• Click to edit Master text styles

InternationalTrendofAccess– Second levelto• Third
Justicein Environmentallevel– Fourth level
Mattersand EIA Litigation» Fifth level
Osaka University
Noriko Okubo

What is Green Access project?
http://greenaccess.law.osaka-u.ac.jp/
 To investigate application of Principle 10 in• Click toedit Mastertext styles
different
regions
in comparison
with Asia
Second level
To–promote
environmental democracy• Third level

Core members– FourthlevelOkubo (Osaka University)
NorikoFifth level
Yayoi» Isono(hon. Tokyo Keizai University)
Kenichiro Yanagi (Meiji University)Yukari Takamura (Nagoya University)

Special thanks to national collaborators,
Young supporters : Koichiro Gondo, Tengku Munawar Chalil,and Specially appointed researchers: Riwa Watanabe andAyako Yamada

International Collaborators for EIA survey
China:Deng Haifeng, Tsinghua University• Click to edit Master text styles

India:Ritwick
Dutta,– Second level

Initiative for Forest and Environment•LegalThird level– FourthIndonesia:
Rikalevel
Fajrini,» Fifth level

Indonesian Center for Environmental Law

Philippines: Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio, University Cebu
Taiwan: Thomas Shun-Kuei CHAN,Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan
and Ming Chih Lee, Osaka University

Thailand: Chacrit Sitdhiwej, Thammasat University

Why is EIA important?
• Click to edit Master text styles

1 Basic tool to reduce as much as– Second levelpossibletheenvironmental
load• Third level– Fourth level» Fifth level2 one of the most important
opportunities for public participation in
many countries

Trend in Asia
1 Many countries have EIA system which requires• Click to edit Master text styles
PP.
2 Guidelines– Second onlevelPublic Participation in Environmental
Impact •Assessment(EIA) in the Mekong Region
Third level(2017)– Fourth level
3 PP in EIA is» relatively
similar at first sight, in terms
Fifth levelof detail, it varies from country to country.
4 Some common and significant challenges, such as
insufficient public notice and improper considerationof public comments.
5 Access to justice has contributed to ensuring thatthe obligations of EIA law are attained and publicconcerned exercises rights.

Research Topic
Comparative
studyofseven
Asian• Click to edit Master text styles
countries:
China,India,Indonesia,– Second level
Japan,
Philippines, Taiwan and• Third level
Thailand– Fourth level» Fifth level

1 To develop the PP indicator and theA2J indicator in EIA
2 To evaluate the current situation ofeach country based on the indicators

Research Objectives•1 Clickto edit theMastertext styles
Sharing
goodpractices– Second level

2 Discussing
what are the current• Third level– Fourth level
challenges
and how to overcome» Fifth levelthem
3 Contributing to developing thebetter indicators for Goal 16 ofSDGs

International Standards
Developments on P101998• Click to edit Master text styles
AarhusConvention– Secondlevel• Third level
47 Parties– Fourth level2010» Fifth level
Bali Guidelines
2018
New regional
agreement in ECLAC

How to make indicators?
1•Legalindicators
basedonPrinciple
10andClick to edit Master text styles
Aarhus Convention– Second level
Mainindicators+ Sub-indicators• Thirdlevel– Fourth level
2 Referredto EDI (Environmental Democracy» Fifth level
Index), but more focused on EIA
3 Referred also to the findings of Aarhus
Compliance Committee, ECJ case law andCommission Notice on access to justice inenvironmental matters (2017)

Main indicators for PP in EIA
1 Object of EIA
Click toMaster text styles
2 •Rangeof edit
participants– Second level
3 Identificationof stakeholders• Third level
4 Adequate notice– Fourth level
5 Timing: Early
participation+ reasonable timeframe» Fifthlevel
6 PP methods
Organizer and rule on public hearing
7 Informed participation
8 Due consideration
9 Publication of decision and its reasoningOpportunities to participate?
1 Required in all 7 countries by laws and/or• Click to edit Master text styles
regulations
2 Early
participation?
– Secondlevel
No PPat screening
in 5 countries• ThirdlevelTaiwan: –4Fourthtimes
levelfor Phase I EIAPhilippines:» Fifth
Encouraged
to be initiated earlyleveland in all stages
Japan: Primary Environmental Impact Consideration
obligation to strive to initiate PP
New developments
China: revised in 2017
Thailand: new legislation soon in 2018

How many times?
18 times
1 One time:• Click to edit Master text styles
India– Second level
Thailand:
at least one time, more at discretion• Third level2 Two times– Fourth level» Fifth level + EIS)
Indonesia (scopingChina (construction PJ) (draft EIS +EIS)
3 Three times
Japan (before scoping + scoping + draft EIS)
4 4 times for Phase  +  respectively=8: Taiwan
5 All stages: Philippines (encourage)

Range of ParticipantsType A Public: Japan, Thailand• Click to edit Master text styles
Type B Affected people: India, Philippines– Second level
Type C Public + affected people/public concerned• Third level
China,Indonesia, Taiwan– Fourth level
1 Wide meaningof public and affected people» Fifth level
including community, environmentalist and NGOs
2 Three countries distinguish public and affectedpeople (different way to participate)
China: Selection of representative for public hearing
Indonesia: Affected community has priority.

Methods for PP
1 Submission in writing•6Clicktoedit
Mastertext
stylescountries except for Philippines– Secondlevel 6 countries
2 Publichearing:• Thirdlevelexplanation meetingJapan:onlylevel
Public– Fourthhearing
based on ordinance in big cities» Fifth level

China: exhibition*Obligation for minutes/record: 6 countries
Video record: India
3 Participation of community as committee
memberIndonesia: EIA Appraisal Committee

Due consideration of opinions
1 Publication of submitted opinions• Click to edit Master text styles
and/orsummary?
– Second level
China,Japan,• Thirdlevel Taiwan, Thailand– Fourth oflevelresult of consideration?
2 Publication» Fifth level
China, India, Taiwan, Thailand* Japan: feedback only from project operator
3 Publication of decision?
India, Indonesia, Taiwan

Indicators for Access to Justice
1 Wide/liberal/active legal standing
2 •Scopeof tojudicial
Clickeditreview
Master text styles(1)Possible grounds of judicial review– Second level(2)Intensity• Thirdlevel3 Effective
remedies
Fourth(1)Remedies– incaselevelof procedural defects in EIA
Fifth level of unlawful decision(2)Suspension, »revocation(3)Remedies in case of omission(4)Interim measures
4 Costs(1)Not prohibitive(2)Legal aid
5 Timelines and efficiency of procedures
6 Practical information

Legal standing1• Landowners:
6 countries
Click toedit Mastertext styles– Secondlevel2 Localresidents
other in the affected• Third levelarea: all
7 countries– Fourth level» Fifth level
3 Community:
4 countries
4 Local government: at least 4 countries5 ENGO: All except Japan

Public interest litigation
1 Public interest litigation• Click to edit Master text styles
Admitted in 6 countries except for Japan– Second level* Wide• Thirdpossibility
for community andlevel
level Indonesia, Philippines
ENGOs– Fourthin India,» Fifth level* Citizen’s suit, writ of Kalikasan, suo moto2 Japanlegally-protected interest
legally protected interest must be
concrete and individualistic (case law).

Early access to justice1• Possibility
challengeSEA
Click to edit toMastertext styles– Second level Philippines
Indonesia,• Third level2 Possibility
to challenge any action– Fourth level» Fifth level
during EIA
Philippines
Indonesia: possible to challenge at
EIA Appraisal ForumTypes of litigation
1 Typical
Revocation/injunctionof admin.
•(1)Clickto edit Master text
stylesdecision(2)–Injunctionof public works and/or project
Second level(3) Claim for damages• Third level*Claim –forecological damage:
Fourth levelpossiblein Southeast Asian countries» Fifth level2 RareAction for re-implementation of EIA
possible in Philippines and Thailand* Action for seeking implementation of EIA isadmitted in more than half countries surveyed.
3 Provisional relief is admitted in all countries.
Philippines: Temporary Environmental protection OrderCost and scope
1 Cost• Clickto edit
text
styles(1)
LooserpaysMasterprinciple
is dominant.
– SecondlevelNo
fee foradministrative case: Thailand(2) Financial
support for vulnerable people:• Third level– Fourth level
all countries» Fifth level2 Scope of judicialreview
To challenge substantive and procedural legality:
possible in all countries
Difficult to compare intense of review
Further survey about concrete cases isnecessary.

Review court and principles
1 Review organization• Clickto edit Mastertext styles(1)
Environmental
court or benchcountries– Second level
Japanand Taiwan:
Specialized ADR system• Thirdlevel Utilizationof experts:
in all countries– Fourthlevel» Fifth(2) Ombudsman:in levelmore than half countries
2 Special principle / standard(1) Sustainable development: India, Thailand etc.
(2) Precautionary principle: India, Indonesia, Philippines etc.
(3) Strict liability: India, Japan (partially), Thailand etc.
(4) PPP: India, Indonesia etc.

Easy access to Justice1•Use
Clickoftolocal
edit language
Master textand/orstyles several– Second levellanguages• Third level
All countries except Japan– Fourth level» Fifth level Indonesia, Thailand
2 On-site hearing:
3 Teleconference: Indonesia, Thailand
4 Practical information?
5 Capacity building?

Recent challenge•Obvious
Click to edit
Masteroftext
stylesincrease
SLAPPvarious–plus
Secondlevel harassment
How
to protect
environmental defender?
• Thirdlevel– Fourth level» Fifth level

Remarkable!!
Article 9 of new ECLAC PP Agreement
Similar provision in Indonesia
Anti-SLAPP clause in Philippines