February 13, 2014 Asia‐Pacific Eco‐Business Forum

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Control Program
Kawasaki Environment Research InstituteYoshihiro Suzuki
Local Environment/Pollution Monitoring Department,
Kawasaki Environment Research Institute1What Is Particulate Matter (PM 2.5)?
Small particle less than 2.5 μm in diameter suspended in the atmospherePM2.5 (2.5 μm)
Suspended particulatematter (SPM)(10 μm)Cedar pollen(about 20 ‐ 40 μm)

Hair(about 70 μm)* 1 μm=1/1000 mm

Relative scale2

Major Sources of Particulate
Matter (PM2.5)

Source: Leaflet prepared by Suspended Particulate Matter Control Subcommittee,
Kanagawa Prefecture Pollution Prevention Promotion Council
3

Mechanism of Production of Particulate
Matter (PM2.5)
Primary particle

Secondary production
particle

Gaseoussubstance inthe air(NOx, Sox, etc.)

Emitted as particles

OxParticle production
through photochemicalreactions(Components: sulfate ion, nitrate ion, etc.)(Components: elemental carbon, etc.)
4Environmental Standards for PM2.5
What are the environmental standards?
The standards that should be maintained to protect human health andpreserve the living environment

Establishment of the environmental standards for PM2.5
Environmental standards were established and announced by theMinistry of the Environment on September 9, 2009

Contents of the environmental standards
Annual mean≦15 μg/m3
Daily mean≦ 35 μg/m35

Present Conditions of PM2.5 Monitoring in Japan
Establishment of measurement centers (2012)
General ambient air measurement centers(General measurement centers) ・・・313
Automobile exhaust gas measurement centers*Number of operating measurement centers(Exhaust measurement centers) ・・・124

Conditions of adherence to environmental standards (2012)
General ambient air measurement centers(general measurement centers) ・・・43.5%
Automobile exhaust gas measurement centers(Exhaust measurement centers) ・・・33.9%
Source: Website of Ministry of the Environment (http://www.env.go.jp/press/press.php?serial=17553)
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PM2.5 Monitoring/Investigation System
Kawasaki Environment Research Institute〇Constant monitoring/measurement◇ Improvement/expansion of PM2.5 monitoring system◇ Improvement/expansion of provision of PM2.5 related information◇ Provision of warning information at the time of increased PM2.5
concentration〇Component analysis/investigation
7

Improvement/Expansion of PM2.5
Monitoring System
PM2.5 constant monitoring system in Kawasaki City・ Present system (11 centers in total)
General ambient air measurement centers:
6 centers (Daishi, Saiwai, Nakahara, Takatsu,Miyamae, Asao)
Automobile exhaust gas measurement centers:
5 centers(Ikegami, Nisshin‐cho, Futago, Honmurabashi,Miyamaedaira Station)

Asao General
Measurement
CenterMiyamae General
Measurement
CenterTakatsu General
Measurement
CenterNakahara General
Measurement
CenterEstablished before 2012
Established in 2012
Newly established in 2013

Saiwai General
Measurement
CenterDaishi General
Measurement
Center・ Measurement centers newly established in 2013
General ambient air measurement centers:
2 centers (including one national center)
Automobile exhaust gas measurement center:one center[The system consisted of 14 centers in total in2013]

Honmurabashi
ExhaustMeasurement Center

Miyamaedaira Station
Exhaust Measurement
CenterFutago Exhaust
Measurement
CenterNisshin‐cho
ExhaustMeasurement
CenterIkegami Exhaust
Measurement
CenterPM2.5 measurement centers in Kawasaki City
* General measurement center: general ambient air measurement center
Exhaust measurement center: automobile exhaust gas measurement center8Assessment of Constant Monitoring
Data (2012)
The conditions of adherence to the environmental standards regarding
particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2012 are presented in the table below. At theIkegami Automobile Exhaust Gas Measurement Center, the measurements
exceeded the environmental standards.

General measurement centers

Exhaust measurement centers

Measurement
centers

Assessment

SaiwaiNakahara

Takatsu

Asao

IkegamiFutagoMiyamaedaira
Station

Honmurabashi

○○

○

○

×○

○

○

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Trend of Annual Average for PM2.5(μg/m3)40.0
35.0

田島(Tajima)

幸(Saiwai)

中原(Nakahara)

高津(Takatu)(Asao)
麻生(Aso)二子(Futago)

宮前平(Miyamaedaira)

池上(Ikegami)

30.0
25.0
20.0

アップデート版を作成する。
（2000年度～2012年）

15.0
10.000010203040506070809

Trend of annual average for PM2.5(Trend of annual average for PM2.5)

101112
Fiscal year (FY)* The monitor was switched from Series 1400a to Model 1405‐DF on November 12, 2009 at the Tajima Center.
* Center (establishment): Tajima (Apr 2000); Saiwai (Mar 2012), Nakahara (Mar 2012), Takatsu (Mar 2009), Asao (Apr 2011),Ikegami (Jul 2000), Futago (Feb 2010), Miyamaedaira (Apr 2011)10

Introduction of the Provision of Air
Quality Data Using Data Broadcasting
Kawasaki City introduced a new system that enables citizens to view air quality data on their home
TV screen in real time using Television KANAGAWA data broadcasting
Measurement items displayed on the TV screen:
SO2 (sulfur dioxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), OX (photochemicaloxidant), SPM (suspended particulate matter), PM2.5 (particulatematter 2.5)
Guide for viewing the data:
Press the “d” button on the remote control and select in the following
order:→「マイタウン情報 川崎市」 (‘My Town Information Kawasaki City’)→「大気環境速報値」 (‘Air Quality Preliminary Measurements’) (*)(*) For TV sets in which the zip code of Kawasaki City has beenentered.
TV screen

Kawasaki City introduced an air quality data service using TV
data broadcasting as the first case in Kanagawa Prefecture.
11

Provision of Warning Information in the Event of
Increased PM2.5 Concentration
Information warning service
In the case of a predicted increase in PM2.5 concentration, warning information is provided throughthe following information media:〇 Community disaster prevention wireless system〇 Disaster prevention mailing list (For registration, send a blank e‐mail to the following address.)〇 Website of Kawasaki City
〇 Answering service (Kanagawa Prefecture): TEL 045‐210‐5980

Information calling attention to the PM2.5 situation
The following warning information is provided when PM2.5 concentration is expected to increase〇 Don’t go out unless absolutely necessary〇 Don’t exercise outside or keep such activities to a minimum〇 Minimize the entrance of outside air into rooms by controlling ventilation or opening/shutting windows as little
as possible〇 Be extra careful if you suffer from respiratory or circulatory diseases. Small children and the elderly must actvery carefully with due consideration for their health condition.
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Component Analysis/Investigation• By investigating/analyzing particle concentrationand component composition of PM2.5, basic
materials for the development of administrative
measures for the achievement of environmental
standards can be prepared
Objectives…
Clarification of theactual PM2.5
conditions

Analysis of source

Clarification of theactual conditionsof advection
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Details of Component Analysis〇 PM2.5 concentration〇 Ion components (8 ions)・Cl‐, NO3‐, SO42‐, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+〇 Carbon components
・ Elemental carbon (EC)・ Organic carbon (OC)・ Water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC)〇 Metallic components (13 metals)
・Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb, Pb
14

Investigation Period (2012)• 2 weeks each season (spring/summer/fall/winter)• 23‐hour sampling from 10:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. the following day

Investigation period
SpringMay 9‐May 22, 2012

SummerJul 25‐Aug 7, 2012

Fall

Oct 23‐Nov 5, 2012

WinterJan 22‐Feb 4, 2013

Measurement Points forPM2.5 Component Analysis

TakatsuIkegami

Tajima・General environment areas: Tajima, Takatsu
・Roadside area: IkegamiComponent Composition of PM2.5

EC
10%

Others
10%

NO3‐
12%

SO42‐27%

OC24%

Other ions
4%

NH4+
13%

* Estimated from the annual mean of measurements taken at Tajima in 2012

PM2.5 Concentration

Before trapping(quartz filter)

Microbalance(MX5, Mettler Toledo)

After trapping(quartz filter)

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration
Measurement Results
25.0

Concentration (μg/㎥)

20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
春季

夏季

秋季
田島•
••

冬季
高津

年平均
池上Annual mean concentration: roadside (19.2 μg/m3), general environment (12.8, 16.3 μg/m3)
PM2.5 concentration at the roadside was higher than that in the general environment
PM2.5 concentration in the spring was the highest among the four seasons.

Ion Component Analysis

Ion chromatography system(Dionex DX500, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.)

Water‐Soluble Ion Component Analysis Results••

The total ion concentration showed a tendency to increase in the spring and decrease in thefall.
In comparing SO42‐ and NO3‐ , which are representative ion components among secondary
production particles, SO42‐ was a predominant negative ion in the summer, while theconcentration of NO3‐ was higher than SO42‐ in the winter.

Carbon Component Analysis
Water‐Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC)
Component Analysis

Carbon analyzer(SUNSET Laboratory)

Carbon Component Analysis Results
10Spring

SummerFall

田島 高津 池上

田島 高津 池上

田島 高津 池上

WinterMean

Concentration (μg/m3)

864
20OC•
••

EC

田島 高津 池上

田島 高津 池上

EC: elemental carbon
OC: organic carbon

EC concentration at the roadside was markedly high in Ikegami.
There was no marked difference in OC concentration between measurement points.
The season specific transition of OC concentration showed a tendency to increase in the falland decrease in the summer at all three measurement points.

Water‐Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC)
Component Analysis Results
5

SpringSummerFallWinter

田島 高津 池上

田島 高津 池上

田島 高津 池上

田島 高津 池上

MeanConcentration (μg/m3)

43
2
10

WSOC

•
•
•

WIOC

田島 高津 池上

WSOC: water‐soluble organic carbon
WIOC: water‐insoluble organic carbon(WIOC) = (OC) – (WSOC)

WIOC concentration was higher than WSOC concentration at all three measurement points
No marked difference in WSOC concentration was observed between measurement points in thegeneral environment and the measurement point at the roadside
The season specific transition of WSOC concentration showed a tendency to increase in the falland decrease in the winterMetallic Component Analysis

ICP mass spectrometer(7700x, Agilent)
Pretreatment process for metallic analysis (open system)

Metallic Component Analysis Results
Annual mean concentration of particulate matter (μg/m3, 2012)

MgAlKCaVMnFeNiCu
ZnCd
Sb
Pb

Roadside

General environment

Ikegami
0.042
0.070
0.13
0.13
0.00910.021
0.37
0.00780.00880.055
0.000310.00170.013

Tajima
0.021
0.036
0.096
0.044
0.00680.00920.17
0.00540.00700.034
0.000220.00120.0079

Takatsu
0.038
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.00710.00710.19
0.00250.00510.033
0.000200.00130.0071・ The mean concentrations of Al, K, Ca and Fe
were higher than the remaining metals.
⇒ Influence of naturally‐occurring metals
Sea salt particles: K
Soil particles: Al, Ca, Fe
・ The concentration of Sb was higher at theroadside than in the general environment.
⇒ Involvement of automobile brake pads
・ Characteristic seasonal variation consisted ofthe phenomenon where the concentrationsof V and Ni, which are indexes of heavy oil
combustion, increased in the summer when
the south wind became predominant.

Summary of Constant
Monitoring Results andまとめ
Component Analysis Results〇 Constant monitoring・ A decreasing trend for PM2.5 concentration was observed over the long term; however,measurements still exceeded the environmental standard.

〇Component analysis (2012)
・ Carbon and ion components were the main components of PM2.5, as theyaccounted for about 60‐70% of the total.
・ Attention should be directed to carbon and ion components in order to control
PM2.5 concentration.
・ In Ikegami, the elemental carbon (EC) component contributed to an increase inPM2.5 concentration at the roadside. Because the source of EC is automobile
exhaust gas, further control of automobile emissions would likely result in areduction in PM2.5 concentration in Ikegami.
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Future Strategies for Controlling PM2.5 (1)Clarification of the actual conditions regarding PM2.5

Investigation of the concentration and components of PM2.5 in
Kawasaki City
Investigation of component composition
Detection of components at high concentration
Clarification of characteristics in each region

Effort to promote source apportionment
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Future Strategies for Controlling PM2.5 (2)PM2.5 source apportionment

Identification of the source of responsible substances(Local event? Widespread advection?)

Evaluation of strategies for reduction(Kawasaki City performs all measures that they can achieve
independently, but for those that can not be carried out
independently, the city takes a cooperative approach with theJapanese government and other local governments.)
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Future Strategies for Controlling PM2.5 (3)Practical introduction of wide‐ranging
measures for cooperation
In cooperation with Kanagawa Prefecture, the Kanto
region and other local governments, Kawasaki City
investigates actual conditions regarding PM2.5

In cooperation with the above, Kawasaki City conducts aninvestigation and promotes control measures
A nationwide approach is taken to clarify the actualconditions regarding PM2.5(efforts to control widespread advection)
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Future Strategies for Controlling PM2.5 (4)Industry‐university/global investigation
Global awareness‐raising campaign (to control advection), joint
project to clarify the actual conditions regarding widespread
advection of PM2.5(e.g. sharing techniques for clarification of actual conditions,accepting interns, etc.)

International contribution throughenvironmental technology
Reduction of PM2.5 in Japan and foreigncountries
Shenyang City (China) officers visited Japan toobserve the actual conditions regarding PM2.5.

31Industry‐University‐Community Joint Research Project・ Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.
・ Joint Research Project with ResearchCenter for Advanced Science andTechnology, The University of Tokyo

Field assessment using an ‘aerosolcomplex analyzer’

Evaluation by comparing with the standard
measurement method
Validation of measurement data

Operation experiment in the Takatsu General Measurement Center32

Thank you for your kind attention

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