GROUP 1
PHASE 2TOOLS FACILITATING THE INVESTIGATIONOF ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING
Chairperson

Ms. Gina Ramos(Honduras)

Co-Chairperson

Mr. Bechem Eyong-Eneke(Cameroon)

Rapporteur

Mr. Saad Imtiaz Ali(Pakistan)

Co-Rapporteur

Mr. Takahiro Satou(Japan)Members

Mr. Bulatov Timur(Kyrgyzstan)

Mr. Miguel Moran(Peru)

Ms. Mayumi Ichikawa(Japan)Ms. Reiko Ota(Japan)Mr. Masayuki Takeda(Japan)Prof. Toru Miura(UNAFEI)

Prof. Sue Takasu(UNAFEI)

Prof. Kei Someda(UNAFEI)

Advisers

I. INTRODUCTION
The use of traditional investigative
methods to combat illicit drug trafficking
h a s p r o v ed t o b e ve r y d if f i cu lt a nd
ineffective. This state of affairs therefore
calls for the use of special investigativet o o l s s u c h a s c o n t r o ll e d d e li v e r y,
undercover operations and electronic
surveillance (wiretapping, communications
interception, etc.) by law enforcement
agencies to effectively control illicit drugtrafficking.
However, there is controversy
surrounding the use of these techniques
and thus, to a certain extent,
discouragement for the law enforcement
agencies to utilize them. Their abuse may
a f f e c t th e r u le o f l a w , m a y le a d t oinfringement of human rights. There is afear that governments may use them too p p re ss ci tiz e ns un de r th e g uise o fnational interest. Their use therefore

often sparks off politically sensitive
debates.
The biggest question, therefore, is how
to use these techniques consistent withthe rule of law and respect of humanrights. The answ er to this cannot beuniversally obtained and this will dependon the legal system, practice and cultureof each country. There is a need therefore,
to strike an agreement as to what extent
the privacy rights of individuals can berespected and at the same time keeping
people safe from the effects oftransnational organized crime.
The use of these techniques varies fromcountry to country, for this reason thegroup had to focus on them individually.
How eve r the group ha s ad op te d thedefinition of controlled delivery that is
co ntained in A rticle 2 of the United
Nations
Convention
AgainstTransnational Organized Crime, 2000.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
TheElectron ic
Surveillance
investigative method was the theme of alot of discussions in the group, since every
country has its own methods and devices,
but one thing that all the participants areaware of is the fact that criminal
investigations are becoming increasingly
more difficult as criminal techniques
become even more sophisticated. The
challenge for criminal investigators is tokeep pace with crime modus operandi; byu sing increasing ly sophisticatedinvestigative techniques. One of them thathas been extremely successful is theelectronic surveillance, including bothsilent video surveillance and interceptionof wire, oral, or electronic communications.
Although the concept of undercover
operations is the same but the practice isquite different in foreign countries vis-avis the concept represented by the groupfrom Japan. In foreign countries,
undercover operations mean aninvestigation involving a series of related
undercover activities over a period of timeby an undercover employee.
I n th a t ve i n, t hi s p a p e r s e e k s t oanalyze these tools with emphasis on thecurrent situation, problems as well as
proposed solutions, in every participant
country.
II. CONTROLLED DELIVERY
CD, as an anti-drug trafficking
t e c hn i q u e , ha s b e e n d iv id e d in to 3
categories in our group, namely:
A. Country in which it is stipulated bylaw; (Japan)
B. Country in which it is in the processof being stipulated by law; (Honduras)
C. Country in which it is not stipulated
by law; (Cameroon, Kyrgyzstan andPakistan)636

A. Country in Which Anti-Drug
Trafficking Technique of CD is
Stipulated by Law
1. Current Situation
J a p a n sign ed th e Un ited N a tion s
Convention Aga inst Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances on December 20, 1988 at theUnited Nations Drug Committee Treaty
Conference. In order to enforce this treaty
in J a p a n, a s p e ci a l l a w c o n ce r n in g
narcotics was enacted on July 1, 1992.
This law enabled law enforcement officers
to utilize transnational live/clean CD.
The number of CD cases carried out is
24 cases in 1995, 19 in 1996, 19 in 1997,
29 in 1998, and 19 in 1999.
2. Problems and Solutions
LCD has a risk of losing control andspreading drugs into civil society. On theother hand, CCD involves the risk offailure in arresting the receiver, because
exchanging contents may cause a changeof the appearance of the drug container.
Also, delay of delivery of drugs may makedrug traffickers nervous and cautious.
That means investigators that do nothave enough time. If investigators try toarrest the receivers too fast, they tend todeny realization of the contents. On theother hand, if it is too late, it gives them achance to conceal the drugs or to run
away. In addition, it is importa nt to
id entity the se nd er a nd receiver, toanalyze the breakdown of bank accounts
used by these traffickers, telephone callsfrom or to them, etc.
So it must be encouraged to train staff
members and cooperate internationally.

119TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE
B. Country in Which Anti-Drug
Trafficking Technique of CD is
Semi-Stipulated by Law
Honduras has adopted a definition ofcontrolled delivery as given in Article 2 of
the United Nations Convention Against
Organized Crime.

3. Solutions
Honduras had received a lot of help
from the U.S. governm ent, more
specifically from the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA), and with their
help Honduras has successfully
conducted some investigations.

The technique is used for allowing
illicit or suspect consignments to pass outof, through or into the territory of one ormore states, with the knowledge andunder the supervision of their competentauthorities, with a view to thein ve sti ga tio n o f a n o f fe n ce a nd th e
identification of persons involved in thecommission of the offence.

In the new Penal Procedures law thiskind o f I nve stigation is includ ed as“special investigative methods” and it will
be held under the supervision of theJudge.

1. Current Situation
H o n d u ra s us e s t he in v e s ti ga ti v etechnique as a very useful tool against
illicit drug trafficking.

1. Current Situation
Cameroon, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan
do not have a specific law to deal with
controlled delivery and in that sense CD
there
is
not
form alizedorinstitutionalized by law. CD is used as apart of the normal police practical work
including all other investigation/detection
techniques.

M o s t o f th e ti m e , t hi s t e c h n iq u einvolves the Central American countries,
such as El Salvador and Nicaragua, butalso with the United States, when people
from Honduras take some amount ofdrugs inside the United States, under thesupervision of the authorities, to identify
all the people involved.
2. Problems
To use this investigative technique,police agencies must have some budget,because investigators have to travel outof the country and with the help of the
Police of the destination country makethe surveillance and also conduct further
investigation.
T ha t i s o n e o f t h e p r o b l e m s th a t
Honduras is facing right now, because
this technique is not contemplated in the
Honduran Law.

C. Countries in Which Anti-Drug
Trafficking Technique of CD is
Not Stipulated by Law

All these countries are not destination
but transit countries for other nations,e.g. Pa kista n is mainly a transit for
Afghan opiates and Cameroon is a transit
mainly for cocaine from Asian countries,
and through Kyrgyzstan opiates fromAfghanistan is the main transit drug. In
Pakistan, under the law, CD can be usedby the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and Inter
Services Intelligence (ISI) and this has
been sanctioned under an ordinance. But
the main mandate of these agencies is there sp o n s ib ili ty f o r t he in te r n al an dexternal security of the state and hence
they seldom deal with CD cases.
In the case of Pakistan however it issignatory to many bilateral and regional
agreements in which it has agreed tosupport the signatory countries to help in

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
C D o pe rations if they are throughPakistan territory if requested.
2. Problems and solutions
The p ro blem s b eing faced a nd theviable solutions for the three countries
are as follows:(i)

There is no specialized training
imparted to custom and especiallypolice officers which they can
im plement in the workplace
efficiently and effectively. A change
in training curriculum including the
te a c hin g o f th e se t ec hn iq ue s a t
le ng th inc lud in g C D is a viab lesolution for this problem.
(ii) Secondly, the biggest problem
confronting the three countries andprobably all developing andunderdeveloped countries isinadequate finances for affordingthese latest anti-drug trafficking
techniques. T he so lution to thisproblem is obviously provision of
optimum finances to the pertinentagencies. This will enable them toutilize the money for new training
initiatives, purchase/procure theinevitable technology and equipment
for CD operations and other latest
techniques
likeelectronic
surveillance, etc.
(iii) Thirdly, the main problem is thatthese practices, including CD, haveup till now not yet been formalized or
institutionalize d. B y do ing so it
wo uld bec om e e asie r, f rom thelegit imacy perspect ive, for all
p e r ti n e nt a g e n ci e s t o u se t he mwithout fear or favour as is the case
now in Japan.
III. ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE
With the exception of wire-tapping,w hich has been stipulated b y law inJapan, Japanese law enforcement officers

638

like their counterparts in Cameroon,
Honduras, Kyrgyzstan and Pakista n
generally carry out electronic
surveillance as part of their practicalwork in the course of investigations.
A. Cameroon
1. Current Situation
The use of electronic devices to trackdown or watch or record the activities of
cr i mi n a l s ma y w el l b e d e s cr ib ed a selectronic surveillance. This anti-drugtrafficking technique is also used by thelaw enforcement officers in Cameroon aspart of their normal routine duty in thecriminal investigation process.
The la w enforcement o fficers ma yresort to wire-tapping to secretly follow
up or monitor unlawful arrangements,
between criminals on target telephones.
The instant case calls for theindispensable assistance of the Posts andTelecommunications Department. The
phone or the location would require to bemonitored 24 hours a day, seven days aweek and, perhaps even much longer.
Equipped with micro ca meras, video
cameras and micro tape recorders of all
so r ts, the la w e nf o r ce m e n t o f fi ce r s
equally obtain or record vital informationfrom criminals without alerting them.
2. Problems and Solutions(i) Wire-tapping improperly used would
amount to an unlawful interferencewith the constitutional protection of
a n ind ividual’s comm unications.
S imilarly, the abusive use of spy
cameras would violate the citizen’s
constitutional rights to his privacy.
(ii) Lack of adequate trained personnel
to conduct electronic surveillance fort he p r o c e ss re q ui re s m a n p o w e r
intensive operation. Such personnel
should have people who can speak

119TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE
many languages and also have theskills to interpret coded language.
(iii) Lack of adequate finances to train
the required p ersonnel and topurchase sophisticated equipment.
(iv) No legislation in force to tightly
control the use of this and other toolsof anti- drug tra fficking to a void
abuse o f the technique s and toprotect ind ividual p rivacy, as
constitutionally required.
B. Honduras
T he p olice a ge ncie s in Ho nd ura s,
mainly those that investigate illicit drugtrafficking, have a series of electronic
devises that are indispensable tools forthe electronic surveillance, among them
we can mention:

resource and the scarcity of personnel
and the great quantity of cases is anotherproblem.
3. Solutions
Next February, the new penal
procedure will come into force which
includes the use of this type of equipment
when it refers to the special procedures ofinvestigation.
It is hoped that the government will
lend adequate economic support. This
would solve in great measure thelogistical problems and with the requisite
recruitment of personnel in the concerned
agencies the problem of lack of humanresources is expected to be overcome soon.
C. Japan

1. Tools Used(i) Intervention of phone conversations(wire tapping)(ii) Microvideo
cameras(pencils,
calculators, sun glasses, wallets, etc.)(iii) Wireless microphones in miniature(iv) Night vision
2. Problems
The big problem tha t the police of
Honduras now face is that electronic
surv eillanc e is not conte m plated inl e g i s la t i o n a n d s o f o r a v i d e o o r arecording to have probatory validity thejudge should authorize it previously.
In addition, these agencies have scarceequipment, since enough microphones,c a m e r a s , e tc . a re n o t a v a i la b l e . I n
addition the whole personnel are nottrained to use this equipment. Anotherimportant thing is that these tiny devises
have high costs w hich the concerneda ge ncies ca nnot a ff ord w ithin th eir
limited budgets.
Usin g these devices implies th einvestment of time and of hum an

1. Tools Used
In Japan, interception of telephone orotherelectric
communications(wiretapping including e-mail tapping,etc.), video taping and audio tapping
using microphones are the main tools ofelectronic surveillance.
The Law Concerning Interception ofComm unications ca me into effe ct inAugu st 2000. Befor e th is law wa senacted, the interception of electronic
communications was conducted on thebasis of the interpretation of the Code of
Criminal Procedure. By enacting theabove law, strict requirem ents,
procedures, etc., for the interception ofelectronic communications related to thep e r p e tr a t io n o f o f f e n s e s h a v e b e e nstipulated. In this law, “communication”
mea ns te lephone or other electronic
communication made in whole or in partthrough the use of wire between the pointof origin and the point of reception, orcommunication using a switching station
between the point of origin and the pointof reception. In this law, “interception”

639

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
means the reception of live
communication between third parties,
conducted for the purpose of acquiring its
contents without the consent of either
party. If one member of a party agrees,
investigators can conduct wiretapping or
e-mail tapping etc., of course, but it is not
b a s e d o n th i s l a w . T hi s l a w c o ve r s
particular crimes, such as drug-relatedo f f e nc e s, f i r e a r m - r e l a te d o f f e n s e s ,smuggling of immigrants in groups, ando rga nize d homicid e. But there is no
actual case carried out that is based on
this new law yet as of October 2001.
Video taping and audio tapping using
m ic ro p ho n es a re no t go ve rn e d b y a
specific law but by interpretation of theCode of Criminal Procedure Law. Thesemethods are often conducted to gather
information or to collect evidence.
2. Problems and Solutions(i) Interception of telephone or otherelectronic communications
The new law covers only particular
types of crime. As mentioned above.
There should be continuous
examination on coverage and bestpractice of this new law.
Also, training staff to conduct thisnew method is important.
(ii) Audio tapping by using micro phones,
video taping
These methods have to be carried out
s ui ta b l y a c co rd in g to n e c e s si ty
because they may cause an invasionof privacy.
D. Kyrgyzstan
1. Current Situation
In wire tapping the bugging of rooms
and living space takes place.
These measures are realized in two
ways:

640

(i)

Listening to the crime plan via
instruments.
(ii) Listening is also used for gathering
evidence. The difference between
these two forms is,• Information received by the firstm e t ho d c o u ld n o t b e u s e d a sevidence in the court.
• Secondly, by sanction of the
districtprocurator.
The
information received can be usedas evidence in the court. Thesemethods of electronic surveillance
help operative units of law
enforcement agencies with thetechnical support of special units.
E. Pakistan
1. Tools Used
T h e f o l l o w i n g t o o ls a r e u s e d f o r
conducting electronic surveillance inPakistan.
(i) Wire tapping or phone bugging(ii) Video camera(iii) Audio tapping(iv) Laser beams for bugging(v) Still camera while following thesuspects(vi) Mobile surveillance of the suspects(vii) Electronic bugging by plugs, pens etc.
2. Problems(i) Financial constraints
The problem in the main is
i na d e q u a te f u nd s f o r e le ct ro nic
surveillance (ES). All the equipment
is costly and sometimes cannot be
repurchased when old and obsolete.
(ii) Labour Intensive
W ire tapping is quite labour
intensive and we have a shortage of
operating staff.
(iii) Video camera and audio aids
This is again costly equipment andenough of these equipment is not

119TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE
available. In addition there is always
the chance of it being abused.
(iv) Mobile surveillance and still camera
Both of these ES technique s arelabour intensive and tim e
consuming. In addition there are notenough incentives for the employees
who operated them.
(v) Decoding and language problems
O f t e n t he tr a f f i ck e r s u se c od e dlanguage or some foreign language.
It is very difficult for staff to decodethe coded language or understandthe foreign languages.
3. Solutions(i) There should be adequate budget andif possible some reserves also for the
ES infrastructure.
(ii) Shortage of strength of staff etc.
should be fulfilled by recruitment.
(iii) There must be sufficient motivation/
incentives for the staff/employees.
(iv) If abuse of ES is detected, an
exemplary punishment should beawarded to deter others and makethe work job-oriented and not for
fulfillment of personal needs.
(v) Experts in requisite languages areneeded who can also translate theminto the desired language.
(vi) Staff or employees dealing withdecoding should be sent for
specialized training in establishedinstitutions at home and abroad.
IV. UNDERCOVER OPERATIONSAll countries represented in this groupdo not have any special legislation on
UndercoverOperations.
Notwithstanding, their law enforcement
officers, use the Undercover Operations
as an essential investigative tool.

A. Cameroon
1. Current Situation
Law enforcement officers are known to
use trickery and deceptio n to a rrest
persons involved in a criminal activity.
Undercover operations embrace both
trickery and deception. This anti-crime
control and prevention technique is usedin cases involving big organized criminal
operations. For example, the technique
may be used in drug controlled delivery
operations.
Undercover operations are commonlyused by the law enforcement officers in
Cameroon for a wide variety of offences.
Frequently, a civilian agent is used tocover up the criminal activities of thecriminal group. In some cases, a trained
officer is used as an agent. The agent gets
into the organized crime group with theprimary intention to study its operations
and to furnish all relevant and vital
inf orm a tio n to the law enf orce me nt
department. To do this, he gets to be
identified by the members of the crimegroup as one of theirs; live and behave
like them. This role apart, he may be
used generally by the low enforcement
department as an agent provocateur.
When satisfied that sufficient
information has been received from theagent, officers of the law enforcement
department would arrest the criminals
and would pretend to arrest the agent if,
at the time of carrying out the arrest, he
was amongst the gang. At the hearing of
the case against the criminals, the agent
is used as a prosecution witness.
U nd e rc ov e r op e r a tio ns d e m a nd a
sizeab le num ber of la w enforcement
officers and are generally time
consuming. A complex and sophisticatedcrim e network may take quite areasonable amount of time to investigate,

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
using, besides, a large number of officers
and agents. Equally, it is worth
mentioning the risk to life posed by these
operations involving very dangerous
crime groups.
2. Problems and Solutions(i) Inadequate personnel. Undercover
operations need more personnel andare time consuming.
(ii) Improperly used undercover operations
may assist a criminal design. Here acase built from such operations is likely
to collapse on the ground of entrapment
and other related defenses.
(iii) Risk to life. Some of these operations
involve very high risk to the lives ofthe officers and their agents, duringa nd, even af t er t he hea ri ng a ndconviction of the offenders. Hence,
they need protection.
(iv) Legislation. There is need for special
legislation in this country to define,l a y d o w n g e n e r a l p r o c e d ur e o f ,protection of officers, agents and, ther ig ht s o f in d iv id u a l s u n d e r th e
constitution.
B. Honduras
1. Current Situation
In Honduras, the undercovero p e r a t i o n s m e a n a p o l ic e a g e n t o r
investigator getting inside of anorganized group to identify the suspects
and also getting to know all the illegal
activities that the organized group is
actually involved in.
In Honduras, the police agencies use
this technique, but only in big cases orwhen it is extremely necessary, because it
involves a lot of resources, a lot of timeand it is also very dangerous.
2. Problems
One of the biggest problems is that it
takes a lot of tim e, because the642

undercov er agen t has to become amember of the group, and he/she needs
time to get to know the whole operation
and also try to gain the susp ects
co nf id e nc e, so m o st o f th e tim e theoperation takes weeks and even months.
The undercover agent has to be very
well trained with a lot of experience, andhaving the ability of acting or responding
properly in any dangerous situation, thatis why police agencies do not have enoughagents to do this kind of job. Because
after an undercover agent has finished
his job, he can not continue doing thesame job, so only if the new case is in adifferent city, far away from the first andin a different organized group, but this isalso highly risky.
In addition, another agent has to workfrom outside and ta ke ca re of thepersonal security of the undercover agent.
3. Solution
Police agencies are now training newagents to do this kind of job. Honduras isgetting a lot of assistance fromneighboring countries, and also from theUnited States, in training investigatorsand exchanging, concerned personnel.
C. Japan
1. Current Situation
Japan does not have general provisions
concerning undercover operation.
However, article 58 of the Narcotics andPsychotropics Control Law provides thata narcotics agent can receive a narcotic
drug from any p erson “under thepermission of the Minister of Health,
Labor and Welfare”. There is a similar
regulation in Article 45 of the Opium
L a w , a nd a l so , A r tic le s 2 7 - 3 o f t he
Firearms and Swords Control Law which
provides that, under the permission of thePrefectural Public Safety Commission, a119TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEREPORTS OF THE COURSE
police officer or a Coast Guard officer canreceive or borrow guns or their parts, orreceive live cartridges of guns from any
person. According to judicial precedent,
the courts have decided each case ofundercover operations whether it was
legitimate or not according to the degreeof necessity and suitability.
G e n e r a l ly sp e a k in g , o f f e r in g t h echance to commit an offense to the person
who has already had the intention tocommit it may be legal, but that
implanting an idea to commit an offensein the mind of an innocent person andinducing him/her to commit the offense
may be illegal.
2. Problems and solutions
I n order to conduct undercover
operations, m asterf ul skills ininvestigative techniques are required andsince the investiga tor m ust p lay a n
und ercover role, there is significa nt
danger involved. Trainingof
investigators is needed.
D. Kyrgyzstan
U ndercover operations in the
Kyrgyzstan Republic have no legislativebasis. Therefore, undercover operations
are regulated by secret departments inevery law enforcement organization, forexample in national security service, thati s t h e m i n is tr y o f in te rn a l a f f a ir s .
Information acquired through undercover
operations is not legal evidence andcannot be used in court.
E. Pakistan
1. Current Situation
The technique’s common uses are tocollect information about criminal gangs,
their methods of operation and their
future plans for drug smuggling. Throughsuch operations the law enforcement

agencies are able to infiltrate the highest
levels of organized groups.
Nevertheless we visualize that theAfghan internal war with the Northern
Alliance and the air attacks on
Afghanistan by the U.S.A. may increase
illegal drug trafficking by organizedgangs to a considerable extent. Therefore
the Taliban followers involved in thislucrative trade will try to smuggle out
their stockpiles of drugs to generate
fund s f or the on going inte rna l a nd
ex te rn a l w a r. S uc h a l a rge sc a le o f
expected smuggling may be difficult tohandle by our agent due to resources andother constraints.
2. Problems(i) Understaffing
Enough staff is not present tocomprehensively handle undercover
operations so consequently, there isshortage of strength.
(ii) Lack of incentives
I n a d e q ua t e f in a nc ia l a n d o t he r
i nc e nt iv e s w hic h m o tiv a t e s th eworkers.
(iii) Dangerous for agents and theirfamilies
These operations can be fatal if theagent is exposed, due to versatilereasons e.g. lack of proper training
etc. and most probably his family
would be in danger too.
(iv) Inadequate budget
As with all other techniques
insufficient finances is the main andmost crucial issue. This hinders theoperations from every aspect.
3. Solutions(i) Recruitment
Adequate recruitment on merit isprobably the best solution forunderstaffing.
(ii) Provision of incentives
Sufficient and attractive benefits

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 59
should be given to the personnel toinstill motiva tion and diligence,
which are one of the keys to success.
(iii) Specialized training
The pertinent personnel must be
given specialized training in thesetechniques to enable them to achievem axim um r esults w ithout b eing
exposed or putting their families atrisk. The standardized, recognized
and required level of training can be
imparted in domestic and overseas
institutions.
(iv) Allocation of budget
The allocation of requisite budget forundercover operations, which areq u i te c o st ly , is th e o n ly w a y t oremove the titanic obstacle tos m o o t h , e f f e c t iv e a n d e f f ic i e n tworking.
(v) International co-operation
To overcome the problems, for thepresent, international co-operation
with Pakistan in the form ofassistance is inevitable. Thea ssista nce can be in the fo rm o foverseas training of our concerned
personnel, provision of requisite
equipment , sen din g experts totransfer skills etc. This assistancecan be rendered more effectively by
the d ev elo p e d/ a f flu e nt a nd a lso
affected countries.
V. GROUP VISION
From the foregoing presentation it isimportant to note that all three
investigative tools pose common problems
and require common solutions for thecountries represented in the group.
1. Problems(i) Lack of adequate trained personnel(ii) Inadequate finances to train andequip their personnel(iii) Labor intensive and time consuming(iv) No existing legislation

644(v) No efficient international cooperation,
especially with regard to CD.
2. Solutions(i) Countries
totrain
specialized
personnel(ii) Provision of optimum finances totrain and agencies that will provide
adequate equipment.
(iii) Formulation of special legislation todefine all terms, lay down generalprocedure of protection of officers
agents, and the rights of individuals.
(iv) Encourage international cooperation.
VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, employment of the newinvestigative tools is highly necessary tofight against the ever growing threat of
TOC. Undercover operations, controlled
delivery and electronic surveillance standout as the most effective investigative
tools against TOC and given the fact that
where they have been used, they haveexhibited a high level of ability to deliver
goo d re sults. Ho we ver, like all ne w
innovations, the use of these tools has toovercome a lot of problems, ranging fromlack of ineffective legislation, lack oftrained manpower, challenges from civilsociety and admissibility of evidence
ob tain ed thro ugh the ir app lication.
Governments and enforcement agencies
th e r e f o r e n e e d t o e s t a b li s h p r o p e r
guidelines and controls o n theirapplication by agents to avoid abuse.
W e e m p h a s iz e th e r e le v a n ce a n deffectiveness of these techniques, we need
our states to review domesticarrangements for these techniques and to
facilitate international cooperation inthese fields, taking account of humanrights.