Transition Up to the Present time: from the Emergence of Factories and the Occurrence of Pollution Problems to the Countermeasures (Summary)Western Japanese
Calendar Calendar●Establishment and operation of factories began

1906

m39

Established sugar factories

1908

M41

Established electric machine/device factories

1913

T2

Began operation of open-hearth furnaces and Ajinomoto Plant

1915

T4

Began operation of a spinning factory

1916

T5

1917

T6

1923

T12

1925

T14

1932

S7

1936

S11

The Moves of Pollution Control Measuresand Regulations: Key EventsOccurrence of Environmental Pollution Problems andthe establishment of the related Monitoring Systems

Matters Related to Kawasaki City (Factory Operation)＊(C): City= Kawasaki City, (S): State=National

The resolution to attract factories waspassed at a town assembly.

●Many reports of damage and complaints on factory wastewaterand smoke were submitted

Damage to agricultural crops and compensation issues occured
Began operation of cement factories

Damage to fruits by dust occured
Damage to seaweed by factory wastewater occured

Began operation of electric machines, sugar, and milling factories

Towns and villages merged and Kawasaki City was bornon July 1, 1924S bmitted a petition regarding the damage to sea
Submittedseaweed
eed bby factor
factory wastewateraste ater
to the municipal, prefectural, and national governments●Reclamation of the waterfront

Submitted a petition regarding compensation for damage to the fishing industry

waterfront areas began

by factory wastewater
1940

S151941

S16(C) The municipal assembly submitted the written opinion regarding the1950

S20

Complaints about the air pollution from citizens started to increase

1953

S28

Damage to agricultural crops caused by air pollution

1955

S30-Petitioned the municipan assmbly for air pollution and damage to agricultural crops

Completed reclamation in Mizue and Yakocho

smoke damage to the national government
The first case of Minamata disease was found in December, 1953
(C) The municipal assembly established "Special Council for Pollution
Control Measures"-A civic movement for establishing smoke regulations began

1956

S31

Began measuring fall dast at 16 locations within the city

1957

S32

Reclamation in Kojimashinden began

1958

S33

Commencement ceremony for reclamation in Ogishima

Began measuring sulfur oxides at 15 locations within the city (lead oxide method)(S) Promulgated the act on the water quality conservation

Petrochemical complexes in the reclaimed waterfront area were formed
and began operation

●1959

S34

Completed reclamation in part of Suehiro/Ukishima

1960

S35

Completed reclamation in part of Chidoricho

The cause of the itai-itai disease was investigated in December, 1957

A civic movement for establishing an pollution control ordinance(S) Promulgated the act on the factory effluent control
Promulgated and enforced the (former)Kawasaki City Pollution Control ordinance(Chidori) A petrochemical complex was formed(C) Established the Pollution Section in the Economic Affairs Bureau(Ukishima) A petrochemical complex was formed(S) Promulgated the act on smoke regulations

1962

S37

1964

S39

Installed automatic sulfur oxide monitoring devices (Kawasaki Health Center)

1965

S40

Installed automatic sulfur oxide monitoring devices (Daishi/Nakahara Health Center)

1966

S41

Installed a smoke monitoring TV on the roof of the city hall

Formed the Kawasaki City Civic Council for Expelling Pollution

1968

S43

Installed a centralized pollution monitoring device in the city hall(S) Promulgated and enforced the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control- Transmitted the measured values of sulfur oxide via telemeter(S) Promulgation and partially enforced Air Pollution Control Act

1969

S44

Intention to transfer the ironworks to the reclaimed waterfront area

Set up a council for countermeasures by Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama Cityin Ogishimaand Kawasaki City(S) Cabinet approval of the environmental quality standards for sulfur oxides(S) Applied Special Emission Standards to Keihin District

1970

S45

First photochemical smog formation in the city; many were affected◎Various countermeasures forsmoke and water contamination
began

Installed photochemical oxidant concentration monitoring devices in the4 monitoring stations

14 pollution-related acts, such as the Amended Basic Law for Environmental
Pollution Control, etc., were passed into law at the 64th Extraordinary Diet
Session (Pollution Diet)-Water Pollution Control Law, Law concerning Entrepreneurs' Bearing of the Costof Public Pollution Control Works, Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Prevention Law,Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law, etc.

◎Pollution Control Agreement: Promotion of remediation measures for environmental pollution caused by factories, etc.
Concluded the agreement with 37 major companies in the city (39 factories) and exchanged the memorandums with 8 companies (8 factories), that accounted for
95% of the total amount of emissions from factories and workplaces in the city-Factories with the agreement: Amount of SO2 emission per factory is 10 Nm3/h or more
-Factories with memorandums: Amount of SO2 emission per factory is 5 Nm3/h - 10 Nm3/h○Response to air pollution emergency: Report the amount of fuel used and result of measurement of emission gas concentration

1971

1972

S46

S47

Upgrading the automatic environmental
pollution monitoring system○Environmental monitoring○Monitoring the source of generation

Issued the first photochemical smog advisory in the city
Installed an electroluminescence display in front of the city hall(Started to display the sulfur oxides)
Completed the Environmental Pollution Monitoring Center/Automatic Environmental Pollution Monitoring System

Establishment of the Environmental Pollution
Monitoring Center: Current Local Environment
and Pollution Monitoring Section of theEnvironmental Research InstituteCompleted the Automatic Monitoring system for generation source

Environmental Pollution
Control Measures○The city was designated an Ordinance-Designated City
○Environmental Pollution Department of the Health Bureau was promoted toEnvironmental Pollution Bureau (increased the personnel in charge)of Sulfurous Acid Gas (42 factories)

Development and enforcement of the Kawasaki City Pollution Control
Ordinance (former ordinance) -September, 1971-Control the total amount of sulfur oxide emission from factories, workplaces, etc.
-Set the permissible amounts according to the districts (Administrative targets)

Set up the Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Stations in front of the city hallIssued the first photochemical smog warning in the city

1973

S48

(C) Established the Environmental Pollution Research Institute(S) Announced the environmental quality standards for NO2 and Ox(S) Announced the revision of the environmental quality standard for SO2-Air Pollution Control Measures1974

S49(1) Making of high quality fuel (low-sulfur heavy oil andgasification)(2) Flue-gas treatment facilities-Installation of dust collectors, desulfurization anddenitrification equipment, etc.
(3) Improvement of the manufacturing processes(4) Introduction of energy-saving technologies(S) E
Establishedt bli h d theth emissioni i standards
t d d forf NOx (Primary(P itotalt t l volumelcontrol)t l)Initiated ph. measurement in 7 locations in the city as countermeasures(C) Total volume control standards for SO2/smoke dust by the Pollution

for acid rain

Control OrdinanceApproved Kawasaki Ward and Saiwai Ward by the Law Concerning(C) Council for Environment Pollution Control

Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation and other Measures(Advices and reports on the countermeasures for NOx)

The total number of officially certified victims of pollution-related diseases(S) Announced the permissible limit of gas emissions by the Japanesein the City exceeded 2,000version Muskie law

Completed the broadcast devices for photochemical pollution
1975
1976

S50
S51-Water Pollution Control Measures(1) Upgrading of effluent treatment facilities(2) Improvement of the manufacturing processes(3) Upgrading of the public water and seweragesystems

Issued the second photochemical smog warning in the city
Completed the Environmental Air Pollution information Reporting System⇔ Provision of information for self-regulation (33 major companies in the city)

The environmental quality standard of SOx was achieved in areas north of(C) Strengthened the regulations of the city ordinance to achieve the target

Saiwai Wardin Kawasaki Ward

The total number of officially certified victims of pollution-related diseases(C) Promulgated the City Ordinance on Environmental Impact Assessment

exceeded 3,000
1977

S52

1978

S53

(C) The Council reported the Countermeasures for Hydrocarbons
Completed the Automatic Monitoring System for generation source of(C) Applied the total volume control for NOx

NOX (32 factories)
1980

S55

1981

S56

1982

S57

1989

H1

2003

H15Since 1980,☆All of the environmental quality standards for SOx havebeen achieved

H19(C) Partially revised the control criteria for Noxin the entire city
-Established Water quality monitoring stations in rivers within the city andinstalled COD measuring devices in factories and workplaces-"Automatic Water Quality Monitoring System" that connects the environmental
water quality monitoring stations (9 locations) and factories/workplaces via
telemeter was completed
Began measuring SPM in the Ambient Environment Stations

Promotion of PM reduction measuresfor diesel-powered automobiles

Since 2003,☆Environmental quality standards for NOx in the ambient environment havebeen achieved☆The effect of the PM reduction measures for diesel-powered
automobiles
2007

Achieved the environmental quality standard for SO2 concentration

Achieved the environmental quality standards for SPM in all
monitoring stations

Main countermeasures were shifted from the regulation of the gemeratiom
source in factories/workplaces to automobiles.
-Methanol vehicles, electric vehicles, hybrid buses, and CNG vehicles-Promoted countermeasures for diesel-powered automobiles-introduced clean
diesel oil☆Promoted the designated low-emission vehicles in 8 municipalities○Suspended Particle Matter (SPM)-All of the Ambient Environmental Monitoring Stations have achieved theenvironmental quality standards for the fourth consecutive year--All of the Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Stations achieved the environmental
quality standards●Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)-All of the Ambient Environmental Monitoring Stations have achieved theenvironmental quality standards for the fifth consecutive year
-For the Roadside Air Pollution Monitoringg Stations, 7 out of 9 stations achieved
the environmental quality standards

Shifted to the countermeasures for automobiles toachieve the environmental criteria for NOx(S) Promulgated the Automobile NOx Reduction Law(7 municipalities) Promoted the designated low-emission vehicles(The Tokyo Metropolitan area including 3 prefectures)
Regulations on the operation of diesel-powered automobiles began-Installed PM reduction devices to the old type diesel-powered automobiles-Prohibited operation of automobiles failing to conform to the criteria
in the Tokyo Metropolitan area