12INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2.15 Food and Drink
Introduction
NMVOCs are emitted during the production of alcoholic beverages,
breadmaking and other food products.

Data Sources
The emission estimates are based on the total annual production of theparticular food manufacturing process. National production statistics foralcoholic beverages broken down into a minimum of wine, beer and spirits
are required. The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP)
numbers for food and drink are: alcoholic beverages (40606 - 40608) andbreadmaking and other food products (40605).
For the breadmaking and other food production, national production
statistics broken down into the categories listed in Table 2-26 are required.

BIOLOGICAL CARBON
Carbon dioxide emitted duringcertain operations in the productionof food and drink, including vegetableoil extraction and tobacco are notcounted here. They are from theuse of biological carbon which, forthe purposes of this chapter, isconsidered not to lead to net CO2
emissions.

2.15.1 Methodology
for
Estimating
Emissions
of
NMVOC
from
Alcoholic Beverages
NMVOCs are produced during the processing of cereals and fruits in
preparation for the fermentation processes. The emission factors shown
below in Table 2-25 are taken from in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook andare based on the total annual production of an individual beverage.

TABLE 2-25
EMISSION FACTORS FOR NMVOC FROM ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGEPRODUCTION(KG/HL BEVERAGE)
Beverage

Emission Factor

Wine

0.08

Red wine

0.08

White wine

0.035

Beer

0.035

Spirits (unspecified)

15

Malt whiskey

15

Grain whiskey

7.5

Brandy3.5

Note: hl = 100 litres

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESThe emission factors and sources used here are derived for Europe. If moreregion specific data are available, these should be used. There may bedifferent processes and emission factors in other parts of the world. Please
note that if the breakdown of red and white wine and spirits is known, use
the specific emission factor.

2.15.2 Methodology
for
Estimating
Emissions
of
NMVOC
from
Bread Making and Other Food
NMVOC are released during the heating of fats and oils and foodstuffs
containing them, the baking of cereals, flour and beans, fermentation inbread making, the cooking of vegetables and meats, and the drying ofresidues. Food production is divided into seven categories, each with its
own emission factor. The emission factors given in the EMEP/CORINAIR
Guidebook are shown in Table 2-26.

TABLE 2-26
EMISSION FACTORS FOR NMVOC FROM BREAD AND OTHER FOOD
PRODUCTION(KG/TONNE)
Food Production Process

Emission Factor

Meat, fish and poultry

0.3

Sugar

10

Margarine and solid cooking fats

10

Cakes, biscuits and breakfast cereals

1

Bread

8

Animal feed1

Coffee roasting

0.55

The emission factors and sources used here are derived for Europe. Theremay be different processes and emission factors in other parts of the world.

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 2-13 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE PRODUCTION to enter data forthis submodule.

USING THE WORKSHEET

•

•

2.42

Copy the Worksheet at the endof this section to complete theinventory.
Keep the original of theWorksheet blank so you canmakefurthercopiesif
necessary.

STEP 1 ESTIMATING NMVOC EMITTEDFROM ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
1

Estimate total annual Quantity of Alcoholic Beverage Produced in
hectolitres (hl), broken down into categories of beverages listed inTable 2-25 and enter this value in column A.

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2Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms NMVOC per
hectolitre of beverage produced, in column B.

3

Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in
kilograms and enter this value in column C.

4

Divide column C by 106 to convert to units of gigagrams NMVOC
and enter this value in column D.

5

Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom ofthat column to obtain the total NMVOC emitted.

STEP 2 ESTIMATING NMVOC EMITTEDFROM BREAD MAKING AND OTHER FOOD
1

Estimate total annual Quantity of Food Produced, in tonnes, broken
down into categories of food manufacturing processes listed inTable 2-26 and enter into column A.

2Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms NMVOC per
tonne of food produced, in column B.

3

Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in
kilograms and enter this value in column C.

4

Divide column C by 106 to convert to units of gigagrams NMVOC
and enter this value in column D.

5

Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom ofthat column to obtain the total NMVOC Emitted.

2.16 Emissions Related to Production of
Halocarbons(HFCs,
PFCs)
andSulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)Introduction
Atmospheric release of materials may be the result of by-product emissions
during manufacture or from fugitive releases. A fugitive emission is anemission that is not controlled or contained, such as a leak from a flange or
coupling.

Data Sources
The type of data required depends on the level of effort that is to be
expended and the accuracy required. For the simpler methodology thatuses an emission factor, data on production should be available fromchemical companies. For the more detailed approach, plant specific emission
information is required.

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2.16.1 Methodology
for
Estimating
Emissions of By-Products
It is estimated that the HFC-23 released, as a by-product during manufactureof HCFC-22, is currently equivalent to 4 per cent of the production of
HCFC-22 assuming no abatement measures, although lower figures havebeen suggested.
This factor, or a similar number derived for the particular country's
circumstances, can be used to estimate national emissions of HFC-23 fromthe total national HCFC-22 production (for both potentially dispersive andfeedstock end-uses).
The Reference Manual (Section 2.16.1) describes a Tier 2 methodology but
no worksheets are provided here.

2.16.2 Methodology
forFugitive Emissions

Estimating

Fugitive emissions of a chemical may occur both during the production andthe distribution of a chemical. For this section, fugitive emissions associatedwith use are not addressed as they are covered in the section related toconsumption (see Section 2.17). In the case of fluorocarbon processes,
fugitive emissions have been estimated to be approximately 0.5 per cent of
the total production of each compound (UNEP, 1994).
This factor, or a similar number derived for the particular country's
circumstances, can be used to estimate national fugitive emissions ofindividual HFCs and PFCs associated with national production.
The Reference Manual (Section 2.16.2) describes a Tier 2 methodology but
no worksheets are provided here.

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 2-14 PRODUCTION OF HALOCARBONS AND SULPHUR
HEXAFLUORIDE - BY-PRODUCTS - HFCS AND PFCS to enter data for thissubmodule.
Note that only a Tier 1 method is presented. If data exist, the Tier 2
method described above is preferable.

STEP 1 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED

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1

Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Produced intonnes of the specific halocarbon in question and enter into theappropriate column A.

2Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms of pollutant(HFCs or PFCs) per tonnes of halocarbon, in column B.

3

Multiply column A by column B to obtain Halocarbon Emitted in
kilograms and enter this value in column C.

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESDivide column C by 106 to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or
PFCs and enter this value in column D.

4

STEP 2 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED1

Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Produced intonnes of the specific pollutant in question and enter it into theappropriate column A.

2Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms of pollutant(HFCs or PFCs) per tonnes of halocarbon produced, in column B.

3

Multiply column A by column B to obtain Halocarbon Emitted in
kilograms and enter this value in column C.

4

Divide column C by 106 to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or
PFCs and enter this value in column D.

2.17 Emissions Related to Consumptionof Halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)Introduction
The chemicals (HFCs, PFCs, SF6) are of concern, because they have highglobal warming potentials and long atmospheric residence times.

Partiallyandfully
fluorinatedhydrocarbons, HFCs and PFCs, arenot controlled by the Montreal
Protocol because they do notcontribute to depletion of thestratospheric ozone layer.

Current and expected application areas of HFCs and PFCs include:-

refrigeration and air conditioning-

fire suppression and explosion protection-

aerosols-

solvent cleaning-

foam blowing-

other applications1

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Primary uses of SF6 include:-

gas insulated switch gear and circuit breakers-

fire suppression and explosion protection-

other applications2

1 HFCs and PFCs may be used in sterilisation equipment, for tobacco

expansion applications, and as solvents in the manufacture of adhesives,
coating, and inks.
2 SF

6 may be used as an insulating medium, a tracer, in leak detectors,
and in various electronic applications. For SF6 consumption in magnesium
and aluminium foundries, see Section 2.13.6.1.

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Table 2-26 (Reference Manual) gives an overview of the most important
HFCs and PFCs including application area and GWP relative to CO2 (100year integration time).

Data Sources
HFCS, PFCS AND SF6
HFCs are chemicals containing onlyhydrogen, carbon, and fluorine.
PFCs are chemicals containing only
carbon and fluorine.
SF6 is aparticularly potent GHG with a 100year GWP of 23,900 and an
estimated lifetime of about 3,200
years.

The type of data required depends on the level of effort that is to be
expended and the accuracy required. At a minimum, quantities of
halocarbons and SF6 imported and exported in bulk and national production
are required. For the next level, the quantities of these materials containedin products imported and exported are required. Data on production andexports of chemicals in bulk should be available from chemical companies
and/or national production statistics. Information on imports of chemicals inbulk and in products may be available from Customs and Duty records.
National environmental protection authorities may keep records of
HFCs/PFCs destroyed, if any.

General Methodology
POTENTIAL AND ACTUALEMISSIONS
Emissions from industrial processes
can be estimated in two ways; aspotential emissions, Tier 1 (a and b),
and as actual emissions, Tier 2. Tier
1b is preferred to the Tier 1amethodology.

In Tier 1 (a and b) methodology, potential emissions of a certain chemical
are equal to the amount of virgin chemical consumed in the country minus
the amount of chemical recovered for destruction or exported in the year
under consideration. All chemicals consumed will eventually be emitted tothe atmosphere over time if not destroyed, and in the long term (e.g., 50 yr),potential emissions will equal actual emissions.
In the Tier 2 methodology, actual emission estimates take into account thetime lag between consumption and emission, which may be considerable insome application areas, e.g., closed cell foams, refrigeration and fire
extinguishing equipment. Time lags result from the fact that a chemical isplaced in new products and then slowly leaks out over time.
Actual emissions estimates are the most accurate with respect to emissions
in individual years, provided that the necessary information is available for
their calculation. If essential data are not available, the potential emission
calculations provide a simpler approach for reasonable emission estimates.
The following procedures described for HFCs/PFCs are applicable for SF6 aswell.

2.17.1 Methodology
for
Estimating
EmissionsforTier 1aandTier 1b
Since net consumption of a chemical equals production plus imports minus
exports, the calculation formula for the basic method (Tier 1) is as follows:
Potential Emissions = Production + Imports - Exports - Destruction

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By-product emissions during HFC/PFC production and fugitive emissions
related to production and distribution have to be calculated separately, as
described in Section 2.16.
Production refers to production of new chemical only and not the
reprocessing of recovered fluid.
There are two versions of Tier 1 (a and b) depending upon whether
HFCs/PFCs in products are taken into account. Two versions are presented
because it is expected that there may be difficulties in many countries withthe availability of data regarding imports and exports of HFCs/PFCs in
products, at least in the short term. The Tier 1b methodology is preferred
if the relevant data are available.

Tier 1a
In Tier 1a, only chemicals imported or exported in bulk are considered in
the calculation of potential emissions. The following definitions apply:
Imports = Imported HFC/PFC in bulk
Exports = Exported HFC/PFC in bulk
The application of Tier 1a may lead to an under-estimation or an overestimation of potential emissions, depending on whether the majority of
HFC/PFC-containing products is being imported or exported.

REFRIGERATION, FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS AND SOLVENTS
Refrigeration units, fire extinguishers
and solvents will normally contain
HFC/PFC mixtures. The fraction ofeach chemical must be consideredseparately. Refrigeration units may
be refrigerators, ice machines, AC
window units, split-units, chillers, etc.

Tier 1b
Tier 1b is an extension of Tier 1a and includes HFCs/PFCs contained invarious products which are imported and exported. The following
definitions apply:
Imports=

Exports=

Imported chemical in bulk + quantity of chemical
imported in HFC/PFC containing products
Exported chemical in bulk + quantity of chemicalexported in HFC/PFC containing products

FOAM PRODUCTS
Foam products include insulating andnon-insulating foams in a variety of
products, like refrigerators,
insulation panels, pour-in-placesprays, car seats, furniture, bedding,packaging material, etc.

The product types that should be considered are-

refrigeration and air conditioning units-

foam products-

fire extinguishers-

solvents-

aerosol cans

Most of these items will use mixtures of halocarbons that must be assessed
separately due to their vastly different global warming potentials.

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2.17.2 Tier 2: Advanced Methodology
for Estimating Emissions
The advanced method, Tier 2, contains actual emission calculations for eachindividual chemical. This is the preferred method if input data are available. It
is recommended that routines are established to report HFC/PFC emissions
according to Tier 2.
To use this methodology one must employ a “bottom-up” approach or a
“top-down” approach. In a “bottom-up” approach, one calculates or
estimates the consumption of each individual HFC and PFC chemical basedon the number of pieces of equipment or uses at a detailed level, e.g.,refrigerators, other stationary refrigeration/AC equipment, soft foam, hardfoam etc., to establish the volume basis for emission calculations. A“top-down” approach estimates emissions on the basis of the consumption
distribution and emission characteristics related to various processes andequipment, also taking current service and recovery practices into account.
Table 2-27 gives examples of current distribution of HFC/PFC use among
various application areas in certain countries. Since HFCs and PFCs have
only recently entered the market, the relative size of each area will changeover time and will have to be updated.

TABLE 2-27
EXAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF HFC/PFC USE BY APPLICATION AREA (1994)

Country

Refrigeration Air
Conditioning

Foam
Blowing

Solvent

Fire
Extinguishing

Aerosol
Propellant

Other
Applications

Norway

99%

<1%

0%

<1%

0%

0%

Sweden

90%

5%

0%

0%

5%

0%

UnitedKingdom

76%

12%

0%

7%

5%

0%

See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources.

Any given application area may employ several types of HFC/PFC fluid.
Consumption figures should be collected or estimated and the type of
HFC/PFC used should be identified.

A)

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

For the purposes of emission estimation, refrigeration and air-conditioning
systems are classified into three categories, according to their emission
characteristics:i)

Household refrigerators and freezers;ii)

Other stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment,
including:-

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cold storage warehouses;

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

iii)

retail food refrigeration;industrial process refrigeration;commercial and industrial appliances such as refrigerated vending
machines, ice machines, dehumidifiers, and water coolers;
refrigerated transport including trucks, trains, and ships withrefrigerated compartments; andcommercial and residential air conditioning including chillers,
heat pumps, window air conditioners, central air conditioners.

Mobile air conditioners used to cool the passenger compartment of
automobiles, trucks, buses, and trains.

HFC USE IN REFRIGERANTS
HFC-134aistheprimary
fluorocarbon substitute for CFC-12
in many refrigeration and airconditioning applications including
refrigerators, chillers, and mobile air
conditioners. Other HFCs may also
be used in refrigeration applications,particularly as components of blends.
These include HFC-23, HFC-32,
HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC-152a.

Methods for estimating average emission rates for the above-uses sectors
are outlined below.
The quantity of refrigerant emitted during system assembly is related to theamount charged by the following empirical formula:

PFC USE IN REFRIGERANTS
PFC-218 is used as a component inrefrigerant blends. PFC-116 may be
used in a blend as a substitute for R503.

EQUATION 1

E assembly, t = E charged, t • (k/100)
where:
Eassembly,t=Echarged,t

=

k

=

emissions during system manufacture/assembly in yeartamount of refrigerant charged into new systems inyear tassembly losses in per cent of the amount charged

The amount charged (Echarged,t) should include all systems which are charged
in the country, including those which are made for export. Systems that areimported precharged should not be considered.
Annual leakage from the stock, including venting during service, is given by :EQUATION 2

E operation, t = E stock, t • (x/100)
where:
Eoperation,t=Estock,t=x=

amount of HFC/PFC emitted during system operationin year t
amount of HFC/PFC stocked in existing systems inyear tannual leakage rate in per cent of total HFC/PFC
charge in the stock, per cent.

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In calculating the refrigerant “bank” (Estock,t) all systems in operation in the
country (home-made and imported) have to be considered.
The amount of refrigerant released from scrapped systems depends upon theamount of refrigerant left at the time of disposal, and the portion recovered.
To estimate emissions at system disposal, the following calculation formula isapplicable:

EQUATION 3

E disposal, t = Ei charge, (t - n) • (y/100) • (100 - z )/100orE disposal, t = E i charge, (t - n) • Q
where:
Edisposal,t=Eicharge; (t-n)

=

n
y

=
=

z

=

Q

=

amount of HFC/PFC emitted at system disposal inyear tamount of HFC/PFC initially charged into new
systems installed in year (t-n)
average equipment lifetime, years
amount of HFC/PFC in systems at time of disposal in
per cent of initial charge, per centamount of HFC/PFC recovered in per cent of actual
charge (“recovery efficiency”), per centamount of HFC/PFC emitted at system disposal in
per cent of the quantity of chemical originallycharged into the system, per cent (Q = y(100-z)/100)

In estimating the amount of refrigerant initially charged into the systems(Ei, charged (t-n)), both systems charged in the country (for home market) andsystems imported precharged should be taken into account. The first charge
into systems made for export should not be considered. For example, if
calculating emissions for 1995 with equipment that has a 15-year lifetime,then information on quantity of HFC/PFC charged in 1980 (1995-15) isrequired. Total emissions in year t will then be found as the sum ofemissions at assembly, during operational life and at disposal:
EQUATION 4

E total, t = E assembly, t + E operation, t + E disposal, t
See Section 2.17.4.2 in the Reference Manual for more information on the“top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches and on the derivation of thefactors used in Equations 1 to 4.

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESi)Household Refrigerators and Freezers
TABLE 2-28
HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATORS AND FREEZERS INPUT PARAMETERSREFRIGERANT ACTIVITY DATA

Input

Definition

Default
Value

Commentkassembly losses in % of amount charged

2%

range 2-5%xannual leakage rate in % of the total
HFC/PFC charge in the stock

1%naverage equipment lifetime

15 yr

y

amount of HFC/PFC in systems at timeof disposal in % of initial charge

90%zamount of HFC/PFC recovered in % of
actual charge (“recovery efficiency”)

50%

Reasonable estimates for the numberofrefrigerators
andfreezers
manufactured are generally available,
as well as the number of imported
and exported units and the total
stock. The amount of refrigerantbanked in the stock can be estimatedby multiplying the number of units by
the average charge size.

0% if norecoverypractices

These values are typical of industrialised countries and may be different fordeveloping countries.
ii)

Other Stationary Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

TABLE 2-29
OTHER STATIONARY REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT INPUTPARAMETERS
Input

Definition

Default
Value

Commentkassembly losses in % of amountcharged2-5%

2-3% for factory built
4-5% for site built

xannual leakage rate in % of the total
HFC/PFC charge in the stock

17%

3% if improved valves
and fittings are usednaverage equipment lifetime

15 yr

y

amount of HFC/PFC in systems attime of disposal in % of initial charge

90%zamount of HFC/PFC recovered in %of actual charge (“recovery
efficiency”)

0%80% if use recovery
practices

Refrigerant charge may vary over a wide range, depending upon system sizeand design. The following range may indicate orders of magnitude.
·
·
·
·
·
·

Residential air conditioning:
Transport Refrigeration:
Retail Food Refrigeration:
Chillers:
Industrial Process Refrigeration:
Commercial and industrial appliances:

2 to 3 kg
8 kg
10 to 230 kg
75 to 900 kg
340 to 9100 kg
0.10 to 0.50 kg

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To apply the bottom-up approach, reliable average values for system charge
sizes valid for each country will be required to develop useful estimates.
iii)

Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) Equipment
TABLE 2-30
MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING (MAC) EQUIPMENT INPUT PARAMETERS

Input

Definition

Default
Value

Commentkassembly losses in % of amountcharged4-5%

xannual leakage rate in % of thetotal HFC/PFC charge in the stock30%

10% with improved
seals fittings and hosingnaverage equipment lifetime

12 yr

11 yr (small cars) to 15
yr (trucks)yamount of HFC/PFC in systems attime of disposal in % of initialcharge75%zamount of HFC/PFC recovered in% of actual charge (“recovery
efficiency”)

0%80% if use recovery
practices

Typical refrigerant charges in mobile air conditioners are 1.2 kg/unit for cars
and 1.5 kg/unit for trucks. MACs in newer cars may have a lower charge,e.g., 800 g which is typical for Japanese passenger cars.

B)

Foam Blowingi)Open Cell Foam

For open cell foams, HFC and PFC emissions occur at the time of
manufacture and are equal to 100 per cent of the total quantity of chemical
used as the blowing agent. As a result total HFC or PFC emissions in year t
for open cell foam can be calculated as follows:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t = 100% of the quantity of HFCs or
PFCs sold for blowing open cell foam in year tii)

Closed Cell Foam

For closed cell foams, only about 10 per cent of the blowing agent isreleased during the blowing of the foam, while the remaining chemical iscontained in the insulation. This quantity remaining in the foam is slowly
released over the 20 to 25 year lifetime of the foam. HFC or PFC emissions
from insulating foam in year t are therefore calculated as follows:

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Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t=
10 per cent of the total quantity of HFC or PFC used in manufacturing
new insulating foam in year t+
4.5 per cent of the quantity of original HFC or PFC charge blown into
the insulated foam manufactured between year t and year t-20

The total quantity of HFC or PFC contained in the existing stock ofinsulating foam can be calculated as the product of the total quantity of
insulating foam in use in year t and the average charge of chemical containedin each tonne of such installed insulating foam.
If action is taken to control emissions from foam blowing by recycling or
leakage control then an alternative formula may be applicable. See Reference
Manual, Section 2.17.4.3.

C)Fire Extinguishers

Total halon emissions can be estimated as 60 per cent of total halon 1211
contained in new portable halon fire extinguishers installed each year, and as
35 per cent of total Halon 1301 contained in new total flooding equipment
installed each year. The remaining amounts of chemical, 40 per cent for
portable fire extinguishers and 65 per cent for total flooding equipment
respectively, adds to the bank of fire extinguishing chemicals. As halons are
replaced, emissions of HFCs and PFCs may be calculated:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t=
60 per cent of the total quantity of HFC or PFC used in new portablehalocarbon fire extinguishing equipment installed in year t
Similarly, emissions estimates in year t for total flooding equipment can becalculated as:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t=
35 per cent of the total quantity of HFC or PFC used new fixed
halocarbon fire extinguishing equipment installed in year t
D)
Aerosols
Emissions from aerosols are modelled by the following equation :Emissions of HFCs in year t=
50% of the quantity of HFCs contained in aerosols sold in year t+
50% of the quantity of HFC contained in aerosols sold in year t-1

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

HFC AND PFC USE IN FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
HFCs and PFCs are potential
replacements for Halon 1211 inportable fire extinguishers and Halon
1301 in total flooding fixed fire
extinguishing systems.
Potential
substitutes include HFC-23, HFC125, HFC-227ea, PFC-410, and PFC614.

SF6 USE IN FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Some of the new substitutes forhalon in fire extinguishing equipment
contain sulphur hexafluoride, SF6,
probably in blends with HFC. If the
products contain SF6, it is emitted tothe atmosphere in the same manneras HFC or PFC. The equations forthe estimation of HFC and PFC
emissions from fire extinguishingequipment are therefore also valid
for SF6, since they have to be
adjusted for the proportion of theSF6 in the original blend. Emissionsof SF6 are to be calculated according
to the proportion of this chemical in
the blend.

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This calculation accounts for the six-month lag from purchase to use.

E)
HFC AND PFC USE AS SOLVENTSHFCs and PFCs may be used as
replacements for CFC-113 in metal
cleaning, electronics, and precision
cleaning
applications
andasreplacements for aerosol cleaning.
The compounds that may be used
include HFC-43-10, PFC-614, PFC512, PFC-612, PFC-716, and PFC819.

Chemicals used as cleaning agents are emitted during, or shortly after, use
and are typically 100 per cent of total use. This methodology assumes thatsolvents, on average, are used six months after they are sold.
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t=
50% of the quantity of HFCs or PFC
sold for use in solvent applications in year t+
50% of the quantity of HFCs
sold for use in solvent applications in year t-1

F)
OTHER HFC AND PFC USE
Other applications in which HFCs
and PFCs may replace CFC and
HCFC include sterilisationequipment, tobacco expansion
applications, and as solvents in the
manufacture of adhesives, coatingsand inks. The specific compounds
include HFC-125, HFC-134a, andHFC-227 ea.

Solvents

Other Applications

For other applications, it is assumed that all HFCs and PFC are released
within 6 months after production. Emissions in the year t can be calculated
as follows:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t=
50% of the quantity of HFCs/PFCs sold for other applications in year t+
50% of the quantity of HFCs/PFCs sold in year t-1

Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Emissions
SF6 is used as an insulation medium in high tension electrical equipment
including gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and circuit breakers.
The use of SF6 in production of aluminium and magnesium is covered under
Reference Manual, Section 2.13.8.
Total annual emissions of SF6 used in GIS applications and circuit breakers
can be assumed to be approximately 1 per cent of the total quantity of SF6
contained in equipment. In addition, if it is assumed that GIS has a lifetime of
30 years, then approximately 70 per cent of the SF6 will remain in theequipment upon retirement and will then be released upon disposal of theequipment. Total emissions from GIS applications can therefore be
estimated as:

2.54

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

Emissions of SF6 in year t=
1% of the total charge of SF6 contained in the existing stock of equipment inyear t+
70% of the quantity in equipment manufactured in year t-30.

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEETS 2-15 CONSUMPTION OF HALOCARBONS AND SULPHUR
HEXAFLUORIDE - TIER 1a AND TIER 1b to enter data for this submodule. Eachindividual compound must be assessed separately.

STEP 1 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED - TIER 1a AND TIER 1b
1

Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Produced intonnes of the specific halocarbon in question and enter it intocolumn A.

2

Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Imported andExported in Bulk, into and out of the country, in tonnes of thespecific halocarbon in question, and enter these values into columns
B and C, respectively.

3

Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Destroyed intonnes of the specific halocarbon in question that was destroyedand enter it into column D.

4

Add column A to column B, subtract column C, subtract column Dand enter the result in column E to obtain the Potential Bulk
Halocarbon Emissions.

USING THE WORKSHEET•

Copy the Worksheet at the endof this section to complete theinventory.

•

Keep the original of theWorksheet blank so you canmakefurthercopiesif
necessary.

STEP 2 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED - TIER 1b
1

Estimate the total annual Number of Units of Imported (as positive
numbers) or Exported (as negative numbers) of individual producttypes, containing the specific halocarbon in question, and enter
these into column F.

2

Estimate the total Quantity of Material per Unit for each individual
product type in kg and the fraction of halocarbon in material (%100)of the specific halocarbon in question and enter these intocolumns G and H, respectively.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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2.55

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

3

Multiply column F, G and H to calculate kg of each halocarbon,
convert to tonnes by dividing by 103 and enter this value in column I
to obtain Potential Product Halocarbon Emissions.

4

Sum the values in column I and enter the result in the bottom ofthat column to obtain the total Potential Product Halocarbon
Emissions.

STEP 3 SUMMARY OF HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED - TIER 1a AND TIER 1b

WORKSHEET
The same worksheet can be used forhome refrigeration and freezers,
other stationary refrigeration and air
conditioning equipment and mobile
air conditioning. Each worksheet
must be duplicated for every HFC
and PFC under assessment.

1Enter the totals from columns E and I repectively in the appropriate
columns J and K and sum these two columns and enter result incolumn L.

2

Divide column L by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or
PFCs and enter this value in column M to obtain the Total Potential
Halocarbon Emissions.

STEP 4 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED- REFRIGERATION ASSEMBLYTIER 2
1

Estimate the Amount of HFC/PFC Charged into New Systems inYear t (inventory year) in tonnes and enter in column A.

2Enter appropriate value of k Assembly Losses in amount charged inper cent into column B.

3

Multiply column A by column B (see Equation 1), and enter result incolumn C.

4

Divide the result in column C by 103 and enter the result incolumn D.

STEP 5 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED - REFRIGERATION OPERATIONTIER 2

2.56

1

Estimate the total Amount of HFC/PFC Stocked in Existing Systems
in Year t ( inventory year) in tonnes, and enter in column E.

2Enter appropriate value of x, Annual Leakage Rate, in per cent, intocolumn F.

3

Estimate the Halocarbon Emitted in tonnes using Equation 2 asshown in Column G. Enter result in column G.

4

Divide the result in column G by 103 and enter the result incolumn H.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESSTEP 6 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED - REFRIGERATION DISPOSALTIER 2
1

Estimate the total Amount of HFC/PFC Charged into New Systems
in Year t-n in tonnes and enter in column I.

2Enter appropriate values of n, Average Equipment Lifetime in years
into column J.

3Enter appropriate values of y, Amount of HFC/PFC in Systems at
Time of Disposal in Per Cent of Original Charge into column K.

4Enter appropriate values of z, Amount of HFC/PFC Recovered in
Per Cent of Actual Charge into column L.

5

Calculate Halocarbon Emitted during disposal by using Equation 3 asshown in Column M. Enter the result in column M.

6

Divide the value in column M by 103 and enter the result incolumn N.

STEP 7 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED-SUMMARY - TIER 2
1

Transfer sums of columns D, H and N for emissions during
Assembly, Operation and Disposal respectively into appropriate
columns O, P and Q.

2

Sum the values in columns O, P and Q and enter the result incolumn R to obtain the Total Halocarbon Emissions.

STEP 8 ESTIMATING HFCS AND PFCSEMITTED FROM FOAM PRODUCTS- TIER 2This worksheet contains both open cell and closed cell foams. Eachworksheet must be duplicated for every HFC and PFC under assessment.
Open Cell
1

Estimate the Quantity of HFCs/PFCs Used in open cell foam for theyear under study, in tonnes, and enter it in column A.

2Enter the appropriate Fraction Loss during Production for open cell
foam in per cent (100% if no recovery) in column C.

3

Calculate HFC/PFC Emitted during production by multiplying
column A by column C and enter result in tonnes into column E.

4Divide column E by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or
PFCs and enter this value in column F

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

HFC AND HCFC USE IN FOAM
HFCs are potential replacements for
CFCs and HCFCs in the manufactureofinsulating,cushioning,
andpackaging foams.
The specificcompounds that may be used include
HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, andHFC-152a.

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2.57

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESClosed Cell Foam

RECYCLING
Approximately 55 per cent of the
HFC or PFC used as a blowing agent
in the manufacture of open cell
foams could potentially be recycled.
If such recycling occurs, total
emissions from open cell foam
manufacture would still be 100 per
cent of the chemical sold for foam
blowing purposes.
The quantity
required, however, would be
reduced since the gas used for theblowing process will be a mixture of
45 per cent virgin chemical and 55
per cent recycled chemical.

1

Estimate the Quantity of HFC/PFC Used in closed cell foam for theyear under study, in tonnes, and enter it in column A.

2

Estimate the Quantity of HFC/PFC in Use contained in existing
stock of insulating foam for the year under study in tonnes andenter this value in column B.

3Enter the appropriate Fraction Loss during Production (closed cell)in per cent (100% if no recovery) in columnC.

4Enter the Fraction Loss during Use in per cent in column D.

5Multiply column A by column C and add this value to the result ofcolumn B times column D. Enter the result in tonnes in column E.

6Divide column E by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or
PFCs and enter this value in column F.

STEP 9 ESTIMATING HFCS, PFCS AND SF6
EMITTED FROM FIRE EXTINGUISHERS TIER 2
USING THE WORKSHEET

Portable and Fixed Fire Extinguishers•

Copy the Worksheet at the endof this section to complete theinventory.

1•

Keep the original of theWorksheet blank so you canmakefurthercopiesif
necessary.

Estimate the Total Quantity of HFC/PFC/SF6 Used in New
Extinguishers in tonnes, broken down into portable and fixed,
systems for the year under study and enter this value into column
A.

2Enter appropriate Fractional Loss Factor for portable and fixed fire
extinguishers in per cent into column B.

3

Calculate HFC/PFC/SF6 Emitted by multiplying column A by column
B and enter result, in tonnes, in column C.

4

Divide column C by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs,
PFCs or SF6 and enter this value in column D.

5

Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom ofcolumn to obtain the Total HFC/PFC/SF6 Emitted.

•

Each worksheet must be
duplicated for every HFC, PFC
and SF6 under assessment.

HFC USE IN AEROSOLS
HFCs may be used as replacements
for CFCs in aerosol propellants inindustrial and technical applications,and household, medical and personalcare products. The HFCs that may
be used include HFC-125, HFC-134a,
152a, and HFC-227ea.

2.58

STEP 10 ESTIMATING HFCS, PFCS AND
SF6 EMITTED FROM AEROSOLS - TIER 2
1

Estimate the Use of HFCs or PFCs for Aerosols in Inventory Yearin tonnes, and enter this number in column A.

2

Estimate the Use of HFCs/PFCs for Aerosols in Prior Year intonnes and enter this number in column B.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

3

Enter the appropriate factor of Loss of Current Year’s Use for theyear under inventory in column C in per cent divided by 100. A
default of 0.5 can be used.

4

Calculate the Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Aerosols by multiplying
column A by column C and adding the result to the multiplicationof column B times (1-column C). Enter the result into column D.

5Divide column D by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFC or
PFCs and enter this value in column E.

STEP 11 ESTIMATING HFCS, PFCS AND SF6
EMITTED FROM SOLVENTS - TIER 2
1

Estimate the Use of HFCs or PFCs for Solvents in Inventory Yearin tonnes, and enter this number in column A.

2

Estimate the Use of HFCs/PFCs for Solvents in Prior Year in tonnes
and enter this number in column B.

3Enter the appropriate factor of Loss of Current Year’s Use for theyear under study in column C in per cent divided by 100. A default
value of 0.5 can be used.

4

Calculate the Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Solvents by multiplying
column A by column C and adding the result to the multiplicationof column B times (1-column C). Enter the result into column D.

5Divide column D by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFC or
PFCs and enter this value in column E.

STEP 12 ESTIMATING HFCS, PFCS AND
SF6 EMITTED FROM OTHER APPLICATIONS TIER 2
1

Estimate the Use of HFCs or PFCs for Other Applications in
Inventory Year in tonnes, and enter this number in column A.

2

Estimate the Use of HFCs/PFCs for Other Applications in Prior
Year in tonnes and enter this number in column B.

3Enter the appropriate factor of Loss of Current Year’s Use for theyear under study in column C in per cent divided by 100. A default
value of 0.5 can be used.

4

Calculate the Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Other Applications bymultiplying column A by column C and adding the result to themultiplication of column B times (1-column C). Enter the result
into column D.

5Divide column D by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFC or
PFCs and enter this value in column E.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

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2.59

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESSTEP 13This worksheet is for SF6 used in GIS and circuit breakers.

SF6 ACTIVITY DATA
The total charge of SF6 contained inequipment can be estimated as the
product of the total quantity ofequipment in operation and thetypical charge size. Charge sizes for
GIS equipment rated to 50 kV or
more can range from hundreds tothousandsofkilogramsperinstallation, and for low-voltage
switches contain 1-2 kg per
installation. If data on the total stockof GIS are unavailable, it should beassumed that emissions equal
consumption.

2.60

ESTIMATING SF6 EMITTED

1

Estimate the Quantity of SF6 in Use in Inventory Year, in tonnes, in
GIS and circuit breakers and enter this value in column A.

2Enter the appropriate Loss Factor for SF6 in Use for the year understudy, in column B, in per cent divided by 100.

3

Estimate the Quantity of SF6 in Use 30 years Prior to the Inventory
Year in tonnes, in GIS and circuit breakers and enter this incolumn C.

4Enter the appropriate Fraction Remaining in SF6 Equipment at Timeof Disposal, in column D, in per cent divided by 100.

5Calculate SF6 Emitted by multiplying column A by column B, andadding it to the result of multiplying column C by column D. Enterthe result into column E.

6Divide column E by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams SF6 Emitted
and enter this value in column F.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook