Prepared by:
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
Office of the Secretary, United States Department of Health and Human Services
HealthIT.gov

2020-2025
Federal Health IT

Strategic Plan
October 2020

2020-2025 FE DE RAL H EALT H IT

Strategic Plan

Table of Contents
Letter from the National Coordinator 

1Federal Health IT Vision and Mission

3

Federal Health Principles

4

Strategic Plan Framework

5

Introduction6
How Health IT is Used

6

The Federal Government’s Role in Health IT

8Challenges in Healthcare9

Increasing Healthcare Spending

10Poor Health Outcomes

10

Increasing Rates of Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders

10

Access to Care

11

Access to Technology

11

Access to Electronic Health Information

12

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Opportunities in a Digital Health System

13

Empowering Patients

14

Moving to Value-Based Care

15

Advancing Interoperability 

15

Promoting New Technologies 

17

Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden

18

Protecting Privacy of Health Information

19

Securing Health Information

19

Goals, Objectives, and Strategies

20

Goal 1: Promote Health and Wellness

21

Goal 2: Enhance the Delivery and Experience of Care

24

Goal 3: B uild a Secure, Data-Driven Ecosystem
to Accelerate Research and Innovation

29

Goal 4: Connect Healthcare with Health Data 

32

Appendix A. About this Strategic Plan

37

Appendix B. Measuring and Communicating Progress

39

Appendix C. Federal Contributors

41

Appendix D. List of Acronyms

42

References43

LETTER FROM THE

National Coordinator
In our everyday routines, we rely on technology to do a lot for us. Many of us haveaccess to an abundance of data and technologies that allow us to interact withinformation in many ways. From shopping for groceries, to requesting transportation,
to managing our finances, we have come a long way since the dawn of the internet
and mobile devices. However, when it comes to accessing our information when andwhere we need it, healthcare has just not quite caught up. In today’s digital world,
the right to control our health must include the right to access and control our healthinformation. While most healthcare providers
now use electronic health record (EHR) systems,
In today’s digital world,
information captured in these systems is often
difficult to access by patients, caregivers, andpatients’ right to control
healthcare providers across different settings
their health mustof care. All healthcare stakeholders will benefit
include the right tofrom a fully connected healthcare systemaccess and control theirthat empowers patients, caregivers, and theirhealthcare providers to access, exchange, andhealth information.
use electronic health information (EHI).
The digitization of the nation’s healthcare system has resulted in greater electronic
documentation of health information for patients. Yet, the system’s transformation
is hindered by status quo bias that tends to limit information sharing. Thanks toprovisions passed by Congress, the United States government is working to bringmore robust health information to patients and ensure that technology and mobile
applications (apps) will help them better manage their health and enable them toshop for care. We in the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information
Technology (ONC), with our partners across the federal government, strive to increasetransparency, competition, and consumer choice in healthcare and seek to protect theprivacy and security of individuals’ EHI.
The aim of this 2020-2025 Federal Health IT Strategic Plan (Plan) is to outline concrete
steps federal partners can take to improve health through health IT. The goals,
objectives, and strategies within this Plan highlight the importance not only of EHI,

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An Outcomes
Driven Plan
FOCUSED ON MEETING
THE NEEDS OF

Individuals

Populations

PayersCaregivers

Public HealthProfessionals

Developers

Healthcare
Providers

Researchers

Innovators

This Plan is outcomes-driven,
with goals focused on meetingthe needs of individuals,
populations, caregivers,
healthcare providers, payers,
public health professionals,
researchers, developers,
and innovators.

but also of the capabilities enabled by health IT, including public health surveillance,
telehealth, and remote monitoring. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted theimportance of IT-enabled tools in supporting our healthcare infrastructure.
Federal, state, and local governments, along with the private sector, have worked
together to help digitize health information and healthcare. Yet, much work remains
to ensure patients and caregivers have access to valuable, usable information. With
this Plan, the federal government demonstrates its ongoing coordinated focus on theinteroperability of EHI and the reduction of provider burden. It emphasizes productand price transparency, allowing individuals to select the technology they wish to
use to access and control their information, while opening up entirely new businessmodels for the health app economy. This Plan is outcomes-driven, with goals focusedon meeting the needs of individuals, populations, caregivers, healthcare providers,payers, public health professionals, researchers, developers, and innovators. We
would like to thank our federal partners, committees, and members of the public whohelped shape the goals, objectives, and strategies in this Plan. ONC, the Department
of Health and Human Services (HHS), and our federal partners will continue to takemajor strides to make healthcare more transparent, accountable, and accessible, whilestrengthening the patient-provider relationship.
From mobile apps to automation to machine learning—the future of healthcare
is promising.

Donald W. Rucker, M.D.

National Coordinator for Health Information Technology-2 -2020-2025 FE DE RAL H EALT H IT

Strategic Plan
AT THE FOREFRONT OF

Health IT
Federal Health IT Vision and Mission

FEDERAL HEALTH IT

FEDERAL HEALTH IT

VISIONMISSIONA health system that uses
information to engage
individuals, lower costs,
deliver high quality care,and improve individual andpopulation health.

Improve the health andwell-being of individuals andcommunities using technology
and health information thatis accessible when and where
it matters most.

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Federal Health Principles

Through this Federal Health IT Strategic Plan, the government will work collaboratively to:
Principle

Description

Put
individuals
first.

Embrace person-centered care that values thewhole individual, including their goals, values,
culture, and privacy.

Focus onvalue.

Promote and pursue activities that improvehealth and care quality, efficiency, safety,
affordability, equity, effectiveness, and access.

Build aculture of
secure accessto healthinformation.

Support secure health information access,exchange, and use by individuals, caregivers,
healthcare providers, public healthprofessionals, and other stakeholders.

Put research
into action.

Strengthen feedback loops between scientific,
public health, and healthcare communities
to efficiently translate evidence into clinicalpractice and improvement.

Encourage
innovation
andcompetition.

Support and protect innovation andcompetition in health IT that result in new
solutions and business models for better careand improved outcomes.

Be aresponsible
steward.

Develop health IT policies through open,transparent, and accountable processes; use
federal resources judiciously; and leverage
the expertise of the private sector to provide
technology and services to execute on thesepolicies, as appropriate.

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Strategic Plan
Strategic Plan Framework
This Plan includes four goals, each of which includes specific objectives and strategies.
Taken together, these should not be viewed as sequential, but as interdependent withthe collective purpose of improving the health of individuals, families, and communities.

G OA L1

G OA L2

Promote Health and Wellness
Objective 1a: I mprove individual access to usable
health information
Objective 1b: Advance healthy and safe practices through health IT
Objective 1c: Integrate health and human services information

Enhance the Delivery
and Experience of Care
Objective 2a: L everage health IT to improve clinical practice andpromote safe, high-quality care
Objective 2b: U
 se health IT to expand access and connect
patients to care
Objective 2c: F oster competition, transparency, andaffordability in healthcare
Objective 2d: R educe regulatory and administrative burden
on providers
Objective 2e: E nable efficient management of health IT
resources and a nationwide workforce confidently
using health IT

G OA L

3

Build a Secure, Data-Driven
Ecosystem to Accelerate
Research and Innovation
Objective 3a: A dvance individual- and population-leveltransfer of health data
Objective 3b: S upport research and analysis using health IT
and data at the individual and population levels
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GOA L

4

Connect
Healthcarewith Health
Data
Objective 4a:
Advance thedevelopment anduse of health IT
capabilities
Objective 4b:
Establish
expectations
for data sharing
Objective 4c:
Enhance technology
and communications
infrastructure
Objective 4d:
Promote secure
health information
practices that protect
individual privacy

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Introduction
Health information technology (health IT) refers to the use of information andcommunication technologies in caring for patients, tracking diseases, protecting
public health, conducting research, and improving the health of individuals andpopulations.1 Health IT has evolved from being one tool in the healthcare toolbox
to being an integral component of healthcare delivery, and it is critical to improving
our nation’s health system. As of 2017, 80 percent of physician offices and 96 percent
of acute care hospitals use ONC-certified health IT.2 Information exchange among
healthcare providers, patients, and public health and research organizations isincreasing rapidly.

How Health IT is Used
Health IT is used in a variety of ways. Not only does it help
to deliver care, treat illness, and improve health outcomes,
but it also helps to address the social, economic, andenvironmental factors that influence the health of individuals
and communities.
Individual patients—as well as their caregivers—use information technologies such as
patient portals and patient-facing apps, and communication technologies like secure
messaging and email, to access their health information, manage treatment of their-6 -2020-2025 FE DE RAL H EALT H IT

Strategic Plan
health conditions, and interact with healthcare providers. When it is available, patients
can assess quality and cost information through health IT to make informed decisions
about where to seek care. In addition to accessing information, patients and caregivers
can use remote services (e.g., telehealth) to remain connected to care when they areunable to physically travel to an office or clinic, such as during a national public healthemergency, when they are unable to use transportation, or if they live in an area withlimited access to certain health services.
Healthcare providersi and healthcare organizations use health IT to input andreference patients’ health information, make or adjust a diagnosis, make clinicaldecisions, and create care plans. In addition, providers use health IT to better engage(virtually or in person) with their patients and patients’ caregivers to address patients’needs more quickly and enhance their experience of care.
Public health professionals, researchers, and community-based organizations
increasingly use health IT outside of the traditional care setting to collect and assess
health and human services data across individuals and populations. This includes
using technology to exchange information and track public healthii activities (e.g.,collecting data on reportable conditions) to address health and related social
disparities, lower costs, and improve outcomes, particularly for racial and ethnic
minorities, individuals of less privileged socioeconomic status, underservediThroughout this document, we use the terms “healthcare providers” and “providers” to mean “healthcare provider” as defined in section 3000(3) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 300jj): a hospital,
skilled nursing facility, nursing facility, home health entity or other long term care facility, health care clinic,
community mental health center (as defined in section 300x–2(b) (1) of this title), renal dialysis facility,
blood center, ambulatory surgical center described in section 1395l(i) of this title, emergency medical
services provider, Federally qualified health center, group practice, a pharmacist, a pharmacy, a laboratory,a physician (as defined in section 1395x(r) of this title), a practitioner (as described in section 1395u(b)(18)(C) of this title), a provider operated by, or under contract with, the Indian Health Service or by an Indian
tribe (as defined in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act [25 U.S.C. 450 et seq.]), Tribalorganization, or urban Indian organization (as defined in section 1603 of title 25), a rural health clinic, acovered entity under section 256b of this title, an ambulatory surgical center described in section 1395l(i) of
this title, a therapist (as defined in section 1395w–4(k)(3)(B)(iii) of this title), and any other category of healthcare facility, entity, practitioner, or clinician determined appropriate by the Secretary.

ii Throughout this Plan, “population health” refers to “the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including
the distribution of such outcomes within the group” (Kindig and Stoddard, 2003; American Journal of Public
Health). “Public health” refers to “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting
health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private,communities, and individuals” (Winslow, 1920).

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rural populations, and sexual and gender minorities. Health IT also supports
these stakeholders’ roles in performing disease surveillance, case reporting andmanagement, laboratory testing, and clinical data collection, as well as reporting
outcomes during public health emergencies.
While also engaging in the above activities, payers use health IT to understandmember health status, analyze cost data, and engage in care management activities.
Life sciences and medical device companies use health IT to support research on
new therapies and technologies, engage consumers, and coordinate the safe use of
their products.

The Federal Government’s Role in Health IT
The federal government plays a far-reaching role insupporting the advancement of health IT and interoperability.
Federal agencies are purchasers, developers, and regulatorsof health IT. They fund and contribute to health IT research,health IT development, and health IT deployment at the
local, Tribal, state, and national levels. Federal agencies
also facilitate coordination across the public and private sectors to align standards,
encourage innovation, share best practices, and promote competition. In addition,
they have the responsibility of developing regulations that impact health IT andproviding oversight for its use.
Beyond actions aimed at strengthening the health IT infrastructure and loweringbarriers to access, exchange, and use of EHI, federal agencies use health IT to achieve
their missions and serve the nation every day. For example, agencies use EHRs, datasystems, and other health IT to conduct public health surveillance and research,
provide healthcare services to patients, and administer government benefit programs
such as Medicare and Medicaid. The federal government, through implementing
the strategies outlined in this Plan, will continue to play an essential role in theadvancement of health IT in the U.S.

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Challenges
in Healthcare
The goals, objectives, and strategies
detailed in this Plan support the federal
government’s broader aim to mitigate
many of the healthcare challenges
that exist in the U.S. These challenges
include increased healthcare spending,poor health outcomes, increased rates
of mental illness and substance use
disorders, and inconsistent access tocare, technology, and information.
Social determinants of health (SDOH)—
the conditions in which people live,
learn, work, and play3 – can contributeto disparities. As federal agencies andother partners work together toward
a more interoperable healthcare
system, they should consider the ways
in which health IT can address thesechallenges equitably and in ways that
do not exacerbate existing disparities
associated with SDOH.

Increasing
Healthcare
Spending

Poor
HealthOutcomes

Increasing Rates ofMental Illness andSubstance Use Disorders

Access toCare

Access toTechnology

Access to Electronic
Health Information-9 -2020-2025 FE DE RAL H EALT H IT

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Increasing Healthcare Spending
National health expenditures were about $3.6 trillion in 2018 and are projected
to reach nearly $6.0 trillion by 2027, with annual increases averaging about 5.5
percent.4 As in previous years, this increase is projected to significantly outpace
growth in the overall economy, and healthcare will continue to account for alarger and larger portion of gross domestic product.5
Population growth, an aging population, changing disease prevalence andincidence, increasing utilization of health services, and increases in prices andintensity of services all contribute to increased healthcare spending.6 Notably,
treatment of chronic disease and mental health conditions account for 90
percent of the nation’s annual healthcare expenditures.7

Poor Health Outcomes
The U.S. health system can improve in managing chronic disease and assuring
equity in access and health outcomes. The country’s high disease burden andmortality rates are due in part to a greater prevalence of chronic conditions
such as diabetes and heart disease.8 Further, the U.S. continues to haveracial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes and in access to and use of
preventative care.9

Increasing Rates of Mental Illness
and Substance Use Disorders
Increasing rates of mental illness and substance use disorders are major
contributors to decreased life expectancy in the U.S. Rates of depression
and suicide are increasing, and overdoses from opioids and other drugs andalcohol-related deaths continue to rise.10 Rural communities, which lack accessto services due to fewer resources (including mental/behavioral health andother specialty providers) or means of transportation, are especially affected bymental illness and substance use.11- 10 -

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Access to Care
Health insurance coverage is a significant determinant of access to healthcare.12
As health insurance premiums rise, the number of uninsured also rises. 13,14
Being uninsured or underinsured increases the likelihood that people will avoid
care and face financial hardships when care is received.15 Being uninsured canalso lead to higher uncompensated spending as healthcare providers take on
costs to treat uninsured patients who are unable to pay for their care.16
The high cost of health services can hinder access to care, even among
Americans with health insurance.17 The insured may face significant outof-pocket spending from deductibles, co-pays, and inadvertent use of outof-network healthcare providers. Access to care can be limited by a lack ofavailable healthcare providers within an insurer’s network or within geographic
reach of individuals and their families. Barriers to entry and competition in
healthcare can exacerbate issues of access by increasing prices associated withproducts and services.18,19

Access to Technology
The U.S. has made significant strides to increase broadband access in recent
years. More than 94 percent of the population now live in an area with access toboth high-speed internet and Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile service, and 90
percent of Americans use the internet. However, access to technology remainsa challenge across the U.S., as more than one-quarter of Americans do not use
broadband internet access at home.20
Low income, Tribal, and rural populations are less likely to have access tobroadband internet service, and these groups, along with racial and ethnic
minority populations, are therefore less likely to use broadband internet service
than other demographic groups.21 Lack of access to broadband can exacerbate
existing health disparities by creating a barrier to the range of technologies that
support cost-effective and high-quality care.22
Furthermore, people without access to smartphones cannot experience the- 11 -

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Strategic Planbenefits of personalized health apps that can enable users to manage theirhealth. Available technology may not be made in ways that are accessible forpeople with disabilities.

Access to Electronic Health Information
Application programming interfaces (APIs) enable phones, computers, andother technologies to connect and share information in real-time. Industries
like banking, retail, and education use APIs to allow individuals to manage
their finances, track packages, and even complete online courses from theconvenience of their smartphones. Healthcare is one of the only industries
where many individuals do not have easy access to their electronic information
using mobile apps.
In addition, while most hospitals and provider practices use technology thatwould allow patients and caregivers to view and download health information,a nationally representative survey indicated that only 51 percent of individuals
were offered access to their online medical records by their providers or payers
in 2018. This percentage is even lower among people who have no insurance
and lower-income and education levels.23
Even when patients have electronic access to their EHI, they are not always
able to use it effectively—a critical barrier to improving health throughincreased access to information is poor health literacy. Too often, patients andcaregivers are unable to realize the full benefits of access to EHI because they
may not understand what the information means or have the tools to display
information in a way that enables them to make informed decisions. This issue
is especially important as individuals are increasingly expected to take a largerrole in managing their own health and care. As health IT expands, individuals
must be empowered with new health literacy competencies, including an
understanding of data sharing, consent, and how privacy, security, and accessstandards apply to an individual’s EHI.

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Opportunities in a
Digital Health System
The healthcare system is rapidly advancing in a direction that amplifies patient voices,
improves value, drives interconnectedness of EHI and new technologies, reduces
provider burden, and protects patient privacy and data security. The strategies in thisPlan reflect the ways in which federal partners and collaborators can leverage health IT
to bolster efforts across each of these areas of opportunity, which are detailed below.

Opportunities in a
Digital Health System

Empowering
Patients

Moving to
Value-Based Care

Reducing Regulatory and
Administrative Burden

Advancing
Interoperability

Protecting Privacy of
Health Information- 13 -

Promoting
New Technologies

Securing Health
Information

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Empowering Patients
Healthcare continues to move toward person-centered care. Individuals cantake a more active role in their care by improving their health behaviors, selfmanaging chronic conditions, engaging in shared decision-making, and using
bi-directional exchange of data to communicate with healthcare providers.
Providing patients and caregivers with more robust health information,
including quality and cost information, can further help them manage theirhealth and exercise control and choice in their care.
Policies promoting use of secure, standards-based APIs,iii including regulations
established to implement the 21st Century Cures Act, will encourage thedevelopment of health apps that provide access to and use of data in EHRs tobetter support person-centered care and patient empowerment. Additional
examples of federal activities to encourage these efforts include:•

HHS encouraging payers and healthcare organizations to make priceinformation available through regulations and policies;•

The Federal Trade Commission ensuring that health IT companies comply
with antitrust and consumer protection laws to promote and protectcompetition and safeguard the privacy and security of consumers’ EHI; and•The HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR) announcing that it has settled its eighth
enforcement action in its Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act (HIPAA) Right of Access Initiative (OCR announced this initiative as an
enforcement priority in 2019 to support individuals’ right to timely access totheir health records at a reasonable cost under the HIPAA Privacy Rule).24

iii Published to the Federal Register on May 1, 2020, the API certification criterion in ONC’s 21st Century Cures
Act: Interoperability, Information Blocking, and the ONC Health IT Certification Program final rule will require
the use of the Health Level 7 (HL7®) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR®) standard Release 4
and references several standards and implementation specifications adopted in § 170.213 and § 170.215
to support standardization and interoperability. This certification criterion will help align industry efforts
around FHIR Release 4 and advance interoperability of API-enabled “read” services for single and multiple
patients. Also published to the Federal Register on May 1, 2020, the CMS Interoperability and Patient Access
final rule requires CMS-regulated payers to implement and maintain a secure, standards-based (HL7 FHIR®)
Patient Access API.

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Moving to Value-Based CareIn addition to patient empowerment, the U.S. healthcare system is continuing
progress toward value-based care, in which payment is linked to measures ofprovider performance and patient outcomes and is based on evidence-based
practices and guidelines. In 2018, approximately 61 percent of public andprivate healthcare spending was part of a value-based payment or pay-forperformance model, up from 23 percent in 2015.25, 26 This movement is likely
to continue and perhaps accelerate due to projected increases in healthcare
spending.
The shift to value-based care has created new incentives for providers in avariety of settings to improve quality and patient outcomes. These incentives
place greater importance on addressing SDOH and patient health behaviors
and engaging in preventive care, population health management, and disease
management.
Success in value-based payment models is contingent in part on healthcare
provider and payer access to and exchange of robust population-level data thatallows them to better understand the needs of their patients, stratify patientsby risk, engage in patient outreach, and track outcomes over time. Health IT— such as registries and other data systems—plays a fundamental role in thecollection, reporting, and analysis of data needed to support value-based care.

Advancing Interoperability
EHRs are widely used in physician practices, hospitals, and health systems
across the U.S. As a result, the federal government and the private sector haveincreased their focus on improving interoperability—the secure exchange of EHI
with, and use of EHI from, other health IT without special effort on the part of
the user.27
The federal government promotes interoperability of EHI through several
programs and policies. For example, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services (CMS) includes health IT-focused incentives in programs like Medicare’s- 15 -

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Promoting Interoperability Program (formerly the Medicare and Medicaid
EHR Incentive Programs, or Meaningful Use) and the Merit-Based Incentive
Payment System. In 2020, CMS finalized a rule to advance interoperability byincreasing the seamless flow of EHI; reducing burden on patients, caregivers,
and healthcare providers; and fostering innovation by unleashing data forresearchers and innovators.28
Also, in 2020, ONC finalized a regulation (Cures Act Final Rule) designed to driveinteroperability of EHI by supporting the use of Health Level Seven’s (HL7®)
Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR®) standard for APIs.29 The useof FHIR®, which was also encouraged by federal agencies like the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality, ONC, CMS, Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, and the National Institutes of Health, fosters increased data sharing
between patients, healthcare providers, payers, researchers, and other healthcare
entities. As required in the 21st Century Cures Act, ONC’s Cures Act Final Ruleaddresses information blocking, which is generally described as a practice that is
likely to interfere with the access, exchange, or use of EHI.30
While programs like Promoting Interoperability focus on a subset of thehealthcare community, the federal government recognizes the need forinvestment in and adoption of interoperable health IT by researchers andproviders in all care settings (e.g., primary care, long-term and post-acute care,
physical therapy, behavioral health, emergency medical services, and hospitals)
so they can fully participate in robust EHI exchange.
The private sector recognizes the value of interoperable EHI. Spurred by ONC
and CMS regulations, private entities are increasingly using standards-based
APIs to develop tools that provide patients, caregivers, and providers withdata to promote information sharing. Additionally, participation in healthinformation exchanges (HIEs) and health information networks (HINs) continues
to grow. This signifies continued investment in information sharing andcollaboration among stakeholders in this sector.

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The public and private sectors play a key role in refining existing IT
functionalities and creating entirely new kinds of data exchange strengthened
by interoperability. While much progress has been made, the ongoing processof improving interoperability will demand continued investigation andadvancements in the ways health IT systems interact, and how they access,exchange, and use data.

Promoting New Technologies
The public and private sectors are continuously developing new technologies toimprove access to care and health information. Increased computing power andinnovation are propelling new algorithms, analytic capabilities, and machinelearning (ML) capabilities from what were once limited, conceptual uses to more
everyday uses. Remote monitoring technologies such as wearables and webenabled medical devices also continue to advance as healthcare providers andpatients become more comfortable using such technologies.
Improved broadband access is another driver of adoption and use of newtechnologies in healthcare. Telehealth, for example, expands services topopulations, such as those in rural areas with a shortage of healthcare
providers, or to urban residents who lack the transportation or job flexibility
needed to visit providers during the traditional workday.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts to remotely deliver care andperform research accelerated. Clinical researchers collecting data for studies
and providers caring for patients adapted to the pandemic through health ITenabled telehealth and remote engagement tools. The trend toward greater
virtualization in healthcare is likely to continue beyond the pandemic, andthis demand will likely heighten the call for greater infrastructural changes tosupport health IT use and for continued care innovation.
These new technologies, along with existing claims and EHR data, mean
the volume of health-related data being generated has never been greater.
Volumes of data can now be processed, analyzed, and exchanged almost- 17 -

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instantaneously, and live, high-resolution video can be sent and received
without interruption. Where appropriate, the ability to leverage this “big data”
for research, discovery, and clinical validation at the point of care throughcollection, organization, analysis, and interpretation represents both achallenge and a significant opportunity for healthcare.

Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden
Congress emphasized in the 21st Century Cures Act the importance of easing
regulatory and administrative burden associated with the use of health IT
and directed ONC and CMS to develop strategies for reducing this burden.
While interoperable health IT has the potential to improve patient care andoutcomes, current system designs can be burdensome to users—including bothproviders and administrative staff—in healthcare settings. Much of the burden
on healthcare providers is a result of EHRs being originally designed primarily
to support reimbursement and financial processes, rather than patient care.
For example, activities such as prior authorization and clinical documentation,
which in many instances have not been built into EHR workflows, can costproviders time that could otherwise be spent with patients.31
Health IT has the potential to help minimize burden on healthcare practices by
increasing automation of administrative transactions (e.g., prior authorizations)and easing quality measure reporting and other data submission requirements.
Providers’ return on investment in health IT can be maximized when it isadequately incorporated into workflows and when it automates manualadministrative processes. The return on investment can incentivize providers tomake the necessary resource allocations to adopt and sustain these systems.32- 18 -

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Protecting Privacy of Health Information
The most sensitive information about a person is often their health information.
Government agencies, healthcare providers, health IT developers, researchers,
and other stakeholders have been working together to implement mechanisms
for strengthening health information privacy as more data are generated andexchanged through interoperable health IT.
Despite implementation and use of robust privacy practices in healthcare
as required by federal and state regulations, EHI can still be misused orinappropriately disclosed in ways that may harm consumers. Federal partners
and providers play an important role in educating individuals and theircaregivers on data practices and safety risks associated with uses of electronic
data. They can also educate patients on how to meaningfully consent to the useof their dataiv.

Securing Health Information
The confidentiality, integrity, and security of EHI that is created, transmitted,
and stored using health IT is a priority for all stakeholders. This is especiallytrue considering the healthcare industry’s move toward cloud-basedstorage, where data on large populations of patients is held in one place. The
strategies included throughout this Plan are predicated on implementationof robust mechanisms for securing information from ransomware and othercybersecurity risks, while ensuring that information is accessible and usable
when and where it is needed.

iv Meaningful consent, or consent, in this document is defined as an informed decision made by a patient (orcaregiver as a proxy) that allows them to determine if their health information will be released, under whatcircumstances the release will take place, and by whom. More information on what defines consent can befound here: https://www.healthit.gov/topic/meaningful-consent-overview- 19 -

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Goals, Objectives,
and Strategies
This section describes the 2020-2025 strategic goals and objectives, and lists
strategies for meeting each objective. Appendix B describes how federal agencies canbenchmark progress and measure success over time.

GOAL

Promote Health and Wellness

GOAL

Enhance the Delivery and Experience of Care

1
2

GOAL

3

GOAL

4

Build a Secure, Data-Driven Ecosystem to
Accelerate Research and Innovation
Connect Healthcare with Health Data

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GOAL 1:

Promote Health and Wellness
The use of health IT must go beyond the sharing of EHI between healthcare
providers and the enabling of administrative tasks. Health IT should beleveraged to empower individuals, address patients’ full range of health needs,
promote healthy behaviors, and facilitate better health outcomes for individuals,
families, and communities.

Objective 1a:
Improve individual access to usable health information
A key aspect of person-centered care is empowering individuals by providing themaccess to their health information. Health information access allows patients tobecome more engaged in their care and management of their conditions, and it
alleviates strain on caregivers who manage the care of their loved ones.33 Improving
access to EHI—especially for populations in rural areas, persons with disabilities, racialand ethnic minorities, and those with low socioeconomic status—should be prioritized
if we are to achieve equitable care outcomes for all. In addition, patients andcaregivers should have access to resources that allow for improved health IT literacy
so they understand how their health data may be used, how to choose safe and secure
health apps, and how to set their privacy preferences.
Strategies•

Enable individuals to access their health information by ensuring that they canview and interact with their data via secure mobile apps, patient portals, and othertechnologies.

•

Promote greater portability of EHI through standards-based APIs and otherinteroperable health IT that permit individuals to readily send and receive their EHI
across various platforms.

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Strategic Plan•

Improve access to smartphones and other technologies needed to attain anduse EHI, especially among at-risk, minority, rural, disabled, and Tribal populations.

•

Build the evidence base on the use of EHI, including the types of information thatwill benefit individuals most and the best ways to present information to patientsand caregivers.

•

Improve consumer health IT literacy by developing educational resources related
to choosing and using secure available technologies that incorporate privacy
protections.

Objective 1b:
Advance healthy and safe practices through health IT
A new ecosystem of wearable technologies, patient-facing applications, and otherdigital tools promises to expand access to services and infuse the care of individuals
and populations with new health insights.34 When successfully integrated into clinician
workflows, these tools can help providers address the needs of individual patientsduring the course of care, as well as the needs of populations during public healthemergencies and other disasters.
Strategies•

Promote healthy behaviors and self-management through patient-facing apps
and wearable technology to allow individuals to track physical activity, share andcompare health and fitness data, collaborate with care team members, adhere tocare plans, and make informed lifestyle choices.

•

Leverage individual- and population-level data to prepare for, respond to, andrecover from disasters; inform and monitor public health activities; improve qualityof life; and address disease occurrence and preventable deaths.

•

Advance the use of validated evidence-based digital therapeuticsv to help
prevent, manage, and treat conditions through the help of smartphones, tablets,and other personal devices.

v

Digital therapeutics are a subset of digital health tools that deliver evidence-based therapeutic interventions
to patients that are driven by high quality software programs.

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Objective 1c:
Integrate health and human services information
Integrated health and human services data are necessary for providing personcentered healthcare and human services, and for understanding and addressing
SDOH at the individual and population levels. Moreover, a health IT infrastructure thatcan facilitate secure, bi-directional exchange of data at the population level is key toimproving outcomes and effectively administering social programs. Today, there isa lack of standardization of human services data, making integration of health andhuman services data between the various federal, state, territorial, regional, and local
agencies and tribes a challenge.35 Standardization and integration of data will enableagencies to more efficiently collaborate and implement community programs.
Strategies•

Advance standardization and interoperability of SDOH and social service data
across federal programs through the use of standard health IT terminologies,
definitions, and methods for data collection and exchange.

•

Capture and integrate SDOH data into EHRs and clinical decision support
to inform care delivery (including referrals and integration of medical and social
care) and to address health disparities in a manner that is ethical and consistent
with routine patient care.

•

Promote engagement between providers across the care continuum, state,
Tribal, territorial, and local agencies, and community-based programs to leverage
existing health IT infrastructure and develop communities’ data and health IT
capacity.

•

Modernize and strengthen communities’ health IT infrastructure to improve
care and effectively administer social programs by facilitating bi-directional
communication and secure exchange of data across healthcare, public health, andhuman services settings.

•

Foster greater understanding of how to use health IT, and assess available
health IT solutions, to address unmet health and social needs for individuals andcommunities.

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GOAL 2:

Enhance the Delivery
and Experience of Care
Federal partners and other stakeholders should continue to leverage innovative
health IT solutions to enhance the delivery and experience of care for patientsand providers. Programs and activities should be designed in ways that ensureorganizations are exchanging interoperable data in a useful way, that data isavailable in real-time and is valuable to the requestor (e.g., data is accurate,
usable by the recipient, and sent with context), and that health IT appropriately
aids in the overall patient healthcare experience.

Objective 2a:
Leverage health IT to improve clinical practice and promotesafe, high-quality care
When built on a broad definition of patient safety—one that includes privacy, security,and equity—and on data that is accurate and connected across the care journey ofeach individual, health IT tools can support high-quality care. For example, suchtechnologies can be leveraged to improve safety by reducing unintended carevariability between patients. They can also support care transformation at the
population level through quality measurement and value-based care. Effectively
leveraging data to transform clinical practice involves integration between
important data systems (e.g., prescription drug monitoring programs) and continued
development of advanced capabilities for patient matching.
Strategies•

Promote interoperability and data sharing through widely-accepted standards
to ensure health information is available across care settings for use in patient care,- 24 -

2020-2025 FE DE RAL H EALT H IT

Strategic Planpublic health, research, and emergency and disaster preparedness, response,
and recovery.
•

Continue efforts to establish identity solutions within and across data systems
that improve patient matching.

•

Optimize care delivery by developing and applying advanced capabilities thatleverage modern computing tools to support evidence-based practices andprinciples of safe software development and use.

•

Support expanded use of health IT for safer clinical practices to prevent andaddress adverse events by building automated patient safety and rapid reporting
features into the health IT infrastructure.

•

Reduce diagnostic error and tailor care through precision medicine to assist
in the diagnosis of disease and targeting of treatment to individual patients using
real-time data.

•

Use electronic clinical quality measure (eCQM) data to optimize healthcare
providers’ and researchers’ abilities to assess quality and outcomes.

Objective 2b:
Use health IT to expand access and connect patients to care
Leveraging existing standards and developing new health IT capabilities, methods,
and approaches to improve usability and understandability of health information to
expand access to care and real-time health information are important to ensuring
all patients can be connected to care when and where they need it. This access canhelp reduce health disparities that are currently exacerbated due, in part, to resource
shortages and inequitable access to services, and can also support public healthpreparedness. The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of realtime surveillance and a strong health IT infrastructure for connecting researchers,
providers, and patients in times of emergency.vi

vi Public health emergencies or natural disasters can potentially harm health IT infrastructure, though this risk
can be mitigated through the use of emergency preparedness tools.

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Strategies•

Expand care beyond traditional clinical settings by bolstering access toremote monitoring, surveillance software, telehealth, and other IT-enabledmobile services.

•

Use digital engagement technologies beyond portals to connect patients moreeasily with their providers, enabling real-time collaboration and self-scheduling.

•

Sustain collaborative activities necessary to ensure public health surveillance,
preparedness, and response.

Objective 2c:
Foster competition, transparency, and affordability
in healthcare
Affordability of healthcare services and treatment remains a key barrier to accessing
high-quality care for many individuals. Price and quality transparency—including theavailability of this information to patients and providers in real-time—improves patientdecision-making, reduces barriers to entry for health IT developers, encourages
competition in healthcare, and helps drive down costs.36 Furthermore, competition
promotes consumers’ ability to choose from a variety of health products and services
based on which best meet their needs.
Strategies•

Encourage pro-competitive business practices that allow individuals to easilychoose from and use health apps and other health IT tools without special effort.

•

Support efforts to merge administrative and clinical data streams to enable
access to real-time financial data at the point of care.

•

Make care quality and price information available to individuals in anaccessible, easily understandable format.

•

Educate consumers on the availability of quality and price information andhow to use this information to shop for care based on value.

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Objective 2d:
Reduce regulatory and administrative burden on providers
Clinicians spend a significant amount of time entering patient data and otherdocumentation in EHRs for the purposes of reimbursement; quality measure, publichealth, and clinical registry reporting; and prior authorization and referral submission.
The paperwork and box-checking that can be associated with these activities is ahindrance to the delivery of high-quality care; it leaves healthcare providers feelingburned out and reduces the amount of time they have to interact with patients.37
Health IT developers play an important role in reducing health IT-related burdens onproviders and administrative and IT staff.
Strategies•

Simplify and streamline documentation required of healthcare providers using
health IT at the point of care while ensuring that quality standards are upheld.

•

Promote the use of evidence-based automated tools to streamline provider
workflows, encourage electronic provider-to-provider data exchange, andimprove efficiency.

•

Monitor and seek to optimize the impact of health IT on provider workflows tobetter understand the role of health IT in the provision of care and the minimizationof unnecessary data entry and other administrative steps.

•

Promote greater understanding of applicable regulations and practices toimprove compliance by providing educational resources and tools to healthcare
providers and health IT developers.

•

Harmonize provider data collection and reporting requirements across federal
agencies.

•

Streamline processes to reduce the effort required by healthcare providers
and health systems to generate, input, and share EHI.

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Objective 2e:Enable efficient management of health IT resources and anationwide workforce confidently using health IT
Health IT requires a significant amount of resources to adopt and maintain, which canplace an extra burden on providers and other healthcare staff.38 As health IT systems
evolve, stakeholders should focus on expanding current—or creating new—training
programs to develop a capable health IT workforce (e.g., information technology
professionals, providers, public health professionals, informaticians, researchers, andothers) with knowledge of EHRs, data sharing, informatics, and other health IT topics.
Strategies•

Implement education and training programs to build a strong, cross-functional
health IT workforce that can support IT across healthcare settings, especially inrural areas.

•

Continue to invest in the health IT workforce by allocating greater resources totrain, recruit, and retain workers and to support adequate job opportunities.

•

Engage clinicians and staff in development and usability testing of health IT
products to ensure products and tools support clinical workflow and care delivery.

•

Leverage health IT expertise across professionals and care settings by promoting
use of collaborative models and networks.

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GOAL 3:

Build a Secure, Data-Driven
Ecosystem to Accelerate
Research and Innovation
An integrated ecosystem that respects individual privacy and securely collects
information from multiple sources is critical to unlocking the power of data.
With access to data, technology and analytic advancements like ML andforecasting have the potential to transform care and improve health. Further,by providing access to data stored in EHRs and apps, secure, standards-based
APIs can empower individuals, healthcare providers, payers, public healthprofessionals, researchers, and technology companies working together toadvance research and management of health for patients and populations.

Objective 3a:
Advance individual- and population-level transfer ofhealth data
Vast amounts of individual- and population-level health and human services data
are collected every day. Examples include individuals using mobile phones andwearable devices to track their personal health data; public health professionals andgovernment agencies collecting data about SDOH to inform public programs; andresearchers collecting study data to better understand how to treat disease. Enabling
researchers, individuals, providers, and payers to safely provide data for the purposeof research and healthcare improvement through secure, standards-based APIs will
spur collaboration and innovative uses of data and technology.

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Strategies•

Improve harmonization of data elements and standards in collaboration withnationally-recognized standard setting organizations by leveraging existing—or creating new—common vocabulary sets and by improving the consistency,
integrity, and quality of data.

•

Bolster secure access to large datasets containing health information for use inresearch.

•

Enable individuals to securely provide data via apps and other health IT for
research using a consent process that is consistent with individuals’ preferences toparticipate in research.

•

Assess availability of health and human services data and streamline theappropriate collection, submission, and sharing of this data between federal,state, Tribal, and local systems to enable population health planning; analysis ofquality and patient outcomes across settings and programs; and clinical research.

•

Foster data governance that reinforces privacy protections and a secure,unified platform supporting innovative uses of shared data.

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Objective 3b:
Support research and analysis using health IT and data at theindividual and population levels
EHI can be leveraged to support research and innovation for disease prevention andquality improvement. Partners should continue to work together to support researchand innovations like artificial intelligence (AI)/ML, which can advance value and caredelivery across the care continuum. Developers, health researchers, public healthprofessionals, and informaticians should collaborate with the security researchcommunity to ensure innovations in health IT align with standards of individual
privacy, safety, efficacy, and equity.
Strategies•

Investigate the impact of use of health IT, including ML and other non-EHR
technologies, on patient care, safety, and outcomes.

•

Broaden use of new technologies and analytic approaches like ML andpredictive modeling to harness the power of integrated data for improving qualityand decision making.

•

Increase use of health IT capabilities to conduct research and integrate into otherdata sources remotely or virtually, as appropriate.

•

Advance research into targeted therapies through real-time data and ML
intelligence informed through public health principles, data, and research.

•

Identify and implement health IT capabilities that support rapid sharing of
disease surveillance data.

•

Ensure that research conducted reflects the diversity of the U.S. so thatfindings can be applied across populations.

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GOAL 4:

Connect Healthcarewith Health Data
Health IT that connects healthcare with health data using standards-based
APIs will support strategies to meet the goals and objectives in this Plan. The
federal government and other stakeholders can advance interoperability andsupport transparent, trusted, and seamless connectivity of EHI by continuing
to champion the use of standards-based APIs, fostering partnerships to alignstandards and activities, and reducing burden on providers. Moreover, by
supporting and streamlining policies, the government can establish greater
consistency across the federal regulatory landscape and improve how theprivate sector can share in advancing the country’s interoperability goals.

Objective 4a:
Advance the development and use of health IT capabilities
One of the ways federal agencies can support the advancement of health IT
capabilities is by reducing barriers to entry for health IT developers. With rapid
innovation and as more products become available, healthcare providers need clear
and easy ways to stay abreast of the continually evolving digital health landscape.
Similarly, wider use of new capabilities among all stakeholders depends on theirconfidence and trust in health IT.
Strategies•

Promote a digital economy that leverages research and development andthat can lead to the development of new business models in healthcare while
protecting individual privacy.

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Reduce financial and regulatory barriers that prevent new health IT developersfrom entering and competing in the health IT marketplace.

•

Promote trustworthiness of health IT by enforcing information blocking, privacy,
and security laws when applicable.

•

Encourage transparency on health IT product usability via industry reporting
programs, consumer reviews, and other reports.

•

Promote provider adoption and use of health IT by encouraging its use in federal
programs, increasing investments in health IT, and making resources available tosupport health IT adoption and use.

•

Enable portability of EHI and competition in the health IT sector to help reduce
costs associated with transitioning to new EHR systems and other health IT.

•

Continue collaboration across public and private sectors to adopt and advancenationally-supported standards, implementation specifications, and certification
criteria, including the United States Core Data for Interoperability (USCDI),
Interoperability Standards Advisory (ISA), and FHIR®.

•

Follow safety and user-centered design principles in the development ofhealth IT to help ensure tools are safe, accessible, usable, and that solutions
address the needs of the users for whom they are developed.

•

Implement mechanisms of data governance and provenance to promoteindividual privacy, safety, security, and accountability for patient records, and to
improve data quality through all stages of care and uses of health IT.

Objective 4b:
Establish expectations for data sharing
The information blocking provision in the 21st Century Cures Act, as well as theinformation blocking section in ONC’s Cures Act Final Rule, have provided a means
for addressing anti-competitive practices that could impact the access, exchange, or
use of EHI. The combination of the current state of health IT and the structure andconditions of healthcare markets creates incentives to limit access to EHI in ways thatsignificantly limit its value to patients and providers. The federal government, throughimplementation of this Plan, seeks to continue enabling individuals to have seamless- 33 -

2020-2025 FE DE RAL H EALT H IT

Strategic Planand secure access to their EHI, which will allow them to more fully participate in themobile app economy.
Healthcare providers, administrative and IT staff, researchers, and health IT developers
may not understand what is required for compliance with federal and state privacy
laws. Federal agencies can support transparency and a better understanding of health
IT regulations by sharing user-friendly compliance resources, and by collaboratingwith experts to implement existing best practices to assure privacy and security.
Strategies•

Address information blocking practices taken by healthcare providers,developers of certified health IT, and HIEs/HINs.

•

Develop educational resources for providers and others to improveunderstanding of complex topics regarding information exchange (e.g., information
blocking and patient consent management) and how to comply with regulations.

•Support a common agreement for nationwide exchange of health informationthat drives interoperability, supports federal agencies’ strategies, and promotes
effective governance.

•

Eliminate unnecessarily restrictive data sharing practices and use nationallysupported standards, implementation specifications, and certification criteria topromote data liquidity.

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Objective 4c:
Enhance technology and communications infrastructure
The health IT and communications infrastructures in the U.S. vary by location. While
access to smartphones and broadband is increasing overall, gaps remain for some
populations and regions. Disparities in health IT capabilities and access separate
rural and underserved areas from those with greater connectivity and service
options. Small practices and rural healthcare providers are often unable to adopt theadvanced health IT used by larger health systems, due to constrained resources. To
address these disparities, stakeholders should continue to improve the health IT andcommunications infrastructure across the U.S.
Strategies•

Assess current and expected health IT and broadband infrastructure needs
and gaps.

•

Harmonize and streamline federal activities to enhance and expand
broadband access and communication infrastructure for all providers,
especially those in rural and underserved areas that are less likely to have access tohigh speed internet.

•

Deploy secure, cloud-based services that comply with federal standards tomodernize and streamline the way EHI is stored and exchanged when held by afederal agency.

•

Support adoption of infrastructure needed for telehealth to reach patientsoutside traditional care settings.

•

Advance equitable access to technology and broadband for individuals, families,
and communities.

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Objective 4d:
Promote secure health information practices that protect
individual privacy
As capabilities for EHI access, exchange, and use continue to expand, federal partners
should prioritize protecting individuals’ health data from misuse and threats likecybersecurity attacks and fraud. Patients and caregivers must understand how healthdata may be used and how to specify their privacy preferences. Keeping EHI secure,preventing breaches and fraud, and curtailing other harms is crucial for maintaining
patients’ trust of their healthcare providers and in health IT.
Strategies•

Integrate privacy and security considerations into the design and use of healthIT, including AI/ML, to promote a culture of privacy and security and protect
individual- and population-level data from cybersecurity attacks, fraud, misuse,and other harms.

•

Mitigate patient data security risks by developing guidance for API and app
developers on securely sharing patient data via standards-based APIs.

•

Implement privacy and security mechanisms as appropriate to the sensitivityof the information to protect individuals’ health data, including multi-factor
authentication and encryption embedded in APIs, tools that enhance patient
matching accuracy, and other technologies that enhance privacy and security.

•

Provide guidance and technical assistance on policies and regulations at thefederal, state, and Tribal level that pertain to the security and privacy of EHI andenforce such rules.

•

Promote equitable access to tools and resources that protect patients fromdiscrimination, stigma, and exploitation based on their health information.

•

Increase patient understanding of and control over their data including
building awareness of potential secondary uses of data and how to safely andeffectively access and use their EHI and make informed decisions concerning
consent and data exchange.

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APPENDIX A.

About this Strategic Plan
In developing this Plan, ONC collaborated with more than 25 federal organizations
involved in health IT. ONC also conducted research and considered feedback fromits Health IT Advisory Committee. Following a public comment period, ONC, incollaboration with its federal partners, considered all comments received andincorporated this input into the final version of this Plan.
This Plan considers the current state of health IT and the ideal future state forindividuals, populations, caregivers, healthcare providers, public health professionals,
payers, researchers, developers, and innovators. It also considers challenges indefining and implementing strategies. The broad scope of this Plan reflects the diverseroles federal government agencies play in health IT.
This Plan is motivated by:•

the constant evolution of healthcare technologies such as mobile and web apps
and medical devices;•

the movement toward improved access, exchange, and use of health information
to inform healthcare decisions at the individual and population levels and toadvance patient-centered care;•the public and private sectors’ increasing reliance on interoperable health IT
and EHI;•the progress and lessons learned from investments in health IT and its use byfederal agencies and federally-run care delivery organizations; and•the need to improve health IT equity and to reduce disparities in access and use ofhealth IT.

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This Plan is intended to serve as a roadmap for federal
health IT initiatives and activities, and as a catalyst for
activities in the private sector.

Method of Use

The Plan may be used to:

Description

Prioritize
Resources

Within an agency, the Plan is a valuable tool to assess andprioritize potential initiatives, programs, and investments.
Using the Plan to prioritize activities can help ensure
efficient use of agency resources.

Align and
Coordinate
Efforts

The Plan is intended to drive alignment and organizationof priorities and activities across different agencies. It may
help agencies identify opportunities to coordinate andcollaborate with public and private partners.

SignalPriorities to
the Private
SectorThough the Plan only applies to the actions of federal
agencies, the Plan can provide signals to the private sector
on the direction of the federal government, which may
guide coordination and investment decisions.

Benchmarkand Assess
Progress

The Plan includes indicators of success that can be used tobenchmark and assess progress towards meeting the Plan’s
mission. These indicators may be used to provide the publicwith a better understanding of the federal government’s
efforts to improve healthcare using interoperable EHI.

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APPENDIX B.

Measuring andCommunicating Progress
By design, this Plan is broad in scope. It includes strategies that span many federal
departments, agencies, and offices. Federal organizations’ actions to implement
the 2020-2025 Federal Health IT Strategic Plan will focus on meeting the EHI
needs of individuals, populations, caregivers, healthcare providers, public healthprofessionals, payers, researchers, developers, and innovators.
ONC, in collaboration with federal partners, will measure progress in the following
areas. These cross-cutting areas aim to promote modern health IT for all stakeholders
and to address barriers to the access, exchange, and use of EHI.

Areas Measured for Federal and Industry-Wide Progress•

Use secure, standards-based APIs to provide electronic access tohealth information•

Promote Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR®) across federal
organizations and the populations they serve for a variety of use cases•

Implement and expand United States Core Data for Interoperability(USCDI) data classes and elements for a variety of federal use cases and the
populations they serve•

Deter information blocking practices through federal authorities
and investments•

Encourage data exchange across networks at national and community levels- 39 -

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Work in these areas will occur primarily at an organizational level, whereby agency
actions align to this federal health IT strategy. Federal actions can include, but are notlimited to, standards alignment, regulations, oversight, health IT deployment, andindustry coordination.
During the implementation of this Plan, ONC will report on health IT progressmeasures, actions taken, and describe barriers to connect healthcare with healthdata. ONC will communicate federal and industry-wide progress in its annual report toCongress on health IT adoption and use.
Individuals, populations, caregivers, healthcare providers, payers, public healthprofessionals, researchers, developers, and innovators increasingly rely on the access,exchange, and use of EHI to connect healthcare with health data. They can use health
IT as a catalyst to further support:•

Health and wellness;•

The delivery and experience of care; and•A secure, data-driven ecosystem to accelerate research and innovation.

Collaboration across federal organizations, private industry, and other stakeholders
can accelerate progress in support of the Plan’s goals and objectives. Federal partners,
in collaboration with other stakeholders, will work to operationalize the Plan’s
strategies and related activities through an equitable and sustainable lens.

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Appendix C. Federal Contributors
ONC collaborated with the federal organizations below, which included various
components within federal departments and agencies. More than 25 federal
organizations contributed to the development of this Plan.

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Appendix D. List of Acronyms
AcronymDescription

AI

Artificial intelligence

API

Application programming interface

CMS

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

EHI

Electronic health information

EHR

Electronic health record

FHIR®

Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources

HHS

Department of Health and Human Services

HIEs

Health information exchanges

HINs

Health information networks

Health IT

Health Information Technology

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

HL7

Health Level Seven International

ISA

Interoperability Standards Advisory

ML

Machine learning

OCR

Office for Civil Rights

ONC

Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology

SDOH

Social determinants of health

USCDI

United States Core Data for Interoperability- 42 -

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2“Health IT Quick Stats.” HealthIT.gov, The Office of the National Coordinator for
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3“Social Determinants of Health: Know What Affects Health.” CDC.gov, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Jan. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/index.htm.

4

Keehan SP, Cuckler GA, et al. “National Health Expenditure Projections, 2019-28: Expected
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6Dieleman JL, Squires E, Bui AL, et al. “Factors Associated With Increases in US Healthcare
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7

Buttorff C, Ruder T, & Bauman M, “Multiple Chronic Conditions in the United States.”
https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL221.html.

8

Sawyer B & McDermott D. “How Does the Quality of the U.S. Healthcare System Compare
to Other Countries?” Peterson-Kaiser Health System Tracker, Kaiser Family Foundation.
March 28, 2019. www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/quality-u-s-healthcaresystem-compare-countries/.

9

Thorpe KE, et al. “The United States Can Reduce Socioeconomic Disparities by Focusing
on Chronic Diseases.” Health Affairs Blog. Aug 17, 2017. https://www.healthaffairs.org/
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10 Arias E, et al. “United States Life Tables, 2017.” National Vital Statistics Report Volume 68,
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11 “Families in Crisis: The Human Service Implications of Rural Opioid Misuse.” Policy
Brief by the National Advisory Committee on Rural Health and Human Services. July
2016. https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/advisory-committees/rural/publications/2016-opioid-abuse.pdf.

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12 Garfield R, et al. “The Uninsured and the ACA: A Primer - Key Facts about Health Insurance
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13 Claxton G, et al. “2018 Employer Health Benefits Survey.” The Henry J. Kaiser Family
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14 Witters D. “U.S. Uninsured Rate Rises to Four-Year High.” Gallup.com, Gallup. Jan. 23,
2019. news.gallup.com/poll/246134/uninsured-rate-rises-four-year-high.aspx.
15 Garfield R, et al. “The Uninsured and the ACA: A Primer - Key Facts about Health Insurance
and the Uninsured amidst Changes to the Affordable Care Act.” The Henry J. Kaiser Family
Foundation. Jan. 25, 2019. https://www.kff.org/report-section/the-uninsured-and-theaca-a-primer-key-facts-about-health-insurance-and-the-uninsured-amidst-changes-tothe-affordable-care-act-how-does-lack-of-insurance-affect-access-to-care/.
16 Coughlin T, et al. “Uncompensated Care for the Uninsured in 2013: A Detailed
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org/uninsured/report/uncompensated-care-for-the-uninsured-in-2013-a-detailedexamination/.
17 Collins SR, et al. “Americans’ Confidence in Their Ability to Pay for Healthcare Is Falling.”
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18 Baker, L., et al. “Physician Practice Competition and Prices Paid by Private Insurers
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19 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S.
Department of Labor. “Reforming America’s Healthcare System Through Choice andCompetition.” 2018. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/Reforming-AmericasHealthcare-System-Through-Choice-and-Competition.pdf.
20 “2020 Broadband Deployment Report.” Federal Communications Commission. April 24,
2020. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-50A1.pdf.
21 2020 Broadband Deployment Report.” Federal Communications Commission. April 24,
2020. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-50A1.pdf.

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22 Closing the Rural Health Connectivity Gap: How Broadband Funding Can Better ImproveCare.” Health Affairs Blog. April 1, 2015. doi: 10.1377/hblog20150401.045856.
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23 Patel V & Johnson C. “Trends in Individuals’ Access, Viewing and Use of Online Medical
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24 HHS Press Office. “OCR Settles Eighth Investigation in HIPAA Right of Access Initiative.”
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25 Healthcare Payment Learning & Action Network. “APM Measurement: Progress of
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26 Healthcare Payment Learning & Action Network. “Measuring Progress: Adoption of
Alternative Payment Models in Commercial, Medicare Advantage, and State Medicaid
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27 Public Law 114-255, 21st Century Cures Act. Enacted: December 13, 2016. https://www.
congress.gov/114/bills/hr34/BILLS-114hr34enr.pdf.
28 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. “CMS Interoperability and Patient Access
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29 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for
Health IT. “ONC’s Cures Act Final Rule.” May 1, 2020. https://www.healthit.gov/curesrule/.
30 Information Blocking, 45 CFR § 171.103 (2020). https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/
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31 “Strategy on Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden Relating to the Use of
Health IT and EHRs”. ONC.gov. ONC HIT Report. Feb. 2020. https://www.healthit.gov/
sites/default/files/page/2020-02/BurdenReport_0.pdf.
32 “Strategy on Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden Relating to the Use of
Health IT and EHRs”. ONC.gov. ONC HIT Report. Feb. 2020. https://www.healthit.gov/
sites/default/files/page/2020-02/BurdenReport_0.pdf.

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33 “Understanding the Patient Experience to Improve Patient Access to Medical Records.”
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34 “Conceptualizing a Data Infrastructure for the Capture, Use, and Sharing of PatientGenerated Health Data in Care Delivery and Research through 2024”. Draft White Paper
for a PGHD Policy Framework. HealthIT.gov. 2017. https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/
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35 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Chief Technology Officer.
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Sep. 2018. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/HHS_StateofDataSharing_0915.pdf.
36 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S.
Department of Labor. “Reforming America’s Healthcare System Through Choice andCompetition.” 2018. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/Reforming-AmericasHealthcare-System-Through-Choice-and-Competition.pdf.
37 “Regulatory Overload: Assessing the Regulatory Burden on Health Systems, Hospitals
and Post-acute Care Providers”. AHA. 2017. https://www.aha.org/sites/default/files/
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38 “Strategy on Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden Relating to the Use of
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default/files/page/2020-02/BurdenReport_0.pdf.

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