7th Asia Pacific Eco-Business Forum
Kawasaki JAPAN , February 8th , 2011
Session4: International Expansion of Environmental Technologies

Environmental Innovation Sent Out
From Kawasaki
Dr. FUJITA, Tsuyoshi fujita77@nies.go.jp
Head of Environmental Evaluation System Research Section,
National Institute for Environmental Science, Japan
Alliance Professor of Nagoya University
Visiting Professor at United Nations University
Professor for Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo Univ.

1

Expansion of Resource-Recycling Network (Eco-Town)
Building and integrating recycling
facilities in the eco-town
Development Step 1
Resource-recycling network
within the eco-town

Development Step 2Formation of resource-recyclingin the area surrounding the ecotown

Development Step 3
Formation of resource-recycling
nationwide, irrespective of ecotowns

2
Building a circular economy andsociety

Expectations for formation of acircular industrial network andregional areas, with eco-town
facilities at the core

Survey and Analysis of Eco-Town Projects as Bases for a Circular Society
During the ten-year period from1997 to 2006, the Ministry ofEconomy, Trade and Industry andthe Ministry of the Environment
authorized 26 eco-towns, and 62
facilities have been built.

Distribution ofJapan’s EcoTownsIn fiscal 2008 there was a “Surveyand Investigative Commission on
Measures for Further Promotion of
Eco-Towns.” 26 eco-town
municipalities and 170 circularfacilities were surveyed and analyzed.

3Locations of Resource Recycling Facilities in Kawasaki’s Eco-Town

Facility for turning waste
plastic into ammonia
feedstock(Showa Denko K.K.)

Facility for manufacturing
recycled cement(D.C.)

Waste plastic blast-furnace reduction
facility / Facility for manufacturing
panels for concrete molds made ofwaste plastic / Facility for recycling
waste household electric appliances(JFE Group)

Kawasaki zero-emission industrial zone

PET-to-PET recycling
facility(PET Refine TechnologyCo., Ltd.)

Radius: within approx. 1.5km

Recycling facility for hard-to-recycle
paper(San-Ei Regulator Co., Ltd.)-4-Example of an Eco-Town Project: Kawasaki Eco-Town
Formation of a Regional Network for Resource Circulation
Ordinary waste

KawasakiCit
Kawasaki City

C-press t/yAutomobile dismantling company
Scrap vehicles

・Ordinary waste:
532,000 t/year

Industrial waste

Stainless-steel manufacturing company

Empty cans・Population: 1.38 million
peopleCompanies in Kawasaki Eco-Town

Scrap metal

Home appliance recycling

Kawasaki City・134 companies

Steel-manufacturing company

company
Waste household

Kawasaki companies that produce
a lot of waste

Waste plastic

4,643,000 ton/yelectronic
Waste metal

Blast-furnace slag 5,000 t/y

appliances

Cement-manufacturing
Waste plastic

Surplus powercompany

SludgeSteel-manufacturing company
Ash dust

Plastic bottles

Paper sludget/y

PET to PET recycling company

Scrap

Paper-manufacturing company
Waste paper

Mix paper 7,000 t/yIncineration ash

Sewage sludge

Combustion
residue

Sewage treatment facility

Garbage collector

Highly treated water

Other landfill site
OtherGeneral waste 300,000t/y

Incinerator

Landfill site within thecity(outside Kawasaki)Factors for Expansion of Eco-Towns andResearch on Regional Circulation Areas(1) Concentrated building of circulation and recycling
facilities(Scale economies for circulation; accumulation of amounts
and quality)(2) Cooperation between industrial facilities and recycling
facilities(Industrial symbiosis system)(3) Social system for making the most of circulation
technologies(Circular society system)(4) Appropriate circulation scale through circulation
characteristics(Appropriate circulation area)

Example of Calculation of Effects of Formation of Regional Circulation in Eco-Towns
Example of calculation of potential for regional
utilization of circular cement industry【Distribution of generation of waste】】
Acceptance of someof the sludge
generated inKawasaki City

【t-CO2/y】

1,000,000

36,000t/y

38,000t/y

900,000

137,000t/y
約 15％％の削減効果

燃焼（廃棄物処理）
輸送（廃棄物処理）800,000

輸送（生産工程）700,000

Circular cement plant facility

電力消費（生産工程）

600,000
3500,000

燃焼（生産工程）4

脱炭酸（生産工程）【Distribution of waste processing facilities】
】

0ケース0

ケース1

廃棄物受入量(t/y)

Tachibana Processing
CenterRP Asao

Tsutsumine Processing
CenterUkijima
Processing
Centerケース3

054,000
00000050,000
000000113,000
000
12,00012,000052
1.5
1.5050
31

最大
産業
一般
廃棄物
廃棄物 輸送距離 廃棄物
(km)
転換率
処理量
処理量
(重量%)
(t/y)
(t/y)
0%
49000052
0100%
245,000
52
0100%
245,000
52
0100%
245,000
52
00%
50
18620
処理される 19380
10%
7360
50
18620
廃棄物
14.60%
0018620000540%川崎市内 神奈川県 関東圏
ケース10
粘土系原料
ケース2 28,000
代替
ケース3 245,000
産業廃棄物
ケース4 245,000
ケース１0
ケース20
ケース3 7,360
燃料系原料
18,620
代替廃棄物（一廃）
ケース419,380
（産廃）

ケース2

廃棄物
輸送距離
転換率
関東圏外 (km)
(重量%)

000

輸送距離(km)
00005.4
550

Information Systems that Contribute to Building Regional Circulation (1)Regional Databases太平洋セメント㈱of Information on Distribution of Circulating Resources and太平洋セメント㈱熊谷工場
埼玉工場 Information on Industrial Facilities that are Bases for Circulation
Chichibu Taiheiyo Cement Corporation
Chichibu Plant

地域

排出量

焼却施設

循環拠点

WithinTokyo’s 23wards

Many

Relatively new

Exist in surrounding coastalareas

Other coastalareas

Many

Old facilities exist insome places

Iron, steel, and cement facilities
nearbyFew

Many old facilities

Cement facilities nearby

NorthernSaitama

Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
Yokoze Plant

D.C. Corporation
Kawasaki Plant

JFE Steel Corporation
East Japan Works, Chiba

Incineration disposal facilities～1970s1980s
JFE Steel Corporation
East Japan Works, Keihin

1990s
2000s
Generates power

Amounts of other plastic
CO_M_PLA
emissions

(t/y)
- 50
51 - 150
151 - 300
301 - 450
451 -Industrial facilities
Cement manufacturing
facility
Iron and steel
manufacturing facility(blast furnace / cokeoven)

Nippon Steel Corporation
Kimitsu Works
Incineration facilities (Ministry of the Environment: 2005)
Cement manufacturing facilities (Cement Almanac: 2008)
Iron and steel manufacturing facilities (Iron and Steel Almanac: 2008)
Population distribution mesh (National Census: 2005)
Amount of ordinary waste emissions (Ministry of the Environment: 2006)
Other plastic composition ratio (Nikkan C: 1999)

(t/y)
- 100
101 - 200
201 - 300
301 - 400
401 -Various Regional Circulation Areas that Utilize the Location of Environmental Resources
Building a wide variety of regional circular areas that utilize the regions’ circular society base (resource recycling and processing
facilities, and circular arterial industry facilities), accumulation of agriculture and forestry environmental capital, and locational
characteristics

Regional circulation
areas in rural areas –Collaboration among
agriculture, forestry,
and cities

Regional
circulation area(compositecirculation layer)

Broad-area
circulation baseBio-mass
Regional
circulation areas incity neighborhoods
Organic
trash
Circulatory
product services(materials,energy)
By-products,
renewedresources

Broad-area circulation
network (broad-area
circulation area)

Concentration ofArterial industryregional circulationarea

arterial industries

Base forwide-area
circularcollection

99

China’s Shenyang City Research Collaboration System for an “Environmentally-Friendly City”

2009．6China’s Environmental
Protection Agency

Shenyang City

Memorandum by Japan’s Ministry of the Environment
and China’s Environmental Protection Agency on Japan’s Ministry of thecooperation in building environmentally-friendly cities
Environment
in Japan’s Kawasaki City and China’s Shenyang City

2009．2

Kawasaki City

City agreement / Agreement oncooperation in circulatory economic
development

Recycleindustries
RecycleRecycleindustries
industries

Chinese Academy of Sciences /Shenyang Institute of Applied
Ecology (CAS/IAE), Shenyang
University, others

Collaboration for technologies, policy information, andhuman resources

Circular corporation
JFE Engineering
Recycle2009. 12
Research on circulatory economic city
simulation systems
Inventory of atmospheres and cities, other
Priority Point PJ（H18-22）
Global promotion (H19-2１；Fujita)
Environmental technologies （H19-22；Fujita）
Priority points for global promotion S-7(H21-2４：
Ohara)

industries
Recycleindustries

Japan’s National Institute forEnvironmental Studies(NIES Japan), universities,
others
10Creation of a Simulation System for Evaluation of City Technologies and Policies② Customizing the NIES
model for Shenyang,
Liaoning (Japan-Chinacollaboration)③Typifying Japanese
corporations’technologies and local
governments’ systems(NIES)①City environment GIS database②Integrated city environment analysis model③ Inventory of technologies and policies④System for supporting city
environment policies

Model to analyze flux of water and heat

Anti-pollution technologies and policies

Planning and evaluation process• Sewage treatment technologies• (activated sludge method))• Dispersed water processing technologies• Incineration and melting technologies• Landfill disposal technologies, etc.

統合的都市環境解析モデル
統合的都市環境解析モデル
による評価支援による評価支援

Analysis of effects on sphere

Topographic
environment

Atmosphere, weather
Land use and coverage

Boundary conditions
considered according
to nesting process

Terrain, soil conditions
Atmosphericenvironment

Temperature
HumidityWind direction and speed

Water
environment

Rivers(water qualityand amount)
GroundwaterTechnologies and systems foran environmentally-supportive society(water quality and amount)
Green area
environment

City base

Positioning of parks
and green areas
Dimensions of parks
and green areas
Forms of vegetation• Green supply chain management (GSCM)• Waste regulation systems• Systems to support circulation
3-dimensional process modelof water, atmosphere, and city

Use and coverage of land

Buildings

Number of building floors

Building structures
City waste

Ordinary waste (household)Ordinary waste (business)
Industrial waste

計画・
計画・事業ステージへ
事業ステージへ

Environmental indicators forthe city or sphere

Model of transporting resources and waste

Use of buildings

合意できる
合意できる
将来シナリオ
シナリオ
将来• Resource circulation monitoring, etc.

Transportation infrastructure
Population

現状の現状の解析・解析・広域条件
関心の関心の共有
都市環境モデルによる都市環境モデルによる計画設計と計画設計と評価(water qualityand amount)SewageBase city environment information④ Planning process
involving collaboration
between CAS and theChinese government (CAS+ Shenyang City)① Building a Kawasaki
prototype in Shenyang(Japan-Chinacollaboration)

Technologies and policies forresource-circulation• Technologies for iron-manufacturing• blast furnace reduction• Technologies for creating• cement materials• Policies on sorting waste for collection• Policies for broad-area• resource-circulation, etc.

• Low-carbon effects(reduction of greenhouse gases)• Amount of waste generated(amount of substitution by new
resources, final amount disposed of)• Amount of natural vegetation(eco-service)• City activity and production volume.
• City quality of life (QOL).

11

3.3 Example of Application of a Resource-Circulation Technology and Policy System
in a Chinese City
Building a technology inventory

Formulation of Elemental Technologies and Estimating Effects of Introduction
1.00

t-CO2/t0.90

Technologies for improving city heat environment

0.75

0.66

Water-retentive pavement

Berkel and Fujita
et.al.; withdrawal
J. of Env.
Groundwater
ceramicManagmt.,2009,
othersTechnologies for storing rainwater

Waste plastic

Preprocessing

Clay

0.57

Ordinary portland
cementTechnologies for controlling city district energy

Coal

Manufacturing
process

Water-permeable pavement

Preprocessing

0.50
Room for reduction of CO2 by amaximum of 0.43 tons whenmanufacturing 1 ton of cement

0.25

Sludge, soot, etc.

0.00
Industrial symbiotic resource-circulation technologies

従来型Technology for manufacturing circulated cement

Turning cement into raw fuelMethanolBio-mass circulation technologies

Electric power

Hydrated lime

Turning used paper into raw material
for making paper

Hashimoto and Fujitaof Consv.
&Meltinget.al.;furnaceJ.
to creategas
Recy.,2010, others

192,118

100,000
50,000Pre-00Methane fermentation technologies

遼寧省（現状）35
t-CO2/t-BOD

Methane fermentation technologies

遼寧省（メタン発酵導入）

3228

30

Treated water

Polluted water

Cleaning treatment

Technologies for protecting the water environment

Sewage treatment technologies

150,000

Kitchen waste processing

Wong, Fujita, Xu；J. of Waste Mangmt,
2009, others Bio-ethanol manufacturing technologies
Chen, Xu et.al.:andSepticGeomorphology
tank technologies
Mangmt, 2007, others

By introducing methanefermentation facilities, it
is possible to reduce theamount of CO2 in all ofLiaoning Province by
192,000 tons a year.

200,000

Methanefermentation

Turning waste plastic into raw material
for concrete molds

都市・産業共生250,000t-CO
2

Blast furnace reduction of waste plastic
Turning waste plastic ammonia intoraw material

循環型

Plant cleansing
Combined wastewater treatment tank technologies

252015

In Liaoning Province, use of
septic tank technology causes
few CO2 emissions foreliminating unit pollution load

105120
下水道

浄化槽

Examples of Simulation Research on Resource-Circulation Technologies
and Policies in Japanese and Chinese Cities
Simulation research on evaluation of Japan’s
eco-town technologies and policies
City/regional
circulation analysis
systemAnalysis of eco-town
circulation technologies

Analysis of ecotowns throughout
Japan (90facilities in 26
districts)

Simulation research on evaluation ofChina’s city environment technologies andpolicies
Policystage
Reconstruction
analysis ofJapan’senvironmental
technologies

Planning
stage
Resourcecirculation
effects andlow-carbon
effects

Circulation
analysis system for
China’s cities

Guidelines for Japaneseand Chinese low-carbon
industrial eco-parks

Simulation evaluation of environmental
technologies and policies

Execution
designstage

Calculation of effects of technology
and identification of policyexpansion effects

Project
execution
stage

Simulation evaluation of environmental
technologies and policies
Identification of technologies and policies for
1,600
1,400 resource-circulation and low-carbon co1,200
発電によるCO2
benefits
1,000800

廃棄物発電による
CO2（石炭混焼）

600
400

廃棄物処理による
CO2

200
0

CO2 reduction
Amount of resource-circulation
Final disposal of waste
Berkel and Fujita et. al; Env. Sci.& Tech.,2009, others

従来型

廃棄物発電導 セメント産業の 廃棄物発電導入
循環型化
入+
セメント産業の循環型化

Chen and Fujita et. al; J. of Waste
Mangmt., 2010(in print), others

セメント製造による
CO213

Building a Platform for Reviewing Japanese-Style Regional Circulation Systems
Examples of items provided byJapanese cities●Provision of information on technology
for which cooperation is possible●Provision of policy data
●Support for government abilities andcultivation of human resources●Information on support for planningcirculation systems●Determination of government support
systems, project systems, and operationsystems●Implementation of FS (strategic FS
guidelines, detailed FS collaboration)●Implementation of detailed surveys
according to actual operation conditions●Planning, quantity surveys, andpersonnel distribution aimed at bringing
about actual operation, based on survey
results●Creating a process for building andoperating facilities●Support for implementing monitoring andmeasurement●Using monitoring results as feedback in
the planning and policy stages

Collaboration at each stage ofregional circulation formation

Policy stage

Planning stage

Priority project
execution
design stage

Project
implementationand operationstage●Sharing information on
background and surroundings andinformation on needs and seeds●Policy framework●Setting priority matters,
formulating an action plan
●Strategic FS, businessassessment, detailed FS●Detailed design exploration,
quantity surveys●Investment, orders, construction●Monitoring of environmental
effects, economic efficiency, safety,etc.
●Using monitoring results asfeedback in the planning and policy
stagesExamples of items
provided by Asian cities●Determination of policy objectives anddirection of measures●Provision of information on the area aroundthe relevant city and information on needs andseeds●Creation of a master plan
●Review of support for policy aspects such as
business compensation and separation ofwaste for collection●Operation process design●Review of business profitability, cooperation
with FS surveys●Support and cooperation for provision ofinformation required for detailed design
exploration●Building an operation process for systemaspects, etc., in light of survey results●Support and cooperation for the various
procedures, permits, etc. necessary for orders
and construction●System design for monitoring●Implementation of business monitoring●Sharing of monitoring data between Japanand China●Using monitoring results as feedback for otherbusiness expansion

Ministry of the Environment 2009; Extracted and modified from materials for the “Investigative Commission for Supporting Model Businesses for Building Environmentally-Friendly Cities inKawasaki and Shenyang (chaired by Fujita)”

Re-Building the Process for Circulation Technologies that are Appropriate for Regional
Characteristics (Re-Engineering)Re-building technology and policy systems that are appropriate for the characteristics of Asian cities, bydividing and rebuilding (re-engineering) Japan’s technologies (in the example of plastic bottles, an initial eightfold monetary divergence)
Effluent treatment process

Pre-processing separation
process

Regenerated
product refinement
process

排水処理装置成品ＰＥＴ
ＰＥＴフレーク

脱水
脱水・乾燥機すすぎ
すすぎ洗浄機キャップ
キャップ分離機

脱水機

洗浄機

細粉砕機

ラベル
ラベル分級機

粗粉砕機

機械とと手選別による色付き・他材質
他材質ボトル分離

解俵機

受入受入ヤード

再生製品
色付き・他材質ボトルラベル

キャップ

Resource conversion process

Inventory of input factors (energy, water, required land, operation staff, etc.) and quantification ofequipment and operation costs, etc. for each circulation technology process, through business surveysin Japan15

Framework for Review and Support of the ShenyangKawasaki Circulation Project
In January 2010 an investigative commission on support in Japan was launched with members from industry,
the government, and academia. In January 2011 meetings of international experts began to be held as achannel for sharing information with Shenyang City and sending out information from Japan.
Environmental Protection
AgencySino--Japan Friendship
Sino
Centre for Environmental
Protection

Ministry of the Environment

Meetings of international
experts
Investigative Commission on
Evaluation of 3R Business
Expansion and Technologies

Fiscal 2010～～

Kawasaki City,
researchers, IGES
JICA, corporations
Fiscal 2009～

National Institute forEnvironmental Studies

JFE Engineering
San-Ei Regulator
DC Cement
Urban Associates

Shenyang City
Environmental Protection Agency
City Environmental Monitoring
CenterChinese Academy ofSciences’ Institute ofApplied Ecology

Shenyang City
Development and Reform
Commission
Construction Department
16Shenyang City, China
Image of Sino-Japan Collaborative Low-Carbon Venal Eco-Industrial
Park (Investigative Commission Proposal by the National Institute for Environmental Studies)

Residential area
70ha

Business area
50ha

Greenarea
City International ResearchCenterGreenarea
Greenarea

Plastic selection
Regional heat supply center

Plastic

Smart resource circulation
Paperfacility
Bio-mass
Metal

Plastic bottle
recycling

CFB electric
power plant

Effluent processing
Wood shavings/construction waste
Metalselection
Methane
Aluminum fermentation
Incineration
Automobile refining
Fluorescentfacility
recyclinglamp recycling
Householdelectric
appliance
recycling
Green
Cement facility
area
HazardWaste

Short-fiber
manufacturing

Waste plastic and plastic bottles
Waste paperBio-mass
Metal
Hazardous items
High-temperature heat source
circulation
Various residues
Low-temperature heatResource
sourcearea
Discharged water
Heat conduit (hot water)
100ha
Re-used water
Heat conduit (cold water)

Greenarea17

Japan’s Low-Carbon Cities in International Society
Knowledge and wisdom of resource circulation in Europe: European style・Resource circulation amid increasing de-industrialization and de-materialization
・High level of environmental consciousness among citizens and corporations; ability for collaboration by many
main constituents and ability for city management

Knowledge and wisdom of resource circulation sent out from Japan: Japanese
resource-circulation style・Ability to develop technologies by achieving objectives, ability for regional circulation by utilizing ability todevelop products (combination of equipment technologies, network technologies, and social technologies)

・Social governance system that includes brewing environmental awareness among citizens and corporations
・Regional societies that are able to take environmental action based on their experiences with pollution
Resource-circulation initiatives in Asia: Asian style・Promotion of becoming low-carbon in the process of industrialization and economic growth
・Top-down business promotion, and government ability to enact policies

18