Climate Actions＜Personal notes for brain-storming＞
23rd February
2018

＠GEOC
平石 尹彦
Taka Hiraishi<taka.hiraishi@gmail.com>

UNFCCC COP21
Overview• COP21 Decisions – provided
fundamental principles and steps till
the Paris Agreement takes effect.

•“Paris Agreement” – a legal text
to be applied to all Parties, but it
does not contain mandatory
actions such as quantitative
mitigation commitments.

2

Major elements of COP21 Decisions - 1
2. … the Agreement will be opened for signature from 22nd April
2016
7. Decides to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris
Agreement (“APA”) under the same arrangement,
11. Decides that the APA shall hold its sessions starting in 2016 …
and shall prepare draft decisions to be recommended through theConference of the Parties to the Conference of the Parties serving
as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (“CMA”) for
consideration and adoption at its first session;
17. Notes with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhousegas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended
nationally determined contributions do not fall within least-cost 2
˚C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in
2030, and also notes that much greater emission reduction efforts
will be required than those associated with the intended nationallydetermined contributions in order to hold the increase in the global
average temperature to below 2 ˚C above pre-industrial levels by
reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ˚C above preindustrial levels by reducing to a level to be identified in the special
report referred to in paragraph 21 below;
3

Major elements of COP21 Decisions - 2
19. Requests the secretariat to update the synthesis
report [of INDCs] … and to make it available by 2 May
2016;
20. Decides to convene a facilitative dialogue among
Parties in 2018 to take stock of the collective efforts ofParties in relation to progress towards the long-term goalreferred to in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Agreement
and to inform the preparation of nationally determined
contributions pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 8, of theAgreement;
21. Invites the IPCC to provide a special report in 2018 on
the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels and related global greenhouse gas
emission pathways; [IPCC decided to prepare suchreport, “SR1.5”, in October 2018.]
4

Major elements of COP21 Decisions - 3
22. Invites Parties to communicate their intended nationallydetermined contribution (INDC) no later than when the Party
submits its respective instrument of ratification, accession, or
approval of the Paris Agreement. If a Party has communicatedan INDC prior to joining the Agreement, that Party shall beconsidered to have satisfied this provision unless that Party
decides otherwise
23. Urges those Parties whose INDC pursuant to decision
1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by2020 a new NDC and to do so every five years thereafter
pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement;
24. Requests those Parties … INDC … contains a time frame up
to 2030 to communicate or update by 2020 thesecontributions and to do so every five years thereafter … ;25. Decides that Parties shall submit … their nationallydetermined contributions (NDCs) referred to in Article 4 of theAgreement at least 9 to 12 months in advance of [CPA].
26. Requests the ADP to develop further guidance on featuresof [NDCs]
5

Paris Agreement Articles

6

Paris Agreement Article 2. (Purpose)
1. This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention,
including its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to thethreat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development
and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by:(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well
below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit
the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels,
recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts ofclimate change;(b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climatechange and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions
development, in a manner that does not threaten food production;(c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low
greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.
2. This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and theprinciple of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.
7

“2 degree target” was not a conclusion fromscience, though this graph shows something ...

8

GHG Emission data for Article 21.

Other Statistics of GHG Emissions

Country

GHG Gt-CO2-eq％

Data Year

China

7465862

20.09

2005

USA

6649700

17.89

2013

EU

4488404

12.10

2013

Russian F.

2799434

7.53

2013

India

1523767

4.10

2000

Japan

1407800

3.79

2013

Brazil923544

2.48

2010

1.95

2013

Canada726051

R.o.Korea

6883001.85

2010

Mexico6328801.70

2013South Africa

544314

1.46

2010

Australia

541924

1.46

2013

Global37 168 339

100

Mixed

Source: UNFCCC Secretariat
http://unfccc.int/files/ghg_data/appli
cation/pdf/table.pdf<Source: USEPA>
9Climate Mitigation – “Carbon Budget”- Cumulative emissions of CO2
largely determine global meansurface warming by the late 21st
century and beyond.
- Limiting total human-induced
warming to less than 2°C relative
to the period 1861-1880 with aprobability of >66% would require
cumulative CO2 emissions from allanthropogenic sources since 1870
to remain below about 2900
GtCO2 (with a range of 2550-3150
GtCO2 depending on non-CO2
drivers). About 1900 GtCO28 hadalready been emitted by 2011.
- The remaining “Carbon Budget”
will be used up in 30 years.
10Paris Agreement Article 14.
(Stocktaking)1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement shall periodically take stock of
the implementation of this Agreement to assess thecollective progress towards achieving the purpose of thisAgreement and its long-term goals (referred to as the “global
stocktake”). It shall do so in a comprehensive and facilitative
manner, considering mitigation, adaptation and the means of
implementation and support, and in the light of equity andthe best available science.
2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement shall undertake its first global
stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter unlessotherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.
3. The outcome of the global stocktake shall inform Parties in
updating and enhancing, in a nationally determined manner,
their actions and support in accordance with the relevant
provisions of this Agreement, as well as in enhancing
international cooperation for climate action.
11

After UNFCCC COP21
and Paris Agreement• Partly thanks to the US-China’s expressed positive
positions, the Paris Agreement took effect before
the COP22 (In Marrakech, 7th November 2016.)• US Presidential election was held on Day-2 of
COP22, but US’ non-Federal bodies and industry
representatives maintained their commitments toimplement the Paris Agreement.
• At COP23 (in Bonn, 7th November 2017), US
participated in technical discussions but there werestrong presence of US “We are still in” group.

DJT Administration• On 1st June 2017, President Trump announced the US decisionof withdrawal from the PA.
• <https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/01/statement-president-trump-paris-climateaccord>• (Please note relevant PA Articles, especially, Article 28.)
PA Article 28
1. At any time after three years from the date on which thisAgreement has entered into force for a Party, that Party may
withdraw from this Agreement by giving written notification to
the Depositary.
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year
from the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification ofwithdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the
notification of withdrawal.
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall beconsidered as also having withdrawn from this Agreement.
13

G-20 (in Hamburg, in July 2017)
Declaration of G-20 contains a paragraph specifically on US, which shows
very clear contrast with the other positive actions of the other countries.
•“We take note of the decision of the United States of America towithdraw from the Paris Agreement. The United States of America
announced it will immediately cease the implementation of its current
nationally-determined contribution and affirms its strong commitment
to an approach that lowers emissions while supporting economic growthand improving energy security needs.”•

On 4th August, USA submitted a notification to the UN on its intention towithdraw from the Paris Agreement.

https://www.g20.org/Content/EN/StatischeSeiten/G20/Texte/g20-gipfeldokumenteen.html?nn=2189118#doc2222590bodyText1

http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/08/07/trump-tells-un-intentionleave-paris-climate-accord-full/14

As for Japan,• The level of ambition in INDC is perceived rather low.
• Since Japan does not participate in the KP Second
Commitment Period (CP-2), Japan can not use KP
Flexibility Mechanisms., including CDM. In this regard,a Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) is being
implemented as bilaterally-agreed system. However,this may require clear recognition in terms of Paris
Agreement Article 6.2.
• Japan’s expansion of domestic coal-firing power
stations and international support to developing
countries might be subject to international scrutiny.
15

INDCs – an international comparison日本は?
• 現在、京都議定書の第2次コミットメントには不参加。したがって、それに基づく国
際的なマーケットメカニズムは使えない状況。京都メカニズとムと国際的な削減目
標の設定は、炭素価格の決定の有効な手法の一つと考えられるが、それが十分に機能していない状況なのでは?
• JCM (Joint Crediting Mechanism)が国際的にどのように認知されるかは、なお、未確定な面あり(パリ協定6条参照）。

PAの関連では、EUは、2030年までに40%、スイスは2030年までに50%削減とのINDCを出している。日本は、これらはもちろん、米国(2005年=>2025年で、26-28%)と比較しても非常に低いレベルの削減目標(2013年=>2030
年で、26%)を出しており、COP21の合意に則った INDC(NDC) の改善が必要ではないか?中期目標は、2050年までの長期削減（80%削減(閣議決定））への過程として考えていく必要があろう。最近の石炭火力の増加は、国際的な批判の的になっている。
Source: http://germanwatch.org/en/CCPI

17

Mitigation Options
A variety options exist, but all are challenging.
• Energy conservation• Afforestation/REDD+• Biomass utilization• CCS/BECCS• Nuclear energy• Mitigation by renewable power generation.
• Renewable Energy (hydro, wind, solar (PV and heat),geothermal)

Climate Mitigation Actions– Focusing on Renewable Energy

Data Sources• Renewable Research Institute https://renewableei.org/en/• IRENA <http://www.irena.org/>• Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies <https://isepenergychart.com/>• Bundesnetzagentur - SMARD• Fraunnhofer Institute - Energy Charts• Agora Energiewende - Agorameter• Energinet.dk• Kyoto University Economic Research Institutehttp://www.econ.kyotou.ac.jp/renewable_energy/about

Renewable Energy
Costs of Solar (PV) and of Wind Power generation have been drasticallydecreasing, but to further increase them, investments and technologies
are required to accommodate their output fluctuations.

20Difficulties caused by small and thinpower grids in Japan<公益財団法人 笹川平和財団会長 田中 伸男氏の資料から>

Power Sources – Japan (August 2017)

Examples from Germany- Power Sources

Examples from Germany- daytimeExamples from Germany- nighttime

自然エネルギー：日欧比較• 公益財団法人 自然エネルギー財団報告書「電力会社に迫る変革の波―欧州が先行する新時代の戦略―」  報告書• http://renewable-ei.org/activities/reports_20171006.php

日本の温暖化対策• 5月13日閣議決定された「地球温暖化対策計画」では、 2020年目標（2005年対比で3.8%削減）、2030年目標(2013年対比で 26%削減<2005年対比では、
25.4%削減>）のほか、 2050年までに温室ガス排出を８０％削減するとの、従来の方針が再確認された。
地球温暖化対策計画」閣議決定（平成28年5月13日）
http://www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/102816.pdf
気候変動の影響への適応計画」閣議決定（平成27年11月27日）
http://www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/tekiou/siryo1.pdf
環境省適応ポータルサイト
http://www.adaptation-platform.nies.go.jp/impact/index.html• 課題として、• 2020年、2030年の目標を向上する努力の継続が必要。
• 2050年目標の達成には、抜本的な社会経済の変革が必要。大規模研究開発を含む資金、資源の配分が必要。温暖化対策の企画、実施の基礎となる環境の価値(温暖化対策のコストとベネフィッ
ト）の明確化が是非とも必要。
27

日本のINDC – 政府の自己評価と最近の動き[外務省]「GDP当たり排出量を4割以上改善，一人当たり排出量を約2割改善することで，世界最高水準を維持するものであり，国際的にも遜色のない野心的な目標です。
• 日本のGDP当たりエネルギー消費量は現時点でも他のG7諸国の平均より約3割少なく，世界の最高水準にあります。そこからさらに2030年に向けて35％のエネルギー効率の改善を目指します。
• 上記エネルギーミックスでは，総発電電力量に占める再生可能エネルギーの比率を22-24％程度，原子力の比率を22-20％程度としています（足下から，太陽光は7倍，風力・地熱は4倍の発電電力量を見込んでいます）。」http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/ic/ch/page1w_000121.html
http://www.mofa.go.jp/ic/ch/page22e_000830.html
http://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000335212.pdf

MOFA’s Expert Meeting
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/ic/ch/page22_002958.html

石炭: 開発、投資に関する国際的議論
近年、温暖化防止の観点から、石炭への投資を制限すべきとする国際的な議論が増大しており、日本に対する批判的な意見が多くみられている。
http://www.carbontracker.org/report/unburnable-carbon-wasted-capital-and-stranded-assets/
http://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/research-programmes/stranded-assets/
http://web.unep.org/emissionsgapreport2015
http://uneplive.unep.org/media/docs/theme/13/EGR_2015_Technical_Report_final_version.pdf
http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/emissionsgapreport2014/
http://gofossilfree.org/
https://350.org/
https://breakfree2016.org/

OECD 石炭ECA (Export Credits Arrangement)
http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?doclanguage=en&cote=tad/pg(2016)1
http://www.oecd.org/tad/xcred/theexportcreditsarrangementtext.htm (Export Credit Arrangement <ECD>)

http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ngos_will_oecd_lag_behind_emerging_countries_oct15.pdf

Carbon Tracker and the Grantham ResearchInstitute on Climate Change and the Environment
29

Role of Carbon Pricing: as a guide• “Carbon Price” provides good indicators for decision making for
mitigation investment (long- and short-term), corporate management
plans, public policies, among others. (cf: “divestment”, “stranded
asset”. )• Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms (Joint Implementation, Clean
Development Mechanism and Emission Trading) were efficient incarbon price setting, but they were no longer effective. Voluntarycarbon markets and sub-national emission trade market now exist,
instead.
• COP 21 Decision, para 136 provides;
136. Also recognizes the important role of providing incentives for emission reduction
activities, including tools such as domestic policies and carbon pricing;30

付録
持続可能開発へ向けて。。。

2030年SDアジェンダ• UNGA Resolution 70/1. Transforming our world: the2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (25thSept. 2015)• http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economic-and-social-development/thesustainable-development-goals-report-2016_3405d09f-en#page10• http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E- 17 のゴール、169 の目
標,300近いインディケー
ターを含む。
- 実施原則として、①普遍性、②包摂性、③参
画型、④統合性、⑤透明性と説明責任、が掲
げられている。
- 邦訳（外務省仮訳）
インディケーター：
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/48th-session/documents/2017-2-IAEG-SDGs-E.pdf

http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/
files/000101402.pdf
SDG 虎の巻
http://www.unic.or.jp/files/UN
DPI_SDG_0707.pptx
32

非政府機関や地方自治体の前向きな対応が多くみられる。
NAZDA (後述)

グローバルコンパクト
http://ungcjn.org/

エコアクションガイドライン
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/j-hiroba/04-5.html
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/j-hiroba/ea21/guideline2009rev_ja.pdf

エコファースト
http://www.env.go.jp/guide/info/eco-first/kijun.html

関係リンク
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/keiei_portal/link/index.html

温暖化対策(2030 SD Goal 13)

2030年Agendaはパリ協定の3か月前に合意された
ため、Goal 13には定量的目標が入っていない。
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters inall countries
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change
mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful
mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate
Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible
13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning andmanagement in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on
women, youth and local and marginalized communities

SDG実施状況に関する情報• UN Reporthttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2017/The
SustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2017.pdf• SDG Dashboard Report
http://www.sdgindex.org/assets/files/2017/2017SDG-Index-and-Dashboards-Report--full.pdf• Report on Japan
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=30022&nr=420&menu=3170• Japan's Voluntary National Review Report on
the implementation of the Sustainable
Development Goals:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16445Japan.pdf

352030年SDアジェンダの推進• 持続可能な開発目標（SDGs）推進本部が内閣に設置されており、2016年10月SDG実施指針の骨子等がまとめられ、パブコメに付されたのち、12月22日決定された。
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/sdgs/index.html• 実施指針本文:
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/sdgs/dai2/siryou1.pdf• 同指針では、「持続可能で強靱、そして誰一人取り残さない、
経済、社会、環境の統合的向上が実現された未来への先駆者を目指す」ことを、ビジョンと規定。なお、この指針では、SDGを 8つの優先分野として再編成している。
• 2030 Agenda は、各ゴール、ターゲットが相互に深く関係しているものが多く、実施面でも多くの課題がある。
• なお、温暖化関係では、パリ協定の採択より3か月先行したこともあり、定量的な目標が不足しているという面がある。
36

自治体、産業団体等の非政府機関の努力の拡大の動き

国連グローバルコンパクト
世界約160カ国で1万3000を超える団体（そのうち企業が約9,000。日本
企業は、>250．）
https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc

グローバルコンパクト10原則

http://ungcjn.org/gc/principles/index.html
日本の組織 http://ungcjn.org/

38温暖化問題に取り組む企業グループ• 日本気候リーダーズ・パートナーシップ（JapanCLP）
http://www.japan-clp.jp/index.php/japanclp

2030年SDアジェンダ• SDGコンパス(企業の活動指針)
http://sdgcompass.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/SDG_Compass_Japanese.pdf

http://sdgcompass.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/SDG_Compass_Japanese.pdf“本SDG Compassは、各企業の事業にSDGsがもたらす影響を解説するとともに、持続可能性を企業の戦略の中心に据えるためのツー
ルと知識を提供するものである。”

40

GCNJ/IGES共同調査レポート"SDGs andBusiness in Practice-Early Actions by
Japanese Private Companies-"• http://www.ungcjn.org/com
mon/frame/plugins/fileUD/download.php?type=conten
ts_files&p=elements_file_3
032.pdf&token=95591ed66
4e507b7d242360041fe45ea
fdff8b64&t=201707261158
10

非政府機関の温暖化対策イニシアティブの例「NAZCA」は、広義の企業責任と社会的貢献
企業、団体等の活動のデータベースプラットフォーム（UNFCCC COP21 で発足した。）

2017.08 現在

COP21 当時
http://climateaction.unfccc.int/42

広義の企業責任と社会的貢献 –コミットメントグローバルコンパクト
http://ungcjn.org/
エコアクションガイドライン
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/j-hiroba/04-5.html
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/j-hiroba/ea21/guideline2009rev_ja.pdf
エコファースト
http://www.env.go.jp/guide/info/eco-first/kijun.html
関係リンク
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/keiei_portal/link/index.html

広義の企業責任と社会的貢献 – 報告
Global Reporting Initiative （GRI)など-- 相互関係が複雑。

GRI Standards
https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/Pages/default.aspx
https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/g4/Pages/default.aspx
Transition to Standards
https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/transition-tostandards/Pages/default.aspx
G4 暫定訳
http://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/news/articles/2013/80.html

サステナビリティ日本フォーラム
http://www.sustainability-fj.org/gri/

環境報告ガイドライン
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/report/h24-01/index.html
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/report/h24-01/full.pdf

44環境金融・投資
環境省 21世紀金融行動原則
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/keiei_portal/kinyu/gensoku.html
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/keiei_portal/common/pdf/principlesbooklet.A3.20150916.pdf
Accounting for Sustainability
http://www.accountingforsustainability.org/
https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/
The International Integrated Reporting Council
http://integratedreporting.org/the-iirc-2/
Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB)
http://www.cdsb.net/international/japan/page-one
UNEP FI
http://www.unepfi.org/regional_activities/asia_pacific/japan/about/Principles for Responsible Investment Initiative
https://www.unpri.org/
Equator Principles
http://www.equator-principles.com/
http://www.bsr.org/files/jp-newsletter/003-japan-newsletter.html

グリーンボンド
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/what-are-green-bonds

グリーンボンドに関する検討会。
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/greenbond/gb/conf/conf.html

環境省グリーンボンドガイドライン2017。
http://www.env.go.jp/policy/greenbond/gb/conf/greenbond_guideline_17.pdf

金融安定理事会気候関連財務情報開示タスクフォース (TCFD)
https://sustainablejapan.jp/2017/06/29/tcfd-final-report/27274

45高い環境政策の目標が必要• 多様な政策手段の効率的な策定、実施のためには、かつての公害に関する環境基準のような政策目標の確立が必要。
• 温暖化対策、特に抑制策の目標設定に当たっては、先進国としての国際的な責任を全うするとともに、環境保全技術、資金の国際的な提供に関する
リーダーシップを発揮するべき。

46

Taka Hiraishi•Born in Tokyo on 3rd December 1944.
•B.Sc. (1966) and M.Sc. for Industrial Chemistry (1968) from Tokyo University.
•Joined Ministry of Labour (Occupational Health and Safety Department) in April 1968.
•Moved to the newly-established Environment Agency in 1971 and, till 1996, worked in the fields of offensive odour, acid rain, ozone layer,
hazardous wastes, hazardous chemicals and water pollution, except the overseas posting shown below.
•1987-1989: Director, Water Pollution Control Division, Environment Agency (current Ministry of the Environment) (1987-89)
Overseas posting:•1975-1978: Environment Attache (liaison with UNEP) and Second Secretary for bilateral technical co-operation (for Kenya, Uganda andMalawi) at the Embassy of Japan in Kenya.
•1980-1982: Principal Administrator (A-4, information exchange on chemicals control policies, including chemicals management policies indeveloping countries), Chemicals Division, Environment Directorate, OECD Secretariat.
•1989-1998: Worked for UNEP as (consecutively);Co-ordinator of Support Measures, Programme Bureau (D-1),
Officer-in-Charge, Environmental Law and Institutions Centre,Deputy Director of Policy Division,
Deputy Director of Environment Programme Division,
Assistant Executive Director for Environmental Information and Assessment (D-2).
(President, UNEP Staff Association (in 1996))
More recently,•1999-2006: Visiting Principal Researcher, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
•1999-2015: Member, IPCC Bureau and Co-chair, IPCC Inventories Task Force Bureau•1999-2015: Senior Consultant, and Member, Board of Directors, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan (Part-time),•February-April 2001: Special Advisor to the Minister of the Environment, Japan (Chair of Communique Drafting Group for G-7 Environment
Ministers).
•2002-2010: Special Advisor to the Minister of the Environment, Japan. (on OECD sustainable development activities, Part-time)•2005-2009: Specially assigned Professor (Risk Management and Global Environmental Issues), Osaka University, Japan (Part-time)•Vising Lecturer for Tokyo Institute of Technologies, Sophia University, Gakushuin University, Osaka University, Atomi University.
•2001- : Contributed to the work of the Ministry of the Environment in Japan for CDM, J-VER, JCM, adaptation and “co-benefits”•2002-2011: UNFCCC, member of CGE (Consultative Group on non-Annex-I national communications).
•2004-2008: UNFCCC, member of EGTT (Expert Group on Technology Transfer)
Currently:•Counsellor, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan (Volunteer),•Member, Board of Directors, Japan Association for UNEP (NPO) (Volunteer)