Opportunities and Constraints in Bridging theBoundaries between Government, Academia andIndustry in the Implementation of Low CarbonTechnologies
By Remi Chandran
Doctoral Researcher, Faculty of Geo-information and Earth Observation,
University of Twente, Netherlands&Research Associate,
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

Government, Academia and Industry (GAI) in bringing Low
Carbon measures - A well Recognized fact
A Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan report* highlights thefollowing points for realizing Low Carbon Growth
1. Asia accounts for nearly 63% of Global Emission
2. Researchers should understand the local condition andprovide knowledge to policy makers in both donor andrecipient country
3. City to City cooperation is essential for realizing Low
Carbon Measures
4. Utilization of effective technologies should be promoted
5. Global partnership among all stakeholders at local andnational level including formation of networks between
government, Industry and Academia at all levels.
*A Proposal for East Asia Low Carbon Growth- Partnership Dialogue, published by the Ministry if Foreign Affairs ofJapan http://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000118022.pdf

Yogyakarta waste management case studySource: World Atlas

Source: Google maps

Challenges in Waste Management Sector

A scene at Bantul landfill (Yogyakarta) built using composite baseliners, equipped withadequate leachate collection, treatment facilities, and landfill gas management. In
practice the landfill is operated as an open dump. 13 such Landfill sites were built inIndonesia by foreign governments under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
framework
Source: Environmental Agency, Yogyakarta city

Also see; Christia Meidiana and Thomas Gamse (2011), The new Waste Law: Challenging opportunity for future landfill
operation in Indonesia. Waste Manag Res 29: 20-29,

Analysis
Intermediary Factors Influencing Waste
Management in Yogyakarta
Technological: Lack of technology or lack ofexperts to operate the transferred technology

Political: Managed bymultiple ministries*

PolicyProcess

Financial: Cost ofmaintenance of landfill

Cultural: Scavengers as
unmanaged waste pickers* Ministry of Public works and Ministry of Environment and Forests

Waste
ManagementPolicy

Bogor City Transportation case study

Source: World Atlas

Source: Google maps

Challenges in transportation Sector

Source: Bogor City

Social and Environmental Challenges1. Heavy traffic congestion
2. Increased carbon emission
Policy level problem in addressing the issue
1. Ankots are owned by individuals – they donot want to lose jobs and business
2. City Parliamentarians do not want toallocate more budget for masstransportation

Policy Problems Overrules Science &Technologicalinnovation- 29 buses and 7000 Ankots in Bogor- 3000 Ankots operating in the district and 4000 operating in the city

Source: Bogor City

Analysis
Intermediary Factors Influencing Transport
Management in Bogor
Technological: Poor
Transport Infrastructure
Political:
Parliamentarians fearof not able to sustain amass transport system

Financial: Ankot owners
fear of losing theirbusiness

Cultural: Cost overweighs
comfort for citizens

Policy process

PolicyOutcomeAnalysis
Factors Influencing Adoption of LCS

Scientist+Industry

Government
Intermediary
Factors+
Society

It is important to consider the intermediary factors
influencing a policy process before advocating
technologies

Analysis
Bridging Intermediary Factors for Consensus
Geographical
CulturalTechnologicalConsensus(#BoundaryWork)

Political

Financial

Boundary work is the process of constructing and managing effectively the interfaces among various stakeholders engaged in harnessing
knowledge to promote action#William C. Clark, Thomas P. Tomich, Meine van Noordwijk, David Guston, Delia Catacutan, Nancy M. Dickson, and Elizabeth McNie
Boundary work for sustainable development: Natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR), PNAS 2011 ; published ahead of print August 15, 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900231108

Expert Networks as a frame for strengthening Government- AcademiaIndustry Collaboration

Adapted from the MRV Research Projectof Center for Social and Environmental
Systems Research at NIES

#Expert Networks#The term ‘‘expert’’ includes policy analysts, scientists, consultants, industrial engineers and researchers in government and non-government organizations(Weible et al., 2010) who play a pivotal role in the implementation of technology and policy

Expert Networks and Joint Forum for bridging consensus andcollaboration between Government Academia and Industry

Source: NIES

Forum on Eco-City Bogor was participated by experts constituting ofGovernments, Research institutions, industry and civil society from Japanand Indonesia (from National, regional and local level). The forum wasopen to local people to address their views.