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6. W A S T E
6.1

Introduction
This module provides methodologies for estimating emissions of methane(CH4) from solid waste disposal sites, CH4 emissions from wastewater
handling and N2O from human sewage.

6.2

Land Disposal of Solid Waste
This section covers estimation of methane emissions from solid waste
disposal sites.

6.2.1 Introduction
Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by methanogenic bacteria insolid waste disposal sites results in the release of CH4 to the atmosphere.
This source is estimated to account for about 5 to 20 per cent of global
anthropogenic CH4 emissions (US EPA, 1994; IPCC, 1992).
The methodology provides a classification of ‘solid waste disposal site’(SWDSs) into “managed” and “unmanaged” sites through a knowledge ofthe extent and type of active site management carried out.
The
classification is used to apply a methane correction factor (MCF) to accountfor the methane generation potential of the site.

6.2.2 Data SourcesCountries are encouraged to use their own data where available. Default
values, given in the tables, should be used when such data are not available.
Population statistics: Countries that include areas where no organised
waste collection or disposal takes place (usually rural areas) should use
values for the urban population only, when asked to provide population
data. Waste in rural areas is typically scattered on the land rather than in
SWDSs and hence it tends to decay aerobically generating extremely low, ifany, CH4 emissions.
Waste statistics: Data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation rates
and on the percentage of MSW disposed to SWDSs are available for many
countries, and these should be used when available. Default values are given
in Table 6-1.
The different waste types that are here included in MSW are:
1 Household Waste;
2 Yard/Garden Waste; and3 Commercial/Market Waste
In some countries, significant quantities of organic industrial solid waste is
generated. The default values provided in Table 6-1 should not include

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industrial solid waste. If a significant quantity of organic industrial solid
waste is generated and disposed of in SWDSs, care should be taken to
determine the appropriate per capita solid waste generation rate andDegradable Organic Carbon value.
The Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) content of the waste is here
defined as the carbon content of paper and textiles; garden and park waste
and other (non-food) putrescibles; food waste; and other organic
biodegradable waste. DOC content may be determined by one of threemethods:• By using your own national data;• By calculation from a knowledge of your country's waste composition
and using the default DOC values given in Table 6-3 for each type ofwaste; or• By using the default values given in Table 6-1.
Note that values given in Tables 6-1 and 6-3 are, in general, for wet (orfresh) waste.
It is critical that the DOC value corresponds to the waste generation/
disposal rate on which the methane estimate is based. For example, acountry that includes industrial waste in its MSW estimate should ensurethat the DOC value used reflects this component of the waste stream.
Categories of waste disposal sites: Sites are classified as managed or
unmanaged SWDSs. A managed solid waste disposal site must havecontrolled placement of waste (i.e., waste directed to specific depositionareas, a degree of control of scavenging and a degree of control of fires)and will include at least one of the following: cover material; mechanicalcompacting; or levelling of the waste. All other solid waste disposal sitesthat do not fall into the above category are defined as unmanaged sites.
Unmanaged sites are further divided as deep (≥5m depth) or shallow (<5mdepth), to allow for their CH4 generation potential.
The methodology requires countries to provide data or estimates of thequantity of waste that is disposed to each of the three categories of
SWDSs. It is acknowledged that some countries may find it difficult toprovide this information. In such cases, Guidelines users are encouraged toconsult with national waste experts to come to a reasoned consensus on
the status of waste management in a country.
Note that the information requires data on the quantity (mass) of waste
deposited in each of the categories, and not the number of waste disposalsites in each of the categories. If the breakdown of waste in each category
is not known, the default value given in Table 6-1 should be used.

6.2.3 Methodology
The default methodology allows for the calculation of CH4 emissions based
on:
A)

6.2

the amount of waste deposited in the different categories of
SWDSs;

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B)

the fraction of degradable organic carbon and the amount which
actually degrades; and,C)

the fraction of CH4 in landfill gas.

OPEN DUMPS
For countries that did notpreviously estimate emissions from“open
dumps”,
thisdefault
methodology may result in an
increase in estimated methane
emissions.
The methodology is
described by Equation 1.

EQUATION 1
Methane emissions (Gg/yr)=(MSWT x MSWF x MCF x DOC x DOCF x F x 16/12 - R) x (1-OX)

where:FIRST ORDER METHODOLOGY

MSWT

=

total MSW generated (G/yr)

MSWF

=

fraction of MSW disposed to solid waste disposal sites

MCF=

methane correction factor (fraction)

DOC=

degradable organic carbon (fraction)

DOCF

=

fraction DOC similatedF=

fraction of CH4 in landfill gas (default is 0.5)

R=

recovered CH4 (Gg/yr)OX=oxidation factor (default is 0)

Countries are encouraged to apply amore sophisticated model, such as
the first order decay model, if they
have sufficient data, and if themethod is clearly stated and justified.
See the Reference Manual.

Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 6-1 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITES
to enter data for this submodule.

STEP 1 ESTIMATE TOTAL MUNICIPAL SOLIDWASTE GENERATED AND DISPOSED OF IN
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITES• If your country has detailed statistics on Total Annual MSW Disposed to
SWDSs (in gigagrams of MSW), enter these data into column A of themain Worksheet (Worksheet 6-1), then go directly to Step 2.

USING THE WORKSHEET•

Copy the Worksheet at theend of this section to complete
the inventory.

•

Keep the original of theworksheet blank so you canmakefurthercopiesif
necessary.

Otherwise use Worksheet 6-1A or 6-1B to estimate the quantity of MSW
disposed of in SWDSs in your country using the following steps.
Worksheet 6-1A (Supplemental): COUNTRY WASTE GENERATION/DISPOSAL
DATA
1 For the inventory year, define the Population whose Waste goes to
SWDSs. For developed countries this figure is likely to be the total
country population. For developing countries and countries witheconomies in transition, this may be the total urban population only,
because the rural population is assumed to dispose of waste in such a

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way that CH4 emissions are extremely low. Enter this value (number of
persons) into column A.
2 Enter the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generation Rate (inkg/capita/day) into column B.
MSW is here defined as:• household waste;• yard/garden waste; and• commercial/market waste.
If your country MSW contains significant quantities of other organic
waste, such as industrial organic solid waste, then care should be taken
to select an appropriate per capita waste generation rate.
You should provide your own data if available. Default values (for MSW
as defined above) for some specific countries are given in Table 6-1.
3 Multiply the value in column A with the value in column B. Multiply the
result by 365 to convert from the daily rate to give the Annual Amountof MSW Generated. Divide the total by 106 to convert kg to Gg andenter the result in column C.
4 Enter the Fraction of MSW Disposed of to SWDSs into column D. Useyour own data if available, otherwise use the default values that are given
in Table 6-1.
5 Multiply the value in column C by the value in column D to give the
Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDSs. Enter the result in gigagramsof MSW in column E.
6 Enter the figure from column E into column A of the main Worksheet(Worksheet 6-1).

Worksheet 6-1B (Supplemental): COUNTRY WASTE DISPOSAL DATA
Use Worksheet 6-1B if country or default data are not available on MSWGeneration Rate or Fraction of MSW Disposed to SWDSs .
1 Define the Population whose Waste goes to SWDSs for the inventory
year. Enter the result in column A. For developed countries this figure
is likely to be the total country population. For developing countries
and countries with economies in transition, this may be the total urban
population only, because the rural population is assumed to dispose ofwaste in such a way that CH4 emissions are extremely low. Enter thisvalue (number of persons) into column A.
2 Enter the appropriate annual MSW Disposal Rate to SWDSs(kg/capita/day) from Table 6-1 into column B. If a default value for yourcountry is not available, choose the most appropriate default value
provided in the Table. Choose a default value from a country that mostclosely reflects your country’s waste disposal practices and prevailingenvironmental conditions.
(This may be the country that isgeographically closest to your country.)

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3 Multiply the value in column A with the value in column B. Multiply the
result by 365 to convert from the daily rate to give the Total Annual
MSW Disposed to SWDs. Divide the total by 106 to convert kg to Gg
and enter the result in column C.
4 Enter the figure from column C into column A of the main Worksheet(Worksheet 6-1).

STEP 2 DETERMINE METHANE CORRECTION
FACTORSWorksheet 6-1C (Supplemental): METHANE CORRECTION FACTOR
1 Estimate the Proportion of Waste (by weight) of Each Type of SWDSs
for the Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDSs (i.e., the value in column
A of Worksheet 6-1). These types of site are listed and defined in Table
6-2.
Enter these values into column W of Worksheet 6-1C to correspondwith the values x, y and z shown in Table 6-2. [Check that x+y+z=1].
If you do not know values for x, y and z, then assume that all the waste
is disposed to unmanaged sites and do not enter any values for x, y or z.
Instead, enter the default value of 1 in the bottom of column W (asshown in Table 6-2).
2 Enter the Methane Correction Factors in column X for managed andunmanaged sites to correspond with the values a, b and c shown in
Table 6-2.
3 Multiply the value in column W by the value in column X to give theWeighted Average MCF for Each Type of Solid Waste Disposal Site.
Enter the result in column Y.
If country specific values are not available, use default values provided inTable 6-2. If you do not know values for a, b and c, enter the default
value of 0.6 (Table 6-2) in the bottom of column X.
4 Sum up the three values in column Y to give the total Weighted Average
MCF for Each Type of SWDS. Enter the result in the bottom ofcolumn Y.
If you have used the default value of 1 in column W, and the MCF
default value of 0.6, the Weighted Average MCF for Each Type of SWDS
is 1 x 0.6 = 0.6. Enter 0.6 in the bottom of column Z.
Enter the total value in the bottom of column Y into column B of the mainWorksheet (Worksheet 6-1).

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WASTETABLE 6-1
COUNTRY WASTE GENERATION, COMPOSITION, AND DISPOSAL DATA
Region/Country

MSW
Generation Rate(kg/cap/day)Fraction of MSW
Disposed to
SWDs

North America

Fraction of
DOC ofMSW

MSW Disposal
Rate(kg/cap/day)

0.18-0.21

USA

2.0

0.62

1.24

Canada

1.81

0.75

1.35

Australia

1.26

1.00

0.15

1.26

New Zealand

1.33

1.0

0.19

1.33

Oceania

UK/Western
Europe/Scandinavia

0.08-0.19

UK

1.9

0.9

0.10

Ireland

0.85

1.00

0.85

Austria

0.92

0.40

0.36

Belgium

1.10

0.43

0.47

Denmark

1.26

0.20

0.25

Finland

1.70

0.77

1.3

France

1.29

0.46

0.60

Germany

0.99

0.66

0.65

Greece

0.85

0.93

0.79

Italy

0.94

0.88

0.83

Luxembourg

1.34

0.35

0.47

Netherlands

1.58

0.67

Norway

1.40

0.75

0.14

1.7

1.06
1.05

Note: The values in Table 6-1 represent the best data available to the Expert Group. Note that all values may
not reflect identical assumptions regarding MSW composition (and hence corresponding DOC values). Where
updated national data are available corresponding to the definitions used here, they should be used forcomparison instead of the values given in Table 6-1.
See Volume 3, Reference Manual for References.

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TABLE 6-1 (CONTINUED)
COUNTRY WASTE GENERATION, COMPOSITION, AND DISPOSAL DATA
Region/Country

MSW Generation
Rate

Fraction of MSW
Disposed to SWDs

(kg/cap/day)Fraction of
DOC ofMSW

MSW Disposal
Rate(kg/cap/day)Portugal

0.90

0.86

0.78

Spain

0.99

0.85

0.83

Sweden

1.01

0.44

0.44

Switzerland

1.10

0.23

0.25

Eastern Europe
PolandRussia

0.93

0.94

Japan

1.12

0.38

India

0.33

0.6

0.15

0.54

0.17

0.87

Asia
0.43
0.18

0.2

China

0.09

0.84

Indonesia

0.17

0.51

0.13

0.46

Brazil

0.12

1.47

Peru

0.15

0.98

Chile

0.18

0.59

Egypt

0.21

0.40

Nigeria

0.11

0.40

CentralAmerica
GuatemalaSouth America

AfricaSouth Africa

1.00

Note: The values in Table 6-1 represent the best data available to the Expert Group. Note that all values may notreflect identical assumptions regarding MSW composition (and hence corresponding DOC values). Where updated
national data are available corresponding to the definitions used here, they should be used for comparison instead of
the values given in Table 6-1.
See Volume 3, Reference Manual for References

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WASTETABLE 6-2
CALCULATION OF METHANE CORRECTION FACTOR

Type of site

W

X

Y

Z

Proportion ofWaste (by weight)
in Each Type of
Site

Methane Correction
Factor (MCF):
Default Values

MethaneCorrection Factor(MCF): CountrySpecific Value

Weighted Average
MCF for EachType of SWDS
Z=WxX(or W x Y)

Managed

x

1.0

a

=x
or (a x x)

Unmanaged - deep(> or = 5m waste)

y

0.8

b

= 0.8yor (b x y)

Unmanaged shallow(< 5m waste)

z

0.4

c

= 0.4zor (c x z)

Total

Default values

Check x+y+z=1--

Ztotal(= sum of values
in shaded boxes
above)

1

0.6

-

0.6

Definitions:
A managed solid waste disposal site must have controlled placement of waste (i.e., waste directed to specific depositionareas, a degree of control of scavenging and a degree of control fires) and will include at least one of the following: covermaterial; mechanical compacting; or levelling of the waste.
All other solid waste disposal sites that do not fall into the above category are defined as unmanaged sites.

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STEP 3 ESTIMATE METHANE PRODUCTIONRATE PER UNIT OF WASTE
1 Estimate the Fraction of Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) in the
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) which is disposed of in SWDSs. This canbe done:• by using your own national data;• by calculation using a knowledge of waste composition in yourcountry and the default DOC values of each fraction of waste given
in Table 6-3; or,• by using the default values given in Table 6-1.
Use local data where these are available, and document your sources if you
do so.

TABLE 6-3
DEFAULT DOC VALUES FOR MAJOR WASTE STREAMS
Waste Stream

Per cent DOC (by weight)

A.

Paper and textiles

40

B.

Garden and park waste and other (nonfood) organic putrescibles

17

C.

Food waste

15

D.

Wood and straw waste130

1 excluding lignin C

Source: Bingemer and Crutzen, 1987.

Using the values in Table 6-3, the DOC of your country’s waste could be
calculated using Equation 2.

EQUATION 2
Per cent DOC (by weight) = 0.4(A) + 0.17(B) + 0.15(C) + 0.30(D)where:
A=

per cent MSW that is paper and textiles

B=

per cent MSW that is garden waste, park waste or othernon-food organic putrescibles

C=

per cent MSW that is food wasteD=

per cent MSW that is wood or straw

If the default values from Table 6-1 are used, choose the default value whichmost closely corresponds to conditions in your country.
Enter the result in column C of the main Worksheet (Worksheet 6.1).

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2 Enter the Fraction of DOC which Actually Degrades into column D.
This is the fraction of the total DOC which actually degrades in a waste
disposal site. The decomposition of DOC does not occur completely
and some of the potentially degradable material always remains in thesite even over a very long period of time. Dissimilation is currently
under review, but the default value of 0.77 should be entered until
further information is available.
3 Enter the Fraction of Carbon Released as Methane in column E. The
default value is 0.5. If you have locally available data for this fraction
then it should be used. Document your sources if you do so.
4 Calculate the Potential Methane Generation Rate per Unit of Waste bymultiplying together the values in columns C, D, and E with theConversion Ratio which converts carbon to CH4 in column F (16/12).
Enter the result into column G.
5 Calculate the Realised (Country-specific) Methane Generation Rate per
Unit of Waste by multiplying together the values in columns B and G.
Enter the result into column H.

STEP 4 ESTIMATE TOTAL NET ANNUAL
METHANE EMISSIONSMETHANE CORRECTION FACTOR
The Methane Oxidation Correction
Factor is given as 0. This value may
be changed in future versions of the
Workbook to reflect new dataarising from improvements inunderstanding of the effects of CH4oxidation in waste disposal sites.

1 Multiply the values in columns A and H to give the Gross Annual
Methane Generation. Enter the result into column J.
2 Enter the amount of Recovered Methane per Year, in gigagrams CH4,
either through gas flaring or through energy recovery schemes. Enterthe result in column K.
No default data are available. Use locally available figures for theamounts recovered if these are available. Document your sources if you
do so.
Further details about factors to take into account and ways of calculating
methane oxidised by flaring or use are given in the Reference Manual.
3 Subtract the values in column K from the values in column J to give Net
Annual Methane Generation. Enter the result in column L.
4 Enter the value One Minus the Methane Oxidation Correction Factor incolumn M. (The default value is 1-0=1).
5 Multiply the values in columns L and M to give the Net Annual Methane
Emissions. Enter the result, in gigagrams of CH4, into column N.

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6.3

Methane Emissions from Wastewater
Handling
6.3.1 Introduction
The handling of wastewater streams with high contents of organic material,
including domestic and commercial wastewater and some industrial
wastewater streams, can emit significant amounts of methane (Table 6-4).
Methane emissions from industrial wastewater are estimated to range from26 to 40 Tg, while domestic and commercial sources emit approximately
2 Tg/yr. Together, they account for 8 to 11 per cent of global methane
emissions (IPCC, 1995).
There are two basic types of wastewater handling, emissions from whichshould be calculated separately. These are:
• Domestic and commercial wastewater• Industrial wastewater
The principal factor that determines methane generation potential ofwastewater is the amount of organic material in the wastewater stream.
For domestic and commercial wastewater and sludge, this is indicated by
the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD); for industrial wastewater, theChemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is used. The BOD indicates the amountof carbon that is aerobically biodegradable, whereas the COD indicates thetotal amount of carbon, biodegradable and non-biodegradable, that isavailable for oxidation. This is a change from the previous methodology(IPCC, 1995), which used BOD as the organic material parameter in both
domestic/commercial and industrial wastewater streams.
An important addition to the previous methodology (IPCC, 1995) is theincorporation of emissions from sludge. Sludge is produced as a by-productof certain wastewater handling systems, and can produce methane underanaerobic conditions.

6.3.2 Data SourcesCountries are encouraged to use their own data where available.
Otherwise, default values are given in the Tables.
Population: If wastewater produced in rural areas is managed without
formal handling and/or treatment systems, then countries may consider only
the urban population in estimating this emissions source.
Degradable Organic Component: If national or source-specific BOD
and COD output values are not available, the regional default values(Table 6-5) should be used. Consultation with national wastewater experts
is suggested.

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WASTETABLE 6-4
METHODS OF WASTEWATER HANDLING
Handling Method

Exceptions to Expected CH4 Production

Mostly aerobic disposal and handling
methods (little or no CH4 production)
Developing countries•

Open Pits/Latrines•

Aerobic shallow ponds•

River Discharge•

Pits/latrines may produce methane
when temperature and retention time
are favourable•

Aerobic shallow ponds over 3 metres
deep may produce methane•

Stagnant, oxygen-deficient rivers may
allow for anaerobic decomposition•

Poorly designed or managed aerobic
treatment systems produce methane•

Poorly designed or managed anaerobic
systems may allow for aeration andreduced methane production•

Frequent solids removal reduces
methane production

Developed countries•

Sewer systems with aerobic treatment

Mostly anaerobic disposal and handling
methods (high CH4 production)
Developing countries•

Anaerobic deep ponds•

Sewer systems with anaerobic treatment

Developed and developing countries•

Septic Tanks

Anaerobic Methods with Methane Recovery(mainly for sludge handling)
Primarily developed countries

TABLE 6-5
ESTIMATED BOD5 VALUES IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY REGION
RegionBOD5 Value(kg/cap/day)

BOD5 Value(kg/1000 persons/yr)

Africa0.037

13,505Asia, Middle East, Latin America

0.04

14,600N. America, Europe, Former USSR, Oceania

0.05

18,250Source: IPCC (1994)

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Industry Output: National Data may be available. Specific industries canalso be contacted for output information.
Industry Wastewater and Sludge Production: If data are unavailable,
default values are provided in Table 6-6.
Handling Systems: National data on wastewater and sludge handlingsystem utilisation practices should be used if it is available. Consultation
with national wastewater experts is suggested.

6.3.3 Methodology
The methodology considers emissions from wastewater and from sludge.
For each the method consists of three parts: total organic material;
emission factors; and emissions estimates. The organic material in thewastewater or sludge, measured as BOD or COD, is multiplied by anaverage emission factor for each wastewater or sludge source to arrive at
an emissions estimate.

DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL WASTEWATER
Completing the Worksheets
Use WORKSHEET 6-2 FOR DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL WASTEWATER AND
SLUDGE to enter data for this submodule.

STEP 1 ESTIMATING TOTAL ORGANICWASTEWATER AND SLUDGE
1 Enter the City or Region in column A. If regional data do not exist, usenational data.
2 Enter total Population or urban population for the inventory year incolumn B, in 1000 persons. Developing countries may choose to use
only the urban population if wastewater produced in rural areas
receives little or no handling or treatment. See Table 6-4 for a list ofanaerobic and aerobic handling methods.
3 Enter the Degradable Organic Component in column C for eachregion/city in kg BOD/ 1000 persons/year. Default values by region are
shown in Table 6-5.
4 Enter the Fraction of Degradable Organic Component Removed as
Sludge in column D for each region/city. The default value is 0.
5 Multiply the values in columns B, C, and one minus the value in column
D. Enter the product in column E. This is the Total
Domestic/Commercial Organic Wastewater for the city/region.
6 Multiply the values in columns B, C, and D. Enter the product in column
F. This is the Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Sludge for thecity/region.

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7 Repeat 1-6 above for each region or city as necessary, using the nextrow.
8 Sum the values in column E. Enter the sum at the bottom cell, labelled“Total.” Repeat for column F. The summed values are the total
domestic and commercial organic wastewater and sludge for thecountry.

STEP 2 ESTIMATE EMISSION FACTORS FORDOMESTIC/COMMERCIAL WASTEWATER AND
SLUDGE HANDLING SYSTEMS
Determine the Aggregate methane conversion factor (MCF)
domestic/commercial wastewater.

for

1 In column A, enter the types of Wastewater Handling Systems used fordomestic wastewater.
2 In column B, enter the Fraction of Wastewater Treated by the Handling
System in column A.
3 In column C, enter the Methane Conversion Factor for the Handling
System in column A.
4 Multiply the values in columns B and C. Enter the Product in column D.
5 Enter the sum of the products in the bottom of column D.
6 Enter the Maximum Methane Producing Capacity for the wastewater inthe bottom of column E. The default (theoretical) value for Bo is 0.25 kg
CH4/kg BOD.
7 Calculate the average Emission Factor for the Domestic/Commercial
Wastewater by multiplying the value in the bottom of column D by thevalue in the bottom of column E. Enter the product in the bottom ofcolumn F.

STEP 3 ESTIMATE EMISSION FACTORS FORDOMESTIC/COMMERCIAL SLUDGE HANDLINGSYSTEMS
Determine the Aggregate MCF for domestic/commercial sludge.
1 In column A, enter the types of Sludge Handling Systems used fordomestic wastewater.
2 In column B, enter the Fraction of Sludge Treated by the Handling
System in column A.
3 In column C, enter the Methane Conversion Factor for the Handling
System in column A.
4 Multiply the values in columns B and C. Enter the Product in column D.
5 Enter the sum of the products in the bottom of column D.

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6 Enter the Maximum Methane Producing Capacity for the sludge in thebottom of column E. The default (theoretical) value for Bo is 0.25 kg
CH4/kg BOD.
7 Calculate the average Emission Factor for the Domestic/Commercial
Sludge by multiplying the value in the bottom of column D by the value
in the bottom of column E. Enter the product in the bottom ofcolumn F.

STEP 4 ESTIMATE METHANE EMISSIONSFROM DOMESTIC/COMMERCIAL WASTEWATER
AND SLUDGE
1 In column A, rows 1 and 2, copy the Total Domestic/Commercial
Organic Wastewater value from the bottom of column E of Worksheet
6-2, Sheet 1 and the Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Sludge value
from the bottom of column F of Worksheet 6-2, Sheet 1.
2 In column B, copy the average Emission Factor for
Domestic/Commercial Wastewater value from column F of Worksheet
6-2, Sheet 2 and the average Emission Factor for Domestic/Commercial
Sludge value from column F of Worksheet 6-2, Sheet 3.
3 Multiply the values of columns A and B. Enter the product in column C.
4 Enter the total amount of Methane Recovered and/or Flared fromdomestic/commercial wastewater or sludge in column D in kg CH4. If
no data are available, the default value is zero.
5 Subtract the value in column D from the value in column C. Multiply by
10-6 to convert emissions to gigagrams. Enter the difference in column
E.
6 Sum the values in both rows of column E at the bottom of the column.
This is the Net CH4 Emissions from domestic/commercial wastewaterand sludge.

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WASTETABLE 6-6
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DATA BY REGION
Industry Type and Region

Beverage-Distilled & Industry
Generic - ethanol
Generic - ethanol
South America
Western Europe
Beverage - Malt & Beer
Generic
Generic
Western Europe
Food - Meat & Poultry
Generic
Western Europe
North America
Food - Fish
North America
Food - Coffee
North America
Food - Dairy Products
Generic
Western Europe
Food - Fruits & Vegetables
Generic (cannery)
Generic Tomato processing
North America, potatoes
Western Europe, bean blanchingWestern Europe, sauerkraut
Food - Oils
Generic - Vegetable oil
Middle East
Asia
Food - Sugar
Central America (cane)
Iron And SteelSouth America
Organic Chemicals
Western Europe
Pharmaceuticals
Middle East

6 . 16

Wastewater
Produced(m3/tonnes of
product)

COD Value(kg COD/m3
wastewater)

Country

13 m3/ m3 ethanol
NAV
NAV
NAV

40
5,000 kg/ m3 ethanol
22
4.0 - 5.0

BrazilNetherlands

5 m3/ m3 beer
5-9 m3/ m3 beerNAV

17
2.0 - 7.0
1.0 - 1.5

Netherlands

1.4 m3/animal
NAV
NAV

NAV
2.9
15.0

Netherlands
USA

NAV

2.5

USA

NAV

3.0 - 14.0

USA

2.8
NAV

NAV
1.5

Netherlands

26
26
NAV
NAV
NAV

NAV
NAV
3.0
5.2
10.0 - 20.0

USA
Netherlands
Netherlands

1.6
NAV
NAV

0.3
42
25

TurkeyMalaysia

NAV

98

Mexico0.1

NAV

BrazilNAV

20- 40Netherlands

NAV

1.3

Egypt

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

6

WASTE

TABLE 6-6 (CONTINUED)
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DATA BY REGION
Industry Type and Region

StarchGeneric, potato starch
Generic, wheat starch
Generic, corn starch
Petroleum Production
North America
North America
Pulp & Paper
Generic (pulp)
North America pulp millGeneric (paper)North America (virgin paper)North America (recycled
paper)
Western Europe (paper)
TextilesRayon
GreeceNorth America, textile mills
Leather Tanning
North America, generic

Wastewater
Produced(M3/Tonnesof Product)

COD Value(Kg COD/M3
Wastewater)

NAV
NAV
NAV

4.0 - 16
2.0 - 42
10

NAV
NAV

0.3 -0.4
1.8

58
140
NAV
97
44

2.0 - 15NAV
2.0 - 8.0
1.6
3.0

NAV

1.0 - 3.0

Netherlands

501
NAV
NAV

NAV
0.09
1.0

USA

NAV

5.8

USA

Country

USA
Canada

USA
USA
USA

Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each wastewater category, see Doorn andEklund (1995). Wastewater production of COD values are not available (NAV) for every country and region.
Research is ongoing to develop wastewater production and COD values for these countries and regions. Note thatthese data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

6 . 17

WASTETABLE 6-7
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT EMISSIONS FACTOR DERIVATION DATA
RegionType of Treatment

Fraction ofWastewater Treated
(%)

MCF
(%)

Kenya

Lagoons50

NAV

Tunisia

Lagoons20

NAV

Zimbabwe

Activated Sludge

50

NAV

Other Africa

Lagoons

5

80

Indonesia

not specified

1

NAV

Singapore

not specified

1

NAV

South Korea

not specified

1

NAV

Taiwannot specified

1

NAV

Other Asia

AfricaAsia

not specified

575

Latin America And Caribbean

not specified

1080

Australia And New Zealandnot specified

80

70

Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each region, see Doorn and Eklund (1995).
Methane correction factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV) for some countries and regions. Research is ongoing
to provide MCF estimates for these countries and regions. Note that these data are currently undergoing revisionand updating.

6 . 18

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

6

WASTE

TABLE 6-8
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT EMISSIONS FACTOR DERIVATION
RegionType of Industry

Type ofTreatment

Fraction ofWastewater
Treated
(%)

MCF
(%)

Kenya

textilesLagoons

60

NAV

Kenya

coffee production

Lagoons

5

NAV

All

Lagoons

10

90

IndonesiaAll

not specified

10

NAV

Malaysia

palm oil

not specified

90

NAV

SingaporeAllnot specified

10

NAV

South Korea

All

not specified

10

NAV

TaiwanAll

not specified

10

NAV

Thailandbreweries

activatedsludge50

NAV

Other Asia

All

not specified

20

90

CanadaAll

not specified

90

70

USA

AfricaOther Africa
Asia

North AmericaAll

not specified

90

70

Latin America & CaribbeanAll

not specified

20

90

Australia & New ZealandAll

not specified

95

70

Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each region, see Doorn and Eklund (1995).
Methane correction factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV) for some countries and regions. Research is
ongoing to provide MCF estimates for these countries and regions. Note that these data are currently undergoing
revision and updating.

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook

6 . 19

WASTETABLE 6-9
UNSPECIFIED WASTEWATER TYPE EMISSIONS FACTOR DERIVATION DATA
RegionAfricaSouth Africa
Asia
Afghanistan
Latin America And Caribbean
Colombia
Argentina
EuropeAlbania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Belarus
Croatia
Czech Rep
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFranceGermany
Hungary
IrelandItaly
LatviaLithuania
Moldavia
Netherlands
NorwayPolandPortugal
Romania
RussiaSerbiaSlovenia
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TurkeyUkraineUnited Kingdom
SlovakiaType of Treatment

Fraction ofWastewater
Treated
(%)

MCF
(%)

not specified

10

NAV

not specified

1

NAV

Lagoons
Lagoons

3
3

NAV
NAV

not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified
not specified

1-92
65
85
10-100
10-80
57
10-5
90
10-80
68
50-85
90
44
66
92
10-80
10-80
10-80
90
94
10-50
42
10-46
10-80
57
87
67
98
88
38
10-80
90
10-65

NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV

Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). Methane correction factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV). Research is ongoing toprovide MCF estimates for these and other wastewater treatment systems. Note that these data are currently undergoing
revision and updating.

6 . 20

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Workbook