ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟♫఍๰㐀ࣘࢽࢵࢺ ௧࿴ 4 ᖺᗘ ◊✲ᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩
┠ḟ

໬Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ
᭷ᶵࣇࢵ⣲ᮦᩱࡢ SDA ┦ศゎᶵᵓࡢ᥈⣴
Exploration of decomposition mechanism of SDA phase of organofluorine materials
1㛗㇂ᕝ ೺࣌ࣟࣈࢫ࢝࢖ࢺኴ㝧㟁ụࡢపࢥࢫࢺ࡜౽฼࡞ᑒṆ᪉ἲ
Low-cost and convenient encapsulation for perovskite solar cells using printed circuit boards࣐࣮ࢹ࢕࣮ ࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ ࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬ

3

㝮⏣ ᭷ே

5

ࣆࣥࢳ࢙ࣛ ࣇࣛࣥࢳ࢙ࢫ࢝

7┤᥋ගບ㉳࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࣥࢢᢏ⾡Imaging Technology Based on Direct Excitation

ᮌ㉁ࣂ࢖࣐ࢫ࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࣝࢶࣁ࢖࣐࣮⑓἞⒪⸆ೃ⿵໬ྜ≀⩌ࡢ┤᥋ྜᡂ
Direct Synthesis of Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Candidates from Woody Biomass࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲ᡤ⇕࣭㟁ຊྍኚే⤥࡟ࡼࡿࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫᨵ㉁࡜㟁ຊ㟂⤥ᖹ⁥໬Biomass Reforming and Smoothing of Electricity Supply-Demand by Variable Combined Heat and Power Supply
9ඵᮌ 㔜㑻⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤ

Char ࠾ࡼࡧᾮ໬≀ࡢྠ᫬⏕⏘࡟ྥࡅࡓࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫᛴ㏿⇕ศゎᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨ̿᪼ ຍ⇕᫬ࡢゐ፹ຠᯝࡢ᳨ウ
Development of Biomass Rapid Pyrolysis Technology for Simultaneous Production of Char and Liquefied Products:
Investigation of Catalytic Effects during Heating at Elevated Temperatures
⏿ ಇ඘

11

࢝ࢱࣈ ࢧࢲࢺ ࣔࣁ࣐ࢵࢻ ࣞࢬࢡ13ඛ㐍⎔ቃㄪ࿴ᆺࣂ࢖࢚࢜ࢱࣀ࣮ࣝ⏕⏘ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢ๰ᡂ
Develop an advanced eco-friendly scenario for bioethanol production⚟ᓥ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ゎᯒ࠾ࡼࡧ⎔ቃᅇ᚟ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㐃ᦠ◊✲
Environmental Radioactivity Analysis and Collaborative Research for Environmental Restoration in Fukushima
Prefecture
ୖ⏣ ⩏຾

17

⇕ᖏⲨᗫⲡཎ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈨※⏕⏘࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃⅣ⣲㝸㞳Grass biomass breeding towards carbon sequestration
ᱵ⃝ ಇ᫂

20

㜵⅏◊✲ᡤ
࣋ࢺࢼ࣒࣭࣓ࢥࣥࢹࣝࢱࡢ㎰ᮧ♫఍ࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿேⅭⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ⮬↛ⓗせᅉࡢᙳ㡪Impacts of anthropogenic and natural drivers on the sustainability of rural societies in the Vietnamese Mekong Deltaࢧ࣓ ࢝ࣥࢺࢩࣗ

22㇦㞵࡟క࠺ᅵ◁⅏ᐖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᆅᇦࣞࢪ࢚ࣜࣥࢫࡢྥୖࡢࡓࡵࡢᐇຠⓗᩳ㠃ࣁࢨ࣮ࢻホ౯ࢶ࣮ࣝࡢ☜❧࡜౪ฟ: Ỉᩥᆅᙧࣉࣟࢭࢫࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࡢᐇ㊶࡜᳨ド
Development of an assessment tool for hillslope hazards by heavy rainfall toward resilient local society:hydro-geomorphological process modeling and its validation
ᯇᅄ 㞝㥽

25

ᒣᮏ ࢚ࣦ࢓

29⇕ᖏἾⅣᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὥỈ࡜ⅆ⅏ࡢ」ྜ⅏ᐖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲Compound Disaster of Flood and Fire in Tropical PeatlandἙᗋኚືࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ୰ὶᇦࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰Ἑᕝࡢ᭱㐺࡞Ἑᕝᩚഛࡢ᳨ウ
Suitable river regulation work for meandering rivers in midstream region considering bed deformation characteristics
➉ᯘ ὒྐ

39

ᖹ▼ ဴஓ

41

ᑠᕝ ࡲࡾᏊ

43

ᒣ⏣ ༓ె

47

᳃ ᬗᑑ

55

ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㜵⅏᪋タ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡢᩚഛ
Greenbelt for Disaster Prevention and Sustainable Developmentᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦ◊✲◊✲ᡤỈᩥ࣭Ẽ㇟᝟ሗࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ⇕ᖏἾⅣᆅⅆ⅏ࡢࣜࢫࢡホ౯
Risk Assessment of Tropical Peatland Fires Using Hydro-Meteorological Information᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⢭⚄స⏝≀㉁ࡢୗỈ␿Ꮫᡭἲࡢ㛤Ⓨ
Development of wastewater-based epidemiology for psychoactive substances in Japanᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛᇽ
᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᑐᛂࡢᣢ⥆ᛶ
Sustainability of the responses of Japanese financial institutions for decarbonization᭷ᶵࣇࢵ⣲ᮦᩱࡢSDA┦ศゎᶵᵓࡢ᥈⣴
Exploration of decomposition mechanism of SDA phase of organofluorinematerials㛗㇂ᕝ ೺1㸪㔝ᖹ ಇஅ2
Takeshi HASEGAWA1, Toshiyuki NOHIRA2

1

ி㒔኱Ꮫ໬Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ

Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University2ி㒔኱Ꮫ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲ᡤ

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
The electrochemical reduction technique is employed to challenge molecular decomposition of the
SDA packing of PTFE. Infrared ATR spectra of the virgin and electrochemically reduced surfaces ofPTFE are compared to find that the helix-reversal defect is relatively decreased unexpectedly. This
accompanies an increase of molecular packing, which is found through an increase of the phonon band
originated from the CF2 stretching vibration modes.
Key Words: PTFE, SDA theory, SDA phase, decomposition

1.

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ࢸࣇࣟࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿpoly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ㸪඲ࣇࢵ໬࢔ࣝ࢟ࣝ㙐ࢆྵࡴ໬ྜ≀ࡣ㸪᭷ᶵࣇࢵ⣲໬ྜ≀ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ࡜ࡃ࡟perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)࡜࿧ࡤࢀ㸪⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵࡢ㧗࠸໬ྜ≀⩌࡜ࡋ࡚ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ὀ┠ࢆᾎࡧ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜㸪໬Ꮫⓗ࡟㧗࠸Ᏻᐃᛶࢆ♧ࡍ
PFASࡣ㸪᧕Ỉ᧕Ἔᛶ࡞࡝Ⅳ໬Ỉ⣲࡟ࡣࡲࡡࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≉␗࡛᭷⏝࡞≀ᛶࢆከࡃᣢࡕ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ࣐ࢸࣜ࢔ࣝࡢ୍ゅࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࡢ໬ᏛⓗᏳᐃᛶࡣ㛗ᖺᨺ⨨ࡋ࡚ࡶศゎࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷࡅṆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
PFASࡢయෆ࡛ࡢẘᛶࢆྵࡴ㸪ᩘከࡃࡢ≀ᛶࢆศᏊᵓ㐀࠿ࡽ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㸪ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ⌮ㄽࢆstratified dipole-arrays (SDA)⌮ㄽ1,2)࡜࠸࠺㸬 SDA⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜PFASศ
Ꮚࡣ཮ᴟᏊ㛫┦஫స⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙉࡃ2ḟඖⓗ࡟จ㞟ࡋ㸪࣐ࢡࣟ࡞≀ᛶࢆⓎ⌧ࡍࡿ㸬ゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡜㸪
2ḟඖจ㞟ࢆṆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪≀ᛶࢆ኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪ศᏊ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢゎయࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࢀࡤࣜࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟ࡶ㐨ࡀ㛤࠿ࢀࡿ㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪㟁ゎ㑏ඖἲ3)ࢆ⏝࠸࡚PTFEࡢศᏊจ㞟ᵓ㐀࡟ኚ໬ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺
࠿㸪ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿヨࡳࡢᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬

-1-

2.

PTFE⾲㠃ࡢ㟁ゎ㑏ඖ㠀Ỉ㟁ゎ㉁୰࡛㟁Ẽ໬Ꮫⓗ࡟㑏ඖࡍࡿ࡜㸪PTFEࡢ⬺ࣇࢵ⣲໬ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ3)㸪

ࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ⏕ࡌࡿ୕㔜⤖ྜ࡟ࡼࡾSDAࣃࢵ࢟ࣥࢢࡀ㜼ᐖࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡋࡓ㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪60Υ
ࡢNa[FSA]̽[C3C1pyrr][FSA]࢖࢜ࣥᾮయ୰࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢧ࢖ࢡࣜࢵࢡ࣎ࣝࢱ࣓ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜ(㟁఩㉮ᰝ㏿
ᗘ1 mV sí1㸪㟁఩㉮ᰝ⠊ᅖí0.1~1.0 V vs. Na+/Na)࡟ࡼࡾNa㔠ᒓࡢᯒฟ⁐ゎࢆ4ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ⾜࠸㸪㟁ゎ㑏ඖࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬PTFE⾲㠃ࡀⲔⰍࡃኚⰍࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪㟁Ꮚ≧ែ࡟ኚ໬ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡑࡢኚⰍࡋࡓPTFE⾲㠃௜㏆ࡢศᏊࣃࢵ࢟ࣥࢢࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ㸪㉥
እATRࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ

ᐃࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ㸧㸬DFTィ⟬4)࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪638࠾ࡼ
ࡧ 626 cm-1 ࡟ ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ࣂ ࣥ ࢻ ࡣ 㸪
PTFEࡢࢥࣥࣇ࢛࣓࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᩄ
ឤ࡛㸪࡜ࡃ࡟626 cm-1ࡢࣂࣥࢻࡣ㸪helix-reversal defectࢆ♧ࡍ 4)㸬㑏ඖ࡟ࡼࡾࡇࡢࣂࣥࢻࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࢃࡎ࠿࡞ࡀࡽᵓᅗ 37)( ࠾ࡼࡧ㟁ゎ㑏ඖࡋࡓ 37)( ࡢ㉥እ $75 ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ
ࢆ஧ḟᚤศฎ⌮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ

㐀ࡀᩚ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪⣧ရࡢPTFE࡟ぢࡽࢀࡓ510 cm-1ࡢࣂࣥࢻࡣ㸪㟁ゎ㑏ඖᚋ࡟ᾘኻࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ157 helix࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ4)㸪㟁ゎ㑏ඖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡼࡾᏳᐃ࡞136 helix࡟ྥ࠿࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪㟁ゎ㑏ඖἲ࡛ࡣ⾲㠃௜㏆ࡢࢥࣥࣇ࢛࣓࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆࡼࡾᩚ࠼ࡿຠᯝࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ㸬୍᪉㸪CF2ఙ⦰᣺ື㡿ᇦ࡟⌧ࢀࡿ 1240 cm-1 ௜㏆ࡢࣇ࢛ࣀࣥࣂࣥࢻ 5)ࡀቑᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸦ᅗ┬␎㸧㸪ࢥࣥࣇ࢛࣓
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀᩚ࠺ࡢ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ศᏊࣃࢵ࢟ࣥࢢࡶྥୖࡉࡏࡿຠᯝࡢ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
1.

Hasegawa, T.; Shimoaka, T.; Shioya, N.; Morita, K.; Sonoyama, M.; Takagi, T.; Kanamori, T.
Stratified Dipole-Arrays Model Accounting for Bulk Properties Specific to Perfluoroalkyl
Compounds. ChemPlusChem 2014, 79 914PlusChem; Shi

2.

Hasegawa, T. Physicochemical Nature of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds Induced by Fluorine. Chem.
Rec. 2017, 17 717. Rec.T. Ph

3.

Shiraishi, S.; Oka, T.; Oya, A.; Soneda, Y.; Yamada, Y.; Miyashita, K.; Ozawa, T. Electrochemical
Carbonization of PTFE in Nonaqueous Electrolytes. Tanso 1999, 1999 999oishi, S.;

4.

Quarti, C.; Milani, A.; Castiglioni, C. Ab Initio Calculation of the IR Spectrum of PTFE: Helical
Symmetry and Defects. J. Phys. Chem. B 2013, 117 173mi, C.; Mi

5.

Fukumi, A.; Shimoaka, T.; Shioya, N.; Nagai, N.; Hasegawa, T. Infrared Active Surface Modes Foundin Thin Films of Perfluoroalkanes Reveal the Dipole– Dipole Interaction and Surface Morphology. J.
Chem. Phys. 2020, 153, 044703.

-2-࣌ࣟࣈࢫ࢝࢖ࢺኴ㝧㟁ụࡢపࢥࢫࢺ࡜౽฼࡞ᑒṆ᪉ἲ
Low-cost and convenient encapsulation
for perovskite solar cells using printed circuit boards࣐࣮ࢹ࢕࣮ ࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ ࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬMURDEY, Richard James1ி㒔኱Ꮫ ໬Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ
Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University

Perovskite solar cells are promising devices to harvest electricity from low-intensity, artificial indoor light sources
such as white LEDs. Their low cost and high efficiency make them ideal for powering small electronic devices such as
long-range RFID tags or BLE beacons. To be effective in this role, however, the perovskite solar cells must be protectedby encapsulating the device in an air-tight package. In this work, conventional printed circuit boards (PCBs) areexamined as backing substrates for perovskite solar cell encapsulation. PCBs have advantages in that the electricalcontacts for the solar cells can be easily built into the boards in the desired custom pattern. They are also inexpensive.
The encapsulated devices will be part of a test platform to study the long-term reliability of perovskite solar cells.
Key Words : perovskite solar cell, encapsulation, ambient light harvesting, sustainable energy, lifetime

1. Introduction
Semiconductors with bandgaps from 1.7 eV to 1.9 eV are useful absorber materials for multi-junction tandem
solar cells and for high-output voltage single-junction solar cells designed for indoor, ambient lighting
applications. Mixed-composition metal-halide perovskites with multiple cations and anions in the A- and X-sitesof the ABX3 perovskite structure have emerged as promising wide bandgap absorbers due to their highperformance and continuously variable bandgap within the desired range.[1]Spectral Irradiance

Bandgap tuning of ABX3 perovskites bychanging the iodide/bromide ratio
T. Jesper Jacobsson et al.,Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1706–1724.

Ideal bandgap
1.9 eV
Outdoor solar
spectrum (AM1.5G)

LED
Light

0

1

2

3

Energy (eV)

There are several points to consider when developing solar cells for efficient operation under ambient light.
Some factors are particular to the wide bandgap material, which may have a less stable chemical composition due
to the high bromide content needed to achieve the desired bandgap. Others relate to the materials used in the solar
cell to efficiently extract the photogenerated charge, which may be poorly optimized for perovskites with widebandgaps. Finally, there is the question of device stability. Although indoor environments are less punishing thanoutdoor use in full sunlight, perovskite solar cells will still quickly degrade in ambient air. Therefore, effective
encapsulation strategies are needed to protect the devices. These can be implemented at both the packaging level(sealing the perovskite solar cell in an external container that includes electrical feedthroughs) and at the device
level (adding barrier layers within or directly to the perovskite solar cell structure to inhibit ingress of oxygen and-3-4

water vapor). In the latter case, these barrier layers can also increase the overall stability of the device by blocking
the diffusion of volatile material out of the cell.
2. Method and Results
Recently several reports have detailed important progress in both the performance and the stability of widebandgap perovskite solar cells.[2] Meanwhile, we have previously evaluated how the performance of perovskite
solar cells changes with light intensity and bandgap.[3]Wide bandgap perovskite p-i-n solar cells with MeO-2PACz monolayer hole extraction layers
R. Murdey et al., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2022, 245, 111885.

Our perovskite devices (shown above) achieved an open circuit voltage of 1.17 V under 1 SUN for a perovskite
formula (Cs0.05FA0.80MA0.15PbI2Br) with a bandgap of 1.72 eV. The output from these devices was verified to bestable over 100 h operation under 1 SUN, which is equivalent to over two years of operation under indoor ambient
light in terms of light exposure.
To increase the bandgap of the perovskite to a more favorable value for energy harvesting from white LEDs,
we have optimized fabrication methods for a new perovskite formula (Cs0.05FA0.45MA0.5PbBr1.5I1.5) with abandgap of 1.86 eV. Despite the wider bandgap, the open circuit voltage of the solar cells is initially only 1.15 V
although it increases to 1.21 V after 100 h operation at 1 SUN. We believe that the high voltage losses are due tothe excessive recombination of charge carriers at the interface between the perovskite and the C60 electrontransport later. To reduce charge carrier recombination, we are currently evaluating different passivation strategies
for the top perovskite surface, as well as optimizing the electron transport material. Passivation typically involves
the solution-based application of small organic ammonium cations. These can stabilize defect sites or react withthe perovskite to form a two-dimensional isolation layer. We are also evaluating the use of an inorganic barrier
layer (SnOx) between the C60 and silver electrodes to increase the overall stability of the solar cell.

1.86 eV

Device cross-section

Wide bandgap
Perovskite film

Evolution of the cell voltage (Voc) over
100 h operation under 1 SUN[1] T. Jesper Jacobsson et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1706–1724; F. Peña-Camargo et al., ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5,2728−2736.
[2] K. O. Brinkmann et al., Nature 2022, 604, 280–286; Q. Jiang et al., Science 2022, 378, 1295–1300; H. Chen et al., Nature
2022 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05541-z).
[3] R. Murdey et al., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2022, 245, 111885.

-4-

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࢔ࣝࢶࣁ࢖࣐࣮⑓἞⒪⸆ೃ⿵໬ྜ≀⩌ࡢ┤᥋ྜᡂ
Direct Synthesis of Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Candidates from Woody Biomassࣆࣥࢳ࢙ࣛ ࣇࣛࣥࢳ࢙ࢫ࢝☾ᓮ ຾ᘯ୰ᮧ ṇ἞Ώ㎶㝯ྖ㡑❧཭ᐑᆏ ▱ᏹ⯚ᮏ ⪽
Francesca PINCELLA 1, Katsuhiro ISOZAKI 1, Masaharu NAKAMURA 1, Takashi
WATANABE 2, Liyou HAN 3, Tomohiro MIYASAKA 4, and Satoru FUNAMOTO 4

1 ி㒔኱Ꮫ࣭໬Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ
Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
2 ி㒔኱Ꮫ࣭⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University
3 ி㒔኱Ꮫ࣭ᅜ㝿㧗➼ᩍ⫱㝔Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kyoto University
4 ྠᚿ♫኱Ꮫ ⏕࿨་⛉Ꮫ㒊
Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University

The development of new, effective and practical processes for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass is a
crucial step to overcome our overreliance on fossil fuel as source of energy and chemical feedstock and reshape our
future society in a sustainable green humanosphere. This research aims to establish new methods for the synthesis ofhigh-value-added bioactive compounds from woody biomass, specifically the lignin in wood. We have gathered aninterdisciplinary and international research team from the fields of chemical-, wood-, and bio- sciences andtechnologies to demonstrate the ability of lignin-based functional molecules to inhibit the aggregation of proteinsthat are known marker of serious neurodegenerative diseases.
Key Words : lignin, Alzheimer, drug discovery, green chemistry, woody biomass.

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ
Lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a possible alternative renewable source for the production of chemicals andfuels.[1,2] Specifically, lignin, a key constituent (20–30%) of lignocellulose, is the most abundant aromatic biomass onearth and could serve as a renewable feedstock for the production of high value-added aromatic chemicals(pharmaceuticals, organic electronic materials, etc..). Furthermore, considering the increased interest in cellulose assource of biofuel, it is of the outmost importance to devise a strategy to make full use of all biomass components, including
lignin, a promising aromatic biopolymer. Recently, we have successfully demonstrated the direct conversion of wood tofunctional imidazole derivatives by microwave-assisted one-pot conversion via diketone intermediates. Based on theirstructure, the obtained imidazole compounds were flagged for their promising biological activity and several experiments
have confirmed the efficacy of some of these derivatives as tau and amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors, which suggests thatthese compounds could serve as effective treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, the successful synthesis oflignin-derived drugs could be a significant step towards a more sustainable pharmaceutical industry and towards a moresustainable future for our society.

 &XUUHQWUHVXOWV4XLQR[DOLQHV\QWKHVLVIURPGLNHWRQH
In order to explore the bioactivity of various wood-derived compounds, we have synthesized new compounds fromlignin-derived diketone via microwave-assisted reactions.

-7-In addition to expanding the scope of
imidazolederivatives,
wehave
synthesized several new quinoxaline
derivatives, in addition to the previously
investigated S-Qx (X=CH, R=R’=H) andG-Qx (guaiacyl-type diketone was usedas starting material instead of syringyltype diketone 1), and we incorporated
various functional groups in these ligninderived compounds. Table 1 shows the
newly
synthesized
quinoxaline
derivatives.
%LRDFWLYLW\VWXGLHVThe newly synthesized compounds have then been tested for their inhibitory activity towards tau and amyloid-β
aggregation. Briefly, the proteins are co-incubated with the candidate compound. The aggregations of the protein and theinhibitory effects of the candidates on protein-aggregate are monitored by Thioflavin-T fluorescence.
In the previous report, we had determined that compounds 2t and 2r showed the best performance for anti-tau aggregationin the Thioflavin-T fluorescence assay and Sarkosyl-insoluble assay. The compounds showed a bioactivity comparable
to that of the reference active compound, KT-430, confirming the importance of the presence of a catechol (1,2dihydroxobenzene) unit, in agreement with previous results by Miyasaka and collaborators.[3] Considering thesepromising results, compounds 2r
and 2t have also been tested for
dose dependency, see Fig. 1. The
results of the fluorescence andSarkosyl insoluble assay in Fig. 1
demonstrate that both compounds
have a dose-dependent response,
and that the imidazole compound2t showed anti-tau aggregation
effect for concentration higher
than 3 μM, with the highest
activity at 10 μM, while
compound 2r showed anti-tau
aggregation
effectforconcentration higher than 10 μM,
with the highest activity at 30 μM.
Furthermore, results regarding
imidazole compounds containing
N-heterocycles have shown only
weak
inhibitionoftau Figure 1. Dose dependency of the effects of two candidates on inhibition of tau aggregation (A) Th-T
aggregation. For the inhibition of value in 168 hr incubation (B) Biochemical quantification of Sarkosyl-insoluble aggregated tau.
the amyloid-β aggregation, thetarget compounds underwent sedimentation assay, where the amyloid-beta proteins and the target compound are mixed
and incubated for a week before separation of the precipitate and supernatant. Both the precipitate and supernatant arethen analyzed by Western blotting to verify aggregation inhibitiomn (expected increase in supernatant and decrease inaggregate in the precipitate). The results of this assay did not confirm the activity of compounds 2r and 2t for amyloidbeta aggregation inhibition, instead compounds S-Qx and G-Qx seemed to be the most promising.

3. 3ODQVBased on the aforementioned results, we will test the new quinoxaline compounds for their inhibitory tau and amyloidβ activity and synthesize new compounds based on the bioactivity studies results.

5HIHUHQFHV
1)

2)
3)

Cronin, D.J.; Dunn K.; Zhang X.; Doherty W.O.S. Relating Dicarboxylic Acids to Residual Lignin Structural Features, ACS
Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 11695–11705.
Kleinert M.; Barth T. Towards a Lignocellulosics Biorefinery: Direct One-Step Conversion of Lignin to Hydrogen-Enriched
Biofuel, Energy Fuels 2008, 22, 1371–1379.3)
Soeda, Y.; Yoshikawa, M.; Almeida, O. F.; Sumioka, A.; Maeda, S.; Osada, H.; Kondoh, Y.; Saito, A.; Miyasaka, T.; Kimura, T.;
Suzuki, M.; Koyama, H.; Yoshiike, Y.; Sugimoto, H.; Ihara, Y.; Takashima, A., Toxic tau oligomer formation blocked by cappingof cysteine residues with 1,2-dihydroxybenzene groups. Nat Commun 2015, 6, 10216.

-8-⇕࣭㟁ຊྍኚే⤥࡟ࡼࡿࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫᨵ㉁࡜㟁ຊ㟂⤥ᖹ⁥໬Biomass Reforming and Smoothing of Electricity Supply-Demand by Variable
Combined Heat and Power Supplyඵᮌ 㔜㑻1㸪ྥ஭ ၨ♸1㸪ᑠす ဴஅ2㸪⏣ᐑ ⿱அ3,㧗ᒣ ᐃḟ4, ᱵ⃝ ಇ᫂2
Juro Yagi 1, Keisuke Mukai 1, Satoshi Konishi 2, Hiroyuki Tamiya 3, Sadatsugu
Takayama 4 and Toshiaki Umezawa 2
1ி㒔኱Ꮫ ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲ᡤ
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University2ி㒔኱Ꮫ ⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University3ி㒔኱Ꮫ ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⛉Ꮫ⛉Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University
4᰾⼥ྜ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ
National Institute for Fusion Science
The utilization of nuclear energy is effective from a zero-emission perspective, but the low-grade waste heat is currently
not being utilized effectively. Biomass-reforming to produce hydrogen is known to be enhanced when steam is
supplied, so in this work, biomass-reforming by microwave under the steam supply is focused. In this fiscal year,
construction of the system is completed.
Key Words : biomass energy, microwave heating, waste heat, zero-emission㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ࢮ࢚࣑ࣟࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢどⅬ࡛᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿཎᏊຊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡣࠊపရ఩ࡢ᤼⇕ࡀ฼⏝࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞
࠸஦ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ⇕฼⏝ࡢほⅬ࡛᭷ຠ࡞ேཱྀᐦ㞟ᆅ࡬ࡢタ⨨ࡀᐜ࡛᫆࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟㉳ᅉࡋࠊඛ㐍࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ᰾⼥ྜࡶྠᵝࡢၥ㢟࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋ
ࡓᆅᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㎰ᴗ࣭ᯘᴗ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ㈨※ࡀ₶ἑ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ஦ࡀከ࠸ࠋࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ㈨※ࡢ⇕࣭࣐࢖ࢡࣟἼฎ⌮➼࡟ࡼࡿᨵ㉁ࡣඛ⾜◊✲౛ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟᤼⇕࡜ࡋ࡚Ỉ⵨Ẽࢆే⤥ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ྾⇕཯ᛂ࡛࠶ࡿ࢞ࢫ໬➼ࡢ཯ᛂࡢᗏୖࡆࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
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ᮏ◊✲ࡢ୍㒊ࡣබ┈㈈ᅋἲேி㒔⏘ᴗ㸰㸯ࠕ⏘Ꮫබࡢ᳃ࠖ஦ᴗ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ
- 10 -

Char࠾ࡼࡧᾮ໬≀ࡢྠ᫬⏕⏘࡟ྥࡅࡓࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫᛴ㏿⇕ศゎᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨ̿᪼ ຍ⇕᫬ࡢゐ፹ຠᯝࡢ᳨ウ
Development of Biomass Rapid Pyrolysis Technology
for Simultaneous Production of Char and Liquefied Products:
Investigation of Catalytic Effects during Heating at Elevated Temperatures⏿ ಇ඘1㸪ᮏ㛫༓ᬗ2㸪Ώ㎶㝯ྖ1Toshimitsu Hata 1, Sensho Honma 2, Takashi Watanabe 11ி㒔኱Ꮫ ⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University2໭ᾏ㐨❧⥲ྜ◊✲ᶵᵓᯘ⏘ヨ㦂ሙForest Products Research Institute, Hokaido Forestry Research Organization

The production of chemicals and functional materials from renewable biomass resources is of great interest. In thisstudy, fast pyrolysis of cedar wood powder with pulse current heating was performed to simultaneously produce
aromatic chemicals and functional charcoal. In order to clarify the influence of the reaction tube material on the
production of useful substances, metal powder of the same material as the reaction tube, which has a large contact
surface with the wood powder sample, was mixed with the wood powder sample and heated at elevated temperatures
to observe the pyrolysis behavior, chemical composition, and micromorphology of the pyrolysis residues.
Key Words : wood biomass; pulse-current heating; pyrolysis residue; scanning electron microscopy㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟໬▼㈨※ࡢᯤῬ࡜⎔ቃຎ໬ࡀ┠࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛㢧⌧໬ࡋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ♫఍ၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᮍ฼⏝᳜≀㈨ᮦ࠿ࡽ໬▼㈨※௦᭰࡜࡞ࡿ᭷⏝໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊゐ፹Ꮡᅾୗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮌ㉁ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࡢᛴ㏿⇕ศゎ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ໬ᡂ
ရཎᩱࡸ࢞ࢯࣜࣥᡂศ࡜ྠࡌⰾ㤶᪘໬ྜ≀ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ⇕ศゎṧ´(Char)ࡢᶵ⬟ᛶᮦᩱ࡬ࡢᒎ㛤ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮍ฼⏝ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ࠿ࡽ໬ᡂရཎᩱࡸ࢞ࢯࣜࣥᡂศ࡜ྠࡌⰾ㤶᪘໬ྜ≀࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ᳜≀⏤᮶㈨※࠿ࡽࡢ᭷⏝໬Ꮫ≀㉁㸦໬ᡂရཎᩱࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮➼㸧ࡢᏳᐃ౪⤥ࢆᅗࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⇕ศゎṧ´ࢆ⎔ቃ㈨ᮦ࡬ኚ᥮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢮ࢚࣑ࣟࢵࢩࣙࣥᆺᚠ⎔ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᭷⏝࡞໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࢆ໬▼㈨※௨እ࠿ࡽᚓࡿࡓࡵࡢᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࡀୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ
㇏ᐩ࡞ᮌ㉁ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࢆཎᩱ࡜ࡋࡓ໬Ꮫရࡢ〇㐀ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࢆ㎿㏿࠿ࡘຠ⋡ⓗ࡟໬Ꮫရ࡟ኚ᥮ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊⅣ⣲໬ࡣ㔜せ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ໬▼㈨※ࡢ୍㒊ࢆ෌⏕ྍ⬟㈨※⏤᮶ࡢⅣ⣲࡛௦᭰ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ໬Ꮫ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᙺ๭ࢆⅣ⣲໬ᢏ⾡ࡀືࡁࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ1)ࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᮌ㉁ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿᾮ໬≀࠾ࡼࡧ⇕ศゎṧ´ࢆ᭷⏝≀㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⇕ศゎ⏕ᡂ≀ࡢヨᩱ㔜㔞ῶᑡᣲືࠊⓎ⇕࣭྾⇕ᣲືࠊ໬Ꮫᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊ
㟁Ꮚ㢧ᚤ㙾࡟ࡼࡾᚤ⣽ᵓ㐀ࢆほᐹࡋࠊゐ፹ῧຍࡸ᪼

- 11 -㏿ᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ㸰㸬ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ
ཎᩱ㸸໭ᾏ㐨⏘ࢺࢻ࣐ࢶ㸦Abies sachalinensis㸧ᮦ⢊○≀ࠊ㖡⢊ᮎ࿴ග⣧⸆ 75ȣm, 99.9%ࠊࢳ
ࢱࣥ⢊ᮎ࿴ග⣧⸆ 45ȣm, 99.9%ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋࢺࢻ࣐ࢶᮌ⢊࡜㖡⢊ᮎࢆ㔜㔞ẚ 7:3 ࡜ࡋ࡚࣓ࣀ࢘ங
㖊࡟ධࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊࢺࢻ࣐ࢶᮌ⢊࡜ࢳࢱࣥ⢊ᮎࢆ㔜㔞ẚ 7:3 ࡜ࡋ࡚࣓ࣀ࢘ங㖊࡟ධࢀࠊΰྜ࡟ࡼࡾ
ヨᩱㄪ〇ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ⇕ฎ⌮᮲௳㸸ḟࡢ᮲௳࡛⇕ฎ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸸❅⣲Ẽὶୗ㸦200ml/min㸧,᪼

㏿ᗘ 10-40Υ/minࠊ

500Υ฿㐩ᚋ 3 ศ㛫ಖᣢࡋࠊ⮬↛ᨺ෭ࡋࡓࠋ
⇕ฎ⌮࡟క࠺㔜㔞ῶᑡࠊⓎ⇕࣭྾⇕ᣲືࠊඖ⣲ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡿ⇕ศゎṧ´໬Ꮫ⤌ᡂࠊFT-IR ࢫ࣌
ࢡࢺࣝࠊSEM ീ࡟ࡼࡿ⇕ศゎṧ´໬Ꮫᵓ㐀࡜ᙧែほᐹ࡟ࡼࡿ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ⇕ศᯒ㸸ᰴᘧ఍♫ࣜ࢞ࢡ TG-DTA TG8120 ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ❅⣲Ẽὶୗ㸦200ml/min㸧ࠊᐊ᪼ࠥ500Υࠊ

㏿ᗘ 10, 20, 40Υ/min ࡢ᮲௳࡛⇕㔜㔞ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋඖ⣲ศᯒ㸸ᰗᮏ〇సᡤओ CHN ศᯒィ MT-5 ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊⅣ⣲(C)ࠊỈ⣲(H)ࠊ❅⣲(N)ྵ᭷⋡(%)ࢆᐃࡋࡓࠋ㓟⣲(O)ྵ᭷⋡(%)ࡣᕪศ࡟ࡼࡾ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ
FT-IR ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ㸸᪥ᮏศගओFT/IR-4200 ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊKbr 㘄๣ἲ࡟ࡼࡾᐃࡋࡓࠋ

SEM ほᐹ㸸᪥ᮏ㟁Ꮚᰴᘧ఍♫〇㉮ᰝ㟁Ꮚ㢧ᚤ㙾 JSM5310 ᆺ࡟ࡼࡾ⇕ศゎṧ´ࡢᚤ⣽ᙧែࢆ
ほᐹࡋࠊゐ፹ῧຍࡸ᪼

㏿ᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ᭷↓ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ㸰⤖ᯝ࡜⪃ᐹ⇕ศᯒ⤖ᯝ㸸᪼㏿ᗘࡢቑ኱࡟క࠺㢧ⴭ࡞㔜㔞ῶᑡ⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊ௒ᅇࡢ⇕ฎ⌮᮲௳࡛ࡣᚓ

ࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ㖡ῧຍ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᮌ⢊ࡢࡳࡢሙྜ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ⇕ศゎṧ´ࢆከࡃᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋࢳࢱ
ࣥῧຍ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㔜㔞ῶᑡ⋡ࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ⇕ศゎṧ´ࡢ᥇ྲྀࢆඃඛࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊ㖡ῧຍࡀ㐺ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࢞ࢫ࣭ᾮ໬≀᥇ྲྀࢆඃඛࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊࢳࢱࣥῧຍࡀ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ඖ⣲ศᯒ⤖ᯝ㸸ࢺࢻ࣐ࢶ༢య࡛ࡣ㸪᪼࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪&X ῧຍ࡟ࡼࡾ᪼

㏿ᗘࡢቑຍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟Ⅳ⣲㔞ࡀࡸࡸቑຍࡍࡿഴྥ࡟

㏿ᗘࡢቑຍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟Ⅳ⣲㔞ࡀቑຍࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪ࢳࢱࣥῧຍࡢຠᯝ

ࡣᮏ◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
)7,5 ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ㸸᪼㏿ᗘࡢ㐪࠸ࠊ㖡ࡸࢳࢱࣥࡢῧຍ࡟ࡼࡿࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࡣ

ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋFP ௜㏆࡟Ỉ㓟ᇶ⏤᮶࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ྾཰ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋFP ௜㏆
࡟࢝ࣝ࣎ࢽࣝᇶࡢᏑᅾࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࢩࣙࣝࢲ࣮ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋFP ௜㏆࡟ⰾ狣᪘ & & ⤖ྜ⏤᮶ࡢఙ⦰᣺ື࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ྾཰ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋ
㟁Ꮚ㢧ᚤ㙾࡟ࡼࡿほᐹ㸸㖡ῧຍ⇕ศゎṧ´࡜ࢳࢱࣥῧຍ⇕ศゎṧ´ࢆほᐹࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ㖡ࢆῧຍࡋࡓ⇕ศゎṧ´ࡢ᩿㠃࡟ࡣࠊゐ፹཯ᛂᚋࡢ⑞㊧ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋࢳࢱࣥࢆῧຍࡋࡓ⇕ศゎṧ´ࡣࠊᮍฎ⌮ࡢṧ´ࡼࡾࡶ⣽࠿ࡃࠊᆒ୍࡟ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㔜㔞ῶᑡ⋡ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞
ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡓࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ 1) Honma, S.; Hata, T. et al; Ohashi, Y.; Sulistyo, J.; Watanabe, T.; Yoshimura, T., J. of Chemical
Technology & Biotechnology, 92 (3), pp. 522-529 (2017)

- 12 -

ඛ㐍⎔ቃㄪ࿴ᆺࣂ࢖࢚࢜ࢱࣀ࣮ࣝ⏕⏘ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢ๰ᡂ
Develop an advanced eco-friendly scenario for bioethanol production
Sadat Mohamed Rezk Khattab1, ᒸ㔝 ၨᚿ1∦ᖹ ṇே2㸪Ọ⏣ ᓫ2, Ώ㎶ 㝯ྖ1
Sadat Mohamed Rezk Khattab1, Hiroyuki Okano1, Masato Katahira2,
Takashi Nagata2 and Takashi Watanabe1ி㒔኱Ꮫ⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤ

1

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, JAPAN.

ி㒔኱Ꮫ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲ᡤ

2

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Japan
Key Words: Biomass conversion, Microwave, Glycerolysis, Acid Catalysis, glycerol fermentation, Xylose
fermentation, Hyper-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bioethanol production, Antivirals.

Introduction
The necessity to utilize lignocellulosic biomass was driven by the need to find sustainable resources
for producing the demanded fuels and chemicals while preventing climate change. Accordingly, aneffective pretreatment method is required to decompose the complex structure of biomass to its monomers.
In this regard, the biomass conversion laboratory-RISH, Kyoto University has developed an effective
pretreatment method using acid-glycerolysis assisted by microwave (1, 2). This method can also generate
antiviral agents, which supports the economic feasibility of the biorefinery and the need for antivirals tofight the spreading of viruses and pandemics, which threaten human life (3-6).
My collaboration with Prof. Takashi Watanabe was fruitful in engineering a safe microbial cell
factory, Baker's yeast, which can convert glycerol with glucose to an industrial level of bioethanol (7). I
have previously developed efficient xylose-fermenting yeast (8, 9). Last year, we reported here an
integrated biorefinery method to produce antiviral agents for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) withoutcausing cytotoxicity from lignin of sugarcane trash (SCT). Besides, the production of bioethanol fromsugars of SCT using two mixed cultures of the abovementioned yeast strains (Fig.1).
In this study, the glycerolysis efficiency reflected in the enzymatic saccharification, which reached99%. As a result, the total recoveries of sugars reached 89% of theoretical biomass sugar. The xylosefermenting yeast and glycerol converting yeast fermented all released sugars with glycerol. The
conversion efficiency to ethanol showed 96% of the consumed sugars and glycerol. Interestingly, theethanol titer reached 10% as an essential for industrial perspective.
With a simple rinse of
the pulp after glycerolysis, werecovered 27% of lignin as anantiviral agent (7.9% of dry
SCT). The antiviral has
inhibitedencephalomyocarditis virus(EMCV) replication in L929
cells without cytotoxicity.
These findings promote toaccomplish the following
points:
1. Broaden the utilization ofotherlignocellulosic
biomass resources such asࢡ ࢬ / ⴱKudzu
(Pueraria montana var
lobata).

- 13 -

2. Generate a hyper single yeast
factory that could co-ferment
glycerol, xylose, and acetatewith glucose for efficient
application of bioethanol (Fig.
2).

Methods
In this study, we studied thebiorefinery of sugarcane trash(SCT) and Kudzu as abundance
renewable
sourcesoflignocellulosic biomass in Asia,
tropical,andsubtropicalcountries. The SCT used here wasimported from Thailand, while
the kudzu was collected from Uji campus, Kyoto University. Compositional analysis was determinedaccording to NREL Laboratory Analytical Procedures (10-12). Glycerolysis of SCT was carried out in
Microwave with H2SO4, and alum for 30min at different temperatures (100-150 °C). Glycerolysis of kudzu
was performed at 140 °C. Following glycerolysis of SCT, soluble sugars was recovered by filtration, thenantiviral was fractionated by organic solvent and tested as described elsewhere (6-9).
Enzymatic saccharification was carried out using Cellic® Htec2. Sugars was estimated by HPLC andthe aminex columns HPX-87P & HPX-87H. Fermentation at this stage was conducted by two
abovementioned recombinant stains: xylose fermenting yeast and glycerol converting yeast.

Results and Discussion

Residual pulp %Total sugar recovries (mg/g)*

The compositional analysis of SCT, and Kudzu showed over 55 % of biomass are sugars as presented
in Fig.3. These sugars were fermented with glycerol to bioethanol with conversion efficiency reached 96%.
It is also possible to fermented to other bio-based chemicals. Fig. 4A shows the residual pulp of SCT after
glycerolysis
at Fig. 3A:Compositinal analysis of
Fig.3B: Compositional analysis ofdifferent
SCT
Kudzu
temperatures.
Other
Glucose %32%
Others30%
Reaction at 140 °C
Ash
2%
Glucose12%
34%
showed the highest
Extractives
total recoveries from
5%glycerolysis and the
enzymaticsaccharification
Klason(Fig.4B). 27 % ofligninExtractive %24%
SCT’ lignin was also
11%
Xylose %Galactose Arabinose %XyloseArabinose
5%
12%
10%
utilized for production
20%
3%of antiviral (7.9% of
pulp (%) of SCT afterFig.4B. Total sugar recovies of SCT
dry
SCT).
The Fig.4A. Residual
glycerolysis
from glycerolysis and saccharfication
antiviral has inhibited
100
encephalomyocarditis
500
virus
(EMCV)
80400
replication in L929
60
300
cells
without
cytotoxicity. These
40200
integration strategies
20
100
represent
essential
step for enhance the00
economic feasibility
100 110 120 130 140 150
100 110 120 130 140 150
of biomass utilization.
Glycerolysis temperture (°CC)
Glycerolysis temperature (°CC)- 14 -

Conclusion
We created a comprehensive biorefinery scenario that would use lignocellulosic biomass to produce
bioethanol combined with antivirals. These encouraging results encouraged the pursuit of completing thesecond stage of the hyper fermenting yeast construction using the three steps shown in Fig. 2.

Acknowledgements
A part of this study was supported by e-Asia project “Integrated biorefinery of sugarcane trash.”
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Natl. Renew. Energy Lab, NREL/TP-510-42622, 2008.

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⚟ᓥ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ゎᯒ࠾ࡼࡧ⎔ቃᅇ᚟ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㐃ᦠ◊✲
Environmental Radioactivity Analysis and Collaborative Research for Environmental
Restoration in Fukushima Prefectureୖ⏣ ⩏຾1㸪㇂ᇉ ᐇ2㸪஧⎼ ┤Ⓩ3
Yoshikatsu UEDA1, Minoru TANIGAKI2, Naoto NIHEI3
1ி㒔኱Ꮫ ⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University2ி㒔኱Ꮫ࣭」ྜཎᏊຊ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ
Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science3⚟ᓥ኱Ꮫ࣭㣗㎰Ꮫ㢮
Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University
We have been measuring environmental radioactivity in real time using KURAMA-II (Kyoto University RAdiation
MApping system-II) to investigate its contamination around Fukushima Prefecture due to the nuclear power plant
accident occurred in 2011. In our research, in order to solve the problem of GPS positional error in forests andmountainous areas, we will perform 3D mapping by camera photography at the same time to provide highly accurate
positional information. Although KURAMA-II has been used in the past, the application of photogrammetry is a new
method to be introduced, and this is a research and development of a new measurement technique.
Key Words : Great East Japan Earthquake, Radioactive Cesium, KURAMA, photogrametory㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
2011 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓཎⓎ஦ᨾ࡟ࡼࡿ⚟ᓥ┴࿘㎶ࡢ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ởᰁㄪᰝࡢࡓࡵࠊṌ⾜ࢧ࣮࣋࢖(KURAMA-II, Kyoto University RAdiation MApping system-II) ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ࡢࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖࣒ ᐃࢆࡇࢀࡲ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࢸ࣮࣐࡛ࡣࠊ௒ᖺᗘࡣ᳃ᯘࡸᒣ㛫㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿ GPS ఩⨨⿵㊊࢚࣮ࣛࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ࣓࢝ࣛ᧜ᙳ࡟ࡼࡾ 3 ḟඖ࣐ࢵࣆࣥࢢࡶ
ྠ᫬࡟⾜࠺஦࡛ࠊ఩⨨᝟ሗࢆ㧗⢭ᗘ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKURAMA-II ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢィ⤒㦂ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ≉࡟ࣇ࢛ࢺࢢ࣓ࣛࢺ࣮ࣜᡭἲࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᪂ࡋࡃྲྀࡾධࢀࡿᡭἲ࡛
࠶ࡾࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ィ ᢏ⾡ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㸰㸬◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜┠ⓗ⚟ᓥ┴࿘㎶ࡢ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ởᰁࡣࠊ2022 ᖺ⌧ᅾࡶᮍࡔᒣ㛫㒊࡞࡝ࡢ᳃ᯘᅪࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᫬㛫⤒㐣࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡸࠊ⎔ቃᅇ᚟ࡢࡓࡵࡢ
㐃ᦠ◊✲ࡣ௒ᚋࡶ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤ࡜⚟ᓥ኱Ꮫࠊ」ྜཎᏊຊ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ࡜
ඹྠ࡛ࠊKURAMA-II ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ࡢࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖࣒ ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᒣ㛫㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿṌ⾜ࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡛ࡣࠊKURAMA-II ࡟ᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ GPS ཷಙᶵࡢᤕᤊ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ࡼ
ࡾࠊ఩⨨᝟ሗࡀࡎࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺஦ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᒣ㛫㒊࡛ࡶ⎔ቃᨺᑕ⬟ࢆྍど໬ࡋ࡚࣐ࢵࣆࣥࢢࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ࣓࢝ࣛ᧜ᙳ࡟ࡼࡿື⏬ゎᯒࢆྠ᫬࡟⾜࠺஦ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࢵࣆ

- 17 -

ᅗ㸯㸸ື⏬ゎᯒࡢ୍౛㸦Ᏹ἞࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫෆ࡛ࡢṌ⾜ゎᯒ㸧ࣥࢢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢘
࢙࢔ 3DF Zepher ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࣇ࢛ࢺࢢ࣓ࣛࢺ࣮ࣜᡭἲࢆ
౑࠸ࠊ఩⨨᝟ሗࢆゎᯒࡍࡿࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸࣐ࢵࣆࣥ
ࢢᡭἲ࡜ࠊKURAMA-II ࡢ
GPS ࡟ࡼࡿ఩⨨᳨ฟࢹ࣮ࢱ
࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊィ఩⨨

ᅗ 2. ࣇ࢛ࢺࢢ࣓ࣛࢺࣜゎᯒ࡟ࡼࡿ 3 ḟඖṌ⾜ゎᯒࢆ⢭ᗘࡼࡃ᳨ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
㸱㸬◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜⪃ᐹ௒ᖺᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊṌ⾜᫬࡟᧜ᙳࡋࡓື⏬ࢆゎᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᏱ἞࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ື⏬ࢆ᧜ᙳࡋࠊࡑࡢṌ⾜ࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᅗ㸯 ࡀࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ
࢔ࢫࣇ࢓ࣝࢺ㐨㊰࡟࠾ࡅࡿ఩⨨᳨ฟࡢ௚ࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫෆࡢ㞧ᮌᯘ㒊ศ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⢭ᗘࡼࡃ఩⨨᳨ฟࡀฟ᮶࡚࠸ࡿ஦ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㝵ẁ࡞࡝ࡢୖୗ᪉ྥࡢゎᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡶྠᵝ࡟ᡂຌࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ≉࡟㧗ࡉ᪉ྥࡢ఩⨨⿵ṇࡶୖᡭࡃ࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ㸰㸧ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ⌧≧ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊື⏬᧜ᙳ᫬࡟≉ᚩࡀศ࠿ࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸✵㛫㸦㟷✵࡞࡝㸧ࡸᘓ≀ࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡋࡓሙྜࠊ᳨ฟ࢚࣮ࣛࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ஦ࡣࠊ᳃ᯘᆅᖏ࡛ࡣࠊ㧗ᛶ⬟࡞࣓࢝ࣛࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚⏬ീᕪศ࡜ࡋ᳨࡚ฟ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊࣇ࢛ࢺࢢ࣓ࣛࢺ࣮ࣜᡭ
ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㛗ᡤ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௒ᚋࡣ⚟ᓥ┴ࡢ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢィ ࡢ௚ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖᳨࣒ฟࢆ⾜࠺ᡭἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᳨ウࡶ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 18 -

㸲㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ᮏ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࣇ࢛ࢺࢢ࣓ࣛࢺ࣮ࣜࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ᧜ᙳ᫬ࡢ࣓࢝ࣛ
ࡢ㑅ᐃࡸ఩⨨᳨ฟ࡟᭷ຠ࡞┠ᶆⅬࡢタᐃ࡞࡝ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡘࡘࠊKURAMA-II ࡜ࡢྠ᫬ィ ࢆ௒ᚋ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
1)

M. Tanigaki, R. Okumura, K. Takamiya, N. Sato, H. Yoshino, H. Yoshinaga, Y. Kobayashi, A. Uehara, and H.
Yamana, “Development of KURAMA-II and its operation in Fukushima,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods inPhysics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 781, pp.
57-64, 2015.

2)

M. Andoh, S. Mikami, S. Tsuda, T. Yoshida, N. Matsuda, and K. Saito, “Decreasing trend of ambient dose
equivalent rates over a wide area in eastern Japan until 2016 evaluated by car-borne surveys using KURAMA
systems,” J Environ Radioact, vol. 210, pp. 105813, Dec, 2019.

3)

M. Andoh, H. Yamamoto, T. Kanno, and K. Saito, “Measurement of ambient dose equivalent rates by walksurvey around Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant using KURAMA-II until 2016,” J Environ Radioact,
vol. 210, pp. 105812, Dec, 2019.

4)ୖ⏣ ⩏຾, ᮡᒣ ᬡྐ, ᚨ⏣ 㝧᫂, ஧⎼ ┤Ⓩ, ㇂ᇉ ᐇ, ᮾ᪥ᮏ኱㟈⅏࠿ࡽ10ᖺࢆ㏄࠼࡚㸦⚟ᓥ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨭ᥼◊✲㸧, ⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲, ISSN1880-649X_No.017, 2021.11

5)

Y. Ueda, N. Nihei, R. Norarat, M. Tanigaki, Correlation between Radiation Measurement on the Field Slopes
using KURAMA-II(Kyoto University RAdiation MApping system) and Environmental Radioactivity in the
Soil Depth Direction, SPRINGER PROCEEDINGS in Physics, INCREASE and 6th ARN, accepted 2021



- 19 -

⇕ᖏⲨᗫⲡཎ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈨※⏕⏘࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃⅣ⣲㝸㞳Grass biomass breeding towards carbon sequestrationᱵ⃝ ಇ᫂1㸪ࣞࢨ ࣒ࣛࢲࣥ ࣜࣂ࢖1,2, ᑠᯘ ඃ3㸪㣕ᯇ ⿱ᇶ1㸪ࢧࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣜ ࢥ࣐࣮ࣛ ࣒ࣛ࢞ࢫࢱࣜ2, ᱵᮧ ◊஧1, ඵᮌ 㔜㑻4, ᑠす ဴஅ4
Toshiaki UMEZAWA1, Reza Ramdan RIVAI1,2, Masaru KOBAYASHI3,
Yuki TOBIMATSU1, Safendrri Komara RAGAMUSTARI2, Kenji UMEMURA1,
Juro YAGI4, and Satoshi KONISHI11ி㒔኱Ꮫ⏕Ꮡᅪ◊✲ᡤ
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University2࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔◊✲࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᗇ
Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, Indonesia
3ி㒔኱Ꮫ ኱Ꮫ㝔㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University4ி㒔኱Ꮫ ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ̿⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲ᡤ
 Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Revegetation and sustainable use of deteriorated grass fields left after tropical deforestation has been an important
issue in Southeast Asian countries. This study seeks to develop grass plants optimized for a sustainable production of
biomass in deteriorated grass fields. Based on the knowledge obtained by model experiments with rice, we are working
on the selection and breeding of sorghum lines with higher lignin content. The high lignin content biomass is promising
as a raw material for carbon sequestration in combination with energies which do not emit carbon dioxide.
Key Words : Grass biomass, lignin, carbon sequestration, sustainable biomass production㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔࡛ࡣ኱つᶍ࡞᳃ᯘ㛤Ⓨࡀ1970ᖺ௦๓༙࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᗈ኱࡞⇕ᖏᯘఆ᥇㊧ᆅ࡟࢖ࢿ⛉ࡢ㞧ⲡ࡛࠶ࡿࢳ࢞ࣖ㸦Imperata cylindricaࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔ㄒ㸸࢔ࣛࣥ࢔ࣛࣥ㸧࡞࡝࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿⲨᗫⲡཎ㸦1000୓ha㸧ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒ᚋᣢ⥆ᆺ♫఍ᵓ⠏࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࠊࡇࢀ௨ୖኳ↛ᯘఆ᥇ࢆ⾜ࢃࡎ࡟ࠊ໬▼㈨※௦᭰Ⅳ⣲㸦᭷ᶵ໬ྜ≀㸧㈨※ࢆᣢ⥆ⓗ࡟⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢⲨᗫⲡཎࡢ㎰ᆅ㺃ᯘᆅ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀႚ⥭ࡢㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲ
ࡓࠊⲨᗫⲡཎࡢ㎰ᆅ࣭ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ⏕⏘ᆅ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡣࠊᆅᇦ⤒῭࣭ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⦾ᰤࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊᅜෆᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࣭
ᆅᇦᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢ᫝ṇࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ⏕⏘࡟㈉⊩࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࢔ࣛࣥ࢔ࣛࣥࡢⲡཎࡣୡ⏺ྛᅜ࡟ᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢⲨᗫⲡཎࡢ᳜⏕ᅇ᚟ࡣ㛗ᖺ࡟ࢃࡓࡿᮍゎỴࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㠀ᖖ࡞ᅔ㞴ࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢㄢ㢟ゎỴ࡟ྥࡅࠊேᮦ⫱ᡂࢆྵࡵࡓᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ඹྠ◊✲ࡀῬᮃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ௨ୖ࡟㚷ࡳࠊ◊✲௦⾲⪅ᱵ⃝࡜◊✲ศᢸ⪅ᱵᮧࡽࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔◊✲㛤Ⓨᗇ㸦ᪧࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔⛉Ꮫ㝔㸧࡜⇕ᖏⲨᗫⲡཎࡢ
᳜⏕ᅇ᚟࡜ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࣭ᮌ㉁ᮦᩱ⏕⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ඹྠ◊✲ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣୡ⏺ࡢኳ↛ᯘఆ᥇㊧ᆅࡢ⎔ቃᅇ᚟ࡸ㈨※⏘ฟᅜ࠾ࡼࡧ㈨※㍺ධᅜ㛫ࡢබṇ࣭⾮ᖹ࡞㈨※ศ㓄࡜┦஫฼┈☜ಖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ
ᒎ㛤ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᑠすࡽࡣࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ࡜᰾⼥ྜࡸኴ㝧ගⓎ㟁࡞࡝ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓⅣ⣲㝸㞳ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆู㏵㐍ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ⏕⏘࡜Ⅳ⣲㝸㞳ࢆ㐃ᦠࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ୍ᒙࡢ༠ാ◊✲ᒎ㛤ࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
㸰㸬◊✲ィ⏬࣭᪉ἲ(1) ࢖ࢿࡢ௦ㅰᕤᏛ
኱ᆺ࢖ࢿ⛉ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ᳜≀ࡣᶞᮌࡢᩘಸࡢࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ⏕⏘ᛶ㸦ᖺ㛫 50㹼100 ࢺࣥ㸭ha㸧ࢆ♧ࡍ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊᶞᮌ
ࡼࡾ໬Ꮫᡂศ฼⏝≉ᛶࡀඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ⏕⏘᳜≀࡜ࡋ࡚௒ᚋ୍ᒙ㟂せࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࣜࢢࢽࣥࡣ㧗࠸Ⓨ⇕㔞ࢆᣢࡘ࡜ඹ࡟ⰾ㤶᪘໬Ꮫ〇ရࡢཎᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࢖ࢿ⛉᳜≀࡛ࡣࡑࡢྵ㔞ࡀᶞᮌࡼࡾᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ᰾⼥ྜࡸኴ㝧ගⓎ㟁࡞࡝ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓⅣ⣲㝸㞳ࡢཎᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗ࣜ- 20 -

ࢢࢽࣥྵ㔞ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㧗Ⅳ⣲ྵ㔞ࡢࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ࢖ࢿ㸦Oryza sativa ssp. japonica
cv. Nipponbare㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣜࢢࢽࣥࡢ㔞࡜ᵓ㐀ࡢᨵኚࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ࢔ࣛࣥ࢔ࣛࣥⲡཎ࡟࠾
ࡅࡿ᳜᱂࡟㐺ࡋࡓ࢖ࢿ⛉ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ᳜≀ࡢసฟ࣭㑅ᢤࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊෆᅾᛶࣜ
ࢢࢽࣥྜᡂάᛶ໬ᆺ㌿෗ᅉᏊࡢ㐣๫Ⓨ⌧࡟ࡼࡿࣜࢢࢽࣥ㧗ྵ᭷࢖ࢿࡢసฟࠊࣜࢢࢽࣥྜᡂᢚไᆺ㌿෗ᅉᏊࡢࣀࢵࢡ࢔࢘ࢺ࡟ࡼࡿࣜࢢࢽࣥ㧗ྵ᭷࢖ࢿࡢసฟࡸࠊᚓࡽࢀࡓ⣔⤫ࡢ஺㓄࡟ࡼࡿຠᯝࡢቑᙉࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ
ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⣔⤫ࡢࣜࢢࢽࣥࡢヲ⣽࡞ᛶ≧ゎᯒࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ᮏᖺᗘࡣ᫖ᖺᗘ࡟ᘬࡁ⥆ࡁࣜࢢࢽࣥྜᡂάᛶᆺ㌿෗ᅉᏊࡢ㐣๫Ⓨ⌧࡟ࡼࡿࣜࢢࢽࣥ㧗ྵ᭷࢖ࢿࡢసฟࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ࢖ࢿࢆࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓࣜࢢࢽࣥྵ᭷㔞ቑຍ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ㑇ఏᏊ᝟ሗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࢯ࣒ࣝ࢞ኚ
␗యࡢ㑅ᢤࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࠋ(2) ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫⅣ໬࡜Ⅳ⣲㝸㞳ຍ࠼࡚ࠊୖグ࡛㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ㧗Ⓨ⇕ᆺࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᰾⼥ྜㄢ㢟࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࢆࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫⅣ໬࡜Ⅳ⣲㝸㞳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㐍ࡵࡿࠋⲡᮏࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࡢฎ⌮฼⏝ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆྵࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊసฟࡋࡓస≀ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮≀㉁ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆ᏶⤖ࡍࡿぢ㏻ࡋࢆᚓࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ᳜≀ࢆ᱂ᇵࡍࡿᆅᇦఫẸࡢ฼┈ࡢࡓࡵࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ
ࡢ୍㒊ࡣ໬▼㈨※௦᭰⇞ᩱ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ᮌ㉁ᮦᩱ⏕⏘࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࡢᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋ㸱㸬◊✲ᡂᯝ ࢖ࢿࡢ௦ㅰᕤᏛ࡜ࢯ࣒ࣝ࢞ࡢ㑅ᢤ⫱✀࢖ࢿ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣜࢢࢽࣥྜᡂάᛶᆺ㌿෗ᅉᏊࢆࢥ࣮ࢻࡍࡿ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡿೃ⿵㑇ఏᏊࢆ㑅ᢤࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ㐣๫Ⓨ⌧࢖ࢿࡢసฟࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ⌧ᅾ 7 ୡ௦ࡢ᱂ᇵࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ✀ᏊࢆቑṪࡍࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊ໬Ꮫᡂศศᯒࡢணഛヨ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ࢖ࢿࢆࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓࣜࢢࢽࣥྵ᭷㔞ቑຍ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ㑇ఏᏊ᝟ሗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࢯ࣒ࣝ࢞ኚ␗య
㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽࠊᑐᛂࡍࡿ㑇ఏᏊࡢኚ␗యࡢ㑅ᢤࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲ෆᐜࢆྲྀࡾࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ⥲ㄝࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓ  ࠋ ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫⅣ໬࡜Ⅳ⣲㝸㞳㧗Ⅳ⣲ྵ㔞ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫస≀ࡢసฟࠊసฟࡋࡓస≀ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⇕ᖏᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮≀㉁ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆ᏶⤖ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢぢ㏻ࡋ୪ࡧ࡟ᙜヱᆅᇦࡢᅵᆅ฼⏝࡜ᡤ᭷࡟㛵ࡍࡿウ㆟࣭ゎᯒࢆ⥲ྜⓗ࡟㐍ࡵࠊእ㒊㈨㔠⋓ᚓ࡟ྥࡅࡓάືࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࠋࡇࡢウ㆟ࡢᡂᯝࡣ᭩⡠㸦⦅㞟㸸ᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛᇽ᳃ᬗᑑ㸧࡟ྲྀࡾࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ㸦ᰝㄞ୰㸧ࠋ ୍᪉ࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫࡢฎ⌮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᑠつᶍ࡛㏆ᮍ᮶࡟฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞ᢏ⾡࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐࢖ࢡࣟἼ࡟ࡼࡿ࢞ࢫ໬࣭
Ⅳ໬⿦⨨ࢆヨసࡋࠊࢭ࣮ࣝࣟࢫࢧࣥࣉࣝཬࡧ➉ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ཯ᛂ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࠋ࣐࢖ࢡࣟἼ࠿ࡽࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ኚ᥮
ᶵᵓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᘬࡁ⥆ࡁᇶ♏◊✲ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊᶵᵓࡢゎ᫂࡜ຠ⋡ࡢྥୖࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠋᮏ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ୍㒊ி㒔ᕷ࡜ࡢ༠ຊ஦ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ᨺ⨨➉ᯘࡢฎ⌮ᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
1) ᱵ⃝ಇ᫂, ࣜࢢࢽࣥ௦ㅰᕤᏛ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࢿ⛉ࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ᳜≀ࡢ⫱✀ ࣜࢢࢽࣥࡢ㔞࡜ᵓ㐀ࡢᨵኚ, ໬Ꮫ࡜⏕≀, Vol. 60, pp.
565–672, 2022

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࣋ࢺࢼ࣒࣭࣓ࢥࣥࢹࣝࢱࡢ㎰ᮧ♫఍ࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿேⅭⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ⮬↛ⓗせᅉࡢᙳ㡪Impacts of anthropogenic and natural drivers on the sustainability of rural societies inthe Vietnamese Mekong Deltaࢧ࣓ ࢝ࣥࢺࢩࣗ1㸪ゅ ဴஓ1㸪ᰗ⃝㞞அ2㸪ࢻ࢔ࣥ ࣂࣥ ࣅࣥ3

Sameh KANTOUSH1, Tetsuya SUMI1, Masayuki YANAGISAWA2 and Doan Van
BINH31ி㒔኱Ꮫ 㜵⅏◊✲⛉Kyoto University, DPRI, Professor
2ி㒔኱Ꮫ ᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦ◊✲◊✲ᡤ
Kyoto University, CSEAS, Associate Professor
3࣋ࢺࢼ࣒-ࢻ࢖ࢶ኱Ꮫ
Vietnamese – German University, VGU, Lecturer

The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) faces riverbank erosion. The present study attempts to quantify the long-term
eroded sediment volumes from the riverbank and riverbed in the entire VMD using remote sensing (RS) and historicallymeasured bathymetric data. To verify RS results, we conducted a field survey from October 2021 to February 2022 (21days) to track the bank coordinates and measure the slope along approximately 1,200 km long of the main river. We
found that the riverbanks near the estuaries are alternately eroded and deposited; however, erosion is dominant. We
also found that the riverbank around the brick factories is typically stable; however, some places also suffer from severe
erosion. Riverbank erosion is more significant on the islands than on the mainland. Riverbed incision is dominant
throughout the entire VMD.
Key Words : Vietnamese Mekong Delta, riverbank erosion, salinity intrusion, sustainable development, sand mining,
sediment reduction

㸯㸬Introduction
 The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), the world's third-largest delta (Fig. 1), is one of the world's most essentialdeltas in rice production and fisheries. It is home to approximately 20 million people whose livelihoods depend mainly
on Agro-aquaculture, which contributes 18% of the GDP in Vietnam. The agricultural production of the VMD depends
primarily on the variation in natural flow regimes and fine sediment flux from the Mekong River, which runs through six
countries from China to Vietnam before emptying into the East Vietnam Sea (Fig. 1). However, the sustainable
development of the VMD is challenged by various environmental pressures and challenges, as shown in Figure 1,
including riverbed incision, riverbank, and coastal erosion, flow regime alterations, fertile sediment reduction, and salinity
intrusion.

Figure 1: Vietnamese Mekong Delta and effects of different drivers with pictures- 22 -

The VMD is facing severe riverbank erosion and salinity intrusion, affecting the livelihoods of millions of people (Fig.
1). According to the statistics, riverbank erosion incidents have been constantly exacerbated in the last decade, from 100
sites in 2010 to 680 locations in 2019. Salinity intrusion has also significantly increased frequency, magnitude, duration,
and affected extent. As a result, later events tend to surpass the prior ones. For example, salinity intrusion in 2016 was
the most severe event over the past 90 years, affecting 12 out of 13 provinces in the VMD (>2 million ha in area). However,it was surpassed by another catastrophic salinity intrusion event in 2020. We have conducted various field surveys in
Vietnam and installed different instruments for turbidity and salinity, which can be typically seen in Fig. 2.

Figure 2: Location map of measurements stations of turbidity and salinity installed at the Mekong Delta and pictures of
instruments installation activities.

㸰㸬Field Survey
 We conducted a 21-day field survey within the period from October 2021 to February 2022 to monitor the bankcoordinates and measure the bank's slope(s) along the main river, covering approximately 1,200 km river long (Fig. 3).
We found that the riverbanks near the estuaries (about 50-80 km from the river mouth) are alternately eroded anddeposited; however, erosion is dominant (Fig. 3). Erosion takes place even in some vegetated areas (see the right picture
in figure 4. Riverbank erosion is more significant on the islands than on the mainland. This is because the geographicalsetting of the islands is unstable and newly formed due to sediment deposition.

Figure 3: Spatial coverage of riverbank measurement from October 2021 to February 2022 with locations of the bankslope and coordinates campaigns and typical erosion patterns in the vegetated area and along the river banks in VMD

3㸬Riverbank erosion estimate from remote sensing
Fig. 8 shows the spatial variation of riverbank erosion rate (m/yr) from 1998 to 2020 extracted from Landsat satellite data.
We used deep learning techniques to delineate water from land to identify the bank line. We then used Digital Shoreline
Analysis System (DSAS) plug-in in ArcGIS to estimate the erosion/deposition rate. The erosion/deposition rate wascalculated as the slope of the linear regression line from 1998 to 2020, in which at least two additional riverbank lines
between 1998 and 2020 had to be included.

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Figure 4: Spatial variation of annual riverbank erosion/deposition rate from 1998 to 2020 using Landsat satellite data
Figure 4 shows that erosion is dominant compared to deposition within the VMD. The maximum erosion rate is up to 21.4 m/yr compared to a maximum deposition rate of up to 51.6 m/yr. Erosion is more pronounced in the Tien River thanin the Hau River where deposition is mainly dominant. In the Tien River, erosion mostly happens in the upper part (i.e.,
upstream of My Thuan), while erosion in the downstream region is also significant. In the Hau River, erosion occurred
mainly on the right bank, while deposition happened mostly on the left bank.

4㸬Riverbed incision estimate
We collected bathymetric data in 1998 and 2020 to estimate the incision rate of the riverbank. First, the point cloud ofbathymetric data (in terms of cross-section data) in 1998 and 2020 was interpolated using the Kriging interpolation methodin the Geostatistical Analyst tool in ArcGIS. Riverbed incision and deposition rate were then estimated using ArcGIS's
Geometric Change Detection (GCD) plug-in. Figure 5 shows that riverbed incision is substantially dominant compared
to deposition throughout the entire VMD, with a maximum incision rate of about -1.2 m/yr. Generally, riverbed incision
is more significant in the Tien River than in the Hau River. In the Tien River, riverbed incision is very high in the Co
Chien branch, while other branches also experienced high incision. In the Hau River, the incision is more in the lower
part (i.e., downstream of the Can Tho hydrological station) than in the upper part.

Figure 5: Annual riverbed evolution in the VMD from 1998 to 2020.

References
2) Binh, D.V., Kantoush, S. A., and Sumi, T.: Changes to long-term discharge and sediment loads in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta
caused by upstream dams, Geomorphology, 353(2020) 107011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.107011.
3) Binh, D.V., Kantoush, S.A., Sumi, T., Mai, N.P., Ngoc, T.A., Trung, L.V., and An, T.D.: Effects of riverbed incision on thehydrology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, Journal Hydrological Processes, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14030.

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Key Words : shallow landslide, hazard assessment, process modeling, risk communication, disaster resilience㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ㏆ᖺ㸪㒔ᕷ࿘㎶ࡢ⎔ቃᨵኚࡸேⅭⓗẼೃኚㄪ࡟క࠺㇦㞵ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᅵ◁⅏ᐖࡀ኱つᶍ࣭㧗㢖ᗘ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬௒ᚋࡉࡽ࡟㇦㞵ࡢ㢖ᗘ࣭ᙉᗘࡢቑ኱ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿᑗ᮶Ẽೃୗ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࢆྵࡴࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢྛ
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ῶࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⌧ᐇⓗ࡛࡞࠸㸬ᚑࡗ࡚㸪✺Ⓨⓗ࡞㇦㞵࡟ࡼࡿᅵ◁⅏ᐖ࡟ࡋ࡞ࡸ࠿࡟ᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡿᙉ㠌࡞ᆅᇦ♫఍ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪ᵓ㐀≀ᘓ⠏ࢆᇶᮏ࡜ࡋࡓࣁ࣮ࢻᑐ⟇࡟ࡼࡿ㜵⅏࡟ຍ࠼㸪᝟ሗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㆙ᡄ࣭㑊㞴ࢆ୺࡜ࡋࡓࢯࣇࢺᑐ⟇࡟ࡼࡿῶ⅏ࡢ᪋⟇ࢆᣑ඘ࡋ㸪Ẽೃኚື㐺ᛂࢆᙉ໬ࡋ࡚㸪ᅵ◁⅏ᐖ࡬ࡢᆅᇦⓗ࡞ࣞࢪ࢚ࣜ
ࣥࢫࡢྥୖࢆᅗࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪㏆ᖺࡢ᪂⯆ឤᰁ⑕ࣃࣥࢹ࣑ࢵࢡࡢᙳ㡪ୗ࡟࠶ࡿ♫఍≧ἣࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡜㸪㑊㞴ඛ࡛ࡢឤᰁᣑ኱ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᚲせ᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢᮇ㛫ࡢࡳᮏᙜ࡟ࣜࢫࢡࡢ࠶ࡿᒃఫᆅ࠿ࡽࡢ㏥㑊ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮃࡲࡋࡃ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ㑊㞴ࡢᐇ⌧ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡶ㸪ࣁࢨ࣮ࢻホ౯ࡢ⢭ᗘ࡜☜ᗘࡢྥୖࡀᚅࡓ
ࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬  ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪⏦ㄳ⪅ࡽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᅵ◁⅏ᐖࡢ⣲ᅉᡂ❧࠾ࡼࡧㄏᅉస⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝ
ࢆᛂ⏝ࡋ㸪㠉᪂ⓗ࡞ᩳ㠃ࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࡢホ౯࣭ྍど໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࡣ
ᆅ⌮᝟ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୖ࡟㸪⾲ᒙᔂቯࡢࣁࢨ࣮ࢻ㸦༴㝤ᗘ㸧ࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࢆྍど໬ࡍࡿ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪ᒣᆅࡢὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿᩳ㠃ᔂቯணഛ≀㉁࡛࠶ࡿᅵᒙࡢ⏕ᡂ࣭㞟✚㏿ᗘࢆ㸪Ᏹᐂ⥺⏤᮶ࡢᨺᑕᛶྠ఩యࡢศᯒ࡜㸪⣽ᐦࢹࢪࢱࣝᆅ
ᙧ᝟ሗࡢゎᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡋ㸪ᅵᒙࡢཌࡳࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿ㸬ḟ࡟㸪㝆Ỉᾐ㏱࡟క࠺ᅵᒙ୰ࡢ㛫㝽Ỉᅽኚືࢆࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡋࡓࡢࡕ㸪ᩘ್ィ⟬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ほ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ෌⌧ࡋ㸪Ỉᩥࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ㸬᭱ᚋ࡟- 25 -

ࡇࢀࡽ஧ࡘࡢᆅᙧ࣭Ỉᩥࣔࢹࣝࢆ࢝ࢵࣉࣜࣥࢢࡋ㸪㝆㞵ࡢ㐍⾜࡟క࠺ᩳ㠃ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃ㡿ᇦࡢᣑࡀࡾࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ㸪᳃ᯘࡢᶞෙࡸ᰿⣔ࡀ㸪㝆Ỉᾐ㏱ࡸᅵᒙ⿵ᙉ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟⪃៖ࡍࡿ㸬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ෆ࡛ࡣ௵
ពࡢ᝿ᐃ㇦㞵ࢆධຊ࡜ࡋࡓࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠸㸪㝆㞵ࡢ㔞࠾ࡼࡧᙉᗘ࡜㸪ᩳ㠃ࣁࢨ࣮ࢻቑ኱࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࠿ࡘどぬⓗ࡟ᥦ♧࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࢆᆅᇦఫẸ࡜ࡢࣜࢫࢡࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵࡢࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ㸪ᒣ㯄ᒃఫᇦ࡛ࡢᅵ◁⅏ᐖࣜࢫࢡࡢㄆ▱࣭ඹ᭷࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᚑ᮶ࡼࡾࡶ᱁ẁ࡟☜ᗘ࣭⢭ᗘࡢ㧗࠸㆙ᡄ࣭㑊㞴᝿ᐃࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡢᅵ◁⅏ᐖࣞࢪ࢚ࣜࣥࢫࢆ㣕㌍ⓗ࡟ྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᮏᖺࡣ㸪᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏆ᖺࡢ㇦㞵࡛ࡢⓎ⅏ᆅࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠸㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾲ᒙᔂቯⓎ⏕≧ἣ࡟↷ࡽࡋ࡚㸪ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿࣁࢨ࣮ࢻホ౯ࡢ⢭ᗘ࡜☜ᗘࢆ᳨ドࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛㸪ᅜෆ࠾ࡼࡧᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢᮍ⅏ሙ㸦ࣜࢫࢡࡣ࠶
ࡿࡶࡢࡢᮍࡔ⅏ᐖࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙ㸧࡛ࡢᐇ㊶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᪉⟇ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋࡓ㸬  ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪ᒣᆅὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㸪Ẽೃኚື࣭᳃ᯘᡂ❧࣭ᅵተⓎ㐩࣭Ỉᚠ⎔࣭ᅵ◁⛣ື࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿỈᩥᆅᙧ㐣⛬ࡢせ⣲ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡢ῝࠸⌮ゎ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪ῶ⅏ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ὶᇦࡢ⎔ቃࡣᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢ⏕Ꮡᇶ┙ࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪Ẽᅪ࣭Ỉᅪ࣭ᆅᅪ࣭⏕≀ᅪࡢᆅ⾲㏆ഐቃ⏺ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅ⌫⾲ᒙࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࢆࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞࠸ษࡾཱྀ࠿ࡽከ㝵ᒙⓗ࡟࡜ࡽ࠼㸪ࡇࡢ⏕Ꮡᇶ┙ࡢᑑ࿨ࡸᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࢆከ㠃ⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡋ࡚㸪ῶ⅏ࡢᐇ⌧࡟ᙺ❧࡚ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㸪┿࡟⤫ྜⓗ࡛඲ࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸ヨࡳࢆᐇ㊶ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿⅬࡀ㸪ᮍ㋃⛉Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮏ◊✲ࡢព⩏࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪ᴟ➃Ẽ㇟⅏ᐖ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢ᰾ᚰⓗ࡞ῶ⅏ࢽ࣮ࢬ࡟ᛂ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡾ㸪ศ㔝ᶓ᩿ⓗ࡞◊✲⪅⤌⧊࡟ࡼࡿᏛ㝿ⓗయไ࡜」ྜ⼥ྜⓗ࡞◊✲࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࡶࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࢆヨࡳࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬  ࡑࡢᅜෆᐇ⿦࡜ᅜ㝿ᒎ㛤ࡣ㸪ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㛤Ⓨ┠ᶆࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪┠ᶆ㸦Ᏻ඲࣭Ᏻᚰ࡞ᒃఫ⎔ቃ࣭ᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢᐇ⌧㸧㸪㸦Ẽೃኚື࡬ࡢᑐ⟇࣭㐺ᛂ㸧㸪㸦㝣ᇦࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲㸧ࡢ㐩ᡂ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㸬ᩳ㠃ࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡋ㸪ྍど໬ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ౪ฟࡣ㸪Ᏻ඲࣭Ᏻᚰ࡛⅏ᐖ࡟ᙉ࠸ᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢᙧᡂ࡟┤᥋ⓗ࡟㈉⊩࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᮏ◊✲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᅵ◁⅏ᐖࣜࢫࢡࡢቑ኱࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦࡢ⾜ᨻᐁ࠿ࡽᐇົ⪅㸪ᆅᇦఫẸ࡟࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛㸪࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㝵ᒙࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮ࡀ㇦㞵᫬࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾜ືࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢ࠿㸪ᣦ㔪ࢆᐃࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦┠ᶆ㸧㸬Ẽೃኚື࡬ࡢᑐ⟇ࡣ㸪࠸ࡲࡸ ᐊຠᯝ࢞ࢫࡢ᤼ฟᢚไ࡞࡝ࡢཎᅉᑐ⟇࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪᪤࡟ኚ໬ࡋጞࡵࡓẼೃ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡀ㏕ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪㇦㞵㢖ᗘࡢቑ኱࡟ࡼࡿᅵ◁⅏ᐖࣜࢫࢡࡢቑ኱࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ㸪♫఍ᐇ⿦ྍ⬟࡞ࢶ࣮ࣝࡢ㛤Ⓨ࣭ᥦ౪࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᐇຠⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ⟇ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦┠ᶆ㸧㸬ᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪᳃ᯘ࡟ࡼࡿᒣᆅᩳ㠃ࡢಖ඲ຠᯝࣔ
ࢹࣝࢆෆໟࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪᳃ᯘఆ᥇࡟కࡗ࡚㸪ᩳ㠃ࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࡀ࡝ࢀ࡯࡝ቑ኱ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪᳃ᯘ⿕そ⎔ቃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேⅭⓗᅵᆅᨵኚࡀ㸪࡝ࢀ࡯࡝⅏ᐖࣜࢫࢡቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ホ౯࡛ࡁ㸪᳃ᯘఆ᥇➼ࡢᅵᆅ฼⏝ኚ᭦ࢆྵࡴ㛤Ⓨࡢᖐ⤖࡜㛤Ⓨྍ⬟㝈⏺ࡢᣦᶆࢆᥦ♧࡛ࡁࡿ㸦┠ᶆ㸧㸬㸰㸬ỈᩥᆅᙧᏛⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢ
 ㏆ᖺ࡟㸪㇦㞵࡟క࠺⾲ᒙᔂቯࡀ⩌Ⓨࡋࡓ᪥ᮏᅜෆࡢⰼᓵᒾࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡍࡿᒣᆅὶᇦࢆᑐ㇟࡟㸪ỈᩥᆅᙧᏛⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ㸪Ⓨ⅏ࡢ෌⌧ゎᯒࢆヨࡳࡿ㸬ᅗ 㸬ᒾ┙ࡢ㢼໬࡜ᅵ⢏Ꮚ㍺㏦ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡾィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓᅵᒙࡢཌࡳࡢ✵㛫ศᕸ㸬- 26 -  ࡲࡎᩳ㠃ᔂቯணഛ≀㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅵᒙཌࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᆅ⌮᝟ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୖ࡛ᅵᒙⓎ㐩ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇ⾜ࡋࡓ㸬᫬✵㛫ゎീᗘࡣ  P ࣓ࢵࢩࣗ㸪 ᖺ࡛㸪ᒾ┙ࡢ㢼໬࡟ࡼࡿᅵᒙࡢ⏕ᡂ࡜ࢯ࢖ࣝࢡࣜ
࣮ࣉ࡟ࡼࡿᅵ⢏Ꮚ㍺㏦ࡢࢭ࣮ࣝ࣋ࢫ࡛ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋィ⟬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ᅵᒙ῝ࡢึᮇ್ࡣ㸪ᩳ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞್ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚ P ࡛✵㛫ⓗ࡟୍ᵝ࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ィ⟬ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᅵᒙࡢཌࡳࡣ㸪⤒᫬ⓗ࡟ᩳ㠃ᑿ᰿㒊࡛ P ௨ୗ⛬ᗘࡢᐃᖖ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡿ୍᪉㸪㇂㢌พᆅ࡛ࡣ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ቑ኱ࡋ㸪 ᖺ⛬ᗘ┦ᙜࡢィ⟬ࢫࢸࢵࣉࢆ⤒㐣ࡋࡓ᫬
Ⅼ࡛㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾲ᒙᔂቯ࠾ࡼࡧᅵ▼ὶὶୗ࡟ࡼࡿ๐๤῝┦ᙜࡢ್ࡀ෌⌧ࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬 ḟ࡟㸪ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓᅵᒙࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࢆሙࡢ᮲௳࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㝆㞵ᾐ㏱࡟క࠺ᅵᒙᗏ㠃࡛ࡢ㛫㝽Ỉᅽࡢኚືࢆィ⟬ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬ィ⟬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ึᮇ᮲௳ࢆ㸪ࡇࡢሙࡢᱵ㞵ᮇࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆධຊ࡜ࡋࡓᐃᖖỈᅽศᕸ࡜ࡋ㸪▷ᮇᛂ⟅࡜ࡋ࡚ᩳ㠃Ỉᩥほ ࡟ࡼࡾ࢟ࣕࣜࣈ࣮ࣞࢺࡉࢀࡓ㛫㝽Ỉᅽᣑᩓࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ෌⌧ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬▷᫬㛫ࡢᙉ࠸㝆㞵࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚㸪ᅵᒙᗏ㠃࡛ࡢ㛫㝽Ỉᅽࡀᛴୖ᪼ࡋ㸪㏿ࡸ࠿࡟పῶࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡀ෌⌧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ᅗ 㸬Ỉᩥࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿᅵᒙᗏ㠃࡛ࡢ㛫㝽Ỉᅽኚືࡢ෌⌧㸬  ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ᩳ㠃ࡢᏳᐃᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᶞᮌ᰿⣔࡟ࡼࡿᅵᒙࡢ⿵ᙉຠᯝࢆࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࡋࡓ㸬ᅗ  ࡣ㸪ᗈⴥᶞࢆ୺య࡜ࡍࡿ஧ḟᯘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ」ᩘヨᏍᆅⅬ࡛ࡢ᳜≀᰿⣔ࡢ῝ࡉศᕸ࡜㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ௜ຍⓗ⢓╔ຊࢆᅵᒙࡢ
ཌࡳࡢ㛵ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௜ຍⓗ⢓╔ຊࡣ㸪᳜≀᰿ࡢ┤ᚄ࡜ᘬࡁᢤࡁᙉᗘࡢ㛵ಀ࠾ࡼࡧ᰿ࡢ῝ࡉศᕸ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡋࡓ㸬ᅗ 㸬᳜≀᰿⣔ࡢ῝ࡉศᕸ࡜௜ຍⓗ⢓╔ຊࡢࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢ㸬- 27 -  ࡇࢀࡽࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ࢝ࢵࣉࣜࣥࢢࡉࡏ㸪ᅵᒙࡢཌࡳࡢ✵㛫ศᕸ࡜᳜≀᰿⣔࡟ࡼࡿ⿵ᙉຠᯝ࠾ࡼࡧ㝆Ỉᾐ㏱࡟క࠺㛫㝽Ỉᅽኚືࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓᩳ㠃ࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࡢ᫬✵㛫ኚ໬ࡢホ౯ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ᅗ  ࡟㸪㝆㞵㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕỈᅽ㸧ࡢࣆ࣮ࢡ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣔࢹࣝࡢฟຊ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᩳ㠃Ᏻᐃᛶࡢ✵㛫ศᕸ࡜㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾲ᒙᔂቯศᕸࢆ♧ࡍ㸬᳜≀᰿⣔࡟ࡼࡿ⿵ᙉຠᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪ᩳ㠃ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆ㐣኱ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪ࡑࢀࢆࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡋ
࡚ᩳ㠃Ᏻᐃᛶホ౯࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾲ᒙᔂቯศᕸࢆ࠺ࡲࡃㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬඲య࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᶞᯞ≧࡟ᣑࡀࡿ୙Ᏻᐃ㡿ᇦ࡜⾲ᒙᔂቯ⑞㊧ࡣࡼࡃ୍⮴ࡍࡿሙᡤࡶ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿண ࡀ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆ㐣኱ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⟠ᡤࡶከࡃぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡣ㸪ᔂቯච␿ᛶ㸦୍ᗘᔂࢀࡿ࡜ᅵᒙࡀᅇ᚟ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡋࡤࡽࡃᏳᐃ໬ࡍࡿ⌧㇟㸧ࡀ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢⅬࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓホ౯ࡢ㧗☜ᗘ໬ࡣ㸪௒ᚋ㸪⾲ᒙᔂቯ࡟ࡼࡿᔂᅵ㔞㸦ὶᇦ࠿ࡽࡢᅵ◁⏕⏘㔞㸧ࡢ⢭⦓࡞ぢ✚ࡶࡾࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࠺࠼࡛ࡣゎỴࡍ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬ᅗ 㸬ࣔࢹࣝࡢฟຊ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᩳ㠃Ᏻᐃᛶࡢ✵㛫ศᕸ࡜ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾲ᒙᔂቯศᕸ

㸱㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥ࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẼೃኚື㐺ᛂ࡜ῶ⅏ᐇ⌧࡟ྥࡅࡓࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥᥦ౪ࢆ┠ᶆ࡟㸪ᒣᆅὶᇦෆࡢ㸪࡝ࡇ࠿ࡽ㸪࡝ࢀ࡯࡝ࡢᅵ◁ࡀ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㞵࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟⟬ᐃࡋ࠺ࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ㸬⌧㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ᩳ㠃ࡢ⾲ᒙᔂቯࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ㸪౵㣗ணഛ≀㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅵᒙࡢཌࡳࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࢆ㸪ᆅ⌮᝟ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୖ࡛ࡢᅵᒙⓎ㐩ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᥎ᐃࡋࡓ࠺࠼㸪᳜≀᰿⣔࡟ࡼࡿᅵᒙࡢ⿵
ᙉຠᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡘࡘ㸪ࡇࢀࢆሙࡢ᮲௳࡜ࡋ࡚㸪Ỉࡢᾐ㏱࡟క࠺㛫㝽Ỉᅽࡢ▷ᮇኚືࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪㝆㞵ࡢ㐍⾜࡟క࠺୙Ᏻᐃ㡿ᇦࡢᣑࡀࡾࢆホ౯࡛ࡁࡿᩳ㠃Ᏻᐃ࢝ࢵࣉࣜࣥࢢࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ㸬᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡟࠾࠸᳨࡚ウᑐ㇟ࢆタᐃࡋ㸪Ỉᩥほ 㸪ᅵ㉁ヨ㦂㸪ྠ఩యศᯒ࠾ࡼࡧ᳜⏕ㄪᰝ➼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⅏≧ἣࡢ෌⌧ゎᯒ࡟ྥࡅࡓỈᩥ࣭ᆅᙧ࣭⏕ែࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢᐇែࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪Ỉᩥ࣭ᆅᙧࣔࢹࣝࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱྲྀᚓࢆ㐍ࡵ㸪⾲ᒙᔂቯⓎ⏕ࡢ෌⌧ゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁⰋዲ࡞⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓ㸬ᮏ◊✲ࡢᐇ᪋࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ẚ㍑ⓗ༢⣧࡞⤒㦂๎࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᅵ◁⏕⏘㔞ࡢண ࡀ㸪ὶᇦ࡛ᐇ㝿࡟⏕㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿලయⓗ࡞Ỉᩥ࣭ᆅᙧ㐣⛬ࡢࣔࢹࣝ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᆅᇦ♫఍࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࡼࡾㄝᚓຊࡢ࠶ࡿᅵ◁⅏ᐖ㆙ᡄ࣭㑊㞴᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡲࡓὶᇦࡈ࡜࡟㸪ᆅᙧࢆ⣲ᅉ᮲௳㸪㝆㞵ධຊࢆㄏᅉ᮲௳࡜ࡋࡓᩳ㠃࠿ࡽἙ㐨࡬ࡢᅵ◁౪⤥࣏ࢸࣥࢩࣕࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ௜
୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ᅵ◁࣭ὥỈỏ℃⌧㇟ࡢண ࡟⮳ࡿ㐨⛬ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪㝆㞵㔞࡜ᅵ◁⏕⏘⌧㇟࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㸪ᆅ㉁ࡸᆅᙧ➼ࡢ⣲ᅉ᮲௳࠾ࡼࡧேⅭⓗ࡞Ẽೃኚື࡟క
࠺ㄏᅉ᮲௳ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡜ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ỈᩥᆅᙧᏛⓗ࡞ࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟᥼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᐃ㔞ホ౯ࡉࢀࡓᅵ◁⏕⏘ண ࡣ㸪ᑗ᮶Ẽೃୗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶᇦ࠿ࡽࡢᅵ◁⏕⏘⌧㇟ࡢኚᐜ⛬ᗘࡢホ౯ࡸᅵ◁⅏ᐖ᝿ᐃࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ேᕤᵓ㐀≀ࡢ㓄ഛィ⏬ࡢ᳨ウࡸᚲせሁ◁ᐜ㔞ࡢ⟬ᐃ㸪࠾ࡼࡧᅵ◁࣭ὥỈỏ℃࡬ࡢᑐ⟇❧᱌࡟ࡶᙺ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬- 28 -

⇕ᖏἾⅣᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὥỈ࡜ⅆ⅏ࡢ」ྜ⅏ᐖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲Compound Disaster of Flood and Fire in Tropical Peatlandᒣᮏ ࢚ࣦ࢓1㸪బᒣ ᩗὒ1㸪⏥ᒣ ἞2㸪ᑠᕝ ࡲࡾᏊ2㸪ᒣᮏ ᾈ኱1㸪࢔ࣆࣉ3
Eva YAMAMOTO 1, Takahiro SAYAMA 1, Osamu KOZAN 2, Mariko OGAWA 2,
Kodai YAMAMOTO 1 and APIP 3
1ி㒔኱Ꮫ 㜵⅏◊✲ᡤDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University2ி㒔኱Ꮫ ᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦ◊✲◊✲ᡤCenter for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University3࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔ᅜ❧◊✲㠉᪂ᗇIndonesian National Research and Innovation Agency

Floods and fires occur alternately in the tropical peatland of Indonesia. These compound disasters should be addressedin an integrated manner including the socio-hydrological aspects. In this fiscal year, we clarified the accuracy of fire
estimation using satellite data as well as the most suitable index to be used in the tropical peatland. We also investigatedthe possibility of using one hydrological model to address both floods and fires. The results show that the use of satellite
data in fire index could give similar performance with the observed data. We also clarified that the use of soil moisturein the Peat Fire Vulnerable Index (PFVI) is important to estimate fire in the tropical peatland. Further, the preliminary
results show that the RRI model show promising results to be used to estimate fire risk in a humid tropical basin.
Key Words : tropical peatland, compound disasters, floods, fire, remote sensing, hydrological model

1. Introduction
 Humid tropical river basins in Southeast Asia harbor half of the world’s tropical peatlands (Mishra et al.,2021). The
role of tropical peatlands as major carbon sink is vital in regulating climate and protecting it seem to be one of the potential
nature-based solution for climate change mitigation (Smith et al., 2019). In contrast, these peatlands are also seen as a
viable place to grow crops and timber to gain economic growth. Usually located in between rivers, the tropical peat swamp
forests are most of the time flooded and wet in nature. The water-log condition slowed down the decomposition process
preserving most of the carbon biomass in the form of peat. Once deforested and drained for growing crops and timber,the dried peat can be easily burned. This has caused major peat fires in the world and triggered numerous international
problems.
 Productive farmlands and timber located on the peatlands, especially those under big companies are currently regulating
groundwater level - low enough to grow crops but high enough to prevent fires. However, there are some areas within
plantations which are frequently flooded and drainage is not economically viable anymore. These areas are usually
abandoned as an open land or covered by shrubs/grass. Due to low maintenance, these abandoned area experienced fires
and floods alternately. Due to climate change, more frequent and deeper floods are expected to affect the land use in thedownstream part of major river in humid tropical river basins. Simulation using land use model showed that most of the
farmlands which occupied most of the area will turn into shrubs/open land (Yamamoto et al., in prep.). As the abandoned
area will increase in the future, so does the area prone to fire.

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Fig.1 (a) Floods (Sentinel-1) and fires (Min. of Env. & Forestry) happened alternately in tropical peatland (b) Number of fires may
increase in the future due to floods and land use change which in return, causes higher floods due to land subsidence.

 To date, most of the peatland study did not consider peatland as part of river basin rather as one separate hydrologicalunit. Further, most of the climate change impact studies consider only fires or floods while the above explanation showedthat it is important to address both them simultaneously. Therefore, overall objective of this study is to understand theimpact of climate change to the floods and fires risks in the tropical peatlands as an integrated part of major humid tropicalriver basins. This goal will be achieved through the following stages:
1st Stage: Understanding the temporal and spatial pattern of fire and soil moisture using in-situ and remotely sensedhydrological data;
2nd Stage: Developing hydrological model which can represent present floods and fires risks simultaneously;
3rd Stage: Assess future floods and fires risks using GCM variables.
During this fiscal year we completed the 1st Stage and obtain preliminary results of the 2nd stage. This report explained
these results.
2.

Study Area

 The study area (Fig. 2) covers Indonesian peatlands in Sumatra and Kalimantan islands. The climate in these peatland
areas is humid tropics with 2,745 ± 565 mm of annual rainfall (JAXA GSMaP) and average maximum daily temperatureof 31.2 ± 1.7 ºC (ERA-5 Land). Most of the peat swamp forest were deforested leaving only 30% of forest cover in 2015.
This region has two different patterns of rainfall (Aldrian et al., 2003). Central Kalimantan and South Sumatra have one
long dry period, while Riau, Jambi and West Kalimantan have one short and one long dry period. The region experiences
several episodes of fires and mostly due to exceptionally longer dry seasons and annual floods.

Fig.2 Study Area

3.

Methodology

3.1. Fire Index
 The objective of the 1st stage of this research is to understand the temporal and spatial pattern of fire and soil moistureusing in-situ and remotely sensed hydrological data. In order to achieve this objective, we attempted to answer thefollowing research questions:
1. How fire spatially and temporally distributed over the ISEA region?
2. Can fire index using satellite data has similar or better performance compare to observed data?
3. What is the most suitable fire index to be applied in tropical peatlands of ISEA region?

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3.1.1 Data
 Fires in peatlands predominantly occurs underground with low intensity burning and produce large amounts ofparticulate matters. Relatively smaller burned area which are frequently covered by clouds made detections harder in thisarea. Here, we use burned area from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD64A1 C6 available
from November 2000 with 500 m resolution. The product integrates 1 km MODIS active fire (MOD14/MYD14)
detections with the 500 m reflectance data. The improved algorithm of C6 detects increased burned area particularly for
fires between 21 ha to 100 ha. Further, study conducted by Vetrita et al. (2021) shown that MCD64A1 C6 shown better
accuracy compare to the higher resolution FireCCI41, even though the detections are still underestimated by roughly halfof the burned area. In this study we sample burned area within 10 km radius of BRG monitoring stations from 2015 to2020 in order to relate to observed data.
 The observation data for rainfall and soil moisture were obtained from 32 monitoring stations of Indonesian peatland
restoration agency (BRG) The 10-min interval data were converted to cumulative daily rainfall (mm/d) and average daily
soil moisture (cm3/cm3). We filtered out data which are out of physical range of measurement. For daily average airtemperature data (ºC), we use data from 21 monitoring stations of Indonesian Agency for Meteorological, Climatologicaland Geophysics (BMKG) located on/nearby the peatlands. Data availability varies from 1 April 2015 – 9 July 2020.
 In this study we compared 3 fire indices to find the most suitable fire index to be used in tropical peatland. To calculatethese indices, we used rainfall, air temperature and soil moisture data. We analyze the performance of a few satellite dataand compare with observed data from BRG and BMKG stations.
 The chosen data are the JAXA Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) Operational v6 for rainfall,
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis 5th Generation (ERA 5) for maximum
daily temperature and soil moisture retrieved with Multi Temporal Dual Channel Algorithm (MT-DCA) (Konings et al.,2017) from SMAP L2 9 km. The SMAP radiometer employs L-Band frequency which enables soil moisture retrieval
through moderate vegetation cover, regardless of cloud cover and day or night.
3.1.2 Fire indices Here, we compare the accuracy three fire/drought indices, namely KBDI, soil moisture and PFVI to represent fires inthe tropical peatlands. We calculated the indices based on the satellite data at the location of 32 BRG stations and fireoccurrences within 10 km radius from the stations. The performance of each index is estimated using Area Under theCurve (AUC) of Relative Operating Curve (ROC).
 Developed for Florida State, USA, KBDI is a proxy of cumulative soil moisture deficit by estimating the net effects ofprecipitation and evapotranspiration.
(3)‫ܫܦܤܭ‬௧ ൌ ‫ ܫܦܤܭ‬௧ିଵ ൅ ‫ ܨܦ‬௧ െ ܴ‫ ܨ‬௧where DF is drought factor and RF is rainfall factor. The index is calculated by updating the previous day KBDI value(superscript t-1) using daily drought and rainfall factors (superscript t).
Here, we use the improved DF proposed by Taufik et al. (2015) to fit the conditions in the humid tropics:ሺଶ଴ଷି௄஻஽ூ೟షభ ሻሺ଴Ǥସଽ଼ଶ௘ ሺబǤబవబఱൈ೅೘ శభǤలబవలሻ ିସǤଶ଺଼ሻൈଵ଴షయ‫ ܨܦ‬௧ ൌ(4)ଵିଵ଴Ǥ଼଼௘ ሺషబǤబబభళయలൈೃబ ሻ
where ܶ௠ is daily maximum air temperature (°C) and ܴ଴ is average annual rainfall (mm/year). After dry day(s), at least
5.1 mm of rainfall is needed to reduce the drought index.
ܴ‫ ܨ‬௧ ൌ௧ሺܴ െ ͷǤͳሻ  ǡ ܴ௧    ൒ ͷǤͳ ݉݉Τ݀ܽ‫   ݕ‬ǡ ͳ௦௧  ‫                       ݕܽ݀ ݕ݊݅ܽݎ‬ቐܴ௧                  ǡ ܴ௧ିଵ ൒ ͷǤͳ ݉݉Τ݀ܽ‫   ݕ‬ǡ ʹ௡ௗ  ܽ݊݀ ݊݁‫ݕܽ݀ ݕ݊݅ܽݎ  ݐݔ‬Ͳ                  ǡ ܴ௧     ൏ ͷǤͳ ݉݉Τ݀ܽ‫                                                    ݕ‬(5)where ܴ is daily rainfall (mm/day).
 Instead of using KBDI as a proxy, the progress in fields measurements and remote sensing technology opens thepossibility to directly use soil moisture as fire index. Krueger et al (2017) argued that measured soil moisture is a better
predictor than KBDI for large growing-season wildfires. Dadap et al. (2017) used satellite soil moisture to predict burned
area in tropical peatlands. Here, we compare the effectiveness of using satellite soil moisture directly as fire index.
 Further, Taufik et al. (2022) argued that in the wetland ecosystem such as tropical peatlands, the fire occurrences are
influenced by groundwater level and soil water retention characteristics. He proposed to add a groundwater/soil moisturecomponent in KBDI. The newly proposed index is called the Peat Fire Vulnerability Index (PFVI): ܲ‫ܫܸܨ‬௧ ൌ ܲ‫ܫܸܨ‬௧ିଵ ൅ ‫ ܨܦ‬௧ െ ܴ‫ ܨ‬௧ െ ܹܶ‫ ܨ‬௧(6)where WTF is water table factor which represent the contribution of groundwater table to the moisture content ș of thepeat’s surface layer:(7)ܹܶ‫ ܨ‬௧ ൌ  ܽ െ ܾ ൈ ሾሺͳ െ ߠሺ݄ሻ௧ ሻ ൈ ͵ͲͲሿ
where a is weighting parameter for WTF, b is correction factor, ș(h) denotes moisture content as function of groundwatertable depth h. Taufik et al. (2022) assumed pressure head in the top soil is equal to the water table depth and used van
Genuchten equation to convert water table depth to soil moisture content. In this study, we directly use soil moisture
content, instead of groundwater table depth.
Further, PFVI employs 30 cm of available water capacity which is different to KBDI (8 inch/20.3 cm), thus DF in PFVI

- 31 -

is:ሺଷ଴଴ି௉ி௏ூ ೟షభ ሻሺ଴Ǥସଽ଼ଶ௘ ሺబǤబవబఱൈ೅೘ శభǤలబవలሻ ିସǤଶ଺଼ሻൈଵ଴షయ‫ ܨܦ‬௧ ൌ(8)ଵିଵ଴Ǥ଼଼௘ ሺషబǤబబభళయలൈೃబሻ
For model parameterization (a and b in WTF), instead of using observed drought index (DIobs), we optimize them bymaximizing AUC of ROC. Due to the high heterogeneity of peat characteristics which is exacerbated by development ofdrainage, the use of DIobs cannot accurately describe fire occurrences. By using fire occurrences directly, we improve theaccuracy of PFVI in describing fire risks over a large area. The limitation of this method is that it cannot be used in area
where fire did not happen.
3.2. Hydrological Model for Fires and Floods Assessments
 Hydrological models are often used as a tool to assess the risks of floods by simulating discharge and inundation extent.
However, due to the importance to address both extremes, as part of the 2nd stage of this research our intention is to extend
the use of hydrological models to simulate soil moisture for fire risk assessment in the future. There are two important
aspects need to be assessed i.e. whether the hydrological model can represent the rainfall runoff process in the humid
tropics and whether the model could produce the soil moisture realistically.
 This study uses parameters from laboratory analysis of 69 out of 91 soil samples and use them in the RRI model tosimulate rainfall runoff of a large river basin in humid tropical region. The objectives of this study were:(1) to understand the characteristics of soil properties in humid tropical region through a large number of soil samples(2) to understand how far we can represent a large-scale river basin process and storage-discharge relationship by directly
using the measured soil parameters in the RRI model.
 We chose one of large river basins with tropical peatlands i.e. Batanghari River Basin. The area of the basin is 43,960
km2 with annual rainfall of 2021 s 247 mm. The basin, especially the lowland area, is regularly flooded. In years withlonger dry season, the basin suffered from forest and peat fires.
3.2.1. Field survey on soil characteristics
The National Research & Innovation Agency (formerly Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)) carried out field
campaigns collecting 91 soil samples at 37 sites located in the river basin (Fig.3) at depth of 0-10 cm during May 2015
to August 2016. The sampling locations were determined with stratified random method all over the basins to represent
the major landscape units of the basin. The disturbed soil samples were used to determine particle distribution and organic
content. The undisturbed soil samples were used to obtained bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and SWRC at matricpotentials of 0 hPa, -10 hPa, -100 hPa, -330 hPa, and -1,500 hPa. All laboratory analysis was conducted in the laboratoryof Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI).


Fig.3 Sampling locations and saturated hydraulic conductivity in the river basin

3.2.2. The Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation model
3.2.2.1 Overview of the RRI model
The RRI model is a two-dimensional, distributed hydraulic and hydrological model that simultaneously simulates
rainfall-runoff and flood inundation (Sayama et al., 2010). At a grid cell where a river channel is located, the model
assumes that river and slope are positioned within the same grid cell. An interaction between slope and river is calculated
based on overflowing formula depending on slope water level, river water level and levee height conditions. The model
has several options for runoff generations mechanism to simulate lateral flow. At grid cells with relatively higher slopes
such as ones in mountainous region, the lateral subsurface flow can be calculated based on storage-discharge
relationship11) and the saturated excess overland flow is calculated by the 2D diffusive wave approximation of a shallow
water equation. In flat area, the runoff mechanism can be governed by infiltration excess overland flow where infiltration
rate is calculated by the Green-Ampt model and the overland flow is calculated by the diffusive wave approximation.
At a river grid cell, river discharge is calculated based on the 1D diffusive wave approximation. These runoff generation
mechanisms can be coupled with groundwater module to represent aquifer contribution to the discharge. The groundwater- 32 -

module is an additional layer beneath the soil layer with vertical exponential decaying function of hydraulic conductivity
and lateral flow following Darcy’s Law (Sayama et al., 2015).
3.2.2.2 New storage-discharge relationship in the RRI model
Unsaturated
Flow
Saturated
Flow

‫ܮ‬

Verticalequilibrium
distribution

‫ݖ‬

ܵ
Ͳ

‫ݖ‬

ߠ

݄
ߠ௦

‫ܮ‬
‫ݔ‬
݄
Impermeable߶‫ݍ‬

Fig.4 Slope runoff diagram in the latest storage-discharge relationshipAs mentioned earlier, this study uses the latest storage-discharge relationship in the RRI model (Sugawara and Sayama,2021). The diagram shown in Fig.4 describes the slope runoff used in the model, where ‫ ݔ‬coordinate is parallel to the
bedrock/impermeable layer and ‫ݖ‬-coordinate is vertical to the bedrock. Water storage ܵ and lateral discharge ‫ ݍ‬aredefined as follows:௅ܵ ൌ න ߠ݀‫ݖ‬଴௅‫ ݍ‬ൌ ߶ න ‫ݖ݀ܭ‬

ሺͳሻ
ሺʹሻ

଴

where ߠ is volumetric water content, ‫ ܭ‬is hydraulic conductivity, ‫ ܮ‬is soil depth, ߶ is slope angle. Brooks Corey andMualem model is used as the function of SWRC and hydraulic conductivity described in equations (3) and (4) below.
߰௘ ఒߠ െ ߠ௥൬ ൰ ሺ߰ ൏ ߰௘ ሻ
ሺ͵ሻ
ൌቐ ߰
ܵ௘ ൌ
ߠ௦ െ ߠ௥
ͳሺ߰ ൒ ߰௘ ሻߣሺͶሻ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ݇௦ ή ܵ௘௡    ሺ݊ ൌ ʹǤͷ ൅ ሻʹwhere ܵ௘ is effective saturation rate, ߠ௦ is saturated water content, ߠ௥ is residual water content, ߰௘ is water entry
pressure, ߣ is pore size distribution index, and ݇௦ is saturated hydraulic conductivity. The model assumed that therainfall which infiltrates to the soil layer is instantly distributed.
3.2.2.3 Model setting
The RRI model was set up based on earlier model set up (Yamamoto et al., 2019) including DEM, soil map, soil depth(3m), rainfall and evapotranspiration inputs for the entire Batanghari River Basin with 1 km resolution. In order tounderstand how far we can represent the soil storage in large river basin of humid tropical region, we use the RRI model
to represent runoff mechanisms in all grid cells in the basin without bedrock groundwater module. We run two simulations
for four years (2010 – 2013) using Brooks Corey parameters (ߠ௦ , ߠ௥ , ߰௘ and ߣ) obtained from data samples and fromdefault setting of HYDRUS software (based on Carsel and Parrish, 1988 ). We use two years warm up period (2010 –2011) in both simulations. We compare the results of the remaining 2 years. We increase the saturated hydraulicconductivity ݇௦ from the soil sample and HYDRUS software two magnitudes higher to represent other faster subsurface
flow in the basin such as pipeflow or preferential flow.
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 Fire Index
4.1.1. Using satellite data for fire predictions
The accuracy of satellite data usage in this region was sometimes questioned due to several reasons such as the thickvegetation cover (for soil moisture retrieval) (Takeuchi et al., 2016) or complex topography and intricate configurationof islands (for rainfall) (Argueso et al., 2020). The satellite rainfall is also known to underestimate the consecutive drydays as it tends to overestimate low rainfall. During the evaluation of the performance of satellite products in thetropical peatlands we also found out that the all satellite rainfall cannot detect CDD higher than 2 weeks while observed
data showed much longer dry days. The soil moisture retrieval in Sumatra and Kalimantan islands was possible after
deforestation as only 6.7% pristine peat swamp forests remains (Miettinen et al., 2016). Only 15% of the region has
Vegetation Transmissivity less than the commonly penetration threshold for microwave remote sensing (Ulaby, 1986,
Dadap et al., 2019). The comparison with observed data shows that the daily fluctuation of soil moisture can follow the- 33 -

observation patterns, particularly for stations located in thin peat layer, even so, the satellite data value is constantly
below observation.
Given the above circumstances on the performance of satellite datasets in the region, this study attempts to clarify
whether using dataset in fire index can give similar accuracy in predicting fire compare to using observation data. We
carried out experiment to understand the performance of index using satellite data, and observation data, and also the
combination of satellite and observed data i.e. observed soil moisture + satellite rainfall and satellite soil moisture +observed rainfall. With limitation of observed data period, only 4 stations in West Kalimantan experienced fire in 10
km radius.

Fig. 5. ROC of PFVI using observation data (continues blue line), satellite data (continues red line), combination of observation soil
moisture and satellite rainfall (dashed blue line) and combination of satellite soil moisture and observed rainfall (dashed red line)

The performance of fire index using satellite data is comparable, if not, better than the index using observed data as
shown in Figure 5. The AUC of index using satellite data ranged between 0.994-0.954 while the one using observed
data has wider variation (0.999-0.659). Even though in two stations (BRG 19 and 20) the index using observed data isslightly better, however the performance is significantly worse in the other two stations. This results lower average
performance compares to the performance using of satellite data. The experiment using combination of satellite andobserved data shows that the use of satellite rainfall improves the index performance regardless of soil moisture dataused.
4.1.2 Best index for tropical peatland

Fig. 6 Comparison ROC of KBDI (pink), Soil Moisture (blue), PFVI (purple). Grey lines are ROC for each station and coloured line
are average.

In average, KBDI and PFVI have excellent performance based on AUC (Fig. 6) while soil moisture has good
performance in the tropical peatland. The AUC for KBDI is 0.923 (0.705 - 0.97) and for PFVI is 0.937 (0.822 – 0.984).
On the other hand, using soil moisture directly has good performance with average AUC of 0.846. While AUC for
KBDI and PFVI in each station never less than 0.7, the AUC for soil moisture can be as low as 0.388. This indicatesthat in some locations, using only soil moisture to estimate fire risks may not be as accurate.

Fig. 7 comparison of indices in 5 regions- 34 -

Fig. 7 shown comparison of indices in the 5 regions (see Figure 1). All indices showed excellent performance (AUC>0.9) in most regions except in Riau and West Kalimantan. The AUC for soil moisture index in the two regions isaround 0.6 which indicate that it should not be used as an index. Particularly in Riau, using KBDI as index issignificantly lower than using PFVI. The AUC of KBDI is about 0.8 while PFVI is above 0.9. This indicates that in
Riau province, it is important to use both weather and soil moisture information for fire risk assessment.
4.2. Hydrological Model for Fires and Floods Assessments

Fig.8 Textural class distribution of 91 soil samples (samples inside red polygon (69 samples) were used in this study)

4.2.1 Field survey on soil characteristics
The particle distribution of soil samples shows that the river basin is dominated by clay (62%), clay loam (10%) andsandy clay loam (8%) (based on USDA classification). The fractions of other soil types are less or equal to 5%. This is inline with the FAO soil map used as default soil map of the RRI model. The textural distribution is shown in Fig.8.
We obtained Brooks Corey parameters (Ʌ௦ , Ʌ௥ , ߰௘ and ɉ) for each soil class texture by fitting the volumetric watercontent and matric potential data to the reference SWRC (Fig.9 and Table 1).
The SWRC parameters obtained from humid tropical river basin soil have significant difference with a default SWRC
parameters with soil data primarily obtained from the temperate region (Carsel and Parrish, 1988). The soil in the river
basin has in general 19%-50% higher saturated soil moisture and lower residual soil moisture compare to the typicaltemperate soils.

air entry point ߰௘larger ɉ

smaller ɉ

Fig.9 Comparison between the measured SWR curves and default SWR curves (Carsel and Parish, 1988)

These results are in line with previous studies in tropical region (Matthews et al., 2014 and Rustanto et al.,2017). The air
entry point in clay and clay loam are lower compare to the temperate soils. The pore distribution density ሺߣሻ of soil
samples is higher in clay and clay loam types indicating higher variation of pore sizes in the tropical soil. Based on the
difference of saturated and residual soil moisture values, the soil in the humid tropics should be able to store more water.
However, a higher air entry point, particularly in clay soil, indicates that once saturated, the soil requires more suction
head to start desaturate thus may remain saturated longer.

- 35 -

Table 1 Brooks Corey parameters based on soil samples and HYDRUS software
Parameters
Sandy Clay
Clay Loam
Clay
Loam
Observed parameters
0.496
0.547
0.562
ߠ௦
1.12E-19
1.22E-4
3.13E-3
ߠ௥-0.138-0.689-0.598߰௘  ሾሿ
0.189
0.274
0.259
ߣ
0.979
1.24
1.26
ܵ௧௛௥௘  ሾሿ
Default parameters (Carsel and Parish, 1988)
0.398
0.366
0.475
ߠ௦
0.068
0.075
0.09
ߠ௥
-0.281-0.259-0.37
߰௘  ሾሿ
0.250
0.194
0.131
ߣ
0.861
0.851
1.22
ܵ௧௛௥௘  ሾሿ

4.2.2 Model simulation
The first simulation was carried out to understand how much RRI model can represent differences in terms of soil
water storage of a large-scale basin in humid tropics by contrasting simulation using observed parameters and default soil
parameters obtained in the temperate region (Table 1).

Fig.10 Hydrographs of observation (Obs) and simulation results using measured (Sim-obs) and default (Sim-def) parameters

Fig.11 Soil storage in dry period (11 August 2012) using observed parameters (left) and defaultparameters (right)

In both simulations, the RRI model is able to follow the pattern of observed discharge, even though the Nash Sutcliffe
Efficiency (NSE) values can still be improved (Fig.10).
One of the reasons of low NSE value is that the simulation could not reproduce the stable baseflow in dry season (lowrain period) which in observed hydrograph is maintained stable at around 300 m3/s. Without the baseflow, the simulationhydrograph cannot follow the slow and smooth rising rim.
The simulation using observed parameters results in higher NSE value (NSE: 0.151) compare the one using default
parameters (NSE: -0.538). The simulation using default parameters has higher fluctuations compares to the one withobserved parameters. One of the reasons of the higher fluctuation in discharge is the difference in Brooks Coreyparameters (ߠ௦ , ߠ௥ , ߰௘ and ߣ). Based on these parameters the ܵ௧௛௥௘ (Table 1) is in general lower in default soil
compare to observed soil. During the rainy period, soils with lower ܵ௧௛௥௘ can be easily saturated and produce more
discharge. During the recession period, both simulations show that discharge decreases similarly in high to medium
discharge. However, when the discharge is below 2,000 m3/s, the recession in simulation using observed parameters is- 36 -

milder than the one using default parameters. This can be because the unsaturated discharge in simulation using observed
parameters is higher than the one using default parameter due to the difference in Brooks Corey parameters.
The model is able to show the clear difference of distribution of soil storage in the basin between the two simulations
using tropical and temperate soil parameters (Fig.11). The soil storage using observed parameters has more homogenous
pattern compare to the one using default parameters. The soil distribution using default parameters show distinct
difference between soil types thus results in conspicuous soil pattern in the soil storage distribution, particularly between
clay and other types of soil. As mentioned in the introduction, earlier studies on tropical soil highlighted the uniquenessof clay soil in the tropical region which shares some similarities with other type of soils in the region. Fig.9 shows that
the SWRC of the three tropical soils (black dashed) is relatively similar, however the SWRC of the temperate soils (bluedashed) shows significant difference between clay and 2 other soil types.
This study shows that simulation using the RRI model can directly use measured soil parameters obtained through soil
sampling and the model is able to show clear differences in soil storage distribution of different types of soils.
The second simulation was carried out with groundwater module to enable stable low flow during dry period. The
hydraulic conductivity in groundwater layer and the recharge rate is to be slightly less than the saturated soil conductivity.
This setting is in line with the findings from monitoring sites in the same river basin where the groundwater flow througha weathered bedrock along the hillslope or flow below bedrock appear at the foothill of a hillslope1).

Fig.12 Simulation using observed soil parameters and groundwater module (left) and soil storage distribution on 11 August 2012

The simulation hydrograph shown in Fig.12 gives a significantly better NSE value (NSE: 0.45) compare to earlier
simulations using only soil layer. In particular, low flow during the dry season and recession during rainy season arecloser to observed value compare to simulation using only soil layer. This is in line with earlier studies in the basin where(Yamamoto et al., 2019) shows improvement by using additional groundwater module in addition to green ampt for runoff
generation process.
Soil storage during dry season (Fig.12) is much smaller compare to ones without ground water model. Since the model
assumes that ground water recharge rates are constant regardless of soil water amount, most of soil storage recharges togroundwater during dry season.
5. Conclusions
5.1. Fire Index
Based on the results, this study shows that the use of satellite-based data in PFVI can give similar, if not, better accuracy
in predicting fires compare of field-measured data. Even though the period and number of stations used in this study islimited, however, it can give fair assessment of the data reliability for fire management. This study also compared theperformance of three fire indices in tropical peatlands of Indonesia. The results show that PFVI is the most suitable index
to be applied in the region.
5.2. Hydrological Model for Fires and Floods Assessments
This study shows that the advancement in the RRI model which uses soil parameters directly in-dicating high potential to
be used in humid tropical region. The NSE value resulted from the simulation improved significantly from the application
using Green-Ampt and groundwater module. The ability to clearly differentiate soil storage distribution with different
soil properties shows high potential for the future use in fire risk assessment.


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and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory (Norwood, Massachusetts: Artech House, Inc.), 1986.
27) Verita Y., Cochrane, M.A., Suwarsono, Priyatna, M., Sukowati, K.A.D., and Khomarudin, M.R.: Evaluating accuracy of four
MODIS-derived burned area products for tropical peatland and non-peatland fires, Environ. Res. Lett., Vol.16 035015, 2021
28) Vieira, L. S. , Santos PCTC : Amazônia: Seus Solos e Outros Recursos Naturais. In Editora Agronômica Ceres, Saô Paulo, Brazil,
416p (in Portuguese), 1987.
29) Yamamoto, E.M.S., Sayama, T., Yamamoto, K., Apip. : Comparison of runoff generation methods for land use impact assessment
using the SWAT model in humid tropics, Hydrological Res. Letters, Vol. 14, No.2, pp. 81–88, 2020.
30) Yamamoto, K, Yamamoto, EMS, Sayama, T. Prediction of future land use change based on SSP and flood damage assessment ofa tropical agriculture (in prep.).
31) Yamamoto, K., Sayama, T., Apip, Takara, K. : Applicability of rainfall-runoff-inundation model in a humid tropical river basin.
JSCE (Hydraulic Engineering), Vol.75, No.2, I_253-I_258, 2019. (In Japanese)
6)
7)
8)

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Ἑᗋኚືࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ୰ὶᇦࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰Ἑᕝࡢ᭱㐺࡞Ἑᕝᩚഛࡢ᳨ウ
Suitable river regulation work for meandering rivers in midstream region considering
bed deformation characteristics➉ᯘ ὒྐ1㸪⸨⏣ ṇ἞1㸪୰す ჆ᏹ2㸪ࢸ࢕ࣥ ࢸ࢕ࣥ ࢺ࢙࢘3
Hiroshi TAKEBAYASHI1, Masaharu FUJITA2, Yoshihiro NAKANISHI2
and TIN TIN HTWE2
1ி㒔኱Ꮫ 㜵⅏◊✲ᡤDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University2ி㒔኱Ꮫ ᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦ◊✲ᡤ
Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University3࣐ࣥࢲ࣮ࣞᕤ⛉኱Ꮫ
Mandalay Technological University

The characteristics of channel deformation were discussed using two-dimensional bed deformation analysis, and the
optimal planform of the Bago River was examined from various viewpoints such as flood control, natural environment,
and cost of river regulation works. As a result, it is considered that the most effective river regulation works is tomaintain the current meandering planform of the Bago River as much as possible.
Key Words : Meandering river, Bago river, river regulation work, Bago㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ పᖹᆅࢆὶࢀࡿἙᕝࡣ㸪Ἑᓊࡢᅵ◁ࡢ⢓╔ᛶࡸỏ℃ཎ࡟⦾ⱱࡍࡿ᳜⏕ࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὶ㊰ࡢศᒱࡀᢚไࡉࢀ㸪⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ㸬ࣂࢦ࣮ࡢᕷ⾤ᆅ࠿ࡽ⣙15km
໭࡛ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡣᖹ㔝㒊࡟ὶࢀ㎸ࡳ㸪⦆໙㓄ᇦ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿἈ✚⺬⾜ὶ㊰࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࡢἙᗋ໙㓄ࡣ㸪ỏ℃ཎࡢᆅ┙໙㓄ࡼࡾࡶ⦆ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪Ỉࡢὶୗࡀ㐜࠸㸬
ࡲࡓ㸪‴᭤㒊࡛ࡣὶࢀࡀእᓊ࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪Ἑᓊᾐ㣗ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪እᓊࡢỈ఩ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ὥỈࡀỏ℃ࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪᪥ᮏࡢከࡃࡢἈ✚⺬⾜Ἑᕝࡣ㸪἞Ỉࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓἙᕝᩚഛ࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚┤⥺ⓗ࡞ᖹ㠃ᙧ≧࡟Ἑ㐨ᙧ≧ࢆᨵಟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪Ἑ㐨ᙧ≧ࡢ┤⥺
໬ࡣᵝࠎ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ
࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ᖹ㠃஧ḟඖࡢᩘᅗ 1 ⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࡢ┤⥺໬࡟ࡼࡿἙᗋኚື㸦⫼ᬒ㸸Google Earth㸧್ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ 1) ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࣂࢦ
࣮ᕝࡢἙᗋኚື≉ᛶࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ㸪἞Ỉ㸪⮬↛⎔ቃ㸪Ἑᕝᩚഛࢥࢫࢺ࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞どⅬ࡛᭱㐺࡞ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡢᖹ
㠃ᙧ≧࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸰㸬⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࡢ┤⥺໬࡟ࡼࡿἙᗋኚື≉ᛶࡢ᳨ウ ᅗ1㸦a㸧࡟ỈⰍ࡛♧ࡍ⣙10kmࡢ༊㛫ࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࢆ┤⥺໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿἙᗋኚື≉ᛶࢆᖹ㠃஧ḟඖἙᗋኚືゎᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ㸬ᅗ1㸦b㸧࡜㸦c㸧ࡣゎᯒ㡿ᇦୖὶ➃௜㏆࡜ୗὶ➃௜㏆ࡢἙᗋኚື㔞ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ᅗ࡟♧- 39 -

Ἑ㐨┤⥺໬ᚋ࡟㛗ᮇ㛫⤒㐣ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪ୖὶᇦ࡛ࡣᾐ㣗ࡀ༟㉺ࡋ㸪ୗὶᇦ࡛⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࡣሁ✚ࡀ༟㉺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪Ἑ㐨┤⥺໬┤ᚋᅗ2࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࢆ┤⥺໬ࡍࡿ࡜㸪㸦Ἑ㐨㛗ࡀ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸧㸦Ἑᗋ໙㓄ࡀᛴ࡟࡞ࡿ㸧Ἑᗋ໙㓄ࡀᛴ࡟࡞ࡾὶ◁㔞ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪┤ୖὶᇦ࡛Ἑᗋపୗ
⥺໬ࡉࢀࡓἙ㐨࡟᥋⥆ࡍࡿୖὶཬࡧୗὶࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰༊㛫ࡢὶ◁㔞ࡣἙ㐨ࢆ┤⥺໬ࡍࡿ๓࡜
ὶ◁㔞ࡀୖ᪼
㸦a㸧ᖹ㠃ᅗ
ẚ࡭࡚኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡣࡋ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪┤⥺໬ࡋࡓ༊㛫ࡢୖὶᇦࡣ㸪ὶධࡍࡿὶ◁㔞࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ
࡚ὶฟࡍࡿὶ◁㔞ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ἙᗋపୗࡀⓎୗὶᇦ࡛Ἑᗋୖ᪼
⏕ࡍࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪┤⥺໬ࡋࡓ༊㛫ࡢୗὶᇦࡣ㸪ὶ㸦b㸧Ἑᗋ఩ࡢ⦪᩿ኚ໬
ධࡍࡿὶ◁㔞࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ὶฟࡍࡿὶ◁㔞ࡀᑠ
ᅗ 2 ⺬⾜Ἑᕝࡢ┤⥺໬࡟ࡼࡿἙᗋపୗཬࡧἙᗋୖ᪼
ࡉࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪Ἑᗋୖ᪼ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪┤⥺໬ࡋࡓ㡿ᇦࡢୖὶഃࡢ἞ỈᏳ඲ᗘࡣୖ᪼ࡍ
ࡿࡀ㸪ୗὶᇦࡣἙ✚ࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ᐜ᫆࡟ὥỈࡀỏ℃ࡍࡿ≧ἣ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬Ἑ㐨ࢆ┤⥺໬ࡋࡓ༊㛫ࡢ༡࡟ࡣࣂࢦ࣮ࡢᕷ⾤ᆅࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪Ἑ㐨┤⥺໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࣂࢦ࣮ᕷ⾤ᆅࡀ㢖⦾࡟Ỉ࡟ᾐ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜
࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ᾏ࡟᥋⥆ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙᡤ࡛Ἑ㐨ࢆ┤⥺໬ࡋࡓሙྜࡣ㸪┤⥺໬ࡋࡓ㡿ᇦࡢୗὶࡀᾏᇦ࡞
ࡢ࡛኱ࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣⓎ⏕ࡋ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ᑐ㇟ᆅⅬࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ἑ㐨୰ὶᇦ࡛⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࢆ┤⥺໬ࡍࡿሙྜ
ࡣ㸪ỏ℃㛤ጞᆅⅬࢆୗὶ࡟⛣ືࡉࡏࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶
ࡲࡾ᭷ຠ࡞἞Ỉᑐ⟇࡜࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪┤⥺໬ࡋࡓ㡿ᇦࡢୗὶᇦࡢἙ✚ῶᑡࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪Ἑ㐨᥀๐ࢆẖᖺ࡟ࡼ࠺࡟ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࢥࢫࢺࡢ࠿࠿ࡿ἞Ỉᑐ⟇࡜࡞ࡿ㸬 ୍⯡࡟㸪⺬⾜ࡋࡓἙ㐨ෆࡢ≀⌮⎔ቃࡣ㸪ෆᓊ࡟◁ᕞࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪እᓊ࡛Ἑᗋపୗ
ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪Ỉ῝ࡢὸ࠸ሙᡤ࣭῝࠸ሙᡤ㸪ᅗ 3 ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝ⺬⾜༊㛫ࡢὶ㊰ኚື㸦⫼ᬒ㸸Google Earth㸧ὶ㏿ࡢ㏿࠸ሙᡤ࣭㐜࠸ሙᡤ࡞࡝ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ㸪ከᵝ࡞≀⌮⎔ቃࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪┤⥺໬ࡋࡓἙ㐨ෆ࡛ࡣ㸪࡝ࡢሙᡤ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࡯ࡰྠࡌỈ῝࡜ὶ㏿࡜࡞ࡾ㸪༢ㄪ࡞≀⌮⎔ቃ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪Ἑ㐨ෆ࡟⏕ᜥ࣭⏕⫱ྍ⬟࡞ື᳜≀ࡢ✀㢮ࡣ㸪Ἑ㐨ࡢ┤⥺໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ῶᑡ
ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ㸪Ἑ㐨ෆࡢ⏕ែࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ◚ቯࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪Ἑ㐨ෆࡢື᳜≀࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪⌧ᅾࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰ࡢᙧ≧ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ᪉ࡀⰋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸㸬ᅗ3࡟2006ᖺ࡜2020ᖺࡢࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡢ⾨ᫍ෗┿ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬14ᖺ⤒㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶಀࢃࡽࡎ୧Ἑ㐨ᖹ㠃ᙧ≧ࡣ࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰ᙧ≧ࡢ᫬㛫ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟⦆ࡸ࠿࡛࠶ࡾ㸪‴᭤እᓊ㒊ࡢἙᓊᾐ㣗ᑐ⟇࡞࡝ࡢ἞Ỉࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓἙᕝᩚഛࡣ㸪ᑠつᶍ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ᑐᛂྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬᫖ᖺᗘࡲ࡛ࡢ᳨ウ࡛㸪ᑐ㇟ᆅⅬࡢὥỈỏ℃ᑐ⟇ࡣศὴὶ㊰ࡢ฼⏝ࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ⥲ྜⓗ࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪┤⥺໬ࡏࡎ࡟⌧ᅾࡢ⺬⾜ὶ㊰ᙧ≧ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓ≧ែ࡛ࡢἙᕝᩚഛࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬㸱㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵ ࣑࣐࣮࣭ࣕࣥࣂࢦ࣮ᕷୖὶᇦࡢࣂࢦ࣮ᕝ⺬⾜༊㛫ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⺬⾜ὶ㊰࿘㎶ࡢ㒔ᕷࡢᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࡢࡓࡵࡢ᭱㐺࡞Ἑᕝᩚഛࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ᖹ㠃஧ḟඖࡢᩘ್ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ㸬ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡢ┤⥺໬ࡣୖὶᇦࡢἙᗋపୗ࡜ୗὶᇦࡢἙᗋୖ᪼ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿ㸬ୗὶᇦࡢἙᗋୖ᪼ࡣ㸪ࣂࢦ࣮ᕷ⾤ᆅࡢὥ
Ỉỏ℃ࣜࢫࢡࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪⥅⥆ⓗ࡞Ἑ㐨᥀๐ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⤒῭ⓗ࡟᭷ຠ࡞἞Ỉᑐ⟇࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡣἈ✚⺬⾜ὶ㊰࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ከᵝ࡞≀⌮⎔ቃࢆ᭷ࡋࡓ⮬↛ࡢἙ㐨ࡀṧࡉࢀ㸪ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦᅛ᭷ࡢ⏕ែࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡢὶ㊰ኚື㏿ᗘࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㐜ࡃ㸪⡆᫆࡞ㆤᓊタഛ࡛ὶ㊰ኚືࢆᢚไ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪⌧ᅾࡢࣂࢦ࣮ᕝࡢ⺬⾜ᖹ㠃ᙧ≧ࢆྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾ⥔ᣢࡋ࡞ࡀࡽὥỈᑐ⟇ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᭷ຠ࡞Ἑᕝᩚഛ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬㸬ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩1) Takebayashi, H. (2017): Modelling braided channels under unsteady flow and the effect of spatiotemporal change ofvegetation on bed and channel geometry, GBR㸪8, 671-702.

- 40 -

ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㜵⅏᪋タ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡢᩚഛ
Greenbelt for Disaster Prevention and Sustainable Developmentᖹ▼ဴஓ1, 㤿ሙᗣஅ1, ᙇ ဴ⥔1, ࣀ࢚ࣝࢹ࢕࣭ࣥࣂࢪࣝ1
Tetsuya HIRAISHI 1, Yasuyuki BABA 1, CHANG Che-Wei 1, Noerdin BASIR 1
1ி㒔኱Ꮫ 㜵⅏◊✲ᡤDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University

This paper describes the detail of experiment for wave-dissipating performance of dense mangrove-layer at first. The
experimental results demonstrate the applicability of the dense mangrove layer (Greenbelt) to reduce the coastal wave
and tsunami energies. Secondary, the field survey on the mangrove characteristics and local landscape condition properto them are carried out in the Iriomote Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The local society performances needed tothe development of mangrove projects is discussed finally. An additional movable seawall to protect the first wave oftsunami is proposed for the coastal protection as the combination with the greenbelt.
Key Words : Greenbelt, Mangrove, Sea wave, Tsunami, Movable tidal wall, Hydraulic experiment, Field survey㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㜵Ἴሐ➼ࡢࣁ࣮ࢻᑐ⟇ࡀ㐍ࡲ࡞࠸ᆅᇦࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗Ἴ࠾ࡼࡧὠἼࢆᾏᓊ㒊࡛ᢚṆ࡛ࡁࡿ⎔ቃ࡟ࡸࡉࡋ࠸᪋タ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊࡑࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞Ⓨᒎ࡜⥔ᣢ࡟㈨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௧࿴㸲ᖺᗘࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡢ௦⾲࡜ࡋ࡚࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᯘࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡑࡢຠᯝࢆ
ᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᐇ㦂ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ≉ᛶࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⌧ᆅㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ♫఍ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆⓎ᥀ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᥦゝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࠋ
㸰㸬࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᯘࡢἼᾉῶໃຠᯝ ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈ➼ࡢἢᓊᶞᮌᯘࢆά⏝ࡋࡓࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺ࡟ࡼࡿἼᾉῶໃຠᯝࢆᐇ㦂࡛ㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㸰ḟඖỈ㊰࡛Ỉ⌮ᶍᆺᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㦂࡟⏝࠸ࡓỈᵴࡣࠊி㒔኱Ꮫ㜵⅏◊✲ᡤ௜ᒓᏱ἞ᕝ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣛ࣎ࣛࢺࣜ
࣮࡟࠶ࡿከ┠ⓗỈ㊰࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢỈ㊰ࡣ㛗ࡉ㸲㸳mࠊᖜ㸯mࠊ῝ࡉ 1㹫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢỈ㊰୰࡟ࠊᶍᆺ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊ㐀Ἴ⿦⨨࡛Ἴࢆస⏝ࡉࡏࠊἼ㧗ࢆ ࡿჾල࡛ኚ໬ࢆ ᐃࡋࡓࠋᶍᆺ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈࡣࠊἈ⦖┴す⾲ᓥ࡟࠾࠸࡚⌧ᆅ⏕⫱✀ࢆ㸱㹂ࢫ࢟ࣕࢼ࣮࡛ᙧ≧ࢆࢥࣆ࣮ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ 3㹂ࣉࣜࣥࢱ࣮࡛෌⌧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ
⦰ᑻࡣ 1/5 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㦂ࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝ㸲m 㛗ࡉ࡟࠾ࡼࡑ 15 ิࡢ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈࢆ㓄⨨ࡋࠊἼ㧗ኚ໬ࢆ ᐃࡋࡓࠋỈ῝ࡣࠊᐇ㦂ࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝ 5 ࠾ࡼࡧ 10㹡㹫࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊỈ㊰⤊➃࡛ 20-30㸣ࡢἼ㧗ῶ⾶ࡀほ ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ
Ỉ㊰ᗏ㠃࡛ࡢῶ⾶ࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࠊ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᶞᮌᯘ࡟ࡼࡿῶ⾶ຠᯝ࡜Ỉ㊰ᗏ㠃࡟ࡼࡿῶ⾶ࢆศࡅࡿゎᯒࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ෗┿ 1 ࡟ᐇ㦂≧ἣࢆ♧ࡍࠋ   ෗┿ 1 ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᯘࡢἼᾉపῶຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇ㦂㸦ᕥ㸸Ỉ㊰ᶓ࠿ࡽࠊྑ㸸Ỉ㊰ෆ㸧

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㸱㸬࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᶞᮌࡢ⌧ᆅㄪᰝ ⌧ᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᶞᮌࡢᐇែࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊἈ⦖┴す⾲ᓥ࡟࠾࠸࡚⌧ᆅㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ࣐ࣥࢢ
࣮ࣟࣈࡣࠊᖸ₻࡜‶₻࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ᗈࡀࡿᶞᮌᯘࡢ⥲⛠࡛す⾲ᓥ࡛ࡣ㸷✀㢮ࡢᶞᮌࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ௦⾲ࡣ࢚࣐ࣖࣖ
ࣄࣝࢠ࡛᭱ࡶప࠸఩⨨࡟ᗈࡃศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶᕼᑡ࡞✀ࡣࢽࢵࣃࣖࢩ࡛ࠊ༢⊂ࡢ᰿࠿ࡽ⏕⫱ࡋࡓᶞᮌࡀᩘ
ᮏ࠶ࡿࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ୍ࡢἙཱྀ࡛ࡶࠊྑᓊ࡜ᕥᓊ࡛ᶞᮌ✀ࡀ␗࡞ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡢᶞᮌ✀ࢆ㑅ࡪ࡜ࡁࡣࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᆅᙧࡸ₻఩ࡢኚ໬ࠊ᪥↷࡞࡝ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊ㐺ษ࡟ᶞᮌ✀ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ෗┿  ࡟⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᶞᮌ✀ࡢ⏕⫱≧ἣࢆ♧ࡍࠋἙᕝࡢ୧ᓊ࡛ࠊ⏕⫱✀ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࢢ࣮ࣜ
ࣥ࣋ࣝࢺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ✀ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡣࠊ༑ศ࡞ㄪᰝࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ             ෗┿  す⾲ᓥࡢ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᶞᮌࡢ⌧≧㸲㸬ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡢᆅᇦ࡬ࡢ㐺⏝ ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡣᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㜵⅏᪋タ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࣁ࣮ࢻ࡞㜵⅏ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᙅ࠸ᅜࠎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡼࡾຠᯝࢆⓎ᥹࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㎰ᆅࡢ㛤ቧࡸⅣࡢ⏕⏘ࡢࡓࡵ࡟࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈࡢఆ᥇ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊᅵተ⮬యࡀὶฟࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡢ๰ฟࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᆅᇦࡢ♫఍ᵓ㐀ࡢᨵⰋࡀᚲせ࡛ࠊ⌧ᆅࡢ♫఍ᵓᡂ࡟᰿௜࠸ࡓάືࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠊ ᭱ึ࡟⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡲࡎࡇࢀ௨ୖࡢ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᯘࡢఆ᥇ࢆࡸࡵࠊᶞᮌᯘࡢᾏᓊ⥺࠿ࡽࡢᚋ㏥ࢆṆࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿពᛮࡢ⤫୍࡜ูࡢ཰ධ※ࡢ☜ಖࡀᚲ㡲࡛ၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࡣ㞴ࡋࡃࠊ⌧ᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
㜵⅏ࡢ㔜せᛶࡢㄝ᫂ࡔࡅࡀ㢗ࡾ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋḟ࡟ࠊ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈ➼ࡢ᳜ᯘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣࠊඖ࠿ࡽ
⏕⫱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ✀ࢆ⫱࡚ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᳜ᯘࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡓ࡟✀ࢆ⫱࡚ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢᆅࡢ᮲௳࡟㐺ྜࡋࡓ✀㢮ࢆ㑅ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⌧⏕ࡢᶞᮌᯘࡢ⌧ᆅㄪᰝࡀᚲ㡲࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈᯘࡢᶞᮌᯘࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ୍᪉ࠊⱝᖸࡢຍᕤࢆ᪋ࡋ࡚ྍືᆺ㜵₻ሐ࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝ࡍࡿᡭἲࡀ
ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㣤ᖸࡽ   ࡣࠊᾏᓊ࡛ὠἼࡢ➨㸯Ἴࢆ⮬ື࡛ᢚṆࡍࡿྍືᆺ㜵₻᪋タ࡜ࡋ࡚͇㜵Ἴᡬ͆ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⌧ᆅࡢᮌᮦࢆά⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊὠἼ᮶く᫬࡟❧ࡕୖࡆࡿྍືᆺࡢ㜵₻ሐ࡛ᅗ㸯ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ
㐀ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣈ➼ࡢᶞᮌᯘࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟タ⨨ࡋ࡚ࡶࡼࡾຠᯝࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ  ྍືᆺᮌ〇㜵₻᪋タ͇㜵Ἴᡬ͆ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᅗ


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩


㣤ᖸ Ṍ࣭ᖹ▼ဴஓ࣭℈⏣ⱥእ࣭᳃⏣❶୍ࠊྍືᘧὠἼపῶタഛ͇㜵Ἴᡬ͇ࡢ㐺⏝ᛶࡢ᳨ウࠊ⮬↛⅏ᐖ⛉Ꮫࠊ㸪

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᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⢭⚄స⏝≀㉁ࡢୗỈ␿Ꮫᡭἲࡢ㛤Ⓨ
Development of wastewater-based epidemiology for psychoactive substances in Japanᒣ⏣༓ె͑1͑͝➉ෆᝆ͑2͑͝ᆏᮏ㱟ኴ͑1, Youdiil Ophinni 3͑͝ᯇᮏಇᙪ͑4
Chika Yamada 1, Haruka Takeuchi 2, Ryota Sakamoto 1,
Youdiil Ophinni 3, Toshihiko Matsumoto 4
1 ி㒔኱Ꮫ ᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦ◊✲◊✲ᡤCenter for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University2ி㒔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉㝃ᒓὶᇦᅪ⥲ྜ⎔ቃ㉁◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University3኱㜰኱Ꮫච␿Ꮫࣇࣟࣥࢸ࢕࢔◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University4ᅜ❧⢭⚄⚄⤒་⒪◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮⸆≀౫Ꮡ◊✲㒊
Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry

Drug use data in many Asian countries are taken from government-based self-report surveys or police arrest statistics,
which lack credibility to base drug policies. We aim to develop an objective method to measure drug use by quantifying
amounts of excreted metabolites from wastewater. Here, we validate the methods by measuring concentrations ofthirteen psychoactive compounds sourced from manholes using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem
mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in Japan. We detected seven out of all compounds, including methamphetamine,thus providing the opportunity for chronological and geographical monitoring of illicit drugs and other psychoactive
substances. We will continue to develop technical guidelines and project future studies in Indonesia.
Key Words : wastewater-based epidemiology, psychoactive substances, LC-MS/MS, Japan

1. Introduction
In recent years, many state governments in Asia have been politicizing drug issues, which has led tohuman rights violations (1-2). Further, drug policies in Asia have been diversified, especially regarding
marijuana use, from the implementation of legalization in Thailand to the plan of criminalization in Japan (3).
Upon making drug policies in those countries, data on drug use are oftentimes taken from self-report surveys
or police arrests statistics. However, such data are highly prone to biases, and are not credible enough toinvestigate legitimacy of the policies (4).
Therefore, this research aims to develop a method to objectively measure chronological andgeographical trends of drug use within the catchment area of wastewater treatment plants by quantifying
amounts of metabolites in wastewater (5-7) in Japan. This will be the first wastewater-based epidemiologicalstudy for compounds including illicit drugs in Japan and will serve as the first trial of our long-term research,
in which we plan to apply the methodology to Indonesia.


2. Methods
Here, we developed and optimized a procedure for determining drugs and their main metabolites inwastewater samples by using solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography
coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Drugs and metabolites to be measured aremethamphetamine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), etizolam, flunitrazepam, zolpidem, diazepam,
methylephedrine, bromovalerylurea, tramadol, caffeine, paraxanthine, cotinine, ethyl sulfate.
The analytical conditions for UPLS and MS/MS are described in Table 1. Similar analysis conditions
were set so that pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), which have been done previously, canalso be analyzed at the same time.

- 47 -

Table 1. Analytical conditions for UPLC-MS/MS.



To investigate the optimal pretreatment method for analysis, we conducted addition and recovery
experiments using multiple variations of the following variables: sample preparation, cartridges, sample
conditionings, cartridge washing, and reconstitution. The methods are listed in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Schematic procedure for the determination of drugs in wastewater samples using an SPE-UPLCMS/MS-based system.

- 48 -

From the above preliminary test, we decided on the optimal pre-treatment method for drug samples tobe as described in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Optimized procedure for sample preparation.
Samples were collected from spot water sampling sourced from manholes located in a city. Manhole
conditions can be seen in Figure 3. Samples were collected on two days; in eight separate locations on 21
November 2022 and nine locations on 9 December 2022. Water sampling time is sunny or cloudy (rain from0:00 am to 3:00 am on the day, based on Japan Meteorological Agency data).
Location A

Location B

Location C

Sampling containers
Figure 3. Condition of manholes where water sampling was conducted (left three photos) and water sampling
container used (rightmost photo).


3. Results
Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modeby analysing the fragmentation products of each drug and its analogue, if available, with good linearity at 0.5100μg/L. The conditions for MRM are listed in Table 2.
Using various cartridges as outlined in Figure 1, the recovery rate results for each compound were
determined as listed in Figure. From the results, it was decided that Oasis HLC and Oasis HLB Plus + NH2
cartridges were optimal for sample recovery, except for TCH-COOH, THC-COOH-d3, ethyl sulfate, and ethyl
sulfate-D5, which showed poor recovery.

- 49 -

Using the optimized analysis methods, we finally determined the concentration for each compound as
shown in Figure 5. Paraxanthine and caffeine were detected in large amounts, most over 20,000 ng/mL fromall collection points. Cotinine was detected in moderate amounts, most over 500 ng/mL from all collection
points. Tramadol and methylephedrine were detected in small amounts, most over 100 ng/mL from allcollection points. Methamphetamine and zolpidem were detected in trace amounts. Meanwhile, etizolam,flunitrazepam, diazepam, bromovalerylurea, THC-COOH and ethyl sulfate were not detected from allcollection points.
4. Discussion
Being a compound found in commercial drinks, it is expected to find paraxanthine and caffeine as thecompounds with the highest concentrations among the thirteen compounds tested. Cotinine, an alkaloid foundin tobacco, was also detected in substantial concentration. Additionally, methylephedrine, tramadol, andzolpidem were detected, all of which are sold as over-the-counter or prescribed medicines. Notably, the only
illicit drug detected in the current measurement was methamphetamine, although it was present in trace
amounts. The detection of this substance may provide the opportunity for monitoring over time and comparison
between different sampling locations and areas.
Several methodological improvements are necessary for future application. For example, alternative
surrogates for each drug to be measured will be needed. Oasis HLB and MCX have similar recovery rates, andthus, Oasis HLB can be analyzed simultaneously with other compounds of interest, such as PPCPs. However,ethyl sulfate and THC-COOH are difficult to collect with Oasis HLB, and thus other cartridges will benecessary to analyze those compounds.
Table 2. Conditions for multiple reaction monitoring of mass spectrometry.

*Numbers in bold are target ions and non-bold are confirmation ions.

- 50 -

- 51 -

- 52 -

Figure 4. Recovery rate for the thirteen compounds analyzed and its analogues.

- 53 -

Figure 5. Final results of compound concentration from all sampling points at both collection days.
Bar graphs of the same color gradation in the same sampling month represent the same sampling location.
5. Conclusion
We have developed and optimized a procedure for determining drugs and their main metabolites inwastewater samples using SPE and UPLC-MS/MS. Using samples from wastewater in Japan, we havevalidated the methods and detected seven out of thirteen compounds analyzed. We will continue to develop atechnical guideline for the measurement procedures, and hope to implement it in Indonesia, where drug issues
are highly politicized and the data on drug use are only sourced from the government.

References(1) Harm Reduction International. The death penalty for drug offences: Global Overview 2021. (2021).
(2) Yamada, C., Tsutsumi, A., Izutsu, T. & Matsuo, H. Exposure to Drug-Related Killings and Its Psychological Consequencesin the Philippines. Traumatology. Advance online publication. (2022).
(3) Lai, G. Thailand breaks away from Southeas Asia’s brutally punitive drug policies. 9DASHLINE. (2022)(4) Thomas, K. V. et al. Comparing illicit drug use in 19 European cities through sewage analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 432, 432–
439 (2012).
(5) van Wel, J.H.P., et al. A comparison between wastewater-based drug data and an illicit drug use survey in a selected
community. Int. J. Drug Policy 34, 20-26, (2016)(6) Sulej-Suchomska, A. M. et al. Urban wastewater analysis as an effective tool for monitoring illegal drugs, including new
psychoactive substances, in the Eastern European region. Sci. Rep. 10, 81–87 (2020).
(7) Hue, T. T. T. et al. Prevalence of illicit drug consumption in a population of Hanoi: an estimation using wastewater-based
epidemiology. Sci. Total Environ. 815, 152724 (2022)

- 54 -

᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᑐᛂࡢᣢ⥆ᛶ
Sustainability of the responses of Japanese financial institutions for decarbonization᳃ ᬗᑑ1㸪ΎỈ ᘏᙪ2
Akihisa MORI 1, Nobuhiko SHIMIZU 21ி㒔኱Ꮫ ᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛᇽ
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University2ி㒔኱Ꮫ ⤒῭◊✲ᡤ
Kyoto Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University

An increasing number of financial institutions perceive the global pressures for decarbonization as an economic
opportunity to provide green finance and support sustainable business model innovations of their customers. This
research aims to investigate how financial institutions have changed their business model to reduce climate-related
financial risks and phase out coal, taking Japanese financial institutions as a case. Through literature review and semistructured interviews, we find that some local banks have developed organizations to estimate the carbon emissions of
their customers and engage in their business model transformation. However, a lack of value propositions among thecustomers blocks them from capturing carbon emissions reduction value through consulting and green finance.
Key Words: decarbonization, sustainable business model innovation, financial institutions, Japan.

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㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ᑐࡍࡿ໬▼⇞ᩱ஦ᴗ࡬ࡢᢞ⼥㈨࠿ࡽࡢ᧔㏥ࢆಁࡍᅜ㝿ⓗᅽຊࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬2021ᖺ
ࡢG20ࢧ࣑ࢵࢺࡸ➨26ᅇᅜ㐃Ẽೃኚືᯟ⤌ࡳ᮲⣙⥾⤖ᅜ఍㆟㸦COP26㸧࡛ࡣ㸪୰ᅜࢆྵࡵࡓබⓗ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿᅜእࡢ᪂つ▼ⅣⅆຊⓎ㟁஦ᴗ࡬ࡢ㈨㔠౪⤥ࡢ୰Ṇࡀྜពࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛ࡶ㸪ᰴ୺⥲఍࡛3࣓࢞ࣂࣥ
ࢡࡀ▼Ⅳ஦ᴗ࡬ࡢᢞ⼥㈨ࡢ᧔㏥ࢆồࡵࡿᥦ᱌࡬ࡢ㈶ྠࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟2022ᖺ࡟ࡣ ᐊຠᯝ࢞ࢫ᤼ฟ㔞
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ࡅࢀࡤ㸪㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡸ⮬♫ၟရࡢ㈍኎ࡀᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡾ㸪௻ᴗࡢᏑ⥆ࡶ㞠⏝ࡢ⥔ᣢࡶᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬≉࡟㟁ຊ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㸪㕲㗰㸪໬Ꮫ➼ࡢ໬▼⇞ᩱ㞟⣙ᆺ⏘ᴗࡸ㸪໬▼⇞ᩱࢆ኱㔞ᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ⮬ື㌴⏘ᴗ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᐉゝࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔ࢵࣉࣝ♫➼ࡢࢧࣉࣛ࢖࣮ࣖ௻ᴗࡣ㸪௻ᴗᏑ⥆ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᑐᛂࡀ୙ྍ㑊࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡢ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᑐᛂࡣ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫᶵ఍ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬➨1࡟㸪௻ᴗࡢ෌࢚ࢿᢞ㈨ࡢቑຍࡣ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞㈨㔠౪⤥ᶵ఍࡜࡞ࡿ㸬➨2࡟㸪௻ᴗࡢ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᑐᛂࡢࡓࡵࡢ஦ᴗከ
ゅ໬ࡸᴗែ㌿᥮ࡣ㸪ᢞ㈨㈨㔠㟂せࢆ⏕ࡴࡓࡵ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞㈨㔠౪⤥ᶵ఍࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㈨㔠㟂せࢆႏ㉳ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪௻ᴗࡀ⌧ᅾồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢳ࢙࣮ࣥ඲య࡛ࡢ஧㓟໬Ⅳ⣲᤼ฟ㔞㸦ࢫࢥ࣮ࣉ3㸧ࡢ ᐃࡸ๐ῶィ⏬ࡢ⟇ᐃ➼ࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺᴗົࢆᡭ᥃ࡅࡿ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡶቑ࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸬 ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᑐᛂࡢ⤒῭ᛶ࡜஧㓟໬Ⅳ⣲๐ῶࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟୧❧ࡉࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢ
⌧≧ࢆᢕᥱࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ࡑࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘຌࢆዌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ㸬㸰㸬◊✲᪉ἲ
➨ 1 ࡟㸪᫖ᖺᗘணഛㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸪Sustainability transitions ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇ࢓࢖ࢼࣥࢫࡢᙺ๭࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ࡜ୡ⏺ࡢ୺せ㖟⾜ࡢ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᑐᛂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿணഛ᳨ウ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ᑐᛂ࡜ࡑࡢຠᯝ࡟
㛵ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࢆタᐃࡍࡿ㸬➨ 2 ࡟㸪᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ㉁ၥ⣬㸦࢙࢘ࣈ㸧ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸㸪ලయⓗ࡞ᑐᛂ⟇㸪㐍ᒎ≧ἣ㸪⤒Ⴀ࣭
⬺Ⅳ⣲ຠᯝࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿ㸬➨ 3 ࡟㸪⿵᏶ⓗ࡟༙ᵓ㐀໬⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸㸪㐍ᤖࡸᡂᯝ㸦ࡀⰾࡋࡃ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࡑࢀ㸧ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ
せᅉࡸᩥ⬦ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿ㸬- 55 -

㸱㸬ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢᩥ⊩ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪㖟⾜ࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢᣢ⥆ᛶ⛣⾜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪 ࡘࡢ▱ぢࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ㸬ձ㡸㈚㔠฼㠧ࢆ฼┈※Ἠ࡜ࡍࡿ㡸㈚㔠ᣑ኱࡜࠸࠺ఏ⤫ⓗࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢ཰┈✌ᚓ⬟ຊࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬㸪஦ᴗᢎ⥅㸪6'* ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞཰┈※࡜ࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ղ᪂ࡓ࡞཰┈※ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪㢳ᐈᚿྥࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺᴗົࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ճ≉࡟పⅣ⣲໬ࢆ཰┈※࡜ࡋ࡚⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪6%7㸦⛉Ꮫⓗ▱ぢ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ & ┠ᶆ㸧ࡢ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢ㌿᥮ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ᢞ⼥㈨ඛࡢ᤼ฟ㔞ࡢᢕᥱ㸪Ⅳ⣲᤼ฟ๐ῶࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢసᡂ㸪๐ῶࢩࢼࣜ࢜࡟ἢࡗࡓᑐ⟇ᐇ᪋ᨭ᥼ᴗົࡢᙉ໬ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸬⎔ቃ┬ࡢ⿵ຓ஦ᴗ࡟ཧຍࡋࡓᆅ᪉㖟⾜ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪 ࡘࡢ▱ぢࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ㸬ձᆅ᪉㖟⾜ࡢᮏᗑ࡟ 6'* ࡸ⬺Ⅳ⣲ᑐᛂࢆ⾜࠺ᢸᙜ㒊⨫ࢆタ⨨ࡋ㸪ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗ࡜㐃ᦠࡋ࡚ᢞ⼥㈨ඛ௻ᴗࡢⅣ⣲᤼ฟ㔞ࡢᢕᥱࢆጞࡵ㸪6'* ࡸ⬺Ⅳ⣲ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓ⼥㈨㢠┠ᶆࢆタᐃࡍࡿ➼㸪᪂ࡓ࡞཰┈※⋓ᚓ࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ղ୺࡞ᢞ⼥㈨ඛ
࡛࠶ࡿᆅ᪉ࡢ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡣ㸪ၟရ⣡ධඛ࠿ࡽ⬺Ⅳ⣲໬ࡸ෌࢚ࢿ㟁※ ౑⏝➼ࢆせồࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪పⅣ⣲⼥㈨࡟ᑐ
ࡍࡿ㟂せࡣᑠࡉ࠸㸬ճᆅ᪉㖟⾜ࡣႠᴗ༊ᇦࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪6'* ࡸ⬺Ⅳ⣲⼥㈨ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞㢳ᐈ㛤ᣅࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠺
ࡇ࡜ࡣ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡣ⌧≧ᅇ཰⋡ࡀప࠸ࡓࡵ㸪㏉⟅ᮇ㝈ࢆᘏ㛗ࡋ࡚ᅇ཰⋡ྥୖ࡟ດࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ศᯒ࡟್ࡍࡿᩘࡢᅇ
⟅ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓẁ㝵࡛㸪ᐃ㔞ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
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ኴ⏣ᗣኵࠗࢧࢫࢸ࢖ࢼࣈ࣭ࣝࣇ࢓࢖ࢼࣥࢫ࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺ฟ∧㸪2021 ᖺ㸬ⓑ஭ࡉࡺࡾࠗSDGs ࣇ࢓࢖ࢼࣥࢫ࠘᪥⤒ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ㸪2022 ᖺ㸬㧗ᶫඞⱥࠗᆅ㖟ᾘ⁛࠘ᖹซ♫᪂᭩㸪2021 ᖺ㸬
Ziolo, M., Filipiak, B.Z., Tundys, F.B. 2021. Sustainability in Bank and Corporate Business Models: The Link between ESG Risk
Assessment and Corporate Sustainability. Palgrave.

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