12th Asia-Pacific Eco-Business Forum in Kawasaki
Feb. 18-19 2016

Session 1: Towards Establishing an Industry-Academic-Government Cooperation toPromote the Kawasaki Model as an Environmentally Sustainable City in Southeast Asia

Eco-Industrial Network Challenges fromKawasaki Eco-Town

Prof. FUJITA, Tsuyoshi fujita77@nies.go.jp
Director ofCenter for Social and Environmental Systems Research,
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Alliance Professor of Nagoya University

Ｄｒ. OHNISHI Satoshi, Dr. FUJII Minoru

Industrial Symbiosis and Urban Industries to empower
cities by circularization(Kawasaki and Kitakyushu are pioneers in 1997®26 cities)

2Target and Accomplishment of Japanese Eco-towns
Material Flow of Traditional
Industrial Parks

Symbiotic Material Flow in Ecotowns or Eco-Industrial Parks

Conventional material flow: No-circulation

Circular material flow of Eco-towns

Virgin materials: largely depends on import
Wastes: Disposal based on provisions of theWaste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
Recycle materials: Not used
Local material circulation: no use of recycle
materials

Virgin materials: part of virgin materials aresubstituted by recycle materials
Wastes: Disposal based on provisions of theWaste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
Recycle materials: Use of recycle materials
mainly provided from outside the city
Local material circulation: to some extent 3

Eco-town area as demonstration project forSound material cycle society
METI & MOE approved Eco-Town
Plans for 26 areas as of the end ofJanuary 2006, and they provided
financial support to 62 facilities
located within the appropriate areas.

Forming the basis of capacity that totally
2.18 mil t of wastes were treated
Edited by Prof. Fujita, T.，Published by METI,2006

Distribution ofJapanese
Eco-towns

R.V. Berkel, T.Fujita, J. ofEnv. Management,Vol.90,pp.1544-1556, 2009

Distribution of Total
Investment Subsidy
projects in 24 EcoTowns 600mil. US$

4

Distribution ofTotal Investment
60 projects in 24
Eco-Towns 1.6 bil.
US$

Evaluation of Circular Facilities in 26 Eco-towns
Reduction of Natural Resources; 900,000.ton /yr
CO2 Emission Reduction 480,000 t-CO2/yr
Circular use ratio of by-product 92% Intra-eco-town circulation ratio 61%
Supply areas unknown(Unit: 1,000 tons)

Procurement areas unknown(70) 5%

Recycling residue disposed of(310) 24%(110)9%Resources circulated outside the Eco Town Plan regions but within the prefecture

CRs procured(1,300) 100%

(130)
10%
CRs procured fromwithin the same EcoTown Plan regions(830) 64%(40) 3%Resources circulated outside the prefecture

CRs procured from outside theprefecture
CRs procured from outside the Eco Town Planregion but within the prefecture(6) 0%

FPs/RMs
produced(780) 60%(70) 5%

CRs utilized(1,200) 92%
CRs used as energy,
or reduced in volume(470) 36%
Recycling residue disposed of (60) 5%
Resources circulated within theEco Town Plan regions(580) 45%

S. Ohnishi, Tsuyoshi,
J. of Cleaner
Production, Vol.33(1),pp.217-225, 2012

Eco Town Plan regions
Outside the Eco Town Plan regions
but within the prefecture

Outside the prefecture5Three Keys for Sustainable
Eco-Industrial Conversion fromExperiences in Japan• Societal (regulation / subsidization) system• Material and Energy network• Green supply chain management

6Implementation of EIP system into the society
Eco-town Promotion Law 1997-2006

Hard
Substitutive
Environ.
Processing
Technologies

Resource
Excavation

ProcessingCleaner
Production

AssemblyRecycle
Technologies

End- of Pipe
Treatment
Technologies

Consumption
WasteSoftSocialTechnologies
GreenProcurement

Landfill

Reuse Recycle
Regulation/Subsidy
1995-2005

GreenPurchase

Waste
Regulation
1997-2004
7

Key for implementation (1)• Mosaic type combination of legalization- recycle promotion law- illegal damping control law- Green consumption and procurement>>Regional circularization promotion guideline8Geographical Conditions of Kawasaki Eco-town

First Coastal Zone

Second Coastal Zone

Third Coastal Zone
99

Kawasaki Synergy Network（current situation）
Bio/lifescience

Power generation & material industry

Y. Geng, T. Fujita , J. ofCleaner Production,
Vol.18, pp.993-1000, 2010

Treatment or
recycling facilityCity• 13

Kawasaki Synergy Network（Future scenario）
TJ

幸区

Refinery1

Waste heat networking among industries
with proximity to power generation

357

Powergeneration

409

川崎市
川崎区

Waste
heat

132

道線

ChemicalJR
東海160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,00060,00040,00020,0000

エネルギー消費量15（原油換算/TJ）

Energydemand

都高速横羽

Waste
heat線

首Waste
heat

排熱発生量
heat
JWasteR（原油換算/TJ）
南
武線
potential

浮島IC
川崎浮島JCT

Chemical

鶴見区

Waste
鶴heat
JR
見線

12,800170
9,900

Biomass
LNG
PowerPower generation
generation
線
湾岸
速高
首都

Steel work

LNG
Power
generation

Paper
30,30022,700357

357

Incineration
Wasteheat

川崎港

エネルギー供給源〜1.5km
エネルギー供給源〜3km

17

東Comparison between Kawasaki and Kalundborg
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Urban symbiosis

Treated waterkt

Water/waste/byproductkt

Industrial symbiosis
3025

Slag

20

Sludge15

Gypsum10

Waste paper

5

Waste plastic

0

Metal

Biomass
GyprosSulphurFly ash

ＴＪ

ＴＪ

5000

Heat & energy4000

5,000
4,000

3000

Heat

2000

3,000Hotwater2,000

Heating

1000

1,00000

Kalundborg Kawasaki

Kalundborg Kawasaki 12Social system to sustain the circularization in Eco-towns
Establishment of social system and business model along supply chain
from mining to waste for low carbon and sound material cycle society
Electricity
MiningRed standfor socialsystem

Transportation

Material

Co-processing,
Heat/energy recovery
resource circularizationin the region

Process

Cleaner
production
Design for Env.
Green purchasing

Consumption

Waste

Green/regional
consumption
Regional credit

Logistic for circularization/Monitoring system
Green supply chain management in integrated urban and regional area13

13

Eco-town Innovation Projects by Ministry ofEnvironment, 2011-2013
2010• Research committee to identify the effects of 26 national eco towns and theirprojects- Evaluation procedure for low carbon and environmental emission reduction effects- Extensive key technologies or policies for green supply chain management and regional
resource circularization
2011- Eco town innovation projects
Proposals for Model
Eco-towns

Model
Eco-towns

Hokkaido (2012）

Akita(2012）

Eco-town Innovation Projects【2011, 2012, 2013】

Solution andImprovement

Validation of innovative
circularization projects

GreenInnovation

Business scheme design
Extension for national projects

Kitakyushu（2011）
Kawasaki（2011）
Osaka（2011）14

National Guideline for the Circular Region Planning
Modeling results: Cost and scale

Total costs (billion JPY/yr)

Optimal scales of circularization is also discussed and we made quantitative analysis
based on the spatial information of the distribution of solid waste in Tokyo
Metropolitan Region with 30 million population. The results are incorporated into thenational planning guideline for circularization region.
23.4
23.2

Without capacity constraint
With capacity constraint2322.822.622.4
22.2
22678910 11 12 13 14 15
Numbers of hosting cities

cost ofincineratio
n39%
construction cost4%1617181920

transportati
on costs
30%

15

operation
costs
27%

X. Chen, T. Fujita, et.al,J. of Industrial Ecology, Vol.
16(1), pp.129–141, 20128

On-going policy and research targets
・Methodology development-to provide optimal network planning as the starting
points for stakeholder dialogue

・Legislative guideline- to provide the motivation for local governments andto provide appropriate subsidy by the government

・Verification system-pilot project for smart eco-industrial parks andeco-cities
16

Smart Symbiosis Initiatives for Eco town Innovation
Smart ICT network will promote and complement
the synergetic network functions among
Initiatives
stakeholders
Energy and consumption
demand control system
for urban sectors

気象情報

発電量予測

Information support for optimizing
local and regional material and energy
circularization

Local Data
Collection
CenterSmartcommunity

Energydemand
発電・熱量
information

Local energy supplyand demand
Renewableenergy

Urban
Waste

Smart Recycle Center

Smart industrial complex
High value

substitutive
By-productinformation

Energy demand
responseincineration

Waste and material
EnergySmart industrial complex
supported by synergetic
information network amongindustries

methaneOperation
information

Localsymbiosis
Power plant
SteelCement
ChemicalDemandUrban andRegional symbiosis

17

Eco Industrial Innovation
Integrative
Integrative EcoCircularization
Growth Cities/regions

Eco-town
Projects

Societal
Systems

Green
product
chain
Conversion

Green supplychain

Smart EI
Conversion

CircularRegions
Collection
separation

CircularTechnologies

Inter-city/International knowledge sharing
Shenyang

PenangBandung23

GreenInnovation
CentersNational
Centers forGreen
Innovation

MOEJ

Univ
Insti.

NIES

business

U.ofTokyo

AITUnivInsti.

IGES

Large business
Small and M businessbusiness

Integrative
Monitoring

FutureModelling

ProjectDesign

Verification
Certification

Leap Frogging Policy Support/ Project Design
Green Growth Finance SystemAction oriented Capacity Building

19

Related Publication
Huijuan Dong, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Liang Dong, Satoshi Ohnishi, Lu Sun, Yi Dou, Minoru Fujii (2016) A review on eco-city evaluation methods andhighlights for integration. Ecological Indicators, 60, 1184-1191
Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Hung-suck Park, Anthony S.F. Chiu, Donald Huisingh (2015) Recent progress on innovative eco-industrial development. Journal ofCleaner Production, Available online 25 September 2015, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.051
Takuya Togawa, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Liang Dong, Satoshi Ohnishi, Minoru Fujii (2015) Integrating GIS databases and ICT applications for the design of energy
circulation systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, Available online 11 July 2015, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.020
Liang Dong, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Ming Dai, Yong Geng, Jingzheng Ren, Minoru Fujii, Yi Wang, Satoshi Ohnishi (2015) Towards preventative eco-industrialdevelopment: an industrial and urban symbiosis case in one typical industrial city in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, Available online 14 May 2015,
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.015
Satoshi Ohnishi, Minoru Fujii, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Toru Matsumoto, Liang Dong, Hiroyuki Akiyama, Dong Huijuan (2015) Comparative analysis of recycling industry
development in Japan following the Eco-Town program for eco-industrial development. Journal of Cleaner Production, Available online 29 April 2015 ,doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.088
Minoru Fujii, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Liang Dong, Chengpeng Lu, Yong Geng, Shishir Kumar Behera, Hung-Suck Park, Anthony Shun Fung Chiu (2015) Possibility ofdeveloping low-carbon industries through urban symbiosis in Asian cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, Available online 17 April 2015,
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.027
Takuya Togawa, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Liang Dong, Minoru Fujii, Makoto Ooba (2014) Feasibility assessment of the use of power plant-sourced waste heat for plantfactory heating considering spatial configuration. Journal of Cleaner Production, 81, 60-69
Minoru Fujii, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Satoshi Ohnishi, Naohisa Yamaguchi, Yong Geng, Hung-Suck Park (2014) Regional and temporal simulation of a smart recycling
system for municipal organic solid wastes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 78, 208–215
Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Hirokazu Kato, Yong Geng (2014) Determining optimal resource recycling boundary at regional level: A
case study on Tokyo Metropolitan Area in Japan. European Journal of Operational Research, 233(2), 337-348
Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Satoshi Ohnishi, Minoru Fujii, Yong Geng；The Impact of Scale, Recycling Boundary, and Type of Waste on Symbiosis andRecycling: An Empirical Study of Japanese Eco-Towns, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol.16(1), pp.129–141, February, 2012
Minoru Fujii, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Xudong Chen, Satoshi Ohnishi, Naohisa Yamaguchi；Smart Recycling of Organic Solid Wastes in an Environmentally Sustainable
Society, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol.63, pp.1-8, June, 2012
Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Kebin Liu, Minoru Fujii, Junyi Wang, Bing Xue；Effects of Environmental Education on Waste Separation
Performance: Experimental Study in Shenyang University, China, Journal of Cleaner Productions, submitted March 28th, 2012
Satoshi Ohnishi, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Xudong Chen, Minoru Fujii；Econometric Analysis of the Performance of Recycling Projects in Japanese Eco-Towns, Journal ofCleaner Production, Vol.33(1), pp.217-225, September, 2012
Xudong Chen, Fengming Xi, Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita ; The Potential Environmental Gains from Recycling Waste Plastics: Simulation of Transferring
Recycling and Recovery Technologies to Shenyang, China, Journal of Waste Management, Vol.31(1) pp.168-179, January 2011
Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita ,Xudong Chen; Evaluation of Innovative Municipal Solid Waste Management through Urban Symbiosis: A Case Study of Kawasaki,
Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.18, pp.993-1000, 07,2010
Shizuka Hashimoto, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Emiri Nagasawa；Realizing CO2 Emission Reduction through Industrial Symbiosis: A Cement Production Case
Study for Kawasaki, Journal of Conservation and Recycling, Vol.54(10), pp.704-710, 08,2010
Rene Van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Minoru Fujii；Quantitative Assessment of Urban and Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Japan,
Environmental Science & Technology , Vol.43, No.5, 2009 ,pp.1271-1281,0129.2009
Rene van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Yong Geng；Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan : Analysis of the Eco-Town Program 1997-2006；
Journal of Environmental Management, vol.90,pp.1544-1556,2009

Thank you for attention

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