A Regional Mechanism Facilitating Sustainable
Environmental Benefits in River Basins,
Coasts, Islands and Seas

PEMSEA
Partnerships in Environmental Management
for the Seas of East Asia (1994–2010)

PEMSEA: Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of
East Asia (1994–2010): A Regional Mechanism Facilitating Sustainable
Environmental Benefits in River Basins, Coasts, Islands and Seas.
© 2007
Published by the GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building
Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia
(PEMSEA). www.pemsea.org.
PEMSEA. 2007. PEMSEA: Partnerships in Environmental Management for
the Seas of East Asia (1994–2010): A Regional Mechanism Facilitating
Sustainable Environmental Benefits in River Basins, Coasts, Islands and Seas.
PEMSEA IEC Material 2. 80 p. Global Environment Facility/United Nations
Development Programme/International Maritime Organization Regional
Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for
the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines.
ISBN 978-971-812-020-0
PEMSEA is a GEF Project, implemented by UNDP, and executed by IMO.
The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policiesof the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and theother participating organizations. The designation employed and thepresentation do not imply expression of opinion, whatsoever on the part of
GEF, UNDP, IMO or PEMSEA concerning the legal status of any country or
territory, or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries.

The Seas of East Asia
Historical Perspective
Framework for Sustainable Coastal Development
Governance, Policy, Strategies
Institutional Arrangements
Implementing International Instruments and Legislation
Capacity Development
Knowledge Management
Scientific Advice
Sustainable Financing
Public AwarenessManagement Tools and Methodologies
Codification and Recognition
Strategic Action Programmes
Monitoring and Evaluation
Replication and Scaling up
Partnerships
Resource Mobilization
PEMSEA Resource Facility Organizational StructureState and Non-State Partners
Executive Committee
PEMSEA Staff
PEMSEA Interns and Fellows
PEMSEA Publications and Videos

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The Seas of East Asia

The Seas of East Asia are vital to the lives
of close to one-third of humankind. To
the estimated 1.5 billion people living
within a hundred kilometers of the region's
coasts, the relevance of the ocean and its
impact on daily life are obvious. But the widearray of goods and services that the seas
provide for human benefit are not fully
appreciated by some people and are often
taken for granted. Scientific assessment of theconditions of the seas and oceans show that
we are rapidly losing most of the valuable
environmental benefits generated from river
basin, coastal, island, sea and ocean
ecosystems.
Over the past decade, substantial efforts havebeen directed to addressing the many threats
to environmental and economic sustainabilityof marine and coastal ecosystems bygovernments and other stakeholders in the
East and Southeast Asian region. Many ofthese initiatives were sustained andconsolidated as a consequence of a series ofstrategic projects made possible through thesupport of the Global Environment Facility,
United Nations agencies and other bilateraland multilateral donors and financial
institutions. Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia
(PEMSEA) is one such initiative. Over its 14year existence, PEMSEA has evolved from a
regional project into a regional operating
mechanism focused on the environmental
challenges and sustainable development of theSeas of East Asia.
This document is intended to provide readerswith a general background and rationale tothe various activities undertaken by PEMSEA,
as well as its evolution and transformation
since 1994. The major activities, outputs andoutcomes over the past 14 years serve as thefoundation on which new initiatives and action
programs are being developed andundertaken from 2007 to 2010.

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The Seas of East Asia and major river basins including the major ocean currents.

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The Seas of East Asia

Challenges and Opportunities
Bordered by China, Japan, the Korean Peninsulain the North and the Southeast Asian nations inthe south, the Seas of East Asia are made up ofsix subregional seas including the Yellow, East
China, South China, Sulu-Sulawesi andIndonesian seas and the Gulf of Thailand. These
subregional seas, or large marine ecosystems(LMEs), are ecologically and economicallyimportant both to the region and globally. More
importantly, the water resources therein serve as a
medium of life flowing from the hilltops to theseas and oceans, crossing political boundaries,
nurturing ecosystems, sustaining freshwater andmarine resources, and providing food, livelihoodand security to the people of the region. They aresemi-enclosed with a total sea area of 7 million
km2, a coastline of 234,000 km, and a total
watershed area of about 8.6 million km2.
The Seas of East Asia sustain 30 percent of theworld's coral reefs and mangroves; produce about
40 percent of the world's fish catch and 84
percent of world aquaculture; and represent oneof the world's centers for tropical marine
biodiversity. Approximately 2 billion people live inthe region, with this number expected to increase
to 3 billion by 2015. The region's coastal cities
host an estimated 77 percent of the total
population. Clustered around these coastal cities
are traditional resource-based activities, such as
coastal fisheries, aquaculture, forestry andagriculture, side by side with industry, shipping
and tourism. Half of the world's merchant fleet
sails through the Malacca and Lombok Straits,
while 14 of the 20 largest maritime ports in theworld are located in the shipping corridor thatstretches from Singapore to Japan.
Growing populations and their migration tocoastal areas, dynamic economic growth, andrising global demands for fishery and aquaculture
products (met largely by export products from theEast Asian Seas), and rapidly increasing shipping
traffic collectively exert tremendous pressure on
East Asia's marine environment and coastal
resources. Even with decades of advocacy,
political commitments and conservation efforts atthe national and regional levels, reversing thedecline of coastal and marine environmental
quality in the region is still an urgent task that
requires a new approach, a new management
paradigm. That paradigm is a strategic
partnership of governments, internationalorganizations, donors and stakeholders working
together to achieve a shared vision of asustainable resource system for the Seas of
East Asia.

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S

ince the intervention of the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) in
December 1993, when the firstinternational water project was launched,considerable focus was placed on theprevention and management of marine
pollution by: setting up integrated coastalmanagement (ICM) pilot sites in Xiamen (PRChina) and Batangas Bay (Philippines);
mobilizing subregional efforts (Indonesia,
Malaysia and Singapore) to address marine
pollution problems in the Straits of Malacca andStraits of Singapore; and strengthening capacity
development, especially in developing countries
such as Cambodia, People’s Republic of China,
the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,
Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
The project, known then as the Prevention andManagement of Marine Pollution in the East
Asian Seas, was implemented by the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and
executed by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), while the Government of

the Philippines hosted the regional project officewithin the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) compound in Quezon City,
Metro Manila.
The successful completion of the pilot phase projectin September 1999 led to the building ofconfidence and recognition of the need to develop
stakeholder partnerships in addressing theincreasing environmental challenges in the seas of
East Asia. A second phase project (1999–2007)
focusing on building intergovernmental,
interagency and multisectoral partnerships inenvironmental management was supported by GEF,
with implementation beginning in October 1999.
The thrust of the new project was to build
partnerships
partnerships, hence the acronym PEMSEA, torepresent the new project initiatives.
The major focus of the PEMSEA project included:
1.

Formulation and adoption of integrated
approaches to managing land and water uses,from river basins to coastal seas, among
participating countries in response to the6

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Historical Perspective
challenges of climate change, sea level rise,loss of biodiversity, depleting fisheries andmarine resources, severe degradation ofwater quality, and increasing multiple-use
conflicts in the coastal and marine areas;2.

Development of human resources in areas ofplanning and sustainable management ofcoastal and marine areas through innovative
capacity development programs such as
promoting horizontal learning among
stakeholders, south-south and north-south
learning, on-the-job learning, as well as
formal and informal training programs;

3.

Demonstration of ICM as a systematic andeffective approach to managing land andwater uses in coastal areas, and scaling up of
ICM initiatives; and4.

Development and adoption of a sustainableregional mechanism to augment national andregional commitment to protect and manage
the coastal and marine environment of theSeas of East Asia.

In December 2003, participating governments
and collaborative partners endorsed theSustainable Development Strategy for the Seasof East Asia (SDS-SEA), a document thatoutlines a shared vision as well as the collective
strategies and approaches to achieve the goalsof sustainable development for the region. The
implementation of the SDS-SEA requires along-term commitment, policy reforms,
strategic management interventions andsignificant financial resources. In June 2007,
the GEF Council approved Phase I of a 10-year
project (2007–2017) to implement the SDSSEA, which facilitates PEMSEA's transformation
into a self-sustaining regional operating
mechanism. GEF will provide the necessaryfinancial support to cover the incremental costsof addressing regional environmental issues
that are of global significance via
implementation of the SDS-SEA.

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Practical experience in the application of
ICM in the East Asian region over the last
14 years has led to the development of acommon framework for sustainable coastal
development. This common framework covers asystem of governance as well as several issuespecific management systems critical toachieving the overall goals of sustainable
development. The ICM framework has become avery useful guide for national and local
governments to promote sustainable
development initiatives and programs. Key
areas of competence addressed in thegovernance component of the framework
include:
Policyolicy,, strategies and action plans
plans: establishing
and adopting policy reforms, shared visions andmissions, long-term strategies and actions plansthat express intention, direction, targets andtimeframe for managing marine and coastal
resources and their sustainable use through an
integrated approach.
Institutional arrangements
arrangements: operationalizing
interagency and multisectoral coordinating

mechanisms that involve concerned stakeholders inplanning, implementing, evaluating and continually
improving programs for sustainable development
through ICM applications.
Legislation
egislation: developing and implementing national
legislation and/or local administrative orders, which
support new and existing policies that facilitate theeffective implementation of ICM, including, forexample, interagency and multisectoral institutionalarrangements, land- and sea-use zoning schemes,
registration and licensing, market-based/revenue
generating instruments covering access and use ofresources, monitoring and reporting, information
sharing, and surveillance and enforcement
mechanisms.
Public awareness and information management
management:
putting into operation communication strategies andplans for ensuring that stakeholders are informed of
the scope, benefits and threats to their local
ecosystems, and the programs that are being
developed and implemented to reduce threats andenhance benefits, covering, for example, access tomultimedia resource materials, training andeducational initiatives, networking and coordination

Process-oriented Common Framework for Sustainable Developmentof Coastal Areas Thru ICM Implementation.

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Framework for Sustainable Coastal Developmentof stakeholders, resource and skills sharing,stakeholder consultation and participation,
information management and sharing, feedback
mechanisms to assess the satisfaction level ofstakeholders including complaints and suggestions,and corrective and preventive actions taken toaddress problems and complaints.
Sustainable financing
financing: institutionalizing themeasures and means to support conservation of
resources and required environmental
infrastructure improvements through public- andmarket-based sources, such as appropriation ofannual budget allocations; user fees, tariffs, taxes,
penalties and fines; and adoption of a corporate
management approach to utilities and resource
management.
Capacity development
development: incorporating capacity
development as an indispensable component of all
aspects of sustainable development programs,

from inception and implementation to monitoringand evaluation and, in particular, equipping local
personnel and managers with the essential
technical and management skills to plan andmanage coastal areas and resources.
The goals of sustainable development are notachievable by governance alone. It must be
accompanied by on-the-ground actions, which
integrate policy and functional procedures across(and oftentimes within) sectors into an operating
management system. In addition, an importantcross-cutting element of the management system isthe role of science. Specifically, the focus here is
the input by the scientific community at the local,
national and regional levels on the state of theenvironment, the scientific basis and rationale formanagement decisions, and the scientificassessment of management interventions and theirultimate contribution to the adopted sustainable
development targets and objectives.

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Furthermore, on-the ground actions imply
implementation of projects or programs that address thefundamental threats to the continuous supply of public
goods and services generated by the ecosystems, which
in turn affect the lives, health and property of the coastal
inhabitants. Obviously, each country, local government
unit, or stakeholder will have a perspective on what
constitutes a threat to sustainable development. The
framework identifies five essential aspects of sustainable
development of coastal and marine areas and theircorresponding management regimes, which represent
one or more priorities of local governments depending
on environmental conditions within their respective areasof jurisdiction, as follows:
1.

Natural and human-made disaster prevention
and response management — The region isexperiencing frequent natural and human-madedisasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, tidal
storms, flooding, sea level rise, landslides, redtides, oil and chemical spills, coastal erosion andland reclamation. A first step in the process is to
identify and delineate the likelihood of a disasteroccurring, the potential risks (social, economic andenvironmental), the likely consequences, and theultimate impact on the lives and property of coastal
inhabitants as well as ecosystem health. Prevention
and response management programs include,
among other aspects: prevention andpreparedness procedures and controls;
contingency and emergency plans; public
education and awareness building; training of
response teams; access to adequate resources(equipment and materials, staff and financial
resources); and humanitarian and emergency
relief.
2.

Natural coastal habitat protection, restorationand management — Specific habitat management
programs, including increasing the vegetation
coverage in urban centers, are developed andimplemented to provide adequate protection,conservation and restoration of naturalenvironmental assets such as coral reefs,
mangroves, seagrass beds, and other wetlands.
For example, land- and sea-use zoning schemes
help local governments regulate land and sea use,

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Framework for Sustainable Coastal Development

based on functional characteristics, traditional
practices, existing national and local laws, andlevel of development, in accordance with therespective coastal strategy or development plan.
3.

4.

Pollution and waste reduction management —Pollution reduction and waste management arecommon challenges for every urban and rural
center in order to protect land, air and water (i.e.,
groundwater, rivers and coastal seas) resources
and conserve energy. Sustainable management
programs entail an understanding of the sources
and characteristics of contaminants and wastematerials entering the environment, required
societal behavioral shifts to reduce or eliminate
pollution, and the introduction of policy reforms,
legislation, capacity development, market-based
procurement and management instruments,
awareness building, and incentive andenforcement mechanisms to promote change.

5.

Food security and livelihood management —The sustainable supply of fisheries, especially fromriver systems and coastal seas is both a target andan outcome of sustainable development. The
fishing sector itself requires management and, inparticular, the implementation of the FAO Codeof Conduct for Responsible Fisheries is central toachieving this. But all other aspects of sustainable
coastal and marine areas affect fisheries, andtherefore a sustainable supply of fisheries canalso be an outcome of good management ofthese other issues. It is also important to ensure
the accessibility of the poor to fisheries, given its
role as a major traditional source of animal
protein for the coastal poor. Supplemental
livelihood programs for coastal communities canalso be set in place to reduce overfishing and toincrease income from other sources of living.

Water use and supply management — Forwardlooking water resource management programs
are essential to sustainable development,
especially in urban centers where water supply
shortages are anticipated. Measures include
sound water use policy, tariff systems, water
allocation/licensing, water conservation andreuse, protection of water sources (i.e., watershedor river basins; surface and ground water), andensuring the quality, adequate supply andaccessibility of water services to common citizens.

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Development and Implementation ofa Regional Marine Strategy
The preparation of the Sustainable Development
Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS
(SDS--SEA) was
initiated in 2000 to assist participating governmentswith the implementation of their major international
commitments related to coasts and oceans. The final
document was completed and adopted in 2003, after
three years of extensive consultations with 12
participating governments and 16 stakeholder
partners. The SDS-SEA provides a framework ofactions for achieving thegoals of key international
agreements and actionplans, including the UN
Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), the World
Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) Planof Implementation,
Chapter 17 of Agenda 21
and other international
instruments related tocoasts, islands and oceans,as well as a platform forregional cooperation.

The SDS-SEA embodies a shared vision among all
stakeholders. It provides a clear mission statement forachieving the sustainable use of coastal and marine
natural resources, protecting the lives and propertiesof the coastal population, and sustaining the benefits
that are generated by the marine ecosystems. With thedesired changes clearly defined, action programs aredeveloped under six major strategies, namely to
Sustain, Preserve, Protect, Develop, Implement andCommunicate. A total of 27 operational principles, 20
concrete objectives, 50 action programs and 227

activities are identified. The action programs andactivities cut across major fields of concern and need,including biodiversity, land- and sea-based pollution,
fisheries and aquaculture, maritime transport,
financing and investment, scientific research andintegrated coastal management (ICM), which includes
the management of watersheds, river basins, coastal
seas and large marine ecosystems (LMEs), capacity
development, and education and awareness.
Implementation of the SDS-SEA is the primaryobjective of PEMSEA, in supporting governments andstakeholder partners to achieving their shared visionand mission.

Fostering National and Regional Commitments
PEMSEA has fostered a number of national,
subregional and regional commitments related tocoastal and ocean governance that promote political
will and policy reforms at national and local levels.
Putrajaya Declaration (2003) — Concerned Ministersof PEMSEA participating countries, including Brunei
Darussalam, Cambodia, PR China, DPR Korea,
Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, RO Korea,
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, as well as
representatives of other stakeholder entities, adopted
the Putrajaya Declaration of Regional Cooperation
for the Sustainable Development of the Seas of East
Asia on 12 December 2003, during the East Asian
Seas (EAS) Congress held in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The
ministerial declaration formally adopts the SDS-SEA asa regional strategy for achieving sustainable
development of the seas of East Asia.
Haikou PPartnershipartnership Agreement (2006) — The
Haikou Partnership Agreement was signed during thesecond EAS Congress, held in Haikou City, PR China,
on 15 December 2006, attended by Ministers from
Cambodia, PR China, DPR Korea, Indonesia, Japan,
Lao PDR, Philippines, RO Korea, Singapore, TimorLeste and Vietnam, as well as representatives ofvarious stakeholder partners. This regional Agreement
establishes the coordinating and operating
mechanisms for implementing the SDS-SEA.
The Agreement contains an annex on Partnership
Operating Arrangements that spells out the roles andresponsibilities of the State and non-State Partners, aswell as the make up and functions of the different
components of the regional mechanism.

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Governance, Policy, Strategies
A Strategic Approach to Achieving a Shared Vision.
ValuesEcological
Biodiversity
Habitats

Threats

Resources
Living resources
Minerals
Water
Other resources

Land-based sources ofpollution

Aesthetic values

Habitat conversion

Recreation

Resource use conflicts

Historical, political, educationaland cultural values
National unity andintegration

Oil and chemical pollution

Development
Trade
Shipping and Ports
Tourism
EnergyFisheries and Aquaculture
Coastal construction
Oil and Gas
Pharmaceuticals

SHAREDVISION

Overexploitation

Strategies

Action Programs

SustainAction Programs

Preserve

Action Programs

Protect

Action Programs

Erosion/Siltation andsedimentation

Develop

Action Programs

Invasive species
Trade in endangered
species

Implement

Action Programs

Communicate

Action Programs

Destructive fishing andaquaculture practices

Sea level rise
Climate change
Other uncontrolled
development

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Twelve nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
signed the Partnership Operating Arrangements,
thereby becoming members of the intergovernmental
and multisectoral EAS Partnership Council.
Manila Bay Declaration — The Manila Bay
Declaration 2001 is an intergovernmental (i.e.,national and local governments) and multistakeholder commitment to the implementation of theManila Bay Coastal Strategy. The Strategy provides acomprehensive environmental management
framework for the Bay and its watersheds, directly
linked to economic growth and social development of
the National Capital Region of the Philippines. This
subregional political commitment forms the basis ofseveral project activities currently being developedand implemented by the local and national
governments.
Bohai Sea Declaration — In July 2000, provincial
and municipal governors of Liaoning, Hebei,
Shandong and Tianjin, together with the
Administrator of China's State Oceanic

Administration, signed the Bohai Declaration on
Environmental Protection. The Declaration adopts theprinciples, objectives, policy measures and actions to
reduce waste and marine pollution across theadministrative boundaries of the adjacent coastal
municipalities and provinces. It sets the stage fordeveloping a coordinating mechanism for basin-wide
management of environment and natural resources.
Executive Order 533 (Philippines) — The Philippines'
commitment to ICM has been enshrined within its
national institutional framework. On 6 June 2006,
Executive Order 533 was signed by the President of
the Philippines declaring ICM as the national strategy
for sustainable development of the country's marine
and coastal resources. The national ICM strategy
provides the platform and coordinating mechanism
among agencies, levels of governments and various
sectors, their respective roles and responsibilities, andan on-the-ground process for managing land- andsea-based activities that affect the coastal area. It calls
for the development of a national ICM Program as aframework guideline for the implementation of ICM.

Development and Implementation of Coastal
Strategies/Strategic Environmental
Management Plans at the Local Level
At the local level, a coastal strategy serves as acommon platform and provides a mechanism forvarious stakeholders to work collectively in managing
the coastal zone. Designed to support local
implementation of applicable national policies, plans
and strategies, the coastal strategy reflects relevant

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Governance, Policy, Strategies

local conditions, needs and sentiments, all of which areimportant considerations in pro-active managementand decision-making. Extensive stakeholder
consultations, preparation by a local team, and official
adoption by local governments and stakeholders
ensures ownership and accountability for the strategy
and greater commitment for its implementation.
PEMSEA developed the framework and guidelines for
preparing a coastal strategy and provides assistance tothe ICM sites and pollution hotpots to develop theirown such strategies. A shared vision crafted by the
stakeholders themselves not only provides a mutual

goal and impetus for concerted action but also
encourages greater participation in addressing
identified priority risks and other major
environmental and socioeconomic concerns in the
coastal, adjacent watershed and marine areas.
Following the adoption of a coastal strategy, an
implementation plan is prepared in considerationof priority risks identified through risk assessment,
local capacity for implementation, capacity-building
mechanisms and access to technical support andfinancing. This provides clear targets, and adetailed road map and direction for systematic andfocused actions.

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Multiple models and different experiences indeveloping and implementing coastal strategies areshared and applied to coastal areas, in support of
the SDS-SEA target of ICM replication and scaling
up in the East Asian region. Coastal strategies andstrategic environmental management plans havebeen developed in Bali and Sukabumi (Indonesia);
Bataan, Cavite, Manila Bay and Batangas Bay(Philippines); Nampho (DPR Korea); Sihanoukville(Cambodia); Klang (Malaysia); Chonburi (Thailand);Danang (Vietnam); and Xiamen and Bohai Sea (PRChina). It is a best practice for each local
government implementing an ICM program todevelop a coastal strategy that sets a common vision
for the sustainable development of the coastal area.

project, now being supported by GEF and
implemented by the World Bank and IMO, in
partnership with the three littoral States of the
Malacca Straits and the shipping industry, serves
not only as a navigational aid, but also preventsaccidents that may cause damage to coastal andmarine resources, coastal industries and sourcesof livelihood. In the Gulf of Thailand, a jointstatement was signed by the Governments of
Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, committing
the three countries to a partnership andframework program for protection against serious
threats posed by oil pollution incidents involving
ships, offshore oil and gas units and seaports in
the Gulf.

Development and Implementation ofManagement Strategies for Pollution
Hotspots
Environmental risk assessment and risk
management processes are applied to addresstransboundary environmental issues and priority
risks in hotspots and subregional sea areas understress. This approach allows managers, decisionmakers and stakeholders to select actions that strikea balance between benefits and costs in pursuingpolicies on sustainable development.
Marine pollution is a priority environmental concern
in the Malacca Straits and the Gulf of Thailand
Thailand,and risk management initiatives have focused on theprotection of coastal and marine resources fromsea-based pollution. A Marine Electronic Highway

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Governance, Policy, Strategies

Institutional
Arrangements

Risk
Assessment

Response
Response

Compensation/
Restoration

Environmental
Monitoring

Capacity Building

In the Bohai Sea and Manila Bay
Bay, pollution fromboth land- and sea-based activities, degradation of
habitats, overexploitation of resources, andmultiple-use conflicts are seen as the major threats
to sustainability. Comprehensive strategies forenvironmental protection and sustainable
development have been developed and adopted in
Manila Bay and Bohai Sea to address these myriad
problems through coordinated actions andpartnerships among various stakeholders.

Policy Briefs are developed and used as sources of
information for policymakers, providing them with abetter understanding of the environmental issues
that require policy interventions. These policy
materials are prepared following a thorough review
of topical subjects, which are then translated insimple yet concise form. The idea is to provide a
review of experiences and response strategies aspolicy options, which can be considered for
adoption by policymakers.

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PEMSEA's Transformation into a Coordinating
Mechanism for SDS-SEA Implementation
Sustainable development, in particular the
implementation of the SDS-SEA, is a long-term endeavor.
It requires an efficient regional coordinating mechanismthat will place concerted efforts in developing,coordinating and nurturing the various efforts ofgovernments and stakeholder partners towards achieving
the shared visions. The PEMSEA regional mechanism,
which was established with the signing of the Haikou
Partnership Agreement on 15 December 2006, consistsof the following key components:
The EAS PPartnershipartnership Council features two constituentsof governance pertaining to the implementation ofactivities related to SDS-SEA. The Intergovernmental
Session is composed of PEMSEA member countries andis chaired by a member elected by the participating
countries. It primarily provides policy guidance, reviews
work programs, approves budgetary allocations andmonitors progress, outcomes and impacts of SDS-SEA
implementation. Composed of all member governments

and stakeholder partners, the Technical Session receives
technical and scientific reports from the Partners, identifies
and evaluates projects and work programs, provides
technical advice and information, and promotes
partnership interactions on subjects of common interest.
The Technical Session Chair is elected by all members of
the Council, as is the Council Chair.
The Council Chair serves as the chair of the Executive
Committee and oversees the execution of Council
functions.
The Executive Committee operates between Council
meetings, primarily for the purpose of addressing businessissues requiring the continuous attention of the Council.
The Committee is composed of the three Council chairs,
the Executive Director and the immediate former Executive
Director as ex-official.
The PEMSEA Resource FFacility
acility (PRF) provides secretariat
and technical services related to SDS-SEA implementation
to the Council and the participating partners. The PRF
Secretariat Services is financially supported throughcontributions from the Governments of PR China, Japanand RO Korea, as well as the Government of theechnicalPhilippines, and partially through GEF. The PRF TTechnical
Services executes the technical projects of GEF, the World
Bank, and other donors and collaborative programs andprojects of stakeholder partners related to the SDS-SEA.

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Institutional Arrangements
The Philippine Government, as the host country for the
PEMSEA Regional Programme Office for the past 14
years, has extended its support by constructing a new
two-storey building to serve as the office for the PRF.
The PEMSEA PPartnershipartnership FFundund is a mechanism forreceiving financial contributions from donors,
collaborative projects and programs, as well asproceeds from the sale of goods (i.e., publications,software) and services (i.e., training, project execution,etc.). The Fund is designed to ensure the sustainabilityof the regional mechanism to operate on a selfsustaining basis.
The Ministerial FForum
orum is a triennial policy dialogue
event, participated by the concerned government
ministers of the region. The Ministerial Forum receives
reports from the EAS Partnership Council and therecommendations of the triennial East Asian Seas
Congress. The Ministerial Forum provides policy
direction pertaining to key concerns for regional
cooperation and expresses the fulfillment of theirinternational commitments related to sustainable
development. Ministerial Forums were conducted in
Putrajaya, Malaysia, in 2003 and Haikou City,PR China, in 2006 resulting in the endorsement of the
Putrajaya Declaration and the Haikou Partnership
Agreement respectively.
The East Asian Seas (EAS) Congress serves as theintellectual marketplace for knowledge andexperience sharing, and a forum for dialogues
between policymakers, environmental and natural
resource managers, business communities, academic
communities, NGOs, local governments, and grassroots organizations. This triennial event has broken
conventional grounds by enabling stakeholder
partners to work together inorganizing seminars andworkshops under a common
Major Features:
theme. The number ofcollaborators in the EAS
Ministerial Forum
Congress has increased from
Partnership Council Meetingeight in 2003 to forty-five inInternational Conference
2006. The number ofPEMSEA Network ofparticipants has also grown
Local Governmentsfrom 400 in 2003 to more than
Youth Forum
800 in 2006. The Philippine
Exhibition
Government will host the 2009
Field Visits
Congress in Manila.
Other Side Events/Meetings

EAS Partnership Operating Arrangements.
EAS Partnership Council

Regional
Task Force

Secretariat Services

PEMSEA Resource
Facility

Technical Services

Monitoring and Evaluation

Regional
Partnership
Fund

Priorities and Objectives

EAS Executive
Committee

Governments of 11 EAS nations
UNDP, UNEP/GPA, IMO, IOC/UNESCO
GEF, World Bank, UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme
YSLME, KEI, KMI, KORDI
Bilateral aid agencies (SENSA)
Private sector (OSRL/EARL, PML Applications Ltd.)
Local governments (PNLG)
NGOs (CI, OPRF, CMC, IOI)

PolicyMinisterial
Forum

Performance

EAS
CongressState of Coasts
Report

The Partnership Agreement

11 countries
SDS-SEA
Implementation

15 non-State Partners

19

sovereignty and jurisdiction based on management
issues within and construed by archipelagic contexts
and national thrusts, such as decentralization. A
national ICM law has been enacted including themanagement of the islands.
In 2007, Japan upgraded its Ocean Policy Division
into an Ocean Policy Bureau, demonstrating theimportance given to ocean management. An Ocean
Basic Law was enacted by the Japanese Parliament,
which came into force on 17 July 2007.
Malaysia has also strengthened its marine
enforcement capacity by establishing a Malaysian
Coast Guard. A national coastal policy has beendrafted and is awaiting its approval.
Signing of the Bohai Sea Declaration.

Fostering National Governance Arrangements
Several governments have made significant efforts tostreamline national policy and structural reforms thatstrengthen national coastal and ocean governance.
Following are some of the examples of theirachievements:
Cambodia has started several initiatives related to
SDS-SEA implementation by integrating theimplementation of several of its national action plans
and strategies, including the National Environmental
Action Plan, New Social Policy Agenda, National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Socioeconomic
Development Plan 2001–2005 and National Poverty
Reduction Strategy 2003–2005.
China has established a comprehensive ocean
management system along with a comprehensive legal
system that deals with Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
and the continental shelf, and functional sea-use andcoastal-use zoning schemes.
In Indonesia
Indonesia, the new Department of Marine Affairs
and Fisheries (MOMAF) is looking at an appropriateorganizational structure to strengthen national

The Philippines has prepared a Framework for
Sustainable Philippine Archipelagic Development(ArcDev) in 2004, in order to seek ways of improving
implementation mechanisms and harmonizing various
resource use and access arrangements. Executive
Order No. 533 was signed on 6 June 2006, officiallyadopting ICM as the national strategy and establishinga national supporting mechanism for implementation(see Fostering National and Regional Commitments).
Also, Executive Order No. 510 was signed, creating
the River Basin Control Office, attached to the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
and tasked with integrating water resource
management in river basins and coastal areasof the country.
The success of the institutional arrangements in theorea is noteworthy. The formulation of a
Korea
Republic of K
national ocean policy (Ocean Korea 21) and thecreation of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs andFisheries in 1996 have strengthened capacities andinstitutional mechanisms in integrated ocean andcoastal governance. In 2007, the Marine
Environmental Division of MOMAF was upgraded intoa Marine Environmental Policy Bureau.
In Thailand
Thailand, a newly-established agency, theDepartment of Marine and Coastal Resources, iscurrently drafting a new law concerning coastalmanagement, especially targeting improved
enforcement.
In Vietnam
Vietnam, a new division for integrated coastal zone
and river basin management has been establishedunder the Vietnam Environment Protection Agency toconsolidate and support various ICM initiatives

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Institutional Arrangements

throughout the country. The division is taking the lead instreamlining the approach for a national ICM program,starting with 14 coastal provinces. In 2006, the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment successfully launched
the Master Plan on Basic Survey and Management ofMarine Resources and Environment until 2010 and Vision
until 2020, which includes a specific action on developinga Sustainable Development Strategy for Vietnam's coastal
and marine areas.
Several countries have developed marine-related research
agencies to undertake policy research related to coasts
and oceans. These include the Chinese Institute of Marine
Affairs (CIMA), Malaysian Institute of Maritime Affairs(MIMA), Korean Maritime Institute (KMI), Philippine Center
for Marine Affairs (PHILMAR) and Indonesian Institute on
Laws of the Seas.

Strengthening Interagency, Multisectoral
Coordination at Local Levels
Essential in the implementation of ICM is a functional
coordinating body or mechanism that harmonizes
overlapping responsibilities and stakeholder interests, andensures that the policies and management interventions
are integrated. Specifically, it provides policy direction

The Coordinating Mechanism for
ICM Program Implementation in Batangas Bay.

Governor of
Batangas Province

National Agencies
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Philippine Coast Guard
Philippine Ports Authority

BATANGASBAY REGIONENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
COUNCIL

Maritime Industry Authority

and coordinates interagency and multistakeholder
involvement in ICM program implementation.
Local coordinating mechanisms may take different
forms. One example is the Xiamen Marine
Management and Coordination Committee (MMCC),
which was established in 1995 and institutionalized in
1999 within the City Government as the Marine
Management Coordination Office (MMCO). In 2002,
the MMCO was merged with the Fisheries Bureau toform the Xiamen Oceans and Fisheries Bureau, with anannual allocation of RMB35 million ($4.6 million) tofund their operations as well as other coastal and ocean
related activities.
The Batangas Bay Region Environmental Protection
Council (BBREPC) of the Province of Batangas,
Philippines, was established in 1995 as the coordinating
body chaired by the Governor of Batangas andconsisting of representatives of national and local
governments, academe, the private sector, media andcommunity organizations as members. The BBREPC's
secretariat is the Provincial Government Environment
and Natural Resource Office (PG-ENRO), which is also
responsible for the day-to-day operations for the ICM
program. The BBREPC has expanded over time toinclude other local government units and stakeholders,
as the ICM program has scaled up tocover the entire coastline of theprovince. The BBREPC has recently
been renamed the Batangas
Environmental Protection Council.
Municipal/City
Government
Mayor of Batangas City
Mayor of San Pascual
Mayor of Bauan
Mayor of Mabini
Mayor of Tingloy
Mayor of Alitagtag
Mayor of San Jose
Mayor of Cuenca
Mayor of Lipa City
Mayor of Padre Garcia
Mayor of Ibaan
Mayor of Rosario
Mayor of Lobo
Mayor of Taysan

Provincial
Legislative Board

Private Sector
Batangas Coastal Resources
Management Foundation

Secretariat
PG-ENRO

Chair, Committee on
Environmental Protection

Nongovernmental
Organization

Media

Representative of Small-scale
Fishers in Batangas Bay

Print and Broadcast Media
Representative

In Nampho, the ICM Project
Coordinating Committee is composedof representatives from the relevant
marine and coastal agencies. The
Project Management Office (PMO) wasestablished at the West Sea
Oceanographic Research Institute andwas institutionalized as a permanent
structure under the Land andEnvironmental Protection Department,
People's Committee of Nampho City.
The coordinating mechanisms
described above are essential tosuccessful implementation of ICM.
Similar coordinating mechanisms ofvarying structures and sizes have been
established in other PEMSEA ICM
demonstration sites, and are also
emulated in parallel sites.

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M

any countries of the region have committed tosustainable development and to the prevention
and reduction of environmental degradation by
ratifying various multilateral environmental agreements(MEAs). However, many countries lack the capacity tofulfill the obligations that are specified in the MEAs. With
the implementation of the SDS-SEA, PEMSEA
participating countries are able to leverage the synergies
from local action, national legislation, and the regional
management framework to collectively contribute to thecommitments and targets of the concerned MEAs.
Capacity development initiatives under the PEMSEA
program facilitate assistance in drafting maritime
legislation, and substantiate the integration ofinternational instruments into relevant environmental
improvement programs at the different scales. National
and local implementation of the international instruments
are also aided by training personnel, organizing study
tours and the provision of technical manuals andguidelines covering case studies of “good practices” andlessons learned.

Technical Assistance and Knowledge Sharing
Technical support to PEMSEA participating governmentsinterested in developing national legislation and streamlining
national administrative procedures for the implementation ofinternational instruments. For example, a sub-decree on OPRC
has been developed and is being submitted to the Council of
Ministers for endorsement in Cambodia. Technical advice wasalso facilitated to the Working Committee of the Philippine
Senate pertaining to the enactment of the appropriate national
legislation for the implementation of the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 73/78(MARPOL 73/78).
Knowledge-sharing among PEMSEA partners and collaboratingorganizations is continually promoted through the monthly
electronic newsletter PEMSEA E-Updates and the biannual
magazine Tropical Coasts. For example, articles on the Republicof Korea’s enactment of the Coastal Management Act andWetland Conservation Act (1999), the Marine Ecosystem
Conservation Act (2005), and Marine Environment Management
Act (2006), as well as the recent enactment of the Basic Ocean
Law in Japan, which resulted in the Japanese Ocean Policy(2007), are useful references to other governments interested
in strengthening their legislation to achieve effective
management of their coasts and oceans.

Fostering Implementation of MEAs andDevelopment of National Legislation
Gulf of Thailand Joint Statement — On 12 January
2006, ministers, senior government officials and various
other stakeholders from Cambodia, Thailand andVietnam gathered in Hanoi, Vietnam, and issued a Joint
Statement on Partnership in Oil Spill Preparedness andResponse Cooperation (OPRC) in the Gulf of Thailand.
The Joint Statement contains a tripartite
intergovernmental agreement, which commits
participating countries to mutual support and assistancein combating oil spills in the Gulf of Thailand region.
In addition, the Joint Statement endorses a Framework
Programme for Joint Oil Spill Preparedness andResponse in the Gulf of Thailand, specifying obligations
and responsibilities of the participating countries, as wellas coordinating mechanisms and arrangements for the
implementation of the Framework Programme. The Joint
Statement and Framework Programme are regarded by
the participating countries as an important legal basis forthe multilateral cooperation in oil spill preparedness andresponse in the Gulf of Thailand. The Framework

Programme integrates the implementation of the OPRC
convention, the 1971 Fund Convention and the 1969
Civil Liability Convention (CLC) as related to damage
compensation, and serves as a working model for
integrated implementation of the relevant international
instruments at the subregional level.
Bohai Sea LLegislation
egislation — The signing of the Bohai
Declaration on environmental protection in July 2000
set the stage for developing a coordinating mechanism
for basin-wide management of the environment andnatural resources. Tabled for endorsement at the
National People's Congress, the Bohai Sea
Management Law focuses on strengthening themanagement regime on total pollution load control,developing a sustainable financing mechanism tocatalyze environmental investment, and undertaking
scientific research to support management decisions
and knowledge sharing. The law will effectively guidethe establishment and facilitate effective functioning ofinter-provincial and cross-sector coordinating
mechanisms and processes, as well as theimplementation of the vision, mission and action
programs set out in the Bohai Sea Sustainable
Development Strategy.

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Implementing International Instruments
and Legislation
Xiamen LLegislation
egislation on Integrated Management of
Sea Uses — In Xiamen, China, the city government
developed a municipal ordinance for the integrated
management of sea uses. The local ordinancecontains a legal framework for interagency review
and permitting mechanisms and procedures toimplement the adopted sea-use zoning scheme,
including collection and management of user fees.
The zoning scheme was developed with broad-based
public participation, providing greater insight into thevarious impacts arising from multiple coastal use
conflicts and the adopted strategic environmental
management plan for the coastal area. The
consultative approach led to better interagency
dialogue and collaboration, enhanced awarenessand support for pollution mitigation and restorationof habitats, and the creation of alternative livelihood
programs for the displaced local communities thatwere affected by the zoning law. The ICM bestpractices provided a solid foundation for the local
legislative initiative. The city government adopted thesea use management ordinance in 1997, the first of
its kind in China.

legislation to address multiple sea-use conflicts,
alleviate marine environmental stress andimplement legislative measures that would
contribute to achieving sustainable ocean
development. The success of integrated
management approaches demonstrated by Xiamen
and other projects and the failure of theconventional, single sector-based management
approach in resolving cross-sector issues were wellrecognized in the studies carried out by the
National People's Congress. This largely contributed
to the national consensus on the establishment of a
new legal framework for managing sea uses. In
October 2001, the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress adopted the Sea Area
Use Management Law of the People's Republic ofChina.

National LLegislation
egislation on Sea Area Management
Lawaw,, China (2002) — In the late 1990s, the Chinese
Government undertook a series of field studies andstakeholder consultations regarding national

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Disparities in capacity among countries of
the region represents a significant barrier
to the sustainable development of the East
Asian seas and to effective coastal and ocean
governance. The challenge is being addressed
through capacity-building programs that not only
focus on the technical skills of ICM practitioners, butalso develop managerial capacity in terms ofplanning, implementing and reprogramming ICM at
the local, national and subregional levels. A handson approach is the foundation of PEMSEA's capacity
development strategy, adhering to the belief thatpeople can learn more effectively through actual
experiences, supplemented by coherent
management frameworks, scientific tools andinnovative methodologies that are being
continuously developed and updated to remain
relevant to the needs of communities, governments
and the private sector.

Management of Coastal and Marine Environmental
Projects; Environmental Risk Assessment; Integrated
Environmental Impact Assessment; Development
and Implementation of a Coastal Use Zoning Planand Institutional Framework; Leadership
Development on Ocean and Coastal Governance;
Oil Spill Claims Recovery and Contingency
Planning; Port Safety, Health and Environmental
Management System (PSHEMS); Port Auditing;Integrated Information Management System (IIMS);
and Integrated Environmental Monitoring. Severalof these training initiatives have been conductedjointly with scientific and technical institutions andNGOs from within and outside the region.

Special Skills Training Programs

2.

A total of 79 specialized training workshops, 17internships, 11 study tours and 2 fellowships wereconducted from 1999 to 2007, with over 1,858
individuals benefiting. Major regional training
workshops covered diverse topics, such as: ICM
Program Development and Implementation; Oil
Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation(OPRC); Development, Implementation and

The capacity-building component of the Regional
Programme has led to:1.

3.

better understanding of environmental issues
and challenges, thereby encouraging greater
support for the various projects;
enhanced capacity to implement activities that
support SDS-SEA objectives at the local,
national and subregional levels;
knowledge dissemination and skills transfer
through regional and specialized PEMSEAinternships, fellowships, training and study
tours;

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Capacity Development
4.

5.

formation of a pool of trainers and resource
persons from both within and outside theregion; andestablishment of a critical mass of trained
professionals in specialized areas of coastal
and environmental management.

Such efforts have served the region well in terms ofbuilding its intellectual capital, and sustaining theefficacy and effectiveness of ICM programs.
Study TTours
ours to ICM demonstration sites, such as
Xiamen, Batangas, Danang and Bataan, aredesigned for local and national leaders to gain
valuable experience from the region. Notable
results of these study tours include stronger politicalsupport for projects and increased involvement by
the participants in initiating or implementing ICM in
their respective countries. This also encouraged
locally-funded cross-site visits among participating
countries, in order to share knowledge andexperiences in ICM implementation.
Internship and FFellowshipellowship PPrograms
rograms provide
opportunities for young professionals to work in the
PEMSEA Regional Programme Office. An objectiveof the program is to expose the interns to a variety
of project management and development skills, forthem to gain direct experience in the vision,philosophy and strategies for developing andexpanding coastal management at the local andnational levels.
Leadership Seminars are conducted for senior andexecutive level personnel from national and local
governments, exposing them to the roles andresponsibilities that they play in implementing aneffective ICM program, and turning them into
advocates or champions of coastal management.
These seminars have helped promote stronger
commitment among mayors, governors, viceministers and ministers for ICM implementation.

Number of Country Participants Trained by
the Regional Programme (1995-2006).
Number of Participants
500
400
300
200
100
0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Pilot Phase

Second Phase

ICM Demonstration Sites: Learning by Doing
Recognizing the variation in the socioeconomic,
political, cultural and ecological conditions among
participating countries, while also realizing common
coastal management concerns across the region, aseries of ICM demonstration projects and parallel
learning sites have been established in order toencourage local governments to adopt thecomprehensive integrated management framework
and process. The purpose is to help local
governments move away from conventional sectoral
approaches of environment and natural resource
management, towards an integrated ecosystemapproach in coastal governance.

rogram is being explored in
An ICM Graduate PProgram
collaboration with academic institutions in theregion to provide the next generation of leaders withneeded knowledge and skills to plan and manage
the coasts and the seas.

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Eight demonstration sites have been establishedcovering a total 917 km of coastline and 15,118
km2 of land and sea areas. These sites embrace
the integrated management approach indeveloping and implementing coastal andmarine management programs, benefiting morethan 7 million stakeholders in the respective
areas. The inherent flexibility of ICM enables it tobe re-created and adopted by local
communities, as well as larger administrative
regions, to fit the complexity and urgency ofissues being addressed. Learning from theexperience of the demonstration sites, 18 otherlocal government units (LGUs) in the region havebegun to replicate the ICM programs. These are
known as ICM parallel sites, which apply thebest practices of the demonstration sites, using
their own resources. As a consequence of theparticipation of 18 ICM parallel sites, a total of

1,674 km of coastline and 27,508 km2 of land andsea area have now been covered by ICM, with over
11 million inhabitants.
ICM provides a practical framework for sustainable
development, as it expands from coastal andmarine management to encompass watersheds,
river basins and other associated ecosystems. For
example, in Batangas, Philippines, the ICM
program started with five municipalities and one city
in Batangas Bay. It has now been replicated tocover the entire watershed, coastal areas and baysof the province, through the efforts of the province
in coordination with 34 local governments,
agencies and donors. Recent developments in
Vietnam and Thailand also point to ICM's growing
resilience. Fourteen coastal provinces in Central
Vietnam are targeted by the government to adopt
ICM practices. In Thailand, 21 LGUs havechampioned the ICM approach in their respective
municipalities. Through the replication of usefulpractices, stakeholders across different political units
join forces to systematically manage criticalecosystems that transcend administrative
boundaries. It is through this approach that ICM
becomes an important tool that combines the
management of human activities with protecting thefunctional integrity of the primary ecosystems.
ICM replication and scaling up, both functionallyand geographically, will continue as local capacity
develops. PEMSEA Partners are targeting to cover
20 percent of the regional coastline throughreplication of ICM practices by 2015.

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Capacity Development

Applied Learning in Subregional Seas and
Pollution Hotspot Management
Risk Assessment-Risk Management (RA/RM) is aninnovative approach to managing subregional
marine areas and semi-enclosed bodies of waterthat receive high pollution loadings and havecomplex transboundary environmental andjurisdictional characteristics. To understand theframework and make it operational on the ground,demonstration projects were established in threepollution hotspots, namely Manila Bay, Bohai Sea,and the Gulf of Thailand. As part of theundertaking, the respective national and local staff,
who form the Technical Working Group (TWG) at
each site, were provided with special skills training
in the RA/RM methodology, supplemented by onthe-job training and coaching throughout theimplementation of each project.

The capacity of the TWG members was
further concretized with their direct
participation in multidisciplinary, intersectoral
teams tasked with implementing the projects.
The outputs from each project were theproducts of the TWG members, thereby
establishing ownership and understanding of
the results. Furthermore, this hands-on
approach helped form a core of scientific,
technical and management expertise, adding
to the region's pool of intellectual capital.

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Networking
Connecting PPeople,
eople, Interests, Concerns, Initiatives
and Commitments – PEMSEA continues to innovateand expand its various regional networks in support ofthe implementation of the Sustainable Development
Strategy for the Seas of East Asia. Building on 14
years of experience, in which individuals,organizations and public and private entities havebeen engaged in advancing knowledge andtechnology transfer, information exchange, and skills
training, a number of new arrangements andnetworking approaches have been developed.

Twinning Arrangements — The creation of thetwinning concept is prompted by the need to manage
human activities in an integrated fashion using an
ecosystem-based approach. Through the forging of
twinning arrangements
between and among priority
sites within the region andTwinning Sites/
developed sites outside of theProgrammes:
region, PEMSEA hopes to
Bohai Sea, PR Chinabuild south-south and northManila Bay, Philippines
south collaboration in
Gulf of Thailand
managing river basins and
Masan-Chinhae Bay,coastal areas. This initiative
RO Korea
will also develop stakeholder
Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
participatory management
Chesapeake Bay, USA
mechanisms across legal andSeto Inland Sea, Japan
administrative boundaries,
covering both upstream andTwinning Secretariat:
downstream activities andRepublic of Korea
impacts of watersheds andcatchments. The twinning program will engage anumber of sites, and cover site-specific issues throughtechnical cooperation, transfer of knowledge, skills
and technology, staff exchanges, study tours. The idea
is to accelerate implementation of the ecosystembased approach to managing river basins and coastal
areas and to leverage increased investments inpollution hotspots of the region.

Activities of PEMSEA Task Force Teams
Project planning, development and management
Coastal strategy development and implementation
Environmental risk assessment
Integrated information management
Environmental and resource valuation
Coastal use zoning
Integrated environmental monitoring
Waste management/pollution control
Performance evaluation
Coastal and ocean policy and institutional arrangements
Training and skills development
Communication and stakeholder mobilization
Hazard management and prevention

PEMSEA TTask
ask FForces
orces — To scale up capacity-building
services across the countries of the region, PEMSEA
expanded its network of experts through theestablishment of the PEMSEA Regional and National
Task Forces. The Regional Task Force (RTF) andNational Task Force (NTF) are teams of specialists andexperts that will serve as the region's knowledge
sharing agents and PEMSEA's technical support
mechanisms in the implementation of the SDS-SEA.
Grounded on the ICM framework and process, theRTF members provide technical assistance at theregional, subregional and national levels, while the
NTF members provide support to countries in theapplication and scaling up of ICM approach in thelocal language, thereby overcoming communication
barriers and constraints and ensuring better transfer
of information.
Engaging International NGOs — With theestablishment of the East Asian Seas (EAS) PartnershipCouncil, PEMSEA has introduced yet another
innovation that provides nongovernmental entities
from the national, regional and global levels with theopportunity to work as partners and complements ofgovernments in determining and taking actions
towards the sustainable development of the seas of
the region. International NGOs are key players in the
promotion of sustainable environmental development
and its principles. PEMSEA countries have recognized
the value of strengthening linkages with these NGOs,
and have promoted their engagement through various
activities, such as training, workshops and discussions,environmental monitoring and assessments, policy
development, project conceptualization andimplementation, etc., bringing about a better
understanding of interconnectivity and environmental
issues in the region.
Building Stronger LLocal
ocal Alliances — The PEMSEA
Network of Local Governments for Sustainable
Coastal Development (PNLG) is the first of its kind in
the East Asian Seas region. It is a self-sustaining
network of local governments implementing ICM
programs. Local government members develop andimplement ICM programs using the same framework

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Capacity Development

and processes. Since its launch in 2001, the PNLG
has served as an effective forum for exchanging
information and practical experiences, skills andmanagement know-how on ICM practices amongits members. In particular, study tours and the
PNLG annual forum, which members take turns
hosting, provide the necessary vehicles for mutual
learning and mentoring within the PNLG network.
The recognition that ICM practices lead to
improved coastal governance and result in
concrete, on-the-ground social, economic andenvironmental gains in the communities havemotivated more local governments to join the
network.

OF LOCALERNMENT
S
OV

M
PE

RK

With the establishment of the PNLG Secretariat,
hosted by Xiamen Municipality,(pnlg.secretariat@gmail.com; www.pnlg.org),
the PNLG hopes to carry on its mission and serve
as a sustainable network. The PNLG is open formembership to all interested LGUs and otherstakeholders within and outside the East Asian
Seas region.

G

Sihanoukville, Cambodia
Dongying, PR China
Fangchenggang, PR China
Haikou, PR China
Quanzhou, PR China
Xiamen, PR China
Bali, Indonesia
Badung, Indonesia
Buleleng, Indonesia
Denpasar, Indonesia
Gianyar, Indonesia
Karangasem, Indonesia
Klungkung, Indonesia
Sukabumi, Indonesia
Tabanan, Indonesia
Shihwa, RO Korea
Port Klang, Malaysia
Bataan, Philippines
Batangas, Philippines
Cavite, Philippines
Chonburi, Thailand
Danang, Vietnam
Quangnam, Vietnam

SEA NETWOPEMSEA Network of Local
Governments for Sustainable
Coastal Development(PNLG)The network currently has 23 member local
governments and 7 observer local governmentsfrom 9 countries across the region. The
membership is expected to increase given
PEMSEA countries' confirmation to scale up ICM
coverage over the next three to six years. The
members demonstrated their commitment towards
sustaining the network when they adopted the
PNLG Charter in Haikou City, PR China, on 13
December 2006 during the EAS Congress.

Observers
Nampho, DPR Korea
Leting, PR China
Lianyungang, PR China
Panjin, PR China
Qingdao, PR China
Wenchang, PR China
Yangjiang, PR China

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A

n important contribution of the PEMSEA Regional
Programme has been the unique knowledge it
has developed regarding ICM implementation at
the local, national and regional levels. This includes
scientific knowledge on understanding complex
ecosystems, political knowledge on securing commitment
from regional leaders, social knowledge on engaging
local communities through stakeholder consultations,cultural knowledge on adapting the ICM framework todifferent contexts and mobilizing religious tenets forsustainable development, and financial knowledge on
securing commitment for public-private partnerships(PPP). Numerous lessons have been generated in eachof these areas.
To share and further expand its knowledge, various
Knowledge Management principles and approaches
have been applied, including: developing routines toreplicate ICM experiences at new sites through a"parallel site" initiative; twinning arrangements among
pollution hotspots; EAS Congress; Ministerial Forums;
PEMSEA Network of Local Governments (PNLG); andPPPs. Effective communication and replication ofexperience and good practices help to ensure that they
are cultivated and embedded into local communities,
and codified and shared rather than dissipated so thatthe same mistakes are not repeated.
Making waves — Viewing the interaction of people,
knowledge and environmental factors as a complex
adaptive system, over 150 publications have been
produced in the form of technical reports, case studies,policy briefs, conference proceedings, training manuals,

environmental assessments andcoastal strategies. Circulated inand around the region tolibraries, universities andorganizations, and madeaccessible online, these publications have taken theconcept of information sharing to a higher level, adding
to the region's intellectual capital.
The materials, including numerous videos, software (IIMS)
and CDs constitute a substantial documentation of theknowledge gained during the PEMSEA Regional
Programme. Training manuals provide details on why
and how to conduct port auditing, risk assessments, IIMS,
and a wide variety of other topics and issues. They serveas high-quality models that can be used by governments
and donor agencies in the region, contributing to
improved methodologies, and to codification andcertification.
Reaching out to a wider audience — A number ofvideos about ICM featuring the stories and lessons
learned from countries in the region has been produced
or co-produced by PEMSEA. In addition, partnerships
were established with television and cable TV companies
that have aired these videos, reaching millions of viewers
in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Oceania, Middle Eastand North America. The videos were also packaged withinformation kits, and aired during capacity-building andtraining activities to supplement knowledge transfer.
Videos have also been provided to different stakeholders
upon request.
Widening the portals of knowledge — Data andinformation from ICM sites, partners and stakeholders
have been gathered, consolidated and translated into
more accessible and innovative formats by maximizing

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Knowledge Management
Estimated Audience Share and Number of Broadcast of
PEMSEA Videos from 2002 to 2007.
PEMSEA Produced/
Co-produced VideosYear
TV and Cable TV
Produced
Network
IBC-13
NBN-4
ZOE TV-11
ISLA TV
IBC-13no data
IBC-13
Living Asia
ChannelThe PEMSEA Story
Monsoon Tale

2002
2002

Sibuyan Eco-Camp
Chonburi Video
Melasti: A Festival of
Hope

2002
2004
2003

EAS Congress:
Partnerships in Action
Danang: A City at the
Crossroads

2004

IBC-13

2004

Living Asia
Channel

The Xiamen Story

2005

Danang TV
Living Asia
ChannelThe Future of Our Coasts(Produced by Masan
Munhwa Broadcasting
Corporation, RO Korea
and translated to English
by PEMSEA)EAS Congress 2006
TV Plug

2005

Xiamen TV
Living Asia
Channel2006

Masan Munhwa
Broadcasting
Corporation
Living Asia
ChannelDanang TV

the use of new media, such as the Internet,
animation and CD-ROMs. In 2004, a series oftraining workshops were organized andconducted on website development, culminatingin the Coastalink websites created by ProjectManagement Office (PMO) staff from Port Klang,Bali, Danang, Sukabumi and Chonburi. The
Coastalink websites strengthen regional "C2C"(Coast to Coast) networking and parallelknowledge sharing on the East Asian seas.
.pemsea.org
The PEMSEA website, wwwwww.pemsea.org.pemsea.org, is a
repository of information on issues and advice,
best practices and lessons learned. The website
also caters to such diverse audiences as the
youth, media, investors, partners andresearchers, and contains details on regional
meetings and conferences, (e.g., EAS Congress).

Estimated
Number of
Broadcasts

Estimated
Audience
Share

Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
no data
Philippines
Asia, Australia and New Zealand,
Oceania, The Middle East andNorth America
Philippines

48
4
2
17
48
no data
685

496,000
248,000
no datano data
496,000
no data
496,000
10,000,000

6

496,000

Asia, Australia and New Zealand,
Oceania, The Middle East andNorth America
Danang, Vietnam
Asia, Australia and New Zealand,
Oceania, The Middle East andNorth America
Xiamen PR China
Asia, Australia and New Zealand,
Oceania, The Middle East andNorth America
Republic of Korea

85

10,000,000

8146

no data
10,000,000

483

no data
10,000,000

no datano data

294

10,000,000

no datano data

Area Coverage

Asia, Australia and New Zealand,
Oceania, The Middle East andNorth America
Danang, Vietnam

Keeping updated — The role of civilsociety is emphasized through awarenessraising efforts and by supporting
community-based initiatives, such as
mangrove planting, coastal cleanups andwaste management. As part of awarenessbuilding, what is being learned andexperienced on the ground is captured andchronicled through a monthly electronic
newsletter, PEMSEA E-Updates, and in abiannual magazine, Tropical Coasts,
increasing the responsiveness andresilience of stakeholders, organizations
and governments to environmental
change.
For more imformation on PEMSEA
publications, visit www.pemsea.org.

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Scientific Advice
In Chonburi, local governments and universities havecollaborated to:establish adverse impacts of sea-based transfer of dusty
commodities that catalyzed multiagency and crosssectoral actions;determine causes and cures for sea turtle diseases inconservation ponds and hatcheries;
undertake seagrass rehabilitation and transplantation;assess potential cage culture of local fish species tosupport coastal livelihoods; andestablish an artificial habitat for spawning crabs.
In Xiamen, scientific advice has been mainstreamed throughthe Marine Expert Group, an integral part of the Xiamen
Marine Management and Coordination Committee.

By incorporating scientific assessments andtools and management applications within
the ICM and RA/RM frameworks, andestablishing networks of scientific and technicalexpertise to support coastal governance at various
levels, science serves to guide and increase thetransparency and credibility of coastal decisionmaking and management.
The local scientific communities at PEMSEA sites
have been mobilized as partners to undertake
scientific assessments and apply scientific tools,
such as the Integrated Information Management
System and Integrated Environmental Impact
Assessment, to reduce complexities and integrate
and summarize scientific data and information into
more useful formats for the formulation of strategic
management programs. Involvement of scientists
and policymakers at various phases of the ICM
process facilitates communication of managementoriented scientific information.

Leading scientists and young technicalprofessionals in the region have been tapped toundertake various scientific work. The
Multidisciplinary Expert Group (MEG) has
provided critical insights into basic issues including
ecosystem carrying capacity, transboundary
impacts of national economic activities, tradeoffs
between economic development and ecologicalbenefits, reports on the state of the coasts, and thescientific aspects of SDS-SEA implementation.

Training programs, workshops, seminars andconferences have been organized to facilitate
exchange of scientific information and advice. The
International Conferences during the EAS Congressin 2003 and 2006 were open markets of technicaland scientific information, spanning the natural,social and economic fields. Links with global andregional scientific programs are continuously being
developed to share information and best practices,and ensure complementary approaches inaddressing key issues of global, regional and local
relevance.
In addition, partnerships are being forged withinternationally and regionally recognized Areas of
Excellence (AoEs) and establishment of a regional
network of universities and scientific institutions toaugment scientific support for the implementationof the SDS-SEA. This arrangement facilitates southsouth cooperation and allows the developing
nations to tap intellectual capital from theirrespective experiences.

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Sustainable Financing

E

xperience with ICM programs in theregion shows a higher level of successwhen they are institutionalized andincorporated into the development plans of local
governments. This ensures budget and humanresource provisions to sustain the program. This has
been experienced in Xiamen and Batangas, where
the ICM programs have continued for more than adecade despite the cessation of external funding
and leadership changes in the concerned
governments. In the ICM parallel sites, such as
Bataan and Cavite (Philippines), Sukabumi(Indonesia), and Shihwa Lake (RO Korea), local
governments are implementing ICM programs
using their own resources — showing that ICM canbe put into action within the capacity of local
resources.

and donor agencies. For example, in Bataan, thelocal government forged a partnershiparrangement with industry, whereby
implementation of ICM became a joint initiative of
the public and private sectors, including costsharing of program initiatives.

In some cases, constraints of funding make it
difficult for local governments to fully implement key
ICM activities. To overcome this difficulty, local
governments can supplement their budgets throughresource mobilization and strategic partnerships
with the private sector, NGOs, civic organizations

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Partners in Coastal Care

Unavailable or inadequate financial resources andcapacity is often cited for the lack of water supply,
sanitation, solid waste and wastewater management
facilities. The public-private partnership (PPP)
approach has been promoted at a number of ICM
sites, to allow the public sector to leverage morefinancial resources and technical and managerial
expertise by using the private sector as anintermediary. PEMSEA promotes various mechanisms
to facilitate revenue generation. For example, inSihanoukville (Cambodia), several villages haveteamed up with the private sector company
responsible for collection and disposal of themunicipal solid waste. The villages have agreed to be
responsible for primary collection of wastes in areasthat are inaccessible to the collection vehicles of theprivate company, and to collect the fees from thehouseholds.

In Bataan, the ICM program is being implemented througha functional public-private partnership (PPP) arrangement
wherein the provincial government and a group of 17
private companies, which together form the Bataan
Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. (BCCF), have committed
to share the responsibility for the operation, management
and financing aspects of the program. It has brought about
the spirit of volunteerism and partnership, with the 12 local
government units in the province, civil society groups,
communities and stakeholders also contributing their timeand resources, whether financial or in-kind, for the
implementation of the Bataan Sustainable Development
Strategy and ICM activities. The PPP for ICM in Bataan
proves that various sectors are able to achieve more whenworking in partnership, than when acting individually.

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Sustainable Financing
Turning Problems into Opportunities
The Municipal Government of Sihanoukville has a 15-year
contract with CINTRI Waste Collection Company. Under thecontract, CINTRI will collect solid waste from the Mittapheap
District and fees from the households and establishments. The
government provides an eight-hectare area for the dumpsite
in Prey Nup district for which CINTRI pays fees to thegovernment. However, a number of villages are inaccessible
to garbage trucks and solid wastes remain uncollected.
To facilitate a more efficient solid waste management system,
PEMSEA supported a pilot project which was initiated in Village
1 in Commune (Sangkat) 4 of the Mittapheap District. In thisproject, the village was responsible for primary waste collection
from the households while CINTRI collected the wastes fromdesignated transfer points (secondary waste collection) andtransported these wastes to the dumpsite. User fees were alsocollected from the households and were used to pay
community workers and CINTRI for the waste collection
services. The Municipal Government provided support to thevillage through training, information campaign, and community-

mobilization activities. To promote recycling, 'Drop in-Buy back'Centers were also set up in Village 1 and Hun Sen Krong
Primary School.
Going around the village, the areas where mounds of garbage
used to be found are now clean. People have better
understanding of the benefits of waste management and theirroles and responsibilities.
With the interest from other villages, and learning from theexperience during the pilot project, the Municipal Government
and CINTRI forged a PPP Agreement to expand the coverage
and ensure the proper and self-sustaining solid waste
management in five villages in the entire Sangkat 4 that would
benefit around 1,155 families. Under this agreement, themunicipal government, through the Commune Council, is
responsible for the primary waste collection and timely collectionof user fees while the CINTRI is responsible for secondary
collection and transport to the dumpsite. A portion of the user
fees will be set aside to build a solid waste management fundthat will be used for future expansion of coverage area and/or
scope of services, including sanitation facilities.

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Coastal management initiatives in the region
are under tremendous pressure todemonstrate their intended benefits to therelevant stakeholders and the public at large. Plans
and projects are often delayed or even cancelled
because people are not informed, and those incharge failed to communicate effectively and build
consensus among the various stakeholders. Therefore,
for the successful implementation of environmental
management programs, it is essential to createawareness on the importance of the coastal andmarine ecosystem, and translate knowledge andconcerns into on-the-ground actions, by mobilizing
the strengths and capacities of governments, local
communities, private sector, scientific and academic
institutions, media, and civil society groups, including
women's groups, religious organizations, andindigenous peoples to achieve a lasting positivetransformation in behavior.

From Reflection to Action — To meet the challenge ofsustainable development of coastal and marine
ecosystems, there is a need to create awarenessamong policymakers, planners, managers andvarious stakeholders about the causes ofenvironmental degradation and their likely
consequences. Participation in coastal and marine
governance is also challenged by the fact that resultsof conservation and management initiatives areobservable only after some time. Stakeholders,
therefore need to be convinced that meaningful
involvement in coastal and marine management are
beneficial investments for the future and worthy ofpeople's efforts and resources. Enjoining andsustaining stakeholder support for marine andcoastal governance entail strategic informationeducationcommunication (IEC) campaigns to steer
education-communication
public perception, values and practices towards theprinciples of environmental stewardship. An IEC
campaign draws attention to an issue, rallies thestakeholders to change attitude, influences
policymaking and management decisions, andimproves enforcement of policies and laws.
Seeing Is Believing — PEMSEA's IEC campaigns arefounded on the principle that ground-level actions
are the most effective public awareness materials.
Stakeholder engagement from preparation to
implementation of projects not only instills ownershipbut also creates an action-oriented mindset among
the client-beneficiaries. As an initial activity, PEMSEA
promotes the development of a shared vision,
mission and coastal strategy through stakeholder
consultations. This in turn provides a catalyst for
active participation in subsequent coastal

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Public Awareness

Mobilizing Community Actions
The public awareness campaign in Bataan started withhands-on activities such as coastal cleanups and led to theestablishment of the ICM program in the province inpartnership with the private sector, the Bataan Coastal Care
Foundation, Inc., and also to greater stakeholder involvement
and mobilization to protect habitats and resources.
Innovative methods are employed to engage the public, suchas one local initiative to reduce illegal fishing through a Texta-Crime Campaign.
In Danang, the regular conduct of public awareness activities
since 2000 with the involvement of various civil society
groups has generated interest and created a domino effectamong the communes and districts in participating inenvironmental activities, notably waste segregation andbeach cleanups. The Green-Clean-Beautiful Sunday
Program is now a regular activity in all districts as a resultof public awareness activities.
In Sihanoukville, getting the communities, school children
and women to participate in village cleanup, waste collection
and recycling is also an important aspect of the solid waste
management project, with “Drop in–Buy back’ centers forrecyclables being operated in the primary schools and in
one village.

Stakeholder consultation in Bali, Indonesia.

management activities as reflection is translated
into action by the stakeholders themselves.
Similarly, these actions must be documented anddisseminated continually to recognize efforts andbest practices as well as sustain coastal and marine
management advocacy.
As the awareness level deepens, stakeholders
become powerful forces that drive societal change.
In consideration to such changes, PEMSEA and thesites continually update and modify their strategies
and methodologies to combine varied forms of IEC
materials and mass media fitted to thecharacteristics of the target audience.

Engaging Communities in Coastal
GovernanceIn partnership with the UNDP/GEF Small Grants
Programme (SGP), community-basedorganizations, NGOs, people's organizations andother sectors of communities are being engaged tocreate greater awareness and stir local
communities into action to protect the environmentand critical habitats and resources. Community
Community-based initiatives are especially important instriking the balance between the interests of theprivileged few with those that are left in themargins of society.

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Public AwarenessEngaging Young People in Sustainable
Development
In 2002, a Youth Camp was organized in thePhilippines, which led to similar initiatives across theregion, such as: the Manila Bay Youth Forum (2002and 2006); the Coastal Cleanup by the Girl Scouts
and Boy Scouts of the Philippines in Bataan: theBatangas Bay Watch Club; and creative recycling
activities by young students in Chonburi (Thailand)
and Sihanoukville (Cambodia) to name a few.
Environment-related themes have also been
introduced into school activities in the sites throughpainting competitions as well as special awarenessbuilding on the importance of preserving andrehabilitating the marine environment. An MOU was
signed by the Manila Bay 101st Squadron of thePhilippine Coast Guard Auxiliary (PCGA) and theManila Yacht Club for cleanup activities in Manila Bay
by students from various schools and universities. A
special section in the PEMSEA website has been
dedicated to young environmentalists, featuring
online quizzes, games, information sheets and links
to a variety of opportunities and knowledge centers.
During the EAS Congress 2006, a milestone event foryoung people of the region took place when the
Coastal Management Center and PEMSEA coorum for the Eastorganized the first ever Youth FForum
Asian Seas. Forty-five young leaders were selectedfrom 14 participating countries and gathered for fivedays to share knowledge and experiences, increase
appreciation of their shared marine heritage,understand the dynamics of coastal and marine
management, and learn about current trends throughdiscussion and interaction with experts, authorities
and fellow young environmentalists.
The continuous empowerment of young people isessential to ensure sustainable development. A youth
program has been established to encourage
participation by an increasing number of students
and young people from project sites andcommunities, and to support a youth network that will
look into realizing the vision of the Youth Agenda for
the East Asian Seas.

Empowerment through the Youth Agenda
During the 2006 East Asian Seas Congress, theparticipants of the Youth Forum signed the Youth Agenda
for the East Asian Seas to signify their willingness tocontribute their resources and efforts in promoting thesustainability of the Seas of East Asia.
Based on the concept “I3 = E or Inform, Inspire, Involve =Empower,” the Youth Agenda outlines simple yet creative
actions a young person can do at home, in school, or thecommunity at large, to protect the environment. Preparedby and for young people, the Youth Agenda also suggests
the use of modern technology, the Internet and multimedia
in inspiring and encouraging young people to get involvedin environmental management.
Some of the actions in the Youth Agenda include: for
Inform, “Use GoogleEarth to input data on local
environmental problems and share on the World WideWeb” and “Setup exhibitions in campuses, town centersand streets to provide easy access to environmental
information”; for Inspire, “Submit articles on environmental
activities and success stories to local newspapers,
magazines and the Internet”; and for Involve, “Organize
fun-filled environmental activities and events such ascompetitions and concerts featuring celebrities who
advocate environmental causes” and “volunteer to replant
and restore coastal forests and mangroves”.
Since the Youth Forum, the participants actively translateeach plan into action, leading other young people tobecome active guardians of the environment, and by
personally applying environment-friendly practices in their
way of life.

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Management Tools and Methodologies

Management of the environment andecosystems is an all encompassing andmultidisciplinary subject, requiring theapplication of various tools and methodologies, and the
involvement and effective participation by a range of key
institutions, agencies and stakeholders.
When implementing ICM, the application of specific tools
and methodologies entails the integration of scientificand social concerns to enhance governance andstrengthen strategic planning and management. Some of
the tools and methodologies are discussed below.

Tiered Approach for Risk Assessment/Risk Management.
Initial Risk
Assessment
Cause for concern?
Low priority

NO

YES

Refined Risk
Assessment

Priority issues, data gaps
and areas of uncertainty
Priority areas requiring
immediate management
intervention

Critical threshold exceeded?
Recommendations for:Low priority

Environmental Risk Assessment

Risk
Management

Environmental risk assessment involves the estimation of“risk” or the likelihood that harm will occur to a humanor ecological target, considering the various factors
emanating from human activities that reach their target
via the natural environment. This represents analternative to the conventional management approachbased on measurement and stringent control ofcontaminant levels without due consideration of impacts,<1

1 – 10RQ
10 – 100

100 – 1,000> 1,000

Total Coliform (MPN/100 mL)
Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 mL)
Metals (µg/L)
Cadmium
CobaltCopper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
SilverZinc

Management of priority
contaminants
Environmental monitoring(priority contaminants
and data gaps)

Tiered approach starts with a simplified initialrisk assessment to identify areas that require
immediate management actions and those thatneed further assessment.

Comparative Risk Assessment for the Water Column in Manila Bay.
A G E N TNOYES

No PNECNo PNECNo PNEC

Pesticides (µg/L)
Haptachlor
Nutrients (mg/L)
NO3-N (mg/L)
NH3-N (mg/L)
PO3-P (mg/L)
Other Contaminants
DO (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
PAHs
Oil and Grease (mg/L)
Organotins
Marine Debris

which has been shown to have limited usefulness
for protecting ecosystem and human health.
Environmental risk assessment is in line with theglobal trend to move from primarily chemicalbased approaches to consideration of biologicaleffects.
Environmental risk assessments have been
conducted in Chonburi, Danang, Klang, Bali,
Manila Bay, Bohai Sea and the Malacca Straits.
The results have shown, in varying degrees, thecommon issues and problem areas as well as theunderlying causes of resource decline, habitat
loss and degradation and contamination ofcoastal waters. The associated recommendations
from environmental risk assessments have beenused as inputs in risk management responses,
including coastal strategy development andimplementation, coastal use zoning schemes,
investments in environmental infrastructure
improvements, integrated environmental
monitoring, and other issue- and area-specificaction programs. Implemented by local expert
teams, linkages have been forged amongscientific experts from various disciplines, thereby
facilitating communication among scientists andmanagers on priority concerns and the strategies
for addressing these concerns.

Toxic Algae

Comparative risk assessment for the water column in Manila Bay presents scientific data ineasy to understand format. Risk quotient (RQ) greater than “1” indicates unacceptable risk.
Lower end of lines represent average RQs, indicating bay-wide concern, while upper end
represents worst-case RQs, indicating hotspots. Acceptable concerns (RQ less than 1) anddata gaps are also identified.

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Coastal Use Zoning

Good Zoning Supports Good Environmental Practices

Coastal use zoning provides a plan and regulatory
system to allocate the appropriate zones andcorresponding uses of an area, based on thefunctional capability and suitability of the land andwater to the desired uses, the level of developmentenvisioned by the stakeholders, existing policies,and ecological and cultural or traditional
considerations. The zoning process is not only atechnical one that requires scientific inputs, but alsoa political one requiring effective stakeholder
participation and appropriate institutionalarrangements for its development andimplementation. It passes through an extensive
stakeholder consultation exercise, where aconsensus on the various zones and correspondinguses are agreed upon. In some cases, the zoning
process results in new legislation or in policy
reforms to support the coastal use plan.

The Xiamen Functional Zonation Scheme is a model of a seause zoning that is integrated into the city's land-use zoning
scheme. This was supported by appropriate city government
regulations. Many multiple-use issues were resolved including
conflicts between and among human activities such as shipping,ports, aquaculture, tourism and conservation. A permit system
was also developed and implemented based on the criteria statedin the Functional Zonation Scheme. Xiamen's experience in thedevelopment and implementation of the zoning scheme has
contributed significantly to the enactment of a national legislation
on sea-space utilization, which mandates all coastal provinces
and municipalities to undertake sea-use planning in the entire
coastline of China.

The coastal use zoning scheme provides local
government units with a tool to regulate andmanage the various activities in the area so that thenegative social, economic and ecological impacts
can be mitigated.
PEMSEA sites, including Xiamen, Batangas, Bataan,Bali, Danang, Port Klang and Nampho havedeveloped and approved their respective coastal
use zoning schemes through necessary local law,and are being implemented at varying degrees.

The Sihanoukville Coastal Use Zoning Scheme presents an
example on how to develop and implement a zoning scheme on
both land and sea as one planning unit. Covering the land andsea jurisdiction of the city, the uses and zones were integrated
so that economic activities are harmonized to lessen their
negative impacts to the environment and protect critical areas
such as the source of potable water. The scheme was approvedby the National Coastal Steering Committee and the concerned
districts in 2005 and is now being used as basis for approval of
permits or licenses on the uses of the land and the sea.
The Danang Coastal Use Zoning Scheme was developed toprovide the local government with an effective regulatory tool
for managing and allocating spatial uses of Danang's coastaland sea areas and resources. The zoning scheme, which hasnine functional zones, was a product of extensive stakeholder
consultation which met to discuss and agree on the zoning plan,
the institutional arrangements for its implementation, its
integration with the Development Plan of the City, and its
subsequent adoption and implementation. The local government
is now in the process of passing a regulation for the
implementation of the zoning plan covering the tourism
development zone along the coastal districts where tourism
activities are most intensive.

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Management Tools and Methodologies
Xiamen Marine Functional Zonation Scheme.

The Sea-use Zonation Scheme of Xiamen has significantly contributed to the city
government in attaining goals towards the sustainable development in the area.

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Integrated Information Management System for
Coastal and Marine Environment
The Integrated Information Management System for
Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS) is a uniqueand efficient system that delivers relevant data storageand management system. In addition, IIMS promotes
effective sharing of information among stakeholders,packaged in desktop and web-based versions andtranslated from English into languages of the region,
including Chinese, Vietnamese and Korean.
IIMS facilitates the compilation of environmental
profiles at ICM and hotspot sites, using data,
information and maps from environmental risk
assessments, resource valuations and oil sensitivity
studies. In Manila Bay, for example, a comprehensive
environmental management atlas was prepared,
containing all the available data for the basin.
IIMS is operational in Bali, Bataan, Batangas, Bohai
Sea, Cavite, Danang, Manila Bay, Nampho, Port Klang
and Sihanoukville. Due to its capacity to provide awide range of data and information necessary formarine and coastal management, IIMS has been
adopted by the Philippine Department of Environment
and Natural Resources as its database platform, notonly for coastal but also for river basin management.

Environmental and Resource Valuation
Environmental and resource valuation promotes theproper identification of goods and services provided bycoastal and marine resources and determination of theirmonetary values. An essential factor in developing
plans and policies is recognition of the probablequality of the environment and availability of resources
for human use and life-support systems. Unless thevalue of the natural resources and environment isexpressed in monetary units, it will continue to be

Gains and Losses
The Straits of Malacca, one of the busiest shipping lanes in
the world, contains coastal and marine resources with a total
economic value estimated to be $4.5 billion per year. The
potential economic losses and damages in the event of an oil
spill are significant if the resources are not protected orconserved. The Global Environmental Facility, International
Maritime Organization, The World Bank, the three littoral States(Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) and the shipping industry
have joined forces to promote the investment in a Marine
Electronic Highway (MEH) for the Straits. The MEH is aninnovative navigational aid designed to reduce/avoid shipping
accidents, benefiting both the shipping industry and the coastal
and marine environment of the Straits.
In Manila Bay, the urgency of restoring habitats and mitigating
pollution was highlighted with the valuation of coastal resourcesand environmental damages. The initial economic value of Manila
Bay’s major uses (fisheries, aquaculture, tourism and shipping)and key habitats (mangroves, mudflats, coral reefs) amounted
to PhP8.3 billion ($159 million) in 2004. However, the valuationof damages to health, ecosystems and economy resulted in theamount of PhP4 billion ($73 million), or about half of the total
use value, a warning sign that a larger amount will be lost if
actions are not taken to improve management. With thisbackground, the multisectoral Manila Bay Coordinating
Committee adopted the Operational Plan for the Manila Bay
Coastal Strategy, the Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan,
the Coastal Use Zoning Plan of Bataan, and the Integrated
Environmental Monitoring Program.

assigned a zero value, and often given little weightin policymaking. The undervaluation of resources
results in overexploitation and environmental
damages, which sometimes are irreversible.
Environmental and resource valuation has been an
important tool in the proper design of regulatory
and market-based instruments, conduct of costbenefit analysis, and development of risk
management interventions, particularly in pollution
hotspots in the region, e.g., the Straits of Malacca,
Manila Bay, Bohai Sea and the Gulf of Thailand.

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Management Tools and Methodologies

This figure packages the information from IIMS, GIS and a predictive model. It provides the status of fecal coliform
contamination in Manila Bay in terms of the risk quotient (RQ), which can be used as a basis of action to be taken foraddressing human health and sanitation issues since the areas whose contamination exceed the standard areaquaculture areas.

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43Willingness to Pay
The social acceptability of investments inenvironmental facilities and services can beevaluated by looking at the preferences of various
sectors of society in the community through awillingness-to-pay (WTP) survey, using thecontingent valuation method. The WTP survey not
only helps to package viable investment options,but also to gauge the level of awareness, social
sensitivities and potential constraints to theidentified projects, e.g., sewage treatment, solid
waste management, or habitat protection.
Moreover, potential revenues can also be
calculated from the average WTP. The estimatedrevenues can then be used in cost-benefit
analysis and in assessing the financial viability
and economic feasibility of the proposed
environmental facilities and services.
Based on WTP surveys conducted in various
PEMSEA sites, there is strong public demand forpollution prevention and waste management
facilities across the region, with people willing to
pay for various services in order to have better
living conditions and a cleaner environment.
This sends a strong signal to governments,
investors and private companies to implement
innovative approaches to financing andoperating such facilities.

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Management Tools and Methodologies
Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Environmental Services.
Site
Bali
(Indonesia)
Bataan(Philippines)
Batangas Bay(Philippines)

Project
Solid waste management
Sewage treatment system
Solid waste management

Conservation of fishery resources
Conservation of coral reefs
Solid waste management
Sewage treatment system
Solid waste management
DanangSewage treatment system(Vietnam)Solid waste management
Klang and Kuala Langat
Sewage treatment system(Malaysia)
Malabon River System Integrated
Malabon City
Development Project(Metro Manila, Philippines)
Parks and river rehabilitation
Ferry system
Coastal resource management
Puerto Galera(Oriental Mindoro, Philippines) including sewage treatment
systemSan Fernando City
(Pampanga, Philippines)
Xiamen(PR China)

Solid waste management
Protection of endangered species
and coastal habitats
Conservation of fishery resources
Increase in nature-based
recreational sites (beaches)
Improvement of water quality(sewage treatment)

Average WTP($/month)

Sector

Year

0.78
0.92
0.71

householdhouseholdhousehold

2002
2002
2002

3.14
2.74
3.02
3.62
0.54
0.54
3.31
2.60

personpersonpersonpersonhouseholdhouseholdhouseholdhousehold

1997
1997
1997
1997
2002
2002
2002
2002

0.24
0.34
1.66
13
1
3
0.94

householdhouseholdlocal tourists
foreign tourists
householdestablishments
household

2002
2002
2006
2006
2006
2006
2002

0.47

person

1998

0.60
0.78

personperson

1998
1998

1.02

person

1998

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Integrated Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring is conducted todetermine the status and trends in the condition of
ecosystems, the consequences of management
actions (or inaction), and the necessary policies andmanagement interventions to address adverse
conditions and changes. Current approaches toenvironmental monitoring normally entail a numberof different government agencies and institutions
conducting separate monitoring programs. Thisfragmented approach fails to provide thecomprehensive environmental assessment that isnecessary to formulate effective solutions. In somecases, duplication of effort also leads to inefficientuse of limited resources.
Integrated environmental monitoring is designed tobring together the different monitoring agencies
and institutions in order to:
z

z

z

z

agree on priorities and key indicators formonitoring;
address priorities and data gaps identified
through risk assessment and information needs
to support implementation and evaluation ofcoastal strategies;
streamline and integrate separate monitoring
efforts into an integrated multiagency andcross-sectoral environmental monitoring
program (IEMP) that will allow better
understanding of the linkages between
environmental quality, resource and habitat
conditions, and human health;share information and resources in order toavoid duplication and use available resources
more cost-effectively;zzadopt a mechanism for managing andreporting data, conducting periodic risk
assessments, enhancing feedback
mechanisms for regulatory bodies, decisionmakers and policymakers, and evaluating theeffectiveness of the monitoring program; andadopt institutional and implementation
arrangements to sustain the integrated
approach to monitoring.

IEMPs are now operational in various ICM andpollution hotspot sites in East Asia. Specialized
trainings are organized to enhance the reliability
and comparability of data within and among its
various sites. Support has also been provided forthe establishment and strengthening of marine
environment laboratories in Batangas,
Sihanoukville and Nampho. The ability to sustain
as well as replicate and scale up the IEMP and its
implementation arrangements will facilitate
monitoring and preparation of state of the coasts
reports at the local, national and regional levels.

The Manila Bay Five-year IEMP

•
•
•

•
•
•

Includes pollution and habitat/resource monitoring
Focuses initially on the bay area, gradually expanding tocover the tributaries and watershed area
Involves 7 national government agencies including 25
bureaus, attached agencies and regional offices; 11 local
government units; 1 university; and 2 from the private
sector/NGO
Uses PEMSEA's Integrated Information Management
System for Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS)
Supports implementation of the Operational Plan for the
Manila Bay Coastal Strategy
Costs around PHP6.5 million/year (around $130,000)

Other Sites with IEMP

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Xiamen and Bohai Sea, PR China
Batangas Bay, Philippines
Danang, Vietnam
Nampho, DPR Korea
Port Klang, Malaysia
Bali, Indonesia (for beaches)
Sihanoukville, Cambodia (for beaches)

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Management Tools and Methodologies

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Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in
Environmental Investments
Partnerships, involving the public, private and civilsociety sectors, are essential in coastalmanagement. Bringing about partnerships, however,requires a systematic approach including thecreation of awareness, policy and institutional
reforms, capacity, and trust between and among theconcerned sectors.
The term PPP is used to describe a number ofpossible relationships and contractual arrangements
between the public and private sectors for thecooperative provision of environmental infrastructureand services. Selecting the most viable PPP option
depends on a variety of environmental, cultural,
economic, financial and social considerations.

Developing and implementing investment
opportunities entails a behavioral change on thepart of government and its various agencies. To beeffective, the identification and promotion of
investments to the private sector requires amethodical and transparent process, involving local
officials, civil society, private companies, financial
institutions, donors and other interested parties,
depending on the local situation. A methodical
process provides stakeholders the chance toparticipate in the formulation of the project,including the assessment of the technical andfinancial options, the selection of the private partner,
and the determination of the affordability and social
acceptability of the project. Transparency isessential.
Governments that have market-oriented policies(e.g., user pays/polluter pays, and incentives forsustainable development and use of natural
resources) are more likely to engage in PPP.
Moreover PPP projects are more likely to succeed injurisdictions with strong and effective political andlegal institutions, and where the legal code protects
investor's rights.

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Management Tools and Methodologies

Integrated Industrial Wastewater and Hazardous Waste
Treatment System in Danang
The People’s Committee of Danang City adopted the Coastal
Strategy of Danang City in 2001. Among the commitments
under the strategy include increased financial investments forenvironmental management, and the institutionalization of acomprehensive environmental management system witheffective regulatory and enforcement programs.
Puerto Galera: Paradise lost… Paradise regained
Located along the Verde Passage and in the Sulu-Sulawesi
Marine Ecosystem, which is considered the center of marine
biodiversity, Puerto Galera consists of coastal forests,
beaches and coves surrounded by coral reefs.
The main income of the municipality comes from tourism andrelated activities. The large influx of tourists and theextensive tourism development, however, has resulted in a
number of problems, such as destruction of ecosystems,
declining environmental quality and multiple-use conflicts –seriously affecting the sustainability of Puerto Galera’s
ecological, recreational and production values.
A primary goal of the Puerto Galera Municipal Government isto achieve a lead position among tourist sites in thePhilippines in terms of effective and efficient implementationof its coastal resource management plan, including
sanitation and wastewater treatment facilities. However, it isevident that developing and financing such facilities isbeyond the current capacity of the local government acting
on its own.
The Municipality of Puerto Galera therefore is forming apartnership with a private sector company that has theexperience and capacity to design, finance, construct andoperate the sewage collection and treatment system in a
cost-effective, affordable and sustainable manner. In return,to cover the capital and operating and maintenance costs,
the municipality will implement various revenue-generating
mechanisms, e.g., environmental users fees (EUF) to becollected from tourists, and user service fees to be collectedfrom households and establishments. An ordinanceestablishing the EUF system, including setting up a trust
fund for the collected fees, has been adopted. Through thisproject, the municipality hopes to reverse the trend, andpreserve its prominence as one of the most beautiful bays in
the world.

The proposed project, under a joint venture program, involves
implementation of effective in-situ hazardous waste
segregation system and operation of a model waste
management facilities, which comprise of:zzz

a modern industrial wastewater treatment facility to treat
industrial wastewater generated in the Hoa Khanh
Industrial Park;a centralized hazardous waste management system tobe located in the Khanh Son dumpsite; anda hazardous waste storage and transportation network.

To implement this project, Danang plans to form a partnership
between the City and the private sector to plan, finance,
construct, operate and manage the proposed facilities on aself-sustaining basis. The main source of revenue will be theuser charges collected from the firms inside the industrial parkand hazardous waste generators in the city.
Under the public-private partnership mechanism, not only will
there be resource pooling but risk sharing as well. The
private sector is expected to bring the technical know-how
and the necessary infusion of capital while the public sector
partners, as represented by Urban Environment Company(URENCO) and Danang Industrial Park Infrastructure
Development and Exploitation Company (DAIZICO),
complements these in terms of familiarity with local conditions
and guaranteeing manpower resources.
The installed system will serve to mitigate risks to theenvironment, protect human health, attract new investments tothe area, facilitate ISO 14001 certification of existing industry
and commercial enterprises, and enhance the social andeconomic well-being of the people of Danang City.

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A

relatively new and promising area withregard to ICM implementation is thedevelopment of an ICM Code, which isconsidered a central element in operationalizing
the certification and recognition of ICM
programs. Codification becomes necessary tosystematize both the good practices in ICM
implementation as well as the procedures andoperational processes already tested by PEMSEA
over the past decade. The implementation of theCode guides any interested local government inverifying the conformance of daily operations togood management practices, thereby improving
local governance in the process. The
development of a Port Safety, Health andEnvironmental Management (PSHEM) Code is arelated initiative that provides a voluntarystandard against which a port can measure theperformance of its operations with regard to
health, safety and the protection of theenvironment. Both the ICM Code and PSHEM
Code combine several international standards
into their frameworks, thus reinforcing the bestpractices put in place by the international
community (i.e., ISO).

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Codification and Recognition
The ICM Code will serve as the guide and quality
control for the replication and scaling up of ICM
across the region. The Code will continue to be
developed, tested and applied, accompanied by anaudit guide and training program.

Port Safety, Health and Environmental
Management System (PSHEMS)

Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) CodeWith over a decade of practical experience in
ICM, the key basic elements and processes havebeen identified that are central to achieving
sustainable coastal development. These coreelements and requirements, which have beentested in various ICM sites around the region,
enable the codification of ICM practices. The ICM
Code takes into account the requirements of ISO
14001 (Environmental Management) and ISO
9001 (Quality Management) in terms of thedelivery of quality products and services by the
local government to its people. The ICM Code isapplicable to all types and sizes of local
governments, and will accommodate the diverse
geographical, cultural, political and social
conditions of the region. It is a generic code
which can be implemented by any local
government.

Ports and harbors are an integral part of the majority
of coastal communities in the East Asia region. They
serve as the center of economic development andactivity and as the doorway to domestic, regional andinternational markets. Port authorities and operators
face a number of challenges with respect to their roleand impact in ICM programs and sustainable
development of coastal areas. The development andadoption of international safety, environment andsecurity standards by global bodies such as the IMO
and International Labour Organization (ILO) haveemphasized that an effective management system
must not only encompass operational activities, butalso build quality, safety, health and environmental
objectives and procedures into each process.
Over the past two years, with financial support from
IMO and in collaboration with a number ofinternational associations and organizations withmandates in the effective management and efficient
operation of ports and harbors, a Port Safety, Healthand Environmental Management (PSHEM) Code has
been developed and demonstrated. The Code is
aimed at providing port authorities or any othercompany operating within the port, whose activities
may have an effect on the health and safety ofpeople, the environment, cargoes, and port
installations, with a standard against which tomeasure the performance of its operations. The
Code is based on key elements of recognizedinternational standards, namely ISO 9001, ISO
14001, and OHS 18001 (Occupational Health and
Safety).
The PSHEM Code has been successfully tested at the
Bangkok Port (Thailand) and the Port of Tanjung
Pelepas (Malaysia). The ports were awarded acertificate of recognition by PEMSEA at the EAS
Congress 2006. Future efforts of PEMSEA will befocused on promoting the wider application of thiscomprehensive approach to port operations andmanagement.

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National and local governments havedeveloped a number of strategic responseplans based on their respective coastal
strategies and environmental risk assessments.
Depending on the priorities, preventive andmitigating measures are prepared to achieve
overall and specific objectives identified. Such
response plans define objectives, targets, resources,
timeframe, monitoring procedures and expected
outputs or outcomes.

Natural and Human-made Hazard
Management
East Asia is situated in an extremely risky area,
where natural and human-made hazards pose asignificant threat. Prior to the onslaught of the
Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, ICM programs
focused largely on managing the impacts ofhuman-induced hazards, such as overexploitationof resources, habitat conversion, pollution, oil andchemical spills, harmful algal blooms, floods andlandslides. Although natural hazards have beenbrought up in specific site coastal strategies,
implementation of associated management
measures have not been treated with muchurgency. The Indian Ocean tsunami brought
devastation to the lives of people around the world
and to coastal cities in India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, andeven as far away as Somalia, in particular. And
although national and local efforts to mitigate theeffects of other natural hazards, such as typhoons
and earthquakes, have been vigorously instituted,
these too seem inadequate given the frequency andseverity of these disaster agents in recent years. The
link between ecological degradation by humanactivities and the increasing vulnerability to, andimpacts of, natural hazards is increasingly being
validated.

Preventing and Managing Disasters
The Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan was developed byvarious local government units and national government
agencies in partnership with oil and shipping companies andother stakeholders with technical assistance from PEMSEA. The
plan delineates roles and responsibilities among the various
agencies and stakeholders, identifies response mechanisms,
and establishes institutional arrangements to strengthen
coordination and better integrate resources and ultimately build
capacity in the area to efficiently cope with and reduce damage
to the marine environment.
Forward planning can also be seen in the integration of Red
Tides/Harmful Algal Blooms Response Plans into the strategic
action plans of a number of ICM demonstration sites including
the Bohai Sea, Xiamen, Manila Bay, and Bataan. Significant
decrease in red tide frequency in Xiamen is attributed togovernment efforts in reducing the level of nutrient inputs into
the sea, however, the frequency and geographical coverage of
red tide occurrence in the Bohai Sea are still increasing,indicating the need for continued effort and enhanced measures
to combat this problem.
Local communities have also successfully implemented initiativesof their own to deal with various hazards. One example of this isin Sriracha Municipality, in Chonburi, Thailand, where fishers
and youths and local communities organized a Marine
Environmental Protection Volunteer (MEPV) group in partnershipwith the private and government sectors. The group assists in
oil and chemical spill monitoring and reporting and other coastalmanagement activities. The Marine Department and private oilcompanies provided free training on basic oil spill cleanup
techniques to the MEPV and other government officers.

The link between environmental management anddisaster reduction and mitigation requires
strengthening. The integration of risk assessment andmitigation into coastal area planning and into theoutlooks of planners and managers is the key. In
particular, strengthening the ICM framework andprocess, through risk assessment, contingency
planning and integrated land- and sea-use planning
ensures that local governments are able to respondto disasters by instituting the culture of safety before
hazards wreak havoc.
Effective disaster response plans have been
implemented in a number of PEMSEA sites, including
Xiamen, Danang and Batangas.

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Strategic Action ProgrammesThis map is based on information and data gathered by the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project as part of efforts
for the Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan and the compilation of the Manila Bay Area Environmental Atlas.

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Local Initiatives to Mitigate Global Threats
Significant progress has been made in Sriracha Bay in Chonburi,
where a Sea Turtle Conservation Program has been initiated.
Under this program, the local municipality and the Thai Royal
Navy have taken an active role in sea turtle conservation. They
set up a sea turtle hatchery and encouraged local fishers to
rescue sea turtles caught by fishing nets, providing collection
ponds in the city park where the turtles are fed and treated forwounds and diseases. Turtles from the hatchery and from theparks are then released back to the wild. The annual release of
sea turtles has been designed to enhance stakeholder
awareness and participation in coastal resource conservation,
attracting the participation of local fishers and citizens, private
sector, academe, government agencies and administrative units,
as well as the media.
A reed marsh, also known as the “red carpet” wetland in
Shuangdaizi Estuary, north of Bohai Sea.

Natural Habitat Protection, Restoration andManagement
The ecological importance of the East Asian Seas
region's natural habitats can sometimes beovershadowed by its grandeur and the benefits its
people derive from it. Development-relatedpressures compounded by a changing climate andits adverse effects on land, water and air exert
tremendous pressure on the environmental carrying
capacity of these ecosystems and pose serious
threats to biodiversity and the steady stream ofgoods and services they provide. Greaterawareness and clear evidence of the impacts ofclimate change provides countries with renewed
impetus to take the threats to marine ecosystems
more seriously than before.

In addition to these activities, a number of other protection andrestoration activities have been implemented, including
mangrove reforestation in Manila Bay, coral reef rehabilitationin Bali, and protection and conservation of reef marshes in the
Bohai Sea. Clear evidence of the impacts of climate change
and other human activities on coastal and marine ecosystems
has pushed such issues to the forefront of the agendas of many
countries. A key action program in the SDS-SEA, ICM offers aholistic and integrated approach to protecting, restoring andmanaging natural habitats for biodiversity conservation.

To achieve the goal of sustainable development,
PEMSEA ICM sites place considerable emphasis in
the management of coastal and marine habitats,such as mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds andother wetlands. Each ICM site and pollution
hotspot has identified the critical threats to theirnatural habitats as a priority concern, and wereable to address these threats by developing andimplementing various levels of action programs toprotect, restore and manage natural habitats.
Through such actions, ICM sites aim to conserve
biodiversity and sustain the goods and services
generated by their respective coastal ecosystems.

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Strategic Action Programmes

Water Use and Supply Management
Water plays a vital role in life sustenance on earth,and will become increasingly critical in the future
given the continuing population growth and economic
development. There is growing and conflicting
demand for water for domestic, agricultural andindustrial purposes in the face of water scarcity,
inadequate infrastructure and limited access to water,and habitat destruction and pollution, all of which
affect water quality and quantity. The availability ofWater — A Catalyst for Cooperation
Water issues have become a topic for regular dialogues among mayors
and senior officials of urban cities in the region. At the 2004 mayor
dialogue hosted by Xiamen Municipality, concerned mayors and senior
officials discussed the threats of water shortage and signed the Xiamen
Declaration expressing their concerns and commitment in addressing
water resources problems. The water issue will continue to be a topic ofconcern in the World Ocean Week (WOW) to be held in November 2007
and subsequent WOW events in Xiamen.
In the Philippines, a River Basin Control Office (RBCO) has been set up
under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
to coordinate and oversee water-related programs and projects in the
country, and effectively manage the multiple uses of water and othernatural resources from the river basins to coastal seas. A Philippine
Integrated River Basin Development and Management Masterplan has
been developed. In the Manila Bay area, the RBCO is focusing on thetwo major river basins of Pampanga River and Pasig River-Laguna deBay. PEMSEA is currently providing technical assistance and working
with the DENR and other stakeholders to strengthen the RBCO in termsof institutional arrangements and operating mechanism for integrated
river basin and coastal area management; provide recommendations
on policies required; develop and demonstrate a methodology for
preparing an integrated river basin-coastal area investment plan forpollution reduction (pilot site in a sub-basin of the Pampanga River
Basin); develop a river basin module in the Integrated Information
Management System for Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS) andstrengthen the Manila Bay Information Network (MBIN).
PEMSEA has been supporting local governments on several waterrelated initiatives and promoting an integrated management approachin addressing the use and supply of water resources. In Sihanoukville,
Cambodia, protection of water sources is being done through coastal
use zoning. Water sources are rehabilitated through reforestation efforts
and vigilance against illegal construction near the area.
In Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Xedone Integrated River BasinManagement Project (XIRBMP) is a community-based integrated water
resource management (IWRM) demonstration project that involves theparticipation of the provinces of Saravanne, Seikong and Champasack.
Through the project, it is hoped that public awareness and technicalcompetence will be increased to improve management capacity of local
government officials and communities in managing multiple use of water
resources. Among the activities slated under this project are capacitybuilding initiatives for strategic planning, reduction of water pollution,and creation of small-scale livelihood projects.

and access to water has become one of the mostimportant challenges that countries face today, andwater resource management has become a major
priority in most countries where water supply
shortage is threatening their development.
The goal of the water use and supply management
program is to increase the amount of water
available to users while protecting water resources,
water-dependent natural systems and interrelated
habitats. The ecosystem-based management
approach ensures an integrated and holistic
approach to the management of river basins down
to the coastal and marine areas. This involves
protection of forests, watersheds, wetlands, surface
water (rivers, lakes, streams) and groundwateraquifers to ensure adequate water supply andacceptable water quality. Greater attention is also
given to the promotion of water reuse, recycling andother conservation measures as well as the
upgrading of water supply and distribution systems
to reduce losses, and improving cost-effective
technology such as in desalination of seawater toincrease available water supply. Access to safe waterat a convenient distance and at an affordable priceprovides a boost to human health and productivity.
While many PEMSEA countries are located incomparatively water-rich Southeast Asia, they all
unfortunately face the same problem of water
shortage due to decades of water misuse,
destruction of tropical rainforest especiallycatchment areas, severe water pollution, excessive
extraction of groundwater, and poor andunregulated land resource management. Given the
many agencies involved in water management andwith overlapping functions, institutionalarrangements have to be streamlined, with properdelineation of roles and responsibilities. Policies andprograms are also needed to be set in place for the
regulation of use and extraction, including proper
allocation among various users; pollution reduction
to mitigate contamination of surface water andgroundwater; water tariff restructuring andapplication of market-based instruments, such as
user fees, to reflect the full value of water as aresource; and regular monitoring of surface waterand groundwater quality and quantity.

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Pollution and Waste Management

Land-based pollution of marine and coastal
environments eventually makes its way backto and concentrates along coastal areas,
affecting and degrading rich natural
resources. Countries and their coastal
communities are highly dependent on natural
resources provided by these coastal
environments, and it is important tomainstream pollution management into local
and national coastal planning strategies.
Strategic action plans for pollution reduction
have been developed in all PEMSEA ICM
sites. Most local governments have given
priority to address nutrient reduction andother waste management problems to reduce
the negative impacts of eutrophication,
marine litter, urban garbage and hospitalwastes, which affect the health and economic
well-being of urban centers.

Among the examples are the Operational Planfor the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, adopted
by the Manila Bay Project Coordination
Committee (PCC) and the Philippine
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, which set the stage for thedevelopment and implementation of the World
Bank/GEF Manila Third Sewerage Project witha grant of $5 million and loans amounting to$67 million.
In China, the findings on the Total Load Studyof Sewage Discharged into Bohai Sea served
as the rationale for the Blue Sea Action Plan
(2001–2010), which has a financial
commitment of over $6 billion. The Plan
entails the construction of three new sewage
treatment plants in Shenyang, Liaoning
Province, providing treatment capacity for one
million tons/day of municipal sewage. In
Fujian, the radical improvements brought
about by the cleanup and rehabilitation of
Xiamen's Yuan Dang Lagoon inspired theprovincial government to invest RMB3 billion($395 million) in water pollution control andecological management, resulting insubstantial reductions in total discharge ofpollutants in the basin.

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Strategic Action Programmes

Grassroots, or 'bottom-up' action from local
communities are also important and can often
help solve difficult problems with simple
actions. A pilot implementation forcommunity-based solid waste management
project in Sihanoukville, Cambodia, provided
an initial step to involve local communities insolid waste management. Supported throughthe ICM Project in the area, the municipal
government, the Department of Environment
and the Commune Council, worked with
community members and the CINTRI Waste
Company to reduce the volume of stockpiled
domestic wastes. The project fostered improved
local capacity to deal with solid wastes throughtraining, awareness campaigns, andhousehold involvement in cleanup and waste
segregation. The project also fostered greater
cohesion among neighboring families andestablished a strong alliance between thecommunity and the private sector company,
both of which resulted in a greaterappreciation of each party on their respectiveroles in improving community sanitation andpromoting waste management as an economic
opportunity for the village. Learning from theexperience of the pilot implementation, theproject is now being scaled up to cover 1,155
families in the entire Sangkat (Commune). Partof the scaling up process includes beefing up
the revolving fund component of the project tocreate a self-sustaining mechanism for the
project in the long run.

Stakeholders in Sihanoukville, Cambodia.

Xiamen’s Yuan Dang Lagoon.
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Food Security and Livelihood Management

A major direct benefit of goods and services
generated by marine and coastal ecosystems in
the region comes in the form of fishery andaquatic resources, which generate important
livelihood opportunities in fishing, farming andthe post-harvest economic sector. However,uncontrolled economic development and a highdependence of the poor on natural resources fortheir livelihood have resulted in the degradationof habitats and resources and loss of biodiversity.
As a result, the capacity of the ecosystems inseveral countries in the region to provide goods
and services, such as adequate and safe foodsupply, clean air and water, protection fromnatural and human-made disasters, andlivelihood opportunities have been negatively
affected.
The challenge lies on how to stop or slow the
rapid rate of overexploitation of resources,
destruction of habitats that serve as spawning andnursery grounds, and degradation of the qualityof the environment. Many countries have initiatedefforts to address food security and livelihood
management issues, such as those associated withfishing, farming, the post-harvest industries andecotourism activities. Through the ICM
framework, PEMSEA countries, in collaboration
with relevant international and regionalorganizations, are in the process of developing
strategic action programmes for sustainablefisheries and aquaculture by combating illegal
fishing, reducing the number of fisherfolk and theovercapitalization of fishing fleets, maintaining
fishing within the maximum sustainable yield level,
and implementing the FAO Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries.
The ICM framework and processes provide anappropriate overall governance framework for the
management of fisheries and aquaculture. Fisheries
and aquaculture management can benefit from theoverall governance framework that can address
externalities. Fisheries and aquaculture management
has been incorporated into the strategic action plansin several ICM sites including Bali, Bataan,
Batangas, Cavite, Chonburi, Danang, Sukabumi,
Xiamen and the Manila Bay and Bohai Sea.
A number of other strategies and activities havebeen facilitated to enhance food security andmanage livelihoods, including reduction in illegal
fishing practices through strengthened monitoring
and regulatory bodies; empowering communities by
providing greater control in managing andprotecting their resources; and technical assistanceto promote more efficient fishery and aquaculture
production methods.

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Strategic Action Programmes

Securing the Future through Livelihood Opportunities
In Bataan, the provision of microfinancing has helped fishers
supplement their livelihood and improve their income. Fishers
from nine fisherfolk associations (FAs) received financial
assistance in the form of soft loans as start-up capital to establish
mussel culture areas in November 2002. As early as the end of
2003, all partner FAs reported a good harvest, enabling thefishers to partially pay the soft loans. Members also reported
gaining as much as 30 percent more income from this newactivity, enabling them to engage in entrepreneurial activities.
Many of these farmers have now established their own mussel
culture farms, instead of just providing labor to mussel culture
operators. The Partner-FAs reinvested the capital to extend
operation of mussel culture areas and integrate fish traps into
the area. Bamboo structures serve as artificial reefs, enablingfish to be caught around the culture areas, further reducing
fishing effort and fuel expenses since fishers do not have to go
distant fishing. FAs engaging in their own mussel culture
operations are able to compete with commercial mussel culture
operators, thus, energizing the local economy for the benefit offisherfolk.
A similar story detailing the use of revolving funds can be foundin Sihanoukville, Cambodia, where PEMSEA, in collaboration
with the UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme, established arevolving fund to provide initial start-up capital to fishing families,
particularly women members, for funding supplementary
livelihood. Here, 14 women's groups are able to access therevolving fund, of the 142 individuals involved in the project,
102 are women.

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Monitoring the Implementation of the SDS-SEA

The Putrajaya Declaration recognized the need toestablish a regular reporting system to monitor the
implementation of the SDS-SEA. The Haikou
Partnership Agreement further supported thecompelling need to develop a systematic, costeffective, and regular reporting system building on
existing relevant national and regional initiatives
and programs. A uniform reporting format is now
under development to monitor the progress of
SDS-SEA implementation, in close consultation
with PEMSEA partners.
A State of the Coasts (SOC) reporting is also being
developed, essentially for monitoring the progressof ICM implementation by local governments. The
SOC reporting represents an integrated andcomprehensive approach that documents andmeasures policy and management interventions inaddressing key and common environmental issues
that affect sustainable coastal development. The

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Monitoring and Evaluation
SOC is intended to provide information topolicymakers, environment and natural resource
managers and others interested in the ocean andcoastal environment and resources. The
information provided by the SOC reporting
includes current status and conditions of themarine and coastal resources as well as thepolicy, legislative and other management
responses of national and local governments andother major stakeholders.
A large part of the SOC is reflective of thestrategies and action programs designed under
the SDS-SEA. Replication and scaling up of thelocal ICM efforts throughout the coastline would
eventually provide a clearer picture of the actual
state of the coasts and enhance SDS-SEA
implementation.

State of the Coasts Reporting
The generic framework and template for SOC reportingare being developed based on the key elements of the
Sustainable Coastal Development Framework (SCDF)
through ICM Implementation. It incorporates a set ofsimple, meaningful and measurable indicators for coastal
governance and each of the five issue-specificmanagement systems in measuring and reporting thecurrent conditions and trends as well as the management
responses of the local governments and other sectors
in achieving sustainable coastal development. Indicators
are selected based on their easy applicability in theregion but complement the indicators and targets of the
MDGs, WSSD, Agenda 21 and SDS-SEA. The
appropriateness of the framework and template are being
tested using available data from selected ICM
demonstration sites of PEMSEA.

The SOC reports will be released on a triennial
basis to coincide with the conduct of the EAS
Congress. The first SOC reports are being
targeted for release in November 2009.

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Replication Strategy
The ability to replicate is an integral element of thescaling up thrust of both the SDS-SEA
implementation strategy and the StrategicPartnership. Replicability is built into each major
activity or project component during the planningstage. This approach requires the incorporation of
capacity assessment, communication andpartnership development in the planning andimplementation of major component activities.
Capacity Assessment evaluates the demand andsupply aspects of replication. This involves
identifying and assessing priorities and preconditions for successful replication, followed bymatching interested sites and areas withappropriate, replicable mechanisms, technologies orpractices that have been successfully demonstrated
or tested under pertinent conditions.
Communication entails awareness building andknowledge sharing to alert stakeholders on
environmental issues, needed changes, and focus ofactions needed to initiate changes on the ground.
The knowledge-sharing aspect is designed to apply
and expand the knowledge, innovations, goodpractices and technologies demonstrated under the
specific project.

Partnership Development recognizes that many
local governments in the region lack the capacity
and confidence to commit to investments inscaling up ICM, much less pollution reduction
facilities and services. Opportunities created forgovernment and non-government partners, theidentification of interested partners, and theprocess of promoting and developing
partnerships will be incorporated into operation
activities in order to scale up partnership activities
from a local initiative to national and regional
dimensions.

Replication and Scaling up of ICM
Programs Implementation
PEMSEA aims to cover at least 20 percent of theregional coastline through replication of ICM
programs by 2015 to cope with the pace ofenvironmental degradation and resource
depletion.
The ICM sites serve as a "critical mass" or a
network that have demonstrated confidence andcapacity in ICM implementation. They offer
practical, workable experiences and knowledge toother would-be areas interested in implementing
an ICM program. Many practitioners see them as

Scaling up ICM through the Replication of Demonstration Sites (PEMSEA Example).

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Replication and Scaling up"levers" or "tipping points" that can push andencourage other areas to replicate ICM programs.

Strategies for ICM Scaling up.

Another "lever" is PEMSEA's adherence to the second
context of scaling up — functional expansion withregard to linking coastal management andwatershed and river basin management. This isevident in the initiative in the Philippines to link theexisting programs in the Manila Bay-Pasig RiverLaguna Lake continuum to a broader, streamlined
and comprehensive management framework. A
viable model to integrate river basin management,
coastal land-use planning and management andsea-use zoning is being undertaken. Other areas in
the region are also poised to do the same.
Another major effort is to increase the local capacity
to plan and manage the coastal and marine areas, aprerequisite for ICM replication and scaling up.
Existing training materials used for ICM training or
professional upgrading and other related
publications are being refined in accordance withcurriculum development principles into several
informal training packages. Post-graduate ICM
programs are also being developed and conductedby national universities or consortiums of universities.
There are also efforts to disseminate knowledge oncoastal and ocean governance in universities offering
distant learning.
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P

artnerships are frequently operationalized in
the most practical terms at the local level, i.e.,at the ICM project sites and hotspot locations.
Project development and implementation is
managed by multisectoral and multistakeholder
coordinating arrangements that include the
National Project Coordinating Committee (NPCC),
the Project Coordinating Committee (PCC) and the
Project Management Office (PMO). Generally, ICM
demonstration sites have PCCs (e.g., PCCs in Balior Danang), while subregional pollution hotspot
sites have NPCCs (e.g., NPCC of Bohai Sea).
Relative to the PMOs, the NPCCs and/or the PCCs
exercise oversight functions. The EAS PartnershipCouncil, on the other hand, provides a higher levelof partnership between State and non-State

Partners. It brings together these various Partners toregular meetings and workshops to provide policy
direction and strategies for the sustainable
development of the region.
With the establishment and operationalization of
PMOs, PCCs, NPCCs and the EAS PartnershipCouncil and the support and commitment of all
Stakeholder Partners, intergovernmental,
interagency and multisector partnerships can bereadily forged, nurtured and implemented. As
such, PEMSEA's on-the-ground projects continue toremain relevant to the needs of the communities,
local and national governments, and have inspired
project ownership, ensured sustainability andencouraged replicability.

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Partnerships
Strategic Partnerships in SDS-SEA
Implementation
Strategic partnerships are forged with specificpartners to collectively address key issues related tocoastal and ocean governance. The StrategicPartnership for SDS-SEA implementation is designed
to facilitate the effective implementation andinteraction of two GEF-supported projects in theregion, namely the GEF/UNDP Project on the
Implementation of the SDS-SEA, and the World
Bank/GEF Partnership Investment Fund for Pollution
Reduction in the Large Marine Ecosystems of East
Asia. The former aims to scale up ICM programs
across the region. The project activities create policy
and investment opportunities for the latter project toreduce pollution discharges through the removal oftechnical, institutional and financial barriers.
Expected outcomes of the Partnership Investment
Fund are increased investments in pollution reduction
and activities of the order of $1.3 billion.
The Strategic Partnership has another implication,
where it serves as an umbrella function for
subregional initiatives and programs. The ongoinglarge marine ecosystems projects in the Yellow Sea,
South China Sea, the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas and theArafura-Timor Seas will address similar issues in thenear future.

The Strategic Partnership provides a mechanism for
GEF, the World Bank, UNDP, UNEP and theconcerned countries to mainstream the broad
objectives of the SDS-SEA, and the detailed targets
and action programs of any future subregional seas
Strategic Action Plans (SAPs), into their regularprograms. The Strategic Partnership will use its
comparative advantages to assist the countries inreaching the overarching regional SDS-SEA
objectives by supporting the more detailed sitespecific objectives and targets identified in the SAPs.

Corporate Social Responsibility for
Sustainable Development of Coastal andMarine Resources
PEMSEA continues to promote partnerships between
multinational and national corporations andstakeholders, including government agencies,
NGOs and community groups. Such partnerships
help build corporate social responsibility, by
encouraging companies to integrate social
responsibility into their organizational strategies,
programs and practices. They also facilitate thereplication and scaling up of capacities insustainable development of the coastal and marine
resources among local governments andcommunities in the region.
PEMSEA's experience in two project sites in thePhilippines demonstrate the comparative advantage
of multinational companies, serving as models ofcorporate social responsibility for national and local
industries. In these two cases, where Petron
Corporation and Shell Philippines partnered withthe local governments of Bataan and Batangas
respectively, both parties shared resources and skills
in order to achieve on-the-ground improvements inthe protection and restoration of coastal and marine
resources.

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Throughout the years, PEMSEA has tapped theresources of governments, donors, the private
sector and other funding sources to complement
the funding it receives from GEF. The counterpart
financing was intended to support various
environmental programs at the local, national,
subregional and regional levels. During the second
phase, PEMSEA was able to generate co-financing of

more than $24 million, $22.7 million of which camefrom the governments of participating countries.
Government co-financing exceeded the target of $3.3
million in the GEF/UNDP/IMO Project Document by
690 percent, providing concrete evidence of the support
from local and national stakeholders for ICM programs,
hotspot management, and other projects and activities
spearheaded by PEMSEA's Regional Programme Office.

Resource Mobilization (1999–2007), by Purpose.
PurposeICM
Demonstration Sites
Indonesia
VietnamThailand
Malaysia
DPR Korea
Cambodia
PR China
Parallel Sites
Philippines

Counterpart
Support ($)

Partner

Remarks

Provincial Government of Bali
People’s Committee of Danang Municipality
Provincial Government of Chonburi
State Government of Selangor
GBCIO
Municipal Government of Sihanoukville
Municipal Government of Xiamen

520,000.00
709,250.00
287,394.00
491,895.00
698,435.00
596,500.00
350.000.00

MOA of 13 March 2000
MOA of 07 June 2000
MOA of August 2001
MOA of 19 July 2001
MOA of 08 September 2000
MOA of 12 June 2000
MOA of July 2001

Provincial Government of Bataan

155,000.00

MOA of 10 February 2000,
letter of 7 February 2006

Philippines
Philippines
RO KoreaIndonesia

Bataan Coastal Care Foundation
Provincial Government of Cavite
MOMAF (Shihwa Project)
Sukabumi Regency

200,000.00
162,000.00
6,000,000.00
4,205,064.00

PR China

10 ICM Parallel Sites

Hotspots
PR China
Philippines
PSC Working Group Meetings
8th PSC Meeting
9th PSC Meeting
10 th PSC Meeting
11th PSC Meeting
12 th PSC Meeting
Hosting of the Preparatory
Meeting of the Working Groupon the Implementation of the
SDS-SEA
1st Meeting of the Working
Group on the Implementation of
the SDS-SEA
2nd Meeting of the Working
Group on the Implementation of
the SDS-SEA
Technical Workshop
Workshop on Ecosystem-based
Management of InterrelatedRiver Basins, Estuaries andCoastal Seas
EAS Congress
EAS Congress 2003
EAS Congress 2003
EAS Congress 2003
EAS Congress 2003
EAS Congress 2003
EAS Congress 2003
EAS Congress 2003

Subtotal ICM

3,000,000.00
17,375,538.00

State Oceanic Administration (Bohai Sea)
Government of the Philippines (Manila Bay)
Subtotal Hotspots

2,647,300.00
1,867,347.00
4,514,647.00

MOMAF, RO Korea
Provincial Government of Chonburi
Municipal Government of Xiamen
Government of Cambodia
Government of the Philippines
State Oceanic Administration

50,000.00
12,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
14,000.00
20,581.00

Department of Environment andNatural Resources - Philippines

4,000.00

Department of Environment andNatural Resources - Philippines

5,000.00

Subtotal PSC/Working Group Meetings
MOMAF, Korea Maritime Institute, Masan City
Government and Kyungnam University
Subtotal Technical Workshops
IMO
Ship and Ocean Foundation
UNEP-GPAWorld Fish Center
Kualiti Alam Malaysia
Alam Sekitar Malaysia
Department of Environment (DOE) - Malaysia

66

MOA of 10 February 2003,
report of 1 February 2006
estimated 300,000/site
MOA of 23 July 2000
Letter, January 2002

135,581.00
60,000.00

60,000.00
81,174.00
92,079.00
7,550.00
30,000.00
2,652.00
3,183.00
12,750.00

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LOI, October 2003

Resource Mobilization
The impact of PEMSEA's effort would be less had it notbeen for the resources it was able to mobilize within andoutside the region. Essentially, partnership development
and resource mobilization efforts have catalyzed
investments, leveraged funding and created synergistic
results across its Programme portfolio. Contributions
from partners not only augmented the Regional
Programme's limited funds, but such co-financing has

Purposelikewise encouraged greater participation from allparties, donors and recipients alike. In other words, thesynergistic outcomes arising from PEMSEA's twin strategy
of developing partnerships and mobilizing resources
have led to greater interest in PEMSEA's methods andapproaches, creating a virtuous spiral of positive
developments for the East Asian Seas region.

Counterpart
Support ($)

Partner

Remarks

EAS Congress (cont.)
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
EAS Congress 2006
RNLG Forums
1st RNLG Forum, Study Tour
2 nd RNLG Forum, Leadership
Training, Study Tour
3 rd RNLG Forum, ICM Study
Tour, EAS Congress
4th RNLG Forum
Trainings
Training/Regional Mechanism(2000–2001)
Regional Training on IEIA
Regional Training on Project
Development Management
Regional Training on ICM

State Oceanic Administration
Hainan City Government
UNDP Capacity 2015
IMO
Korea Maritime Institute (KMI)/
Korea Environmental Institute (KEI)UNEP-GPA
Nippon Foundation
OPRF
CMC-Youth ForumUNESCO-IOC
Subtotal EAS Congress

Publications
Tropical Coasts
Collaboration and Sharing
Experiences in the Sustainable
Development of Marine andCoastal Resources

15,000.00
69,434.00
52,174.00
30,000.00
15,000.00
1,282,325.00

MOMAF
Municipal Government of Xiamen

40,000.00
20,000.00

Lembaga Urus Air Selangor (LUAS),
State of Selangor
Provincial Government of Bali
Subtotal RNLG Forums

13,500.00

IMO

200,000.00

Sida/CMC
Sida/CMC

39,480.00
38,700.00

Sida/CMC
Subtotal Training

Projects
Port Safety, Health andEnvironmental Management
System (2002–2003)
Dynamics of Regional
Cooperation on Oceans andCoastsWaste Management Facility(Batangas)
Quest Simulation Model (Bali)
Renewal of Commitment for
Collaboration and Sharing
Experiences in the Sustainable
Development of Marine andCoastal Resources

519,480.00
259,740.00
10,718.00
15,000.00
66,391.00

25,000.00
98,500.00

69,640.00
347,820.00

IMO

150,000.00

PID, 08 February 2002

Nippon Foundation

200,000.00

Grant Agreement

Wastes Systems New Zealand

200,000.00

MOA of 14 July 1999

Hatfield Consultants
UNEP-GPA

150,000.00
80,000.00

Proj. Doc. 22 June 2000
MOU of May 2005

Subtotal Projects
Sida/CMC
UNEP-GPA

780,000.00
39,000.00
19,000.00

Subtotal Publications
TOTAL

MOU of January 2003

58,000.00
24,652,411.00

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68

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PEMSEA Resource Facility Organizational Structure

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State and Non-State Partners
PEMSEA State Partners (11):Non-State Partners (15):Cambodia(Ministry of Environment)

Conservation International (CI) Philippines
Coastal Management Center (CMC)
IOC Subcommission for the Western Pacific (IOC/WESTPAC)
International Ocean Institute (IOI)
Korea Environment Institute (KEI)
Korea Maritime Institute (KMI)
Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI)
Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP)
Ocean Policy Research Foundation (OPRF)
Oil Spill Response and East Asia Response Limited (OSRL/EARL)
Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
Swedish Environmental Secretariat for Asia (SENSA)
UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP)
UNEP Global Programme of Action (UNEP/GPA)
UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea LME Project (YSLME)

People’s Republic of China(State Oceanic Administration)
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(Ministry of Foreign Trade)Indonesia(Ministry of Environment)
Japan(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport)
Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Prime Minister's Office)Philippines(Department of Environment and Natural
Resources)

Executive Committee

Republic of Korea(Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries)
Singapore(Ministry of the Environment and Water
Resources)
Timor-Leste(Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries)
Vietnam(Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment)

Chua Thia-Eng*Council Chair
Li Haiqing
Intergovernmental Session Chair
Hiroshi Terashima
Technical Session Chair
The Executive Committee is composed of the Council, TechnicalSession, and Intergovernmental Session Chairs with the Executive
Director of the PEMSEA Resource Facility (PRF) serving as the
Secretary. The three Chairs were elected by consensus at the FirstEAS Partnership Council Meeting in July 2007 in Manado City,
Indonesia.

* In view of Dr. Chua’s current status as PEMSEA Regional Programme Director(RPD) and Interim Executive Director (ED) of the PEMSEA Resource Facility(PRF), the Executive Committee decided to appoint Dr. Li Haiqing as Acting
Council Chair until the end of September 2007 or upon the completion of Dr.
Chua’s term as RPD and Interim ED.

70

PEMSEA Staff
Staff sinceChua, Thia-Eng*
Ross, Stephen Adrian
Yu, Huming

Regional Programme Director and Interim Executive Director
Senior Programme Officer/Technical Coordinator
Senior Programme Officer

1994
1996
1995 – 2000; 2002

Almario, Amadeo Jr.
Bacay, Jose Gerard
Bautista, Vanessa
Bermas, Nancy
Bonga, Danilo
Caballero, Rommel
Cano, Anna Rita
Cordova-Cayaban, Diwata
Custodio, Khristine
Dela Pena, Mary Ann
Dulay, Jonel
Ebarvia-Bautista, Maria Corazon
Factuar, Diana
Gallardo, Kathrine Rose
Gervacio, Bresilda
Gutierrez, Anthony
Josue, Rachel
Lacerna, Ma. Teresita
Mariano, Marlene
Merina, Elsie
Narcise, Cristine Ingrid
Nepomuceno, Ma. Concepcion
Padayao, Daisy
Rafael, Belyn
Requinala, Rainier Allan
Urbano, Ramil
Valeriano, Arsenio Jr.
Velasquez, Caroline

Utility Aide
Publications Production AssistantLibrary AssistantTechnical Officer – ResearchTechnical Assistant – Research
IT Specialist
Communications Assistant – Publications
Senior Secretary
Senior Communications Assistant – Webmaster
Head of Accounting
Senior Technical Artist
Technical Officer – Environmental Investments
Training Officer
Technical Assistant – Regional Ocean GovernanceTechnical Officer – IIMS and Coastal Use Zoning
DriverAdministrative AssistantLegal Officer – Law, Policy and Institutional Development
Secretary
Secretary
Senior Technical Assistant – Environmental Management
Office AttendantTechnical Assistant – ResearchTechnical Assistant – ICM
Senior Technical Assistant – Project Monitoring and Evaluation
Driver
Accounts AssistantSenior Secretary

1995
1998
2007
1996
1997 – 2002; 2004
2004
2004
2000
2002
1996
1995
1999
1999 – 2001; 2002
2004
1994 – 1995; 1997
2007
2002
2002
1997
2004
2000
1995
2005
2004
2002
2005
2001
1998

The new PEMSEA Office building.
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Former PEMSEA staff
Name

Designation

Duration

Abansi, Corazon
Aca, Elson
Agsaoay, Eunice
Almira, Francis
Aloria, Maribel
Amuan, Rommel
Aragon, Ana Marie
Araza, William
Arevalo, Jeremy
Artienda, Cornelio
Aseron, Ma. Victoria Grace
Atanacio, Rachel
Azucena, Carlos William
Baculanta, Patricia
Banzon, Cesar
Basilio, Gina
Bernad, Stella Regina
Bigal, Maricel
Bonto, Edgardo Celso
Cada, Roberto
Calderon, Edmond Titus
Carada, Florisa Norina
Cargamento, Agnes
Cariño, Albert
Carlos, Azenith
Castillo, Ronald
Catalan, Jose Alvin
Cataytay, Alma
Cayaban, Leo Rex
Cheevaporn, Voravit
Colocado, Marie Sol
Corpuz, Catherine Frances
Cuanang, Liligrace
Cuevas, Arleen
David, Felicisimo Jr.
De Guzman, Eugene
Dela Paz, Catalino
Delos Reyes, Mario
Diamante, Dolores Ariadne
Diaz, Raul
Dizon, Leticia
Escolano, Augusto
Espino, Pythias

Officer – Batangas Bay Demonstration Project
Programmer
Technical AssistantComputer Programmer
Environmental Monitoring Specialist, ENRO
Technical Assistant (GIS)
Administrative Assistant
Clerk
Library AssistantTraining Officer
ArtistArtistTechnical Assistant – HRD
Documentations Clerk
Technical Officer – Environmental Investment
Technical AssistantLegal Officer – International Conventions
Editorial Assistant
Project AssistantArtistTechnician/Administrative Clerk
Editorial AssistantTechnical Reviewer
IIMS Programmer
Library AssistantEnvironmental Monitoring AssistantTechnical Assistant – ResearchCommunications AssistantSenior Editorial AssistantResearch Associate
Information Officer
Technical Officer – Public–Private Partnership
Secretary
Senior Communications AssistantTechnical Officer – Monitoring and Evaluation
Computer Technician
Computer Programmer
Programme Officer
Research Associate
Layout Artist
Information Officer
Training Officer
Technical Assistant – Environmental Chemistry

1995 – 1999
2000 – 2001
1998
1997
1996 – 1998
1997
2000 – 2002
1997
2005 – 2006
1996 – 1998
1996 – 1998
1994 – 1995
2005
2003 – 2004
2004 – 2005
1997 – 1998
1995 – 2007
1997 – 1999
1996
1996
1997 – 2005
1999
1998
2002 – 2004
2002 – 2005
19972004 – 2005
2003
1997 – 2006
1995
2001 – 2002
2000 – 2004
1994 – 1995
2001 – 2003
2000
1999
1996 – 1997
1997 – 1998
1994 – 1995
1996
1997 – 1999
1996 – 1998
1995

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PEMSEA Staff

Name

Designation

Duration

Fabunan, Alexis
Fornoles, Olivia
Garcia, Benjamin
Genilo, Jude William
Gonzales, Antonio
Gorre, Ingrid Rosalie
Guerrero, Socorro
Guevarra, Joselito
Guinto, Alexander
Hernandez, Antonio Jr.
Hidalgo, Mary Ann
Inciong, Olivia Sylvia
Irisari, Milani
Isla, EmmanuelIsrael, Danilo
Javier, Tricia
Javillonar, Joyce
Kalaw, Ma. Theresa
Kang, Katherine
Kho, James
Lee, Jihyun
Librodo, Lisa Aines
Licuanan, Ferdinand
Lontoc, Vir Angelo
Lopez, Jocelyn
Lopez, Joselito
Luoping, Zhang
Maaliw, Alex
Macabeo, Yolwinda
Madriaga, Efren
Malto, Abigail
Mandac, Eden
Mangahas, Juan Paolo
Manguiat, Ma. Socorro
Marfil, Lilian
Matanguihan, Josefina
Molo, Carmela Ann
Morales, JaneNaeg, Erdito
Nathan, Ari
Natarajan, Ramanathan
Navarro, Enrique
Nuñez, Enrique Antonio

Technical Assistant, GIS Specialist
Secretary
Assistant Congress Coordinator – Events Management
Information Officer
Layout Artist
Technical Officer – Community Network
Senior Administrative Officer
Technical Officer – Subregional Seas
Technical Assistant – Risk Assessment/Risk Management
Senior Accounting Clerk
Training Officer
Information Officer
Legal Assistant – Marine Affairs Policy
ArtistSite Manager – Batangas
Information Officer
Training AssistantResearch AssistantWebmaster
Research Associate/Writer
Senior Programme Officer
Training Officer
Library Assistant
Data Encoder
Accounting Clerk
Senior Programme Officer
Research AssistantTechnical Officer – Monitoring and Evaluation
Receptionist/Clerk
Senior Office AssistantCommunications Assistant
SecretaryCommunications AssistantLegal Research Associate – International Conventions
Publications Coordinator
Environmental Management Specialist
Receptionist
Secretary
Copyeditor
Senior Programme Officer
Research AssistantConference Coordinator
Project Coordinator – Public–Private Partnership1995 – 1998 and 2003
1996 – 19972005 – 2006
2001
1998
1999 – 2000
1994 – 2005
2004 – 2005
2000 – 2005
1994 – 2003
2002
2003
2001
2000 – 2002
1994 – 1997
2000
2000 – 20041997
2000 – 2002
1998
2000 – 2007
2001
2001 – 2002
1996
2002 – 2006
2000
1997
2002 – 2003
2004 – 2005
1999 – 2002
2002 – 2003
1995 – 2003
2003 – 2005
1999 – 2001
1996 – 1997
1996 – 1997
2000 – 2003
1996
1996 – 1997
2000
1996 – 1997
2003
2000

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PEMSEA Staff

Name

Designation

Duration

Ordoñez, Muriel
Padilla, Delilah
Pascual, Ferdinand
Paw, James
Payumo, Annechielli
Pido, Michael
Poblete, Angelita
Rafanan, Gary
Reyes, Michael
Reyes, Rommel
Robles, Noel
Ronquillo, Jaime
Rosales, Rina
Rosales, VilmaRuiz, Bernard Fortunato
Samarasekara, Vidhisha
San, Maria Cecilia
Sanohan, Aida
Silan, Ma. Margarita
Solito, Kristine Joy
Soriano, Elizabeth
Sujarae, ApiradeeTan, Giselle
Tejam, Catalina
Torres, Susan
Villa, Deborah
Villamor, Jose
Villarosa, Casimiro Jr.
Viyar, Nogel
Zafra, Alfie

Chief Editor
Research Assistant
Office AssistantTechnical Programme Officer
Accounting Clerk
Technical Officer – ICM
Programme Management Assistant
IT Specialist
Research Associate
Project AssistantSenior GIS Technician
Publications Coordinator
Research Associate
Secretary
Library Assistant
Assistant Technical Programme Officer
Senior Technical Assistant – Legal/Policy Analysis
Environmental Monitoring Assistant
Receptionist
Secretary
Copyeditor
Project Technical Coordinator – Chonburi ICM
Technical Officer – Monitoring and Evaluation
Resource Economist
Accountant
Technical Editorial Assistant
DriverSenior Communications AssistantCommunications Assistant – Video
Senior Communications Assistant1999
1997 – 1998
1998
1994 – 1998
2000 – 2002
2000 – 2002
1996
2000
1995 – 1997
1996
1995 – 2002
1996
1996 – 1997
1995 – 1996
2001
1998
2002 – 2006
1997 – 1998
2003 – 2004
2006
1996
2001 – 2004
2000 – 2003
1995 – 1997
2000
1996 – 19972004 – 2007
2000 – 2001
2003 – 2007
2000

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PEMSEA Interns and Fellows
List of Interns/Fellows/UN Volunteers (1994-2007)
Institution/Organization

Country

Duration

Ministry of Environment
Local Government of Busan

Indonesia
RO Korea

16 May 2002 – 15 May 2003
1 April 2005 – 30 September 2005

Ministry of Environment
Center for Marine Environment
Survey Research and Consultation
State Hydrometeorological Administration
State Hydrometeorological Administration
State Oceanic Administration
Bogor Agricultural University
State Oceanic Administration
Haiphong Institute of Oceanology
Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Project Management Office, Danang ICM Project
National Center for Natural Scienceand Technology
Project Management Office, Sihanoukville
ICM ProjectState Oceanic Administration
Project Management Office, Chonburi ICM Project
Project Management Office, Chonburi ICM Project
Vietnam Environment Protection Agency
Department of Marine and Coastal Resources
Xiamen Oceans and Fisheries Bureau
Hainan Government
Hainan Government
Student

Cambodia
Vietnam
DPR Korea
DPR Korea
PR China
Indonesia
PR China
Vietnam
RO Korea
VietnamVietnam

15 July – 15 December 1995
11 March – 11 September 1996;
24 September 1996 – 21 March 1997
11 March – 22 June 1996
11 March – 22 June 1996
17 February – 15 August 1997
3 November 1997 – 27 April 1998
16 November 1997 – 31 May 1998
16 November 1997 – 30 April 1998
12 February 2001 – 11 Feb 2002
16 May – 15 November 2002
17 February – 17 August 2003

Cambodia
PR China
ThailandThailand
VietnamThailandPR China
PR China
PR China
RO Korea

1 July – 20 December 2003
9 March – 8 September 2004
1 August – 30 October 2004
1 August – 30 October 2004
1 August – 15 December 2005
15 August – 15 December 2005
19 September 2005 – 18 March 2006
15 September – 15 November 2006
15 September – 15 November 2006
15 February – 17 December 2006

CanadaCanada28 September 1999 – 28 March 2000
6 October 2003 – 5 April 2004

Canada6 October 2003 – 5 April 2004

France10 September 2005 – 25 January 2006

Fellows
Zulhasni
Hur Ock Yung (Senior Fellow)

Regional Interns
Long Rithirak
Nguyen Minh Son
O Ryang Pyong
Ryang Chol
Fan Zhijie
Aceng Hidayat
Zhang Haiwen
Tran Dinh Lan
Oh Seung Kwon
Pham Thi Chin
Nguyen Thanh Lam
Sothou Sang
Yang Yafeng
Nisakorn Wiwekwin
Arthit Chachiyo
Le Dai Thang
Saowalak Winyoonuntakul
Zheng Yanling
Wang Qingyan
Chen Wen Qun
Jaekyun Kim

International Interns
Jennifer Aldrich
Karla Rhonda Pope

Anne Caillaud

University of British Columbia
Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial
University of Newfoundland
Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial
University of Newfoundland
Institute of Political Studies of Paris (Sciences Po)

UN Volunteer

Position

Maeve Nightingale

Technical Coordinator – Community Development

Stacey Belbin

United Kingdom 24 October 2000 – 31 July 2002

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Coastal and Ocean Governance

23.

1.

24.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Putrajaya Declaration of Regional Cooperation for the
Sustainable Development of the Seas of East Asia and theSustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia
Framework for National Coastal and Marine Policy
Development
The Development of National Coastal and Marine Policies in
the People’s Republic of China: A Case Study
Case Study on the Integrated Coastal Policy of the Republicof Korea
Framework and Guidelines for National Marine Pollution
Legislation in East Asia
Assessment of National Marine Pollution Legislation in East
Asia
National Coastal Policy for the East Asian Seas: Status
Review and Model Policy Development
Sharing Lessons and Experiences in Marine Pollution
Management
Challenges, Responses, Strategies and Actions for the
Implementation of the SDS-SEA
Sustaining Benefits
Policy Briefs: Sustainable Trade in Marine Endangered
Species in East Asia
Policy Briefs: Integrated Coastal Management: Revitalizing
the Coasts and Oceans Program in the Philippines
Policy Briefs: Sustainable Development and Management of
Manila Bay: A Focus on Water Quality
Policy Briefs: Partnership Opportunities in Enhancing GPA
Implementation

Implementation of International Conventions
15.

16.

Malacca Straits: Special Area? The Need and Feasibility of
Designing the Malacca Straits as a Special Area Under
MARPOL 73/78
A Study on the Status of Compliance of the Philippine
Domestic Merchant Fleet with the MARPOL 73/78 Convention

Integrated Coastal Management
17.
18.

19.
20.
21.
22.

Dynamics of ICM Practical Applications in Sustainable Coastal
Development in East Asia (by Chua Thia-Eng)Integrated Coastal Management in Tropical Developing
Countries: Lessons Learned from Successes and Failures(Edited by Chua Thia-Eng)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (English)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Bahasa)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Vietnamese)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Chinese)

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.

Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Korean)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Thai)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (French)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Portuguese)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Spanish)
Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management
Initiatives (Swahili)Southeastern Coast of Bali Initial Risk Assessment
Coastal Strategy for the Southeastern Coast of Bali
Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy
Manuscript Series: Enhancing Coastal and Marine Management
through Effective Information Management (The Bataan IIMS
Case Study)
Coastal Environmental Profile of the Batangas Bay Region
Initial Environmental Risk Assessment of Pesticides in the
Batangas Bay Region, Philippines and the Xiamen Seas, China
Strategic Environmental Management Plan for the Batangas Bay
RegionIntegrated Coastal Management (ICM) Contingent Valuation
Survey in Batangas Bay, Philippines
Integrated Waste Management Action Plan for the Batangas Bay
RegionWater Use Zoning for the Sustainable Development of Batangas
Bay, Philippines
Securing the Future through ICM: The Case of the Batangas Bay
RegionChonburi Initial Risk Assessment
The Chonburi Coastal Strategy
Danang Initial Risk Assessment
Coastal Strategy of Danang City
Coastal Strategy of Nampho City, Democratic People’s Republicof Korea
Port Klang Initial Risk Assessment
Port Klang Coastal Strategy
Sihanoukville Coastal Strategy
Coastal Environmental Profile of Xiamen
Strategic Management Plan for Marine Pollution Prevention andManagement in Xiamen
Xiamen: An ICM Journey (Second Edition)
Bohai Sea Environmental Risk Assessment
Bohai Sea Sustainable Development Strategy
Bohai Sea Declaration
Manila Bay Initial Risk Assessment
Manila Bay Refined Risk Assessment
Manila Bay Coastal Strategy
Malacca Straits Environmental Profile
Malacca Straits: Initial Risk Assessment
Malacca Straits: Refined Risk Assessment
Natural Resource Damage Assessment and the Malacca Straits
Marine Pollution Management in the Malacca/Singapore Straits:
Lessons Learned

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PEMSEA Publications and Videos
For more information, visit www.pemsea.org.

Socioeconomic Valuation and Sustainable
Financing

86.
87.

62.

88.

63.

64.
65.
66.
67.
68.

69.
70.

71.

Socioeconomic Assessment Framework and Guidelines for
Integrated Coastal Management
A Perspective on the Environmental and Socioeconomic
Benefits and Costs of Integrated Coastal Management: The
Case of Xiamen, PR China
Marine Pollution Prevention and Management in the East Asian
Seas: A Benefit-Cost Framework
Total Economic Valuation: Coastal and Marine Resources in theStraits of Malacca
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Tourism Development andSustainability in the Malacca Straits
Sustainable Financing for Ship-based Pollution Prevention andManagement in the Malacca Straits
Sustainable Financing Mechanisms and Policy Instruments for
the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in thePhilippines
Manuscript Series: An Overview of Public and Private Sector
Capacities for Environmental Infrastructure in the Philippines
Manuscript Series: An Overview of Public and Private Sector
Capacities for Environmental Infrastructure in Five East AsianCountries
Manuscript Series: Sewerage Planning and Wastewater
Treatment for Sabang, Puerto Galera

89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.

Management Tools and Methodologies
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.

78.

Environmental Risk Assessment Manual: A Practical Guide forTropical Ecosystems
Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment for Coastal andMarine Areas: A Training Manual
Manual on Economic Instruments for Coastal and Marine
Resource Management
Manual of Practice: Contingent Valuation Survey for Integrated
Coastal Management (ICM) Applications
Natural Resource Damage Assessment Manual
Manual on Strategies, Tools and Techniques for Implementing
International Conventions on Marine Pollution in the East Asian
Seas
Port Safety Audit Manual Vol. 1 and 2

Tropical Coasts
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.

TC Vol. 1. No. 1 The 1994 Royal Colloquium on Tropical Coastal
Zones – From Knowledge to Action
TC Vol. 2. No. 1 Environment and Enterprise
TC Vol. 2. No. 2 International Marine Environment Conventions:
Obligations and Opportunities
TC Vol. 3. No. 1 Conservation to Management – Initiatives for
the Coastal Zones in Eastern Africa
TC Vol. 3. No. 2 Marine Pollution Prevention and Management:
Opportunities for Investment
TC Vol. 4. No. 1 Marine Biodiversity
TC Vol. 4. No. 2 Marine Environmental Monitoring

TC Vol. 5. No. 1 Coastal Tourism
TC Vol. 5. No. 2 – Vol. 6. Issue #1 PPP in Coastal and Marine
Resource Management
TC Vol. 6. No. 2 Getting our Acts Together – Resolving Conflictsin Coastal Zones
TC Vol. 7. No. 1 – Who Pays for the Damage? Oil and Chemical
SpillsTC Vol. 7. No. 2 – A Challenging Journey – Coastal and Marine
Policymaking in East Asia
TC Vol. 8. No. 1 – Transboundary Environmental Issues
TC Vol. 8. No. 2 – Partnerships for the Environment
TC Vol. 9. No. 1 – Keeping the Essentials Flowing
TC Vol. 9. No. 2 – Rare…Endangered… For SaleTC Vol. 10 No. 1 – The Regional Approach
TC Vol. 10 No. 2 – The Role of Media in Sustainable
Development
TC Vol. 11 No. 1 – PEMSEA Experiences in the Evolution of
Coastal Management
TC Vol. 11 No. 2 – Coast to Coast – From Demonstration to
Replication
TC Vol. 12 No. 1 – Call to Action – Disaster Risk Reduction andPost- Tsunami Reconstruction
TC Vol. 12 No. 2 – Port Safety, Security, Health andEnvironment
TC Vol. 13 No. 1 – From Ripples to Waves
TC Vol. 13 No. 2 – EAS Congress Special Issue 1 – One Vision,
One Ocean
TC Vol. 14 No. 1- EAS Congress Special Issue 2 – One Vision,
One People

Workshops and Conference Proceedings
104.
105.

106.
107.
108.

109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.

115.

Challenges and Opportunities in Managing Pollution in the East
Asian Seas
Proceedings of the IMO/APCEL/MPA Workshop on the
Ratification and Implementation of MARPOL 73/78 in the East
Asian Seas
Proceedings of the National Workshop on IMO Conventions for
the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution
Proceedings of the National Workshop on the Ratification and
Implementation of MARPOL 73/78 in the Philippines
Proceedings of the National Workshop on the Implementation of
MARPOL 73/78 in Indonesia: Cost Effective Shore Reception
Facilities
Oil Spill Modelling in the East Asian Region
Regional Consultative Workshop on the Recovery of Oil Spill
Clean-Up Costs and Pollution Damage Claims
Regional Consultative Workshop on Strengthening Recovery of
Ship Pollution Clean-up Costs and Damage Claims
Regional Network on the Legal Aspects of Marine Pollution
Marine Pollution Monitoring and Information Management
Network. Inception Workshop
Highlights of the Second Technical Workshop of the Regional
Network for Marine Pollution Monitoring and Information
Management
Proceedings of the Pilot Intersessional Consultative Group
Meeting

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PEMSEA Publications and Videos
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.

122.

123.
124.

125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.

132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.

140.

141.

Proceedings of the Senior Experts Dialogue on Coastal andMarine Policy
Proceedings of the Seminar on Leadership in Ocean andCoastal Governance
Proceedings of the Experts’ Meeting on Strategies for Better
Coastal and Ocean Governance
Proceedings of the Senior Government Officials’ Meeting on the
Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia
Consensus Building for the Formulation of the Sustainable
Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia
Proceedings of the Preparatory Meeting for the Working Groupon the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy
for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA)
Proceedings of the Working Group Meeting on the
Implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy for theSeas of East Asia (SDS-SEA)
Meeting of the Working Group on the Regional Implementing
Mechanism for the SDS-SEA
Proceedings of the National Forum on Sustainable Developmentof Coastal and Marine Resources and the National Consultation
Workshop on the Implementation of the SDS-SEA (Vietnam)
Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Multidisciplinary Expert
Group
Workshop on Ecosystem-based Management of InterrelatedRiver Basins, Estuaries and Coastal Seas
Determining Environmental Carrying Capacity of Coastal andMarine Areas: Progress, Constraints, and Future Options
Regional Workshop on Partnerships in the Application ofIntegrated Coastal Management
Sustainable Financing Mechanisms: Public Sector-Private
Sector Partnership
Valuing Benefits from Integrated Coastal Management:
Workshop Report
Proceedings of the 2nd Forum of the Regional Network of Local
Governments Implementing Integrated Coastal Management(RNLG)
Proceedings of the Fourth Forum of the Regional Network ofLocal Governments Implementing ICM
Proceedings of the National Conference on Media as Key
Partners in Environmental Sustainability
Proceedings of the Consultative Meeting on the Malacca Straits
Demonstration Project
Proceedings of the Consultative Workshop on the Gulf ofThailand Environmental Management Project
Proceedings of the 4th Subregional Meeting of the Gulf ofThailand Project Task Team
Summary of the Batangas Demonstration Project Evaluation
Workshop
The East Asian Seas Congress 2003: Regional Implementationof the WSSD Commitments for the Seas of East Asia
EAS Congress/WP2007/1 Proceedings of the Meeting ofExperts to Discuss the Framework for State of the Coasts
Reporting
EAS Congress/WP2007/2 Proceedings on the Workshop on the
Ecosystem-based Management of Interrelated River basins,
Estuaries and Coastal Seas
EAS Congress/WP2007/3 Proceedings of the Workshop on
Local Government Financing for Water, Sewage and Sanitation

142.
143.

144.

145.
146.

147.
148.
149.
150.

EAS Congress/WP2007/4 Assessment of East Asia’s
Capacity Building in Ocean and Coastal Governance
EAS Congress/WP2007/5 Proceedings of the Workshop on
Achieving the MDGs through Enhancing Local Capacities for
ICRM: Evidences and Lessons Learned
EAS Congress/WP2007/6 Proceedings of the Second
Ministerial Forum on the Implementation of the Sustainable
Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia
EAS Congress/WP2007/7 Proceedings of the Inaugural
Meeting of the East Asian Seas Partnership Council
EAS Congress/WP2007/8 Proceedings of the Inaugural
Meeting of the PEMSEA Network of Local Governments for
Sustainable Coastal Development (PNLG)
EAS Congress/WP2007/9 Proceedings of the Regional
Network on Coastal and Ocean Governance
EAS Congress/WP2007/10 Proceedings of the Joint Meetingof SGP Coordinators and PMO Directors
EAS Congress/WP2007/11 Report on the Outputs andOutcomes of the EAS Youth Forum
EAS Congress/WP2007/12 Proceedings of the ICM Dialogue

Programme Steering Committee Meeting Reports
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.

PSC 1 (1994)
PSC 2 (1995)
PSC 3 (1996)
PSC 4 (1997)
PSC 5 (1998)
PSC 6 (1999)

78

PSC 7 (2000)
PSC 8 (2002)
PSC 9 (2003)
PSC 10 (2004)
PSC 11 (2005)
PSC 12 (2006)

Terminal Evaluation and Annual Reports
163.

164.
165.
166.
167.
168.

The Regional Programme for Marine Pollution Prevention andManagement in the East Asian Seas (GEF Project RAS/92/
G34): Bi-annual Report 1994-1995
Marine Pollution Prevention and Management in the East
Asian Seas: From Planning to Action (1996 Annual Report)
Pollution Prevention and Management in the East Asian Seas
(1997 Annual Report)
Terminal Report 1999
PEMSEA Mid Term Evaluation Report 2003
Performance Evaluation PEMSEA, Terminal Evaluation
Report (2006)

Videos
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.

Melasti: A Festival of Hope
Danang: A City at the Crossroads
Monsoon Tale
Xiamen Story
Regional Partnerships in Action: The East Asian Seas
Congress 2003
PEMSEA Story
Future of our Coasts
PEMSEA Eco-Camp Experience

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157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.

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9/1/2007, 4:13 PMGEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Partnerships inEnvironmental Management for the Seas of East Asia
(PEMSEA)
P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165, Philippines
Tel: (632) 929-2992; (632) 920-2211 to 14
Fax: (632) 926-9712
Email: info@pemsea.org
Website: www.pemsea.org

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