Collocational Analysis of Life Science English (2)– Lists of common collocates of carry, confer, contribute, detect,elucidate, give, know, obtain, raise, understand –Takeshi KAWAMOTO1, Nobuyuki FUJITA2, Shuji KANEKO3,
Brian MORREN4, Hiroshi OHTAKE5Introduction
This is the second in a series of reports that focus on how certain English words are
typically used in the life sciences and whose purpose is to help Japanese researchers
who use English in their work to gain insight into the common collocates for each word.
Traditionally, language learners have been advised to refer to grammar books anddictionaries in order to improve their language skills, but this has not always helped toraise their level of proficiency. The former bias toward grammar has led to the belief
that natural sentences can be created solely on the basis of syntax and arbitrary
vocabulary selections. As a result, learners have tended to focus their attention on
acquiring as many independent words as possible without regard for their typical
patterns and collocations. This traditional perspective, however, has been discredited bymore recent research in the field of second language learning which has shown, on thebasis of empirical evidence, that words do not function in isolation but are co-selectedwith other words to produce meaning (Howarth, 1998; Hunston & Francis, 1998;
Partington, 1998; Sinclair, 1991; Stubbs, 2001). There is therefore a need to provide
nonnative writers with detailed information on the key lexical items and common
collocational patterns that are typical of their field of research and that they require
when writing their academic research papers (Ohtake & Morren, 2001, 2003).
In this respect, the use of corpora and concordance techniques may provide moreaccessible information on collocations and the selection restrictions that govern them.
Nonnative writers may thereby come to avoid collocational mismatches by being
1

Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
3
Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
4
Center for Languages, Arts, and Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University
5
Department of Foreign Languages, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
21

exposed to multiple examples of words that tend to co-occur. Through such exposure to
regularly recurring patterns, they may become more sensitive to the ways in which
words combine with other words to produce particular meanings. Certainly, statisticalanalyses showing the frequency and collocational patterns of any given word used inlife-science papers would be very useful for Japanese researchers when writing
academic reports. In particular, they may realize the importance of referring to corpus
evidence for guidance and no longer rely simply on dictionaries and reference
grammars. They can thereby expand their search for appropriate forms of expression by
examining and interpreting the immense amount of useful data that corpora provide.
Data Collection and Corpus Analysis
In 1993, we embarked on a project – the Life Science Dictionary Project (LSD
Project) – in which English abstracts appearing in international medical research
journals were collected through the publicly available on-line MEDLINE database. The
initial aim of the collection was to compile a genre-specific English corpus (LSD
Corpus) and then to create an electronic bilingual dictionary (English-Japanese andJapanese-English) with a particular emphasis on frequently appearing general andtechnical terms in life-science fields. The LSD Corpus now contains approximately
144,000 abstracts published in distinguished life-science related journals around theworld and consists of over 31 million running words. This corpus can be regarded as avalid source of authentic English materials because the articles and abstracts publishedin such eminent journals as Nature and Science are known to have undergone a rigorous
review prior to publication with regard to both content and language.
The collected data have been recorded in a versatile relational database andsubjected to statistical analysis. This has led to the compilation of an electronic
English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionary, WebLSD, which is available to the
public on the Internet (http://lsd.pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp/). The up-dated version of theelectronic dictionary currently contains 39,790 entries of English terms with Japanesetranslations and definitions, 26,000 sample sentences for 5,100 words, and 938,000
records of concordance for 9,500 words.
Some of the most frequently used words in the LSD Corpus have been selected forinclusion in this paper. The particular words taken up here are carry, confer, contribute,2

detect, elucidate, give, know, obtain, raise, and understand. For each word, we haveprovided a list of common collocations that includes information about the frequency, aJapanese translation, and a sample sentence when it is considered useful and relevant.
The collocational patterns introduced here are noteworthy in that most of them cannot
be classified simply as an idiomatic expression or set phrase, so that they provide
language learners with information not usually found in marketed dictionaries. On thesurface, the list may just look like a miscellaneous assortment of arbitrary word patterns,
but a closer look will reveal that it is a very useful collection of information concerning
the lexical items (verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions) with which a given word
commonly collocates and, in the case of a noun, which article is commonly used or
which of the two forms, plural or singular, appears more often. This kind of information
is particularly important for Japanese learners of English because they are often
confused about how to properly use articles, singular/plural forms, or how to findcommon collocates or natural expressions.
Owing to the nature of the computer analysis, related items sharing the same form
are classified as one word, so that no distinction is made between the verb form study
and the noun form study. In addition, homographs are not differentiated and are treatedas one word. However, in some cases, the collocates shown in the tables should provide
some information concerning the part of speech of a given item, which may help in theidentification of any homographs that appear. Furthermore, some of the data shown in
the tables may look redundant, but we believe that such redundancy will not be ahindrance in the exploration of the meaning of a particular lexical item. Instead, it may
help language learners to deepen their understanding. For example, in the case ofarticles and prepositions, which habitually present great problems for nonnative writers
in terms of their interpretation and use, grammatical explanations are often inadequate
in helping them to avoid erroneous decisions in the selection of a correct article orappropriate preposition in their writing. We have therefore intentionally included
instances of articles and prepositions with each entry word. By examining the various
samples of articles and prepositions appearing in the tables, language learners may
come to recognize their proper uses and confirm their understanding.

3

How to Read the List
The format is explained by using the following sample list:
Englishimplication*
implication
implications

Japanese
意味
意味
意味

Frq.

PubM̲ID

Sample

2,854
152
2,702

Note 複数形で使われることが圧倒的に多い。訳語は便宜上「意味」を使用…
1 the implications
意味414
2 an implication
意味
8
3 implications for〜のための
1,599 11499504This approach should have significant
意味
future <implications for> dental
research.
59 10725728This neonatal immune bias has
4 implications for the 〜の開発
important <implications for thedevelopment ofのための意
development of> vaccine …
味
：
：
：
：
：
：
17 have @2〜のための
918 10199733The findings <have potential
implications for
意味を持つ
implications for> islet transplantation
as well as …

1st Column: (Note) The information given here is based on the analysis of the
LSD Corpus and collocational patterns of the entry word, and is expected tohelp learners of English to gain insight into a given word. This is meant
primarily for Japanese learners and is therefore written in Japanese in order tomake it more accessible for them.
1st Column: (1, 2, 3 ...) A number is given to each entry in sequence.
2nd Column: (English) In the uppermost line(s) above Note, a head word and its
related form(s) of word(s) are given. The asterisk mark (*) stands for a lemma,
or a head word. The at-mark sign (@) followed by a number stands for the
maximum number of words that can be inserted.
3rd Column: (Japanese) The Japanese equivalent or translation is given.
4th Column: (Frq.) Frq. stands for the frequency of each entry.
5th Column: (PubM_ID) PubM_ID stands for the ID number of theaccompanying sample sentence, by means of which the original abstract can be
identified on the PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed).
6th Column: (Sample) This column shows a sample sentence for the entry
collocation. In some cases, no samples are shown when a similar entry contains
a sample sentence from which readers can easily infer a sentence or expression
containing the entry collocation.

4

It is hoped that the following statistical analysis of the LSD corpus will assist
Japanese researchers in gaining further information concerning common collocations
for frequently used words in the life sciences. Furthermore, crude as the information
listed in the tables may appear at first glance, we trust that this paper will be wellreceived by Japanese researchers because of its special distinction in providing
information on word frequencies relating to words appearing immediately before orafter a given lexical item. In this paper, we present the statistical data as they are, hopingthat such first-hand information will help to facilitate the acquisition of common
expressions relating to each word.
From the initial stages of data collection, we have aimed at making the best use of
corpus analysis to help Japanese researchers in writing academic papers in English. So
far, we have succeeded in producing the previously mentioned electronic dictionary as
well as gathering useful sample sentences and concordances. Because of space
limitations, we are unable to include in this particular paper each and every word wehave analyzed. We are, however, planning to publish further reports in the same format
as part of an ongoing series.
In the meantime, we hope that the lists of collocations introduced here in this paper
will help bring about better technical English writing among Japanese researchers, andultimately pave the way to the publication of an innovative and practical book on
common collocational patterns in English after all the lists have been unified andcompleted. Finally, in providing a Japanese translation for each English word or
expression, we have made every possible effort to ensure accuracy. However, we cannot
be certain that the translations are completely free from error because of the specialized
character and complexity of the various life science disciplines. There may therefore besome minor discrepancies that evaded our scrutiny and in such cases we sincerely ask
for our readers’ indulgence, and would be grateful if they would inform us of any
shortcomings that they may find.

5Collocation of carry

1/2

EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Samplecarry*
運ぶ
4,873
carried
運んだ
1,865
carrying
運ぶ
1,782
carry
運ぶ
828
carries
運ぶ
398
Note carry out「実行する、（実験などを）行う」の用例が圧倒的に多い。
1 carried out
実行される/〜を実行した
1,358 11223000 These experiments were <carried out> on coronal sections of postmortem brains from
Alzheimer's disease patients and from aged-matched, dementia-free individuals.
2 carried out in〜において実行される
176 12758259 The assay can be <carried out in> single- as well as multiwell plate formats such as 96- and384-well plates.
3 carried out to〜するために実行される
148 14596605 Mutational analysis was <carried out to> probe the relative contributions of the two domains
to DNA binding.
4 carried out by〜によって実行される
122 15280456 Finally, our results indicate that the first cleavages <carried out by> the activated PR within
GagPol are intramolecular.
5 carried out a〜を実行した120 15539491 To better understand how this choice is made, we <carried out a> screen for genes that affectfollicle cell fate specification or differentiation.
6 carried out on〜において実行される
110 11782185 Ab initio shielding tensor calculations were <carried out on> residues in human ubiquitin.
7 carried out using 〜を使って実行される
99 11884639 Selections were <carried out using> the bG or bU analogs with C8-linked ATP agarose as thebinding target.
8 carried out with 〜によって実行される
81 14530448 Transcription reactions were then <carried out with> HeLa nuclear extract.
9 carried out for〜のために実行される
54 15533446 Percolation experiments are <carried out for> 103 single-chain proteins using six differenthydrophobic sets of residues.
10 carried out at〜において実行される
50 15337646 Assessments were <carried out at> baseline and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment.
11 were carried out 〜が、実行された
281 11918709 Parallel studies <were carried out> in littermates of wild-type, vitamin D receptor null,transgenic, and human vitamin D receptor-expressing null mice in two transgenic lines.
12 experiments were 実験が、実行された
52 14688264 Further <experiments were carried out> on a protein comprising the A, B, and C domains ofcarried out
rat synapsin I (rSynI-ABC).
13 studies were
研究が、実行された
52 14522991 Similar <studies were carried out> using the individual G-protein subtypes for both thecarried out
agonist and the unliganded receptor.
14 we carried out
我々は、〜を実行した
162 12525625 <We carried out> a number of in vitro and in vivo assays to determine the effect of thisexpanded RBE sequence on the Rep-RBE interaction and AAV targeted integration.
15 carry out〜を実行する248 12538640 These mini-stacks are able to <carry out> protein transport, though with reduced efficiency
compared with a normal Golgi apparatus.
16 to carry out〜を実行するために
139 15170322 The approach used <to carry out> the pK(a) calculations takes into account the partial
immersion of transmembrane proteins in lipid.

Collocation of carry
English17 carrying out

Japanese〜を実行する18 carried by〜によって運ばれる

19 carrying
mutations
20 mice carrying

突然変異を持つ〜を持つマウス

21 cells carrying〜を持つ細胞22 strains carrying

〜を持つ株

2/2

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample73 12767220 A GGA molecule contains four domains, each mediating interaction with other proteins in<carrying out> intracellular transport.
125 12232836 Strains causing invasive disease could not be distinguished from strains <carried by>vaccinated children.
48 11509665 Surprisingly, we found that CBF1 <carrying mutations> at codon 233 or 249 within exon 7 wasrestricted to the cytoplasm.
267 11748274 Here we use <mice carrying> a conditional Cd4 allele to study the consequences of impaired
TCR signaling after the completion of thymocyte development.
82 15144203 In this biosensor, E. coli <cells carrying> a recA::gfp fusion were used as sensing components
for genotoxin detection.
77 14526009 Our data show that <strains carrying> mutations which constitutively activate the Pho regulon
have increased rpoS translation during exponential growth.

Collocation of confer

1/1

EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleconfer*与える
3,501
confer与える
1,277
conferred
与えられる/与えた980
confers与える
928
conferring
与える
316
Note 「与える、授与する」という意味で用いられ、resistance「抵抗性・耐性」を「与える」場合は、好んで使われる。
1 confer resistance to〜に対する抵抗性を与える
108 12605124 These data illustrate that a single molecule can <confer resistance to> humoral andcellular immune attack.
2 confer protection
保護を与える43 14530371 Upon activation by alpha-GalCer, invariant NKT cells secrete multiple cytokines and<confer protection> in certain immune-mediated disorders.
3 to confer〜を与えること
480 12819118 The putative V. cholerae ClC channel was found <to confer> mild resistance to acidwhen pH was adjusted with HCl, but not with other acids.
4 to confer resistance to 〜に対する抵抗性を与える
29 14530320 It has been proposed that rare alleles are maintained by their ability <to confer
resistance to> common pathogens.
5 sufficient to confer〜を与えるのに十分である
140 12195346 This finding supports the hypothesis that a single allele may be <sufficient to confer>protection against cervical neoplasia.
6 is sufficient to confer 〜は、〜を与えるのに十分
54 10942770 Only a minimum promoter including sequences from -35 to + 6 from the transcriptionである
initiation <is sufficient to confer> down-regulation.
7 that confer〜を与える〜
163 11226157 EmrE belongs to a family of eubacterial multidrug transporters <that confer> resistanceto a wide variety of toxins by coupling the influx of protons to toxin extrusion.
8 that confer resistance 〜に対する抵抗性を与える
29 12840008 Nearly all cells express proteins <that confer resistance to> the mutagenic effects ofto〜oxidative DNA damage.
9 did not confer〜を与えなかった
40 15611264 Adoptive transfer of the same number of splenic dendritic cells from nontreated mice
<did not confer> resistance to burn wound infection.
10 may confer〜を与えるかもしれない
78 15010444 Severe caloric restriction in humans <may confer> protection from invasive breast
cancer.
11 conferred by〜によって与えられる
315 14563677 An additional control of sex-dependent gene expression is <conferred by> Regulator of
sex-limitation (Rsl) alleles.
12 is conferred by〜が、〜によって与えられる58 15090538 Self-resistance to these antibiotics in S. peucetius <is conferred by> the drrAB locus
that codes for two proteins, DrrA and DrrB.
13 conferring resistance 〜に対する抵抗性を与える
38 14557641 The rat zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) was recently identified as a host proteinto<conferring resistance to> retroviral infection.
14 in conferring〜を与える際に63 12761490 Growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction has been implicated <inconferring> resistance to conventional chemotherapy on cancer cells.
15 for conferring〜を与えるために
29 14742873 An LxLxL motif within domain I is important <for conferring> repression.

Collocation of contribute

1/4

EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Samplecontribute*
寄与する/貢献する/一因となる
11,977
contribute
寄与する/貢献する/一因となる
7,037
contributes
寄与する/貢献する/一因となる
2,953
contributing
寄与する/貢献する/一因となる
1,051
contributed
寄与した/貢献した/一因となった
936
Note 「寄与する、貢献する」という訳語から、プラスイメージの意味が連想されるが、実際には「一因となる」という場合にも使われる。
1 contribute to〜に寄与する（一因となる）
6,358 14500377 Unlike p53, loss of the Arf tumor suppressor did not <contribute to>the appearance of vascular or cerebellar tumors.
2 contribute to the〜に寄与する（一因となる）
2,605 15505235 Crowns survived longer than large amalgams, but factors such asarch type and the presence of adjacent teeth <contributed to the>survival of large amalgams.
3 contribute to the development of 〜の開発(発生）に寄与する（一因151 12660931 Genetic variants of IL4 could <contribute to the development of>となる）
CDC in patients with acute leukemia.
4 contribute to the pathogenesis of 〜の病因に寄与する（一因となる）
138 15367665 These findings indicate that telomere dysfunction may <contribute to
the pathogenesis of> Werner syndrome and Bloom syndrome.
5 contribute to the regulation of〜の調節に寄与する（一因となる）
53 15385166 Our results demonstrate for the first time that distinct PKC isotypes<contribute to the regulation of> cavitation in preimplantationembryos via target proteins including Na+/K+ ATPase.
6 contribute to the increased
上昇した〜に寄与する（一因とな
44 11741998 Abnormal high density lipoprotein metabolism may <contribute toる）
the increased> atherosclerosis associated with diabetes and insulin
resistance.
7 contribute to the observed
観察された〜に寄与する（一因とな
40 15343336 These differences may manifest in the ability of some isolates toる）modify the host cellular immune response, thereby <contributing tothe observed> diversity of clinical outcomes.
8 contribute to the formation of〜の形成に寄与する（一因となる）
31 15339666 We propose that this preferential homophilic binding specificity
regulates interactions between cells and <contributes to theformation of> complex patterns of neuronal connections.
9 contribute to the binding
結合に寄与する（一因となる）
28 15123659 The mutational analysis indicated that all eight residues <contributeto the binding> to ACK2.
10 contribute to this
この〜に寄与する（一因となる）
116 12393616 Genetic risk factors have been postulated to <contribute to this>clinical outcome.
11 contribute to its
それの〜に寄与する（一因となる）
85 15001711 Lithium is an effective treatment for mood disorders and has
neuroprotective effects, which may <contribute to its> therapeutic
properties.
12 contribute to tumor
腫瘍の〜に寄与する（一因となる）
46 12847287 CD1d-restricted T cells <contribute to tumor> protection, but theirprecise roles remain unclear.

Collocation of contribute
English13 to contribute toJapanese〜に寄与する（一因となる）

14 thought to contribute to〜に寄与する（一因となる）と考えられる〜に寄与しそうである

15 likely to contribute to
16 shown to contribute to〜に寄与する（一因となる）ことが示される

17 appear to contribute to
18 that contribute to〜に寄与する（一因となる）ように思われる〜に寄与する（一因となる）〜

19 factors that contribute to〜に寄与する（一因となる）因子

20 mechanisms that contribute to〜に寄与する（一因となる）機構

21 may contribute to
22 could contribute to〜に寄与する（一因となる）かもしれない〜に寄与できる（一因となりうる）

23 can contribute to〜に寄与できる（一因となりうる）

24 not contribute to〜に寄与しない（一因とならない）

25 cells contribute to

細胞が〜の一因となる

26 factors contribute to因子が〜に寄与する（一因となる）

2/4

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample591 12853965 Downregulation of Xpd thus seems <to contribute to> theupregulation of mitotic CAK activity and to regulate mitotic
progression positively.
89 12527798 The cell death response to oxidative stress is <thought tocontribute to> aging, neurological degeneration, and other82 15096456 Genetic risk factors are <likely to contribute to> the development ofAAAs, although no such risk factors have been identified.
54 15123805 Switching from acetylation to methylation at histone H3 lysine 9 (K9)
has recently been <shown to contribute to> euchromatin genesilencing.
35 15088883 The use of LDD did not <appear to contribute to> any significant
shifts in the microbiota beyond that of surgery alone.
454 15489450 Of the four E. coli systems <that contribute to> acid resistance,
one, the glutamate-dependent system, is remarkable in its efficacy
and regulatory complexity.
55 15210940 Perhaps, the power of mouse genetics and biology can be harnessed
to identify genetic and other <factors that contribute to> tumor
regionality.
29 14527997 However, secretion <mechanisms that contribute to> the enormous
morbidity and mortality of Gram-positive bacteria are largely
undefined.
2,136 14673146 These findings raise the possibility that mutations in ADAM19 <maycontribute to> human congenital heart valve and septal defects.
268 14673003 The saccades performed during the delay suggest the existence of arehearsal mechanism that <could contribute to> working memory
maintenance.
230 15576472 These data suggest that CD97 <can contribute to> angiogenesis
associated with inflammation and tumor progression.
128 11980919 Despite modest induction of Fas and FasL expression, Fas-mediatedsignaling did <not contribute to> TFD-induced apoptosis in
sympathetic neurons.
73 14978138 These results imply that virus-specific CD8(+) T <cells contributeto> HPS disease outcome.
49 14702338 These findings suggest that TEF <factors contribute to> theactivation of the telokin promoter in smooth muscle cells in a
calcium-dependent manner.

Collocation of contribute
English27 mechanisms contribute toJapanese
機構が〜に寄与する（一因となる）

28 pathways contribute to

経路が〜に寄与する（一因となる）

29 proteins contribute to
30 significantly contribute toタンパク質が〜に寄与する（一因となる）〜に有意に寄与する（一因となる）

31 contribute significantly to〜に有意に寄与する（一因となる）

32 contribute substantially to〜に本質的に寄与する（一因となる）

33 contribute importantly to〜に重大に寄与する（一因となる）

34 contribute in〜において寄与する（一因となる）

35 contributes to〜に寄与する（一因となる）

36 contributes to the〜に寄与する（一因となる）

37 which contributes to
38 likely contributes to

そして、（それは）〜に寄与する（一因となる）〜に寄与しそうである

39 activity contributes to

活性が〜に寄与する（一因となる）

40 contributing to〜に寄与する（一因となる）

41 contributing to the〜に寄与する（一因となる）

42 factors contributing to〜に寄与する（一因となる）因子

3/4

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample31 15213009 The data suggest that spinal <mechanisms contribute to> sex
differences in analgesic tolerance following systemic morphine
administration.
32 15148378 Overall, our studies suggest that both type 1 and type 2 NF-kappaB<pathways contribute to> the gene expression and biologicalprogram unique for CD40 in B cell activation.
29 15572125 Thus, both centriolar and pericentriolar material <proteins
contribute to> centriole assembly.
42 15383597 Impaired response to multiple TLR ligands may <significantly
contribute to> immature neonatal immunity.
157 14566050 Although EDSBs are usually repaired with high fidelity, errors intheir repair <contribute significantly to> the rate of cancer in
40 15026352 The data show that a strong inflammatory response can <contribute
substantially to> local tumor control when the PDT regimen is
suboptimal.
29 12832621 Both latent and lytic KSHV infection is observed in KS tumor cells,
and both genetic programs <contribute importantly to> KS
pathogenesis.
25 10623818 Our data suggest that, unlike other MHC class I molecules, CD1
does not <contribute in> a major way to the development of CD8+ T
2,554 12177483 Although another isozyme <contributes to> the activation of fatty
acids during their export from the chloroplast, LACS9 is a majorchloroplast ACS.
975 11707582 We hypothesize that the cytotoxin is a virulence factor that<contributes to the> pathogenesis of C. trachomatis diseases.
79 15520296 There are multiple copies of each sequence-specific bead in an array,<which contributes to> measurement precision and reliability.
75 11034401 Increased oxidant production <likely contributes to> effective
bacterial killing in the lungs of SP-D-/- mice.
39 14657354 The resultant suppression of Cdk2 <activity contributes to> G1/S
inhibition in NMuMG cells.
788 14668396 However, the factors <contributing to> this variation are not wellunderstood.
300 12080363 Thus there is evidence for a few large effect genes <contributing tothe> genetic variance among lines.
48 11208780 To date, only a few <factors contributing to> the specificity of thissymbiosis have been identified.

Collocation of contribute
English43 thereby contributing to

45 contributed toJapanese
それによって、〜に寄与する（一因となる）〜に寄与する（一因となる）ことにおいて〜に寄与した46 contributed by〜によって与えられる

44 in contributing to

4/4

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample40 15208706 Disordered cholesterol trafficking might disrupt
neurosteroidogenesis, <thereby contributing to> the NP-C
31 12063253 Thus, regulation of actin filaments may play a critical role <incontributing to> the formation of long-term memory.
597 11352887 In 1995 to 1997, heart defects <contributed to> 5822 deaths peryear.
113 12623835 The short telomeres of the GPI+ cells indicate that the residual
hematopoiesis <contributed by> these cells is not normal.

Collocation of detect

1/3

EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampledetect*検出する
15,324detected
検出される/検出した
11,975detect検出する
2,406
detecting
検出する
737
detects
検出する
206
Note 「容易に」という意味でdetectを修飾する副詞としては、easilyよりもreadilyが好まれる。
1 detected in〜において検出される
4,829 11021808 HPV DNA was not <detected in> any nonmucinous adenocarcinomas including
clear cell, serous, and mesonephric carcinomas (0/6).
2 detected in the〜において検出される
1,153 11821413 Hsp40 could also be <detected in the> immunoprecipitated protein complex.
3 detected in a〜において検出される
149
9811752 Cell separation studies showed that bright gp70(+) cells were <detected in a>
fraction enriched for dendritic cells.
4 detected in all
すべての〜において検出される
120 11720725 GABA(A-) receptor-mediated currents were <detected in all> neurons tested,with an average EC(50) of 22.2 microM.
5 detected in both
両方の〜において検出される
87 11574916 Abundant MCP-1 protein and mRNA were <detected in both> macrophages andastrocytes in the brain.
6 detected in any
どの〜においても検出される
72 10529424 Primitive erythroid progenitors were not <detected in any> other tissue at any
stage of embryonic development.
7 detected in human
ヒトの〜において検出される
67
9758597 Transcripts of SNRPN were <detected in human> oocytes and at all stages ofpreimplantation development analyzed.
8 detected in normal
正常な〜において検出される
63 12670917 No methylation was <detected in normal> skin tissues or healthy donor
lymphocytes.
9 detected in cells
細胞において検出される
51 11154276 An association between Akt and ASK1 was <detected in cells> bycoimmunoprecipitation.
10 was detected in〜が、〜において検出された
1,566 11877266 Bcl-2 expression <was detected in> only 5 of 16 cases.
11 were detected in〜が、〜において検出された
1,098
9856780 No BrdU-labeled cells <were detected in> capsulotomy specimens.
12 not detected in〜において検出されない
442 12620387 Somatic mutation was <not detected in> the coding regions of these genes,
although they were each overexpressed.
13 readily detected in〜において容易に検出される
56 10480416 Donor-reactive DTH responses were <readily detected in> both untreated andmAb-treated recipients.
14 first detected in〜において最初に検出される
46
9766659 Papules were <first detected in> DMBA-initiated mice 21 days after the start ofdosing with TPA.
15 detected by〜によって検出される
1,493 12574288 No AdV was <detected by> culture or PCR in throat swabs from healthy
recruits, suggesting the absence of latency or asymptomatic shedding.
16 detected at〜において検出される
410 11342423 No antirasburicase antibodies were <detected at> day 14.
17 detected with
〜によって検出される
273 10747112 Toxigenicity could be <detected with> isolates grown on a diverse range ofculture media, including selective agars.
18 detected on〜において検出される
249 10816526 However, very little TRAP could be <detected on> the surface of sporozoites.
19 detected only in〜においてのみ検出される
128 11607079 GUS activity was <detected only in> the phloem cells but not in any other cell
types of vegetative tissues.

Collocation of detect
English20 detected using

Japanese〜を使って検出される

21 detected for〜に対して検出される

22 detected as
23 detected within〜として検出される〜内で検出される

24 detected after
25 detected between〜の後に検出される〜の間に検出される

26 detected when〜の時に検出される

27 detected from

〜から検出される

28 detected during〜の間に検出される

29 was detected〜が、検出された

30 were detected〜が、検出された

31 as detected

検出されたように

32 first detected

最初に検出される

33 readily detected

容易に検出される

34 we detected

我々は、〜を検出した

35 analysis detected

分析が、〜を検出した

36 to detect〜を検出する〜

37 to detect the〜を検出する〜

38 to detect the presence o〜の存在を検出するために
39 to detect any

どの〜を検出すること

Frq.
141

2/3

PubM̲ID
Sample10515846 Cytokine mRNA expression in the brain did not correlate with the density ofparasitized erythrocytes <detected using> RT-PCR for major surface protein-2.
1319653132 As an example, semilocal rotational motion was <detected for> part of a helix ofthe protein Escherichia coli flavodoxin.
125 10559240 In contrast, point mutants can be <detected as> oligomers.
121
9708802 In perforin+ mice, apoptotic cells are <detected within> the inflammatory
infiltrate, whereas in their PKO counterparts, apoptotic myocyte nuclei are seen.
100
9892184 No lymph node activity was <detected after> s.c. injection.
93 11110673 Similarly, no differences in the patterns of viral gene expression were <detected
between> patients and controls.
78 10569783 However, no significant loss of virulence was <detected when> the wdchs4Delta
strain was tested in an acute mouse model.
75 11571446 However, in one patient the second nondominant strain was <detected from>the background of the major strain on a single occasion 8 months after
70 10653658 In this mutant, a conformational change is <detected during> the lifetime of M,
when no change in the 410 nm absorbance is observed.
3,090
9988181 Infectious virus <was detected> in 1 seminal fluid sample obtained 82 days after
disease onset.
2,305 10610730 We sequenced the entire TLN coding sequence in several CHH patients, but nofunctional mutations <were detected>.
249 10766797 We propose that these factors influence expression at a post-transcriptional stepand, if dysregulated, may increase COX-2 protein <as detected> in coloncancer.
123 11181801 The increase in DNA synthesis was <first detected> 12 h after the initial
increase in activated c-MET levels.
123 10767541 Similarly, when tissues from newborn animals were examined, Hmgi(y) expression
was <readily detected> at a level of intensity intermediate between that found inembryos and adults.
374 12475929 However, <we detected> Pth-like activity in extracts of the archaeon
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii.
64 10673275 In particular, sequence <analysis detected> the presence of a novel gene
(CARKL) residing within the most common cystinosis-causing deletion.
1,736 10480620 However, many studies have failed <to detect> an effect of this variant, and theimportance of the Trp64Arg variant in human obesity remains controversial.
167
9620408 We developed a nested PCR <to detect the> enterotoxin gene of B. fragilis instool specimens.
40 10460266 During quiet immobility, the somatosensory system seems to be optimally tuned<to detect the presence of> single stimuli.
37 10623750 At low multiplicities of infection, it was difficult <to detect any> viral proteins inmouse cells.

Collocation of detect
English40 to detect linkage

Japanese
連鎖を検出するために

Frq.
30

41 used to detect
42 ability to detect〜を検出するために使われる〜を検出する能力257
101

43 failed to detect〜を検出するのに失敗した

83

44 power to detect〜を検出する力80

45 difficult to detect〜を検出するのが困難な

49

46 assay to detect〜を検出するアッセイ

47

47 for detecting〜を検出するための323

48 method for detecting〜を検出するための方法

52

49 in detecting〜を検出する際に138

50 of detecting〜を検出すること〜

113

3/3

PubM̲ID
Sample10577930 Model-free LOD-score methods are often employed <to detect linkage>
between marker loci and common diseases, with samples of affected sib pairs.
9583862 Flow cytometric analysis was <used to detect> donor cells in tolerant mice.
10577637 The presence of endocervical cells is a valid and convenient surrogate for the<ability to detect> dyskaryosis.
12037101 Without induction, LA <failed to detect> 50% of mecA-positive strains grown on
two different media.
12020146 Many trials lacked <power to detect> clinically important differences inoutcomes.
12421760 Random spontaneous genome rearrangements are <difficult to detect> in vivo,
especially in postmitotic tissues.
11282895 Apoptosis was measured by DNA nucleosomal cleavage and a hairpin probelabeling <assay to detect> single-base overhang.
12569420 In this paper we present a new method <for detecting> block duplications in agenome.
12354871 In summary, we developed a rapid, sensitive, and real-time Q-PCR <method for
detecting> H. pylori.
9705369 The AMPLICOR CMV Test was very specific <in detecting> 12 clinical CMV
isolates and four laboratory CMV strains tested.
9608842 The results indicate that this fluorosensor is capable <of detecting> H. pylori ina sandwich assay at picomolar concentrations.

Collocation of elucidate

1/2

EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleelucidate*
解明する/明らかにする
2,490
elucidate
解明する/明らかにする
1,398
elucidated
解明される/解明した751
elucidating
解明する/明らかにする
312
elucidates
解明する/明らかにする
29
Note 「解明する」という訳語から、日本人の英語論文では、特にmechanismと共起する動詞の筆頭に挙げられるが、ネイティブの英文コーパスでは、investigate themechanism がむしろ頻度としては高い。
1 to elucidate〜を解明するために

2 to elucidate the〜を解明するために

3 to elucidate themechanism

機構を解明するために

4 to elucidate themechanism of
5 to elucidate themechanism by which〜の機構を解明するために

6 to elucidate the role of〜の役割を解明すこと

それによって、〜である機構を解明するために

7 to elucidate the molecular 分子の〜を解明すること
8 to elucidate the functionof
9 to further elucidate〜の機能を解明するために〜をさらに解明するために

10 help elucidate

解明するのを助ける

11 elucidated by〜によって解明される

12 elucidated in〜において解明される

13 been elucidated

解明されている997 11101306 <To elucidate> the molecular basis for the interaction of ligands with the humanmelanocortin-4 receptor (hMC4R), agonist structure-activity studies and receptor
point mutagenesis were performed.
717 10713169 <To elucidate the> mechanism of repression by this complex, altered forms of Ydr1
and Bur6 were studied in vitro and in vivo.
103 12670867 In this study we use the developing cone cell in the Drosophila visual system <toelucidate the mechanism> of positive and negative regulation by the Runx protein
Lozenge (Lz).
62 11577027 <To elucidate the mechanism of> cADPR action, we performed confocal Ca(2+)
imaging in saponin-permeabilized rat ventricular myocytes.
16 12857896 <To elucidate the mechanism by which> these viruses cause chronic disease, wedeveloped a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis by using a virulent variant ofcoxsackievirus B4, CVB4-V.
87 12426305 The goal of this study was <to elucidate the role of> the EGF receptor (EGFR) as acomponent of the uPAR-signaling machinery.
70 15592527 The purpose of this study was <to elucidate the molecular> pathway leading toautophagic cell death.
22 14736859 <To elucidate the function of> type II neurons, we have developed an approach forstudying their electrophysiological features in vitro.
76 10863099 <To further elucidate> the biosynthesis of this and related macrolides, we cloned andsequenced an 80kb region encompassing the FK520 gene cluster.
56 15527737 These results may <help elucidate> the ability of mu agonists to regulate the number
and responsiveness of their receptors.
41 12199561 Structures of active compounds are <elucidated by> NMR spectroscopy and mass
spectrometry.
27 12832529 In the current study, a role for NKCC1 in neuronal death was <elucidated in>neurotoxicity induced by glutamate and oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD).
221 11704682 Nearly 50 molecules have been found to interact with type I collagen, and for about
half of them, binding sites on this collagen have <been elucidated>.

Collocation of elucidate
English14 not been elucidated

Japanese
解明されていない

15 to be elucidated

解明されるように

16 remains to be elucidated

解明されないままである

17 fully elucidated
18 not been fully elucidated

完全に解明される
完全には解明されていない

2/2

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample136 12796468 The molecular mechanism whereby fibrillar beta-amyloid activates the inflammatory
response has <not been elucidated>.
182 11856534 Whereas the synaptic mechanisms of gamma oscillations have been studied in detail,the ionic currents involved at the cellular level remain <to be elucidated>.
73 15470055 The polymorphic gene(s) encoded within the sst1 locus that controls macrophageinteractions with the two intracellular pathogens <remains to be elucidated>.
67 15232617 Mechanisms underlying airway hyperresponsiveness are not yet <fully elucidated>.
37 15004193 Specific mechanisms recruiting neutrophils to the lung during hyperoxia-induced lunginjury have <not been fully elucidated>.

Collocation of give

1/2

EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample
give*
与える
8,311
given
与えられる
4,534
give
与える
1,413
gave
与えた
1,160
gives
与える
739
giving与える
465
Note givenは文頭で好んで使われ、「〜を考えれば」という意味を表す。また名詞を修飾する場合は、「ある定められた」という意味で使われる場合が多い。 give rise to 「〜を引き起こす、〜を生じさせる」は、必修熟語である。
1 given the706

2 given the high〜を考えれば/〜を考慮に入れて高い〜を考えれば3 given that

that以下のことを考えれば

230

4 given a〜を与えられる（投与される）〜に与えられる（投与される）〜において与えられる（投与される）〜によって与えられる（投与される）〜において与えられる（投与される）〜に対して与えられる（投与される）〜が、与えられた（投与された）ラットが、与えられた（投与された）〜が、与えられた（投与された）〜が、〜に与えられた（投与された）〜が、与えられる（投与される）〜を与えられた（投与され
た）時

198

5 given to
6 given in
7 given by
8 given at
9 given for
10 were given
11 rats were given
12 was given
13 was given to
14 is given
15 when given

29

181
105
86
73
66
443
64
277
42
100
172

10195222 <Given the> ubiquity of invariant responses in cognitive processing, the recurrent
mechanism we propose for complex cells may be widely applicable.
12453915 <Given the high> degree of genetic heterogeneity, multiple genes with small to moderate
effects may influence susceptibility to diabetes.
10074140 <Given that> the two cell lines are from the same species, the loss of function of both ofthese receptors in CHOK1 cells is surprising.
9850069 The remaining animals in each group were <given a> single intragastric dose of NMBA at 2
mg/kg and sacrificed 12 weeks later for tumor incidence analysis.
10773218 Two stimuli at an interpulse interval (IPI) of 10-9000 ms were <given to> the medial
perforant path.
11390328 Whenever possible, antiinflammatory drugs should be <given in> monotherapy and at thelowest effective dose in order to reduce the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications.
12663318 Dietary advice to lower blood cholesterol may be <given by> a variety of means.
9605144 Nevertheless, IFN-gamma itself, even when <given at> a higher dose than IL-12, failed tosignificantly enhance antibiotic clearance of bacteria.
9727552 Subsequently, additional shocks at V50+/-10% and V50-20% were <given for> eachtreatment to obtain data points at higher and lower intensities.
11316649 Subsequently, animals <were given> one of three surfactants administered via threedifferent methods and physiological responses were assessed over a 1-h period.
12556372 Before exposure to light, some <rats were given> the synthetic antioxidant
dimethylthiourea (DMTU).
11378620 Premedication with 0.05 mg/kg of acepromazine <was given>, and either atropine (0.2 mg)
or saline was given by intravenous bolus at the time of induction.
9786809 Postoperative iodine-131 <was given to> 85.4% of patients with papillary cancer and 79.3%
of patients with follicular cancer.
10407018 Heterozygotes exposed to TEA display no overt phenotype until a single stimulation <isgiven>, which is then followed by an indefinite phase of repetitive discharge.
11166719 Furthermore, 7-NI produced retrograde amnesia <when given> immediately following
training while AP5 did not.

Collocation of give
English16 a given
17 for a given
18 of a given
19 in a given

Japanese
定められた/一定の定められた/一定の〜にとって定められた/一定の〜の22 any given

定められた/一定の〜において定められた/一定の〜において定められた/一定の〜の中でどの既定の〜も23 at any given

どの既定の〜においても24 mice given

与えられたマウス

25 give rise to〜を生じる

26 gives rise to〜を生じる

27 gave rise to〜を生じた

28 giving rise to〜を生じる

29 give a〜を与える

30 to give〜を与えるために

31 gave a〜を与えた

32 patients given〜を与えられた患者

20 at a given
21 within a given

33 cells that give rise to 〜を生じる細胞

2/2

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample808 10859340 Therefore, the antiviral protective capacity of <a given> CD4(+) T cell is governed by theeffector cytokines it produces and by its migratory capability.
177 12124289 A restriction map <for a given> restriction enzyme was generated with an accuracy ofapproximately 25 bp.
133 11807059 Isolates <of a given> type differed by < or = 2% in DNA sequence, but several recombinantelements were also found.
108 12600314 Proteins and lipids are not uniformly distributed <in a given> organelle, and subdomains areformed by a combination of hierarchical assembly processes and protein exclusion.
84 10564485 Using transcriptional fusions to lacZ, we have found that only one marbox orientation isfunctional <at a given> location.
57
9770483 Moreover, the precise spatial arrangement of the GFP molecules <within a given> dimer
determines the magnitude and direction of the spectral change.
124 10462553 An agonist at a specific G protein-coupled receptor may exhibit a range of efficacies for<any given> response in a cell-specific manner.
45 11090134 An unexpected finding was that nearly half of the insertions <at any given> target site failed
to give a full spatial pattern of transgene expression.
124 10496870 However, <mice given> streptomycin in their drinking water developed long-term carriage
of S. aureus, and they were colonized with inocula as low as 10(5) CFU.
543 11099419 Bone marrow stem cells <give rise to> a variety of hematopoietic lineages and repopulate
the blood throughout adult life.
320 11585797 This pattern of migration <gives rise to> the distinctive appearance of the internal genu of
the facial nerve, which is lacking in birds.
189 11756492 The increase in ATP responses <gave rise to> large depolarizations that exceeded thethreshold of action potentials in inflamed DRG neurons.
173 12393558 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain hematopoiesis by <giving rise to> all types ofblood cells.
151 12519955 The long-term goal is to establish a complete collection of Arabidopsis genes that <give a>knockout phenotype.
519 11009627 Conductivities are assigned to the model <to give> realistic local conduction velocities
within the bundles and bulk tissue.
222
9888790 Edman degradation <gave a> single amino-terminal sequence expected for the mature
protein.
9621290 This study found that nephrotic <patients given> a modestly protein-restricted diet wereable to maintain positive nitrogen balance.
10954845 However, it is not known whether the pyramidal <cells that give rise to> callosalintercortical connections of the PFC also receive DA synaptic input.

1/5
Collocation of know
EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampleknow*
知る
16,850known
知られている/既知の16,614know
知る
167
knowing
知る
50
knew
知った
15
knows
知る
4
Note be known to 不定詞「〜すると知られている」と little is known 「ほとんど知られていない」の用法が圧倒的に多い。
1 known to〜すると知られている
4,155 10887098 Genes <known to> be specific for B, T, or myelomonocytic lineages wereappropriately identified in the arrays, validating the general utility of thisapproach.
2 known to be〜であると知られている
1,244 11673478 Tyrosine kinase activity is <known to be> important in neuronal growth coneguidance.
3 known to have〜を持つと知られている
154 9724718 The mature eIF is the only protein <known to have> the unusual amino acidhypusine, a post-translationally modified lysine.
4 known to play〜（役割を）果たすと知られている
132 12664158 The T. equiperdum ESAG6 genes were less genetically diverse than those of T.
brucei in regions <known to play> a role in transferrin binding.
5 known to regulate〜を調節すると知られている
112 12514223 Brief BMP4 application caused Smad1 translocation from the neuronal cytoplasm
into the nucleus, where it is <known to regulate> transcription in association
with Smad4.
6 known to induce〜を誘導すると知られている
111 12085232 Prohibitin, a potential tumor suppressor, is <known to induce> growth
suppression and repress E2F-mediated transcription.
7 known to bind
結合すると知られている
102 10330907 These sensors incorporate cytochrome c', a hemoprotein <known to bind> nitricoxide selectively.
8 known to interact with 〜と反応すると知られている
82 11560935 In Sos1, this segment is in helix B, which is <known to interact with> the switch
2 region of Ha-Ras.
9 known to cause〜を引き起こすと知られている
93 11055984 However, shocks are also <known to cause> electroporation of cell membranes.
10 known to inhibit〜を抑制すると知られている
88 12019182 Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) is <known to inhibit> virally mediatedoncogenic transformation.
11 known to contain〜を含むと知れられる
76 9548505 Because these genes are <known to contain> nuclear-factor-kappaB (NFkappaB)-binding elements in their promoter region, we next examined the abilityof thrombin to activate this transcription factor.
12 known to activate〜を活性化すると知られている
71 12615923 Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a bacterial toxin <known to activate>
Rho GTPases and induce host cell cytoskeleton rearrangements.
13 known to mediate〜を仲介すると知られている
67 11481486 The downstream molecule Gli1 is <known to mediate> the biological effect ofthe pathway and is itself up-regulated in all BCCs.
14 known to occur
起こると知られている
65 9834056 Receptor-ligand interactions are <known to occur> between several members of
this family, and these interactions can strengthen cell to cell adhesion.
15 known to affect〜に影響すると知られている
62 9466992 CBS deficiency is associated with homocystinuria, which is <known to affect>
various physiological systems, including the central nervous system.

English
16 known to promote

Japanese〜を促進すると知られている

17 known to function

機能すると知られている

18 known to influence〜に影響を与えると知られている

19 is known to〜が、〜すると知られている

20 are known to〜が、〜すると知られている

21 genes known to〜すると知られている遺伝子

22 proteins known to〜すると知られているタンパク質23 factors known to〜すると知られている因子

24 known about
25 little is known about〜について知られている〜についてはほとんど知られていない〜についてはほとんど知られていな
い機構についてはほとんど知られていない〜の役割についてはほとんど知られていない分子機構についてはほとんど知られていない

26 little is known about
the
27 little is known about
the mechanisms
28 little is known about
the role of
29 little is known about
the molecularmechanisms
30 little is known abouthow
31 little is known about
their
32 little is known about
its
33 however, little is
known about
34 but little is known
about

どのように〜かについてはほとんど知られていないそれらの〜についてはほとんど知られていない
それの〜についてはほとんど知られていない
しかし、〜についてはほとんど知られていない
しかし、〜についてはほとんど知られ
ていない

2/5
Collocation of know
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample55 11070096 An enriched environment is <known to promote> structural changes in the brain
and to enhance learning and memory performance in rodents.
52 9582285 Most factors <known to function> in mRNA turnover are not essential for cell
viability.
48 10791997 Other checkpoints in EAE pathogenesis have not been clearly defined, althoughmultiple genetic loci are <known to influence> EAE development.
1,259 12169527 IHF <is known to> exhibit both direct and indirect recognition of its bindingsites.
1,027 12011054 Homo- and heterodimerization (oligomerization) of the erbB receptors <areknown to> be critical events for receptor signaling.
93 10388806 We have examined the role in this abnormal rereplication of a large panel of<genes known to> be involved in normal S phase.
73 12556478 However, no significant redistribution of <proteins known to> interact withPDZK1, such as MAP17, cMOAT, and the type IIa Na/Pi cotransporter, wasobserved.
46 11486032 Among the transcription <factors known to> interact with Groucho-related
protein, only RUNX1 was appreciably downregulated by E2A-HLF.
1,825 12388558 However, nothing is <known about> the role of Pin1 in DNA damage.
1,530 11273709 Very <little is known about> the character or functional relevance of hydrogenbonded cysteine sulfhydryl (S-H) groups in proteins.
947 9841601 <Little is known about the> epidemiology and clinical implications of M.
kansasii infection in the AIDS era.
79 9851843 However, <little is known about the mechanisms> regulating cell
rearrangements that are necessary for tubule formation.
44 11017084 Histone acetyltransferases regulate transcription, but <little is known about therole of> these enzymes in developmental processes.
34 11551968 <Little is known about the molecular mechanisms> regulating expression of
the MyHC gene family members in different fiber types.

145 11160672 The 330-kbp viral genome has been sequenced, yet <little is known about
how> viral mRNAs are synthesized and processed.
85 11940660 However, very <little is known about their> roles during development in
multicellular organisms.
70 12045186 Despite its obvious importance, <little is known about its> regulation.
254

9603903 <However, little is known about> the amino acid residues involved in the
catalysis.
209 10969768 Uveal melanoma is the most common malignancy of the eye, <but little is known
about> its underlying genetic defects.

English
35 relatively little is
known about
36 very little is known
about
37 yet little is known
about
38 less is known about
39 much less is known
about
40 nothing is known
about
41 although much is
known about

Japanese〜については比較的僅かしか知られていない〜についてはほんの僅かしか知られていないだが、〜についてはほとんど知られていない〜についてはさらに僅かしか知られていない〜についてはさらに僅かしか知られていない〜については何も知られていない〜についてはたくさん知られているが42 known as
43 known as the〜として知られている〜として知られている

44 also known as〜としても知られている

45 process known as〜として知られている過程

46 known for〜ゆえに知られている

47 of known

既知の〜の〜48 known in〜において知られている

49 with known

よく知られている〜と50 to known

既知の〜に

51 for known

既知の〜に対して

52 from known

既知の〜から

53 the known

既知の〜

3/5
Collocation of know
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample106 12562763 <Relatively little is known about> the mechanism by which the signal istransmitted from the sensory site to the catalytic site.
104 10823959 At present, <very little is known about> how these different actions areintegrated and eventually turned off.
66 11157169 Human beings contain complex societies of indigenous microbes, <yet little is
known about> how resident bacteria shape our physiology.
115 11745625 <Less is known about> the neurobiology of P2X(7) receptors in the entericnervous system (ENS).
39 9759851 <Much less is known about> the function of CTLA-4 in differentiated T cells.

53 10557214 <Nothing is known about> the proteins that control and catalyze theseswitching reactions.
31 11485904 <Although much is known about> the function of inflammatory cells withinwounds, little is known about the chemotactic and activation signals that
influence this response.
1,670
280 10320367 NFAT transcription factors bind to a sequence in the IL-2 enhancer <known asthe> antigen receptor response element 2 (ARRE-2).
629 11159974 The rgg gene (<also known as> ropB) is required for the expression of
streptococcal erythrogenic toxin B (SPE B), an extracellular cysteine proteasethat contributes to virulence.
45 10594030 Normal cells do not divide indefinitely due to a <process known as> replicative
senescence.
173 12070092 The small GTPase Rho is a molecular switch that is best <known for> its role inregulating the actomyosin cytoskeleton.
594 9878358 The fidelity of adaptor ligation was demonstrated by the isolation <of known>
gene fragments by appropriate adaptor combinations.
88 9521722 Further studies showed that the dimeric form of seminal RNase <known in> thecrystal is not the only form in vivo, where a substantial amount of heterodimer isknown.
354 10229621 Molecular alignments from SQ are consistent <with known> drug-receptor
interactions.
273 10748212 FRE has no detectable homology to the animal IRE or <to known> promoters in
DNA and bound a trans-acting factor in leaf cell extracts.
65 12202761 We validated our muscle-specific and brain-specific splice forms <for known>
genes.
55 11014353 Markers <from known> periodic fever susceptibility loci were investigated in 7
affected and 11 healthy members of a north Indian family.
935 11470832 Most, if not all, of <the known> ligands for these receptors are soluble factors.

4/5
Collocation of know
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample226 9705351 We also demonstrate that mutation <of the known> E2F-binding sites in thecyclin E promoter does not block activation by HCMV or IE86.
145 11799117 This result is consistent <with the known> physiological events required forcAMP-dependent activation of the kinase.
112 10203519 The similarity of this parasite <to the known> human pathogen B. microti may
also pose risks to humans undergoing xenotransplantation, mandating effective
screening of donor animals.
536 12079386 Allosamidin is <a known> inhibitor of class 18 chitinases.
70 9660798 The full-length cain cDNA predicts a 240-kDa protein with no significant
homology <to any known> protein.
233 11598055 However, <it is not known whether> the metabolic pathways and growth stateof the bacterium influence synthesis and secretion of Ptx and other virulence
factors.
62 10521484 <However, it is not known whether> specific domains of FN can also regulate
apoptosis.
36

English54 of the known

Japanese
既知の〜の〜

55 with the known

既知の〜と〜

56 to the known

既知の〜に

57 a known
58 to any known

既知の〜
どの既知の〜に

59 it is not known
whether〜かどうかについては知られていない60 however, it is notknown whether
61 but, it is not known
whether
62 it is not known how

しかし、〜かどうかについては知られていない
しかし、〜かどうかについては知られていない
どのように〜かは知られていない

63 known that64 it is known that

〜であることが知られている〜であることが知られている

263
164

65 well known that

〜であることがよく知られている

64

66 little is known of
67 little is known
regarding
68 known genes〜についてはほとんど知られていな〜に関してほとんど知られていない

106
86

既知の遺伝子

228

69 known function

既知の機能

126

70 of known function
71 known structure

既知の機能の
既知の構造

56
112

72 known proteins

既知のタンパク質83

73 well known

よく知られている457

58

9539771 <It is not known how> human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-derived
antagonist peptides interfere with intracellular activation of cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTL).
10222204 It is well <known that> some protein folds (superfolds) occur very frequently.
11371573 <It is known that> albumin combines with cysteine in circulation to form
albumin-Cys(34)-S-S-Cys.
11565022 It is <well known that> a dielectric medium can be used to manipulate
properties of light pulses.
12628164 <Little is known of> molecular mechanisms of human mechanosensation.
11748168 <Little is known regarding> epithelial receptor(s) involved in binding of P.
gingivalis fimbriae.
11119614 One of these, Staf-50, is known to inhibit expression from the HIV LTR; most of
the other <known genes> are interferon inducible, although the interferon genes
themselves were not induced by LANA.
11438587 Contrary to its <known function> as a death receptor, ligand binding top75NTR promotes subplate neuron survival.
10698639 We show that another 25 are related to proteins <of known function>.
11752426 These alignments then are merged through a multiple structure alignment offamily members of <known structure>.
10814723 DISC1 encodes a large protein with no significant sequence homology to other<known proteins>.
9876160 The antagonizing effect of high pressure against anesthesia is <well known>.

English
74 other known

Japanese
他の既知の〜

75 any known

どの既知の〜76 all known

すべての既知の〜

77 previously known

以前から知られている

78 previously known to

以前から〜すると知られている

79 the only known

唯一知られている〜

80 yet known

まだ知られて（いない）

81 two known

２つの既知の〜

82 now known to

現在〜すると知られている

83 its known

既知のそれの〜

84 several known

幾つか既知の〜

85 best known

最もよく知られている〜

86 genes known to〜すると知られている遺伝子

87 proteins known to〜すると知られているタンパク質88 factors known to〜すると知られている因子

5/5
Collocation of know
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample320 11294624 Escherichia coli glyoxalase I (GlxI) is a metalloisomerase that is maximally
activated by Ni(2+), unlike <other known> GlxI enzymes which are active with137 10893234 Orotidine 5'-phosphate (OMP) decarboxylase has the largest rate enhancementfor <any known> enzyme.
287 11397014 We report the molecular cloning and tissue distribution of zebrafish
transmembrane ephrins that represent <all known> members of the mammalianclass B ephrin family.
165 12401787 We also report that <previously known> rpoB (RNAP beta subunit) mutations
that lead to streptolydigin resistance cause resistance to MccJ25.
42 12399372 Here we show that CUE1, <previously known to> have a role in couplingubiquitin conjugation to ER degradation, is an unusual dosage suppressor ofmutations in MPS2 and NDC1.
126 11895946 The mutant was not, however, impaired for the production of legiobactin, <theonly known> L. pneumophila siderophore.
63 12485996 The fundamental defect underlying this catastrophic phenotype is not <yetknown>.
94 11142655 There are <two known> sodium transduction pathways in the rat gustatory
system.
42 10699182 The gene is <now known to> reside in a 300-400 kb region of 6q24 whichcontains several CpG islands.
71 11340169 In addition to <its known> role as an activator of Rac1 GTPases, these findings
demonstrate a novel function for Vav1 as a regulator of PLCgamma-activatedcalcium signals.
60 10438915 Among <several known> functions, IL-16 is a chemoattractant factor for CD4+
T cells and it inhibits MLR.
54 9735274 The current-voltage curve for ion channels is perhaps the <best known>
characteristic of these channels.
91 12646309 In estrogen treated mice, we have observed up-regulation of the <genes known
to> control apoptosis, cell proliferation, and growth, which might account for the
positive effects of estrogen on the regeneration of motor neurons.
72 11254728 These results suggest that the carboxylated glycans play important roles inleukocyte trafficking by interacting with <proteins known to> modulate
extravasation.
45 11463846 Levels of <factors known to> be involved in gut morphogenesis were alsounchanged.

1/4
Collocation of obtain
EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleobtain*得る
10,400obtained
得られる/得た
9,017
obtain得る
1,087
obtaining得る
277
obtains得る
19Note 一般的に「得る」という意味では、getではなくobtainが好まれる。
1 obtained from〜から得られる
2,369 12591758 Thrombi were also <obtained from> groups of wild-type and tPA-/- mice (n=24
per group) between 1 and 28 days.
2 obtained from the〜から得られる
415 10221071 Similar results were <obtained from the> chromatographic runs.
3 obtained from a〜から得られる
157 9771879 Further support for the hypothesis was <obtained from a> longitudinal study ofpreviously obese women.
4 obtained from patients
患者から得られる
89 10351940 MIP-1-alpha, RANTES, and IL-8 were also present in lower airway secretions<obtained from patients> with RSV bronchiolitis.
5 obtained from patients with 〜の患者から得られる
58 10552960 We have studied adenovirus-mediated cytotoxicity after infection of malignant
cells <obtained from patients with> chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
6 were obtained from〜が、〜から得られた
548 10235563 For control specimens, epithelia <were obtained from> healthy patients
undergoing photorefractive keratectomy.
7 obtained by〜によって得られる
1,065 9799794 From these results, we suggest that a useful intermediate product for genome
sequencing might be <obtained by> three- to fourfold redundancy.
8 obtained by using〜を使うことによって得られる
78 10025843 Quantitative brain images of the patient were <obtained by using> a Siemens
921 47-slice PET imaging system.
9 were obtained by〜が、〜によって得られた
177 10198113 Genomic sequences corresponding to the MDL1, MDL2, and MDL4 cDNAs<were obtained by> polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA.
10 obtained with〜を使って得られる
861 11121119 These results show that care should be exercised when interpreting data
<obtained with> troponin I phosphorylated in vitro.
11 obtained with the〜を使って得られる
157 11371449 We found that quasi-physiological concentrations of Ca produced currents thatwere as easily resolvable as those <obtained with the> traditionally used higher
concentrations.
12 were obtained with〜が、〜を使って得られた
207 11795778 The maps of redox reactivity of the cell surface <were obtained with> amicrometer or submicrometer spatial resolution.
13 obtained in〜において得られる
705 10092830 Evidence of clonal dominance in one or more V beta families was <obtained in>
15 of 22 children.
14 obtained in the〜において得られる
129 12441338 The same results were <obtained in the> absence of the GAL4 recognition
sequence in the template and were also observed with wild type enzyme.
15 were obtained in〜が、〜において得られた
224 10784108 Electrophysiological recordings <were obtained in> an isolated spinal cord
preparation.
16 obtained for〜のために得られる
561 11401710 The most dramatic results were <obtained for> mycoplasmas isolated from thetrachea.

English17 obtained for theJapanese〜のために得られる

18 were obtained for〜が、〜のために得られた

19 obtained at〜において得られる

20 obtained at baseline
21 obtained at autopsy

ベースラインにおいて得られる
剖検において得られる

22 were obtained at〜が、〜において得られた

23 obtained after〜の後で得られる

24 obtained during〜の間に得られる

25 obtained on〜において得られる

26 obtained before〜の前に得られる

27 obtained through〜によって得られる

28 obtained using〜を使って得られる

29 obtained when〜の時に得られる

30 were obtained
31 results were obtained〜が得られた
結果が、得られた

32 samples were obtained

試料が、得られた

33 data were obtained

データが、得られた

34 images were obtained

イメージが、得られた

35 recordings were obtained

記録が、得られた

2/4
Collocation of obtain
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample134 12086483 Encouraging results were <obtained for the> predictions of 27 NNRTIs,
representing a new chemotype not included in the development of the regression
model.
207 11816567 Similar values <were obtained for> aptamer immobilized on a polystyrene
support except for a slightly higher Kd for adenosine.
366 9807588 T2 measurements <obtained at> dual-echo fast FLAIR imaging may help detect
subtle hippocampal abnormalities.
34 9929085 All measures were <obtained at baseline> and at 6 and 24 months.
25 11772691 Right-hemisphere thalami <obtained at autopsy> from 14 schizophrenic andeight comparison subjects were examined.
117 9665069 Xenograft tissue sections <were obtained at> various times after transplant andstained for inflammatory cells and insulin.
133 10921948 Preliminary results <obtained after> testing the protocol on three patient
samples support culture results and medical history.
104 10924580 Temperature-sensitive MR images <obtained during> the sonications were used
to estimate the temperature and thermal dose.
82 11953977 Data were <obtained on> 145 patients treated with pulse cyclophosphamide,
pulse methylprednisolone, or the combination of both.
69 10817559 Sera <obtained before> and after treatment were analyzed for levels of soluble
IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R).
64 12511684 Baseline values for reader performance with screen-film mammograms were<obtained through> the additional interpretation of 179 screen-film
mammograms.
328 9563532 Hemodynamic measurements and blood gas analyses were <obtained using>
Swan-Ganz and arterial catheters.
146 10537283 Similar results were <obtained when> the tumor cells were irradiated prior toadministration.
2,306 12461263 MR images <were obtained> every 3 minutes during a 45-minute examination.
362 9596710 Similar <results were obtained> with human peripheral blood monocytes
infected with E. chaffeensis.
137 9660504 Vitreous <samples were obtained> and analyzed by zymography for thepresence of MMPs.
121 10827987 Similar <data were obtained> from biochemical measures of bound fS1,
validating the fluorescence microscopy measurements.
65 11733404 Midventricular short-axis <images were obtained> continuously for 40 minutes
after Gd-DTPA injection (0.3 mmol/kg).
41 12657665 Whole-cell patch-clamp <recordings were obtained> from acutely dissociated,
retrogradely labeled, cutaneous, adult rat DRG neurons of medium size.

English
36 results obtained

Japanese
得られた結果37 results obtained with

〜によって得られた結果

38 results obtained from〜から得られた結果

39 the results obtained

得られた結果

40 those obtained

得られたそれら

41 those obtained with

〜によって得られたそれら

42 those obtained by〜によって得られたそれら

43 those obtained from〜から得られたそれら

44 data obtained

得られたデータ

45 data obtained from〜から得られたデータ

46 that obtained

得られたそれ47 that obtained with

〜によって得られたそれ

48 samples obtained

得られた試料49 samples obtained from〜から得られた試料

50 cells obtained from〜から得られた細胞

51 specimens obtained from〜から得られた試料

52 images obtained〜から得られたイメージ

53 values obtained

得られた値

3/4
Collocation of obtain
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample438 9635757 The <results obtained> here demonstrate that side-chain hydrophobicity alone
cannot account for the energy barriers to peptide and protein transport acrossmembranes.
111 11711608 In contrast to the <results obtained with> HeLa cells, rwt virus induced
apoptosis more slowly than did rM51R-M virus in BHK cells.
85 11597598 The <results obtained from> this animal model of SCI suggest that calpain
inhibitor can provide neuroprotection in patients with SCI.
210 9563485 The clinical relevance of <the results obtained> in this model system needs tobe confirmed.
363 11493442 The results were compared with <those obtained> in a series of patients withaplastic anemia, healthy donors, and patients with a history of nonmyeloid
neoplasia in complete remission.
81 10428815 These results were compared with <those obtained with> fusidic acid, showingthat both drugs act in a different manner.
80 11743977 The combined effects of sound stress and morphine on 5-HTP accumulation are
identical to <those obtained by> each treatment individually.
62 12403630 The results were in excellent agreement with <those obtained from> previous
assays, verifying the accuracy and reliability of the ESI-MS assay.
329 10866980 These models are shown to be useful for the analysis of kinetic <data obtained>
for several biologically important aggregation processes.
104 11386750 We have compared <data obtained from> this method to predicted HICF
patterns of 10 fully sequenced BACs.
150 9665692 The resulting mass spectrum was compared to <that obtained> by analysis ofsubunit II that had not been exposed to the photolabel.
52 9779943 Furthermore, the mGluR1beta immunostaining was compared with <thatobtained with> antibodies specific for mGluR1alpha or with a pan-mGluR1
antibody which recognizes all isoforms.
126 10720550 Confocal microscopy showed that an FtpA-specific monoclonal antibody boundto bacteria in biopsy <samples obtained> from infected human volunteers.
63 10594761 Dystrophic hair <samples obtained from> both patients showed the typicalbeaded appearance by scanning electron microscopy.
88 12351403 Exposure of primary cultures of both B-CLL and ALL <cells obtained from>patients to CD437 and MM002 resulted in their apoptosis.
50 11343204 Cervical <specimens obtained from> 3863 women 18-40 years old (mean, 28
years) with no history of high-grade cervical disease were analyzed for 38 HPV
types.
83 10207489 On MR <images obtained> in three patients, intrusions of growth plate cartilage
into the metaphysis were seen to increase in depth over time.
76 12601202 Clinical outcomes were assessed with serial systolic and diastolic blood pressure
and serum creatinine <values obtained> from retrospective review of caseEnglish
54 we obtained
55 to obtain

Japanese
我々は、〜を得た〜を得るために56 to obtain a〜を得るために57 to obtain information

情報を得るために

58 used to obtain〜を得るために使われる

59 difficult to obtain〜を得ることが困難な

60 we obtain

我々は、〜を得る

61 for obtaining〜を得るために

62 of obtaining

〜を得る〜

4/4
Collocation of obtain
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample211 11759644 <We obtained> weekly surveillance cultures from all patients.
947 11812776 <To obtain> sufficient materials for structural studies of the receptor-ligand
complexes, we have expressed part of the mouse muscle alpha subunit as asoluble, secretory protein using the yeast Pichia pastoris.
149 11841204 <To obtain a> more detailed picture of molecular events at the peptide
backbone during unfolding and folding of CspA, we used native state hydrogenexchange and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).
37 10493854 In addition, DNA, RNA and protein measurements were used <to obtain
information> about gene dosage, rRNA synthesis and translation rates.
106 12543784 In the present study, the differential display-PCR technique was <used toobtain> a prostate-specific approximately 339-bp cDNA fragment.
36 9497253 Bilirubin-UGT1 mRNA is <difficult to obtain>, since it is expressed in the liveronly.
52 12356314 The Pb L(III) -edge X-ray absorption spectrum of this metal-DNA complex isvery similar to that <we obtain> for a Pb(2+)-stabilized quartet system of known
structure constructed from a modified guanine nucleoside (G1).
84 11390563 To increase the diagnostic accuracy of this method, use of minimally invasive
methods (e.g., core biopsy) may be desirable <for obtaining> tissue samples
from lesions detected with PEM.
58 10967314 In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility <of obtaining> viable andidentifiable dissociated cells from the primate retina.

1/1
Collocation of raise
EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleraise*
上げる/産生する/提起する
2,927
raised上げた/産生した/提起した
1,239
raise
上げる/産生する/提起する
655
raises上げる/産生する/提起する
531
raising
上げる/産生する/提起する
502
Note raise the possibility 「可能性を示唆する」は頻度の極めて高い表現である。「可能性を上げる」という意味に誤解しないこと。
1 raised against〜に対して産生される342 10080710 An antiserum <raised against> a PsDRG N-terminal fusion protein
recognized 43 and 45 kDa proteins.
2 antibodies raised against〜に対して産生された抗体
131 12271490 <Antibodies raised against> the two sequences labeled bursicon-containing
neurons in the central nervous systems of P. americana.
3 raised to〜に上げられる/〜に対して産93 11705966 Polyclonal antibodies <raised to> the N-terminal PMT region bound
生される
efficiently to full-length native toxin, suggesting that the N terminus is
4 raised in〜において上げられる/上昇さ
82 10755547 The risk was significantly <raised in> young seronegative recipients if theれるdonor was older than the recipient.
5 raised by〜によって上げられる
46 10851133 Concordantly, blood insulin was not <raised by> glucose challenge,
suggesting profound beta cell dysfunction.
6 was raised〜が、上げられた
97 11159967 Polyclonal antiserum to a peptide corresponding to loop 6 <was raised> andwas immunopurified over a loop 6 peptide column.
7 raised the possibility that〜という可能性を示唆した
57 9770470 These findings <raised the possibility that> direct base-pairing of particular
mRNAs to rRNAs within ribosomes may function as a mechanism oftranslational control.
8 raise the possibility that〜という可能性を示唆する
316 10763819 These results <raise the possibility that> PML nuclear bodies may
participate in the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport of specific
9 results raise the possibility that 結果は、〜という可能性を示唆
82 11283375 These <results raise the possibility that> pharmacological manipulation ofする
ACC2 may lead to loss of body fat in the context of normal caloric intake.
10 findings raise the possibility
知見は、〜という可能性を示唆
50 11567045 These <findings raise the possibility that> the JNK pathway may also
that
する
contribute to Abeta-dependent death in AD patients.
11 raises the possibility that〜という可能性を示唆する
191 10667515 This study <raises the possibility that> APACHE II may be useful for longterm mortality prediction in other critically ill populations.
12 raises the question of〜の疑問を挙げる
47 11152691 This <raises the question of> how an essentially disordered protein istransformed into highly organized fibrils.
13 raising the possibility that〜という可能性を示唆する
190 11522666 Studies of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes suggest that variation in thecalpain-10 gene affects susceptibility to this common disorder, <raising thepossibility that> calpain-sensitive pathways may play a role in regulating
insulin secretion and/or action.
14 by raising〜を上げることによって
56 12368289 In contrast to I(AC), the current density of bTREK-1 in human embryonickidney-293 cells was not increased <by raising> pipette ATP from 0.1 to 5mm.

Collocation of understandEnglishJapanese

1/4

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampleunderstand*
理解する
5,786
understood
理解した/理解される
3,216
understand
理解する
2,567
understands
理解する3
Note 「よく理解されていない」の意味では、副詞poorlyが好んで使われる。
1 understood in〜において理解される
84 12218036 Virulence and immunity are poorly <understood in> Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
2 understood in terms of〜の点から理解される
34 12084917 The free energies of tetramerization of the variants can be <understoodin terms of> current models for the structure of the protein.
3 poorly understood
十分には理解されていない
1,363 11956336 The intracellular mechanisms underlying these contractile effects are<poorly understood>.
4 are poorly understood〜は、十分には理解されてい509 10549285 Mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of heterochromatin inないproliferating cells <are poorly understood>.
5 remain poorly understood
十分には理解されないままで
133 12015598 But the molecular details of this process <remain poorly understood>.
ある
6 still poorly understood
まだ十分には理解されていな
71 10781600 How cell surface receptors, including GPCRs, stimulate ERK5 is <stillいpoorly understood>.
7 well understood
よく理解されている
676 11713309 However, the exact dynamic between methylation and chromatin
structure in the regulation of gene expression is not <well understood>.
8 not well understood
よく理解されていない
532 12499275 The in vivo response to radiotherapy is <not well understood> but
appears to involve the p53 tumor suppressor protein.
9 are not well understood〜は、よく理解されていない
258 11395388 The extent and nature of neuronal differentiation characteristics displayedby primary and metastatic melanoma cells <are not well understood>.
10 less well understood
よりよく理解されていない
55 11780124 The responses to activated IRE1 in metazoans are <less wellunderstood>.
11 not fully understood
十分には理解されていない
194 11032810 The precise molecular mechanism for Raf activation is still <not fully
understood>.
12 are not fully understood〜は、十分には理解されてい96 11009564 Mouse myocyte contractility and the changes induced by pressureないoverload <are not fully understood>.
13 incompletely understood
不完全に理解されている
175 11084046 The mechanism of this down-regulation is <incompletely understood>.
14 are incompletely understood〜は、不完全に理解されてい62 11535565 Atherosclerotic coronary arteries are prone to constriction but theる
underlying causes <are incompletely understood>.
15 not completely understood
完全には理解されていない
68 11462053 The specific mechanisms by which antibodies neutralize flavivirus
infectivity are <not completely understood>.
16 are not completely understood 〜は、完全には理解されてい34 11343261 The pathogenic mechanisms involved in viral hepatitis <are notないcompletely understood>.
17 clearly understood
明らかに理解される
42 10648424 The biological significance of coexpression of 2 FcgammaRs with distinct
membrane anchors and signaling capacities is not <clearly understood>.

Collocation of understandEnglish18 yet understood

Japanese
まだ、理解されて（いない）

19 not understood

理解されていない

20 is not understood〜は、理解されていない

21 be understood

理解される

106

22 can be understood〜は、理解されうる53

23 is understood

理解されている63

24 is understood about〜について理解されている

33

25 little is understood〜は、ほとんど理解されていな
い41

26 to understand〜を理解するために

1,771

27 to understand the〜を理解すること

1,086

28 to understand the molecular

分子の〜を理解するために

131

29 to understand the molecularbasis of〜の分子基盤を理解するために36

30 to understand the molecularmechanisms

分子機構を理解するために

32

31 to understand the mechanism

機構を理解するために

119

32 to understand the mechanism of 〜の機構を理解するために

2/4

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample40 11923199 The mechanisms of stimulation and repression of transcription elongation
during development are not <yet understood>.
259 10958666 The mechanism of CCE regulation is <not understood> because few of its
essential components have been identified.
163 11970979 The adjuvant LPS can increase numbers of long-lived Ag-specific T cells,
but its mechanism of action <is not understood>.

69

12083614 Communication within a species can <be understood> only inconsideration of each of these contexts.
10968784 These results <can be understood> in terms of the field-dependent
deflection of current around the inhomogeneity.
12526813 Formation of tubes of the correct size and shape is essential for viabilityof most organisms, yet little <is understood> of the mechanisms
controlling tube morphology.
10545607 While the in vivo function of Rad27 has been well characterized throughgenetic and biochemical approaches, little <is understood about> the invivo functions of human FEN1.
11010946 Although extensive descriptive research shows that childhood obesity
predisposes a person to adult obesity, <little is understood> about the
dynamics of weight during childhood and the predictors of weight10094677 The studies reported here were initiated <to understand> the PhoPDNA interaction necessary for Pho promoter regulation.
10099106 If human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines are to be highly
effective, it is essential <to understand the> virologic factors that
contribute to HIV-1 transmission.
10428858 <To understand the molecular> mechanisms of replication fork arrest by
the ternary complexes, we have investigated molecular events duringcollisions between DNA helicases and topoisomerase-DNA complexes.
9878450 In order <to understand the molecular basis of> this shift in specificity
we have determined the crystal structure of the K89L mutant of GluDH
from Clostridium symbiosum.
12438278 <To understand the molecular mechanisms> that underlie DeltaEGFRenhanced proliferation, we examined the gene products that control cell
cycle progression.
11134516 <To understand the mechanism> of this effect, we examined themodulation of excitatory synaptic inputs onto layer V PFC pyramidal
neurons by D1/D5 receptor stimulation.
11698415 <To understand the mechanism of> action, we examined the effects of
EGCG on AP1 factor activity, MAPK signal transduction, and expressionof the AP1 factor-regulated human involucrin (hINV) gene.

Collocation of understand

3/4

EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample33 to understand the mechanism by 〜による機構を理解するために
23 12399470 <To understand the mechanism by which> p105 binds and inhibits NFwhich
kappaB, we have used both p105 and its C-terminal inhibitory segment
known as IkappaBgamma for our study.
34 to understand the role of〜の役割を理解するために
105 10660622 <To understand the role of> autopolysialylation in PST enzymatic
activity, we employed a mutagenesis approach.
35 to understand the structural
構造的な〜を理解するために
39 12244092 <To understand the structural> basis of Chk1 inhibition by UCN-01, we
determined the crystal structure of the Chk1 kinase domain in complex
with UCN-01.
36 to understand the function of〜の機能を理解するために
31 11292844 <To understand the function of> the wing in the HSF DNA-binding
domain, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was created that expresses awingless HSF protein.
37 to understand the basis
基礎を理解するために
28 11752442 It is critically important <to understand the basis> of this resistance fordesigning new drugs.
38 to understand the regulation of 〜の調節を理解するために
23 11160300 <To understand the regulation of> B cells specific to the Sm Ag innormal mice, we have generated an Ig H chain transgenic mouse (2-12HTg).
39 to understand how
どのように〜かを理解するため
242 11300788 It is therefore important <to understand how> cytotrophoblasts respondに
to changes in oxygen tension.
40 to understand better〜をよりよく理解するために
57 12122007 <To understand better> the pathogenesis of type II Bartter's syndrome,
we developed a mouse lacking ROMK and examined its phenotype.
41 to understand this
この〜を理解するために
54 11832229 <To understand this> diversity, we use two-photon imaging of layer 5
neocortical pyramidal cells and measure action potential-evoked [Ca(2+)]itransients in spines.
42 to better understand〜をよりよく理解するために
529 12239309 <To better understand> immunodominance, we examined T(CD8+)
responses to multiple defined viral peptides following infection of micewith influenza virus.
43 to better understand the〜をよりよく理解するために
360 12530829 <To better understand> the sensing mechanism, optical andpotentiometric binding experiments were used to characterize thestoichiometry and the complex formation constants for this ionophore.
44 to better understand the role of 〜の役割をよりよく理解するた
53 10882741 <To better understand the role of> ELL proteins in the regulation ofめにtranscription by RNA polymerase II, we have initiated a search forproteins related to ELLs.
45 to better understand the
機構をよりよく理解するために
36 10692406 <To better understand the mechanism> by which ARA9 modifies AHR
mechanism
signal transduction, we performed a series of coexpression experiments inyeast and mammalian cells.
46 to better understand how
どのように〜かをよりよく理解す45 12097476 <To better understand how> GABAergic inhibition might control
るために
plasticity, we assessed the status of synaptic inhibition and LTD in visual
cortical slices of GAD 65 knock-out mice.

Collocation of understandEnglish47 to further understandJapanese〜をさらに理解するために

4/4

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample1099722593 <To further understand> the function of FER, we have continued ouranalyses of the interaction of FER with pp120 and other proteins.

Note
As the number (2) in the title “Collocational Analysis of Life Science English (2)”indicates, this paper is the second report of the series. Therefore, the introductory part ofthe paper appearing before the lists is almost identical to that of the first report exceptthat the initial part of the current article has been made much shorter and cursory inorder to avoid redundancy. To obtain more detailed information on pedagogical aspects
pertaining to this series, it is highly recommended that the first report (Kawamoto et al.,2004) be referred to.
References
Howarth, P. 1998. Phraseology and second language proficiency. Applied Linguistics,
19(1), pp. 24-44.
Hunston, S., & Francis, G. 1998. Verbs observed: A corpus-driven pedagogic grammar.
Applied Linguistics, 19 (1), pp. 45-72.
Kawamoto, T., Fujita, N., Kaneko, S., Morren, B., Ohtake, H. 2004. Collocational
Analysis of Life Science English (1) – Lists of common collocates of possibility,
probability, implication, involvement, absence, presence, evidence –. Studia
Humana et Naturalia, 38, pp. 19-53.
Ohtake, H., & Morren, B. 2001. A corpus study of lexical semantics in medical English.
Studia Humana et Naturalia, 35, pp. 15-45.
Ohtake, H., & Morren, B. 2003. Corpus evidence on English collocational patterns inscientific writing: Implications for effective writing development. Studia Humana
et Naturalia, 37, pp. 1-22.
Partington, A. 1998. Patterns and Meanings: Using Corpora for English Language
Research and Teaching. John Benjamins: Amsterdam.
Sinclair, J. M. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press:
Oxford.
Stubbs, M. 2001. Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Blackwell:
Oxford.

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