Prepared by:
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
Office of the Secretary, United States Department of Health and Human Services
healthit.gov

2020-2025

Federal Health IT

Strategic Plan
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENTTABLE OF CONTENTS
Letter from the National Coordinator .......................................................................... 3
Federal Health IT Vision and Mission ........................................................................... 5Federal Health Principles ............................................................................................. 5
Strategic Plan Framework ............................................................................................ 6
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7
How Health IT is Used ...................................................................................................................... 7
The Federal Government’s Role in Health IT ..................................................................................... 7

Challenges in Healthcare.............................................................................................. 8
Increasing Healthcare Spending........................................................................................................ 8
Poor Health Outcomes ..................................................................................................................... 8
Increasing Rates of Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders ....................................................... 9
Access to Care .................................................................................................................................. 9
Access to Technology ....................................................................................................................... 9

Opportunities in a Digital Health System.................................................................... 10
Patient Empowerment ................................................................................................................... 10
Movement to Value-Based Care ..................................................................................................... 10
Achieving Interoperability .............................................................................................................. 11
New Technologies and Available Data ............................................................................................ 11
Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden............................................................................ 12
Privacy of Health Information ........................................................................................................ 12
Security of Health Information ....................................................................................................... 12

Goals, Objectives, and Strategies ............................................................................... 13
Goal 1: Promote Health and Wellness ............................................................................................ 13
Goal 2: Enhance the Delivery and Experience of Care ..................................................................... 15
Goal 3: Build a Secure, Data-Driven Ecosystem to Accelerate Research and Innovation .................. 17
Goal 4: Connect Healthcare and Health Data through an Interoperable Health IT Infrastructure .... 18

Appendix A. About this Strategic Plan ........................................................................ 21
Appendix B. Measuring and Communicating Progress ................................................ 22
Appendix C. Federal Contributors .............................................................................. 23
Appendix D. List of Acronyms .................................................................................... 24
References ................................................................................................................. 25

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Letter from the National Coordinator
In our everyday routines, we rely on rapidly advancing technology to do a lot for us. From shopping for
groceries, to requesting transportation, or managing our finances, we have come a long way since thedawn of the internet and mobile devices. However, one industry that has not quite caught up is
healthcare. While individuals have access to an abundance of information and can use technology in otherareas to interact with data in so many innovative ways, as patients they cannot access their healthinformation when and where they need it. In today’s digital world, patients’ right to control their healthmust include the right to access and control their health information. Most healthcare providers andhealth systems now use electronic health records (EHRs), but information captured in these systems often
remains inaccessible to patients, caregivers, andhealthcare providers across different settings. All
stakeholders in the healthcare sector will benefit
from a fully connected health system that empowers
patients, caregivers, and their healthcare providers
to use and share electronic health information.

In today’s digital world,
patients’ right to control
their health must include
the right to access andcontrol their healthinformation

Thanks to provisions enacted by Congress, the U.S.
Government is working to bring more robust healthinformation into patients’ hands and ensure thattechnology and smartphone applications (apps) will
help them better manage their health and enable
them to shop for care. The digitization of the nation’s
healthcare system has resulted in greater
accessibility of health information to patients andcaregivers. Yet, the system’s transformation ishindered by entrenched interests looking to prohibit access to that information. We in the Office of the
National Coordinator of Health Information Technology (ONC), along with our partners across the federal
government, strive to promote a health information technology (health IT) economy that increases
transparency, competition, and consumer choice, while also seeking to protect the privacy and securityof individuals’ health information. These efforts include coordinated investments, standards and policies
for secure, standards-based application programming interfaces (APIs), and user-focused technologies.

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This Plan is deliberately
outcomes-driven, withgoals focused on meetingthe needs of individuals,
caregivers, healthcare
providers, payers,
researchers, developers,
and innovators.
With this 2020-2025 Federal Health IT Strategic Plan (Plan), federal partners will continue to play a role inensuring that patients get access to their electronic health information and have the full transparency thatthey need to shop for care. The Plan will decrease provider burden and open up entirely new businessmodels throughout the health app economy. This Plan is deliberately outcomes-driven, with goals focusedon meeting the needs of individuals, populations, caregivers, healthcare providers, payers, researchers,
developers, and innovators.
The federal government and private sector have worked together to help digitize health information andhealthcare. Yet, much work remains to make sure patients and caregivers have access to information theyvalue and can use. With this Plan, the federal government demonstrates its ongoing coordinated focus oninteroperability of health information. It emphasizes product and price transparency, allowing individuals
to select the technology or app they wish to use to access their information and control its movement.
ONC, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and their federal partners have taken and willcontinue to take major steps to make healthcare more transparent, accountable, and accessible, while
preserving the patient-provider relationship.
From mobile apps to automation and machine learning—the future of healthcare is promising.

Donald W. Rucker, M.D.
National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology

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Federal Health IT Vision and Mission

Federal Health Principles
Through this federal health IT strategy, the government strives to:

Focus on value.

Promote and pursue activities that improve healthand care quality, efficiency, safety, affordability,
equity, effectiveness, and access.

Put individuals first.

Embrace person-centered care that values thewhole individual, including their goals, values,
culture, and privacy.

Build a culture of secureaccess to healthinformation.

Support secure health information access,exchange, and use by individuals, caregivers,
healthcare providers, and other stakeholders.

Put research into action.

Strengthen feedback loops between scientific andhealthcare communities to efficiently translate
evidence into clinical practice and improvement.

Encourage innovationand competition.

Support and protect innovation and competition in
health IT that result in new solutions and businessmodels for better care and improved outcomes.

Be a responsible steward.

Develop health IT policies through open,transparent, and accountable processes; use
federal resources judiciously; and, when possible,
rely on the private sector.

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Strategic Plan Framework
This Plan includes four overarching goals, each of which includes specific objectives. Taken together,
these should not be viewed as sequential, but as interdependent with a collective purpose of improving
the health of individuals, families, and communities.

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Introduction
Health IT refers to the use of information and communication technologies in caring for patients, tracking
diseases and protecting public health, conducting research, and improving the health of individuals andpopulations. i It is a foundational component of healthcare in the United States and is critical to improving
our health system. Health IT has moved from being one tool in the healthcare toolbox to an integral
component of healthcare delivery. As of 2017, 80 percent of physician offices and 96 percent of acutecare hospitals use ONC-certified health IT. ii Information exchange among healthcare providers, patients,and organizations using health IT is also increasing rapidly. As a result of new technologies, the volume ofelectronic health information being generated each day has never been greater.
With the use of health IT rapidly advancing, it is essential for the federal government to continue to ensure
health IT and electronic health information are accessible to patients and are used appropriately to
improve healthcare decision making and health outcomes.

How Health IT is Used
Health IT is used in a variety of ways to help deliver care and improve health outcomes. Individual patients
can use health IT (e.g., patient portals and patient-facing apps) to access their health information, trackand manage treatment of their health conditions, and interact with healthcare providers. When available,
they can also assess quality and cost information to make informed decisions about where to seek care.
Healthcare providers and healthcare organizations can use health IT to input and reference their patients’
health information to make clinical decisions, create care plans, exchange health information with otherclinicians and care settings, assess the overall health of their patient populations, and engage in quality
improvement and population health management activities.
Public health workers, researchers, and community-based organizations increasingly use health IT outsideof the care setting to assess health and healthcare quality across different individuals and populations sothey can address health and related social disparities, lower costs, and improve outcomes. This often
entails using health IT to exchange health information for population health activities and to collect dataon reportable conditions to prevent and stop disease outbreaks.
While also engaging in the above activities, health plans use health IT to track member health status andcost and engage in care management activities.

The Federal Government’s Role in Health IT
Federal agencies are purchasers, regulators,
developers, and users of health IT. Health IT
supports activities that help federal agencies
carry out their missions and serve the nation
every day. These activities include using EHRs,
data systems, and other health IT to conduct
public health surveillance and research, directly
provide healthcare services to patients, andadminister government coverage programs suchas Medicare and Medicaid.
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In addition, federal agencies play a role infostering a culture of privacy and securityof individuals’ health information amongdevelopers and users of health IT,
protecting competition and innovation,and providing funding to conduct research on the use
and expansion of health IT. Agencies may also provide
grant funding and technical assistance to acquire,
upgrade, and deploy health IT.

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Challenges in Healthcare
There are many challenges in the healthcare environment that must be considered when developing andimplementing strategies to advance use of health IT. For instance, continued growth in healthcare
spending may deprioritize investments in health IT development, purchasing, and deployment.
Additionally, expanded reliance on health IT can potentially exacerbate health disparities at the individual
and population levels due to unequal access to and use of technology among certain populations. For
example, while personalized health information apps may help smartphone users manage their health,people without access to smartphones will not experience this benefit. In contrast to these challenges,
the use of health IT also provides
opportunities to address or mitigate somechallenges, especially those related to poor
health outcomes and access to care. For
example, telehealth capabilities could bringnew services to rural populations with ashortage of healthcare providers.

Increasing Healthcare Spending
National health expenditures were about$3.5 trillion in 2017 and are projected toreach more than $5.3 trillion by 2025, withannual increases averaging about 5.4
percent. As in previous years, this increase is
projected to significantly outpace growth inthe overall economy as healthcare willcontinue to account for a larger and larger
portion of gross domestic product. iii
Major factors driving projected increases inhealthcare spending include population
growth and aging of the U.S. population. iv Older adults often have complex healthcare needs that may
require expensive, ongoing care. The aging of the population will continue to result in higher healthcare
spending, especially in Medicare and Medicaid programs. v

Poor Health Outcomes
While healthcare spending is increasing, health outcomes are not significantly improving. Compared toother high-income countries, the United States has a high rate of disease burden and worse mortality
rates, largely due to greater prevalence of chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. vi
Disparities in health outcomes remain significant, with racial and ethnic minorities having higher rates ofchronic conditions and worse outcomes overall. vii Remarkably, the U.S. life expectancy decreased
between 2016 and 2017 for the first time in decades. viii,ix

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Increasing Rates of Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders
Increasing rates of mental illness and substance use disorders are major contributors to decreased life
expectancy in the U.S. Rates of depression and suicide are increasing, and overdoses from opioids andother drugs and alcohol-related deaths continue to rise. x Rural communities, which often face challenges
accessing health services, are especially affected by mental illness and substance use. xi

Access to Care
Health insurance coverage is a significant determinant of access to healthcare. xii As health insurance
premiums continue to increase, so does the rate of uninsured individuals in the U.S. xiii,xiv Being uninsured
increases the likelihood that people will avoid care and face financial hardships when care is received. xv It
can also lead to higher uncompensated spending as healthcare providers take on extra costs to treat
uninsured patients who are unable to pay for their care out of pocket. xvi
Even among Americans with health insurance, access to care can be a challenge due to lack ofaffordability. xvii The insured may face significant out-of-pocket spending from deductibles, co-pays, andunknowing use of out-of-network healthcare providers. Access can also be limited by a lack of available
healthcare providers within an insurer’s network. In addition, barriers to entry and impediments tocompetition in healthcare can exacerbate access problems by increasing prices associated with products
and services. xviii

Access to Technology
Access to technology remains a challenge in the United States despite significant strides made inincreasing broadband internet access in recent years. While more than 93 percent of the U.S. population
lives in an area with both high speed internet and high-speed Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile service xix
and 90 percent of Americans use the internet, xx more than one quarter of Americans do not havebroadband internet access at home. xxi
Minority, low income, tribal, and rural populations are less likely to have broadband internet service athome than others. xxii Lack of access to broadband-dependent technology and health information madeavailable through technology can further exacerbate existing health disparities by creating a barrier to therange of technologies that support cost-effective and high-quality care. xxiii
Even when patients and caregivers can access health information electronically, they may have low levelsof health literacy and may not understand what the information means. This is a significant challenge for
improving patient health, especially as individuals are increasingly being expected to take a greater rolein managing their own health and care.

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Opportunities in a Digital Health System
In addition to addressing challenges in healthcare and technology, strategies to advance the use of healthIT must consider the current state of healthcare, as well as trends in technology development and use.
These considerations, which are influenced byboth regulatory and cultural shifts in the U.S.
healthcare system, should be reflected in all
federal health IT goals, objectives, and strategies.

Patient Empowerment
Healthcare continues to move in the direction of
person-centered care. This more active role forpatients includes responsibilities such as
improving healthy behaviors, self-managementof chronic conditions, and engaging in shareddecision-making with healthcare providers. As aresult of health IT, individuals now have greater
opportunity to review quality and cost
information to make more informed decisions on
where to seek care for themselves and theirfamilies.
Patient access to their health data is a key
component of these activities. Policies promoting
use of application programming interfaces (APIs),
including regulations that will implement certain
provisions of the 21st Century Cures Act, will drive
the development of health apps that provide
access to and use of data in EHRs. HHS is
encouraging payers and healthcare organizations
to make price information available throughregulations and policies, and the Federal Trade
Commission ensures that health IT companies
comply with antitrust laws to promote andprotect competition. In addition, the Office for Civil Rights has announced its Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPAA) right of access enforcement initiative earlier this year and brought its first
enforcement action on the HIPAA right of access in September 2019. xxiv The combination of these factors
helps to support person-centered care.

Movement to Value-Based Care
The U.S. healthcare system’s continued progress toward value-based care, in which payment is linked tosome measure of performance and patient outcomes, connects with the growing emphasis on patient
empowerment. In 2018, approximately 61 percent of public and private healthcare spending was part ofa value-based payment or pay-for-performance model, up from 38 percent in 2015. xxv,xxvi This movement
is likely to continue and perhaps accelerate due to the projected increases in healthcare spending.
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The shift to value-based care has resulted in new incentives for healthcare providers to improve quality
and patient outcomes. These shifting incentives place greater importance on addressing social
determinants of health and patient health behaviors, and engaging in preventive care, population healthmanagement, and disease management. Healthcare provider success in value-based payment models is
contingent upon access to robust data that allows them to better understand the needs of their patients,
stratify their patients by risk, engage in additional patient outreach, and track improvement over time.
Further, health plans require new types of data at the population level to define and measure outcomes
and assure improved health for Americans.

Achieving Interoperability
EHRs are now widely used in physician practices, hospitals, and health systems across the U.S. As a result,the federal government and the private sector have focused on improving interoperability—the secureexchange of electronic health information with, and use of electronic health information from, other
health IT systems without special effort on the part of the user. xxvii
The federal government promotes interoperability of health information through several programs. For
example, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) includes health IT-focused incentives inprograms like Medicare’s Promoting Interoperability (formerly the Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive
Programs, or Meaningful Use) and the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System. In 2019, CMS also
proposed a rule to advance interoperability by increasing the seamless flow of health information;
reducing burden on patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers; and fostering innovation by unleashingdata for researchers and innovators. xxviii In its 2019 proposed rule, ONC promotes the interoperability ofhealth information by supporting the use of Health Level Seven’s (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability
Resources (FHIR®) standard for APIs. The use of FHIR® encourages increased data sharing between
patients, healthcare providers, payers, researchers, and other healthcare entities. In addition, as requiredin the 21st Century Cures Act, ONC proposed regulations that address information blocking, which is
generally described as the practice of interfering, preventing, or discouraging the access, exchange, anduse of electronic health information for competitive or other reasons. xxix
The private sector recognizes the value of interoperable health information. Spurred by regulatory actions
from ONC and CMS, it is increasingly using APIs to develop tools that provide patients and caregivers with
their data and promote information sharing. Furthermore, the use of health information exchanges andhealth information networks continues to grow. This signifies continued investment in collaboration andinformation sharing among stakeholders in this sector.

New Technologies and Available Data
The private sector plays a critical role in developing new technologies to improve access to care and healthinformation. New algorithms, analytic capabilities, and machine learning (ML) capabilities are quickly
moving from limited, conceptual use to everyday use by healthcare providers, individuals, andresearchers. Remote monitoring technologies such as wearables and web-enabled medical devices also
continue to become more advanced. Their use is rapidly expanding as healthcare providers and patients
become more comfortable using such technologies.
Use of these new technologies is increasing in certain areas in part due to improved access to broadband
and increased computing power. Volumes of data can now be processed, manipulated, and exchanged
almost instantaneously, and live, high-resolution video can be sent and received without interruption.

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In addition, these new technologies, along with existing claims and EHR data, mean that the volume ofhealth and health-related data being generated and available for improving care quality has never been
greater. Collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and applying this “big data” to clinical decision
making is both a challenge and a significant opportunity.

Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden
While interoperable health IT has the potential to improve patient care and outcomes, current systemdesigns can be burdensome to healthcare providers and other users. Much of the burden on healthcare
providers is a result of EHRs being originally designed to support reimbursement and financial processes.
Activities such as clinical documentation and prior authorization take time that healthcare providers could
otherwise spend seeing patients. Strategies to advance health IT should minimize burden by considering
how best to incorporate technologies into existing workflows and reducing reporting requirements.
In the 21st Century Cures Act, Congress emphasized the importance of easing regulatory andadministrative burden associated with the use of health IT and directed ONC and CMS to develop a
strategy for reducing this burden. xxx

Privacy of Health Information
The most sensitive information about a person is often their health information. Even with theimplementation and use of robust privacy practices in response to federal and state regulations, healthinformation can still be misused or inappropriately disclosed in ways that harm consumers. Individuals
and their caregivers need education on data practices, their associated risks, and opportunities to provide
consent to these uses. Further, government agencies, healthcare providers, health IT developers,
researchers, and other stakeholders need to work together to implement robust mechanisms for ensuring
the privacy of health information as more and more data are generated and health IT becomes moreinteroperable.

Security of Health Information
Individuals, healthcare providers, researchers, and other stakeholders alike have significant concerns
about the confidentiality and integrity of electronic health information that is created, transmitted, andstored using health IT. This is especially true in light of the healthcare industry’s move toward cloud-basedstorage, where data on entire populations of patients is held in one place. Despite the risk of cybersecurity
attacks, breaches, and other threats, healthcare organizations still have poor understandings ofcybersecurity risks and best practices. xxxi More robust mechanisms for securing information will be criticalas health IT systems continue to become more advanced and interoperable.

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Goals, Objectives, and Strategies
This section describes the 2020-2025 strategic goals and objectives and lists strategies for meeting eachobjective. In addition, Appendix B describes how federal agencies can benchmark progress and measuresuccess over time.
Goal

Description

Goal 1

Promote Health and Wellness

Goal 2

Enhance the Delivery and Experience of Care

Goal 3

Build a Secure, Data-Driven Ecosystem to Accelerate Research and Innovation

Goal 4

Connect Healthcare and Health Data through an Interoperable Health IT Infrastructure

Goal 1: Promote Health and Wellness
The use of health IT must go beyond the sharing of electronic health information between healthcare
providers and the enabling of administrative tasks. Health IT should be used to empower individuals,
address patients’ full range of health needs, promote healthy behaviors, and facilitate the improvementof health for individuals, families, and communities.

Objective 1a: Improve individual access to health information
A key aspect of person-centered care is empowering individuals by providing them access to their healthinformation. It allows patients to become more engaged in their care and management of their conditions
and alleviates strain on caregivers who manage the care of their loved ones. To expand access to healthinformation, it is necessary to improve access to technology, especially for populations in rural areas,
persons with disabilities, racial and ethnic minorities, and those with low socioeconomic status.
Strategies••••

Enable individuals to access their health information by ensuring that they are able to view andinteract with their data via secure mobile apps, patient portals, and other tools.
Promote greater portability of health information through APIs and other interoperable healthIT that permits individuals to readily send and receive their data across various platforms.
Improve access to smartphones and other technologies needed to attain and use healthinformation, especially for at-risk, minority, rural, disabled, and tribal populations.
Build the evidence base on the use of health information, including on the types of informationthat will benefit individuals most and the best ways to present information to patients andcaregivers.

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•Provide resources on how to access and use health information so that patients and caregivers
understand how to use their data safely, securely, and effectively.

Objective 1b: Advance healthy and safe practices through health IT
Health IT is used every day to improve quality of care and patient outcomes. However, its full potential
for improving overall population health and promoting safety is still being realized. Health IT can befurther leveraged to promote access to care for preventing new or addressing existing health needs, aswell as to identify and respond to public health threats.
Strategies•••

Promote healthy behaviors and self-management through patient-facing apps and wearable
technology to allow individuals to track physical activity, share and compare health and fitness
data, adhere to care plans, and make informed lifestyle choices.
Leverage all levels of data (e.g., individual- and community-level) to predict epidemics, informand monitor public health action outcomes, improve quality of life, and address disease
occurrence and preventable deaths.
Advance use of evidence-based digital therapeutics as treatment options for patients to prevent,manage, and treat conditions through smartphones, tablets, and other personal devices.

Objective 1c: Integrate health and human services information
Integrated health and human services data are necessary for providing person-centered healthcare andhuman services, and for understanding and addressing social determinants of health at the individual andpopulation levels. Today, there is little integration of data between the various federal, state, territorial,
regional and local agencies, and tribes, some of which provide care to the same beneficiaries. xxxii
Additionally, there is almost no coordination between agencies in real-time, creating inefficiencies andinhibiting initiatives to address social determinants of health. Furthermore, community-basedorganizations providing health and human services (e.g., the aging and disability network funded by the
Administration for Community Living) lack the requisite health IT infrastructure and adoption support thatis needed in order to become fully integrated as a part of the care continuum.
Strategies•••

Strengthen communities’ health IT infrastructure by facilitating bi-directional, secure exchangeof data across healthcare and human services settings to improve care and effectively administersocial programs.
Foster greater understanding of how to use health IT to assess and address unmet health andsocial needs for individuals and communities and available health IT solutions that can be utilized
for improvement.
Capture and integrate social determinants of health data into EHRs to assist in care processes,
such as clinical decision support and referrals, integration of medical and social care, and address
health disparities in a manner that is ethical and consistent with routine patient care.

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Goal 2: Enhance the Delivery and Experience of Care
Health IT is a vital tool for assessing and improving the quality of healthcare while also improving patient
choice and customization of care. However, in the current healthcare system, care choices are largely
driven by payer preferences rather than active consumer choice. The provision of service is driven by whatis needed for the healthcare provider to be “in-network” rather than what is needed to provide personcentered, evidence-based care. Moreover, data entry and reporting requirements for healthcare
providers mean that the experience of care for patients is not always optimal. Advancements in health IT
will allow individuals to take more control of the way they receive care and improve the quality andexperience of care.

Objective 2a: Ensure safe and high-quality care through the use of health IT
Healthcare providers can develop care plans and deliver high quality, safe, person-centered care whenhealth systems and programs deploy tools that collect, store, and use health data that addresses theunique needs of each individual patient. Achieving this objective will require the application oftechnologies such as machine learning, improved patient matching, patient safety solutions, andmechanisms for data governance and provenance. It will also require providing care daily and in the eventof a public health emergency or disaster. xxxiii
Strategies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Optimize care delivery by applying advanced capabilities like machine learning, evidence-based
clinical decision support, and smart dashboards and alerts.
Expand care beyond traditional clinical settings by expanding access to remote monitoring,telehealth, and other mobile and health IT services that can supplement clinical care.
Continue efforts to establish identity solutions that improve patient matching across datasystems.
Support expanded use of health IT for promoting safer clinical practices by automating patient
safety and rapid reporting features into the health IT infrastructure to prevent and address
adverse events, including overprescribing of controlled substances.
Use electronic clinical quality measure (eCQM) data to optimize healthcare providers’ andresearchers’ abilities to assess quality and outcomes.
Implement mechanisms of data governance and provenance to promote safety, security, andaccountability through all stages of care and uses of health IT.
Promote interoperability and data sharing through widely-accepted standards to ensure healthinformation is freely available across care settings for patient care, public health, research, andemergency and disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
Customize care through precision medicine to assist in the diagnosis of disease and targeting oftreatment to individual patients through the use of data in real-time.

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Objective 2b: Foster competition, transparency, and affordability in healthcare
Affordability of healthcare services and treatment remains a key barrier to accessing quality care for many
individuals. The availability of information on prices and quality can help reduce barriers to entry andlower costs associated with switching healthcare providers. This encourages competition in healthcare
and drives down costs and prices. xxxiv Furthermore, competition addresses the needs of consumers to beable to choose from a variety of health products and services based on which best meet their needs.
Strategies••••

Encourage pro-competitive business practices that allow individuals to easily use and choose
from multiple validated health apps and other health IT tools without special effort.
Support efforts to merge administrative and clinical data streams to have real-time financial dataat the point of care.
Make care quality and price information available to individuals in an accessible, easily
understandable format.
Educate consumers on the availability of quality and price information and how to use thisinformation to shop for care based on value.

Objective 2c: Reduce regulatory and administrative burden on providers
Clinicians spend significant amounts of time entering data and other documentation in EHRs for the
purposes of reimbursement, reporting quality measures, submitting data to clinical registries, publichealth reporting, and completing prior authorizations and referrals. The paperwork and box-checking
associated with these third-party-driven activities is a two-fold threat to delivering high quality care. It
leaves healthcare providers feeling burned out, and it reduces the amount of time they have to interact
with patients.
Strategies
•
•
•
•
•

Simplify and streamline documentation required of healthcare providers at the point of carewhen using health IT while ensuring that quality standards are upheld.
Promote the use of evidence-based automated tools to streamline provider workflows,
encourage electronic provider-to-provider data exchange, and improve efficiency.
Monitor the impact of health IT on provider workflows to better understand and optimize theuse of technology in ways that minimize unnecessary steps or negative outcomes for patients.
Promote greater understanding of applicable regulations and practices by providing guidance
and other tools to healthcare providers and health IT developers so that compliance is achieved
efficiently.
Harmonize provider data collection and reporting requirements across federal agencies.

Objective 2d: Enable efficient management of resources and a workforce confidently using
health IT
As a result of previous federal efforts, EHRs and other health IT tools are now widely used across the U.S.
However, health IT requires a significant amount of resources to adopt and maintain, which on a day-today basis places strain on healthcare providers and other healthcare staff, especially in under-resourced
locations. To help reduce health IT expenditures, federal agencies, researchers, payers, and healthcare
provider organizations should use innovative approaches to automate care processes through health IT
so healthcare providers can spend more time on patient care.

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Strategies•••

Streamline processes to reduce the effort required by healthcare providers and health systems
to generate, input, and share health information.
Implement education and training programs to educate and build a strong, cross-functional
health IT workforce that can support IT across healthcare settings, especially in rural areas.
Continue to invest in the federal health IT workforce by allocating more resources to train,
recruit, and retain workers and to support adequate job opportunities.

Goal 3: Build a Secure, Data-Driven Ecosystem to Accelerate Research and Innovation
Technology and analytic advancements like ML and forecasting have the potential to transform patientcare and improve health. These tools will become essential in the future to support the individualized careof patients and communities. An integrated ecosystem that collects data from multiple sources is critical
for these tools to unlock the power of data. Policies that promote use of secure, standards-based APIs canprovide access to and use of data in EHRs can empower individuals, healthcare providers, payers,
researchers and technology companies to work together on individual and population health research
and management.

Objective 3a: Advance individual- and population-level transfer of health data
Access, exchange, and use of data using secure, standardized-based APIs is key to building an integrated
ecosystem that can support research, clinical decision making, population health management, andindividual access to quality and cost information.
Strategies
•
•
•
•

•

Improve harmonization of data elements and standards by creating a common vocabulary set to
improve the consistency, integrity, and quality of data and to enable data to be effectively shared
between systems using APIs.
Bolster secure access to large datasets of health information for use in quality improvement andoutcomes research.
Enable individuals to securely provide data via apps and other health IT for research in a mannerthat is consistent with individuals’ consent preferences to participate in research.
Support appropriate use of health and human services data across federal- and state-levelsystems to enable population health planning, analysis of quality and patient outcomes acrosscare settings and programs, and clinical research.
Foster data governance that supports a secure, unified platform of researchers, innovators,
individuals, payers, and healthcare providers to support innovative uses of shared data.

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Objective 3b: Support research and analysis using health IT and data at the individual andpopulation levels
Vast amounts of health data are generated every day at the individual and population levels
that can be ethically leveraged for disease prevention, quality improvement, and outcomes
research. The volume of data is growing at an astounding rate. Partners should continue to work
together to support research and innovation advances.
Strategies••••

Increase use of new technologies and analytic approaches like ML and predictive modeling toharness the power of integrated data for improving quality, outcomes, and decision making.
Build the evidence base on use of health IT for improving quality through research thatinvestigates the impact of health technologies on patient care, safety, and outcomes.
Increase research into targeted therapies through real-time data and ML intelligence, informed
through public health principles, data, and research.
Identify and implement health IT opportunities that support rapid sharing of disease surveillance
data

Goal 4: Connect Healthcare and Health Data through an Interoperable Health IT
Infrastructure
When patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers are equipped with complete and accurate healthrecords, they can establish comprehensive and tailored care plans, make informed decisions about care,and engage in preventive care. An interoperable health IT infrastructure facilitates this by allowing theseamless exchange and integration of health information between platforms using shared data standards
and common terminologies.

Objective 4a: Advance the development and use of health IT capabilities
Federal agencies can support greater health IT research and development by reducing barriers to entry
for health IT developers. In addition, healthcare providers need clear and easy ways to keep up with thecontinually evolving digital health landscape, and all stakeholders need to have confidence and trust in
health IT for wider use of new capabilities to be achieved.
Strategies••

Promote a digital economy that leverages research and development, and that can lead to thedevelopment of new business models in healthcare in a manner that protects privacy rights.
Reduce financial and regulatory barriers that are perceived to prevent new health IT developersfrom entering and competing in the health IT market place.

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•
•
•
•
•
•

Promote trustworthiness of health IT through rigorous enforcement of information blocking andprivacy and security laws when applicable, and by encouraging consumer reviews and reports on
health IT products.
Develop frameworks to assess patient and care team use of new technologies and build an
evidence base on the utility and impact of health IT.
Support provider adoption and use of health IT by requiring health IT use to participate in federal
programs, investing in health IT, and making resources available to support adoption and use.
Enable competition by reducing switching costs between EHR and other health IT products andsystems.
Adopt and advance nationally endorsed standards, implementation specifications, andcertification criteria through continued collaboration across public and private sectors.
Follow health IT safety and user-centered design principles in the development and design ofsolutions to ensure tools are safe, accessible, usable, and address the needs of the users for whomthey are developed.

Objective 4b: Establish transparent expectations for data sharing
Congress took an important step to identify and address anti-competitive practices that could impact theaccess, exchange, and use of electronic health information by passing the 21st Century Cures Act andprohibiting information blocking. The current state of health IT—combined with the structure andconditions of healthcare markets—creates incentives for some actors to pursue and exercise control over
information in ways that significantly limit its availability for access, exchange, and use by individuals andhealthcare providers. The federal government through continued implementation of this Plan seeks toenable individuals to have seamless, secure, and free access to their electronic health information, which
will allow them to more fully participate in the mobile app economy.
Stakeholders, including healthcare providers, healthcare staff, and developers may not understand what
actions are required for compliance with the applicable federal and state privacy laws. Stakeholders can
support better understanding and transparency by sharing user-friendly compliance resources and bycontinuing to encourage collaboration between stakeholders on implementation of industry bestpractices that leverage existing privacy and security principles and frameworks.
Strategies••••

Address information blocking and other actions taken by healthcare providers, health IT
developers, and other regulated entities that limit the access, exchange, and use of electronic
health information.
Develop resources and communications plans including guidance for healthcare providers andother staff at healthcare organizations on how to comply with regulations.
Support a common agreement for nationwide exchange of health information that drives
interoperability, supports federal agencies’ strategies, and promotes effective governance.
Promote data liquidity by working with developers, healthcare providers, payers, and state andfederal entities to eliminate unnecessarily restrictive data sharing practices and to use endorsed
standards, implementation specifications, and certification criteria.

Objective 4c: Enhance technology and communications infrastructure
The U.S. health IT and communications infrastructures are highly variable. While access to smartphones
and broadband is increasing overall, gaps remain for some populations and regions. A disparity in health
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IT access and capabilities separates rural and other typically unserved or underserved areas from areas
with substantially greater connectivity and service options. Smaller practices and rural healthcare
providers are unable to adopt the same advanced health IT capabilities used by larger health systems due
to constrained resources. To mitigate these disparities, stakeholders should continue to work together todevelop innovative solutions to improve the health IT and communications infrastructure.
Strategies••••

Assess current and expected broadband needs and gaps in the health and healthcare sectors.
Improve and expand affordable broadband access and wireless infrastructure, especially in ruraland underserved areas that are less likely to have access to high speed internet.
Deploy cloud-based services that comply with federal standards to modernize and streamline theway health information is stored and exchanged across the federal government.
Promote adoption of infrastructure needed for telehealth to reach patients outside of traditionalcare settings.

Objective 4d: Promote secure health information that protects patient privacy
As capabilities for health information access, exchange, and use continue to expand, federal partners mustprioritize protecting individuals’ health data from misuse and threats like cybersecurity attacks, fraud, andother harms. Additionally, patients and caregivers must be informed to understand how health data may
be used and to provide their privacy preferences where appropriate. Keeping health information secure,preventing breaches and fraud, and curtailing other harms is crucial for maintaining patients’ trust in theirhealthcare providers and the health IT they use.
Strategies••••

Integrate privacy and security considerations into the design and use of health IT to promote a
culture of privacy and security and protect individual- and population-level data fromcybersecurity attacks, fraud, misuse, and other harms.
Implement privacy and security mechanisms as appropriate to the sensitivity of the data to help
protect individuals’ health data, including multi-factor authentication and encryption embeddedin APIs and other technologies.
Increase patient understanding and control over their data so they can make informed decisions
about data exchange and secondary uses of their data.
Provide guidance and technical assistance on policies and regulations at the federal, state, andtribal level that pertain to the secure exchange of health information and enforce such rules.

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Appendix A. About this Strategic Plan
In developing this Plan for public comment, ONC collaborated with over 25 federal organizations involved
in health IT. ONC conducted research and considered recommendations from its Health IT Advisory
Committee. Following public comments, ONC, in collaboration with our federal partners, will consider
comments received and publish a final version of this Plan.
This Plan considers the current state of health IT and the ideal future state for patients and caregivers,
healthcare providers, payers, researchers, health IT developers, and other stakeholders. It also considers
challenges in defining and implementing strategies. The broad scope of this Plan reflects the diverse roles
federal government agencies play in health IT.
This Plan is motivated by several factors:••••

The constant evolution of healthcare technologies such as mobile and web apps and medical
devices
The movement towards improved access, exchange, and use of electronic health information to
inform healthcare decisions at the individual and population level
Public and private sectors’ increasing reliance on interoperable health IT and electronic healthinformation
Progress and lessons learned from investments in health IT and its use by federal agencies andfederally-run care delivery organizations

This Plan is intended to serve as a roadmap for federal health IT initiatives and activities, and as a catalyst
for activities in the private sector.
The Plan may be used to:(Description)

Prioritize
Resources

Within an agency, the Plan is a valuable tool to assess and prioritize
potential initiatives, programs, and investments. Using the Plan toprioritize activities can help ensure efficient use of agency resources.

Align and Coordinate
Efforts

The Plan is intended to drive alignment of priorities and activities acrossdifferent agencies. It may help agencies identify opportunities tocoordinate and collaborate with public and private partners.

Signal Priorities to
the Private Sector

Though the Plan only applies to the actions of federal agencies, the Plan
can provide signals to the private sector on the direction of the federal
government, which may guide coordination and investment decisions.

Benchmark andAssess Progress

The Plan includes indicators of success that can be used to benchmark
and assess progress towards meeting the Plan’s mission. These
indicators may be used to provide the public with a better understandingof the federal government’s direction to improve healthcare supportedby the use of interoperable health information.

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Appendix B. Measuring and Communicating Progress
By design, this Plan is broad in scope. It includes strategies that span many federal departments, agencies,
and offices. Although each federal organization has its own respective mission, authorities, investments,
programs, and activities, the federal government’s collective mission for health IT is to improve the healthand well-being of individuals and communities using technology and health information that is accessible
when and where it matters most.
ONC’s assessment of this Plan’s impact will focus on industry-wide ability and progress toward connecting
healthcare and health data. During the implementation of this Plan, ONC will report on health IT progressmeasures, actions taken, and describe barriers to connect healthcare and health data through aninteroperable health IT infrastructure. ONC will communicate industry-wide progress in its annual reportto Congress on health IT adoption and use. Through the implementation of this Plan, ONC seeks to supportand enable:•••

Individual access to their health information on their smartphone so they can shop for and havegreater control over their healthcare;
New business models made possible through the use of APIs that benefit individuals andproviders; andEstablished data sharing practices that are in use by the healthcare industry.

Patients, caregivers, healthcare providers, payers, innovators, researchers, and other health andhealthcare stakeholders’ interests increasingly rely on the electronic access, exchange, and use of healthinformation. They can use health IT as a catalyst to further support:•••

Health and wellness;
The delivery and experience of care; andA secure, data-driven ecosystem to accelerate research and innovation.

ONC encourages government and private organizations to consider how health IT and electronic access,exchange, and use of health information contributes to realizing these health and healthcare goals.
ONC, in collaboration with our federal partners, will consider emerging trends and changes in policy andthe health IT market during the implementation of this Plan to determine if strategies and measures ofprogress need to evolve.
ONC will coordinate with federal partners to prioritize and implement critical steps to connect healthcare
and health data through an interoperable health IT infrastructure that provides value to health andhealthcare stakeholders.

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Appendix C. Federal Contributors

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Appendix D. List of Acronyms

AcronymDescription

API

Application programming interface

CMS

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

EHR

Electronic health record

FHIR®

Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources

HHS

Department of Health and Human Services

Health IT

Health information technology

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

HL7

Health Level Seven International

ML

Machine learning

ONC

Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology

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