1ENERGY

Operations of aircraft are divided into two parts:•

The Landing/Take-Off (LTO) cycle4 which includes all activities near the
airport that take place under the altitude of 914 metres (3000 feet).
This includes taxi-in and out, climbing and descending.

•Cruise is defined as all activities that take place at altitudes above
914 metres (3000 feet). No upper limit is given.

Data sources
Locally available data should be used whenever possible. The fuelconsumption and LTO information can be obtained from the national
airports. Total number of aircraft per type and engines types can beobtained from the airline companies. Some emission factors are in the
Reference Manual tables. At the Tier 2 level, emission factors are based on
the specific national aircraft fleet and typical airport TIM (ICAO Engine
Exhaust Emissions Databank, International Civil Aviation Organization).
Another possibility is US EPA (1985): Compilation of air pollutant emission
factors, Vol. II: Mobile sources, 4th edition, or US Office of Environment andEnergy (1991) FAA Aircraft Emission Database User’s Manual.

Methodology
To use the Tier 2 method, the aircraft types used for both domestic andinternational flights, as well as the number of LTO’s carried out by thevarious aircraft types, must be known. If this information on a per aircraft
type basis is not available, it is recommended that the Tier 1 method be
used.
The Tier 2 Approach breaks the calculation of emissions from aviation into
4 steps:
Step 1: Estimate the total fuel consumption for domestic and international
aviation
Step 2: Estimate the fuel consumption for LTO activities by aircraft type
Step 3: Estimate the fuel consumption for cruise activities by aircraft type
Step 4: Estimate the emissions for each gas

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 1-5: EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT (TIER 2) to enter the data
for this submodule.

4 Some statistics count either a landing or a take-off as one operation.

However it is both one take-off and one landing, that together
define one LTO-operation.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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1.21

ENERGYSTEP 1 ESTIMATE THE FUEL CONSUMPTIONFOR DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONALAVIATION
1

Enter the total amount of fuel sold for all flights (in kt) in Column A.

2Enter the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights (in kt) in
Column B.

3

Calculate the total amount of fuel sold for international flights by
subtracting the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights(Column B) from the total fuel sold (Column A) and enter inColumn C.

STEP 2 ESTIMATE THE FUEL CONSUMPTION
FOR LTO CYCLES BY AIRCRAFT TYPE
Do the following calculations for domestic aviation and international
aviation separately.
1Enter the total number of LTO’s carried out per aircraft type (a1..an)and (b1..bn) in Column D.

2Enter the appropriate fuel consumption per LTO (in t/LTO) in
Column E (see Reference Manual, Section 1.5.3.5 for default values).

3

Calculate the fuel consumption for LTO activity per aircraft type(a1..an) and (b1..bn) in tonnes by multiplying the fuel use per LTO(Column E) by the number of LTO’s carried out for that specificaircraft type (Column D) and enter the results in Column F.

4Calculate the total fuel use for LTO activities by summing the resultsof the individual aircraft type in Column F and enter the results in the
Totala and Totalb rows of Column F.

STEP 3 ESTIMATE THE FUEL CONSUMPTIONFOR CRUISE ACTIVITIES BY AIRCRAFT TYPE
Do the following calculations for domestic aviation and international
aviation separately.5
1Enter the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights in tonnes(Column B multiplied by 1000) and the total amount of fuel sold forinternational aviation in tonnes (Column C multiplied by 1000) in
Column G.

5 This method assumes that the share in fuel consumption in the cruise

mode by a type of aircraft will by and large be proportional to the numberof LTO cycles of that type of aircraft. It is recognised that by using thismethod the contribution from larger aircraft may be underestimated.
However, this simplifying assumption has been made in order to minimise
the amount of aircraft specific data required for the Tier 2 method.

1.22

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ENERGY

2

Calculate the total fuel consumption for cruise by subtracting the total
amount of fuel for LTO activities (total from Column F) from thetotal fuel sold (Column G) and enter the results in Column H.

3

Calculate the fuel consumption for cruise activities for each aircraft
type as: total fuel used for cruise activities (total in Column H) x
(number of LTO’s carried out by aircraft type (Column D) / total
number of LTO’s (total in Column D)) and enter in Column I.

STEP 4 ESTIMATE THE EMISSIONS FOR
EACH GAS
Photocopy Sheet 3 seven times and do the following calculations for eachgas (CO2, CH4, N2O, NOX, CO, NMVOC and SO2). The calculations fordomestic aviation and international aviation should be done separately.
1Enter the emission factors per LTO for each aircraft type (in kg/LTO)
in Column J. Default emission factors are available in Section 1.5.3.5
in the Reference Manual.

2

Calculate the emissions from LTO’s for each aircraft type (in tonnes)
by multiplying the total number of LTO’s per aircraft type(Column D) by the emission factors per LTO (Column J) and thendividing by 1000. Enter the results in Column K.

3Enter the emission factors per fuel consumption for cruise activities
for various engine types (in kg/t) in Column L. Default emission
factors are available in the Reference Manual, Section 1.5.3.5.

4Calculate the emissions from cruise activities for each aircraft type (intonnes) by multiplying the fuel used for cruise activities (Column I) by
the emission factors per fuel consumption for cruise activities(Column L) and then dividing by 1000.
Enter the results in
Column M.

5

Calculate the total emissions by type of aircraft (in Gigagrams) byadding the emissions from LTO activities (Column K) and theemissions from cruise activities (Column M) and dividing by 1000.
Enter the results in Column N.

6

Calculate total emissions from aircraft by summing the results of theindividual aircraft type in Column N and enter the results in the
Totala and Totalb rows of Column N.

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ENERGY

FUGITIVE SOURCES
1.5

Methane Emissions from Coal
Mining and Handling
Introduction
The process of coal formation, commonly called coalification, inherently
generates methane and other by-products. The degree of coalification(defined by the rank of the coal) determines the quantity of methane
generated and, once generated, the amount of methane stored in coal iscontrolled by the pressure and temperature of the coal seam and by other,less well-defined characteristics of the coal. The methane will remain
stored in the coal until the pressure on the coal is reduced, which can occur
through the erosion of overlying strata or the process of coal mining. Oncethe methane has been released, it flows through the coal toward a region oflower pressure (such as a coal mine) and into the atmosphere.
The amount of CH4 generated during coal mining is primarily a function ofcoal rank and depth, as well as other factors such as moisture. If two coalseams have the same rank, the deeper seam will hold larger amounts ofCH4 because the pressure is greater at lower depths, all other things being
equal. As a result, most methane released to the atmosphere from coalmining is assumed to come from underground rather than surface mining.
As a result, the methane emission factors for surface-mined coal are
assumed to be lower than for underground mining.
Methane is also emitted from post-mining activities such as coal processing,transportation, and utilisation. Methane is released mainly because theincreased surface area allows more CH4 to desorb from the coal.
Transportation of the coal contributes to CH4 emissions, because CH4desorbs directly from the coal to the atmosphere while in transit (e.g., inrailroad cars). Coal may also release methane during its preparation for
final use. For instance, in steel production coal is crushed to a particle sizeof less than 5 mm, vastly increasing the surface area of the coal and allowing
more CH4 to desorb.

Data Sources
The basic data necessary to perform these calculations are, at a minimum,
quantity of coal mined by type of mine (underground or surface). Use
locally available data where these are reliable.
Country statistics on underground and surface coal production are available
from the OECD/IEA (for certain OECD Member countries). Data on coalproduction by type (hard coal and lignite) are also available for mostcountries in the world.

1.24

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Methodology
On the advice of an expert group (see the Section 1.7 in the Reference
Manual), calculations have been organised around a single formula which
relates tonnes of coal production to total CH4 emissions from mining andpost-mining activities.
The Workbook enables the user to operate at several different levels ofdetail or "tiers" (discussed in more detail in the Reference Manual).
Tier 1 is the least accurate and is based upon global average emission
factors.
Tier 2 is possible when a country has enough information to develop
average emission factors of its own. More detailed calculations can beaccommodated by making extra copies of the worksheet and breaking the
calculations into sub-national components for which more specific emissions
factors may be available.
Tier 3 is based on mine-specific measurement of emissions from mine
ventilation and degasification. This method is recommended if data are
available as it should provide much more accurate country-based estimates.
The equation for calculating CH4 emissions from mining activities is:
CH4
Emissions
(Gg)

=

Coal
x
Production

Emission
Factor(106 t)(m3 CH4 /tonne coal)x

Conversion
Factor(Gg CH4 /106 m3 CH4)

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 1-6: METHANE EMISSIONS FROM COAL MINING AND
HANDLING to enter your data for this submodule.

STEP 1 ESTIMATING METHANE EMISSIONSFROM COAL MINING AND HANDLING1

The information provided in thisWorkbook, including global default
emissionfactors,
allowsforcalculation at the Tier 1 level. Tier 2
calculations follow the samestructure, but would use country orbasin-specific emission factors if
available locally. If a country iscapable of Tier 3 estimates thiswould indicate that the emissions
estimates are already available(having been directly measured) andthe Workbook methodology forcalculating emissions is not needed.
Countries with Tier 3 estimates canmove directly to the Reporting
Instructions
volumeofthese
Guidelines for guidance on reporting
anddocumenting
emissionsestimates.
The highest tier of estimation
methodology possible should be
used for each component of mining
activity. It is acceptable to provide
estimates using different tiers forvarious components, provided thatthe level of calculation is clearly
identified in each component. For
example, even if Tier 3 is used toestimate underground emissions,Tier 1 or 2 can be used to estimate
emissions from other componentsof mining activity.

Enter the amount of coal produced by each type of mining activity, inmillions of tonnes, in Column A.
The total amount of coal should be consistent with that used in theCO2 from Energy submodule (Worksheet 1-1, Sheet 1, Column A).

2

ALTERNATIVE LEVELS OF DETAIL TIERS

Select an Emission Factor using Table 1-5 below. Do this for each typeof mining activity involved in your inventory. Select a point within thepossible range of values which is appropriate to your country. If you do
not have the information to select a point, use an average value. Enterthe value in Column B.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

USING THE WORKSHEET• Copy the worksheet at the endof this section to complete theinventory.

•

Keep the original of theworksheet blank so you canmakefurthercopiesif
necessary

1.25

ENERGY

TABLE 1-5
HIGH AND LOW EMISSION FACTORS FOR MINING ACTIVITIES (M3/TONNE)
Type of Mine/Activity
Emission Factor

Underground

Surface

Mining

10 - 25

0.3 - 2.0

Post-mining

0.9 - 4.0

0 - 0.2

Source: Compiled from various country studies as summarised in Reference Manual

3

Multiply the Amount of Coal Produced (Column A) by the Emission
Factor (Column B) to give Methane Emissions (in millions of cubic
metres) for each type of mining activity. Enter the result in Column C.

STEP 2 CONVERTING METHANEEMISSIONS IN M3 TO METHANE EMISSIONSIN GIGAGRAMS
1Enter a Conversion Factor in Column D.
The conversion factor converts volume of CH4 to a weight measure(gigagrams) using the density of methane at 20oC and at a pressure of
1 atmosphere. This conversion factor, expressed in a form suitable for thisWorkbook, is 0.67 Gg/106 m3.

2

1.26

3

Multiply the Methane Emissions in millions of m by the Conversion Factor
to give the Methane Emissions in gigagrams. Enter the result in Column E.
Sum the figures and enter the total in the Total box at the bottom of thecolumn.

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1.6

Methane Emissions from Oil andNatural Gas Activities
Introduction
Fugitive emissions of methane from oil and gas activities probably accountfor about 30 to 70 teragrams per year of global methane emissions. The
category includes all emissions from the production, processing, transport
and use of oil and natural gas, and from non-productive combustion. It
excludes use of oil and gas or derived fuel products to provide energy forinternal use, in energy production processing and transport. The latter are
considered fuel combustion and treated in an earlier section of this chapter.
Fugitive emissions do include, however, emissions which result from the
combustion of natural gas during flaring operations. Sources of emissions
within oil and gas systems include:•••

emissions during normal operation, such as emissions associated withventing and flaring during oil and gas production, chronic leaks ordischarges from process vents;
emissions during repair and maintenance, ; andemissions during system upsets and accidents.

To calculate methane emissions from oil and gas activities in your country, you
require the following energy data:
Oil

Gas

Number of wells drilled

Quantity of gas produced

Quantity of oil produced

Quantity of gas consumed

Quantity of oil refined
In addition, emission factors will be required as discussed below.

Data sources
Locally available data should be used wherever possible. Energy data for alarge number of countries are also published by the International Energy
Agency and the United Nations Statistical Division. See Reference Manual
Sections 1.8.2 and 1.8.3.
In addition to energy data, default emissions factors and other input
assumptions, are provided in the Workbook methodology where available.
In calculating national emissions, users of this method are free to override
any of these assumptions or recommendations if other information ispreferred.
Wherever information is used other than the values
recommended in the Workbook, this should be noted and documentation
should be provided on the sources of the information.
Users should ensure that data used in this section are consistent with thoseentered in the CO2 from Energy calculations. Countries which have significant
emissions from oil and natural gas should consult the discussion in the Reference

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ENERGY

Manual and look for locally available data which will allow the development of
more country-specific factors.

Methodology
Three different tiers or levels of detail for calculating these emissions arepresented in the Reference Manual.
•

Tier 1 Production-Based Average Emission Factors Approach•

Tier 2 Mass Balance Approach•

Tier 3 Rigorous Source-Specific Approach

Only Tier 1 is presented in this Workbook.
This requires assembling activity data (production etc.) for the country,
selecting emission factors based on information in the tables of typicalregional values (or from locally available data), and multiplying through to
produce emissions estimates by major subcategory. Explanations of theregions used are provided below.
Regional Definitions
Regions have been defined recognising the limitations in data on emissions
factors and activity levels, and key differences in oil and gas activities
throughout the world. The following five regions have been chosen:•

USA and Canada:•

Former USSR and Eastern Europe: This region includes theformer USSR (which is by far the largest oil and gas producer in theregion), Albania, Bulgaria, Czech & Slovak Republics, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, and the former Yugoslav republics.

•

Western Europe: This region includes: Austria, Belgium, Denmark,Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

•

Other Oil Exporting Countries: This region includes the world's
other major oil producing countries: the 11 OPEC members (Algeria,
Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) Gabon, Ecuador and Mexico.

•

Rest of the World: This region includes the remaining countries ofAsia, Africa, Middle East, Oceania and Latin America.

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 1-7: METHANE EMISSIONS FROM OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES(TIER 1) to enter your data for this submodule.

1.28

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1

ENERGYESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF METHANE
EMITTED BY OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES
1Enter data for each type of oil and gas production activity inColumn A.
Data sources are discussed above. Ensure that the data you use areconsistent with the activity data used to calculate CO2 from Energy
Sources in the first submodule of this module.

2

For each type of activity enter an Emission Factor in Column B.
Use locally available data or the data in Table 1-6 below. Note thatthese tables provide a range of values to account for the uncertainty
implicit in this method. You should use your judgement to select asingle value from this range. You are also encouraged to provide anestimate of uncertainty with the values (see the Greenhouse Gas
Inventory Reporting Instructions).

3

Multiply the amounts of oil and gas for each Activity (Column A) by
the Emission Factor (Column B) to give the amount of CH4 emitted
in kilograms CH4. Enter the results in kilograms in Column C.

4

Divide the emissions of CH4 in kilograms (Column C) by 10 toconvert to gigagrams. Enter the results, in gigagrams CH4, inColumn D and complete the “total” boxes.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

EXPLORATION AND DRILLING
A category of exploration anddrilling is included on the worksheet.
However, no sources of activity
data or default emissions areprovided. If you have locally available
data for these values, enter this. If
you are working from default
sources you should ignore thiscategory which is only expected to
be a small component of emissions.

6

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1.29

ENERGY

TABLE 1-6
REVISED REGIONAL EMISSION FACTORS FOR METHANE FROM OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES SYSTEMS (kg/PJ)
WesternEuropeUSA &CanadaFormer USSR,
Central &EasternEuropeOther Oil
Exporting
Countries

Rest of theWorld

Oil Produced

300 - 5 000

300 - 5 000

300 - 5 000

300 - 5 000

300 - 5 000

Fugitive and Other Gas Produced
RoutineMaintenance
Emissions from Gas
Production

15 000 27 000

46 000 84 000

140 000 314 000

46 000 - 96 000

46 000 - 96 000

Oil & Gas
Produced(a)-3 000 - 14 000

-

-

-

Oil Produced

1 000 - 3 000

-

-

-

-

Gas Produced--

6 000 - 30 000

758 000 1 046 000

175 000 - 209 000

Source TypeBasis

OIL & GAS PRODUCTION
Fugitive and Other
RoutineMaintenance
Emissions from Oil
Production

Venting & Flaring
from Oil and Gas
Production

CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND REFINING
Transportation

Oil Tankered

745

745

745

745

745

Refining

Oil Refined

90 - 1 400

90 - 1 400

90 - 1 400

90 - 1 400

90 - 1 400

Storage Tanks

Oil Refined

20 - 250

20 - 250

20 - 250

20 - 250

20 - 250

NATURAL GAS PROCESSING, TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION
Emissions from
Processing,Transmission andDistribution

Gas Produced--

288 000 628 000

288 000 (high)(b)288 000 (high) (b)Gas Consumed

72 000 133 000

57 000 118 000-

118 000 (low) (c)118 000 (low) (c)--175 000 384 000

0 - 175 000

0 - 175 000--

87 000 - 192 000

0 - 87 000

0 - 87 000

Leakage at industrial Non-residential Gas
Consumed(d)plants and power
stations
Leakage in theresidential andcommercial sectors

Residential Gas
Consumed(e)(a) In the United States and Canada, the emissions are based on total production of both oil and gas produced.
(b) The emission factor of 288 000 kg/PJ of gas produced is used only for the high emissions estimate.
(c) The emission factor of 118 000 kg/PJ of gas consumed is used only for the low emissions estimate.
(d) Gas consumption by utilities and industries.
(e) Gas consumption by the residential and commercial sectors.
Source: Constructed from the literature summarised in the Reference Manual

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ENERGY

1.7

Ozone Precursors and SO2 Emissions
from Oil Refining
Introduction
A basic refinery converts crude petroleum into a variety of sub-products.
Principal products of a refinery may include liquid fuels, coke, feedstocks
and primary petrochemicals (like ethylene). This section covers basic
refineries, not the synthesis of petrochemicals. Chemical production is
included in Chapter 2, Industrial Processes, whether or not the actual
production takes place at a refinery or in a separate plant.

Data Sources
Data on crude oil throughput, required for the simplified Tier 1 approach, is
usually readily available from national sources or international compendia ofenergy statistics. The Tier 2 methods require data on internal refinery
operations which can be obtained only locally either through a national
industry association including refiners or by direct contact with the refiners.
These contacts also provide the opportunity to obtain local emission factors
for use in place of the default factors provided below.

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 1-8 OZONE PRECURSORS AND SO2 EMISSIONS FROM OIL
REFINING to enter your data for this submodule.

ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF CO, NOX,NMVOC AND SO2
Tier 1 - Using Crude Oil Throughput
A simple estimation method uses average default emission factors for all
four pollutants based on the crude oil throughput of the refineries. Local
emission factors should be used wherever possible as values, particularly for
NMVOCs, can vary widely.
Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 1
1Enter the crude oil throughput of the refinery(ies) in Column A
expressed in 1000 tonnes.

2

In Column C, overwrite the default emission factors with local values if
available.

3

Multiply, in turn, the figure in Column A by each of the emission
factors entered in Column C and place the results in thecorresponding rows of Column D.

4

Divide the figures in Column D by 1000 to convert to gigagrams andplace the results in Column E.

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ENERGY

Tier 2 Methods
Separate methods for the estimation of the four pollutants from catalytic
cracking, SO2 from desulphurisation and NMVOCs from oil storage arepresented below.
The discussion in Section 1.8.9 of the Reference Manual makes clear that thedefault emission factors for SO2 and NOx are subject to wide ranges.
Efforts should be made to use local values for these pollutants and for
NMVOCs.

ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF OZONEPRECURSORS AND SO2 FROM CATALYTIC
CRACKING
Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 2
1Enter the oil throughput of the catalytic cracker units in Column A
expressed in 1000 tonnes.

2

In Column C, overwrite the default emission factors with local values if
available.

3

Multiply, in turn, the figure in Column A by each of the emission
factors entered in Column C and place the results in thecorresponding rows of Column D.

4

Divide the figures in Column D by 1000 to convert to gigagrams andplace the results in Column E.

ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF SO2 FROMDESULPHURISATION
Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 3
1Enter the quantity of sulphur recovered in tonnes in Column A.

2

Multiply this figure by 139 (the default emission factor in kg/t) andplace the result in Column C.

3

Divide the figure in kg in Column C by 106 to convert to gigagrams
and put the result in Column D.

ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF NMVOCS FROMOIL STORAGE
Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 4

1.32

1

For each refinery in the country, identify the major storage type. Sum
the crude oil throughputs for each storage type and enter the result inColumn A expressed in 1000 tonnes.

2

Multiply the emission factor by the crude oil throughput in Column A
and place the result in the appropriate row in Column D.

3

Divide the figure in Column D by 1000 and put the result in gigagramsin Column E.

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ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)WORKSHEET

1-1

SHEET

1 OF 5
STEP 1
A

B

C

D

E

F

Production

Imports

Exports

International
Bunkers

Stock Change

Apparent
Consumption

FUEL TYPES
Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels

F=(A+B-C-D-E)

Crude Oil
Orimulsion
Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Shale OilGas / Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
EthaneNaphtha
BitumenLubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstocks
Other Oil
Liquid Fossil Totals
Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(a)Coking Coal
Other Bit. Coal
Sub-bit. Coal
LigniteOil Shale
Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel
Coke Oven/Gas Coke
Solid Fossil Totals
Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total
Biomass Total
Solid biomass
Liquid biomass
Gas biomass(a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)WORKSHEET

1-1

SHEET

2 OF 5
STEP 2
G(a)

H

I

J

K

Conversion
Factor(TJ/Unit)

Apparent
Consumption(TJ)

Carbon Emission
Factor(t C/TJ)

Carbon Content

Carbon Content(t C)(Gg C)

J=(HxI)

K=(Jx10-3)

FUEL TYPES
Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels

STEP 3H=(FxG)

Crude Oil
Orimulsion
Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Shale OilGas / Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
EthaneNaphtha
BitumenLubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstocks
Other Oil
Liquid Fossil Totals
Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bit. Coal(b)Sub-bit. Coal
LigniteOil Shale
Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel
Coke Oven/Gas Coke
Solid Fossil Totals
Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total
Biomass Total
Solid biomass
Liquid biomass
Gas biomass(a) Please specify units.
(b) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

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ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)WORKSHEET

1-1

SHEET

3 OF 5
STEP 4

STEP 5

L

M

N

O

P

Carbon Stored

Net Carbon
Emissions

Fraction of
CarbonOxidised

Actual Carbon
Emissions

Actual CO2Emissions(Gg C)(Gg CO2)

O=(MxN)

P=(Ox[44/12])(Gg C)(Gg C)
FUEL TYPES
Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

STEP 6

M=(K-L)
Crude Oil
Orimulsion
Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels

Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Shale OilGas / Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
EthaneNaphtha
BitumenLubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstocks
Other Oil

Liquid Fossil Totals
Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bit. Coal(a)Sub-bit. Coal
LigniteOil Shale
Peat

Secondary Fuels

BKB & Patent Fuel
Coke Oven/Gas Coke

Solid Fossil Totals
Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total
Biomass Total
Solid biomass
Liquid biomass
Gas biomass(a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

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ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)WORKSHEET

1-1

SHEET

4 OF 5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR
TRANSPORT)STEP 1

STEP 2

A

B

C

D

E

F

Quantities
Delivered(a)Conversion
Factor
(TJ/unit)

Quantities
Delivered(TJ)

Carbon Emission
Factor(t C/TJ)

CarbonContent(t C)

Carbon Content(Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

FUEL TYPES
Solid Fossil

STEP 3C=(AxB)

Other Bituminous
Coal
Sub-Bituminous Coal

Liquid Fossil

Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Gas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Lubricants
Total(a) Enter the quantities from Table 1-1, Sheet 1, Column D: “International Bunkers”.

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)WORKSHEET

1-1

SHEET

5 OF 5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR
TRANSPORT)STEP 4

Liquid Fossil

STEP 6

G

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction of
CarbonStoredCarbon Stored(Gg C)Net Carbon
Emissions(Gg C)

Fraction of
CarbonOxidised

ActualCarbonEmissions(Gg C)

Actual CO2Emissions(Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(Kx44/12)

FUEL TYPES
Solid Fossil

STEP 5

Other Bituminous
Coal

0

0

Sub-Bituminous Coal00

Gasoline

00

Jet Kerosene

00

Gas/Diesel Oil

00

Residual Fuel Oil

00

Lubricants

0.5
Total(a)(a) The bunker emissions are not to be added to national totals.

1.36

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

1

ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGYWORKSHEETAUXILIARY WORKSHEET 1-1: ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS

SHEET

1 OF 1A

B

Estimated Fuel
Quantities

Conversion
Factor(TJ/Units)

FUEL TYPES

C

D

CarbonEstimated Fuel
Emission Factor
Quantities(t C/TJ)(TJ)

C=(AxB)

E

F

CarbonContent(t C)

CarbonContent(Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

G

H

Carbon Stored
Fraction of(Gg C)
Carbon Stored

H=(FxG)

Naphtha(a)0.80

Lubricants

0.50

Bitumen

1.0

Coal Oils and Tars(from Coking
Coal)

0.75

Natural Gas(a)0.33

Gas/Diesel Oil(a)0.50

LPG(a)

0.80

Ethane(a)0.80

Other fuels(b)(a) Enter these fuels when they are used as feedstocks.
(b) Use the Other fuels rows to enter any other products in which carbon may be stored

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

1.37

ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY SOURCE CATEGORIES (TIER I)WORKSHEET

1-2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONSSHEET1 OF 16 ENERGY INDUSTRIESSTEP 1

Energy Industries

STEP 2

STEP 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consumption

Conversion
Factor
(TJ/unit)

Consumption(TJ)

Carbon Emission
Factor(t C/TJ)

CarbonContent(t C)

CarbonContent(Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)
Crude OilNatural Gas Liquids
Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Gas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
EthaneNaphtha
LubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Gas
Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bituminous Coal
Sub-Bituminous Coal
LignitePeat
Patent FuelBrown Coal Briquettes
Coke Oven Coke
Gas CokeGas Works Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
Natural Gas
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste

(a)

Total
Memo items:
Wood/Wood Waste
Charcoal
Other Solid Biomass
Liquid Biomass
Gaseous Biomass
Total Biomass(a) Include only consumption of crude oil that is burned, not crude oil which is refined into petroleum products.

1.38

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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1

ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY SOURCE CATEGORIES (TIER I)WORKSHEET

1-2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONSSHEET2 OF 16 ENERGY INDUSTRIESSTEP 4

Energy Industries

STEP 5

STEP 6

G

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction of
Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored(Gg C)Net Carbon
Emissions(Gg C)

Fraction of
Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon
Emissions(Gg C)

Actual CO2Emissions(Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(K x [44/12])

Crude OilNatural Gas Liquids
Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Gas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
EthaneNaphtha
LubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Gas
Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bituminous Coal
Sub-Bituminous Coal
LignitePeat
Patent FuelBrown Coal Briquettes
Coke Oven Coke
Gas CokeGas Works Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
Natural Gas
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste

(a)

Total
Memo items:
Wood/Wood Waste
Charcoal
Other Solid Biomass
Liquid Biomass
Gaseous Biomass
Total Biomass(a) Use a value of 0.5 for lubricants.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

1.39

ENERGY

MODULE

ENERGYSUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY SOURCE CATEGORIES (TIER I)WORKSHEET

1-2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONSSHEET3 OF 16 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND CONSTRUCTIONSTEP 1

Manufacturing
Industries andConstruction

STEP 2

STEP 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consumption

Conversion
Factor
(TJ/unit)

Consumption(TJ)

Carbon Emission
Factor(t C/TJ)

CarbonContent(t C)

CarbonContent(Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)
Crude OilNatural Gas Liquids
Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Gas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
EthaneNaphtha
LubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Gas
Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bituminous Coal
Sub-Bituminous Coal
LignitePeat
Patent FuelBrown Coal Briquettes
Coke Oven Coke
Gas CokeGas Works Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
Natural Gas
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste

Total
Memo items:
Wood/Wood Waste
Charcoal
Other Solid Biomass
Liquid Biomass
Gaseous Biomass
Total Biomass
Note: To separately identify emissions associated with autogeneration from those associated with process heat, photocopy sheets 3 and 4, clearly
indicating the source of the emissions.

1.40

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook