Platax 20: 67-77, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0006

Discovery of a second juvenile of the rare flatfish Plagiopsetta
glossa (Pleuronectiformes: Samaridae) from the East China Sea
Kota Obata1*, Toshio Kawai1, and Gento Shinohara2,3
1

Faculty / Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3–1–1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041–
8611, Japan2

Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan

3

The Hokkaido University Museum, Kita 10-jo Nishi 8-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0841, Japan*

Corresponding author. Email: obata.kota.z1@elms.hokudai.ac.jp

Abstract
The morphology and coloration of a juvenile of the tongue flatfish Plagiopsetta glossa
Franz, 1910 are described in detail herein based on a single specimen of 22.0 mm standard
length (SL) collected at 45 m in the East China Sea off Kerama Islands, Japan. The
coloration of the late stage juvenile differs from that of a previously reported early stage
juvenile of 10.0 mm SL. We also found differences in morphology and coloration between
this juvenile and adults; namely, the ocular-side scales are far less ctenoid in the juvenile.
Additionally, the body is less prominently pigmented on the ocular side in the juvenile, andyellow spots are only present on the unpaired fins of the juvenile. Finally, this juvenile lackpectoral fin banding on the ocular side, whereas adults are characterized by some dark crossbands. These observations suggest that scale morphology and coloration of P. glossa
change during the transition from the late juvenile to the adult stage.
Keywords: Actinopterygii, biodiversity, Kerama Islands, lateral line, taxonomy
1982; Cooper et al., 1994; Nakabo, 2002;

Introduction

Park et al., 2007; Yamada et al., 2007;

The tongue flatfish Plagiopsetta

Jeong, 2017). Larval (Sasaki & Uyeda,

glossa Franz, 1910, which belongs to the2002) and adult stages (e.g., Franz, 1910;

family Samaridae, is known from depths

Kuronuma, 1940; Shen, 1982; Cooper etof 65–220 m in tropical to temperateal., 1994; Mihara & Amaoka, 1995) havewaters off southern Japan, South Korea,

been described in detail. However, only

Taiwan, southern China, Philippines, andlimited knowledge exists on juveniles

off the east coast of Australia (e.g., Shen,(Minami, 1988, 2014).
67

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In 2019 a single specimen of afollows Voronina (2009). The definition

juvenile P. glossa was collected at 45 m

for “juvenile stage” of Kendall et al. (1984)

from the East China Sea off Kerama

was adopted.

Islands, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. We

Results

describe its morphology and coloration indetail herein and compare these featureswith those of another juvenile, as well as

Plagiopsetta glossa Franz, 1910

adult specimens.

⾆形斜頷鰈(Fig. 1; Table. 1)

Materials and methods
The present specimen is deposited inMaterial examined. NSMT-P 134468,

the Department of Zoology, National

22.0 mm SL, sex unknown, East China Sea,

Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba,

specifically off the southern coast ofJapan (NSMT); comparative specimens

Nagannu Island, Kerama Islands, Ryukyu

have been curated in the fish collection ofIslands,

the(26°14.60′N 127°32.41′E to 26°14.69′N

Hokkaido

University

Museum,Hakodate, Japan (HUMZ).
CountsandOkinawa

Prefecture,Japan

127°32.40′E), 45 m depth, 26 May 2019,
proportional

dredge, R/V Toyoshio-maru (Hiroshimameasurements follow Hubbs and Lagler

University).

(1958) except that all dorsal, anal andComparative materials. HUMZ 37129,

caudal-fin rays were counted individually,

51.7 mm SL, male, Mimase fish market,

snout length was measured from the

Kochi Prefecture, Japan, date unknown;anterior margin of the orbit of the non-

HUMZ 48065, 121.6 mm SL, male,migrated eye to the anterior tip of the upper

Mimase fish market, Kochi Prefecture,jaw, and the length of the middle caudal-

Japan, 11 Oct. 1972; HUMZ 58700, 102.3

fin ray was measured from the ray’s basemm SL, male, Mimase fish market, Kochi

to its distal tip. Vertebral counts werePrefecture, Japan, 24 Oct. 1976; HUMZ

determined from a radiograph and are

79911, 143.2 mm SL, male, off Owase,

expressed as abdominal + caudal vertebrae.

Mie Prefecture, Japan, 85 m depth, 11

All measurements were made to thedivider. Standard length and head length

Dec. 1978.
Description of the 22 mm SL juvenile(NSMT-P 134468).

are abbreviated as SL and HL, respectively.

Meristic data. Dorsal-fin rays 71;

nearest 0.1 mm with digital calipers and aanal-fin rays 50; pectoral-fin rays 8;

Terminology of sensory pores on the head
68

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69

F
Unpigmented
Slightly pigmented
AbsentAbsentPresent
Absent––AbsentUnpigmented
Unpigmented

–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Weakly ctenoid
Weakly ctenoid
Cycloid and weakly ctenoid
Cycloid
Scaleless
Incomplete
AbsentUnpigmented
Partially pigmented
Present
Present
Present
Present
Unpigmented
Present
AbsentUnpigmented
Unpigmented

10.0

22.0

Minami (1988, 2014)
44.5–172and present studies

AdultsUnpigmented or feebly pigmented
Whole pigmented––––
Pigmented
AbsentPresent
Pigmented
Unpigmented

Ctenoid
Ctenoid
Weakly ctenoid
Weakly ctenoid
Scaly
Complete
Absent or incomplete

Previousa-n– No data; aFranz (1910), bKuronuma (1940), c-dShen (1982, 1984), eSakamoto (1984a), fCooper et al. (1994), gMihara andAmaoka (1995), hPark et al. (2007), i-jYamada et al. (2007, 2009), kLiu et al. (2014), lIkeda and Nakabo (2015), mJeong (2017),
and nAmaoka (2020).

SL (mm)Morphology
Scales on ocular side of head
Scales on ocular side of body
Scales on blind side of head
Scales on blind side of body
Middle of body on both sides
Ocular-side lateral line
Blind-side lateral line
Coloration
Ocular side of snout
Ocular side of body
Vertical band ventral to pectoral-fin baseLarge blotch on middle of body
Small, faint blotch on posterior body
Vertical band on caudal peduncle
Blind side of body
Yellow spots on unpaired fins (when fresh)
Bands on pectoral fin
Ocular-side pelvic fin
Blind-side pelvic fin

NSMT-P 134468

Juveniles

Tab. 1. Comparison of select morphological features and coloration of juveniles and adults of Plagiopsetta glossa.

doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0006

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pelvic-fin rays 5 in both ocular- and blind-

Body laterally compressed, elliptical,

side fins; caudal-fin rays 16; lateral line

and deepest at midpoint (Fig. 1). Headscales on ocular side unquantifiable due tosmall, the dorsal profile gently sloping

incompleteness of lateral line; vertebrae

anteriorly; head length on ocular side

11+28.

slightly smaller than on blind side. Dextral

Measurements (% SL). HL 26.7 oneye large, not covered by scales, andocular side, 29.3 on blind side; body depth

separated from its counterpart by a narrow,

39.2; snout length 5.6; upper eye diameterscaleless bony ridge; dorsal margin of

10.4; lower eye diameter 9.7; upper jaw

upper orbit almost reaching dorsal profile

length 8.8 on ocular side and 8.6 on blindof head; anterior margins of both eyes

side; lower jaw length 13.4 on ocular side

nearly on same vertical line; sizes of bothand 12.5 on blind side; pectoral fin lengtheyes almost equal. Two nostrils on ocular

21.5; pelvic fin length 14.7 on ocular side

side; anterior nostril a long tube with its

and 14.3 on blind side; pelvic fin baseanterior

length 5.6 on ocular side and 5.4 on blind

depressed

side; caudal peduncle length 8.8; caudal

nostril a shorter tube, situated just anterior

peduncle depth 13.0; middle caudal-fin ray

to interorbital bony ridge. Two nostrils on

26.2.

blind side: minute and without tubes; bothtipreaching

maxillaantero-ventrally;whenposterior

Additional measurements (in SL or

nostrils situated at same horizontal level.

HL). HL on ocular side 3.7 in SL and 3.4

Two supraorbital canal pores on ocularon blind side; body depth 2.6 in SL; snout

side (absent on blind side). Mouth oblique;length 4.8 in HL; upper eye diameter 2.6

anterior tip of premaxilla anterior to upper

in HL; lower eye diameter 2.7 in HL;margin of lower orbit; maxilla extending

interorbital width 30.8 in HL; upper jaw

below anterior margin of lower eye, notlength on ocular side 3.0 in HL and 3.4 onreaching below middle of lower eye; teeth

blind side; lower jaw length on ocular sidebiserial anteriorly and uniserial posteriorly

2.0 in HL and 2.3 on blind side; pectoral-on all jaws; minute conical teeth in outer

fin length 4.7 in SL; pelvic-fin length onrows, moderate to minute conical teeth inocular side 6.8 in SL and 7.0 on blind side;

inner rows on all jaws. Vomer and palatine

pelvic-fin base length on ocular side 18.0

toothless. Gill rakers on first arch

in SL and 18.6 on blind side; caudal

rudimentary on both limbs of both sides.

peduncle length 11.4 in SL; caudal

Gill membranes connected with one

peduncle depth 7.7 in SL; middle caudal-

another. Scales weakly ctenoid on ocular

fin ray 3.8 in SL.

side (albeit cycloid on basal caudal fin);
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Platax 20: 67-77, 2023
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Fig. 1. Ocular side (A) and blind side (B) of a fresh juvenile of Plagiopsetta glossa.
NSMT-P 134468, 22.0 mm SL, East China Sea off Kerama Islands, Okinawa Prefecture,
Japan. Scale bars indicate 5 mm. Photographs taken by G. Shinohara.
cycloid on blind side except for single

orbit on ocular side; dorsal-fin origin

weakly ctenoid scale on cheek; snout, jaws,

dorsal to premaxilla on blind side andmid-part of body, and fins (except for basal

anterior to vertical line through anteriorcaudal fin) scaleless on both sides. Lateral

nostril; dorsal-fin membrane originating

line on ocular side incomplete, without

on blind side behind upper jaw and not

pored scales on middle of body; lateral line

covering nostrils. Anal-fin origin slightly

absent on blind side.

posterior to anus; anal-fin membrane not

Dorsal-fin origin anterior to upper

connected

71

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to

pelvic-fin

membranes.

Platax 20: 67-77, 2023
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Pectoral fin on ocular side moderate in size,

blind side of dorsal fin marbled with 11

not reaching middle of body; dorsal-mostwhite spots along base. Ocular side of anal

ray longest and eighth ray shortest on

fin black with white margin and sevenocular side; no pectoral fin on blind side.

yellow spots along base; blind side of anal

Pelvic fins small and sub-symmetrical;

fin marbled, with seven white spots along

first ray on ocular-side pelvic fin slightly

base. Ocular side of caudal fin blackanterior to first ray of blind-side fin; third

except for gray base and white margin

ray longest in both pelvic fins. All dorsal-,(with single, faint, yellow, V-shaped line);anal-, pectoral-, and pelvic-fin rays simple

blind side of caudal fin gray anteriorly andand unbranched. Caudal fin short andmarbled posteriorly (with white margin);rounded; all caudal-fin rays bifurcatedupper- and lower-most areas of caudal fin

except for upper- and lower-most two (i.e.,(behind blind side caudal-fin base) withsimple rays). Anus on midventral line

two white spots.

between pelvic and anal fins.

Coloration in alcohol.

Coloration of fresh specimen (based onwhite on ocular side; pelvic fin black on

photograph; Fig. 1).

Body pigmented

ocular side; yellow bands or spots absent

partially on ocular side and unpigmented

on dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. Coloration

on blind side; body white on ocular side,of other parts similar to that of freshwith single vertical black band ventral tospecimen.

pectoral-fin base; single, large, black

Remarks. Minami (1988: 953, 954)

blotch on middle of body; single, faint,presented a single-line illustration (drawn

small, black blotch on posterior part ofby Muneo Okiyama) with a brief

body; single, vertical, black band on

description of a 10.0 mm SL juvenile

caudal peduncle; blind side of body white.

under the name of Poecilopsetta plinthus.

Eyes blackish gray; anterior rim of both

However, Uyeda and Sasaki (2001)

orbits black. Snout, upper and lower jaws,

determined

and isthmus white. Cheek yellowish-

incorrectly identified and should insteadbrown on ocular side and white on blindbe P. glossa. We agree with this correction,side. Pectoral fin grayish white, with

and, in fact, Minami’s (1988) specimen issingle black dot distally. Pelvic fin yellow

very similar to the present juvenile inwith single, vertical, black band on ocularpossessing the following features: longer

side; blind-side pelvic fin white. Ocularnasal tube present in the anterior nostril,side of dorsal fin black with white margin

dorsal-fin origin anterior to upper orbit,

and featuring 11 yellow spots along base;and a single, faint, small blotch present on
72

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specimenwasPlatax 20: 67-77, 2023
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the posterior part of the body (unnumbered

Cooperfig. in Minami, 1988: 954; unnumbered fig.

Amaoka,1995). Accordingly, we identified

in Minami, 2014: 1479; Table 1). On thethis juvenile as P. glossa.

other hand, the present specimen is

We found the following morphologicaldifferent from Minami’s juvenile in its

differences between the present juvenile

coloration: 1) a single, vertical band

and adult specimens (Table 1; Franz, 1910;

present ventral to the pectoral-fin base inKuronuma, 1940; Cooper et al., 1994;

the present juvenile vs. no band (and only

Mihara & Amaoka, 1995): 1) scalesa few melanophores present ventral to theweakly ctenoid on ocular side and mostly

base of the pectoral fin) in Minami’s

cycloid on blind side in the present

juvenile; 2) a single, large blotch present

juvenile (vs. ctenoid on ocular side andon the middle of the present juvenile’s

mostly weakly ctenoid on blind side inbody (neither blotches nor melanophores

adults); and 2) middle of body and middle

were seen on the Minami’s juvenile); 3) aof both sides of caudal fin scaleless (vs.

single, vertical band on the former’s

scaly). Additionally, the coloration of thecaudal peduncle (vs. no band in thepresent juvenile when fresh is also

Minami’sinsteaddifferent from that of adult specimens,presented a patch of melanophores on the

judging from the figures in the previous

dorsal and ventral margins of the caudal

studies (pl. 318-F in Sakamoto, 1984a; figs.

peduncle); and 4) pigmented dorsal and438-24a, c & 440-5 in Shen, 1984; fig. 2Banal fins (those of Minami’s juvenile

in Park et al., 2007; pl. 48-3 in Yamada etunpigmented, except for dark blotchesal., 2007; pl. 539 in Yamada et al., 2009;

along a horizontal line on each fin; Table

fig. 176 in Liu et al., 2014; pl. 236-6 in

1). These differences seem to be related to

Ikeda & Nakabo, 2015; unnumbered fig. inage: the present juvenile and Minami’sJeong, 2017; unnumbered fig. in Amaoka,

juvenile are possibly at the late and early2020): 1) body partially pigmented

juvenile stages, respectively, judging fromwithout ocelli on ocular side in the present

their sizes (22.0 vs. 10.0 mm SL).

juvenile (vs. entire ocular side pigmented

Comparison of juvenile and adults.

with or without some ocelli along dorsal

Characters of this juvenile are almost

and anal-fin bases in adults); 2) bodyconsistent with those of the original

unpigmented on blind side (vs. partially or

description of P. glossa (Franz, 1910) andwhole pigmented); 3) dorsal, anal, andin the descriptions of P. glossa provided in

caudal fins with some yellow spots (vs. nosubsequent studies (e.g., Kuronuma, 1940;

such yellow spots); pectoral fin without

juvenile,

which

73

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et

al.,

1994;

Mihara&Platax 20: 67-77, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0006

bands (vs. some dark cross bands); and 4)

respectively; Mihara & Amaoka, 2004;

pelvic fin on ocular side unpigmented (vs.

Fricke et al., 2019; present study).

partially pigmented). These differences

Plagiopsetta glossa is also distinct from P.

suggestandgracilis in having 50–57 anal fin rays (vs.

change66) and from P. stigmosa and P. biocellata

ontogenetically, especially during thein its absence of a jet-black blotch on thetransition from the late juvenile stage topectoral fin (vs. present; Mihara &the adult stage.

Amaoka, 2004; Fricke et al., 2019).

thatcoloration

scalemorphology

P.

glossaofDistribution.

Plagiopsettais

We also reviewed the existence of a lateral

known from the western Pacific: southernline on the blind side as a potential species-

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, southern

level character, as originally proposed by

China, Philippines, and eastern Australia

Mihara and Amaoka (2004) and Fricke etat depths of 65–220 m (adults) and 45 m

al. (2019). The lateral line is absent on the(present juvenile; e.g., Franz, 1910;

blind side in P. glossa and P. gracilis vs.

Fowler, 1934; Shen, 1982, 1993; Cooper etcomplete and incomplete in P. stigmosaal., 1994; Shinohara et al., 2005; Park et al.,and P. biocellata, respectively. This is one

2007; Yamada et al., 2007, 2009; Ohashi &reason why we deemed our specimen to be

Motomura, 2011; Shen & Wu, 2011; Liu etP.

al., 2014; Ikeda & Nakabo, 2015; Jeong,description of P. glossa (Franz, 1910) and2017; Amaoka, 2020; Tashiro, 2022).

the description by Cooper et al. (1994)

Additional

genus

indicate that this species has an incomplete

Plagiopsetta Franz, 1910 comprises four

lateral line on the blind side. We also foundvalid species: P. glossa, Plagiopsettathat the four additional adult specimens ofgracilis

2004,

P. glossa examined herein have incomplete

Plagiopsetta stigmosa Mihara & Amaoka,

lateral lines on their blind sides consisting

2004 and Plagiopsetta biocellata Fricke,of 3–10 pored scales. This suggests that P.

Golani,2019.

glossa demonstrates intraspecific variation

Plagiopsetta glossa is easily distinguishedin this character. Therefore, this characterfrom its congeners in having 64–75 dorsal-

cannot separate P. glossa from either P.

fin rays (vs. 82 in P. gracilis, 71–78 in P.

gracilis or P. biocellata.

comments.

Mihara&glossaThe

Amaoka,& Appelbaum-Golani,glossa.

However,theoriginal

stigmosa, and 61 in P. biocellata,), 45–68

Acknowledgements

lateral line scales on the ocular side (vs. 97,
70–86, and 74, respectively), and 26–28

We sincerely thank Thomas Munroe

caudal vertebrae (vs. 34, 29–30, and 31,(National
74

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Systematics

Laboratory,

Platax 20: 67-77, 2023
doi: 10.29926/platax.202312_18.0006

NMFS/NOAA & Smithsonian Institution),

Philippine Islands and adjacent seas.

Hisashi Imamura and Fumihito Tashiro

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural(HUMZ) for providing valuable comments

Sciences of Philadelphia (1933), 85: 233-

on early draft of the manuscript. We are367.

grateful to Susumu Ohtsuka and Yusuke

Franz,

V.

1910.

Die

japonischen

Kondo (Hiroshima University), Kazunori

Knochenfische der Sammlungen Haberer

Hasegawa

und Doflein (beiträge zur naturgeschichte(NSMT),

andCaptainKazumitsu Nakaguchi and all crews of theOstasiens).

R/V(Hiroshima

Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse derUniversity) for their support in collecting

Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der

the specimen. This study was supported by

Wissenschaften, 4, Suppl., (1). Königlich

JST SPRING Grant Number JPMJSP2119

Bayerische

to KO; JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number

Munchen, 135 pp., 11 pls. (in German)

JP23K05364 to TK; and the Integrated

Fricke, R., D. Golani & B. Appelbaum-Golani.

Research Program “Geological, Biological,

2019. Plagiopsetta biocellata, a new

and Anthropological Histories in Relation

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