www.atpsnet.org
Issue No 012

March 2018

ISBN 978-9966-030-95-5

AFRICAThis is the official newsletter of the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

Highlights:
ATPS Ranked Best Think Tank Network for the FourthYear in a Row According to a Global Report
ATPS seeks for an Expert to Draft a Masterclass Paper on
the Theme: “New Approaches for Funding Research andInnovation in Africa”
International Day of Women and Girls in ScienceAfrican Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

www.atpsnet.org

ATPS Vision:
To use Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) as a means for achieving sustainable development in
Africa.
ATPS Mission:
To improve the quality of science, technology and innovation (STI) systems research, policy and practice by strengthening capacity for STI knowledge generation, dissemination, and use for sustainable
development in Africa.
Overall Objective:
To build Africa’s capabilities in science, technology and innovation for sustainable development.
ATPS Motto:
Building Africa’s capabilities in science, technology and innovation policy research, policymaking andpolicy implementation for sustainable development.

INSIDE•ATPS Ranked Best Think Tank Network for the Fourth Yearin a Row According to a Global Report•

STI Policy Gap: A Barrier to Economic Progress in Africa•

Transforming Lives of Farmers and Scholars using the
LandInfo Mobile App Technology in Nigeria•

RECIRCULATE: The Role of the African Researcher in

EDITORIAL TEAM
Editor in Chief:
Dr. Nicholas Ozor
Editors:
Sharon Anyango

Driving Sustainable Eco-Innovations

Ruth Oriama•

A Time to Relook on STI Policies in Africa

Contributors:•

National Farmers Helpline in Nigeria Enhances Agricul-

Prof. Faith Osier

tural Extension Service Delivery through ICT

Prof. Michael Madukwe•

International Day of Women and Girls in Science

Dr. Jaro Arero•

Proposed Policy for One Stop Agricultural Extension

Dr. Akanimo Odon

Delivery Centre In Nigeria

Justus Wanzala•

ATPS seeks for an Expert to Draft a Masterclass Paper on
the Theme: “New Approaches for Funding Research andInnovation in Africa”•

Sharon Anyango
Ruth Oriama
Alfred Nyambane
Design and Layout:

Opportunities/Events

Sharon Anyango2www.atpsnet.org

Chairman’s Message

CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE

W

elcome to this year’s maiden issue ofTechnopolicy Africa newsletter, our quarterly
publication that highlights topical issues in thefield of Science, Technology and Innovation(STI) research, policy and practice in Africa.
In June 2014, the African Union (AU) held its 23rd Ordinary
session of Heads of State and Governments Summit andunanimously adopted a 10-year Science, Technology andInnovation Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024). The new strategy
which is currently being implemented aims to use science,technology and innovation as the core driver for Africa’s
economic development. However, this will only be possible if
there is increased development in technical skills, institutional
capacity, entrepreneurship, innovation and improved
research. STISA-2024 has six priority areas namely: Eradicationof hunger and achieving food security, Prevention and control
of diseases, Communication, Protection of our space, Unity
and wealth creation.

Mr. Chuma Ikenze
To contribute to closing the gender gap in science, technology
and innovation, ATPS through its new Strategic Plan has
identified programs benefiting women: The Youth and Women
Innovation Challenge is designed to identify and support
STI initiatives; the Women Social Entrepreneurship Programaims to support business start-ups in liaison with social
entrepreneurs initiatives; the Youth and Women Internshipand Mentorship Program is designed to facilitate andencourage graduates from Africa and the rest of the World togain valuable international work experience in STI; the Youthand women post-doctoral Fellowships and Staff exchange
programs is designed to support youth and women in theirearly careers to sharpen their skills in STI policy research anddevelopment work in Africa; and lastly, the STI Congress isdesigned to convene African youth and women to chart a
proactive way of harnessing their potentials for sustainable
development.

In order to complement efforts being made by the AU
and heads of states, the ATPS recently launched its new
strategic plan which aims to address the continent’s mostpressing issues through Science, Technology and Innovation.
The Phase VIII Strategic Plan is a sector focused Plan withfour key thematic/sectoral priority areas which include:
Agriculture, Food and Nutrition; Energy; Climate Change
and Environmental Management; and Health Innovations.
In order to effectively implement this four point thematic
priority areas, five strategic programmatic objectives weredeveloped namely: STI Policy Research, Policymaking and
Advocacy; Training, Sensitization and Capacity building;Youth and Gender Empowerment; Knowledge Brokerage,
Management and Commercialization; and Intra-Africa andGlobal Collaboration and Partnerships. Our target is to keep
pace with developments in the new disruptive technologies
and leverage the use of mobile phones, Internet and othermodular technologies. We continue to solicit for support fromvarious stakeholders to assist us in the implementation ofactivities in this Plan.

On behalf of the board, I take this opportunity to thank all
those who have supported us last year through development
grants, linkages, partnerships and also in the implementationof programs outlined in our new Phase VIII Strategic Plan. We
welcome new partners to join us in our work as we develop
Africa’s STI capacity for sustainable development.

During the quarter, the World celebrated two key events,
the International Day of Women and Girls in Science; andInternational Women’s Day. These two events recognized theoutstanding work done by women in our society politically,socially and economically. Less than 30% of the world’s
researchers are women but despite this, the number of women
who are soaring higher and mentoring the young ones isremarkable. In this issue, read about Prof. Faith Osier from
Kenya who has received global accolades for her scientificresearch work on malaria; her hope is to develop a vaccine
against malaria.

Mr. Chuma Ikenze,
CEO Kenzel, LLC,
Chair, ATPS Board of Directors

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EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

ED’s MessageWe welcome all our stakeholders to the New Year2018. This Year, ATPS’s work will be guided by
the Phase VIII Strategic Plan, 2017-2022. In linewith the thematic and programmatic priorities,
the following key events have been scheduled in 2018.
Hosting of the Kenya workshop on Governing Inclusive
Green Growth in Africa: ATPS in collaboration with the
University of Reading, United Kingdom, organized the thirdround of workshops on “Governing Inclusive Green Growthin Africa (GIGGA) from 8-9 March 2018 in Nairobi, Kenya. The
workshop aimed to bring together relevant stakeholders to
explore how countries in Africa can benefit from inclusive
green growth research, investments and innovations in low
carbon sustainable development.
Hosting of the British Council-Newton Funds Trilateral
Researcher Links Workshop: ATPS in collaboration with
Lancaster University (UK) and North-West University (S.
Africa) organized a Researcher Links Trilateral workshop on“Air pollution in Emerging Mega-Cities: sources, evolution andimpacts” in Nairobi, Kenya from 15-20 April 2018. This schemebrought together over 30 Early Career Researchers (ECR) andpractitioners from the UK, Kenya and South Africa to learn
about atmospheric research and to lay the foundations for
future collaborative research partnerships across disciplinesand geographical boundaries.

Dr. Nicholas Ozora three day climate change dialogue and workshops forscientists and policymakers in Africa from 25-28 June 2018
in Nairobi, Kenya. The dialogue/workshop will provide
opportunity for stakeholders to reflect on the progress madeand challenges experienced in the target project countries interms of climate change adaptation and mitigation throughtimely provision of climate information and services and how
policy interventions are aiding or abating this process.
ATPS Board Meeting: As part of our improved governancestrategy, the ATPS Board of Directors will hold their Board
meeting during the week of 24 June 2018 in Nairobi, Kenya.

LandInfo App Training in Nigeria and Malawi: ATPS held
its capacity building workshop on the use of LandInfo mobile
app for improving agricultural productivity and climatechange resilience from 26-29 March 2018 in Nsukka Nigeria
and will hold another one in Malawi in August 2018. The
LandInfo app is a community-driven app that enables users
to instantaneously access climatic and soil information andinterpret them in the context of local conditions and values,
including crop preferences for specific soils.

SGCI Annual Regional Meeting in Ghana: ATPS will cohost the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI) Annual
Regional Meeting (ARM) with the Ministry of Environment,
Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI), Ghana from 5-7
July 2018 in Accra, Ghana. The theme of this year’s ARM is on“Research and Innovation for Job Creation”.

Case studies for the development of climate adaptation
toolkit in Nigeria and Kenya: As part of the ATPSled consortium for the implementation of the Climate
Development Special Fund (CDSF) project on “Bridging
Climate Information Gaps to Strengthen Capacities for Climate
Informed Decision-making” the Stockholm Environment
Institute (SEI-Africa Centre) conducted a Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) in Edem-Ani, Nsukka Local Government
Area of Enugu State, Nigeria from 2-4 May 2018 to elicit usefulclimatic information in the agricultural sector that will be used
to develop an adaptation toolkit. A similar case study will takeplace in July 2018 in Migori County, Kenya.

SGCI Annual Forum in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: ATPS willorganize the 2018 SGCI Annual Forum from 5-7 November
2018 in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. The theme of this year’s AF ison “New Approaches for Funding Research and Innovation in
Africa”. The SGCI is a 5-year Initiative which aims to strengthen
the capacities of Science Granting Councils (SGCs) in subSaharan Africa in order to support research and evidencebased policies that will contribute to economic and social
development. The Initiative is jointly funded by IDRC, DFID
and NRF, South Africa. The SGCI theme on Networking Africa’s
SGCs is being implemented by ATPS in partnership with The
Scinnovent Centre.

Midterm review and supervision by the African
Development Bank on our CDSF project: A joint supervision/
midterm evaluation of our CDSF project by AfDB is scheduled
to take place from 14-15 May 2018. The objective of the mission
is to ascertain the progress with the implementation of the
ATPS-led project and assess performance in management,
technical, financial and procurement activities.

As we implement these and many more activities during in
2018, we continue to solicit for supports from development
partners, governments, donors and the private sector to
support the work of the ATPS in building Africa’s capabilities
in STI policy research, policymaking and implementation forsustainable development on the continent.

Dr. Nicholas Ozor,
Executive Director, ATPS

Regional climate change dialogue and capacity building
workshop for policy makers and scientists in Africa: ATPS
and its partners collaborating in the CDSF project will organize4www.atpsnet.org

Global Go To Think Tank Index

ATPS RANKED BEST THINK TANK NETWORK FOR THE FOURTHYEAR IN A ROW ACCORDING TO A GLOBAL REPORTThe ATPS for the fourth time consecutively emerged
as the Best Think Tank Network in Africa. The 2017
Global Go To Think Tank Index Report was releasedby the University of Pennyslvania under the Think
Tank and Civil Societies Program. ATPS was also ranked as thebest transdisciplinary Research Think Tank, Top Science andTechnology Think Tank, Best Use of Internet and Best Think
Tank with an annual operating budget of less than $5 million
USD in a year. Overall, ATPS was ranked 101 worldwide and7th in the Africa.
Brookings Institution (USA) emerged as the top think tankin the World. Globally, ATPS emerged 5th, 10th, 10th, 14th,
15th, 16th as the Best Think Tank with an annual budget ofless than $5 million, Top Science and Technology Think Tank,
Best Transdisciplinary Research Think Tank, Best think Tank
Network, Best Regional Studies Centre (Free Standing) andBest Institutional Collaboration involving two or more Think
Tanks respectively.

in the 2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index; the new categories
are as a result of the slowly diminishing ecosystem which has
led to drought and famine in some parts of the world. Think
Tanks under this new category are expected to work withgovernments to come up with effective policies that will help
mitigate the effects of climate change.

Water and food security are the two new categories introduced

ATPS Ranking at a Glance
S/N

Relevant Criteria

ATPS Ranking Worldwide ATPS Ranking in Africa

1.

Best Think Tank Network

14

1

2.

Best Transdisciplinary Research Think Tank

10

1

3.

Top Science and Technology Think Tank

10

1

4.

Best Use of Internet

23

1

5.

Think Tank with annual operating budget of less than
$5 million USD

5

1

6.

Best Institutional collaboration involving two or morethink tanks

16

2

7.

Best Managed Think Tanks

22

2

8.

Most Significant Impact on Public Policy

30

2

9.

Best Regional Studies Centre (Free standing)

15

2

10.

Best Advocacy Campaign

20

3

11.

Top Global Health Policy Think Tanks

26

3

12.

Think Tank with the most Innovative Policy ideas/
proposals

31

3

13.

Top Domestic Health Policy Think Tanks

32

4

14.

Best Independent Think Tank

77

4

15.

Top international development Think Tank

46

4

16.

Top Domestic Economic Policy Think Tanks

82

5

17.

Top Think Tanks Worldwide (US and Non-US)

101

7

18.

Top Think Tanks in sub-Saharan Africa

N/A

30

Number of Think Tanks ranked in the world 2017

7,815

Number of Think Tanks in Sub-Saharan Africa

664

Number of Think Tanks ranked in Kenya

57

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STI Policy Gap

The number of Think Tanks in Africa is still low at 664 whencompared to Europe which has 2,045 Think Tanks; Asia has
1,676, North America 1,972 and Central and South America
at 979. In Africa, South Africa has 92 think tanks which is thehighest followed by Kenya (57), Nigeria (52), Ghana (40) and
Uganda (32). The number of thinks tanks in Africa is still low
Out of these, approximately 25%-30% are fragile due to thefailing hostile political and regulatory environment to NGOs,
inadequate funding and underdeveloped institutional capacity of some countries. According to James McGann, Director
Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program there is need to raiseawareness of think tanks sustainability in Africa and more ef
fort put in place to address inadequate funding and shortageof staff.
With these successes, the ATPS Board extends its gratitude to
the entire 1,500 network members and stakeholders spread
across 51 countries in 5 continents for their great support andstrategic guidance. We continue to build Africa’s capabilitiesin science, technology and innovation policy research, policymaking and policy implementation for sustainable development.

STI POLICY GAP: A BARRIER TO ECONOMIC PROGRESS
IN AFRICA

Photo: africaatlanta.org
A cross-sectional overview of Africa’s key sectors of the economy.

By Dr. Jaro Arero
Deputy Director, Basic Sciences & Engineering
Division at the Kenya National Commission for
UNESCO and a STI Policy Expert.

be central to realizing the African Union Agenda 2063 and the
UN Sustainable Development Goals. Unfortunately, most African countries do not have a functional STI policy in place,the few that have do not regularly review them to ensure they
are in tandem with the fast changing national priorities andglobal trends. Like any other policy, STI policy needs to be
championed at high levels of governments and this is also anindicator of the priority attached to it and which also comeswith funding. A desktop search shows that only 52% of Africancountries have published STI policies. Very few countries haveministries or state departments dedicated to Science, Technology and Innovation. Figure 1 below shows that 27 % of
African countries have Ministries dedicated to STI Policy while
23 % do not have a dedicated ministry nor infused in anotherministryAs global economic trends move from commodity to knowledge economy, ideas have become an
important constituent of the modern day trading
process. Ideas have replaced goods and services
and are critical factors of production for start-ups and in somecases entire economies.
In the 21st century, national economies rely on the ability
to create sustainable jobs or robust economies, capable ofwithstanding fluctuations in global markets through harnessing the power of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI);
strengthened and up to date STI frameworks and policies will

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STI Policy Gap
innovations are not taking place in Africa or Africans are notinnovative enough, the challenge emanate from weak Intellectual Property policies and poor enforcement of the existing ones. Small and micro-enterprises form the basis the continent’s economic base and also the epicenter of innovation;
however, they are made vulnerable by unawareness of their
IPR, weak enforcement of existing legislations and these exposes them to loss of their ideas. In 2013, Africa contributed
only 0.1% of patents generated.

Proportion of African Countries with Ministries Dedicatedto STI

Africa’s poor performance in research output has its genesis in
the shortage of researchers. Even of the few researchers produced by the universities in Africa, a significant number leave
the continent due to lack of infrastructure and resources. According to UNESCO Science report 2015, in 2013 Africa’s shareof researchers was 2.4 %; a ratio that has not changed since2007 when it was 2.3%. The situation is more dire when looked
at in absolute terms, the continent has just 79 scientists per
million of inhabitants compared to better performing countries such as Brazil and United States where the ratio stands at
656 and 4,500, respectively. This lack of skilled human capitalwill certainly continue to slow down the continent’s economic
take off and realizations of development goals such as the Sustainable Development Goals. It is estimated that to achieve
the goals of SDG 6 (Clean water and Affordable sanitation);
sub-Saharan Africa needs 2.5 million engineers. The bulk ofstudents in African universities are enrolled in arts and business courses, in some countries they make up to 70% of thestudent population.

STI is an enabler for economic progress and sustainable development considering all the challenges posed by population growth, diminishing wetlands, fresh water scarcity, foodinsecurity, pollution, loss of biodiversity, rising sea levels andclimate change. African countries cannot afford to continue
operating on a business as usual policy model, but need tohave a paradigm shift and harness the benefits of STI to breakout of poverty, dependence on foreign aid, export of raw agricultural produces and a work force unprepared for the jobs of
the 21st century.
Without sufficient funding of Research and Development,
countries will only be at the bottom of knowledge food chain
where they can only consume knowledge generated elsewhere. Different continents have different regional priorities
and so are their R & D priorities. Evidence-based solutions tosocietal challenges do not always work by copy pasting fromone region to another. In 2010, the percentage of GDP allocated to R&D (GERD) in Africa ranged from 0.02 to 0.79 far below
the recommended 2%. Compared to R&D investments in 2015of tech giant countries such as Israel (GERD, 4.27%) and South
Korea (GERD, 4.23%) a pattern comes out. These two countries
economically stand outs despite being both being natural
resources-scarce.

Without change in policy approach going by this current trajectory, Africa may not produce enough Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics professionals critically needed
for socio-economic transformations to knowledge economy
and sustainable society. As with other industrial revolution,
the 4th industrial revolution may also by pass Africa.

African countries still fare badly in other indicators of a strong
STI culture. There is a positive correlation between research
output and economic development. According to Elsevier, in2012, the share of the world’s articles with African authors was
2.3%, which is a significant improvement compared to 1.2%
in 1996. But considering that in 2012 population of Africa was
15% of the global population, Africa’s contribution in 2012 toknowledge generation was still disproportionately dismal.
Effective Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) laws and regulations are critical in knowledge economies, as it provides a favourable environment for creators, innovators and investors.
Using patent output to measure entrenchment of innovation
culture, Africa as a region is an underperformer. It is not that7

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LandInfo App

TRANSFORMING LIVES OF FARMERS AND SCHOLARS USING
THE LANDINFO MOBILE APP TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIADr. Ernest Acheampong (Second from Right) ATPS Senior Research Officer demonstrates to participants on how to use the
LandInfo app in the field.

By Alfred NyambaneT

he African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
conducted a Training of Trainers Workshop on the useof LandInfo Mobile App at the University of Nigeria,
Nsukka (UNN) from 28th - 29th March 2018. In attendance were Deputy Vice Chancellor Administration (UNN)Prof. Charles Igwe, Dr. Mathias Onu-Programme Manager of
Enugu State Agricultural Development Programme (ENADEP),
Prof. Michael Madukwe- ATPS National Chapter Coordinator
Nigeria, Dr. Nicholas Ozor- ATPS Executive Director, Dr. Ernest
Acheampong and Mr. Alfred Nyambane both ATPS Research
Officers. The workshop attracted more than 120 participants
who comprised of agriculture extension workers, farmers, final
year students and lecturers of University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

The LandInfo Mobile App allows users to use smart phones todetermine their land potential by assisting farmers to determine the average weather conditions of a given point and thesoil type. The app is freely available on google play store andsite specific data one can gather from the app includes: temperature, rainfall, estimated amount of water the soil can store
for plants (aridity index) and growing season length.
Dr. Mathias Onu challenged participants to train their colleagues who were not part of the training on the use of themobile app so that as many people as possible are able to get
and utilize the app to improve their agricultural production.
Participants were very excited to learn about the mobile app
and appreciated the fact that they were given the opportunity to be among the first people to be trained on how to use
the app in Enugu and in Nigeria. They vowed to support theefforts of ATPS in creating awareness about the app acrossEnugu State and Nigeria as a whole.

The Vice Chancellor of UNN Prof. Benjamin Ozumba in his
opening remarks which was read by Deputy Vice Chancellor
Administration Prof. Charles Igwe, reiterated that the university recognises the importance of technological advancementin agriculture in the actualization of its vision of creating afunctional, global competitive and research focused environment to respond to the needs of the society. He further addedthat the Faculty of Agriculture UNN, has proven to be at theforefront of technological advancement. He expressed optimism that the LandInfo mobile app will will equip the participants with knowledge to make informed decisions on land
use planning and farm management which would sustainably
increase agricultural productivity.

The training workshop was organized by the ATPS secretariat
and Nigeria Country Chapter (Led by Prof Michael Madukwe
and assisted by Remmy Ozioko) in collaboration with UNN and
ENADEP and funded by the African Development Bank.

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RECIRCULATERECIRULATE: THE ROLE OF THE AFRICAN RESEARCHER IN
DRIVING SUSTAINABLE ECO-INNOVATIONSThe African researcher has a vital role in the eco-innovation
agenda as they understand best the African challenge. Today,
out of the global research output, only 2.6% of it is contributed by the Africa researcher who also produces only 0.2% ofworldwide patents. In their efforts to produce research output
majorly in the form of publications, they have capacity to collaborate with researchers, innovators, civil society groups andgovernments within and beyond Africa. They understand thebasic challenges of their communities whether in water, food,energy or health and sanitation and can assimilate with ease
opportunities for change. The politics that play in the questionof who should drive the innovation agenda comes with theknowledge vs money vs power vs rights competition, needless to say that communicating and providing value in ecoinnovation propositions requires the involvement of all thesegroups in a responsible research and innovation setup.

A cross section of some of the participants who took part in the
RECIRCULATE Training Workshop in Accra, Ghana.

By Ruth Oriama &Dr. Akanimo Odon-Africa Strategy Advisor, Lancaster University

Therefore, the entrepreneurial challenge for Africa is not justlimited to a lack of government support, lack of foundational
infrastructure and/or a lack of seed funds, but also inadequate
business modelling. Technology and in particular leapfrog
emerging technologies such as use of smartphones, geolocalisations, biotechnology, affordable solar technologies
etc. can empower local communities exposing them to more
opportunities for growth in specific challenges as seen in theuse of local hydro-electric power grids or water purification
technologies such as LifeStraw. The adoption and diffusion ofthese technologies and the possibility of African economies tobenchmark best practices are very much possible.
While Africa’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs) act toinfluence the adoption capacities of these economies, it is evident there are cultural and economic commonalities that areforged within these regions to create more natural “regions” sothat there is a convergence of cultural, trade and investment
activities and not just a convergence of governance systems.
The African researcher and innovator could easily increase
their outreach to these regions, permitting them to not only
have a widespread research network, but also to understandand appreciate different academic and entrepreneurial environments. The French speaking West Africa for instance isunderstood to be the most interconnected region in the continent. The cultural and economic commonalities render not
only the individual communities, or countries, but the entire
region accessible to the African researcher and entrepreneur.
They are therefore called upon to start internally and growexternally, to develop a “sustainable research and innovation”
mind-set and to leverage on regional and continental institutions such as the African Technology Policy Studies Network,
the African Academy of Sciences, the African Union, Embassies and High Commissions in their countries, which exist to
facilitate the researcher and entrepreneur to develop pan-African solutions; because why be a local champion when there
is Africa to conquer?

R

ECIRCULATE (Driving eco-innovation in Africa Capacity building for a safe circular water economy),
is a GCRF funded project that seeks to support new
partnership-based approaches to enable African researchers to grow transformational impact through working
with, in and for their communities and developing robust,
durable and equitable partnerships with UK researchers. It isbased on solution focused and interdisciplinary co-designed
research. Two ATPS staff, Ms. Ruth Oriama and Mr. Alfred Nyambane attended training workshops organised by Lancaster
University, UK through its Centre for Global Eco-Innovation
to implement its project in which ATPS is Phase Two partner.
The third workshop on Entrepreneurship & Innovation held on
from 28 January–1 February 2018, for example focused on theuse of leapfrog technologies to provide eco-innovative solutions for safe and sustainable water use. Fifty eco-innovation
models will be fully sponsored for residency in Lancaster UK,
out of the programme’s objective to enable African researchers co-design ambitious eco-innovation projects.
Eco-innovation involves the provision of novel products and/or processes, which contribute to sustainable development to
the end users. The ecological or resource-efficiency of these
innovations warrants them the prefix eco. Examples of suchinnovations are replete, with social innovation models providing for numerous cases. An example in the case of water forenergy efficiency is the use of local hydro-electric grids as asustainable energy source for communities, or the use of mobile technology to alert community members when water
channels have been opened. These innovations have great
potential in making a difference in Africa as they are solution
based and they offer local employment and reinvest profit inupkeep and maintenance.

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STI

A TIME TO RELOOK ON STI POLICIES IN AFRICA

African Heads of Stateat the African Union Headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

By Justus Wanzala
Journalist and Post-graduate student, Development
StudiesT

he African continent has sought and is still seeking
solutions to challenges facing it for decades with
mixed results. These challenges range from poverty
to diseases, to inadequate infrastructure, amongst
others. Despite Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) being key to addressing the continent’s challenges, there has
been a lackadaisical approach in enacting sound and strong
policies.
In an interview with Dr. Ann Kingiri, a Senior Research Fellow at the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), she
opines that generally, there have been a political push by
governments to put right polices in place to drive the Development Agenda. “Whereas countries are putting in place STI
policies which is the underlying agenda in meeting national
needs some are still lagging behind by not prioritising the STI
agenda while some have failed to revised their current STI policies. The trend is observable through various regional levelapproaches which are in tandem with the African Union vision
2024. Research is needed to determine what is happening at
national level as some countries may not have achieved muchand can learn something from countries noting progress,” says
Dr. Kingiri.
Key component of STI policies according to Dr. Kingiri is what
STIs can achieve in driving development. This has to be linked
not only to evidence generated, but also, more crucially, to issues such as extent of policy implementation, the indicators
being used and socio-economic status of the people. Africancountries require a holistic and systemic way of assessing theimpact of STI policies on their people. This assessment should
not just be based on the linear approach such as physical infra-structure like labs or papers presented in forums but on
factors such as how STIs are providing employment.
Still she notes that African nations are grappling with the issue of research funding, a key element in driving research anddevelopment. This is despite the consensus reached in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia by African governments in 2006 to commit
at least two percent of their Gross National Product (GDP) on
research funding. Most countries in Sub Saharan Africa have
not honoured the political agreement.
Dr. Kingiri is however concerned with where resources are being directed to when it comes to funding research. Even as
countries commit themselves to fund research, these funds
are apparently being directed to multisectoral or interdisciplinary research and to funding innovations. She observes
that interdisplinary research and collaborative initiatives havea greater impact. She further adds that funds should not begiven individual researchers because they may be influenced
by their own interests.
Additionally, governments should influence and monitor
what is being done so that researchers can engage in researchthat is crucial to socio-economic developments. For STI polices in Africa to be aligned to the continent’s development
needs, certain steps are crucial. First, is capacity building initiatives involving policy makers, innovators, entrepreneurs
and curriculum developers: there is need to do away with the
misconception that innovation is just research. “All concerned
stakeholders should be involved,” she stresses. Secondly, shenotes that agenda setting in policy implementation should be10

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done by African experts. “We encourage external support but
agendas should be set in the local contest,” she advises.
Dr. Kingiri also calls for change of approach in STI policies formulation in Africa to ensure policies are holistic and systemic
rather than linear. She argues that research initiatives should
complement each other and sectors should be aligned suchthat agriculture policies are linked to ICTs or industrial ones for
instance. This will ensure STIs play its role in Africa’s development agenda. Another key aspect is to rejuvenate STI by enhancing collaboration, networking and partnership. Collaboration, she points out, is key to ensuring wide participation intackling challenges affecting the continent.
In February 2018, the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) published results calling for reform of national STI policies. The
study which sought to identify the role of STI in sustainable
development focused on specific policy measures and practical actions that African countries must individually or collectively undertake to leverage STI to achieve the SDGs. In
its examination of policy and programmatic initiatives to tap
global scientific and technological opportunities to address
sustainable development challenges of the African continent,
it indicted the continent for displaying lethargy on matters STI
as a component of development. The sad finding was that in2016 fewer than half of African

ICT
countries had adopted STI policies and countries and that do
not consider sustainable development issues holistically but
rather are focused on funding scientific research with lessemphasis on technology development, procurement and innovation. The report’s conclusion is that African countries
must improve the quality and relevance of their national STI
policy frameworks to address sustainable development. Titled Africa Beyond 2030: Leveraging Science and Innovation
to Secure Sustainable Development Goals, it peered into how
STI is essential to closing the gap between the continent and
the Global North. The report was categorical in the findingthat progress in Research and Development in Africa in thelast decade has yielded mixed results. It proposes, just like Dr
Kingiri did, harnessing STI to achieve SDGs through policy reform supported by adequate budgets, skilled personnel anda legislative monitoring and evaluation component to assess
impact.
Dr. Evelyn Namubiru-Mwaura, the AAS’ Policy and Strategy
Manager optimistically noted in a statement that followed
the release of the study that existence of the STI policies on
the Continent demonstrates political goodwill to advance thesector. She noted that governments should promote equitable distribution of STI benefits and maximise impact of theirsustainable development agendas and prom.

NATIONAL FARMERS HELPLINE IN NIGERIA ENHANCESAGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE DELIVERY THROUGH
ICTPhoto: Guardian Nigeria

A farmer harvesting potatoes from the farm.

By Prof. Michael Madukwe
National Chapter Coordinator Nigeria
Agriculture is one the highest contributors to Africa’s GDP
however according to the Rockefeller Foundation, Africa’s GDP

is slowly diminishing due to few investments in the sector. Thisis despite the fact that in 2003 during the Maputo Declaration
on Agriculture and Food Security, African Heads of State agre-11www.atpsnet.org

ICT
in terms of employing fewer but efficient agricultural managers and it will also bring global exposure to farmers and theirproduce.
The National Farmers Helpline is an innovative platform thatwill reach out to the youths with information about farming
activities and career opportunities in the agricultural sector,
bearing in mind that the current national farming population
is aging. NFH will also maintain a comprehensive information
database for stakeholders in the nation’s agricultural sector,
serve as catalyst for transforming subsistence farmers to agriculturist from small-scale to medium and large-scale farmingand help farmers acquire specific knowledge related to certain
problems and solutions hence assist them in decision making. Farmer groups can evaluate and improve their opinionforming and decision-making skills and provide a platform fortransparent distribution of farm inputs to farmers and otherstakeholders in line with government’s policy.

A section of some of the farmers and extension agents in
Nsukka, Nigeria analysing the results obtained from the
LandInfo App .
ed to invest at least ten percent of their national budget toagriculture development.
In order to transform the Agricultural sector, a lot of innovations have been developed to boost Agricultural productivity.
These advances in technology and innovation are paving way
for the creation and invention of new tools in the agricultural
sector through for instance, the development of mobile appsthat can generate information and knowledge on agricultural
production, livestock, market value and crop insurance.
The ATPS is currently outscaling the LandInfo mobile app
which is a community-driven app that produces accurate soil
and climatic information that empowers farmers, extension
agents and land-use planners in decision-making regarding
agricultural production, land use management and climate
resilience. In 2016 ATPS received the Wazo Prize during the Climate Information Prize. ATPS also successfuly outscaled theuse of the app to farmers, extension agents and agriculture
students who are in their final year at the University of Nigeria,
Nsukka Enugu State.The aim is to improve agricultural productivity in the region.
In Nigeria, the agricultural sector is using a unified ICT driven
knowledge management platform to avoid duplication of efforts and the proliferation of conflicting messages. The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Nigeria, Chief Audu
Ogbe officially commissioned the National Farmers HelpLine(NFH) as a bid to enable farmers share information which will
help boost agricultural productivity and also help solve the inability of farmers to reach extension officers. The proliferationof ICT projects aims to support extension services in agriculture. The new technology will help bridge the gap already experienced from the dwindling number of extension agents inthe national agricultural extension delivery system. It will also
bring support on climate resilience, optimization of resources

Additionally, the helpline will help farmers analyse theirpresent and expected future farming and livelihood needs
and situations, strengthen the link between agricultural development activities and the private sector, so that these organizations can provide a wide range of extension educationand technical support services such as micro-credit financing
and supply of essential inputs and increase knowledge anddevelop insight into field and policy problems, and help structure existing knowledge on such issues.
It is expected that the National Farmers Helpline will provide
real-time extension services to farmers using subject matter
specialists, link farmers to farm input agencies, provide market
information research, serve as first and second-level help desk,
provide information on farm business development and farmers’ link to markets and market resources.
The NFHL headquarters is housed at the National Agricultural
Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Its zonal hubs are situated in six coordinating Research Institutes namely: Institute of Agricultural
Research (IAR), Samaru; National Cereal Research Institute(NCRI), Badeggi; LCRI, Maiduguri; Institute of Agricultural research and training (IAR&T) Ibadan; National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike; and Nigria Instittue for Oil
Palm research (NIFOR) Benin.
The helpline provides support in following main languages in
Nigeria; English (All Zones), Pidgin English (all zones, but mainly South-South and Southeast), Hausa (North), Igbo (SouthEast) and Yoruba (Southwest).

12www.atpsnet.org

Women in STIINTERNATIONAL DAY OF WOMEN AND GIRLS IN SCIENCE

Prof. Faith Osier (Left) and his colleague in a medical laboratory.

By Sharon Anyango

T

he World recently celebrated, the International Day of
Women and Girls in Science on 11th February, 2018.
This year’s theme was “Equality and Parity in Scienceand Peace Development”. Different stakeholders converged in different parts of the World to celebrate outstanding girls and women in the field of Science, Technology andInnovation and also to discuss on the efforts needed to close
the gender gap in the field. The day is a reminder that girls andwomen have a big role to play in the field of STI and they too
need support in order to scale to new heights.
The ATPS and other stakeholders have been on the forefront
in closing the gender gap in STI. In 2015, the UN officiallylaunched the seventeen (17) Global Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) which will help it achieve Agenda 2030 for global
transformation. Goal five (5) aims to address gender equality in the world by ending all forms of discrimination against
girls and women. The ATPS Technopolicy brief No. 44 titled“Mainstreaming Gender in the National Science, Technology
and Innovation (STI) Policy of Kenya published in 2014 was
ranked 45th globally and 2nd in Sub Saharan Africa among
the Best Policy Study/Report produced by a Think Tank (20132014). The report is available online at: http://www.atpsnet.
org/Files/pb44.pdf
The number of girls/women in STEM courses is still low despite
efforts done by various institutions to encourage more girls/
women to undertake STEM. According to a report by UNESCO(2014-2016) less than 30% of researchers are women and approximately 30% female students prefer to study STEM-related
fields in the University. According to UNESCO’s Fact Sheet No.
43, Tunisia leads with the highest number of female researchers at 53.9% followed by South Africa (43.7%), Namibia (43.7),
Egypt (42.4) and Mauritius (41.9%). Togo has the numbers offemale researchers at 9.5% followed by Guinea, Congo, Ethiopia and Burundi at 9.8%, 12.8%, 13.3% and 14.6 respectively.
Some of the factors contributing to the low now number ofwomen in STEM field is that the courses are expensive, stereotypes are still associated with women who pursue STEM,
underrepresentation by women in leadership positions for
instance, in Africa many university departments and research
institutes are often led by men), lack of or ineffective genderpolicy frameworks so support career advancement for womenin STEM, as well as lack of mentors, amongst others.
However, despite these limitations there still are outstanding
women in the STEM field. Prof. Faith Osier from Kenya is leading African scientific research work in Malaria. She is optimisticthat one day she will be remembered in history as a researcher
who took part in coming up with a vaccine against malaria.
The African Union, for instance, through its strategic plan,
Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024) aims to use Science, Technology and Innovation toprovide solutions to some of the Continents pressing challenge. This means that the labour workforce needed will befrom the field of STEM. In order to close the gender gap it is13

www.atpsnet.org

Interview

important good policies are put in place so that young girls
and women can join the field of STEM so that they too canhelp realize the AU’s Agenda which is to accelerate Africa’stransition to an innovation-led, knowledge based economy.

Interview by Sharon Anyango
Prof. Faith Osier is a medical officer/research officer at Kenya Medical Research Insititute (KEMRI) and a visiting Professorof Malaria Immunology at the University of Oxford. She is expected to give a TED work in April about her research work infinding cure against Malaria disease. Prof. Osier has received many awards namely: The Royal Pfizer Award, Young African
scientist award and Merie A Sande Health Leadership Award. Her research interests are in Malaria vaccines, Immuno-epidemiology, antibodies and Plasmodium falciparum merozole.
Malaria should be simple to treat if it is diagnosed early andthe right drugs are given, at the right dosage. Major problems
arise due to delays in diagnosis which allow complications todevelop, resistance to drugs or their incorrect use. In rural settings where the burden of malaria is highest, access to healthcare facilities and the right drugs continues to be a challenge.
5. How does the immune system respond to Malaria?
The immune system recognizes malaria parasites as foreign
and immune cells secrete proteins such as antibodies andcytokines to tackle the infection. The immune response canresult in clearance of malaria parasites without any clinicalsymptoms. Unfortunately, in patients with severe malaria, theimmune system is thought to contribute to some of the complications of the disease.

Prof. Faith Osier
1. How would you best describe yourself?
I am an ambitious young African Clinician Scientist. I am alsoa wife, mother, mentor and educator who strongly believes in
empowering young Africans to take on the health challenges
facing our continent.
2. How did you develop your interest in scientific researchwork?
As a child, my mother had a friend who was a doctor and myparents encouraged me to be like her. I dreamt about being adoctor one day and finding cures to big diseases. As an adult,
my interest in science really developed while working as a junior doctor in what is now Kilifi County Hospital at the Kenyan
Coast. There, I was exposed to a brilliant team of scientists carrying out malaria research and I got hooked.
3. There are many tropical diseases in Africa; some ofthem include Dengue fever, yellow fever and Ebola virus
amongst others. Why did you decide to focus your workon Malaria?
I joined Kilifi County Hospital in 1998, 20 years ago. At thattime, malaria was a major cause of hospital admissions andI remember admitting up to five or six children with severe
malaria on a night on call to the high dependency unit. The
scientists there focused on malaria and I decided to join them.
4. Why has it been difficult to treat Malaria?

6. What are some the reasons why Malaria kills more children than adults?
In general, adults living in areas with lots of malaria will haveexperienced the infection numerous times, and their immune
systems “learn” how to cope with it. Children do not have thisexperience, which is why they succumb to the disease.
7. Is there a possibility to develop immunity against the
Malaria disease?
Absolutely! The fact that adults living in endemic areas withlots of malaria do not get ill from the disease tells us that it ispossible to become immune.
8. You have done a lot of research about Malaria, what aresome of your findings?
I have been working to understand how adults acquire immunity, so that we can transfer these “principles” to children
through vaccination. My main findings have been that adults
appear to make lots of antibodies against specific proteins of
the malaria parasite, and that these antibodies appear to work
together synergistically to clear malaria infections. We havealso identified new proteins within the malaria parasite that
could be considered for malaria vaccines.
9. Are there any precautions to prevent malaria?
Yes, there are many things that can be done to prevent malaria. The majority of these are aimed at reducing the chancesof contact with mosquitoes and include: insecticide treatedbednets, mosquito repellants, indoor residual spraying with14

www.atpsnet.org

Interview
15. Congratulations you are a recipient of the prestigious
Royal Society Pfizer Award which is recognition of yourwork and your team at KEMRI Welcome Trust on “New antigens for a multi component blood stage malaria vaccine”
Briefly tell us about the research and its outcomes
In this study we showed that there were many more parasite
proteins that had potential for inclusion in malaria vaccines
than had been previously thought. Essentially, the vaccine
development field has concentrated on just a few parasite
proteins yet we are faced with an organism that contains over
5000 proteins. We continue to uncover more proteins that appear to have potential for inclusion in malaria vaccines and in
the future would like to see more of these make their way tothe laboratory for testing.

Prof. Faith Osier and young children in Kilifi

insecticides, treatment of larval habitats for mosquitoes etc.
One can also take prophylactic drugs.
11.The world will mark, World Malaria Day on 25th April
2018 and the theme for this year is ending malaria forgood. Will this be a reality one day and what strides arebeing made to make it real?
I believe this will become a reality one day. Just as smallpox was
eradicated, polio is almost completely gone, I look forward to
the day that malaria will be relegated to history books. There
are global and national efforts to control malaria through multiple initiatives targeting vector control, improved diagnosis
and treatment, monitoring for drug resistance, vaccine development etc. Progress might appear to be slow, but if sustained, will eventually lead to lasting change.
12. What has been your experience in working in a maledominated field and what have been your major lessons?
The major lesson is to let my work speak for me and to makesure that I am exceptionally good at it. This way, I have nothing to fear.
13. What are some of the publication you have worked on?
My most highly cited publication is the one in which we
showed that the breadth and magnitude of the antibody response against specific parasite proteins was a strong predictor of immunity against malaria. In a subsequent publication,
we extended these findings to show that there were many
more parasite proteins that could be considered for malaria
vaccines. The links to some of my publications can be found
at: http://iai.asm.org/content/76/5/2240.long, http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/6/247/247ra102.long
14. Your message to upcoming researchers in the field of
STEM?
Be the best at your job. Do it with all your heart!

16. You are currently the secretary of the Federation of African Immunological Societies? What does the organization aim to do and what are its achievements so far?
I have recently stepped down as the Secretary General of FAIS
to concentrate on my duties as Vice-President/President-electof the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS).
The main purpose of FAIS is to promote immunology on the
African continent. We do this by hosting immunology conferences at the national and regional levels. We also leveragefunds for training for short courses in immunology held in conjunction with the IUIS. In 2022, for the first time in its history,
the IUIS will host the largest global immunology conferencein Cape Town, South Africa. The bid to host this meeting was
put together by the South African Association of Immunology(SAIS) in partnership with FAIS. This will be game-changing for
Africa and we are really excited and looking forward to it. We
are launching a FAIS Legacy Project that will focus on increasing the numbers of African PhD trained Immunologists.
17. Congratulations once again. You have been selected
as 2018 Ted Fellow to talk about your efforts in coming
up with a vaccine to cure malaria. What will be your main
message to the world in the event which is scheduled totake place in April?
My main message will be to remind the world that malaria is
still a major burden in Africa, that there is no room for complacency and that vaccine development efforts should remain apriority.
18. Your favourite quote?
Life is not a rehearsal, LIVE IT!
19. What should we expect from you in the future?
Three things: i) contribution to the development of a highly
effective malaria vaccine against malaria, ii) a legacy of internationally competitive African scientists that I will have had
the privilege of training or contributing to their professional
development and, iii) business investments in impoverishedmalaria endemic communities that will uplift standards of living.

15

www.atpsnet.org

National Chapter Column

PROPOSED POLICY FOR ONE STOP AGRICULTURALEXTENSION DELIVERY CENTRE IN NIGERIA

A farmer ploughing his farm.

By Prof. Michael Madukwe,
National Chapter Coordinator, Nigeria,T

he National Public Agricultural extension services delivery in Nigeria has a very low presence in the farmers’
fields. The number of agricultural extension workers
has also greatly reduced due to retrenchment, retirement, death, change of jobs without replacement, inadequate
complementary logistics support for the few remaining staff
to effectively carry out agricultural extension services, support
services to extension delivery such as access to quality inputs,
markets and marketing infrastructure, tractor hiring services,and credits are poor or inadequate.
Therefore, there is need to strengthen extension support tofarmers to enhance their capacity to increase agricultural
production and productivity. One of the policy thrust of theGovernment of Nigeria towards strengthening the national
agricultural extension system is the establishment of one-stop
agricultural extension delivery Centre in each of the 774 Local
Government Areas in the country to provide a variety of support services to farmers. The proposed One-Stop Agricultural
Extension Delivery Centre will be established by the three tiersof government on the basis of 45-35-20 percentage cost sharing and would eventually be private sector driven.
Components of the Centre
The one-stop Agricultural Extension Services Delivery Centre
is to be established on:

•
•

•
•

•

a three-hectare land in each of the 774 LGAs.
The Centre will have plots/ponds/pens to demonstrateand disseminate appropriate and proven technologies
and innovations to farmers along the value chains of key
agricultural commodities.
Host agro-dealers and their wares, mechanization facility,
a training/ ICT hub, credit institutional support, etc.
Provide training and demonstration on various value adding systems to support produce utilization and enhance
product shelf life thereby increasing food availability.
Government will provide the infrastructures and initial
key staff.

Services of the Centre
The Centre will provide farmers access to a range of services
such as: soil testing, access to high quality seeds and othermechanization services; Access to both insurance and credit
service providers, a technology demonstration and dissemination Centre where farmers will come to learn the ‘how’ oftechnology adoption and utilization as well as transformationof produce into various products to enhance uptake, marketing and consumer satisfaction.
Additionally, agro-dealers will have an opportunity to showcase their products (inputs) and demonstrate them where
necessary to farmers and other end-users. It will also serve as a
training Center for farmers and extension workers on new and16

www.atpsnet.org

National Chapter Column

A cross-section of some of the farmers and extension agents who attended the LandInfo app training in Nsukka, Enugu
State, Nigeria. In attendance was ATPS National Chapter Coordinator, Nigeria Prof. Michael Madukwe (Sitted Second fromLeft).
emerging agricultural technologies, practices and innovations
to increase agricultural production and productivity.
To facilitate effective establishment of the Centre, the Federal,
State and Local Governments are expected to contribute to
the provision of infrastructure that will enhance the smooth
operation of these Centers. The Federal Government is expected to build/renovate equip and furnish a 4-room administrative building that will accommodate offices of the Block
Extension Officer, Extension Agents, Meeting room, Store, ICT
Center and conveniences; provide one tractor, one 4-wheel
drive vehicle (Hilux) and one motorcycle for the Centre operations; and a mini-metrological station for information on
weather management and to provide technical backstoppingand oversight for operations of the Centre.
The State Government is expected to build/renovate training
hall with dwarf surrounding walls with a small room for storing
training materials like projector, still camera, public address
system, generating set, fans, chairs and tables, etc. The training hall will also serve as a shed for demonstration of value
adding technologies; Provide access road to the Centre where
necessary and bore-hole for water supply; Provide initial key
staff, One Block Extension Officer and two Extension Agents
who will serve as the key technical officers of the Centre; andattract private sector participation in the Centre’s activities.
The Local government is expected to build/ renovate appropriate building /shops for warehousing of agro-inputs by dealers; Liaise with community to secure appropriate venue, withan adjoining cultivable land of not less than 10 hectares forthe integrated Centre; and Provide the Local Agricultural Officer who will be trained to function as the administrative headof the Centre.
Sustainability
In order to ensure sustainability, the Centers will be private
sector driven with provisions for agro-input service providers across the value chains to show-case their products andservices; processors to add value to produce and marketers toprovide market information according to their various value
chains; be operated under a public, private partnership arrangement where the community will provide the land andalso ensure security of the facilities at the Center. The private
sector will fund inputs, demonstration and over time operate
the Center.

17

www.atpsnet.org

Master Class Paper

ATPS SEEKS FOR AN EXPERT TO DRAFT A MASTERCLASSPAPER ON THE THEME: “NEW APPROACHES FOR FUNDING
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN AFRICA”
By Dr Nicholas Ozor, Executive Director, ATPS &Dr Maurice Bolo, Director, Scinnovent Centre
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Science Granting Councils Initiative in sub-Saharan Africa(SGCI) is a 5-year Initiative which aims to strengthen the capacities of Science Granting Councils (SGCs) in sub-SaharanAfrica in order to support research and evidence-based policies that will contribute to economic and social development.
The Initiative is jointly funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and South
Africa’s National Research Foundation (NRF). The SGCI theme
on Networking Africa’s SGCs is being implemented by the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) in partnershipwith The Scinnovent Centre.
The SGCI convenes Annual Forums (AFs) that brings together
Africa’s Science Granting Councils (SGCs) from 15 countries
and other key stakeholders to deliberate and develop interventions in strategic areas. To facilitate sharing of lessons andgood practices, the SGCI commissions a state-of-the-art paper on topics/themes of interest for Africa’s development. The
theme for the 2018 Annual Forum is on “New Approaches for
Funding Research and Innovation in Africa”. This document
provides guidelines on the Concept for a research paper to becommissioned on the topic ahead of the Annual Forum scheduled for 5 – 7 November 2018 in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.
2.0 BACKGROUND
The role of knowledge – its generation, transfer, uptake andutilization has become a key topical issue as countries transition to the knowledge-based economy (KBE). Research andinnovation – the two methods of generating and utilizing
knowledge can only be sustained through adequate funding
and investments. Yet 37 years after the adoption of the Lagos
Plan of Action, countries have not fully complied with the commitment by the Heads of States to allocate at least 1% of theirgross domestic products (GDPs) to research and development(R&D). The low domestic funding and investments in researchand innovation in particular and in science, technology andinnovation in general has been worsened by the 2007 global
financial crisis and the 2008–2012 global recessions which resulted in reduced budgetary allocations for R&D globally. According to a recent report from the Science-Business Forum,
third United Nations Environment Assembly 2017, mobilizing
resources is a key challenge and especially for science (ATPS,2017). Given the “more internal focus” and “our own first” approaches adopted by most donor countries, African governments need to explore other approaches to upscale andsustain domestic funding and investments in research and innovation to support their economic transformations. New approaches, sources, tools and institutional arrangements haveto be explored. Studies have shown that in order to increase
the funding/financing opportunities for research and innovation under the current global financial crises and national cutbacks in research and development (R&D) budgets, new approaches and considerations must be made (Ozor, 2015 andWorld Bank, 2008).
Countries in the developed world and the newly industrializedcountries have experimented with various approaches including through institutional reforms, models and mechanisms
for funding and financing research and innovation that havedelivered some good results. For instance, the Small Business
Innovation Research Program (SBIR) is a pre-commercial procurement scheme introduced in the United States in 1982 thatmandates the use of 2.5% of the federal R&D budgets from allgovernment departments and agencies with large R&D budgets to contract R&D services from SMEs (https://www.sbir.
gov/). Similarly, the Malaysian government has established
the Cradle Fund, a unit of the Ministry of Finance that seeks tocreate an ecosystem to support a strong and innovative business building environment for technology entrepreneurs in
Malaysia (http://www.cradle.com.my/faq/). As Africa joins in
the transition to KBE, countries are reviewing their approaches- policies and procedures for funding and financing researchand innovation. These on-going reviews could benefit fromexperiences and best practices from across the world.
In order to inform the current debates, reviews and re-organization of research and innovation funding in Africa, the SGCI
wishes to commission a paper on “new approaches for funding
research and innovation in Africa” paying particular attention
on the learning experiences from good practices from acrossthe world on institutions, schemes, and mechanisms and theirpotential applicability to African countries.
3.0 CONTEXTUALIZING THE NEW APPROACHES FOR
FUNDING RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN AFRICA: DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND TYPOLOGIESIn the context of this paper, the term “new” is context-specific and takes both a spatial and temporal meaning. In otherwords, an approach is considered “new” if it has not been used
before in a particular place/locality (the spatial dimension) or
if it has been introduced in the same locality but at a different
time frame (temporal dimension). The different timeframes
may reflect different thinking, different actors, different governance structures and therefore same policy approaches and18

www.atpsnet.org

Master Class Paper

mechanisms could have different outcomes even in the same
locality.
The term “approaches” refers to the broad ways and meansof dealing with the funding or financing challenges for research and innovation. These include the funding/financing
schemes and models on one hand (higher level) and the funding/financing mechanisms on the other hand (lower level).
Funding/financing schemes and models include but notlimited to public sector funding from government as well asprivate and philanthropic organizations. Governments predominantly use either direct funding in the form of grants
and subsidies or indirect funding in the form of tax incentives,
soft loans and other fiscal policies. For instance, the National
Research Foundation (NRF, South Africa) and the National
Research Fund (NRF, Kenya) have instituted functional STI research grants schemes while countries such as Ghana, Rwanda
and Nigeria are in various stages of establishing their own national research funding schemes. The private sector use debt
financing, venture capitalism, angel financing amongst othermeasures. Beyond these well-known examples, there are other emerging models such as crowd-funding, co-investments
and IP-based funding models.
Funding/financing mechanisms refer to the various channels of delivery as well as the accompanying eligibility, selection and accountability processes. While competitive grants
schemes, awards, contracts or block funds constitute tried andtested mechanisms, some countries have experimented withnovel approaches such as “innovation vouchers”, soft-loans,
etc.
Institutional arrangements refer to the policies, rules, laws,
regulations, procedures, frameworks, processes, habits andpractices that facilitate and underpin the implementation of
the funding/financing schemes and mechanisms. There are
a number of on-going policy initiatives at the national levels
aimed at reviewing existing STI policies and strategies to incorporate better funding arrangements for research and innovation. These new developments are laudable and need tobe supported, scaled and sustained. For example, Namibia iscurrently reviewing their STI policy with a view to creating astand-alone innovation policy; Mozambique is reviewing bothits STI policy to incorporate the private sector and its manualon funding norms and procedures; Rwanda is in the processof reviewing its 2005 STI policy (STIP) while at the same timedeveloping its national research funding strategies. Uganda isreviewing its 1990 law following the creation of the new Ministry of Science and Technology. These policy and institutional
reforms constitute an opportunity for the Councils to learn
and integrate lessons and experiences into their overall approaches for funding and financing research and innovationin their respective countries. On a global scale, the Belmont
Forum for example has announced its interest and commitm-

ent towards the funding of STI in Africa especially in partnership with the national and regional governments so as to spur
local ownership and action.
In the context of the foregoing, the issues to be addressed in
the commissioned paper could include (but not limited to):1. New funding/ financing schemes/models: This includes
an understanding of the schemes and models used forfunding research and innovation by governments, philanthropists and financial institutions and its potential applicability in African countries. Case studies, lessons, andkey political economy conditions may be used to provide
insights and deepen the understanding, practicality andapplicability of such schemes and models.
2. New funding/ financing mechanisms: This includes an understanding of the pathways through which the schemes
and models described above have been or can be implemented. Specific case studies and experiences with suchmechanisms will be of interest.
3. New institutional arrangements: This includes institutions that enable or hinder the implementation of theschemes/models and mechanisms. Reforms should be
discussed in the context of existing STI policies in Africa
as well as on-going policy reviews. Discussions may also
include the features of the prevailing approaches, political economy aspects and the monitoring and evaluationof such policies and institutional arrangements
4.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE
In line with the above descriptions and expectations, the commissioned paper could explore the following questions:
1. What are the new and innovative funding approaches(schemes, models and mechanisms) that have been applied across the world and what lessons could be drawn
for African countries.
2. What factors facilitate or constrain the implementation of
the funding approaches and how have/can the gains beenhanced or the challenges resolved?
3. What institutional reforms accompanied the new approaches and how could Africa re-position its own institutional architecture for enhanced research and innovation
funding?
The questions above notwithstanding, authors are expected
to frame more questions that will help in the understanding of
the theme of the masterclass - New Approaches for Funding
Research and Innovation in Africa based on their wealth ofexperience and expertise.
4.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS
a. Approach for delivering the commissioned paper
Interested authors will be invited to propose a methodology/
approach for delivering the paper. Such methodology or approach could draw from primary data, secondary data, as wellas insights and experiences of practitioners and other experts.

19www.atpsnet.org

Master Class Paper

b. Expected Outputs
In addition to the final masterclass paper which will be presented at the 2018 Annual Forum scheduled for 5-7 November 2018 in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, the authors are expected
to produce a high-quality article that will be published in aninternational peer-reviewed journal and a policy brief.
4.2 PROCESS AND TIMELINE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
THE OUTPUTS•An Expression of Interest and detailed CV(s) of potential
author(s)•An annotated outline of the paper with a detailed work
plan•
Draft paper that will be submitted at various stages forreviews by the ATPS/Scinnovent Centre team after the authors have been selected•
Final paper that will be revised after presentation during
the Annual Forum•
A draft article for publication in an international peer-reviewed journal to be submitted for reviews by the ATPS/
Scinnovent Centre team•
One draft policy brief emanating from the paper to besubmitted for reviews by the ATPS/Scinnovent Centre
team
Timelines for the Development of the Masterclass Paper
S/N Deliverables

Timeframe1.

Selection and Contracting ofauthors

15 June 2018

2.

Submission of the 1st draft paper 15 August 20183.

Submission of the 2nd draft
paper

4.

Presentation of the paper during November 2018the 2018 AF

5.

Submission of the final paper

February 20196.

Submission of draft article forpublication in a peer-reviewed
journalFebruary 20197.

Submission of the final version of March 2019
article for the paper

8.

Submission of 1 Policy Brief

not exceed one page of an A4 paper, single spacing, font typeTimes New Roman, font size- 11. The CVs should demonstratestrong experience from previous related assignments andpublications on new approaches for funding research and innovation especially in Africa. The Annotated Table of Content
should be clearly written with proposed chapters, sections
and subsections as the case may be. The Work Plan shouldalign with the deliverables and timeframe already identified
under Section 4.2 above.
4.4 BUDGET
A maximum budget of up to US$27,000.00 has been marked
for this assignment. A team effort in the production of themasterclass paper is highly recommended especially if coming from different regions of the world with Africa inclusive.
We shall also cover the travel expenses for the main author
to present the paper during the SGCI Annual Forum event
scheduled for November 2018 in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. It is arequirement that the main author of the paper will have to
be available to present the paper during the annual forum
event.
4.5 ATPS/SCINNOVENT CENTRE INPUT TO THE PROCESS
1. Provide relevant documents to the researcher as may berequired; and2. Review all drafts of the papers and make recommendations for improving the paper on a continuous basis.
5.0 REFERENCES
1. African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) (2017)
Technopolicy Newsletter Issue 011, ATPS Publications
2. Ozor, Nicholas (2015) Increasing Opportunities for Financing of Research: Lessons for the Demand Side. Paper
presented during an international symposium organizedon the theme: “New science, technology and innovation
funding mechanisms in Africa” and held from 9-11 December in Dakar, Senegal.
3. World Bank Group (2008) New Ways to Finance Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Available at:http://econ.
worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/0,,contentM
DK:21678510~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSit
ePK:469372,00.html

15 September
2018

February 2019

4.3 SUBMISSION OF EXPRESSION OF INTEREST, DETAILEDCV OF POTENTIAL AUTHOR, ANNOTATED TABLE OF CONTENT AND WORK PLAN
The deadline for submission of the Expression of Interest, Detailed CV(s), Annotated Table of Content, and Work plan is onor before Friday, 8 June 2018 by 6:00 pm East African Time.
All submissions should be sent to: executivedirector@atpsnet.org and copied to info@scinnovent.org Submissions
received after this deadline may not be considered. The successful candidate will be notified within one week after thedeadline. Please note that the Expression of Interest should20

www.atpsnet.org

Opportunities

OPPORTUNITIES/EVENTS
Regional Climate Change Dialogue and Training Workshop
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) in partnership with the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Africa
Centre, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (OSS), AGRHYMETRegional Centre (ARC), and the Regional Centre for Mapping Resource for Development (RCMRD) will host a regional
climate change dialogue and training workshop in Nairobi, Kenya. The workshop is being held under the project, “Bridging
Climate Information Gaps to Strengthen Capacities for Climate Informed Decision-Making” .The project aims to reduce
vulnerability and foster a food‐secure Africa by strengthening the capacities of African countries’ to understand and deploy
appropriate climate information and best practices to inform decision-making and support development planning. The
project is currently being implemnted in five countries namely: Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tunisia.
DATE: June 25-27, 2018
VENUE: Nairobi, Kenya.
For more information please visit ATPS Website: https://atpsnet.org/

MERCK Accelarator Nairobi Satellite Program for Early Start-Ups
Are you an early stage start-up based in East Africa? Are you working at the cutting edge of innovation and would like to run
a collaboration project with Merck to solve real-life problems? Is your startup innovation related to Healthcare, Life Sciences,
Performance Materials, and Performance Materials and our innovation focus areas? If your answer is yes then apply for thisgreat opportunity and stand a chance to win a $3,000 cash prize & Fully Funded to Merck Innovation Center in Germany.
ELIGIBILITY:•
Early stage startups with no more than 4 years in existence.
•Startups in the fields of Healthcare, Life Sciences, Performance Materials and other search fields such as Biosensing andInterfaces, and Precision Farming.
•
Startups with at least 2 co-founders.
•Founders that are available on May 15-18 to attend the bootcamp in Naiorbi, Kenya, if selected.
APPLICATION DEADLINE: May 5, 2018
For more information, please visit: https://www.opportunitiesforafricans.com/merck-accelerator-nairobi-satellite-program2018-early-stage-start-ups-from-east-africa/21

www.atpsnet.org

Photo Gallery

RECIRCULATETRAINING
WORKSHOP
INPrize
GHANA
PHOTO GALLERY- Climate
Information
2016

Prof. Nigel Paul (Left), Director Centre for Global Eco-InnovationLancaster University congratulates ATPS Research
Officer Mr. Alfred Nyambane (Right) for completing the
RECIRCULATE Training Workshop.

Aerial View: Participants at one of the RECIRCULATE Training Workshop.

Break-Out Sessions: Participants in different groups
discuss different themes related to the RECIRCULATE
project.

Selfie Moments: Dr. Akanimo Odon, Africa Strategy
Advisor Lancaster University takes a photo with someparticipants during the RECIRCULATE workshop.

Prof. Nigel Paul, Director Centre for Global Eco-Innovation Lancaster University giving insights about the
RECIRCULATE Project.

Dr. Akanimo Odon, Africa Strategy Advisor-Lancaster University listens to a participant sharing his thoughts in oneof the training sessions of the RECIRCULATE Project.

22

www.atpsnet.org

Photo Gallery

LANDINFO APP TRAINING IN NIGERIA

A cross-section of some of the participants who took partin the LandInfo mobile app training workshop in Enugu,
Nigeria.

Mr. Alfred Nyambane (Left) ATPS Research Officer assists
participants on the step by step guide of using the LandInfo
app on their phone.

(ATPS
Executive
Director)guests
demonstrates
Dr. Nicholas
NicholasOzor
Ozor
among
key invitedattopartipants
on
how
to
use
the
LandInfo
mobileapp.
the event.

Dr. Ernest Acheampong, ATPS Senior Researcher guides
participants through the practical sessions on the use of
the LandInfo mobile app.

Participants use the slope metre which is available on the
LandInfo app to measure the slope of the land.

Participants analysing data they have gathered from the
LandInfo mobile app.

23

www.atpsnet.org

ATPS National Chapter Coordinators

ATPS NATIONAL CHAPTER COORDINATORS

Australia
Mr. David Doepel
Chair, Africa Research Group, Murdoch
University
90 South Street
MurdochWestern Australia 6150
Tel: +61418912287
Email: d.doepel@murdoch.edu.au
Benin
Dr. Roch L. Mongbo
Senior Lecturer & Researcher
Director of LADyD (Lab for Social
Dynamics and Development Studies)
Universite’ d’Abomey-Calavi,Benin
02 BP 778 Gbe’gamey
Cotonou, Benin
Tel: +229-21360126
Cell : +229-95966446 / 97374797
Email: rmongbo@intnet.bj or
Rochl_mongbo@yahoo.com
Botswana
Dr. John Mothibi
Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering &Technology
University of Botswana
P/Bag 0061
Gaborone, Botswana
Tel: +267 3554348
Fax: +267 3952309
E-mail: mothibij@mopipi.ub.bw
Burkina Faso
Dr. Benoit Kabore
Université de Ouagadougou
01 BP 4487
Ouagadougou 01
Burkina Faso
Tel: 226 812008/380715
Email: benkabor2003@yahoo.fr

Cameroon
Prof. Sylvester Ndeso Atanga
Senior Visiting Lecturer, Epidemology &Public HealthFaculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63
South West Province
Republic of Cameroon
Tel: + 237-653774599/ 243094176
Cell: +237-99841433
Email: silawrence2011@gmail.com
or ndesoatpscamnet@
rocketmail.com

Cote d’Ivore
Prof. Arsène Kouadio,
Associate Professor, University of
Abidjan-Cocody ; Researcher, CIRES
Director, Laboratoire de croissance
Economique
Executive Director, Institut pour leDéveloppement (IPD),
Coordinator, ATPS Côe d’Ivoire,
Coordinator, RIA Côte d’Ivoire,
Fellow Researcher, AERC, Poverty
Economic Policy (PEP),
Cocody, Boulelevard Latrille
08 B.P. 1295 Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire
Tel : +225 22 44 60 99
Fax: +225 22 48 82 84
Mobile : +225 07 98 46 80 /05 95 97 91
E-mail: arsene.k@ipd-ci.org
arsenekk@yahoo.fr
arsenekouadio@hotmail.com
Egypt
Ms. Manal Moustafa Samra
Focal Point Coordinator
45 Noubar Street, Bab El-Louk
8th Floor, Apt 29,Cairo
Egypt
Tel: +20105005284
Email: mmsamra@gmail.com

Ethiopia
Mr. Wondwossen Belete,
Ag. National Coordinator
Director of Intellectual Property
Protection and Technology Transfer,
Ethiopian Industrial Property
Organization (EIPO)
Email: wondwossenbel@yahoo.com
GambiaVacantGhana
Dr. Fred Amu-Mensah
Senior Research Scientist
CSIR Water Research Institute
P.O. Box M.32
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-24-4748197
Fax: +233 21 77 7170
Email: assabil@aim.com orobeyie@gmail.com

24

Kenya
Mr. Kenneth Williams Aduda
Senior Research Fellow
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University
P.O. Box 201 - 40601
Bondo, Kenya
Tel: +254 057 - 2501804
Fax: +254 057 - 2523851
Email: adudakenwo@gmail.com
Lesotho
Mr. Denis Sekoja Phakisi
Acting National Coordinator
Manufacturing Manager
Loti Brick
P.O. Box 8008, Maseru 100, Lesotho
Tel: +266 5885 3389
Fax: +266 22310071
Email: ds.phakisi@lycos.com
Liberia
Dr. Wollor Emmanuel Topor
National Coordinator
Acting Dean
College of Science and Technology
University of Liberia
Tel: + 231-6875802
Email: wollortopor@yahoo.com
Malawi
Kingdom M. Kwapata
Bunda College, P.O. Box 219,
Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 999195477
E-mail: kwapata@yahoo.com
Mali
Dr. Sidiki Gabriel Dembele
Agrochimie/Agroforesterie et Fertilitédes sols
Bureau Ouest-Africain d’Appui
Organisational et de Technologies
Appropiées
B.P. E 3730, Bamako, Mali
Tél. : (223) 226 2012
Fax : (223) 226 2504
Cell : (223) 71 3806
Email: sidikigabriel@hotmail.com orousmanenia2000@yahoo.fr
MoroccoProf. Saïd Boujraf
National Coordinator
Director of the Clinical Neuroscience
Laboratory
Department of Biophysics and Clinical
MRI Methods

www.atpsnet.org

ATPS National Chapter Coordinators

ATPS NATIONAL CHAPTER COORDINATORS

Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Fez
BP. 1893; Km 2.200, Sidi Hrazem Road,Fez 30000, MoroccoTel: +212 667 780 442
Fax: +212 535 619 321
E-mail: sboujraf@gmail.com

MozambiqueEng. Lourino Alberto Chemane
ICT and Planning Advisor
Executive Secretariat, ICT Policy
Commission
Bairro da Coop
Rua Particular Dr. Antonio de Almeida
61 R/C Direito, Maputo
MozambiqueTel: +258 21 309398
Fax: +258 21 302289
Cell : +258 82 3110700
Email: chemane@infopol.gov.mz
Namibia
Surveyor Uzochukwu Okafor
Surveyor- General
Directorate of Survey and Mapping
Ministry of Land Reform
Tel: +264(0)2965036
Mobile: +264811223311
Email: uzo.okafor@mlr.gov.na
NigeriaProf. Michael C. Madukwe
Professor, Department of Agricultural
Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State
Nigeria
Tel: +234 42 771019
Fax: +234 42 771500
Cell: +234 803 700 6968
Email: madukwe@hotmail.com or
madukwemichael@yahoo.com
Prof. Femi Olokesusi
Nigerian Institute for Social andEconomic Research (NISER)
P.M.B 5 UI Post Office
Oyo Road, Ojoo, Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: 234-8023322052/ 8073132917
Fax: +234 2 2413121
Email: femioloke@yahoo.com
RwandaDr. Marie-Christine Gasingirwa,
Director General, Science, Technology
and Research,

Ministry of Education, Rwanda.
Email: cgasingirwa@mineduc.gov.rw

Sierra Leone
Mr. Chris Squire
Head, Dept of Mechanical Engineering
Fourah Bay College
University of Sierra Leone
Mount Auroel
PMB Freetown Sierra Leone
Tel: +232 22 227831
Fax: +232 22 227453
Cell: +232 76 610600
Email: squirechris15@yahoo.com

P.O. Box 4302,
Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania.
Email: hmshinda@costech.or.tz
United Kingdom
Mrs. Martha Ada Ugwu
National Coordinator
59 Highgrove Road
Walderslade, Chatham
Kent, ME5 7SF, UK
Tel: +4401634310389/07985476289
Email: Martha.ugwu@yahoo.co.uk
or Martha@ugwu.fsworld.co.uk

UgandaSenegalEng. John Okuonzi
Dr. Papa Alioune Sarr Ndiaye
National Coordinator
ESP BP 15475 DAKAR Fann
Kyambogo University
SénégalFaculty of Engineering, Department of
Tél : Bureau (221) 864 54 18
Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Fax : (221) 864 21 43
P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, kampala, uganda
Domicile (221) 820 23 88
Tel: +256 782 353034
Cellulaire (221) 634 58 88
Email: jokuonzi@kyu.ac.ug or
Email : papaas.ndiaye@ucad.edu.sn or okuonzijohnie@yahoo.com
papealiounen@yahoo.fr
United States of America.
South Africa
Dr. Anthony C Ikeme
Professor Mark Swilling
National Coordinator
Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, President & CEO
Matieland, 7602, South Africa
Clintriad Pharma Services
Cell: +27(0)83-459 7417
102 Pickering Way, Suite 200
Tel: +27(0)21-881 3196
Exton, PA 19341
Fax: +27(0)21 - 881 3294
Tel: 484.753.3405
Email: swilling@sun.ac.za
Cell: 215.380.9920
Fax: 610.384.5455
Sudan
Email: aikeme@clintriad.com
Mrs. Nadia Hassan Sidahmed
Economic Studies Department
ZambiaIndustrial Research & Consultancy
Ms Lilian ZULU
Centre (IRCC) Sudan
Coordinator, Centre for Energy
Tel: +249 911449106
Environment and Engineering Zambia
Email: nadiahsh@yahoo.co.uk(CEEEZ) Ltd, 176 Parirenyatwa Road
Suite B. Fairview, P/B E721
Swaziland
Lusaka, Zambia
Prof. Musa Dube
Tel/Fax: +260 211 223118
Senior Lecturer
Email: ceeez@zamnet.zm or
Faculty of Agriculture
lmunyeka@yahoo.com
University of Swaziland
Luyengo Campus
Zimbabwe
P. O. Luyengo, Swaziland
Mr. Benson Zwizwai
Email: madube@uniswa.sz
Economics Department, Universityof Zimbabwe
Tanzania
P. O. Box 880 Harare, Zimbabwe
Dr. Hassan Mshinda
Tel: +263 772494902
Director General
Fax: +263 4 333345
Tanzania Commission for Science
Cell: +263 912245614
and Technology
Email: bmutzwizwai@yahoo.com

25African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
8th Floor, Chancery Building, Valley Road
P.O. Box 10081-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20271 4092; Fax: +254 20 2714028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Url: http://www.atpsnet.org
Skype: ATPS Network

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