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Chronic stress induces fatal organ dysfunctions via a new neural circuit(https://www.dotemirates.com/link?
url=http://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-

Medical Xpress (https://www.dotemirates.com/en/posts/source/966/medicalxpress)

1 month

Hokkaido University researchers revealed that fatal gut failure in a multiple sclerosis (MS) mouse model under chronic stress is caused by a

newly discovered nerve pathway. The findings could provide a new therapeutic strategy for the intractable disease, particularly progressiveMS, which has no therapeutic strategy at present.

MS affects an estimated 2.5 million people worldwide and causes motor dysfunction, impaired vision and gastrointestinal failures. It is an

autoimmune condition of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by immune cells called autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In EAE mouse models,these pathogenic CD4+ T cells can cause an MS-like when transfused intravenously to healthy mice.

In previous studies using EAE mouse models, Professor Masaaki Murakami of Hokkaido University and his colleagues revealed autoreactive

CD4+ T cells cross the blood-brain barrier at specific sites and cause inflammation in the CNS, including the brain and spinal cord. The
emergence of a "gateway" for autoreactive CD4+ T cells to cross the barrier was caused by regional neural activation at those sites, which istriggered by specific sensory-sympathetic interactions. They termed these phenomena as gateway reflexes and have now published on atleast three: the gravity-, electric-, and pain-gateway reflexes.

In the present study, the team and their collaborators in Japan (https://www.dotemirates.com/en/posts/tag/2333534) and Germany(https://www.dotemirates.com/en/posts/tag/2333497) investigated the possible relations between , micro-inflammation in the brain, andstress-related organ failures. They put healthy mice under stress by disturbing their sleep or by rearing them on wet bedding. The transfer ofpathogenic CD4+ T cells under the stress caused severe symptoms such as gastrointestinal failures and even sudden death. Cell transfer orstress alone did not cause these symptoms. Subsequent investigations revealed a complex nerve-related mechanism behind this process.

The injected pathogenic CD4+ T accumulated around blood vessels in two specific sites at the center of the brains of the stressed mice.

Micro-inflammation developed around specific blood vessels, and the inflamed sites then released a small molecule called ATP that switchedon a nerve pathway that is normally turned off. This switch led to gut dysfunctions, bleeding and . Also, the bleeding led to increased levels of
potassium in the blood, one of factors leading to heart failure.

The team was able to prevent gut failure by suppressing inflammation in the brain or blocking nerve pathways from the brain to the gut. The
results suggest that tiny areas of inflammation around some specific vessels in the brain, which are known to happen in various brain diseases
including multiple sclerosis, are a risk factor for organ dysfunctions including severe gut and heart failure.

"These results demonstrate a direct link between brain micro-inflammation and fatal gastrointestinal diseases via the establishment of a newneural pathway under ," says Masaaki Murakami. "Micro-inflammation in the brain is also seen in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

So it's of particular interest to investigate possible connections between brain micro-inflammations and organ dysfunctions, including thosewithin the itself, in those patients."

The study was published in the journal eLife.

More information: Yasunobu Arima et al, Brain micro-inflammation at specific vessels dysregulates organ-homeostasis via the activation of a
new neural circuit, eLife (2017).

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Booze glorified in YouTube videos viewed by millions: Study

Deccan Chronicle (https://www.dotemirates.com/en/posts/source/822/deccanchronicle)

8 minuteYouTube videos featuring alcohol nearly always promote the "fun" side of drinking and are viewed by millions of users which may include
teenagers and children, scientists say.

Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh in the US looked at 137 YouTube (https://www.dotemirates.com/en/posts/tag/2333676) videos

that featured alcohol brands popular with underage drinkers - from beer to vodka to cognac. Together, the videos had been viewed nearly 97
million times.

Most often - 40 per cent of the time - the videos were traditional advertisements.

Others were "guides," in which a host showcased a particular alcohol, discussing its merits and offering serving suggestions.

About 10 per cent featured men showing off their "chugging" prowess, according to the study published in the Journal of Studies on Alcoholand Drugs.

There is no way of knowing how many of those millions of viewers were underage kids, according to lead researcher Brian Primack, from theUniversity of Pittsburgh.

"Our aim is not to say we should be censoring this. However, knowing about this content should help us develop appropriate educationalprogrammes," said Primack.

The alcohol ads were usually uploaded by ordinary YouTube (https://www.dotemirates.com/en/posts/tag/2333676) users, rather thanmanufacturers. However, the industry is never completely out of the picture, he said.

Companies create their ads to be funny or otherwise engaging, and that may be partly with the hope that people will share them on socialmedia.

"We are not suggesting that young people should never see these videos or that parents say, Youre never using the Internet again," Primack

"We are not suggesting that young people should never see these videos or that parents say, Youre never using the Internet again," Primack (https://www.dotemirates.com/en/auth/login)

said.

Instead, he suggested that parents help their kids be more savvy about alcohol advertising.

They could point out how companies can try to manipulate people - by, for instance, portraying alcohol as a key ingredient to socialising andhaving fun.

"Parents can be important purveyors of media literacy. They can help their kids become more critical thinkers about what they see in ads,"
Primack said.

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