JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THAILAND
Duangporn Ukris*
I. BEST PRACTICE IN THE
INSTITUTIONAL TREATMENT OFJUVENILE OFFENDERS
A. Development of Model Treatment
Programme Provided Separatelyfrom Adult Offenders
1. Introduction
Juvenile delinquency refers to the
behavior of non-adults which violates therules and regulations set by thegovernment or society. Today juvenile
delinquency is a major problem in bothdeveloped and developing countries.
As a result of the growth in science andtechnology,
industrialization,
urbanization and the intensive flow of
information, Thailand right now is facinga transition in values. The existence ofthe value transition can be marked by thediminishing of traditional values, theem ergence of new values such aschanging family patterns and lifestyles,
and the lessening of community social
controls. Along with this growth andchanges, the number, rate and spread ofjuvenile delinquency, especially drug
abuse among children and teenagers isapparently increasing. As per th e
statistics complied and published by theC entra l O b se rva tion a nd Protection
Center, the Ministry of Justice during
1996–2000.
Juvenile Justice System
Juvenile justice is a system distinct
from the adult system and it has been
* Acting Superintendent,
The Sirindhorn Vocational Training School
Thailand234

created by legislation; the Act Instituting
Juvenile Courts, B.E.2494 (1951) and theJuvenile Procedure Act, B.E.2494 (1951).
As a result, the Central Juvenile Court
and the Central Observation andProtection Center were established byvirtue of the Act in 1952. For the elevenyears that follow ed the Ac ts wereamended to extend to the juvenile courts’jurisdiction and to bring speedy trials in
criminal cases in the interests of the childor young person.
R e c e ntl y, t he A c t ins tit uti ng t hejuvenile and family court and its
procedures relating to juvenile and familycases of 1991 superseded all 13 juvenile
court laws and amendments. The new Act
has extended the court jurisdiction tocover all family matters as provided by
the family law, the civil and commercial
code. In criminal proceedings and thewelfare of juveniles, the law has clearly
defined and revised certain provisions toprotect the rights of children and young
persons.
Organizations
The Juvenile and Family Court (JFC)
is a constituent of the organized judiciaryof Thailand. It is a specialized court of thefirst instance within the meaning of theconstitutional Court of the Justice. At
present, there are 10 Juvenile and Family
C ourt s a nd 2 4 J uve nile a nd F am i l y
Sections in provincial Courts. All juvenile
and Family Courts have similar
comprehensive structures. They consist of
two separate but coordinating parts;
judiciary and administration. The Court
is staffed by career judges and associate

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
judges (lay judges). A quorum consists ofassociate judges.
The administration is divided into:
1. Office of the Courts’ registrar
2. The Observation and Protection
Center (OPC)The Observation and Protection Center(OPC)
The OPC was established to serve the
JFC before the trial of juveniles andfamily affairs cases and after the
adjudication of juvenile cases, moreoverto carry out other activities according tothe orders of the court a s w ell as tocorrect and rehabilitate juveniles to begood citizens.

Pre-adjudication process
Under the criminal procedure code any
injured person may file a complaint to thepolice against a child or young person.
When a child or young person is alleged
to have committed an act against the law,
his case shall be commenced andinvestigated by an inquiry police officer,
as required by ordinary criminal cases
but the handing of a juvenile offender ismore informal and lenient.
A competent inquiry police officer, who
is assigned to a case, has the power to
conduct a n investiga tio n within his
territorial jurisdiction:••

Professional pe rsonnel includ ep r o b a ti o n o f f i c e r s , s o c ia l w o r k e r s ,psychologists, physicians, psychiatrists,
etc. There are 34 centers throughout thecountry.

•

where an offence has actually beencommitted,
is alleged or believed to have beencommitted; andthe offender is residing or has beenarrested within his territorial
jurisdiction.

(i)
In 1993, His Majesty the King was
graciously pleased to proclaim that the
new Constitution B.E.2540 (1997) had
been enacted. Under this Constitution, allcourts of justice became independent.
Consequently, the constitution for theorganization of the courts of justice of2540 (1997) governs all courts of justicewhich are separated from the Ministry ofJustice and a new organizational
structure and administration was set up.
The OPC still remains under the office of
the Permanent Secretary, Ministry ofJustice.
2. Juvenile Case Procedure
An overview of the juvenile justicesystem and juvenile case procedure in
Thailand shall be described in pursuanceof the juvenile law and criminal
procedure.

ArrestI n p ri nc ip le , a c hi ld sh a l l no t b earrested for an offence unless a flagrant
offence or an injured person identified
and insisted on the arrest or a warrant ofa r re s t i s m a d e i n p ur su a n ce o f t h ecrim inal procedure code. Afterapprehension, the police officer in chargeof the case or who keeps the child or
young person in custody is required bylaw to notify the Director of the OPC, his
parents, guardia ns or a p erson w ith
whom he is residing.
(ii) Investigation
The officer shall conduct an initialinquiry and is required to complete thiswithin 24 hours from the time a child or
young person has arrived at his office. He
will then refer him to the OPC. Further
inquiry, if needed may proceed under the
law.

235

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59(iii) Detention and Provisional Release on
Bail
In general, a child or young person may
be detained during investigation at thepolice station or in a remand home of theO b se rv a tio n a n d P ro te c tio n C e nte r(OPC). The Director of the OPC may, if hethinks fit, keep him in custody. Under thelaw, a request for provision release on
bail of the arrestee shall be made to thecustodial authorities as the case may be.
(iv) The OPC is empowered and vested bylaw to perform the main functions asfollows;
a. Preparing a social investigation
report concerning a child or young
person such as historical background,family, occup ation, education,
character, crime motive and othersocial data.
b. Preparing a report on both physicaland mental examination.
c. Preparing an observation report inthe case of a child or young person
who has been detained in a remandhome.
A social investigation report isrequired in every case, except pre-hearing
investigation which is not necessary intrivial cases. In the process a probation
officer who is in charge of the case will
deliver an investigation report to thep o l ic e w i t h in 1 8 d a y s. T h e o f f i c e r ,usually, will conclude his case in 6 days,
then forward an inquiry file attachedwith the report to the public prosecutor
who has discretionary power to decide inpursuance of the procedural law whether
to enter or drop the change.
The Director of the OPC will submit
the report together with his routine
recommendation on causes of delinquency
to the JFC.

(v) Prosecution and Deferred Prosecution
If the public prosecutor decides toinstitute prosecution, he has to enter acharge in the JFC within 30 days fromthe day in which a child or young person
has been arrested. In case of necessity
when the charge against the offendercannot be filed within the mentioned
p e r io d , t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r o r p u b l ic
prosecutor who is responsible for the caseshall apply by motion to the court fordeferment.
In case of a grave offence where theminimum imprisonment is 5 years or
over, the court may, if it thinks’ fit, grant
longer deferment.
(vi) Trial
The JFC procedure will be informed
and simplified for the interest of a childor young person. The judge in charge ofthe case m ay call the accused forquestioning or explain the proceedings inorder to assist him. The trial is held inprivate. The persons present at the trial
are the accused, parents, guardians, legal
advisory, witness, prosecutor, members of
the court and other persons permitted by
the court. Photographs, reports on facts
presented at the inquiring proceedings
are not to be released to the public. An
attorney shall not be appointed in thejuvenile court, except a legal advisor. If
the child or young person has no legal
advisor, the court shall appoint one forhim if it considers it desirable.
(vii) Adjudication
After the trial is completed, prior to a
judgment or an order being given, thecourt will hear the report and opinion of
the Director of the OPC, including his
recom me nda tion for mea sures to b etaken.
The JFC always takes the following
measures;236

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
1. Admonish the child or young person
and then discharge.
2. Discharge parents or guardian withprobation order.
3. Place under the care of person ororganization the court thinks
desirable.
a. Suspended judgment with probation order.
b. Suspended judgment without probation order.
4. Commit into juvenile institution.
5. Substitute imprisonment to commit
into juvenile institution order.
6. Suspensionofjudgment
withprobation order
7. Fine
8. Imprisonment
B. Designing a Case Management
System to Provide Individualized
Treatment
T r ea tm e nt and re habilit ation f o rjuvenile delinquents in Thailand areadministered by the OPC. There are 2
treatment programmes for as follows;
1. Non-institutional treatment
2. Institutional treatment
1. Non-institutional treatment
Probation service. Probation is used by
the JFC to place an offender at liberty
under the supervision of a probation
officer for a period prescribed the court.
Probation is comm only used on first
offen der c ommittin g an offence ofrelatively minor nature.
The following conditions prescribed by
the court under the supervision of theprobation officer are as follows:
1. Forbidding the child or young person
to enter any place or locality whichmight corrupt him.

2. Forbidding the child or young person
to leave his residence at night time
except in case of necessity.
3. Forbidding the child or young person
to associate with any person who isdeemed undesirable by the court.
4. Forbidding the child or young person
to do any act which might corrupt
him.
5. Order the child or young person topresent himself from time to time tothe court or probation officer or social
worke r who was assigned by the
Director of the OPC.
6. Order the child or young person totake up education or carry on any
substantial occupation.
A probation officer pro vid es
supervision and personal guidance toprobationers through regular home visits
and interviews them during the probation
period, and exercises his/her professional
skill and knowledge of local resources tomeet the needs of the probationer and,
where necessary, that of their family
members for fin ancia l ass istanc e,
employment, etc. The probation
supervision is brought back to the courts
for r eview from t ime to time. T heprobation report with detailed
inform ation p ertaining to theprobationer’s behavior is considered tosee how he/she has im proved andwhether there are reasons for revocationof the original order.
The Ministry of Justice and theProbation Division of the OPC operates a
volunteer scheme for probationers whichaims at providing greater community
involvem ent in the rehabilitation ofof f e nd e rs a s fr om 1 9 9 5 . U n de r t h i sscheme, selected volunteers provide
probationers with personal and moral
support and he lp them develop
meaningful hobbies, habits, cultivate

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
healthy pursuits, find jobs and provide
tuition for them.
The volunteer, however, will not takeover the role of the probation officer who
is dealing with the legal aspect of duties
and solving the behavioral problems of
the probationer. The volunteer is
e x p e cte d to a s sis t a p ro b a tio n e r in
activities which require no professional
skills.
Suitably recruited volunteers will begiven a training and orientation course
conducted by the OPC and Department of
Probation, Ministry of Justice before they
are considered ready for service. Based on
the probation cases, probation officers
may select a suitable volunteer from thepool of unmatched volunteers to assist a
probationer. Once a case is matched, it isth e d u ty of the p ro batio n o ff ic er toregularly contact the volunteer to keep
track of the progress of service and toreview its ef fectiveness on theprobationers.
2. Institutional Treatment
A training school is a juvenile
institution receiving juveniles committed
by the JFC for protective and innovative
measures in lieu of a penal sanction.
Juvenile institutions set up in the OPC
are divided into 3 types;
1. The Training School (There are 22
t rai nin g s ch ool s for ma les an dfemales in the whole country)
2. The Vocational Training School(There is 1 school.)
3. The Therapeutic Community Center(There is 1 center.)Training School
These schools take juveniles throughthe order of the JFC, where it appears to
the court that other means of
rehabilitating them has failed. It should

238

also be noted that these juveniles are notin any sense seriously demoralized. The
objective of a juvenile training school is tofacilitate readjustment to society and topromote sound growth throughdisciplined communal life, academic andvocational training, counseling and living
guidance.
A t p re se nt, the re a re 1 2 tra inin gschools for boys and 10 for girls
throughout the country. Since juveniles
are committed to the training schools inorder to receive reformative treatment
and are still at the stage of character
formation, educational programmes are
conducted. The school programme aims todevelop adjustment skills and life skills of
inm a te s th ro u gh r e gu lar g uid an c e,
vocational training, education, moral andreligious instruction and recreational
activities. While most of these activities
help instill specific disciplines in them,general discipline is encouraged througha system of granting or revoking rewards
and privileges. The rewards andprivileges used include home visits, prerelease among others, participation in
special activities, etc.
At the beginning of their stay, stress isplaced upon developing the social skills
required to maintain good humanrelations with other inmates. In the prerelease period guidance is provided tohelp juveniles pre pare for return tooutside social life after release. Juveniles
are given the opportunity to return tosociety as well as to adjust themselves totheir families and society. This training
school provides various programmes forjuveniles, they must choose the coursethat they prefer and for which they haveenough skill, except juveniles who did notfinish compulsory school who have to
study until they finish. Programmes ofthese schools are as follows:

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS(i)

Academic education.
J uveniles w ill be placed at a levelr elative to the ir p re viou s ac ade m ic
history prior to their admission. The
curriculum of educational programmes
and standard of education are under
supervision and controlled by the NonFormal Education Department, Ministryof Education.
(ii) Vocational training.
V oca tional training is provided intraining schools so as to enhance
employment opportunities. Each training
school a rra nges different vocationalcourses depending on the employmentm a r ke t a nd r eso ur ce s in tha t a re a .
Juveniles are encouraged to qualify for
official licenses and certificates. These
cover a wide range of craft and technicalsubjects including printing, carpentry,
welding, air-condition repairing,
electricity, automobile repairing, haircutting, ceramics, music training,a griculture , dre ss m ak ing, wom en’s
handicrafts, cookery, etc. An inmate who
has passed the exam ination of hairdressing will be given a certificate, issued
by the Ministry of Education, and an
inmate who passes their welding
examination will be given a certificate
issued by King Mongkut’s Institute ofTechnology, North Bangkok.
(iii) Treatment service
These services are provided by social
workers and psychologists in order todevelop juveniles’ ability to function
effectively with peers and family and tochange juveniles’ behavior andp e rso nality. Th ese ser vice s inc lud e
advice, guidance, psychological tests,
group activities, etc. which are employedbased o n the needs and problems
presented by juveniles. Moreover, thesocial workers will provide social services
to all inmates who get into difficulties

and need services during their training in
the training school.
(iv) Spiritual and religious services
Spiritual and religious services include
the development of moral and spiritualvalues. Advising shall be helpful in aiding
the solution of individual and family
problems. Army moral instructors andvolunteers from outside impart social
values and moral instruction.
(v) Medical services
Medicalservices
providecomprehensive health care education,
health care ranging from routine physicalexamination by nurses and screening
procedures to diagnosis, treatment andfollow up of illnesses and other medical
problems.
(vi) Sports, recreation and athletics.
Offer the juveniles the opportunity toenga ge in constructive activities, toes ta b lish p e er r el a tion ship s a nd tod ev elo p the d isci pli ne n e ce ssa r y to
improve a skill or gain respect for good
physical health. Games and sports areheld daily to provide fun and recreation,
pr om o te inte ra ctio n, e nco ura g e theproper use of leisure, compliance withru le s an d d e v e lo p a sp ir it o f gr ou p
participation.
Regarding the evaluation of thetreatment programme, the social worker,
the instructor and housemaster will
evaluate the result of the treatment. An
inmate whose treatment is satisfactory
will be given certain rewards such ashome visits, or pre-release, or release in ashort-term sentence or be able top a rti ci p a t e i n s p ec i a l a c t i v it i e s, oroutings, etc. Juveniles may be released
sooner depending on the evaluation of thetreatment. On the other hand, juveniles
will be released at the end of a certain

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
period even if the result of his treatment
is not satisfactory.
The conduct of a juvenile staying in the
training school is evaluated by means ofascertaining his behavior under seven
general criteria, which are as follows:
1. Performance at training school, study,
vocational training, work
2. Personal appearance
3. Language
4. Behavior
5. Respect for authority
6. Care of property
7. Co-operation
The Director of the OPC is powered tosend an incorrigible juvenile who is asource of danger to other juveniles for
detention in prison.
(vii) Parole
A juven ile o ff end er w ho ha s b e enconditionally released on parole from theTraining School by the decree of the JFC.
The term of parole supervision is usually
up to the remaining term of his or her
sentence with early discharge in case ofserving the period of training for onequarter and good behavior.
Screening of inmates for release onparole is under the conditions as follows:•••

Good result of treatment andrehabilitation
Good home condition
The JFC makes the decision torelease a juvenile on parole.

Supervision of parole process is thesame as the process of supervision ofprobationer.
(viii)Aftercare service
Aftercare plays an important role inthe social reintegration of release from240

the Tra ining Schoo l, the V oca tiona lTraining School and the Drug Addiction
Treatment Center. It is duty of the Social
Work Sub-division, the OPC to do suchthings as are necessary to ascertain themodus vivendi of juveniles released frominstitutions w ith a view to assisting
the m , in so f a r a s m a y be p o ssib le.
A f te rca r e c o mm e n ce s so on a ft er a n
inmate is admitted and includes
individual casework aimed at building aso li d f o u nd a t io n o f c o n f i d e nc e a n d
fr ie nd ship betwe en the inm a te, thefamily and the social worker. The social
worker provides solid support to both theinmate and his or her family and thoseunder statutory supervision (probationand parole) overcome obstacles to theirrehabilitation.
Regarding the aftercare services, suchservices are for the released inmates ortheir families who are confronted withprob le ms. I n such a ca se , the so cia lworker will take care of juveniles andtheir families and give advice on how
they solve problems and what kinds ofservices will be provided such as busfares, scholarships, job placements, basic
amenities and personal utilities, etc.
However, the existing juvenile
institutions for juvenile delinquency
esp ecially in Bangkok ca nnot afford
effective treatment and rehabilitation
systems due to inadequacy of buildings
and scarcity of equipment and lack thecapacity to administer and operate theprogrammes, to the effect that contents oftreatment and rehabilitation become
degraded and insufficient.
Under the above mentioned
aggravated circumstances in 1991, theCentral Juvenile and Family Court, theMinistry of justice, endeavoring to attain
more efficient rehabilitation of problem
youths, made a plan to newly construct a

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
V o c a tio n a l T ra i nin g S c ho o l to he l p
un la wf ul yo uth r eturn to socie ty inNakorn-prathom Province near Bangkok
area by a request to the Government ofJapan for the grant of aid for the project.
The objective of this project is toconstruct a model vocational training
school functioning as an innovated model
school along with its implementation ofprogressive innovative treatment andrehabilitation, and is expected to enhanceand strengthen the functions and systemsof juvenile corrections of Thailand. Under
this request, the government of Japan
approved this project by granting aid andtechnical assistance. The construction ofthis project was started on February 17,
1994 and completed on March 31, 1995.
The Vocational Training School was open
on January 15, 1996. This school has
served 910 trainees from 1996–2001.
Thailand, has a remarkable situationo f d r u g a b u s e a m o n g c h i ld r e n a n dteenagers and it is increasing year by
year. The Central Juvenile and Family
Court is endea voring to attain more
efficient treatment and rehabilitation for
drug addicts by the establishment of the
Drug Addict Treatment Center and theDrug Rehabilitation Center in Bangkok
as pilot projects. These Centers werestarted on June 8, 1994.
In 1994, the Ayudthaya TherapeuticCommunity Center was opened to serve
juvenile drug addicts as well.
In 2001, the Drug Addict Treatment
C enter a nd the D rug R ehabilita tion
Center which were to be used as pilot
projects were closed after a follow up andevaluation of ineffective treatment andre ha b il i t a t io n. At pre sent , onl y th e
A yudthaya Thera pe utic C omm unity
Center still remains.

Other m ajor topics such as thedevelopment of model treatment
pr og ra m me s fo r juv enile s a nd d rug
ad dic ts as we ll as de sig nin g a c a sem a n a g e m e nt sys te m f o r in d ivi d ua ltreatment in the Vocational Training
School and the Ayudthaya TherapeuticCommunity Center, will be explained
next.
The Vocational Training School
The capacity of the school is for 200
persons. The salie nt f eatures of the
Vocation al Train ing S ch ool (VTS)emphasize positive working attitudes ofjuveniles as well as helping juveniles toacquire working skills, arrangements forjuveniles to undergo a test of the Trade
Standard Testing Committee, theMinistry of Labour and Social Welfare.
They conduct effective treatment andoperate 8 vocational training courses. The
capacity of the school is 200 persons per
year.
(i)

Enrollment
Due to the reasons that the VTS has
lim ited ca pa city, the ne w syste m oftreatment correction and rehabilitation isjust introduced in order to get the mostqualified outcome. It is not possible forevery vocational training course to enroll
j u ve n i le s a t th e s a m e t im e , s o t h eenro llm ent sc hed ule a nd num b er ofjuveniles are f ixed. E ach vocationa lcourse enrolls 13 juveniles twice a yearfor 7 courses, except for the construction
vehicle operation course which enrolls 18
juveniles once a year a nd the school
provides 8 vocational training courses asfollows:•

There are 1-year courses (1,216
ho urs) in m achining, a uto mob ile
maintenance, printing, welding andsh ee t m e ta l , w o o d w o r k , e l ec tr ic
wiring and air-condition repairing

241

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59•

There is a 6-month course (608 hours)in construction vehicle operation.

(ii) Selection System
In Thailand we d on’t have aclassification system to enroll juveniles tothe VTS. We set up a selection system ino r d e r to se l e ct ju ve n ile s un d e r th e
selection conditions prescribed as follows:
1. Male2. Aged 14 through to 18 (until 24 years
if specially admitted by case)
3. Juveniles who are not afflicted withany great physical or mental disorder
4. Duration of training is 6 months ormore for the construction vehicle
operation course and 1 year for othervocational courses.
5. Juveniles can read and write.
6. Juveniles who have appropriate skills
for vocational training and interests
in vocational training.
The Selection Committee from the
O PC selects and screens a juvenile’s
requirements for training in the VTS
form under the enrollment of the VTS
schedule.
The committee will review that form
and recommend juveniles for selection.
T he S u p e r in te nd e n t w i ll m a k e t h eselection decision.
(iii) Dormitory Placement
We arrange the dormitory for juveniles
as follows:
•
•
•

242

Introductory stage: dormitory 1–2 for
new admissions
Intermediate stage: dormitory 4–5 forjuvenile grades 3 and 2
Pre-release stage: dormitory 3 for 1month release.

(iv) Individual Treatment Plan
The VTS will be divided into 3 stages
for the treatment of juveniles as follows:
1. Introductory stage: 1 month.
2. Intermediate stage: 10 months for 1year course and 4 months for 6-monthcourse.
3. Pre-release stage: 1 month.
Introductory Stage (1 month)
The introductory stage is 1 month prior
to the opening of the vocational training
cour se . T he sta ge ha s the fo llo w ing
procedure:•

Admission
After juveniles are sent to the VTS,
they have to register and have a phototaken, their body checked, take a shower,
get their uniform and necessary items,
have a physical examination and have abrief introduction regarding the basic
rules of the VTS.
•

Orientation
Orientation starts on the 2nd day ofarrival at the VTS by a housemaster,
vocational instructor, social w orker,
psychologist, nurse, librarian, and chief ofsecurity. The main themes of orientation
are rules, regulation, training system,
activities, and services. In order to reduce
tension, motivate juveniles to improve
behavior and encourage the responsibility
to abide by the VTS’ s regulations.
•

Treatment Programme
Self-supporting work
For new admissions, juveniles a reassigned to self-supporting work such as
cleaning the cafeteria, washing dishes,
cleaning floors of the dorm itory andagriculture work. In order to encourage
juveniles to devote themselves, to givethem the opportunity to learn about theirbasic responsibilities and w ork withothers.

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Medical services
A physical and mental check up service
is provided to every juvenile, including
k no w le d ge a b o ut h ea lth e d uc a ti on ,prevention of communicative diseases,
basic he alth ca re, trea tme nt healthpromotion which is conducted throughmorning exercise and sport. Responsible
staff are physical instructors, nurses, etc.
Vocational training
At this stage juveniles will study basic
secu rity in workshop and hyg ien e
provided by instructors in charge of eachvocational course.
•

Evaluation and Upgrading
Evaluation
A ll juve nile s sen t to the V T S ar e
instantly categorize d in grade 4.
Conditions, privileges and services forjuveniles in grade 4 are assigned to do
self-supporting work and get permission
for parents to visit once a month. The
result of p erformance, conduct,adjustment, group activities are used toevaluate juveniles.

treatment and rehabilitative programmes
as mentioned in individual plans.
•

Treatment Programme
Self-supporting work
At this stage juveniles are assigned tohave self-supporting work the same as at
the introductory stage
Medical services
This programme is available on many
topics to enhance knowledge of juveniles
about health protection, for example, theprevention of AIDS, prevention of drug
abuse, sex education, unity promotion,
sports promotion, etc. Physicalin st r u ct o r s a n d s o c ia l w o r k e r s a r e
responsible for these programmes.
As for sick juveniles, nurses will takecare of them. For severe cases, they ares e n t f o r t r e a t m e n t a t h o s p it a l s b y
security guards.

UpgradingAfter 1 month, the committee shallhold a meeting to make a consideration as
to whether to upgrade juveniles to grade
3.

Sports, recreation and athletics
Offer the juveniles the opportunity tod ev elo p the d isci pli ne n e ce ssa r y to
improve skills or ga in good physica lhealth. Sports are held daily to provide
recreation, promote interaction,encourage proper use of leisure,compliance with rules and develop a
spirit of group participation.

Intermediate Stage (10 months)
This stage takes 10 months and isdivided into the 2 following courses:

Academic education
Academic education consists of 3 levels
as follows:

1. Basic course, 7 months
2. Advanced course, 3 months

1. Compulsory (6-month course)
2. Junior high school (1-year course)
3. Senior high school (1 and a half years)

During the inte rmed iate stage
juveniles learn about relevant advanced
techniques and practice to improve theirskills. Aside from vocational training,
juveniles are required to attend academicclass in order to widen their academic
knowledge and undergo corrective

This course is started for only half a
day every Saturday and instructors fromthe b ra nch C enter of Non-Forma l
Education, Ministry of Education conduct
this course. Moreover every juvenile has
to do self-study in the dormitory at night243

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
time under the supervis ion of th ehousemaster.
Vocational training
The basic course consists of theories
and basic practice. The training period forthe basic course is 7 months.
The advanced course consists oft e c h ni q u e s , p r a c t ic e f o r i m p r o v in g
juv eniles’ skills, p rovid ing wo rking
experiences. The training period for thea d va nce d co urs e is 3 m o nths. A f te r
c o m p l e t i o n o f th i s c o u r s e t h e s k i ll
standard testing of the Department ofSkill Development, Ministry of Labour
and Social Welfare will be provided.

grade 2. The conditions, privileges
and services for juveniles in grade 3
allow them to do self-supporting workand get permission for parental visits
and write letters to their parents 2
times a month. They can attend someof the activities organized by the VTS
or volunteers outside.
2. From grade 2 to grade 1:
juveniles are in grade 2 for 4 months
before being considered for upgrade tograde 1. The conditions, privileges
and services for juveniles in grade 2
allow permission to visit and write
letters to their parents 3 times amonth and join observation tours andother activities

Rehabilitation programme
A t t h is s t a g e , th e r e h a b i l it a ti o nprogramme is done in accordance with anindividual plan. This programme can bedone through an individual or groupprocess, such as case/group guidance,
individual counseling, role playing, rolelettering etc., depending upon a juveniles’
problems in individual plans. Responsible
staff are social workers, psychologists andhousemasters.

The results of progressive vocational
training, academic education and theimproving of their attitudes towards lifeand performances are used to evaluatejuveniles.

Special activities by volunteers or otherorganizations
The VTS cooperates with otherorganizations and volunteers outside toarrange projects of activities such as
cam ping projects, job placem ent
programmes, short course vocational
training, giving lectures, walk rally
activities, etc.

After 4 months, the committee shallhold a meeting again to consider
upgrading juveniles to grade 1.

UpgradingAt this stage, juveniles are in grade 3,
and after 3 months the committee shallhold a meeting to make a consideration to
upgrade juveniles to grade 2.

Pre-release stage
The pre-release stage takes 1 month
before the release date. Its procedure is
as follows:••

Evaluation and Upgrading
Evaluation
For this stage, we evaluate juveniles 2times:
1. From grade 3 to grade 2:
juveniles are in grade 3 for 3 months
before being considered for upgrade to244

Treatment Programme
Self-supporting work
Juveniles are assigned to have selfsupporting work, only laundry work at
this stage.

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Medical services
This is the last check up on juveniles’
hea lt h b y nurse s a nd doctors bef ore
release.
Academic education
The academic education course will becompleted at the pre-release stage.
Vocational TrainingA t this sta ge , in o rd e r to p ro vid ejuveniles with more opportunity to gain
professional experience, juveniles who
have satisfactory training results can goout for job training and, for those who area ll o w e d , t r a i n in g o u ts i d e t h e y ca npractice within the VTS set up.
•

Rehabilitation programme
Preparation for release
F o r th is s ta g e th e o b je c tiv e is t oprovide m ore expe riences about
vocational training and social skills.
Juveniles were required to attend special
a c t iv i t i e s . M a n y t o p ic s o f le c t u r e s
p ro vi d e d f r o m le c t u re r s o ut s id e o robservation tours to significant places,
factories, and education institutions or to
be volunteers of social services, etc.
Besides preparing juveniles, guidance
for their families is necessary too. Them ain id ea is to guide pa re nts a bout
j uv e ni le s’ jo bs , e d u c ati o n, se r vi ce s
available in society, including the propercare of juveniles.
•

Evaluation and Upgrading
At this stage juveniles are in grade 1.
Conditions, privileges and services forjuveniles in grade 1 allow them to go backand spend a night stay at home during
weekends. They can join every activity.
The juveniles are entitled to pre-releaseand after care services. Moreover, the lastmonth before their release date, twenty
juveniles in dormitory 3 will get special

privileges by staying without security
guards. The juveniles feel more free.
•Release
Release divided into 2 types;

1. Release without parole is applied tojuveniles with the following
qualifications; a juvenile has
co mpleted the vocatio nal co urse,
shown progress in evaluation results
and is upgraded to grade 1.
For juveniles who complete thesequalifications, the VTS will
immediately send their release reportto the court for consideration for
release without condition.
2. Release under parole is applied tojuveniles who have completed thevocational training course but theresultsofevaluationareunsatisfactory and their grade lower
than grade 1. Their release report will
sent to the court for consideration for
release with conditions.
•

Aftercare services
Social Work Sub-division, the OPC willtake care of released juveniles who areconf ronte d with pro b le ms b y giving
advice, providing many kinds of services
such as job placements, aftercare hostels,
fo ster pa re nts, basic am en itie s andpersonal utilities, schools or vocational
schools for juveniles, scholarships, etc.
Follow up after release; the VTS will
start to follow up 1 month after juveniles
are released from the VTS byquestionnaire. Follow up is continued for
1 year after juveniles are released.
The Drug Addict Treatment Center
The Drug Addict Treatment Center
will receive drug dependents who weresentenced by the Juvenile and Family
Court.

245

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59• The objectives of the center
1. To assist the juvenile to gain insights
into their behavior, attitudes andredirect counterproductive behavior
patterns and anti-social attitudes into
more positive and constructive ones,
furthermore, to change the juveniles
to be responsible persons.
2. To enhance the juveniles copingc a p abilitie s, tr ust o f o the rs an d
improved self-image.
3. To rehabilitate and assist thejuveniles to change themselves to begood citizens and return them tosociety free from drugs.
•

The aims of the compulsory treatment
and rehabilitation programme are as
follows:
1. Restoration of physical health
2. Uprooting psychological and emotional dependence on drugs.
3. Juvenile treatment and rehabilitation
by applying the therapeuticcommunity models and techniques.
•

Treatment and rehabilitation
programme
The therapeutic Community Model andtechniques have been applied throughtreatme nt
andrehabilitation
programmes in the Drug Addict
Treatment Center. These programmes
are divided into 3 stages as follows:
Rehabilitation Stage
This stage is to root out psychologicaland emotional dependence on drugs andrestore physical health. Furthermore,family therapy is employed based on theneed and problems presented byjuveniles. The participation of parents
and family in the rehabilitation process is
encouraged.
Treatment Stage
This stage is to assist the juveniles togain insights into their behavior and246

attitudes, and redirect counterproductive
behavior patterns and anti-social
attitudes into more p ositive andc o ns tr u ct iv e o n e s a nd e nh a n c e th ejuveniles coping capabilities, trust ofothers and improved self-image.
I nd ivi du a l a nd gr o up co un se lin g isconducted on a regular basis throughout
th e p e ri o d o f tr ea tm e nt. T his w o rk
progra mm e is aim ed to im prove thejuvenile’s personality and encourage goodwork habits, establish self-confidence aswell as a sense of responsibility. At thesame time, in order to implem en t
treatment
andrehabilitation
programmes more effectively, the Drug
Addict Treatment Center has applied
the rap e utic co m m unity m o de ls andte ch n i q u e s th r o u g h tr e a t m e n t a n drehabilitation programmes, such as thetherapeutic community’s philosophy,
unwritten philosophy, basic (who you
are? what you do?) rules and regulations,chains of command for staff andresidents, cardinal rules (no physicalvio lence , no use of drugs, no sexua lcontact), basic house rules, rules of thehouse (morning meetings, encountergr o u p s , se m i n a r s, h o u se m e e ti ng s,
general meetings, static groups, hair cuts,
confrontation, peer confrontation)
Re-entry Stage
This stage is for juvenile’s
rehabilitation and assistance in order toreturn and adjust themselves into society
by freedom from drugs. This center will
arrange and provide the following reentry activities:
Preparation for release
Juveniles will be prepared one month
before release, this duty is under the
responsibility of the social worker,
nurse a nd ho use ma ster who will
provide general knowledge to makejuveniles p repare themselves forreleas e. Besi des , j uv en iles a re

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
required to attend special activities
outside the center. Parent meetings
will provide for guiding parents on
how to look after the release djuveniles.

II. BEST PRACTICE IN THE
MANAGEMENT OFORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING
INSTITUTIONAL TREATMENT TOJUVENILE OFFENDERS

After care services
This center plays an important role inthe social reintegration and discharge
from the center. The social worker onafter ca re duty w ill provide solid
support to both juveniles and theirfamilies and others who may assist
juveniles’ rehabilitation.

A. Strategic Utilization of Limited
Financial Resources andMaximizing Cost-effectiveness
Every year the OPC receives a limited
fiscal budget. It’s not enough fororganizational management to provide
institutio nal trea tme nt for juve nileoffenders.

Follow up and evaluation
A f ol l ow u p w i l l b e sta rt ed a f te r
juveniles have been released from thiscenter for 1–3 months by home
v is i ti n g , te le p h o n e c a ll in g , a n d
q ue st io n n a i r e s se n t to re le a se djuveniles and their parents. Social
workers on follow up duty will use
th is i nf o r m at io n f o r so lv ing th ejuveniles’ problems or providing social
w ork services f or them to a d justthemselves to society free from drugs.

The OPC provided a budget to the VTS
2 times per year (6 months per time) for
management and administration of the
VTS. For special projects the VTS gets a
special budget, which is separate fromthe fiscal budget.

C. Establishing a Case File/Record
System and Linking it to an
Offender Database and Statistical
Compilation System
In Thailand, the OPC has just started
to develop a computer programme for ajuvenile database 2000. This database is
separated into 6 parts as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Part 1 remand homePart 2 criminal investigation
Part 3 supervisionPart 4 guardian supervisionPart 5 family affairs
Part 6 training school

A t present, this databa se is being
tested and improved.

In my o pinion, the fiscal budge t
provided by the government is limited in
its ability to develop the VTS. Strategic
utilization of limited financial resources
and maximizing cost-effectiveness of the
VTS is as follows
1. Set up priority for works and projects.
2. Set up criteria for works and budgets.
3. Distribute each budget for the priorityof works and projects, respectively.
4. Emergency works or projects will beespecially considered b y the VTS
committee and special expenditure
will be paid by the VTS foundation.
B. Staff Training: Designing
Training Systems and Curricula
to Enhance Skills and Integrity
The OPC don’t ha ve sta ff training
course institutions. For staff training the
OPC provides 3 types as follows:
1. The curriculum that is conducted bypersonnel, the sub-division which is247

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
changed year by year depending on
the budget
2. Sending staff to attend outsidecourses.
3. Request for training by each staff.
In Thailand we don’t have speciallydesigned training systems and special
curriculums especially for theenhancement of integrity.
C. Managing Public Relations andObtaining Public Trust in
Correctional Services
The OPC and the VTS maintain good
public relations by keeping good
cooperation and collaboration from GOs
and NGOs. Those GOs and NGOs provide
many kinds of activities for juveniles
during institutional treatment and after
release.
III. CONCLUSION
Some lessons are to be drawn from thebefore-mentioned Thai experiences in thedevelopment of institutional treatment
for juvenile offenders. First, the basic
defects in the non-institutional treatment
and institutional treatment systems,
whether potential or not, such as the lackof intensity in the continuance ofprotective and innovative measures or
the lack of diversity in treatment andrehabilitation terms and programmes are
crucial to the effective management andadministration of juvenile treatment
systems. This kind of defect cannot berectified by an effort of a single school orcenter, however hard it might try. It
needs concerted action of all schools or
centers and related agencies throughout
the country following the model systems
approach.
Second , developm ent can beundertaken on managem ent andadministrative matters to some extent

248

w i th i n t h e b a si c f r a m e w o r k o f t h edevelopmental systems. Although the
new model system may make a school orcenter more effective, the new model
systems alone might not produce
expected results unless and otherwise allschools or centers and related agencies
are determined to affect the necessary
following.
Third, development needs some
e xp e rim en tal at te m p t to v e rif y t hedirection o f d evelop me nt, suf ficie nt
prep aration particularly in terms ofcomplete understanding among staff ofall schools or centers and related agencies
and, of course, courage in their decision tocarry them out.
However, the above-mentioned
development is certainly not a panacea
for juvenile problems. It will be a help,
but it should anticipate well planned,b e tt e r c o o p e r a te d a n d c o o r d in a t e dmeasures with the wider participation of
all schools or centers and related agencies
throughout the country so as to meet all
j uv e ni l e i ns t it u t io n s ’ d e v e lo p m e n tsystems.
For development of a model treatment
programm e of the VTS and the
Ayudthaya T herapeutic Com munity
Center, though they have the mechanismand synergy for continuous efforts injuvenile treatment and rehabilitationfrom the moment of enrollment in theschool or center until discharge, there arealso impediments to the desired gold.
Implementation of th e treatment,
rehabilitation, and aftercare programmes
are greatly a ffected due to a lack oftechnical knowledge, and the increasing
nu m b e r o f ju ve n ile d ru g a d d ic ts i ncontrast to the shortage of social workers,
psychologists and others who are
involved in treatment rehabilitation andaftercare. Due to the shortage of qualified

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
officers and the restriction of resources,
the quality of treatment, rehabilitation
and aftercare services are impaired andthis places a heavier demand on qualified
professional personnel.
In
recognizing
professional
specialization as the basic requirement
for social workers, psychologists, andother concerned officers, whether in theinstitutional treatment or communitybased treatment programmes, there is aneed to put more emphasis on careful
recruitment and training of staff and also
to update their technical knowledge andtechnical know-how through researchand development.
REFERENCE
Annual report of the Juvenile and Family
Court, 1996–2000.
Guide to the Juvenile and Family Courta nd t he Ob s erva t ion a nd Protection
Center, 1996
Juvenile Justice and a Model for Drug
Addicts, Programme for Juvenile Drug
A d d i c t s in T h a i l a n d , I n s t i t u t e f o rJuvenile
andFamilyJustice
Development, 1998
The Act for the Establishment of and theProcedure for the Juvenile and Family
Court B.E. 2534 (1991)
Sudjit, J., (2000). The Assessment andClassification of Juvenile Delinquents.
Report. Thailand

249

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
Appendix 1
The Number of Juveniles Sent to the Observation amnd Protection Center
1996–2000
No. of offenders
1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Male

21,382

27,90635,18133,93432,270Female

2,209

2,762

3,291

3,454

3,169

23,591

30,66838,47237,38835,439Total

Juveniles Cases Classified by Types of Offences
1996–2000
Type of offence

No. of offenders
1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Offence against property

6,277

7,782

9,196

8,325

8,090

Homicide and other violent
offence

1,396

1,985

1,919

2,304

1,946

Sex related offence

823

964

947

1,004

961

Offence relating to public
peace and security

314

288

203

218

111

Offence relating to drug
abuse, gambling, counterfeiting, carrying firearms,
etc.

14,781

19,64926,20725,537

24,331

Total

23,591

30,66838,47237,38835,439250

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Appendix 2
Organization Chart of the Juvenile and Family Court and the Observation
and Protection Center
The Central Juvenile andFamily Court••

Judiciary
Registrar

The Juvenile andFamily Court ofProvince

The Juvenile andFamily Section ofProvince Court

The Central
Observation andProtection Center

The Observation
and Protection
Center of Province• Judiciary• Registrar(9 provinces)• Judiciary• Registrar(25 provinces)••

Administrative
Division• Remand Home
• Probation
Division• Medical
Division(Bangkok)Administrative
Sub-Division• Litigation SubDivision• Technical
Service Group• Training
school(25 provinces)

251

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
Appendix 3
Structure of Ministry of Justice(after separation from Court)

Ministry of Justice

MinisterOffice of the Secretary

Permanent Secretary

Office of the Permanent
Secretary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

252

Legal Execution
Department

General Affairs Div.
Personnel Div.
Finance Div.
Design and Construction Div.
Policy and Planning Div.
Computer center
Justice Planning InstituteInternal Auditing Unit
The Central Observation andProtection Center
The Provincial Observation andProtection Center

Department of Probation(Adult Offender)

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Appendix 4Juvenile Case Proceedings
PoliceInjured Person••
Under the permission of the
Director of the Observation
and Protection Centre

Arrest
Notice to OPC
within 24 hours

Report sent to theprosecutor

Observation and Protection Centre•••

Pre-hearing investigation report
Physical, mental and psychological examination
Observation report

Remand home

Report sent to prosecutor,
prosecution

Bring
Trial, adjudication and order

Measures(treatment in freedom)

Order

Institutional treatment• Admonition cautioning
parents/guardians• Placement under careof person ororganization• Release on probation• Fine• Forbidden to enter
certain places• Forbidden to leave
residence at night• Forbidden to associatewith a person• Forbidden to do certain
acts• Order to report toprobation officer• Order to take up
education or occupation• Training school• Annex training school• Imprisonment(age not below 14)

253

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
Appendix 5
Chart of Juvenile Cases Proceedings and Treatment Process
Before adjudication
Arrested bypoliceTransmission of the report to the Central Observation and Protection Centre

PublicProsecutor

The Central Observation andProtection Centre

Sue

Probation DivisionInterview,
Investigation,
Codification of fact

Medical Division
Physical and mental
examination, Urine
test, Treatment,
AdviseRemand Home
Division, Keeping thechildren and young
persons in custody,
Observation ofjuvenile’s behaviour,Classification,
Occupational andeducational therapy

Collecting
together all
juvenile’s reports
and submitting tocourt

The Central
Juvenile andFamily Court
Trial/Sentence

After adjudication
Released on :• Admonishment• Probation• Substitute corporalpunishment forfine• Caution parents or
guardians
1. Forbidding the child or young
person to enter any place or
locality which might corrupt
him or her
2. Forbidding the child or young
person to leave his residence atnight-time save in case ofnecessity
3. Forbidding the child or young
person to associate with any
person or persons of such kindas deemed undesirable by theCourt
4. Forbidding the child or young
person to do any act whichmight corrupt him or her
5. Order the child or young person
to present himself or herself
from time to time to the court,
probation officer or social
worker who was assigned by the
Director of the Observation andProtection Centre
6. Order the child or young person
to take up education or carry on
any substantial occupation

254

Release on
probation

Probation
Division

Supervision
Sub-Division

Training

Administrative
Division• Regular release• Pre-release• Released on shortterm sentence• Released on longterm sentence

Take upeducation
Evaluation
Substantial
occupation

Fine

Imprisonment

Training• Academic
education• Vocational training
such as printing,music training,
automobile repair,art, agriculture,etc.

Discharged from probation order
Revocation of probation
Termination of probation

Follow-up (6 months to 1 year)
Juvenile’s report proceeding
Juvenile’s case proceeding

Evaluation

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Appendix 6
Organization Chart of the Vocational Training School

Superintendent

Administrative
Section

Vocational
Training
SectionRehabilitation
Section

MedicalSection• Chief of
Administrative
staff• Finance staff• Typist• Register• Cook• Driver• Janitor• Librarian• Chief ofVocational
Section• Vocational
instructors• Social Worker• Psychologist• Housemaster• PhysicalInstructor• Technical
Nurse• Chief of Security• Security Guard

255

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
Appendix 7
Organization Chart of the Drug Addict Treatment Center

Superintendent

General Affairs Section

Treatment and Rehabilitation Section• Registration• Finance• Social worker• Psychologist• Vocational instructor• Physical education instructor• Nurse• HousemasterBehavioral Development• Living guidance• Individual and group treatment• Group activities• Recreation• Dormitory treatment• Health education• Self-supporting work
• Physical education
etc.

Vocational Therapy• Woodwork• Welding• Printing• Art• Hair cutting• Agriculture

256118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Appendix 8
Expenses of the Juvenile and Family Court and the Observation andProtection Center
Year

1998
Government
budgetSalary1999
Others278,166,600

Salary for temporary staff

Government
budget2000
Others301,924,674.16

14,339,138.19

Government
budgetOthers216,208,169.15

15,291,969.64

10,383,479.43

4,101,521.88

Expenses onmaterials

118,334,500

34,785,597.93

121,842,760.86

28,162,375.55

131,846,255.35

10,052,803.73

Public Utilities

13,277,000

10,289,243.07

10,657,611.10

10,780,094.05

17,894,943.02

2,531,140.71

Construction

12,970,000

7,945,874.10

116,302,198.00

3,163,774.85

50,346,612.54

1,801,031.50

Support budget

Others

540,200

319,800.00

2,151,500

938,769.00

425,439,800

67,359,853.29

551,985,813.12

18,332,410.29

57,398,214.09

445,011,869.50

18,486,497.82

Total
492,799,653.29

609,384,027.21

463,498,367.30

40 bahts = 1$US

257

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
Appendix 9
Expenses of the Sirindhorn Vocational Training School
Categories
Government officer salary

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1,435,920.00

2,206,320.00

2,119,870.00

2,443,170.00

2,270,290.00

Permanent employees

169,200.00

739,540.00

1,051,690.00

1,472,180.00

1,561,820.00

Temporary employees

1,682,400.00

1,722,000.00

336,360.00

113,220.00

223,550.00

26,500.00

122,400.00

18,000.00

4,500.00

38,600.00

Overtime
Other allowances
Per diem, accommodation, transportation

1,636.00

Vehicle repairs

15,871.00

7,367.16

18,765.00

37,150.20

4,403.00
18,618.00

Repair and maintenance

6,801.00

70,900.17

38,005.83

161,486.52

218,024.19

Service expenses

2,975.00

Office supplies

31,405.28

15,093.95

15,552.83
1,401.00

3,315.00

35,000.00
779.00Fuel, lubricant and gas

150,407.12

164,190.93

245,588.84

195,229.75

245,401.44

Household and kitchen materials

31,005.00

7,180.50

3,737.22

17,595.50

26,945.22

Science and medical materials

570.0017,876.15

19,509.42

Education materials

10,801.00

55,073.67

Juvenile uniforms

135,718.00

160,470.00

19,790.00

23,700.00

9,765.00

Juvenile food

594,000.00

848,306.00

1,016,568.00

1,191,263.00

924,180.00

1,352.50

1,939.00

5,000.00

Supplies and materials for training COV

2,600.00

17,175.00

43,090.25

57,119.20

71,936.90

Supplies and materials for training
machinery

4,421.80

1,051,00

15,621.00

832.0027,033.46

Supplies and materials for training automobile maintenance

36,613.21

4,727.00

8,601.00

5,313.80

33,288.25

Supplies and materials for training printing

4,695.00

12,208.10

22,974.17

7,115.28

12,478.50

Supplies and materials for training sheet
metal and welding

4,244.00

15,583.70

29,385.96

29,805.69

20,542.62

Supplies and materials for training woodwork

41,318.00

8,980.00

36,966.50

30,199.15

22,609.13

Supplies and materials for training electric wiring

2,230.00

57,797.55

10,473.00

13,754.00

31,326.74

18,657.30

15,371.60

19,632.07

Sport materials

Supplies and materials for training air
condition repairing
Electricity expenses

717,006.24

803,884.28

749,485.67

613,177.11

1,025,532.60

Telephone expenses

129,782.00

80,756.00

60,824.83

46,712.62

71,745.21

Postal service

4,806.00

5,242.00

4,882.00

5,348.69

5,898.75

Juvenile rehabilitation activities

3,093.28

113,654.00

17,106.10

56,049.50

Newspapers

3,919.00

Expressway
Visitor catering
Agriculture

30,654.00

46,181.00

36,234.28

33,290.50

20,241.00

Project Code 900-03

263,952.91

Project Code 900-05
OthersTotal

258

3,904.00
2,590.00

214,505.25
11,546.00

143,541.00

27,386.25

21,369.25

33,300.00

5,257,564.93

7,383,442.01

5,962,789.25

6,672,586.51

7,514,233.94

118TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
Expenses of the Sirindhorn Vocational Training School (From 1996–2000)

8,000,000
7,000,000

Total Cost

6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0

1996

1997

1998
Year

1999

2000

259