INTRODUCTORY NOTE
It is with pride that the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crimeand the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) offers to the international community the Resource
Material Series No. 80.
This volume contains the work produced in the 142nd International Training Course, conductedfrom 11 May to 19 June 2009; the Twelfth International Training Course on the Criminal Justice
Response to Corruption, conducted from 13 July to 7 August 2009; and the 143rd International
Training Course, conducted from 28 September to 5 November 2009. The main theme of the 142ndCourse was “Effective Countermeasures against Overcrowding of Correctional Facilities”. The
main theme of the 143rd Course was “Ethics and Codes of Conduct for Judges, Prosecutors andLaw Enforcement Officials”.
With regard to the 142nd Course, according to a recent World Prison Population List survey,
more than 9.25 million persons are detained in penal institutions worldwide, and the number ofprisoners has been increasing in many places. Overcrowding brings about obstacles in the living
environments of inmates, discipline and order of correctional facilities, and appropriate provision ofcorrectional treatment.
Although not formally binding, the United Nations’ Member States have strived to fully use andapply the UN Rules and Basic Principles pertaining to appropriate administration and managementof correctional facilities, but the population growth of correctional facilities has made it increasingly
difficult for some Member States to adhere to them.
Effective countermeasures against overcrowding of correctional facilities should include diversion,
alternatives to incarceration, effective administration of correctional facilities, correctional programmes
effective for the prevention of re-offending, and other measures, in order to successfully address theissue. These countermeasures shall harmonize with the substantive objectives of the entire criminal
justice system.
With regard to the Twelfth International Training Course on the Criminal Justice Response toCorruption, it is recognized that corruption imposes a wide range of harmful effects on society.
In particular, corruption by public officials seriously undermines their integrity and neutrality inperforming their official duties. This can lead to public distrust of the government and its institutions
and may lead to its eventual collapse. Corruption is a problem that constantly needs to be challenged
and this is the reason UNAFEI holds an annual multiple country course specifically on corruption
control.
In recognition of the harm corruption can cause, especially in developing countries, and thefact that it can transcend national borders, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted
the UN Convention against Corruption in 2003. The Convention came into force in December
2005 and requires States Parties to implement a number of measures to tackle corruption in acomprehensive way, including measures directed at prevention, criminalization, international
co-operation, and asset recovery. It is hoped that all countries, including our participants’ countries,
will become party to this Convention and fully implement it, thereby taking a closer step towards
freeing the world from the grip of corruption.
With regard to the 143rd Course, corruption in the judiciary, prosecutorial authorities and law
enforcement authorities deteriorates the morale of the people and their trust in the justice system.
Although many forms of corruption are difficult to detect and prosecute, judicial corruption isespecially so.
The United Nations and other international organizations have for a long time made effortsvii

to promote judicial integrity, and have adopted several relevant documents. United Nations
Convention against Corruption is fundamental amongst them. In view of the ongoing need toensure integrity of the judiciaries, prosecution services and law enforcement agencies of theMember States, and the importance of such efforts as stressed by the various UN instruments,
UNAFEI, as an institute of the UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network,
decided to hold this Course.
In this issue, in regard to the 142nd International Training Course, the Twelfth InternationalTraining Course on the Criminal Justice Response to Corruption, and 143rd International Training
Course, papers contributed by visiting experts, selected individual presentation papers from among
the participants, and the Reports of the Courses are published. I regret that not all the papers
submitted by the participants of each Course could be published.
I would like to pay tribute to the contributions of the Government of Japan, particularly theMinistry of Justice, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, and the Asia Crime Prevention
Foundation for providing indispensable and unwavering support to UNAFEI’s international training
programmes.
Finally I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all who so unselfishly assisted in thepublication of this series; in particular, the editor of Resource Material Series No. 80, Ms. GraceLord.
March 2010

Masaki Sasaki
Director of UNAFEIviii