No. 08-01㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ⚗♬࡫ࡡ᪴⳱㸯Ṍྍโ⣑ୖ࡞࠵ࡾ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡᬉ㐚ᛮᑚᓘ ᩌ2008 ᖳ 4 ᭮1

2008.4.28㸤භ㏳ㄵ㢗                 ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ⚗♬࡫ࡡ᪴⳱㸯Ṍྍโ⣑ୖ࡞࠵ࡾ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ
Version 2.4
ᑚᓘ ᩌさ᪠ ♣ఌᶊࡡ❟Ἢ໩࠿㐅ࢆࡓ 1910 ᖳ௥࠾ࡼ 1940 ᖳ௥ࡱ࡚࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࢅࡴࡃࡾ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ࡢኬࡀࡂ㐅Ṅࢅ㐑ࡅ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊපḿ㸝♣ఌⓏḿ⩇㸞࡛ຝ⋙㸝⤊
ῥⓏྙ⌦ᛮ㸞ࡡၡ㢗࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ๑⩽ࢅวࡽ㞫ࡌ࠾ࠉᑽᚨᆀࡡᝇ࠷ెᏋ࡞ࡊ࡙࠽
ࡂ࠾ࠉᚃ⩽ࢅ㞌ᒌࡈࡎࡾ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ᛦ⩻Ἢ࡞ฦ㢦ࡈࡿࠉ୦⩽ࢅㄢೳࡌࡾㄵ⌦࡛โᗐ࠿Ⓠぜ࡚ࡀ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ࡐࡡㄢೳ᪁Ἢ࠿ࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ㈃ᅏ࡫ࡡᑊฌࢅ
ࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࢪࣚ࢕ࢺࡈࡎࠉ౮᰹⤣โࡷᅗ᭯໩࡛ࡢ⦍㐪࠷♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊ≁Ṟ࡝㈃ᅏ⩽ࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡝ᕰẰ࠿⩻ᐳࡈࡿࠉࡈࡼ࡞❋இ࠾ࡼ⮤⏜ࡡࡲ࡝ࡼࡍࠉ⬗ິⓏ࡝ᕰẰࡡ᮪௲ࡵ⩻ᐳࡈࡿࡒࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛ
ࢴࢩゝ⏤ࡡ⤊ῥⓏᐁ⌟ྊ⬗ᛮࢅ㧏ࡴࡒࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉḿ⤣Ⓩ࡝⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻㸝㛏᭿㸲ࢿ࣑ࣜ㸞ࢅ◒Იࡊࠉ♣ఌᶊ࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ⤊ῥᏕࡡమ⣌ࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊ୦⩽ࡡᛦ᝷
ࡢ⿭ᏰⓏ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ᫤࡞ࠉ┞பࢅᙁ໩ࡌࡾࠊࡱࡈ࡞୦⩽࠿㈃ᅏ࡛⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗࡞ୌᏽࡡ➽࠻ࢅฝࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉᚪ↓Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ
➠㸦⟿ ࡢࡋࡴ࡞
➠㸧⟿ 20 ୠ⣎๑༖ࡡ㈃ᅏ-⚗♬ၡ㢗
 2-1 ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝≟Ἓ      2-2 ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡᑊฌ࡛⣟໩
 2-3 ᭯ງ࡝⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡒࡔ   2-4 ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᛦ᝷
 2-5 ᩺ࡊ࠷ၡ㢗ࡡฝ⌟➠㸨⟿ ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இ࡫
 3-1 ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡ⫴ᬊ 3-2 ㈃ᅏふ
 3-3 ❋இᑊ➿࡛ࡐࡡ๑ᥞ   3-4 ⚗♬࡫ࡡ➠ୌṹ㝭➠㸩⟿ ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿࠾ࡼໜᣋⓏ⚗♬࡫ 4-1 ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿      4-2 ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ㈰ណ

2 4-3 ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡛ᕰẰᶊ➠㸪⟿ ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ⌟ᐁ໩࡛✭ὕ໩
 5-1 ⚗♬ඵἪ        5-2 ಕᏬඨහ㛮
 5-3 ຘ഼ඨහ㛮       5-4 ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧㸴➠㸫⟿ ࠽ࢂࡽ࡞
ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡➠㸦⟿ ࡢࡋࡴ࡞
 1942 ᖳ1ࢅ⚗♬⌦ᛍࡡᏽⅤ࡛ぜࡾ᫤ࠉ㈃ᅏ࡛⚗♬࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࢅ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼ⩻ᐳࡌࡾណ࿝ࡢరࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡆࡡ᰷ඔⓏ࡝ၡ㢗ណㆉࢅ⛆ࡴࡗࡗࠉᮇ✇ࡢࡆࡡ᫤௥ࡡ௥⾪Ⓩ࡝⤊ῥᛦ᝷ᐓ࣬⚗♬ᛦ᝷ᐓ࡚࠵ࡾࢗ࢔ࣛ࢓࣑࣬࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ
William Henry Beveridge㸝1879-1963㸞ࡡ୹ⴥࡐࡡ௙࡞⤘ࡾᙟ࡚ࠉ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡡໜᣋⓏ࡝⌦ᛍࡢ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࢅ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᤂ࠻࡙よ➽ࡊࠉ⌟ᐁ࡞࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡝⾢ᦹࢅ୙࠻ࡒ࠾ࢅ㏛ịࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡐࡡ㝷ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ2ࢅኣᵕ࡝⤊ῥᛦ᝷࠾ࡼᢖᑏࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹っᗑࢅ᤿⏕ࡌࡾࠊ≁࡞ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕ࡛ࡡ㏻⤎ᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இ࡫ࠉ❋இ࠾ࡼ⚗♬࡫ࠉ࡛࠷࠹㌹ᥦࡵណㆉࡈࡿࡾࠊࡱࡒ⚗♬ᅗᐓ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࡢ࡝ࡏᡋᚃࠉᙁງ࡝ྙណ࡛࡝ࡽ࠻ࡒࡡ࠾ࠉࡐࡊ࡙⌟௥ࡢ⎨よࡊࡒ
࠾࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࡡ࠾ؐؐࡆࡡၡ࠷࠾ࡄ࡞ࡵ♟ြࢅ୙࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ
࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡᵋ⠇ࡊࡒ⚗♬⌦ᛍࡡṌྍⓏโ⣑ࢅぜฝࡊࡗࡗࠉ࡝࠽⌟௥࡞ࡵ♟ြࢅ୙࠻ࡾᬉ㐚ᛮࢅࡵⓆᤸࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊධమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᙴࡡᛦ᝷࡛
ᙔ᫤ࡡ♣ఌ㏳ᛍ㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ᫤௥⢥♼㸞࠿࡜ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ྜྷ᭿ synchronization ࡊࠉ࡜ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞㐋⬲ deviation ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡵᖏ࡞ណㆉࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡐࡡࡒࡴࡡຝᯕⓏ࡝ㄵ㏑᪁Ἢ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ1909 ᖳ࡛࠷࠹ጙⅤ3࡛ 1950 ᖳ௥࡛࠷࠹
⤂Ⅴࢅᏽࡴࡾࠊ಴ืࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐ࠿ḗࠍ࡛ᐁ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡂ୯ࠉࡐࡡ᭿㛣ࡡ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ࢅ㸨ࡗ࡞㢦ᆵ໩ࡊࡒᚃࠉ
ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࢅ㍂࡛ࡊࡒ㈃ᅏᴣᛍࠉ⚗♬ᴣ㸦᭮࡞㏻ྙᅗ 26 ࣦᅗ࠿ࠔኬこὊ៿❮ࠕ㸝1941.8㸞ࢅා㢄࡞ྱࡳභྜྷᐃゕ࡞ㄢ༰ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ➠㸫᮪ࡢࠔࡌ࡬࡙ࡡெ㢦࠿ᜅᛟ࠽ࡻࡦ❋இ࠾ࡼよᨲࡈࡿ࡙ࠕ࡛࠵
ࡾࠊ12 ᭮࡞ࡢࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ࠿ප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠊ
2 ༟࡞ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡᛦ᝷ࡡࡲ࡝ࡼࡍࠉ1940 ᖳ௥࡞ᙴ࠿ᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ⚗♬࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⥪ྙⓏ࡝౮ೋ⌦ᛍࠊ
3 ᨾ㈃ἪጟဤఌᑛᩐὬሒ࿈᭡ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡ୹ⴥࠖ኶ᴏࠗ
ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺௒ᡜἪ࡛࠷
࠹ฝᮮ஥࠿࠵ࡖࡒࠊᙔ᫤ࡡ⚗♬ᨳ➿ᛦ᝷࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢỜ㔓ཾ㸝2001㸞ࢅཤ↯ࠊ
13

ᛍࢅ᫤⣌าⓏ࡞㏛࠹ࠊරమⓏ࡝ㄵⅤ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉḗࡡ஦Ⅴࡡࡲ࡞⤘ࡽࡒ࠷ࠊ࠷ࡍࡿ
ࡡሔྙࡵࠉᙴࡡណᅒ࡛โᗐⓏᖉ⤎ࡡన⨠㛭౿࡞⏻ណࡌࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢ 1940
ᖳ௥ࡡᙔ᫤ࠉ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࠊࡆࡡ୯࡞ࡢ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷ᮇⓏཋᅄࠉ࠽ࡻ
ࡦ㈃ᅏࡡරమⓏ≟Ἓ㸝ᩐೋ໩㸞࠿ྱࡱࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉࠔ಴ெ㸤⤊ῥ࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࠔᾐᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࠕࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉࠔᅗᐓ㸤♣ఌ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗♬ࡡ㏛ịࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࠔ✒ᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࠕࡡၡ㢗ࡢ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡞スᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࠊ ᮇ✇ࡡᵋᠺࡢ௧ୖࡡ㏳ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧⟿࡚ࡢ㈃ᅏふࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝≟Ἓࢅᴣふࡊࡒᚃࠉ௥⾪Ⓩ࡝⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊฌἪࢅぜࡾࠊర࠿Ⓠᒈࡊర࠿ṟࡈࡿࡒ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸨⟿࡚ࡢࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㈃ᅏ≟ឺࡡᏽ⩇࡛ࡐࡡཋᅄࢅᴣふࡌࡾࠊ❋இ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷⏕ㄊࠉࡐࡡᩐೋ໩ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸ᨳ➿ࡡරమ᱄࠿ၡ㢗࡛࡝ࡾࠊ➠㸩⟿࡚ࡢ 1942 ᖳࡡሒ࿈᭡ࢅໜྱࡌࡾᙟ࡚ࠉࡐࡡᚃࡡⴥ
షࡵཱིࡽථࡿ࡝࠿ࡼࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࠿ࠔⰃࡀ♣ఌࠕࢅ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᵋ⠇ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ࠾ࢅ᥀ࡾࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ㈰ណ࠿㘵࡛࡝ࡾࠊ➠㸪⟿࡚ࡢࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮࡛࢓ࢹ࣭ࣛහ㛮࡚ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒἪ᱄ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦ 1950 ᖳ௥๑ᚃࡡ≟Ἓࢅ␆㏑ࡊࠉᙴࡡ⌦ᛍ࡛⌟ᐁࡡࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࠕᛦ᝷࠿࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡝న⨠㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࢅ᥀ࡽฝࡌࠊ➠㸫⟿࡚ࡢᮇㄵࢅࡱ࡛ࡴࡗࡗࠉ▯࠷♟ြࢅ୙࠻ࡾࠊ
➠㸧⟿ 20 ୠ⣎๑༖ࡡ㈃ᅏ-⚗♬ၡ㢗 ࡆࡡ⟿࡚ࡢ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࠾ࡼ 1930 ᖳ௥ࡱ࡚ࡡ㈃ᅏၡ㢗࡫ࡡᑊฌࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾࠊ๑༖࡚ࡢୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝㈃ᅏふࡡ㌹ᥦࢅ␆㏑ࡊࠉᚃ༖࡚ࡢ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬࡫ࡡ
඼ᆵⓏ࡝ᛦ⩻Ἢࢅ㸨ࡗ࡞ࡱ࡛ࡴࡾࠊ
2-1 ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝≟Ἓ ࢕࢟ࣛࢪࡡ㈃ᅏふ4ࡢኬࡱ࠾࡞ࡢࠉḗࡡᄿṹ㝭࡚᪍ᅂࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ
㸝㸦㸞୯ୠࡡᏭ
ᏽⓏ࡝ᑌᘋ᫤௥࡞࠵ࡖ࡙ࡢࠉ㌗ฦᒌᛮ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㈃ᅏ࠿࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࡡ
ΰ㈃ࡢࡳࡊࢀᚠ┘࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ
㸝㸧㸞┞ḗࡃᡋணࡷ㯦Ṓ⑋ࡡὮ⾔ࡷᅑ࠷㎲ࡲ㐘ິ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᑌᘋโ࠿ᓻቪࡊࠉெࠍࡡ⛛ິ࠿⃥ࡊࡂ࡝ࡖࡒ᫤௥࡞࠵ࡖ࡙ࡢࠉᨲᾁ⩽Ⓩ
࡝㈃ᅏ࠿ฝ⌟ࡊࡒࠊ㸝㸨㸞⤧ᑊ⋜ᨳ᫤௥࡞ࠉ࢙ࣛࢧ࣊ࢪᨾ㈃Ἢ㸝1601㸞࡝࡜࡚୯ኳ㞗ᶊⓏ࡝ؐؐࡊ࠾ࡊᐁឺ࡚ࡢᩅ༇୯ᚨⓏ࡝ؐؐ᪃➿࠿࿤௦ࡈࡿࡒ᫤᭿࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈠ᮇ୹⩇࠿Ⓠ㐡ࡌࡾ࡞ࡗࡿࠉࡈࡼ࡞ᛨ᝴࡝㈃Ằ࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏ࠿௛ࡄຊࢂࡖࡒࠊᑕ
ᩏࡌ࡬ࡀࡢ⮤❟࣬⟿⣑ࡌࡾຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ⿤ഁ࡛ࡊ࡙᪃ࡊࢅུࡄࡾ⩽ࡢ⿍
4ࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢẗฺ㸝1990: 130-131㸞ࠉᏭಕ㸝2005: 303-304㸞࡞レࡊ࠷ࠊ4ᨾ᜔㈃Ằ pauper ࡛ࡊ࡙ᵕࠍ࡝⮤⏜࠿๡ዞࡈࡿࡒࠊ಴ெⓏ㈠㈻࠿Ḗࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࡒࡴ
࡞ࠉெࠍࡢ㈃ᅏ࡞㝏ࡾ࡛ぜ࡝ࡈࡿࡒ5ࠊࡐࡡᙁᅖ࡝ᛦ᝷ࢅమ⌟ࡊࡒࡡ࠿ 1834 ᖳࡡ᩺ᨾ㈃Ἢ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊລ⮾ࡌࡾ⏐ᴏ㈠ᮇ୹⩇࡞ᛨࡄ⩽ࢅ࡜࠹⤄ࡲ㎲ࡳ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷
࠹ၡ㢗ណㆉࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㸝㸩㸞࡛ࡆࢀ࠿ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠔ㈃ᅏふࡡ᪍ᅂࠕ࡛࠷
࠹ኬ㌹ᥦ࠿㉫ࡆࡖࡒࠊ಴ெ㈃࠾ࡼ♣ఌ㈃࡫ࠉ㐠ᚠⓏ࣬಴ெⓏ࡝㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ⤊ῥⓏ࣬
ᚘ⎌Ⓩ࡝㈃ᅏ࡫ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ណㆉ㠁࿤࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࢅᨥ࠻ࡒࡡ࠿ࣇ࣭ࢪࡷࣚࢗࣤ
ࢹ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡻࡾࠔ⛁ᏕⓏ㈃ᅏㄢᰕࠕ
ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᨾ㈃ἪጟဤఌࡡᑛᩐὬሒ࿈ࠉࡐࡊ࡙ප
ḿ㈜㔘ࡷࠔ഼ࡂᶊฺࠕࢅịࡴࡾ㐘ິ࡝࡜࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢ 1942 ᖳ࡞ྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙ࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㈃ᅏふࡢࡈࡼ࡞ 1909 ᖳ࡛Ẓ࡬࡙᩷⤧ࡊࡒࡡࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊᬳᏽⓏ࡞ࡢྫྷ࡛➽࠻࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡆ࠹῟࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ㈃ᅏふ
࡞ࡢ㏻⤾ᛮ࠿࠵ࡾ࠿ࠉ㈃ᅏࢅ࡛ࡽࡱࡂ≟Ἓࡢ⃥ንࡊࡒࠉ࡛ࠊ௧ୖ࡚ࡐࡡណ࿝ࢅ
☔ᏽࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ
 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄ࡡ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ࡚᭩ࡵ≁ᚡⓏ࡝ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ㈃ᅏふࡡ᪍ᅂࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏ
ࢅ᰷⤧ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡරమⓏ࡝♣ఌ❟Ἢ࠿ḗࠍ࡛⌟ᐁ໩ࡊࠉࡱࡒࡐࡿࢅᨥ࠻ࡾᛦ᝷
ࡵ㇇✠࡞࡝ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ⮤⏜ඨ㸤⮤⏜୹⩇ࡡᨭ㠁ࠕࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉᏕᰧ⤝㣏ࠉ⩹㱃ᖳ㔘ࠉ᭩఩㈜㔘โࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺௒ᡜࠉ೸ᗛಕ㝜ࠉ኶ᴏಕ㝜࡝࡜࠿ 1911 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ḗࠍ࡛ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒࠊ⋜❟ᨾ㈃Ἢጟဤఌሒ࿈᭡㸝1909㸞࡛ࡢ㊝㞫ࢅ⨠ࡂᙟ࡚ࠉᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࠿ᐁ㈻Ⓩ࡞ೳḾࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࡚ࡢࠉපⓏ᡿ຐࢅུࡄࡾᶊฺ㸝⿍ᨾῥᶊ㸞ࡢᕰẰᶊࡡ๡ዞ6࡛ྜྷೋ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊୌ㏻ࡡ♣ఌ❟Ἢ࡚ࡢຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍Ꮛᶊࢅヾࡴࡒ୕࡚ࠉࡐࡡᶊฺ࡛ᑊ࡞࡝ࡾ⩇ຸࡢᙁโಕ㝜࡞࠽ࡄࡾᣈฝࡡࡲ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡵࡔࢀࢆ⛸ࠍࡡಕ㝜ࡢࡷࡷ㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒᒒࡊ࠾㐲⏕ࡈࡿ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ࡚ࠉᏰධ࡝ᬉ㐚ᛮ࠿࠵ࡖࡒࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊࡐࡿ࡚ࡵኬࡱ࠾࡞ࡢࠉඡ❲࣬㧏㱃⩽࣬⑋ெ࣬ຘ഼⬗ງ႕኶⩽࣬኶ᴏ⩽࠿ᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࠾ࡼᢜࡄฝࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖ
ࡒࠊ㈀″ࡢ 1909/1910 ᖳࡡࠔெẰ஢⟤ࠕ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ┞⤾⛧ࡡᙁ໩ࠉᅰᆀㄚ⛧ࡡ᩺スࠉ㒿࣬ࢰࣁࢤ⛧ࡡᙁ໩࡝࡜࡚ࠉ㈏᪐㝌ࡡཬᑊࢅᢪࡊวࡖ࡙᩺ࡒ࡝㈀″ࢅ☔ಕࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ7ࠊ ெẰ஢⟤࡞ࡻࡾ᩺ࡒ࡝ᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷♣ఌ❟Ἢࡢ࠾ࢀ࠹ࡋ

5ཿ඼Ὤ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡛ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ㛭౿ࢅ⩻ᐳࡊࡒ᩺ᮟ㸝2005㸞ࠉῳఌ㸝1997㸞
㸝2000㸞
ࢅཤ↯ࡎࡻࠊ
6 ࡆࡡሔྙࡢࠉ಴ெⓏெ᭻ࡡ኶ቍࠉ㌗మⓏ⮤⏜ࡡᣂᮨࠉᨳ἖Ⓩᶊฺࡡ኶ຝ࠿ྱࡱ
ࡿࡾࠊ㈃Ằࡡỗྞ stigma ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ7 ᾇ㌱⿭ᙁ࡛࠷࠹ྞ┘ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜࡢࠔ♣ఌ⚗♬஢⟤ࠕ࡛࿣ࢆࡓࠊ
5࡙ᖲ⾦ࢅಕࡗ᪁ྡྷᛮ࠿࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ࠿⎨よࡈࡎࡒࡡ࠿ࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡛ࡐࡡ
ᚃࡡ⤊ῥΊ஗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᭩ิࡢᚗဤࡊࡒඹኃ࡞ࠔᐞ㉏ゝ⏤ࠕ࡛࠷࠹↋ᣈฝࡡᖳ㔘࠿ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࠉ⤾࠷⃥࡙໩ࡌࡾຘ౐㛭౿ࢅᐅࡴࡾࡒࡴࡵ࠵ࡽࠉ↋ዉ⣑⤝௛ࡷᣉኬ⤝௛࠿኶ᴏಕ㝜మโ࡞㜻ᒌࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒ8ࠊࡆࡿࡢຘ഼ඨ࡚ࡵಕᏬඨ࡚ࡵྜྷ
ࡋࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ
ࠔಕᏬ࡛ຘ഼ࡡ┞㐢ࡢ⌟ᐁ࡞࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡢࠉࡳࡊࢀಞ㎙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕࠊ࡝ࡏ࡝ࡼࠔ㈃ᅏ࠿ᨳᗋࡡὩິ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᫕ḿࡈࡿࡾ࡬ࡀ࡛࠷࠹ណぜ࠿ࠉ௑࡚ࡢᨳ἖ᐓࡡ࠵࠷ࡓ࡚ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙ぜࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠕ㸝Taylor 1976: 237ࠉゼ 215ࠉI ᕬ㸞࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ኶ᴏ୯ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅᨥ࠻ࡾࡒࡴࠉᣈฝ࡛ࡢ㛭౿࡝ࡂ⤝௛
࠿⾔ࢂࡿࡒࠊ1920 ᖳ௥ධ⯙࡚ࠉ኶ᴏಕ㝜ࡡᣉኬࡢࠉ↋ណㆉࡡ࠹ࡔ࡞஥ᐁ୕ࠉ
ࠔᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡපⓏ᡿ຐࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᐁឺࢅషࡽ୕ࡅࡒࠊ⤊ῥ⎌ሾࡡ⃥ንؐؐᵋ㏸୘Ἓࠉ
㔘ᮇనโࡡᚗᖉࡷ㞫⬲ࠉୠ⏲ኬᜅុؐؐࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢࡱࡌࡱࡌ಴ெࡡၡ㢗࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ♣ఌࢨࢪࢷ࣑࡞⤄ࡲ㎲ࡱࡿࡒᚪ↓Ⓩ࡚ຘ഼⩽ධဤ࡞㛭ࢂࡖ࡙ࡂࡾ㞬஥࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ᡋ᫤୯ࡡ⟮⌦⤊ῥࡡ㐅⾔ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ㞬஥࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾ࣏
ࢠࣞ⤊ῥⓏ࡝ᑊฌἪࡵᚆࠍ࡞ᥞ၌ࡈࡿࠉⓆິࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊ≁࡞පභ஥ᴏࡡᣉኬ࡞ࡻࡾᬊẴᚘ⎌ࡡ⥾࿰࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠿ࡐࡡ୹၌⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᵕࠍ
࡝᪃➿࡚኶ᴏ≟ឺࢅ⥾࿰ࡊࠉࡻࡖ࡙኶ᴏ᫤ࡡ㈃ᅏࢅᨾ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊ♣ఌಕ㝜࠿⎨よࡊࠉපⓏ᡿ຐ࠿ᣉኬࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ຘ഼⩽ධဤࡡᶊฺ㸝⏍Ꮛᶊ㸞࠿โᗐⓏ࡞ᩒࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊᚨ⌦Ⓩ࡞ࡵ㈀ᨳⓏ࡞ࡵࠉ㞬㢗࠿ṟࡖࡒࠊᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࡚ࡢᶊฺ࡛ᶊฺ๡
ዞ࠿⾪⿤ୌమ໩ࡊࠉ᪃ࡊ࠿ᣉኬࡊ࡝࠷ࡻ࠹࡞㸝ཋ⌦Ⓩ࡞ࡢ㸞ṉḾࡴ࠿࠾࠾ࡖ࡙
࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ 1910 ᖳ௥࠾ࡼࡡ♣ఌ❟Ἢโᗐ࡚ࡢࠉපⓏ᡿ຐࡢ୘ྊ౴࡛ࡊ
࡙ࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙☔❟ࡊࡒࡒࡴࠉࡐࡡぜ㏁ࡽ࠿ịࡴ࡞ࡂ࠷ؐؐโᗐࡡᏋ⤾ྊ⬗ᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ᛦ⩻ೳḾ࡞࡝ࡽ࠿ࡔ࡛ؐؐ࠷࠹Ḗ㝏࠿ጙࡴ࠾ࡼ࠵ࡖࡒࠊಕ㝜⤝௛ࡢᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙಴ெ࠿㐽ይࢅഅࡖࡒࡽืࡡㄇᅄࢅᢢ࠷ࡒࡽ࡛࠷࠹ྊ⬗ᛮ࡞┘ࢅࡗࡩࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ࠷ࢂࡣࠉᶊฺࡷៈ⩞࡛࠷࠹ఎ⤣Ⓩ࡝♣ఌ㡷ᇡ࡛ࠉ⤊ῥ
Ⓩྙ⌦ᛮ࣬ຝ⋙ᛮ࣬ᐁ⾔ྊ⬗ᛮࡡᢙࡽྙ࠷ࢅ࡜࠹ࡗࡄࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ၡ㢗࠿ฝ⌟ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡐࡆ࡞ᖕᗀ࠷っ㔕࠾ࡼ♣ఌၡ㢗࡞᥃㎾ࡊࠉྜྷ᫤࡞ᑍ㛓Ⓩ࡝⤊ῥⓏ▩ࢅᣚࡗᢰ࠷ᡥ࠿Ὡ㌅࡚ࡀࡾ⣪ᆀ࠿࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡណ࿝ࡢᏕ⏲࡛ᏻ⏲࣬ᨳ⏲࣬㈀⏲ࠉ♣ఌ࡛⤊ῥࠉ⣪ெ࡛⋖ெ࡛࠷࠹୦⩽ࢅࡐࡿࡑࡿ㏳⣑ྊ⬗࣬㏳ゼྊ⬗࡞ࡊ࡙ࡂࡿࡾᏋᅹ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜ࠿ᑸງࡊࡒ⤊ῥᏕࡡโᗐ໩࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᑍ㛓Ⓩ࡝⤊ῥᏕ⩽࠿8レࡊࡂࡢᑚᓘ㸝2007: 231-234㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ
6ḗࠍ࡛⏍ࡱࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢኬᏕ࡚ࡢืࡡᑍᨯ࡝࠿ࡼࠉ㛏ࡂ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡞ཱིࡽ⤄ࢆ࡚ࡀࡒᏻേࡐࡡ௙ࡡᑍ㛓ᐓࡵ࠷ࡒࠊᙴࡼࡢ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ⤊ῥࡡ⟮⌦໩࡛࠷࠹ሔ㟻࡞භ࡞❟ࡔఌࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1942 ᖳ࡛࠷࠹㸦ࡗࡡ฽㐡Ⅴࢅ
ぜࡾ๑࡞ࠉࡆࡆ࡚ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࠾ࡼࡡ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏ࠽ࡻࡦ⚗♬࡫ࡡ඼
ᆵⓏ࡝ᑊฌἪࢅ␆よࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ

2-2 ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡᑊฌ࡛⣟໩
 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࠾ࡼᑍ㛓Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࠿ฝ⌟ࡊࠉヾ▩ࡈࡿࠉᏕၡහ㒂࡚ࡡ⮤ᕤቌṢࢅ⤾ࡄࡾ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ࠉᏕၡአ㒂࡫ࡵ⏐ᴏ⏲ࡷᨳ➿㞗ᅆ࡝࡜ࡡᙫ㡢ࢅ୙࠻ጙࡴࡒࠊ
ᰬᘟఌ♣ࡡ㐅ᒈ࡞ࡻࡽᡜ࡛᭯⤊ႜࡡฦ㞫࠿ಀࡈࡿࠉኣࡂࡡኬぞᶅ⏐ᴏ࠿ລ⮾ࡌࡾ࡛ྜྷ᫤࡞஥ᴏࡡ㞗୯໩㸝≺༥ࠉᐵ༥ࠉࢹࣚࢪࢹࠉࢤࣤࢲ࢘ࣜࣤ࡝࡜㸞ࡵ㐅ࢆࡓࠊ࠷ࢂࡣ⤊ῥࡡㄵ⌦࡛ᐁឺ࠿௑ࡱ࡚࡞࡝ࡂᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚
ᚉᮮࡡ♣ఌៈ⩞࡝࡜ࠉ⤊ῥୠ⏲௧አ࡛ࡡ㌭㎒ࡵ┘❟ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ≟Ἓࢅᴣふࡌࡾ᫤ࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࣬⤊ῥᛦ᝷ᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡ᡽࠷ࡢࠉኬࡱ࠾࡞ḗࡡ㸨ࡗ࡞ฦ㢦࡚ࡀࡾࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ⤊ῥ9࡛♣ఌ10 ࡡງ㛭౿ࢅ㸦ࡗࡡᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉኬᏕெࡡ୯ᯙ࡞࠷ࡾḿ⤣Ὤࡡലྡྷ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣅࢡ࣭࡞
ጙࡱࡾཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡᣉኬ࣬ಞḿྊ⬗ᛮࢅࡴࡃࡾ⌦ㄵⓏ࡝Ⓠᒈ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ♣ఌⓏ
ㅎງࢅ⤊ῥ࠾ࡼวࡽ㞫ࡊࠉ↋っࡷᅂ㑂ࢅࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉᙔ᫤ࠉୠㄵࡷᨳ➿ᙟᠺ࡞ࡵᙫ㡢ງࢅᣚࡖࡒ᭯ງ࡝⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞ࡻࡾ඼ᆵⓏ࡝ലྡྷ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢞ࣔࢻࣤࠉࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤࠉࢠࣝ࢕➴࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᭩఩㈜㔘ࡷ㞘⏕ࡡ☔ಕ࡛࠷࠹♣ఌᶊࢅヾࡴࡗࡗࠉ㛏᭿ᆍ⾦࡛ࡡ୘ୌ⮬࡞ⱖᝆࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᑽᚨᆀࡡᝇ࠷ឺᗐ
࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸨࡞ࠉኬᏕࡡ࿔⦍㒂࡞࠷ࡾ࢙ࢤࢿ࣐ࢪࢹࡡ␏❻Ⓩ࣬㟸㢦ᆵⓏ࡝ല
ྡྷ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௥⾪ౚ࡛ࡊ࡙࣌ࣇࢮࣤࠉ࣎ࣚࣤࢼ࣭ࠉࢹ࣭ࢼ࣭ࠉࢤ࣭ࣜ࠿࠷ࡾࠊ㐠ᚠࡷᩝ໩ࡡඁనࢅㄕࡀࠉ⤊ῥࢅ຋న࡞⨠ࡂ࡛࠷࠹ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ௧ୖ࡚ࠉࡐࡿ
ࡑࡿࡡലྡྷࢅㄕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹ࠊ ➠㸦ࡢ 1900 ᖳ௥୯ⴝ࠾ࡼጙࡱࡾཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡὑ⦆໩࡚࠵ࡾࠊጙ♵ࣅࢡ࣭A. C.
Pigou㸝1877-1959㸞ࡡណᅒࢅ㉲࠻ࠉཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕ࡛࠷࠹ࢪ࣭ࣞ࢝ࣤࡢ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࠿ࠔ⛁Ꮥᛮࠕ࡛࠷࠹ಘᛍࢅᦘ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ⌦᝷ࡡ≟ឺࢅㄊࡿࡾฦᯊ⏕රࢅ㛜Ⓠࡈࡎ

9ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢெࠍࡡḟị࡛㈀ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡ౩⤝ࢅ⤎ࡦࡗࡄࡾ㈠″㒼ฦࡡ࠵ࡽࡻ࠹ࠉ࡛
ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ
10 ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ⤊ῥࡡ㡷ᇡࢅྱࡲࡗࡗࠉᕰሔ௧አࡡᶭ⬗ࠉ౮᰹௧አࡡ౮ೋࢅྱࡳெ
㛣㞗ᅆࡡሔࠉ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ
7ࡒࠊࣅࢡ࣭⮤㌗ࡢኣᵕ࡝ཉ⏍ᴣᛍ㸝ᚨࡡⰃࡀ≟ឺ㸞ࢅ᰷ᮇ࡞⛆ࡴ࡙࠷ࡒ࠿ࠉ⤎ᯕⓏ࡞⤊ῥᏕ⩽࠿⤊ῥⓏཉ⏍࡞㞗୯ࡌ࡬ࡀ11࡛࠷࠹᫤Ὦࢅషࡽฝࡊࡒࠊࣅࢡ࣭࡞
ࡻࡾຝ⏕ࡡ಴ெ㛣Ẓ㍉ࢅ⤊ῥ⛁Ꮥࡡᑊ㇗አ࡛ᣞᙆࡊࡒࣞࣄࣤࢫ Lionel Robbins
㸝1898-1984㸞ࡢࠉ⿭ർཋ⌦࠽ࡻࡦ♣ఌⓏཉ⏍㛭ᩐ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷㐠ࢅวࡽ㛜࠷ࡒࠊ๑⩽ࡢ࠵ࡾᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖུ࡙─ࡱࡒࡢ᥾኶ࢅ⿍ࡾெࠍ࠿Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᙴࡼࡡ㛣࡚
௫ㄕⓏ࡝⿭ർࢅ⩻៎ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ؐؐࣂ࣭ࣝࢹᨭၻ࡛࠷࠹ᇱ‵࠾ࡼؐؐㄙࡵ࠿ྜྷ
ណ࡚ࡀࡾᨳ➿࠿࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࠿᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒฦᯊ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ⩽ࡢ♣ఌⓏ౮ೋࢅ㛭ᩐࡡአ㒂࡞⨠ࡀࡐࡿࢅᡜ୙࡛ࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉ಴ெⓏフ౮࠾ࡼ♣ఌⓏ࡝᭻ࡱࡊ࠷㡨ᗆ࡞ንᥦࡌࡾ⿞⨠࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ࡝Ⓠᒈ㏭୕࡚ࠉぞ⠂Ⓩ࡝౮ೋึ࡛᩷ᐂふᛮࢅᵾᴮࡌࡾ⤊ῥฦᯊ࡛ࡡᓠื࠿ࡱࡌࡱࡌಀࡈࡿࡒࠊᢇᕟ art ࡛⛁Ꮥ science ࡡ༇ืࡢࠉࡵ࡛ࡵ࡛ࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩࡡఎ⤣࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢨࢩࢗ࢔ࢴࢠ➴࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᪺☔໩ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ᫤௥ࡢ๑⩽ࡡᲘ༴ࠉᚃ⩽࡫ࡡ㞗୯࡛࠷࠹ᙟ࡚ᑍ㛓Ⓩ⤊
ῥᏕ⩽ࡡലᩫ࠿᪺ࡼ࠾࡞࡝ࡽࡗࡗ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ⌦ㄵⓏฦᯊ࡚ኬࡀ࡝Ⓠᒈ
ࢅࡊࡒࡵࡡࡡࠉᨳ➿ࢅᨥ࠻ࡾ⌦ㄵⓏ࣬ᛦ᝷Ⓩ㦭Ꮔ࡛ࡢ࡝ࡽᚋ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ12ࠊࡆࡡലྡྷࡢ࢓࣒ࣛ࢜࡞じᶊ࠿⛛ࡖࡒ⌟ᅹ࡞ࡵ⤾ࡂࠊ♣ఌၡ㢗㸝౮ೋふ㸞ࡡᤴ㝎ࠉวࡽ㞫ࡊ࡛࠷࠹ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ
2-3 ᭯ງ࡝⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡒࡔ ➠㸧ࡢࡻࡽ⌟ᐁⓏ࡝᭯ງ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢ⤊ῥᏕࡡఎ⤣Ⓩ࡝ฦ
ᯊࢅᏬࡖࡒ୕࡚ࠉ♣ఌᶊࡡᣉኬ13࡛࠷࠹ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄௧ᮮࡡലྡྷ࡛ᢙࡽྙ࠷ࢅ௛
ࡄࡻ࠹࡛ⱖᚨࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢᑽᚨᆀࡡᝇ࠷ెᏋ≟ឺ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࣅࢡ࣭ࡵࡆࡡ
୯࡞ྱࡱࡿࡾ14࠿ࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡ㸩ெࡡ௥⾪ౚࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ ࡱࡍࢨࢺࢼ࣭࣬ࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤ Sidney J. Chapman㸝1871-1951㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴ
ࡢࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩฝ㌗࡚ࠉ࣏࣭ࢨ࡛ࣔࣜࡵஹὮ࠿࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㛏ࡂ࣏ࣤࢲ࢘ࢪࢰ࣭ኬ
Ꮥࡡ⤊ῥᏕᩅ᤭ࢅຸࡴࡒᚃࠉ1918 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1927 ᖳࡱ࡚ၛຸ┤ḗᏻࢅຸࡴࠉ⤾࠷11ḗࡡゕ᪺࠿ࡆࡡ❟ሔࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ࠔ⤊ῥຝᯕࡢさࡌࡾ࡞ࠉኬࡱ࠾࡞ࡢ
㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣
㸣㸣㸣
Ẓ㍉ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠕࠉࠔ࠵ࡾᨳ➿࠿⤊ῥຝᯕ࡚௙ࡻࡽࡵ☔࠾࡞ඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡝ࡼࡣࠉ
㸣㸣㸣㸣ධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵ࠽ࡐࡼࡂඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ㸝Pigou 1907: 981, para. 10㸞ࠊ
12 ࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ⿭ർཋ⌦ࡵ♣ఌⓏཉ⏍㛭ᩐࡵࠉᥞ၌⩽࠿᭿ᙽࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡝⌦ㄵⓏ↋ㅰᛮ࡜ࡆࢀ࠾ࠉኣࡂࡡ⌦ㄵⓏᅏ㞬ࢅᢢ࠻ࡒࠊ㕝ᮟ㸝2007: 100㸞࡝࡜ࢅཤ↯ࠊ
13 18 ୠ⣎ࡢᕰẰⓏ⮤⏜ࠉ19 ୠ⣎ࡢᨳ἖Ⓩ⮤⏜ࠉ20 ୠ⣎ࡢ♣ఌⓏ⮤⏜ࡡ⋋ᚋ࡛࠷࠹ᅒᘟࡢ Marshall (1992/1950: 8)࡞࠵ࡾࠊ
14 ᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࡷ᭩఩㈜㔘Ἢ࡞ᑊࡌࡾឺᗐࡻࡽࠊᑚᓘ㸝2007: 152-154㸞
ࠊ
8࡙ 1932 ᖳࡱ࡚ᨳᗋࡡ୹ᖆ⤊ῥຐゕᏻ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊᏕ⏲࡛ᏻ⏲ࡡᯣࡄᶣ࡛࡝ࡖࡒெ
∸࡚࠵ࡽࠉᨾ㈃Ἢጟဤఌ࡚ッゕࡌࡾ࡝࡜ຘ഼ၡ㢗ࡷᆀᇡ⏐ᴏၡ㢗㸝ࣚࣤ࢜ࢨࣔ
ࡡ⥝ᴏ࡝࡜㸞࡞㏸ム࠿῕࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡᙴࡢᴗࡴ࡙᪡ࡂ࡞ࠖ኶ᴏࠗ
㸝1909㸞ࢅභⴥ࡚ᇮ➱ࡊࠉ㞘⏕ࡡንິ࡛࠷࠹ᐐᝇ࡞ḿ㟻࠾ࡼ⩻ᐳࡊࡒࠊຘ഼⩽ࡡᬵࡼࡊ࡞㔔ኬ࡝ᙫ㡢ࢅ୙࠻ࡾ኶ᴏࡡཋᅄࡢࠉ㞺⤝ࡡㄢᩒ୘Ⰳࡷ᦮᧷࡚࠵ࡽࠉ಴ெⓏ㈠㈻ࡵ㛭౿࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽᕰሔࡡ୘Ⰳࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠔ♣ఌⓏࢰ࢕࣑ࣚࢡࠕ㸝Chapman &Hallsworth 1909: 145㸞ࡡࡎ࠷࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⤎ㄵ㒂ฦ࡚ࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤࡢḗࡡ୦᪁ࡡぜよࢅྡ㟚ࡎࡉࡾࢅᚋ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊୌ᪁࡚ࠉᕰሔ࡞ࡢᆍ⾦࡫ࡡᅂᚗງ࠿ങࢂࡖ࡙
࠷ࡾࠊ௙᪁࡚ࠉ⌟ᐁࡡㄢᩒ୘Ⰳ࡞ࡢᨳᗋ࠿రࡼ࠾ࡡᑊฌࢅؐؐ≁࡞⫃ᴏ⣺௒ᡜ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ؐؐịࡴࡼࡿࡾ㸝Chapman & Hallsworth 1909: 151㸞ࠊࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤ
ࡢ᭩㐲࡝ຘ഼᫤㛣ࢅ㝀⏲ฦᯊ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙よ᪺ࡊࡒ15ெ∸࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡵḿ⤣ὬⓏ
ᛦ⩻ࡡහ㒂࡚ຘ഼⩽ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ⩻࠻ࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ḗ࡞ࣉ࣭ࣤࣛ࣬ࢠࣝ࢕ Henry Cray ࡚࠵ࡾ16ࠊᙴࡢ࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺฝ㌗࡚ࠉຘ഼⩽ᩅ⫩༝ఌ17Worker's Educational Association ࡚ 17 ᖳ㛣ㅦ⩇ࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃ࣏ࣤࢲ࢘ࢪࢰ࣭ኬᏕ࡞␏ິࡊࠉ1929 ᖳ࡞ࡢ࢕ࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺ㖗⾔⥪⿚࣬ࢿ࣭࣏ࣤࡡຐゕᏻ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊ᩺ࡊࡂ♣ఌ⤊ῥᏕ࡛࠷࠹ㅦᗑ࠿ᙴࡡࡒࡴ࡞షࡼࡿࡾ࡮
࡜ࠉ♣ఌၡ㢗࡞㛭ᚨࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝PWSA 1954: 2㸞ࠊᙴ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠔ⏐ᴏᖲ࿰ࠕ18ࡢ㧏㈜㔘࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠔපḿ࡝㈜㔘ࠕFare Wage ࡞ࡻࡾࠊපḿ࡝㈜㔘࡛ࡢྜྷࡋᢇ⬗ࢅᣚࡗຘ഼⩽࠿ྜྷ➴࡞᡽ࢂࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢠࣝ࢕ࡢ୘ᖲ➴ࢅ᫕ḿࡊࠉᅗᐓ࠿
ຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍Ὡ࣬ᩅ⫩࣬㞘⏕ࡡỀ‵ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌ࡬ࡀ࡛ㄕ࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡡ୕࡚㈃ᅏࡢះᛮ
Ⓩ࡝❋இࠉ᫤ࠍࡡ୘ᖶ࡝ฝᮮ஥㸝኶ᴏ㸞ࠉࡐࡊ࡙୘ᖲ➴࠾ࡼ⏍ࡋࡾ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ
පḿ࡞ࡊ࡙⏍Ὡࡊ࡙࠷ࡄࡾ࡛࠷࠹♣ఌⓏ࣬೒⌦Ⓩ࡝ᵾ‵࡞⌟ᐁࡡ㈜㔘࠿ᚉ࠷ࠉຘ഼ࡡ㞺⤝࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞࡝ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ㄵࡋࡒ㸝Clay 1929: 334㸞ࠊࡆࡡࡒࡴࠉៈ
⾔㸝♣ఌⓏㅎງ㸞࡞ኬࡀࡂᨥ㒼ࡈࡿࡒ㈜㔘ࡢࠉ᭩఩㈜㔘โ࡝࡜ࡡපⓏ࡝ぞโ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡈࡼ࡞ᙁࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊྜྷ᫤࡞ࠔ✪ᴗⓏ࡞ࡢࡐࡿࡢຘ഼࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㞺さ͐࡞ୌ⮬ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࠷ࡄ࡝࠷ࡄࡿ࡜ࡵࠕ
㸝Clay 1929: 325㸞࡛ఢࡊ᭡ࡀࢅ௛ࡄࡒࠊ
⌟ᐁࡡỀ‵࡛ᆍ⾦Ề‵࠿ஊ㞫ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࡢ኶ᴏࡡቌኬࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࠉኣࡂࡡⱖ
Chapman㸝1909: 354㸞ࡢఴᬜࡡ౮ೋࠉ㈜㔘ࠉ௘஥ࡡ୘ຝ⏕ࢅ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
௧ୖࡢⱕ᲻㸝2003: 50, 53㸞࡝࡜ࡵཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ
17 1903 ᖳ๭❟࡚⌟Ꮛࡌࡾࠊ⏍ᾥᩅ⫩ࢅᢰ࠹୯࡚ࡢࠉ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ᭩ኬࡡ࣍ࣚࣤࢷ࢔
࢓ᅆమ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ650 ࡡᨥ㒂࠿࠵ࡾࠊhttp://www.wea.org.uk/aboutus/index.htm
18 ᙔ᫤ࡡ⾪⌟ࠊຘ౐ஹῦ࠿✔౼࡞⾔ࢂࡿࠉᛨᴏࡷ◒ቪⓏ࡝ຘ഼ண㆗࠿㉫ࡆࡖ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࡆ࡛ࠊ
15
16

9⑚࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ᆍ⾦Ề‵ࡡ㎾ࡂ࡫ᚗᖉࡌࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡆ࡞㐠ᚠⓏ࡝ៈ⾔࡛ࠉ⤊ῥㅎງࡡฦ㞫࠿⮤てࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
 LSE ࡡ㛜Ꮥ࠾ࡼ⤊ῥᏕࡡ୹௴ᩅ᤭ࢅᢰࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ࢙ࢺࢗ࢔ࣤ࣬࢞ࣔࢻࣤ Edwin
Cannan㸝1861-1935㸞ࡢࠉெࠍࡡ⚗♬ධ⯙ࡡྡྷ୕ࢅ⤊ῥᏕࡡ┘ᵾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ
ࠔ⤊ῥⓏ࡛࠷࠹༟ㄊ࡚రࢅណ࿝ࡌࡾࡡ࠾͐ࠉ㸱∸㈻Ⓩ࡝ཉ⏍ material welfare࡛㛭౿࠵ࡾ㸳࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟࡞㢏ࡼࡉࡾࢅᚋ࡝࠷ࠕ㸝Cannan 1917/1914: 17㸞࡛ࠊ☔࠾࡞∸㈻࡛㟸∸㈻ࡡሾ⏲ࡢ⏤ᏽࡊ࠿ࡒ࠷࠿ࠉ
ࠔୠ⏲ධమ࡞ྡྷࡄࡒ⤊ῥᏕࡡ⌦᝷ࡢࠉெ㛣㸦ெ࠵ࡒࡽࡡ᭩ኬ㝀ྊ⬗࡝∸㈻Ⓩ⚗♬࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠹࡬ࡀࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ㸝Cannan
1912/1908: 272-273㸞ࠊࡆࡡ࢞ࣔࢻࣤࡢ 1930 ᖳ࡞ࢠࣝ࢕ࡡ㆗ㄵࢅཚࡊࡂᢀึࡊ
࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔࡊ࠾ࡊᙴࡢ⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡡᚨ࡞ᑊࡌࡾಕ㝜ࡡᙫ㡢ࢅࠉ࠵ࡱࡽ࡞ࡵẴ㍇࡞↋っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ͐ಕ㝜ࡡᯗ⤄ࡲࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡝⤊ῥⓏᅸງࢅ΅ࡼࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽ
ெࠍ࠿㞘⏕ࡡᶭఌ࡞㣍ࡦࡗ࠾ࡎࡾ࡛͐࠷࠹ᅸງ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝Cannan 1930: 46㸞ࠊࡆࡡᑻ㟻࡚ࡢࠉᙴࡢಕ㝜ࡡᝇᙫ㡢ࢅࡳࡊࢀㄊࡖ࡙࠷࡙ࠉࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ⌟࡚ࡀࡾࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ࡢ㔔っࡊ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࠊຘ഼ᕰሔࢅெⅥⓏ࡞ᨡ஗ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ⥪ࡋ࡙࢞ࣔࢻࣤࡡᛦ᝷ࡢࠉ⤊ῥᏕࡡᮇὮ࡞࠵ࡽ࡝࠿ࡼࠉ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜ࡫
ࡡᑊᢘᚨ࡛࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺࡡ⌦᝷୹⩇㸝㟸∸㈻୹⩇ࡷධெ᰹ᩅ⫩ㄵ㸞ࢅమ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ 1929 ᖳ ࡡ ࢠ ࣝ ࢕ ⁿ ㄕ ࢅ ᣲ ࡽ ㏁ ࡾ 1955 ᖳ ࡡ ࣃ ࢴ ࢠ ࢪ John R. Hicks
㸝1904-1989㸞ࡵ⮾࿝῕࠷ࠊᙴࡢࢠࣝ࢕࡞ࡻࡾ㈜㔘ᨳ➿ࡡฦᯊࢅࠔᮇ㈻Ⓩ࡞ḿ☔࡝ฦᯊ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝Hicks 1959: 85ࠉゼ 103㸞࡛ᣲࡽ㏁ࡽࡗࡗࠉࡐࡡ≁ᚡࢅḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡱ࡛ࡴࡒࠊᙔ᫤ࠉ㈜㔘ࡢ᪜࡞㟸⤊ῥⓏ࡝ㅎງؐؐපḿ࡝࠷ࡊḿᙔ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾៈ⩞ؐؐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉኬ࠷࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡒࠊපⓏぞโࡢࡐࡿ࡞ᢷ㌬ࢅ
᤻ࡄࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ 1931 ᖳࡡ㔘ᮇనโ㞫⬲ᚃࡢࠉࢠࣝ࢕ࡡ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡾㄢᩒᶭ⬗ࡢධ
ࡂ㏣㌹ࡊ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡢ㈄ᖨⓏ࡝ᶭᵋ࠿୙࠻ࡼࡿ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚㈜㔘࠿ຘ഼ࡡ㞺⤝ࢅୌ⮬ࡈࡎࡾࡻ࠹࡝ലྡྷࢅᣚࡗ⤊ῥⓏㅎງ࠿഼࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿ௧㜾ࡢ⌟
ᐁࡡ㈜㔘ࡐࡡࡵࡡ࠿୙࠻ࡼࡿ࡙ࠉࡐࡿ࡞ྙࢂࡎࡾࡻ࠹࡞㈄ᖨᨳ➿࠿ᆍ⾦Ề‵ࢅ᥀ࡌᚪさ࠿ฝ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ
ࠔࢂࡿࢂࡿࡢ㔘ᮇన࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉຘ഼ᮇన࡞࠵ࡾࡡ
ࡓ࡛ゕ࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ࡮࡛ࢆ࡜ーᘿ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠕ
㸝Hicks 1959: 88ࠉゼ 107㸞ࠊࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ㠁࿤ࢅืࡡ㟻࠾ࡼ♟ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈄ᖨ㈜㔘㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᐁ㈻㈜㔘㸞
࠿ຘ഼ࡡ㞺⤝ࢅㄢᩒࡌࡾࣂ࣒࣭ࣚࢰ࡝ࡡ࠾ࠉࡐࡿ࡛ࡵපḿࡈ࡛࠷࠹⤊ῥአ㒂࠾ࡼ୙࠻ࡼࡿࡒ⌟⾔㈜㔘ࢅḿᙔ໩ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㞺さ⟮⌦ᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᡜᚋ࡝࡜࠿
ິ࠾ࡉࡾࢅᚋ࡝࠷ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋᚃࡡࣃࢴࢠࢪࡢࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ㠁࿤ࢅ᪜࡞మ㥺ࡊ

10࡙࠷ࡒࡒࡴࠉ㈜㔘ࡡ᡽࠷࡞ᝆࡳࢠࣝ࢕ࡡᛦ⩻Ἢࢅḿ☔࡞᥏ࡳࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡒࠊࡐ
ࡿࡢ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡡ୯࡚⚗♬࣬ཉ⏍ࢅ⩻࠻ࡾ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡵࡖ࡛
ୌ⯙໩ࡌࡿࡣࠉ⤊ῥⓏㅎງ࠿㟸⤊ῥⓏさᅄ࡛□┢ࡌࡾሔྙࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࠿࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡝⤎ㄵࢅฝࡌ࠾࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᩺ᆀᖲ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝4-3 ࡚ᚃ㏑㸞ࠊ
2-4 ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ ➠㸨ࡡലྡྷࡢ୹ὮὬ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷⤊ῥᛦ᝷ᐓ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ௥⾪Ⓩ࡝㸩ெࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠽ࡆ
࠹㸝ࡐࡡ࠹ࡔ㸨ெࡢ࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺฝ㌗࡚࠵ࡾ㸞ࠊ ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࣬࣌ࣇࢮࣤ J. A. Hobson㸝1858-1940㸞࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢኣゕࢅさࡊ࡝࠷19ࠊ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡢ᪡ࡂ࠾ࡼࠖ㈃ᅏࡡၡ㢗ࠗ
㸝1891㸞ࡷࠖ኶ᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗ࠗ
㸝1896㸞
ࢅⴥࡊࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙᭩ࡵ├᥃Ⓩ࡞㈃ᅏၡ㢗࣬኶ᴏၡ㢗ࢅḿ㟻࡞ᤛ࠻ࡒࠊࡌ
࡬࡙ࡡᐐᝇࡢᡜᚋࡡ೩ᅹ࠿㐛ᑛᾐ㈕ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛ؐؐࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝␏❻Ⓩ⤊ῥฦᯊࢅ⾔ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ㈃ᅏࢅよᾐࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿├᥃࡞┘Ⓩ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࡈࡼ࡞ᙴࡢࠖ♣ఌၡ㢗ࠗ㸝1901㸞ࠉࠖ௘஥࡛ᐣࠗ㸝1914㸞ࠉࠖᐣ࡛⏍Ὡࠗ㸝1929㸞࡛࠷࠹ୌ㏻ࡡⴥష࡚ࠉெ㛣Ⓩཉ⏍ࡡ⤊ῥᏕ economics of human welfare ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࢅᥞ၌ࡊࡒࠊ௘஥ࡢ༟࡝ࡾⱖ⑚࡝ࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂ⏍ࡀ⏝ᩣ࡛࡝ࡾ࡬ࡀࠉᾐ㈕ࡡ୯
㌗ࡵ஽ᴞⓏ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵ๭㏸Ⓩ࡞࡝ࡾ࡬ࡀࠉ࡛࠷࠹ᩅ࠻࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡢ
ᙔิ࠾ࡼࣚࢪ࢞ࣤࡷ T. H. ࢡ࣭ࣛࣤ࡞ല಻ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࣌ࣇࣀࢗࢪࡢ⏍ᾥࡡཪெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ20ࠊ࣏ࣞࣤ୹⩇Ⓩ࡝⌦᝷࠿⤊ῥᏕࢅしࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ึ࡚᩷ࡀࡾࠊ ࢹ࣭ࢼ࣭R. H. Tawney㸝1880-1962㸞21ࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ♣ఌ୹⩇ࢅ၌࠻ࡒࠊ࢛ࢴ
ࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺኬᏕ࡚ᩅ⫩ࢅུࡄࠉຘ഼⩽ᩅ⫩༝ఌ࡞㛭୙ࡊࡗࡗࠉLSE ࡚⤊ῥྍᩅ᤭࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡ୹ᘿࡢᶭ⬗♣ఌ Functional Society ࡛⋋ᚋ♣ఌ Acquisitive
Society ࡡᑊẒ࡞᪺ࡼ࠾࡛࡝ࡾࠊࠔᶭ⬗࡛ࡢ♣ఌⓏ┘Ⓩ࡛࠷࠹⌦ᛍࢅమ⌟ࡊࠉ࠾ࡗ⾪⌟ࡌࡾὩິࠕ
㸝Tawney 1952: 9ࠉゼ 302㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙Ꮛ
ᅹࡊࡒᶭ⬗♣ఌ࡛ࡢࠔᐣࡡ⋋ᚋࢅ♣ఌⓏ⩇ຸࡡ㐑⾔࡞ᚉᒌࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛
ࡊࠕ
㸝ibid.: 32ࠉゼ 315㸞࡙࠷ࡾ22ࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⌟௥♣ఌࡢ⋋ᚋ♣ఌ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ
ࠔర୹࡞ඳ⏛㸝2007: 145㸞ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡡ㏛ᝒᩝࡢ Cole㸝1940㸞࡞࠵ࡾࠊ
21 ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡ⩇ᘭ࡚࠵ࡽࠉኬᏕࡡྜྷ⣥⏍࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࡛ࡵ࡞ࢹ࢕ࣤࣄ࣭࣭࣌ࣜ
࡞ᐞᐙࡊࡒࠊ᭩ᬄᖳࡱ࡚ばཪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊHarris (1997: 476-477)ࡵぜࡻࠊ
22 ࠔ͐㐑⾔ࡌ࡬ࡀ♣ఌⓏ┘Ⓩ࡞⤊ῥὩິ࠿ᚉᒌࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᡥṹⓏ
࡝ᛮ᰹࠿ᙁㄢࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ♣ఌࡢࡐࡡ⏐ᴏࢅ⤄⧂໩ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠕ
㸝ibid.: 242ࠉゼ 394㸞ࠊ≁࡞ࠔ⤊ῥὩິࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡞ࠉ♣ఌࡡ୹ெ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂ౐⏕ெ
19
20

11

ࡡዅ௘ࡵఔࢂ࡝࠷⤊ῥⓏฺ─ࡡᶭఌࠕ࠿ඖ‫ࠉࡊ‮‬ࠔ⤊ῥⓏฺ─ࢅࡴࡃࡾ㜒ண࠿ධ♣ఌࢅ⇍≤ࠕ
㸝ibid.: 241-242ࠉゼ 393-394㸞ࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ≁࡞ᶭ⬗࡝ࡀᡜ᭯㸝಴
ெⓏᶊฺ㸞࡚࠵ࡾኬぞᶅ㈠ᮇᐓ࡞ࡻࡾᐣࡡ༥᭯ࡢࠉᗣḾࡈࡿ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ
ᶭ⬗♣ఌࡢࠔභ㏳┘Ⓩ࡫ࡡ⊡㌗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㰐⯑ࡈࡿ࠹ࡾභྜྷ♣ఌࠕ
㸝ibid: 227ࠉゼ
388㸞࡚࠵ࡽࠉ
ࠔெ㢦࠿Ᏸᠺ perfection ࡞ྡྷ࠾࠹㐛⛤ࡡṹ㝭ࠕ
㸝ibid: 235ࠉゼ 391㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡈ࡞ࡆࡿࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ⢥♼࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢹ࣭ࢼ࣭ࡢ㸦ெ㸦ெࡡ౐࿤វ
ࡷெ᰹㝙෪ࡆࡐ࠿⤊ῥⓏฺ─࡞ඁ඙ࡈࡿࡾ࡬ࡀ࡛⩻࠻ࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏභ
ྜྷమ࡞ᚗཿࡌ࡬ࡀ࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩࢅᣚࡗࠊࡒࡓࡊࡐࡡᡥṹࡢ㈠ᮇᐓࢅよమࡊࠉ⏐ᴏ࡫ࡡ⤣⋙ງࢅዞ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡾࠊ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ࡎࡻࠉ⤊ῥ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ♣ఌࡡඁనᛮ࠿ㄕ
࠾ࡿࡒࠊ ࢤ࣭ࣜ G. D. H. Cole㸝1889-1959㸞ࡢ࣏ࣞࣤ୹⩇Ⓩ࡝࢟ࣜࢺ♣ఌ୹⩇ࢅิ᭿
࡞ࡢ23ᥞ၌ࡊࡒࠊ⌟⾔ࡡ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡢࠔெ㛣ࡡ೸ᗛ࡛ᖶ⚗࡛ࢅ㸱㞺さ౩⤝ࡡἪ์㸳࡞ࡻࡽࠉࡌ࡝ࢂࡔᕰሔࡡ⩻ᐳ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ửᏽࡈࡿࡾࠕ
㸝Cole 1918: 21㸞ࡵࡡࡓ࠿ࠉࡆࡿࡢᐣ࣬ᆀన࣬ᶊງ࡞ⴥࡊ࠷୘ᖲ➴ࢅ⏍ࡳࠊࡐࡆ࡚ຘ഼⩽࠿⮤ⓆⓏ࡞ࠉ
ฦᶊⓏ࡞⤄⧂ࡊࡒ⏍⏐භྜྷమ࡞᭿ᙽ࠿࠾࠾ࡾࠊࡆࡡゝ⏤⤊ῥ࡚ࡢࠔ㞺さ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉᚪさ㸤ࢼ࣭ࢫ࠿⏍⏐ⓏὩິࡡ౮ೋࢅỬࡴࡾࠕ㸝Cole 1935: 235㸞ࠊ಴ெ࡫ࡡฦ
㒼ࡢຘ഼ࡡᑊ౮࡛ࠉᕰẰ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠔ♣ఌⓏ㒼ᙔฦࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡢ⣟⢃࡝⤊ῥ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡻࡾ࠾ࡼ྘ெ࡚୘ᥖ࠷ࡓ࠿ࠉᚃ⩽ࡢධဤ࡞ᆍୌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ⩽ࡡ㒂ฦࡢ᭩఩㝀ࡡಕッ࡛よ㔐ࡈࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࢤ࣭ࣜࡢ๑⩽࡛ᚃ⩽ࡡẒ⋙ࢅ㸧㸯㸨࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᚃ⩽ࢅࡻࡽཉࡂࡌ࡬ࡀ࡛ㄕ࠷ࡒࠊࡈࡼ࡞♣ఌ୹⩇ࡢࠔᖶ⚗࡫ࡡᡥṹ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࡌ࡬࡙ࡡெ࠿ᖲ➴ࡡᶊฺࢅᣚࡗࠕ࡛࠷࠹㐠ᚠⓏ࡝┘ⓏࡡⅤ࡚ࠉ㏳ᖏࡡ⤊ῥᏕ࠾ࡼᓠืࡈࡿࡾ㸝㛭 1952: 290㸞ࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒࢤ࣭ࣜࡡᛦ᝷24ࡢࠉ⤊ῥࡡ㡷ᇡࢅ㝀ᏽࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉࡐࡿࢅ㉲࠻ࡾ♣ఌᶊ࠿Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣎ࣚࣤࢼ࣭Karl Polanyi㸝1886-1964㸞ࡢ≺≁࡝⤊ῥⓆᒈふࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ19ୠ ⣎ ࢅ ᨥ 㒼 ࡊ ࡙ ࡀ ࡒ ⮤ ᕤ ㄢ ᩒ Ⓩ ᕰ ሔ self- regulating market 㸝 Polanyi
1957/1944: 3ࠉゼ 3㸞ࡢؐؐาᙁࡡເງᆍ⾦ࠉᅗ㝷㔘ᮇనโࠉ⮤⏜୹⩇Ⓩᅗᐓ࡛
࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㐲ว࡝న⨠ࢅ୙࠻ࡾࠕ㸝ibid. : 241ࠉゼ 393㸞࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉࡢࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛ
ࢴࢩ࡛㓖జࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ᑚᓘ 2007: 397㸞ࠊ
23 ࢤ࣭ࣜࡢ 1920 ᖳ௥࠾ࡼࠉ࢟ࣜࢺ࡛࠷࠹⤄⧂ࡻࡽࡢᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾゝ⏤⤊ῥ࡞᭿ᙽࢅᐞࡎࡒ࠿ࠉࡐࡡ⢥♼ࡢ㏻⤾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝㛭 1952: 285-286㸞ࠊ
24 ➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ୯ࡢࠔࢻࣆ࢔࣭ࣜࢺኬᏕᡋᚃ්ᘋㄢᰕࠕ࡚ࢤ࣭ࣜࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛ
ࢴࢩ࡞༝ງࡊࠉࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡᇱ♇ᅖࡴ࡞㈠ࡊࡒࠊHarris㸝1997: 417,
421㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ
12භ࡞ؐؐ1930 ᖳ௥ࡱ࡚࡞ᓻቪࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࠿⌟௥࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔኬ㌹ᥦࠕthe greattransformation ࡡណ࿝࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⮤ᕤㄢᩒⓏᕰሔ࡛ࡢࠉ⤊ῥⓏ㈠″ࢅ⮤⏜࡝ᕰሔ࠿⁝ࡼ࠾࡞ㄢᩒࡌࡾሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᕰሔࡢࡄࡖࡊ࡙├⥲Ⓩ࡞Ⓠ㐡ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚
ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ⤧࠻ࡍࠔ♣ఌ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤ᕤ㜭⾠ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ཬິࢅུࡄ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽຘ഼࣬
ᅰᆀ࣬㈄ᖨ࡝࡜ࢅ᧻โၛဗ㸝ibid.: 72ࠉゼ 97㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᕰሔ࡞Ὦ㏳ࡈࡎࠉ❿ணⓏ࡝ᕰሔࢅᣉኬࡈࡎࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᕰሔ࠿Ⓠࡌࡾ᭯ᐐ࡝ᙫ㡢ࡢᖏ࡞ᖱῦࡈࡿぞโࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡡ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡝⤎ᯕ࠿ࠉ♣ఌ୹⩇࡚࠵ࡽࣆ࢒ࢨࢫ࣑࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢼࣖ
࣭ࢸ࢔࣭ࣜᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡽ⚗♬ᅗᐓ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣎ࣚࣤࢼ࣭࡞ࡢ㈠ᮇ୹⩇Ⓩ⛓ᗆ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ♣ఌ࡛⤊ῥࡡᑊ❟㛭౿࠿⮤᪺࡚࠵ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠔ㈜㔘โᗐ࡛㸱⏍Ꮛᶊ㸳ࡡභᏋ࠿୘ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉゕ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉ㈜㔘࠿පභࡡᇱ㔘࠾ࡼຐᠺࡈࡿࡾ㝀
ࡽ㈠ᮇ୹⩇Ⓩ⛓ᗆࡢᶭ⬗ࡊ࡝࠷ࠕ㸝ibid.: 81ࠉゼ 109㸞࡛ࡲ࡝ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ᧻
โၛဗࡡⓆ㐡࡝࡜❿ணⓏᕰሔࡡⓆᒈ࠿ࠉ㏣࡞㈃ᅏࡷ♣ఌࡡⓆぜࠉ⤊ῥᏕࡡᙟᠺ
ࢅᑙ࠷ࡒ࡛ࡊࡒ㸝ibid: 85ࠉゼ 114㸞ࠊࡆࡆ࡞ࡢᩝ໩ࡷ㐠ᚠ࡝࡜ࠉ⤊ῥࡡ⮤ᕤㄢᩒ࣒࢜ࢼࢫ࣑௧አࡡ♣ఌ㜭⾠ࢨࢪࢷ࣑࠿ࡻࡽ㔔っࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ

2-5 ᩺ࡊ࠷ၡ㢗ࡡฝ⌟ ᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࠿஥ᐁ୕ᓻቪࡊࠉ1920 ᖳ௥ࡡ኶ᴏಕ㝜࠿඼ᆵౚ࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⏍ὩࢅᏬࡾᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᅗᐓ⤝௛࠿ᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ≁࡞㈃ᅏࡡၡ㢗ࡢපḿ࡝㈜㔘
ࡷ୘ぞ์࡝㞘⏕࡛ᐠ᥃࡞⤎ࡦࡗ࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚⤊ῥᛦ᝷ᐓࡡᑊฌἪࡢࠉ㸨ࡗ࡞ฦ࠾ࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ➠㸦ࡢཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡⓆᒈ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࡢ⤊ῥᏕࡡ⛁Ꮥᛮ࠿ᵾ
ᴮࡈࡿࠉࣂ࣭ࣝࢹຝ⋙ᛮ࡛࠷࠹ᇱ‵࠿᛬㏷࡞ⱕ࠷⌦ㄵ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡ㛣࡚ᾈ㏩ࡌࡾ
ࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊࡆࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ࡝⢥⦋ᛮࡢࠉ⌟ᐁࡡ♣ఌ❟Ἢࡷୠㄵᙟᠺ࡞࡮
࡛ࢆ࡜రࡵᙫ㡢ࢅ୙࠻࡝࠷ؐؐ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ؐؐ࠷࠹๧ష⏕ࢅఔࡖ
ࡒࠊ♣ఌⓏぞ⠂ࢅ⤊ῥⓏฦᯊࡡአ㒂࡞⨠ࡂ࡛࠷࠹⌟ᅹ࡞ࡵ㏳ࡋࡾ⤊ῥᏕࡡ᪁Ἢ
࠿ࠉࡱࡈ࡞ཉ⏍ࡡၡ㢗ࢅㄵࡋࡾ࡛ࡀ࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹஥ឺࡢ㏣ㄕⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧ࡢ᭯ງ࡝⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞ࡻࡾฦ⿛ࡊࡒᛦ⩻Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢ⥪ࡋ࡙Ꮥ⏲ࡡࡲ࡝ࡼࡍᏻ⏲࣬ᨳ⏲࣬㈀⏲࡞ࡵᐠ᥃࡝㛭౿ࢅᣚࡔࠉࡐࡡࡒࡴୌ᪁࡚᭩఩㈜㔘Ἢ࡝࡜♣ఌᶊࡡᣉኬࢅᙔ↓っࡊࠉུࡄථࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௙᪁࡚㛏᭿࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㞺⤝ࡡΰ⟤࡛࠷࠹⤊ῥᏕࡡࢿ࣑ࣜࡵᏬࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡞ࡢ୦⩽ࢅ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ㄢೳࡌࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹
ၡ㢗࠿ṟࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸨ࡢḿ⤣Ὤ࡛ࡢ㛭౿࡝࠷⤊ῥᛦ᝷ᐓࡡኣᵕᛮ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼ࡞ࡢᏬࡾ࡬ࡀ⌦ㄵࡡࢿ࣑ࣜ࠿Ꮛᅹࡊ࡝࠷ࡒࡴࠉ⮤⏜࡝Ⓠ᝷࠾ࡼ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗࡞᥃㎾ࡊ࠻ࡒࠊභ㏳ࡊࡒലྡྷࡢࠉ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑࡛♣ఌぞ⠂࡛ࢅ

13ᑊ❟ເງ࡛ぜ❟࡙ࠉᚃ⩽ࡡඁనᛮࢅㄕࡂⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1910 ᖳ௥࠾ࡼ 25 ᖳ࡮࡜ࡡ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ࢅᣲࡽ㏁ࡾ࡛ࠉ⤊ῥᏕහ㒂࡚㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗⩄ࢅ᡽࠹‵ങ࠿ᩒࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊࡐࡡཋᅄࢅ㸧ࡗ࡞ịࡴ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢ಴ெⓏ㈠㈻ࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠔ♣ఌ㈃ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹㏳ᛍࠉ
ࡐࡊ࡙㈃Ằ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂᕰẰධဤࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾᨭ㠁᥈⨠࠿ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࠾ࡼ᛬㏷࡞ᗀ࠿
ࡖࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♣ఌⓏ≟Ἓ࡞ཋᅄ࠿࠵ࡽࡐࡡᨭ㠁࠿❟Ἢ໩ࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ
ࡐࡡ୯ࡡ⤊ῥⓏ≟Ἓࢅฦᯊᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ⤊ῥᏕ࡞ฝ␊࠿ᅂࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࡡࡢᙔ↓࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࢅ⤊ῥᏕ࡚᡽࠹ࡒࡴࡡ‵ങ࠿ᩒࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊၡ㢗ࡡ㝀ᏽ࡛ࢪࣚ࢕ࢺ࡛࠷࠹᪁ᘟ࡚࠵ࡾࠊཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡᏽ╌࣬Ⓠᒈࡢࠉஹᥦ࡞↌Ⅴࢅᙔ࡙࠿ࡔ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㝀⏲㠁࿤ᚃࡡ⤊ῥᏕ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᐣ࡛ࡢర࠾ࠉᖶ⚗࡛ࡢర࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗ࢅ්ࡦὩᛮ໩ࡈࡎࡒࠊ㈃ᅏ࡛࠷࠹ୌ≟ឺࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉⰃࡀ♣ఌࡷ⌦᝷ാࢅịࡴࡗࡗࠉࡐࡡරమⓏ฽㐡᪁Ἢࢅฦᯊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒ㞘⏕ࡡንິ㸝኶ᴏ≟ឺࡡᣚ⤾㸞ࠉ᭻ࡱࡊ࠷㈜㔘ࡷఴᬜ᫤㛣ࠉຘ഼⤄ྙࡷᾐ㈕⩽ᅆమ࡝࡜ࡡ᭻
ࡱࡊ࠷ᅆమࠉ⏐ᴏ⤄⧂ㄵ࡛࠷࠹රྙ࡞ࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࠿᡽࠷ࡷࡌ࠷㡷ᇡ࡞㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࢅࢨࣆࢹࡈࡎࡗࡗฦᯊࡊࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ࣏ࢠࣞ㟻࣐࣬ࢠࣞ㟻࡜ࡔࡼ࠾ࡼࡵࠉ㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒ⢥⦋࡝⌦ㄵⓏ᥃㎾᪁Ἢࡵ㛜Ⓠࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡖࡒࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒⓆᒈ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉ㔔ኬ࡝ၡ㢗࠿ṟࡈࡿࡒࠊ♣ఌⓏᶊฺ㸝ᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࡝࡜㸞ࡷៈ⩞㸝පḿ࡝㈜㔘࡝࡜㸞࡛ࠉ⤊ῥⓏྙ⌦ᛮࡷ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑࡛࠿ࠉỀ࡛ἔࡡࡻ࠹࡞ஹࢂࡼ࡝࠷ࡱࡱ࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡡ↋っࡷวࡽ㞫ࡊࠉ୦⩽ࡡ࠵࠷ࡱ࠷࡚□┢ࡌࡾ୩❟ࠉ๑⩽ࡡᅸ಻Ⓩඁన࡛࠷࠹රྙ࡞
⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡឺᗐࡢฦ࠾ࡿࡒ࠿ࠉ୦⩽ࡡ⤣ྙࡌࡾㄵ⌦࠿࡝࠷ؐؐ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉịࡴ࡝࠷ؐؐⅤ࡚ࡢྜྷࡋലྡྷ࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊ୦⩽ࢅ⁝ࡼ࠾࡞ࡗ࡝ࡃ⤎⟿Ⅴ࠿᪺ࡼ࠾࡞Ꮛ
ᅹࡊ࡙࠷࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࡛ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠿⮤てࡌࡾ 1940 ᖳ௥ࡱ࡚ᣚࡔ㉲ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
➠㸨⟿ ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இ࡫ ᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠖ♣ఌಕ㝜࠽ࡻࡦ㛭㏻ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࠗ㸝1942.12㸞ࢅ᡽࠹ࠊᅸ಻Ⓩᙫ㡢ງࢅᣚࡖࡒࡆࡡᨳᗋᩝ᭡࠿ࠉ1940 ᖳ௥࡞㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࢅ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᢍᥩࡊࡒ࠾ࠉࡐࡡ
よỬ➿ࡢర࡚࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡝๑ᥞࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࢅ᥀ࡾࠊ
3-1 ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡ⫴ᬊ Harris㸝1997: 368㸞࡝࡜ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࡗࡗࠉࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࡒ├᥃ࡡ♣ఌ

14

Ⓩ⫴ᬊࢅḗࡡ㸪Ⅴ࡞ịࡴ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ
㸝㸦㸞➠஦ḗୠ⏲ᡋண࡞ົࡔᢜࡂ࡛࠷࠹ኃẴ㧏ᥥࡡࡒࡴࠉ⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒຘ഼⩽ࡡさ᭻ࢅ⤧ᑊⓏ࡞‫ࡌࡒ‮‬ᚪさ࠿࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ࡞
ࡢᡋᚃ්ᘋゝ⏤࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᡋண┘Ⓩ࠿ᚪさࡓࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣࢤ࣭ࣜࡡࢻࣆ
࢔࣭ࣜࢺ්ᘋㄢᰕࠉࢹ࢕ࣤࣄ࣭ࡷ࣭࢜ࡡᡋᚃ්ᘋゝ⏤࠿࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩጟ
ဤఌࡵ්ᘋゝ⏤ࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉຘ഼ⅇᐐࡡ⿭ർၡ㢗࠾ࡼࡷࡷഃ↓࡞㛜ጙࡈࡿࡒࠊ
㸝㸧㸞ࢷ࢔ࢹ࣏ࢪ࠿ᣞᦤࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ␧㛜ࡷ⇷ᦹ࡛࠷࠹ᡋἛࡡࡵ࡛࡚ࠉᖲ᫤࡞ࡢし࠷㝻ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ㈃ᘽ࡝༈⒢ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࠉ㒌ᕰ࡞࠽ࡄࡾඡ❲ࡡ㈃ᅏ࡞Ἰ┘࠿㞗ࡱࡖࡒࠊ㸝㸨㸞ᡋண࡞ࡻࡾᅗẰࡡ♣ఌⓏ㏻ᖈ࡛࠷࠹វて࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㝭⣥ᑊ❟࡛࠷࠹ᛦ⩻ࡢؐؐୌ᫤Ⓩࡓࡖࡒ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࡝࠷࠿ؐؐᾐ⁓ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
㸝㸩㸞➠ୌḗ
ୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡛ྜྷࡋ᪁ྡྷ࡚ࠉࡐࡊ࡙㔖Ⓩ࡞ࡢࡢࡾ࠾࡞ࡊࡡࡃぞᶅ࡚ࠉᅗᐓ⤣โ࡛⤊ῥ⟮⌦࠿㟸ᖏ࡞ᣉኬࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋ᫤࡞࠽ࡄࡾኬゝ⏤࡛࠷࠹ᐁ㥺࠿ࠉᖲ᫤ࡡ඙㠬࡞࡝ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠊ
㸝㸪㸞ᡋ᫤మโ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ᏸධ㞘⏕࠿⌟ᐁ࡞࡝ࡽࠉ㈜㔘ࡵᇱᖷ⏐ᴏ࡚ᣚ⤾Ⓩ࡞୕᪴ࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࠉ㈃ᅏࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌṟࡽࡡཋᅄ࡞㞗୯ࡌࡾ‵ങ࠿ᩒࡖࡒࠊ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩጟဤఌࡢ྘┤ᖿ࠾ࡼ୯ᇻᏻേࢅጟဤ࡛ࡊ࡙㞗ࡴࡒ࠿ࠉ᭩ᚃࡢ㆗
㛏ࡡࡲ࠿⨣ྞࡊ࡙ප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠊ
3-2 ㈃ᅏふ ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡレ⣵ࡢ௙✇࡞㆙ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࡐࡡ㈃ᅏふ࡞⤘ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢெ㢦ࡡ஫ኬᝇ five giants ࢅ❋இ wantࠉ⑄⑋ diseaseࠉ↋▩
ignoranceࠉ㜼㝴㸝୘₡㸞squalorࠉ↋Ⅵ㸝㐗ఆࠉᛨ᝴㸞idleness ࡞ฦࡄࡒࠊࡆ
ࡡฦ㢦ࡡᵋ᝷ࡢ 1942 ᖳ㸫᭮ࡡṹ㝭ࡱ࡚㐫ࡿࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡṹ㝭࡚↋Ⅵࢅ᭩ࡵᅏ㞬࡝┘ᵾ࡛᝷ᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ❋இ࣬⑄⑋࣬↋▩࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉẒ㍉Ⓩᑊ➿࠿ࡒ࡙ࡷࡌ࠷ࡡ࡞ᑊࡊࠉ㜼㝴࡛↋Ⅵ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࠔᅗᐓゝ⏤ࠕState planningࠉࡗࡱࡽᅰᆀࡷᇱᖷᴏຸࡡᅗ᭯໩࠿ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ㸪ࡗࡢࠔࠤ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤⏜ࠕࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࿝࡚ࠉᾐᴗⓏ⮤⏜25࡞ฦ㢦ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࡆࡆ࡚ࡡᑊ㇗ࡢࠉ
ᾐᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࢅ᧞㆜ࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔᏭධ⥑ࠕsafety net ࠿ᥞ၌ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
 ↋Ⅵࡡ᰷⤧ࡱ࡚っ㔕࡞ථࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᅏ㞬ࡈࢅヾㆉࡊ࡝࠿ࡼࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ
ሒ࿈᭡ࡡ୯࡚ࡢ❋இ࡞㞗୯ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࡐࡡ௙㸩ࡗࡡᐐᝇ࠿㔔さᛮࢅᣚࡒ࡝࠷
࠾ࡼ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ❋இࡆࡐໜᣋⓏ࡝♣ఌಕ㝸࡞ࡻࡖ࡙├᥃Ⓩ࡞ග᭱ྊ⬗ࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚ࣁ࣭ࣛࣤ Isaiah Berlin ࡞ࡻࡾ஦ฦἪࡡ㏳ಐ∟ࠊெ㛣ࡡ⾔ິ࡞ᑊࡌࡾโ⣑࠿Ḗዯࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ✒ᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࡢ⮤ᕤ⤣โ࣬⮤ᕤỬᏽᶊ࡛㛭㏻ࡌࡾࠊ
25

15࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽṹ㝭ࢅ㊻ࢆࡓゝ⏤ࡷᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡾࠊ❋இࢅග᭱ࡌࡾᡥṹ࠿♣ఌಕ㝸
social security ゝ⏤࡚࠵ࡾ࠿ࠉࡐࡿࡢࡵࡖ࡛ᗀ࠷♣ఌᨳ➿ social policy ࡡୌ㒂࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 45626㸞ࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢ❋இ࡛ࡢర࠾ࠊ
ࠔᐓ᪐ࡷ಴ெ࠿೸ᗛ࡚᭩఩㝀ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅ㏞ࡾؐؐ࠵ࡾ࠷
ࡢ೸ᗛⓏ࡝⏍Ꮛ᭩఩㝀ࡡؐؐhealthy subsistence ᡥṹࢅḖࡂ≟ឺࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 11㸞ࠉࠔ⤊ῥⓏ࡞ࡵ㐠ᚠⓏ࡞ࡵḿᙔ໩࡚ࡀ࡝࠷∸㈻Ⓩ࡝❋இ࡛࠷࠹᜕㎧ࡡ≟ឺࠕ㸝ṹⴘ
455㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㏣࡞ゕ࠹࡛ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛ࡢḗࡡ㸨ࡗࡡሔྙ࡞ฦ㢦ࡈࡿࡾࠔ❋இࠕ࠿⏍ࡋࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ᭩఩㝀ᗐࡱ࡚ࡡᡜᚋࢅୠᖈහࡡ಴ெ࡞ಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝜ࡢᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࡛࠷࠹ᨳ➿ࡡୌ㒂ࢅ࡝ࡌ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ
㸝ṹⴘ 411㸞ࠊࡌ࡝ࢂࡔࠉ཭ථࡡ୯᩷ࠉ✄ᚋງࡡ႕኶ࠉ≁ืࡡᨥฝࡡሔྙ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡛➠㸧ࡡሔྙ࡛ࡢ኶ᴏ࣬⑄⑋࣬ຘ഼ⅇᐐ࣬ᚨ㌗㝸ᐐ࣬⩹㱃㏝⫃࡝࡜࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸨ࡡሔྙ࡛ࡢ⏍㄄࣬⤎፡࣬Ṓཡ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ≁ืᨥฝ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 11ࠉ300㸞ࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛ࡢࠔరࡻࡽࡵಕ㝜ࡡゝ⏤࡚࠵ࡾࠊᣈฝࡡぜ㏁ࡽ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ᭩఩㝀ᗐࡡ⏍ᏋỀ‵ࡱ࡚⤝௛ࢅ⾔࠹ࠊࡆࡿࡢᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ㈠ງㄢᰕ means test ࢅ௛ᖈࡈࡎ࡝
࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡆࡡỀ‵௧୕࡞಴ெ࠿⮤⏜࡞௛ࡄຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡌࡾࠕ
㸝ṹⴘ 10㸞ࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛❋இࡡ㛭౿࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡ㈃ᅏふؐؐ࠽ࡻࡦᮇ✇࡚ࡢりࡿ࡝࠷࠿ࠉᐓ᪐ふؐؐࢅᦤฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ᙴࡡ㈃ᅏふࡢࠉࣞࣤࢺ࡛࣭ࣤࣙࢠ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᚥᗇⓏ࡝⏍Ὡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ኬࡀࡂ
ᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄࡒࠊࡆࡿࡼࡢ 1920 ᖳ௥ᚃ༖࠾ࡼ 1930 ᖳ௥࡞⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡぞᶅ࡛ᙫ㡢ງ࡛㏻⤾ᛮ࡛࠷࠹ណ࿝࡚ࠉ➠㸧ᅂࡡࠔ⛁ᏕⓏ㈃ᅏㄢᰕࠕ࡛ゕ࠹࡬ࡀࢬࣤࢦࢪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸦ᅂࡡࡐࡿࡢゕ࠹ࡱ࡚ࡵ࡝ࡂࠉࢲ࣭ࣔࣜࢫ࣬ࣇ࣭ࢪࡡࣞࣤ
ࢺࣤㄢᰕ࡛ࢨ࣭࣭࣑࣍࣬ࣚࢗࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡡ࣭ࣙࢠㄢᰕ࡚࠵ࡾ27ࠊ➠㸧ᅂࡡࣞࣤࢺࣤ
ㄢᰕࡢ 1928 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1933 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙⾔ࢂࡿࠉࠖࣞࣤࢺࣤ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⏍Ὡ࡛ຘ഼࡞
㛭ࡌࡾ᩺ㄢᰕࠗ
㸝1930-1935㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊLSE ࢅᣈⅤ࡛ࡌࡾㄢᰕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ
࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࠿ࡐࡡ㈠㔘ࢅㄢ㐡ࡊࠉࣇ࣭ࢪࡡ⿭ຐࡵࡊ࡙࠷ࡒඔၛຸ┤ḗᏻ࣬ࣚࢗ࢘ࣛࣤ-ࢪ࣐ࢪ࠿ᣞᥱࡊࡒࠊ➠㸧ᅂࡡ࣭ࣙࢠㄢᰕࡢࣚࢗࣤࢹ࣭ࣛ⮤㌗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙1935 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1936 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ්࡙ࡦ⾔ࢂࡿࠉࠖ㈃ᅏ࡛㐅Ṅࠗ㸝1941㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ฝ∟ࡈ

26᩷ࡽ࠿࡝࠷㝀ࡽࠉࡆࡡ⾪⌟࡚ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ㸝1942㸞ࡡṹⴘ␊ྒࢅ♟ࡌࠊࡆࡡሔྙࡢ Beveridge㸝1942: 170, para. 456㸞ࡡណ࿝ࠊ27 ๑⩽ࡢ 1886 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1903 ᖳࡱ࡚ 17 ᖳࢅ࠾ࡄࡒㄢᰕ࡚ࠉ
ࠖࣞࣤࢺࣤࡡெࠍ࡞࠽
ࡄࡾ⏍Ὡ࡛ຘ഼ࠗ
㸝1889-1903㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ 17 ᕬฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊᚃ⩽ࡢ 1899 ᖳ࡞⾔ࢂࡿࠉࠖ㈃ᅏ㸯㒌ᕰ⏍Ὡࡡ◂✪ࠗ㸝1901㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊ16ࡿࡒࠊ ࣚࢗࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡢ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࡞ࠔ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࠕprimary poverty ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍ࡞฽
㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠔࡐࡡ⥪཭ථ࠿ࠉ༟࡝ࡾ⫏మⓏ⬗⋙ࢅಕᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ࡝᭩఩㝀ᗐ࡞ࡵ㊂ࡽ࡝࠷ᐓᗖࠕ㸝Rowntree 1902/1901: 86ࠉゼ 97㸞ࡡࡆ࡛࡚࠵
ࡾࠊࠔ⏍Ὡ living ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵ᭩఩㝀ࡡ⏍Ꮛ bare subsistence ࡡᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝Rowntree 1985/1941: 102㸞ࠊ᭩఩㝀࣭࢜ࣞࣛᦜཱི࠾ࡼゝ⟤ࡊࡒ㣏∸㈕ࠉᆀ᪁
⛧ࢅྱࡳᐓ㈜ࠉ⾨᭱࣬ක⇍㈕࡝࡜ࡡᐓᗖ㞟㈕࡛࠷࠹㸨ࡗ࠾ࡼ࡝ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ⫏మࡡ⥌ᣚࢅၡ㢗࡞ࡌࡾࠔ⤧ᑊⓏ㈃ᅏỀ‵ࠕࡡ⛁ᏕⓏ⟤ฝ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࣚࢗࣤ
ࢹ࣭ࣛࡢ 1918 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ࠉࡆࡡ㈃ᅏᴣᛍࢅ㉲࠻ࡾࠔெ㛣Ⓩ࡝ᚪさࠕhuman needs࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࠔ᭩఩㝀㈜㔘ࠕminimum wages ࢅᥞ၌ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠔ೸
ᗛ࡝⏍Ὡ࡞ᚪさ࡝ࡵࡡࢅಕッࡌࡾࡆ࡛ to secure the necessaries of a healthylifeࠕ㸝Rowntree 1984/1918: 121㸞࡚࠵ࡽࠉḗࡡࡻ࠹࡝රమⓏ࡝ౚ࡛ᩐೋ࠿୕࠿
ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔᬦ࠾ࡂஜ࠷ࡒ≟ឺ࡞మࢅࡈࡎ࡙ࠉួࡱࡊ࠷ᑕᩏࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ᭱⿞ࠕ
㸝Rowntree 1984/1918: 100㸞ࠊࠔዥᛮࡡ᭩఩㈜㔘࡞ࡢ⾔ᴞࡷ⥥᛬᫤࡞ྡྷࡄࡒᑚ㐭࠷ allowanceࠕ㸝Rowntree 1984/1918: 119㸞ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉಕ㝜ᩩ࣬⤄ྙ㈕࡝࡜ࡡ⤊㈕ࠉ㏳ໂ㈕ࠉ᩺⪲ࡷࣚࢩ࢛ࡡ㉆ථ࣬⫀ཱི⤊㈕ࠉวᡥ࣬౼⟚ࡡ௥㔘࠿ࡱࡍᏰධ࡞
ྱࡱࡿࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙㐄࡞㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸩࣋ࣤࢪࡱ࡚࡞㝀ࡽࠉࣄ࣭ࣜ࣬ࢰࣁࢤ࣬㉏➽ဗࠉఆᬜ࣬᭡∸࣬᪉⾔࡞㈕ࡷࡌᨥฝࢅセᐖࡈࡿࡒ28ࠊࡆࡡ㒂ฦࡢ♣ఌⓏ⏍Ὡࢅႜࡳ୕࡚ࠉ┞ᑊⓏ࡞ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡾ᭩఩㝀ᗐࡡᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢰࢗࣤࢭࣤࢹ Peter
Townsend㸝1928-㸞ࡡ⏕ㄊ࡞ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡ㒂ฦ࠿࡝࠷࡛ࠔ┞ᑊⓏࡱࡒࡢ♣ఌⓏ
๡ዞࠕrelative or social deprivation ࠿Ⓠ⏍ࡌࡾ29ࠊ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡡ㈃ᅏᴣᛍࢅ⇅▩ࡊࡒ୕࡚30ࠉḗࡡࡻ࠹࡝㸧ࡗࡡヾㆉࢅᚋࡾࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࠾ࡼẒ࡬࡙ධ⯙Ⓩ࡝⏍ὩỀ‵࠿ྡྷ୕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉ࡝ࡏ㈃ᅏ࠿᰷⤧ࡊ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ၡ࠷࡞➽࠻ࢅ୙࠻ࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠔ௯㛣ࡻࡽࡵ┞ᑊⓏ࡞ࡥ࡜ࡂ㈃ࡊࡂ࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ31࡛

PRO, CAB 87/79/319692, "The Scale of Social Insurance Benefits and the
Problem of Poverty", Memorandum by the Chairman, 16 January 1942,
section 2, page 13.
29 Townsend㸝1993: 17, 70㸞ࠊ࢟ࢸࣤࢫࡷࣇࣝ࢓ࡡ⏕ㄊ࡚ࡢࠔ♣ఌⓏᤴ㝎ࠕsocial
exclusion ࡛࡝ࡾࠊࢰࢗࣤࢭࣤࢹࡢࣚࢗࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡡ⛁ᏕⓏ࣬⤧ᑊⓏ㈃ᅏᇱ‵࡞␪ၡࢅ࿆ࡊࡒ࠿ࠉࡐࡡᑊ㇗ࡢ 1901 ᖳࡡฝ∟∸࡞㝀ࡾ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
30 ẗฺ㸝1990: 203㸞࠽ࡻࡦ Harris㸝1997: 382㸞ࡵぜࡻࠊ
31 PRO, CAB 87/79/319692, op. cit., section 6, page 14.
2817࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻⤧ᑊⓏ࡝⏍ὩỀ‵࠿ྡྷ୕ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ♣ఌ⏍Ὡࡡን໩࡞ࡻ
ࡽࠉ┞ᑊⓏ࡝㇇࠾ࡈ㸤㈃ࡊࡈ࠿㢟♟ࡈࡿ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉຘ഼⩽ࡢⅇᐐࡷⴷ⚅࡞ങ࠻ࡒಕ㝜ᣈฝࢅᐁ㝷࡞⾔ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ
ࠔ௴ណಕ㝜͐࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࣛࢪࢠ࡞ങ࠻
ࡾ⬗ງ࡛さịࢅ࡛ࡵ࡞ᣚࡗ࡛࠷࠹༰㇗Ⓩ࡝ッᣈ࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠕ32ࠊࠔெ㛣Ⓩ࡝ᚪさࠕᅒ㸦 ࣚࢗࣤࢹ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡻࡾ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࡡཋᅄ33

ࡡ୯࡞ࡢಕ㝜ᩩᣈฝࡵྱࡱࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᵕࠍ࡝ಕ㝜࠿ᣉኬࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂ
ࡼࡍࡱࡓ༎ฦ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷34ࠊࡐࡆ࡚♣ఌಕ㝜ࡡᚪさᛮ࡛༎ฦᛮ࠿ฝ࡙ࡂࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ㄵࡋࡒࠊ❋இࡡ࠹ࡔ㸩ฦࡡ㸨࠾ࡼ㸫ฦࡡ㸪ࡡ㛣ࡃࡼ࠷࠿✄ᚋງࡡ୯᩷࣬႕኶࡞ཋᅄ࠿࠵ࡽࠉṟࡽࡡ㸩ฦࡡ㸦࠾ࡼ㸫ฦࡡ㸦ࡡ㛣࠿✄ࡁ࡛ᐓ᪐ᵋᠺဤࡡெᩐࡡ୘㐲วᛮ࡞ཋᅄ࠿࠵ࡾ35㸝ṹⴘ 11㸞ࠊᅒ㸦࡞ࡻࡾ࡛ࠉ
1936 ᖳ᫤Ⅴ࡚ኬᐓ᪐ࢅཋᅄ࡛ࡌࡾࠔ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࠕࡢ⣑㸭㸚ࠉ఩㈜㔘㸝⣑㸮㸚㸞ࢅ㝎ࡂṟࡽࡡ㡧┘ࡢ⣑ 83㸚ࡡࢨ࢘࢓ࢅ༥ࡴࡾࠊࡆࡿ࠿୹ࡒࡾ㈜㔘ᡜᚋ⩽ࡡ኶

Ibid., section 15, page 16.
Rowntree (1902/1901: 120ࠉゼ 134)ࠉRowntree (1985/1941: 110)ࡻࡽషᠺࠊ
୹ࡒࡾ㈜㔘✄ᚋ⩽ࡡཋᅄࠊᶋ㍂ࡢ㸚ࠉ1899 ᖳㄢᰕ࡚⩹㱃࡛⑄⑋ࡢྜྷୌ㡧┘ࠊ
34 Ibid,, section 7, page 14.
35 ࠔࡐࡊ࡙࡝࠽❋இࢅṟᏋࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉ࡮࡛ࢆ࡜ࡌ࡬࡙㸧ࡗࡡさᅄࠉࡌ࡝ࢂࡔ✄ᚋງࡡ୯᩷࠽ࡻࡦኬᐓ᪐ࡡࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 411㸞ࠊ
32
33

18

ᴏ࣬⩹㱃࣬Ṓஷ࣬⑄⑋࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ1899 ᖳ᫤Ⅴ࡚ࡢࠉ఩㈜㔘࠿⣑ 52㸚ࠉḗ࠷࡚ኬᐓ᪐ࡡ⣑ 22㸚ࠉḗ࠷࡚᡿㣬⩽ࡡṒஷ࠿⣑ 16㸚࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽࡆࡡ
30~40 ᖳࡡ㛣࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡡཋᅄ࠿఩㈜㔘࠾ࡼ኶ᴏࡐࡡ௙࡞⛛ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ36ࠊࡆࡡㄢᰕ࠾ࡼࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢؐؐඡ❲ᡥᙔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ኬᐓ᪐࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏ࠿⥾࿰ࡊࡒᚃࡢؐؐ❋இ࠿఩㈜㔘࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ኶ᴏࡷ⩹㱃ࡷ⑄⑋࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡈࡿࡾ࡛
⤎ㄵࡊࡒࠊ
3-3 ❋இᑊ➿࡛ࡐࡡ๑ᥞ ࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࢅ♣ఌಕ㝜࡚よỬࡌࡾ㐠➵࠿㛜࠾ࡿࡒ࠿ࠉࡐࡆ࡞ࡢࡱࡓᑛ
࡝ࡂ࡛ࡵ㸧ࡗࡡራࡃ࡬ࡀ㝏✮࠿࠵ࡾࠊ㸦ࡗࡢࡐࡡᡥṹ࡞⤘ࡖ࡙ࡻ࠷๑ᥞࢅࡈࡼ
࡞᪺☔໩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢ♣ఌಕ㝜௧አࡡᡥṹࡵ☔ಕࡊ࡙࠽ࡂࡆ࡛
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡍࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ࡞ࡢ㔔ኬ࡝㸨ࡗࡡ๑ᥞ࠿࠵ࡾࠊඡ❲ᡥᙔࡡᏰങࠉ
ໜᣋⓏ༈⒢࠽ࡻࡦࣛࣀࣄࣛࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡᏰങࠉࡐࡊ࡙Ᏸධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࡡ᥆㐅࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸦ࡡඡ❲ᡥᙔࡢࠉࣚࢗࣤࢹ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏཋᅄ࠾ࡼ├᥃ᑙ࠾ࡿࠉࣚࢪ࣭࣍ࣤ
➴࠿ᙁງ࡞၌࠻࡙࠷ࡒ᪃➿࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾぞᶅࡡᐓ᪐࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࡢ㈜㔘మ⣌࡚ࡢᐁ㝷ࠉಕ㝸࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 411㸞ࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡵ㈜㔘మ⣌௧አ࡚ࠉኬᐓ᪐ࡡ㈃ᅏ໩ࢅ㜭ࡃ࡬ࡀ࡝ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧ࡡ๑ᥞࡢ༈⒢ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦ἖⒢ᚃ
ࡡࣛࣀࣄࣛ࣬⫃ᴏゥ⦆࡛࠷࠹㸧ࡗࢅහᐖ࡛ࡌࡾࠊ
ࠔࣛࣀࣄࣛࢷ࣭ࢨ࡛ࣘࣤ࠷࠹ࡡ
ࡢࠉຘ഼୘⬗ࡡ⩽ࢅరࡵ࡚ࡀ࡝࠷≟ឺ࠾ࡼࠉ༎ฦ࡝༈⒢ಕ㆜ࡡࡵ࡛࡞ࠉ⏍Ὡ⩽࡝ࡽ✄ᚋ⩽࡝ࡽࡡ≟ឺ࡞⛛ࡼࡎࡾ⤽⤾Ⓩ࡝㐛⛤࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 251㸞ࠊᕰẰ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙⑄⑋࠿㏷ࡷ࠾࡞Ᏸ἖ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡐࡿ⮤మ࠿᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࡊࠉࡱࡒ㏷ࡷ࠾࡞ຘ഼ᕰ
ሔ࡞ᚗᖉ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࠉᛨ᝴ࡷ㐗ఆࢅ⏍ࡱࡍ࡞᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࠊ➠㸨ࡡᏰධ㞘⏕ࡵ♣ఌಕ㝸ࢨࢪࢷ࣑࡞࡛ࡖ࡙୘ྊḖ࡝๑ᥞ࡚࠵ࡾࠊḗࡡ㸪ࡗ࠿⌦⏜࡛࡝ࡾࠊ㸝㸦㸞▯࠷኶ᴏ᭿㛣࡞ࡡࡲࠉᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ↋᮪௲⌟㔘ᨥ⤝ࡢḿᙔ໩ࡈࡿࡾࠊ኶ᴏ᭿㛣࠿㛏ᘤࡄࡣࠉࠔᏰධ࡝㐗ఆ࡝ࡡ࡞ᡜᚋ࠿࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㐠⩇ᚨࢅ఩ୖࡈࡎࡾࠕ
㸝ṹⴘ 440㸞ࠊ㸝㸧㸞኶ᴏ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ။ୌࡡ‫‮‬㊂࡝モ㔘▴ࡢࠉ௘஥ࡡᥞ౩࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡモ㔘▴ࡢኬ㔖኶ᴏ࡚ࡢᙲ❟ࡒ࡝࠷ࠊ㸝㸨㸞ࠔኬ㔖኶ᴏࡡሔྙࡢࠉ⿭ർࢅུࡄ
36

ࠔ㈜㔘୕᪴ࡢ㈃ᅏࡡよỬ࡞ࡢ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷࡛ッ᪺ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊⓆ⏍ࡊࡒ㈜㔘୕᪴࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉḗࡡࡆ࡛ࡢ☔࠾࡞࡝ࡖࡒࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽ㐲ว࡚୯ᗜ࡝ᡜ
ᚋ්ฦ㒼࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡵࡊ㈃ᅏࢅ᰷⤧ࡌࡾ࡛Ửណࡊࡒ࡝ࡼࡣࠉࡐࡿ࠿࡚ࡀࡾ࡮࡜
㇇࠾࡞࡝ࡾࠉ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕPRO, CAB 87/79/319692, op. cit., section 12,
page 16.
19

ཱིࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ⩽࠿኶ᴏ≟ឺ࡞࡝ࡾࡒࡴ࡞೸ᗛࢅᅂᚗࡊࡒ࠷ࠉ࡛࠷࠹Ẵᣚࡔ࡞㥉ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢධࡂ࡝࠷ࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 440㸞ࠊ㸝㸩㸞♣ఌಕ㝜ࡢࠔெ㛣ࡡᖶ⚗ࠕࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࡢ
ᴗࡴ࡙୘༎ฦ࡝ᨥ⤝㢘ࡊ࠾࡝࠷ࠊࡐࡡࡒࡴࡐࡿࢅ⏍Ὡ්ᘋࡡ။ୌࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡌࡾࡡࡢ༱㝜࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ௘஥ࡡᏰධ࡝⤽⤾࡚ࡢ࡝࠷࡞ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⏍⏐Ⓩ㞘⏕ࡡ⌦࡞࠾࡝ࡖࡒᶭఌࢅᕰẰ࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾᚪさ࠿࠵ࡾࠊ㸝㸪㸞ࠔ⤝௛ᨥฝࢅቌኬࡈࡎࠉࡆ࠹ࡊ
ࡒ㈕⏕ࢅㇿᢰࡌࡾᡜᚋࢅ΅ᑛࡈࡎࡾ࡛࠷࠹㸧Ⅴ࡚ࠉ኶ᴏࡢ᭩ᝇࡡ↋㥇࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 440㸞ࠊ1935 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 10 ᖳ㛣⤾࠷ࡒ኶ᴏಕ㝜Ἢᏽጟဤఌ࡚ࡢࠉᖲᆍ 15㸚ࡡ኶ᴏ⋙ࢅ᝷ᏽࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤࡚ࡢࠉᖲᆍ 10㸚࠿᝷ᏽࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡ
๑ᥞࡢ኶ᴏࡌ࡬࡙ࢅ࡝ࡂࡌࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉኬ㔖኶ᴏࢅᾐ⁓ࡈࡎࠉྜྷୌெ࠿రᖳࡵ
኶ᴏࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹஥ឺࢅ࡝ࡂࡐ࠹࡛ࡌࡾណᅒ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 441㸞ࠊ㻃㻃㻔㻜㻗㻕㻃 㻃 㻃

㻔㻜㻔㻛㻃

㻔㻜㻗㻔㻃

㣏㈕㻃

㻔㻖㻃 㣏㈕㻃

㻔㻘㻒㻔㻃

㻕㻓㻒㻙㻃

⿍᭱㈕㻃

㻖㻃 ⿍᭱㈕㻃

㻘㻒㻓㻃

㻛㻒㻓㻃

ක⇍㈕䝿㞟㈕㻃㻗㻃 ක⇍㈕㻃

㻕㻒㻙㻃

㻗㻒㻗㻃

ᐓ᪐䛴㞟㈕㻃

㻔㻒㻛㻃

㻔㻒㻛㻃

ఴ⿩㢘㻃

㻕㻃 ಴ெ䛴㞟㈄㻃

㻘㻒㻓㻃

㻜㻒㻓㻃

ᐓ㈜㻃

㻔㻓㻃 ᐓ㈜㻃

㻙㻒㻓㻃

㻜㻒㻗㻃

ྙゝ㻃

㻖㻕㻃 ྙゝ㻃

㻖㻘㻒㻖㻃

㻗㻖㻒㻙㻃

ኰ፦Ꮔ౩䠅ெ㻃ኰጏᏄ౩䠅ெ㻃

᮪௲㻃

ኰጏ㻃

㻃㻃

⾪㸦 ᭩఩㝀ᗐࡡ⏍Ὡ㈕37
 ࡆࡡ๑ᥞࡡࡵ࡛ࠉ❋இࢅ᰷⤧ࡌࡾᨾῥ➿ࠉරమⓏ࡝♣ఌಕ㝸ゝ⏤ࡢ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹
࡝ࡵࡡࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡐࡿࡢ㸨ࡗࡡ␏࡝ࡖࡒᡥṹࢅࠉ␏࡝ࡖࡒࢗ࢘࢕ࢹ࡚⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎࡾమโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡌ࡝ࢂࡔࠉࠔᇱᮇⓏ࡝ᚪ㞺∸㸤ࢼ࣭ࢫ basic needs ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ♣ఌಕ㝜ࠉ≁Ṟࢢ࣭ࢪ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗẰ᡿ຐ national assistanceࠉᇱᮇⓏ࡝ᨥ⤝࡞௛ຊࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ௴ណಕ㝜ࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 302㸞ࡡ㸨ࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚♣ఌಕ㝜࠿᭩ࡵ㔔

1942 ᖳࡢ Beveridge
㸝1942: 87, para. 222㸞ࠉ1918 ᖳࡢ Rowntree (1984/1918:
129)ࠉ1941 ᖳࡢ Rowntree (1985/1941: 28)࠾ࡼషᠺࠊ15/1 ࡢ 15 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸦࣋ࣤࢪࢅᣞࡌࠊ
37

20

さ࡝ᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ࡢࠉ⿍ಕ㝜⩽࡞ࡻࡾ஥๑ࡡᙁโⓏᣈฝ38ࢅ᮪௲࡛ࡊ
࡙ࠉᨥᡮ࠷᫤࡞ࡐࡡ಴ெࡡ㈠⏐࠿࡜࠹࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࡛ࡵࠉ⌟㔘ᨥᡮ࠷ࢅࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹
ណ࿝࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࠔࡆࡡ㢘ࡢࡐࡿ⮤మ࡚ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾḿᖏ࡝ሔྙ࡞᭩఩㝀ᗐࡡ⏍Ὡࢅᨥ࠻ࡾࡡ࡞ᚪさ࡝ᡜᚋࢅ୙࠻ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ
㸝ṹⴘ 19 ࡡ vi㸞ࠊࡐࡊ࡙♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ࡢᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾᙁโ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ྘ெ࠿௯㛣࡛⤎ᮨࡌࡾ stand together with39࡛࠷࠹㸧ࡗࡡណ࿝ࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᅗẰ᡿ຐ࡛ࡢッ᪺ࡈࡿࡒᇱᮇⓏ࡝ᚪ㞺∸㸤ࢼ࣭ࢺ࡞ᑊ
ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧๑ࡡᣈฝ࡛ࡢ㛭౿࡝ࡂࠉࡊ࠾ࡊ಴ெࡡ࠽࠾ࡿࡒ≟Ἓࢅ㚯ࡲ࡙ࠉᅗᗔ࠾
ࡼᨥฝࡈࡿࡾ⌟㔘ᨥᡮ࠷࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௴ណಕ㝜ࡢ಴ெࡡኣᵕ࡚⮤⏜࡝⏍Ὡࢅセᐖ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢዜທࡌࡾࡒࡴࠉࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡢื࡞ᅗᐓ࠿ዜທࡌ࡬ࡀโᗐ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝௧୕ࠉṹⴘ 302㸞ࠊ♣ఌಕ㝜ࡢ୹ᖷࡓ࠿ࠉᅗẰ᡿ຐ࡛௴ណಕ㝜ࡵഁᰍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡡ࠿ࠉᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐ
ࡿࡢᅗẰಕ㝜࡛ᅗẰ᡿ຐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᨥ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠔ᭩఩㝀⏍Ὡ⤝௛ؐؐ⏍Ꮛ⏍Ὡ⤝௛ subsistence benefitؐؐࠕࡡᐁ⌟࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࡢࠉරమⓏ࡝ᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⤝௛㢘࡛ࡊ࡙ḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᐁ⌟࠿ᅒࡼࡿࡒࠊࡱࡍᇱ‵ࡢ 1938 ᖳ౮᰹࡚ 32 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡛࡝ࡽࠉ㣏㈕࡝࡜හゼࡢ⾪㸦ࡡࡻ࠹࡞୙࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ∸౮୕᪴ࢅ⩻៎ࡊ࡙ࠉ25㸚ቌࡡ㐄࡞ኰ፦࡚ 40 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ40㸝≺㌗⏠ዥࡢ 24 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸞࠿ᐁ㝷࡞ࡢ⤝௛㢘ࡡᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙໅࿈ࡈࡿࡒ㸝ṹⴘ
231㸞ࠊࡆࡡᩐೋࡢ኶ᴏ࣬ຘ഼୘⬗࣬ゥ⦆࠽ࡻࡦ⩹㱃㏝⫃ᖳ㔘㸝⛛⾔᭿㛣ᚃ㸞࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉࡌ࡬࡙ྜྷୌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐵ፦⤝௛ࡷಕ㆜⩽⤝௛ࡢࡆࡡᇱ‵ࡻࡽࡵ఩ࡂࠉࡐ
ࡿࡑࡿ 36ࠉ24 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡛࡝ࡾࠊඡ❲ᡥᙔࡢ➠஦Ꮔ࠾ࡼ㸦ெᙔࡒࡽ㸭ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡚ࠉ
Ᏸධ࡝ຘ഼୘⬗ࡡຘ഼ⅇᐐᖳ㔘ࡢᑯᴏ୯✄ᚋࡡ 2/3 ࡞࡝ࡾࠊዥᛮ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⤎፡࡛ฝ⏐ࡡୌ᫤㔘 grant ࠿௛ࡀࠉ᭯ᴏࡡ᪜፡ዥᛮ࡞ࡢࡐࡿ࡞ຊ࠻࡙ฝ⏐⤝௛ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ
ⴷ⚅ୌ᫤㔘ࡵ࠵ࡾ㸝ࡌ࡬࡙ 1938 ᖳ౮᰹ࠉṹⴘ 401㸞ࠊࡱࡒᖳ㱃࡛ᛮื࡞ࡻࡾ༇
ื࠿࠵ࡾ࠿ࠉ௥⾪Ⓩ࡝ᣈฝ㢘ࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 403㸞ࠊ⏠ᛮࡢ㐄࡞㸩ࢨࣛ38௴ណಕ㝜࡚ࡢࠉᣈฝ㢘ࡢࣛࢪࢠࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙␏࡝ࡾࣈ࣐ࣝ࢓࣑࡛࡝ࡾࠊࡊ
࠾ࡊᙁโಕ㝜࡚ࡢኣᵕ࡝ࣛࢪࢠࡢ஦ḗⓏ㔔さᛮ࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࡛ࡽ࠵࠻ࡍᤖ㇗
ࡈࡿࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 272㸞ࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ᆍୌᣈฝ࡝ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
39 㑝ゼ࡞࠵ࡾࠔ྘ெࡢᖲ➴ࡡ❟ሔ࡞❟ࡗࠕ
㸝16 㡣㸞࡛࠷࠹よ㔐ࡢࠉ῕ㄖࡲࡊࡌ
ࡁ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ40 ࡆࡡỀ‵࠿ᮇᙔ࡞ࠔெ㛣Ⓩ࡝ᚪさࠕࡵྱࡱࡎࡾណᅒ࠿࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࠾࡜࠹࠾ࠉࡢ
ࡖࡀࡽࡊ࡝࠷ࠊ☔࠾࡞㞟㈄ sundries ࠽ࡻࡦఴ⿩㢘 margin ࡛࠷࠹㡧┘࡞ࠉ♣ఌ
Ⓩ⏍Ὡࢅႜࡳ୕࡚ࡡ⤊㈕࠿ྱࡱࡿ࠹ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡐࡿࡢࣚࢗࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡡᩐೋ࡛
Ẓ࡬࡙ࡵ㟸ᖏ࡞ᑚࡈ࠷ࠊୌᅨ㸝1982: 91-92㸞࡞ࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢレࡊ࠷ࠊ
21ࣤࢡ㸨࣋ࣤࢪ41࡚ࠉ஥ᴏ୹ࡡㇿᢰࡢ㐄࡞㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸨࣋ࣤࢪ࡛࡝ࡾࠊ
ᅒ㸧 ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤㸝༟నࠉ100 ୒࣎ࣤࢺ㸞42 ಴ืࡡ⤝௛࡛࠷࠹࣐ࢠࣞ㟻ࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉᅗᐓ஢⟤࡛࠷࠹࣏ࢠࣞ㟻ࡵぜ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊࡐࡿࡢ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤࡛ࡊ࡙ゝ୕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᨳᗋࡡಕ㝜ᩐ⌦㒂࠿షᠺࡊࡒ
ḿᘟ࡝㟯෕┷࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍᨥฝ㡧┘ࡢኬࡱ࠾࡞ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝜⤝௛ࠉᅗẰ᡿ຐࠉඡ❲ᡥᙔࠉಕ೸ࣛࣀࣄࣛࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ࡞ฦࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ1945 ᖳࡡ᥆ゝ࡚ࡢࡐࡿࡑࡿࠉ
㸨൦ 6700 ୒ࠉ4700 ୒ࠉ㸦൦ 1300 ୒ࠉ㸦൦ 7000 ୒࡚ࠉྙゝ㸫൦ 9700 ୒㸝༟న࣎ࣤࢺ㸞࡛࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 268㸞ࠊᅒ㸧࡞࠵ࡾࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ᱄ࡢඡ❲ᡥᙔ࠿༖
ฦ࡚ࠉ༈⒢ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ࠿ᙔ㟻ࡢ⌟⾔㏳ࡽ࡛᝷ᏽࡌࡾࡡ࡚ゝ୕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࠊ཭ථ
㡧┘ࡢ⿍ಕ㝜⩽࡛㞘⏕୹࠾ࡼࡡᣈฝ㔘ࠉᅗᗔࡷᆀ᪁⛧࠾ࡼࡡ⿭ሳ࡞ኬืࡈࡿࠉ
ࡐࡿࡑࡿ㸦൦ 9400 ୒ࠉ㸦൦ 3100 ୒ࠉ㸨൦ 5100 ୒࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ௙࡛ྙࢂࡎ࡙
ྙゝ㸫൦ 9700 ୒࡛࡝ࡾࠊࡐࡡ๪ྙࡢ 28㸚ࠉ20㸚ࠉ50㸚࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௙᪁ࠉ⌟⾔โ
ᗐࡢ 16㸚ࠉ19㸚ࠉ61㸚࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⌟⾔ࡻࡽࡵ⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡡẒ⋙࠿࠾࡝ࡽቌኬࡊ࡙࠷

41➠㸩㝭ᒒ㸝ࡐࡡ௙ࡡຘ഼ᖳ㱃࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⩽㸞ࡡሔྙࠉ㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸮࣋ࣤࢪ㸝ዥᛮࡢ㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸞࡞΅㢘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒ➠㸧㝭ᒒ㸝⮤ႜᴏ⩽࡝࡜㸞ࡡሔྙࠉᙔ↓࡞஥ᴏ୹ࡡㇿᢰࡢᏋᅹࡊ࡝࠷ࠊࡱࡒⱕᖳࡢ஦ᒒ࡞ฦࡄࡼࡿ࡙ࠉ΅㢘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ42 ୖ㸨ࡗࡢ㸝௛㘋 Aࠉṹⴘ 82㸞࠾ࡼࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡࡢ CW27: 231 ࠾ࡼషᠺࠊ
22ࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ㏣࡞ᅗᗔㇿᢰ๪ྙࡢ΅ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
3-4 ⚗♬࡫ࡡ➠ୌṹ㝭 ௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹࡝㈃ᅏふࡷ❋இ᰷⤧ᑊ➿࠾ࡼࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࠽ࡻࡦ≁Ṟᛮ࠿ྜྷ᫤࡞ᾃ࠾ࡦ୕࠿ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊḗࡡ㸩Ⅴࢅᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ ➠㸦࡞ࠉ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ؐؐ≁࡞ຘ഼ᕰሔؐؐ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ౮᰹௒ථ࠿ᕟዼ࡞㑂ࡄࡼࡿࠉ㞺さ㔖࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ౩⤝㔖ࡡ௒ථ࠾ࠉࡱࡒࡢᕰሔࡐࡡࡵࡡࢅ๭㏸ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹
௒ථࣂࢰ࣭ࣤ࠿ぜࡼࡿࡾࠊ➠ୌḗ⛁ᏕⓏ㈃ᅏㄢᰕ්࡚Ⓠぜࡈࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡵࡊ
఩㈜㔘࠿㈃ᅏࡡ➠ୌཋᅄ࡝ࡼࡣࠉࡐࡡ᭯ງ࡝よỬᡥṹࡢ᭩఩㈜㔘Ἢࡷ⏍Ꮛ㈜㔘
ࡡᥞ၌ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெⅥⓏ࡝౮᰹᧧ష࡞࡝ࢀ࠹ࠊ๑⟿࡚ぜࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡆࡡ᪁ᘟࡢ
⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞୦⩇Ⓩ࡝ឺᗐؐؐࡗࡱࡽ㛏᭿ᆍ⾦࡫ࡡ௒ථ࡝ࡡ࠾ࠉᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡ☔ಕ࡝ࡡ࠾ؐؐࢅᙁ࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔ௑ࡷຘ഼᮪௲ࡻࡽࡵ⏍Ὡ᮪௲࡞㞗୯ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࡻࡽ㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ43࡛㏑࡬ࠉ㈜㔘୕᪴࡞ᣂࡽࡌࡁࡒ௑ࡱ࡚
ࡡ᪁➿ࢅᢀึࡊࡒࠊࡳࡊࢀຘ഼ᕰሔ࡞ᚪさ࡝ࡡࡢؐؐḗ⟿࡚᳠ゞࡌࡾؐؐ⫃ᴏ⣺௒ᡜࠉ⏐ᴏࡡ㐲ว࡝㒼⨠࠽ࡻࡦᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⫃ᴏ⣺௒ᡜࡢịெ࣬ị⫃ࡡ᝗ሒࢅୌඔ⟮⌦ࡊࡗࡗࢾࢴࢹ࣭࣠ࢠ໩ࡊ࡙ධ㟻ප㛜ࡌࡾ᪁ᘟ࡚࠵ࡽࠉຘ഼
㞺⤝ࡡ㔖Ⓩ࡝ㄢᩒࢅ├᥃࡞ಀࡌࠊ⏐ᴏࡡ㒼⨠ࡵࠉᆀᇡࡇ࡛ࡡຘ഼㞺⤝ࣁࣚࣤࢪࢅᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ㄢᩒࡌࡾ᪁ᘟ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࡢゕ࠹ࡱ࡚ࡵ࡝ࡂࠉࡆ࠹ࡊ
ࡒ㟸౮᰹௒ථࡢࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕ࡛ࡐࡡ⌦ᛍ࡞ば࿰Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࢅᝆࡱࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ♣ఌᶊ࡛ᆍ⾦⌦ㄵࡡ୦❟࡛࠷࠹ࢸ࢔࣏ࣝࣤࢅࠉᕟዼ࡞ᅂ㑂ࡌࡾᛦ⩻Ἢ࡛࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ➠㸧࡞ࠉẒ႔Ⓩ࡞ゕ࠻ࡣࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻Ἢࡢ㒂ฦᆍ⾦ㄵⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗ
ࡱࡽ᭩ิ࠾ࡼࡌ࡬࡙ࡡさᅄࢅྜྷ᫤࡞ࠉ┞ப౪ᏋⓏ࡞⩻࠻ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ㔔さ࡝さ⣪ࢅࡐࡡ㒌ᗐぜࡗࡄࠉ௙ࡡさ⣪ࢅ࡛ࡽ࠵࠻ࡍୌᏽ࡛⨠࠷࡙⩻៎አ࡞⨠ࡂࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ḗࡡṹ㝭࡚ࡢ௙ࡡさ⣪࡞කࢅᙔ࡙ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡾࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉ❋இࡡཋᅄ࠿♣ఌಕ㝜࡚࢜ࣁ࣭࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡝⠂ᅑ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
➠㸧␊┘ࡡ㈃ᅏཋᅄ࡚࠵ࡾኬᐓ᪐โࡢࠉඡ❲ᡥᙔࡡ᩺ス࡚ᑊฌ࡚ࡀࡾࠊຘ഼ᕰ
ሔࡡ⁝ࡼ࠾࡝ᶭ⬗ࡢࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺௒ᡜࡷᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿࡚᭿ᙽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ༈⒢࠽ࡻࡦࣛ
ࣀࣄࣛࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡢࠉื㏭ᚪさ࡛࡝ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽ❋இ࡞㝀ᏽࡊࠉ♣ఌಕ㝜ࢅ⛘ᥥࡌࡾ᪁ᘟࡢࠉࡳࡊࢀ౼᏿Ⓩ࡝ᡋ␆࡛ࡵ⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊࡐࡡ౼᏿ᛮࡢḗࡡṹ㝭࡚◒ࡼࡿࠉࡻࡽໜᣋⓏ࡝⚗♬ㄵ࠿ฝ⌟ࡌࡾ㸝4-1 ࡷ 4-3 ࡚ᚃ㏑㸞ࠊ
43PRO, CAB 87/79/319692, op. cit., section 31, page 21.
23 ➠㸨࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡࡚ࠉᅗᐓ࡛಴ெ࡞ࡐࡿࡑࡿ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ⩇ຸࢅㇿࢂࡎࠉࡐࡿ࠿᩺ࡊ࠷㐠ᚠふࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡝➠㸨ࡡᣞᑙཋ⌦࠾ࡼ᪺ࡼ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡢᅗᐓ࡛಴ெࡡ༝ㄢ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㐡ᠺࡈࡿ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝
ࡼ࡝࠷ࠕࠊࠔᏭධಕ㝸ࢅ⤄⧂ࡌࡾ࡛ࡀ࡞ࠉᅗᐓࡢㄇᅄ࣬ᶭఌ࣬㈈௴វࢅ᥾࡝ࡖ࡙
ࡢ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ࠵ࡾᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࢅ☔❟ࡌࡾ࡛ࡀࠉ⮤ฦ⮤㌗ for himselfࡷ⮤ฦࡡᐓ᪐ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ᭩఩㝀ᗐࡻࡽࡵኣࡂࢅ྘಴ெ࠿ᚋࡾ࡛࠷࠹⮤ⓆⓏὩິ
ࡡఴᆀࢅṟࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅዜທࡌ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ṹⴘ㸮㸞ࠊරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉᅗᐓࡢ㈀ᨳ
ࡡぞᚂࢅᏬࡽࡗࡗࠉᅗẰධဤ࡞᭩఩㝀ࡡ⏍ᏋỀ‵ಕッࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝
࠷ࠊ಴ெࡢᣈฝࢅ⾔ࡖࡒ୕࡚ࠉ㏳ᖏࡡሔྙࡢᅗẰ᡿ຐ࡞㢏ࡼࡍࠉ௴ណಕ㝜࡝࡜࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᭩఩㝀௧୕ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅႜࡳ๭ណᕝኰ࠿ịࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝⩇ຸࢅ㐑
⾔࡚ࡀࡾㄇᅄ୦❟Ⓩ44࡝โᗐࡵスゝࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤࡛ᅗᗔࡡฦ㞫࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡒ࡛࠻Ᏸධ࡝✒❟โᖳ㔘࡚ࡢ࡝࠷࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ཭ථ࡛ᨥฝࡡୌ⮬࡛࠷࠹ࢿ࣑ࣜࢅᏬࡾ࡬ࡀ࡝ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒᅗẰ᡿ຐ࠿୘ฺ࡞࡝ࡾࡻ࠹࡝ᚨ⌦Ⓩ࣬㔘㖱Ⓩ⿞⨠45ࡵ഼࠷࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ࠵ࡼ࠾ࡋࡴᛨࡄࡷ㥼ࡊ࡫ࡡㄇᅄࢅࡨࡈ࠷࡚࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㐠ᚠふ࠽ࡻࡦโᗐスゝࡢᨾ㈃Ἢ᫤௥࡛ධࡂ␏࡝ࡾ46ࠊ ➠㸩࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢᑛᩐὬ࡞ᒌࡌࡾ≁Ṟ࡝ெ㛣ࡡၡ㢗࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉኣᩐὬ࡞ᒌࡌࡾ
ᬉ㏳ࡡெ㛣࡞㛭౿ࡌࡾࠊ㈃ᅏၡ㢗࡛ࡢࠉெ㛣ࢅ⮤❟࡚ࡀࡾᑕᩏࡌ࡬ࡀ㈃Ằࠉᛨࡄ⩽࡚⨡ࡌ࡬ࡀ㈃Ằࠉ᪃ࡊࢅ୙࠻ࡾࡊ࠾࡝࠷୘ᖶ࡝↋⬗ງ㈃Ằ࡞ฦ㢦ࡊ࡙ࠉᑊฌࡌ࡬ࡀᠩ᱄࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊࡳࡊࢀㄙ࡞࡚ࡵ࠷ࡗ࡚ࡵⓆ⏍ࡌࡾࡒࡴࠉ♣ఌࡡᵋᠺဤ
࠿➴ࡊࡂങ࠻ࡾ࡬ࡀࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾ47ࠊࡆࡆ࡞࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࠿ࠔ㈃ᅏࠕ

44⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻ࡡᮇ㈻ࢅ⌟௥㢴࡞ゕ࠻ࡣࠉ㸝㸦㸞⤊ῥ୹మࡢㄇᅄ࣬ິᶭ࡞ཬᚺࡊ࡙ࠉ
ࡐࡿࢅྑ࠻ࡾ⾔ິࢅ࡛ࡾࠉ
㸝㸧㸞㈠″࡞ࡢโ⣑࠿࠵ࡾࠉ࡛࡝ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡡ୕࡚ࠔㄇ
ᅄ୦❟Ⓩࠕincentive compatible ࡛ࡢࠉ࠵ࡾโᗐࡡᑙථ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᩺ࡊ࠷ㄇᅄ࠿⏍ࡋ࡙⾔ິ࠿ንࢂࡖ࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡡโᗐ࠿ᓻቪࡊ࡝࠷㸝┷ḿ࡝㐽ይࡡ⾪᪺࡛ධమࡡຝ
⋙ᛮ࠿୦❟ࡌࡾ㸞ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡ㸧Ⅴࢅ⇅▩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ
45 ᅗẰ᡿ຐࡢ
ࠔಕ㝜⤝௛ࡻࡽࡵర࠾᭻ࡱࡊࡂ࡝࠷࡛វࡋࡈࡎ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ
ࡐ࠹࡚࡝ࡄࡿࡣࠉ⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡢಕ㝜ᩩࢅᨥᡮࡖ࡙ࡵరࡡฺ─࠿࡝࠷ࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
ࡊࡒ࠿ࡖ࡙᡿ຐࡢࠉᚪࡍ᡿ຐ࠿ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ッ᪺࡛㈠ງㄢᰕࢅ᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙
ᨥ⤝ࡈࡿࡾࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 369㸞ࠊ
46 ᨾ㈃Ἢ᫤௥ࡡ㐠ᚠふࡢ⮤❟࡛⟿⣑ࡡᙁโ࡚࠵ࡽࠉโᗐスゝࡢ຋➴ฌ㐕࡛ᕰẰᶊ๡ዞ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ
47 ࡆࡡഁ㟻ࢅ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡᶭ⬗࡛ࡊ࡙㔔っࡊࡒᩝ⊡࡞ Falkingham & Hills
㸝1995㸞࠽ࡻࡦ Barr㸝2001㸞࠿࠵ࡾࠊ≁࡞ Barr㸝2001: ࠉゼ 1-2㸞ࡢࠔ㈋㔘
⟵ᶭ⬗ࠕࡵ㔔っࡊࠉࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡢ༟࡞㈃ᅏࢅ㍇΅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉಕ㝜ࢅ24࡞௥࠻࡙ࠔ❋இࠕࢅᣚࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ᭩ኬࡡ⌦⏜࠿࠵ࡾࠊ㈃ᅏ࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝ࡞᯹ࡲࡗ࠷
ࡒᚉ๑ࡡ࢕࣒࣭ࢩࢅᡮᣌࡊࠉࡻࡽḿ☔࡝ᨯᦹ┘ᵾࢅスᏽࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ఩㈜㔘ࢅ㈃ᅏࡡ୹さᅄ࡛ࡊ࡝࠷⌦⏜ࠉᛨࡄ⩽࡛࠷࠹ฦ㢦࠿ሒ࿈᭡࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ࡝࠷⌦⏜ࡵࡆࡡ⣌࡚࠵ࡾࠊ఩㈜㔘ࡢ࠾࡝ࡽࡡ⛤ᗐࠉࡐࡡຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍⏐ᛮࠉࡌ࡝ࢂࡔ࡜
ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ໂຫ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾࡞౪Ꮛࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࠿ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉሒ࿈᭡࡞࠵ࡾ㸫ࡗࡡ㝭ᒒ㸝⮤ႜᴏࠉ୹፦ࠉຘ഼ᖳ㱃࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ↋ᴏ⩽48ࠉຘ഼ᖳ㱃௧ୖࡷ㉲࠻ࡾ⩽㸞࡞ࡢࠉᛨ᝴࡞ࡻࡾ㞫ᴏ⩽࣬㐗ఆ⩽ࡢ࡜ࡆ࡞ࡵථࡼ࡝࠷࠾ࡡࡻ࠹࡝オ㏑࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 317㸞ࠊ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࡛ࡢࠉ㈃ᅏ࡛࠷࠹ୌ㒂ࡡ≁Ṟၡ㢗ࢅࠉ⚗♬࡛࠷࠹ධమ
ࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩၡ㢗࡞ንᥦࡊࡒⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈃ᅏၡ㢗࡞ࡢ࡜࠹ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ୕ᒒࡡᐣ⿩⩽࠾
ࡼୖᒒࡡ㈃ᅏ⩽࡫࡛࠷࠹ୌ᪁Ⓩ࡝ᚨ⌦Ⓩ╉ᕣࡊ࠽ࡻࡦ⤊ῥⓏ㈠″⛛㌹࠿ࡱ࡛ࢂࡽࡗࡂࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡆࡿࢅ❋இၡ㢗࡛ྞࡘࡄࠉㄙ࡞࡚ࡵ㉫ࡆࡽ࠹ࡾࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦࡛ᏽ⩇ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉᖲ➴࡝ᕰẰ㛣ࡡ┞ப᡿ຐ࡛࠷࠹ỀᖲⓏ࡝ெ㛣㛭౿࡞࡝ࡽ࠹ࡾࠊࡆࡿ
ࡢࡱࡈ࡞ 20 ୠ⣎୯ⴝ࡞ᠺ⇅ࡌࡾ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ๑ᥞ᮪௲࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࢅ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛ
ࢴࢩ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࠔ⚗♬࡫ࡡ➠ୌṹ㝭ࠕ࡛࿣ࢆ࡚࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦࡛࠷࠹Ꮽධ⥑࠿ᩒങࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡓࡄࢅណ࿝ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊྜྷ᫤࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡ≁Ṟᛮ࡛ࡢࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡡよỬ᪁Ἢࢅኣࡂࡡ๑ᥞ࡞౪Ꮛࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵ
ࡊࡆࡡ௫ᏽࠉౚ࠻ࡣᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿࠿⎨よࡊ࡙ࡊࡱ࠻ࡣࠉࡐࡡࡱࡱ♣ఌಕ㝸ࢨࢪࢷ࣑࠿ᓻቪࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮ࡞ࡈࡼࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ➠ୌṹ㝭࡚⏻ࡱࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࠾ࠉኣࡂࡡ௫ᏽࢅᨲ⨠ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࠾ࠊḗࡡ⟿࡚⩻ᐳࡊࡻ࠹ࠊ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ࡎࡻࠔࡹࡽ࠾ࡇ࠾ࡼ቉ሔࡱ࡚ࠕ49࡛
࠷࠹ࢪ࣭ࣞ࢝ࣤ࠿㔂ࡊฝࡌࠔࢦࣤࢰࢠ࣭ࣞࢪᅗᐓࠕ
ࠔ↋ᑸⶮࡡ᪃ࡊࠕ࡛࠷࠹㏳ಐ
Ⓩ࡝⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ࢕࣒࣭ࢩ࠾ࡼࡢࠉࡢࡾ࠾࡞㐪ࡉ࠾ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ

౩⤝ࡊࠉᾐ㈕ࢅᵾ‵໩ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡵᏋᅹࡌࡾࠕ࡛㏑࡬ࡒࠊࡱࡈ࡞ࡆࡡഁ㟻ࢅ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢἸ┘ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
48 㸩␊┘ࡡฦ㢦ࡡ௥⾪ౚࡢࠉ16 ṋࢅ㉰࠻ࡾᏕ⏍ࠉᐓ஥ᡥఎ࠷࡞ᚉ஥ࡌࡾᮅ፡ዥ
ᛮࠉ⚶᭯㈀⏐࡚⏍ゝࢅ❟࡙࡙࠷ࡾ⩽ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝜ゝ⏤࡚⤝௛㈠᰹࠿࡝࠷㌗మ㝸ᐐ⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠊಕ㝜ᩩ࠿ᨥᡮ࠻࡝࠷ሔྙࡢࠉ
ࠔ㐲⏕ඞ㝎ࠕexemption ࡛ࡊ࡙ಕ㝜ᩩࢅᡮࢂ࡝࠷㸝ṹⴘ 363㸞ࠊࡆࡡሔྙ࡚ࡵ఩㈜㔘ࡡໂຫ࡝ຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᛨࡄ⩽ࡢ๑㟻࡞ฝ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࠊ
49 The Times, 11 March 1943 ࡡオ஥࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ
ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡢ࢓࣒ࣛ
࡚࢜ࡵࠖ㢴࡛භ࡞ཡࡽ࡟ࠗ࡞ḗ࠷࡚࣊ࢪࢹࢬ࣭࡚ࣚ࠵ࡾ࡛ሒ࿈ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ୦⩽࡛ࡵୌᬄ࡚ㄖࡴࡍࠉࠔࡹࡽ࠾ࡇ࠾ࡼ቉ሔࡱ࡚ࠕࢅ᡽࠷ࠉࣀࣚࣀࣚࡈࡎࡾ࡛࠵ࡾࠊ
25➠㸩⟿ ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿࠾ࡼໜᣋⓏ⚗♬࡫ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡࡲ࡚ࡢ༎ධ࡞ࡂࡲཱིࡿ࡝࠷ࠊࢢ
࢕ࣤࢫ⌦ㄵࡷ⌦ᛍ࡛ࡡ⤎ྙࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᕰẰࡡ⩇ຸࡡ᪺☔໩ࡱ࡚⩻ᐳࡊ࡙ࠉิࡴ࡙
ࡐࡡධㇲࢅㄊࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ⚶ெ࡛ࡊ࡙షᠺࡊࡒ㸧ࡗࡡሒ࿈᭡ࠉ
ࠖ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏰධ㞘⏕ࠗ㸝1944㸞࡛ࠖ⮤ⓆⓏὩິࠗ㸝1948㸞ࢅ୹࡞Ἰ┘ࡊࡻ࠹ࠊ4-1 ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ༟࡝ࡾិၻᐓ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉᯕᐁ㸝⤊ῥⓏฺ─࡛࠷࠹ᖉ⤎㸞ࢅịࡴࡾ⤊ῥ୹మࡡྙ┘Ⓩ࡝⾔ິࢅ᝷ᏽࡊࠉᛨࡄ⩽ࡷ㥼ࡌ⩽࠿ᚋࢅࡌࡾโᗐ࡞ࡊ࡝
࠷ࡻ࠹࡞スゝࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝ㄇᅄ୦❟ᛮ㸞ࠊࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ
ࡡషᠺ㐛⛤࡚ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡷ࣐࣭ࢺࡡഁ㟻ᨥᥴࢅུࡄࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤ࡡᐁ⾔ྊ⬗ᛮࡷ㈠㔘ࡡㄢ㐡ྊ⬗ᛮࢅࡻࡽ῕็࡞ུࡄḾࡴࠉ໅࿈᱄ࢅಞḿࡊ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ50ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻࡛ࡡば࿰ᛮࡢࡆࡡ୦㟻ࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊḗࡡⴥష࡚ࠉ⤊ῥࡡይᚘ⎌ᛮࢅᥝ࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽ♣ఌᶊ㸝ᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸㸞࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ⤊ῥ≟ឺࡢࠉ࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡞්⏍⏐ྊ⬗࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛Ᏸධ㞘⏕ࡡ⿭Ᏸᛮࠉᚘ
⎌ᣉኬᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ♣ఌಕ㝸మโࡡ㔔ኬ࡝௫ᏽ࡚࠵ࡾᏰධ㞘⏕࡞ࠉἸ┘࠿㞗ࡱࡖࡒࡡࡵ⮤↓࡚࠵
ࡖࡒ51ࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢⱕࡀ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡຐࡄࡵೇࡽࡗࡗࠉࠖ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏰ
ධ㞘⏕ࠗࢅ 1944 ᖳ 11 ᭮࡞ฝ∟ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ⚶Ⓩሒ࿈᭡ࡢࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕ࡛ᨳ➿
࡫ࡡ῕࠷⌦よ࡛ࠉࡐࡿࡼࢅໜྱࡌࡾ≺⮤ࡡ኶ᴏㄵ࠾ࡼᠺࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕ࡫ࡡ῕៎ࡢࠉ⤊ῥమ⣌ࡡㄢᩒ⤊㊪࠾ࡼึ᪺ࡌࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴ
ࢩࡢࡱࡍ⤊ῥ࠿⮤ິㄢᩒᶭ⬗ࢅ኶ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࡲ࡝ࡊ52ࠉࡊ࠾ࡵ᭯ຝ㞺さ࡞ࡻࡾㄢᩒ㐛⛤ࢅᥝ࠷ࡒࠊࠔ㞘⏕ࡢᨥฝ࡞౪Ꮛࠕ㸝Beveridge 1945/1944: 131, para. 175㸞ࡊࠉධమࡡ᭯ຝ㞺さ࠿୘㊂ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ኶ᴏ࠿Ⓠ⏍ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡌ࡝ࢂࡔ㈜㔘
⋙ࡡㄢᩒ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙኶ᴏࢅ࡝ࡂࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࡝࠷㸝ibid.: 96, para. 125㸞ࠊࡐࡡࡒࡴᨳ➿Ⓩ࡞ᅗᐓ࠿Ᏸධ㞘⏕࡞ぜྙ࠹⥪ᨥฝࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊࠔ᭯ຝ㞺さࡡ♣ఌ໩ࠕࠉౚ࠻ࡣᅗᐓᢖ㈠ᑻؐؐᢖ㈠࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠔ᝗ሒࢅථᡥࡊࠉ⿭ຐࢅ୙࠻ࠉ
ࡱࡒㅦᖅࡡ௺ᴏ࡞ࡻࡾᢖ㈠ࢅභ࡞ㄢᩒࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅᣚࡗؐؐࡡス❟࠿᭯ຝ࡚࠵ࢀ

ࡆࡡ஥᝗ࡢᖲ஬㸝2003: 745-753㸞ࠉᑚᓘ㸝2007: 304-318㸞࡞レࡊ࠷ࠊຘ഼ඨࡡᥞ᱄᭡㸝1944.4㸞ࠉᨳᗋⓉ᭡ࠖ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࠗ㸝1944.5㸞࡝࡜ࠉ඙ࢅணࡖ
࡙Ᏸධ㞘⏕ၡ㢗࠿㆗ㄵࡈࡿප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠊ52 ౚ࠻ࡣࠉཿ඼Ὤ࡛␏࡝ࡽࠉฺᏄ⋙࠿㈋⵫࡛ᢖ㈠ࢅᆍ⾦ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊ
50
51

26

࠹ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠔ஦㔔஢⟤ࠕdouble budget ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙஢⟤ࢅ⟮⌦ࡌ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ
ࡢ㏳ᖏ஢⟤࡛⮣᫤஢⟤࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࠊ཭ථ࡛ᨥฝࡡཚ᰹࡝ୌ⮬࠿ịࡴࡼࡿࡾ஢⟤࡛ࠉ୘Ἓ᫤ࡡ㉝ᏊࢅይἛ᫤ࡡఴ๨࡚㈝࠹ᶭິⓏ࡝஢⟤࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ibid.: 181,
para. 249㸞ࠊ௧୕ࠉ⌦ㄵ㟻࠾ࡼࡵᨳ➿㟻࠾ࡼࡵࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻ࢅᮇ㈻Ⓩ
࡞⤄ࡲථࡿࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࡆࡡ୯࡞ࡢ 1909 ᖳ௧ᮮࡡ኶ᴏㄵࡵె⨠ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⏐ᴏ㒼⨠ࡡ⤣โ࡛ࠉຘ഼⛛ິࡡ⤄⧂໩࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉࡎࡖ࠾ࡂධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ᭯ຝ㞺さ㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢຘ഼㞺さ㸞࠿᪪┊࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெཾࡷ⏐ᴏ࡞㐛␧㐛ᐠ࠿࠵ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᆀ
ᇡࡇ࡛ࡡᩤ࡝ຘ഼㞺さ࠿Ⓠ⏍ࡊࠉ࣐ࢪ࣏ࢴࢲ࠿㉫ࡆࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚⏍⏐ᣈⅤࡡ೩ᅹࢅ᫕ḿࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗᐓ㛜Ⓠኬ⮟ࡡࡵ࡛࡚⏐ᴏࢅ㐲ว࡞㒼⨠ࡌࡾᚪさ࠿࠵ࡾ
㸝ibid.: 170, para. 228㸞ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉୌ᫤Ⓩ㞘⏕⩽ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᙽᶭࡊ࡙࠷ࡾຘ഼ງ
࠿ኬ㔖࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙࠉࡱࡒࡢຘ഼㞺さ࡞ࡌࡃ࡞ᚺࡋࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ሔ
ྙ࠿࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅよỬࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉຘ഼ᕰሔࢅᏰධ࡞⤄⧂໩ࡊࠉ⛛ິࡡࡒࡴࡡ
㝸ᐐࢅ㝎ཡࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷㸝ibid.: 172, para. 233㸞ࠊ᪜࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ⫃ᴏ⣺௒ᡜࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ୘༎ฦ࡚ࠉᅗᐓ࠿⫃ᴏゥ⦆ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠉಞ஡⩽࡞⫃ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ
ࡆ࡛ࠉ㛏᭿ࡡ኶ᴏ⩽࡞ࡢ኶ᴏ⤝௛ࡡ᮪௲ࢅཚࡊࡂࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡝࡜ࡵ㏛ຊࡈࡿࡾࠊ
࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ࣏ࢠࣞධమࡡ᭯ຝ㞺さࢅႋ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ➠ୌ᮪௲࡞⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒ࠿ࠉྜྷ᫤࡞ࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ୘༎ฦ࡛ࡵវࡋ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡆ࡚➠஦᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙࣐ࢠࣞ
Ⓩ࡝ຘ഼㞺⤝ࡡㄢᩒࠉ➠୔᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙㎷㏷࡝ຘ഼⛛ິࡡ☔ಕࡵᥞ၌ࡊࡒࠊ࠷ࡍ
ࡿࡵ౮᰹㸝㈜㔘㸞࡞ࡻࡾㄢᩒ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࡆ࡛࡞⏻ណࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⌦ㄵ࡫ࡡ῕࠷⌦よࡢࠉ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࠉ♣ఌᶊࡡಕッࡈࡿࡒ⤊ῥమ⣌ࡡᣉኬᚘ⎌ᛮ࡞฽㐡ࡌࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞᥆ㄵࡊࠉࡆࡡ᪁ྡྷ
ᛮࢅࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡵᏰධ࡞ྜྷណࡊࡒࠊࡌ࡝ࢂࡔࠉ1942 ᖳࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸ゝ⏤࠿ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿ
ࡿࡣᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࠿☔ಕࡈࡿࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᾐ㈕ᨥฝࡢ⥌ᣚࡈࡿᣉኬࡌࡾࠊ
኶ᴏࡷ⑄⑋ࡡ᫤࡛ᑯᴏࡷ೸ᗛࡡ᫤ࠉᏄ౩࠿ኣ࠷ெ࡛ᑛ࡝࠷ெࠉᖶ㐘࡝㇇࠾࡝ெ
࠾ࡼ୘㐘࡝㈃ࡊ࠷ெࠉࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡ㛣࡞ỀᖲⓏ࣬ᆱ├Ⓩ࡝ᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᶭ⬗࠿഼ࡂࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ௑ࡱ࡚ࡢ⥌ᣚ࡚ࡀ࡝࠾ࡖࡒᡜᚋ࠿☔ಕࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿࡢࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⌦ㄵࡡ❟
ሔ࠾ࡼᾐ㈕ࢅቌࡷࡊࠉ᭯ຝ㞺さ⤊⏜්࡚ࡦᡜᚋࢅቌࡷࡌࠊࡆࡿ࡚Ᏸධ㞘⏕࡫ࡡ㐠࠿ᐖ᪾࡞࡝ࡾࠊ㏣࡞Ᏸධ㞘⏕࡞㎾ࡘࡄࡣࠉ⌟ᅹ 8.5㸚ࡡ኶ᴏ⩽࡞ྡྷࡄࡒಕ㝜ᇱ
㔘ࡡ㈀″࠿ࠉ㸨㸚௧ୖ࡞ྡྷࡄࡒㇿᢰ࡚ῥࡳࠊྜྷࡋㇿᢰ࡚ኣ㢘ࡡಕ㝜࣬ᖳ㔘࡫ࡡᅗᗔຐᠺ࠽ࡻࡦᅗẰ᡿ຐ࠿ྊ⬗࡞࡝ࡾࠊࡹ࠻࡞❋இ࡫ࡡ㜒࠷ࡢࠉ↋Ⅵ㸝኶ᴏ㸞࡫ࡡ㜒࠷ࡡୌ㔓ሪ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ibid.: 160, para. 213; 255, para. 379㸞ࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ

27ࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞⤎ㄵࡊࡒࠊ ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ඡ❲ᡥᙔ࡞ࡻࡾ❋இࡡ㝎ཡ࡞ఔ࠹ᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ࡢࠉࡐࡿ⮤మ࡚⏐ᴏࡡ⏍⏐∸࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㞺さࡡ⥌ᣚࢅຐࡄࠉࡐࡿࡹ࠻኶ᴏࢅ㜭Ḿࡌࡾᙁ࠷ງ࡞࡝ࡾ
ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࠕ㸝ibid: 255-256, para. 379㸞 ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ඡ❲ᡥᙔࡢභ࡞ඔࠍᐣࢅ්ฦ㒼ࡌࡾ᪁Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝ࡻ
ࡽࡻ࠷ฦ㒼࠿⚗♬ࢅቌ㐅ࡊ࡝࠷ࡢࡍ࠿࡝࠷ࡊࠉ͐⫏మⓏ࡝Ὡງࢅ㣬࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡻ
ࡖ࡙ᐣࢅቌຊࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡐࡿ࠿⟮⌦୕ࡡᾁ㈕ࢅఔ࠹ࡆ࡛࡝ࡂࠉࡱࡒ⏍ ⏐ ណḟ ࢅ΅㏝ ࡈ ࡎ ࡝࠷ 㝀ࡽ ࠉ ࡐ ࡡฦ 㒼 ࠿ᐣࢅ ΅ ᑛࡈࡎ ࡾࡆ ࡛ࡢ ࡝࠷ࠊࠕ
㸝Beveridge 1942: 167, para. 449㸞ࡗࡱࡽᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࡛᭯ຝ㞺さࡡᣉኬࡢࠉ┞ப࡞ᙁ໩ࡊྙ࠹ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
4-2 ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ㈰ណ
 ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡵࠖ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏰධ㞘⏕ࠗࡵࠉࡐࡡ
ᇱᮇⓏ㊪⥲࡞ኬ㈰ᠺࡊࡒࠊ๑⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉኬⶮ┤㢫ၡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢኬ
ⶮ┤㧏ᏻ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡵ㔔っࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ53ࠉࡐࡡ㈰ᠺ࠿࡝ࡄࡿࡣ฽ᗇࠉ㆗ఌ࡞ᨭ㠁ࡡࡒࡴࡡἪ᱄ࢅᥞฝࡌࡼ࡚ࡀ࡝࠷࡛⇅▩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᚃ⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ
ࠔ㈏ⴥࡢᴗࡴ࡙
ඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࠔࡐࡡኬ㒂ฦ࡞ࠉ⥪ࡋ࡙ྜྷវࡡᛍࢅᢢ࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠕ54࡛ྡ㟚ࡊࡒࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠿࡝ࡏࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࡞㈰ᠺࡊࡒࡡ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ㸨ࡗࡡഁ㟻࠿࠵ࡾࠊ
➠㸦࡞ࠉࡐࡡ⌦ᛍ࠿හໜࡌࡾ౮ೋふ࡞㈰ྜྷࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡ⤧ᑊⓏඁ඙ᗐࠉ಴ெࢅሃⴘࡈࡎ࡝࠷โᗐスゝࠉỀᖲⓏഁ㟻ࢅ㔔っࡌࡾᡜᚋ්
ฦ㒼ᶭ⬗࡛࠷࠹㸨ࡗ࡞ࡈࡊ࠵ࡒࡽฦࡄࡼࡿࡾࠊ
㸝㸦㸞ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⮤㌗ࠉᡋண┘Ⓩࡷ
ᡋᚃࡡ්ᘋゝ⏤࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸࠿ᡋᚃࡡᅗහᨳ➿ࡡ➠ୌ┘ᵾ࡛࡝ࡾ࡬ࡀࠕ
55࡛ࡌࡾ࣒࣓ࢅࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮ࡡࡒࡴ࡞షࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒᰜ㣬㟻ࡵ⩻៎ࡊࡗࡗࠉᖳ㔘ུ⤝⩽࣬኶ᴏ⩽࣬᡿㣬ᐓ᪐࡝࡜ࡌ࡬࡙ࡡெࠍ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ᭩఩㝀ᗐ⏍ᏋỀ‵ࡱ࡚ࡡಕ㝸ࢅヾࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᖳ㔘โᗐࢅࡌ࡬࡙ࡡᅗẰ࡞ᣉᘿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵ᪺
53 ࠔᙴࡼࡡ㏖ᝠࢅ࠾ࡄࡾࡻ࠹࡝༱㝜ࢅාࡊࡒࡂ࡝࠷ࠕ
㸝CW27: 256ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠾

ࡼẍ࡫ࠉ1943.2.23㸞ࠊ
54 CW27: 380ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࡫ࡡᡥ⣤ࠉ1944 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 16 ᪝ࠊ
55 PRO, PREM 4/100/5, “Professor Keynes’ Memorandum on War Aims”, 13January 1941. 1941 ᖳ 3 ᭮࡞㛮හ࡞㛸のࡈࡿ࡙පᘟᩝ᭡࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊ
28

☔࡞㈰ᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ56ࠊ㸝㸧㸞ᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗♬⤝௛ࡡᘚᐐ࠿஢ῼࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ࠉ಴ெ
ࡡ๭ណᕝኰࢅ㜴ᐐࡈࡎ࡝࠷โᗐ࣬ៈ⩞࠿㏛ịࡈࡿࡒࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ
᱄࠿Ᏸධ࡝✒❟โᖳ㔘࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠷࡝࠷Ⅴࢅぜᢜ࠷ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ࡝࠽ࡆࡡ᧻โ fiction࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᇱ㔘ࢅ㔔さ࡝ฺⅤ࠿࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡾࠊ࡝ࡏ࡝ࡼࠔ಴ࠍࡡࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㈕⏕ࢅࠉࡐࡿ࠿ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾ″ἠ࡛ྊ⬗࡝㝀ࡽ㛭㏻ࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࠉ࠷ࡖࡐ࠹㔔さ࡛࡝ࡾࠕ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ
ࠔ೸ධ࡝ఌゝࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࠉຝ⋙ᛮࢅῼᏽࡊࠉ⟿⣑ࢅທ⾔ࡊࠉ∸஥࡞さࡌࡾ㈕⏕࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ප⾏࡞㐲ว࡞▩ࡼࡊࡴࡾ။ୌࡡ᪁Ἢࠕࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ57ࠊࡱࡒࡆࡡゝ⏤᱄ࡢ⮤ຐ࡛ᅗᐓᨾῥࢅ㐲ว࡞⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠿ࠉࡆࡡഁ㟻࡞ࡵࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢධ㟻Ⓩ࡞㈰ᠺࡌࡾࠊ
ࠔ⚶ࡢெࠍ࠿⑋Ẵࡷຘ഼୘⬗࡞ങ࠻࡙ࠉ᭩఩ᨾᥴ
㔘ࢅ୕ᅂࡾ㢘ࢅ⏕ណࡌࡾཪយ⤄ྙ࡝࡜ࡡ⤄⧂ࢅዜທࡊࡒ࠷ࠉ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚࠵࡝ࡒ࡛ྜྷណぜ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ58ࠊ㸝㸨㸞㈃ᐣࡡᕣࢅ⦨ࡴࡾ᪁ྡྷᛮ࠿୦⩽࡚ྙ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ59 ࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢࠔ⤊ῥ♣ఌࡡ㢟ⴥ࡝Ḗ㝏ࡢࠉᏰධ㞘⏕ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ࡆ
࡛࡛ࠉᐣ࠽ࡻࡦᡜᚋࡡᜓណⓏ࡚୘පᖲ࡝ฦ㒼࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝CW7: 372㸞࡛㏑࡬ࡒࠊ㸧ࡗࡡさ⣪࠿୩าࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡࡡࠉ
ࠖୌ⯙⌦ㄵࠗࡡమ⣌ࡢኬ㒂ฦࠉᏰධ㞘⏕ࡡᠺ❟ྊ⬗ᛮ࡞ྡྷࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᶭ⬗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࡷࡷ௛ࡄ㊂ࡊ࡞㏑࡬ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࡝࠷ࠊ㈋⵫࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂᾐ㈕ࡷᢖ㈠࠿㔔さ࡝ࡒࡴࠉᐣࡡ೩ᅹؐؐ
ࡊࡒ࠿ࡖ࡙㧏࠷㈋⵫⋙ࡷ㧏࠷ฺᏄ⋙ؐؐࡢᚪさ࡝ࡂ࡝ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ㄵἪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ
࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡵḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᨳ➿ࡡណ࿝ࢅḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞㏑࡬࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ࠔ❋இࡢ㈜㔘✄ᚋᒒࡡහ㒂࡚ؐؐᐣ⿩ᒒ࡞りࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡝ࡂؐؐᡜᚋࢅ්ฦ㒼ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡆࡡᡋ๑࡞ᗣḾࡊᚋࡒࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼࠿㈜㔘✄ᚋᒒ࡞㝀ࡼࡿࡾ࡬ࡀࡓ࡛♟ြࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊ͐❋இࡡᗣḾࡢභྜྷమࡡ⤊ῥⓏ㈠″࡚ᐖ᪾࡞࠾࡝࠹࡛͐࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ြࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࡝࠷ࠊࠕ
㸝Beveridge 1942: ṹⴘ 449㸞ࡗࡱࡽ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢຘ഼⩽⮤㌗࠿ᣈฝࡊ࡙ࠉ⮤ฦࡡ௯㛣࠽ࡻࡦ⮤ฦ⮤㌗ࢅப
ᜠⓏ࡞ຐࡄࡾ஥ឺࢅ➠ୌ࡞⨠࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅỀᖲⓏ࡝්ฦ㒼࡛࿣ࡩࡆ࡛࠿࡚

ࡆࡡ㆗ㄵࡢᑚᓘ㸝2007: 314-315ࠉἸ 39-44㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ
CW27: 224-225ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣌ࣈ࢞ࣤࢪ࡫ࠉ1942.7.20ࠊࡆࡡ᪺ゕࡢࠔࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ㸲ᨲⷑ࡝㉝Ꮚ㈀ᨳ୹⩇ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉࢅᣚࡗ⩽ࢅᅏᝠࡈࡎࡾࠊ
58 CW27: 205ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࡫ࠉ1942.3.17ࠊ
59 CW27: 218ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣐࣭ࢺ࡫ࠉ1942.7.1ࠊ
56
57

29

ࡀࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡵࡔࢀࢆࡐࡡ㐛⛤࡚ࠉᐣ⩽࠾ࡼ㈃⩽࡫ᆱ├Ⓩ࡝්ฦ㒼ࡵ⾔ࢂࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹㸝≁࡞පⓏ᡿ຐࡡཋ㈠ࡷࠉಕ㝜ᩩࡡᅗᗔ࠽ࡻࡦ㞘⏕୹ࡡㇿᢰ㸞ࠊࡐࡡ௛㝮ࡵ᭻ࡱࡊ࠷࠿ࠉ࠵ࡂࡱ࡚➠஦⩇࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ⩽ࢅ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ☔ᏽⓏ࢕࣒࣭ࢩ࡛
ࡌࡾ❟ሔ࠾ࡼࡢࠉ࠾࡝ࡽ㞫ࡿ࡙ࡊࡱࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௧୕ࡡ㸨ࡗ࡚ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠿࣊ࣥ
࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࡞㈰ྜྷࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ
➠㸧࡞ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡ᱄࠿⮤ࡼࡡ⤊ῥฦᯊ࡞ࡻࡂྙ⮬ࡊࠉࡐࡿࢅᙁ໩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿
ヾㆉࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡢኣࡂࡡさ⣪࠿࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍ᭯ຝ㞺さࢅᬊẴᚘ⎌ࡡ୯࡚ᖲ‵໩ࡊࠉᙁ໩ࡌࡾふⅤ࠿࠵ࡾࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢ࣐࣭ࢺࡡಕ㝜ᩩንິ᱄
࡞㈰ᠺࡊࡒࠊᡜᚋ⛧ࡡ๎΅ࡻࡽࡵࠉᣈฝ㔘ࡡ๎΅ࡢᨥฝࢅቌຊࡈࡎࡐ࠹ࡓ࠾ࡼ
࡚࠵ࡾ60ࠊࡱࡒᅗẰᡜᚋ࠿࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ᱄࡚ࡢㇿബࡡᩐಶࡡ㏷ࡈ࡚ቌኬࡌࡾ61࡛᭿ᙽࡈࡿࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊḗ࡞㞘⏕ᑊ➿ࡵ᭿ᙽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢᙔิࡡ᱄࡚ࠔよ㞘⛧ࠕdismissal tax ࢅᥞ၌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࠿ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢࡆࡡ᱄࡞㟸ᖏ࡞㨡ງࢅវࡋࡒࠊຘ഼⩽ࢅよ㞘ࡌࡾ஥ᴏ୹࡞ࠉᠤ⨡Ⓩ࡝ᣈฝࢅ㏛ຊⓏ࡞ịࡴࡾ᱄࡚࠵
ࡽࠉ୘ᙔ࡝よ㞘ࢅᅂ㑂ࡈࡎࡾᡥṹ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾ62ࠊḗ࡞ᴞふⓏ࡝⤊ῥ஢ῼࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ
࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡᖳ㔘᱄ࡢᐁࡢࠉ⌟ᅹࡡᣈฝ࡛⌟ᅹࡡ⤝௛ࢅୌ⮬ࡈࡎ࡙࠽ࡽࠉኣ
ᩐ࠷ࡾ⌟ᅹࡡຘ഼ெཾ࠿ᑛᩐࡡ⩹㱃ெཾࢅᑙථ᫤ࡢᨥ࠻ࡾ࡛࠷࠹௘⤄ࡲ࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢࡆࡡ௘⤄ࡲࢅࡷࡳࢅᚋ࡝࠷࡛ヾࡴࡒࠊ⤂ᡋ㣏ᚃࡡΊ஗ࢅ࠹
ࡱࡂ஋ࡽวࡿࡣࠉᕝᴏࡵ㎨ᴏࡡᠺ㛏ࢅぜ㎲ࡴࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᑑᮮࡡㇿᢰࢅ㐛ኬ࡞௑࠾ࡼẴ࡞⑋ࡳᚪさࡢ࡝࠷࡛࠷࠹❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ63ࠊ᭩ᚃ࡞࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ᱄ࡢ࣏ࢠࣞ⤊ῥࡡᢍᥩ࠿࡝ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᅗẰᡜᚋ᥆ゝ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ㞗ゝࡈࡿࡒ㞺さ࡛౩⤝ࡡ୦㟻࠿⩻࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾⅤࡷࠉ㏳ᖏࡡ஢⟤࡛ࡢื㏭࡞ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤ࠕ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ࣁࣚࣤࢪࢨ࣭ࢹ࠿⩻࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᆍ⾦ࡌ࡬ࡀ▯᭿ࡡ㏳ᖏ㸝⤊ᖏ㸞஢⟤࡛ࠉ୯㛏᭿࡚ᆍ⾦ࡌ࡬ࡀ㛏᭿ࡡ㈠ᮇ஢⟤ࡡᓠืࢅࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢㄕ
࠷ࡒࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤ࡢ୯㛏᭿ࡡ⩻ᐳ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗᗔ࠾ࡼ⿭ຐࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵืᯗ
࡚ࡡ⩻៎࠿ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠㸨࡞ࠉ᭩ࡵ㔔さࡓ࠿ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡾḿ⤣Ὤ⤊ῥᏕ࠾ࡼࡡ⬲༴࠿ࠉᚪ↓Ⓩ
࡞♣ఌಕ㝸మโ࡛⤎ࡦࡗࡂᛦ⩻㢦ᆵ࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡾ㠁
CW27: 218ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣐࣭ࢺ࡫ࠉ1942.7.1ࠊ
CW27: 259-260ࠉ㈏᪐㝌࡚ࡡࢢ࢕ࣤࢫⁿㄕࡡⲙ✇㸝ᮅᐁ⌟㸞ࠊ
62 ⣟⢃࡝ຘ഼ᕰሔᆍ⾦ㄵ࠾ࡼࡌࡾ࡛ࠉよ㞘⛧ࡢຘ഼ࢤࢪࢹࢅெⅥⓏ࡞㧏ࡴࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࿝࡚ࠉࡐࡡᨡ஗࡞࡝ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࠿㈰ྜྷࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⌦⏜ࡢࠉࡐ࠹ࡊ
ࡒ௒ථࡵຘ഼ᕰሔ࡞ࡢセࡈࡿࡾ࡛ึ᩷ࡈࡿࡒ࠾ࡼ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࡝࠷ࠊ
63 CW27: 259ࠉ㈏᪐㝌࡚ࡡࢢ࢕ࣤࢫⁿㄕࡡⲙ✇㸝ᮅᐁ⌟㸞
ࠊ
60
61

30

᩺ࡡ㸦ࡗࡢࠉ㛏᭿࡛▯᭿ࡡᤂ࠻᪁ࡡ㏣㌹࡚࠵ࡾ64ࠊࢪ࣐ࢪࡡ⮤↓౮᰹ࠉࣥ࢔ࢠࢬ
ࣜࡡ⮤↓ฺᏄ⋙ࠉ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜࡡḿᖏ౮᰹࠿඼ᆵ࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⤊ῥᏕࡡᮇὮ࡚
ࡢ㛏᭿㸝㸲ᐁ∸㸲ḿᖏ㸞ࡡᆍ⾦ࢅ㔔ᚨ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ▯᭿㸝㸲㈄ᖨ㸲␏ᖏ㸞ࡡንິ࠿࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡᛦ⩻Ἢࢅࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢ㏣㌹ࡈࡎࡒࠊࠔ⚶ࡢ࡜ࢆ࡝♣ఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵ͐௫ㄕⓏ࡝྘㞘⏕Ề‵࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ㸦ࡗࡡ␏࡝ࡖࡒ⮤↓ฺᏄ⋙࠿Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹஥ᐁࢅぜ㏠ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ͐ᚉࡖ࡙။ୌࡡ⮤↓ฺᏄ⋙࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄊࡖࡒࡽ͐
♟ြࡊࡒࡽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢㄏࡽ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝CW 7: 242㸞ࠊࠔ㈄ᖨᙔᑻ࠿⾔࠹ᨳ➿ࡡᛮ㈻࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉ࠷ࡗ࡚ࡵ᭯ຝ࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡝။ୌࡡ㛏᭿ᆍ⾦న⨠ࡢᏋᅹࡊ࡝࠷ࠊ
ࡐࡿ࡛ࡢཬᑊ࡞ࠉ␏࡝ࡖࡒᨳ➿࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾኣᩐࡡࡐࡡࡻ࠹࡝న⨠࠿Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠕ
㸝CW 29: 55㸞ࠊࡆࡆࡱฺ࡚Ꮔ⋙࡞ࡻࡾㄢᩒ࠿├᥃࡞ࡢᛍ㢄࡞࠵ࡾࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ
᝷ᏽࡌࡾ⤊ῥ࡞ࡢࠉ㈄ᖨ࡛⏍⏐∸ࢅࡗ࡝ࡃ㈒௛㈠㔘ᕰሔࡢᶭ⬗ࡎࡍࠉ㈋⵫࡛ᢖ
㈠ࢅୌ⮬ࡈࡎࡾฺᏄ⋙ࡡᶭ⬗ࡢ◒Იࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ྜྷᵕࡡㄵἪ࡚ࠉຘ഼ᕰሔࡡΰ⟤ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌ㈜㔘⋙ࡡᶭ⬗ࡵᨲᲘࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ65ࠊ
ࡆࡡⓆ᝷ࡢࠉຘ഼ᕰሔࢅ㛏᭿Ⓩ࡞ࡢΰ⟤ࡌࡾḿᖏ㈜㔘⋙࡛ؐؐ⤄ྙࡷἪᚂࡡງ
࡚ᏽࡱࡾؐؐ⌟ᐁࡡ㈜㔘⋙࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࢅᥝࡂḿ⤣Ⓩ࡝⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻࡛ᑊ↯Ⓩ࡚࠵
ࡾࠊ㛏᭿ᆍ⾦ࡡࢿ࣑࡛ࣜ࠷࠹Ⓠ᝷ࢅᣚࡗ㝀ࡽࠉ᭩఩㈜㔘࡝࡜ࡡ౮᰹௒ථ࡛ࡢ୦
❟ࡊ࡝࠷ࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡿࡣຘ഼ᕰሔࡢ᭯ຝ㞺さ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⥪㞺さࡷᡜᚋ࠿Ửࡱࡖࡒᚃ࡞ࠉຘ഼౩⤝࡛ຘ഼㞺さ࠿ืࠍ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࡓࡄࡡṟఴࠉ஥ᚃⓏ࡝⯑ྋ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢᕰሔ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵៈ⾔࠿ᨥ㒼ࡌࡾ⏍Ὡࡡሔ࡚࠵ࡾ66ࠊ㔘⼝ᨳ➿67࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ን໩ࡌࡾ々ᩐࡡฺᏄ⋙ࡡ࠹ࡔࠉᏰධ㞘⏕࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡵࡡࡵ࠵ࡾࠊධࡂྜྷ
ᵕ࡞ࠉ♣ఌᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖ࡙々ᩐࡡ㈜㔘⋙࠿ᐁ⌟ࡌࡾ࡝ࡼࡣࠉࡐࡡ࠹ࡔࡡ㸦ࡗ࡞ᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡỀ‵㸝᭩఩㝀⏍Ꮛ㈜㔘㸞࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ㈜㔘⋙࠿Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙ࡵࡻ࠷ࠊ
ࡊ࠾ࡵ㈀ᨳᨳ➿ࢅྱࡳᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿࡛ࠉࡆࡡᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᨳ➿ࡢࡈࡼ࡞୦
❟ࡊ࠹ࡾࠊ࡝ࡏ࡝ࡼࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢ࿣ࡦỀ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡපභ஥ᴏࡡහᐖ࡛ࡊ࡙ؐؐࣝࢹ
ࣛࢴࢠ࡛ࡊ࡙ᝇྞ㧏࠷ࣅ࣐ࣚࢴࢺᘋスࡷ✨ᤸࡽ㸝CW7 :129-130㸞࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂؐؐ
♣ఌ㈠ᮇࡡᩒങࢅ➠ୌ⩇࡞⨠࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊ♣ఌ㈠ᮇ࡛ࡢࡆࡡሔྙࠉ㐠㊪࡛పᏩࢅࡆࡡⅤࡢⳳᒜ㸝1993: 99, 105. 127㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᙁㄢࡈࡿࡒࠊ
ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢᐁ㝷ࡡ⾔ິ㸝௙ெ࣬௙ᴏ⛸࡛ࡡ┞ᑊ㈜㔘㸞࡛ຘ഼ዉ⣑㸝㈄ᖨ㈜㔘㸞
࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᐁ㈻㈜㔘࠿ຘ഼㞺⤝ࡡࣂ࣒࣭ࣚࢰ࣭㸝ΰ⟤ᶭ⬗㸞ࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙࡝࠷࡛
⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊCW7: 12-13 ࢅぜࡻࠊ
66 ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡾ࡛ࠔฺᏄ⋙ࡢ͐ࡳࡊࢀ㧏ᗐ࡞ៈ⾔Ⓩ࡝⌟㇗ࠕ
㸝CW7: 203㸞࡛ᤂ࠻ࡼࡿࡾ࠿ࠉࡐࡿࡢ㈜㔘⋙ࡵྜྷᵕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
67 ᰍࡢ㛏᭿ฺᏄ⋙ࡡኬᖕ࡝ୖⴘ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
64
65

31

➱㢄࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ㞹ງ࣬㕪㐠࣬‬῿ࡡᩒങࡷ㎨ᴏࡡ්ᘋࡵྱࡳ68ࠊࡗࡱࡽ♣ఌභ㏳㈠ᮇࡡᩒങ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᅗẰ⏍Ὡࡡྡྷ୕࡛⏐ᴏࡡຝ⋙໩࡞㈠ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ
࠹࡞᥆ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢ㛏࠷㛣⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࢅᝆࡱࡎ࡙ࡀࡒࢸ࢔࣏ࣝࣤࢅよỬࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡌ࡝ࢂࡔ♣ఌᶊ࡛⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡡ୦❟࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡഁ࡞ࡢࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸మโࢅ㍂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕࢅུࡄථ
ࡿࡾ⣪ᆀ࠿Ꮛᅹࡊࡒࠊ఩㈜㔘࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏࢅ࡛ࡽ࠵࠻ࡍ㍇っࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ౮᰹௒ථࡡᚪさ࠿࡝࠷♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐࢅ⩻᱄ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡒࠊ⤊ῥ࡫ࡡ௒ථࡢࠉᕰሔ
๭㏸Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㔖Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ᝗ሒࡡ཭㞗࡛ප㛜࡛࠷࠹ᙟ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ
ഁ࡞ࡵࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷⤊ῥᏕࢅ㍂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡ⌦ᛍࢅུࡄථࡿࡾ⣪ᆀ࠿Ꮛᅹࡊ
ࡒࠊ▯᭿ࡡన⨠ࢅெⅥⓏ࡞ᏽࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㛏᭿ࡡ㉽ເ࠿ࡐࡿ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᏽࡱࡾࡡ
࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㛏᭿ࡡୌ⯙ᆍ⾦࡛࠷࠹ࢿ࣑ࣜ࠿㉰↓࡛ࡊ࡙Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊࡐ
࠹࡝ࡼࡣࠉᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࡛࠷࠹♣ఌᶊࢅአ㒂࠾ࡼᑙථࡊ࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡿ࡞ྙࢂࡎ
ࡒㄢᩒ࡛ᣉኬ࠿ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕࡡහ㒂࡚ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒཫ᪁࡚ࡡུථྊ
⬗ᛮࡆࡐࠉࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࠕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊ࡙ᙁᅖ࡞ࡊࡒ⌦⏜࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
4-3 ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡛ᕰẰᶊ ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢ⤊ῥ♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏭධ⥑ࡡᵋ⠇ࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹
࡝♣ఌ࡞⏍ࡀࡾᕰẰ࠿ࠉ௯㛣࡛♣ఌ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡝⩇ຸࢅࡈࡼ࡞ㇿ࠹ࡡ࠾ࠉࡐࡡ⩻ᐳ࠿ᚪさ࡛࡝ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ୔㒂షࡡ᭩ᚃ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ
ࠖ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ㸯♣ఌ㐅Ṅࡡ᪁Ἢ࡞㛭ࡌࡾሒ࿈᭡ࠗࢅ 1948 ᖳ㸩᭮࡞ฝ∟ࡊࡒ69ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ᬄᖳࡢᖲ࿰
㐘ິ࡞ᑸງࡊࡒࠊ ࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ♣ఌⓏ⣛ᖈࢅᅂᚗࡌࡾᕰẰࡡᚨᚋ࡛ᅗᐓࡡᨥᥴ࠿໅࿈ࡈ
ࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡ୯ᚨⓏ࡝ᴣᛍ࠿⮤ⓆⓏὩິ voluntary actionؐؐᨳᗋࡡ⤣โୖ࡞࡝࠷
᭯ർ࣬↋ർࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡚ؐؐ࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊႜฺິᶭ࡛಴ெⓏ೛⣑ࡢ⩻ᐳࡎࡍࠉ♣ఌ
ⓏⰃᚨ࡞ᚉࡖࡒපභ┘Ⓩࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ┞ப᡿ຐ࡛༡យ࡚࠵ࡾ
㸝Beveridge 1948: 9㸞ࠊࠔ♣ఌࢦ࣭ࣄࢪᅗᐓࠕ࠿ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⮤ⓆⓏὩິࡌ࡬ࡀ㡷ᇡ࠿ኣ࠷ࠊୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝ࢼ࣭ࢫ࡛ࡢ஦⛸㢦࡞ฦ࠾ࡿࡾࠊࡱࡍࠉ⏍ὩỀ‵࠿

68ࡆࡡᥞ၌ࡢࠖ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ⏐ᴏࡡᮅᮮࠗ㸝1928㸞ࡷࠔࣞ࢕ࢺ-ࢩ࣭ࣘࢩࡢࡐࡿࢅ࡝
ࡊ࠹ࡾ࠾ࠕ㸝1929㸞࡞ぜࡼࡿࡾࠊᮿᕖ㸝1991: 89㸞ࡷ CW9: 99 ࢅཤ↯ࠊ࿣ࡦỀࡷ♣ఌ㈠ᮇࡡᥞ၌࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ⨶⃨ཾ㸝2001: 575, 577㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ
69 ᅗẰ㈋⵫ཪយ⤄ྙࡡ㈠㔘ᥴຐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝Beveridge 1948: 12㸞ࠊ32ྡྷ୕ࡊ࡙ఴᬜ࠿ቌ࠻ࡒຘ഼⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉఴᬜࡡ୯㌗ࢅྨ࿝ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ70ࠊḗ࡞ࠉ々㞟࡞࡝ࡖࡒ⌟௥♣ఌ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉධᅗ♣ఌࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ༝㆗ఌࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ௯㛣࡛ࡊ࡙ᕰẰࡡ┞ㄧ࡞ᚺࡋࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ibid.: 286㸞ࠊࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡢධᕰẰࢅᑊ㇗࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒ≁Ṟ࡝ࢼ࣭ࢫࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ㟸඼ᆵⓏ࡝ᑛᩐὬࡡᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ┘㒼ࡽࢅᛨࡾ࡬ࡀ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠉ㐿Იࡈࡿ⹚ᙽࡈࡿࡒඡ❲ࠉᚨ㌗㝸ᐐ⩽ࠉះ
ᛮⓏ⑄ᝀ⩽ࠉᮅ፡ࡡẍ࡛Ꮔࠉ㔐ᨲࡈࡿࡒඔུฬ⩽ࠉ୘ᖶ࡝ᐓᗖࡡ୹፦࡝࡜࡚࠵
ࡾ㸝ibid.: 226㸞ࠊ ࢕࢟ࣛࢪࡢཪយ⤄ྙࢅ඼ᆵ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ♣ఌⓏ⣛ᖈࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾఎ⤣ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㡷ᇡࡢᅗᐓࡡὩິࡷᕰሔࡡᶭ⬗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵ᥊࠻࡝࠷ࠊࡳࡊࢀ୦
⩽ࡡ⥾⾢ᆀᖈ࡚࠵ࡾ♣ఌ㸝භྜྷమ㸞ࡡ㡷ᇡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗᐓࡡὩິࡢ├᥃Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ
࠿ࠉ಴ெࡡಘ᮪ࡷ⾔ࡀ᪁࡞㛭ࢂࡾ㡷ᇡ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ
ࠔ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡚ࡢᅗᐓࡡ├᥃⾔ິࡢ࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ࠕ
㸝ibid.: 286㸞ࠊࡱࡒࠉࠔႜฺິᶭ࡞ᨥ㒼ࡈࡿࡒ♣ఌࡢᝇ࠷♣ఌ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ
㸝ibid.: 322㸞࡛ࡵึ᩷ࡈࡿࡾࠊ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ࡜ࡔࡼࡡ㡷ᇡ࡚ࡵ᥊࠷ཱིࡿ࡝࠷ሔ㟻࡚ࠉ௯㛣ࡡᕰẰ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ⥾࠷ᙟ࡚ࡡ⮤ⓆⓏὩິࢅᗀࡅࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࠉᕰẰࡡ᥅࠻ࡴ࡝⩇ຸ࡞࡝ࡾࠊ ࡝࠽࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢᡋᚃࠉ㸧ࡗࡡ㐘ິ࡞ງࢅථࡿࡒࠊ㸦ࡗࡢపᏩᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢᖲ࿰㐘ິ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍపᏩප♣⥪⿚࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᛄ㐲࡚Ꮽ౮࡝పᏩࢅᥞ
౩ࡊࡒࠊ⏐ᴏ࡛ெཾࡡ㐲ว࡝㒼⨠ࠉ㜼㝴᰷⤧࡫ࡡᣦᡋࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡞௥ࢂࡾெ
ᕝⓏ࡝භྜྷమࡡ๭㏸࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠔ⤣ୌୠ⏲ࢹࣚࢪࢹࠕࡡ⌦஥trustees ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㏻㑝୹⩇࡞ࡻࡾᖲ࿰᥆㐅࠿၌࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠊࠔ♣ఌࢦ࣭ࣄࢪᅗᐓࠕ
ࡢ࢕࢟ࣛࢪୌᅗࡡࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉḗࠍ࡞ᣉኬࡌ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋணࡡ⛸࡛ᅰቫࢅ㝎ཡࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠊᅗᐓ୹ᶊࡡୌ㒂ࢅᨲᲘࡊࠉ㏻㑝ᨳᗋࡡ㐲ว࡝⟮⌦㸝Ἢࡡᨥ㒼㸞࡞ጟࡠࡾ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ71ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞⮤ⓆⓏὩິࡡ᥆ዜ࡛ྜྷࡋࡂࠉ஫ኬᝇࡌ
࡬࡙࡞❟ࡔྡྷ࠾࠹࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ࠉ⬗ິⓏ࡝ᕰẰ࡛ࡢర࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ࠷࠾ࡄࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡆ࡞࠽࠷࡙࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢᏰᠺࡊࡒࠊ௑ࡱ࡚ࡢ்ࡴ࠾ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡓࡄ
ࡡࠔᕰẰࡡ⩇ຸࠕ࡞↌Ⅴࢅᙔ࡙ࠉᕰẰࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡻࡽໜᣋⓏ࡝ᡥṹࡵ⩻៎ࡈࡿࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࠔ⚗♬ࡡ➠஦ṹ㝭ࠕ࡛࿣࡬ࠉ
㊮㌅ྋ spring board72ࡡ഼ࡀࠉࡌ࡝ࢂࡔࡻࡽ㈻Ⓩ࡞ྡྷ୕ࡌࡾ㧏ḗ࡝ெ㛣࡫ࡡྊ⬗70࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ࢟ࣔࣤࣇࣜࡡᝇᚠࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ▱ḿ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ
ᩅ⫩ࡡᬉཀྵࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᕰẰࡡ┞ப᡿ຐ࡞ࡻࡾ㧏ḗ࡝ᾐ㈕࡫ࡡㄇᑙ࠿ᚪさ࡛࡝ࡾࠊ
71 ௧୕ࡡ㸧Ⅴ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉᑚᓘ㸝2007: 47-50㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ
72 ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡ୦㟻Ⓩ࡝഼ࡀࡡᣞᦤࡢࠉሲ㔕ㆺ㸝2003: 248㸞࡞࠵ࡾࠊ33

㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣ᛮࢅಕッࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔᶊฺࡡ☔ヾ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵࡳࡊࢀ⩇ຸࡡᙁㄢ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ
ḗࡡࡻ࠹࡝᮪௲࠿⌟ࡿࡾࠊࡌ࡝ࢂࡔࠉ㸧ᅂࡡୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙୯᩷ࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡ
⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ೳ⁣ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᩝ᪺ࡡ㐅Ṅࢅࠉெ㛣ᛮࡡࡲ࠿ཱིࡽᡘࡎࡾ࡛࠷࠹᮪௲࡚
࠵ࡾࠕ
㸝ibid.: 14ࠉᙁㄢࡢཋ඼㸞ࠊࡒ࡛࠻Ᏸධ㞘⏕࠿ᠺ❟ࡊࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐ࠿Ᏸᠺ
ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸ࡓࡄ࡚ᕰẰ♣ఌ࠿ᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊࡐࡆ࡞ࡢ
⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡛࠷࠹ᗀኬ࡝㡷ᇡ࠿࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㡷ᇡࢅᕰẰ࠿⮤てࡊ࡙ᑕ㔔ࡊࠉᅗᐓ
ࡵ㈠㔘ᥴຐࢅ୙࠻࡝ࡂ࡙ࡢ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊࡆࡿ࠿㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இ࡫ࠉ❋இ࠾ࡼ⚗♬࡫࡛࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࠿ᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒណ࿝࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔࡐࡊ࡙ࡗ࠷࡞ெ㛣♣ఌࡢ㸦ࡗࡡཪយ⤄ྙ࡞࡝ࡾࠊ͐ࡐࡿࡑࡿ࠿⮤⏜࡝⏍Ὡࢅᣚࡔࠉࡐࡿࡑࡿ࠿භ㏳┘Ⓩ࡛ࡐࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞ዅ௘ࡌࡾ⣛ᖈ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ௙ࡡධ࡙ࡡ
㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣ெࢅ⤎ࡦࡗࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ྘㒂㛓࠿ᥞᦘࡊࡒ⛓ᗆ an Affiliated Order of branches ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝ibid.: 324ࠉᙁㄢࡢཋ඼㸞➠㸪⟿ ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ⌟ᐁ໩࡛✭ὕ໩ ࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢᏰᠺࡊࡒࠊḗࡡṹ㝭ࡢࡆࡡ⌦ᛍ࠿࡜ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ
࡜ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᐁ⌟ࡈࡿࠉᨭንࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍ❟Ἢ᥈⨠ࢅୌ▄ࡊࡒᚃࠉಕᏬඨ࡛ຘ഼ඨࡡឺᗐࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࡐࡡណ࿝ࢅ᥀ࡖ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹ࠊ
5-1 ⚗♬ඵἪ ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ࠿ප⾪ࡈࡿ࡙࠾ࡼ 1940 ᖳ௥ᮆ࡞⮫ࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ⚗♬ඵἪ࡛࿣ࡣࡿࡾ❟Ἢ᥈⨠ࢅᣲࡽ㏁ࡖ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ
⚗♬ඵἪ
1944 ᖳ㸭᭮ 㸝ࣁࢹ࣭ࣚ㸞ᩅ⫩Ἢ
1945 ᖳ㸫᭮ ᐓ᪐ᡥᙔἪ     1946 ᖳ㸭᭮ᐁ᪃   1945 ᖳ㸬᭮ ⥪㐽ᣪ㸝ಕᏬඨ 213ࠉຘ഼ඨ 393㸞1946 ᖳ㸬᭮ ᅗẰಕ㝜㸝ᴏຸⅇᐐ㸞Ἢ 1948 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 5 ᪝ᐁ᪃㸝⣑ᮨࡡ᪝㸞
1946 ᖳ㸭᭮ ᅗẰಕ㝜Ἢ       ྜྷ୕ᐁ᪃1946 ᖳ 11 ᭮ ᅗẰಕ㝜ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪἪ   ྜྷ୕ᐁ᪃1948 ᖳ㸪᭮ ᅗẰ᡿ຐἪ㸝ᨾ㈃ἪࡡᏰධᗣḾ㸞

34ࡐࡡ௙㛭㏻Ἢ
1946 ᖳ ຘ഼ண㆗࣬ຘ഼⤄ྙἪ
1946 ᖳ పᏩἪࠉᐓ㈜⤣โἪ1946 ᖳ ࢼ࣭ࣖࢰࢗࣤἪ
1947 ᖳ 㒌ᕰ࣬㎨ᮟゝ⏤Ἢ
1949 ᖳ ᑚపᏩཱིᚋἪ
ࡆࡡ୯࡚≁࡞ᅗẰಕ೸ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ NHS ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙࠽ࡂࠊࡆࡿࡢໜᣋⓏ༈⒢ࢦ
࣭ࣄࢪࢅ↋ᩩ࡚ᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࠉࡳࡊࢀ୯⏐㝭⣥௧୕࠿㔘㖱Ⓩ࡝᜘ᜠࢅུࡄࡒࠊ
ୖᒒ㝭⣥ࡢិၻ༈⒢࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᪜࡞↋ᩩ⤝௛ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ73ࠊࡒࡓࡊ㈃Ằ
ࡡỗྞࢅࡐࡐࡃࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡណ࿝࡚ධᅗẰ࡞ᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡝༈⒢ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࢅ↋ᩩ࡚ᥞ౩ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹⌦ᛍ࠿ᐁ⌟ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊྜྷ᫤࡞ࠉ㈀ᨳⓏ࡝◒⥚ࢅᑙ࠷ࡒࠊᑙථ
⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒಕ೸┤࡬ࣥ࢒ࣤࡢࠉᅗẰ࠿೸ᗛ࡞࡝ࡿࡣ༈⒢㈕࠿΅ᑛࡌࡾ࡛᝷ᏽࡊ
࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ༈⒢㞺さࡢ᛬ᛮ⑄ᝀ࠾ࡼះᛮ⑄ᝀ࡫ࠉ㧏ᗐ༈⒢࡫࡛ንᥦࡊࠉ༈⒢㈕࠿΅ࡼ࡝࠷࡛࠷࠹⌟ᐁ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ74ࠊ
5-2 ಕᏬඨහ㛮 ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡢᅗẰⓏ࡝⇍≤ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࠿ࠉᨳᗋහ㒂ࡡ㞲ᅑẴࡢ෫ࡷࡷ࠾࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ≁࡞࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡ໅࿈ࢅ⥥᛬࡞⢥ᰕࡌࡾࣆ࢔ࣛࢴࣈጟဤ
ఌ㸝1943 ᖳิ㢄㸞࡚ࡢࠉࡐࡡሒ࿈ࡡධ㟻ྫྷᏽ࡞㎾࠷໅࿈ࢅฝࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡጟဤఌ
࡚ࡢ᭩఩㝀ᗐ⏍Ꮛ㈕ಕ㝸ࡡཋ์࠿ྫྷᏽࡈࡿࠉ⤝௛㢘ࡵ㈀ᨳ≟Ἓ࡞౪Ꮛࡈࡎࠉඡ
❲ᡥᙔࡢ 5 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡞΅㢘ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒධ㡷ᇡ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ්ㄢᰕ࠿໅࿈ࡈࡿࠉ࣊
ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡᲬ୕ࡅ࠿┘ᣞࡈࡿࡒ㸝ẗฺ 1990: 247㸞ࠊ≁࡞Ᏸධ㞘⏕࡛ࡡࣛࣤࢠࡢวࡿࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊᩅ⫩Ἢ࡛ᐓ᪐ᡥᙔἪࡢࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮࡚Ἢ᱄࠿ᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠊ๑⩽ࡢࣁࢹ࣭ࣚᩅ⫩Ἢ࡛࿣ࡣࡿࠉ1988 ᖳࡡᩅ⫩ᨭ㠁Ἢ࡚ᢜᮇⓏ࡞ን᭞ࡈࡿࡾࡱ
࡚ࠉᡋᚃ㛏ࡼࡂ࢕࢟ࣛࢪࡡᩅ⫩⾔ᨳࢅぞᏽࡊ⤾ࡄࡒࠊපභᩅ⫩ࡡᙁ໩࡛࠷࠹ᇱ
ᮇ⥲࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᚃ⩽ࡢ࠽࠽ࡳࡠ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡ⥲୕࡞࠵ࡾἪᚂࡓ࠿ࠉᡥᙔ
ࡢ㸪ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡞΅㢘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒᐓ᪐ᡥᙔ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊ࠿౐ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࠿ࠉ

73 ࠔNHS ࡡᠺᯕࡢࠉ௧๑ࡡ೸ᗛಕ㝜༈ࡡโᗐ࡛ྜྷᵕࠉ࡛ࡽࢂࡄ㈃ࡊ࠷ᆀᇡࡡ༈⒢࡞ࡐࡿࡱ࡚௧୕ࡡኣࡂࡡ㈀″ࢅࡗࡁ㎲ࢆࡓࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ
㸝Clarke 1996: 223ࠉゼ 214㸞ࠊ74 Ṃ⏛㸝1999: 168-170㸞ࡡᣞᦤ࡞ࡻࡾࠊ
35

ᐁ㈻Ⓩ࡞ࡢ᡿㣬⩽ࡡ࠹ࡔඡ❲ࡡࡲࢅᥴຐᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᨳᗋࡢᡋᚃࡡ්ᘋゝ⏤࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉᾐᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡢセࡈࡿ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊ㸧
ࡗࡡⓉ᭡࠿┘ࢅᘤࡂࠊ࡛ࡵ࡞ 1944 ᖳ࡞ප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠖ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࠗ࠽ࡻࡦࠖ♣ఌಕ㝜࡚ࠗ࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡢᏰධ㞘⏕࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝࢅᕟዼ࡞㑂ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ࠿ࠉ
ࠔᏭᏽࡊࡒ㧏࠷Ề‵ࡡ㞘⏕ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࠉᨳᗋࡡ୹さ࡝┘ᵾ࠽ࡻࡦ୹さ࡝㈈௴ࡡ㸦ࡗࠕ75࡛ᐃゕࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒࡐࡡᡥṹࡢ⥪㞺さ⟮⌦ᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡞ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ࣏ࢠࣞ
⤊ῥⓏ⌦よࡡᾈ㏩ࢅぜࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ㧏㞘⏕ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹┘ᵾࡢࢦࢴࢲ
࣭ࣔᨳᶊ࠿ᨲᲘࡌࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ㛏ࡼࡂ࢕࢟ࣛࢪࡡᨳ἖Ⓩ┘ᵾ࡛࡝ࡽ⤾ࡄࡒࠊᚃ⩽ࡡ
Ⓣ᭡࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈࡞࠽ࡄࡾཋ์ࡡུㅑ࡛ᢼྫྷ࠿Ίྙࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ
ུㅑࡡ㒂ฦࡢࢼ࣭ࢫ࡛⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡡໜᣋᛮࠉᆍୌᣈฝ࠽ࡻࡦᆍୌ⤝௛ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸┤ࡡス❟࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ᭩఩㝀ᗐ⏍Ꮛಕ㝸ࡡ㒂ฦࡢྫྷᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡡⓉ᭡ࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈࠿ࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒẰ⾏ࡡ⇍≤࡞ᚃᢪࡊࡈࡿࡒࠊ
 1958 ᖳࡡⶮ┞㎙௴๸ࡵぜ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊⶮ┞ࢮ࣭ࢼ࣭ࢠࣞࣆࢹࡢᐓ᪐ᡥᙔࡡ΅㢘
ࡷ༈⒢㈕ࡡୌ㒂᭯ᩩ໩ࢅ஢⟤᱄࡞⤄ࡲ㎲ࢆࡓ࠿ࠉ㛮හ࡚ᢼྫྷࡈࡿ࡙㎙௴ࡊࡒࠊಕᏬඨහ㛮࡛࠷࠻࡜ࡵࠉࡆࡡ᫤᭿ࡢ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࢅᓻࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࡝࠷㇗ᚡ
࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝ẗฺ 1999: 12㸞ࠊ
5-3 ຘ഼ඨහ㛮 ᨳᗋⓉ᭡ࡡᐃゕ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮ࡡ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈࡞ᑊࡌ
ࡾᾐᴗᛮࡢࠉࡗ࠷࡞ 1945 ᖳ 7 ᭮ࡡ⥪㐽ᣪ࡚ಕᏬඨ࡞ᩃ໪ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ
࠻ࠉ⚗♬ᅗᐓ⌦ᛍࡡᐁ⌟ࡢ࢓ࢹ࣭ࣛຘ഼ඨහ㛮76࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐁ㝷ࠉ▦⤽ࡁ᪡࡞Ἢ᱄࠿㏳ࡽࠉ⚗♬ඵἪ࠿ᩒࡖࡒࠊโᗐⓏ࡞ࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡୌᚺࡡᐁ⌟࡛ࡲ࡝ࡎࡾࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࡐࡆ࡞ࡢ᭩ิ࠾ࡼኬࡀ࡝ᕣࡵᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊ᭩ኬࡡᕣࡢᣈฝཋ์ࡡᲬ୕ࡅ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡさㅁࡢࠉᣈฝࢅ୹࡛ࡌࡾ♣ఌಕ㝜࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᅗẰ᡿ຐࡢ࠵ࡂࡱ࡚ᚉ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡన⨠㛭౿ࢅᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ࣊
ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ⩹㱃㏝⫃ᖳ㔘ࡡᏰධᐁ᪃ࢅ 1965 ᖳ࡞㐔ࡼࡎࠉࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ 20 ᖳ㛣ࡢ⤊㐛᥈⨠ࡊ࡙΅㢘ࡈࡿࡒᖳ㔘ࢅ໅࿈ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡱࡒ♣ఌಕ㝸┤ࢅ᩺スࡊࠉಕ㝜࡛᡿ຐࢅ⤣ୌⓏ࡞᡽࠹ᚪさᛮࢅㄕ࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊຘ഼ඨᨳᗋࡢ⩹㱃㏝⫃ᖳ㔘ࡡ

75
76

Employment Policy, Cmd. 6527, foreword, May 1944.
ິဤよ㝎ࠉᇱᖷ⏐ᴏࡡᅗ᭯໩ࠉᖀᅗࡡΰ⟤࡛࠷࠹ㄚ㢗ࡵྜྷ᫤࡞㐑⾔ࡈࡿࡒࠊ36Ᏸධ༳᫤ᐁ᪃ࢅỬࡴࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢᨥฝ㡧┘ࡡ⃥ቌࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒᅗẰಕ㝜┤࡛ᅗẰ᡿ຐᖿ77ࡢ≺❟ࡊࡒࡱࡱ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡒࡴࠉᅗẰ᡿ຐࡡུ⤝⩽ࡢ 1948
ᖳࡡⓆ㊂᫤࡞ࡢ 84 ୒ெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࠿ࠉ1954 ᖳ࡞ࡢ 180 ୒ெ࡞⭶ࡿ࠵࠿ࡖࡒࠊ
ࡆࡡ஥ឺࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࢅ஦㔔ࡡណ࿝࡚⿤วࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡍᅗẰ᡿ຐࡢධ㢘ᅗᗔㇿᢰ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸஢⟤࠿◒⥚ࡊ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊḗ࡞ᅗẰ᡿ຐ
ࡢ㈠ງㄢᰕࢅఔ࠹࠾ࡼࠉ
ࠔ㈃Ằࡡỗྞࠕ࡛࠷࠹វてࢅᡮᣌ࡚ࡀࡍࠉᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࠾
ࡼࡡỬื࠿୘ྊ⬗࡞࡝ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢࡐࡡᐁ᪃ᙔิ࠾ࡼኬࡀ
࡝㋚㊔࡞├㟻ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊᅗẰ᡿ຐ࡞㢏ࡾమโ࠿࠷ࡖࡒࢆᐁ⌟ࡊ࡙ࡊࡱ࠻ࡣࠉࡐࡿࡆࡐ࠿⚗♬ᅗᐓ⌦ᛍࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡂࠊ㧏ᗐᠺ㛏࡞ࡻࡖ࡙♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡཋ㈠࠿☔ಕ࡚ࡀࡒ᫤௥ࡢࠉࡐࡡㄏよ࣬ヾㆉንᥦ࡚ࡵኬࡀ࡝ၡ㢗ࢅ⏍ࡱ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ఩ᠺ㛏ࡡ᫤௥࡞࡝ࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡᕣࡢỬᏽⓏ࡞㐢ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊ ࡐࡡ௙ࡡᕣ␏ࡵᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊ1945 ᖳࡡᐓ᪐ᡥᙔἪ࡞ࡻࡽᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡝ඡ❲ᡥᙔ࠿ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒ࠿ࠉࡐࡡ㢘ࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ᱄ࡡ 8 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ5 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ
㸝㉝ᮄ 2005: 109㸞ࠊࡱࡒ 10 ࢨࣛࣤࢡࡡ⤝௛ࢅຘ഼ඨᨳᗋࡢᐁ⌟ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ
࠿ࠉ࢕ࣤࣆ࣭ࣝࢨࣘࣤࢅ⩻៎࡞ථࡿࡾ࡛ࠉᐁ㈻⤝௛ࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩỀ‵ࡡ 4 ฦࡡ㸨࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝ኬἉ 1999: 108㸞ࠊᅗẰಕ೸ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㸝NHS㸞ࡢ༈⒢ࢅ↋ᩩ࡚ᥞ౩ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹᭩ࡵ㔕ᚨⓏ࡝モࡲ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠿ࠉ᭽㩥ᡋணࡡᡋ㈕ㄢ㐡ၡ㢗ࡵ࠵ࡽࠉ
1951 ᖳࡡຘ഼ඨහ㛮࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ༈⒢㈕ࡡୌ㒂ㇿᢰ࠿ỬᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊNHS ࡡ⏍ࡲࡡば࡚࠵ࡾ࡬ࣥ࢒ࣤຘ഼ኬ⮟ࡢࠉࡆࡡࠔኬ◑࠾ࣁࢰ࣭࠾ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ㄵண࡚㎙௴ࡊࡒࠊᆍୌᣈฝࡡཋ์ࡵᙔิ࠾ࡼ⃥ㄵࢅ࿣ࢆ࡚࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢ㏣㐅ᛮࢅᣚࡗெ㢄⛧࡚࠵ࡽࠉධమࡡᣈฝ⥪㢘ࡵቌ࠻࡝࠷࡛࠷࠹⌦⏜࡚ࠉኬࡀ࡝ཬᑊࢅ㎼࠻ࡒࠊ1950ᖳ௥࠾ࡼ 1960 ᖳ௥࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠉṹ㝭Ⓩᖳ㔘โᗐ࠿ᑙථࡈࡿࠉ኶ᴏ⤝௛࡝࡜࡞ᡜᚋ
Ẓౚࡡಕ㝜ᩩ࠿࠾࠾ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊຘ഼୘⬗⤝௛࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢᅗ᭯໩࠿ぜ㏞ࡼࡿࡒࠊ↋ᴏࡡጏࡢᅗẰಕ㝜ࡡ㐲⏕አ࡛ࡈࡿࠉ㞫፡ࡷืᑽࡊࡒሔྙࡡᡥᙔࡢᐁ⌟ࡊ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ㸝ኬἉ 1999: 108㸞ࠊࡱࡒ᭯ᴏࡡጏࡵ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ࠿໅࿈ࡊࡒỀ‵ࡻࡽࡵ఩࠷⤝௛ࡊ࠾ヾࡴࡼࡿ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙᩺ᑽ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐓර⿭ຐ㔘ࡷ୹፦ࡡᐓ஥ᨥᥴ⿭ຐ㔘ࡵᐁ⌟ࡊ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊ

1948 ᖳࡡᅗẰ᡿ຐἪ࡚ᠺ❟ࡊࠉ1966 ᖳࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸┤ス⨠࡚ᗣḾࡈࡿࡒࠊ1934ᖳࡡ኶ᴏἪ࡚ᠺ❟ࡊࡒ኶ᴏ᡿ຐᖿࡡᣉኬ∟࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊᑚᒜ㸝1978: 246, 260㸞ࠊ࡝࠽ࡆࡡ኶ᴏἪ࡚ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࢅጟဤ㛏࡛ࡌࡾ኶ᴏಕ㝜Ἢᏽጟဤఌࡵス⨠ࡈ
ࡿࡒࠊ
77

37

5-4 ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧㸴ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒንᥦࡷࡠࡋࡿ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉ1950 ᖳ௥࡞ࡢຘ഼ඨ࠾ࡼಕᏬඨࡱ࡚ࠉ
࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡࠔ❋இ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤⏜ࠕ࠿Ᏸ㐑ࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ྙណ࠿ᠺ❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝ẗ
ฺ 1990: 249㸞ࠊࠔ1950 ᖳ௥ิ᭿࡞ථࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ㸱⚗♬ᅗᐓ㸳ࢅ┷๟࡞ၡ࠷├ࡌኇࡢ࡮࡛ࢆ࡜ฝ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠕ
㸝Briggs 1994: 310ࠉゼ 456㸞ࠊຘ഼ඨࡡ⌦ㄵⓏᨥᰍࢠࣞࢪࣚࣤࢺ Anthony Crosland㸝1918-1977㸞࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࠔ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࡢኬ㒂ฦ㥉㝎ࡈࡿࡒࠊࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ㠁࿤ࠗࡢᏰ㐑ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙࢕࢟ࣛࢪࡢࠉ͐ࠖ⚗♬ᅗᐓࠗࡡྞ⛘ࢅーࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ͐ṌྍⓏ┘ᵾࡢ࠽࠽ࡳࡠ㐡ᠺࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ
㸝Crosland 1980/1956: 59㸞࡛⬒ࢅᘿࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢ 1956 ᖳࡡᩝ❮࡚࠵ࡽࠉ1967ᖳࡡᨭゖ∟࡚ࡵንࢂࡖ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࠊ࢓ࢹ࣭ࣛහ㛮ࡡ࠵࡛ᄿ௥࡞ῳࡖ࡙⤾࠷ࡒಕᏬඨහ㛮㸝1951-1964㸞ࡡ᫤௥࡚ࡵࠉᅗᗔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ♣ఌಕ㝸㈕ࡡẒ⋙ࢅᚥᗇⓏ࡞ୖ
ࡅࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࿝࡚ࡡኬᖕ࡝ᨭንࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂ⾔ࢂࡿ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡈ࡞⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណ࠿ᇻ∴࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊຘ഼ඨᨳᶊࡡ⮤⏤⮤㈰࡛ࠉಕᏬඨࡡ
㏛㝮࠿Ꮛᅹࡊࡒࠊ୦ඨࡡᨳ἖ᐓࢅ⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎ࡙ࣁࢴࢢࣛࢫ࣑࡛࿣ࡣࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ
ࡱࡈ࡞⚗♬ᅗᐓࡢࠉ⾪㟻Ⓩ࡞ࡢᅗẰⓏྙណࢅ㎼࠻࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࡊ࠾ࡊࡆࡡ⻜᭮ࡢ㛏ࡂ⤾࠾࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊ1950 ᖳ௥࠾ࡼโᗐⓏ࡞ᮇ㈻Ⓩ࡝ን᭞࠿
࠵ࡽࠉ1960 ᖳ௥࠾ࡼࠔ㈃ᅏࡡ්Ⓠぜࠕ࠿྆ࡣࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1951 ᖳ࡞ࡢ᪡ࡂ
ࡵ༈⒢↋ᩩ໩࠿᩷ᛍࡈࡿࠉ1954 ᖳ࡞ࡢᡜᚋẒౚࡡᣈฝᆵ㧏㱃ᖳ㔘࠿ᑙථࡈࡿࡒ
78ࠊྜྷ᫤࡞ࠉ఩㈜㔘ࡡၡ㢗࠿ᚗὩࡊࡒࠊධဤ࠿❋இࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ᫤௥࠿ཡࡽࠉெࠍ࠿

Ẓ㍉Ⓩ⿩⚗࡞࡝ࡿࡣ࡝ࡾ࡮࡜ࠉࡐࡆ࠾ࡼཱིࡽṟࡈࡿࡾࠔ┞ᑊⓏ࡝㈃ᅏࠕ࠿㟚ࢂ࡞࡝ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾ79ࠊ௥⾪Ⓩ࡝ᢀึ⩽࢞ࣤࢢ࢕ࢺࡢࠔኬᖕ࡝ᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼࠿ఔࢂ࡝࠷㝀ࡽࠉỬࡊ࡙༎ฦ࡝♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐࢅ⠇ࡂࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ࠕ
㸝Kincaid 1975/1973: 11ࠉ
ゼ 3㸞࡛࠷࠹ಘᛍ࠾ࡼࠔ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝┘ᵾ࡛ࡊ࡙♣ఌⓏᖲ➴ࢅ⩻࠻࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠕ
㸝ibid.: 32ࠉゼ 24㸞࡛᩷⨝ࡊࡒࠊࢰࢗࣤࢭࣤࢹࡢᩐࠍࡡ㈃ᅏㄢᰕࢅ⾔࠹ሔྙࠉࠔ♣ఌⓏ๡ዞࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍ࡚㈃ᅏࢅῼᏽࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࠉ㧏㱃໩♣ఌ࡛ኬᐓ᪐ࢅ୹࡝ཋᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏ࠿⌟Ꮛࡌࡾ࡛ᣞᦤࡊࡒࠊ⥪ࡋ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒
ࣛࢴࢩ࡫ࡡᢀึࡢᡜᚋࡡ⤧ᑊỀ‵ؐؐࡐࡊ࡙ࡐࡡᣞᵾؐؐ࠿୘༎ฦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ
ᙁງ࡝ᡜᚋฦ㒼ᶭ⬗ࡻࡽᖲ➴໩ࢅ┘ᣞࡊ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࡆ࡛ࠉࡆࡡ㸧Ⅴ࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊ

78⚗♬ᅗᐓࢅ᧞㆜ࡌࡾࢷ࢔ࢹ࣏ࢪࠉࢰࢗࣤࢭࣤࢹࠉ࢙࣭ࣇࣜѸࢪ࣐ࢪ࠿ຘ഼ඨࡡ
ཋ᱄ࢅషࡖࡒ㸝ኬἉ 1999: 116㸞ࠊ
79 ࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ⌦᝷࡛⌟ᐁ࠿⥝ᐠ࡞᳠ッࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉẒ㍉Ⓩ㸱⿩⚗㸳࡝ 1950 ᖳ௥࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝Briggs 1994: 310ࠉゼ 456㸞ࠊ38ࡒࡓࡊ⤊ῥᠺ㛏࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ୘‫ࡢ‮‬し࠷㝻ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ1980 ᖳ௥࡞ኬࡀ࡝⌦ᛍ㌹ᥦ࠿࠵ࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ⾪㟻୕ࡢ⚗♬ᅗᐓమโ࠿Ꮛ⤾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ῕㒂࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡమโࡢ୕オࡡ㸧ࡗࡡ୘‫ࢅ‮‬㐋ࡼࡌ࠾ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᑊᚺࡊ࡙ኬࡀ࡝⌦ᛍ୕ࡡንᥦ࠿ᐠࡷ࠾࡞㉫ࡆࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ⚗♬ᅗᐓࢅᨥ࠻ࡾ⤊ῥⓏᐁ⾔ྊ⬗ᛮ࠿ࡱࡌࡱࡌ㍇っࡈࡿ࠿ࡔࡓࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࠊᣈฝཋ์࠿ᓻࡿࠉㄙ࠿ࡐࡡ㈀″ࢅㇿᢰࡌࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉࠔࡵ࡛ࡵ࡛㈃ᅏࡡᨾῥࢅࡴࡉࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸦ࡗࡡโᗐ࠿ࠉᖲ➴୹⩇⩽ࡡ්ฦ㒼ᡥṹ࡞ንㇲࡊ࡙ࠕ
㸝Hayek 1960: 289ࠉゼ 50㸞࠷ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࠊ⤧ᑊⓏ㈃ᅏ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉ┞ᑊⓏ୘ᖲ➴࠿よỬࡌ࡬ࡀᵾⓏ࡞࡝ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࡚
࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ᅗẰ᡿ຐࡷ㈠ງㄢᰕࡡẒ⋙࠿ቌ࠻ࠉ⛊⛧㸝≁࡞⣴㐅ㄚ⛧㸞ࡡᙁ໩࠿྆ࡣࡿࡒࠊ⌟ᐁࡡ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࠾ࡼࡢ㐪ࡉ࠾ࡽࠉࠔ᪃ࡊࠕ
dole80࡛࠷࠹ 1930 ᖳ௥ࡡ࢕࣒࣭ࢩ࠿්ࡦᏽ╌ࡈࡎࡒࠊ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡ࠹ࡔࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ❋இࡡᗣḾ࡛࠷࠹㒂ฦࡢኬ࠷࡞භ㫾ࡈࡿࠉᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸࣬♣ఌᶊࡡᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ☔❟࡛࠷࠹ᛦ᝷ࡢᏽ╌ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ
ࡐࡡᗣḾࢅᅗẰಕ㝜࡚୹࡞⾔࠹࡛࠷࠹㒂ฦࡢᙔิ࠾ࡼ๎ࡼࡿࠉᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ
࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊᅗẰಕ㝜࡞ࡻࡾ⚗♬ࡡᐁ᪃ࡢࠉ༟࡝ࡾᡥṹࡡၡ㢗࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊࡱࡒࡐ
ࡡ๑ᥞࡷ♣ఌふࠉࡗࡱࡽ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡ⥪మ࡛୘ྊฦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡞ฆ⦨
ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉᅗẰ᭩఩㝀ಕ㝸㸝➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࡡࡲ࡝ࡼࡍࠉெ㛣Ⓩᚪさࡵᇔࡴ㎲ࡲྊ⬗81㸞ࠉ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ㐠ᚠᛮ㸝೸ධ࡝ᣈฝࠉᕝኰࡷ⟿⣑ࡡఴᆀࠉㄇᅄ୦❟ᛮ㸞ࠉ᯺㌶ࡓ࠿೸ධ࡝㈀ᨳᇱ┑㸝஦㔔஢⟤ࠉ᧻โ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾ࠿✒❟ᖳ㔘โ㸞ࠉ♣ఌⓏ⣛ᖈࡡᏋᅹ㸝ࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ࠉ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡞ࡻࡾ௯㛣࡫ࡡࡱ࡝ࡉࡊ㸞ࠉ௙ᅗ࡛භᏋࡌࡾᖲ
࿰ᚷྡྷ㸝㏻㑝୹⩇82㸞ࠉࡐࡊ࡙⤊ῥమ⣌࡛ࡡ㏻ᦘ㸝♣ఌᶊࢅ๑ᥞ࡛ࡊࡒࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ
⤊ῥᏕ㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᵕࠍ࡝⚗♬ᅗᐓᢀึ83࠿Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ୯ࠉࡆࡡୌమ໩ࡊࡒࣂࢴࢢ࣭
ࢩ84ࡢࠉ⌟௥࡚ࡵ᭯ຝ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ

80ࡆࡡ࢕࣒࣭ࢩࡆࡐࠉ1935 ᖳࡡ኶ᴏಕ㝜Ἢᏽጟဤఌ㆗㛏࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ
࠿ᡮᣌࡊࡒ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ
81 ࡐࡿࡹ࠻௙࡛Ẓ࡬ࡒሔྙࡡ఩㈜㔘ၡ㢗ࠉࡗࡱࡽ♣ఌⓏ๡ዞࡵっ㔕හ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ
82 ࡝࠽⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡᅗẰ୹⩇Ⓩ㝀⏲࡛ࡐࡡᣉኬⓏᒈ㛜ࡡレ⣵࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࣐ࣖࣜ
ࢱ࣭ࣜ࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿࡒࠊ⸠⏛㸝2005㸞ࢅཤ↯ࠊ83 ♣ఌಕ㝸㈀″࡞ᚪさ࡝㧏࠷⛧⋙࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㈠ᮇࡷຘ഼࡞ᑊࡌࡾㄇᅄࢅ᥾ࡠࡾࡆ
࡛ࠉኬࡀ࡝ᨳᗋࢅᣞྡྷࡊ࡙⾔ᨳࡡ㟸ຝ⋙࠿㉫ࡆࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ୯ኳ㞗ᶊⓏ࡝⚗♬ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ࠿㞺さࢅ᥏ࡲ᥾ࡠࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ㐽ᢝࡡ⮤⏜ࢅዞ࠹ࡆ࡛ࠉ࡝࡜࠿࠵ࡾࠊ
84 ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡢฺ௙Ⓩ࡝โᗐ࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࡄࡿ࡜ࡵࠉᇱᮇⓏ࡞ࡢฺᕤⓏ࡝ึ᩷ࢅප
ḿࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼ♣ఌⓏ࡞⤣ྙࡊࡒࡵࡡࠕ㸝ሲ㔕ㆺ 2002: 277㸞ࠊ39࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࡛⌟ᐁ࡞ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒ⚗♬ᅗᐓโᗐ࡛ࡡᕣ␏ࢅヾㆉࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ
ࡐࡡ⌦ᛍࡡ⌟௥ᛮ㸝ᬉ㐚ᛮ㸞ࡷ㝀ᏽᛮ㸝Ṍྍโ⣑㸞ࢅ㏣࡞ᾃࡀᙦࡽ࡞࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
ࡐࡡ්☔ヾࡢ⌟௥Ⓩ࡝⚗♬ၡ㢗࡞ࠉᑛ࡝࠾ࡼ࡟ᐞ୙ࢅࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
➠㸫⟿ ࠽ࢂࡽ࡞ ᨭࡴ࡙ࠉ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ࡡṌྍ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗⩄ࢅ⩻࠻ࡾណ⩇࡛ࡢరࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ㸧ࡗࡡᬳᏽⓏ࡝➽࠻ࢅ⏕ណࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡡහ
㒂࡚ࠉ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧ࡷ⚗♬ࡡྡྷ୕࡞࡜ࡡ⛤ᗐᐞ୙ࡊࠉࡱࡒโ⣑࡛࡝ࡾ࠾ࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉ⚗♬ၡ㢗࠿ྫྷᚺ࡝ࡂࡵࡒࡼࡌ⤊ῥࡡሾ⏲㡷ᇡؐؐ⤊ῥ-♣ఌ-ᨳ἖ࡡࢹࣚ࢕࢓ࣤࢡࣜؐؐ࡫ࡡ⩻ᐳࢅ῕ࡴࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ᐓ࠿௑ࡱ࡚ࡵ㔔さ࡝㈁⊡ࢅࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࢅᩒ⌦ࡊࠉḿ⤣࡝⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻ࡡࡲ࡝ࡼࡍࠉኣ
ᵕ࡚ኣඔⓏ࡝ᛦ⩻࠿්Ⓠぜࡈࡿࠉ⌟௥࡞Ὡ࠾ࡌᶭఌ࡛࡝ࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ ࡆࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼᮇㄵࢅࡱ࡛ࡴ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ♣ఌᶊࡡ❟Ἢ໩࠿㐅ࢆࡓ 1940 ᖳ௥ࡱ࡚࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࢅࡴࡃࡾ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ࡢኬࡀࡂ㐅Ṅࢅ㐑ࡅ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊපḿ㸝♣
ఌⓏḿ⩇㸞࡛ຝ⋙㸝⤊ῥⓏྙ⌦ᛮ㸞ࡡၡ㢗࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ๑⩽ࢅวࡽ㞫ࡌ࠾ࠉᑽᚨ
ᆀࡡᝇ࠷ెᏋ࡞ࡊ࡙࠽ࡂ࠾ࠉᚃ⩽ࢅ㞌ᒌࡈࡎࡾ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ᛦ⩻Ἢ࡞ฦ㢦ࡈࡿࠉ୦⩽ࢅㄢೳࡌࡾㄵ⌦࡛โᗐ࠿Ⓠぜ࡚ࡀ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡ㸦ࡗࡡㄢೳ᪁Ἢ࠿࣊ࣥ࢒
ࣛࢴࢩ࡛ࢢ࢕ࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵࡒࡼࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿ࠿ࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࠕ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊ
࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡢ㈃ᅏ࡫ࡡᑊฌࢅெ⏍ࡡࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࢪࣚ࢕ࢺࡈࡎࠉ౮
᰹ᶭ⬗ࢅ࡚ࡀࡾࡓࡄ᥾࡝ࢂࡎ࡝࠷♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡆ࡞ࡢୌ㒂ࡡ≁Ṟ࡝㈃ᅏ⩽ࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉධဤࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡝ᕰẰ࠿⩻ᐳࡈࡿࠉࡈࡼ࡞❋இ࠾ࡼ⮤⏜ࡡࡲ࡝ࡼࡍࠉ⬗ິⓏ࡝ᕰẰ࡞࡝ࡾࡒࡴࡡ᮪௲࠿⩻ᐳࡈࡿࡒࠊࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡢ࣊ࣥ࢒
ࣛࢴࢩゝ⏤ࡡ⤊ῥⓏᐁ⌟ྊ⬗ᛮࢅ㧏ࡴࡒࠊࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉ௑ࡱ࡚ࡡḿ⤣Ⓩ࡝
⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻㸝㛏᭿㸲ࢿ࣑ࣜ㸞ࢅ◒Იࡊࠉ♣ఌᶊ࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ⤊ῥᏕࡡమ⣌ࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊ୦⩽ࡡᛦ᝷ࡢ⿭ᏰⓏ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ᫤࡞ࠉ┞பࢅᙁ໩ࡌࡾࠊࡱࡈ࡞୦⩽࠿㈃ᅏ࡛⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗࡞ୌᏽࡡ➽࠻ࢅฝࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉᚪ↓Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ

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43㉝ᮄㄌ㸝2005㸞ࠔ୦ኬᡋ㛣᭿࢕࢟ࣛࢪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᐓ᪐ᡥᙔᵋ᝷ࡡᒈ㛜ؐㄢᰕ࣬㐘ິ࣬  โᗐスゝؐࠕࠖ♣ఌ⤊ῥྍᏕࠗࠉ71(4)ࠉ2005 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉ91-110ࠊᏭಕ์ኰ㸝2005㸞
ࠖ࢕࢟ࣛࢪຘ഼⩽ࡡ㈃ᅏ࡛ᨾῥؐᨾ㈃Ἢ࡛ᕝሔἪ᪺ؐࠗ▴᭡ᗉࠊୌᅨකᙏ㸝1982㸞ࠖ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌಕ㝸ㄵࠗක⏍㤃ࠊỜ㔓ཾᢽ㸝2001㸞ࠔ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ⚗♬ᨳ➿ᛦ᝷ྍؐ20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㈃ᅏ࣬኶ᴏ  ࢅࡴࡃࡾㅎᛦ᝷ؐࠕ
ࠖ⤊ῥᏕྍᏕఌ ᖳሒࠗ➠ 40 ྒࠉ2001 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉ13-22ࠊኬἉ┷⌦㸝1986㸞ࠖ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍؐᨾ㈃Ἢ࡛⚗♬ᅗᐓؐࠗ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊኬἉ┷⌦㸝1999㸞ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸ᨳ➿ؐࢩ࢘ࣤࢱ࣭ฦᯊࡡモࡲؐࠕࠉẗฺ೸୔⥽  ࠖ⌟௥࢕࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍ 1945-1990࣐ࠗࢾࣜࣥ࢒᭡ᡛࠉ89-153 ᡜ཭ࠊᑚᓘᩌ㸝2007㸞ࠖ࣊ࣥ࢒ࣛࢴࢩࡡ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ؐࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡒࡔ࡛ࡡஹὮؐࠗ᫓࿰ᇸࠊ
ᑚᒜ㊪⏠㸝1978㸞ࠖこὊ♣ఌ஥ᴏྍㄵࠗක⏍㤃ࠊሲ㔕ㆺ♰ୌ㸝2002㸞ࠖ⤊ῥ࡛೒⌦ؐ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡူᏕؐࠗ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊ㕝ᮟ⮾ኯ㑳㸝2007㸞
ࠔぞ⠂Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕࡡ㟸ཉ⏍୹⩇Ⓩ࣬㟸ᖉ⤎୹⩇Ⓩᇱ♇ؐࣅࢡ࣭ࠉ  ࣃࢴࢠࢪࠉࢬࣤࡡ㏻⤎⎌ؐࠕࠖ⤊ῥ◂✪ࠗ
㸝ୌᶣኬᏕ⤊ῥ◂✪ᡜ㸞ࠉVol. 58, No.
  2, April 2007, 97-109.
㛭Ⴢᙢ㸝1952㸞ࠖⱝᅗ♣ఌ୹⩇ؐຘ഼ඨࡡ⌦ㄵᐓࡒࡔؐࠗᘧᩝᇸࠊ
Ṃ⏛ᩝὊ㸝1999㸞ࠔ༈⒢ಕ㝸ᨳ➿ؐᠺຉ࡛ᣰᢙࡡஹ㘊ؐࠕࠉẗฺ೸୔⥽  ࠖ⌟௥࢕࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍ 1945-1990࣐ࠗࢾࣜࣥ࢒᭡ᡛࠉ155-224 ᡜ཭ࠊ᩺ᮟ⪵㸝2005㸞ࠔࣃ࣭࣑࡛ࣖࢪ࣐ࢪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⤊ῥⓆᒈ࡛୘ᖲ➴ࠕࠉ⤊ῥᏕྍᏕఌ  ➠ 69 ᅂኬఌࠉሒ࿈㞗ࠊ2005.5ࠊඳ⏛ᖶ஦㸝2007㸞ࠔ࣌ࣇࢮࣤ ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᛦ᝷ࠕࠉᑚᓘᩌ⥽㸝2007㸞ࠖ⚗♬ࡡ⤊  ῥᛦ᝷ᐓࡒࡔࠗࢻ࢜ࢼࢨࣕฝ∟ࠉ138-148ࠊⳳᒜἠ㸝1993㸞ࠖࢪࣚࢴࣆ࢒⤊ῥᏕࡡ⌟௥Ⓩフ౮ࠗா㒌ኬᏕᏕ⾙ฝ∟ఌࠊᖲ஬ಆ㢟㸝2003㸞
ࠖࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ⌦ㄵؐ々ྙⓏっᗑ࠾ࡼࡡ◂✪ؐࠗ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊ⸠⏛⳧ࠍᏄ㸝2005㸞
ࠔ࣐ࣖࣜࢱ࣭ࣜ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⚗♬ᅗᐓᙟᠺㄵؐ᪁ἪㄵⓏ࣬⌦ㄵⓏ  ᯗ⤄ࡲ࠾ࡼࡡ᳠ゞؐࠕࠖ⤊ῥᏕྍ◂✪ࠗ➠ 47 ᕬ㸦ྒࠉ2005 ᖳ㸫᭮ࠉ65-78ࠊᮿᕖ࿔஦㸝1991㸞ࠖࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ⤊ῥᏕؐࡐࡡᙟᠺ࡛ᒈ㛜ؐࠗ୯ኳ⤊ῥ♣ࠊ⨶⃨ཾṂ㞕㸝2001㸞ࠔࢢ࢕ࣤࢫࡡ⤊ῥᨳ➿㸯┷ࡡࢢ࢕ࣤࢫᨳ➿࡛ࡢర࠾ࠕࠖୌᶣ  ㄵཽࠗ㸝᪝ᮇフㄵ♣㸞ࠉVol. 125, No. 6, 2001 ᖳ㸫᭮ࠉ565-581ࠊẗฺᘋ୔㸝1990㸞ࠖ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ◂✪ؐ♣ఌಕ㝸Ⓠ㐡ࡡㅎ⏤᭿ؐࠗ᮶ாኬ  Ꮥฝ∟ఌࠊẗฺ೸୔⥽㸝1999㸞ࠖ⌟௥࢕࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍ 1945-1990࣐ࠗࢾࣜࣥ࢒᭡ᡛࠊ

44ᒜ⬝├ྒྷ㸝2007㸞ࠖࢡ࣭ࣞ࢜ࣜපභူᏕؐࠔὩ⚶㛜පࠕࡡࣥ࢔ࢩࣘࣤࡡࡒࡴ࡞ؐࠗ  ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊⱕ᲻ࡲ࡜ࡽ㸝2003㸞
ࠔࣉ࣭ࣤࣛ࣬ࢠࣝ࢕࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⏐ᴏࠉ⤄⧂ࠉ༝ᴏؐ1916ࠤ1929  ᖳؐࠕࠖ⤊ῥᏕྍᏕఌ ᖳሒࠗ➠ 44 ྒࠉ2003 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉ45-58ࠊῳఌົ⩇㸝1997㸞ࠔ࣏ࣜࢦࢪࡡ⤊ῥᛦ᝷࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࠕࠖStudy Seriesࠗ㸝ୌ  ᶣኬᏕ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥཿ඼㈠ᩩࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸞No. 38ࠉ1997 ᖳ㸨᭮ࠊῳఌົ⩇㸝2000㸞
ࠔࢸ࢕ࣥ࢔ࢺ࣭࣬ࣛ࢜ࢺࢗࡡᨾ㈃ㄵ࡛㈋⵫㖗⾔ࠕࠖStudy Seriesࠗ  㸝ୌᶣኬᏕ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥཿ඼㈠ᩩࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸞No. 45ࠉ2000 ᖳ㸨᭮ࠊ45