Autocatalyst Development- Fundamental Understanding for Catalyst Design Shuhei Nagaoka, Johnson Matthey
September 13th, 2022

第7回SPring-8先端放射光技術による化学イノベーション研究会／ 第79回SPring-8先端利用技術ワークショップ

Johnson Matthey – Vision
Our vision is for a world that’s CLEANER and HEALTHIER,
today and for future generations

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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2

Air Pollution – Serious Problem in the World

https://ourworldindata.org/

4.2 million
deaths every year as a result of exposure toambient (outdoor) air pollution

93%of the world’s children breathe toxic air everyday

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential3Johnson Matthey
Catalysing the net zero transition

Our business to help address the four essential transitions the world needs for a sustainable future
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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4What are our competencies?
History of 204 years – expertise in metals chemistryCore Competencies

Heritage
1870, International Prototype Kilogram

Catalysis

Electrochemistry

1879, International Prototype Metre

PGMs
Metallurgy

Material
DesignAdvanced
Characterisation

ChemicalSynthesis

Surface
Chemistry

Platinum Metals Rev. 17, 66 (1973).

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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5Fundamental Understanding through Open Innovation in JAPANWorld-Class
Academic Competencies in Japan

Contest 2016

Contest 2019

Spring 8: the world’s
largest synchrotron
radiation facility

FugakuSupercomputer:the highest caliberof supercomputersin the world

Distribution to 174 universities and academic facilities in JapanThe data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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6Topics – Fundamental Understanding with University in Japan
1. Effect of Oxygen Storage Materials on the Performance of Pt-based Three-way
Catalysts

Prof. Shimizu Group+

Department of Fundamental ResearchInstitute for Catalysis
Hokkaido University

2. High La-doped alumina material development for TWC applications

Prof. Shimizu Group

Department of Fundamental ResearchInstitute for Catalysis
Hokkaido University+

Prof. Kondoh Group

Department of Chemistry,
Keio University+

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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7Effect of Oxygen Storage Materials on the
Performance of Pt-based Three-way Catalysts
Takashi Toyao and Ken-ichi Shimizu, Hokkaido University
Shuhei Nagaoka, Johnson Matthey

Three Way Catalyst – General Introduction
Main Components and Functions
Pdcatalytic oxidation of CO/HC

Coated TWC Layer

Ba:
suppression of Pd sinteringRh
catalytic reduction of NO
Al2O3
high-SSA carrier support

Al2O3
high-SSA carrier support

CeZrOxoxygen storage capacitor(OSC) and carrier support

CeZrOxoxygen storage capacitor(OSC) and carrier support

Harsh Ageing•••

Temp. of ~1000C
Duration of 50 ~ 450hrs
Reducing/oxidising cycle

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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9Introduction
PGM Market Trend (last ten-years results)
Palladium (Pd) vs Platinum (Pt)
• The price has been higher for Pd than Pt for about five years and today it is more than twice.

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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10

Objective of Research• Fundamental understanding of Pt chemistry with current TWC components to design Pt-based
TWC for substituting Pd.

• Focusing on effect of oxygen-storage materials (OSMs) on Pt chemistry and TWC performance.
• Generally, lower redox property and OSC performance have been observed for Pt-based TWC
than Pd-based TWC.

• Spectroscopic/microscopic approach to understand the chemistry of Pt supported on different
Ce-content OSMs.

• Identify suitable OSMs for Pt-based TWC with honeycomb catalyst to improve emission control
performance.

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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11Model Catalyst Synthesis
Model Catalyst Preparation

Honeycomb Catalyst Preparation

3-wt% Pt/OSMs powder(Incipient wetness method)

Pt/OSMs

OSM
Pt nitrate aq.
H2O
Stirring at r.t. for 15 min.
Evaporation under vacuum at 50 ˚CDrying at 90 ˚C for 12 h
Calcination in air for 3 h
H2 reduction at 500 ˚C for 0.5 h

Pt/OSMs

1. Mixing with water and inorganic binder tobe washcoat slurry
2. Coating of the washcoat onto cordierite
substrate
3. Drying in air at 120 ˚C for 1 h
4. Calcination in air at 600 ˚C for 2 h

Honeycomb catalyst

OSMs of Ce/Zr mixed oxide: 20%CeO2, 45%CeO2, 66%CeO2, 100%CeO2
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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12

HAADF-STEM images of Pt/OSMs
Pt particle size analysis
Treatment

Pt/OSM(20%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(45%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(66%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(100%CeO2)

As
Prepared

Redox
Aged
(1000C)The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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13

HAADF-STEM images of Pt/OSMs
Pt particle size analysis
Treatment

Pt/OSM(20%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(45%CeO2)

As
Prepared

Redox
Aged
(1000C)

Mean Pt Particle Size (nm)Fresh

Pt/OSM(66%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(100%CeO2)

Redox Aged (1000C)

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CeO2 content in OSM (%)

Pt particle size was almost unchanged by CeO2 content of OSMs
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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14

XPS for Pt/OSMs
Pt electronic/charge state analysis
XPS: Redox Aged (1000C)

Intensity

(B)
Pt 4f

Pt

Pt/OSM(20%CeO2)
Pt/OSM(45%CeO2)
Pt/OSM(66%CeO2)
Pt/OSM(100%CeO2)
4f5/2

4f7/2

e-

ZrO2-CeO2 or CeO2
deficient

rich

76

74
72
70
Binding energy /eV

68

Fresh

Redox Aged

Pt/OSM(100%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(66%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(66%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(45%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(45%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(20%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(20%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(100%CeO2)

Relatively electron deficit Pt on 66%Ce-OSM after
ageing, close to neutral Pt state (~71 eV at 4f7/2)

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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15

Operando Infrared Spectroscopy for Pt/OSMs
NO – CO chemisorption and intermediates analysis•••

0.5%NO/He (10 min)
0.5%CO/He (2 – 10 min)
200 degC

Variation for Surface Nitrite (1171 cm-1)

IR: Redox Aged (1000C)

surfacenitriteEffective formation of surface nitrite to promote NO-CO catalytic reaction for 66%Ce-OSM
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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16Catalytic Activity Test•••

TWC reaction for honeycomb catalysts
NO Conversion

CO Conversion

100

100
20%CeO2

80

45%CeO2
66%CeO2

60

20%CeO280

Conversion / %Conversion / %Redox aged (1000C)
1-Hz Lambda perturbation (0.95-1.05)
SV = 105 hr-1

100%CeO2
40

45%CeO2
66%CeO2

60

100%CeO2
40

20

20

*similar trend for HC conversion

0

0
280

300

320
340
360
Temperature / deg. C

380

400

280

300

320
340
360
Temperature / deg. C

380

400

Pt-based honeycomb catalyst using OSM with 66%CeO2 showed the best TWC performance.
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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17Summary of characterisation and performance
Characteristics

Pt/OSM(20%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(45%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(66%CeO2)

Pt/OSM(100%CeO2)

Pt particle size

Even

Even

Even

Even

Pt charge state

RicherDeficient

Most Deficient

RichestSurface Nitrite
Formation

Smaller

LargerLargestAlmost Nothing

TWC Performance

Worse

Better

Best

Worst

Charge deficient in Pt and effective formation of surface nitrite would be key characteristics
to improve Pt-TWC performance with OSMs.
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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18Summary
Effect of Oxygen Storage Materials on the Performance of Pt-based TWC•

Higher ceria-content OSM (e.g. 66%CeO2) would be promising
support for Pt-based catalyst for TWC.

in-situ XAFS (NO-CO reaction)
Pt/OSM(66%CeO2) after Redox Ageing••

Sn-doped OSMs for Pt-TWC (US2021/0299647A1)

Published Article•

G. Wang, S. Nagaoka, K. Shimizu, T. Toyao et al., Catal. Sci.
Technol. 12, 3534 (2022).

s
e/

Tim

10

15
20

Normalized absorption

NO
mi
n

CO

NO
CO
NO

5710 5720 5730 5740 5750 5760
Energy /eVNormalized absorption

Poor redox properties for both ceria and Pt for the catalyst
have been still problem to be solved.

0

5

18000

11550 11575 11600 11625 11650
Energy /eV

1

1

1

Pt0
0.8
0.6

Ce4+

0.4

Ce3+

0.2

Fraction of species•

Fraction of species

For further development …

0
10
20
30
40

Tim
e/

•

Pt particle size (dispersion) was almost unchanged by the ceria
content.

Zr K-ePt L3-edge

Ce L3-edge

NO
CO

•

(B)

Normalized absorption

Formation of charge-deficient Pt and surface nitrite species would
be key to promote catalytic reaction.

Fraction of species

•

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

4+

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

Pt
0
0

10

20
30
Time /min

40

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

50

0
0

5

10
15
Time /minConfidential

20

25

19

0
0

High La-doped Alumina Materials for
TWC Application
Takashi Toyao and Ken-ichi Shimizu, Hokkaido University
Hiroshi Kondoh, Keio University, Shuhei Nagaoka, Johnson Matthey

20

Three Way Catalyst – General Introduction
Key Additive/Dopant Elements
PGM: active centre for catalytic reactionoxidation/reductionoxidation of HC

•

•
•
•

reduction of NOx•
Lanthanides (Ln) : key additive/dopant elements

A large number of papers and patents which
describe the impact of Lanthanides elements on
TWC can be found, and they have made“traditional knowledge” of TWC science.
Enhanced thermal durability
Improved OSC performanceand so on …

For Actual TWC development/designing,utilization of Lanthanides elements has been
based on traditional scientific knowledge, but
usually unexpected performance (non-linear
response) is obtained with newly designed TWC.

Hidden role/function of Ln elements on
TWC science/technology
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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21Role of La – Traditional Understanding
AlO(OH)

Sapphire (a-Al2O3)
SSA = 1 m2/g

SSA = >300 m2/g

Traditional Scientific Knowledge

M. Digne, et al., JPCB 2002, 106, 5155.
H. Shinnjoh, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2006, 408, 1061.

•

La-doping drastically enhances
the thermal stability of Al2O3.

•

Keeping higher SSA even after
harsh ageing•

Tiny doping (<5 wt%) is enoughto stabilize the Al2O3 material.

Any hidden function of La
on TWC?

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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22

Objective of Research• Correct understanding of hidden role/function of La doped in Al2O3 material on the TWC
performance.
• Doubt traditional understanding of “La content of <5 wt% is enough!”• What new chemistry can be appeared in the range of high-La doping (> 5 wt%)?
• Spectroscopic approach to understand the chemistry of Pd loaded La-doped Al2O3 catalyst.

• CO chemisorption study with infrared spectroscopy• in-situ XAFS at SPing-8 (BL14B2)• Impact of Pd catalyst with high La-doped alumina on real emission control performance• Evaluation using gasoline passenger vehicle

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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23Model Catalyst Synthesis
Synthesis of La(X)-Al2O3(Incipient wetness method)
γ-Al2O3
La(NO3)3H2 O

Impregnation of Al2O3 powder into
La(NO3)3 aqua solution
Drying in air at 120 ˚C for 2 h
Calcination in air at 600 ˚C for 2 h

La(X)-Al2O3 (X = 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 wt.%)

Synthesis of Pd-La(X)-Al2O3
La-(X)Al2O3
Pd nitrate aq.
H2 O
Stirring at r.t. for 15 min.
Evaporation under vacuum at 50 ˚CDrying at 90 ˚C for 12 h

Calcination in air for 3 h
H2 reduction at 500 ˚C for 0.5 h

Pd/La(X)-Al2O3※ Pd loading = 1 wt.%.

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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24Model Catalyst Characterisation
SSA (BET) and Pd particle size (CO-pulse)
SSA of Al2O3 materials
As-prepared

Particle size of Pd on Al2O3 materials
6

Aged at 1000C

200
5
159
142

140

129
115

120
90

100
80
60

82

75

60

102

67

61

40

Particle size (nm)

SSA (m2/g)

180
155
160

4

3.4

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.8

10

15

20

30

3.1

3
2
1

20
0

0

0

5

10

15

20

La2O3 content (%)

•
•

25

30

0

5

La2O3 content (%)

Too much doping of La (30 wt%) decreased aged SSA due to formation of LaAlO3.
Pd particle size was around 3.5 nm for all as-received model catalysts.

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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25Model Catalyst Characterisation
XAFS (H2-reduced at 400C) @SPring-8 BL14B2
XANES (Pd K-edge)

EXAFS (Pd K-edge)

Slightly positively shifted for Pd on La(15)/Al2O3
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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26

Model Catalyst Characterisation
Infrared Spectroscopy for CO-chemisorbed Pd catalysts

Pd/LaAlbridge/
2O3, 0.5% CO, 313K
1964

2080

Absorbance

0.1

2178

CO (g)

1335

Carbonate

3-fold1617

atop

Number of adsorbed CO on Pd isrelatively small.
Pd/La(5)Al• Mainly atop site CO (weakly adsorbed,
reactive CO)• Many CO molecules are bound as
He 600s
carbonate species (La-carbonate).
Pd/La(15)Al•CO 600s••

Pd/La(0)Al•He 600 s

Number of adsorbed CO on Pd isrelatively large.
Mainly bridge/3-fold site CO (strongly
adsorbed, cause of CO poisoning)
Almost no carbonate species

Pd/Al
CO 600s

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

Wavenumber / cm-1

1200

High-La doping makes reactive CO
on Pd catalyst

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential

27Model Catalyst Characterisation
CO adsorption states and NO-CO reaction order
CO poisoning
to Pd

Ratio of “bridge CO” to “a-top CO” on Pd
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

5

10

15

20

Formed reactive
CO on Pd

Relative IR intensity ofbridge-CO to a-top CO (a.u.)

16

Reaction Order of CO on Pd catalyst

La content (wt%)••

Formation of reactive CO (atop-CO) was promoted with La content in alumina materials
Positive reaction order of CO was observed for La(15)-doped alumina while the reaction order of CO isusually negative value (poisoning) on Pd catalyst.
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential

28Model Catalyst Characterisation
in-situ XAFS (NO-CO reaction) at 200C @SPring-8 BL14B2
XANES/EXAFS (Pd K-edge)

The redox property of Pd is enhanced with La doping to promote kinetics of CO-NO catalytic reaction.
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential

29Summary of Model Catalyst Study• La doped in Al2O3 materials is highly impacting on CO chemisorption state on Pd.
• One of hidden role/function of La used in TWC• Increase in La content in Al2O3 (high-La alumina) can form reactive adsorbed CO (atop-CO) on
Pd catalysts.
• While CO adsorbed on Pd via bridge/3-fold site which would cause CO poisoning at lower La
content Al2O3.

• Positive reaction order of CO to Pd catalyst was obtained for high-La Al2O3 likely due toeffective suppression of CO poisoning.

• Enhanced redox property of Pd with high-La doped alumina under NO-CO reaction cycle.
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential

30Summary of Model Catalyst Study• La doped in Al2O3 materials is highly impacting on CO chemisorption state on Pd.
• One of hidden role/function of La used in TWC• Increase in La content in Al2O3 (high-La alumina) can form reactive adsorbed CO (atop-CO) on
Pd catalysts.
• WhileHow
CO adsorbed
via bridge/3-foldsite which
would cause CO poisoning at lower La
can onwePdapply
this newchemistry/knowledge
content Al2O3.

for our TWC development?

• Positive reaction order of CO to Pd catalyst was obtained for high-La Al2O3 likely due toeffective suppression of CO poisoning.

• Enhanced redox property of Pd with high-La doped alumina under NO-CO reaction cycle.
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

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31General Technology Requirement for TWC
Typical TWC performance
Emission of (HC + NOx) on the EPA Federal Test Procedure (LA-4 mode)

Engine cold start to warm up(~70% of total emission)

0.050
0.040
0.030

Hot and transient region(~30% of total emission)

0.020

150

100

50

Scheduled Speed (mile/h)200

better performance

Accumulated Emission of HC + NOx( g/mile)

0.060

0.010
0.000

0

0

500

1000
Time (sec)

1500

2000

1. Improved low-temperature activation (at cold start to warm up) of TWC
2. Improved robustness toward AFR variation of TWC
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential

32Transient Engine Operation
Relationship between AFR and CO emission
AFR at Engine Out
Lean

16
15.5
Stoich

14.5

Rich

(AFR)

15
14
13.5
13
500

600

700

800

900
1000
Time (sec)

1100

1200

1300

CO Emission at Engine Out
50000

•

(ppm)

40000
30000

•

20000
10000
0
500

600

700

800

900
1000
Time (sec)

1100

1200

1300

•

CO emission is usually appeared
under rich operation of engine.
High concentration CO would cause
poisoning to Pd to block active sites.
High-La alumina can form reactive COand suppress the poisoning of CO.

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential331.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000

200

100

50
0

0

500

1000
Time (sec)

1500

0.040

0.030
0.020
0.010
0.000

150

100
50
0

0

500

1000
Time (sec)1500

Scheduled Speed (mile/h)better performance

HC + NOx Emission

Development(15%La/Al2O3)

High-La Al2O3

Formed Reactive
CO

200

0.050

Reference(5%La/Al2O3)

2000

0.060

Accumulated Emission of
HC + Nox ( g/mile)

150

Scheduled Speed (mile/h)

CO Emission
better performance

Accumulated Emission of
CO ( g/mile)

Vehicle Emission Test – Impact of High-La Al2O3

2000

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

+

Suppressed CO
poisoning

Improved TWC
performance
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Summary
High La-doped alumina material development for TWC applications• Formation of reactive chemisorbed CO on Pd catalyst was found as a hidden function (another role)of La additive in TWC.

• High-La doped alumina materials can suppress CO-poisoning to Pd catalyst to be positive reaction
order of CO over Pd catalysts.
• New TWC with high-La doped alumina showed significant improvement of the catalytic performance
especially in the range of transient engine operation through suppressing CO poisoning to Pd underrich (high-concentration CO) condition.
• Published Articles & Patents•

T. Toyao, S. Nagaoka, K. Shimizu et al., Chem. Lett. 47, 1036 (2018).

•

J. Yuan, T. Toyao, H. Asakura, S. Nagaoka, H. Kondoh, K. Shimizu et al., ACS Catal. 10, 1010 (2020).

•

J. Yuan, T. S. Nagaoka, K. Shimizu, T. Toyao et al., Catalysis Today (in press).

•

Patents: US2022/0072515A1, WO2020021511A1
The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential

35

Conclusion
Fundamental Understanding for Catalyst Design
Identified
Problems

Needs•

Social and Market Drivers (regulations
etc.)

•

Specific Technical/Quality Targets

Insights
Invisible (or Real)
Problems• Scientific insight brings us
clear R&D direction• Finding hidden relationship cangives us chance to make aninnovation

The data included herein were collected in a JM laboratory which has not been certified by the relevant authorities/agencies to perform emissions testing.
The data do not represent a guarantee that the tested catalyst system will pass the relevant emissions legislation.

Confidential

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