7th Asia Pacific Eco-business Forum 2011
Kawasaki JAPANFebruary 14th , 2011

Accomplishment and Challenges forGreen Innovation ofKawasaki Eco-town
Dr. FUJITA, Tsuyoshi

fujita77@nies.go.jp

Head of Environmental Evaluation System Research Section,

National Institute for Environmental Science, Japan
Professor for Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo Univ.
Alliance Professor oｆ Nagoya University
1

Background

Eco-towns in Japan

From 1997 to 2006, 26 eco-towns had
been approved
Totally 209 facilities (64 with subsidies,145 without)

In 93 facilities (out of 170 recycling
facilities in 2009), totally 2.18 mil t ofwastes were treated in 2007
Generation: within each eco-town (61%),
within the Prefecture (8%), outside thePrefecture (27%), unknown (4%)
“industrial and urban symbiosis”

Utilization: recycled (1,220 kt, 56%),energy recovery (790 kt, 36%), residue(170 kt, 8%)

Reduced wastes to landfill

1.02 mil t (~3% of the total)

Source: Fujita, 2007

Geographical Conditions of Kawasaki Coastal Area

First Coastal Zone

Second Coastal Zone

Third Coastal Zone3

Accumulation of High-tech Recycling Plants
Plastic waste recycling plant for blast
furnace production
Plastic waste recycling plant for
concrete formwork production
Plastic waste recycling plant
for ammonia production

Cement manufacturing plant

Kawasaki ZeroZero-emissions
industrial park（Ｈ（Ｈ１４．
１４．１１操業
１１操業）操業）
park（Ｈ１４位置

PETPET-toto-PET recycling plant

川崎市川崎区水江町

敷地面積

within a 1.5km radius

構成

HardHard-toto-recycle paper
recycling plant

３万332m2
14社（金属加工業、製紙業、メッキ業等）

就業者数

約400人

Major Efforts•Use of natural gas vehicle•Use of hydroelectric power plant forfactories
421•Circulation of industrial chemicals and water（CORELEXグループ
HPより転載）より転載）
CORELEXグループHP•Operation of plating plant which neverexcrete liquid wastes to outside the factoryEco-town Areas as demonstration projects of circulartechnologies
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
and the Ministry of Environment approved EcoTown Plans
for 26 areas as of the end of January 2006, andthey provided financial support to 62 facilities
locatedwithin the appropriate areas.

Eco-town Areas as demonstration projects of circulartechnologies; Berkel and Fujita et. al (2009)
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Environment approved Eco-Town
Plans for 26 areas as of the end of January 2006, and they provided financial support to 62 facilities
located within the appropriate areas.

Distribution of Total Investment
60 projects in 24 Eco-Towns
165 billion JPY or 1.6 bil. US$

Distribution of Total Investment
Subsidy projects in 24 Eco-Towns
60 billion JPY or 600mil. US$

others (20)9%others (20)10%

Hyogo (1)2%

Hyogo (1)3%

Toyama (4)2%Chiba (9)27%

Akita (4)3%

Toyama (4)2%Chiba (9)31%

Akita (4)4%Naoshima (2)3%Naoshima (2)2%Sapporo (3)6%Sapporo (3)4%Tokyo (1)2%Tokyo (1)4%Kitakyushu (7)6%Kitakyushu (7)5%Kawasaki (5)16%Bingo (2)7%Omuta (2)6%Bingo (2)12%
Omuta (2)13%

Kawasaki (5)21%Quantified material accounting for Symbiosis in Kawasaki
R.V. Berkel and T. Fujita et. al.；Environmental Science & Technology(2009)
Input

Recycling Facilities

Waste plastic

TicketWaste Paper

Blast
Furnace

Dissolver・・Deinking
agent・・
Washing・・
Bleaching・・

Product

Process

SubstitutePreteratment ofRecycled Material

Rolling

Waste Steel ，A・・C Press

Electricfurnace

Steel

Stainless Steelsmelt Ni，，Cr

Stainless Scrap

Recycled
Material

Blast furnace
feedToilet Paper

Ni・・Cr Ore

Waste Steel etc
Raw
Materialcoke oven

Ordinary
Portland Cement

Toilet Paper

Used Paper
Mix Paper

LEGEND:

Breaker(industry)Hard-to-recycle Paper
Recycling Facility

Stainless steel
manufacturing plant utilizing
industrial
waste

Steel

(municipal )( industry・・municipal)

Ordinary
Portland Cement

steam coalmetallurgicalcoal
Waste plastic
Waste plastic

Brush up

Sludge etc

Debris・・TailingWaste plastics as Reducing
Agent for Blast furnace

Rolling

Clay

Quality
Governing

Separate・・Breaker

Mixer

Waste Plastic

Sterilizer

Dryer ・Breaker
Kiln

Coaloutput

blast furnace

Cement manufacturing plantutilizing industrial waste

Processing

Preteratment ofRaw Material

Stainless Steel
Production

Alternative technologies for circular economies;
resource circulation
Hard
Environ.
Technologies

Resource
Excavation

End- of Pipe
Treatment
Technologies

Environmental
Industrial
Policies
Policies
Processing
Consumption
Assembly（Waste and Waste（Production andConsumption）Landfill
Consumption）

SoftSocial
Technologies

Recycle Facilities in 26 Eco-towns and Legislation System for
Waste Management and 3R Promotion
Package Recycling Law ('95)
Eco-town program('97―)

revision of Waste Management Law ('97)
Electric Appliance Recycling Law ('98)
revision of Waste Management Law ('00)

Food Waste Recycling Law
and Construction Material Recycling Law ('01)
Automobile Recycling Law ('02)
revision of Waste
Management Law(‘0304)

Strategies to Promote Eco-town Development-Establishment of multi scale circulation system considering appropriate social wastetransportation cost and environmental value of recycle products-Social multi-stakeholder collaboration scheme for such separation, collection andgreen purchase-Development of regional circulation center for multi-layered circulation areas
NationalCirculation
Urban circular
Local energy
Centerprocurement andrecovery andconsumption
materialrecycleste
Wa stics
PlaRa
remetalBiomass

Regional scale
circulation
centers

Arterial
Industries

Inter-regional
circulation
10networkEco-town as a Driver toward Low Carbon City・Industrial Re-development from Eco-town Guideline
・Urban and Industrial Infrastructure from Eco-cityperspectives○産業集積を構成する素材型産業の廃棄物、排水、廃熱の循環
利用効率を最大化

都市産業連携高質水循環
鉄道

都市中心部
高度処理

エネルギー地域統合利用
エネルギー地域統合利用
金属
セメント

隣接工業地区

高効率地域物質循環
化学

数千製紙

化学

/年

エネルギー
集約型産業

電力FAZ

石油

Planned Eco-town
Water Use30％％cut
CO2 30％％cut
Solid Wastes30％％
cut
GDP 10％％up
Solid Wastes

素材産業拠点
素材産業拠点

鉄鋼
製鉄

港湾

産業共生拠点地区

Energy Supply
Waste Water

11

Low-carbon technologies and their impact: water, materials, and energy in cities
The urban environmental GIS database and environment analysis model are used to calculate
environmental flux, based on environmental impacts. Processes are in place to evaluate
technologies for low-carbon cities.
Resource depletion

Hub city

Area-wide resource
circulation

Impact by urban structures

Creating
green
spacesRooftopgreening

Water-retentive
pavement

City area

Lower
groundwaterlevelsChanges in
the water
cycle
Greening/arranging
plants

Evaluation
withenvironme
nt analysis
model

Overconsumpti
on of energy

City block energy
control

Environmentalflux ofenergy

Greening/arranging
plantsEnvironmentalflux ofwater

Lower vitalityof plants togrow

Overconsu
mption ofwater
resources

Recycling-based production
technologies

materials

City block energy control

Environmentalflux ofLack of final
disposal sites

Increase in waste

Heat island
phenomena
City area○ A system for analyzing the spatial characteristics of environmental impact (generation andtransfer of waste water, thermal energy, and waste)○ Calcluating annual low-carbon effects attained by introducing technologies within a targetzone○ Setting up a framework for providing information obtained from the technology evaluation
12system to governmental bodies, citizens, and companies

Keys for Sustainability of EIDs as
Energy/Resource/ Carbon Efficiency1)Greening Industries andtechnologies2)Appropriate combination oftechnologies and policy systems
3)Design of regions and core districts
considering of locational
characteristics of cities and regions

Web-GIS decision support system to promote resource circulation in
Keihin Coastal Area
1. Questionnaire survey andenvironmental economics database

2. Web-GIS decision support system
for material circulation•Questionnaire surveys and monitoring are to be
conducted through the Web-GIS system•Result could be reflected on the system so that itbetter reflect the needs of users (those who
discharge wastes)Enter thesituation

Result3) Integrative scenario simulation of environmental
technologies and policy regulations in Japan
Agriculture andforestry

Industryurban
Communalfacilities
Forest andcoastregion

Urban andregional GIS database system

Circulartechnology
system(hardwaretechnology)

Analysis ofspatial migrationand impacts ofenvironmental
flux by scientific
model

Urban/regional
simulation system forcircular economy

Social technology
and system

Planning
andevaluationfortechnology
policyfuturescenarioplans
circularcities andregions

Regulation and subsidization m(software technology) ）15

Urban and Regional Simulation System for Circular
Economy
Different scenarios were applied to evaluate effectiveness of the cement production process

Circular Technology Analysis SystemUrban and Regional Env. Data Base System
Distribution of Household waste
Distribution of waste sludgesludge

Current waste recycle
performance

1,000.00
900.00Industrial waste:

800.00

about 0.25 million ton/year

600.00700.00500.00400.00【Waste substitution as clay】

300.00200.00Sludge, soot dust, debris, etc【Waste substitution as fuel】

100.000.00

Policy Scenario Design Waste
anddisposal
WasteEvaluation
plastics, woodSystemchips, etcManufacturing
Transportation

Fujita, et.al.: Evaluation of regional bio-energy
recovery by local methane fermentation thermal
Scanrio 1Scenario 2Scenario 3
4
recyclingsystems,
Waste Scenario
144.37
119.79 Journal of119.79
36.00
761.19747.15747.38713.08
Management,vol.28,
pp.2259-2270,
2008
15.17
16.44
14.52
12.83
16

Guideline for Sustainable Eco-towns / Eco-Industrial
Developments in Asian Cities and Regions
Chinaa MEP
Asian Eco-Town Collaboration
Municipal
Government
EPB
RecycleRecycleIndustries
RecycleIndustries
RecycleIndustries
Industries

ResearchInstitutes
Univ. etc..

MOE, Japan

Quantitative Guideline for
Sustainable Eco-towns
Integrated system for assessing
key circular technologies .
Comprehensive policy andlegislative System・Regulations to support businessdesign the process for cooperation
・promoting demonstrational projects

Environmental Technology andPolicy Simulation System
Proposing assessing system for the env impact of
circular tech／effects of regulations, supports andsubsidies /guideline for venous industrial park

Eco town
Municipality
RecycleRecycleIndustries
RecycleIndustries
RecycleIndustries
Industries

ResearchInstitutes

NIES Japan

Example of results from the urban env tech simulation model:
The case of waste plastics recycling in Shenyang
Waste plastic generationand destination

LCI of recycling tech
Waste plastics as ReducingAgent for Blast furnace

Stainless steel manufacturing
plant utilizing industrial
waste

Local emission/
conversion factors

Energy intensityand policies

GHG emission
factors
Energyconversion
factors

Change incarbon intensity
Introduction ofrecycling tech
New diversion
program

Potential of recycling non-PET plastics
treated outside of Shenyang• Over 200 kt-CO2e reduction and 100 ktce
fossil fuel saving against BaU could berealized by technology transfer only
• Additional 134 kt-CO2e reduction and 35
ktce saving could be achieved by reduction incarbon intensity in electricity and newrecycling programs
Source: X. Chen, F. Xi, Y. Geng & T. Fujita (2011) The potential environmental gains from recycling waste plastics: Simulation oftransferring recycling and recovery technologies to Shenyang, China. Waste Management, 31, 168-179.

Growing diversity of Eco-Industrial Practices in the world

Variation of case studies of Eco-IndustrialDevelopments

Solid waste recycle --- Energy and water circulation
Technology development---Social system evolution
Industrial Symbiosis-- Urban Symbiosis
Dynamically developing cities--Stably developed cities

Market driven economy--Green economy
Local case studies – Universal analytical framework

Japan’s low-carbon cities in the context of theinternational community
Knowledge and wisdom of low-carbon cities in Europe and America (Westernstyle)・ Low-carbon efforts in the midst of a shift toward a post-industrial and post-material society
・ High levels of eco-consciousness among citizens and companies and capabilities to coordinate
diverse entities and manage cities
Knowledge and wisdom of low-carbon cities originating in Japan (Japan’s unique
Eco-town /low-carbon style)・ Low-carbon packages that take advantage of technology and product development capabilitiesfocusing on fulfilling targets (a combination of device technologies, network technologies, andsocial technologies)
・ A social governance system encompassing efforts to build eco-consciousness among citizens
and companies
・ Communities with capabilities to take eco-action based on experiences with environmental
pollution

Efforts to build EIPs low-carbon cities in Asia (Asian style)・ Promoting low-carbon efforts interlocked with industrialization and economic growth
・ Promoting projects based on a top-down approach; capabilities to implement policies
20

Eco-cities that lead to a low-carbon society
Shifting from single innovations to collaborative social
innovations
Technology Innovation→
System Innovation or Collective Innovation• Applying best practices to structural innovations in the socialsystem•

Single advanced
environmental technology(e.g. wind powergeneration)
Single advanced
environmental technology(e.g. photovoltaic powergeneration)
Single advanced
environmental technology

Single environmental
technology innovations

Collaborative
innovations tobring technologies
togetherMid- and long-term
low-carbon targets
Community-based
innovations (citiesand districts)

Social innovations ineco-towns and EIPs

21

Growing diversity of Eco-Industrial Practices in the world

Variation of case studies of Eco-IndustrialDevelopments
Integrative planning tool for EID or Eco-Citydesign
Combination of local and generic indicators
Engagement system for multi stakeholders
Industrial symbiosis as the path for collective
innovation

List or related publications
•

•

•
•

•
•

•
•

Rene Van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Minoru Fujii；Quantitative Assessment of Urban andIndustrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Japan, Environmental Science & Technology , Vol.43, No.5, 2009 ,pp.12711281,0129.2009
Rene van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Yong Geng；Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan :Analysis of the Eco-Town Program 1997-2006；Journal of Environmental Management, vol.90,pp.15441556,2009
Shizuka Hashimoto, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Emiri Nagasawa； Achieving CO2 Emission Reduction
through Industrial Symbiosis: A Case of Kawasaki , Journal of Environmental Management, 2008 (submitted)
Yong Geng，Qinghua Zhu, Brent Doberstein，Tsuyoshi Fujita； Implementing China’s Circular Economy
Concept at the Regional Level: a review of progress in Dalian, China, Journal of Waste Management,vol.29,pp996-1002,2009
Yong Geng, Rene Van Berkel , Tsuyoshi Fujita ；Regional Initiatives on Promoting Cleaner Production inChina: A Case of Liaoning, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008 (submitted)
Zhu Qinghua, Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita , Shizuka Hashimoto ；Green supply chain management in leading
manufacturers: Case studies in Japanese large companies, International Journal of Sustainable Development
and World Ecology, 2008 (submitted)
Yong Geng, Pang Zhang, Raymond P. Cote, Tsuyoshi Fujita；Assessment of the National Eco-industrial Park
Standards for Promoting Industrial Symbiosis in China, J. of Industrial Ecology, Vol.13, No.1, pp.15-26, 2008
Looi-Fang Wong, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Kaiquin Xu； Evaluation of regional bio-energy recovery by local methane
fermentation thermal recycling systems, Journal of Waste Management,vol.28, pp.2259-2270, 2008

Thank you for your Attention
23

Results of environmental impact

CO2 emissions(3) Amount of CO2 emission

24Industrial symbiosis, urban symbiosis,
and clustering symbiosis
Clustering
Symbiosis

IndustrialSymbiosis
Biomass

Urban
Symbiosis

工業EIP生態園

Industrial
Symbiosis循環資源排出分布（循環資源排出分布（その他その他プラ製容器包装
プラ製容器包装の製容器包装の例）とごみ焼却施設とごみ焼却施設・焼却施設・循環拠点産業施設の循環拠点産業施設の立地
太平洋セメント㈱埼玉工場

太平洋セメント㈱熊谷工場

秩父太平洋セメント㈱秩父工場

三菱マテリアル㈱横瀬工場㈱デイ・シイ川崎工場

JFEスチール㈱東日本製鉄所千葉

焼却処理施設～1970年代
1980年代JFEスチール㈱1990年代

東日本製鉄所京浜

2000年代発電有り

その他プラ排出量
CO_M_PLA(t/y)- 50
51 - 150
151 - 300
301 - 450
451 -産業施設

新日本製鐵㈱焼却施設(環境省：2005)

君津製鉄所

セメント製造施設（セメント年鑑：2008）

(t/y)
- 100
101 - 200
201 - 300

セメント製造施設
鉄鋼製造施設鉄鋼製造施設（鉄鋼年鑑：2008）（高炉・コークス炉）

一般廃棄物排出量（環境省：2006）

301 - 400

その他プラ組成比（日環Ｃ：1999）

401 -

人口分布メッシュ（国勢調査：2005）

Organizing low-carbon countermeasures into packaged solutions tomeet the characteristics of communities
Low-carbon environmental model districts taking advantage of communities’ characteristics

Environmental
model districts for
eco-friendly
housesEnvironmental
model districts
serving as business
hubs

Environmental
model districts for
agriculture andforestry
coordination

Satochi-satoyama
community hubs

Products &services(materials &energy)
Recycledresources &waste heat

Environmental model
districts for industry
coordination

27産業連携型の低炭素モデル地区の実現イメージ
近隣地区Ａ（住宅・業務系）

環境都市機能検討会（国立環境研他 ）資料）

広域への熱供給
広域への熱供給

業務、商業交流区域
6.7ha
交流・交流・物販施設
物販施設 物販施設
物販施設
連携環境
連携環境
研究・業務施設
研究・業務施設

電力供給
電力供給

環境、ライフサイエンス
研究開発区域
6.7ha

研究機能
研究機能
(案)
(案)

ホテル
ホテル

ホテル
ホテル

緑地
緑地
（地下:雨水貯留施設）（地下:雨水貯留施設）
中水・雑用水利用
中水・雑用水利用

太陽光発電
・熱供給
河川

研究・業務施設
研究・業務施設
研究・業務施設
研究・業務施設

熱導管（温水）
熱導管（温水）業務、研究開発区域
6.7ha

近隣地区B
(住宅系)

流通区域
流通区域

再生樹脂
再生樹脂
流通区域
流通区域
熱導管（温冷水）
熱導管（温冷水）・地域熱供給・地域熱供給

廃プラ
廃プラ

食品加工
食品加工

スマート
スマート

工場
工場

資源循環拠点
資源循環拠点

・廃雑紙
・廃雑紙

都市ガス
都市ガス
熱導管
熱導管鉄鋼
鉄鋼
セメント
セメント

河川水利用
河川水利用

（蒸気・高温水・温水）（蒸気・高温水・温水）
下水処理場
食品
食品
焼却ごみ
焼却ごみ
廃棄物
廃棄物

メタン
発酵施設

ごみ焼却

ヒートポンプヒートポンプ

熱集約センター機能
工場 下水処理水
下水処理水

下水利用
下水利用
ヒートポンプヒートポンプ

熱供給・制御センター
機能（将来案）28

Eco-towns, targets and lessons for a decade
1997- Recycle
Eco-towns as Social
1997-Subsidization of
Promotion Law forrecycle facilities (62fac. environmental infrastructure
Electronics,drink cans(1997-2007)
26ecs)-capacity control of landfill siteand bottles, and1998- National-revitalization of heavy industries construction wastes
Fundamental Law for>hazardous waste treatment
2003- Stringent
Recycle Economy>circular business promotion
Regulation against
Oriented Society
illegal dumping
Circular cities and regions
Low carbon cities and regions-rare metal-national target of-carbon resources60-80% reduction by 2050
Asian Eco-industrial
networks with knowledge
data base of eco-towns

Quantification methodology and tools for further national
projects and generalization among Asian Cities

International Platform for Smart Growth
EIPs and Eco-Industrial Cities
International
Local
Collaboration ContentsExperts
Stakeholders
for Each Stage●Transferrable technology
inventory●Policy information●Human capacity building●Regulation inventory●Good practices for private
and public cooperation●Framework for strategic
policy feasibility study●Sharing background
Policy information, seeds and needs●Policy framework●Priority projects, Action

Planningprograms●Strategic Feasibility Study
CBA, Project FS●Framework for
Implementation design●Framework for integrative
project design●Data inventory for operationand mangamenent

Project
Design ●Project design, estimation●Monitoring technologies andsystems●Feedback procedure topolicy design and planning●Monitoring forenvironmental, social andOperation economic effects
Planning ●Feedback system toplanning and policy design●Investment, construction●Policy target and strategies●Background of EIPs and cities●Comprehensive master plan
●Policy support system for
projects, regulation andsubsidization●Operation framework●Support to FS information●Infrastructure planning●Detailed information for design●Implementation process ofregulation and social system●Efficient permission andapplication process●Infrastructure and utility
provision●Regulation system formonitoring●Implementation of monitoring●Feedback path for policy
making

MOEJ(2009)「Kawasaki Shenyang environmentally friendly city model project（Chaired by Prof.Fujita）」

Urban resource recycling technology/policy simulation calculation

ゴミ焼却工場incineration facility
ゴミ焼却工場garbage
焼却工場
容器廃プラ
plastic vessel
容器廃プラ収集種施設
プラ収集種施設recycling
収集種施設
collection facility
廃プラリサイクル施設
プラリサイクル施設 plastic vessel recycling facility
古紙収集施設 used paper collection facility
循環セメント
循環セメント工場
セメント工場 recycling cement facility

Evaluation of Local Industrial Symbiosis Effects【t/y】 Environmental Improvement Effects (CO2 Reduction) from BAU Case
1,000,000

37,000t/y

39,000t/y

Case 2CURRENT2ECO
TOWN

Case ３LOCAL
3INDUSTRIALSYMBIOSIS

158,000t/y

900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,0000Case１1BAU

Case ４URBAN ANDINDUSTRIAL 32
SYMBIOSIS