Contents
Background . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Theme and Objective ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2Outline of Schedule ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Accommodations ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Program ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

List of Participants .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Summaries for Keynote Address, Address and Invited Lectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Summaries for the Young Researcher’s Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Abstracts for Poster Presentations ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Organizing Committee ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Executive Committee ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
筑波アジア農業教育セミナー及び国際農学ESDシンポジウムの沿革 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
国際農学ESDシンポジウム 2013の概要 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
国際農学ESDシンポジウム 2013の日程表 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133iDate: November 25 (Mon.) to 29 (Fri.), 2013
Venue: University Hall, University of Tsukuba
Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
Main Working Language: English
Organizers: Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of TsukubaiiBackground
The Agricultural and Forestry Research Center of the University of Tsukuba has been
nominated by UNESCO as an Associated Center of the Asia-Pacific Program of Educational
Innovation for Development (APEID) in the field of vocational and technical education, and hasorganized the Tsukuba Asian Seminar on Agricultural Education (TASAE) annually since 1979.
TASAE has gained a good reputation as an international agricultural program under APEID
through the timely theme for each term. The themes of TASAE for each term were as follows:
・ 1979-1981【 The second term of APEID 】
Agricultural Education at the Secondary Level in Asia
・ 1982-1986【 The third term of APEID 】
Strategies for Innovation of Agricultural Education in Asian Countries
・ 1987-1991【 The forth term of APEID 】
Education and Research for Higher Agricultural Productivity Conserving Nature
Agro-ecosystem in Asian and Pacific Countries
・ 1992-1996【 The fifth term of APEID 】
Education and Research for Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Conserving Nature
and Agro-ecosystem in Asian and Pacific Countries
・ 1997-2001【 The sixth term of APEID 】
Innovative strategies for linking agricultural and environmental education in Asian andPacific Countries for the 21st century
・ 2002-2007【 The seventh term of APEID 】
The utilization and conservation of the water resources for human survival, bioproduction
and

the

environment

considering

sustainable

development,

and

the

role

of

agro-environmental education
・ 2008-2013【 The eighth term of APEID 】
Promotion of Ag-ESD for the Development of a Sustainable Future
The 2008 International Symposium on Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development(Ag-ESD Symposium 2008) succeeded TASAE and the first annual symposium in the eighth termof APEID was held at the University of Tsukuba in November 2008. The eighth term of APEID issponsored in collaboration with the Japan National Commission for UNESCO, JICA, Ibaraki
University and the International Cooperative Education Program for Creation of Harmonious
Asian Countries. The aim of Ag-ESD is to promote reform and improve agricultural higher
education, especially considering environmental problems from an international viewpoint.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2009 entitled “Food Safety and Food Security in Agricultural ESD”
was held from November 9th to 12th at the university as the second annual symposium. Eighteen
participants were invited from 7 countries: Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, India, Malawi,
Nigeria and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2010 was held from November 8th to 11th at the University of1

Tsukuba and focused on “Secondary and Higher Education for Sustainable Development:
Agriculture and the Environment ”. Fifteen participants from 8 countries: Philippines, Thailand,
Indonesia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Malawi, Ghana and Japan. A special session was organizedfor participation of high school teachers from Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2011 was held from November 7th to 11th and focused on“Appropriate Use of Biodiversity in Agricultural ESD”. Twenty-one participants from 9 countries:
Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Afghanistan, U.S.A, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2012 was held from October 29th to November 2nd and focused on“Technological Innovations to Reduce Environmental Impacts in Agricultural Education for
Sustainable Development”. Nineteen participants from 9 countries: Philippines, Thailand,
Indonesia, Afghanistan, U.S.A, Ghana, Kenya, Laos and Japan.

Theme and Objective
1) Theme
The Role of Universities in Promoting Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development
2) Objective
In the sixth year of the APEID 8th program term, we will focus on issues in the role ofuniversities in promoting agricultural education for sustainable development.

Outline of Schedule
Nov. 24 (Sun.)
25 (Mon.)Arrival at Narita Airport, Japan
Registration, Opening Ceremony, Keynote Addresses
Welcome Party

26 (Tue.)

Invited Lectures, Discussion with Students

27 (Wed.)Invited Lectures, Poster Viewing
Visit Agricultural and Forestry Research Center

28 (Thu.)

Poster Session, Awards Ceremony

29 (Fri.)

Young Researcher's Forum, Closing Ceremony

30 (Sat.)

Departure from Japan

Accommodations
ANA Crowne Plaza Hotel Narita (Phone) 0476-33-1311
Nov.25(Mon.) – 29 (Fri.) University Hall Annex, University of Tsukuba (Phone) 029-853-2386
Nov.24 (Sun.)2

Ag-ESD Symposium 2013 Program
Ag-ESD
2013Education
Program
Program of 2013
InternationalSymposium
Symposium on Agriculturalfor Sustainable Development
Program of 2013 International Symposium on Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development

Novemer 24 （Sun.） Arrival at Narita Airport
Novemer 24 （Sun.） Arrival at Narita Airport[ ⇒ stay at ANA Crowne Plaza Hotel Narita ][ ⇒ stay at ANA Crowne Plaza Hotel Narita ]November 25 （Mon.）
November
25 （Mon.）Leave ANA Crowne Plaza Hotel Narita for University of Tsukuba（UT）
10:30
10:30
Leave
Crowne Hall,
PlazaUT
Hotel Narita for University of Tsukuba（UT）
12:00
ArrivalANAat University
12:00
Arrival at University Hall, UT
12:00-13:00
Lunch
12:00-13:00
Lunch
13:15-13:30
Group Photograph
13:15-13:30
Group
Photograph
13:30-14:00
Opening
Ceremony[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A]
13:30-14:00
Opening Ceremony[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A]
WelcomeAddress
WelcomeAddress
Kyosuke
NAGATA, President, University of Tsukuba
・Dr.
NAGATA,・Dr. Kyosuke
Opening
Address（1） President, University of Tsukuba
Opening
Address（1）・Mr. Hiroaki
MOTOMURA,
Assistant Director-General for International Affairs,
・Mr.
Hiroaki
MOTOMURA,
Assistantfor International Affairs,
Ministryof Education,
Culture,Sports,Director-General
Science and Technology
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

14:15-15:15
14:15-15:15

15:15-16:15
15:15-16:15

16:15-17:00
16:15-17:00
18:00-20:00
18:00-20:00

Opening Address （2）Opening
Address（2）Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center (AFRC)
・Dr.
Atsushi
TAJIMA,・Dr.（AssociatedAtsushi TAJIMA,
Agriculturaland ofForestry
Research Center (AFRC)
CenterDirector,of APEID）,
University
Tsukubaof APEID）,
Universityof Tsukuba【 *（AssociatedChairperson:Center
Dr. DeMar
TAYLOR】【 * Chairperson:
KeynoteAddress Dr. DeMar TAYLOR 】
KeynoteAddress
・Dr.
NoelleCOCKETT, Utah State University
・Dr.
Noelle“Responsibilities
COCKETT, UtahofState
University♢ Topic:
Being
the Land Grant Institution in the State of♢ Topic:
Utah” “Responsibilities of Being the Land Grant Institution in the State of【 *Utah”
Chairperson: Dr. DeMar TAYLOR 】【 * Chairperson:
KeynoteAddress Dr. DeMar TAYLOR 】
KeynoteAddress
・Dr.
Hiroshi
GEMMA, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences,
・Dr.
Hiroshi of
GEMMA,
University
TsukubaFaculty of Life and Environmental Sciences,of Tsukuba♢University
Topic: “OurExperiences and Challenges in Proceeding of the Sustainable♢ Topic:“Our Experiences
andas Challenges
in Proceedingof theCourse”
Sustainable
Rural Development
Programthe Special Programin Master’sDevelopment
Programas the Special【 *Rural
Chairperson:
Dr. DeMar
TAYLOR】 Program in Master’s Course”【 * Chairperson:
Dr. DeMar TAYLOR 】
Registration
and Orientation
Registration
and Orientation
Welcome Party[ Restaurant Plaza, University Hall A]
Welcome Party[ Restaurant Plaza, University Hall A]

3

November 26 （Tue.）
09:20-09:40
Address・Dr. Yoshihiko SEKOZAWA, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center (AFRC),
University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “Education for Sustainable Development in Agriculture at the
University of Tsukuba”】
Ryozo NOGUCHI【 * Chairperson: Dr. NOGUCHI】
09:40-10:20
Invited Lecture（1）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Dr. Tsuyoshi OKAYAMA, Ibaraki University♢ Topic: “Future Gardening System - Smart Garden -”【 * Chairperson: Dr. Nakao NOMURA 】
10:20-11:00
Invited Lecture （2）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Dr. Nakao NOMURA, University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “Activities for Global Education in the College of Agro-Biological
Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
11:00-12:15
Break and Lunch ( Free )12:15-13:30 Discussion with Students[Auditorium, University Hall A]・Dr. Oscar B. ZAMORA, University of the Philippines, Los Baños
・Dr. Buncha CHINNASRI, Kasetsart University
・Dr. Kukuh MURTILAKSONO, Bogor Agricultural University
・Dr. Noelle COCKETT, Utah State University
13:30-14:00
Break
14:00-14:40
Invited Lecture （3）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Ms. Kanjana KWANMUANG, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives♢ Topic: “Farming Knowledge from Agricultural Training on Future Farms
Investment Planning”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
14:40-15:20
Invited Lecture （4）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Mr. Kenneth K. KAGAI, Deputy Director Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock& Fisheries Transnzoia County, Kenya♢ Topic: “Dissemination and Adoption of Normal and Nutritionally Enhanced
Highland Maize Varieties in Transnzoia County, Kenya”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
15:20-15:30
Break
15:30-16:10
Invited Lecture （5）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Ms. Mary W. NJINE, Ministry of Agriculture Mathira East Sub County♢ Topic: “Importance of Agriculture Training Centers in Promoting Sustainable
Rural Development”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
4

November 27 （Wed.）
09:00-09:40
Invited Lecture （6）[Special Conference Room, University Hall A]・Dr. Kukuh MURTILAKSONO, Bogor Agricultural University♢ Topic: “The Role of Ag-ESD Program in Promoting Education for
Sustainable Agriculture at Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia”【 * Chairperson: Dr. Ryozo NOGUCHI 】
09:40-10:20
Invited Lecture （7）[Special Conference Room, University Hall A]・Dr. Buncha CHINNASRI, Kasetsart University♢ Topic: “The Roles of Kasetsart University in Promoting Agricultural
Education for Sustainable Development (Ag-ESD)”【 * Chairperson: Dr. Kukuh MURTILAKSONO 】
10:20-10:30
Break
10:30-11:10
Invited Lecture（8）[Special Conference Room, University Hall A]・Dr. Oscar B. ZAMORA, University of the Philippines Los Baños♢ Topic: “Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Agriculture Education in thePhilippines”【 * Chairperson: Dr. Buncha CHINNASRI 】[Special Conference Room, University Hall A]
11:10-11:50
Invited Lecture（9）・Dr. Wakil A. SARHADI, Kabul University♢ Topic: “Study on Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development ofAgriculture in Afghanistan”【 * Chairperson: Dr. Oscar B. ZAMORA 】
12:00-13:00
13:00-13:50

Lunch (Box lunch )Break and Poster Viewing

14:00-14:30
14:30-15:30

Leave University Hall A for Agricultural and Forestry Center (AFRC)
Visit Agricultural and Forestry Research Center・Explanation about AFRC ・Tour of facilities, etc.
Leave AFRC for University Hall (Annex )Arrival at University Hall (Annex )15:30-16:00
16:00[Meeting Room No. 3, University Hall A][ Lounge at 30th Anniversary Hall]

November 28 （Thu. ）《 Poster Session 》[ Lounge at 30th Anniversary Hall]
09:00-12:00
Poster Presentation
・Selected persons: Graduate students, etc.
12:00-13:00
Lunch ( Free )13:00-15:00
Poster Presentation
15:00Awards Ceremony for Best Poster Presentation
5

November 29 （Fri. ） 《 Young Researcher’s Forum 》
09:00-09:30
Presentation （1）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Mr. Yusuke TAKASHIMA, Ibaraki University♢ Topic: “Conservation of Endangered “Lower” Plant in the Tropical Area.
- A Study of Fungal Symbiosis with Huperzia spp. in Indonesia -”【 * Chairperson: Mr. Kenji TAKISAWA 】
09:30-10:00
Presentation （2）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Mr. Prima J. OSLY, Bogor Agricultural University♢ Topic: “Land Optimization of a Sugarcane Plantation (East Seram County)”【 * Chairperson: Mr. Yusuke TAKASHIMA 】
10:00-10:30
Presentation （3）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Mr. Md. Samim H. MOLLA, Kasetsart University♢ Topic: “Ameliorative and Detrimental Consequences of Nitrogen and Water
on Maize Varieties under Short and Prolonged Drought”【 * Chairperson: Mr. Prima J. OSLY 】
10:30-10:40
Break[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]10:40-11:10
Presentation （4）・Ms. Joan Pauline P. TALUBO, University of the Philippines Los Baños♢ Topic: “Sustainable Agriculture Production Systems for Food Security in a
Changing Climate in Batanes, Philippines”【 * Chairperson: Mr. Md. Samim H. MOLLA 】
11:10-11:40
Presentation （5）[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Mr. Kenji TAKISAWA, University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “Overview of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae”【 * Chairperson: Ms. Joan Pauline P. TALUBO 】
11:40-13:00
13:00-14:00
14:00-18:00
18:00-20:00

Lunch and BreakClosing Ceremony[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A]( Includes Awards Ceremony for the Best Presentation)
Free Time
Farewell Party[ Restaurant at Administration Center]

November 30（Sat.）
07:00-18:00 Departure from Japan

6

List of Participants【Welcome Address】
Kyosuke NAGATA
President
University of Tsukuba【Opening Address】
Hiroyuki MOTOMURA
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Culture
Atsushi TAJIMA
Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba【Keynote Address】
Keynote Speaker

Noelle COCKETT
Vice President, Utah State University

Keynote Speaker

Hiroshi GEMMA
Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba【Address】
Speaker

Yoshihiko SEKOZAWA
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba【Invited Lecture】
Invited Lecturer

Oscar B. ZAMORA
Professor, University of the Philippines, Los Baños 【Philippines】
Buncha CHINNASRI
Assistant Dean for International Affairs, Faculty of Agriculture
Kasetsart University 【Thailand】
Kukuh MURTILAKSONO
Professor, Bogor Agricultural University 【Indonesia】
Wakil A. SARHADI
Professor, Kabul University 【Afghanistan】

7

Nakao NOMURA
Associate Professor, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Tsukuba 【Japan】
Tsuyoshi OKAYAMA
Associate Professor, Agricultural Department
Ibaraki University 【Japan】

Kanjana KWANMUANG < Graduate of University of Tsukuba SRD Course >Plan and Policy Analyst, Office of Agricultural Economics,
Ministry of Agriculture and cooperatives 【Thailand】
Kenneth K. KAGAI < Graduate of University of Tsukuba SRD Course >Deputy Director, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries Transnzoia County,
Kenya【Kenya】
Mary W. NJINE < Graduate of University of Tsukuba SRD Course >District Agricultural Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Karatina, Kenya【Kenya】【Young Researcher’s Forum】
Presenter

Yusuke TAKASHIMA
Master Degree Student
Graduate School of Agriculture
Ibaraki University 【Japan】
Prima J. OSLY
Doctoral Student
Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University 【Indonesia】
Md. Samim H. MOLLA
Doctoral Student, Tropical Agriculture
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture
Kasetsart University 【Thailand】
Joan Pauline P. TALUBO
Assistant Professor
Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning, College of Human Ecology

University of the Philippines, Los Baños

8【Philippines】

Kenji TAKISAWA
Doctoral Student
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Tsukuba 【Japan】

9

Summaries
for Keynote Address,
Address and Invited Lectures

Contributors【Keynote Address】･ Noelle COCKETT< Utah State University >Responsibilities of Being the Land Grant Institution in the State of Utah ........ 15･ Hiroshi GEMMA< University of Tsukuba >Our Experiences and Challenges in Proceeding of the Sustainable Rural
Development Program as the Special Program in Master’s Course ................ 17【Address】･ Yoshihiko SEKOZAWA< University of Tsukuba >Education for Sustainable Development in Agriculture at the University ofTsukuba ......................................................................................... 19【Invited Lectures】･ Tsuyoshi OKAYAMA< Ibaraki University >Future Gardening System - Smart Garden - ............................................ 21･ Nakao NOMURA< University of Tsukuba >Activities for Global Education in the College of Agro-Biological Resource
Sciences, University of Tsukuba .......................................................... 2313

[ Graduates of the University of Tsukuba SRD course ]･ Kanjana KWANMUANGof Agriculture
and cooperatives< Ministry <ofMinistry
Agriculture
and Cooperatives,
Thailand>>Farming Knowledge from Agricultural Training on Future Farms Investment
Planning ........................................................................................ 25･ Kanjana KWANMUANG< Ministry of Agriculture and cooperatives, Thailand >< Ministryof Agriculture,
LivestockLivestock&Fisheries& Fisheries Transnzoia
County,･ Kenneth K. KAGAI < Deputy
Director
Ministry of Agriculture,
Transnzoia
County,Kenya
Kenya >
Dissemination and Adoption of Normal and Nutritionally Enhanced Highland
Maize Varieties in Transnzoia County, Kenya ......................................... 27･ Mary W. NJINE< Ministryof Agriculture
Mathira East
Sub County< Ministryof Agriculture,
Karatina,
Kenya >

Importance of Agriculture Training Centers in Promoting Sustainable Rural
Development .................................................................................. 29[ Invited Lecturers from the Universities sharing Academic Exchange Agreementswith the University of Tsukuba ]･ Kukuh MURTILAKSONO< Bogor Agricultural University >The Role of Ag-ESD Program in Promoting Education for Sustainable Agriculture
at Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia ............................................... 31･ Buncha CHINNASRI< Kasetsart University >The Roles of Kasetsart University in Promoting Agricultural Education for
Sustainable Development (Ag-ESD) ..................................................... 33･ Oscar B. ZAMORA< University of the Philippines, Los Baños >Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Agriculture Education in thePhilippines ...................................................................................... 35･ Wakil A. SARHADI< Kabul University >Study on Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development of Agriculture in
Afghanistan ..................................................................................... 37

14

Dr. Noelle E. COCKETT
Executive Vice President and Provost
Utah State University
1435 Old Main Hill
Logan, Utah USA 84322-1435
Email: Noelle.Cockett@usu.edu
Specialty: Sheep Genomics

Responsibilities of Being the Land Grant Institution for the State of Utah
In 1862, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States (US), signed theMorrill Act, which created the US land grant institution system. Under this act, at least 30,000
acres of federal land was awarded to each state to support public institutions of post-secondary
education. Revenue from the land was used to establish and support the institutions so that tuition
would not be out of reach of the “industrial classes”. The Hatch Act, passed in 1887, establishedthe Agricultural Experiment Stations (AES) within the land grant institutions and currently
supports research in agricultural-related areas as well as rural community development. The Smith
Lever Act, passed in 1914, mandated outreach to the public through Cooperative Extension,another component of the land grant institutions. Both state and federal funding supports the
AES and Extension programs across the system of land grant institution. The ratio of state tofederal funding for these two programs ranges from 95:5 in California to 5:95 in Guam.
Today’s land grant institutions reach far beyond their original mandates of education
in “agriculture and mechanical arts”. However, a common theme for the land grant
institutions is the application of basic research supported by AES that contribute solutions tostate-wide issues. In addition, Cooperative Extension has established a deliver system of
research based information to inform the public in each state. In contrast to extension in othercountries, Cooperative Extension is not involved in policing state or federal regulations andprograms are delivered free or on a cost-recovery basis.
The Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (UAES) supports faculty at Utah State
University through salary, operating funds, student stipends, grants for travel, equipment andresearch projects, access to livestock and agronomic farms, and analytic and molecularlaboratories. Faculty supported by UAES are encouraged to convey research outputs to the public,
including federal and state agencies, with an emphasis on measurable outcomes. Around 140
USU faculty members with Extension assignments are housed in 13 academic departments and in
29 offices located across Utah. Extension programs cover a wide range of topics, from traditional
programs in agronomy, livestock production and horticulture to family finance, nutritional
information and youth leadership. Examples of recently developed programs include Master
Gardeners, Power Pay (a debt reduction program), Stepfamily Relationships, and 4-H robotics
clubs. While rural communities understand the outreach mission of Extension, reaching audiencesin urban communities has been challenging. Use of social media has increased awareness of thequality programs delivered by Extension faculty. It is essential that Cooperative Extension evolves
over time in both programming and delivery modes in order to address public needs.

15Dr. Hiroshi GEMMA
Emeritus Professor, University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572
E-mail: gemma.hiroshi.ft@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Specialty: Pomology, Postharvest Physiology

Our Experiences and Challenges in Proceeding of the Sustainable Rural
Development Program as the Special Program in Master’s Course
Ms. Malala Yousafzai known as teenage girl shot calamitously on her way home fromschool in 2012 by Taliban in Pakistan stated the following massage toward all the young
people in the world at U.N. “We will continued our journey to our destination of peace andeducation” then “Our words can change the whole world” attracting the biggest number ofaudience, and eventually concluded as “Our books and our pens, they are our most powerfulweapons”. On the basis of the same principal, we, the faculty members under the agriculturalscience related institutes, set up the Sustainable Rural Development program as a special
program in master’s course aiming at fostering a leader for rural area development in 2006.
With previous reflection on international collaboration in developing countries, the manner ofparticipatory approach has been adopted instead of technology transfer methodology.
Moreover, we thought a novel approach which could get over this idea on rural area
development practically and holistically, or post participatory approach. For the objective
above, the program was provided practical and theological training at graduate level in
relation to stable food production and supply, and alleviation of poverty in the participant’s
own country under the collaboration between our university and JICA ( the Japan
International Cooperation Agency) as a special 14-month course. The participants of thistraining program were requested as follows; 1. earning of 30 credits of the university, 2.
approval of technical report by the university, 3. submission of approved job implementation
plan authorized by his/her organization, 4. accomplishment of other necessary tasks of the
training program, and 5. good attitude and participation in the training program. We also had
many constraints such as language barrier in order to create the subjects which comprised four
categories: basic, preparatory, depth and selective matters in English. Under our own efforts,
these constraints had been resolved and all the subjects are still continued in the G30 program
even though the SRD coursed ended in 2012. From view point of internationalization, thecommencement of this program brought about the cue for the faculty member. Our
experiences and challenges on the last seven years will be introduced as a case of
implementation on the role of university for ESD action.

17

Yoshihiko SEKOZAWA
Assistant Professor, University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
Tennodai1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572
E-mail: sekozawa.yoshihik.ga@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Specialty: Pomology

Education for Sustainable Development in Agriculture
at the University of Tsukuba
The Agricultural and Forestry Research Center of the University of Tsukuba (AFRC-UT) has
developed a number of international programs to improve agricultural education. As an AssociatedCenter of the Asia-Pacific Program of Educational Innovative Development (APEID) nominated by
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), AFRC-UT
annually sponsored the Tsukuba Asian Seminar on Agricultural Education (TASAE) since 1979.
TASAE has brought together more than 250 scientists and administrators from Asian countries fordiscussions on various agricultural, educational and environmental conservation issues facing the
Asia-Pacific region. From 2008, the International Symposium on Agricultural Education for
Sustainable Development (Ag-ESD Symposium 2008) succeeded TASAE. The aim of Ag-ESD isto promote reform and improve agricultural higher education, while considering environmental
problems from an international viewpoint. In addition, a one credit Ag-ESD internship course isoffered to graduate students so they can experience international programs. Another key factor tosustainable development of agriculture and education is effective dissemination of information
between researchers and scientists. Therefore, AFRC-UT publishes the Journal of Developments in
Sustainable Agriculture (JDSA). JDSA, a J-Stage based on-line journal, is an excellent medium for
distribution of information on sustainable agriculture because it can be freely accessed fromanywhere in the world.
The AFRC-UT has also participated in a new graduate program in Agricultural Education for
Sustainable Rural Development (SRD) established in the Graduate School of Life andEnvironmental Sciences in collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sinceApril 2006. This graduate program provides practical technical training relevant to sustainable foodproduction and supply, and alleviation of poverty to regional agricultural extension agents andadministrators in Asian and African countries. Graduates from this program can contribute to thealleviation of poverty in rural areas of their home countries. In addition, from September 2011,
AFRC-UT began a new short stay “Farm Training Program” for undergraduate students from
Kasetsart University (Thailand), Utah State University (USA), University of the Philippines Los
Baños (Philippines) and Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia) to receive training and technicalexperiences in Japanese field management and production systems for a period of several months.
Through the above and other programs, the AFRC-UT emphasizes internationalization of
education for the development of sustainable agriculture as a major goal of the center.
19

Dr. Tsuyoshi OKAYAMA
Associate Professor, Agricultural Department
Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi
Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: tsu-okay@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Specialty: Agricultural Machinery, Agricultural Informatics

Future Gardening System - Smart Garden What do you think about gardening in the future? Recently, most people have asmartphone which is a palmtop size but is a very powerful computer. The future gardening
system must utilize these kinds of devices and wearable computers.
Now we have been struggling to develop an advanced gardening system,“Smart-Garden (SG)”. SG supports growers’, especially beginners’ decision with large
amounts of information based on collected data by sensors and simulation results using thedata. Home gardening is becoming popular in Japan. Because Japan is entering into an
unprecedented aging society, many retired people have abundant leisure time. Homegardening is one of options for consuming their time. Younger generations also have intereston gardening for hobby, health foods, and children’s education. However, it is difficult for
beginners to manage their own home garden, because of enormous factors which a grower has
to or should consider, such as plants’ condition, soil condition, weather, climate, etc. SG will
help to solve these difficulties.
The objectives of SG are 1) to collect “big data” from the field, 2) to simulate the future
situations of the field with the data, and 3) to visualize observed information and the resultsfrom the simulations for supporting a grower’s decisions intuitively.
In order to be used by everyone, SG should be inexpensive and open source project. In
this presentation, two key technologies in SG will be explained. One is a low-cost depth (3D)
sensor for collecting plant growth data three-dimensionally. KinectTM sensor which is used inour system features an RGB camera and a depth (3D) sensor and can collectthree-dimensional data from objects. The other is Augmented Reality (AR) technology. AR isa variation of Virtual Environment (VE) or Virtual Reality (VR). VE technologies completely
immerse a user inside a synthetic. While immersed, the user cannot see the real world aroundhim/her. In contrast, AR allows the user to see the real world with virtual objects
superimposed upon or composited with the world. Using AR technology, the grower can see
an actual plant and useful information (computer graphics) simultaneously on the same
screen.

21

Dr. Nakao NOMURA
Associate Professor, University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572
E-mail: nomura.nakao.fa@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Specialty: Bioprocess Engineering

Activities for Global Education in the College of Agro-Biological
Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba
In line with the policy of Japanese government to reconstruct Japanese national
universities as “National University Cooperation” on 2004, all Japanese national
universities have clarified their mission to be distinguished in their role andresponsibility in higher education in Japan. One of the missions of University ofTsukuba declared on 2004 is “To link with countries and regions all over the world andto become a university with high international reputation and influence by actively
promoting world-class education, research activities, and collaborative interaction”.
Educational organization of agricultural education has been provided in the field of Lifeand Environmental Sciences. Particularly, College of Agro-Biological Resource
Sciences (CARS) is strongly pursuing several programs to nurture human resources tocontribute to the global society for agriculture and agro-industries. This requires anunderstanding of both local and global point of view. From 2009, CARS is providing
several educational curricula for the International Program in Life and Environmental
Sciences with the cooperation of College of Biological Sciences and College ofGeoscience. These international programs offer all courses inEnglish and accept
students from overseas. These kinds of program are not only for increasing theincoming international students but also for providing an understanding on agriculture
from a global point of view for Japanese students.
Various programs aimed to promote international student mobility are also
actively being conducted by CARS. Short-term agricultural internship program such as
agricultural field practices is offered mainly for 1st and 2nd year students. These
activities are conducted with foreign partner universities (University of Bordeaux, Utah
State University, Kasetsart University) and usually work as motivation for students togo and participate in longer exchange programs (for 1-semester to 1-year), which could
be a good opportunity for them to broaden their knowledge about global agriculture.

23

Ms. Kanjana KWANMUANG
Plan and Policy Analyst, Senior Professional Level
Office of Agricultural Economics Zone 8
Office of Agricultural Economics
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
E-mail: kanjanak@oae.go.th , mam_econ@hotmail.com
Specialty: Agricultural Economics

Farming Knowledge from Agricultural Training on Future Farms
Investment Planning
Farmers’ decisions or planning to invest more on farm are based upon a range ofsocio-economic factors and also farmers’ attitudes and level of knowledge. Moreover, farmers
who plan for doing or investing more on farm will keep agricultural sector still sustainable.
Hence, to find out the factor affecting farmers’ decision to future investment, especiallytesting affect from agricultural policy and farm knowledge from training to future investment
was mainly objective of this paper .A survey of 252 farming families was conducted in theharvest season in 2012 in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. By applied
logit model, the result showed that socio-economic factors as age and level of education ofhousehold head are negatively significantly influence on future planning for investing more
on farm. Meanwhile, other factors as farmers’ attitudes toward farming offers a stable career,level of supporting child to study agriculture, farmers’ attitudes toward agricultural policy,
Younger generation’s helping in farming, and farmers who received training are positively
significantly influence on planning to invest more on farm. For increasing farmers’ knowledge
on farming many types of “farmer training” have been complemented since farmer training is
one of the most important schemes which can not only increase farming knowledge but also
increase (the return on) the investment in farm.

Key words: farmer training, Farmers’ decisions, future farms investment planning

25

Mr. Kenneth Kinuthia KAGAI
Deputy Director Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries
Transnzoia County, Kenya
E-mail: kagaiken@yahoo.com
Specialty: Horticulture/Agronomy

Dissemination and Adoption of Normal and Nutritionally Enhanced
Highland Maize Varieties in Transnzoia County, Kenya
Maize is a major crop in eastern Africa region in terms of production, consumption andincome generation. Significant progress has been made in the area of research and developmentin improving maize crop technologies. One of the major focuses is to improve the quality of
seed varieties which encompass special attributes such as pest and disease resistance, earlymaturity, high yields and nutritional quality. Most of these varieties are designed to adapt towider agro-ecological zones.
Though the highland zones of the region are among the potential areas for maize
production, only a few of the several improved varieties adapted to the ecologies have been
accepted by farmers. Despite the increase in the number of hybrids released and the range in theseed market, one single variety still dominates many farms in the County. Conventional maize
is deficient in two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. Adoption of Quality Protein
Maize (QPM) can alleviate hunger and malnutrition problem facing the farming community inthe region.
The main study objective was to evaluate the dissemination and adoption of normal
and nutritionally enhanced highland maize varieties in Transzoia County. A survey was
conducted covering both subsistence and commercially oriented farmers. Study results
indicated that socioeconomic characteristics differed significantly across segments. Overall, thenumber of farmers growing hybrids is more than 90 percent. However, the slow pace of uptakeof other varieties and the replacement of the old variety is a cause for concern. There is a strong
response to seed-to-grain price ratio both for subsistence and commercially oriented farmers.
There is evidence of a commercial orientation in both subsistence and large scale farmers andhence the necessity to get the right price for seed. The preference to Quality Protein Maize is a
response to address protein inadequacy gap in the diet. The findings would be essential topolicy makers when designing public awareness and maize technology promotion among
farmers.

27

Ms. Mary Wairimu NJINE
District Agricultural Officer
Ministry of Agriculture, Karatina, Kenya
E-mail: njinem@yahoo.com
Specialty: Agriculture Extension

Importance of Agriculture Training Centers in Promoting Sustainable
Rural Development
Agriculture continues to be sub-Sahara’s dominant economic activity accounting for
40% of GDP, 15% of export and 60-80% of employment. In Kenya agriculture is the mainstay of
the Kenyan economy directly contributing 26% of the GDP annually and another 25% indirectly.
The sector accounts for 65 percent of Kenyans total exports and provides more than 70% of
informal employment in the rural areas. Therefore the agricultural sector is not only the driver ofthe Kenyans economy but also the means of livelihood for the majority of the Kenyan people.
Higher agricultural productivity is a precondition for growth and development in mostAfrican countries and increasing yields is the key to raising incomes in the rural areas. With continued
increase in population, climate change, land subdivision among others, the traditional methods offarming can no longer support the rising population. There is therefore the need for advanced
agricultural education that will assist farmers to produce high value crops and transform their farming
into a globally competitive and innovative agriculture as stated in Kenyans vision 2030.
The agriculture training centers (ATC) plays a key role in disseminating knowledge,
technologies and agricultural information, and in linking farmers with other stakeholders in theeconomy. The ATCS are critical change agents required in transforming subsistence farming tomodern and commercial agriculture to promote household food security, improve income andreduce poverty. Agricultural training centers frequently offer in-service training to public sector
employees, farmer training to farmers, and short courses on demand to others in the public or
private sectors. The Ministry of agriculture is usually responsible for agricultural training
programs.
Kenya therefore needs to continually develop the capacity of its ATCS for ruraldevelopment in terms of staff capacity and increased funding .This would positively impact ondelivery of necessary skills for improved productivity and sustainability of farming systems andassist the rural people improve their quality of life and livelihoods.
The ATCS has had challenges in fulfilling their mandate mainly due to low funding fromthe governments leading to deterioration of infrastructure and facilities for training andtechnology demonstration. This has also lead to limited capacity to train on emerging issues likebiotechnology among others. The ATCS has thus not been able to respond to market demands for
specialized courses. Different forums like new partnerships for Africa have recognized the needfor agricultural trainings and have recommended additional funding to the agriculture sector. The
ministry of agriculture has also recommended the restructuring of the institutions for improved
coordination. Some more practical way of minimizing this challenge is for the ATCS enter into
productive relations with other actors in the sector and wider economy thereby sharing in thecomparative advantage of different actors and institutions to reduce transaction costs, achieve
economies of scale, exploit complementariness’ and realize synergies in innovation. With this they
will be able to achieve their important role of training farmers and staff.

29

Dr. Kukuh MURTILAKSONO
Professor, Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources,
Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB),
Darmaga Campus, Jl. Meranti 16680, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
E-mail : kmurtilaksono@yahoo.com
Specialty : Soil and Water Conservation; Watershed Management

The Role of Ag-ESD Program in Promoting Education for
Sustainable Agriculture at Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia
Six Indonesian representative papers that have been presented in the eighth cycle(2008-2013) of APEID program as well as academic curicula and research topics of Bogor
Agricultural University (IPB) were reviewed to evaluate role and contribution of the Ag-ESD
program to education for sustainable agriculture in Indonesia, particularly at IPB.
Education in sustainable development science is an important key to create a strong
community in coping the upcoming challenges and problems of growth and environment.
Education that combines agriculture sustainability - where sustainable development science
becomes the core value of its curricula - should be developed. It is recomrnended to
improve the IPB’s academic curricula, course content, research, and community services ofsustainable agriculture development since many fields have been being delivered by IPB as
foremost agricultural university in Indonesia. The fields are such as food and nutrition
security problems, agricultural crops production, mine reclamation, and natural resources
utilization. The improvement as expected contribution of the Ag-ESD program will
generate better and high competent agricultural scientists and practitioners in optimizing andsustainable utilization of agricultural resources.
Many undergraduate and graduate courses of IPB explicitly describe sustainableagriculture while many others are closely related to ecology that fully consider environmentalbalance as an important factor in utilizing natural resources, and some others take into
account terms of environment and sustainable. Sustainable agriculture development andnatural resources utilization have been explicitely and mostly addressed to PhD dissertationand MS thesis.
Many needed field schools as nonformal education of sustainable agriculture havebeen conducted in order to specifically solve agricultural problem (integrated pest
management, soil and water conservation, watershed management). It has been created andfunded either by government, Non Government Organization, or foreign organization such as
Environmental Services Program (ESP), USAID.

31

Dr. Buncha CHINNASRI
Assistant Professor at the Department of Plant Pathology,
Assistant Dean for International Affairs, Faculty of Agriculture,
Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
E-mail: agrbcc@ku.ac.th
Specialty: Plant Pathology and International Affairs

The Roles of Kasetsart University in Promoting Agricultural Educationfor Sustainable Development (Ag-ESD)
Kasetsart University (KU) is the first higher educational institute to offer agricultural
education in Thailand. With a strong emphasis on the basic and applied agriculturalresearch to produce food and agricultural products to feed Thai people and the country,
Kasetsart University has been the destination of choice for students across Thailand to takeadvantage of the university’s innovative research and educational opportunities. As theacceptance of sustainable agriculture as the mainstream agriculture in Thailand has become
increasing, Kasetsart University has pledged to innovate and advance education and research
on a diverse range of sustainable agriculture and development.
Kasetsart University, through the Faculty of Agriculture, has offered a master’s
degree program on sustainable agriculture. With a growing public recognition on the program
and the financial support, especially in the form of scholarships, from the KU International
Study Center (ISC), the Sustainable Agriculture Master’s Degree Program has recruited more
students into the program, including foreign students. From 2007-2011, the Faculty ofAgriculture, had provided a 2-week-long training program entitled “KU-UT Internship
Program in Sustainable Rural Development” to over 30 master’s degree students from the
University of Tsukuba (UT). Under the strong partnership between KU, UT, and theJapanese International Cooperative Agency (JICA), this internship program has been deemedas one of the most successful projects from which other KU training programs need to learn.
The KU-UT Internship Program has been widely known for offering ample opportunities to
UT students (mostly from African and South East Asian countries) to learn, engage, andexperience agricultural systems in Thailand which have embraced the concept of sustainable
development. Kasetsart University also promotes the university-wide programs which
address social and environmental problems and later employ the sustainable approach toachieve the solution. With 16 agricultural research stations and 4 student training centers
located throughout Thailand and being ready to serve as students’ experiential laboratories,
Kasetsart University has boasted its readiness and leadership in the education on sustainableagriculture and development.
33

Dr. Oscar B. ZAMORA, Ph.D
Professor and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, Position,
University of the Philippines Los Baños
College, Laguna, PHILIPPINES 4031
Agricultural Systems, Environmental ScienceE-mail: obzamora@yahoo.com
Specialty: Agricultural Systems, Environmental Science

Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Agriculture Educationin the Philippines
The Philippines is an archipelago of more than 7000 islands situated in Southeast
Asia, with a land area of almost 300,000 km2. The estimated total population (July 2011) was
103,775,002, with an annual growth rate of 1.9 %. It is one of the countries in Southeast Asiawith highest economic growth during the period ending the second quarter of 2012. Basicallywith an agriculture-based economy, agriculture education in the country is through the 110
State Universities and colleges (SUCs) and the national university (University of thePhilippines) that were created by the Acts of Congress.
There are three important recent developments that pose opportunities and challenges
to sustainable agriculture education the Philippines: a) The enactment of the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2012 or the K - 12 Basic Education Program which extends by two years thecountry’s previous 10-year education curriculum; b) the rise in influence of global rankings ofuniversities which underlies the internationalization of higher education; and c) theregionalization because of the integration of the Southeast Asian economies into the ASEAN
Economic Community in 2015 (ASEAN 2015).
The recent implementation of the K – 12, is beset by many problems ranging fromfinancial, facilities and capacity/capability of the delivering institution at the secondary level. It
also requires a thorough review of current Bachelors degree programs, an opportunity to use
sustainable agriculture as an overarching principle in the review process. The issue ofinternationalization/regionalization for developing countries in their curricular programs
presents many challenges and decisions. However, among others, the development of signatureacademic programs with ASEAN perspective is very appealing and may attract international
students in degree programs such as Sustainable Agriculture Innovation and Entrepreneurship,
ASEAN Sustainable Policy Development Studies, and others.

35Prof. Dr. Wakil Ahmad SARHADI
Professor of Agronomy, Department of Agriculture,
Faculty of Kabul University and Agriculture Faculty Dean
E-mail: qasan2004@yahoo.com
Specialty: Agronomy

Study on Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development ofAgriculture in Afghanistan
Sustainable development refers to a mode of human development in which resource use
aims to meet human needs while ensuring the sustainability of natural systems and theenvironment, so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations tocome. The definition of sustainable development was used by the Commission: "developmentthat meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs. Nearly 80% of Afghanistan’s population lives in the rural areas
depending strongly livelihoods in the agriculture sector which, in turn, depends heavily on
agriculture production. Agricultural education is essential for fulfilling ever increasing
human basic needs such as food, fodder, cloths, and energy, for ensuring long term productive
potential of natural resources and for maintenance of environmental functions. Agriculturaldevelopment depends to agricultural education in Afghanistan. Agricultural education is
implemented by agriculture’s specialists and expert farmers. Research and education are
applied in agriculture schools, agricultural institute and agriculture faculty. Traditional
education is applied by expert farmers through their sustainable agricultural practices. Thereis a correlation between sustainability of agriculture and education. Importance of agricultural
education is its effectiveness on sustainable development of agriculture sector. The biggest
challenges of agricultural educations in Afghanistan are weakness of management, institution,
research activities, inputs, continuous war and security. Education and training are widely
recognized in research as contributors to national economic growth. Many organizations andinstitutions are supplying agricultural education to specialists and farmers as well, but lack of
update materials is a significant challenge in Afghanistan. The objective of Afghanistan’s
representative participation in this symposium is sharing experiences with the scientists ofdeveloping and developed countries. The specific objectives of agricultural education in
Afghanistan are to give update information of agricultural progresses of world to the Afghan
farmers, to provide essential training about agricultural practices regarding agricultural
technology, cultivation, processing, storing, post-harvest knowledge, irrigation, supplying of
fertilizers, usefulness of bio-diversity conservation, soil health, biotic and abiotic stresses,
climate changes and its role on agricultural production, The discipline of rural development
recognizes the crucial links between agriculture, natural resources, human settlement, andbiodiversity. Sustainable development clearly requires the cooperation and inputs of sectors
other than agriculture, including infrastructure, education, health, and energy.
Key words: Agriculture, Education, Sustainable, Development.

37

Summaries
for the Young Researcher’s ForumContributors【Young Researcher’s Forum】･ Yusuke TAKASHIMA< Ibaraki University >Conservation of Endangered “Lower” Plant in the Tropical Area.
- A Study of Fungal Symbiosis with Huperzia spp. in Indonesia - .................. 43･ Prima J. OSLY

< Bogor Agricultural University >Land Optimization of a Sugarcane Plantation (East Seram County) .............. 45･ Md. Samim H. MOLLA< Kasetsart University >Ameliorative and Detrimental Consequences of Nitrogen and Water on Maize
Varieties under Short and Prolonged Drought .......................................... 47･ Joan Pauline P. TALUBO< University of the Philippines, Los Baños >Sustainable Agriculture Production Systems for Food Security in a Changing
Climate in Batanes, Philippines ........................................................... 49･ Kenji TAKISAWA< University of Tsukuba >Overview of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae .................................. 51

41

Mr. Yusuke TAKASHIMA
Master Degree Student, Graduate School of Agriculture
Ibaraki University, Japan
3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0393
E-mail: yusuke.takashima.senmu@gmail.com
Specialty: Microbial Ecology

Conservation of Endangered “Lower” Plant in the Tropical Area.
- A Study of Fungal Symbiosis with Huperzia spp. in Indonesia Mycoheterotrophic plants are partly or entirely non-photosynthetic plants that obtainnutrients from fungal symbiont. Lycopodiaceae has worldwide distribution, and many species
inhabit in tropical regions and is classified in an ancient clade that is sister to all other extant
vascular plants. Subterranean gametophyte (haploid stage) of Lycopodiaceae is regarded as akind of mycoheterotrophic phase associated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF).
Therefore, Lycopodiaceae is not able to exist without AMF symbiont. Lycopodiaceae –AMF
association are poorly studied compare to other mycoheterotrophic plant (e.g. Orchidiceae). Inarecentstudy,

however,mycoheterotrophic

gametophytesof

Huperzia hypogeae(Lycopodiaceae) in Ecuador were found to be associated with AMF and linked with own
sporophytes (autotrophic phase) via their hyphal network.
Sundaland region consisted of Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia is highdiversity rainforest areas. Sixty percent of the 25,000 plants recorded from this region areendemic, but the natural habitats have been decreasing steadily over time. Especially, WestJava province is heavily populated thus the natural habitats of endemic organisms are only
remaining in the conserved areas such as Mount Gede Pangrango National Park. In thisstudy, colonization status of AMF and Root Endophytic Fungi (REF) in sporophytes of

Lycopodium clavatum, Huperzia selago and H. serrata inhabiting in the Mt. Pangrango were
investigated. As a result, AMF colonization was observed in H. selago and H. serrata except L.

clavatum. Moreover, as the REF, some of ericoid mycorrhizas and dark septate endophytes
were isolated from all Lycopodiaceae species. Such REF was more frequently isolated fromthe sub alpine area (>2400 m asl.) where is abundant in Ericaceae plants compare to themontane area (1500–2400 m asl.). Our results not only confirmed Huperzia –AMF association
and also imply a hyphal network between sporophytes of Lycopodiaceae and shrubs ofEricaceae linked via REF. Therefore, the conservation of Ericaceae plants may contribute to
the conservation of the natural habitats of Lycopodiaceae. Additionally, in the future, thecombination application of AMF and REF to Lycopodiaceae will help to fulfill the demands ofa cultivation method to avoid Lycopodiaceae from an extinction in the wild.

43

Mr. Prima Jiwa OSLY
Post Graduate Student (S-3)
Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
E-mail: azumi1509@yahoo.com
Specialty: Regional Planning for Sustainable Development

Land Optimization of a Sugarcane Plantation (East Seram County)
The utilization land for agricultural development requires information about thepotential of land resources and the land. Information is really important as it approaches inknowing constraints, and alternative solving. One approach to overcoming that problem isthrough the activity of land evaluation of conformity. Conformity is a depiction the level ofland evaluation suitability or the assessment process of land resources to a particular use. This
analysis aims to find any land belonging to the class suit (S1), is quite suitable (S2),marginally suitable (S3) and the land belonging to the class is not suitable (N) for sugarcanein the district of East Seram. . Based on the agro-ecosystem (biophysical) fiel, thematic map(slope, contour, soil, land use) and the results of laboratory analysis of soil and assisted withinterpretation of Landsat imagery, acquired the lands in the district of East Seram mostclassified as not suitable (N) with a variety of limiting factors. Most other classes consideredreasonably appropriate according to the category (S2) and the corresponding marginal (S3),while those belonging to the class suit (S1) is only a small part. The limiting factor found in
this area most of the danger of erosion, due to the district of East Seram is dominated bychoppy slopes, hills to the mountains, where the criteria sugarcane belonged not appropriate.
Optimization of land use is an attempt to increase the utilization of land resources to be on thefield. One objective optimization is utilizing land use while cultivated land into productive
agricultural land and increasing cropping index to expand planting areas. One of the areas forthe expansion of planting area, especially the plantations of eastern Indonesia, one of which
region of East Seram, Maluku Province. One is the sugarcane commodities. Indication of thesuitability of sugar cane lands in Eastern origin is reinforced with sugar cane that has beenaround since 6000 BC in Papua and surrounding islands. The method used for determining thevaluation of land and land that is the optimal method of land suitability analysis, mapping,weighted-scoring method and GIS mapping. Weighted-scoring method are to find an effective,
optimal areas for sugar cane plantations and sugar industries, by using certain criteria such as
being in the land suitability classes S1, S2 and S3, the milled cane 150 days, the economic
figures for the sugar cane plant is ≥ 8000 TCD .

45

Mr. Md. Samim Hossain MOLLA
Ph. D. Candidate, Tropical Agriculture
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
E-mail: samimmolla@yahoo.com
Specialty: Crop Stress Physiology and Farming System
Advisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Sutkhet NAKASATHIEN

Ameliorative and Detrimental Consequences of Nitrogen and Water on
Maize Varieties under Short and Prolonged Drought
Drought and food security is the great concern now a day under rapid changing of
global climate. Inadequate management of nitrogen and water stress is considered as the
major factors in decreasing the growth and yield of maize.
Two field experiments were conducted at National Corn and Sorghum ResearchCenter, Thailand during 2010-11 and 2012 under short pre-anthesis (SPD) and prolong
bracketing-flowering stage drought (PBD), respectively. Split plot design with factorial RCB
arrangement was maintained for the experiment where 2 water regimes [well-watered andwater-stressed] formed main plots, and 2 maize hybrids [Pioneer 30B80 and Suwan 4452] and3 nitrogen levels [0, 160 (optimal) and 320 (supra-optimal) kg nitrogen ha-1] collectively
formed subplots.
Supra-optimal N (urea) had a significant impact on changing soil pH temporarily.
Optimal N and well-watered enhanced net assimilation rate at vegetative stage (NARv), ovule
number per primary ear (ONpe), leaf area duration at reproductive period (LADr), specific leaf
weight at anthesis (SLWa), current assimilate transfer to kernel (CATK), SPAD chlorophyll
content at anthesis (Chla), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), biological yield and finally kernel
yield plant-1 (KYP), where supra-optimal N as well as zero N and water stress had detrimental
effects on these parameters except Chla. PBD was found more detrimental than SPD regarding
plant performance. More roots to shoot ratio, LADr, Chla, NUE, NARv, and ONpe wererecorded as nitrogen and water stress tolerance characters in Pioneer30B80. Optimal N had
ameliorative consequences against drought especially under SPD. The correlation between
KYP and other considered traits i.e. LADr, Chla, NARv, ONpe, and CATK were positive andhighly significant except SLWa, where CATK, ONpe and NARv had significant and positive
direct effect on KYP under both SPD and PBD. Maize variety development with the above
mentioned desirable characters and optimal N management can be helpful for maximum
kernel and biomass production, which in turns will contribute to food security andenvironment safety.

47

Ms.
Ms. Joan
Joan Pauline
Pauline P.
P. TALUBOTALUBO
Assistant
Professor,
Department
Assistant Professor, Department ofof Community
Community andand Environmental
Environmental
Resource
Planning,
Collegeof
Human
Ecology
Resource Planning, College of Human Ecology
University
University ofof thethe Philippines
Philippines Los
Los Baños
Baños
College,
Los
Baños,
Laguna,Philippines
College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031
4031
E-mail:jptalubo@gmail.com
E-mail: jptalubo@gmail.com
Specialty:
Specialty: Environmental
Environmental Planning,
Planning, Geomatics
Geomatics

Sustainable
Sustainable Agricultural
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Changing Climate in Batanes, Philippines
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P., Zamora,
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Lucille Elna
Elna P.,
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M.,
Tatlonghari,
RosarioV.,
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M., Tatlonghari, Rosario V., Espaldon, Maria Victoria O., Hostallero, Cesar Doroteo V.
ClimateClimate changechange could
could have
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impacts inin thethe Philippines
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coastalpopulation who are poor and vulnerable, especially those who live in areas prone to coastal
storms,storms, drought,
drought, andand seasea level
level rise.
rise. TheThe sector
sector mostly
mostly affectedaffected byby climate
climate changechange isis agriculture
agriculture
andfood
security
because
of
the
risk
of
low
productivity
duetoincreasing
temperature,and food security because of the risk of low productivity due to increasing temperature,
drought,drought, andand increasing
increasing frequency
frequency andand intensity
intensity ofof rainfall
rainfall thatthat brings
brings about
about floods
floods andandlandslides.
landslides.
LocatedLocated inin thethe northernmost
northernmost tip
tip ofof thethe country,
country, thethe Batanes
Batanes group
group ofof islands
islands lies
lies onon thethecountry’s
typhoonbelt.
Becauseofvulnerability
andits
isolation
from
the
rest
of
the
country’s typhoon belt. Because of vulnerability and its isolation from the rest of thearchipelago,archipelago, thethe Ivatans
Ivatans have
have developed
developed self-sufficient,
self-sufficient, organicorganic andand climate-resilient
climate-resilient crop
crop
production
systems.
This
paper
presents
theindigenous
crop
production
systemsthat
haveproduction systems. This paper presents the indigenous crop production systems that havemademade thethe Ivatans
Ivatans food
food self
self sufficientsufficient despite
despite thethe vulnerability
vulnerability ofof theirtheir agroecosystem.
agroecosystem.
A
typicalIvatanfarmerowns
3-5
parcels
of
land.
Each
parcelA typical
Ivatan farmer owns 3-5 parcels of land. Each parcel has
has anan average
average size
size ofof
2300-500m
2. Because there are no irrigation facilities, the farmers plant rice only once a year
300-500 m . Because there are no irrigation facilities, the farmers plant rice only once a year
duringduring thethe rainy
rainy season.
season. In
In oneone parcel
parcel during
during thethe dry
dry season,season, aa multiple
multiple cropping
cropping systemsystem isis
employed,withaspecific
spatialarrangement
of
corn
(Zea
mays),
gabi(Colocasia
esculenta),
employed, with a specific spatial arrangement of corn (Zea mays), gabi (Colocasia esculenta),yamyam (Dioscorea(Dioscorea alata),
alata), andand tugue
tugue (Dioscorea(Dioscorea esculenta),
esculenta), using
using corn
corn stover,stover, hardwood
hardwood trees,
trees,
or
a
local
reed
calledviyawu(Miscanthussp.)astrellis.
Banana
(Musa
sp.)
and
assortedor a local reed called viyawu (Miscanthus sp.) as trellis. Banana (Musa sp.) and assorted
vegetables
vegetables areare planted
planted aroundaround this
this parcel.
parcel. The
The rest
rest ofof thethe parcels
parcels areare leftleft toto fallow
fallow andand used
used asasgrazingarea
forcattle.
The
same
crops
are
plantedonthesecondparcelinthenextseasonandgrazing area for cattle. The same crops are planted on the second parcel in the next season andthethe first
first parcel
parcel utilized
utilized will
will again
again bebe planted
planted only
only after
after 3-5
3-5 years.
years. This
This uniqueunique fallow
fallow systemsystemmaintainssoil
fertility
withouttheuseofchemicalfertilizers.
They
also
practicemaintains soil fertility without the use of chemical fertilizers. They also practice ananindigenous
storagesystemthat
involves
hangingof
their
harvest
such
as
corn,
rice,
garlicandindigenous storage system that involves hanging of their harvest such as corn, rice, garlic andonion
onion bulbs,
bulbs, even
even meat
meat andand fish,fish, above
above thethe firewood-fed
firewood-fed cooking
cooking area,
area, toto keep
keep forfor long
long
typhoonseasons.
The
Ivatanfarmers’
indigenous
agricultural
production
systems,
typhoon seasons. The Ivatan farmers’ indigenous agricultural production systems, for
for
generations,
have
ensuredacertain
level
of
food
securityatthehouseholdlevel.
generations, have ensured a certain level of food security at the household level.

49

Mr. Kenji TAKISAWA
Doctoral Student
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: hardtype87@yahoo.co.jp
Specialty: Agricultural Engineering

Overview of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae
It has become obvious that continued dependence on fossil fuel is unsustainablebecause of global warming by greenhouse gas emission and the future depletion of fossil fuel.
Development of renewable energy has attracted much interest for energy sustainability.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel which is produced from oils derived from plants, animals or
microbes. It is non-toxic and biodegradable, and has lower emission of greenhouse gas whenburned in diesel engine. Various methods such as transesterification, blending, cracking,microemulsification and pyrolysis have been developed to convert oil into biodiesel which iscomparable to diesel fuel. Transesterification is the most common method for the productionof biodiesel and consists of a number of consecutive reversible reactions. Triglyceride isconverted stepwise to diglyceride, monoglyceride and finally glycerol and a mole of fatty acidmethyl ester named as biodiesel is liberated at each step. Generally, alcohol and catalyst areneeded for transesterification of oil.
Microalgae are unicellular microscopic (2–200 μm) autotrophic organisms which growby photosynthesis and are the eukaryotic representatives, though the prokaryotic
cyanobacteria are often included in algae. Some species contain more than 70% lipids (dryweight basis). They also grow extremely rapidly under optimal conditions and their growth
rates are 100 times faster than terrestrial plants. Oil yield of microalgae containing 70% oilcontent is 58,700 L/ha year and much higher than other crops (e.g., soybean 446 L/ha year
and palm 5950 L/ha year). In addition, microalgal cultivation does not encroach on arable
land suitable for food production.
Currently, there are various researches of transesterification of microalgal oil. The
conversion efficiency of biodiesel via transesterification depends on microalgal characteristics,
amount and type of alcohol and catalyst, operating temperature, and reaction time. This study
reviewed the technologies which generate biodiesel from microalgae by transesterification.
The performances of alkaline, acidic and enzymatic catalysts were evaluated. Also, modern
techniques of development of biodiesel i.e., microwave method and supercritical method werediscussed.

51

Abstracts
for Poster Presentations

Contributors
Contributors


Kasetsart Kasetsart
University
University
Surapong
ANUTTATO
Surapong
ANUTTATO.............. 61
Morphologicaldiversityof wild
Rhynchostylis
gigantea’Changkra’in Thailand
Morphologicaldiversityof wild
Rhynchostylis
gigantea’Changkra’in Thailand
SumanaCHUAMNAKTHONG
SumanaCHUAMNAKTHONG
Analysisof actinsequencesusingusing
for detectionof timelessexpressionin Aedesalbopictus,
Analysisof actinsequencesfor detectionof timelessexpressionin Aedesalbopictus,.....................................................
vectorof chikungunya
in rubberplantation
area area
vectorof chikungunya
in rubberplantation
62
Phattharawan
HONGKHAM
Phattharawan
HONGKHAM
Effectsof Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
strain,plantplant
expression
vectorand Agrobacterium
Effectsof Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
strain,expression
vectorand Agrobacterium...................................... 63
cell suspension
preparation
to efficiencyof tomatotransientcell suspension
preparation
to efficiencyof tomatotransient

Ibaraki
University
 Ibaraki
University
Deden
Derajat
MATRA
Deden
Derajat
MATRA........... 64
Developmentof Microsatellite
Markerusefulusefulfor Genetic
Analysison Mangosteen
Developmentof Microsatellite
Markerfor Genetic
Analysison Mangosteen(Garcinia
mangostana)in Indonesia(Garcinia
mangostana)in IndonesiaUniversityof Tsukuba
 Universityof Tsukuba
AfsanaAKTHER
AfsanaAKTHER
GIS-based
Spatialand Network
Modeling
for Urban
WasteManagement
and Potentials
of of
GIS-based
Spatialand Network
Modeling
for Urban
WasteManagement
and Potentials........................................................................................
65
Urban
Agriculture
Urban
Agriculture
ErikoEriko
ANKYU
ANKYU
Separation
Engineering
Evaluationof Introducing
Oil-Water
Separation
Technology
for forSeparation
Engineering
Evaluationof Introducing
Oil-Water
Separation
Technology........................................................................ 66
Organic
Wastewater
Treatment
Organic
Wastewater
Treatment
Tatsuro
AYATSUKA
Tatsuro
AYATSUKA
enrichment(FACE)(FACE)
condition
conditionon theonyield
the yield
and chemical
and chemical
The effectof free
The effectof airfreeCO
air2 CO2 enrichment.................................................... 67
composition
compositionof riceof ratoon
rice ratoon
grown
grown
for twofor weeks
two weeks
Pingping
Pingping
CAI CAI......................... 68
WineWineproduction
production
fromfrom
whole
whole
blueberries
blueberries
by usebyofusewetofmilling
wet milling
process
process
Hongxi
HongxiDU DU
MainMain
Factors
Factors
AffectingAffecting
Agricultural
Agricultural
Productivity
Productivity
and Sustainable
and Sustainable
Development
Development
in Innerin Inner.................................................................................................. 69
Mongolia
Mongolia
Chunzi
Chunzi
FENG
FENG...................................... 70
Producing
Producinghigherhigherappleapple
polyphenol
polyphenol
juicejuice
and healthierand healthierfood food55

Yusuke FUKUSHIMA
Mimosine brocks root cell growth by inducing cessation of cell division ........................ 71
Zhibin GU
Ultrasonication and Photocatalysis Synergy for Enhancing Purification Effect ofRefractory Organic Wastewater by using TiO2 Coated Glass Beads ............................. 72
Sayaka HASHIMOTO
Genetic evaluation of a blast resistance gene, Pi40(t), using standard differential blast
isolates ..................................................................................................... 73
Momoko HIGUCHI
Effect of Soil Moisture Stress at Booting Stage on Photosynthesis in NERICAs ............... 74
Yoshimi IYAMAIntergenerational Ethical Implications for the Expansion of Biofuel Production from theViewpoint of Natural Environmental Recovery ..................................................... 75
Yuki KASUGA
Comparison of total nitrogen and phosphorus in soil between the meadow and grazing
land in Xilingol grassland in Inner Mongolia ........................................................ 76
Takuto KATAGIRI
Effects of Rice Husk Charcoal on the Growth and Yield of Rice, and Soil Physical
Properties in a Paddy Field ............................................................................. 77
Risa KAWAMATA
The use of the color cue in host finding of Ascogaster reticulata Watanabe (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae) ............................................................................................... 78
Masaru KOYAMA
Development of a New Rice Beverage by Improving the Physical Stability of Rice Slurry ... 79
Yuji KUBOTA
Comprehensive Evaluation Method for the Effective Control of Rice Husk Combustion ..... 80
Kazumu KURAMITSU
Host Plants of Herbivorous Insect Mythimna separata affect its Larval Parasitoid Cotesia
kariyai ...................................................................................................... 81
Shuhong LI
Structure and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from soybean curd residue
fermented by Morchella esculenta ..................................................................... 82
Kejuan LI
Antioxidant Activity in Vitro and Antitumor Potential of Extracts from Actinidia
kolomikta Leaf and Root ................................................................................ 83

56

Jingwen LU
Hydrogen-conversion oriented ammonia production by anaerobic digestion: Effect ofpartial heating modules .................................................................................. 84
Zhixin LUO
Functional Analysis of Host Plant Odors in the Regulation of Ovipositional Behavior in
the Yellow Peach Moth Conogethes punctiferalis ................................................... 85
Dheni Mita MALA
Prediction of Aerobic Plate Count on Beef Surface Using Fluorescence Fingerprint via
Optical Fiber .............................................................................................. 86
Michiyo MATSUMURA
Women Contribution about Community Improvement ............................................. 87
Nguyen Thi MEN
Effect of Sperm Pre-treatment with Triton X-100 on in vitro Porcine Embryo Production
Following ICSI Using Freezed Dry Sperm ........................................................... 88
Shohta MINAMI
Analysis of Saccharification Properties of Rice Slurry for Brewing Rice Wine ................ 89
Eriko MIZUNO
Evaluation of the inter-species migratory ability of exogenous gonadal germ cells
collected from endangered birds using a germ cell competition method ......................... 90
Yuki NAKAJIMA
Isolation of Gonadal Germ Cells from Gonad of Developing Avian Embryos by PBS[-]
Methods ................................................................................................... 91
Misaki NAKAMURA
Sterilize by Heating of Rice Slurry for Lactic Fermentation ....................................... 92
Tekini G. NAKIDAKIDA
Nitrogen Efficiency of Two Composts on the Growth and Yield of potato (Solanum
tuberosum) in an Andosol Soil ......................................................................... 93
Thet NYONYO
Cellulose- and Xylan-Degrading Potentials and Phylogenetic Diversity of Cellulolytic
Bacteria Isolated from the Rumen ..................................................................... 94
Ikechukwu Eugene ONAH
PCR-RFLP patterns of COI gene established for accurate and rapid identification of
Bactrocera invadens and Ceratitis spp infesting sweet oranges in Nigeria ...................... 95
Toshihiko OTSUKA
Feasibility Study on Oil Recovery System for Organic Wastewater of Food Processing

57..... 96

Mananya PANYADHIRA
Innovation of Living Mulch Cultivation using Aquatic Plants in a Paddy Rice Field .......... 97
Narisara PIYASAENGTHONG
Induction of Tea Leaves treated with Adoxophyes honmai Reproductive Organs to Arrest
the Egg-Larval Parasitoid Ascogaster reticulata ..................................................... 98
Risa SAIKI
Screening and Characterization of Novel Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria that Accelerate
Cheese Ripening .......................................................................................... 99
Ayaka SATO
Effect of irrigation methods on growth, dry matter production and water use efficiency ofrice ........................................................................................................ 100
Rie SAWADO
The difference of vegetation, chemical composition of grass and grazing management
observed in Hargebi and Saihangebi village of Inner Mongolia .................................. 101
Miroku SHIMADA
Feasibility of Domestic Water Supply by Using Irrigation Canals in Time of Desasters ..... 102
Erina SHIMAMURA
Salt tolerance properties of some grass species for sustainable use of saline soil field ........ 103
Mami SHIMMURAThe Effect of Agricultural Water Use to Water Temperature Change in Kokai River Basin . 104
Yoshiya SHINOTO
Effects of Irrigation Intervals and Manure Levels on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Carbon
Isotope Discrimination of Field-Grown Maize in Thailand ....................................... 105
Hong SOKUNTHEAVY
Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production in Cambodia ..................................... 106
Mishma Silvia STANISLAUS
Optimization of the Sewage Sludge Used as Inoculum for Higher Biohydogen Production
from Ipomoea Aquatic .................................................................................. 107
Kohei TAKAHASHI
Feasibility of Renewable Energy Utilization for Irrigation in the Nile Delta ................... 108
Natsuki TAKEUCHI
Water Management in Reservoir Irrigation in Kagawa -A Case Study in Saburo Lake
Beneficial Area- ......................................................................................... 109

58

Yuta TANAKA
Methane fermentation characteristic of been sprout residue ...................................... 110
Takuya UEHARA
Biosynthetic pathways for C15-dienal sex pheromone in Dolbina tancrei ..................... 111
Tomomi UETA
Effect of Planting Density on the Growth, Dry-matter Yield and Forage Quality ofDifferent Types of Forage Rice Varieties ........................................................... 112
Xiaoxin WANG
Use Oil from Fish Processing Waste for Biodiesel Production .................................. 113
Hsiao-Wen WANG
Physiological Changing of Blackberries during Postharvest Storage ............................ 114
Yinchao XU
Development of Efficient Delivery System of Liquid Analyte for Paper Sensors ............. 115
Ryokuhei YAMAZAKI
Novel type of Sex pheromone system in Hibiscus flower borer, Rehimena surusalis ......... 116
Shohei YANO
System Analysis for the Schematic Flow of Palm Oil Extraction to Reduce theEnvironmental Degradation ........................................................................... 117
Xue ZHANG
Alkaligrass Grows Faster under High Alkali Stress ................................................ 118
Hanying ZHENG
Mitigating Ammonia Inhibition of Anaerobic Digestion with Ammonium-rich
Agricultural Wastes by Developing a Novel Fixed-bed Bioreactor .............................. 119
Qi ZHU
Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity of Novel Ag/TiO2 Thin Film on Glass Tube for
Organic Waste Degradation under Simulated Solar Light ........................................ 120

59

Morphological diversity of wild Rhynchostylis gigantea ‘Changkra’in Thailand
Surapong ANUTTATO1,2, Ratri BOONRUANGROD1, and Sermsiri CHANPRAME1,2
1

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsert
University,
Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
2
Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsert University and Center of Excellence on
Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Thailand
Rhynchostylis gigantea ‘Changkra’ is one of monopodial epiphytic orchids widelydistributed in Thailand. In spite of many commercial hybrids produced from this species, thewild R. gigantea is quite rare due to the deforestation. Lack of the diversity information ofthis species is also one of the current issues. This study is aim to investigate diversity of thisorchid spices using morphological character. Forty two wild samples were collected from 18
locations throughout Thailand. The number of 64 qualitative characters and 12 quantitative
characters were evaluated according to the modified UPOV description. The result show thatwild R. gigantea in Thailand can be divided into 7 groups by UPGMA method. Considering
PCoA analysis, the first and the second PC explained 58.69% and 4.05% of themorphological variation respectively and making a total of 62.74%. However, morphologicalcharacteristic cannot clearly explain the discrete of R. gigantea as concern by the collected
region of Thailand. The overlap of the groups may occur due to environments or natural gene
flow. However, quantitative analysis revealed that size of whole flower and dorsal sepal arehighly significant between regions of distribution in which the accessions from northern
region have bigger size than the other regions. Therefore, to obtain the manifest picture ofwild distribution of this species, molecular techniques should be employed to gain morevaluable information.

61

Analysis of actin sequences using for detection of timeless expression in
Aedes albopictus, vector of chikungunya in rubber plantation area
Sumana CHUAMNAKTHONG 1, Thananya COMPROH1,
Waraporn JUNTARAJUMNONG1 and Sungsit SUNGVORNYOTHIN2
1

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University,
Bangkok, Thailand

2

Aedes albopictus is a vector of Chikungunya. These mosquitoes were found in rubber
plantations. The behaviors of Ae. albopictus are related to human activity on rubber-tapping.
The rubber-tapper may face to a high risk of chikungunya infection causing incapability towork. The most effective means to prevent chikungunya infection are protection of humanfrom mosquito biting. Host seeking behavior involving in mosquito biting is regulated bytimeless which is a crucial gene to control circadian rhythm. Therefore, daily expression oftimeless gene in Ae. albopictus was investigated the relation between timeless and biting
behavior. Usually, constitutive gene actin is used as constitutive control in the studies oftimeless expression since this gene can be amplified by universal primers. However, the sizeof PCR product is not appropriate to real time PCR using for detection of timeless expression.
Therefore, actin gene of Ae. albopictus in Thailand were analyzed by amplifying this segmentwith these universal primers. The obtained DNA sequences from amplification were thenaligned to find conserved sequences using for primer design to produce appropriate size of
PCR product for real time PCR. The results showed that the sequences of actin obtained frommale and female Ae. albopictus are similar to the sequences presented in Genbank database.
Then, the suitable primers of this gene will be designed for real time PCR using for detectionof timeless expression in the future.

62

Effects of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, plant expression vector andAgrobacterium cell suspension preparation to efficiency of tomato transienttransformation
Phattharawan HONGKHAM1, Sunsanee NACHAROEN2, Ratree KOOHAPITAKTHUM2,
Sermsiri CHUNPREM3,4 and Parichart BURNS2,4
1

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphangsaen, Kasetsart
University, Nakhorn Pathom 73140 Thailand

2

Plant Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National
Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120
Thailand3

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphangsaen, Kasetsart University,
Nakhorn Pathom 73140 Thailand

4

Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University Kamphangsaen Campus, Nakhorn
Pathom 73140 Thailand
4

Center for Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE)

Agrobacterium transient transformation is commonly used to determine transgene
expression and promoter efficiency in plant tissue due to its low cost and a relatively short periodof preparation. In a complex tissue that is constantly developing such as fruit, however, transienttransformation efficiency has been found to be promising yet variable and unreliable. The
purpose of this study is to investigate influencing factors to the efficiency of fruit transienttransformation, including strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, plant expression vector,
Agrobacterium cell suspension preparation and incubation time using tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum L.) a commonly used fruit model. The results showed that pCAMBIA1304 is themost effective plant expression vector for fruit transient transformation followed by
pCAMBIA2301 and pCAMBIA1301 respectively. Two day incubation period andAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 produced high tomato transient transformation efficiency.
Key words: fruit transient transformation, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, tomato

63

Development of Microsatellite Marker useful for genetic analysis on
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) in Indonesia
Deden Derajat MATRA1・Roedhy POERWANTO2,3・SOBIR2,3・Edi SANTOSA2・Eiichi
INOUE1
1

School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan
Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
3
Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
2

Mangosteen is one of the tropical fruits that native from Indonesia and spread to tropicalregion of Asia and America, known as the queen of tropical fruits. The mangosteen isallotetraploid derived from G. malaccensis (2n=42) and G. hombroniana (2n=48) (Verheij,
1992). As apomictic fruits, the mangosteen has narrow genetic variation but phenotypes infield have variability (Sobir and Poerwanto, 2007). In this presentation the molecular marker
approach based on microsatellite polymorphism were applied to analyze genetic variability ofmangosteen in Java Island.
We conducted selective hybridization to develop microsatellites marker in mangosteen(Zane et al, 2002). DNA is extracted from dried leaf by modified CTAB method (Doyle andDoyle, 1987), and then digested by RsaI restriction enzyme. DNA fragments ligated withspecific-adaptor linkers and then amplified with one of an adaptor linker as primer. DNA
fragments were captured on nylon membrane that hybridized with microsatellite
oligonucleotides. The membranes were washed with shaking at 600C in washing solution.
Then DNA was eluted from the membrane in boiled water. The eluted fragments were ligatedinto pGEM®-T easy vector and transformed into E. coli. The positive colonies containing
microsatellite sequence were selected by colony PCR. Plasmids were extracted from theselected-colony and then purified by PEG precipitation. The inserted DNA was sequenced by
ABI3130xl genetic analyzer with Big dye® terminator ver. 3.1 sequencing kit. Microsatellite
primers were designed by PRIMER3 from the sequences containing microsatellite. Optimum
annealing temperature was analyzed for suitable amplification for each primer pair. We
collected leaf samples of mangosteen for their genetic analysis from four area of mangosteen
production in Java Island. They are Leuwiliang, Wanayasa, and Puspahiang in West Java, andKaligesing in Central Java. In each location, leaf samples of 20 individuals were randomly
collected and used for PCR by poorman’s approach (Schuelke, 2000), and microsatellite
analysis. The amplified microsatellite fragments were sized by genetic analyzer with
Genescan™500LIZ™.
We developed microsatellite marker from library that collected from Kaligesing (Central
Java) population and named IGMB. We collected 40% colonies that containing microsatellite
fragment and to prior analysis six primer pairs were designed. Four primer pairs successfully
amplified microsatellite region in the collected samples. They are IGMB001, IGMB002,
IGMB003, and IGMB006 containing AC motif. Number of alleles observed infour-mangosteen population ranged from 4 to 11 per locus, with an average of 6.5. IGMB003
has the maximum number of allele with polymorphic among population. Only an IGMB002
has no polymorphism. In population, Wanayasa has the maximum number of allele withpolymorphic especially amplified by IGMB003 primer. We will use these primers for further
analysis on mangosteen.

64

GIS-based Spatial and Network Modeling for Urban Waste Management andPotentials of Urban Agriculture
Afsana Akther1, Tofael Ahamed2, Ryozo Noguchi 2, Tomohiro Takigawa2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

GIS could help in dealing with several factors simultaneously which needs to beconsidered while planning waste management in urban areas. The urban solid waste management
becomes a complex issue and an integrated concept as well in the developing regions. In thisregard, GIS-based networking can assist in increasing information and efficiency of solid waste
collection system in an urban settlement. Rapid urbanization has inevitably increased pressure on
urban infrastructure and services, much of which have not been provided to muddle through with
rapid urban growth; thus, resulting in poor urban service delivery including uncollected solid
waste in most urban locations in developing countries like Bangladesh. In the capital, Dhaka
itself carried 3,500 to 4,500 metric tons waste per day on very rough per capita basis, which has
been taken to be between 0.45 and 0.50 kg. By 2015, it was projected, more than 6,000 tons ofsolid waste would be generated in Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) area. A sustainable waste
management, urban waste reduction and reuse also important for sustaining and minimizing
ecological footprints. Among other things, composting from urban organic wastes can reduce thevolume of waste and the need to collect and transport wastes to distant dumps. Urban agricultural
policy can be an integral part of a set of policies for sustainable urban environmental
management. Urban agriculture has potentials to reuse of solid waste. This research is designed
for the conditions of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. It is based on the practical observations
regarding the functions and time wise needs of the city. The city conditions are such that the
inhabitants face a lot of problems due to improper management of solid wastes. Dhaka City is
divided into 10 zones and the research was conducted in one of the zones of the city namely
Mirpur zone – 8. This zone, an administrative unit of Dhaka city, located at 23°48′15″N
90°22′00″E. We have observed during the fieldwork that solid waste management was done inmainly two phases. One was the waste management in the area where it was generated andsecond was the management of waste at dumping grounds. Private organization called PrimaryCollection Service Provider (PCSP) and the government was handling the issues jointly withoutsatisfactory conclusions. Lack of information on the extent of solid waste generated, inadequate
data on the number of households generating the waste, poor cost recovery due to non-paymentof refuse collection fees and poor collection system within settlements made the system efficientand environment was polluted. This research also included the issues related to the waste
generation, their storage, collection and first dumping point and removal from the collection
points. To enhance the efficiency and planning, GIS-based mapping for the Zone 8 wascompleted using ArcGIS. The geo-spatial analysis and geo-referencing was made to locate thewaste generating zone, uncollected points and PCSP road networking in the study area. The
suitability model shows the potential locations of urban agriculture. A structured interview was
conducted between the household families to understand their motivation of separating waste andcollection of compost to establish urban agriculture, like roof gardening, undisputed land owned
by DCC. We have found GIS could support the practical planning of this urban waste
management and located the potential regions to implement urban agriculture. Further researchwould be carried out with JICA and extend to other zones of City to establish potential
agricultural regions and ensure a green and healthy environment of Dhaka.

65Separation Engineering Evaluation of Introducing Oil-Water Separation
Technology for Organic Wastewater Treatment
Eriko ANKYU1*, Toshihiko OTSUKA1, and Ryozo NOGUCHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, JapanThe technologies to recover oil from wastewater including food fat and oil are developed.
They contribute to reduce the load of blocking the drainage derived from mass of oil, reduce theinitial cost and running cost of the facilities for wastewater treatment, and reuse the recovered
oil as valuable resources. By introducing oil-water separation technologies, especially in foodprocessing factories satified with sanitary condition, the recovered oil could be sold as food fat
and oil and the recovered water could be used as water resource. Then not only the cost
reduction of wastewater treatment but also the profit from the valuable resource are expected.
However, the performance and economic value of introducing these technologies in the field offood processing factories is still unclear.
This study aims to propose engineering evaluation method for introducing oil
separation technologies to wastewater treatment from food processing factory to reduce initialcost and running cost of wastewater treatment facilities and to produce benefits fromrecovered oil as resources. The evaluation method consists of two components; Separative
Work Unit (SWU) which is widely used for an expression of capability to enrich uranium toexpress total value by the separation, and value function determined by oil concentration ofwastewater. The variable numbers used in this simulation were assumed based on the hearing
investigation. 125 JPY/L of oil price, 0.6 JPY/L of water price, and -0.2 JPY/L of wastewaterdisposal cost. The recovered oil over 99.7% concentration of oil was used as valuable oil, therecovered water under 0.03% concentration of oil was used as valuable water, and the otherconcentration was treated as wastewater to disposal.
Results of trial calculation for food processing factory, Naoetsu-Yushi Co., Ltd.,
showed that over 99.7% separation performance was required to obtain positive value forseparation process, and below 99.7% separation performance decreases SWU markedly tominus value. These result clarified appropriate separation performance and the evaluation
method can be used for the evaluation standard for introducing the separation technology fororganic wastewater treatment. Moreover, it was clarified if separated water is used as valuable
resource, SWU will be higher and it means the separation has more value.

66

The effect of free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) condition on the yield andchemical composition of rice ratoon grown for two weeks
Tatsuro AYATSUKA1, Yasuhiro USUI2, Hidemitsu SAKAI2, Takeshi TOKIDA2,
Hiroshi NAKAMURA3, Minehiko FUKUOKA2, Mayumi YOSHIMOTO2,
Toshihiro HASEGAWA2, Osamu ENISHI4, Atsushi ASANO5, Morio KATO5,
Atsushi TAJIMA5 and Naoto ISHIKAWA5
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
3
Taiyokeiki Co. Ltd
4
NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science5
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
The well growing rice ratoon after harvest of rice is recently observed. It was reported thatthe rice ratoon had potentially no little biomass and good quality with high crude protein andhigh digestibility as roughage for ruminants (Arifusa et al., 2012). Besides, the increasing of
atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in near future and the effects of high [CO2] on theyield and quality in other crops were reported (Elizabeth et al., 2004). Therefore, the effects
of high [CO2] on the yield and chemical composition of rice ratoon grown for two weeks were
investigated in terms of the carry over and direct effect (COE and DE) in the present study.
Tsukuba FACE site was established in farmers’ rice field in Tsukubamirai City, Ibaraki
Prefecture, Japan. An ambient [CO2] plot (AMB: control plot) and an elevated [CO2] plot
(FACE, AMB+200µmol mol-1: treatment plot) were set and each plot has 4 replications.
[CO2] in FACE was elevated from 31 May to 14 September, 2012. Akitakomachi was tested
as a cultivar. In treatment1, rice ratoon was sampled on 28 September which is 2 weeks after
the harvest of rice (14 September) in AMB and FACE, in order to determine the COE ofelevated [CO2] (E-[CO2]) before harvest of rice on the growth of rice ratoon. In treatment2,
rice ratoon was sampled on 14 September which is 2 weeks after the harvest of rice (31August) in AMB and FACE, in order to determine the DE of E-[CO2] on the growth of riceratoon. The numbers of stem, stubble and heading, plant length and dry matter weight ofsamples were recorded. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, crude ash and in vitro
digestibility in the samples were analyzed. ANOVA was conducted for statistical analysis.
In treatment1, crude ash was significantly shorter in FACE than that in AMB (P < 0.02). In
treatment2, there were no differences between AMB and FACE. These results suggest that the
COE of E-[CO2] reduced the crude ash of rice ratoon cultivated two weeks; however, it grows
about two or three months. Accordingly, the effect of E-[CO2] on rice ratoon with prolonging
the cultivation term needs to be investigated for the actual utilization of the rice ratoon.

67

Wine production from whole blueberries
by use of wet milling process
Pingping CAI, Yutaka KITAMURA
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
Blueberries are perennial flowering plants with indigo-colored berries in the section
Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium. Blueberry has a lot of dietary fibers andpolyphenols with it substrate such as resveratrol and anthocyanin. Therefore, it is said to beeffective for eye strain recovery, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, and lifestyle-related disease
prevention. Currently, in addition to raw food eating, blueberries are supplied as materials ofvariety of products such as jam, baked-cakes and wine. In the manufacturing process of thewine, functional ingredients such as dietary-fiber and polyphenols which are abundant inpericarp were lost by filtration and squeezing processes. In this study, we proposed wet
milling process which makes filtration and squeezing unnecessary in order to keep rich infunctional ingredients of the wine product.
The approach to make blueberry wine could be divided to three processes. First, theminiaturization of washed blueberries, harvested from Tsukuba area was approached by thewet milling machine. The grinding characteristic of the blueberries was analyzed as well as
sedimentation properties and particle size distribution. Second, the fermentation process was
initiated by addition of sugar and yeast. At this fermentation process, the temporal change ofpH, glucose, organic acids such as ethanol and other parameters were observed. The lastprocess, the dietary fiber and polyphenols of blueberry wine were tested by implement afunctional test based on the food sensory test method. By this new process, the production ofdelicious-functionality wine with whole blueberries are expected to provide a positive effectto he human health and the decrease lifestyle-related disease. The successfully process are
expected to contribute to the six primary industries of blueberry producer in Tsukuba area.
The value of blueberry is hopefully increased.
Results of the grinding experiments with mixer,the smallest particle size has been foundmore than 100μm. Further, as a result of applying the wet milling using a stone mill,withmoderation feeding rate being smaller and the rotational speed being higher, the particle sizethat could be pulverized was smaller. Therefore,we had found that stone could be pulverized
finer than mixer. In the future, I'm planning fermentation and a functional test.

68

Main Factors Affecting Agricultural Production and Sustainable
Development in Inner Mongolia
Hongxi DU and Atsushi TAJIMA
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanAs population grows, over-cultivation and over-grazing are the major problems in Inner
Mongolia of China, which influence the sustainable development. In order to illustrate thetendency on what has happened in the past and relate the main factors affecting agricultural
production, it analyzes the Statistics of Year Book 2001 to 2011 by national level.
Result one showed that gross population increase quickly from 1823.4 ten thousand
persons at the year-end of 1978 to 2472.2 ten thousand persons at the year-end of 2010.
Because of the growth of population and their consumption of food, grain production andanimal production increase dramatically; it showed that grain production changes from 499
ten thousand tons in 1978 to 2158.2 ten thousand tons in 2008, and the numbers of large
animals changes from 4162.3 ten thousands heads to 10798.5 ten thousands heads. Also, it
showed that total land area, 118.3 sq. km, and prairie area, 8666.7 hectares, are constant from2001 to 2010, but cultivated land area increase slightly which changes from 709.1 ten
thousand hectares at the year-end of 2001 to 714.9 ten thousand hectares at the year-end of
2010. In addition, result two showed that water resource decrease quickly from 2004, such as
total water resources volume decreases from 545.95 one hundred million cu.m in 2004 to
388.54 in 2010; surface water volume decreases from 406.6 to 253.38; ground water
decreases from 236.22 to 227.65. Inner Mongolia is a semi-arid regions, it showed that theannual total precipitation of major cities is decreasing from 2001 to 2010. It also showed that
effective irrigated areas increase from 237.2 ten thousand hectares to 302.75 ten thousand
hectares, which means that irrigation uses the considerable amount of water resource. It could
be safely concluded that population growth and water resource might be the two main factors
affecting agricultural production and sustainable development. Therefore, how controllingwell the population and food consumption growth and improving the agricultural productivity
should be the fundamental issues so as to solve the problem on over-cultivation andover-grazing. Furthermore, how sustainably use the water resource could be the inevitableproblem, because it is necessary to extend the water-saving irrigated and effective irrigatedareas at irrigation areas.

69

Producing higher polyphenol juice and healthier foodChunzi Feng1, Yutaka Kitamura2
1
2

Undergraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

1.Introduction:
It is well-known that apple contains lots of nutrition facts, such as sugar, protein, vitamin andmicroelement. Each nutrition plays a very important role on our body. Scientists always say
an apple will keep the doctor away. However，many people do not like eating apple skin,which means a lot of nutrition will be lost. It is proved that almost half of the vitamin C
content is just underneath the skin. Polyphenol is an good antioxidant for human body due toit can prevent lots of disease, such as cancer, coronary heart disease. However, most of thepolyphenol is exist in the apple skin. In order to full use of the apple and do not influence thetaste, a new strategy using apple juice with skin instead of eating apple directly is proposed.
2.Material and Method:
Preparing two kinds of apples, one is with the skin, the other is without the skin. Mixing forfive minutes respectively, and using the Folin-Ciocalteu method to test polyphenol andparticle size distribution measurement.
3. Result and discussion:Experiment 1:
Experiment 2:
Testing particle size distribution measurement
With skin of apple juice polyphenol:55.672mg
Medium particle size

Without skin of apple polyphenol :3.312mg

  Time (min)From experiment 1, we can observe that particle size gradually decreased with increasing time.
However, particle size is still about 195μm after 10minutes.
We can see from experiment 2 that polyphenol in apple juice with skin is about 10 times
higher than without skin. Therefore, it is proved that most of polyphenol is contained in theapple skin
If produce apple juice with the skin, it will also have some problems. To produce more
tiny and good tasty, I will use wet willing and pectinase in the future.

70

Mimosine brocks root cell growth by inducing cessation of cell division
Yusuke FUKUSHIMA, Yukari SUNOHARA and Hiroshi MATSUMOTO
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki,Japan
Mimosine (α-Amino-β-[1-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridine)] propionic acid) is a
non-protein amino acid, contained in the leaves and seeds of Leucaena sp.. Mimosine
shows various toxic effects on animal cells, such as blocking of cell cycle and inductionof apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further, thiscompound works as an allelochemical, which inhibits plant growth. Therefore,
mimosine is expected source compounds for future herbicides. Our previous results
showed that mimosine selectively inhibited root growth and increased dead cells in
lettuce and onion roots. The results of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)
determination and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining suggested that oxidative damage isdirectly involved in the phytotoxic action of mimosine. Mimosine decreased the numberof cells that enter into mitosis and induced chromosomal abnormalities. We discuss thepossible mechanisms of blocking cell division by mimosine.

71Ultrasonication and Photocatalysis Synergy for Enhancing Purification
Effect of Refractory Organic Wastewater by using TiO2 Coated Glass
Beads
Zhibin GU, Dawei LI, Qi ZHU, Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation using TiO2 as photocatalyst is an attractive
practice for wastewater purification as it has the characteristic of high efficiency, low cost,and easy operation under ambient conditions. However, its practical application is seriously
limited by the aggregation and tedious post-separation of TiO2 nanoparticles. In the present
study, TiO2 coated glass beads was synthesized by a sol-dipping-gel method to avoid thepost-separation after treatment. Sonication of aqueous solutions induces acoustic cavitation
created by the growth and adiabatic collapse of the bubbles in the liquid, leading to enhancing
the degradation efficiency of RhB. Therefore a novel photocatalytic reaction system couplingwith ultrasonication was developed in this study.
For enhancing the stability of the synthesized TiO2 thin film on the glass beads,
polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG-300) was added to the sol as a binder and dispersant. The
synthesized TiO2 coated glass beads was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET surface area analyses. The photocatalytic
efficiency of synthesized TiO2 coated glass beads was evaluated by the degradation of
Rhodamine B, a model of organic wastewater under UV irradiation. The synthesized TiO2
coated glass beads was optimized by investigating the effects of the amount of PEG, dipping
time and calcination temperature, number of coating layers to determine the optimum
operation parameters so as to enhance process performance and purification efficiency. The
3-times repetitive utilization of the synthesized TiO2 coated glass beads for RhB degradation
gave a standard deviation of 1.6. Comparing with the blank control, the results showed that
PEG-300 addition in the sol obviously enhanced the stability of TiO2 thin film on the glass
beads. The optimum conditions for synthesizing TiO2 coated glass beads are PEG-300
percentage of 5%, dipping time of 48 h, calcination temperature of 500 ℃ for 2 hours, andcoating of 3–layers. The synergy of photocatalysis using the synthesized TiO2 coated glass
beads as photocatalysts and 1-h ultrasonic irradiation (200 W, 39 KHz) proved to be a
promising option for purification of organic wastewater.

72

Genetic evaluation of a blast resistance gene, Pi40(t), using standard
differential blast isolates
S. HASHIMOTO1, M. J. TELEBANCO-YANORIA2, K. K. JENA3, N. KOBAYASHI4, Y.
FUKUTA2
1

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
2
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science, Tsukuba, Japan.
3International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, The Philippines.
4
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan.
Blast in rice, caused by Pyricularia grisea is one of the most serious diseases in riceproduction. Use of resistant cultivar is cost-effective and eco-friendly way to prevent thisdisease. However true resistance genes easily breakdown due to spread of dominant isolates.
In Japan, some of previous rice cultivars with true resistant genes broke down their resistance.
Broad spectrum blast resistant gene is considered to be more effective than previous ones. In
2007, Pi40(t) was found by J. U. Jeung as a broad spectrum blast resistant gene derived fromwild rice, Oryza australiensis.
To characterize Pi40(t), a near-isogenic line (NIL) was developed by backcrossing
Pi40(t) donor line, IR65482-4-136-2-2, and susceptible line, US-2. Resistant plants werealways selected by inoculation of PO6-6 for backcrossing. 4 BC5F3 lines and 27 BC6F2 lines
were derived and used for inoculation test to 22 Japanese Standard Differential Blast Isolates(SDBI). From those BC5F3 and BC6F2 lines, a line, 40i-16, was selected as Pi40(t)homozygote line by inoculation test. 40i-16 showed highly resistant phenotype to 21 of 22
SDBI. The introgression of Pi40(t) was also confirmed using the polymorphic DNA marker inthe region near Pi40(t). Based on these experiment, NIL for Pi40(t) was successfully selected.
Using NIL for Pi40(t) , evaluation of Pi40(t) to blast isolates and investigation about
linkage between Pi40(t) and other agricultural traits will be conducted. NIL for Pi40(t) can beused as source of resistant gene or differential variety for evaluation of isolates and may
contribute to sustainable rice production.

73

Effect of Soil Moisture Stress at Booting Stage on Photosynthesis in
NERICAs
Momoko HIGUCHI 1 and Sachio MARUYAMA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

NERICAs (new rice for Africa) were developed as the product of interspecifichybridization between Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud., and mainly cultivatedunder rainfed upland conditions. The yield of NERICAs can be reduced under soil moisturestress caused by the uncertain rainfall. Soil moisture stress at booting stage severely reduces
the grain yield, but the physiological mechanism of the yield reduction is not well understood.
Therefore, this study was undertaken to clarify the effect of soil moisture stress at booting
stage on photosynthesis of NERICAs.
Three-week-old seedlings of NERICA1, NERICA4, NERICA7 and Yumenohatamochi(japonica upland rice) were transplanted into 1/5000 a pot filled with a mixture of soil
contained N: P2O5: K2O = 1.0: 1.8: 1.0 g/pot and grown in the glasshouse. Soil moisture stress
was imposed for 15 days at booting stage, maintaining the soil pF 2.3~2.7. The soil moistureof the control plants were kept under field capacity, less than pF 1.5. Photosynthetic rate andchlorophyll fluorescence were measured before, during and after the stress, and carbon
isotope discrimination was determined with the flag leaf excised at maturity.
The soil moisture stress resulted in substantial inhibition of photosynthetic rate with thesimultaneous decline of stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The
carbon isotope discrimination of the flag leaf was lower in the stressed plants, suggesting theirstomata tended to be more closed than the control. The stress reduced quantum yield ofphotosystem II (PSII), while increased the non-photochemical quenching which enhanced
thermal dissipation of PSII. NERICA4 showed slightly larger stomatal conductance andcarbon isotope discrimination than the other cultivars, but had the largest decline of quantum
yield and membrane stability index. It is concluded that the soil moisture stress inhibited
photosynthesis due to both diffusive and metabolic limitations. Metabolic limitation ofphotosynthesis may be related to the adverse effect of photochemical and RubisCO activity,
and the oxidative damage to the chloroplast. NERICA4 maintained the stomata more open,
but had more damage in PSII than the other cultivars under soil moisture stress. These
characteristics of NERICA4 may originate from African rice, Oryza glaberrima Steud. whichis the genetic background of this cultivar.

74

Intergenerational Ethical Implications for the Expansion of Biofuel
Production from the Viewpoint of Natural Environmental Recovery
Yoshimi IYAMA1, Ryozo NOGUCHI2, and Tomohiro TAKIGAWA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

Biofuel receives many attentions in recent years because biofuel has the potential to
be developed as an alternative to petroleum fuel. On the other hand, the major issues offood price inflation and ecological destruction is derived by the rapid expansion of
biofuel production. Those issues influence on not only our generation but future
generation for a fairly long time.
Attitude of the intergenerational ethics is a responsibility of our generation andaccountable for the life of future generation (Kato 1991). Therefore, the rights andwrongs of biofuel production should be discussed from the viewpoint of theintergenerational ethics based on scientific approach. Noguchi (2012) proposed that ourgeneration impose obligation on future generation if the time to reforestation from
biofuel production is over 50 years, supposing that the working time of human is 50
years.
Our objective is to clear the requirement for consideration to intergenerational ethics
for biofuel production on the assumption sustainable development of the society fromthe perspective of anthropocentrism or environmentalism (Nash 1993). In this study, we
discussed intergenerational ethics for biofuel production from the potential of secondary
forests, growing on abandoned agricultural lands, to serve as sinks for carbon dioxide inabove ground biomass and soils for 50 years. If the amount of sinking carbon dioxide ofsecondary forests is as much as primary forests in 50 years, there no issues about
intergenerational ethics about biofuel production from the perspective ofanthropocentrism.
A review of literature data showed the amount of the sinking carbon dioxide ofsecondary forests did not reach the primary forest’s level in a time span of the about 50
years. It was clarified that there were the issues about intergenerational ethics about
biofuel production, if the forest was not recovering from the viewpoint of the sinking
carbon dioxide.

75

Comparison of total nitrogen and phosphorus in soil between the meadow andgrazing land in Xilingol grassland in Inner Mongolia
Yuki KASUGA1, Masakazu GOTO2, Alatengdalai3, Gao WA4, Wulan TUYA4, Xing Qi4, Atsushi
ASANO5, Atsushi TAJIMA5 and Naoto ISHIKAWA5
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

2

Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan

3

Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China

4

Inner Mongolia Institute of Rangeland Survey and Design, Hohhot, China

5

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
It is widely accepted that serious degradation of grassland in Xilingol has been caused bygrazing. Therefore, the land use has been converted from grazing land to the meadow in many
areas of Xilingol in order to minimize the effects and maintain production by livestock. However,there is no study in regard to the effects of converting to the meadow on soil properties in Inner
Mongolia. The objective in this study, therefore, was to compare total nitrogen and phosphorus insoil between the meadow and grazing land in Xilingol grassland in Inner Mongolia.
Three sites were selected as the study sites. Five sampling quadrats (1m x 1m) were randomly
set in the meadow and grazing land in each site. Soil samples were taken at the soil surface(0-5cm) from each sampling quadrat on 16 and 17 July 2012. Each sample was analyzed for bulk
density (g/cm3), total nitrogen (g/kg) and total phosphorus (g/kg). Two-way ANOVA was
conducted for statistics.
The bulk density (g/cm3) in the grazing land (Ave 1.34) was significantly higher than in themeadow (Ave 1.26) (P<0.05). The total nitrogen (g/kg) in the grazing land (Ave 1.56) was
significantly lower than in the meadow (Ave 1.85) (P<0.05). The total phosphorus (g/kg) in themeadow (Ave 0.20) was significantly lower than in the grazing land (Ave 0.24) (P<0.05).
It was considered that the higher bulk density in the grazing land could result from trampling of
livestock in grazing land (Markus et al., 2007). The decrease in total nitrogen of the grazing land,
indicated that cyanobacteria which fix nitrogen mainly in Inner Mongolia might be decreased bylivestock trampling and feeding damage (Holst et al., 2009). The lower total phosphorus in themeadow suggested that phosphorus is not supplied in the meadow while it is supplied in thegrazing land by excreta, although phosphorus decreases by depriving of plant and livestock inboth of the meadow and grazing land. This result might indicate that the conversion from thegrazing land to the meadow is not always effective on material cycle or movement in terms ofgrassland conservation. Further studies including phosphorus fertilization on the grassland areneeded to evaluate the historical relationship between the decrease of phosphorus and thegrassland degradation in this region.

76

Effects of Rice Husk Charcoal on the Growth and Yield of Rice,and Soil Physical Properties in a Paddy Field
Takuto KATAGIRI1, Shinichi KOYAMA1, Morio KATO2 and Hisayoshi HAYASHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Rice husk are used as soil conditioners and propagation material, but 36.5% of thehusks are not used and burnt instead. Promotion of the reutilization of rice husks is needed forachieving a sustainable society through resource circulation. If there are other ways forreutilization of rice husks, we can increase the rate of utilization. Rice husk charcoal iscarbonized biomass, namely biochar. Application of biochar improves soil physical properties
and nutrient retention power of soils. In this study, we investigated the influence of
application of rice husk charcoal on the growth and yield of rice and soil physical properties
in a paddy field for establishing a cultivation method related to the effective use of rice husk
for achieving sustainable agriculture.
Experiments were carried out in an experimental paddy field at the Agricultural andForestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba in 2012. Rice husk charcoal (RHC) wasapplied at 20 kg, 200 kg and 2000 kg/10a, and rice husks (RH) were applied at 200 kg/10a to
separate plots. Rice seedlings, cultivar ‘Nipponbare’, were transplanted with four seedlings
per hill at 20 hills per m2 on May 26th. Experiments were conducted in a randomized block
design with three replications. Yield and yield components were measured using 10 hills perplot. Penetration resistance, three phases of soil, and maximum water capacity were measured
at maturity.
Application of rice husk charcoal and rice husks increased LAI 56 days after planting(DAP) when compared with no-treatment plots (control). Plant length was highest in the 2000
kg/10 RHC plot. Plant length in the 200 kg/10a RHC plot and 200 kg/10a RH plot were also
higher than the controls at 70 and 84 DAP. Rice yield in the 2000 kg/10a RHC plot increased
5% over the control. Although the number of grains per panicle increased with application ofrice husk charcoal and rice husks, the percentage of ripened grains decreased in these plots.
The number of panicles per unit area in the 2000 kg/10a RHC plot was 6% higher than thecontrol. This shows that application of a large quantity of rice husk charcoal increases rice
yield by increasing the number of panicles. On the other hand, one application of rice husk
charcoal did not affect the soil physical properties. These results show a feasibility to achievesustainable agriculture by applying large amounts of rice husk charcoal to the soil in paddy
rice fields.

77

The use of the color cue in host finding of Ascogaster reticulata Watanabe(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Risa KAWAMATA and Yooichi KAINOH
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
Insect parasitoids are used as natural enemies in biological control of insect pests thatcause various damages to plants or crops. Parasitoids are said to use several cues (e.g. visual,chemical, tactile stimuli) for host searching. Many studies on the searching behavior ofparasitoids have focused on chemical cues, but several studies have shown that parasitoids
also use visual cues. Ascogaster reticulata is an egg-larval parasitoid of Adoxophyes honmai(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), known as a pest of tea plants. We conducted several experimentson color learning in A. reticulate in order to understand details of host searching behavior ofthis parasitoid.
In this study, we tested whether females of A. reticulata can associate color cues with thepresence of the host. The female wasp was trained to lay eggs on the host egg mass placed ona piece of paper (1x2 cm) of a certain color. After training, parasitoids were presented withtwo pieces of paper including the color used for training and new colors in a choice test
without host egg masses. Results showed that A. reticulata can distinguish different color
combinations and significantly chose blue (vs. green) and black (vs. green). This study alsosuggests that the learning ability of A. reticulate may differ with color combinations. Based onthese results, A. reticulata appears to use color as a cue in some situations to increase hostsearching efficiency in nature. That is, we suggest that A. reticulate may use visual stimuli(e.g. color) as well as chemical stimuli (e.g. extracts of egg, wing scale) as a cue for host
location.

78

Development of a New Rice Beverageby Improving the Physical Stability of Rice Slurry
Masaru KOYAMA1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Rice has been used a staple food in Japan since ancient times. However, the consumptionof rice has recently decreased. A reduction in the self-sufficiency rate of Japanese food is aserious problem, and Japan is obligated ensure the future reliability of the food supply. A
reliable rice supply can mitigate the observed reduction, and an increase in the level of riceconsumption is desired. These improvements can be achieved by establishing new demands for
rice, such as rice flour and bioethanol.
Thus, “rice slurry” was developed as new liquid food material. Rice slurry is made frombrown rice with wet stone milling. Rice slurry can be used to make processed food for which
rice flour is unsuitable, such as pudding, ice cream, and beverages. Brown rice contains
multiple functional ingredients: GABA, resistant starch, γ-oryzanol, and tocotrienol.
Non-heated raw brown rice is ideal for health because these ingredients can be lost by heat.
However, raw brown rice is unfit for consumption because it is too hard to be chewed. Thus,“rice milk”, a beverage made from rice slurry, was developed as a way to ingest raw rice.
However, the rice particles in the rice slurry settled to the bottom when the slurry was allowed
to rest for several hours. The Stokes’s law shows that two conditions, overly fine particles or an
increase in the viscosity, suppress the sedimentation velocity of the particles. The purpose ofthis study was to investigate the milling conditions to generate fine rice particles and the effects
of a thickener to improve the physical stability. In addition, the possibility of developing ricemilk for human consumption was investigated through a sensory evaluation.
A separated milling method was established, which reduced the particle size of the riceslurry to less than 20 μm. This size ensured that the slurry was suitable for consumption.
Moreover, the effects of a thickener to improve the physical stability were investigated. The
sedimentation velocity decreased exponentially with the viscosity and was steady at more 80
mPa･s when the concentration of xanthan gum exceeded 0.1 wt%. A sensory evaluation
indicated a favorable rate of 55.6% for the rice slurry containing 0.3 wt% xanthan gum. The
characteristics of “thickness” and “sweetness” significantly impacted the sensory evaluation.

79

Comprehensive Evaluation Method
for the Effective Control of Rice Husk Combustion
Yuji KUBOTA1, Ryozo NOGUCHI2, Yasuyuki HIDAKA3, and Takahiro NODA3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
3
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
2

This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation method for rice husk combustion to
obtain alternative energy sources in rural areas by utilizing unused rice husk as agriculturalresidue. Rice husk burner produces not only heating but also smoked rice husk, which is worth
as fertilizer. In the conventional study, there are some evaluations about energy efficiency ofrice husk combustion. However, low environmental impact and high economic efficiency arealso important for diffusion of the rice husk burner in rural areas. Therefore, it is essential toevaluate rice husk combustion comprehensively in order to maximize benefit obtained by ricehusk burner. By establishing this comprehensive evaluation method, it is possible to offer
useful information at introduction of biomass energy and technology development.
A comprehensive evaluation method was constructed by three points of view, energy
efficiency, environmental impact, and economical efficiency. An inventory analysis was
conducted to estimate inputs and outputs of rice husk burner’s utilization. And the inventory
data was collected by the combustion experiment of the rice husk burner developed by Kaneko
Agricultural Machinery (Saitama, Japan). The combustion experiment was conducted in thecondition that amount of supplied rice husk was the range from 13.1 kg/h to 20.3 kg/h. The
material flow and the energy flow of the rice husk combustion were analyzed based on the
result of the combustion experiment. LIME2 (Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on
Endpoint modeling) was used for environmental impact assessment. Evaluation of economical
efficiency was estimated by adding value of smoked rice husk to value of heating.
Results revealed that when the amount of supplied rice husk was 15.5 kg/h,comprehensive evaluation value was the highest, as the optimal combustion, because the ricehusk was burned while producing a valuable smoked rice husk and small quantity of harmful
substance, maintaining high energy efficiency. On the other hand, it was shown thatcomprehensive evaluation values of combustion were low because of bad environmental effectand bad economical efficiency, even if they showed high energy efficiency. It was clarified thatthe comprehensive evaluation method contributes for optimal design and control of biomass
burner to achieve high energy efficiency, low environmental impact, and high economical
efficiency simultaneously.

80

Host Plants of Herbivorous Insect Mythimna separata affect its Larval
Parasitoid Cotesia kariyai
Kazumu KURAMITSU1, Ryoko ICHIKI2, Satoshi NAKAMURA2, Yooichi KAINOH1
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences

Previous studies show that host plant species of herbivore affect the success rate ofparasitism by its parasitoid wasps or flies. However, this phenomenon is known only inlimited species, such as tiger moth, parsnip webworm. In this study, we demonstrated theeffects of host plant species of rice armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
on the successful parasitism rate by the larval endoparasitoid Cotesia kariyai (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae).
The rice armyworm Mythimna separata is a pest of corn, rice and some otherpoaceous plants. Rice armyworm is a single host species of C. kariyai and the wasp canparasitize 2-6 instar larvae. In this study, we used five plant species, i.e., corn, rice, barley,kidney beans and Japanese radish as food for armyworm. Corn, rice and barley are usual hostplants for rice armyworm and both kidney beans and J. radish are unusual ones.
At the first, we gave five plant species for rice armyworm individually from 5th
instar until pupation to examine effects of host plant species on the survival rate of rice
armyworm. Then we recorded survival rate of each cases. Next, we gave five plant species forparasitized rice armyworm individually from 5th instar until pupation of host larvae to
examine the effects of host plant species on the success rate of parasitism by C. kariyai. Then
we recorded survival rate of both armyworm and C. kariyai.
As the result, survival rate of rice armyworm was affected by its food plants (corn> rice>barley > kidney beans > J. radish). On the other hand, survival rate of parasitized rice
armyworm with J. radish was higher than any other plant species. These results suggest that J.
radish is not an optimal food for normal moth, but it protect host larvae from the risk of deathby parasitoids.

81

Structure and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from soybean curd
residue fermented by Morchella esculenta
Shuhong LI, Yingnan YANG, Zhongfang LEI, Zhenya ZHANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

Soybean curd residue (SCR) is the main surplus material from soybean products, and it
is often regarded as waste. It is a loose material consisting of nutrients, including protein,fibre, minerals and fat. Recently, more attention has been focused on the utilization of SCR to
produce value added products in food industry, such as soluble dietary fibre, polysaccharides,
antioxidant material and protein. The nutrients could allow them to be used as high quality
media for edible fungi fermentation.
The mushroom Morchella esculenta (M. esculenta) has long been known for their
medicinal properties. Recently, many reports on M. esculenta have been published concerning
the health-promoting effects, including antioxidant activity hepatoprotective activity,
antimicrobial properties and antitumor effect.
The level of the polysaccharides’ bioactivities is closely related to their chemicalcomposition, molecular weight, branching, and chain conformation. In this study, Structure
and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from soybean curd residue (SCR) fermented by M.
esculenta were investigated. T he crude polysaccharide fraction were applied to a DEAE
Sephadex A-50 chromatography (OH-form) column (2.5 cm×40 cm) and eluted with different
concentration of NaCl (0; 0.01; 0.10; 0.50 M) at a flow rate of 1.25 ml/min. The obtained
fractions were combined based on the total sugar content quantified by the phenol sulfuric
acid method. The relevant fractions were concentrated and further loaded on to a Sephadex
LH-20 gel permeation column (2.5 cm×100 cm) with water as the mobile phase.
The characteristic of crude and purified polysaccharides were studied by GC-MS and
FTIR. Moreover, the antitumor and immunity activity of the polysaccharides will be studied
using the cell of DLD-1, HepG2, Hela and RAW264.7. SCR fermented by M. esculenta to
produce polysaccharides was a good choice for the reuse of SCR and it could be used to
produce antioxidants for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics.

82

Antioxidant Activity in Vitro and Antitumor Potential of Extracts fromActinidia kolomikta Leaf and Root
Kejuan LI, Yingnan YANG, Zhongfang LEI, Zhenya ZHANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Actinidia kolomikta, which is a species of deciduous dioecious woody vines in the genus
Actinidia, has been a wild plant that grows in the northern part of Indochina and Eastern
Asiatic region. Specific Actinidia species has a long history of its health-promoting andtherapeutic effects. Molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying these effects have notbeen studied.
In the present study, we tried to examine various activities of leaf extract (AK-LW) androot extract (AK-RW and AK-RE) of Actinidia kolomikta. Phytochemicals (including total
phenols and total flavonoids) and chemical antioxidant activities (including DPPH radical
scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferrous metal ions chelating activity
and reducing power) were determined respectively. Ultra-violet spectrum and infrared
spectrum were also investigated. Anti-proliferation activity on human hepatocellular
carcinoma cell line (HepG2), human cervical cancer cell line (Hela), human colon cell line
(DLD-1) and human lung cancer cell line (A549) were assayed by WST-8 method using invitro cell culture system. The results showed that different extracts exhibited considerable
variations in their phytochemicals, as well as chemical and antioxidant activities. We also
found that different fractions were supposed to possess selective anti-proliferative potent. The
data suggested that Actinidia kolomikta leaves and roots may offer natural and economic
sources for antioxidant and anti-cancer treatment.

83

Hydrogen-conversion oriented ammonia production by anaerobic
digestion: Effect of partial heating modules
Jingwen LU1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

1. Introduction
Ammonia has been taken as a good storage medium for hydrogen for decades and is afundamental raw material for industry and agriculture. However, over 80 % ammonia used atpresent is produced by the synthetic process by fossil fuels (mainly natural gas and coal),
which intensifies the energy crisis. In fact, ammonia is able to be recovered from theprotein-rich waste/wastewater by anaerobic digestion.
In this work, a partial heater was used to develop an ammonia production andvolatilization system by a fixed bed reactor without alkali addition. The objective of this work
is to (1) enhance the ammonia production and its volatilization by a partial heater; (2)investigate the effect of heating modules on ammonia production.
2. Materials and methods
The synthetic wastewater was made by the protein powder with total nitrogen 1009-N
mg/L. A fixed bed reactor was employed (Fig.1). A partial
heater was set up at the top (THSR) compared to thecontrol (SR) without a heater. Another two modules
MHSR and BHSR, whose heater were set up at the middle
and bottom of the reactor, respectively, were used toinvestigate the effect of heating modules on the production
and volatilization of ammonia.
Continuous operations were conducted with HRT=0.9
d at 35 ◦C for all the runs.
3. Results and discussion
The average total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) for THSR
was 778 mg/L, compared to 744 mg/L for the control. The
nitrogen removal rate for THSR was 6-fold of that of (1)Fixed bed reactor; (2)Wastewater reservoir;
the control. The results indicated that ammonia (3)AC source; (4)Timer; (5)Air pump;release was enhanced by the partial heating at the the (6)Magnetic valve; (7)Sample port; (8)Valve;(9)Peristaltic pump; (10) Ammonia capture;
top of the reactor.
(11)Gas collection; (12)Flow meter;
For the varied heating modules, TAN in MHSR (13)Partial heater
was a little higher, however, the nitrogen removal rate Fig.1.Ammonia production system by fixed bed reactor
was 26.7 % of that of THSR. TAN and the nitrogen
removal rate in BHSR were similar to that of the THSR. THSR and BHSR were considered tobe effective on the ammonia production and especially on its volatilization.

84

Functional Analysis of Host Plant Odors in the Regulation of Ovipositional
Behavior in the Yellow Peach Moth Conogethes punctiferalis
Zhixin LUO1 and Hiroshi HONDA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanThe yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious
polyphagous pest throughout the Asian and Australian regions. Host plant odors induce
oviposition of mated yellow peach moth females (Honda and Matsumoto 1984), but thedetailed functions of the odors in a series of oviposition behavioral responses are still unclear.
Therefore, in this study, the complete process leading to oviposition was explored in a windtunnel and divided into five behavioral components; take off flight from release point, half
way flight, hovering close to source, landing and egg-laying. Subsequently, the effects ofhost plant odors on these behavioral components were analyzed by providing continuous ortransient odor stimuli during each behavioral component. Plant odors accelerated the takeoff flight and increased orientation to stimulus source in hovering and landing. These odors
also stimulated females to lay more eggs resulting in a significantly longer time for
egg-laying with no decrease in the time necessary to lay each egg. The absence of plantodors delayed take off flight and interrupted the subsequent behavioral responses. These
results indicate the host plant stimuli induce orientation by flight and stimulate egg-laying,and may also independently regulate each component of the behavioral responses by thecentral nervous system for oviposition in the yellow peach moth.

85

Prediction of Aerobic Plate Count on Beef Surface
Using Fluorescence Fingerprint via Optical Fiber
Dheni M. MALA1*, Masatoshi YOSHIMURA2, Susumu KAWASAKI2, Mizuki TSUTA2,
Junichi SUGIYAMA2, Yutaka KITAMURA1
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2
National Food Research Institute (NFRI), NARO
Even has bad reputation as dangerous, raw dish meat still popular in some part of the
globe. In 2011, a food borne outbreak occurs in Japan, caused by raw dish meat called yukke.
Microorganism content found as poisoning agent. Thus, microorganism monitoring on meat is
important. In other hand, conventional microorganism monitoring method for food is time
consuming and laborious. Spectroscopy is a good technique to solve this problem which is
rapid and non-destructive analytical method.
Fluorescence spectroscopy has better sensitivity, selectivity and rapidity than absorption
spectroscopy. The fluorescence fingerprint (FF) is a set of fluorescence spectra acquired atconsecutive excitation wavelengths. FF has been used as a non-destructive technique for both
qualitative and quantitative measurement (Fujita et al., 2010; Kokawa et al., 2012; Shibata etal., 2011). Therefore, by use of beef, our objective is to develop an estimation method of
aerobic bacteria population on the surface by FF measurement through an optical fiber andmultivariate analysis.
Meat samples were purchased from a local store and transported NFRI laboratory(Ibaraki, Japan)., Samples were stored in an incubator at 15°C and analyzed after 12, 24, 36,
48, 60 and 72 hours of storage. FF as explanation variable were obtained by fluorescence
spectrophotometer F7000 (Hitachi-High-Technologies, Japan) coupled with optical fiber. The
PLS regression model was developed to estimates an aerobic plate count (APC) from FF.
The information on the various fluorophores on the surface of beef was usedcomprehensively, and appropriate estimation accuracy (R2=0.975; RMSECV = 0.849) was
achieved by PLSR. The PLSR model then validated with a new dataset of FF. Validationshows high prediction with R2 validation and RMSEP are 0.81271 and 0.88094, respectively.
High related coefficient comes from several wavelength regions related to three kind of
intrinsic fluorophores. According to fluorophores library, those peaks can be attributed toNAD(P)H , Porphyrins, and Flavin. The proposed method can expect to improve meatmonitoring technology which can achieve rapid, nondestructive, and continuous
measurement.

86Women Contribution about Community Improvement
Michiyo MATSUURA
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
It is said that the rural development should be done immediately and required to use
regional resource fully. It is also said that rural situation is more and more serious holding
problems and it is useful to solve problems in rural society firstly and show the primary factor
of solving it. Today, community activities advance making use of women power in rural area
and are paid attention in Japan. Although it is difficult to measure the effect quantitatively, hasa lot of effect. Women starting a business is for example. So, I want to take up women role forrural development in paddy field.

87Effect of Sperm Pre-treatment with Triton X-100 on In Vitro Porcine Embryo
Production Following ICSI Using Freeze-Dried Sperm
Nguyen Thi MEN12, Kazuhiro KIKUCHI1, Atsushi FUKUDA1, Michiko NAKAI1, Fuminori
TANIHARA1, Junko NOGUCHI, Hiroyuki KANEKO and Atsushi TAJIMA2
1
2

Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Freeze-drying preservation of boar sperm has been developed with a major concern
because it is known that if fertilization-competent spermatozoa could be stored in a freeze-dried(FD) state, the cost for maintenance and shipping could be enormously reduced. The successful
decondensation of sperm nuclear after being injected into the oocytes is a prerequisite factor for
the following events of zygote activation. The pre-treatment of frozen-thawed sperm with Triton
X-100 (TX) and dithiothreitol for disrupting sperm membrane has been applied to improve thefertility of ICSI-oocytes with the certain findings. Although dithiothreitol has been reported tocause the artificial decondensation in vitro in mammal sperm, it apparently causes a increase in
the sperm DNA damage. Therefore, in this study, only TX treatment was used to investigate its
effect on fertilization, cleavage and in vitro embryonic development of IVM oocytes injectedwith resulting FD sperm. Boar sperm were centrifuged to remove seminal plasma and resuspended in basic freeze-drying media containing 0 or 15 mM trehalose, freeze-dried for 39 hand stored at 4ºC. FD sperm were rehydrated and centrifuged, then, sonicated to isolate the heads
from their tails and treated with 0, 0.5% or 1.0% TX for 10 min at room temperature. Treatedsperm were washed to remove TX before being injected to in vitro mature oocytes. Shaminjection was conducted as control. Fertilization status at 10 h after injection (Exp 1) andsubsequent development after 6 day in vitro culture (Exp 2) were carried out. When FD sperm
were injected to in vitro mature oocytes and stimulated electrically, the percentages of oocytes
displaying two polar bodies and two pronuclei (considered as normal fertilization) were notdifferent in all sperm-injected groups (6 groups). However, the rate was significantly lower insham injection group (P<0.001, by ANOVA-Tukey). In experiment 2, there was no difference interms of the rate of cleaved, 4-cell stage, fragmented embryos on day 2 of in vitro culture in allgroups. Blastocyst formation rate of oocytes injected with FD sperm pre-treated TX at 0.5% in 15
mM trehalose group was significantly higher than that in no TX-treated group (P < 0.05), while
no difference was observed in other groups. Moreover, the blastocyst quality measured by meancell number was not different in all groups. In conclusion, the present study showed that boar FD
sperm treated with TX at 0.5% increased the development of embryos to blastocyst stage. Thisfinding suggests for further experiments about the mechanism underlying effect of TX, thedynamic changes of sperm-born oocyte activating factor after TX treatment.

88Analysis of Saccharification Properties of Rice Slurryfor Brewing Rice Wine
Shohta MINAMI1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1
2

College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Decrease in consumption of “Sake” becomes the problem because of avoid alcohol ina young generation and depopulation. Number of sake brewery fall off and the local industrial
decline is concerned with that. Development of new type of Sake is important to increase
consumption of Sake.
Sake is made from rice. The processes are mainly rice polishing, steaming,saccharification, ferment, and refined moromi. Rice bran and sake lees are removed in theseprocesses but they are rich to nutrient and functional ingredient. Therefore, it is expected thatsake including rice bran and sake lees becomes nutritious new type of sake. But there are two
problems. First, saccharification takes time because surface of brown rice is hard. Second,
texture of sake is bad due to cohesion and sedimentation of moromi. Miniaturization process,“wet milling” was proposed to solve these problems. “Rice slurry” is liquid food material
which applied wet milling to brown rice. Reactive and texture of sake improvement is
expected by using wet milling.
Saccharification is to hydrolyze starch to glucose. It is very important process. The
reason is that yeast cannot carry out alcohol fermentation from starch. It is thought that thesaccharification properties of the rice slurry are different to rice because rice slurry is liquid.
Therefore, the purpose of this research is to make clear the saccharification properties of therice slurry.
Starch is saccharified by the saccharifying enzyme. The reaction rate of thesaccharifying enzyme is represented with Michaelis Menten’s equation. This equation
indicates the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate. Kinetic analysisof the saccharification of the rice slurry is held by using Michaelis Menten’s equation.
The Saccarification rate is affected with three factors: saccharifying enzyme concentration,
pH and temperature. The change of the saccharification rate is obtained with changing factors
stepwisely. When influence of factors becomes clear, control and optimization ofsaccharification of the rice slurry are available.

89Evaluation of the inter-species migratory ability of exogenous gonadal germ
cells collected from endangered birds using a germ cell competition method
Mizuno E1,3, Onuma M3, Nakajima Y1, Sunaga E4,
Shiraishi T4, Ishikawa N2, Asano A2, Tajima A2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
3
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
4
Preservation and Research Center/The City of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan.
Conservation of animal genetic resources is important to maintain genetic diversity onearth. The necessity to maintain genetic diversity is particularly acute in avian, where 13% of
known species are classified as endangered. There is an apparent necessity to develop asystem to conserve and retrieve endangered avian species. It has been suggested thatinter-species germline chimera technology, using poultry as germ cell recipients, can beapplied to secure endangered birds. For the production of inter-species germ line chimeras,
exogenous germ cells need to migrate into gonads of recipient embryos. The aim of present
experiment, therefore, was to evaluate the inter-species migratory ability of exogenous
gonadal germ cells (GGCs) collected from endangered birds using a germ cell competition
method.
Under inter-species germ cell transfer condition, the migration index of GGCs
(Migratory ability of GGCs /Migratory ability of PGCs) isolated from Geronticus
eremita embryos at stage 26-33, 34-36 and 37-39 were estimated to be 0.38±0.14, 0.06±
0.04 and 0.04±0.01, respectively(P<0.05). Under intra-species condition, the migration index
of GGCs isolated from left gonad of White Leghorn (WL) embryos at stage 26-33, 34-36,
37-39, 40-42 and 43-45 were estimated to be 0.22±0.04, 0.19±0.04, 0.12±0.04, 0.03±
0.01and 0.03±0.01, respectively (P<0.05). The migration index of GGCs isolated from WL
and Geronticus eremita embryos did not differ significantly (P>0.05). These results indicatethat GGCs from Geronticus eremita partly share the common migration system with chick
PGCs.
Future study should be directed toward examining the developmental ability of GGCs
collected from endangered birds under inter-species condition.

90

Isolation of Gonadal Germ Cells from Gonad ofDeveloping Avian Embryos by PBS[-] Methods
Y. NAKAJIMA1,2, E. MIZUNO1, M. ONUMA3, K. MURATA4,6, M. UEDA4,
E. SUNAGA5, T. SHIRAISHI5, A. ASANO1, N. ISHIKAWA1 and A. TAJIMA1
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan, 2 Fellowof the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, 3 National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Japan, 4 Zoorasia Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Japan. 5 Preservation and ResearchCenter/The City of Yokohama, Japan, 6 Nihon University, Japan.
One thousand two hundred forty out of 10,064 known avian species are listed as
endangered according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of
Threatened Species (IUCN 2012). Thus, conservation of avian genetic resources is critical forthe maintenance of avian genetic diversity. In avian species, technologies of producing
germ-line chimeras have been developed by using gonadal germ cells (GGCs) collected fromearly chick embryos. The handling of GGCs after trypsin digestion, however, is difficult due
to the presence of overwhelming number of contaminating somatic cells. In our previous
study, spontaneous GGCs discharged from gonad into Phosphate Buffered Saline without
containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (PBS[-]) was observed when the gonad recovered from 7-day-old
chick embryo were incubated in PBS[-] (Nakajima et al., 2011). In the present study, attempts
were made to collect GGCs from embryonic gonad other that 7-dayold chick embryos
In experiment 1, developing left gonad recovered from 5-, 7-, 9-day-old White Leghorn(WL) embryo was incubated for 1 hour in PBS[-] at 37.8 oC for 1 hour. Number of
spontaneously discharged GGCs from gonad of 5-, 7-, 9-day-old WL embryo into PBS[-] was262.1 ± 56.7, 671.7 ± 137.8 and 2,027 ± 567.7, respectively.
In experiment 2, left gonad recovered from developmental stage (St.) (Hamburger and
Hamilton, 1951) 31, 34, 36 and 37 of Ciconia boyciana embryos, and St. 30 of Geronticus
eremita embryo was incubated for 1 hour in PBS[-] at 37.8 oC for 1 hour. Number of
spontaneously discharged GGCs from gonad of St. 31, 34, 36, and 37 of Ciconia boyciana
embryo and St. 30 of Geronticus eremita embryo into PBS[-] was 60, 260, 1,100, 60 and 160,
respectively.
In conclusion, it was shown that the PBS[-] method can be applied for collecting GGCs
from developing avian embryos.

91

Sterilize by Heating of Rice Slurry for Lactic Fermentation
Misaki NAKAMURA1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1

College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba

2Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba
Rice slurry is developed as a new liquid food material. It is produced from brown riceby stone mill. Now, in Japan, to increase consumption of rice, the development of a newprocessed rice food become popular. For example breads, sweets and noodles, which weremade from rice flour. But, although the use of rice flour is same it of flour, the price of rice
flour is higher than it of flour. So, its consumption failed to increase as much as expected.
Then we developed a new processed rice food, rice slurry. Rice slurry is liquid, so it will beprocessed various foods that rice flour cannot be.
Lactic fermentation has some advantages. Lactic fermentation is a reaction that lactic
acid bacterium make lactic acid from glucose. By lactic fermentation, lactic acid in a food isincreased and the pH value of a food is decreased. Then, the food preservation and safety
improve. On the other hand, functionalities of lactic acid bacterium attract notice recently. For
example, it is intestine regulating function and blood pressure lowering action.
Rice slurry is that brown rice is milled without heating, so it is necessary for rice slurry
processing to sterilize by heating. When rice slurry is heated, gelatinization of the starchoccurs. Gelatinization is the state that the bonding of molecules in the starch becomes weaker.
The state of the starch can have an effect on lactic fermentation. In the results so far, it isclearly that the heating time has effects on gelatinization of rice slurry. Gelatinization degreeof rice slurry can be measured by viscosity. Viscosity of heated rice slurry is enhanced until
one heating time. After one time, viscosity is drop. In short, the condition of sterilize byheating will have effect on lactic fermentation. So, it is necessary to establish the best way tosterilize by heating of rice slurry for lactic fermentation.
When the best way to sterilize by heating of rice slurry for lactic fermentation isestablished, rice slurry can be widely applicable for a new processed rice food. For example, alactic fermenting beverage, a cheese like food, and a yogurt like food. These foods have someadvantages. First, these are lower allergen than dairy products. So, even allergic people can
eat like dairy products. Next, these are will have lower calories than dairy products. So, thepeople who have dietary restrictions due to an illness and so on can eat like dairy products. In
short, to develop new lactic acid fermentation rice foods leads to improvement in quality ofsuch people’s food life.

92

Nitrogen Efficiency of Two Composts on the Growth and Yield ofPotato (Solanum tuberosum) in an Andosol Soil
Tekini G. NAKIDAKIDA1, Morio KATO2 and Hisayoshi HAYASHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Farmyard manure and composts are used as nitrogen (N) sources to replace inorganic
nitrogen (IN) in current farming systems, but their efficiencies in terms of N availability topotato crops are not clear. Without this knowledge, composts can be over or under applied andlead to poor yield and nitrate (NO3-) leaching in large scale farming or unreliable results inpotato experiments. This research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of N in different composts
as compared to IN in terms of growth and yield of potato in an Andosol soil.
Experiments were carried out at the experimental farm of the Agriculture and Forestry
Research Center, University of Tsukuba from March to July, 2012. Four treatments including
swine manure (SM, 1.8% N), poultry manure (PM, 2.5% N), ammonium sulphate (21% N)
and a control (C) with no application were laid out in a randomized block design with three
replications. Applications were set at 120 kg N/ha. Plant lengths, SPAD and LAI were
measured every 10 days starting from 23 days after planting (DAP). Leaf petiole sap was
measured and analyzed for plant nitrate N (NO3- N). Tubers were harvested at 94 DAP andyield (marketable and non-marketable) and yield components were measured and analyzed.
Efficiencies of the composts were calculated using the following formula: (SM or PM – C) /(IN – C) * 100.
SM showed slightly higher plant lengths when compared to IN, but with no significant
difference, while PM plant lengths were only 50% of the IN plot. This was similar for LAI
values only on 33 and 43 DAPs. Petiole NO3- N levels in both SM and PM were low whencompared to IN. SM produced a high aboveground weight that was greater than 100% morethan in the IN plot. Marketable tuber yield was only 50% in the compost plots, but the tubers
had higher non-marketable weights. Total tuber weight was not significantly different in allplots except for the control. Starch percent based on tuber fresh weight was significantly
higher in the SM plot at 87.2% compared to 76.6%, 62.1% and 32.1% in the IN, PM andcontrol plots, respectively.
SM showed comparable efficiencies to the IN plot in plant lengths, LAI, abovegroundbiomass and starch levels but not in marketable tuber yield. PM effects were approximately
50% in almost all measured parameters when compared to the IN plot. Marketable yield of
both compost treatments were 50% of those produced in the IN plot. The amount of SM andPM must double to make it comparable to IN in terms of plant available N.

93

Cellulose- and Xylan-Degrading Potentials and Phylogenetic Diversity of
Cellulolytic Bacteria Isolated from the Rumen
Thet NYONYO1, Takumi SHINKAI2, Atsushi TAJIMA1 and Makoto MITSUMORI1,2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
2 National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, JapanThe rumen microbes such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi degrade plant fiber andsupply nutrients to host animals. Bacteria are the most numerous of these microorganisms andplay a major role in the biological degradation of cellulosic plant materials such as cellulose
and hemicelluloses. In order to understand the mechanisms of cellulose degradation in therumen, many cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading bacteria have been isolated from therumen and their properties of cellulose digestion have been characterized. Recent moleculartechniques show that the majority (77%) of fiber-associated community members areuncultured bacteria, which had low similarity (<97%) with 16S rDNA sequences of known
bacteria. Therefore, this study attempted to isolate the cellulolytic bacteria from the rumen
using new media, an agar medium (ACMBM) and a gellan gum medium (GCMBM),
containing azo-carboxymethylcellulose (azo-CMC) as a carbon source, and determined theirdegradability of cellulose fitter paper, azo-CMC and azo-xylan.
From the media, 129 isolates were collected, of which the numbers of isolates
showed filter-paperase, carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activities were 51, 108 and 118,
respectively. The isolates were classified into 6 phyla, into 14 known genera and unclassified
genera. Approximately 18.6% of the total isolates belonged to unclassified genera showed(<97%) sequence similarity with known bacterial species. Therefore, these isolates arepresumed to be novel species of unclassified genera. Moreover, it was indicated that thebacterial composition of ACMBM was significantly different from that of GCMBM at thegenus level (P = 0.01). Isolates showing cellulolytic activity were obtained from both media.
GCMBM significantly supported growth of more isolates showing higher CMCase activity
than ACMBM (P ˂ 0.05). The numbers of isolates showing high xylan degrading activity
were almost same in both media. This study demonstrates the cellulolytic bacteria could be
isolated by the modified culture media and provides a better understanding of bacterial
physiology of cellulose digestion in the rumen.

94PCR-RFLP Patterns of COI Gene Established for Accurate and Rapid
Identification of Bactrocera invadens and Ceratitis spp Infesting Sweet
oranges in Nigeria
Ikechukwu Eugene ONAH1,2 and DeMar TAYLOR3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2

Tephritid fruit flies are considered an insect group of major economic significance inagriculture. They attack different types of commercial and wild fruits and vegetables, causing
considerable damage to agricultural crops. In addition, few insects have a greater impact oninternational market and world trade in agricultural produce than tephritid fruit flies. Some ofthem are serious quarantine pests and constitute a major obstacle to the movement of tropicalfruits in the world. Horticulture plays a major role in the economy of many nations as a sourceof income, ensure food security, and create jobs. Citrus is the most widely grown fruit crop in
Nigeria; however, tephritid fruit flies attack on citrus cause economic yield losses and havebeen identified as the major constraint to citrus production in Nigeria. Many species oftephritid fruit flies that appear morphologically similar differ in their biological behavior andthus have quite different potential impacts on food production and implications for biosecurity
and market access. At quarantine checkpoints, the immature fruit flies are the most likely life
stages to be intercepted in food produce. Moreover, in host fruit surveys immatures ofdifferent genera have been found to share the same fruit and they lack morphologicaldiagnostic features. These limitations have led taxonomists and quarantine officials to seek
viable alternative ways of fruit fly identification including the use of molecular markers suchas PCR-RFLP of COI gene. In order to develop and establish an alternative method of fruit
flies identification that is reliable and rapid, we extracted genomic DNA from citrus fruit fliesin Nigeria, amplified the COI gene, identified and constructed for the first time PCR-RFLP
patterns of COI gene for accurate and rapid diagnosis of the different species. The different
species were reliably identified and separated on 2% agarose gel using three restriction
enzymes. The invasive tephritid Bactrocera invadens, Ceratitis anonae, and a cryptic
Ceratitis sp were identified as key sweet orange fruit flies in Nigeria. The identification was
confirmed by sequencing COI gene and comparing with sequences from GenBank. The
sequences of all analyzed B. invadens and C. anonae showed 100% similarities with theirrespective species sequences from GenBank. However, the taxonomic status of the cryptic
Ceratitis sp is yet to be determined since it showed 99.9% similarity with C. anonae but
produced different fragment lengths with one of the three restriction enzymes used toconstruct the PCR-RFLP of the COI gene. The identification is very rapid, accurate andreliable, and without many difficulties. The PCR-RFLP patterns of COI gene so constructed
for accurate and rapid identification and separation of B. invadens and C. spp is the first of its
kind in Nigeria and Africa. The established identification method in effect will enhance easy
monitoring and decision making regarding fruit fly infestation in domestic movement of fruits
and vegetables, maintain international market access for Nigerian producers, and protect
Nigerian borders from exotic fruit fly incursion.

95

Feasibility Study on Oil Recovery System for
Organic Wastewater of Food Processing
Toshihiko Otsuka1, Eriko Ankyu1, and Ryozo Noguchi2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Organic wastewater that contains food fat and oil drained from food restaurant or
food factory causes clogging of sewerage pipe, and water pollution. The amount of wastefrom animal oil is about 0.4 million ton and vegetable fat about 0.2 million ton that recoverand reuse in Japan every year. Potential of recovering rest of the fat has 9.07×103 TJ of
maximum heat energy, 0.628 million ton of CO2 reduction capability and 17,900 million yenof economic gain effect. It was examined that recovery fat could expect as effective energy
with low discharge CO2 compare to fossil fuel, and fat recovery have the possibility that can
reduce various burdens while treating the wastewater. The fat recovery equipment has thepotentiality to separate and recovery fat from the wastewater and could widely diffused infood factories and restaurants.
The purpose of this research is to clear how oil separating affect environment andeconomic by examination of material and energy flow and the treatment capacity of
wastewater treatment system with fat recovery equipment in food processing factory(Naoetsu-Yushi Co. Ltd.: Higashi-nakajima, Joetsu, Niigata, Japan). Over 94.9% of removal
ratio for n-hexane extract content was measured using the oil recovery equipment, and thewastewater treatment plant showed high performance of purification after installing the oilrecovery equipment. It was clarified that wastewater and energy except for gas and emitted
heat from steam boiler tank were effectively utilized in the food processing factory.
Construction cost for waste water treatment system from 100 million yen (1 million US$) to
220 million yen (2.2 million US$) was decreased to about 1/3 to 1/4 by introducing the fatrecovery equipment (14 million yen, 0.14 million US$).
From the above results, it was proved that an oil recovery system from wastewater
not only reduced the load of waste water treatment plant including sewerage but is one of theeffective method for resource recycling, energy utilization and economic efficiency.

96

Innovation of Living Mulch Cultivation using Aquatic Plants in a Paddy
Rice Field
Mananya PANYADHIRA1, Morio KATO2 and Hisayoshi HAYASHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Cultivation systems using living mulch have an advantage for weed
suppression, prevention of soil erosion, improving soil fertility and other benefits.
Cultivation systems are commonly used in upland fields, but there is no usage ofliving mulch in paddy rice fields. Therefore, we tried to develop a polyculture
system using living mulch in a paddy rice field for promoting sustainableagriculture.
Experiments were conducted at the Agriculture and Forestry ResearchCenter during 2009-2012. Rice cultivar; cv. Akamai was transplanted at spacings of
30 × 15 cm except in 2011 (15 × 25 cm). Spirodela polyrhiza Schield, Lemna
aoukikusa Beppu et Murata and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes were used asliving mulch and rice bran, and buckwheat hull and paper mulch as non-living
mulch. Hand weeding with no treatment was used as a control. Living and nonliving mulches were applied in plot experiments on 7 days after transplanting(DAT) except the paper mulch which was applied on 0 DAT. Inoculation rates of
Spirodela were 100, 75, 50 and 25% of the surface area. Inoculation rate of Lemna
was 75% and 12 plants/m2 for water hyacinth. Experiments were conducted in arandomized block design with three replications. Plant length, stem number, SPAD,
LAI, cumulative solar radiation, number and dry weight of weeds, water and soil
temperatures, and yield and yield components of rice were measured.
Inoculation of Spirodela at 100% coverage reduced rice growth during theearly stage, but growth recovered. Spirodela biomass at 28 DAT was negatively
correlated to stem number. Number of weeds during growing period was reducedwith the inoculation of Spirodela. Accumulated solar radiation was positively
correlated to weed numbers during the growing season and at rice harvest, and toaccumulated soil temperature. Although living mulch reduced the number and dryweight weeds, it couldn’t inhibit the growth of the perennial weed Eleocharis
kuroguwai. Brown rice yields in living mulch plots were higher than or equal to thatof controls with an increase in rice panicle numbers and grain numbers.

97

Induction of Tea Leaves treated with Adoxophyes honmai Reproductive
Organs to Arrest the Egg-Larval Parasitoid Ascogaster reticulata
Narisara PIYASAENGTHONG and Yooichi KAINOH
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Biological control, as one of the approaches to integrated pest management (IPM), hasbeen shown to be an effective pest control measure to limit the growth of pest populations.
Natural enemies are fundamental for biological control. Parasitoids, commonly known as
natural enemies of various pest insects, have an immature life stage that develops on or within
a single insect host. They locate their hosts by using not only kairomones from their hosts, butalso synomones released by herbivore-damaged plants. Induction of odors from plants after
herbivore damage in tritrophic interactions may vary, depending on the plant and theherbivore species. Better understanding of tritrophic interactions can enhance the efficacy of
biological control.
Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is a major plantation crop for the economies ofseveral undeveloped and developing countries in Asia and Africa, including Japan and
Thailand. All parts of the plant are fed on by at least one pest species. Among leaf-feeders,
tortricid species are economically important pests of tea plantations. Of these, Adoxophyeshonmai Yasuda (Lipidoptera: Tortricidae), is a major pest of tea in Japan. In order to avoid
residue pesticides on the tea leaves, use of pesticides is controlled. Therefore, alternative
methods for controlling tortricid species are needed. Ascogaster reticulata Watanabe(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a solitary egg-larval parasitoid of several tortricid species,
including A.honmai. The relationships between herbivore-induced plants and parasitoids
receive attention as well. An interesting phenomenon is that some plant species can respondto the first step of herbivore attack for laying eggs on host plants as indirect defense. It isutilized by parasitoids to find their hosts. In these studies, we focused on the responses of tea
plants infested with host egg masses and the effect of the reproductive organ of mated female
moths on the tea leaves as an elicitor inducing tea leaves to produce cues to arrest theparasitoid A. reticulata. We found that host searching behaviors of A. reticulata were
stimulated by A. honmai egg mass deposition on the under surface of the tea leaves. This
process did not result in any visually recognizable damage. Naïve female parasitoids also
responded to the tea leaf treated with reproductive organs of mated female host by anintensive zigzag searching. Elicitors in the female reproductive organs of A. honmai induced
tea leaves to produce cues that arrested parasitoids between 24 and 48 hr after treatment of theleaf. The concentration of homogenized reproductive organ was important for the induction oftea leaves, because the time spent by parasitoid searching on tea leaves treated with higher
concentrations was significantly longer than for lower concentrations.

98

Screening and Characterization of Novel Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteriathat Accelerate Cheese Ripening
Risa SAIKI1, Atsushi TAJIMA1, Masaru NOMURA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS)

Introduction
Cheese is an important dairy product, which is nutritious, tasty and can be preserved for an
extended period of time. The cheese consumption in Japan has been increasing over the past
decade. However, the market share of domestic cheese production remains at about 20%,
primarily due to the high production cost compared with imported cheese. One of thecountermeasures to reduce the cost of producing cheese is to shorten ripening period. In orderto promote cheese ripening, it is necessary to select lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of growing
well under low temperature with NaCl stress and possessing high protease activity. According
to present study, some of non-starter LAB (NSLAB) possesses those abilities. Therefore, theobjective of this study is to screen and characterize novel NSLAB that can potentiallyaccelerate cheese ripening.
Materials and methods
LABs were isolated from 9 ripening cheeses produced at different periods and places. The
species of isolated LAB were identified with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and one
strain was selected from each species. The growth pattern of isolates was determined byculturing with MRS medium under different temperature (10, 15, and 30℃) and NaCl
concentration (0, 1.7, and 4.0%). The proteolysis ability of isolates was evaluated with theamount of free amino acid in skim milk culture.
Results and discussion
Two new NSLAB strains, EG9 (Lactobacillus paracasei) and FM1 (Leuconostoc
mesenteroides), were selected based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. It was revealed
that EG9 can grow well under 10℃/1.7% NaCl stress, whereas FM1 revealed high proteolysis
ability. The effect of these novel NSLABs addition on cheese ripening should be studied in
the future.

99

Effect of irrigation methods on growth, dry matter production
and water use efficiency of rice
Ayaka SATO1 and Sachio MARUYAMA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Water and food demands are increasing in developing countries due to the population
growth, thus the efficient use of water resource is required in agriculture. The amount ofirrigation water in rice cultivation is twice as much as that of upland crops. Previous research
has shown that intermittent irrigation has the effect of saving water. Therefore, objective of
this study was to clarify whether the intermittent irrigation saves water without reducing
growth and dry matter production of rice.
Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari) was grown in 1/5000 a pots filled with soil inplastic house in 2013. Treatments included five irrigation regimes: continuous flooding (CF),drying (D), alternate wetting and drying every four days (AWD4), every eight days (AWD8)
and every twelve days (AWD12) started 7 days after transplanting. In CF, the water depth wascontrolled at 3 cm above soil surface. In D, the soil moisture was maintained 80% of field
capacity. In AWDs, the water was added to the depth of 3 cm at irrigation. Leaf age, plant
length, number of tillers, and SPAD value were recorded every 7 days from the transplanting
to heading. The photosynthetic rate was measured with a portable photosynthesis system(LI-6400, LI-COR). The amount of water added to each pot was regarded as
evapotranspiration. Plants were sampled at transplanting and heading, and dry weight increase
was determined. Water use efficiency was calculated as the dry weight increase divided byevapotranspiration.
In active tillering stage, leaf age, plant length, number of tillers and SPAD value in D
were inferior, while the growth parameters in AWDs were similar or even larger than those in
CF. Similar tendency was found in photosynthesis. At heading stage, photosynthetic rates in
AWD12 were markedly lower than those of CF before irrigation, but they recovered after
irrigation. Dry weight increase from transplanting to heading was the largest in CF, followed
by AWDs and the lowest in D. Evapotranspiration during this period decreased in the order
CF, AWD4, AWD8, AWD12, and D. The percentage decrease of evapotranspiration to CF was
14, 27, 39, and 70% for AWD4, AWD8, AWD12, and D, respectively. Water use efficiency of
AWD 8 and AWD12 was similar to CF, and that of AWD4 and D was lower than CF. The
results indicate that AWDs save water, but reduce dry matter production, thus AWDs did notshow positive effect on water use efficiency of rice clearly at vegetative stage.

100

The difference of vegetation, chemical composition of grass and grazing
management observed in Hargebi and Saihangebi village of Inner Mongolia
Rie SAWADO1, Alatengdalai2, Osamu ENISHI3, Masakazu GOTOU4, Atsushi ASANO5,
Atsushi TAJIMA5, Naoto ISHIKAWA5
1

Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
3
NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science4
Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Mie
5Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2

The twin production of sheep by the effective grazing management using a normal(NG) and salt accumulated grassland (SG) was documented in Hargebi village of Xillingol
League, Inner Mongolia (Kimura, 2011). The possibility of economical and sustainableeffects of the twining management in degraded grassland was discussed in the report. The
twining management, however, has not been employed in other villages in Inner Mongolia,
although the reason is unclear. To clarify the factor(s) disturbing spread of the twining
system, vegetation, chemical composition of grass and grazing management were surveyed
in Hargebi and another village of Inner Mongolia in the present study.
Hargebi as a village with twining system and Saihangebi, Sonid Left Banner, as avillage without twining system were selected to survey. Three quadrats (1 x 1 m) were set
in NG and SG randomly in each village. Plant species and coverage rates were recorded
and all plants in the quadrats were collected July 18 and 19 2012. Chemical composition ofgrass was analyzed by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS).
Interview to farmer in each village was conducted in regard to grazing management.
The dominant plants were Leymus chinensis and Stipa capillata in NG of Hargebi
village and Stipa gobica and Salsola collinaI in NG of Saihangebi village, respectively. The
dominant plant was Reaumuria soongorica in SG in the both villages. Although Saihangebi
village was located to western dry area, significant difference was not observed in coveragerate between two villages. Crude ash of SG was higher than that of NG in each village(P<0.05). Grazing managements and breeds of sheep were different between two villages.
SG was managed as common grassland utilized by more than 40 farmers in Hargebi village.
SG was private land and separated from NG in Saihangebi village. Farmers, therefore, canonly use one type of the grassland in the village. Breed of sheep was Ujimqin in Hargebi
village and Sonid in Saihangebi village, respectively. Many common plant species
including annual plants were observed in the two villages, indicating that it might reflect
unusual conditions with a lot of rainy days in this year in both villages. Crude ash contents
in the plants of SG were higher than those in the plants of NG. Higher crude ash in
halophytes was reported (Ishikawa et al., 2003). Based on the results, one of factors
disturbing spread of the twining system in Saihangebi village might at least be difference inthe patterns of land use.

101

Feasibility of Domestic Water Supply by Using Irrigation Canals in Time ofDisasters
Miroku SHIMADA1, Tomoyuki TANIGUCHI2 and Kiyokazu UJIIE2
1
2

College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanThe Great East Japan Earthquake, which was occurred on March 11, 2011, caused thesuspension of water supply in the wide area. Many water trucks were arranged in the disasterarea to supply mainly drinking water. On the other hand, the many victims felt a big stress forthe shortage of domestic water, especially toilet water. From the view point of disasterprevention, it is important to take the measures to supply domestic water at the time ofdisasters.
This study focuses on irrigation canals as one of the infrastructure to supply domestic
water. Total length of main agricultural canals is about 40,000 km in the nation and a lot ofcanals are located close to the living area. However, there are the cases that they cannot be
used by the following reasons 1) flow capacity of the canals is lost by the shortage of
maintenance. 2) It is difficult that ordinary person take water from canals in the pipeline
districts. Therefore, it is necessary that the irrigation conservancy facilities, which can be
actually utilized to supply domestic water, are determined and the beneficial area is estimated.
Oyama city, Tochigi prefecture, and Kamisu city, Ibaraki prefecture, were selected as
the target sites. The former can be expected to obtain the large effect by using irrigation canals
since the main canal is through the central area of the city. The latter is the disaster area,
which was suspended water supply for more than one month, after the Great East Japan
Earthquake.
Published GIS data, which are administrative districts, canals and population
density(500 m×500 m), were obtained from websites. Based on the overlap of the population
density data and the canal data, the number of beneficiaries in each city was estimated. In
Oyama and Kamisu, the rates of beneficiaries to the total population were 51 % and 10 %,respectively. Oyama had comparatively many beneficiaries because the main irrigation canals
are close to the densely populated area. On the other hand, in Kamisu, the rate of beneficiaries
was small due to the reasons that the number of the canals is less and the most sections ofthem are located away from the residential areas.
However, there are some irrigation facilities, which are not registered in the public GIS
data as small irrigation pumps. They haven't been considered in the present processing yet.
Therefore, it is necessary to improve the GIS data by the further field survey. Based on the
improved data, we will consider the feasibility of domestic water supply by irrigation canals.

102

Salt tolerance properties of some grass species for sustainable use of saline
soil field
Erina SHIMAMURA1 and Katsuyoshi SHIMIZU2
1

College of Agro-Biological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

2

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

In dry land which consists of roughly 40% of whole land in the world, and supports asmuch as 40% of world food production, salinized soil is one of the most serious problems.
Salinized soil is defined as a condition of the soil that the salt content of the soil is so high thatproper plant growth is limited. It tends to happen where evaporation from the ground exceeds
rainfall, and also develops because of a high salinity ground water table, poor soil drainage
and mismanagement of irrigation. As a result, soil salinity is steadily increasing.
In order to utilize saline land, or the land which has the potential to become saline,
salinity tolerance is a very important characteristic for plants. It has been investigated mainly
using salt solution culture or sand culture with the irrigation of salt solution from the surface.
Both methods were aimed to measure the degree of salinity tolerance or the influence of salt
under stable salt concentration.
Our studies focus on the influence of salt on the plant growth under the situation that salt
water is steadily supplied as a ground water table, thus the salt content changes. For plant
species, we have selected Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), which is one of the mostcommon turf grasses and forage crops.
From June 6, 2013, Kentucky bluegrass plants (c.v. Award) were grown in 1/2000
Wagner pots filled with Uonuma-syodo (the soil without any nutrients). The salt treatments (0,6000, 12000 ppm NaCl) were started on July 12 with 4 replications for each, and it was
conducted as the irrigation from the bottom of each pot using trays filled with the solutions.
The solutions were replaced once a week. EC and pH of the soil, plant length, number ofstems, SPAD and dry weight were measured during the treatment period.
As a result, Kentucky bluegrass plants continued their growth despite under salty
condition. However, their growth was gradually affected by high salt content of the soil.
Kentucky bluegrass was sensitive to salt. Although breeding some salt tolerant cultivars canbe considered, there’s other solution to apply halophytic species, which shows high salt
tolerant properties. For example, alkaligrass (Puccinellia spp.) is known to have high salt andalkali tolerance, and its appearance is similar to Kentucky bluegrass. This plant is expected tobe applied as alternative turf and forage plant at the salty land. It was estimated that utilizationof this kind of plants may be able to inhibit the desertification and remedy the salty land.

103

The Effect of Agricultural Water Use to Water Temperature Change inKokai River Basin
Mami SHIMMURA1 and Tomoyuki TANIGUCHI2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan.
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
It is expected that water temperature in the basin, as well as air temperature, will risesignificantly by the effect of climate change. High water temperature causes hightemperature injury of paddy, which decreases quality of rice. Moreover, the changes in watertemperature will affect the ecosystem in the basin.
It has been already found out that water temperature rises while flowing down throughriver (Kobatake et al., 1995). On the other hand, a lot of water is used for irrigation in Japan.
Therefore, not only the process of river flow, but also the processes of agricultural water
management, which are water allocation in the paddy area, reservoir in paddy plots andwater reuse between upper and lower irrigation areas, may affect the changes of watertemperature change in the basin. However the structure of water temperature change in thebasin including paddy area is not clear.
In this study, the water temperature variations at the Kokai River basin, which flows
between Ibaraki and Tochigi prefectures having a total length of 112 kilometers, wasobserved. The sensors, which collect continuously data of water level and water temperature,
were installed at the following sites. a) upper, middle and lower points of the Kokai River, b)
upper, middle and lower points of a main irrigation canal, and c) the top of a main irrigation
canal and the tail-end of a main drain in some irrigation districts. The observation was
performed through the irrigation period in 2012. In this study, the result of 20th to 24th inAugust, which is the hottest date in the irrigation period, is shown.
In the Kokai River, it indicated that water temperature had daily variation at all threepoints, which were installed the sensor. Furthermore, the daily maximums of watertemperature at the upper, middle and lower points are 29.6 degrees, 32.3 degrees and 29.2
degrees, respectively. The daily maximum of water temperature at the middle point was
highest. In the main irrigation canal, the daily averages of water temperature at the upper,
middle and lower points are 20.2 degrees，23.5 degrees，24.7 degrees, respectively. It tended
that water temperature was higher at the lower point. It was found out that rise in watertemperature was caused by flowing down through the canal. On the other hand, watertemperature at the top of the main irrigation canal was higher than at the tail-end of the main
drain in the target paddy districts. It is expected that water temperature was cooled, whilewater was stored in the paddy plots or flows down through the drain.
In this study, the followings were clarified. 1) Water temperature is raised while waterflows through the rivers and the irrigation canals. 2) Water temperature is lowered at the
paddy plots or in the process of flowing down through the drains. From the above view
points, water temperature changes in the Kokai River are interpreted as follows. During thesection between the upper and middle points of the Kokai River, water temperature
increased gradually because there are not any inflows. Meanwhile, in the section between
the middle and lower points, water temperature is cooled by the return flow from paddy area
and the inflow of sub streams including the outflow from another paddy area.

104

Effects of Irrigation Intervals and Manure Levels on Growth,
Photosynthesis, and Carbon Isotope Discrimination of
Field-Grown Maize in Thailand
Yoshiya SHINOTO 1 , Ed SAROBOL 2 and Sachio MARUYAMA3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok
Thailand3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2

Water saving without yield loss caused by drought is vital in irrigation cultureof maize. Long interval irrigation is one of water saving culture, but this method might
reduce growth and yield by soil water stress. On the other hand, manure improves soil
texture and maintains water in the soil. The objective of this study was to assess theeffects of irrigation intervals and manure levels on growth, photosynthesis and carbon
isotope discrimination of field-grown maize.
The field trial was conducted on Latosol at the National Corn and Sorghum
Research Center in Thailand. Maize (Zea mays L., cv. SW4452) was sown on 3 Januarywith 75 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants. Fertilizer was applied with 37.5 g
m -2 of urea. The experiment was conducted by split-plot design with three irrigationintervals (1, 2, and 3 weeks) in main plots and three manure levels (0, 6.25, and 12.5 t
ha -1 ) in sub plots. Irrigation treatment was started 36 days after sowing. Plant height,
SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI) and dry weight (DW) of plants were measured at
different growth stages. Photosynthetic and transpiration rates were measured with ear
leaf at vegetative and reproductive stages. Carbon isotope discrimination (CID) of ear
leaf was analyzed with a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Integra 2, Sercon).
Soil water potential was lower in longer irrigation intervals, but there was no
significant difference among manure levels. Plant growth was inferior in the longer
interval plots. Application of manure increased the early growth, but the effectdisappeared at later stages. Photosynthetic rates were also lower in longer intervalplots and significantly correlated with stomatal conductance. Above-ground biomass atmaturity and grain yield were the lowest in 3-week interval plots, but there was no
significant difference between 1 and 2-week interval plots. CID increased graduallywith growth stages. DW and grain yield were negatively correlated with CID.
The results suggest that i) irrigation with 2-week interval might be useful aswater saving culture, ii) manure application is not effective in water saving culture in
Thailand, and iii) CID could be used as a parameter for dry matter productivity andyielding ability.

105Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production in Cambodia
Sokuntheavy HONG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Keywords: climate change, rice production, price response, supply and demand model, Cambodia

The occurrence of climate change in Cambodia is closely linked to agriculture andforestry. Cambodia, the country where agriculture is the main livelihood activities, has been
badly affected. As evidence, 70% of rice damage is caused by flood, 20% by drought and only
10% by pests and diseases. Such a developing country as Cambodia with low resiliencecapacity is very vulnerable to climate change. Once the adaptation option is well adopted, theadverse effects will be reduced. This research is proposed with aims (1) to predict the effects
of climate change on rice production under various scenarios; (2) to quantify the impacts ofclimate change on people’s welfare under different scenarios; and (3) to identify suitable
adaptation options against the negative effects of climate change. The research will employ
supply and demand model of agricultural product as the main research method. The
simulation result of the price response to climate change in Cambodia will be used to comparewith the simulation result of the price response in regional model.
References
Furuya. J. & Meyer. S. D. (2008) Impacts of water cycle changes on the rice market in Cambodia:
Stochastic supply and demand model analysis. Retrieved July 4th, 2013, fromhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10333-007-0101-y#page-1
IPCC Working Group 3 (2000) IPCC Special Report Emissions Scenarios. Retrieved June 26th, 2013,
from http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.php?idp=0
Magnan, N. et al. (2011) Food Security and Climate Change to 2050: Cambodia. Retrieved August 1st,
http://books.google.co.jp/books/about/Food_Security_and_Climate_Change_to_2050.
html?id=UHnulAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Ministry of Environment. (2002) Cambodia’s Initial National Communication. Cambodia: Ministry ofEnvironment, from http://lowemissionsasia.org/content/cambodias-initial-nationalcommunication -under-unfccc

106

Optimization of the Sewage Sludge Used as Inoculum for Higher
Biohydogen Production from Ipomoea Aquatic
Mishma Silvia STANISLAUS, Hanying ZHENG, Dawei LI, Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanThe world is turning to a search for clean energy source to mitigate coming climatechange and the impending shortage of readily available fuel. Hydrogen, the most abundantelement in the Universe has the potential to serve the purpose of fuel and is eco-friendly. One
option would be to use biological means such as potential substrates, wastes and biomass to
produce hydrogen.
Ipomoea aquatic is one such Biomass which is the case study in my research.
Ipomoea aquatica is a semi aquatic, tropical plant grown as a leaf vegetable and commonly
known as “Water Spinach”. It’s known for treating wastewater in lakes and ponds in order toavoid eutrophication. Most importantly these plants after water treatment cannot be
consumed and also, they impose some environmental problems due to its rapid growth,
therefore it can be treated as Biomass for Hydrogen production. With a high percentage ofCarbohydrate (54%), it can serve as a viable source for Hydrogen production. Moreover, theleaves and stems of I.aquatica are delicate and therefore do not require pretreatment withacid or other physical methods. Also, sewage sludge is used as inoculum and optimized by
pretreating with acid which is still not quite used by many researchers, but has potential.
In this experiment we subject I.aquatica to fermentation after pulverizing it, using
activated sludge as an inoculum to produce Hydrogen. The inoculum is subjected to various
pretreatment methods like heating at 100C for 30 mins and acid pretreatment using HCl (6N).
The amount of Hydrogen produced is measured timely and optimum conditions for the same
are being determined. The best pretreatment was determined based on the amount ofHydrogen accumulated after a week. From, the results acid pretreatment seemed to beefficient as it effectively destroys the methanogens, increasing Hydrogen yields.
This experiment is cost efficient and sustainable as the resources are available inplenty and materials are inexpensive. As, it’s the first time that experiment is being doneusing
I.aquatica as substrate it’s possible, it might prove to be an appropriate andsustainable material to produce Hydrogen, not only to solve energy needs but also solve
environmental problems like eutrophication caused by accumulation of wastes.

107

Feasibility of Renewable Energy Utilization in Irrigation for the Nile Delta
Kohei TAKAHASHI1 , Ryozo NOGUCHI2 , Abdrabbo ABDEL-AZIM3 ,Tofael AHAMED2 , and Masayoshi SATOH2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
3
Water Management Research Institute (WMRI), National Water Research Center, Egypt.
2

The potential of renewable energy by solar power and wind power is high in the Nile
Delta of Egypt, because of its long daylight and available wind velocity in this region. The
Egyptian government is investigating promotions of renewable energy utilization for all theland of Egypt. On the other hand, numbers of crops, which need different amount of waterrequirements and its energy consumptions in irrigation, are cultivated throughout a year in the
Nile basin. The Nile Delta is the main agricultural area with intensive cultivation. Thus,abundant water and its lifting energy from the canal to field are needed for irrigation by using
many pumps powered by diesel engine
The purpose of this study is to clarify energy consumption of lifting water by pumps
and feasibility of introducing renewable energy to substitute diesel fuel for the pump. To
calculating energy consumption for lifting water and energy potential of renewable energy
resources, field surveys at the Nile Delta in 2012-2013 and the statistical analysis were carriedout.
Result of investigation showed that 58.65 billion m3 of water was required for irrigation
yearly in the Nile Delta. This quantity of the irrigation water was occupied approximately
90% of the total supply water in Egypt. The energy consumption for lifting water was 1.59
billion MJ. According to the statistical data, the quantity of sunlight of Egypt was 6,800-9,400
MJ/m2/year. The potential of solar power generation was 500 MWh/ha (1.84 million MJ/ha
Conversion efficiency 20％). The average of wind velocity was 4.5 m/s in the Nile Delta.
Considering this wind velocity, the potential of wind power generation was 300 million kWh/unit of wind turbine. (10.8 million MJ /unit). This results show that an area of about 900 ha
was necessary to install solar photovoltaic panel. On the other hand, 150 units of the windturbine (1500kWh/unit) were required to supply energy for irrigation for the Nile Delta using
electric motor pump.

108

Water Management in Reservoir Irrigation in Kagawa-A Case Study in Saburo Lake Beneficial AreaNatsuki TAKEUCHI1 and Tomoyuki TANIGUCHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanIn Kagawa prefecture, the annual precipitation is less than 70% compared to theaverage precipitation of Japan. In addition, most of Kagawa is flat land, which is mostly usedas rice field, whereas the rivers have only a small catchment area. Therefore, Kagawa has
been suffering lack of water from long ago. To solve this problem, many reservoirs with the
purpose of collecting rainfall for irrigation have been constructed from more than 1000 years
ago. In reservoir beneficial areas, the customs of water use have developed to distribute water
efficiently and equally. Furthermore, the Kagawa Irrigation Channel, whose source is the
Sameura Dam, was opened to enhance the water resources in 1975. However, droughts havestill been occurring in spite of the activities above.
In recent years, rice fields in this area have been rapidly decreasing due to urbanization.
Thus there is a possibility that water requirement for irrigation has decreased. On the other
hand, the changes in agricultural condition such as the increase of part-time farmers, the aging
of farmers, and the decreasing in number of farmers may have affected the water demand.
In this study, we observed the water allocation in a reservoir beneficial area in 2012.
From the analysis, the present situation of water management in this area was clarified andfuture measures were considered.
The target area is the Saburo Lake beneficial area located in Takamatsu. The
agricultural area has decreased by 27% in the last twenty years, and is currently 342 ha. The
irrigation period is from mid June to the beginning of October with the total of 114 days in2012. There are two main dual-purpose canals in the area. The intermittent irrigation, which isnormally 3 days on and 2 days off, is adopted. In addition, the rotational irrigation is also
adopted for the 3 irrigated days. The beneficial area is divided into three blocks, and eachblock can take water according to the permitted time and date. In the specific custom, thefarmers in the down-stream block are allowed to stop the water intake of another block on adetermined day. On water shortage, the farmers of the lower block have to close the division
works of the upper block, because the upper blocks would keep on taking in in order to takemore water.
To clarify the situation of water allocation, water level sensors were installed in 11
points of the main canals. The interval of data collection was 10 minutes. From thecontinuous discharge data, the water intake of each block and dead outflow were calculated.
Furthermore, the water level data of the Saburo Lake and the Sameura Dam and themeteorological data were obtained. The effects of weather conditions on the operation of the
Saburo Lake and the intake of each block were considered.
In 2012, there was much rain compared to that of an average year, particularly at thecritical period of irrigation. Therefore, water management was different from usual. In Julyand September, the intermittent irrigation was stopped and the release from the Saburo Lake
was performed everyday. There is no severe water shortage like the past and water
management with sufficient margin has been made in 2012. Comparing the average water
intake per paddy area of each block, it was confirmed that at block 3, where the reduction ofagricultural area due to urbanization is significant, water intake is bigger than the other blocks.
The imbalance of water distribution by urbanization was confirmed.

109

Methane fermentation characteristic of been sprout residue
Yuta TANAKA1, Yutaka KITAMURA2
1

College of Agro-Biological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Nowadays, amount of food waste or residue is increased and efficient use of them isrequired. The ways of efficient use of them are to produce feedstuff, compost and so on.
Especially, high-value utilization such as bio-ethanol or bio-gas which is more useful thanfeedstuff and compost is focused on. We have a chance to search for the way of efficient using
the bean sprout residue as a sprout processing company required us. The way of high-value
added use is concretely bio-ethanol, bio-gasification, bio-dieselization, burnable gasification.
Bean sprout residue contains over 90% moisture, which has an organic compound without fat
and sugar. So transforming bean sprout residue to bio-ethanol, bio-dieselization, burnablegasification is not suitable. We consider that the bio-gasification is most suitable forhigh-value added use of bean sprout residue. The bio-gasification of bean sprout residue has
not been studied until now, so this study focus on the experimental analysis of bio-gasificationof bean sprout residue.
Bio-gasification is also called methane fermentation which transforms organic compound
to methane gas by microbe. In general, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C/N) for substancerequire 10 to 20 in methane fermentation, because fermentation will stop out of the range 10
to 20. C/N ratio of bean sprout residue is 5.5. We will confirm whether the inhibition caused
by low C/N ratio will occur or not during the fermentation experiment. Hydraulic retention
time (HRT) is fixed at 20 days. Organic loading rate per effective volume per day (g/L·day) ischanged as 1, 3, 5, 7. I will study methane fermentation of bean sprout residue in thecondition and find out its characteristic. Finding out characteristic of efficient using foodwaste or residue may lead decrease of environment load and garbage.
Now, we cultivate microbe which will be used as seed sludge on methane fermentation.
Substance is dog food. Dog food is added per a day to digestive sludge which we broughtfrom sewage plant. Component of gas produced by microbe is about CH4 60%, CO2 40%.
This result is considered reasonable but this experiment is not steady state yet. So we continue
to experiment this until state is steady. After that, we will experiment methane fermentation ofbean sprout residue.

110Biosynthetic pathways for C15-dienal sex pheromone in Dolbina tancrei
Takuya UEHARA1, 2, Shigeru MATSUYAMA1, Tetsu ANDO3, Hiroshi HONDA1
1

University of Tsukuba, Japan

2

Research Fellow of Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japan

3

Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
We surveyed the sex pheromones of fifteen hawk moths and found a novel sex pheromone

component 9,11-pentadecadienal from Dolbina tancrei. Pheromone components with functionalgroups are most commonly made from even-carbon chain fatty acids such as C16 or C18 acids.
Therefore odd-carbon chain pheromones may be synthesized by a unique biosynthetic pathway.
Here we investigated the sex pheromone precursors of D. tancrei and propose a possible pathway.
Common pheromone component in hawk moth such as 10,12-hexadecadienals aresynthesized from C16 fatty acids through several modification steps. We postulated two pathways
for the changes of D. tancrei; (1) C16 precursor conversion into C15 fatty acid, or (2) modificationof the steps in biosynthesis of 10,12-hexadecadienal. To determine the precursors, we analyzed
fatty acids in the pheromone gland extracts. Glycerolipids and free fatty acids from the extracts
were converted to the corresponding methyl esters and analyzed by GC-MS and DMDS or
MTAD derivatization. As a result, methyl hexadecanoate and methyl octadecanoate were themajor components detected. In addition, methyl 7-hexadecenoate, methyl 9-hexadecenoate,
methyl 11-hexadecenoate, methyl hexadecadienoate, methyl pentadecanoate, methyl 5pendatecenoate and methyl pendadecadienoate were also detected.
Although C15 fatty acids existed in the extracts, monoenyl C15 intermediates that can be
pheromone precursors were not detected in the extracts. Moreover, the existence of 11hexadecenoic and 10, 12-hexadecadienoic acids supports second postulated pathway. These
results suggest that 9,11-pentadecadienal is biosynthesized from palmitic acid via 11hexadecenoic and 10,12-hecadecadienoic acids rather than from C15 fatty acids, and predict a
specific enzyme for 1C chain shortening.

111Effect of Planting Density on the Growth, Dry-matter Yield and Forage
Quality of Different Types of Forage Rice Varieties
Tomomi UETA1, Morio KATO2, Hisayoshi HAYASHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Self-sufficiency rates of food and forage in Japan were 39% and 26% in 2011,
respectively. Although rice is a staple food in Japan, its cultivation area has decreased in thepast 50 years because of rapid decline in rice consumption. Cultivation area of forage rice has
increased rapidly during the past 10 years to improve this situation. Low-cost and low-labor
cultivation methods are required for forage rice production. Sparse rice planting is considered
as one such methods. There are two types of forage rice varieties, grain-weight type for grain
use and straw-weight type for whole crop silage use. We investigated the effect of planting
density on the growth, dry-matter yield and forage quality using two types of forage rice.
‘Kusahonami’ (grain-weight type) and ‘Leafstar’ (straw-weight type) were planted at
two planting densities, normal (30 x 15 cm, NP) and sparse (30 x 30 cm, SP). Experiments
were conducted in the Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba using
split-plot design with three replications. Plant length, stem number and leaf area index (LAI)
were measured during the growth period. Dry-matter yield of above ground was measured atheading and yellow ripe stages. Rice was harvested at the yellow ripe stage for silage. During
ensiling, pH and lactic acid of the silage extract were measured as indicators of fermentation.
Feed compositions of rice were also measured.
There was no difference in plant length between NP and SP. Stem number per hill
was larger in SP than in NP, but stem number per unit area was larger in NP than in SP for
both varieties. LAI increases were higher in NP than in SP, but the difference was slight at theheading stage. There were no significant differences in dry-matter yield at heading and yellow
ripe stages between NP and SP in both varieties. The pH of silage extract decreased withsilage fermentation. Lactic acid content of silage was higher in ‘Leafstar’ than in‘Kusahonami’, but there was no significant difference between NP and SP in both varieties.
Crude protein and fibers contents were not significantly different between NP and SP in bothvarieties.
The difference in dry-matter yield between NP and SP was not significant regardlessof plant types. The reduction in differences was mainly due to the compensatory effect of ricetillering. Silage fermentation and feed compositions were almost the same in NP and SP for
both varieties. Consequently, sparse planting is considered to be promising as a low-cost andlow-labor cultivation method for forage rice.

112

Use Oil from Fish Processing Waste for Biodiesel ProductionXIAOXIN WANG，YUTAKA KITAMURA
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Recently due to the exhaustion of fossil fuel resources，biodiesel fuels are attracting
increasing attention as an alternative fuel. Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils, animal
fats, fish oil and other oils containing fatty acids. Production of biodiesel from vegetable oil
is currently being commercialized. Biodiesel using vegetable oil has been studied widely,andhas been used fairly reliably. The use of vegetable oils has a slight advantage. Vegetable oils
contain a substantial amount of unsaturated fatty acids.Biodiesel has high oxidation stability
and combustion heat generation is uniform. However,vegetable oil is limited.The alternative
raw materials for biodiesel has been proposed. Animal fats,such as pork lard, beef tallow,
chicken fat and other kinds have been used as a biodiesel production material. Biodiesel
made using animal fat has a higher cetane number than that using vegetable oil. Due to this,such biodiesel has a high heat of combustion. But, because of the high saturated fat content,
the combustion heat is less stable for oxidation. It also has the disadvantage of existing as asolid at room temperature. For these reasons, the biodiesel produced from animal fat is notsuitable for use as fuel. As an alternative, animal fats might be mixed with other raw
materials. However, fish oil can be thought of as a different raw material for biodiesel. Fishoil can be extracted from the lipid content from the discarded parts of fish. The oil is refinedby a set of pre-treatment processed. This refined fish oil can be used as raw material forbiodiesel. 70% of the world is covered by the sea. Japan is surrounded by water andproduces a substantial amount of fish. The amounts of discarded parts of fish such asheads,fins,tails and other parts are subtantial. Making biodiesel from fish oil has someadvantages. Biodiesel production using fish oil uses pieces of discarded fish, which could
make production of biodiesel less expensive. Using fish waste for the manufacture of
biodiesel can help to protect the environment. Fish oil contains much saturated fatty acid.
Some of them have considerable amounts of high cetane content fatty acid. So, we can
expect to have higher heating value in the combustion process. The purpose of myexperiment is
1.Study the influence of centrifuge and winterization
2.Optimize the condition of using waste fish oil to produce biodiesel

113

Physiological Changing of Blackberries during Postharvest Storage
Hsiao-Wen WANG1, Sumiko SUGAYA2 and Yoshihiko SEKOZAWA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Blackberries (Rubus spp.) are known for their high antioxidant activity, high levels ofvitamins A, B and C, as well as iron and magnesium compared to other berries. For thisreason, blackberry has gained growing market attention in recently. However, the fruit ishighly perishable causing high losses of production during transportation. Also, several
physiological changing such as discoloration and weight loss of the fruit occur during storage
before sold. For these reasons, it is hard to keep the blackberries in high quality as it were
harvested in the field. Ethylene is a putative agent which affects physiological change in fruits.
Although ripening in blackberries, as a non-climacteric fruit, is independent of importance of
ethylene, the fruit is known to produce increased amounts of ethylene at the full ripe stage andphysiological changes occur by the ethylene. Fortunately, 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) is
known as an efficient ethylene desensitizer in postharvest technique, yet effects on alleviating
discoloration and weight loss in blackberries need to be confirmed.
To study this, we used two thornless cultivars of blackberries: ‘Navaho’ and ‘Ouachita’.
Fruits were harvested from the Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University ofTsukuba (Latitude 36.53o N, longitude 140.62 o E) at full ripe stage, which was based on its
black color. Collected fruits were divided into two groups: the 1-MCP group received 5μg/ L
of 1-MCP for 24 hours, and the control group did not. After pre-cooling (10℃), groups were
packed in oriented polypropylene (OPP, 20cm x 30cm) and transferred to 0℃. Fruit weight,
length, width, color (L*, a*, b*, Color Space by chromameter), and ethylene production were
determined at 0, 3, 7 days of storage.
Our results showed that, 1-MCP treatment could decrease the weight loss in ‘Ouachita’;and, alleviate both of ethylene production and weight loss in ‘Navaho’. On the part of weightloss both on ‘Ouachita’ and ‘Navaho’, 1-MCP treatment has exhilarating effect to decrease theweight loss. Color change in ‘Navaho’ which was treated with 1-MCP was significantly lessthan that in ‘Ouachita’. Berries without 1-MCP treatment are easily to develop patchery of redcoloration after 7 day storage at 0℃, which is indicative of discoloration.
We hereby show that ethylene appears to contribute to the process of fruit senescence
including weight loss and discoloration in blackberries. Treatment with 1-MCP on theblackberries could significantly reduce the weight loss of the fruit and retard discoloration
upon storage. In conclusion, treatment with 1-MCP appears to be an efficient postharvest
technique to minimize losses in marketing of blackberries.

114



Development of Efficient Delivery System of Liquid Analyte for Paper
Sensors
Yinchao XU1 and Toshiharu ENOMAE1
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Paper is a traditional material conventionally used for writing, printing and packaging.
Since 2007, microfluidic paper-based analytical device as a burgeoning research fieldprovides a novel system for fluid handling and fluid monitoring as well as food quality testing,due to the outstanding merits including low-cost, spontaneous liquid transportation based on
capillary force and compatible with chemical/biochemical applications. Up to now, mostpublished researches on paper-based devices were focused on inventing low-cost and simple
fabrication methods and exploring new applications. Even though paper is a promisingalternative substrate for analytical sensors, there were still some limitations reported. One of
the main limitations is the sample retention (i.e., the ineffective sample consumption) within
paper fluidic channels and the sample evaporation during transport result in the low efficiency
of sample delivery within the device. And not much attention had been drawn to this.
In this work, a modified solution which was mixed using PS-co-PAA (CP-900, Harima
Chemical), ethylene glycol, neutral red dye and water was used as an ink to make ahydrophobic barrier to fabricate a micro-channel on paper. Filter paper (No.1, Advantec) wasused as the substrate for the experiments of fiber orientation and channel width and laboratory
sheets were prepared for experiments of beating degree and calendering. Micro-channels were
fabricated using an ink jet printer (Dimatix DMP-2831, Fujifilm).
The cross-section views of the hydrophobic barriers were observed using a stereo
microscope (SZX10, Olympus) at the same magnification (×4) and pictures were taken using
a digital camera (C3040ZOOM, Olympus) mounted on the stereo microscope. Since neutral
red dye is a fluorescence dye, hydrophobic barriers were observed using Confocal Laser
Scanning Microscope (CLSM)(LSM-710, Carl Zeiss) and 3D images were taken. ScanningElectron Microscope (SEM) (S-4200, Hitachi) was used to identify the PS-co-PAA
distribution in paper substrate. Water absorption rate was measured by using Automatic
Scanning Absorptometer (ASA) (Kumagai Riki Kogyo).
It was proved that printing CP-900 ink using an ink jet printer is a feasible and stable
way to fabricate a micro-channel for aqueous liquid flow by making a hydrophobic barrier inpaper substrates. A micro-channel aligned in MD had a higher flow rate than one aligned in
CD. Beating increased density of paper but reduced water flow rate probably because ofsmaller pore size. Calendering would decrease water flow rate.
Finally, micro-channels fabricated on less calendered paper substrates prepared from aless beaten pulp and along MD of the paper are considered to be advantageous for higher flow
rate.

115

Novel type of Sex pheromone system in Hibiscus flower borer,
Rehimena surusalis
Ryokuhei YAMAZAKI1, Tetsu ANDO2, Shigeru MATSUYAMA1, Hiroshi HONDA1
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University ofAgriculture and Technology

2

Rehimena surusalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious pest insect of Rose of
Sharon, Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae). Identification of sex pheromone of this species isessential to developing pheromone lures for pest management. Sumiuchi (2005) tentatively
reported that sex pheromone of R. surusalis are consisted of (E10,Z12)-10,12-hexadecadien-1al (E10,Z12-16:Ald), (E10,Z12)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol (E10,Z12-16:OH) and (E10,Z12)10,12-hexadecadieny-1-acetate (E10,Z12-16:Ac), but these components never showed any
attractive activity in ?eld trials. In this study, we revised pheromone components and found a
new formulation that showed remarkable activity in field assasys.
We identied three compounds as sex pheromone components of R. surusalis. Frompheromone extracts of virgin females by using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with anelectroantennographic detector (EAD) and a GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), E10, Z1216:Ald, and E10, Z12-16:Ac were confirmed and furthermore, (Z3,Z6,Z9)-3,6,9-tricosatriene(Z3,Z6,Z9-23:HC) was found as a new component. The natural ratio of these components inthe extracts was 1:5:14. Male moths were, also, exclusively attracted to a ternary blend of
E10,Z12-16:Ald, E10,Z12-16:Ac, Z3,Z6,Z9-23:HC at a this ratio in field tests, whereas single
and binary blend of either compound had a weak activity in male attraction.
Analogous blends of polyunsaturated, long-chain hydrocarbons (Type II) with much
shorter chain aldehydes or alcohols (Type I) recently have been discovered in some species in
Crambidae or Pyralidae. This type of hybrid components from two distinct chemical groups
may be widespread in this taxon.

116

System Analysis for the Schematic Flow of Palm Oil Extraction
to Reduce the Environmental Degradation
Shohei YANO1, Ryozo NOGUCHI2, and Yuki FUKAZAWA3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
3
Collage of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2

Palm oil, total production of which in the world is 47.26 million ton in 2010, is a raw
material of not only food, soap and cosmetics but also biofuel as bio-diesel fuel (BDF).
However, palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharged from palm oil factories causes often
serious environmental problems such as water pollution, odor, and so on. POME without
appropriate processing increases biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in river near palm oil
factory, changes quality of water from aerobic to anaerobic, and destructs aquatic life.
Anaerobic process of POME in artificial pond is also a main cause of awful smell of methane
which is one of the origin substances of global warming. Inadequate burning process of empty
fruit bunch (EFB) to produce heat energy discharges huge smoke to outside of the factory.
Furthermore, rapid transformation from natural forests to oil palm plantation brings soil
erosion and loss of wildlife. These backgrounds promoted the demand of environment
protection for the factory and its surrounding. Thus, Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil(RSPO) was established in 2004 to protect the environment of palm oil production based on
the policies.
The purpose of this research is to develop a simulation model of schematic flow for palm
oil extraction considering with the possibility to install an oil-water separation system to solve
the environmental problems. Fresh fruit bunch (FFB), water, and fuel were used for the input
materials of the simulation model. Fiber, shells, kernels, crude palm oil (CPO) and POME
were used for output materials. The simulation model and its estimation method of process
were developed on the system dynamics software, Studio 9 (Powersim). Simulation model
included the modules of the equipment or machine such as sterilization, pressing, clarification,and so on. Moreover, the simulation model has various viewpoints such as water quantity,materials quantity and chemical reaction, and so on. The function of control time series
variation was developed to analyze the schematic flow of palm oil extraction, since material
flow and energy flow for a palm oil factory were simulated with input and output materials.

117

Alkaligrass Grow Faster under High Alkali Stress
Xue ZHANG1, Koji NOMURA1, and Katsuyoshi SHIMIZU 2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
2
Faculaty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
Soil salt-alkalization is a widespread environmental threat which limits the crop growth
and agricultural productivity. Alkaligrass (Puccinellia spp.) is an alkali tolerant halophyte
species which survives in highly alkaline soil (e.g., pH 10). Alkaligrass is considered as an
outstanding pasture for soil improvement.
In the present study, we analyzed the growth characteristics of Nuttall's alkaligrass(Puccinellia airoides) in response to different pH stress (6.2≤ pH ≤10.0). The growth rate,
fresh weight, length of spike, electronic leakage rate, chlorophyll content, and tissue pH were
investigated to examine its physiological responses to varied conditions. The data obtained
here showed that the alkaligrass grew faster under higher pH. After one year of alkaline
treatment, we found that the alkaligrass gained more fresh weight when grown at higher thepH, and their spikes also grew faster at higher the pH. To explore the possible reasons, first,
we measured the rate of electrolyte leakage (REL), which reflects the degree of plant injury
under alkali stresses. It was found that the REL was lower at pH 10 than at more neutral pHs,
indicating less damage to alkaligrass leaf membranes under higher pHs. Also, the chlorophyll
contents of P. airoides were measured while they were grown under different pHs.
Interestingly, we found that the alkaligrass under high pH showed higher contents ofchlorophyll. This was possibly because high pHs may have suppressed the activity ofchlorophyllase. Moreover, alkaligrass can keep the pH inside the root tissue stable, despite
how the environmental pH changes. Stable tissue pH, probably resulting from intracellular ion
balance, is a requisite for plants to maintain normal metabolism.
These results showed that high pH promotes the growth of alkaligrass, leading to aconclusion that alkaligrass is an alkaliphilic plant. Since P. airoides is closely related to many
monocotyledonous crop species, these physiological characteristics of alkaligrass showed thatP. airoides can be a good model plant for studying the mechanisms of alkaline tolerance inmonocotyledonous crops.

118Mitigating Ammonia Inhibition of Anaerobic Digestion with Ammoniumrich Agricultural Wastes by Developing a Novel Fixed-bed Bioreactor
Hanying ZHENG, Dawei LI, Cang YU, Qi ZHU, Zhenya ZHANG and Yingnan YANG*
Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Anaerobic digestion of organic waste is an attractive practice as it can solve theproblem of agricultural waste contamination and produce renewable energy. However, theammonia that is produced as a common metabolic end product during the anaerobic digestionof high nitrogen containing organic loading agricultural substrates, such as livestock waste
and sludge, often cause the inhibition of anaerobic digestion process.
In the present study, for mitigating the ammonia inhibition to improve the efficiency
of anaerobic digestion, physicochemical and biological methods were combined to counteract
ammonia inhibition. A novel fixed-bed bioreaction system was developed by suspending
microorganism immobilized carrier wraped 20g/L of zeolite absorbent in the fermentor.
Different materials including polymer foaming sponge (PFS), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)and porous nylon (PN) were used as the wrapping material. Using ammonium-rich swine
wastes (ammonium nitrogen concentration: 7511 mg/L) as the substrate, a series of batch
anaerobic fermentation experiments under 35°C were carried out by utilizing the developed
fixed-bed bioreaction system. The bioreactor suspending with CPE wrapped zeolite required
the shortest start-up period (2 days) and achieved the highest methane production (about 29, 6,
96 times higher than that of PFS, PN, and Control, respectively) after 30-day anaerobic
digestion. The scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the main cellularmorphologies present in the biofilms of the three different bed materials and zeolite. The
microphotographs indicated that different form of bioreactor gives specific conditions for theadherence of distinct microbe quantity and types. Meanwhile, instead of the bed material, themajority of microorganisms are attached at zeolite. The synergy of ammonia adsorption bychlorinated polyethylene warped zeolite and immobilized microorganism contributed to theenhancement of anaerobic digestion efficiency.The developed fixed-bed bioreactor
suspending with chlorinated polyethylene warped zeolite is suggested to be a favourable
system for enhancing the anaerobic digestion efficiency of ammonium-rich agricultural
wastes and could contribute the sustainable development of agriculture.

119

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity of Novel Ag/TiO2 Thin Film on
Glass Tube for Organic Waste Degradation under Simulated Solar LightQi ZHU, Dawei LI, Hanying ZHENG, Zhenya ZHANG, Yingnan YANG*
Graduate School of Life and Environment Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
In recent decades, TiO2 photocatalysis has attracted considerable interest for water
purification due to the relatively high photocatalytic activity, biological and chemical stability,
low cost and non-toxicity. However, its practical application is still constrained by the fastrecombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, low effective utilization of visible light(account for 3–5% in solar light) and tedious post-separation of TiO2 nanoparticles. In thispresent study, TiO2 thin film on glass tube was synthesized by hydrothermal method to avoid
the post-separation process, and Ag was used as a dopant for improving its photocatalytic
activity under visible light. The synthesis of Ag/TiO2 thin film was optimized by investigating
the effects of the amount of Ag dopant, calcination temperature and time, number of coating
layers. The characteristics of synthesized Ag/TiO2 thin film were analyzed by X-ray
Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM). The synthesized Ag/TiO2 composite exhibited smaller crystallite size thanpure TiO2 and an obvious red-shift in the absorption spectrum (380–560 nm). The
photocatalytic activity of synthesized Ag/TiO2 thin film was evaluated bydegradation of

Rhodamine B, a model of organic waste under simulated solar light. Comparing with TiO2
thin film, it showed much higher visible light driven photocatalytic activity for RhB
degradation. The synthesized Ag/TiO2 thin film coated glass tube seems to be a promisingmaterial for the water purification under solar light.

120

・Organizing Committee
・Executive Committee

Organizing Committee
Chairperson:
Atsushi Tajima

Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Vice Chairperson:
DeMar Taylor

Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Secretary-General:
Ryozo Noguchi

Associate Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTMembers:( Institute of Agriculture and Forestry)
Yuichi Yamaoka

Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UTKenji Tamura

Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT( Institute of Agricultural and Forest Engineering)
Motoyoshi Kobayashi

Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT

Hisato Shuto

Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT

Tofael Ahamed

Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UTMarcos Neves

Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UTTomoyuki Taniguchi

Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT( Institute of Applied Biochemistry)
Nakao Nomura

Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT(Laboratory School)
Yoshikazu Tatemoto

Teacher, Senior High School at Sakado, UT(Agricultural and Forestry Research Center)
Hisayoshi Hayashi

Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Tomohiro Takigawa

Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Naoya Fukuda

Associate Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Tatsuyuki Seino

Associate Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTAtsushi Asano

Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Naoto Ishikawa

Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Morio Kato

Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Daiki Mizuta

Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTYoshihiko Sekozawa

Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT(JICA)
Takao Shibusawa

Director, Training Program Division, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(As of Oct.1, 2013)123

Executive Committee
Chairperson:
Atsushi Tajima

Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTMembers:
Hisayoshi Hayashi

Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT do.

Tomohiro Takigawa

do.

DeMar Taylordo.

Naoya Fukuda

Associate Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Ryozo Noguchido.

Tatsuyuki Seinodo.

Atsushi Asano

Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Naoto Ishikawa

do.

Morio Katodo.

Daiki Mizuta

do.

Yoshihiko Sekozawa

do.

Yasuhiro Matsumoto

Senior Technical Official, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Kazunori Yonekawa
Hiroshi Hikido.
Chief Technical Official, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Tsuyoshi Honmado.

Takashi Katagiri

do.

Kazuto Yokoyamado.

Miho Satohdo.

Kazuo Sakaido.

Kiyoshi Karube

do.

Hideaki Omiyado

Keiko Sugawara

do.

Momoyo Itohdo.

Mutsumi Itohdo.

Katsuhiro Yoshidado.

Mizuki Matsuoka

do.

Tomonari Yamamoto

do.

124

Yoshie Akiba

Technical Official, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Akira Saitodo.

Toshiyasu Kawasaki

Associate Head, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTYoshinori Yaguchi

Chief, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Staff:
Yukiko Oshima

Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Machiko Tsukaharado.

（As of Oct.1, 2013 ）125

・筑波アジア農業教育セミナー及び国際農学
ESDシンポジウムの沿革
・国際農学ESDシンポジウム2013の概要
・国際農学ESDシンポジウム2013の日程表

筑波アジア農業教育セミナー及び国際農学ESDシンポジウムの沿革
筑波大学農林技術センターは、1９７９年にユネスコから、その主事業の一つであるＡＰＥＩＤ(TheAsia-Pacific Programme of Educational Innovation for Development)の協同センター（AssociatedCenter）として指名され、以来、日本ユネスコ国内委員会との共催により、「筑波アジア農業教育セミナー」（ＴＡＳＡＥ：Tsukuba Asian Seminar on Agricultural Education）を関係部局との協力のもとに毎年開催してきた。
「筑波アジア農業教育セミナー（ＴＡＳＡＥ）」の目的は、筑波大学の農業教育活動の一環として、アジア諸国の農業教育および農業研究に従事する専門家を我が国に招聘し、我が国の専門家を交えて各国の実情と問題点を比較検討し、この分野での我が国の教育水準を向上させ、併せてアジア地域の農業教育および農業研究の国際協力推進に寄与することであった。
ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第２期である１９７９年から１９８１年までの３年間は、「中等段階（Secondary
Level）の農業教育問題」に焦点が置かれてきた。各年の開催テーマは、以下のとおりである。
1979年 アジア地域の中等段階農業教育の現状と問題点
1980年 アジア地域の中等段階農業教育における実験と圃場実習の重要性－主として、カリキュラム開発について－
1981年 アジア地域の中等段階農業教育における教授法－主として、稲作について－
ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第３期としての１９８２年から１９８６年までの５年間は、前期の総括を受けて、アジア地域の農業教育革新の必要性を、単に中等教育のみでなく、初等教育から高等教育に至るまでの全段階において考慮・検討することとした。そこで、ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第３期における統一テーマは、「アジア地域における農業教育革新のための戦略」とし、農林学、農林工学、応用生物化学といった具体的観点
から、農業教育革新への技術的アプローチを行った。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
1982年 アジア諸国の農業の現状と開発計画および教育の役割（序論）1983年 アジア諸国の作物生産における技術革新上の問題点（農学からのアプローチ）
1984年 生産性向上のための農業工業分野における技術革新 －主として穀類の調製・貯蔵技術について（農業工学からのアプローチ）
1985年 アジア諸国における農村地域開発のためのバイオマスとバイオテクノロジーの有効利用（応用生物化学からのアプローチ）
1986年 アジア諸国における農業発展のための農業教育 －事例と展望（総括）なお、１９８５年のＴＡＳＡＥでは、期間中にサテライトシンポジウム「アジア諸国における農村開発のためのバイオマスとバイオテクノロジーの有効利用」を開催し、また１９８６年のＴＡＳＡＥでは、ジョイントシンポジウム「アジア各国における農業の研究と教育 －21世紀をめざして」を熱帯特プロとの共催で開催した。
ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第４期、１９８７年から１９９１年までの５年間は、アジア太平洋地域各国において、
森林や内水面を含む自然並びに農業生態系との調和のもとに農業生産性の向上を図るために必要な、農業の教育と研究の在り方について考慮・検討した。すなわち、ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第４期における統一テーマ
は、「アジア太平洋地域における自然並びに農業生態系を保全しながら農業生産性を高めるための教育と研究」とし、自然並びに農業生態系の保全と有効利用に焦点を合わせたセミナーを開催した。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
129

1987年 アジア各国における自然並びに農業生態系を保全しながら農業生産性を高めるための教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1988年 アジア各国における森林の有効利用と保全のための教育と研究に関する現状、問題点
並びに展望
1989年 アジア各国における内水面の有効利用と保全に関する教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1990年 アジア各国における耕地、水の有効利用と保全並びに農薬、化学肥料の適正利用に関する教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1991年 アジア各国における農業教育と環境教育の結合に関する現状、問題点並びに展望
ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第５期である１９９２年から１９９６年までの５年間は、統一テーマを「アジア・太平洋地域における持続的な農業発展と環境保全のための教育と研究」とし、本期の重点課題や強調点としてうたわれている環境問題と人材養成の２点を念頭に置き、アジア各国における持続的な農業発展と環境保全のための教育と研究の在り方について討議を深めた。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
1992年 アジア各国における農業生産からみた問題土壌とその対応に関する現状、問題点並びに展望
1993年 アジア各国における持続的な家畜生産のための教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1994年 アジア・太平洋地域における持続的農業発展と環境保全のための森林・林業の教育・研究の現状と課題
1995年 アジア諸国における持続的な農業発展のための植物育種と遺伝資源に関する教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1996年 アジア諸国における持続的な農業発展のための農業技術教育の現状と問題点並びに
展望
ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第６期、１９９７年から２００１年までの５年間は、統一テーマを「アジア・太平洋
地域における農業・環境教育革新のための戦略」とし、アジア各国における持続的な農業発展と環境保全のための職業教育革新について討議を深めた。なお、１９８９年から期間中において、サテライトシンポ
ジウムを毎年開催した。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
1997年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新の現状と展望
1998年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新のための生物資源利用教育の現状と展望
1999年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新のための地域情報利用教育の現状と展望
2000年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新のための体験的教育の現状と展望：
農業・環境教育の改善に対する大学の役割
2001年 アジア・太平洋地域における参加型アプローチを通じた持続的地域資源管理および環境保全
ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第７期、２００２年から２００７年までの６年間は、統一テーマを「持続的発展を前提とした生存・生産環境創成のための水資源利用・保全技術開発と農林業教育の役割」とし、アジア･太平洋州諸国が抱える水資源の問題を分析し、新たな水環境の創生のために農林業教育が果たすべき役割について討議を深めた。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
2002年 水資源の涵養と水災害などに関わる現状把握および農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2003年 人類生存・食料生産に関わる水資源の需要・分配と農林業教育が果たすべき役割

1302004年 生存・生産活動と連動した水資源の量的確保に関わる現状把握、効率的利用を図るための技術動向および農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2005年 人類の生存・生産活動のための水資源管理と農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2006年 地球環境的・地域環境的視点からの水資源利用・保全技術動向および農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2007年 アジア・太平洋地域における参加型アプローチを通じた持続的地域水資源管理と環境保全
ＡＰＥＩＤ事業の第８期を迎えた２００８年には、これまでの教育セミナー形式を国際会議形式に発展させ、８期６年間（２００８年から２０１３年まで）の統一テーマを「持続可能な未来のための農学ESDの推進」として、キックオフ会議｢国際農学ESDシンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2008）｣を開催した。この年のテーマを｢< 持続的発展のための農学教育 > に関する大学・関連機関の教育・研究活動の現状と果たすべき役割｣として、討議を行った。
各年のテーマは、次のとおりである。
2008年 農学ESDのキックオフ会議｢< 持続的発展のための農学教育 >に関する大学・関連機関の教育・研究活動の現状と果たすべき役割 」
2009年 ｢ 農学ESDにおける食の安全と食糧の安全保障 ｣2010年 ｢ 農業および環境分野における持続的開発のための中等・高等教育の役割｣
2011年 ｢ 農学ESDにおける生物多様性の適正利用 ｣2012年 ｢ 農学ESD推進のための環境調和型農業技術開発 ｣2013年 ｢ 農学ESDにおける大学の役割 ｣２００９年には、｢ 農学ESDにおける食の安全と食糧の安全保障 ｣をテーマとして第２回目の｢国際農学ESDシンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2009）｣を開催した。１１月９日から１２日までの間、７ヵ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、インド、マラウイ、ナイジェリア及び日本）から１８人の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。
２０１０年は、｢ 農業および環境分野における持続的開発のための中等・高等教育の役割｣をテーマに第３回目のシンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2010）を開催し、１１月８日から１１日までの間に８ヵ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、アフガニスタン、バングラデシュ、マラウイ、ガーナ及び日本）の専門家が出席し、講演、質疑応答を行なった。また、特に、海外交流協定校のフィリピン大学、カセサート大
学、ボゴール農科大学の各附属高等学校及び本学附属坂戸高等学校の現職教員による発表セッションを組み込んで、発表、討議を活発に行った。
２０１１年は、｢農学ESDにおける生物多様性の適正利用｣をテーマに第４回目のシンポジウム（Ag-ESD
Symposium 2011）を開催し、１１月７日から１１日までの間に９ヶ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、
アフガニスタン、アメリカ合衆国、ガーナ、ケニア、マラウイ及び日本）の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。
２０１２年は、｢農学ESD推進のための環境調和型農業技術開発｣をテーマに第５回目のシンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2012）を開催し、１０月２９日から１１月２日までの間に９ヶ国（フィリピン、タイ、
インドネシア、アフガニスタン、アメリカ合衆国、ガーナ、ケニア、ラオス及び日本）の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。

131

国際農学ESDシンポジウム2013（Ag-ESD Symposium 2013）の概要
1. 題 目「農学ESDの推進における大学の役割」（The Role of Universities in Promoting Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development(Ag-ESD) ）第8期APEID計画統一テーマ：「持続可能な未来のための農学ESDの推進」（ Promotion of Ag-ESD for the Development of a Sustainable Future ）2. 期 間平成25年11月25日（月）～11月 29日（金）（５日間 ）3. 会 場筑波大学 大学会館（ 特別会議室ほか ）、農林技術センター
4. 主 催筑波大学農林技術センター
5. 共 催筑波大学大学院生命環境科学研究科
アジア共生社会を創成するための国際連携教育プログラム委員会
国際協力機構筑波国際センター
6. 後 援
文部科学省、日本ユネスコ国内委員会、茨城大学農学部
7. 参加者・ カセサート大学、ボゴール農科大学、フィリピン大学ロス・バニオス校、ユタ州立大学（以上海外交流協定校）、の農学教育または農学研究に従事する教員･研究者
・ アフガニスタンの農学教育または農学研究に従事する教員･研究者
・ 筑波大学、茨城大学の農学教育または農学研究に従事する教員･研究者
・ 筑波大学生命環境科学研究科「持続的農村開発（SRD）コース」の修了生
・ 筑波大学大学院生、茨城大学大学院生
・ 農学教育又は農学研究に従事する一般の研究者 等
8. 会議の形態
基調講演 招待講演 ポスターセッション 若手研究者フォーラム
9. 使用言語
英語132

国際農学ESDシンポジウム2013（Ag-ESD Symposium 2013）の日程表
月

日

時

間

11月 24日（日）11月 25日（月）11月26日（火）11月 27日（水）

プ

ロ

グ

ラ

ム

招聘外国人の成田空港到着・宿泊[ 成田のホテル ]08:30～10:00
10:30～12:00
12:00～13:00
13:15～13:30
13:30～14:00
14:15～15:15
15:15～16:15
16:15～17:00
18:00～20:00

招聘外国人の出迎え（大学から成田のホテルへ）
移動（成田から大学へ）
昼食
記念写真撮影
開会式[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]基調講演（1）【ユタ州立大学】
基調講演（2）【筑波大学】
受付・オリエンテーション（概要説明）
歓迎パーティ
[ レストランプラザ ]09:20～09:40
09:40～10:20
10:20～11:00
11:00～12:15
12:15～13:30
13:30～14:00
14:00～14:40
14:40～15:20
15:20～15:30
15:30～16:10
09:00～09:40
09:40～10:20
10:20～10:30
10:30～11:10
11:10～11:50
12:00～13:00
13:00～13:50
14:00～14:30
14:30～15:30
15:30～16:00【筑波大学農林技術センター】
講演
招待講演 (1) 【茨城大学】
招待講演 (2) 【筑波大学】
休憩・昼食
学生との対話（「専門語学Ⅰ」に対応 ）休憩
招待講演 (3)【SRDコース修了生1】
招待講演 (4)【SRDコース修了生2】
休憩
招待講演 (5)【SRDコース修了生3】
招待講演 (6)【ボゴール大学】
招待講演 (7)【カセサート大学】
休憩
招待講演 (8)【フィリピン大学】
招待講演 (9)【アフガニスタン】
昼食（弁当）
展示ポスター視察（ポスター・ビューイング）
移動 (マイクロバス) ＊農林技術センターヘ[ 大学会館ホール ][ 大学会館特別会議室 ][ 大学会館特別会議室 ][ 大学会館第３会議室 ][ 総合交流会館多目的ホール ]農林技術センター訪問
移動 (マイクロバス) ＊大学会館別館へ

09:00～12:00
12:00～13:00( ポスターセッション ) 13:00～15:00
15:00～

ポスター 発表
昼食
ポスター 発表
優秀ポスター賞等表彰式

09:00～09:30
09:30～10:00
10:00～10:30
10:30～10:40
11月29日（金）10:40～11:10( 若手研究者フォーラム ) 11:10～11:40
11:40～13:00
13:00～14:00
14:00～18:00
18:00～20:00
11月30日（土）07:00～18:00～12月1日（日）発表 (1)
発表 (2)
発表 (3)

11月 28日（木）[ 大学会館特別会議室 ][ 総合交流会館多目的ホール ][ 総合交流会館多目的ホール ][ 大学会館特別会議室 ]【茨城大学】【ボゴール大学】【カセサート大学】

休憩[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]発表 (4)【フィリピン大学】
発表 (5)【筑波大学】
昼食・休憩
閉会式 ( 優秀発表賞等表彰式を含む )[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]フリータイム
送別パーティ

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招聘外国人の帰国 ( 大学から成田空港へ送り )133