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Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases
アジア感染症研究拠点

Director/Professor
Yasushi Kawaguchi, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Project Professor
Mitsue Hayashi, Ph.D.
Visiting Professor
Masaki Imai, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Visiting Professor
Seiya Yamayoshi, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Akihisa Kato, Ph.D.
Project Associate Professor
Jin Gohda, Ph.D.
Project Senior Assistant Professor Mizuki Yamamoto, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Naoto Koyanagi, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Yuhei Maruzuru, Ph.D.

拠点長／教授
特任教授
客員教授
客員教授
准教授
特任准教授
特任講師
助 教
助 教

博士（獣医学）
法学博士
博士（獣医学）
博士（医学）
博士（医学）
博士（薬学）
博士（医学）
博士（生命科学）
博士（生命科学）

川
林
今
山
加
合
山
小
丸

口

光
井 正
吉 誠
藤 哲
田
本 瑞
栁 直
鶴 雄

寧
江
樹
也
久
仁
生
人
平

Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases operates two project laboratories(one in Tokyo; one joint lab in Beijing) and a collaborative program (Harbin),supported by AMED, CAS, and CAAS. The center is conducting research on
emerging and reemerging infections, aiming to translate its basic studies into
practical use. And the project intends to train and educate young Japanese andChinese scientists for the future generation.

BACKGROUND
China is an important neighbor of Japan, with geopolitical and economic interdependence. And it contains hot spots for emerging and reemerging infections, as exemplified by the occurrence of SARS
coronavirus that shocked the world in 2003 and endemic avian influenza virus occasionally jumping
from bird to human. The carrier rate of hepatitis viruses is very high and HIV infection is rapidly increasing. In the early 2000’s the Institute of Medical
Science, the University of Tokyo, (IMSUT) was looking for appropriate counterparts in China to strengthen the studies of emerging and reemerging infections.
IMSUT initially established three collaborationsites in fiscal 2005 in China, two in Beijing and one in
Harbin, and had been conducting China-Japan research collaboration, for two 5-year terms (fiscal 20052010; 2010-2015), supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology under
the directorship of Aikichi Iwamoto, former project
director. IMSUT thus set up a new sustainable systemthat allowed IMSUT scientists to work in China, alongwith Chinese scientists, focusing on the studies of

emerging and reemerging infections. In 2015 Yasushi
Kawaguchi succeeded A. Iwamoto as project director
and launched the project China-Japan Research Collaboration on Defense against Emerging and Reemerging Infections, a 5-year J-GRID program of Japan Agency for
Medical Research and Development (AMED). In 2020
based on the results of the previous five years, helaunched another project Studies to Control Emerging,
Re-emerging and Imported Infectious Diseases to Be Conducted in International Collaboration Sites in China under a 5-year AMED program Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure.
In 2005 IMSUT had founded two joint laboratories
in collaboration with Institute of Biophysics (IBP) andInstitute of Microbiology (IM), which belong to theChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), a large national
institution consisting of more than 100 research institutes all over China. IMSUT has dispatched Jin Gohda
to IM as a principal investigator (PI). Along with his
Chinese staffs, PI is conducting basic and translational studies of HIV, MERS coronavirus, dengue virus
and SARS-CoV-2. In 2015 IMSUT has set up anotherproject laboratory in Tokyo, whose studies complement those in Beijing. IMSUT is also conducting a231
joint research program on avian influenza virus between Yoshihiro Kawaoka at IMSUT and Hualan
Chen at Harbin Veterinary Research Institute (HVRI)
of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The activities in Beijing and Harbin are supported by Mitsue
Hayashi of the Beijing Project Office.
This project, making the most of the opportunityof collaboration with the highly advanced Chinese institution, aims to translate our basic studies into practical use in future. During the course of the collaboration the project intends to train and educate young
Chinese and Japanese scientists for the future generation and hopes to contribute to the friendship between the two peoples.
PROJECT LABORATORIES AND PROGRAM
Y. Kawaguchi (Director of Research Center for
Asian Infectious Diseases; Project Director) manages
the Center and the AMED-supported Project, which
includes the domestic and overseas laboratories andprogram. He coordinates our activities and decides
the direction of research. He and his group conduct
studies of molecular virology and immunology ofherpes virus in the Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases.
a. Project Laboratory at IMSUT and Joint Laboratory at IMCAS
Enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, Flaviviruses,
Herpes Simplex Viruses, and Coronaviruses, exhibit
pathogenicity and are clinically significant. The J.
Gohda and Y. Kawaguchi research groups are conducting studies aimed at the development of antiviralmolecules targeting enveloped viruses, including
SARS-CoV-2, as well as the exploration of molecules
for the reactivation of HIV-1 reservoirs.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative virus for Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has globally expanded
since the first reported patient in December 2019 in
China. To bring an end to the ongoing COVID-19
pandemic, development of antiviral drugs and vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection is imperative.
We have established a dual split protein-based cellfusion assay utilizing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
to evaluate the antiviral activity of several molecules,
advancing the screening of antibodies and small molecular compounds. This year, we have establishednovel neutralizing antibodies that exhibit neutralizing activity without binding to the conventional antibody pharmaceutical target, the Receptor Binding
Domain (RBD). These antibodies target conserved regions, even in related coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2
variants, suggesting potential long-term utility. Moreover, these conserved regions may serve as candidates for inducing effective neutralizing antibodies
through vaccination. From the analysis of small mo-

lecular compounds, multiple inhibitors against TMPRSS2, a crucial host protease for virus infection,
were identified from synthetic compounds. Additionally, two compounds inhibiting virus entry and proliferation within cells were identified from subtropical plant extracts. These inhibitory molecules not only
hold promise for future therapeutic development but
also play a crucial role in elucidating the infection
mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. The elucidation of thetarget molecules of these agents is expected to contribute to the discovery of new infection mechanisms
and therapeutic targets.
The utilization of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly contributed to impeding
the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in individuals infected with humanimmunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Nevertheless, the presence of latent reservoirs of HIV-1, housing silenced yet replication-competent provirus, constitutes a formidable barrier to viral eradication in
affected individuals. The “shock and kill” strategy, apromising approach toward curing HIV-1 infection,seeks to reactivate latent provirus through treatment
with latency reversing agents (LRAs), denoted as“shock,” in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs.
While several drugs have been identified as LRAs, nodrug has been clinically applied to date. We haveidentified multiple existing drugs as novel LRA candidates. In this year, our efforts have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism of reactivation oflatent HIV-1 provirus by these drugs. Our findings
suggest that one of the candidate drugs may reactivate HIV-1 proviral transcription through a distinct
mechanism from the established LRAs that induce
proviral reactivation. We are currently engaged in
identifying target proteins and advancing their functional analysis. Furthermore, we are analyzing thesynergistic interactions between novel drugs and existing LRAs, aiming to establish methods that induce
more effective “shock”. Through these analyses, there
is a prospect for the future depletion of HIV reservoirs in patients, thereby offering the potential for acomplete treatment of AIDS.
b. Joint Laboratory at IBPCASThe Joint Laboratory at IBPCAS was closed in
March 2020. However, the research collaboration andacademic exchange between IMSUT and IBPCAS is
still ongoing.
c. Collaborative research program with HVRI
At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARSCoV-2) was detected in Wuhan, China, that spread
rapidly around the world, with severe consequences
for human health and the global economy. In China,
highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 vi-

232
rus transmitted to humans in 1997; since 2013, lowpathogenic avian influenza A H7N9 viruses havecaused sporadic infections in humans; and in 2016,
HPAI H7N9 viruses emerged raising concerns of apandemic. For these reasons, HVRI (Director, ZhigaoBu) has been conducting collaborative research on influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and other emerging viruses from all over Asia.
HVRI focuses on avian influenza viruses that arecirculating in Chinese wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, and swine. Specifically, Y. Kawaoka and his groupstudy type A influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, with an emphasis on viral pathogenicity in various hosts, viral evolution, and viral surveillance.
The major findings this year are: (1) We isolated 77
HPAI viruses during routine surveillance in live poultry markets in northern provinces of Vietnam from2018–2021. These viruses were genetically different
from those in other parts of the world. These viruses
do not encode major determinants of mammalian adaptation but possess amino acid substitutions that
may affect viral receptor-binding, replication, or responses to human antiviral factors. Our ongoing surveillance of HPAI viruses in several parts of the worldis important to monitor the evolution of these viruses.
(2) We analyzed the efficacy of antiviral drugs and an-tibodies against Omicron variants. The susceptibilities of CH.1.1 and XBB.1.5 to remdesivir, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and ensitrelvir were similar to thoseof the ancestral strain and other variants of concern.
The effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies (i.e., sotrovimab, bebtelovimab, casirivimab/imdevimab, andtixagevimab/cilgavimab) varied with the omicronstrain tested. None of these monoclonal antibodies
was effective against CH.1.1 or XBB.1.5. In addition,
we found that a bivalent vaccine (ancestral andBA.4/5) can improve humoral responses to both viruses.
IMSUT PROJECT OFFICE
The office (M. Hayashi) supports the activities of
the joint laboratory in Beijing and the joint research
program in Harbin. It serves as Secretariat for Steering Committee Meeting and files MOU and Minutes.
It helps scientists visiting the joint laboratory/program for collaborative research. It has been gathering
the information about emerging infections in China
from the Chinese mass media and official announcements, and the gathered information (in Japanese)
has been presented and updated on the website of the
Project (http://www.rcaid.jp/).

Publications
1.		Nagai K, Muto Y, Miura S, Takahashi K, Naruse Y,
Hiruta R, Hashimoto Y, Uzuki M, Haga Y, Fujii R,
Ueda K, Kawaguchi Y, Fujii M, Kitazume S.
Brain-specific glycosylation enzyme GnT-IX maintains levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPRZ, thereby mediating glioma growth PTPRZ glycosylation regulates glioma growth. J Biol
Chem 299: 105128, 2023.
2.		Takahashi K, Kanekiyo K, Sakuda K, Muto Y, Iguchi M, Matsuda N, Hashimoto Y, Kanai K, Ogawa
H, Hirase H, Kakita A, Bizen N, Takebayashi H,
Kawaguchi Y, Uzuki M, Kitazume S. Brain-specific glycosylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase
receptor type Z (PTPRZ) marks a demyelination-associated astrocyte subtype. J Neurochem
166: 547-559, 2023.
3.		Fukui A, Maruzuru Y, Ohno S, Nobe M, Iwata S,
Takeshima K, Koyanagi N, Kato A, Kitazume S,
Yamaguchi Y, Kawaguchi Y. Dual impacts of a glycan shield on the envelope glycoprotein B of HSV1: evasion from human antibodies in vivo andneurovirulence. mBio 14: e00992-23, 2023.
4.		Duncan J K S, Xu D, Licursi M, Joyce M A, Saffran
H A, Liu K, Gohda J, Tyrrell D L, Kawaguchi Y,
Hirasawa K. Interferon regulatory factor 3 mediates effective antiviral responses to human coronavirus 229E and OC43 infection. Front Immunol
14: 930086, 2023.
5.		Fukui A, Maruzuru Y, Takeshima K, Koyanagi N,

Kato A, Kawaguchi Y. Establishment of a system
to quantify wild-type herpes simplex virus-induced cell-cell fusion reveals a role of N-glycosylation of HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein B in cell-cellfusion. Microbiol. Immunol. 67: 114-119, 2023.
6.		Kuchitsu Y, Mukai K, Uematsu R, Takaada Y, Shinojima A, Shindo R, Shoji T, Hamano S, Ogawa E,
Sato R, Miyake K, Kato A, Kawaguchi Y, Nishitani-Isa M, Izawa K, Nishikomori R, Yasumi T,
Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Uemura T, Barber G N, Arai
H, Waguri S, Taguchi T. STING signalling is terminated through ESCRT-dependent microautophagy of vesicles originating from recycling endosomes. Nat Cell Biol 25: 453-466, 2023.
7.		Hassan AHE, El-Sayed SM, Yamamoto M, Gohda
J, Matsumoto T, Shirouzu M, Inoue J-i, Kawaguchi
Y, Mansour RMA, Anvari A, Farahat AA. In Silico
and In vitro evaluation of some amidine derivatives as hit compounds towards development ofinhibitors against coronavirus diseases. Viruses
15(5): 1171, 2023.
8.		Hayashi Y, Nakayama J, Yamamoto M, Maekawa
M, Watanabe S, Higashiyama S, Inoue JI, Yamamoto Y, Semba K. Aberrant accumulation of NIK promotes tumor growth by dysregulating translationand post-translational modifications in breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 23(1): 57, 2023.
9.		Hayashi Y, Huang X, Tanikawa T, Tanigawa K,
Yamamoto M, Gohda J, Inoue JI, Fukase K, Kabay-

233
ama K. Reactive oxygen species are associatedwith the inhibitory effect of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide on the entry of the severe acuterespiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2. J Biochem:
mvad020. 2023.
10.	Uraki R, Kiso M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Chiba S, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Imai M,
Kashima Y, Koga M, Fuwa N, Okumura N, Hojo
M, Iwamoto N, Kato H, Nakajima H, Ohmagari N,
Yotsuyanagi H, Suzuki Y, Kawaoka Y. Characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 EG.5.1 clinical isolate invitro and in vivo. Cell Rep, in press.
11.	Whitworth IT, Knoener RA, Puray-Chavez M,
Halfmann P, Romero S, Baddouh M, Scalf M, Kawaoka Y, Kutluay SB, Smith LM, Sherer NM. Defining Distinct RNA-Protein Interactomes of
SARS-CoV-2 Genomic and Subgenomic RNAs. J
Proteome Res, in press.
12.	Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yasuhara A, Okuda M, Hamabata T, Murakami J, Duong C, Yamamoto T, Kuroda Y, Maeda K, Kawaoka Y. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies indogs and cats during the early and mid-pandemic
periods in Japan, 2023. One Health 17:100588. doi:
10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100588. 2023.
13.	Maemura T, Guan L, Gu C, Eisfeld A, Biswas A,
Halfmann P, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Characterization of highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1
mink influenza viruses. EBioMedicine 97: 104827,
2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104827.
14.	Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Ito M, Okuda-Hamabata
M, Takagi H, Imai M, Kawaoka Y. Cardiomyopathy does not exacerbate the severity of pneumonia
caused by a SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in the J2N-k
hamster model. Viruses 15(12): 2280, 2023. doi:org/10.3390/v15122280.
15.	Hou YJ, Chiba S, Leist SR, Meganck RM, Martinez
DR, Schäfer A, Catanzaro NJ, Sontake V, West A,
Edwards CE, Yount B, Lee RE, Gallant SC, Zost SJ,Powers J, Adams L, Kong EF, Mattocks M, Tata A,
Randell SH, Tata PR, Halfmann P, Crowe JE Jr, Kawaoka Y, Baric RS. Host range, transmissibility
and antigenicity of a pangolin coronavirus. Nat
Microbiol 8(10): 1820-1833, 2023. doi: 10.1038/
s41564-023-01476-x.
16.	Wilks SH, Mühlemann B, Shen X, Türeli S, LeGresley EB, Netzl A, Caniza MA, Chacaltana-Huarcaya JN, Corman VM, Daniell X, Datto MB,
Dawood FS, Denny TN, Drosten C, FouchierRAM, Garcia PJ, Halfmann PJ, Jassem A, Jeworowski LM, Jones TC, Kawaoka Y, Krammer F,
McDanal C, Pajon R, Simon V, Stockwell MS, TangH, van Bakel H, Veguilla V, Webby R, Montefiori
DC, Smith DJ. Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses. Science382(6666): eadj0070, 2023. doi: 10.1126/science.
adj0070.
17.	Uraki R, Ito M, Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Imai M, Koga

M, Yamamoto S, Adachi E, Saito M, Tsutsumi T,
Otani A, Fukushi S, Watanabe S, Suzuki T, Kikuchi
T, Yotsuyanagi H, Maeda K, Kawaoka Y. Antiviralefficacy against and replicative fitness of an
XBB.1.9.1 clinical isolate. iScience 26(11): 108147,
2023. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108147.
18.	Chiba S, Halfmann PJ, Iida S, Hirata Y, Sato Y,
Kuroda M, Armbrust T, Spyra S, Suzuki T, Kawaoka Y. Recombinant spike protein vaccines coupled with adjuvants that have different modes ofaction induce protective immunity against SARSCoV-2. Vaccine 41(41): 6025-6035, 2023. doi:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.054.
19.	Guan L, Babujee L, Browning VL, Presler R, Pattinson D, Nguyen HLK, Hoang VMP, Le MQ, vanBakel H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Continued circulation of highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses in Vietnamese live bird markets in 2018-2021.
Viruses 15(7): 1596, 2023. doi: 10.3390/v15071596.
20.	Chiba S, Kong H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Influenza H3 hemagglutinin vaccine with scrambled
immunodominant epitopes elicits antibodies
directed toward immunosubdominant head
epitopes. mBio 14(4): e0062223, 2023. doi: 10.1128/
mbio.00622-23. 2023.
21.	Muramoto Y, Takahashi S, Halfmann PJ, Gotoh S,
Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Replicative capacity of SARSCoV-2 omicron variants BA.5 and BQ.1.1 at elevated temperatures. Lancet Microbe 4(7): e486, 2023.
doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00100-3.
22.	Halfmann PJ, Uraki R, Kuroda M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Kawaoka Y. Transmission and re-infection of Omicron variant
XBB.1.5 in hamsters. EBioMedicine 93:104677,
2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104677. 2023.
23.	Kiso M, Furusawa Y, Uraki R, Imai M, Yamayoshi
S, Kawaoka Y. In vitro and in vivo characterization of SARS-CoV-2 strains resistant to nirmatrelvir. Nat Commun 14(1): 3952, 2023. doi: 10.1038/
s41467-023-39704-x. 2023.
24.	Ishizaka A, Koga M, Mizutani T, Uraki R, Yamayoshi S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yamamoto S, Imai
M, Tsutsumi T, Suzuki Y, Kawaoka Y, Yotsuyanagi
H. Research article antibody induction and immune response in nasal cavity by third dose of
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Virol J 20(1): 146,
2023. doi: 10.1186/s12985-023-02113-z. 2023.
25.	Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Iida S, Furusawa Y, Hirata
Y, Uraki R, Imai M, Suzuki T, Kawaoka Y. In vitro
and in vivo characterization of SARS-CoV-2 resistance to ensitrelvir. Nat Commun 14(1): 4231 ,2023.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40018-1. 2023.
26.	Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. Efficacy of favipiravir against influenza virus resistant to bothbaloxavir and neuraminidase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 78(7): 1649-1657, 2023. doi:
10.1093/jac/dkad145. 2023.
27.	Yamamoto S, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Sakai-Tagawa Y,
Nakachi I, Baba R, Kamimoto S, Ogura T, Hagi-

234
wara S, Kato H, Nakajima H, Uwamino Y, Yagi K,
Sugaya N, Nagai H, Saito M, Adachi E, Koga M,
Tsutsumi T, Duong C, Okuda M, Murakami J, Furusawa Y, Ujie M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yotsuyanagi H, Kawaoka Y. Differences among epitopes
recognized by neutralizing antibodies induced by
SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination.
iScience 26(7): 107208, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.
2023.107208. 2023.
28.	Tamura D, Kawaoka Y. Omicron proliferation in
the nasal cavity may explain its high infectivity. J
Infect 86(6): 584-587, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.
2023.03.006. 2023.
29.	Uraki R, Ito M, Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Imai M, Koga
M, Yamamoto S, Adachi E, Saito M, Tsutsumi T,
Otani A, Kashima Y, Kikuchi T, Theiler J, Yotsuyanagi H, Suzuki Y, Korber B, Kawaoka Y. Efficacy
of antivirals and mRNA vaccination against an
XBF clinical isolate. Lancet Reg Health West Pac
34: 100777, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100777.
2023.
30.	Furusawa Y, Kiso M, Iida S, Uraki R, Hirata Y,
Imai M, Suzuki T, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. In
SARS-CoV-2 delta variants, Spike-P681R and
D950N promote membrane fusion, Spike-P681R
enhances spike cleavage, but neither substitution
affects pathogenicity in hamsters. EBioMedicine
91:104561, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104561.
2023.
31.	Sakai-Tagawa Y, Yamayoshi S, Halfmann PJ, Wilson N, Bobholz M, Vuyk WC, Wei W, Ries H,
O’Connor DH, Friedrich TC, Sordillo EM, van Bakel H, Simon V, Kawaoka Y. Sensitivity of rapid
antigen tests for Omicron subvariants of SARSCoV-2. J Med Virol 95(5): e28788, 2023. doi:
10.1002/jmv.28788. 2023.
32.	Uraki R, Ito M, Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Furusawa Y,
Imai M, Koga M, Yamamoto S, Adachi E, Saito M,
Tsutsumi T, Otani A, Kashima Y, Kikuchi T, Yotsuyanagi H, Suzuki Y, Kawaoka Y. Efficacy of antivirals and bivalent mRNA vaccines against
SARS-CoV-2 isolate CH.1.1. Lancet Infect Dis
23(5): 525-526, 2023. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00132-9. 2023.
33.	Guan L, Zhong G, Fan S, Plisch EM, Presler R, Gu
C, Babujee L, Pattinson D, Le Khanh Nguyen H,
Hoang VMP, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Neumann G,
Kawaoka Y. Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses Isolated between 2016 and 2017 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets. Viruses. 15(5):1093, 2023.
doi: 10.3390/v15051093. 2023.
34.	Uraki R, Ito M, Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Furusawa Y, Sakai-Tagawa Y,
Imai M, Koga M, Yamamoto S, Adachi E, Saito M,
Tsutsumi T, Otani A, Kikuchi T, Yotsuyanagi H,
Halfmann P, Pekosz A, Kawaoka Y. Antiviral andbivalent vaccine efficacy against an omicron

XBB.1.5 isolate. Lancet Inf Dis 23(4): 402-403, 2023.
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00070-1. 2023.
35.	Changrob S, Halfmann PJ, Liu H, Torres JL,
McGrath JJC, Ozorowski G, Li L, Wilbanks GD,
Kuroda M, Maemura T, Huang M, Zheng NY,
Turner HL, Erickson SA, Fu Y, Yasuhara A, Singh
G, Monahan B, Mauldin J, Srivastava K, Simon V,
Krammer F, Sather DN, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Kawaoka Y, Wilson PC. Site of vulnerability on
SARS-CoV-2 spike induces broadly protective antibody to antigenically distinct Omicron subvariants. J Clin Invest 133(8): e166844, 2023. doi:
10.1172/JCI166844. 2023.
36.	Uraki R, Iida S, Halfmann PJ, Yamayoshi S, Hirata
Y, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kiso M, Ito M, Furusawa
Y, Ueki H, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Kuroda M, Maemura
T, Kim T, Mine S, Iwamoto N, Li R, Liu Y, Larson
D, Fukushi S, Watanabe S, Maeda K, Wang Z,
Ohmagari N, Theiler J, Fischer W, Korber B, Imai
M, Suzuki T, Kawaoka Y. Characterization of
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 clinical isolates.
Nat Commun 14(1): 1620, 2023. doi: 10.1038/
s41467-023-37059-x. 2023.
37.	Furusawa Y, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. The accuracy of reverse genetics systems for SARS-CoV-2:
Circular polymerase extension reaction versus
bacterial artificial chromosome. Influenza Other
Respir Viruses 17(3): e13109, 2023. doi: 10.1111/
irv.13109. 2023.
38.	Higashi-Kuwata N, Tsuji K, Hayashi H, Bulut H,
Kiso M, Imai M, Ogata-Aoki H, Ishii T, Kobayakawa T, Nakano K, Takamune N, Kishimoto N, Hattori SI, Das D, Uemura Y, Shimizu Y, Aoki M,
Hasegawa K, Suzuki S, Nishiyama A, Saruwatari
J, Shimizu Y, Sukenaga Y, Takamatsu Y, Tsuchiya
K, Maeda K, Yoshimura K, Iida S, Ozono S, Suzuki
T, Okamura T, Misumi S, Kawaoka Y, Tamamura
H, Mitsuya H. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
inhibitors containing P1’ 4-fluorobenzothiazole
moiety highly active against SARS-CoV-2. Nat
Commun 14(1): 1076, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41467023-36729-0. 2023.
39.	Soga T, Duong C, Pattinson D, Sakai-Tagawa Y,
Tokita A, Izumida N, Nishino T, Hagiwara H,
Wada N, Miyamoto Y, Kuroki H, Hayashi Y, Seki
M, Kasuya N, Koga M, Adachi E, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yotsuyanagi H, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y.
Characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 influenza seasons in Japan. Viruses 15(2): 535, 2023.
doi: 10.3390/v15020535. 2023.
40.	Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Ueki H, Ito M, Nagasawa S,
Hirata Y, Hashizume K, Ushiwata K, Iwase H,
Makino Y, Ushiku T, Akitomi S, Imai M, Saitoh H,
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