"ǄϞTțōƍǀO?MΈïƠҚӶåϠ3jTɓо½ўѝӷpɤ:"ETŉˇp˙жAl¯·pɵ˔?M/l#ʻ΀ΛNU"=jR"åTǄϞTțōƍǀO?M"ǄϞВŊRͰπAlǄϞȽˬO͡ňϡȷpɤ:"ǄϞȽˬO͡ňϡȷRilțōǄϞT΋οƝͮRK/M˨Ϩͪ΃˾ġӯ͙ĕ̋
ӶfMRIӷp͔/Mʠj3RAl;OpͯͪOAl#;maNT΀Λ3j"ǄϞȽˬҰ҃ϭҗô4ύˀøR.l;Opʠj3R?G#aG"ǄϞȽˬOЗЛÀøTҰāR.l͡ňU"ύˀøT̑ȷõÄpȖ5ѣ;A;Oeb1M5G#=jR"ĤďĺӗĺҟUȽˬg͡ňȿ
QPTȿȻĶȩRҰolϭҗôN.l;Oeo3JM5G#=jR"ǄϞȽˬO͡ňTҰȮϭӖƛTȝɀͪĈáǶ"Kak"ǄϞȽˬg͡ňO̯ͩѡøΗҠTҰ҃ȷRK/M˙Ю?GO;n"ɇáR29lďӗЈTøΗUǄϞȽˬTΔȏRͱҰ?"ӗӑЈTÀҗN.l˚ĺҗOĺӗĺҟTøΗU͡ňȏOͱҰ?G#aG"ȵʤʷTǀPeR2/MeɇáOŲˢ"˚ĺҗO͡ňTͱҰȷ4bjmG#
Àʖ"RNMH ¥¹wR29lЂŝO͕ҔRilȪĘϭ΀ΛR2/M"ʛáR˼]ʕ
áNUǞϭOӗӑЈTøΗ4Ʈ57"ȥӗЈTøΗ4Ǟ=/;O4ʠj3OQJG#om
omT΀ΛNȨjmGǄϞȽˬO͡ňϡȷpąӡγO?GǄϞϨł2iYϭȝɀRҰAlͽУOʻͽУpʀkűoCϟǘAlO"͍͒áӝR29l͡ňϡȷłUӗӑЈTÀҗN.
l˚ĺҗT̯ͩѡøΗRҰ҃Al;O3j"ʛáTӗӑЈTõøΗUʛáT͡ňϡȷł4
õ3JG;Op·ƄAl#aG"ʕápǚєRº¾}»®¯¶цӚ҅ВÊT΋ο̑ŊŊ
ɀp fMRI RikзĀ?GO;n"ǞϭTƬďҗR29l΋ο̑ŊҠUº¾}»®¯¶
TіЁҠRÿǁ?ÃʞAl;O4ʠj3OQJG#ʛáOʕáүTǞϭTøΗǶ3j"Ǆ
ϞOǕɰRҰ҃Alº¾}»®¯¶˨ϨU"ʕáT^04ʛáikeėmM/G;Op·ƄAl#ʻ΀ΛO RNMH ¥¹wTАű΀ΛU"ϭȝɀǶRƝL7͡ňϡȷ2iYº¾}»®¯¶T˨ϨǶ4ʕáOʛáTÞʯŁpȖ5ѣ;?GʕGQŪϨȷpǝ/G#− 121 −

Neural and structural substrate associated with motivation to learn and fatigue
Kei Mizuno
Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center forLife Science Technologies;
Department of Medical Science on Fatigue, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine

The difference of learning abilities is expected to be demonstrated by elucidating the brain regions
involved in social and individual learning of the modern humans using neuropsychological methods
and comparing the differences of brain regions between them based on the reconstruction of fossilof ancient human brain. For the first of study, the study project of RNMH is focusing on the neuralbases of imitative learning in social learning and of learning control (enforced learning) inindividual learning. In addition, in individual learning, social rewards, such as acceptance andacclaim from the significant others, are setting as a reinforcement factor for learning, and averification model of the effects of social rewards on learning are suggesting.
In the present study, we set motivation to learn and ability of fatigue resistance as anotherreinforcement factors for learning. We investigated neural bases associated with the enforced
learning affected by motivation to learn and fatigue resistance using functional magnetic resonanceimaging (fMRI). Our previous studies revealed that the brain region involved in motivation to learn
is the striatum; fatigue, which is inextricably linked to motivation to learn, induces the decrease instriatal activation, and the medial prefrontal cortex is related to emotional control such as
motivation and fatigue sensation. In addition, we investigated the individual differences in modern
human’s brain morphology, gray-matter volumes in region of interests of motivation and fatigue,and found that volumes of temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex and precuneus (a part of parietal
cortex) in adults were associated with the extents of motivation to learn or fatigue. In children andadolescents, the volume of precuneus was also correlated with fatigue level.
On the other hand, Ogihara and Tanabe form the RNMH project revealed an increase in volumes ofparietal cortex and cerebellum and a decrease in that of occipital cortex in ancient humans. The
ability of fatigue resistance was involved in the volume of precuneus based on our findings, andthus, the smaller precuneus volume in ancient humans implies a reduction of the ability for fatigue
resistance. We evaluated neural activities during a working memory task with fMRI in modern
humans and revealed the increased activities of the lateral side of cerebellum depending on thememory load, suggesting that working memory function, which closely related to learning
performance, in modern humans are greater than that in ancient humans. In conclusion, thecollaborative study with our study and the RNMH project lead to a new concept for differences ofbrain functions based on differences of brain structures between modern and ancient humans,
namely, differences of functions of fatigue resistance and working memory between them may
induce the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans.

− 122 −

Memo

− 123 −

Memo

− 124 −

Author Index

ӉʸĎÀ
Ӊˌ˯Ф
Ѣ̫ ƾ
ҳҗȞǀ
ƯҟϿѴ
ʕÛɎØ
Ϳ͕ Ϥ
âʾ Ѝ
ƮͿӴư
Ʈ̊ ǯ
Ʈ˖њÎ
ЂŝͰҋ
ǞŨ ӫ
ńЎřʐ
ҬϪсØ
ÓÛòǂ
ǰȂΖӫ
ʸʾàã
ÍăƮѳ
Π͕Ȇǀ
̆Ĥǩһε
Ǟˆ ӊ
Ǟˆ ѓ
Ǟǩ ˯
ѹЎ ą
ѹЎȒÍ
ǋЎФȗ
÷ҟŋǉ
ʼ̔Ęà
ңʸǉ˯
Ɣ͕̕ů
Ӭć η
ӫ͕ ʠ
ӫ˧ҕ͒
͕Ҕǉ˦
ǙǮΌʠ
ҫÛь̇
ë͕Ʈá
ҫ̈˯˦
СΎϻǉ

Ӷ Aoki, KenichiӷӶ Aoyagi, MasanoriӷӶ Akazawa, TakeruӷӶ Abe-Ouchi, AyakoӷӶ Amano, HidekiӷӶ Arai, SaijiӷӶ Ishida, HajimeӷӶ Imamura, Kaoruӷ
Ӷ O’ishi, RyoutaӷӶ Oizumi, Ryoӷ
Ӷ Omori, Takayukiӷ
Ӷ Ogihara, Naomichiӷ

23
5
8-14
17-19, 92, 95, 96-97, 98
100-101, 104-105
38-39
100-101
54-57
92, 95, 96-97, 98
80
17-19, 38-39, 93-94, 96-97
27-29, 100-101, 102-103, 104-105, 106-107, 108,110-112
Ӷ Oguchi, Takashiӷ
17-19, 96-97
Ӷ Kato, Hirofumiӷ
49
Ӷ Kadowaki, Seijiӷ
21-22, 40-41, 96-97
Ӷ Kamei, Nobutakaӷ
58-62
Ӷ Kawahata, Hodakaӷ 17-19, 95
Ӷ Kimura, Ryosukeӷ
81-82, 85-88
Ӷ Kubo, Daisukeӷ
100-101, 102-103
Ӷ Kubota, Sachikoӷ
63-66
Ӷ Kochiyama, Takanoriӷ 110-112, 115-116
Ӷ Kobayashi, Yasushiӷ 104-105
Ӷ Kobayashi, Yutakaӷ 83
Ӷ Koyama, Tadashiӷ
67-68
Ӷ Kondo, Osamuӷ
100-101, 102-103, 108Ӷ Kondo, Yasuhisaӷ
17-19, 34-35, 40-41, 96-97
Ӷ Sadato, Norihiroӷ
113
Ӷ Sano, Katsuhiroӷ
40-41, 93-94, 96-97
Ӷ Sugiura, Motoakiӷ
114
Ӷ Suzuki, Hiromasaӷ
102-103, 106-107, 108
Ӷ Sonoda, Kojiӷ
69-71
Ӷ Takakura, Junӷ42-43
Ӷ Takada, Akiraӷ72
Ӷ Takahashi, Kunioӷ
98Ӷ Tanabe, Hiroki C.ӷ
30, 100-101, 110-112, 113, 115-116, 117-118
Ӷ Terashima, Hideakiӷ 24-25
Ӷ Nagai, Kenjiӷ
44-45, 117-118
Ӷ Nakata, Hirotoӷ
38-39, 46-48
Ӷ Naganuma, Masakiӷ 40-41, 49, 96-97
Ӷ Nishiaki, Yoshihiroӷ 15-16, 38-39, 40-41, 96-97− 125 −

І
Іҟ
ҟ ̊
̊
Ӷ
ӶHagino,Hagino,Izumiӷ
Izumiӷ
73-74
73-74
ҫ
ҫђ
ђǰ
ǰƓ
ƓƮ
Ʈ
Ӷ
ӶHasegawa,
Hasegawa,Kunihiroӷ
Kunihiroӷ 110-112,
110-112,115-116
115-116
ʝ
ʝǰ
ǰʉ
ʉÎ
Î
Ӷ
ӶHayakawa,
Hayakawa,Toshiyukiӷ
Toshiyukiӷ31
31
ʫ̎
̎͗
͗
Ӷ
ӶHigurashi,
Higurashi,Yasuoӷ
Yasuoӷ
50-51
50-51
ʚ
ʚʫ
͕Ǘ
ǗÎ
Î
Ӷ
ӶHishida,
Hishida,Hiroyukiӷ
Hiroyukiӷ 106-107
106-107
Ѕ
Ѕ͕
ʢ
ʢҟ
ҟǂ
ǂό
ό
Ӷ
ӶHoshino,
Hoshino,Yukinobuӷ
Yukinobuӷ 117-118
117-118
ƞ
ƞĤ
ĤŬ
Ŭʴ
ʴ
Ӷ
ӶHoriuchi,
Horiuchi,Shiroӷ
Shiroӷ
84
84
ÛĴ
ĴȒ
Ȓ
Ӷ
ӶMatsui,
Matsui,Toshiyasuӷ
Toshiyasuӷ 104-105
104-105
˃
˃Û
̔Ͱ
Ͱ˦
˦
Ӷ
ӶMiura,Miura,Naokiӷ
Naokiӷ
117-118,
117-118,119-120
119-120
Â
Â̔
Â
Âʸ
ʸĎ
ĎМ
М
Ӷ
ӶMiki,
Miki,Takehiroӷ
Takehiroӷ
38-39
38-39
˿
˿ҟ
ҟ ʍ
ʍ
Ӷ
ӶMizuno,Mizuno,Keiӷ
Keiӷ
121-122121-122ђɂɂưưӶӶMitani,
Mitani,Keitaӷ
Keitaӷ
117-118
117-118
Â
Âђ
ǰһ
һƩ
Ʃ
Ӷ
ӶMichikawa,
Michikawa,Takashiӷ
Takashiӷ 106-107,
106-107,108
108
ҋ
ҋǰ
ʾ
ʾǩ
ǩѕ
ѕÎ
Î
Ӷ
ӶMurayama,
Murayama,Sadayukiӷ
Sadayukiӷ100-101
100-101Ũʟʟ˦˦ӶӶMoriguchi,
Moriguchi,Masakiӷ
Masakiӷ 106-107,
106-107,108
108
˖
˖Ũ
˖
˖͕
͕Ή
Ήã
ã
Ӷ
ӶMorita,Morita,Yusukeӷ
Yusukeӷ104-105
104-105ĤưưҖҖӶӶYamauchi,
Yamauchi,Taroӷ
Taroӷ
73-74,
73-74,75-76
75-76
ǩ
ǩĤ
ǩ
ǩÃ
Ã˟
˟ǀ
ǀ
Ӷ
ӶYamagami,
Yamagami,Eikoӷ
Eikoӷ
77-78
77-78
Ũâ
âʚ
ʚǀ
ǀ
Ӷ
ӶYamaguchi,
Yamaguchi,Kyokoӷ
Kyokoӷ 85-88
85-88
ǩ
ǩŨ
Ė ȟ
ȟ
Ӷ
ӶYogi,
Yogi,AkiraӷAkiraӷ
100-101
100-101
ϵ
ϵĖ
˥
˥ǩ
ǩΉ
Ήģ
ģ
Ӷ
ӶYokoyama,
Yokoyama,Yusukeӷ
Yusukeӷ 17-19,
17-19,95
95
͕ Θ
Θ
Ӷ
ӶYoneda,Yoneda,Minoruӷ
Minoruӷ
17-19,
17-19,93-94,
93-94,96-97
96-97
ί
ί͕
ҟŢ
ŢÀ
ÀҖ
Җ
Ӷ
ӶWakano,Wakano,Joe
JoeYuichiroӷ
Yuichiroӷ8989ϾϾҟOtabekOtabekAripdjanov
Aripdjanov
38-39
38-39
Wing-Le
Wing-LeChan
Chan
92,
92,95,
95,96-97,
96-97,98
98
Stephen
StephenP.
P.Obrochta
Obrochta
95
95
RustamRustamSuleymanov
Suleymanov
38-39
38-39

− 126 −