Contents
Background ··································································································

1

Theme and Objective ······················································································

2

Outline of Schedule ························································································

2

Accommodations ···························································································

2

Program ······································································································

3

List of Participants ·························································································

7

Summaries for Keynote Address, Address and Invited Lectures ································

9

Summaries for the Young Researcher’s Forum ····················································· 27
Abstracts for Poster Presentations ····································································· 37
Organizing Committee ···················································································· 115
Executive Committee ······················································································ 116
筑波アジア農業教育セミナー及び国際農学ESDシンポジウムの沿革 ······················· 121
国際農学ESDシンポジウム 2015の概要 ······························································ 125
国際農学ESDシンポジウム 2015の日程表 ··························································· 126iDate: November 16 (Mon.) to 20 (Fri.), 2015
Venue: University Hall, University of Tsukuba
Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
Main Working Language: English
Organizers: Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of TsukubaiiBackground
The Agricultural and Forestry Research Center of the University of Tsukuba has been
nominated by UNESCO as an Associated Center of the Asia-Pacific Program of Educational
Innovation for Development (APEID) in the field of vocational and technical education, and hasorganized the Tsukuba Asian Seminar on Agricultural Education (TASAE) annually since 1979.
TASAE has gained a good reputation as an international agricultural program under APEID
through the timely theme for each term. The themes of TASAE for each term were as follows:
・ 1979-1981【 The second term of APEID 】
Agricultural Education at the Secondary Level in Asia
・ 1982-1986【 The third term of APEID 】
Strategies for Innovation of Agricultural Education in Asian Countries
・ 1987-1991【 The forth term of APEID 】
Education and Research for Higher Agricultural Productivity Conserving Nature
Agro-ecosystem in Asian and Pacific Countries
・ 1992-1996【 The fifth term of APEID 】
Education and Research for Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Conserving Nature
and Agro-ecosystem in Asian and Pacific Countries
・ 1997-2001【 The sixth term of APEID 】
Innovative strategies for linking agricultural and environmental education in Asian andPacific Countries for the 21st century
・ 2002-2007【 The seventh term of APEID 】
The utilization and conservation of the water resources for human survival, bioproduction
and

the

environment

considering

sustainable

development,

and

the

role

of

agro-environmental education
・ 2008-2013【 The eighth term of APEID 】
Promotion of Ag-ESD for the Development of a Sustainable Future
The 2008 International Symposium on Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development(Ag-ESD Symposium 2008) succeeded TASAE and the first annual symposium in the eighth termof APEID was held at the University of Tsukuba in November 2008. The eighth term of APEID issponsored in collaboration with the Japan National Commission for UNESCO, JICA, Ibaraki
University and the International Cooperative Education Program for Creation of Harmonious
Asian Countries. The aim of Ag-ESD is to promote reform and improve agricultural higher
education, especially considering environmental problems from an international viewpoint.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2009 entitled “Food Safety and Food Security in Agricultural ESD” washeld from November 9th to 12th at the university as the second annual symposium. Eighteen participants
were invited from 7 countries: Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, India, Malawi, Nigeria and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2010 was held from November 8th to 11th at the University ofTsukuba and focused on “Secondary and Higher Education for Sustainable Development:
Agriculture and the Environment ”. Fifteen participants from 8 countries: Philippines, Thailand,1

Indonesia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Malawi, Ghana and Japan. A special session was organizedfor participation of high school teachers from Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2011 was held from November 7th to 11th and focused on“Appropriate Use of Biodiversity in Agricultural ESD”. Twenty-one participants from 9 countries:
Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Afghanistan, U.S.A, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2012 was held from October 29th to November 2nd and focused on“Technological Innovations to Reduce Environmental Impacts in Agricultural Education for
Sustainable Development”. Nineteen participants from 9 countries: Philippines, Thailand,
Indonesia, Afghanistan, U.S.A, Ghana, Kenya, Laos and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2013 was held from November 25th to 29th and focused on “TheRole of Universities in Promoting Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development”.
Seventeen participants from 7 countries: Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Afghanistan, U.S.A,
Kenya and Japan.
The Ag-ESD Symposium 2014 was held from November 10th to 14th and focused on“Premium Agriculture and Food Project”. Sixteen participants from 9 countries: Philippines,
Thailand, Indonesia, Afghanistan, U.S.A, Malaysia, Ghana, Zambia and Japan.

Theme and Objective
1) Theme
Food Loss and Food Waste
2) Objective
To promote APEID program and Global Action Program, which is a post-ESD program of
UNESCO, we will focus on issues related to the role of universities in promoting agricultural
education for sustainable development.

Outline of Schedule
Nov. 15 (Sun.)

Arrival at Narita Airport, Japan

16 (Mon.)Registration, Opening Ceremony, Keynote Addresses, Welcome Party

17 (Tue.)

Invited Lectures, Discussion with Students

18 (Wed.)Invited Lectures, Poster Viewing, Excursion

19 (Thu.)

Poster Session, Invited Lecture, Awards Ceremony, Parallel session

20 (Fri.)

Young Researcher's Forum, Closing Ceremony, Farewell Party

21 (Sat.)

Departure from Japan

Accommodations
Hotel Nikko Narita (Phone) 0476-32-0032
Nov. 16(Mon.) – 20 (Fri.) University Hall Annex, University of Tsukuba (Phone) 029-853-2386
Nov. 15 (Sun.)2

Ag-ESD Symposium 2015 Program
Program of 2015 International Symposium on Agricultural Education for Sustainable Development
November 15 （Sun.） Arrival at Narita Airport[ ⇒ stay at Hotel Nikko Narita ]November 16 （Mon.）
10:30
Leave Hotel Nikko Narita for University of Tsukuba
12:00
Arrival at University Hall, UT
12:00-13:00
Lunch
13:15-13:30
Group Photograph (1)13:30-14:00
Opening Ceremony[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]Welcome Address
・Kyosuke NAGATA, President, University of Tsukuba
Opening Address
・Yooichi KAINOH, Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center (AFRC)(Associated Center of APEID), University of Tsukuba【 * Chairperson: Ryozo NOGUCHI 】
14:00-14:15
Group Photograph (2)14:15-15:15
Keynote Address (1)・Hiroyuki KONUMA, Senior Advisor to the President, Asia Institute of technology(AIT), Visiting Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University♢ Topic: “ Impacts of Food Losses and Waste in global Food Security andEnvironment ”【 * Chairperson: Atsushi TAJIMA 】
15:15-16:15
Keynote Address (2)・Hiroko ISODA, Professor, University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “ Roles of Anti- Oxidant Molecules as Functional Food Factor ”【 * Chairperson: Atsushi TAJIMA 】
16:15-17:15
Registration and Orientation
18:00-20:00
Welcome Party[The Soup Factory]

November 17 （Tue.）
09:20-09:40
Address・Atsushi ASANO, Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center(AFRC), University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “ Education for Sustainable Development in Agriculture at the
University of Tsukuba ”【 * Chairperson: Hideo YOSHIDA 】
3

09:40-10:20

10:20-11:00

11:00-12:15
12:15-13:30

13:30-14:00
14:00-14:40

14:40-15:20

15:20-15:30
15:30-16:10

16:10-16:50

Invited Lecture (1)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Shigeki YOSHIDA, Associate Professor, University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “ Functional Phenolic Components in Teas ”【 * Chairperson: Hideo YOSHIDA 】
Invited Lecture (2)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Yuji MIYAGUCHI, Professor, Ibaraki University♢ Topic: “ Reuse of expired natto, fermented soybeans, as an animal feed ”【 * Chairperson: Hideo YOSHIDA 】
Break and Lunch ( Free )Discussion with Students[ University Hall A ]・Lotis E. MOPERA, University of the Philippines, Los Baños
・Sujitta RAUNGRUSMEE, Kasetsart University
・Kudang Boro SEMINAR, Bogor Agricultural University
・Kynda CURTIS, Utah State University
Break
Invited Lecture (3)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Kudang Boro SEMINAR, Professor, Bogor Agricultural University♢ Topic: “ Food Chain Transparency for Food Loss and Waste Surveillance ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
Invited Lecture (4)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Sujitta RAUNGRUSMEE, Lecturer, Kasetsart University♢ Topic: “ Utilization of Food Loss and Waste ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
Break
Invited Lecture (5)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Lotis E. MOPERA, Director and Assistant Professor, University of the Philippines,
Los Baños♢ Topic: “ Food Waste Scenario in Philippine Agriculture ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
Invited Lecture (6)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Abdullah YOUSUFI, Master's Student, University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “ Horticulture Situation in Afghanistan Challenges and Opportunities ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】

November 18 （Wed.）
09:00-09:40
Invited Lecture (7)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Hasfalina CHE MAN, Associate Professor, Universiti Putra Malaysia♢ Topic: “ Sustainable Approaches in Minimizing Grain Losses ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
4

09:40-10:20

10:20-10:30
10:30-11:10

11:10-11:50

11:50-12:00
12:0016:30-17:00
18:30

Invited Lecture (8)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Kynda CURTIS, Professor and Extension Specialist, Utah State University♢ Topic: “ The Role of Sustainability Certification Programs in Reducing Food
Waste in Tourism ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
Break
Invited Lecture (9)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Mahmoud BEN OTHMAN, Post-doctoral, Alliance for Research on North Africa♢ Topic: “ The anti-stress effects of Tunisian Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. ethanol
extract and some of its active compounds ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
Invited Lecture (10)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Abass Karim NYO, Coordinator, Savannah Accelerated Development Authority( SADA )♢ Topic: “ Inadequate Infrastructure: the Bane behind Food Losses and Food
Security in the Savannah Zone of Ghana ”【 * Chairperson: Internship Student 】
Break
Leave University Hall A for ASAKUSALunch and Excursion
Leave ASAKUSA for University Hall ( Annex )Arrival at University Hall ( Annex )November 19 （Thu.）
09:00-13:30
Poster Presentation[ Lounge at 30th Anniversary Hall ]・Selected persons: Graduate students, etc.
Lunch ( Free )13:30-15:00
Senior High School at Sakado, University of Tsukuba Presentations
15:00-15:30
Invited Lecture (11)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Petr Dejmek, Professor, Lund University♢ Topic: “ Solar Assisted Pervaporation (SAP): a Novel Technique for Small-scale
Preservation of Juices and Juicy Fruits ”【 * Chairperson: Marcos NEVES 】
15:30-16:00
Awards Ceremony for Best Poster Presentation
16:00-18:00
Parallel session (Bioresouces Engineering)[ Multimedia Room ]5

November 20 （Fri.） 《 Young Researcher’s Forum 》
09:00-09:30
Presentation (1)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Yuta HOSHINO, Master's Student, Ibaraki University♢ Topic: “ Radiocesium and Potassium Dynamics in the Relation to Tillage andCover Crop Managements after the FDNPP Accident ”【 * Chairperson: Toshiya MATSUKAWA 】
09:30-10:00
Presentation (2)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・SUPRIYANTO, Lecture, Bogor Agricultural University♢ Topic: “ Hot Chili Information System to Forecast Supply Chili Production inIndonesia ”【 * Chairperson: Yuta HOSHINO 】
10:00-10:30
Presentation (3)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Dipti WANKHADE, Ph.D. Student, Kasetsart University♢ Topic: “ Development of Breeding Lines with Four Pyramided Resistance Genes
that Confer Broad- Spectrum Blast Disease Resistance in Rice Using
Marker Assisted Selection ”【 * Chairperson: Supriyanto 】
10:30-10:40
Break
10:40-11:10
Presentation (4)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Rona Camille M. LIZARDO, Assistant Professor 1, University of the Philippines,
Los Baños♢ Topic: “ Development of High-Value Food Products from Selected Indigenousand Underutilized Crops for Increased Utilization and Reduction ofFood Loss ”【 * Chairperson: Dipti WANKHADE 】
11:10-11:40
Presentation (5)[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]・Toshiya MATSUKAWA, Ph.D. Student, University of Tsukuba♢ Topic: “ Type 2 diabetes prevention effect of Cyanidin-3-glucoside derived fromblack soybeans in adipocytes and skeletal muscle ”【 * Chairperson: Rona Camille M. LIZARDO 】
11:40-13:00
Lunch and Break ( Free )13:00-14:00
Closing Ceremony[ Special Conference Room, University Hall A ]( Includes Awards Ceremony for the Best Presentation )14:00-18:00
Free Time
18:00-20:00
Farewell Party[ The Soup Factory ]November 21（Sat.）
07:00-09:00 Departure from Japan

6

List of Participants__________________________________________________________________________________________【Welcome Address】
Kyosuke NAGATA
President
University of Tsukuba【Opening Address】
Yooichi KAINOH
Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba【Keynote Address】
Keynote Speaker

Hiroyuki KONUMA
Senior Advisor to the President, Asia Institute of technology (AIT)Visiting Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University

Keynote Speaker

Hiroko ISODA
Professor, University of Tsukuba【Address】
SpeakerAtsushi ASANO
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba【Invited Lecture】
Invited Lecturer

Shigeki YOSHIDA
Associate Professor, University of Tsukuba 【Japan】
Yuji MIYAGUCHI
Professor, Ibaraki University 【Japan】
Kudang Boro SEMINAR
Professor, Bogor Agricultural University 【Indonesia】
Sujitta RAUNGRUSMEE
Lecturer, Kasetsart University 【Thailand】

7

Lotis E. MOPERA
Director and Assistant Professor
University of the Philippines, Los Baños 【Philippines】
Abdullah YOUSUFIMaster's Student, University of Tsukuba 【Afghanistan】
Hasfalina CHE MAN
Associate Professor, Universiti Putra Malaysia 【Malaysia】
Kynda CURTIS
Professor and Extension Specialist, Utah State University 【USA】
Mahmoud BEN OTHMAN
Post-doctoral, Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA)
Petr DEJMEKProfessor Emeritus, Lund University 【Sweden】

Abass Karim NYO < Graduate of University of Tsukuba, SRD Course >Coordinator, Agricultural Modernization and Food Security
Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) 【Ghana】【Young Researcher’s Forum】
PresenterYuta HOSHINO
Master's Student, Ibaraki University 【Japan】
SUPRIYANTO
Lecture, Bogor Agricultural University 【Indonesia】
Dipti WANKHADE
Ph.D. Student, Kasetsart University 【Thailand】
Rona Camille M. LIZARDO
Assistant Professor 1, University of the Philippines, Los Baños 【Philippines】
Toshiya MATSUKAWA
Ph.D. Student, University of Tsukuba 【Japan】

8

Summaries
for Keynote Address,
Address and Invited Lectures

Contributors【Keynote Address】･ Hiroyuki KONUMA< Asia Institute of technology (AIT) & Meiji University >Impacts of Food Losses and Waste in global Food Security and Environment ··· 13･ Hiroko ISODA< University of Tsukuba >Roles of Anti- Oxidant Molecules as Functional Food Factor ··················· 14【Address】･ Atsushi ASANO< University of Tsukuba >Education for Sustainable Development in Agriculture at the University ofTsukuba ················································································· 15【Invited Lectures】･ Shigeki YOSHIDA< University of Tsukuba >Functional Phenolic Components in Teas ·········································· 16･ Yuji MIYAGUCHI< Ibaraki University >Reuse of expired natto, fermented soybeans, as an animal feed ················· 17[ Invited Lecturers from the Universities sharing Academic Exchange Agreementswith the University of Tsukuba ]･ Kudang Boro SEMINAR< Bogor Agricultural University >Food Chain Transparency for Food Loss and Waste Surveillance ·············· 18

11< Kasetsart University >･ Sujitta RAUNGRUSMEE

Utilization of Food Loss and Waste ················································· 19< University of the Philippines, Los Baños >･ Lotis E. MOPERA

Food Waste Scenario in Philippine Agriculture ································· 20< University of Tsukuba >･ Abdullah YOUSUFI

Horticulture Situation in Afghanistan Challenges and Opportunities ··········· 21< Universiti Putra Malaysia >･ Hasfalina CHE MAN

Sustainable Approaches in Minimizing Grain Losses ·························· 22< Utah State University >･ Kynda CURTIS

The Role of Sustainability Certification Programs in Reducing Food Waste inTourism ················································································· 23･ Mahmoud BEN OTHMAN< Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA) >The anti-stress effects of Tunisian Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. ethanol extractand some of its active compounds ··················································· 24< Lund University >･ Petr DEJMEKSolar Assisted Pervaporation (SAP): a Novel Technique for Small-scale
Preservation of Juices and Juicy Fruits ············································· 25[ Graduates of the University of Tsukuba, SRD course ]･ Abass Karim NYO< Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) >Inadequate Infrastructure: The Bane Behind Food Losses and Food Security in the
Savannah Zone of Ghana ····························································· 26

12Hiroyuki KONUMA
Senior Advisor to the President, Asia Institute of technology (AIT)Visiting Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, Japan(Former UN FAO Assistant Director-General and Regional
Representative for Asia and the Pacific)
E-mail: hiroyukikonuma@outlook.com
Specialty: Food Security, Agricultural Development

Impacts of Food Losses and Waste in global Food Security andEnvironment
The world is expected to add nearly 2 billion population by the year 2050 from present
level of 7.3 billion. The average per capita calorie consumption would also exceed 3,000 kcal
per day by 2050 from that of 2,780 kcal in 2005/07. The combination of these factors would
necessitate the increase of global food production by 60 percent from the level in 2005/07 by
the year 2050 to meet rapidly increasing food demands as per the projection made by FAO.
On the other hand, the world has been experiencing various challenges in recent years such as
stagnation of expansion of arable land, increasing scarcity of water resources, decline of thepace of annual crop productivity growth, high food losses and waste, increased use of foodgrains for non-food purposes, competition on the use of land and water between food crops
and bio-energy crops, and negative impacts of natural disasters. While FAO predicts that it
would be possible to increase food production by 60 percent by 2050 mainly from existingarable land with a benefit of agricultural research and yield increase, it remains very uncertain
if it can be achievable due to unpredictable impact of climate change to agriculture which
would largely be influenced by the level of greenhouse gas emissions in coming decades.
Under these constraints, one of the most important and effective actions would be to minimize
food losses and wastes which counted nearly 30 percent of global annual food production andranked as the 3rd top emitter of greenhouse gas globally. Food losses and waste are not only
the losses of food for consumers, but it would result in loss and waste of labors for which
farmers devoted for many months, loss and waste of energy, water, seeds, fertilizer, etc. which
are all needed to grow and produce.
Reducing food losses and waste will not only avoid
pressure on scarce natural resources, but also it will help in reducing environmental impacts
while making more food available to consumers.

13

Hiroko ISODA
Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental
Sciences
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: isoda.hiroko.ga@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Specialty: Food Functionality

Roles of Anti- Oxidant Molecules as Functional Food Factor
Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) derivatives are polyphenolic compounds found in wide
variety of plants. Previously, we have demonstrated that di- CQA and tri- CQA maybe
neuroprotective through the ability to promote intracellular adenosine-5’- triphosphate (ATP)generation and by up-regulation of glycolytic enzyme expression. In the present study wehave investigated the effect of di- CQA and tri- CQA on energy metabolism in SH-SY5Y
cells using a metabolomics approach. Results indicate that di- CQA treatment of
SH-SY5Ycells signicantly increases the production of an array of glycolysis metabolites
and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites, including acetyl-CoA, succinic acid, fumaricacid, and malic acid. Tri-CQA treatment was also observed to increase the levels of all
glycolysis and TCA cycle metabolites and evoked a stronger effect than that of di-CQA. In
addition to their effects on glycolytic metabolites, di-CQA and tri-CQA exposure also
induced a signicant increase in the production of ATP, ADP, GTP, and GDP. Our results
suggest that CQA-induction of intracellular ATP synthesis is mediated by the activation ofcentral metabolic pathways including the activation of glycolysis and the TCA cycle (Patent
No. 2008-298227).
The erythroid differentiation-inducing effect of apigenin and its derivatives on humanchronic myeloid leukemia K562 has been reported but the functional group in its structure
responsible for the effect has not yet been elucidated. Here, we determined the moiety
responsible for the erythroid differentiation induction effect of apigenin by using different
flavonoids to represent the functional groups in its structure. Results of the analysis of therelationship between the structure and function of the flavonoids suggest that theapigenin-induced K562 cell differentiation was due to the 2–3 double bond and hydroxyl
groups in its structure. This is the first study that identified the specific functional group in
apigenin that impact the erythroid differentiation effect in K562 cells.( Isoda H. et al., Chem
Biol Interact. 2014, 220C, 269-277)

14

Atsushi ASANO
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Life and Environmental
Sciences
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: asano.atsushi.ft@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Specialty: Animal Science

Education for Sustainable Development in Agriculture
at the University of Tsukuba
The Agricultural and Forestry Research Center of the University of Tsukuba (AFRC-UT) has
developed a number of international programs to improve agricultural education. As an AssociatedCenter of the Asia-Pacific Program of Educational Innovative Development (APEID) nominated by
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), AFRC-UT
annually sponsored the Tsukuba Asian Seminar on Agricultural Education (TASAE) since 1979.
TASAE has brought together more than 250 scientists and administrators from Asian countries fordiscussions on various agricultural, educational and environmental conservation issues facing the
Asia-Pacific region. From 2008, the International Symposium on Agricultural Education for
Sustainable Development (Ag-ESD Symposium 2008) succeeded TASAE. The aim of Ag-ESD is topromote reform and improve agricultural higher education, while considering environmental problems
from an international viewpoint. In addition, a one credit Ag-ESD internship course is offered tograduate students so they can experience international programs. Another key factor to sustainable
development of agriculture and education is effective dissemination of information between
researchers and scientists. Therefore, AFRC-UT publishes the Journal
Journal ofof Developments
Developments inin Sustainable
Sustainable
Agriculture
Agriculture (JDSA). JDSA, a J-Stage based on-line journal, is an excellent medium for distribution of
information on sustainable agriculture because it can be freely accessed from anywhere in the world.
The AFRC-UT has also participated in a new graduate program in Agricultural Education for
Sustainable Rural Development (SRD) established in the Graduate School of Life andEnvironmental Sciences in collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sinceApril 2006. This graduate program provides practical technical training relevant to sustainable foodproduction and supply, and alleviation of poverty to regional agricultural extension agents andadministrators in Asian and African countries. Graduates from this program can contribute to thealleviation of poverty in rural areas of their home countries. In addition, from September 2011,
AFRC-UT began a new short stay “Farm Training Program” for undergraduate students from
Kasetsart University (Thailand), Utah State University (USA), University of the Philippines Los
Baños (Philippines) and Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia) to receive training and technicalexperiences in Japanese field management and production systems for a period of several months.
Through the above and other programs, the AFRC-UT emphasizes internationalization of
education for the development of sustainable agriculture as a major goal of the center.

15

Shigeki YOSHIDA
Associate Professor, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: yoshida.shigeki.gf@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Specialty: Food Chemistry

Functional Phenolic Components in Teas
Tea tree (Camellia sinensis L.) is cultivated in about 30 countries, and various types ofteas are derived from tea leaves. Teas are generally classified into three major categories,
green tea, oolong tea, and black tea depending on the degree of oxidation. In addition,
post-fermented teas, which are fermented with specific microorganisms, are produced across
China. Tea beverages made from processed tea leaves are widely consumed in the would
because their attractive aroma, taste, and health promotion effect.
The main astringency phenolic constituents in green tea are catechins. The mostabundant catechin is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and many scientists have reported
the benefits of intake of EGCG. There are some cultives contained O-methylated EGCG,
epigallocatechin-3-O-(3′′-O-methyl)-gallate (EGCG3′′Me). Japanese tea cultivar ‘Benifuuki’
is rich in EGCG3′′Me, and EGCG3′′Me stimulated the wound repair of vascular endothelial
cells (VECs) more effectively than EGCG. These results suggest that EGCG3′′Me has
protective activity against oxidation stress.
During enzymatic oxidation process of tea leaves, catechins are oxidized, and produced
teaflavins and thearubigin. Many reports on the possible health promoting effects of teaflavins
have been published, but the contents of teaflavins in black tea are relatively low. To improve
the productivity of teaflavins from catechins, homogenate of Japanese pear was added togreen tea extract because Japanese pear contains high oxidase activity and is a local specialtyof Ibaraki Prefecture. By the addition of pear homogenate, productivity of teaflavins weremarkedly increased. However, oxidase activity were varied depending on cultivar of pear.
Post-fermented teas have much attention because of their potential sources of novelcompounds with biological activities. Teadenol A and teadenol B were isolated frompost-fermented tea with Aspergillus sp. Teadenol A indicated the promotion effect of
adiponectin secretion, and is expected to be a functional food additive for human health.
Therefore, conditions of liquid culture with Aspergillus are optimized. Teadenol A wasproduced on a medium containing EGCG as a starting material, and the productivity ofteadenol by liquid culture was higher than that by solid-fermentation of tea leaves.

16

Yuji MIYAGUCHI
Professor, College of Agriculture,
Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: yuji.miyaguchi.meat@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Specialty: Animal Products Science

Reuse of expired natto, fermented soybeans, as an animal feed
Natto is a soybean product fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto, which has
nutritional qualities and several functional ingredients. Many soybeans for raw materials areimported from abroad. The very low feed self-sufficiency is of concern to be the livestockindustry in Japan, as is food self-sufficiency. However, food waste, equivalent to 20% of thefood consumed foods in Japan is annually generated. The many natto-processing plants
located in Ibaraki prefecture in North Kanto, Japan face the problem of disposal of expired
and stock-surplus products. We have accordingly been studying the possibility of reuse ofunused natto, as feed for swine and poultry. In this study, dried natto (DN) from commercial
expired natto was prepared and the reusability of DN as feed for layer chicken wasinvestigated.
Pre-experimentally, it was confirmed that feed supplemented with 3% DN could be fed
to chickens with adequate palatability. Egg productivity and feed conversion ratio of
DN-supplemented group were not significantly different from those of the control group. DN
supplementation did not affect egg qualities such as shell strength and freshness.
Supplementation also did not change the concentrations of isoflavones and vitamin E but
reduced vitamin K levels in the yolk. Yolk cholesterol concentration also decreased with DN
supplementation as a result of the water-insoluble fraction of DN. These results suggest that
expired natto may be used as a feed supplement that can modify egg quality. Further study isneeded to evaluate the reusability of various food wastes to build a food-recycling society on
a global scale.

17

Kudang Boro SEMINAR
Professor in the Department of Mechanical & Bio-system
Engineering
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Indonesia
Honorary board member of AFITA & ISAI
Member of ASICTA
E-mail: kseminar@apps.ipb.ac.id

Food Chain Transparency for Food Loss and Waste Surveillance
Food loss and waste is a considerable component of the world’s food system challenges
and has become a topic of growing interest worldwide. Many approaches and methods
have been made to prevent or reduce food loss and waste. This paper describes an approach
to monitor, prevent or reduce food loss and food waste using a food chain transparency
framework. Food chain transparency requires a comprehensive and integrated farm-to-tableapproach in which the all actors in the chain (i.e. producer, processor, transporter, vendor, andconsumer) play a vital role in ensuring food safety, food loss and quality. The vital andadequate information in a food supply chain needs to be recorded and provided to promotetransparency along the chain, enabling the surveillance of food loss and food waste. The
needs for food chain transparencies are aggressively increasing particularly due to thetime-sensitive and high perishable food agro-products and agro-services in food industries tocope with food safety, food loss and waste. This paper addresses the motivation,state-of-the-art, application practices, future research needs
in food chain transparencies
for food loss and waste surveillance.

18

Sujitta RAUNGRUSMEE
Lecturer, Food and Nutrition Program
Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University
50 Ngamwongwan rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
E-mail: agrstrm@ku.ac.th
Specialty: Food Safety, Meat Products and Technology,
Food Product Development

Utilization of Food Loss and Waste
Food loss and waste are the disposal of biodegradable solid wastes which create serious
enviornment such as toxic gas solid emission and economical problems almost everywhere in theworld. In generally, food loss mostly occurs at the front of the food chain during the production,
postharvest, and processing. While, food waste occurs toward the back end of the food chain, at
the retail and consumer level. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations isdefined food wastes as the discarding or alternative (non-food) use of food that was fit for humanconsumption by choice or after the food has been left the spoil or expire as a result of negligence.
According to FAO’s report, the global volume of food wastage is estimated at 1.6
billion tonnes of primary product equivalents. The direct economic consequences of foodwastage excluding fish and seafood run to the tune of $750 billion annaully. In developing
countries food loss and waste occur mainly at early stages of the food value chain in the farm.
Thus, a strengthening of the supply chain through the support farmers could help to reduce theamount of food waste ; meanwhile, in medium- and high-income countries food is wasted andlost mainly at later stages in the supply chain. Differing from the situation in developing
countries, the behaviour of consumers play a huge part in industrialized countries. In the
United states 30% of all food, worth $48.3 billion, is thrown away each year. For United
Kingdom household waste an estimate 6.7 million tonnes of food every year. While, in
Bangkok,Thailand alone each year, food has thrown away about 0.935 million ton per year.
Due to, food is biological material subject to degradation and different food stuffs havedifferent nutritional value ; basically, food loss and waste are diverted into feeding livestock,
landfill. However more economics dimensions, researchers are focusing to the utilization offood loss and waste as raw material for the production of biofuel, biomaterial production or
ethanol because these wastes have the potential to generate energy due to their higher organic
composition and easily biodegradable nature. On the other hand, the utilization of food loss
and waste can cause severe enviornmental issues for example emission of greenhouse gasses
or generate undesirable by-products such as dioxin-related compounds. However, many
projects have been developed food loss and food waste to be a novel biorefinery process that
effectively convert food waste into valuable chemicals with carbon emission. The process will
be utilized by enzymes and bacteria to convert food waste into acid such as succinic acid,lactic acid and etc . These chemicals widely applied to form the basis of many compounds forhome and industrail use.

19

Lotis E. MOPERA
Lotis
E. andMOPERA
Director
Assistant Professor,
Director of
andFood
Assistant
Professor,
Institute
Scienceand Technology,
Instituteof Food
Scienceand Technology,
Food
Science
Cluster,Collegeof Agriculture,
Food Science
Cluster,CollegeLos
of Agriculture,
Universityof thePhilippines
Baños
Universityof Baños,the Philippines
Los Baños
College,Los
Laguna 4031
College,lemopera@up.edu.phLos Baños, Laguna 4031
E-mail:E-mail: lemopera@up.edu.phApplied
Bioscience/Food Science/Microbiology
Specialty: Applied Bioscience/Food Science/Microbiology

Food Waste Scenario in Philippine Agriculture
Food Waste Scenario in Philippine Agriculture
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In (GDP).
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both challenge and potential for change in reducing food waste in the Philippines.

20Abdullah YOUSUFIMaster’s Student, Graduate School of Life & Environmental
Sciences School of Life & Environmental Sciences,
Graduate
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: Abdullahkhan.yousufi@gmail.com
Specialty: Pomology & Post-Harvest Management

Horticulture Situation in Afghanistan Challenges and Opportunities
According to USDA foreign agriculture office, Afghanistan is the country where nearly
80% of people either directly or indirectly are involved or depended on agriculture (2011). The
Afghanistan economy always depends on agricultural, despite the fact that only 12% of its total
land is arable and about 6 percent is currently cultivated. During 1960`s Afghanistan was theworld leader in raisin production .During 1960`s and 1970`s the export of high valuehorticultural products accounted for 48% of annual export revenue in Afghanistan. Prior toconflicts annual exports averaged around US$600 million of which 30% was dried and 7% was
fresh fruits. It is estimated that income of horticulture products is three to seven time higher thanthat of wheat. Afghanistan`s climatic conditions are highly favorable for many tree crops,
vegetables species and seed production.
Agriculture (crop production, Horticulture, Animal husbandry…) and forestry are thebackbone of the economy in Afghanistan. Agriculture has always been of fundamental
importance for Afghanistan economy and has played a central role in the past and is still very
important for stable and thriving society. The history confirms that horticulture has been avital part in agriculture and economy of Afghanistan, and last few decades of conflicts hascaused destruction to agriculture infrastructure especially orchards.
Conflicts doesn’t only result in destruction of resources such as seed, nurseries, water
sources and knowledge but is also the most common cause of instability in most parts of theworld. However Afghanistan with agriculture has the ability to rise once again and provide
livelihood for up to 80% of its population. This will result in better economy and increasing
food security.
The rebuilding of horticulture in Afghanistan can provide abundant employment
opportunities. The establishment of horticulture should focus on good quality products withincreased production. To develop a modern horticulture in Afghanistan, with all its
components and elements, will be a significant challenge but has great potential to contributeto redevelopment of economy in Afghanistan.

21

Hasfalina CHE MAN
Associate Professor, Department of Biological andAgricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
E-mail: hasfalina@upm.edu.my
Specialty: Bio-environmental and Agri-Waste Management

Sustainable Approaches in Minimizing Grain Losses
One of the leading global strategies for achieving sustainable food security is byminimizing food losses or post-harvest losses of grains. In this study, we are proposing
sustainable approaches to reduce grain losses due to paddy plant disease by in-situ detection(immunosensor) and adopting an improved designed-bin for retaining better quality of grains.
In the South and Southeast Asia, one of the vital issue regarding food losses is due to
Rice tungro disease (RTD) which affecting paddy fields. In Malaysia, the most serious tungro
infestation was recorded in 1982, which more than 20,300 ha of rice field was infected andthe estimated yield lost was about 34,000 tonne (USD10 million). The identification of RTD;
except in advanced equipment and laboratories are generally carried out by visualobservations of typical symptoms. These methods of identification are often complicated.
Therefore, it is imperative to develop more specific detection method by application of
immunosensor for in-situ detection for preventing the disease outbreak in planting area.
Another major issue of self-sufficiency in food grains requires adequate facilities for its
storage. As an example in Pakistan, grain storage become major problems at large scale
throughout the country due to insufficient methods of grain storage. The deterioration ofwheat grains in terms of various quality parameters (moisture, insect-damage, fungi, aflatoxin,
protein, fat, ash and starch) was observed during storage in traditional structures (earthen bin,bulk covered and room store) while better quality of wheat by designed bins (ferrocement,
concrete block and straw-clay bins). The designed bins can be proposed as suitable storage
for retaining better quality of wheat grains than traditional structures. Thus, the adoption ofproper designed bins must be encouraged in the developing countries to reduce the grain
losses.
We profile here a subset of approaches that are particularly practical and cost-effective,
and that could improve yields or gains. It is important to note that many technical solutions
can be effective only when other parts of the food supply chain are effective. Therefore,
progress in reducing food loss and waste will require an integrated supply chain approach.

22

Kynda CURTIS
Professor and Extension Specialist, Department of Applied
Economics
Utah State University, Logan, UT USA
E-mail: kynda.curtis@usu.edu
Specialty: Consumer Economics

The Role of Sustainability Certification Programs in Reducing Food Waste
in Tourism
The USDA estimates food waste in the United States to be approximately 35% of thefood supply. An estimated 133 billion pounds of food was wasted in 2010 (ERS, 2010) and theamount of uneaten food in 2008 was valued at $390 per US resident (Buzby and Hyman, 2012).
Excess food waste is a primary concern for both the sustainability movement and thehospitality industry, seeking to decrease costs in their low-margin business, and thus, industry
and third-party organization have begun to address the issue. For example, the Food Waste
Reduction Alliance, a cross-industry effort by restaurateurs, supermarkets, grocery stores andgrocery manufacturers was stared to define opportunities to reduce food waste and lobby forpolicies aimed at reducing waste and rewarding waste reduction. Additionally, the Green Key
Global organization provides a Green Key Eco-Rating certification program for thehospitality industry and Earth Check has a green resort certification program, both address
food waste management and reduction.
While the hospitality industry feels these certification programs address the concerns of
the environmentally concerned traveler (green hotelier, 2014), a study by Wink (2005) argues
that certification programs will not be sufficient to distribute necessary information to
consumers interested in eco-friendly tourism destinations. Further, a study by Blackman andRivera (2010) found that in only six of 37 case studies did certification lead to actual
environmental or socioeconomic benefits for certified hotels and resorts. However, thesestudies examined “environmental” or “sustainable” practices among tourism
providers/hospitality industry prior to the inclusion of food waste reduction and managementin the certification process.
This paper will discuss the potential for sustainability certification programs to reducefood waste among tourism providers through a review of the literature and case studies citing
actual environmental and economic impacts resulting from certification program
participation.

23

Mahmoud BEN OTHMAN
Post-doctoral, Alliance for Research on North Africa(ARENA)
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Email: benothman21@yahoo.fr
Specialty: Biology

The anti-stress effects of Tunisian Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. ethanol
extract and some of its active compounds
Stress is known to induce alterations in various physiological responses even leading topathological states. It was demonstrated that different stress paradigm significantly affected
learning and memory function, and intensified fear memory in mice. The effects are supposed
to be an outcome of a complex interaction of stress and altered activity of different mechanisms
such as decrease in central neurotransmitters, neurohormonal factors, and neurotrophic factors,
and increase in free radical generation and oxidative damage in the central nerve system.
In view of the potential use of natural products and botanicals as stress adoptogens,anti-oxidant rich phytochemical extracts are gaining a lot of interest. In this respect, several
plants are traditionally and clinically used for the management of neurological disorders.
The present study was designed to investigate the anti-stress properties of the ethanol
extract of Tunisian medicinal plants: Cymbopogon schoenanthus (CSEE), growing wild in theSouthern part of Tunisia. In addition, we investigate the neuroprotective effects of some active
compounds on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, overproduction of ROS, and ATP depletion inhuman neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment of
SH-SY5Y cells with CSEE and their active compounds significantly inversed H2O2-induced
neurotoxicity. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of DCFH-DA in cells treated with H2O2
was increased after 60 min of incubation, compared to untreated control cells. Pretreatment of
the cells with mixture of pure compounds prevented the accumulation of ROS relative to
H2O2-treated cells. Moreover, our results showed that H2O2 at 150 µM significantly decreased
intracellular ATP levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, to deeply understand the anti-stresseffect of these compounds, still to demonstrate their effects on anti-oxidant enzyme andagainst stress disorders at in vivo levels.
Therefore, and to the best of our knowledge this study is the first to demonstrate thepreventive potential of CSEE against stress disorders at in vitro levels.

24

Petr DEJMEKProfessor Emeritus,
Petr DEJMEKDept Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition
Professor Emeritus,
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Dept Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition
E-mail: Petr.Dejmek@food.lth.se
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Speciality: Food Engineering
E-mail: Petr.Dejmek@food.lth.seSpeciality: Food Engineering

Solar Assisted Pervaporation (SAP): a Novel Technique for Small-scale
Preservation of Juices and Juicy Fruits
Solar Assisted Pervaporation (SAP): a Novel Technique for Small-scale
Preservation of Juices and Juicy Fruits

In some developing countries, there is an abundance of fruit in season, but the fruit
cannot be stored for later use or transported to markets due to inadequacies of basic
In some developing countries, there is an abundance of fruit in season, but the fruit
infrastructure - poor roads, nonexistent electricity and expensive fire fuel. There may be lots
cannot be stored for later use or transported to markets due to inadequacies of basicof sunshine, but drying of liquid fruit in trays presents a handling problem, and an opportunity
infrastructure - poor roads, nonexistent electricity and expensive fire fuel. There may be lots
for pests and microorganisms to infest the food.
of sunshine, but drying of liquid fruit in trays presents a handling problem, and an opportunity
The (patent pending) solution we have developed is to use pouches made of liquidfor pests and microorganisms to infest the food.
water impermeable but "breathable" food grade textiles. The materials are typically produced
The (patent pending) solution we have developed is to use pouches made of liquid
as a thin layer or coating of nonporous hydrophilic polyurethane, often with textile orwater impermeable but "breathable" food grade textiles. The materials are typically produced
nonwoven backing. Water molecules are transported from the juice through the polymer layer
as a thin layer or coating of nonporous hydrophilic polyurethane, often with textile orby diffusion and evaporate at its, or the support layer´s, outer surface. Pouches made from
nonwoven backing. Water molecules are transported from the juice through the polymer layersuch materials can be deployed with no infrastructure available, just laid on a roof or hungby diffusion and evaporate at its, or the support layer´s, outer surface. Pouches made fromfrom a string, and being nonporous, protect against all external organisms.
such materials can be deployed with no infrastructure available, just laid on a roof or hungAs any drying process they function as long as the water activity inside exceeds thefrom a string, and being nonporous, protect against all external organisms.
external water activity immediately outside, and the drying rate is dependent on the water
As any drying process they function as long as the water activity inside exceeds thetransport resistance of the material composite and the driving force. In Sweden, not renowned
external water activity immediately outside, and the drying rate is dependent on the water
for a hot, dry climate, we can reach storage stable concentrations of juices in less than a weektransport resistance of the material composite and the driving force. In Sweden, not renowned
and even concentrate the very dilute birch sap. The drying rates are of course faster in places
for a hot, dry climate, we can reach storage stable concentrations of juices in less than a weeksuch as Mozambique, and can be further increased using simple glazing above the pouches,and even concentrate the very dilute birch sap. The drying rates are of course faster in places
not to mention a true solar dryer. The pouches can also be reused.
such as Mozambique, and can be further increased using simple glazing above the pouches,
We have successfully produced a range of products of different dryness, from juice
not to mention a true solar dryer. The pouches can also be reused.
concentrates to fruit leathers - and at the opposite end of the world, in Canada, we have
We have successfully produced a range of products of different dryness, from juice
demonstrated the concentration of maple sap to maple syrup.
concentrates to fruit leathers - and at the opposite end of the world, in Canada, we havedemonstrated the concentration of maple sap to maple syrup.

25

Abass Karim NYO
Coordinator, Agricultural Modernization and Food Security
Head Office: Savannah Accelerated Development Authority,
P.O. Box TL 833, Tamale, Northern, Region, Ghana.
Accra Office: Hse#16, 5th Link, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
Email: nkabass@sadagh.org, nyokabass@yahoo.com
Specialty: Sustainable Rural Development

Inadequate Infrastructure: the Bane behind Food Losses and Food
Security in the Savannah Zone of Ghana
The world losses approximately 1.3 billion tons or one third of the food produced
annually for human consumption globally through waste or food losses almost as much as theentire net food production of sub-Saharan Africa.
The issue of food losses discourse is highly important in efforts towards impacting on
hunger and food security especially in the world’s poorest countries. The exact causes of foodlosses are varied and very much dependent on the socio-economic conditions in a given
country.
Food losses in sub-Saharan Africa are basically influenced by crop production
technologies and infrastructure. In Ghana agriculture used to be the highest contributor to
GDP and employment until recently that it was over taken by the services sector.
Notwithstanding this the sector still remains the highest employer in the Northern Savannah
Ecological Zone (NSEZ) of Ghana. This zone is about 54% of the entire land mass of Ghana
and is considered the bread basket of the country. With all these agricultural potentials, it isstill considered the poorest part of the country.
The zone is poor because very little has been done to tap the potential of the NSEZ interms of agricultural infrastructural investments. This deficiency of infrastructure in the
agricultural sector, has contributed to lots of food losses from seed bed preparation to the final
consumer. In fact there are huge losses along the whole value chain rendering smallholder
farmers poorer and poorer and making them food in secured.
There should be some serious re thinking of infrastructural investments including roads,
warehousing, improved technologies among other things to help increase productivity andreduce the percentage of food losses in the SADA zone to insure food security in the zone andGhana.

26

Summaries
for the Young Researcher’s ForumContributors【Young Researcher’s Forum】< Ibaraki University >･ Yuta HOSHINORadiocesium and Potassium Dynamics in the Relation to Tillage and Cover CropManagements after the FDNPP Accident ··········································· 31< Bogor Agricultural University >･ SUPRIYANTOHot Chili Information System to Forecast Supply Chili Production in Indonesia ·· 32< Kasetsart University >･ Dipti WANKHADE

Development of Breeding Lines with Four Pyramided Resistance Genes that
Confer Broad- Spectrum Blast Disease Resistance in Rice Using Marker Assisted
Selection ················································································· 33< University of the Philippines, Los Baños >･ Rona Camille M. LIZARDO

Development of High-Value Food Products from Selected Indigenous andUnderutilized Crops for Increased Utilization and Reduction of Food Loss ·· 34< University of Tsukuba >･ Toshiya MATSUKAWA

Type 2 diabetes prevention effect of Cyanidin-3-glucoside derived from blacksoybeans in adipocytes and skeletal muscle ········································ 35

29

Yuta HOSHINO
Master's Student, Master Program on Regional andEnvironmental Science
Ibaraki University, 3-21-1, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: 15am307h@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Specialty: Regional and Environmental Science

Radiocesium and Potassium Dynamics in the Relation to Tillage and Cover
Crop Managements after the FDNPP Accident
The nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP)
occurred as a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and associated tsunami that struck the Tohoku andnorthern Kanto regions of Japan on March 11, 2011. The released radioactive nuclides were
deposited over a wide area of the Tohoku and Kanto regions.
In this study, we investigated radiocesium soybean fields in Ibaraki, approximately
170 km from the FDNPP. The different tillage systems were moldboard plow/rotary harrow(MP), rotary cultivation (RC), and no tillage (NT); the three types of winter cover crops were
fallow weeds, rye, and hairy vetch; and two rates of manure (0 and 1 Mg ha-1 ) werecompared the radiocesium contamination and potassium contents in the soil.
MP and RC reduced the radiocesium contamination (134Cs + 137Cs) in the 0–2.5 cm soil
layer, although NT left a large amount of radiocesium on the soil surface. The radiocesium
concentration of the rye cover crop was significantly lower than hairy vetch and fallow during
4 years. In 2014. The radiocesium concentration in soybean grains was significantly lower in
MP and RC than in NT from 2011 to 2014. In 2014, 4 years after the FDNPP accident. The
transfer factor for soybean grain was significantly lower in MP and RC than in NT, although
the transfer factor in NT also decreased each sampling year after the FDNPP accident. The
0–2.5 cm soil layer was the lowest deposit density of potassium. Negative correlation wasseen in deposit density of the radiocesium of the soybean and that of potassium in the soil.
We conclude that despite numerous benefits of the NT system for environmental
conservation, soil inversion by tillage significantly decreased the radiocesium contaminationof crops. Thus, tillage inversion would be appropriate to counter measures after the nuclear
accident.

31

SUPRIYANTO1, Mohamad SOLAHUDIM2
Lecture, Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering Departement,
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University

1,2

Email: debasupriyanto@apps.ipb.ac.id1
Specialty: Agricultural Informatics

Hot Chili Information System to Forecast Supply Chili Production inIndonesia
The price fluctuation of hot chili (Capsicum annuum. L) in Indonesia is caused byunstable monthly supply of hot chili from farmers. In fact the total amount of annual
production of Hot Chili is higher than needed. The increase in the price of hot chili causes
inflation and increase of import quotas. One of the solutions for coping with these problems
is to develop an information system to forecast chily supply periodically (monthly or
annually) to allow farmers and decision makers to manage the production of chili in the best
possible scenario. The information system that has been developed can also be used as
reference to balance supply and demand, the determination of nationally unified planting
schedule, and reduction of hot chili import quotas to support national food security andsovereignty. Started in year 2013 the information system has been implemented in several
regencies as central production of hot chili, including Blitar, Kediri, Brebes and Garut. In thisyear, the informatin system will be disseminated to 20 regencies in Indonesia.
Keyword : Chili, Information System, food supply, chili production

32

Dipti WANKHADE
Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy,
Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University
E-mail: djwankhade@gmail.com
Speciality: Molecular Plant Breeding

Development of Breeding Lines with Four Pyramided Resistance Genes
that Confer Broad- Spectrum Blast Disease Resistance in Rice Using
Marker Assisted Selection
Rice blast disease caused by the fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae is one of the major
rice diseases for rice growing areas all over the world. A genomic investigation unveiled thatrice varieties IR64 and Jao Hom Nin (JHN), having resistant genes in four genomic regions,demonstrated a broad spectrum resistance against rice blast pathogens in Thailand. A crossbetween Qignizhan (CH1) and IR64 varieties was made to improve blast resistance containing
the two mentioned resistant quantitative trait loci (QTLs), as CH1 was susceptible to blast.
Further the F1 was crossed with JHN. This three- way crossing was made to develop highly
blast resistant progenies into a single genotype. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) was used to
identify four QTLs in homozygous fusion in F2 and F3 plants. MAS screening with six
markers RM212, RM319, RM139, RM144, RM208, and RM179 was used to provide thedesired progenies to have resistance against Thai isolates of blast. MAS identified F3
homozygous plants carrying a combination of four resistance QTLs. Genes have been fixedwith the help of SSR markers for chr.1, chr.11, chr.2 and chr.12. The lines of F4 generation
containing QTLs show broader spectrum resistance towards blast isolates. MAS has become
an important tool for screening durable resistance, minimizing the time and cost to makeprogress in breeding programs.
Rice breeders can use conventional breeding programs with MAS to develop resistancein susceptible varieties. The field experiment was conducted to assess the agronomic features,
yield, and yield component. By similar kind of breeding programs, we can improve varieties
for durable resistance from diseases.

33

Rona Camille M. LIZARDO
Assistant Professor 1
Food Science Cluster - College of Agriculture
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna
E-mail: rmlizardo@up.edu.phSpecialty: Food Science and Technology

Development of High-Value Food Products from Selected Indigenous andUnderutilized Crops for Increased Utilization and Reduction of Food Loss
In many developing countries with humid and warm climate like the Philippines, morethan 40% of food loss occurs during the production, postharvest, and processing stages of thefood supply chain. This is due to deterioration of perishable crops, lack of storage andprocessing facilities, and inadequate market systems (FAO, 2011). As a result of food loss andfood waste, essential nutrients that could contribute to the energy supply are also lost. Foodwastage and the corresponding nutrient losses, when projected with the entire population,
reveal a considerable negative economic implication (FNRI-DOST, 2014).
Food processing and preservation has played a major role in reducing food loss andwastage. In this study, selected indigenous and underutilized crops in the project sites(Tayabas, Candelaria and Dolores, Quezon province, Philippines) namely ‘Saba’ banana,
white corn, and sweet potato were identified for possible product development. These crops
were processed into flour, which was consequently, used in various food products such as
native delicacies. Studies on the process optimization and characterization of the flour werealso conducted. Physico-chemical, proximate, functional, and sensory properties were
determined alongside the product development experiments.
These indigenous and underutilized crops could be given attention in terms ofprocessing possibilities. Processing of these raw materials makes them shelf-stable, increases
their market value and prevents them from being loss or wasted.
Development of new food products and optimization of the processing technology are
effective channels to promote underutilized crops as alternative food sources. This will also
encourage our local farmers from the study areas to expand their production of these crops not
only as additional source of income but for their own subsistence.

34

Toshiya MATSUKAWA
Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Life and Environmental
Sciences
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
E-mail: s1530311@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Specialty: Biochemistry

Type 2 diabetes prevention effect of Cyanidin-3-glucoside derived fromblack soybeans in adipocytes and skeletal muscle
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious metabolic disorder, comprising 75~80%of all diabetes cases, and the number of patients is increasing every year around the world.
The main cause of the onset of T2DM is obesity. In obese individuals, the glucose uptake
level and cellular metabolic activity are decreased when the level of inflammatory cytokinesand circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and decrease in adiponectin in the blood. It has beenreported that some polyphenolic compounds are effective for treatment of T2DM and recently,
cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G), an anthocyanin contained in black soybean and blueberry, hasbeen reported to reduce the blood glucose level, and is effective for the prevention of T2DM.
However, the mechanism of Cy3G’s effect has not yet been elucidated. In this study, weinvestigated the molecular mechanism underlying the T2DM preventive effect of Cy3G, using
adipocytes and skeletal muscles as cellular model.
Black soybean seed coat extract (BSSCE) rich in Cy3G were fed to db/db mice(diabetic model mice) for 30 days to evaluate the prevention effect of T2DM. Furthermore,
to evaluate the effect of Cy3G on adipocytes and skeletal muscles in vitro, 3T3-L1 adipocytes
and C2C12 myotubes (skeletal muscle model) were used and the effect of Cy3G on
differentiation of adipocytes, metabolic activity, and glucose uptake ability of adipocytes andskeletal muscle were evaluated.
BSSCE-administration inhibited the gain in body weight and white adipose tissue
weight of db/db mice. Furthermore, Cy3G-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes had increased insulin
sensitivity, glucose uptake level and mitochondrial metabolic activity by promoting adipocyte
differentiation.
Cy3G-treated C2C12 myotubes had increased glucose uptake andmitochondrial metabolic activity. These results indicated that Cy3G can prevent the onset ofT2DM by improving glucose uptake and metabolic activity of adipocytes and skeletal
muscles.

35

Abstracts
for Poster Presentations

Contributors
Doctor course
Afsana AKTHER
GIS-based Weighted Linear Combination for Suitability Assessment of Solid Waste
Management Sites in Dhaka City ··························································· 45
Md. Shah ALAMGIR
Economic Evaluation of Agricultural Production Risk towards Cyclone in
Bangladesh ···················································································· 46
Eriko ANKYU
Economic Evaluation of Oil-Water Separation and Suspended Solid Recovery for
Wastewater Treatment ······································································· 47
Toshikatsu HARUMA
Root Endophytic Fungus, Chaetomium cupreum Promotes in Al-tolerance Mechanismof Miscanthus sinensis via Producing Siderophores ····································· 48
Xiaohong HU
Preparation, Characterization and Application of a Novel TiO2 Based Photosensitizer
for Photodynamic Therapy ·································································· 49
Ming-Wei HUNG
Effects of Resveratrol and ε-Viniferin on Adipocyte Differentiation and Adiponectin
Protein Expression in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes ············································· 50
Md Zohurul ISLAM
Physicochemical Properties, Water Sorption and Glass Transition Temperature of
Vacuum Spray Dried (VSD) Orange Juice Powder ······································ 51
Xinyue LI
The Key Processing Technology for Bioactive Phospholipids Products of JapaneseMustard Spinach (Brassica Rapa Var. Perviridis) ······································· 52
Dheni M. MALA
Rapid Meat Spoilage Analysis Based on the Fluorophores Content ··················· 53
Nazia MUHSIN
GIS-based MCA Modeling to Assess Agricultural Land Use Changes in
Bangladesh ···················································································· 54
Tekini G. NAKIDAKIDA
Effects of Compost Addition on the Number and Quality of Tubers in a Potato
Production System in an Andosol Soil ···················································· 55

39

Narisara PIYASAENGTHONG
Oviposition Preference for Leaf Age in the Smaller Tea Tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as Related to Performance of Neonates and Parasitoid
Searching ······················································································ 56
Riska Ayu PURNAMASARI
Logistics Modeling for Sustainability Assessment of Local Food Systems Using
GIS ····························································································· 57
Md. Abdus SALAM
Economic Effect of Climate Variation on Supply and Demand of Rice in
Bangladesh ···················································································· 58
Nugroho Adi SASONGKO
Environmental Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil and Microalgae · 59
Mami SHIMMURA
Water Temperature Changes in Water Dynamics of Small Paddy Area ·············· 60
Mishma Silvia STANISLAUS
Study of the Effects of Photocatalytic Pretreatment on Various MacromolecularComponents and Chlorella vulgaris to Enhance Biohydrogen Production ··········· 61
Fu Hsuan TSAI
Processing of Hydrogel Beads Loaded with Functional Compounds of Radish Byproducts by Reverse Phase Spherification ················································ 62
Qi ZHU
Optimization of P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 Thin Film Coated Photocatalytic Reactor
for High Efficiency Water Purification under Solar Light ······························ 63Master course
Zetao DONG
Effect of PEG Modified P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 on Degradation of RhB ········· 64
Jing DU
Feasibility Study for Utilization of Fuel Cell Tractor based on Energy Self-Sufficientin Rural Area ·················································································· 65
Haruka FUKUDA
Study on Cross-sex Migratory Ability of GGCs from 7- and 9-days-old Chick
Embryos ······················································································· 66
Pengbo GAO
Dynamic Stability Analysis of Agricultural Tractor Steering on Slope based on Joint
Simulation with CarSim and Simulink ···················································· 67

40

Munirah Hayati HAMIDON
Design and Development of an Automatic Vertical Garden System for Urban
Agriculture Initiative in Malaysia ·························································· 68
Miho HATANAKA
Nondestructive Freshness Evaluation of Export Fruits Using NIR Spectroscopy ··· 69
Kobra HEMMATY
Potentials of Ashitaba (Angelica Keiskei Koidzumi) Supplementation on Alleviationof Heat Stress in Milking Holstein-Friesian ··············································· 70
Mizuki INABA
Difference of Phosphate Absorptive Coefficient in Siziwang and Xilingol in Inner
Mongolia ······················································································· 71
Kaho ITO
Effects of an Immature Leaf Pruning Treatment just above Each Floral Truss on the
Photosynthate Translocation and Fruits Yield in Tomato ······························· 72
Hitomi KANBE
Membrane Microdomains Regulate Signaling Pathway in Chicken Sperm ·········· 73
Mai KITAMURA
Enzymatic Production of Compound-K from Gynostemma pentaphyllum ··········· 74
Kantaro KUNIMATSU
Development of a High Efficient Tomato Production System based on the Analysis of
a Plant Canopy Structure and Light Condition ··········································· 75
Grace R. LARA
Strategies for Enhancing the Storage Stability of Lotus Root (Nelumbo nucifera) ·· 76
Siyang LI
Developing a Novel Zeolite Absorbent Modified by Natural Materials to Enhance
Methane Production in Ammonia-rich Condition ········································ 77
Ayano MAKISHITA
Effects of Different Homogenizers on the Oxidative Stability of Oil-in-Water
Emulsions based on Refined Vegetable Oil ··············································· 78
Nobuyuki MATSUNAMI
Degradation Characteristics of Microalgae by Micro Wet Milling ···················· 79
Kasumi MATSUO
Evaluation of Energy Efficiency of Low Pressure Hydrothermal Decomposition forMicroalgae Oil ················································································ 80
Shohta MINAMI
Development on Production for New Type of Sake Using Micro Wet Milling ······ 81

41

Misaki NAKAMURA
Highly Value-added Agricultural Processing for the Effective Utilization of Food
Resources ······················································································ 82
Minako NISHI
The Educational Effects of Food Education Activities Using Millet ·················· 83
Sayaka OKIMURA
Ni Accumulation and the Tolerance of Thujopsis dolabrata var. Hondai Seedlings
Growing in Serpentine Soil, Mt. Hayachine ·············································· 84
Megumi SASAKI
Effects of Maize-Cowpea Intercropping on Yield and Forage Quality ················ 85
Ayaka SATO
Growth and Biomass Production of Egyptian and Japanese Lowland Rice Cultivars
under Different Irrigation Intervals ························································ 86
Hangxing SHEN
Oxygen Generation from Rhodamine B Solution Catalyzed by
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation ··················· 87
Rei SUZUKI
Histological Study on Spontaneous Gonadal Germ Cells (GGCs) Discharge from theGonad of Developing Chick Embryos ····················································· 88
Yuta TANAKA
Mesophilic Methane Fermentation with Wood Drying Wastewater by Fixed-bed
Reactor ························································································· 89
Ploypilin THANIKKULEffect of Quantitative Differences in Volatiles from Host- or Nonhost-infested Maizeon the Attraction of the Larval Parasitoid Cotesia kariyai ······························ 90
Ai USHIYAMA
Incorporation of Cholesterol to Sperm Membranes Improves Cryosurvivability ofChicken Sperm ················································································ 91
Paskorn VEJPAS
Optimum Selection for Para Rubber Wood Energy Plant in Thailand using AHP ·· 92
Youmei WANG
Processing of Whole Mulberry Wine with Micro Wet Milling System ··············· 93
Sakkrapong WANNAWATTANA
Toward the Production of an Edible Vaccine Against Influenza : Spray-Dry
Characteristics of Tomato Fruit ····························································· 94

42

Ruida XIAO
Evaluation of Microorganism Inactivation in Water Environments by using
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 Thin Film Reactor Circle System under LED Irradiation ··· 95
Babban YADAVLife Cycle Assessment of Microalgae Oil Extracted by Hydrothermal Treatment andits Utilization for Diesel Engine ···························································· 96
Nozomi YAJIMA
Expression Analysis of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor in Corolla of Primulasieboldii cultivars ‘Kyoganoko’ and ‘Uchu’ ·············································· 97
Nan ZHANG
Study on Anaerobic Digestion with Ammonia-rich Substrate under Intermittent
Illumination Condition ······································································· 98
Chenyu ZHAO
Development of Fixed-bed Bioreactor for Bio-hydrogen Production ················· 99Undergraduate course
Yuka AOYAGIPrediction of Soymilk Viscosity by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy ····················· 100
Toru ARAMAKIMicroalgae Condensation and Dehydration Using Sedimentation and Cloth Filtration
for the Efficient Biomass Production ····················································· 101
Miki BUSHIZAWA
Filtration Behavior of Organic Wastewater based on Mixing Ratio of Oil andSuspended Solid ············································································· 102
Risa HARA
Non-destructive Analysis of Carotenoids in Fruits and Vegetables with a Hand-held
Raman Spectrometer ········································································ 103
Xinyi LI
Fermentation Process and Nutrition Value of Strawberry Wine with Micro Wet
Milling Technic ·············································································· 104
Meika NAKASHIMA
Effect of Silicon Treatments on Growth of NERICA under Saline Conditions ····· 105
Shiori SOMEYAAntifungal Compounds Produced by Quercus acuta to Raffaelea quercivora ······ 106
Arada SUNGKANIT
Bio-based Packaging Plastics from Fish Scale ·········································· 10743

Akiho TAKUMI
Effect of Harvest Time on Feed Compositions of Different Types of Forage Rice
Varieties ······················································································ 108
Kenta TANIMURA
Evaluation of the Growth, Dry-matter Yield and Feed Compositions of Forage Ricewith Sparse Planting in Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Condition ··············· 109
Takayuki YASUIImprovement Effect of Peony on Infertility Induced by Stress ························ 110
Special presentations by high school students
Yoshikazu TATEMOTO, Masaki TAKARA, Ryosuke KONNO and Kenichi
YOSHIDAHigh School Students’ International ESD Symposium Collaborating with Sakado’s
International Sister Schools and Super Global High Schools ·························· 111

44

GIS-based Weighted Linear Combination for Suitability Assessment of
Solid Waste Management Sites in Dhaka City
Afsana AKTHER1, Tomohiro TAKIGAWA2, Tofael AHAMED2, Ryozo NOGUCHI2
1

Phd Student, Appropriate Technology and Sciences for Sustainable Development,
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

For developing countries like Bangladesh, urban solid waste management (USWM) is acomplex issue. Rapid urbanization increases pressure on urban infrastructure and services,thus, resulting to poor urban service delivery including uncollected solid waste in most urban
locations of Bangladesh. The waste in Dhaka City (Capital of Bangladesh) varies from 6000
to 7000 metric tons per day. Most part of the city areas faces an urgent solution to manage
large amount of waste in a limited space and logistics. The composition of municipal waste of
Dhaka city is food waste–66%, paper–7%, wood & glass–7%, plastics–6%, and others–11%.
Further, a large fraction of household wastes accumulate and no segregation is being practiced.
Reducing this 66% food waste or organic content by means of composting and energy
production by biogas digester installation could be an alternate solution for Dhaka City. GIS
could help in dealing with several factors of waste disposal and treatment simultaneously
which needs to be considered while planning waste management in urban areas. The
anaerobic and aerobic waste treatment technologies would have a strong impact for the
reduction of organic waste. Research was completed for ward 2 from zone 2. A GIS model
was proposed for featuring the waste management of ward 2 of Dhaka North City Corporation(DNCC). A suitability map was produced to identify the most suitable points for compostingand some suitable local waste generating points also identified for city corporation waste
collection. Study attempted to evaluate the route for collection and transportation of municipal
solid waste for ward 2. Among 81 waste points of ward 2, 31% were located where the road
network found very poor, 30% waste points located in a fair road network and 39% werelocated in a very good road network. ArcGIS analysis was carried over for sensitive locationof waste bins. It was found that 21% of existing waste collection points were located besides
of very high sensitive locations, like some of them were located just beside of educational
institutes, hospitals, road intersection and market places. The analysis identified theimmediate and most vulnerable relocating waste points and suggested for the suitable waste
points. Study also proposed two best suitable vacant points as suitable composting sites.
Further research will be conducted to cover all words of this zone under the DNCC.

45

Economic Evaluation of Agricultural Production
Risk towards Cyclone in Bangladesh
Md. Shah ALAMGIR1 and Jun FURUYA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Japan

Cyclone is regarded as one of the greatest challenge for the southern people of
Bangladesh. The coastal zone of Bangladesh is particularly prone to the risks of cyclone withstorm surges and face more than one cyclone of various velocities every year. They generally
occur in early summer during April-May or late rainy season during October-November. Dueto tropical cyclones agricultural crops especially boro and aman rice are always in danger on
harvesting time. In 2009 such kind of tropical cyclone Aila hit to south west coastal region in
Bangladesh leading to a long term crisis situation and causing unprecedented sufferings inparticular areas. Agricultural lands were inundated with saline water from cyclone-induced
storm surges and the major crops (boro rice) were devastated. Farmers who were transplanted
their boro rice earlier they were harvested before cyclone hit. There is might be lack of
empirical evidences that analyzes if a relationship between early cropping and production
factors exists. This study evaluated randomly selected 84 farm households from 7 unions of
Koyra upazila in Khulna district to examine the relationship between early cropping andproduction factors that focus on escape of cyclone risk. Alongside descriptive statistics andbinary logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the factors which influence
farmers for early cropping. In descriptive statistics, farms are categorized by early cropped
and late cropped and this study unveiled that the mean of planted farm size is 0.57 ha (smallfarm), average number of labor force from family is 1.32, most of the farmers have secondary
level of education with more than 23 years of farming experience, early cropped farmers were
not-damaged and average cost of high yield variety of rice production is about 73,415 Tk/ha
whereas the average income is 12,629 Tk/ha from high yield variety of rice production but the
average off farm income is 120,448Tk/year. Binary logistic regression analysis signifies thatthe main contributing production factors for early cropping are labor force from family,
education, planted size of farms 0.6-1.0 ha and farms 0.4-0.6 ha, location of farms in south
and north-west side of Koyra upazila. It is also observed that farming experience, marginal
farms (0.02-0.2 ha) and location of farms in relatively east and north-east side of Koyra
upazila have a negative relationship towards the early cropping. The R square is 0.562. This
research findings is very important for micro level study in the disaster-prone coastal zone ofKhulna district that more working labor from family, better education, planted small farms
size and specific location of farms have a positive influence to take decision by farmers forearly rice production and it will escape tropical cyclones and ultimately reduces the cyclone
risk of crop production. Thereby, this research has an implication for mainstreaming
environmental planning policies in government planning accordingly escape cyclone risk
from a local level perspective.
46

Economic Evaluation of Oil-Water Separation and Suspended Solid Recovery
for Wastewater Treatment
Eriko ANKYU1 and Ryozo NOGUCHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, JapanThe technologies to recover oil from wastewater including animal and vegetable oil weredeveloped during the postharvest food processing. They contribute to reduce the load ofblocking the drainage derived from mass of oil, reduce the initial cost and running cost of the
facilities for wastewater treatment, and reuse the recovered oil and the oil-removed water as
valuable resources. By introducing oil-water separation technologies, especially in foodprocessing factories under proper sanitary condition, the recovered oil could be used as foodand the oil-removed water could be used as water resource. On the other hand, actual
wastewater from food processing factories includes not only oil but also suspended solid (SS)such as protein and starch, and it acts as a constraint of wastewater treatment. Although SS
recovery equipment was developed, its economic performance was not clear. This study aims
to propose economic evaluation of introducing oil-water separation and SS recovery into
wastewater treatment system of a food processing factory.
The evaluation method consists of two components, Value Function (VF) and
Separative Work Unit (SWU). SWU was the scale of value produced by separation, widelyused in the field of separation engineering and VF was the function used to calculate SWU
and convert concentration to the economic value. Object wastewater was assumed to havewater quality; 4,500 L/day of drainage volume, 19,000 mg/L of n-hexane extracts and 1,100
mg/L of SS, which was determined by the field investigation at a food processing factory,
Naoetsu-Yushi Co. Ltd., which produces boiled chicken from culled chicken. Recovered oil
was used as fuel and oil-removed water was treated at wastewater treatment facility in thefactory. Recovered SS was assumed as floss and waste sludge that were treated as fuel for an
incinerator. The evaluation was conducted to two cases, introducing only oil-water separationequipment and introducing oil-water separation equipment and SS recovery equipment into
wastewater treatment.
Results shows the higher SWU of the latter case than the former and maximum
difference of SWU between the cases were about 8,000 JPY/day under certain ability ofoil-water separation equipment. It means that introducing SS recovery equipment with
oil-water separation equipment has the possibility to develop and establish more economic
wastewater treatment system. This method enables to evaluate the economic performance ofwastewater from food processing factories that includes some kind of valuable resource.

47

Root Endophytic Fungus, Chaetomium cupreum Promotes in Al-tolerance
Mechanism of Miscanthus sinensis via Producing Siderophores
Toshikatsu HARUMA1, Keiko YAMAJI1 and Hayato MASUYA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Iwate,
Japan

2

Generally, soil in Japan is recognized to be acidic soil, and aluminum (Al) is dissolved
into soil solution under low pH condition. Al3+ is known to be a toxic element to plants due toinhibition of root elongation. Some plants are known to have mechanisms to detoxify Al, and
it is important to clarify these mechanisms in Japan. Miscanthus sinensis is a native grass toJapan. It is well-known that M. sinensis grows well under acidic soil without growth
inhibition showing Al tolerance. Miscanthus sinensis accumulated and detoxified highconcentration of Al in the roots via producing citric and malic acids. While, root endophytes
are known to promote plant growth and nutrient absorption into plant tissues, and to produce
siderophores including organic and phenolic acids, which detoxify Al by chelating. The
objective of this study was to clarify the mechanism of Al tolerance in M. sinensis,
considering the interaction with root endophytes.
We collected M. sinensis growing in old mine site, showing high acidity and containing
high concentrations of Al and heavy metals. From the roots of M. sinensis, we isolated
Chaetomium cupreum which are reported as a root endophyte, and C. cupreum showed highsiderophore production. In the inoculation test of C. cupreum, we examined the growth, andconcentration of Al in M. sinensis seedlings growing in sterile study-site soil with or without
C. cupreum. Chaetomium cupreum increased the roots and above-ground parts growthcompared with control via producing indole-3-acetic acid. It was reported that some microbes
could decrease harmful elements effects on plants via detoxifying harmful elemnts in theirmycelia. Thus we suggested that C. cupreum alleviates Al toxicity via producing compounds
as siderophores, which detoxify Al. Now, we are trying to identify the siderophores produced
by C. cupreum.

48

Preparation, Characterization and Application of a Novel TiO2 Based
Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy
Xiaohong HU, Qi ZHU, Ruida XIAO and Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan
In recent years, TiO2 is noted as a potential photosensitizer in the field of photodynamic
therapy (PDT) due to its low toxicity, high stability, excellent biocompatibility, andphotoreactivity. However, pure TiO2 can only be excited by UV light which is harmful andhinders its practical applications. Fortunately, doping nonmetal, metal and semiconductors
with TiO2 could enhance its photocatalytic ability and facilitate the application of TiO2 as aphotosensitizer for PDT. In this work, we firstly developed a visible-light driven
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 composite with high photocatalytic ability, and use
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 composite to investigate photocatalytic apoptosis of cancer cells
under LED light. So, we developed a novel P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photosensitizer withhigh photocatalytic ability. It is the first time to use this novel material to investigate its
photocatalytic cytotoxicity under LED light, which is an alternative light source with relatively
narrow spectral bandwidths and high fluence rates.
Pure TiO2 and P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 composite were prepared by sol-gel method,
followed by characterizations of XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV-vis and PL methods.
Photocatalytic cytotoxicity were investigated by WST, Trypan-blue and Dead/live staining
methods. P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 exhibited stronger absorption band in visible light region
and higher separation efficiency of photo-exited electron-hole pairs compared with pure TiO2.
The apoptosis of cancer cells increased with the increase in concentration of particle andirradiation time. Besides, photocatalytic cytotoxicity of P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 was muchhigher than pure TiO2 under LED light. Therefore, results indicated that
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photosensitizer exhibited high photocatalytic ability forphotodynamic therapy, and shows promising potential for practical applications.

49Effects of Resveratrol and ε-Viniferin on Adipocyte Differentiation and
Adiponectin Protein Expression in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes
Ming-Wei HUNG, Chikako WATANABE, Kazuki YOSHIDA, Shigeki YOSHIDA and
Hitoshi MIYAZAKI
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Obesity, the main clinical manifestation of the disturbance of energy intake andconsumption, is associated with the development of various diseases including coronary heartdisease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Adipose tissue is composed of adipocytes
and plays an important role in lipid homeostasis and energy balance. The primary roles ofadipose tissue are to store energy in the form of triglycerides when energy intake exceeds
energy expenditure, and to release it in the form of free fatty acids in starvation. The
adipocyte synthesizes and secretes various biologically active molecules called
adipocytokines such as adiponectin.
Resveratrol and its dimer ε-viniferin are natural polyphenolic compounds in red wine.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that resveratrol exhibits a variety of beneficial functions
including anti-oxidant and anti-obesity activities, and the activation of Sirt 1, known asmammalian sirtuin. In contrast, there are very few reports describing the functions of
ε-viniferin. The objective of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of ε-viniferinwith those of resveratrol on the adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin protein expression
in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone,
and insulin for cell differentiation to mature adipocytes in the presence and absence ofresveratrol or ε-viniferin. Adipocytokine protein expression and other parameters of adipocyte
differentiation were evaluated on day 10 after adipogenic initiation.
The accumulation of intracellular lipid was partially suppressed by the treatment of thecells with 15 μM resveratrol and 5-15 μM ε-viniferin, respectively. The protein expression of
the transcriptional factor PPARγ, which mediates lipid accumulation, was also inhibited. In
contrast, the protein expression of SIRT 1 and adiponectin, a typical beneficial adipocytokine
secreted from mature adipocytes, was increased. These data suggest that both resveratrol and
ε-viniferin induce the differentiation of adipocytes with decreased lipid accumulation andincreased adiponectin expression. Therefore, both compounds in red wine have a potential for
preventing obesity followed by several diseases such as diabetes.

50

Physicochemical Properties, Water Sorption and Glass Transition Temperatureof Vacuum Spray Dried (VSD) Orange Juice Powder
Md Zohurul ISLAM1,2 and Yutaka KITAMURA3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science andTechnology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan2

The most widely grown citrus fruit in Japan is orange (Citrus sinensis). Orange is thegreat sources of phytochemicals, vitamins C and bioactive compounds. The present study
shows interest in the processing of orange juice (Citrus sinensis) powder by the application ofa new technique of Vacuum Spray Drying (VSD) process to make heat sensitive stablepowder. The dryer was developed to turn liquefied food into a powder at a low temperature(40-50°C) drying using superheated steam (200°C) as a heating medium, which will suppress
the damage or loss of thermosensitive functional ingredients.
The physicochemical properties of orange juice powder with three different
combinations of concentrated juice solids (COJ): maltodextrin (MD) solids at 50:50, 40:60,
and 30:70 by weight were determined. The moisture content, hygroscopicity, water activity,
particle size, rehydration and ascorbic acid retention were significantly affected by themaltodextrin concentration and drying conditions. All of the powder samples had water
activity (aw) values in the ranges of 0.15±0.01-0.25±0.00 and moisture contents of 2.29 to3.35%. Powders with 50:50 COJ/MD had significantly (at p≤ 0.05) higher particle sizes as
7.75±0.25 µm and particle distributions than 40:60 and 30:70 powders of 6.36±0.45;
6.02±0.16 µm respectively. VSD orange juice 50:50 powder retained a maximum amount of
71.01% ascorbic acid. The sorption isotherms were determined by the gravimetric method,while the glass transition temperature or Tg of powders conditioned at various water activities
were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Cyclone recovery increased to 63.3%
with increasing as Tg and MD. As results, experimental data of water adsorption were wellfitted to both BET and GAB models. Overall, the sorption behavior of the orange juice
powder exhibited a type III sigmoid curve, and the highest and lowest water adsorption
occurred at aw values above and below 0.53, respectively. With respect to the Tg, Gordon–
Taylor model was able to predict the strong plasticizing effect of water on this property. In
order to calculate the critical conditions of storage, at which orange juice powders are notsusceptible to deteriorative changes such as collapse, stickiness and caking, for this sorption
isotherms and Tg data were plotted as a function of aw and the critical values of water activity
and moisture content were obtained considering a room temperature of 25°C. Powder with
30:70 was more stable and it showed the highest critical water activity of 0.68 and moisture
content of 11.0% (d.b.). Based on the stability and product recovery the present study
concluded that COJ/MD 30:70 by weight can be used in industrially to produce orange juice
powder.
Keywords: orange juice, vacuum spray drying, water sorption, glass transition temperature,stability
51

The Key Processing Technology for Bioactive Phospholipids Products ofJapanese Mustard Spinach (Brassica Rapa Var. Perviridis)
Xinyue LI1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a growth-factor-like phospholipid that has been
confirmed the role of preventing or restoring gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in many recent
studies. Its formation in our human bodies is through phospholipase A2 (PLA2) digestion ofphosphatidic acid (PA). Therefore，it may be possible to consider that PA-rich foods exert abeneficial effect on certain kinds of GI disorders through the supplementation of LPA.
However, PA does not accumulate too much in plants at normal condition. It needs someprocessing methods like grinding and mastication to trigger the activation of phospholipase D(PLD) in plants and thus lead to the production of substantial PA from endogenous
phospholipids.
Japanese Mustard Spinach (Brassica Rapa Var. Perviridis), also known as Komatsuna inJapanese, is a common vegetable in the Japanese diet, and contains relatively high PA at
normal condition. Here, to manufacture Mustard Spinach PA-rich foods, a new processing
method of micro wet milling (MWM) is proposed. Our results already showed that thesmaller particle, the higher PA content for cabbage. So that MWM is considered to mash thematerials for getting liquid with smaller particle size materials, and we will study the effects
of different processing parameters on PA content in Komatsuna and the optimized processing
technology will be developed. In this work, TLC and Blight & Dyer method were adopted to
extract phospholipids and PA, the contents of phospholipids and PA were detected byspectrophotometer at 660nm, the particle size was measured by SALD-2200, and PLD
activity was determined by BIO-RAD Microplate Reader.

52

Rapid Meat Spoilage Analysis Based on the Fluorophores Content
Dheni M. MALA1,3*，Mito KOKAWA2, Masatoshi YOSHIMURA2，Susumu
KAWASAKI2, Mizuki TSUTA2, Junichi SUGIYAMA2, Yutaka KITAMURA1
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 2National Food
Research Institute (NFRI), NARO, 3Center for Agro-based Industry, Ministry of Industry ofIndonesia

Conventional method for bacterial load analysis is conducted by directly counting thecolonies that growth from the single cell. An effort to seek the relation between bacterialloads with the changes of the metabolites on the sample still an open field. Some metabolites
that change or are secreted during bacterial growth are known to be fluorophores.
Fluorescence spectroscopy has high sensitivity and selectivity to detect the trace offluorophores components on food matrix. The fluorescence fingerprint (FF) is a set offluorescence spectra acquired at consecutive excitation wavelengths. FF has been used as a
non-destructive technique for both qualitative and quantitative measurement (Fujita et al.,2010; Kokawa et al., 2012; Shibata et al., 2011).
Our previous research shows an appropriate Aerobic Plate Count (APC) estimation
2(R =0.975; RMSECV = 0.849 log CFU/ cm2) was achieved by FF coupled with fiber optics
for beef samples. Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) validation model for the systemshows high prediction with R2 validation and RMSEP of 0.813 and 0.881 log CFU/cm2,
respectively. High regression coefficient comes from several wavelength regions related tothree kind of intrinsic fluorophores (NAD(P)H , Porphyrins, and Flavin).
Thus, FF coupled with fiber optics is a promising tool for bacterial loads prediction.
However, the previous procedure could not distinguish whether the fluorescence signals are
emitted from the bacterial cell or the surface of the beef. Moreover, wide variety of beef
surface such as rough contour or an adipose tissue part affect the FF signals significantly.
Thus, an exact fluorophores change on the beef surfaces is still unclear. Therefore, ourobjective is to develop a bacterial load prediction based on FF of remnants collected byswabbing the beef surface. In addition, it is also our aim to elaborate wether this swab-diluteprocedure provides better prediction or not.
Beef samples were stored for 72 hours in a 15 oC incubator with aerobic condition. The
surface of the beef were wiped every 12h with a sterile swab. After swabbing, the cotton swab
was dilute with a nine milliliter (9 ml) buffer solution. Conventional bacterial counting was
conducted using two milliliter (2 ml) from the dilution. The rest of the diluted solution wascentrifuged at 3500 x g for 5 minutes in order to separate the bacterial cell from the solution.
The supernatant was used for obtaining of the FF data.
FF as explanatory variables were obtained by fluorescence spectrophotometer F7000(Hitachi-High-Technologies, Japan). The PLS regression model was developed to estimate an
aerobic plate count (APC) from FF.

53

GIS-based MCA Modeling to Assess Agricultural Land Use Changes in Bangladesh
Nazia MUHSIN1, Tofael AHAMED2, Ryozo NOGUCHI2, Tomohiro TAKIGAWA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba

Land use changes have significant impacts on sustainability of food security, ecologicalbalance and environmental protections in the developing countries. Bangladesh is one of thatand facing the challenges with limited arable land resources. Another concerning points are
the agricultural lands transformation into industrialization and urban developments during alast decade. According to the World Bank, Bangladesh has lost 11% of the agricultural land inlast 20 years. The industrial growths on agricultural lands in the suburb areas are being
increased without any suitability assessments. Improper expansions of industry in the
agricultural lands could be a threat of sustainability of food production. Therefore, the aim of
this study is to find out the land use changes over a time period in a suburb area that have thepotentials of industrial growth over a time period. To emphases on both agriculture andindustries for a sustainable growth, the study also assessed potential locations and further
growth of industries by land suitability analysis with protecting agricultural lands.
To meet the research objectives, Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) was done with the helpof Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Initially,a base line survey was conducted to know the recent land use change and collected 420
geographical positions of factories. With the help of preliminary study, seven criteria alongwith fifteen factors and five constraints were selected to perform MCA for land suitability
assessment. Expert’s opinions were collected to use AHP for weighting the criteria. ArcGIS
10® was used to analyze the agricultural land use changes and mapped the factories in Savar
administrative areas. Raster layers of factors and constraints were generated in ArcGIS 10®
to perform reclassification. Furthermore, weighted overlay was done to find out the suitablelocations of industrial sites. The study area was then classified into four categories: “Notsuitable”, “Less suitable”, “Moderately suitable” and “Most suitable”.
Due to rapid growth of factories, averagely, 6% of agricultural lands were decreased ineach of the unit of the study area. Moreover, in some places, the percentages of agriculturalland degradation were more than 10%. The geographic positions of 420 factories in Savar
showed that the factories were located in the places where agricultural land decreased themost. According to the land suitability assessment, only 5% land was found “Most suitable”
for industrial purposes. The outcomes of this research reflected the growth of factories that
had influence on the agricultural lands transformation over a time period. The area was
occupied with built-up industries and any more expansion of factories without suitability
assessment could imbalance the sustainability of agricultural land use including ecologicaland environmental protection.
Keywords: LSA (Land suitability Analysis), GIS (Geographic Information System), MCA(Multi-criteria Analysis), AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process).
54

Effects of Compost Addition on the Number and Quality of Tubers in a
Potato Production System in an Andosol Soil
Tekini G. NAKIDAKIDA 1, Morio KATO 2 and Hisayoshi HAYASHI 2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Creating planting systems that reduce environmental load and maintain or increase
productivity are currently some of the main objectives of crop production systems. It isenvironmentally sound to reduce chemical fertilizer (CF) input and supplement it withcomposts in potato production but the effects on yield are not yet understood. Increasing CF
costs cause farmers to apply less than the recommended amounts. Compost has not only beenused as a soil amendment, but also as a nitrogen source for potatoes, and for constructing asustainable production system with low chemical fertilizer input. Such integrated fertilizations
using swine manure (SM, 1.8% N) and poultry manure (PM, 2.5% N) composts with CF(21% N) were evaluated against the sole application of compost or CF.
The experiment was carried out at the Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
University of Tsukuba from March 2012 to July 2015. Continuous cropping and compost
application was carried out in this period with 6 croppings of potato. Spring cropping was
conducted every year using “Danshaku” during the experimental period and autumn cropping
was conducted in 2012 and 2013 using “Nishiyutaka” and “Dejima”, respectively. The grossexperimental area was 48 m x 17.5 m. Ten experimental plots including zero nitrogen
application (Zero) were arranged with three replications on a randomized block design. Eachplot was 4.8 m x 3.9 m. Row and plant distances were 0.8 m and 0.3 m, respectively. Nitrogen
application was set at 12 kgN/10a for spring planting and reduced by 25% for autumn
planting. Treatments were conducted in the same area and potatoes were cultivatedcontinuously. All cultivars matured at 90-100 days after sowing every year and 5 plants perplot were harvested for tuber yield measurement.
Unlike grain crops, tuber crops have high variations in yield even within the same plot.
Poultry manure 100% (PM100) showed consistently higher total yield in all spring croppingsfrom 2012 to 2015, while SM100 showed the opposite i.e. low yields in spring. Integrated
fertilization plots including SM25, SM50. SM75, PM25 and PM50 also showed significant
high yields during spring croppings. CF100 had the highest marketable yield but somecompost plots achieved the same yields as CF100 in spring. In both autumn seasons, CF100
had remarkably low marketable yields compared to compost plots. In the 4 spring seasons,2014 had a remarkable reduction in yield due to adverse weather and a high incidence ofpotato scabs. A notably high non-marketable tuber yield was observed in 2014 in all plots.
The yield and quality of potatoes in 2015 crops recovered after the fallow period in 2014. The
percentage of marketable tuber yield for CF100 was highest in summer croppings, but that ofautumn plantings were higher in all compost plots except PM50 than CF100. Compared to
CF100, compost plots had the same percentage of marketable tubers or significantly higher
percentages in autumn croppings. Compost type and integration management should beconsidered carefully if there is to be an improvement in yield quality and reduction in tuber
loss which would help reduce food loss.
55

Oviposition Preference for Leaf Age in the Smaller Tea Tortrix,
Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as Related to Performanceof Neonates and Parasitoid Searching
Narisara PIYASAENGTHONG1, Natsuko KINOSHITA2, Yooichi KAINOH2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

2

Tea, Camellia sinensis, is a major plantation crop of many countries. The smaller tea
tortrix Adoxophyes honmai is a common pest of tea plants in Japan. Damage caused by larvaeof this species is widely distributed throughout tea plantations, but the mode of oviposition isstill unclear. Insect species prefer to oviposit on suitable host plants for offspring survival anddevelopment. Not only preferred plant species, but the age of leaves also affects theoviposition decision of maternal insects and performance of their offspring. In this study, we
focused on the effect of leaf age in oviposition preference of A. honmai moths and theperformance of their offspring. Moreover, the behavioral response of Ascogaster reticulata,
an egg-larval parasitoid of A. honmai, to volatiles from young and old leaves was observed.
Two-choice experiments between young and old leaves, showed that A. honmai moths
preferred to oviposit on wax paper placed close to old leaves than young ones. Thus, volatiles
from old tea leaves appear to act as attractants and stimulate oviposition. In contrast, neonates
preferred feeding on young leaves. More than 70% of neonates fed on young leaves 24 h after
starting the experiments, but the reasons for neonate feeding preference are not yet clear.
Development of larvae that continuously fed on young leaves was better and the survival rate
higher. The oviposition decision of females to choose old tea leaves may increase the survivalof offspring by reducing the risk of encountering natural enemies in the upper site of theplants and reducing competition with other tea pest insects that prefer young leaves. Neonatesof this species preferred feeding on young leaves that may be easy to consume and good fordevelopment. After hatching, neonates may move to the young leaves and start feeding there.
Subsequently, host searching behavior of the parasitoid A. reticulata was observed byusing a 4-arm olfactometer. Two-choice experiments between the tea branch that contained
infested tea leaves with 24-h-old A. honmai egg masses versus intact tea branches showed nosignificant differences between the total time that female wasps spent searching in the arenaof the infested branch volatiles and the intact branch volatiles. In the case of two-choice
experiments between young and old tea leaves from intact tea plants, wasps preferred thevolatiles from old leaves. Total time that wasps spent on an arena with old leaf volatiles was
significantly longer. These wasps may not use the infested plant volatiles as a cue to find theirhost, but may discriminate young and old leaf volatiles to decide the landing site on thesuitable host habitat of the tea plants to increase the possibility to encountering host eggs.
Finally, we conclude that plant volatiles are not only essential for host insects to find suitable
habitats for producing viable offspring, but also important for parasitoids to locate their host.
56

Logistics Modeling for Sustainability Assessment of Local Food Systems
Using GIS
Riska Ayu PURNAMASARI1, Tofael AHAMED2, Ryozo NOGUCHI2, Tomohiro
TAKIGAWA2
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
1

2

Sustainability stands for maximizing benefits and maintains the quality of natural
resources over the time. This concept integrates with environment, ecology, economy andsocial aspects, and extends from natural resources to local food production to ensure foodsecurity in the changing climates. Local food has the high potentials to grow, cultivate, anddistribute to the local communities with adopting climates at the micro level. The potentials of
local food could be strengthen the food security in the developing countries. Indonesia is one
that and ranked fifth in higher population in the world. The increase of population is follow
with the increased dependence of rice as a staple food. This dependence on the riceconsumption has risk in production in the climatic changes. To reduce the dependency,
diversification is required in consumption of local foods, such as cassava, which becomes agood alternative and less risk as a root crop to support the sustainability of food production inIndonesia. Cassava has played an important role in Indonesian, although the crop is not native
to Asia. To increase the production and sustainability of this root crop, suitability assessment
for land selection besides the major crops is required. Therefore, the objective of this researchis to develop a logistics model to measure sustainability and suitability of local foodproduction.
To measure sustainability in cassava production among different geographical contexts,
the model was combined with Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical
Hierarchy Process (AHP) extended into three dimensions: Ecology, social, and economic. The
model was built into three stages: first, the priority indicators were identified by Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP), second sustainability analysis was conducted using reflective
practice, and third, suitability analysis was performed using ArcGIS® for vector features andraster images. A survey to the local farmer was conducted during the summer of 2014 at the
Serang city, Banten Province of Indonesia. The criteria for suitability assessment of cassava
were land cover, slope, rainfall, stream and road. GIS-based proximity and rasterreclassification into 4 categories according to the land suitability referred by the United
Nations of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
This primary focus was to find out the suitable areas to increase cassava production
based on the criteria and factors. These criteria and factors were selected in context of foodsecurity and sustainability agriculture according the professional expert’s opinions andcommunity survey. The result was performed that 2,407 ha (8.41%) was found as highly
suitable while 8008 ha (27.9%) was moderately suitable and 88 ha (0.30%) was marginallysuitable for cassava production. On the other hand, 18,117 (63%) ha of land was occupied
with residence and settlements. The logistic model could serve as a significant role togovernment and entrepreneur to identify the most suitable location to increase local foodcapacity against the changing climates. In further research, the logistic model can be extended
with satellite remote sensing systems to assess the cassava production regionally andsite-specific management of cassava.
Keywords: AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), Cassava, GIS (Geographic Information
System), Local Food.
57

Economic Effect of Climate Variation on Supply and Demand of Rice in
Bangladesh
Md. Abdus SALAM1, Jun FURUYA2 and Shintaro KOBAYASHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Social Sciences Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences

This study was designed to find out the impact of climate change on rice yield andmarket clearing price under 5th assessment report (AR5) of IPCC considering the supply anddemand model in Bangladesh. The result showed that the scale of fluctuation of yield wassubstantially higher under high temperature and erratic rainfall. The simulation proposed togive priority in developing temperature resilient rice variety (Aman genotype) and efficientwater utilization in dry season for sustainable food supply against feeding the hungers.
Furthermore, price showed more volatility in de-globalized and low GDP scenarios than
medium GDP and population growth. However, the fluctuations of rice price oppositely
caused the instability of rice demand under the scenarios.
Key words: Yield, Supply and demand elasticity, Market price and forecasting58

Environmental Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil andMicroalgae
Nugroho Adi SASONGKO1,2, Kasumi MATSUO1, Eriko ANKYU1, Toru ARAMAKI1,
Jyunko ITO3, Sosaku ICHIKAWA1, Mitsutoshi NAKAJIMA1, Makoto M. WATANABE3,
Ryozo NOGUCHI1
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan,
The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Indonesia,
3
Algae Biomass and Energy System R&D Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2

Some terrestrial crops dominate the production of bioenergy. Each crop hasenvironmental footprint that need to be considered (water, nutrients, energy requirement, CO2
equivalent emissions). Massive utilization of biofuel crops will boost fertilizer and water
consumption. In this research, two promising crops, palm oil and microalgae; have been
selected to compare the critical environmental footprint. Environmental loading is a key
factor to decide sustainability of biofuel production from crops.
Field investigation and measurement has been conducted at 2 oil palm plantations andmills located in Riau and Lampung province, Sumatra, Indonesia during 2013. This data wascompared with laboratory experiments of Chlorella sp. with 25 g/m2/d of biomass and 30%
lipid production.
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique has been applied, presenting preliminary
results for environmental assessment of biodiesel production. For inventory database andsimulation, SIMAPRO 8.04 version with Ecoinvent 3.1 LCI database and Align biofuel GHG
emission calculations in Europe (BioGrace) v.4d 2015 were used.
The critical environmental footprint of oil palm and microalgae-based biodiesel has
been successfully evaluated. The outcomes confirm the potential of microalgae as a sink ofgreenhouses gases, but highlighted the crucial necessity of decreasing energy consumption
and some technical improvements in cultivation and oil extraction stages. Results related withgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were compared with European sustainability criteria, inorder to identify the reduction of environmental footprint of both biodiesel crops. The
evaluation also showed that integrated energy plantation is an important solution to increase
and maintain environmental sustainability of biofuel production.

59

Water Temperature Changes in Water Dynamics of Small Paddy Area
Mami SHIMMURA1, Tomoyuki TANIGUCHI2 and Yui SHIMIZU3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
3
College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

Water temperature in river basin is an important factor in agricultural production andhabitat environment of aquatic organisms. The global average of air temperature is expected
to rise between 2.6 to 4.8 degrees by 2100. Increased temperature has an impact on riverwater temperature (IPCC, 2013). River water temperature depends not only on air temperatureand radiation but also heat exchange between air and ground. Especially, in Japan where a lotof water is used for paddy irrigation, changes in the water temperature may be caused in theprocesses of canal flow, water distribution, submerging in paddy plots and drainage reuse in
the paddy area. Uchijima (1962) showed that water temperature rise in paddy plots is
suppressed because solar radiation is blocked by the leaf lush foliage in August. Shimmura
and Taniguchi (2013) showed that water temperature changes in farm drain are similar to thatin paddy plots. They individually discussed water temperature changes in each place such as
paddy plots and canals. In this study, we observed water temperatures in beneficiary area of
one branch irrigation to clarify the changes in a series of water dynamics.
Kawamata area (about 30 ha) located in upstream of the Fukuoka-zeki beneficiary area
was selected as the target site. The observation was conducted by installing water level andtemperature sensors at the following points: a) upstream and downstream of a main irrigation
canal near a division work of Kawamata area, b) inlet and outlet of paddy plots, and c)
tail-end of an farm drain including the above paddy plots in the catchment area. The
observation was carried out while the irrigation period in 2015. In this study, we used
observed data on August 3rd and 4th. In addition, the intensive observation was also conductedin some paddy plots and the tail-end and its 200 meters upstream point of the farm drain.
The difference of water temperature between daytime and nighttime in the main
irrigation canal was 0.9℃. On the other hand, water temperature at the paddy inlet was 2.8℃
higher in daytime and 2.4℃ lower in nighttime in comparison with the downstream of main
irrigation canal. The discharge in main irrigation canal is smaller than in farm ditch. Therefore,
the former variation range of water temperature is smaller than the later one by the differenceof heat capacity.
Comparing continuous data of water temperatures at paddy outlets and the tail-end offarm drain, the later was lower than the former. Also in the intensive observation, the watertemperature was low in order of the upstream of farm drain, the tail-end of farm drain and the
paddy outlet. Water temperature in farm drain is raised by drainage inflow through the paddy
outlets. Meanwhile, it is considered that water temperature of the upstream of farm drain waslowest because temperature of seepage water from paddy is lower than drainage water
through paddy outlets.
60

Study of the Effects of Photocatalytic Pretreatment on Various
Macromolecular Components and Chlorella vulgaris to Enhance
Biohydrogen Production
Mishma Silvia STANISLAUS, Nan ZHANG, Zhu QI, Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1
Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan
Rising global warming and depletion of fossil fuels are the major social and economiccrisis we are facing today. One of the solutions to these problems could be a clean andrenewable energy. Biohydrogen being a clean energy has drawn worldwide attention andresearches have been carried out to make it a sustainable energy for the future. Biohydrogenfrom biomass has drawn particular interest due to its eco-friendly and cost effective nature.
However, pretreatment and availability of biomass are still a few limitations. Therefore, inthis research we used Chlorella vulgaris as the biomass, as it can be easily cultivated and does
not interfere with food security. However, its cell walls are difficult to degrade and in order toovercome this problem we employed the photocatalytic pretreatment.
Thermal, acid, alkali and ultrasonic pretreatment methods have been investigated as
pretreatment methods of biomass, but since their energy intensive they limit their practicalapplication. In this research we propose to use a newly developed photocatalyst material(P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2) for photocatalytic pretreatment of the biomass, Chlorella vulgaris
for enhanced hydrogen production. But before studying the effects of photocatalytic
pretreatment on the algal biomass we used Rhodamine B as a dye model and BSA (bovine
serum albumin) as a protein model to study the effects of photocatalytic pretreatment.
Photocatalytic pretreatment of Rhodamine B (2.5ppm, 100ml) using P/Ag/Ag2O/
Ag3PO4/ TiO2 photocatalyst under simulated solar light showed an average degradationeffeiciency of 38.1% in 2 hr. The BSA (0.5g/L, 100ml) demonstrated a degradation efficiencyof 43.2%. Conclusively, on treating Chlorella vulgaris (150 ml) biomass the protein
concentration increased to 4.5 times in 60 hr. This showed that the photocatalytic pretreatment
was effective in breaking down the algal cell walls and releasing the proteins into the solution.
Further, the pretreated algal biomass will be used for biohydrogen production. Therefore,
photocatalytic pretreatment can be a promising pretreatment for algal biomass in the futureand by using solar light it can be applied for practical use.

61

Processing of Hydrogel Beads Loaded with Functional Compounds ofRadish By-products by Reverse Phase Spherification
F. H. TSAI1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1

Division of Appropriate Technology and Sciences for Sustainable Development, Universityof Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Hydrogel bead (HB) processing is one of the encapsulation which has been wildly usedin the food industry, and used to reduce the reactivity between core and environmental factors
to protect the adjustment for the controlled-release ability of the core material. In this study,
we used alginate as wall material, calcium lactate as the gelling agent, and radish by-products
juice as core material. Especially radish leaves disposed as waste during harvesting andprocessing create significant food waste for producers and contain abundant nutrition.
Reusing of the by-products of radish as new natural and functional ingredients, is not only
cutting the waste production but also upgrading radish to higher value.
A difference from basic spherification is utilizing alginate adding into calcium solution.
Reverse phase spherification (RPS) is a method which suspends calcium source in alginate
solution. Furthermore, comparing to the basic spherification, the versatility of the ingredients
may be manipulated using the RPS. Calcium chloride having a fast throughput has been usedas gelling agent in this field mostly however the hydrogel beads which are made by calcium
chloride have a bitter taste. The phenomenon makes the development of hydrogel beads belimited in the food industry.
The objective of this work was to process hydrogel beads by RPS with calcium lactate
in order to determine its potential as gelling agent. For the effects ofconcentration of calcium
lactate (X1) and gelling time (X2) on swelling capacity (Y), the results were optimized byresponse surface methodology with central composite design. Optimized beads were preparedusing 0.3M calcium lactate and gelling for 34.7 min. The optimized formulation demonstrated
44.39 % of swelling capacity, r2 of formulation was 0.997 and lack of fitting had no
significant difference. There was no interaction between 2 variables, and X1 had a higher
influence on swelling capacity than X2.
These findings suggest that calcium lactate could be a good source of gelling agent.
Furthermore, reusing of the radish by-products as new natural and functional ingredients is
not only reducing the waste but also upgrading radish.

62

Optimization of P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 Thin Film Coated
Photocatalytic Reactor for High Efficiency Water Purification under
Solar LightQi ZHU, Xiaohong HU, Mishma Silvia STANISLAUS, Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan.
Due to the rapid development of society, increasing demand and shortage of cleanwater sources have become a worldwide issue. Recently, TiO2 photocatalyst has attracted
considerable interest for water purification. However, some drawbacks still hinder thepractical application of TiO2 for wastewater treatment: the fast recombination ofphotogenerated electron–hole pairs, low utilization of visible light and tediouspost-separation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Therefore, it is necessary for us to develop a metalsalt modified photocatalytic thin film coated reaction system for solving these problems.
In this study, P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 thin film system was synthesized by sol-gel
method to avoid the separation process, and P, Ag, Ag2O and Ag3PO4 were used as dopants
for increasing its visible light photosensitivity and inhibiting the recombination ofelectron–hole pairs. The synthesis of P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 thin film was optimized byinvestigating the effects of different amounts of Ag dopant, calcination temperature alongwith time and number of coating layers. The characteristics of the material were analyzed
by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of synthesized P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2
thin film was evaluated by degradation of Rhodamine B, a model recalcitrant of organic
waste, under simulated solar light.
From the results, the P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst possesses showed theremarkable stability, smaller band gap and higher visible light harvest ability, resulting in
better photocatalytic activity under simulated solar light irradiation than traditional TiO2
catalyst. Besides, this material could reduce the requirement of irradiation source and thecost for the practical application of photocatalyst. Therefore, the P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2
thin film coated glass substrate system could operate at low cost with high efficiency,
reusablity and promising potential for water purification by using solar light.

63Effect of PEG Modified P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 on Degradation of RhB
Zetao DONG, Qi ZHU, Xiaohong HU and Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
Photocatalyst, especially TiO2 has drawn worldwide attention in these several years due
to its low toxicity. But because of its large band gap (3.2 eV) and high recombination rate, it
limits practical application of TiO2. In the previous study, an efficient P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2
photocatalyst synthesized by sol-gel method has been investigated. In this study, in order toenhance the ability of the novel material, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a binder,
dispersant and structure-directing reagent for creating smaller particle size and improving
photocatalytic activity of various simple photocatalyst under visible light. PEG, which is
identified as an efficient template regent to prepare nano-crystalline particles was used tomodify P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2, which would also expand its specific surface area andimprove photocatalytic activity. In this study, PEG is utilized to increase specific surface area
and improve photocatalytic activity of P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2.
Different average molecular weight and different dosage of PEG was utilized to modify
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2. Then the material was calcined at different temperatures under
different time to confirm the optimum condition for synthesis. After testing different dosage(0.1g, 0.2g, 0.4g, 1g) of PEG, the results showed that when the dosage of PEG-2000 was 0.2g,
the degradation rate of RhB reached 95%, which was better than other dosages. It proved that
optimum dosage of PEG is efficient for improving the photocatalytic activity of
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2.

64

Feasibility Study for Utilization of Fuel Cell Tractor based on Energy
Self-Sufficient in Rural Area
Jing DU1, Ryozo NOGUCHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Though nowadays people tried lots of methods to improve the fuel efficiency of
conventional inner combusting engine, the highest efficiency is about 35% and only under aspecific range of engine rotation. Add up with the mechanical loss, the fuel efficiency of adiesel tractor is only about 19%. To reduce the mechanical loss, people invented hybrid
vehicle, but due to the limitation of inner combustion engine, the efficiency still can notexceed 30%. Thus, the concept of fuel cell tractor was proposed. Theoretically, the fuelefficiency of a fuel cell tractor can reach up to 47%, and the only one fuel cell tractor NH2 hasan efficiency of 34.54-46.05%, which proved the reliability of this concept. Three types ofpower plan FC-T, RMFC-T and biodiesel driving Hybrid-T were discussed, and four common
types of food crops wheat, rice, soybean, corn were selected to prove the possibility of fuelself-sufficient in this paper.
The energy flow chart designed in this paper are:1. For FC engine type, we use fermentation to get methane then use steam reformation to gethydrogen.
2. For RMFC engine type, we use fermentation to get methane then use oxidizing reaction to
get methanol.
3. For Hybrid engine type, we use oil expeller to get the plant oil then use Transesterification
to get biofuel.
The final energy efficiencies from biomass or waste of different engine types andself-sufficient abilities are:
1. FC:
efficiency 14.86%;
SS ability 4.60-10.50
2. RMFC: efficiency 11.57-14.87%; SS ability 4.60-10.50
3. Hybrid: efficiency <8.7%;
SS ability 0.78
Though the efficiencies from biomass is lower than the conventional engine’s 19%, theenergy resource is biomass, it is totally harmless and continuable. For Hybrid, because the oil
which we need to convert to biofuel is from the grain, so the yield is limited to a very low
standard and cannot achieve our self-sufficient goal, while if we can get enough waste oilfrom other approaches, the efficiency can reach up to 20.9%.

65Study on Cross-sex Migratory Ability of GGCs from 7- and 9-days-old
Chick Embryos
Haruka FUKUDA1, Atsushi ASANO2, Naoto ISHIKAWA2 and Atsushi TAJIMA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan.

Development of the method to conserve genetic resource is important to secureendangered animals species. In this respect, recent development of germline chimeras
technology, produced by collecting and transferring gonadal germ cells (GGCs), opened a
new horizon to secure and propagate endangered avian species. Apparently, efficient recovery
of GGCs from developing embryonic gonad is the first step of producing germline chimeras.
Recently, a novel method of recovering GGCs has been reported by simply incubatingembryonic gonad in phosphate buffered saline without containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (Nakajima
et al. 2011). In their study, a bimodal discharge of GGCs from the gonad into PBS(-) has been
observed which indicates the presence readily discharged GGCs (d-GGCs) and un-discharged
GGCs (u-GGCs). The objective of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the migratory
ability of d-GGCs and u-GGCs in chick embryos.
In Experiment 1, temporal pattern of GGCs discharge was observed by incubating 7-,
and 9-days-old chick embryonic gonad at 37.8 oC between 0 to 90 minutes. No difference inthe pattern of GGCs discharge between male and female was observed when 7-days-old
embryonic gonad was incubated in PBS(-), whereas significantly higher GGCs wasdischarged from female gonad compared with male gonad when 9-days-old embryonic gonad
was incubated in PBS(-).
In Experiment 2, fluorescent-labeled d-GGCs and u-GGCs were both detected in the
gonad of recipient embryos under all four possible cross-sex germ GGC transfer conditions.
However, the number of GGCs observed in the recipient's gonad was significantly higher in
GGCs recovered from 7-days-old embryos when compared with GGCs collected from
9-days-old embryo.
From the results obtained from the present study, it was revealed that GGCs discharge
into PBS(-) and migratory ability into recipient's gonad change in between 7-days and 9- daysof embryonic development.

66

Dynamic Stability Analysis of Agricultural Tractor Steering on Slopebased on Joint Simulation with CarSim and Simulink
Pengbo GAO1, Tomohiro TAKIGAWA2, Tofael AHAMED2 and Ryozo NOGUCHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Agriculture remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk ofwork-related injuries, especially, on industrialized farms, injuries frequently involve the useof agricultural machinery, and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries is tractor rollovers(NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries, 2013). Japanese MAFF
(Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) statistics show that 65.1% of fatal farming
accidents caused by agriculture machinery during the year of 2013. Among them 75 people
was killed by tractors’ sideways rollovers or overturns, accounts for 67.6% of 111 wheel
tractor accidents. In order to decrease rollovers and improve tractor stability and safety
actively, dynamic stability performance should be analyzed. The key parameters affecting
dynamic stability are factors from the environment, such as slopes, a rough terrain, potholes,
washboards, stones etc. as well as subjective factors, particularly speed and driving style(Spencer and Gilfillan, 1976).
Some researchers have studied dynamical behaviors of tractors passing over an obstacleon flat surface and slopes, but its behaviors of steering on a slope were underemphasized. As
we all know, sideways rollovers usually caused by improper steering operation. In this study,
a 3-DOF dynamical model combining the three major factors (sloping grounds, speed andturns) responsible for tractor overturns is built up for describing tractor’s motions. Comparedwith experimental methods, computer simulation would be quick, cheap and easily control. In
some cases, experimental methods could be hazardous to both life and equipment. For thesereasons joint simulation system were designed by combining CarSim with Simulink. CarSim
is used for building up tractor’s dynamical model, executing commands and exporting
parameters of motion states to Simulink. Simulink is control unit to analysis dynamical
situation and send commands in real-time.
The results show that tractor’s rolling angle is made up with two parts, one comes fromthe angle between tractor’s lateral side and ground, the other comes from different
deformation of tires that caused by the effect of centrifugal force and weight transfer. The
rolling angle increases with the increasing of velocity or the increasing of slope’s angle. The
rolling angle is changing as approximate cosine curve. Tractor will behave more unsteadily
with the increasing of velocity or the increasing of slope’s angle.
Keywords: Dynamic Stability, Agricultural Tractor, Joint Simulation, Rollover67

Design and Development of an Automatic Vertical Garden System for
Urban Agriculture Initiative in Malaysia
Munirah Hayati HAMIDON1, Samsuzana ABD AZIZ1, Tofael AHAMED2
1

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
The increase in population of lifestyle in urban area in Malaysia led to the decrease of
agricultural lands. With increase in urbanities, food insecurity especially the accessibility offood becomes a major concern, specially vegetable production. Hence, the urgent initiativeneeds to be considered in order to avoid the shortage of vegetables and arable lands. The
controlled agricultural structure such as vertical garden has potentials to increase vegetables
production in the urban area. Vertical garden uses an assortment of support structures to help
plants grow up vertically instead horizontally which takes up a lot of spaces. However, in
Malaysia the idea of growing vegetables in the vertical garden is still in its infancy stage.
There is still lack of relevant and site-specific design and database to support and invest invertical gardening system. These data include the appropriate design, suitable types of plant
growth, conditions needed for healthy growth, construction and maintenance of farming
facilities and also the implementing and production budget.
Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to develop a smart vertical garden
complete with an automatic control system. The vertical garden system was mainly targeted
to be used in the urban or housing area that has limited spaces for agriculture purposes. In thisstudy, a vertical garden structure was designed by using the Autodesk Inventor 3D® andfabricated. Numbers of relevant factors were considered to design this vertical garden, such as
suitability of the design, materials selection, size and measurements of the structure, type ofplants, target consumers and cost of production. Besides, the factors of plants growthenvironment include drip irrigation system, plant water requirement and photosynthetically
active radiation for the biomass conversion of this vertical garden. The plantevapotranspiration rate was calculated based on the FAO Penman- Monteith equation. The 3D
designed of the vertical garden structure was proposed and prototype of the vertical garden
was fabricated. The main parts of the structure consisted with water tank, extendable pole as
the support, irrigation line and five stacks of planting pots while each pot had eight planting
pockets. At the same time, it was also designed with the drip to the gravity flow irrigation
system. The water was pumped onto the top stack of plants, then continued to flow down to
the next down stacks through the effect of gravity, until the entire garden was watered. To
ensure the quality and optimum usage of water and nutrient for the healthy plant growth, acontroller with EC and pH sensors can be implemented in this vertical garden. The parameterssuch as Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH and volumes of nutrient and water solution in thetank can be continuously monitored and adjusted by the controller until required range isachieved. It is expected that this vertical garden could be able to grow 40 leafy vegetables
within the size of only 0.25 square meter.
Keywords: Food Insecurity, Urban agriculture, Vertical Garden System, Vegetable
Production

68Nondestructive Freshness Evaluation of Export Fruits Using NIR
Spectroscopy
Miho HATANAKA1 and Takuma GENKAWA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Japanese government promotes export of Japanese agricultural products, and fruits areimportant items in this promotion. Because exporting takes a longer time than domestictransportation, it is concerned that fruits are spoiled during export. To assure freshness of Japanesefruits, freshness evaluation method for export fruits is required. In addition, film packaging andcontainer are used at exporting, but fruits continue respiration after harvesting. When the fruits arepacked in an inappropriate way, there is risk of anaerobic respiration. Under anaerobic condition,
sugars in fruits are metabolized to ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethanol. These metabolites
make fruit taste worse. In the present study, anaerobic metabolites are set as a freshness index offruits, and nondestructive freshness evaluation of high-grade strawberry using NIR spectroscopy
investigated.
High-grade fresh strawberries were sealed in airtight plastic bags with deoxidants, andstored for up to 72 hour at 35°C. NIR spectra of intact strawberry fruit in the 500–1000 nm region
were acquired every 24 hours. After spectral measurement of intact fruits, these strawberries weremashed and filtered through a plastic mesh, and Brix value and NIR spectra in the 1000–2500 nm
region of the strawberry juice were measured. Obtained spectra were analyzed with SNV
treatment and principal component analysis (PCA).
In the SNV-treated spectra, intensity of band in the 850–920 nm region changed during thestorage. This band is assignable to the third overtone of C-H stretching vibration, and the intensitychange of this band reflects change of sugar to anaerobic metabolites. Result of PCA in this band
revealed that the strawberry fruits were separated based on storage day㻌 (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 PC score plots of NIR spectra of intact strawberries during storage69

Potentials of Ashitaba (Angelica Keiskei Koidzumi) Supplementation on
Alleviation of Heat Stress in Milking Holstein-Friesian
Kobra HEMMATY1 , Hitoshi MIYAZAKI2,
Atsushi ASANO2, Naoto ISHIKAWA2 and Atsushi TAJIMA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, JapanDue to the recent rapid improvement of the milk production ability, milking cow is
becoming susceptible to heat stress. One of the typical indicators of heat stress in milking cow
is a decrease of dry matter intake (DMI), which result in the decrease of milk production.
Therefore, alleviation of heat stress is becoming one of the important issues in dairy industry.
Lingering of heat stress effect on amount of free radicals as end products of oxidation
which it is a natural by-product of cellular metabolism. Under normal conditions,oxidation reduction reaction occurs in cattle’s body and animal’s body keeps the balance
between free radicals and antioxidants at acceptable levels but when the free radical
production arises out of body’s ability, it damages membranes and even can be cause ofdestruction of the cell.
Ashitaba (Angelica Keiskei Koidzumi) contains two main chalcone, 4hydroxyderricin(4HD) and Xanthoangelol (XA) which considered as a potent anti-oxidant.
There is a conducted experiment to examined the effect of anti-oxidants from Ashitaba on theactivity of anti-oxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione ( ƴ-L glutamyl-Lcysteinylglycine)) in blood plasma and blood cells. Four lactating Holstein cattle wereassigned to a double reciprocal design for 6 weeks from late July to early September 2015
within three cycles. This experiment had conducted to evaluate the physiological andbehavioral responses of the heat-stressed milking cow after feeding by ashitaba supplement at
Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba and also to alleviation ofheat stress in dairy cattle.
Along with the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activity in dairy cattle, the change inmilk production quality and quantity, heart rate and respiration rate had examined in heatstressed dairy cow.

70

Difference of Phosphate Absorptive Coefficient in Siziwang and Xilingol in
Inner Mongolia
Mizuki INABA1, Zhe GONG2, Hai JING3, Kensuke KAWAMURA2, Masakazu GOTO4,
Kiyokazu KAWADA1, Atsushi ASANO1, Atsushi TAJIMA1, Naoto ISHIKAWA1
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

2

Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC),Hiroshima University,

Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
3

Biotechnology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural andStockbreeding Sciences, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China
4

Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan

Although overgrazing is believed as a main cause of grassland degradation in Inner
Mongolia, destruction of material cycle among soil, plant and livestock is suggested as theother significant factor. It was suggested that total phosphorus in soil largely decreased
whereas total nitrogen in soil remained almost same level from the 1960s through 2012 andproposed that lack of phosphorus by taking out from grassland could be the cause ofdegradation (Kasuga et al. 2015). Actually, productivities and total phosphorus contents ofplants increased by phosphate and nitrogen fertilization (Kasuga, 2015). On the other hand,these increasing rates were different between areas possibly because of precipitations, plant
species and soil properties. However, available data of soil properties of these areas were notenough. Therefore, phosphate absorptive coefficient (PAC), an indicator of phosphorus
fixation potential of soil, was measured in reported areas in this study. We expected that high
PAC soil has low increasing rate of productivity and total phosphorus content of plant.
Control soil samples obtained in the experiment performed in Siziwang and Xilingol in2014 (Inaba et al. 2015) were used. The experiment blocks were set 3 repetitions in each areasand 3 soil samples were taken in each blocks. Soil samples were sealed up and preserved indark area at room temperature. PAC was measured by ammonium phosphorus solution method.
Mean PAC values of Siziwang and Xilingol were compared by t-test (p<0.05)
PAC of Siziwang soil was significantly lower than that of Xilingol soil (5.55 g P2O5 kg-1
vs. 6.51 P2O5 kg-1 respectively; p<0.05). Nevertheless, increasing rate of productivity andtotal phosphorus content of plant was lower in Siziwang (Kasuga, 2015). Furthermore, thesevalues were lower than general Japanese soil PAC (8 – 26 g P2O5 kg-1). Thus, difference ofincreasing rate of productivities and total phosphorus contents of plants should not be
explained by difference of PAC, however, more research is needed because number of data is
not enough.

71Effects of an Immature Leaf Pruning Treatment just above Each Floral
Truss on the Photosynthate Translocation and Fruits Yield in Tomato
Kaho ITO1, Hideo YOSHIDA2 and Naoya FUKUDA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Tomato fruits yield is dependent on a carbon assimilation by photosynthesis in plant bodyand its partitioning into fruits. Those factors are influenced by a canopy structure, aphotosynthetic capacity and a sink strength in each plant organ. In recent, an immature leaf
pruning treatment just above each truss has been applied to increase up fruits yield in tomato
production, because it could depress a competition on assimilation translocation between
immature leaves and fruits. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the leaf pruning on the
carbon assimilate translocation and fruits yield in tomato.
In this study, we used two tomato cultivars ‘Reiyou’ (Japanese type cultivar) and‘Levanzo’ (Dutch type cultivar). Those tomato cultivars were grown hydroponically in G5
greenhouse of Agricultural and Forestry Research Center of University of Tsukuba. We pruned
an immature leaves with 15~20cm length just above each truss. In the 1st experiment fromautumn to winter in 2013, after pruning of those immature leaves, 13CO2 as an isotope tracer
was applied to plant to evaluate the carbon assimilation translocation. In the 2nd experimentfrom spring to summer and the 3rd experiment from autumn to winter in 2014, effects of animmature leaf pruning on the dry matter partitioning and fruits yield were evaluated.
In the 1st experiment, it was indicated that the treatment could be effective for the increaseof fruits yield. Fruits yield per plant increased 55% in ‘Reiyou’ and 30% in ‘Levanzo’ thancontrol without any leaf pruning, respectively. In addition, the isotope abundance ratio in fruit
under the leaf pruning treatment was higher than control. In the 2nd experiment, we revaluated adry-matter partitioning to fruits to examine whether dry matter partitioning ratio to fruit wasincreased by the leaf pruning treatment. Especially in ‘Reiyou’, dry matter partitioning ratio tofruit increased by the leaf pruning treatment and it was 10% higher than control.
A previous report said that the number of flowers increased by immature leaves pruning(Saito, 1970). In our experiments, the number of fruits per each truss increased by the leaf
pruning. For example, in the 2nd experiment, ‘Reiyou’ had a 50% higher in the fruits number ofthe 3rd truss than control, remarkably. Those tendency has been same in the 3rd experiment.
From those results, the increased fruits yield by the leaf pruning could be explained as theincrease of flower. However, the increased number of flowers by the leaf pruning could change
the source-sink balance. For an increase of fruits yield by the immature leaf pruning, total
management for plant canopy should be required to keep enough number of leaves.

72

Membrane Microdomains Regulate Signaling Pathway in Chicken Sperm
Hitomi KANBE1, Naoto ISHIKAWA2, Atsushi TAJIMA2 and Atsushi ASANO2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Understanding of physiological changes in sperm during fertilization is important tobuild assisted reproductive technologies useful to rescue endangered avian species.
Accumulated literatures showed that fertilization-associated changes in sperm are regulatedby diverse signaling pathways via protein phosphorylation events. However, little is known
about what is an initial trigger to excite these signaling pathways. Membrane rafts arefunctional membrane microdomains enriched in sterol, ganglioside GM1 and membraneproteins such as caveolin-1. Recent studies demonstrated that membrane rafts exist in
mammalian sperm and play an important role during fertilization by regulating protein
tyrosine phosphorylation via activation of protein kinase A (PKA), a serine/threonine-protein
kinase. More recently, we found that membrane rafts are also present in chicken sperm.
However, functional roles of the assembly are not determined yet. Therefore, we investigateda possible function of membrane rafts by assessing phosphorylation profile of proteins
including caveolin-1 in chicken sperm using cyclodextrins, membrane raft activators.
Sperm were collected from Rhode Island Red. Presence of caveolin-1 in chicken sperm
was determined by western blotting and immuno-localization experiments. Membrane rafts insperm were activated by treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) or
2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2OHCD) for 1 hour in TES-NaCl medium containing 0.2%
BSA. Samples were subjected to western blotting using appropriate antibodies for detectionof phosphorylated caveolin-1, and proteins with phosphorylated tyrosine and serine/threonine
residues.
Caveolin-1 immunoreactivity in chicken sperm was detected at predicted molecularweight, and was microscopically observed over the flagellum. Serine/threonine
phosphorylated caveolin-1 was abundant in chicken sperm, but disappeared after MBCD
treatment. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residue was stimulated in some proteins by 2OHCD
treatment in concentration-dependent manner while MBCD treatment did not. In contrast,
both MBCD and 2OHCD treatment inhibited PKA-dependent protein phosphorylation. This
study demonstrated localization and possible function of caveolin-1 in chicken sperm andshowed involvement of membrane rafts in regulation of signaling pathways. Our results
provide new insight into functional roles of membrane rafts in chicken sperm.

73

Enzymatic Production of Compound-K from Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Mai KITAMURA1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a perennial herbal plant which is expected to have a highavailability as a new domestic medicinal crop from the point of its cultivation superiority andfunctionality. It has high stress tolerance and grows faster to be harvested 4–5 times a year,
and has a healthy functionalities such as anti-tumor activities, anti-gastric ulcer effect,
immunomodulatory effect, and treatment of hyperlipidemia. Phytochemical studies of thisplant have identified that these functionalities are due to the involved saponins called
Gypenosides, which exerts their health effect when they are decomposed into Compound-K(C-K) by the microbial fermentation or intestinal bacteria digestion. This makes the plantdifficult to be used as the medicinal crop because the microbial fermentation is difficult tocontrol, and there are individual differences in the intestinal floras. To solve this problem,
enzymatic treatment was proposed because it is easy to be controlled and has an ability to
produce a uniform product. In this research, the hot water extract of G. pentaphyllum istreated with industrial enzyme aiming to produce C-K from Gypenosides to get some basic
data to develop a new health food effectives to all people.
Previous studies reported that crude enzyme extracted from microbes decompose
Gypenosides into C-K, however, degradability of Gypenosides using industrial enzymes has
not been elucidated. In order to investigate this subject, Tokushima type G. pentaphyllum wasused in this experiment. There are 14 saponins in the plant and four of them, Gypenoside I, II,
V, and VII are to have the possibility to be decomposed into C-K. Rhamnopyranose andglucose are connected to C-K with α-glycoside and β-glycoside bond so that two kinds ofenzymes, α- glucosidase and β- glucosidase are required to cleave the bonds respectively.
Degradation of Gypenosides with the enzymes is determined by refractometer,
spectrophotometer and HPLC after the treatment with the industrial glucosidase.
Refractometer is proposed as a simple indicators of Gypenosides extraction to express themas Brix. Phenol-sulfuric acid method is used for determining them by using
spectrophotometer after pretreatment with a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge to separate Gypenosides
from other interfering sugars which were liberated by the enzymes. HPLC is also used toevaluate the degradation. Although this method cannot measure all Gypenosides according to
low availability of their standards, it is a good way to measure Gypenosides in the highest
accuracy. From these experiments, the possibility of industrial enzymatic reaction to enhance
the functionality of G. pentaphyllum was explored to have the plant improvement for thecommercial value as a medicinal crop.

74

Development of a High Efficient Tomato Production System based on the
Analysis of a Plant Canopy Structure and Light Condition
Kantaro KUNIMATSU1, Makoto SUZUKI3, Yuki KATSUMATA3, Kyoichi JINNO3, Hideo
YOSHIDA2 and Naoya FUKUDA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Fucalty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
3
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
2

The productivity of tomato in a greenhouse production system is a crucial aspect for theworldwide competition on a food trade. For an improvement of the productivity in tomato
greenhouse production, a promotion of photosynthesis in plant canopy should be required
because the tomato fruits yield is based on the dry matter quantities in plant body. To increase
the photosynthesis in tomato, we can improve the light condition inside the plant canopy by
the training of leaves based on data of plant canopy structure. In this study, we tried todevelop a new light sensor system to estimate the leaf area index (LAI), and evaluate thepractical estimation of plant canopy LAI in a greenhouse for tomato production.
Monsi-saeki (Monsi and Saeki, 1953) suggested that LAI could be estimated based on
the light intensity data on the top and inside the plant canopy by Lambert-Beer law. To
estimate LAI of plant canopy, we should define the extinction coefficient K depend on theplanting density and plant shape. At first, the extinction coefficient K was evaluated during
summer and winter season. Not only the extinction coefficient was varied among 6 different
tomato cultivars, but it could be changed by the season and planting density. Especially in
winter season, the low light intensity level induced the extension of internode, and it could
depress the extinction coefficient K. Furthermore, under the higher planting density treatment,
the extinction coefficient K became lower than low planting density treatment because of theextended plant shape in the high planting density. By using those different extinction
coefficient K defined by 1st experiment, we tried to estimate the plant canopy LAI in thepractical tomato production greenhouse and train a tomato plant canopy. As based on theestimated LAI data, we could train the plant canopy and keep a constant level of LAI in eachtreatment. However, in some cases, we found some unstable light condition data that showed
the light intensity data inside plant canopy overcame the data on the top of plant canopy. In
early morning, the east side of treatment may perceive the direct light from sun to the side ofplant canopy, and this situation could induce the abnormal light intensity data. For theaccurate estimation on plant canopy LAI, it seems that we should consider the sensor positionand direction to prevent the direct light perception.

75

Strategies for Enhancing the Storage Stabilityof Lotus Root (Nelumbo nucifera)
Grace R. LARA1, Kunihiko UEMURA3, Mitsutoshi NAKAJIMA2, Marcos A. NEVES2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
3
Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba, JapanThe demand nowadays for safe and quality food, as consumers become more aware andconscious about the quality of food they purchase and consume is increasing.Generally, afactor that affect the quality of a food product is its appearance. It is because apperance canaffect a product’s perception and general acceptance towards consumers. Currently, various
processing methods were applied to food products to enhance quality and at the same time,extend its shelf-life. Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) is a popular ingredient in different dishes
around the world. In Japan, more than 60,000 ton of lotus roots are produced per year andmajority of the production comes from the Ibaraki region. The said plant is a good source of
dietary fiber, vitamin C, B-complex group of vitamins such as pyridoxine, folates, niacin,
riboflavin, pantothenic acid and thiamin. Lotus root also contains significant amounts ofpolyphenols such as gallic acid, catechins, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. However, thelotus root has been challenged in post-harvest storage as the plant is prone to oxidation andbrowning due to the presence of polyphenols which serve as a substrate for enzymaticbrowning. Aiming to solve these problems, several studies have been made to improve its
post-harvest quality, such as the use of various chemicals and anti-browning agents. We havefocused on the development of edible dipping solutions consisting of oil-in-water emulsions
loaded with antimicrobial compounds and ascorbic acid as anti-browning agents, to improve
the storage stability of lotus root. The application of emulsions is important in incorporatinghydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds which may not be appropriate for aqueous solutions
alone. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of antimicrobials such as carvacrol andnisin as well as the use of different concentrations of ascorbic acid and the effect of vacuum
packaging against the browning of lotus root were evaluated. In addition, we were alsointerested in comparing the efficacy of aqueous acid and salt solutions with varying
cocentration to evaluate the effect of pH in the browning of lotus root. For the quality of thelotus root samples, the color changes were observed and were assessed based on the color
values (L*, a* and b*). Results have shown that the incorporation of antimicrobials (nisin andcarvacrol), anti-browning agent (ascorbic acid) and the application of vacuum packaging is aneffective method to delay browning in lotus root based on the gathered color values andcalculated indices (browning and whiteness). The L* value is a measure of the luminosity(brightness or lightness) of the sample, thus a lower level of luminosity means higher
browning. The samples applied with emulsions containing both antimicrobial, anti-browning
agents and vacuum packaging had the lowest change in color indicating reduced browning
activity and achieved the highest whiteness index (WI) and lowest browning index (BI). BI
and WI are quality indicator parameters calculated based on brown and whitecolors,respectively.

76

Developing a Novel Zeolite Absorbent Modified by Natural Materials to
Enhance Methane Production in Ammonia-rich Condition
Siyang LI, Nan ZHANG, Xiaohong HU, Yingnan YANG
Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Nowadays, large amounts of livestock wastes are generated each year which causes
serious contamination problems. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste has been widely used
to solve the problems. In the process of anaerobic digestion, ammonia is a main inhibitor,
which is produced as a common metabolic end product. Adding absorbent to adsorb ammonia
is a method to mitigate ammonia inhibition, which is highly efficient and low-cost. In addition,
the absorbent could also be a carrier for the growth of microorganisms in the anaerobic reactor.
In this study, natural materials like lignite and egg shell were used to modify zeolite todevelop a novel zeolite absorbent. The ammonia adsorption capacity of absorbents wasdetermined. The result showed that the ammonia adsorption capacity of natural material
modified novel zeolite absorbent reached up to 55.1 mg/L higher than other samples. Throughthe kinetic and isotherm analyses, it was indicated that the ammonia adsorption type wasion-exchange on a heterogeneous surface. The SEM-EDS analysis showed that the contents ofa variety of cations of novel zeolite absorbent were also higher than other absorbents, which
was in accordance with the adsorption type analysis results. The results of BET surface area
analysis showed that the eggshell could effectively modify zeolite to enhance its surface area.
After the development of novel absorbent, different kinds of modified absorbents were set inammonia-rich anaerobic digestion reactor. The novel zeolite bioreactor showed the best
performance, including methane concentration, cumulative methane production, and methane
yield. The SEM photos showed the morphology of the microorganisms immobilized on thesurface of absorbents. The quantity and diversity of microorganisms immobilized on the novel
zeolite absorbent was highest. This result showed a better growth condition of
microorganisms on the novel zeolite absorbent. The ATP values of the microorganisms in thebioreactors were determined and the novel zeolite bioreactor showed the highest value whichindicated the better activity of microorganisms. These results corresponded to the results of
SEM photos. In summary, the novel zeolite absorbent is not only an effective absorbent forammonia adsorption but also a good carrier for the growth of microorganisms. The novel
zeolite absorbent can successfully be applied in ammonia-rich anaerobic digestion.

77

Effects of Different Homogenizers on the Oxidative Stability of
Oil-in-Water Emulsions based on Refined Vegetable Oil
Ayano MAKISHITA1,2, Isao KOBAYASHI2, Marcos A. NEVES1,2, Shoji HAGIWARA2,
Kunihiko UEMURA2, Mitsutoshi NAKAJIMA1,2
12

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
National Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.

An emulsion consists of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water, one dispersed in
the other as small spherical droplets. Oil-in-water emulsions including milk, mayonnaise, andcream are one of the most common forms of lipids in foods. These products are deteriorated
through lipids oxidation affected by individual components and their composition,
microstructure, emulsification process, and storage environment. There are many previous
studies on oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions, whereas it is not clear the effects ofprocess itself. Therefore, our studies focus on the effects of mechanical emulsification process
where shear stress, impact force or cavitation occur.
Refined soybean oil or refined rapeseed oil was used as oil phase, Milli-Q water wasused as water phase. Oil phase (50 g) and water phase (450 g) were emulsified throughrotor-stator homogenization (RSH) at 8,000 rpm for 5 min alone, or RSH followed by highpressure homogenization (HPH) at 100 MPa for 3 times. Droplet size distribution of theemulsions was measured using laser diffraction technique. The remaining emulsions were
centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant oil phases were sampled and labeled
as RSH-treated oil or HPH-treated oil. Oxidation induction time (OIT) of untreated oil,
RSH-treated oil and HPH-treated oil were measured as oxidative stability index at 120 °C
with air flow rate at 20 L/h. Water content of the oils were also measured using Karl-Fisher
method.
From the results of droplet size distribution, the interfacial area between oil phase andwater phase of the emulsion prepared by RSH was 104 times larger than that of before
processing. The interfacial area of emulsion prepared by RSH and HPH was 105 times larger
than that of before processing. OIT of treated oils were shorter than that of untreated oil,especially HPH-treated oil was remarkable. Water content of treated oils were higher thanuntreated-oil and nearly reached the saturation solubility of water in oil. Increasing watercontent could promote oxygen supply. Moreover, large energy was applied to the samples forincreasing the interfacial area, which might affect the chemical structure of the components. It
is assumed that certain lipids could change into lipid radicals, which accelerates the initiation
phase of lipid oxidation. Further experiments are needed in order to elucidate the mechanismof decline in the oxidative stability of the emulsions.

78

Degradation Characteristics of Microalgae by Micro Wet Milling
Nobuyuki MATSUNAMI1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Currently, renewable energy such as solar power, wind power, geothermal power, andbiomass has been developed actively due to global warming and fossil fuel depletion problem.
Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy which is carbon neutral. This is an alternative fuel ofthe light oil, and is obtained by transesterification of the lipids from the biomass along withalcohol and catalyst. While variety of terrestrial plants such as rapeseed, sunflower, andjatropha are used in the biodiesel feedstock, in recent years, microalgae has been considered
as a promising biodiesel feedstock due to high lipid content, high growth rate, no compete forfood production. The general process of microalgae biodiesel production is performed in theorder of the cultivation of the microalgae, harvesting, dewatering, oil extraction, andconversion to fuels from the lipid extract. Lipid extraction from microalgae cells is performed
using an organic solvent such as hexane, however it extraction rate is low. To improve thelipid extraction rate, it has been studied to add a cell disruption of algal cells before lipid
extraction. Already cell disruption by ultrasonic treatment, high pressure homogenization,brad beating, and microwave radiation has been studied, and also it is reported these cell
disruption method improve the extraction rate of lipid. However, these methods require large
energy, energy saving in the cell disruption method is desired for the cost reduction of
microalgae biodiesel production. This study is to examine the wet milling of microalgae by
the Micro Wet Milling (MWM) as a new way of cell disruption. MWM is a method of wet
milling with a modified electric stone mill wet material. Because MWM is excellent inminiaturization of wet material, grinding work index is smaller than the other grinders. Also
MWM is considered to reduce the energy of a cell disruption than traditional methods as it isoperated at normal temperature and pressure. However there is no knowledge that a wet
milling by MWM applied to cell disruption of microalgae biomass. Then this study aims toclarify the characteristics of the wet milling of microalgae by Micro Wet Milling.
The microalgae strain used in this study is chlorella sp. which is commercially available(water content : 86%). Samples variously adjust the water content (86%, 90%, 95%, 99%) isground by MWM. After the milling, we measure the particle size (median diameter) by a laser
diffraction particle size distribution meter (SALD-2200) to see the shape change of the algal
cells , further confirm the shape of the algal cells in the image by an optical microscope.
Furthermore, ground algae lipids were extracted by n- hexane, to calculate the extraction rate.
Clarifying the milling conditions where the lipid extraction rate is the best, we get basic data
to establish microalgae biodiesel production that utilizes a Micro Wet Milling process.

79Evaluation of Energy Efficiency of Low Pressure Hydrothermal
Decomposition for Microalgae Oil
Kasumi MATSUO1, Nugroho Adi SASONGKO1,2, Eriko ANKYU1, Toru ARAMAKI3,
Jyunko ITO4, Sosaku ICHIKAWA5, Mitsutoshi NAKAJIMA5, Makoto M. WATANABE4,5
and Ryozo NOGUCHI5
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
The Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology, Indonesia
3
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
4
Algae Biomass and Energy System R&D Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan
5
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2

Microalgae are attractive biomass because of high growing speed and not competingwith food production. Many technologies have been developed in microalgae biofuel
processing. Especially, hydrothermal decomposition for oil without drying process can beapplied to wet condition of microalgae. This study focuses energy efficiency evaluation in
microalgae oil extraction process by low pressure hydrothermal decomposition, and proposes
optimization method for oil productivity by controlling temperature, pressure, moisture
content, and processing time as physical parameters.
Native microalgae (Desmodesmus sp.) in Minamisoma City, Fukushima Pref. wereused in this research. 50 g microalgae (Water content: 92.5%, Solid weight: 3.75g, potential
energy of solid: 60 kJ, oil quantity: 0.094 g, calorific value: 3.9 kJ) was used for low pressurehydrothermal decomposition after primary dewatering as pretreatment. Lipid quality andquantity were measured in before and after treatment by the methanol extraction.
0.55 g of total oil weight and 23 kJ of its calorific value were measured after low
pressure hydrothermal decomposition. Thus, 37.8% of oil calorific ratio was calculated by 60
kJ of solid calorific value for experiment material. 0.10 of energy profit ratio (EPR) was
calculated by 2,203 kJ of input energy in this experiment from the viewpoint of oil production,and 0.59 of EPR was calculated by 385 kJ of theoretical energy consumption. Based on theseresults and 49.4% of oil calorific ratio by 375℃ of temperature condition has been reported
by Garcia Alba et al. (2011), 210-240℃ of temperature condition can be predicted to bring
0.66-2.7% increasing of the EPR compared with 200℃ of temperature condition.

80

Development on Production for New Type of Sake Using Micro Wet Milling
Shohta MINAMI1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1

2

Graduate school of Life and Environmental of Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Sake is made from rice. The processes are mainly composed of rice polishing, steaming,saccharification, fermentation, and refining Moromi or fermented broths. Rice bran and sakelees are removed and discarded in these processes however those are rich in nutrient andfunctional ingredient such as protein, dietary fiber and GABA. As rice bran and sake lees canbe included in Sake, it becomes unrefined Sake which is new and nutritious and where therice bran and sake lees can be intaken effectively. However there are two problems to makethis unrefined Sake. First, brawn rice is hard to ferment because rice bran includes a lot ofprotein. Second, texture of unrefined sake is bad due to the included big particle in Moromi. A
Miniaturization process, “Micro Wet Milling(MWM)” was proposed for brawn rice andMoromi to solve these problems. MWM is a method to mill materials with liquid. It is
expected that reactive and texture of Sake is improved by the use of MWM.
“Rice slurry” is liquid food material when the wet milling is applied to brown rice. The
brown rice slurry is suspended liquid, so that protein, lipid and glucose contents are different
from polished rice ones.
Condition of good texture of unrefined Sake is to have maximum particle size with 100
m and more ratio than 50%- by 10 mparticle.
Accordingly the purpose of this research is to make clear the brewing properties of therice slurry and achieve good texture of unrefined Sake.
Brewing properties of the brown rice slurry were investigated. Polished rice slurry wasused for control. EtOH and glucose concentration were monitored over 2 weeks. Fermentation
curves were different. However maximum EtOH concentration reached to the same level atthe end of both fermentations. Fermentation was considered to be not inhibited by rice bran.
Milling properties were examined. Fermented brown rice slurry was milled one time by
MWM and the particle distribution and median size were measured. Particle sizes were
smaller than the sample before milling. Good texture conditions were not achieved, so that itis necessary to investigate MWM condition and milling time.
In the future, component in making Sake will be analyzed and the function will be
revealed. At last making new type of Sake will be evaluated by sensory test.

81

Highly Value-added Agricultural Processing
for the Effective Utilization of Food Resources
Misaki NAKAMURA1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

2

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

In Japan, about 40% of agricultural products prior to shipment have been discarded
because of the prevention of lower pricing and the unsatisfactory of food standard (Tamura,2014). This present situation has caused an environmental pollution so that an improvementof the disposal problem is necessary. As one of the solutions, adding value to agricultural
products by a novel processing is proposed, and which isthought to lead an effective
utilization of food resources. As it is said that many agricultural products have phospholipids
and phospholipase D (PLD) which can produce phosphatidic acid (PA) by the organics
degradationion by processing such as grinding and chewing. The PA incorporated into thebody is hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes and it becomes component to protect thegastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. It is found that this component is effective in the prevention andtreatment of GI mucosal damage. In brief, agricultural products containing a large amount of
PA can be a functional food that works in the cure of GI mucosal damage (Urikura et al,2012). The PA production has been found to be affected by the temperature and particle size
after the degradation of plant cells or tissues, however their detailed discussions have not been
observed yet. In this study, the effect of temperature and particle size at micro-wet milling(MWM) processing on PA yield was elucidated by use of cabbage being be rich inphospholipids. .
In the experiment for the temperature effect, PA production of cabbage was carriedout for 15 minutes in a warm bath at 25~75 ℃ after the mixer grinding. The PA production
between at 25 and 35℃ have no significant difference, and they are the largest in the thisexperimental conditions.. At more than 45℃, PA production was decreased with increasing in
the temperature. It was found that PLD of cabbage has a high activity at 25~35℃. In theexperiment for particle size effect, cabbage was ground in 0.5~3 min with a mixer and PA
production was carried out for 1 hour in a warm bath at 25℃. When the particle size wasabout 210~690μm, PA content was increased linearly with the reduction in particle size. In
the experiment of MWM system, PA was produced at 25℃ after the MWM processing.
When the particle size was less than 100µm, PA content was increased linearly. However,when the particle size was from 15~100µm, PA content was constant at 600μg-PA/g-d.b.. The
3min degradation by mixer produced particle size of 200µm and temperature of 40℃ so that
the MWM processing was found to be more suitable for PA production than mixer.

82

The Educational Effects of Food Education Activities Using Millet
Minako NISHI1 and Hisayoshi HAYASHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Japanese eating habits have changed quickly and dramatically in recent years, andvarious problems in food and nutrition have arisen. To solve these problems, the Japanese
government enacted the Shokuiku Basic Law in 2005 and the Second Basic Program for
Shokuiku Promotion in 2011. These laws were created to promote ‘Shokuiku,’ which was
defined as a base of intellectual, moral and physical educations for all people. Opportunities
for taking various Shokuiku activities have been increasing in a variety of venues. Many
schools have also begun to include Shokuiku activities in extra school activities. Althoughmany reports about the effect of food education activities on dietary habits and health havebeen performed, there are few reports about the effect of agricultural activities on the thinking
or mindset of elementary school students. The cultivation of crops is the most essential
activity for producing food. We think that agricultural experience will prove to be a very
important aspect of ‘Shokuiku,’ especially for the younger generation. In this study, we madeand carried out a curriculum for food education concerning millets in an elementary school,and decided to evaluate its educational effect.
We conducted a series of ‘Shokuiku’ activities for 1st and 6th grade children at Toride
Elementary School in Tsuchiura City in 2014. The children started to cultivate common millet(Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) for cooking materials after harvesting.
Students also cultivated other millets including barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis), finger
millet (Eleusine coracana), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum
americanum), Job’s-tear (Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen), buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum), grain amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), tostudy the characteristics of millets and learn about crop diversity. A series of farm works
related to millets cultivation – for example, broadcasting fertilizer, making ridges, sowing
seeds, weeding, thinning, harvesting, threshing and milling – were performed by children
themselves. After they harvested some millets, they cooked dishes using millets they had
produced themselves. A questionnaire-based investigation was conducted several times in thesubsequent year to evaluate the effect of these activities.
The survey showed that children’s feelings and thoughts on food and agriculture werechanged. Especially for 1st grade children, their understanding of agriculture, interest in foods
and gratitude for food became deeper and stronger as they experienced cultivation practices.
From a quantitative questionnaire for 6th grade children, we understood that ‘Shokuiku’
activities were able to make an impression even if they were hard and tiring activities.
Moreover, the degree of physical difficulty of the activity might be related to the degree ofunderstanding of agriculture, interest in foods and gratitude for food inspired in the children.
From the answers to questionnaires by children’s parents, half of them noticed good changes
in their children: e.g. an increased interest in food, appreciation of the value of food, and soon. Elementary school teachers commented on the curriculum of the ‘Shokuiku’ activities,
saying that it was difficult for children to learn gratitude for food by these activities alone. We
concluded that ‘Shokuiku’ activities by millets cultivation had a positive effect on children’s
minds. But it will be necessary for us to improve the millets cultivation ‘Shokuiku’curriculum by making a series lessons and activities.

83

Ni Accumulation and the Tolerance of Thujopsis dolabrata var.
Hondai Seedlings Growing in Serpentine Soil, Mt. Hayachine
Sayaka OKIMURA1, Keiko YAMAJI1, Gaku HITSUMA2, and Shigeta MORI3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan.
2
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
3
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata
University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
Mt. Hayachine in Iwate prefecture, Japan is characterized by serpentine site, which is
known to have high concentrations of Ni. In general, few plants that can tolerate highconcentrations of Ni can grow in serpentine soil. Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb. et Zucc. var.
hondai Makino occurs naturally on Mt. Hayachine. In this study, we hypothesized that T.
dolabrata var. hondai shows Ni tolerance due to detoxification by phenolics.
In June 2013, we collected five T. dolabrata var. hondai seedlings and root-zone soil
from the Kadoma National Forest on Mt. Hayachine to analyze the concentrations of Ni, otherheavy metals, and macronutrients. The seedling roots had high concentrations of Ni (43.4 ±27.3 mg kg-1 DM). Further, we conducted a pot experiment by using 1-month-old sterile
seedlings grown in three types of sterilized soils—Kadoma soil (obtained from the Kadoma
National Forest), Tsugaru forest soil, and nursery soil—and compared the concentrations ofNi, nutrients, and catechin, as well as the growth of seedlings in the different soils. The pot
experiment indicated that the roots of seedlings grown in Kadoma forest soil contained highconcentrations of Ni and catechin, which could act as an antioxidant and a possible
Ni-chelating compound that detoxified Ni in the plant cells.
We concluded that T. dolabrata var. hondai seedlings growing in the serpentine site of
Mt. Hayachine accumulated Ni and could detoxify it by producing high concentrations ofcatechin.

84Effects of Maize-Cowpea Intercropping on Yield and Forage Quality
Megumi SASAKI1, Yuki MIYAZAKI1 , Katsuyoshi SHIMIZU2,
Sachio MARUYAMA3 and Naoto ISHIKAWA3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Japan.
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
2

Effective land use in crop production is needed because of the rapid increase of
population in developing countries. Intercropping is one of the effective ways to increase theyield of crops in limited arable land. Meanwhile, utilizing residue of crops as forage is an
economic and efficient land use. Therefore the objective of this study is to investigate theadvantage of maize-cowpea intercropping on yield and the forage quality of unedible parts.
Maize (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were sown in
May 2014. This experiment included 3 treatments; mono-cultured maize, mono-cultured
cowpea and intercropping(maize: cowpea=1:1) with 3 replications. The size of each plot was
5 m x 5 m. The row distance was 50 cm for mono-cultured plots, 25 cm for intercropping
plots. The hill distance was 30 cm for all treatments. The plant length/height was measured
once a week. Photosynthetic rates were calculated with a portable photosynthesis system on
55~59 DAS (days after sowing). SPAD values were measured at vegetative and reproductive
stage. The water content of soil was measured once a month. Fresh ear yield of maize and dry
grain yield of cowpea were investigated after harvesting 90 DAS and 111 DAS, respectively.
The chemical analysis using leaf and stem of each crops at the stage of harvesting time (1stsampling) and one month after harvesting time(2nd sampling) was conducted.
As a result, plant heights of intercropped cowpeas were larger than mono-cultured,
because maize plant shutting sunlight made them grow spindly. SPAD values were higher inmono-cultured plots than intercropping plots. There were little differences on photosynthetic
rates between the treatments. The water contents of soil in intercropping plots were higher
than mono-culture maize plots during cultivation period, because cowpea plants had been
covering the soil surface between maize plants. This phenomenon could be useful in dry area
where people need to use limited source of irrigation water. The yield of maize were notdifferent between the treatments, but that of intercropped cowpea were 66 % ofmono-cultured cowpea. In total, land equivalent ratio(LER) was 1.55, which indicatedadvantage of intercropping. Although the protein and fat content of maize were decreased
from 1st to 2nd sampling, these contents of cowpea were not decreased. In addition, since theprotein and fat content of cowpea were higher than maize, it was indicated that intercroppingwith cowpea improved the forage quality of residue compared to mono-cultured maize plots.

85

Growth and Biomass Production of Egyptian and Japanese Lowland
Rice Cultivars under Different Irrigation Intervals
Ayaka SATO1 and Sachio MARUYAMA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Water and food demands are increasing due to both the population growth andreclamation of farmland in Egypt. The amount of irrigation water in rice cultivation is twice
as much as that of upland crops. The efficient use of water resource is required in agriculture,
particularly rice cultivation. Previous research has shown that prolonged irrigation intervals
save water. The objective of this study was to compare the growth and yield of Egyptian andJapanese lowland rice cultivars under different irrigation intervals.
The experiment was conducted using two Egyptian cultivars (Sakha 104 (japonica) and
Giza 178 (japonica x indica)), and a Japanese cultivar (Koshihikari) in plastic house in 2014.
Three cultivars were grown in 1/5000 a pots filled with soil. The pots were irrigated every
four days (S, conventional interval in Egypt), every eight days (M), or every twelve days (L)up to 3 cm above soil surface. The treatments started 7 days after transplanting. Plant age inleaf number, plant length, and the number of tillers were recorded every 7 days from thetransplanting to heading. Plants were harvested on October 16, and yield and yieldcomponents were measured.
The amount of irrigation water in S, M, and L was 3507, 2150, 1720 mm, respectively.
The longer the irrigation interval, the shorter the plant length. Similar tendency was found in
the number of tillers. There was no clear difference in plant age in leaf number among thetreatments in all cultivars. Plant length of Sakha 104 was less affected, but the number oftillers was more reduced than other cultivers by prolonged irrigation. Dry matter weights in M
and L were significantly lower than those of S, and the reduction of dry matter weight ofpanicle was larger than that of stem and leaf. The total dry matter weights in M and L werereduced by 39 % or more. There was no clear cultivar difference in response to prolonged
irrigation intervals. Water use efficiency (Total dry matter weight/the amount of irrigationwater) was not improved in M and L due to the large reduction of total dry matter weight.
Prolonged irrigation intervals saved water by 39% as compared with conventional
irrigation. However, water deficit reduced plant length and tiller numbers, and seriously
reduced grain yield. Plants could get water from lower soil under the field conditions, on theother hand water in the pots was quite reduced in the present experiment. Future studies areneeded to reexamine the effect of prolonged irrigation intervals on plant growth and yield ofrice under the similar conditions to paddy field.

86

Oxygen Generation from Rhodamine B Solution Catalyzed by
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation
Hangxing SHEN, Xiaohong HU, Qi ZHU and Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1
Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan
Overall water splitting to produce H2 and O2 over a semiconductor photocatalyst using
solar energy is a promising process for the large-scale production of clean, recyclable H2. For
the reactions of water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction is more kinetically demanding
which is very important for overall water splitting. Numerous attempts have been made to
develop photocatalysts that function under visible-light irradiation to efficiently utilize solar
energy. TiO2 as a promising semiconductor has been found to be easily excited under UV lightcausing water splitting, but the wide band-gap restrain the large-scale use, as it cannot be
excited under solar light. Therefore, it is important to develop active photocatalytic materials
for water splitting under solar light. According to our previous study, a new
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 composite has been successfully synthesized by sol-gel method, andin this work photocatalytic oxygen generation from P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 composite wasinvestigated. The reaction temperature, pH and concentration of photocatalyst wereconsidered at the same time. Finally, the photocatalytic mechanism was proposed to explain
the photocatalytic process.
The results demonstrated that P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 showed substantial and highefficiency under solar light. Significant amount of O2 was observed over P/Ag/Ag2O/
Ag3PO4/TiO2, and the evolution rate reached 2125 µmol/g/h, which showed high efficiency
for oxygen production. In order to explore the mechanism that influences oxygen evolution,
pH, temperature and illumination intensity was investigated. Understanding these characters
could help clarify the mechanism of oxygen evolution by P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 material.
Therefore, P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 should be a promising material for oxygen evolution
reaction.

87

Histological Study on Spontaneous Gonadal Germ Cells (GGCs) Discharge
from the Gonad of Developing Chick Embryos
Rei SUZUKI1, Atsushi ASANO2, Naoto ISHIKAWA2 and Atsushi TAJIMA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDue to the rapid loss of the genetic diversity in nature, necessity to develop a system toconserve animal genetic resources is acute. In this respect, recent technical development of
the germline chimera, produced by collecting and transferring GGCs, provides a practicalmeans of conserving endangered avian species.
It has been reported that GGCs can be collected by simply incubating gonads recoveredfrom 7-day-old embryos in PBS(-) up to 1.5 hours (Nakajima et al., 2011). However, it was
revealed that the spontaneous GGCs discharge form 7-day-old chick embryos is inhibitedwith the increase of the Ca2+ concentration in PBS(-). Accordingly, a presence of Ca2＋
mediated cell-to-cell adhesion between gonadal somatic cells and GGCs has been suggested(Nakajima et al. , 2014). Present study, therefore, histological sample were prepared to
examine the pre- and post- gonadal changes of 7-day-old chick embryos in PBS(-).
In Experiment 1-1, in order to examine the pre- and post- gonadal changes of 7-day-old
chick embryos in PBS(-), a preliminary study was carried out find out a method of prefixation.
Experiment revealed that the gonadal tissue pre-fixed using Bouin was more stable comparedwith tissue pre-fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde. Histological changes will be examined todisclose the nature of the spontaneous GGCs discharge from the embryonic gonads into
PBS(-).
In Experiment 2, the cadherin 1 to 4, 6, and 12, and desmoglein 2 and 4 primers wereused to detect Ca binding protein which are possible candidates responsible to connect GGCs
with gonadal somatic tissue. At present, N-cadherin, was detected from the gonad of
7-days-old embryos.
Future study should be directed toward examining the histochemical identification ofN-cadherin in the gonad-mesonephros complex in relation to GGCs dissociation from theembryonic gonad.

88

Mesophilic Methane Fermentation with Wood Drying Wastewaterby Fixed-bed Reactor
Yuta TANAKA1, Yutaka KITAMURA2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Nowadays, recycling wastes and decreasing environment loads are required in terms ofestablishment of the recycling-based society around the world. Creating energy such as
bio-ethanol or bio-gas from biomass is especially focused in Japan, because there is a few
fossil resources such as natural gas or petroleum oil and so on. Now much waste is recycled.
For example, in some sewage center or food factories, the generated organic wastes aretransformed biochemically to biogas or methane by anaerobic digestion and burned togenerate electricity. However in the huge lumber mill for example, the wood drying
wastewater (WDW) is not utilized as biomass energy resource now.WDW is discharged in thewood drying process and the amount of WDW is about 1000 t/month in a lumber mill. WDW
is now treated with activated sludge process or coagulation method and then discharged intosewers. Therefore, a new recycling method of WDW is desirable to be used as organic
resource. WDW is liquid and contains many organic matters so that anaerobic digestion isconsidered to be suitable for WDW, because the composition is similar to sewage or somefood wastewater. Semi-continuous stirred tank reactor (SCSTR) experiment with WDW bydraw-and-fill method was conducted in former study. It was found that the concentration of
microbe is needed to keep high because of the wash out failure. In this study, a fixed bed
reactor which can keep high concentration of microbe is used at the same condition as SCSTR
experiment.
The characteristic of WDW was that the pH was 3.66, TC(Total Carbon) was 1271
mg/L, TN(Total Nitrogen) was 7.904 mg/L, TS(Total Solid) was 0.32 wt % and CODMn was
3102 mg/L. A plastic cylinder (2.6 L vol) was used as a reactor. Pall rings were used as asupport medium Operating temperature is set around 37 ℃ for mesophilic fermentation. The
seeding sludge was inoculated with synthetic wastewater by adding it twice a week for amonth in order to fix microbes. HRT is ranged from 6, 8, 10, 12 day after inoculation. pH,
VFA(Volatile Fatty Acid), TC, TN,VS in the fermented broth and the amount and methane
concentration of the produced gas were measured. This experiment by fixed-bed reactor isconducted now. If WDW can be transformed to methane as energy in present experiment, theenvironmental loads will decrease. The result will be reported in the poster presentation.

89

Effect of Quantitative Differences in Volatiles from Host- or Nonhostinfested Maize on the Attraction of the Larval Parasitoid Cotesia kariyai
Ploypilin THANIKKUL1 and Yooichi KAINOH2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Maize (Zea mays) is a major economic crop and the most important staple food forseveral countries. Farmers must control various species of herbivorous pest insects when
producing maize crops. Biological control is one integrated pest management (IPM) methodthat can decrease pest populations in an environmentally friendly way using natural enemies.
Parasitoid insects use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to locate hosts. However, thenatural environment is a complex habitat of many herbivorous species with both suitable andunsuitable host species. That is, the complex habitat is full of volatile cues (e.g. volatile
qualities and volatile quantities) released by both host- and nonhost-infested plants.
Parasitoids encounter these signals as distorted information on host presence while foraging.
Therefore, the presence of nonhost species in the complex habitat may affect the parasitoid
decision for locating their hosts. In this study, we focused on multitrophic interactions of
Cotesia kariyai, a specialist larval parasitoid of the common army worm (Mythimna
separata), as a major pest causing severe damage to maize crops. Moreover, the Asian cornborer (Ostrinia furnacalis), one of the most important maize pests in Japan, was selected forthis study as a nonhost species. We investigated the effects of quantitative differences
involatiles from host- and nonhost-infested maize plants on the olfactory responses of theparasitoid during searching behavior with a 4-arm olfactometer. Total duration and total
number of visits in the treated and control arenas were recorded and calculated using thesoftware, The Observer® XT (ver. 9.0).
First, we found that C. Kariyai females preferred both host- and nonhost-infested plants
to healthy plants. Second, parasitoid attraction increased with the addition of the number of
infested plant units or number of larvae on infested plants as volatile quantities or damaged
areas were increased. Parasitoids showed a greater preference to 3 units > 2 units > 1 unit ofhost-infested plants. Also, they preferred infested plants that were fed on by 5 larvae > 3
larvae > 1 larva of host species. Third, we showed the volatile quantities affect the searchingefficiency of C. kariyai to locate hosts in the presence of nonhosts by comparing responses tohost-infested plants with various units of nonhost-infested plants. Finally, we conclude that C.
kariyai females can discriminate between healthy plants and host/nonhost-infested plants
using the profiles of volatiles released. Moreover, this parasitoid can perceive differences in
the quantitative quality of volatiles from infested plant units, because they preferred higher
volatile units to lower ones. The quantity of HIPVs emitted affects the olfactory responses of
C. kariyai in their searching behavior. Therefore, in complex habitat, parasitoid responses
may be affected by the quantity of HIPVs from host- and nonhost-infested plants. These
correlations may be used to predict a parasitoid’s capability to locate hosts in the field.

90

Incorporation of Cholesterol to Sperm Membranes Improves
Cryosurvivability of Chicken Sperm
Ai USHIYAMA1, Atsushi TAJIMA2, Naoto ISHIKAWA2 and Atsushi ASANO2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Cryopreservation of sperm has been a useful technique for preservation of genetic
resource in endangered animals. However, it has been a persisted problem that freeze-thawprocess causes membrane alteration resulting in deterioration of viability and functionality ofsperm. Previously, we demonstrated in chicken sperm that freeze-thaw process inducescholesterol efflux leading to programmed cell death so called apoptosis. This led us tohypothesis that increase in cholesterol content of membrane might improve cryosurvivabilityof chicken sperm. In this study, we tested this possibility by incorporating cholesterol into
membranes of chicken sperm following by cryopreservation.
Semen were collected from matured Rhode Island Red. Cryopreservation was
performed as described previously (Tajima et al., 1989). For incorporation of cholesterol tomembranes, sperm (1.2 x 108 cells) were treated with 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 6 mg
cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) for 15 min at 22C. Experiment 1: quantification ofcholesterol amount in membranes was performed in CLC-treated sperm after freeze-thawprocess. Experiment 2: post-thaw viability and acrosome integrity were examined using
propidium iodide and FITC-peanut agglutinin in CLC-treated sperm. Experiment 3:
apoptotsis assay was performed with 0 and 1.5 mg CLC-treated sperm following by
freeze-thaw process. Experiment 4: distribution of exogenous cholesterol in sperm wasvisualized after incorporation of fluorescent cholesterol into membranes.
Experiment 1: cholesterol content in sperm membranes increased in CLC-concentration
dependent manner. Experiment 2: following by freeze-thaw process, 1.5 mg CLC-treatedsperm showed higher viability (71.8%) than others (4.3~48.5%) (P<0.05) and no significant
differences in acrosome integrity compared to sperm treated with 0 mg CLC (75.0%).
Experiment 3: occurrence of apoptosis significantly decreased in 1.5 mg CLC-treated sperm(14.2%) compared with sperm treated with 0 mg CLC (32.4%) (P<0.05). Experiment 4:
exogenous cholesterol was distributed into entire sperm membranes with more intensified insperm head region relative to other compartments.
In present study, we demonstrated that 1.5 mg CLC-treatment of chicken sperm improved
cryosurvivability by inhibiting occurrence of apoptosis. Currently, post-thaw fertilizing abilityof CLC-treated sperm is under investigation using artificial insemination. Our results would
provide a foundation to establish a novel method for avian sperm cryopreservation.

91

Optimum Selection for Para Rubber Wood Energy Plant in Thailand using
AHP
Paskorn VEJPAS1, Ryozo NOGUCHI2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, JapanThe Ministry of Energy was assigned from Thai government to set up the 10 Year
Alternative Energy and Development Plan-(AEDP 2011-2021) aiming to create theframework and direction for increasing alternative energy consumption by 25% in 2021. From
AEDP target attempt to increase biomass electricity generation from 2012 that was 1,960 MW
to 3,630 MW in 2021 until recently The Ministry of Energy made a new AEDP plan which is
AEDP 2015 (2015-2036) that set up a higher target of biomass which is 5,570 MW. Thailand
has a high potential of biomass energy sources. Para rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell)is an interesting option for biomass energy resource in Thailand especially in Southern ofThailand, tokihere are many parts of para rubber wood residues (root, slab, saw dust) that canuse as a biomass. During 2006-2011 para rubber trees were cutting down around 34,000
hectares per year (approximately 430 para rubber trees per one hectare). Now theconventional technology for para rubber power plant is direct combustion but there is aninteresting technologies else that is gasification.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model is an approach method for a complex
decision-making that was used in this research to identify suitable option of technology forpara rubber wood power plant in Thailand. So, this research attempts to survey different
types of para rubber wood power plant in Southern of Thailand and compare two technologies
between direct combustion and gasification by using AHP by considering in criteria, subcriteria and alternative. Criteria and sub-criteria are considered in many topic such as energy
potential economics, environment effect. There are four initial criteria, including benefits,
opportunities, risks and costs (BORC).
From expected outcome of this research the direct combustion technology should besuitable more than gasification, it is expected that study will help to promote Thai government
policy and also supports the investors in Thailand. This will lead to increase economic growth
and will solve the problem of low price of rubber, which is directly related with farmers.

92

Processing of Whole Mulberry Wine with Micro Wet Milling System
Youmei WANG1 and Yutaka KITAMURA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, university of Tsukuba, Japan

Mulberry or Kuwano-mi belongs to the Moraceae family. It is widely distributed in
Asia and well-known on its significantly nutritional qualities. Due to its fragile structure andlow stability in the storage, it is usually processed as freezing food. Another possibility is tocommercialize its fermented product. However the nutrition in mulberry’s pomace and seeds
is lost in the traditional wine processing because it only uses squeezing juice to ferment, on
the other hand, the root and seeds of mulberry are difficult to remove.
Micro Wet Milling System (MWM) which can degrade raw material into smaller
particles by stone milling is used to produce whole mulberry wine in order to keep full
nutrition with good sensory or taste. The milling and fermentation characteristics of mulberry
are investigated for the new wine processing with MWM system.
The harvested mulberries (Shimane-ken,2014) are stored in a freezer and thawed in theuse. Saccharomyces Cerevisiaes (Spain,2013) is chosen as wine fermentation yeast.
1. Milling characteristics: The effects of mixing time for the mixer and the feeding rate
for MWM system on the particle size of degraded mulberry are demonstrated.
2. Fermentation characteristics: By use of milled mulberry with MWM system as raw
materials, the effect of dilution ratios on alcoholic (GC14B、Shimadz), Brix% and particle
size (SALD2200, Shimadz) are observed. Sterilization at 60ºC for 10 min before fermentation
was conducted. Due to the high viscosity of mulberry, the dilution is given at 2, 3 and 4 foldby distilled water.
Milling experiment result shows that the smallest particle size by use of mixer is 107µm
and the following MWM system reduces to 31µm when feeding rate is 14g/min by use ofstone mill. The other result shows that MWM system can make higher polyphenol content(170.8mg/100g) in the mulberry juice compared with mixing only (153.4mg/100g).
Fermentation experiment result shows that the alcohol is increasing with the decreasingof Brix. the alcohol between 2, 3 and 4 fold dilutions are 12.2%, 11.6% and 11.1%,
respectively. The Brix% values between these dilutions are 9.3%, 8.5% and 8.1%. There is no
significant difference in the alcohol and Brix% between 2, 3 and 4 dilution ratios of wine.
However the particle size as 31µm in the mulberry juice reduced to 27.3µm in the final wine.

93Toward the Production of an Edible Vaccine Against Influenza :Spray-Dry Characteristics of Tomato Fruit
Sakkrapong WANNAWATTANA1, Yutaka KITAMURA2 and Michiyuki ONO2
1
2

Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Vaccination is the most effective way for preventing infectious diseases such as
Influenza. Traditional injectable vaccines are less effective against infection at mucosal
surfaces because of poor inducers of mucosal immunity. Moreover, it costs very expensive in
production and has some risk of infection because of using syringes and needles.
Plant-derived edible vaccine is expected to get rid of those problems by using virus-likeparticles (VLPs), which survive through the severe conditions in the digestive tract, as acarrier molecule for foreign antigenic epitopes and stimulate both mucosal and systemic
immunity by inducing antibodies in the intestinal fluid. We are attempting to produce edible
vaccine bearing the extracellular domain of influenza A virus matrix protein 2 (M2e) on
human Hepatitis E virus-like particle by transformation of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum cv.
Micro-Tom. Nevertheless, the cold chain process is still required to preserve quality andquantity of recombinant protein particles, therefore undesirable for storage. Spray drying,
involves in evaporating moisture component from slurry or liquid solution and making
powder by rapidly drying with a hot air, is one of the most well-known technology commonlyused in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
The purpose of this work was to develop a stable dry powder formulation containing
VLPs expressed in tomato fruit. However, a protocol of spray drying in this tomato cultivar isstill unexplored. Thus, we firstly use non-transformant tomato as the material in our study.
Tomato is milled by Micro Wet Milling (MWM) to reduce particle size not to clog in thenozzle pore. Tomato slurry derived from MWM will be added with several kinds of diluent
before pilot-scale spray drying. Glass transition temperature (Tg) measurement is helpful todetermine the ratio of the slurry to the diluent. Spray-dried tomato powder will be also
determined by various parameters such as yield, particle size, and moisture content in order toselect the appropriate drying profile to obtain a robust formula of a dry product. If succeed,
we will try to apply those formula in spray drying of VLPs expressed tomato. Then, measure
the antigenicity by ELISA to confirm the potential of using spray drying process in the
production of edible vaccine.

94Evaluation of Microorganism Inactivation in Water Environments by using
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 Thin Film Reactor Circle System under LED
Irradiation
Ruida XIAO, Xiaohong HU, Qi ZHU and Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,
University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan
Escherichia coli (E.coli) are a kind of faecal coliform whose presence in water is a signof contamination by sewage or animal waste. Water contaminated by E. coli can cause many
diseases, such as stomach ache, vomiting and fever. Usually, the most commonly usedtechniques for water disinfection, such as chlorination and ozonation have shown
disadvantages related to the formation of potentially hazardous byproducts. In recent years theadvanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been a promising waste water treatment for its
efficient oxidation ability, such as photocatalysis which has attracted considerable interests for
its remarkable disinfection performance.
According to our pervious study, a novel P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst
powder which is a promising material with remarkable photocatalytic efficiency for organic
degradation was developed. In this study, because the powders have some drawbacks such as
tedious post-separation, the P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 film will be coated on glass tubes toovercome this problem. The aim of this research is to evaluation of microorganism
inactivation by using new photocatalytic materials under LED irradiation. In this study, theE.coli and Enterococcus will act as the model of microorganism and a model of virus,
respectively. It is the first time to use LED lamp as light source to inactivate microorganism
by using photocatalyst.
In this work, some factors that affect the microorganism inactivation were taken into
considerations, such as light intensity, initial concentration and irradiation time. In conclusion,
after photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli with initial concentration of 106 CFU/mL, thesterilization rate reaches around 90% under LED irradiation, and further the additional
disinfection experiments are repeated three times showing the high stability of thephotocatalyst. Further, the mechanism of bacteria disinfection by P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2
will be proposed. Therefore, the novel P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst could be a
promising material for microorganism photo-inactivation.

95

Life Cycle Assessment of Microalgae Oil Extracted by Hydrothermal
Treatment and its Utilization for Diesel Engine
Babban YADAV1, 2*, Peeyush SONI2, Ryozo NOGUCHI3
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Agricultural Systems and Engineering, (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology,
Pathumthani, Thailand
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2

Availability of land and food security are the major problems to produce biofuels fromagricultural crops. Currently, many countries are dealing with critical issue related to foodsupply. In this case, diverting food crops towards production of biofuels will be a detrimental
step towards food security. High cost of microalgae based biodiesel is a major problem to its
commercialization.
Hydrothermal Treatment (HTT) have been studied by various researcher at different
operating condition including pressure, temperature, reaction time, catalyst, species, influenceof solvent etc. Net Energy Ratio (NER) and Green House Gas (GHG) emission are the twomain factors that can decide the sustainability and feasibility of this technology. Biodiesel
from HTT is not economically feasible because of high energy investment associated withhigh temperature and pressure.
Therefore, this study focuses on downstream process (HTT) as well as on credits of
microalgae oil by evaluating its performance in diesel engine. Study also assist to minimize
energy investment and environmental loading in oil extraction process by using low pressure(1.5-3.5 MPa) and temperature (150 –250 0C). Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a fundamental
tool that will help to achieve the goal of this study by using SimaPro.
It is expected that, energy investment and environmental loading will be minimized byusing low pressure and temperature because temperature plays a significant role in electricity
consumption. NER of HTT process and performance (Power, Torque) of algae oil in diesel
engine including GHGs emissions (CO2, NOx, PM, CO, H2S, and HC); will provide an overall
idea about feasibility of algae oil using HTT technology.

96

Expression Analysis of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor in Corolla ofPrimula sieboldii cultivars ‘Kyoganoko’ and ‘Uchu’
Nozomi YAJIMA1 and Daiki MIZUTA2
1

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Primula sieboldii is native to the eastern Asia and it is produced many cultivars inJapan. These cultivars have abundant flower color variations. The colored flower cultivars
accumulate anthocyanin pigments. It is reported that accumulation of anthocyanin is
influenced by the transcription factor such as R2R3-MYB. In previous research, we obtained
20 homologs of R2R3-MYB from the next-generation sequencing data and revealed theexpression tendency of each R2R3-MYB gene in eight developmental stages of‘Nankin-kozakura’ corollas. And it was thought that PsMYB1~2, PsMYB9, PsMYB11~12 andPsMYB18 might affect anthocyanin synthesis because the expression increase of theseR2R3-MYB genes was concomitant with floral pigmentation. In this study, to obtain further
information about R2R3-MYB, we performed expression analysis of R2R3-MYB genes incorolla of red-flower cultivar ‘Kyoganoko’ and white-flower cultivar ‘Uchu’.
‘Kyoganoko’ and ‘Uchu’ corollas of eight developmental stages were used as plantmaterials. The stages are as follows ; Stage1(St.1): buds before pigmentation ; St.2: buds
began pigmentation ; St.3: the middle of St.2 and St.4 ; St.4: fully colored buds ; St.5: buds
protruded from sepals ; St.6: corollas just before flowering ; St.7: corollas justafter flowering ; St.8: corollas after a few days flowering. We performed real-time PCR
expression analysis designed gene specific primers.
By real-time PCR expression analysis, it was categorized into three groups by theexpression tendency of each gene. R2R3-MYB genes in first group were high expression
levels in ‘Kyoganoko’, compared with ‘Uchu’. PsMYB1～3, PsMYB11 and PsMYB17 belong
to this group. Especially, explession level of PsMYB1, PsMYB2 and PsMYB11 are significant
diffierence with ‘Kyoganoko’ and ‘Uchu’ at St.2 and 3. In the second group, expression levelsof the genes in petal of ‘Uchu’ were higher than those of ‘Kyoganoko’. R2R3-MYB genes ofthe second group are PsMYB10, PsMYB12 and PsMYB18. The transcript level of third group
genes were hardly differences with ‘Kyoganoko’ and ‘Uchu’. PsMYB4～9, PsMYB13～16
and PsMYB19～20 are categorized into this group.
From the results of our previous and this study, it was considered that the genes of thePsMYB1, PsMYB2 and PsMYB11 might be more correlated with floral pigmentation.

97

Study on Anaerobic Digestion with Ammonia-rich Substrate underIntermittent Illumination Condition
Nan ZHANG, Mishma Silvia STANISLAUS, Siyang LI, Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Along with the development of world population, the demand for meat products has
risen drastically. As a consequence, accumulation of livestock waste constitutes a growing
problem. Anaerobic digestion is considered to be a promising process to deal with thelivestock waste, since both pollution control and energy recovery can be achieved by theprocess. However, even though ammonia is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth, at
higher concentrations it acts as a strong inhibitor of methane production during anaerobic
process. Although most conventional anaerobic digestors are operated under dark conditions,the use of fixed-bed anaerobic digestors operated under thermophilic light conditions has beenstudied. It has been reported that optimal illumination time on a thermophilic anaerobic
reactor plays an important role in activating methanogens. There has been few reports on
methane production through anaerobic digestion under illumination, especially regarding highammonium concentration conditions. Therefore, this study focuses on intermittent
illumination method to mitigate ammonia inhibition.
In this experiment, a series of batch experiments were carried out under thermophilic
condition (55 °C) by using ammonium-rich synthetic medium as substrate at varying nitrogenconcentrations: 2211 mg/L (N2211), 3378mg/L (N3378), 4402 mg/L (N4402). After 15 daysof fermentation The bioreactors were illuminated for 60 minutes per day followed bytreatment under dark conditions. After 15 days of fermentation the bioreactors that wereregularly illuminated 60 minutes per day achieved higher methane production than that underdark condition. The ATP value of the corresponding bioreactors indicated that intermittent
illumination improved the activity of the methanogens even with high ammonium
concentration. Moreover, to improve the efficiency of the illuminated anaerobic digestion
system, the fixed-bed bioreactor was used. The bioreactor with bed material packed withzeolite under intermittent illumination condition showed the highest methane concentration incomparison to other conditions. Molecular and microscopic study revealed that intermittent
illumination improved the immobilization ability of the methanogens. This result indicatedthat optimum illumination time improved the activity of the methanogens even with highammonium concentration. Therefore, intermittent illumination proves to be an appropriate
method in mitigating ammonia inhibition from anaerobic digestion. The combination of fixed
bed and intermittent illumination method is promising for effective anaerobic digestion.

98

Development of Fixed-bed Bioreactor for Bio-hydrogen Production
Chenyu ZHAO, Nan ZHANG, Mishma Silvia STANISLAUS, Yingnan YANG
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Over the last few decades, the rising global warming and crisis of fossil fuels haveincreased the usage of alternate sources of energy. Hydrogen gas is a clean alternative energy
carrier due to its high energy content which is higher than fossil fuel such as gasoline. In
addition, the hydrogen combustion process is attractive because it generates only water vapor
as byproduct; thus, hydrogen is an environmentally friendly, combustible source of energy.
Biological hydrogen production attracts more attention because it is mild,
environmental-friendly and economical. Biological hydrogen production from anaerobic
digestion process is favorable for generating high rate of hydrogen, simple reactor as well aseasy to control. On the other hand, conventionally fixed-bed was used in methane
fermentation, which improved the efficiency of anaerobic digestion effectively. However, theresearch about the usage of fixed-bed in the hydrogen fermentation is limited. Therefore, inthis study, a series of experiment with three different bedding materials including loofah
sponge (LS), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and porous nylon (PN) were carried out.
Fermentation was carried out at pH 5 and 35 °C under anaerobic conditions. As theconclusion, CPE showed the best hydrogen concentration (55.6%), compared to PN (25.8%),
LS (39.4%) and control (17.7%), and the highest cumulative biogas production of 1040 mL/L
was achieved from CPE fixed-bed bioreactor. Hence, fixed-bed can improve the bio-hydrogenproduction, and CPE is the optimal material as the bedding material.

99

Prediction of Soymilk Viscosity by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Yuka AOYAGI1, Yu KAWAHARA2 , Takuma GENKAWA2

1

College of Agro-biological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

2

In the present study, viscosity change of soymilk in heating and cooling process wasanalyzed by using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Commercial plain soymilk was heatedfrom 20°C to 80°C at 10°C intervals, and cooled to 20°C. During this heating and coolingprocess, diffuse reflectance NIR spectra and viscosity of the soymilk were acquired every 30
seconds, and correlation between the viscosity and the NIR spectrum was explored withpartial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. The viscosity of soymilk decreased withheating and increased with cooling, and viscosity at 20°C increased before and after theheating and cooling process. In the NIR spectra, bands arising from OH group were showed
blue shift. These shits mean that hydrogen-bonding was broken along with change inmicrostructure of soymilk. The PLS regression model of the viscosity showed a highdetermination coefficient (0.94) and a small RMSE (0.51 mPas) using NH band (Figure 1).
From this result, it is suggested that change in hydration of soybean protein induced change inthe viscosity, and NIR spectroscopy enables one to predict viscosity of soymilk.

10

R2＝0.886
RMSE=0.70 mPa・s

Predictive value of viscosity (mPa・s)

predicted value of viscosity (mPa・s)

10

7

4

1
1

4

7

R2＝0.940
RMSE=0.51 mPa・s

7

4

1

10

1
4
7
10
Standard value of viscosity (mPa・s)

Standard value of viscosity (mPa・s)

Figure 1. Soymilk viscosity values predicted by the PLS regression model100Microalgae Condensation and Dehydration Using Sedimentation andCloth Filtration for the Efficient Biomass Production
Toru ARAMAKI1, Akane YASUNAGA2,
Makoto WATANABE3,4, Mitsutoshi NAKAJIMA 3,4, Sosaku ICHIKAWA3,4
1

College of Agro-biological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
4
Algae Biomass Bioenergy Development Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
2

Algae biomass is a carbon-neutral resource with high growth rate. It is expected as analternative to fossil fuels that does not compete with food resources. In addition, algae
biomass has attracted a lot of attention in the fields of agriculture, environment, chemical
products, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceutical products. The growth of algae in dilute
suspension at ca. 0.03 wt% dry solids requires considerable challenges in achieving a feasibleenergy balance in algal process operations. Furthermore, small size of microalgal cells that aresmaller than 15 �m and its similar density to growth medium make an efficient harvesting
difficult. In this study, we attempted to condensate and dehydrate the microalgae culture
suspension by sedimentation using polyelectrolyte coagulant and cloth filtration for simple
and energy efficient process.
Sedimentation using polyelectrolyte coagulant was examined. The addition ofpolyacrylamide as a polycationic coagulant (courtesy provided by Kyowa Sangyo Co., Ltd.)to microalgae suspension accelerated the sedimentation rate. It took about few minutes forgravitational sedimentation in 16 cm height cylinder. The concentration factor, defined as theratio of the total volume to sedimentation volume, increased with increasing the coagulant
concentration, and then become an almost constant over 40 mg/L of coagulant. The additionof polyacrylamide as a polycationic coagulant enabled to concentrate microalgae suspension
up to 13 times with the lower dosage (40 mg/L) than that of conventional inorganic
coagulants (over 1,000 mg/L).
Condensation and dehydration of microalgae culture suspension by cloth filtration(courtesy provided by Ohtsuka Jitsugyo Co., Ltd.) was examined. With the addition of thepolycationic coagulant, microalgae suspension was concentrated up to 11 wt% with recovery
yield of 84 %. Even without the addition of coagulant, it was concentrated up to 10 wt% from
0.034 wt% with recovery yield of 73 %. Condensation and dehydration by cloth filtration
without coagulant will make possible the reuse of the filtrate as culture medium of
microalgae.
These findings may lead to the development of microalgae downstream processachieving a feasible energy balance.

101Filtration Behavior of Organic Wastewater based on Mixing Ratio of
Oil and Suspended Solid
Miki BUSHIZAWA1, Eriko ANKYU2, Ryozo NOGUCHI3
1

College of Agro-biological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2

Organic wastewater discharged from food processing factories and restaurants with a
lot of animal oil and/or vegetable oil causes clogging of underdrainage pipe and functional
depression of wastewater treatment facility. Existing of the oil deeply affects recovery rate ofsuspended solid (SS) by mesh. If the high percentage separation of oil and SS from thewastewater is successfully attained, performance of the facility is recovered and recycling
system of oil and SS is established. Purpose of this research is to clarify filtration behavior oforganic wastewater based on mixing ratio of oil for improving and downsizing of existing
wastewater treatment system.
Three types of artificial wastewater (30 mL), A (water and vegetable oil), B (water,
vegetable oil, and flour as SS), C (water and flour as SS) were used with different mixing
ratio of oil and flour as SS by 30,000 mg/L of oil and 3,000 mg/L of SS concentration. 0.4
mm fineness of stainless steel mesh was selected to observe filtration behavior. After filtration
with the artificial wastewater, the mesh was dried for 24 hours, and the weight of filtered oil
and SS was measured to calculate recovery rate.
19.95%, 20.64%, and 11.08% of recovery rate on the mesh for A, B and C wereobserved. Molecular weight of the vegetable oil is large and its oil film is strong compared towater, so these characteristics have the possibility to affect the result of the recovery rate. The
vegetable oil of A does not largely affect clogging without SS, and gluten of C has highviscosity and stickiness by wheat protein. However, gluten viscosity is weaker than inflow
speed of artificial wastewater of C. So its recovery rate was not increased. On the other hand,mixing of Oil and SS in B did not increase viscosity by gluten, because the oil blocks gluten
creation in the water by inhibiting chemical bond between proteins. If SS is covered with oil,solidification and viscosity of artificial wastewater were increased by fat-binding properties
between oil and protein that covers starch particle in B.
Therefore, artificial wastewater B caused high clogging of the mesh compared with A
and C. Therefore, if filtration behavior by the reaction of mixing SS, oil and water as artificial
wastewater is analyzed in molecular level, SS recovery system is economically able to beinstalled as indispensable equipment for pretreatment of wastewater treatment system.

102

Non-destructive Analysis of Carotenoids in Fruits and Vegetables
with a Hand-held Raman Spectrometer
Risa HARA1and Takuma GENKAWA2
1

College of Agro-biological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan2

Non-destructive, on-site analysis of lycopene in fruits and vegetables has been highly
desired in Japan because a new labeling system for foods took effect in April 2015. In thisnew system, food packages can be labeled with the foods' health-promoting benefits.
Carotenoids such as lycopene and 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 -carotene are well-known antioxidant, andhigh-carotenoids cultivars of fruits are becoming popular in Japan. Raman spectroscopy is a
powerful tool for non-destructive analysis of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables.1-3
Carotenoids in foods show intense bands at 1520 and 1160 cm−1 in Raman spectra owing to
the pre-resonance Raman effects. In the present study, the feasibility of non-destructive
analysis of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables was investigated using a hand-held Raman
spectrometer.
A small (15.8 cm x 10.1 cm x 2.9 cm) and lightweight (650 g) hand-held Raman
spectrometer (Indicator, Serstech) can be handled with ease. In addition, the spectrometer
operates for approximately 4 h on a Li-ion battery, and has a rugged waterproof design.
Therefore, this hand-held Raman spectrometer can be used not only for laboratory analysis,
but also for on-site analysis in fruit farm.
In Japan, fruits and vegetables are packaged in a plastic bag to improve their shelf life.
Figure 1 displays Raman spectra of intact fruits in a plastic bag: Satsuma mandarin, tomato,
paprika,andJapanese
persimmon.
In Figure 1,
intense bands at 1520 and 1160
cm−1 arising from carotenoids ineach fruits were observed
successfully.
These
resultssuggestthat
Raman
spectroscopy
providesaversatile calibration model for
carotenoids in fruits andvegetables,andhand-held
Raman spectrometers enable toon-site analysis of carotenoids infruit farm and post-harvest
processes.
1

Ozaki Y., Cho R., Ikegaya K., Muraishi S., Kawauchi K. (1992), Applied Spectroscopy, 46 (10), 1503–1510.
Baranska M., Schütze W., H. Schulz H. (2006), Analytical Chemistry, 78 (24), 8456–8461.
3
Qin J., Chao K, Kim M. (2012), Postharvest Biology and Technology, 71, 21–31
2103Fermentation Process and Nutrition Value of Strawberry Winewith Micro Wet Milling Technic
Xinyi LI
Food and Biomass Engineering Laboratory
Undergraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Strawberry is an important fruit of family Rosaceae, occupies an eminent place among
the small fruit plants and is grown throughout the world, and strawberries were usuallyprocessed into juice, nectar, wine, and puree. With the rich distribution of the antioxidant
capacity as well as the contents of ascorbic acid, total phenolics and total anthocyanins, due tothe different stage, samples in can contain diverse amount of nutrition value. In my
experiment, I am going to try to produce strawberry wine, the find out the way which canrelease and preserve as much as nutrition in to my wine. Therefore, my studies focus on
getting the strawberry wine contained appropriate alcohol and nutrition level with highsensory value.
In my preparation step, due to the high nutrition value skin and seed, I utilized all partsof strawberry to make the wine. I used the apparatus called Micro Wet Milling(MWM)machine to mill my raw strawberries material into small particle size from 10 to 30 "m, torelease the whole nutrition contains. In the fermentation process, two different levels particle
sizes and distributions of different apparatus(normal mixer and MWM machine) of strawberry
juice will be compared. The sterilization process will be determined whether it is before thefermentation or after by detecting this effect on the final production. In addition, pH value,
alcohol percentage and Brix will be detected within the fermentation process. I would like todo the filtration after fermentation, to improve the palate and avoid the granular sensation.
Particle distribution and total nutrition value will be measured both before and after thefermentation,as well as after the filtration, and compare with each other. Sensory test will be
performed on over 30 people, using different preparation and fermentation condition wines.
The expected result would be that the wine went through the MWM machine should
contain more nutrition and have higher sensory value than the normal mixed one. And I hopethat the wine after filtration should not have a significant decrease in the nutrition value andcan get a higher sensory value.

104Effect of Silicon Treatments on Growth of NERICA under Saline
Conditions
Meika NAKASHIMA¹, Sachio MARUYAMA² and Katsuyoshi SHIMIZU³¹College of Agro-biological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan²Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan³Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
NERICA (New Rice for Africa) varieties are interspecific hybrid progenies between
Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud., and have been cultivated under rainfed uplandconditions in African countries. In these countries, salt accumulation occurs in dry season and
it is a serious problem for them. On the other hand, some researchers reported that siliconalleviates salt damage in crop plants. Although silicon is regarded as a useful nutrient in cereal
crops, shortage of silicon is severe in the soil in African countries. Therefore the objective of
this study was to examine the possibility of silicon to improve the salt tolerance of NERICA.
The seeds of NERICA (cv. NERICA 1) and Japanese rice (Oryza sativa L., cv.
Koshihikari) were sown on April 27 and two seedlings were transplanted into a 1/5000a
Wagner pots filled with sand on May 27. The seedlings were thinned to one plant per pot onJune 4th and grown in a green house. Hoagland solution and salt (0, 3000 ppm, or 6000 ppm
NaCl) with or without 20 ppm SiO2 was added into the pots once a week. Plant length,
number of tillers, plant age in leaf number and SPAD were measured weekly. Stomatal
conductance of topmost fully expanded leaves was measured with a leaf porometer (SC-1,
Decagon Devices). Effects of silicon on the measured parameters of plants were evaluatedwith the pots without silicon as controls.
NERICA 1 showed shorter plant length, less tillers, higher SPAD than Koshihikari inthe cultivation period, while plant ages in leaf number of both varieties were not different
statistically. Under salt treatment conditions, plant length, tiller numbers, SPAD were reduced
but plant age in leaf number in both varieties were hardly affected. Plant length and SPAD
were increased and tiller numbers were reduced under silicon treatment conditions, while
there was no significant difference between both varieties. Under silicon treatment conditions,stomatal conductance tended to increase in both varieties. Heading time of NERICA1 wasdelayed for 5 and 6 days NaCl, and that of Koshihikari was delayed for 3 and 5 days under
NaCl treatments conditions. Under silicon treatment conditions, heading time of NERICA1
was also delayed for 2 to 4 days and that of Koshihikari for 0 to 1 day. These results indicatedthat NaCl treatments inhibited plant growth and delayed heading time of NERICA1 andKoshihikari, while silicon treatments alleviated the effects of NaCl on plant length and SPAD.

105

Antifungal Compounds Produced by Quercus acuta to Raffaelea quercivora
Shiori SOMEYA1, Naoki HARA1, Keiko YAMAJI2 and Yu ICHIHARA3
1

College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan.
3
Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan.
2

Since 1980’s, Japanese oak wilt has expanded and the occasion of this illness variedamong 12 Fagaceae species in Japan. The causal fungus is Raffaelea quercivora, which is
vectored by bark beetle, Platypus quercivorus. It has been known that the susceptibilities tothe fungus are different between tree species. Among Fagaceae species, Quercus crispula is
known as the most sensitive species and conversely, Quercus acuta is known as the mostresistant species. Lithocarpus edulis is also resistant, but more sensitive than Q. acuta.
Clarifying the chemical defense mechanisms in resistant trees will provide important
information to keep from oak wilt in forests. Therefore, using Q. acuta, we aimed to identify
the antifungal compounds, which can work as one of the chemical defense mechanisms.
For comparison of the total phenolics, young Q. crispula, Q. acuta or L. edulis was
inoculated with R. quercivora in July 2013 and harvested 30 days after inoculation. The
amount of total phenolics were measured according to Folin-Ciocalteau method. Stems were
cut off at 5 cm above and 5 cm below the inoculation hole. The logs were separated into barks,
heartwood, discolored sapwood and non-colored sapwood. For the large extraction of Q.
acuta, young trees were inoculated with R. quercivora in June 2014. The harvest, cutting off
and separation are conducted as described above. Discolored (fresh weight 773.6 g) andnon-colored sapwoods (fresh weight 1173.2 g) were separately cut to pieces with a hatchet,placed in 100% methanol (2 L) and extracted for 7 days in the dark. Each methanol extracted
was evaporated in vacuo and the concentrated samples were extracted ethyl acetate (EtOAc).
EtOAc phase was concentrated to be 100 mL and used for TLC bioautography assay, whichenables to evaluate the antifungal activity against black mold, Cladosporium herbarum. Afterthe incubation at 25◦C under humid condition for 4 days, the inhibitory spots were detected on
the TLC plates.
The amount of total phenolics of Q. acuta was significantly larger than Q. crispula andL. edulis. According to these results, phenolics seem to enhance the resistant of Q. acuta. Bothextracts (discolored and non-colored sapwoods) showed positive dose-response effects anddiscolored sapwood tend to show higher inhibition than non-colored sapwood. Additionally, atleast, two antifungal compounds, which show high polarities, were detected (approximately
0.15-0.17 and 0.25-0.29 Rf values). To identify antifungal compounds, we are going to isolate
and purify them and run them for instrumental analysis. In the future, we also would like tocheck antifungal activities of isolated compounds against R. quercivora.

106

Bio-based Packaging Plastics from Fish Scale
Arada SUNGKANIT1, Suwaree PONGTHREERAWAN2 and Kongkiat KONGSUWAN 3
1

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
2
Suratpittaya School, Suratthani, Thailand.
3
National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand.

Problems related to plastic wastes, which caused adverse impacts on humans andenvironments, are encountered in Thailand and many other countries. Although plastic
recycling can partially solve these problems, consumers are concerning about safety of using
recycled plastic in food packaging. Using biodegradable plastic for packaging is a good way
to overcome plastic waste problems. Fish scales is considered as a raw material for producing
bio-based plastic Fish scales was reported that it has possessed properties such astransparency, flexibility, stickiness and durability. The strength of its gelatin seemed to be
increased when it left for a long period of time. More importantly, gelatin extracted from fish
scale has been used in medicinal capsules indicating its safeness for consumers andenvironments. These information support the use of fish scales in place of plastics inpackaging. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of creating plastics
derived from fish scale gelatins as a new material for food packaging. The first part of thisexperiment aimed at investigating the optimum conditions and the suitable source of fish
scales for gelatin extractions. It was reported that soaking snapper fish scales in 2% sodiumhydroxide for 2.5 hours followed by 2% acetic acid resulted in high yield and tensile strengthof the extracted gelatin. The reported conditions were applied to several sources of fish scales:snappers, nile tilapias, and red tilapias. The results showed that each type of fish scale yieldedgelatins with different quality. The snapper scale produced gelatin with highest quality andhighest tensile strength. In the second part of the experiment, suitable compositions andquality of the gelatin obtained were examined. It was found that the gelatin obtained from the
mixture using ratio of snapper scale to corn flour to glycerin of 5:2:5:1 had the tensile
strength of 28.4-MPa. The tensile strength is much greater than the strength of gelatin without
corn flour and glycerin. Moreover, the fish scale gelatins added with calcium carbonate andethanol exhibited a number of properties, such as water solubility, tensile strength, tearstrength, and biodegradability. According to the results, the fish scales can be used as a raw
material for production of an eco-plastics which is benefit to manufacturers, consumers andenvironments.

107Effect of Harvest Time on Feed Compositions of Different Types ofForage Rice Varieties
Akiho TAKUMI1, Morio KATO2 and Hisayoshi HAYASHI2
1

College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

2

Rice is a staple food in Japan. But the rice consumption per capita has been declining
in the past 50 years. The potential rice production surpasses the demand. So, about 40% of
paddy field is converted to other crops or no crop is cultivated. On the other hand, theconsumption of dairy product and meet has been increasing. But the self-sufficiency rate offorage is only 27% in Japan. From the viewpoint of improving such situation, forage ricecultivation has been increasing in the past several years, the area has reached to about 64,000
ha in 2014. Recently rice varieties for forage has been developed. Such varieties are mainly
divided into two types, that is, grain-weight type for grain use and straw-weight type forwhole crop silage (WCS). Low-cost and low labor cultivation methods are required for forage
rice production. Cultivation methods are investigated for both higher yield and good forage
quality. The relationships between forage quality and harvest time is still unclear. We
investigated the effect of harvest time on the forage quality of different types of forage
varieties under high nitrogen fertilizer condition.
Four forage rice varieties, Momiroman (grain-weight type; Mo), Kusahonami(grain-weight type; Ku), Leafstar (straw-weight type; Le) and Tachisuzuka (straw-weight
type; Ta), were cultivated in the paddy field of the Agricultural and Forestry Research Center,
University of Tsukuba in 2015. Seedlings with four leaf stage were transplanted at plantdensity of 30 cm x 15 cm with 3 plants per hill. A plot size is 6 m2 with 3 replications. N,
P2O5 and K2O were applied at 10 g m-2 as basal dressing before transplanting. At heading
stage each plot was divided with an undulate plate and 4 g m-2 of N was applied as
topdressing in the half of a plot. The number of stems per hill, plant length and SPAD valueof an uppermost leaf were measured at 2-week intervals during the growth stage. The
dry-matter yields of above ground part were measured at heading and matured stages. During
ripening period rice was harvested at 10, 20 and 30 days after heading (DAH) for measuringdry-matter of above ground and feed compositions.
Stem numbers per hill changed in almost same among varieties during growth. Plant
length changed in the order of Ta, Le, Ku and Mo. Heading dates were 11 August, 22 August,
26 August and 5 September for Mo, Ku, Le and Ta, respectively. Panicle numbers per hill andplant lengths at heading stage were 9.7, 9.2, 8.4, 11.3 and 115, 122, 130, 148 cm for Mo, Ku,
Le and Ta, respectively. The dry-matter yields at heading stage were 1009, 1079, 1145, and
1349 g m-2 for Mo, Ku, Le and Ta, respectively. The measuring of the dry-matter yields andfeed compositions during ripening period are progressing. We will compare the changes in
the quantity and quality of forage rice during ripening period between basal dressing andtopdressing plots. From these analysis the information on the adequate harvest time andnitrogen fertilization for higher yields and better forage quality is obtained.
108Evaluation of the Growth, Dry-matter Yield and Feed Compositions ofForage Rice with Sparse Planting in
Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Condition
Kenta TANIMURA1, Morio KATO2, Toshihiro HASEGAWA3 and Hisayoshi HAYASHI2
1

College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
3
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan

2

Rice is a staple food in Japan, but the cultivation area has been decreasing because of
the decline in rice consumption. On the other hand, the consumption of dairy products andmeet has been increasing. But the self-sufficiency rate of forage for livestock is only 27%.
The cultivation area of rice for forage has increased rapidly during the past 10 years to
improve this situation. The increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is one of the few
positive elements in the impact of climate change on crop production. There are a number ofreports on the influence of increased CO2 concentration on the growth and yield of crops. The
effects of high CO2 concentration on the yield and quality of rice has been revealed in thefree-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in Japan. The forage rice is different fromnormal rice in its use, especially higher dry-matter yield and good forage quality are required.
Low-cost and low-labor cultivation methods are also required for forage rice production.
Sparse planting is considered as one such methods. So, we cultivated two types of forage rice
varieties in FACE experiment with a sparse planting density and analyzed the effect of highCO2 concentration on the production and forage quality.
Two forage rice varieties, Kusahonami (grain-weight type for grain use) and Leafstar(straw-weight type for whole crop silage use), were cultivated at a sparse planting density (30cm x 30 cm) in Tsukuba FACE (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment) facility in Tsukubamirai city,
Ibaraki, Japan in 2015. An ambient CO2 concentration (AMB: control) and an elevated CO2
concentration (FACE; AMB + 200 ppm) plots were set with 4 replications. 10 g m-2 of N,
P2O5 and K2O were applied as a basal dressing before transplanting and 4 g m-2 of N was
applied as topdressing before heading. Plant length, stem number per hill and SPAD value ofuppermost leaf were measured at two weeks interval during vegetative growth period. The
dry weight of plant organs were measured at heading and yellow-ripe stages. Morphologicalcharacters, such as flag leaf length, culm length, culm diameter, panicle length, were
measured in ripening period. Grain yield and feed compositions were measured at harvest.
Stem numbers per hill of both varieties changed higher in FACE than in AMB during
growth stage. But stem numbers decreased with growth in both treatment and the differencein panicle numbers were slight in both varieties. The dry-weights of aboveground part at
heading stage were larger in FACE than in AMB in both varieties. The analysis of themorphological characters, grain yield and feed compositions are progressing. These analysis
are useful for the efficient forage rice production in higher atmospheric CO2 concentration
condition in future.
109

Improvement Effect of Peony on Infertility Induced by Stress
Takayuki YASUI¹, Hana ISHIZAKI¹, Daichi KOKUBU¹, Shiori SUZUKI¹,
Takashi SHIMIZU³, and Hitoshi MIYAZAKI²¹College of Agrobiological Resource Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan²Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan³Faculty of Life Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
Anovulation is induced by a variety of stresses in women, which is considered thatreactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by stress is involved in this process. The viability of
granulosa cells is closely associated with follicular atresia and ovulation during estrous cycle.
Previous studies have shown that heat stress treatment raises the level of ROS in rat andinduces apoptosis in granulosa cells, which leads to anovulation. This treatment is useful for
screening natural compounds that improve ROS-dependent anovulation.
The medicinal plant Peony, which contains the functional compound called paeoniflorin,
has been used for improving infertility as folk remedy. However, there is no scientificevidence for this effect of Peony. The objective of the present study is to evaluate thefunctionality of Peony with respect to improving infertility. We examined the effects of Peonyroot extract and paeoniflorin on cultured porcine granulosa cells and heat stress (35℃)–
treated Wister rats.
Peony root extract significantly suppressed a heat stress-dependent decrease in thenumber of ovulation, and increased the expression of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in rat
ovary and porcine granulosa cells. Paeoniflorin also increased the expression of catalas andreduced the ROS level in cultured cells. Moreover, paeoniflorin suppressed oxidative
stress-induced apoptosis of cultured cells. These results provide the first evidence that Peony
improves infertility.

110

High School Students’ International ESD Symposium Collaborating with
Sakado’s International Sister Schools and Super Global High Schools
Yoshikazu TATEMOTO, Masaki TAKARA, Ryosuke KONNO and Kenichi YOSHIDA
Senior High School at Sakado, University of Tsukuba
What will we do?
Supported by University of Tsukuba Education Bureau of Laboratory Schools, we haveinvited some students and teachers of the high schools that have had good relationships with
Senior High School at Sakado, University of Tsukuba (UTSS). The purpose of inviting themis to hold a symposium “of the students, by the students, for the students” on ESD activities
with the students of UTSS, aiming at sharing and discussing the ideas of solving
environmental problems in each country from the students’ point of view. We would like theaudience to hear what high school students think about environmental problems around them,
expecting that this symposium will raise the students’ awareness of the importance of being
positive and active in ESD activities. The schools participating this year are as follows:●Center for Forestry Education and Training, Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)●Kasetsart University Laboratory School (Thailand)●Kornita High School, Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia)●University of the Philippines Rural High School (the Philippines)
Our New Challenge
Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology have started
Super Global High School Project (SGH) since 2014. UTSS is one of SGH high school inJapan. In this project, UTSS have started International ESD field work in Indonesia since2014 with two Indonesian high schools.
UTSS have hold “High School Students’ International ESD Symposium” since 2012.
From this year, SGH schools also participate this symposium. They bring their result ofresearch, activities for solving global issue and ESD action by poster presentation. Students
can share and discuss about sustainable society for future in this symposium.
UTSS will report these new challenges in Ag-ESD symposium.
Contact us
It would be a great pleasure if you could give us a lot of comments, reactions andsuggestions for improving and making International collaborative ESD programs with eachother, via email at:tatemoto@sakado-s.tsukuba.ac.jp / takara@sakado-s.tsukuba.ac.jp111

・Organizing Committee
・Executive Committee

Organizing Committee
Chairperson:
Yooichi Kainoh
Vice Chairperson:
Atsushi Tajima
Secretary-General:
Ryozo Noguchi

Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Associate Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTMembers:(Biosphere Resource Science and Technology)
Kenji Tamura
Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT
DeMar Taylor
Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UTYuichi Yamaoka
Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT
Seungwon Kang
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT(Appropriate Technology and Sciences for Sustainable Development)
Toshiharu Enomae
Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UTMotoyoshi Kobayashi
Hisato Shuto
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT
Tofael Ahamed
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UTTakuma Genkawa
Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UTMarcos Neves
Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT(Bioindustrial Sciences)
Yutaka Kitamura
Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT
Nakao Nomura
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT
Innan Yo
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, UT(Laboratory School)
Yoshikazu Tatemoto
Teacher, Senior High School at Sakado, UT(Agricultural and Forestry Research Center)
Tomohiro Takigawa
Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Hisayoshi Hayashi
Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTYoshihiko Tsumura
Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Naoya Fukuda
Associate Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTAtsushi Asano
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Naoto Ishikawa
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Morio Kato
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Seishi Kadowaki
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTYoshihiko Sekozawa
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Daiki Mizuta
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT
Hideo Yoshida
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT(JICA)
Takao Shibusawa
Director, Training Program Division, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)(As of Oct.1, 2015)115

Executive Committee
Chairperson:
Yooichi Kainoh

Director, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UTMembers:
Atsushi Tajima

Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Hisayoshi Hayashi

do.

Tomohiro Takigawa

do.

Yoshihiko Tsumura

do.

Naoya Fukuda

Associate Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Ryozo Noguchi
Atsushi Asanodo.
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Naoto Ishikawa

do.

Morio Katodo.

Seishi Kadowaki

do.

Yoshihiko Sekozawado.

Daiki Mizuta

do.

Hideo Yoshida

do.

Hiroshi Hiki

Senior Technical Official, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Tsuyoshi Honmado.

Yasuhiro Matsumoto

do.

Kazuto Yokoyama

Chief Technical Official, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Miho Satohdo.

Kazuo Sakaido.

Kiyoshi Karube

do.

Hideaki Omiyado

Keiko Sugawara

do.

Momoyo Itohdo.

Mutsumi Itohdo.

Katsuhiro Yoshidado.

Mizuki Matsuoka

do.

Tomonari Yamamoto

do.

Yoshie Akiba

do.

Akira Saito

do.
116

Shoichi Hirose

Associate Head, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Masami Sakamoto

Chief, Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Staff:
Tomoko Kondo

Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, UT

Taeko Morido.

（As of Oct.1, 2015）

117

・筑波アジア農業教育セミナー及び
国際農学ESDシンポジウムの沿革
・国際農学ESDシンポジウム2015の概要
・国際農学ESDシンポジウム2015の日程表

筑波アジア農業教育セミナー及び国際農学ESDシンポジウムの沿革
筑波大学農林技術センターは、1979年にユネスコから、その主事業の一つであるAPEID(The Asia-Pacific
Programme of Educational Innovation for Development)の協同センター（Associated Center）として指名され、以来、日本ユネスコ国内委員会との共催により、「筑波アジア農業教育セミナー」（TASAE：Tsukuba
Asian Seminar on Agricultural Education）を関係部局との協力のもとに毎年開催してきた。
「筑波アジア農業教育セミナー（TASAE）」の目的は、筑波大学の農業教育活動の一環として、アジア諸国の農業教育および農業研究に従事する専門家を我が国に招聘し、我が国の専門家を交えて各国の実情と問題点を比較検討し、この分野での我が国の教育水準を向上させ、併せてアジア地域の農業教育および農業研究の国際協力推進に寄与することであった。
APEID事業の第２期である1979年から1981年までの３年間は、「中等段階（Secondary Level）の農業教育問題」に焦点が置かれてきた。各年の開催テーマは、以下のとおりである。
1979年 アジア地域の中等段階農業教育の現状と問題点
1980年 アジア地域の中等段階農業教育における実験と圃場実習の重要性－主として、カリキュラム開発について－
1981年 アジア地域の中等段階農業教育における教授法－主として、稲作について－
APEID事業の第３期としての1982年から1986年までの５年間は、前期の総括を受けて、アジア地域の農業
教育革新の必要性を、単に中等教育のみでなく、初等教育から高等教育に至るまでの全段階において考慮・検討することとした。そこで、APEID事業の第３期における統一テーマは、「アジア地域における農業教育
革新のための戦略」とし、農林学、農林工学、応用生物化学といった具体的観点から、農業教育革新への技術的アプローチを行った。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
1982年 アジア諸国の農業の現状と開発計画および教育の役割（序論）1983年 アジア諸国の作物生産における技術革新上の問題点（農学からのアプローチ）
1984年 生産性向上のための農業工業分野における技術革新 －主として穀類の調製・貯蔵技術について（農業工学からのアプローチ）
1985年 アジア諸国における農村地域開発のためのバイオマスとバイオテクノロジーの有効利用（応用生物化学からのアプローチ）
1986年 アジア諸国における農業発展のための農業教育 －事例と展望（総括）なお、1985年のTASAEでは、期間中にサテライトシンポジウム「アジア諸国における農村開発のためのバイオマスとバイオテクノロジーの有効利用」を開催し、また1986年のTASAEでは、ジョイントシンポジウム「アジア各国における農業の研究と教育 －21世紀をめざして」を熱帯特プロとの共催で開催した。
APEID事業の第４期、1987年から1991年までの５年間は、アジア太平洋地域各国において、森林や内水面を含む自然並びに農業生態系との調和のもとに農業生産性の向上を図るために必要な、農業の教育と研究の在り方について考慮・検討した。すなわち、APEID事業の第４期における統一テーマは、「アジア太平洋地域における自然並びに農業生態系を保全しながら農業生産性を高めるための教育と研究」とし、自然並
びに農業生態系の保全と有効利用に焦点を合わせたセミナーを開催した。各年のテーマは、以下のとおり
である。

121

1987年 アジア各国における自然並びに農業生態系を保全しながら農業生産性を高めるための教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1988年 アジア各国における森林の有効利用と保全のための教育と研究に関する現状、問題点
並びに展望
1989年 アジア各国における内水面の有効利用と保全に関する教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1990年 アジア各国における耕地、水の有効利用と保全並びに農薬、化学肥料の適正利用に関する教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1991年 アジア各国における農業教育と環境教育の結合に関する現状、問題点並びに展望
APEID事業の第５期である1992年から1996年までの５年間は、統一テーマを「アジア・太平洋地域における持続的な農業発展と環境保全のための教育と研究」とし、本期の重点課題や強調点としてうたわれている環境問題と人材養成の２点を念頭に置き、アジア各国における持続的な農業発展と環境保全のための教育と研究の在り方について討議を深めた。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
1992年 アジア各国における農業生産からみた問題土壌とその対応に関する現状、問題点並びに展望
1993年 アジア各国における持続的な家畜生産のための教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1994年 アジア・太平洋地域における持続的農業発展と環境保全のための森林・林業の教育・研究の現状と課題
1995年 アジア諸国における持続的な農業発展のための植物育種と遺伝資源に関する教育と研究の現状、問題点並びに展望
1996年 アジア諸国における持続的な農業発展のための農業技術教育の現状と問題点並びに
展望
APEID事業の第６期、1997年から2001年までの５年間は、統一テーマを「アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新のための戦略」とし、アジア各国における持続的な農業発展と環境保全のための職業教
育革新について討議を深めた。なお、1989年から期間中において、サテライトシンポジウムを毎年開催した。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
1997年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新の現状と展望
1998年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新のための生物資源利用教育の現状と展望
1999年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新のための地域情報利用教育の現状と展望
2000年 アジア・太平洋地域における農業・環境教育革新のための体験的教育の現状と展望：
農業・環境教育の改善に対する大学の役割
2001年 アジア・太平洋地域における参加型アプローチを通じた持続的地域資源管理および環境保全
APEID事業の第７期、2002年から2007年までの６年間は、統一テーマを「持続的発展を前提とした生存・生産環境創成のための水資源利用・保全技術開発と農林業教育の役割」とし、アジア･太平洋州諸国が抱える水資源の問題を分析し、新たな水環境の創生のために農林業教育が果たすべき役割について討議を深めた。各年のテーマは、以下のとおりである。
2002年 水資源の涵養と水災害などに関わる現状把握および農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2003年 人類生存・食料生産に関わる水資源の需要・分配と農林業教育が果たすべき役割

1222004年 生存・生産活動と連動した水資源の量的確保に関わる現状把握、効率的利用を図るための技術動向および農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2005年 人類の生存・生産活動のための水資源管理と農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2006年 地球環境的・地域環境的視点からの水資源利用・保全技術動向および農林業教育が果たすべき役割
2007年 アジア・太平洋地域における参加型アプローチを通じた持続的地域水資源管理と環境保全
APEID事業の第８期を迎えた2008年には、これまでの教育セミナー形式を国際会議形式に発展させ、８期６年間（2008年から2013年まで）の統一テーマを「持続可能な未来のための農学ESDの推進」として、キックオフ会議｢国際農学ESDシンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2008）｣を開催した。この年のテーマを｢< 持続的発展のための農学教育 > に関する大学・関連機関の教育・研究活動の現状と果たすべき役割｣として、討議を行った。各年のテーマは、次のとおりである。
2008年 農学ESDのキックオフ会議｢< 持続的発展のための農学教育 >に関する大学・関連機関の教育・研究活動の現状と果たすべき役割 」
2009年 ｢ 農学ESDにおける食の安全と食糧の安全保障 ｣2010年 ｢ 農業および環境分野における持続的開発のための中等・高等教育の役割｣
2011年 ｢ 農学ESDにおける生物多様性の適正利用 ｣2012年 ｢ 農学ESD推進のための環境調和型農業技術開発 ｣2013年 ｢ 農学ESDにおける大学の役割 ｣2009年には、｢ 農学ESDにおける食の安全と食糧の安全保障 ｣をテーマとして第２回目の｢国際農学ESD
シンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2009）｣を開催した。11月9日から12日までの間、７ヵ国（フィリピン、
タイ、インドネシア、インド、マラウイ、ナイジェリア及び日本）から18人の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。
2010年は、｢ 農業および環境分野における持続的開発のための中等・高等教育の役割｣をテーマに第３回目のシンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2010）を開催し、11月8日から11日までの間に８ヵ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、アフガニスタン、バングラデシュ、マラウイ、ガーナ及び日本）の専門家が出席し、講演、質疑応答を行なった。また、特に、海外交流協定校のフィリピン大学、カセサート大学、ボゴール農科大学の各附属高等学校及び本学附属坂戸高等学校の現職教員による発表セッションを組み込んで、発表、討議を活発に行った。
2011年は、｢農学ESDにおける生物多様性の適正利用｣をテーマに第４回目のシンポジウム（Ag-ESD
Symposium 2011）を開催し、11月7日から11日までの間に９ヶ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、アフガニスタン、アメリカ合衆国、ガーナ、ケニア、マラウイ及び日本）の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。
2012年は、｢農学ESD推進のための環境調和型農業技術開発｣をテーマに第５回目のシンポジウム（Ag-ESD
Symposium 2012）を開催し、10月29日から11月2日までの間に９ヶ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、
アフガニスタン、アメリカ合衆国、ガーナ、ケニア、ラオス及び日本）の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。
2013年は、「農学ESDにおける大学の役割」をテーマに第６回目のシンポジウム（Ag-ESD Symposium 2013）を開催し、11月25日から29日までの間に７ヶ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、アフガニスタン、ア
メリカ合衆国、ケニア及び日本）の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。
今後６年間の統一テーマを「世界的なESD実践プログラムに向けて」とし、2014年には、「農業・食料・食品のプレミアム化」をテーマとして（Ag-ESD Symposium 2014）を開催し、11月10日から14日までの間に９ヶ国（フィリピン、タイ、インドネシア、アフガニスタン、アメリカ合衆国、マレーシア、ガーナ、ザ123ンビア及び日本）の専門家が出席し、テーマに基づいた講演、発表、活発な討議を行った。各年のテーマ
は、次のとおりである。
2014年 「農業・食料・食品のプレミアム化」
2015年 「食料資源の有効活用と環境保全」

124

国際農学 ESD シンポジウム 2015（ Ag-ESD Symposium 2015 ）の概要
1. 題 目「食料資源の有効活用と環境保全」（Food Loss and Food Waste）
APEID 計画統一テーマ：「世界的な ESD 実践プログラムに向けて」（ Ag-ESD Symposium for Global Action Program ）2. 期 間平成 27 年 11 月 16 日（月）～11 月 20 日（金）（５日間 ）
3. 会 場筑波大学 大学会館（ 特別会議室ほか ）、農林技術センター
4. 主 催筑波大学農林技術センター
5. 共 催筑波大学大学院生命環境科学研究科
筑波大学生物資源学類
筑波大学北アフリカ研究センター
アジア共生社会を創成するための国際連携教育プログラム委員会
独立行政法人国際協力機構筑波国際センター（JICA 筑波）
国立研究開発法人国際農林水産業研究センター（JIRCAS）
6. 後 援
文部科学省、日本ユネスコ国内委員会、茨城大学農学部
7. 参加者・ カセサート大学、ボゴール農科大学、フィリピン大学ロスバニオス校、ユタ州立大学（以上海外交流協定校）、の農学教育または農学研究に従事する教員･研究者
・ アフガニスタン、プトラ大学（マレーシア）の農学教育または農学研究に従事する教員･研究者
・ 筑波大学、茨城大学の農学教育または農学研究に従事する教員･研究者
・ 筑波大学生命環境科学研究科「持続的農村開発（SRD）コース」の修了生
・ 筑波大学大学院生、茨城大学大学院生
・ 農学教育又は農学研究に従事する一般の研究者 等
8. 会議の形態
基調講演、招待講演、ポスターセッション、若手研究者フォーラム
9. 使用言語
英語

125

国際農学 ESD シンポジウム 2015（Ag-ESD Symposium 2015）の日程表
月

日

時

間

11 月 15 日（日）11 月 16 日（月）11 月 17 日（火）11 月 18 日（水）11 月 19 日（木）11 月 20 日（金）(若手研究者フォーラム)

プ

ロ

グ

ラ

招聘外国人の成田空港到着・宿泊
08:30～10:00
10:30～12:00
12:00～13:00
13:15～13:30
13:30～14:00
14:00～14:15
14:15～15:15
15:15～16:15
16:15～17:15
18:00～20:00
09:20～09:40
09:40～10:20
10:20～11:00
11:00～12:15
12:15～13:30
13:30～14:00
14:00～14:40
14:40～15:20
15:20～15:30
15:30～16:10
16:10～16:50
09:00～09:40
09:40～10:20
10:20～10:30
10:30～11:10
11:10～11:50
11:50～12:00
12:00～～18:30
09:00～13:30
13:30～15:00
15:00～15:30
15:30～16:00
16:00～18:00
09:00～09:30
09:30～10:00
10:00～10:30
10:30～10:40
10:40～11:10
11:10～11:40
11:40～13:00
13:00～14:00
14:00～18:00
18:00～20:00

11 月 21 日（土） 07:00～09:00

ム[ 成田のホテル ]招聘外国人の出迎え (大学から成田のホテルへ)
移動 (成田から大学へ)
昼食
記念写真撮影 (1)集合写真
開会式 (学長・センター長挨拶、来賓紹介)
記念写真撮影 (2)中庭側の外階段での撮影[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]基調講演 (1)【 AIT, 明治大学, 前 FAO：Konuma】
基調講演 (2)【 筑波大学：Isoda 】
受付・オリエンテーション（概要説明）
歓迎パーティ
[ スープファクトリー ]講演【 農林技術センター：Asano 】
招待講演 (1)【 筑波大学：Yoshida 】[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]招待講演 (2)【 茨城大学：Miyaguchi 】
休憩・昼食
学生との対話（「専門語学Ⅰ」に対応）[ 大学会館ホール ]休憩
招待講演 (3)【 ボゴール農科大学：Seminar 】
招待講演 (4)【 カセサート大学：Raungrusmee 】[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]休憩
招待講演 (5)【 フィリピン大学：Mopera 】
招待講演 (6)【 アフガニスタン：Yousufi 】
招待講演 (7)【 マレーシア：Che Man 】
招待講演 (8)【 ユタ州立大学：Curtis 】[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]休憩
招待講演 (9)【 ARENA：Othman 】
招待講演 (10)【 SRD ガーナ ：Nyo 】
休憩
移動 (中型バス)
昼食・エクスカーション
移動 (中型バス) ＊大学会館別館へ[ 総合交流会館多目的ホール ]ポスター 発表 (昼食時間含む)
坂戸高校海外活動報告
招待講演 (11)【ルンド大学：Dejmek 】[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]優秀ポスター賞等表彰式
生物資源工学分野パラレルセッション[ マルチメディアルーム ]発表 (1)【 茨城大学：Hoshino 】
発表 (2)【 ボゴール農科大学：Supriyanto 】
発表 (3)【 カセサート大学：Wankhade 】
休憩[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]発表 (4)【 フィリピン大学：Lizardo 】
発表 (5)【 筑波大学：Matsukawa 】
昼食・休憩
閉会式 ( 優秀発表賞等表彰式を含む )[ 大学会館特別会議室 ]フリータイム[ スープファクトリー ]送別パーティ
招聘外国人の帰国 (大学から成田空港へ)
126