Application Report
SNVA878 – July 2019

Comparing Voltage and Processor Monitoring Solutions:
Discrete vs Voltage Supervisors and Watchdog ICs
Michael DeSando
ABSTRACTThis document compares the advantages and disadvantages of voltage and processor monitoring
solutions at each level of integration from discrete components to integrated circuits (ICs) to using the
integrated solutions found in more complex devices such as microcontrollers (MCUs) and microprocessors(MPUs).

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Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................
Discrete Component Solutions .............................................................................................
Integrated Circuit (IC) Solutions ...........................................................................................
MCUs and MPUs with Integrated Voltage Monitoring and Watchdog Features .....................................
When External Voltage Supervisors and Watchdogs are Needed ....................................................
Additional Voltage Supervisor and Watchdog Options .................................................................

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List of Figures
1

Single Channel Undervoltage Monitoring Solution Using Discrete Components ................................... 22

Single Channel Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring Solution Using Discrete Components ............... 3

3

Example Layout of Discrete Dual Rail Undervoltage or Single Rail Under and Overvoltage Monitor
Solution ....................................................................................................................... 3

4

TPS3890 Voltage Supervisor Block Diagram (Left: Adjustable, Right: Fixed)....................................... 4

5

TPS3701 Typical Circuit Schematic: Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring Solution ........................ 5

6

Example Layout of TPS3701: Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring Solution................................. 5
List of Tables

1

Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring with Discrete Components .............................................. 3

2

Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring with a Voltage Supervisor ............................................... 6

3

Watchdog Devices Available at Texas Instruments ..................................................................... 7

4

MCUs and MPUs with Integrated Voltage Supervisors and Watchdogs ............................................. 8

5

Alternative Device Recommendations .................................................................................... 9

Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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1

Introduction

1

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Introduction
Voltage and processor monitoring is common in applications with various power rails, important power
conversion or regulation, and systems that incorporate specific power and processing requirements foundin systems using MCUs and MPUs. When starting a design, there are a plethora of options and design
choices in terms of components and architectures to create the subsystems that make up the system.
Each application has specific requirements such as size, cost constraints, power efficiency, accuracy,
performance, programmability, redundancy, etc. These application requirements combined with thedesigner’s preference lead to the design solution. Design architectures range from using discrete
components that work together in subsystems to fully integrated solutions that use a highly specialized ICs
to integrate most of the functionality required in the design. This document serves to provide a comparison
between discrete solutions at the basic component level, solutions using integrated circuits such asvoltage supervisors and watchdogs, and the solutions that rely on the highly specialized devices such as
MCUs and MPUs with integrated features and functionality.

2

Discrete Component Solutions

2.1

Discrete Voltage Monitoring
The discrete component level solution to voltage monitoring is accomplished using comparators with avoltage reference in addition to some resistors. The amount of components required depends on thenumber of rails being monitored and if each rail is monitoring undervoltage only or undervoltage andovervoltage. Figure 1 shows a discrete solution to monitor a single voltage rail for an undervoltage
condition requires a minimum of one comparator, one voltage reference, and four resistors. To learn more
about this discrete approach, read Using TL431LI as a Voltage Comparator.

VDD

VDD
VSENSE

Figure 1. Single Channel Undervoltage Monitoring Solution Using Discrete Components
For two voltage rails for undervoltage only or for monitoring a single voltage rail for undervoltage andovervoltage, the solution requires two comparators, two voltage references, nine resistors, and a diode asshown in Figure 2.

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VDD

VDD
VDD
+
±

VSENSEOV or UV Fault

VDD

VDD
+
±

Figure 2. Single Channel Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring Solution Using Discrete Components
The advantage of using a discrete solution is that the individual components are low cost and are usuallyreadily available. The disadvantage is that this requires several components, takes up more board space,and isn't highly adjustable in terms of timing and hysteresis. The lack of flexibility becomes an issue inapplications that have specific power sequencing requirements, or require return from fault delays also
called reset delays. Also if the voltage rail is noisy or has a significant voltage ripple, the solution could
potentially cause false fault triggers. A sample layout is shown in Figure 3. The specifications of thediscrete solution are found in Table 1. Notice the number of components required, the total size footprint,
and the voltage monitor accuracy as this discrete example is compared to the integrated solution example
in the next section.

Figure 3. Example Layout of Discrete Dual Rail Undervoltage or Single Rail Under and Overvoltage
Monitor Solution
Table 1. Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring with Discrete Components
Design Consideration

2x TL431LI + LM2903 Dual Comparator

Type of Voltage Monitoring

Undervoltage + Overvoltage

Number of Components

12

Approximate Footprint Area

0.62 in2

Max Input Voltage

36 V

Max Approximate Supply Current~2 mA (TL431LI typical) + ~2 mA (TL431LI typical) + 2.5 mA (LM2903 max) = 4.5 mA

Typical Voltage Monitoring Accuracy

3% to 6%

Approximate Cost (1k units)

2x $0.07 + $0.08 + 9x $0.02 = $0.40

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Discrete Component Solutions

2.2

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Processor Monitoring Using Discrete Components
Processor monitoring is the monitoring of a microcontroller (MCU) or microprocessor (MPU) using asolution that flags a fault if the MCU or MPU latches up or gets stuck in a program or software routine.
Processors ideally execute code in a precise and controlled manner but when the MCU or MPU is not
executing the routines correctly, a processor fault occurs. Processor monitoring using discrete
components isn't common because the discrete components don't really add any advantage whencompared to watchdog ICs and integrated watchdogs. The discrete solution consists of a multiple
components such as a timer or clock for setting the timeout period, a current source or reference voltage
with a Schmitt trigger to compare against to detect if a signal from the processor has arrived on the input,
and multiple logic devices to determine what to do if a signal has arrived as expected. Each discrete
component adds a potential failure point in addition to inaccuracy. The processor monitoring discrete
solution isn't practical because of the amount of board space required, the numerous discrete components
required, and the lack of precision and programmable timing. In every application that requires aprocessor monitoring solution, the designer must choose between a watchdog IC or using the watchdogs
built into some MCUs, MPUs, and other highly integrated devices.

3

Integrated Circuit (IC) Solutions

3.1

Voltage Monitor Solutions with Voltage Supervisors / Reset ICs
This section discusses devices that integrate the voltage reference and comparator into an IC called a
voltage supervisor (sometimes called reset IC). Voltage supervisors are devices that monitor a voltage rail
through the VDD or SENSE input pins, and trigger a fault signal at the RESET or SENSE_OUT output
pins when the monitored voltage falls outside of the configured range. Voltage supervisors have featuresand options that aren't available in the basic discrete solutions mentioned above such as programmable
reset delay, built- in hysteresis, manual reset (MR) / enable (EN), multichannel monitoring, window voltage
monitoring, and various output topologies in a small package size. A typical voltage supervisor block
diagram is shown in Figure 4.
VDD

VDD
TPS389001
Adjustable Version
RESET

MR

RESET

MR
SENSE

Reset
Logic
Timer

Reset
Logic
Timer

R1

SENSE

CT

CT
R2
1.15 V

1.15 V

VREF

VREF
GND

GND

Adjustable Voltage Version

Fixed Voltage Version

Copyright © 2016, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Figure 4. TPS3890 Voltage Supervisor Block Diagram (Left: Adjustable, Right: Fixed)
The voltage threshold for a voltage supervisor can be set with external resistors as shown on the left of
Figure 4 or can be integrated into the device to monitor a common fixed voltage as shown on the right.
Multiple comparators can be integrated into the device for mutichannel voltage monitoring saving spaceand component count. Voltage supervisors come in a variety of sizes based on the features included andthe package type.

4

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3.1.1

Saving Space With Integration
By integrating the discrete components into a single IC, the same functionality is created with much lessarea. TPS3831 for example, is a nano-Iq voltage supervisor that includes a built-in voltage reference andcomparator and fits into 1mm x 1mm with the X2SON package which can't be done with discrete
components. TPS3307 is a triple channel voltage supervisor that monitors three inputs with three separate
internal comparators and fits into 3 mm by 3.9 mm SOIC package. TPS3701 is an undervoltage andovervoltage wide Vin voltage detector IC and has a much smaller 2.9 mm x 1.6 mm (SON-6 package)
footprint compared to the discrete solution. For direct comparison, Figure 5 shows the TPS3701 typicalcircuit schematic compared to the discrete schematic in Figure 2. The Figure 6 shows an example layoutof TPS3701 for direct comparison to the discrete solution layout in Figure 3.
VSENSE

VDD

0.1 …F
VDD

R1

INA

R2

RP1

OUTA

TPS3701

OV or UV Fault
INB

R3

OUTB

GND

Figure 5. TPS3701 Typical Circuit Schematic: Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring Solution

Figure 6. Example Layout of TPS3701: Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring Solution

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Apart from saving board space, the performance measured in supply current (Iq) and voltage monitor
accuracy of voltage supervisors give the integrated solution a big advantage compared to discrete
component solutions is another advantage. The discrete component solution can monitor at approximately
the accuracy of the voltage reference + comparator + external resistors. As you increase the accuracy of
the individual components, the cost increases. Voltage supervisors have the voltage reference andcomparators integrated and accounted for in the device accuracy specification. When comparing the
TPS3701 vs two TL431LI (A grade) with LM2803 Dual Comparator, TPS3701 offers 0.25% typical voltage
monitoring accuracy compared to 1% + 1% + ~18mV offset. The total solution supply current is 11 µA
typical vs the discrete solution of several milliamps. Table 2 shows the voltage supervisor solution
specifications for undervoltage and overvoltage monitoring which can be compared directly to Table 1.
Table 2. Undervoltage and Overvoltage Monitoring with a Voltage Supervisor

3.1.2

Design Consideration

TPS3701

Type of Voltage Monitoring

Undervoltage + Overvoltage

Number of Components

5

Approximate Footprint Area

0.36 in2

Max Input Voltage

36 V

Max Approximate Supply Current

11 µA (TPS3701 max)

Typical Voltage Monitoring Accuracy

0.25%

Approximate Cost (1k units)$0.89 + 4x $0.02 = $0.97

Additional Features Integrated into Voltage Supervisors
Voltage Supervisors also provide additional advantages by include integrated features not offered with thebasic discrete solution.

3.1.2.1

Manual Reset

In some applications, there may be a need to force a reset of the system by push-button or some otherlogic signal. Some applications also want to disable the voltage monitoring during power up. Many voltage
supervisors come with a manual reset (MR) feature that allows an external signal to force a reset or keep
the voltage monitoring device disabled until the MR is logic high. To create this feature block in a discrete
solution requires a pull-up resistor to allow the manual reset input to default to a logic high value in
addition to a Schmitt trigger for determining the logic status. Integrating this feature into the voltage
supervisor saves space and component cost compared to the discrete component solution.
3.1.2.2

Reset Delay

Voltage supervisors can also include programmable reset delay, that is the delay of the reset output whenreturning from a fault condition. The discrete voltage monitor solution relies on the propagation of thecomparators which is usually fixed in the range of tens of nanoseconds to a few microseconds. This isoften too quick of a delay when needing delay upon start-up for power sequencing for example or if theapplication requires a specific amount of time after recovering from a fault before enabling or turning on
devices in the system. Some voltage supervisors come with a fixed reset delay whereas programmable
voltage supervisors require a single capacitor to program the reset delay. There are also voltage detectorsthat do not have additional reset delay and rely on the propagation delay of a few microseconds for those
applications where reset delay is not needed. Note: any voltage detector with an open-drain reset output
can add reset delay by adding capacitance to the reset output. Adding reset delay to voltage detectors
can be useful because some voltage detectors have much wider Vin compared to some programmable
voltage supervisors. Please see Adding Reset Delay to Voltage Detectors for more information.
3.1.2.3

Built-In Watchdog

Voltage supervisors can also include built-in watchdogs for integrated voltage and processor monitoring.
TPS382x family of basic voltage supervisors with a built-in standard watchdog are available in 2.9 mm x
1.6 mm with SOT-23 package which is not possible to create a discrete solution in the same board space.
For programmable watchdogs with more funtionality, please see Section 5.
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3.2

Watchdog ICs
This section discusses the processor monitoring solutions offered by watchdog ICs. Watchdog ICs
integrate all of the necessary components to create a processor monitor into a single device. Watchdogs
are devices that monitor an input signal coming from the processor, and trigger a fault at the watchdog
output if the signal does not arrive as expected. Watchdogs are categorized into two types: standard andwindow. Standard watchdogs require a pulse before a certain time period otherwise a fault occurs.
Standard watchdogs trigger a fault when the processor sends a pulse too late or not at all. Window
watchdogs require a pulse within a certain time window otherwise a fault occurs. Window watchdogs
trigger a fault when the processor sends a pulse to early, too late, or not at all.

3.2.1

Additional Features Integrated Into Watchdog ICs
The advantage of watchdog ICs are that they can include voltage supervisors in the same device and canbe programmable. Having the ability to program the watchdog timeout and watchdog reset delay provides
flexibility not offered with watchdogs integrated into MCUs, MPUs, and other highly integrated devices. In
addition, nearly all watchdogs integrated into MCUs and MPUs are standard type watchdogs meaning
they can only detect late or missing pulses but do not include window capability that detects early faults.
Using external window watchdogs adds an extra processor monitoring feature that increases system
reliability. Lastly, having external watchdogs independent of the MCU increases system robustness
because if the MCU fails, the MCU's integrated watchdog also fails unlike in the case when using
independent external watchdog IC. Even if the application uses the MCU's integrated watchdog, anexternal watchdog still must be used for redundancy.
Table 3 shows some watchdog ICs offered by Texas Instruments. These watchdog ICs can be comparedto the watchdogs integrated into MCUs and MPUs shown in Table 4.
Table 3. Watchdog Devices Available at Texas Instruments
Design Consideration

TPS3430

TPS3431

TPS3823

TPS3850

TPS3851

TPS3813Type of Watchdog

window

standard

standard

window

standard

windowundervoltage

undervoltage

Type of Voltage
Monitoring

none

none

undervoltage

undervoltage +overvoltage

Number of Voltage
Monitor Inputs (1)

0

0

1

1

1

1

Number of Additional
Components

1

1

0

2

2

1

Typical / Max Supply
Current

10 µA / 19 µA

10 µA / 19 µA

15 µA / 25 µA

10 µA / 19 µA

10 µA / 19 µA

9 µA / 25 µA

Watchdog Timeout

programmable:
11 ms to 77 s

programmable:
62 ms to 77 s

200 ms, 1.6 s

programmable:
11 ms to 77 s

programmable:
62 ms to 77 s

programmable:
68 ms to 25 s

Package Type (# of pins)

VSON (10)VSON (8)

SOT-23 (5)VSON (10)VSON (8)

SOT-23 (6)3 mm x 3 mm

2.9 mm x 1.6mm

3 mm x 3 mm

2.9 mm x 1.6mm

Package Size
(1)

3 mm x 3 mm

3 mm x 3 mm

For more watchdog devices that monitoring more than one voltage rail, please visit the watchdog device parametric search:Multichannel Voltage Monitors with Watchdog

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MCUs and MPUs with Integrated Voltage Monitoring and Watchdog Features

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MCUs and MPUs with Integrated Voltage Monitoring and Watchdog Features
Many MCUs and MPUs integrate the voltage supervisor and watchdog functionality into the device. For
some applications, the built-in functionality included inside the MCU or MPU will suffice but in some cases
they are not enough. For example, applications that meet safety standards often require a window
watchdog, that is a watchdog that detects early timing faults in addition to late timing faults. This can't beaccomplished by the standard watchdogs integrated into MCUs and MPUs as they do not have window
processor monitor capability. Also, many applications require specific timing requirements whichsometimes can't be accomplished with the fixed timing options of the watchdogs integrated into MCUs and
MPUs but can be met with programmable watchdog ICs. In every case, the voltage supervisor andwatchdog functionality is designed for monitoring the device itself and is not used for monitoring otherexternal devices.
Table 4. MCUs and MPUs with Integrated Voltage Supervisors and Watchdogs
Device

MSP430FR2xx (Ultra-low-power
MCU)

MSP432E401(SimpleLink
MCU)

TMS320F2802x(Piccolo MCU)TMS320F2833x(Delfino MCU)

AM3351 (Sitara
MPU)

Voltage
Supervisor Type

Undervoltage

AnalogComparator

Undervoltage

none

none

Number of
Monitor Inputs

1 (VDD)

3 (requires
externalreference)

2 (VDD, VDDIO)

n/a

n/a

Voltage Monitor
Threshold1.81 V (SVS-), 0.1 V (BOR-)

adjustable

2.65 Vn/an/aReset DelayTime

10 µs (SVS Reset), 10 ms (BOR
Reset)

1 µA

400 µs to 800 µs

n/a

n/a

Voltage
Monitoring
Accuracy

5.5%

50%

8.7%

n/a

n/a

Voltage Monitor
Iq

1.5 µA

2 µA

50 µA +

n/a

n/a

Watchdog TypeStandard

Standard

Standard

Standard

Standard

Watchdog
Timeout

1.95 ms, 15.625 ms, 250 ms, 1 s, 16
s, 4 m 16 s, 1 h 8 m 16 s, 18 h 12 m
16 s

programmableprogrammableprogrammableprogrammable

Watchdog Reset
Delay

32ms

2.44µsprogrammableprogrammableprogrammable

Watchdog Iq

148 µA to 402 µA

2.9 mA+

25 µA +

10 µA+5 mA

As Table 4 shows, the voltage monitor accuracy is much worse compared to voltage supervisors. And theonly watchdog type offered by the watchdogs integrated into MCUs and MPUs is standard type meaning
they can't detect early timing faults. The voltage monitoring and watchdog functioanlity integrated into
MCU's and MPU's often don't meet the strict requirements found in safety applications. The excessive
supply current for the MCUs and MPUs also don't work well for the low power applications. The next
section summarizes when external voltage monitoring or processor monitoring solutions arerecommended and sometimes required.

5

When External Voltage Supervisors and Watchdogs are Needed
The requirement of adding external voltage supervisors and watchdogs depends on the application andthe devices chosen in the subsystems. This section describes cases when the designer must consider
adding voltage or processor monitoring devices.

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5.1

Adding Monitoring to a System
The best scenario when a voltage supervisor or watchdog is required is when the system doesn't
incorporate voltage monitoring or processor monitoring at all but needs to do so. When the applicationconsists of multiple voltage rails and a single MCU or MPU, there is a good chance an external voltage
supervisor is required to monitor the different voltage rails as MCUs and MPUs can only monitor their own
input. Most MCUs and MPUs have internal watchdogs that can monitor itself which may be good enoughfor some applications. If using a device without a internal watchdog, an external watchdog is required toensure the device is functionality correctly and is not stuck in a processing loop.

5.2

Improving Monitoring in a System
If the application already has voltage monitoring through internal voltage supervisors or from the ADC of
the MCU for example, external voltage supervisors still may be required to improve the accuracy of thevoltage monitoring or to add window voltage monitoring for undervoltage and overvoltage faults or
adjusting the threshold outside of the ADC range. If the MCUs or MPUs already have an internal
watchdog, an external watchdog still may be required for redundancy or for adding window processor
monitoring or specific timing not available by the internal watchdogs. There are several performance
benefits that external voltage supervisors and watchdogs add compared to those internal to the MCUs and
MPUs such as accuracy, window monitoring, adjustable thresholds, and programmable timing.

5.3

Functional Safety Requirements
If the application must meet certain safety standards, there may be requirements for adding external
voltage supervisors or watchdogs. The lowest safety standards require every voltage rail in the system to
be monitored and for the core rails to be monitored for both undervoltage and overvoltage faults. In thiscase, a multichannel voltage supervisor, such as TPS386000 for 4-channel or TPS3307 for 3-channel,
must be used to monitor the various voltage rails. Also a high accuracy window voltage supervisor, such
as TPS3703-Q1, must be used to monitor the core rails. The lowest safety standards require a watchdog
to monitor the MCUs and MPUs unless they have built in watchdogs. For the highest safety standards,
every main voltage rail must be monitored for undervoltage and overvoltage and the core rails must haveredundant voltage monitoring so that if any one device fails, the entire system won't fail as a result. The
highest safety standards also require every MCU and MPU device to be monitored with a window
watchdog, such as TPS3850, and to have redundant processor monitoring so that if any watchdog fails,
the system won't fail as a result.

6

Additional Voltage Supervisor and Watchdog Options
Although this document mentions several voltage supervisors and watchdogs, there are a lot more tochoose from depending on the requirements of the application. Table 5 below shows some of the top
recommendations with a brief description of the device. Please visit Voltage Supervisors, Reset ICs, andWatchdogs for the quick reference list of TI voltage supervisors and watchdogs.
Table 5. Alternative Device Recommendations
DeviceDescription

TLV803E

250 nA nano-Iq, low cost 3-pin voltage supervisor

TPS3831

150 nA nano-Iq, X2SON (1mm x 1mm) small footprint size

TPS3840300 nA nano-Iq, programmable reset delay voltage supervisor with manual reset

TPS389x

1% accuracy, programmable time delay, multiple voltage variants and topologies, USON
(1.45mm x 1mm) small footprint size

TPS3808

Low Iq, high accuracy, programmable time delay, SOT package type

TPS3703-Q1

0.25% accuracy overvoltage and undervoltage reset IC with programable reset delay andmanual reset

TPS3850

0.8% accuracy voltage supervisor with window watchdog, programmable reset delay andwatchdog timeout

TPS33073-channel voltage supervisor

TPS386000

4-channel voltage supervisor with watchdog, programmable reset delay, and manual reset

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