Academic English: IntermediateNatural selection• Darwin: Species from common ancestor?
• Controversy: Spontaneous change seems unlikely• Evolution of species by natural selection:– Variation within each generation– Each change gives some advantage (at least no disadvantage)– Over generations, new species developNatural selection• Hypothesis: Step-by-step selection is more likely
than spontaneous evolution.

• Procedure:– Take 1 paper & 13 cards.
– Play the selection game for your letter.
– Goal achieved? Report how many rounds• Discuss the questions in Part 2.

How does natural selection lead to evolution?
Part 1: Selection games
Group A, B, C, and D: Spontaneous evolution game
1. Take 13 playing cards of one suit.
2. Your goal is to have a stack ordered A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K.
3. One member of your group should be the recorder. This person willkeep track of how many rounds you play. Increase the count by one
each time the cards are shuffled.
4. Without looking at the faces of the cards, shuffle them thoroughly to mix them.
5. Look at the faces of the cards. Are they in order: A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K?
If they are in order, you win! Tell the instructor and the class how many rounds
you played.
If they are not in order, play another round. Repeat steps 3-5.
Group E, F, G, and H: Selection and evolution game
1. Take 13 playing cards of one suit.
2. Your goal is to have a stack ordered A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K.
3. One member of your group should be the recorder. This person willkeep track of how many rounds you play. Increase the count by oneeach time the cards are shuffled.
4. Without looking at the faces of the cards, shuffle them thoroughly to mix them.
5. Look at the top card. Is it the next card you need? For example, during the firstround, is it A? If you already have A on your stack, is it 2?
If it is, take the card from the deck and add it to your stack. Then look at the nextcard. Is it the next card you need?
If the card on top is not the next card you need, play another round. Repeat steps
3-5.
6. When all the cards are on the stack in order, you win! Tell the instructor and theclass how many rounds you played.
Part 2: Discussion
1. What is the main difference between the “selection and evolution game” and the“spontaneous evolution game”?
2. In the games, how were cards selected?
3. What was the average number of rounds needed to win the “selection andevolution game”? Did anyone win the “spontaneous evolution game”? How manyrounds did it take?
4. How is shuffling cards similar to mutation (突然変異), which can cause differences
between parents and offspring? How is it different?
5. In nature, how are genes or organisms selected? (自然淘汰)
6. Did playing this game help you understand the process of natural selection? Why
do you think so?

Natural selection
1. Main difference?
select step-by-step versus all at once

2. How were cards selected?
Both: shuffled randomly
Spontaneous: 13 at once; Selection: 1 (or more) at a time

3. Average number of rounds required
Selection: Should be around 90
Spontaneous: Should be around six billion (6x1010)

Writing process• Don’t focus on the end product.
– Blank page syndrome• Divide the process into steps

Writing process• Thinking••Thesis statement
Supporting information• Organizing••

Choose good ideas
Make an outline• Writing• RevisingWriting process• Thinking about the thesis statement• Start with a general topic.
• Narrow this to a specific focus.
• Write a thesis statement.

Writing process• Thesis statement
1. Start with a key word.
2. Turn the word into a sentence.
3. Turn the sentence into a question.
4. Answer the question in one sentence.

Writing process• Thesis statement
Monarch1. Startwithbutterfliesa key word.
Monarchover a large area.
2. Turnthe butterflies
word intomigratea sentence.
Why do monarch butterflies migrate over a large
3. Turn
area? the sentence into a question.
4. Monarch
Answer thequestionin onebutterflies
migrateoversentence.
a large area sothey can eat milkweed during summer but staywarm in winter.

Writing process• Thinking: Brainstorming support• Note everything that could support your thesis.
• In the next step, you will choose the best ideas.

Writing process• Thinking: Brainstorming support
monarch butterfly migration
CanadamilkweedGreat LakesUnited States
California
larvaeMexicoOctober-hibernate
February-wake up
many generations farms
pine trees
hairy balls
caterpillars
butterflies
chrysalisWriting process• Step 2: Organizing••••

Choose the ideas that support the topic sentence.
Choose ideas that all fit together.
Decide what order to write about these ideas.
Make an outline.

Use an outline!
Monarch butterflies migrate over a large area so they can eat
milkweed during summer but stay warm in winter.
1. Mexico and California
Hibernate in October
B. Wake up in FebruaryA.

2. Southern, central United States
Eat milkweed
B. Live three generations
A.

3. Northern US and Canada
More milkweed in summer
B. Too cold in winterA.

Writing process• Step 3: Writing• Write your ideas in English sentences.
• Follow the outline.

Writing process• Step 4: Revising• Read what you wrote.
• Think how it could be even better.
• Write it again with those changes.

Revising and editing

Minor revisions: fix mistakes or add information



Major revisions: go back to thinking, organizingAfter you revise, read it again.

Grammar is least important

But do fix mistakes if you notice them.

Writing process• Divide the process into smaller steps– each step becomes easier• Easier, not necessarily easy
• Concentrate on the current step.
Don’t worry about the other steps yet.