国土交通省 国土技術政策総合研究所
建築研究部・環境設備基準研究室
平成 26 年 12 月 16 日

「第２回建物性能シミュレーションに関するアジア地域の国際会議」に投稿した論文が最優秀論文賞を受賞しました
平成 26 年 11 月 28, 29 日に名古屋で開催された「第 2 回建物性能シミュレーションに関するアジア地域の国際会議」において、わが国における建築物の省エネルギーのためのシミュレーションツール開発に関する論文を投稿し、最優秀論文賞を受賞しました。
【 表彰内容 】
会議名称 ：The 2nd Asia Conference ofInternational Building Performance Simulation Association – ASim2014（第２回建物性能シミュレーションに関するアジア地域の国際会議）

開催場所 ：

名古屋大学（名古屋市）

受賞日：

平成２６年１１月２９日

受賞名：

Web-based Simulation Tool for the 2013 Energy Efficiency Standard
for Commercial Buildings in Japan（非住宅建築物の省エネルギー基準のための Web ベースシミュレーションの開発）受賞者：

国土技術政策総合研究所 建築研究部環境･設備基準研究室主任研究官 宮田征門
住宅研究部長 澤地孝男、住宅研究部住環境計画研究室主任研究官 赤嶺嘉彦
(独)建築研究所 環境研究グループ上席研究員 桑沢保夫、主任研究員

受賞時の様子

表彰状（右から三人目が宮田主任研究官）

1三木保弘

国土交通省 国土技術政策総合研究所
建築研究部・環境設備基準研究室【 会議の概要 】「建物性能シミュレーションに関するアジア地域の国際会議」は、30 年の歴史を持ち 2 年に 1 度開催される「国際建物性能シミュレーション協会による国際会議」下に、アジア地域の発展に寄与するため中間年に開催される会議です。本年度は、11 月 28,29 日に名古屋で開催され、150 名の参加と 107 の論文が寄せられました。
【 論文の概要 】
本論文は、国総研が（独）建築研究所とともに新たに開発した、設計時点において建築物のエネルギー消費量を精度良く推計する方法（シミュレーションツール）について解説をしたものです。この方法
は、エネルギーの使用の合理化等に関する法律（省エネ法）などに基づいて建築確認手続きに付随して行われる届出のため、設計者等が建築物の省エネ達成状況を評価する際に使用されるものです。国総研・建築研究所は、この推計方法に基づく評価を Web 上で簡易に行うことができるシステムも開発し、2012
年 12 月より国土交通省のホームページなどを通じて無償で公開しています。このシステムは、新たな推計方法による届出が義務化された 2014 年 4 月以降の平均で 1 日あたり約 800 回利用されており、建築物の省エネルギー化の推進に寄与しています。
【 参考 】
・ 国土交通省

改正省エネルギー法関連情報（住宅・建築物関係）

http://www.mlit.go.jp/jutakukentiku/build/jutakukentiku_house_tk4_000005.html
・ 住宅・建築物の省エネルギー基準及び低炭素建築物の認定基準に関する技術情報（国土交通省国土技術政策総合研究所、独立行政法人建築研究所）
http://www.kenken.go.jp/becc/index.html
・ 発表時に使用した資料（次頁以降参照）

以2上Outline

Asim 2014@Nagoya
November 28, 2014

1. Background- Present situation of Japanese Energy Efficiency Standard forcommercial buildings

Web-based Simulation Tool for the2013 Energy Eﬃciency Standard forCommercial Buildings in Japan

2. Energy Efficiency Standard revised in 2013
3. Web-based simulation tool

Masato Miyata *1) , Takao Sawachi *1) ,Yasuo Kuwasawa *2) , Yasuhiro Miki *2), Yoshihiko Akamine *1)*1) National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management*2) Building Research Institute

4. Calculation methodologies(air-conditioning system)

2

History of the Building Energy Eﬃciency Standard1979
1980

1992
1993
1999

1. Background2009

The Energy Conservation Law was established.
The Building Energy Efficiency Standard was established according
to the law. No obligation was taken on building owners.
So the standard was similar to the recommendation.
The standard for housing was revised owing to the Gulf War.
The standard for buildings was revised as well as that for housing.
The levels of the standard were enhanced because of the Kyoto
Protocol.
Reporting on the standards made mandatory except for smallbuildings and housing.

When building constructors build new commercial buildings with afloor area of more than 300 m2, they must review their buildings’
energy performance and report the review results to administrative
agencies before they start building.
34

Transition of Final Energy Consumption andEnergy Consumption in Housing and Building in Japan

History and Future of the Building Energy Standard

When we consider transition of Final Energy Consumption, the commercial andresidential sectors account for over 30% of final energy consumption in Japan.
The graph on the left shows that these sectors have seen a more significant increase
than the transportation and industrial sectors. Therefore, strengthened energy
efficiency measures are called for mostly in the commercial and residential sectors.

1979
1980

1992
1993
1999
2009

The Energy Conservation Law was established.
The Building Energy Standard was established according to thelaw. No obligation was taken on building owners. So the standard
was similar to the recommendation.
The standard for housing was revised owing to the Gulf War.
The standard for buildings was revised as well as that for housing.
The levels of the standard were enhanced because of the Kyoto
Protocol.
Reporting on the standards made mandatory except for smallbuildings and housing.

2013

The whole standard was revised. Primary energy consumption isneeded as a criterion index, in addition to envelope performance.

2020

Compliance with the standard will be mandatory for all newly built
buildings and housing.

5

6

Revision of the 2013 Standards•••

2. Revision of the 2013 Standards

7

Primary energy consumption is needed as a criterion index, in addition
to envelope performance.
NILIM and BRI have developed new methodologies for evaluating theprimary energy consumption.
The methodologies are expected to be suitable for the mandatorystandard.
– Easy to understand evaluation logic (simplified and streamlined)– Easy to understand evaluation results– A fair, reliable, and transparent evaluation logic– Streamlined and efficient evaluation and review• Provision of evaluation-assistance simulation tools– Defined and unified evaluation rules• Same results regardless of who makes data entries• Same results regardless of who performs a review
8Web-based Simulation Tool for Compliancewith 2013 Energy Eﬃciency Standard
Design.documents

Computa-onal.engine.
on.cloud.compu-ng.plaGorms

3. Web-based simulation toolSpeciﬁca-on.Input.Sheet

Calc..results

XML.ﬁles

BRI.Website.
hLp://www.kenken.go.jp/becc/

DownloadF.Excel.Sheet.
F.Manual.
F.Interface.of.
the.webFbased.
simula-on.tool

UploadCalcula-on.
Results.

Flow.for.evalua-on.of.a.building’s.primary.energy.
consump-on.in.commercial.buildings.

910

Calculation Flow of Primary Energy Consumption

Design/Reference Primary Energy Consumption•Input.the.product.
speciﬁca-on.of.the.
building.
equipment.
to.the.Excel.ﬁle.

BEI（Building Energy Index）= Design primary energy consumption Ed (design value)/ Reference primary energy consumption Er (reference value)
Note: If BEI ≤ 1.00, the Energy Efficiency Standards are met.

Air-conditioningsystem(AC)!! = ! !!,!" + !!,! + !!,! + !!,!" + !!,!" + !!" − !!,!"!! = ! !!,!" + !!,! + !!,! + !!,!" + !!,!" + !!"AC: air-conditioning system; V: ventilation system; L: lighting system;
HW: hot water supply system; EV: elevators;
OT: oﬃce automation equipment;
EF: photovoltaic power generation systems and cogeneration systems

Spec of HW- Efficiency of heatsource, etc.

LightingSystem (L)Spec of L- Energy
consumption perunit, etc.

Elevators(EV)

Room type andfloor area

Database ofclimate conditions

Assumptions forroom use

Outdoor air
temperature, etc.

Spec of V- Energy
consumption of afan, etc.
Spec of EV- Control method ofthe EV, etc.

Criterion value foreach room typeInternal heat gain
Time for AC

Cooling/Heating
load

Spec of AC- Rated energy
consumption ofheat source, etc.

Hot water
supplysystem (HW)

Ventilation
system(V)

11Spec of envelope- Insulating material- shadings etc.

Climate zone

Reference energy
consumption
Performance curveof heat source, etc.

CompareE forAC

Outdoor airtemperature, etc.

HW demand
Time for HW

Performance curveof heat source, etc.
E forHW

Time for L

Coefficient of energy
reduction by control systems

Time for V

Coefficient of energy
reduction by control systems

Time for EV

Coefficient of energy
reduction by control systemsDesignedenergy
consumption

Sum

E for LE for VE for EVE for office automation equipment

12

Example of Assumptions for the Room Usage

Reference Energy Consumption
Aj.:..Floor.area.of.room.j.[m2].

!! = ! !!,!" + !!,! + !!,! + !!,!" + !!,!" + !!"!

!!,∗ =Er,per,j..is.deﬁned.in.the.standard..
for.8.climate.areas.and.for.201.
room.types.

!!,!"#,∗,! ×!!
!!!

•Building Type

OfficeReference values Er,per,*,j are defined for each room-use type– 201 types– Standardized room-use conditions are specified for each roomuse typeType of room

Building type
OfficeType of room

Ventilation Lighting

Area 1

Area 2…

898

917

…

OfficeMeeting room

1060

Central monitoring room

1071

2457Locker room

0…

2508

787-

…

2020…

2310…

Area 2511171

13850

46

202…

43995…

975…

0…

level

[m3 /m2 h]

[lx]
750

MeetingRoom

2410

100.25212.0

500

300.5015.0

ComputerRoom

3374
2410
723

CentralMonitoringRoom

8760

Corridor

3133

Kitchen

2565

[W/㎡]

Illuminanceintake5.0

SmokingRoom

42[person/㎡]

Fresh air

12Lobby498

gain (OAequipment)

0.1

LockerRoom

-

[W/㎡]

gain(metabolism)

12Canteen

OthersArea 1
498

0…

797

Hot water supply[h/year]Internal heat Internal heat

3374

ToiletAir-conditioning

Internal heatgain (lighting)

OfficeRoom

TeaRoom

Reference.primary.energy.consump-ons,.Er,per,*,j.described.in.the.standard.[MJ/m2/year]

Operation
Time for AC

IndoorParking

MechanicalRoom
ElectricalRoom
Kitchenette

StorageRoom
CopyRoom

GarbageStorage

3374
3133
3133
3133

0000
0000

12100.1

0.25

30

2

200.15

30

15

0.03

015

0.03

15151500000000

0.3

0.03
0.03

00000000000000000000

5.0

12.0
4.0
4.02.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

13…

750
300
500
500
300
200
500
300
300
750
150
200
200300
300
500
150

14

Standardized room-use conditions(Office Buildings, Offices)
Reference value for heatgeneration density
Lighting: Old Standards
25 W /m2 → 12 W/m2
Human body: Old Standards
0.2 persons/m2 → 0.1
persons/m2
Equipment: Old Standards
10 W/m2 → 12 W/m2h'#(Wlxl
F-47[54354A

543

5494775

549

975

4 547

543(Lll

AC548 5)
lalx

42 65

l

4 5()

.

/0 /l

H

(43'&!

Weekdays%

[l$



543



51 A

4 5

&!

 ) [Pl

Heat from Lighting( 



(Heat from
Human body(((((( ) [Pl(((((()(](("&!

(((m(AC( (

4. Calculation methodologies(air-conditioning system)m

Heat fromOA Equipment(&!

))($('&!

Sundays/Holidays)ACSaturdays

"&!((((((((()Standby power
considered(((((((m(1516Calculation Flow of Primary Energy Consumption
Climate'zone

Room'type,'Floor'area

Database'ofclimate'data

Database'ofstandard'schedules

Input:'equipment
0 Air0handling'units’'capacity,'
supply'air'volume,'energy'
consumption,'control'system'(CAV'or'VAV),'economizer0 Secondary'pumps’'rated'flow'
rate,'energy'consumption,'control'system'(CWV'or'VWV)
0 Heat'source'equipment’s'capacity,'energy'consumption

Coefficients'for'load'calculation

Loadconditions!!",! ! = ! !! !!!",! ! + !!

Coefficients
Performance'curves'ofheat'source'equipment

Calculation'of'daily'heat'gain

Estimation'of daily
heat'load• Two kinds of heat gain QrG,j are taken into account:– Heat gain through exterior walls and windows as a result of thetemperature difference= Overall heat transfer coefficient of walls and windows
x area x indoor-outdoor temperature difference– Heat gain through windows as a result of solar radiation= Solar heat gain coefficient x area x shading coefficient
x solar radiation

Performancecurvesa) Heat load calculation
Daily roomheat load

Energy of
air-handling units

Calculation'of'energy'of'
air0handling'units

Appearance'
frequency'of'heat'load

Heat loadof pumps

Calculation'of'energy'of'secondary'pumps

Heat loadof heat source

Calculation'of'energy'of'
heat'source'equipment

Energy ofsecondary pumps
Energy ofheat source equipmentb) Energy calculation

1718

Concept of Room Heat Load Calculation (2)Concept of Energy Consumption Calculation• Primary energy consumption of the air-conditioning system.

•Coefficients aj and bj are coefficients for converting static heat gain to
dynamic heat load.
• These coefficients are determined by using the dynamic thermal load
calculation program NewHASP.
• These coefficients are dependent on the zone, room use, and season
and on the use of air-conditioning the previous day.

!!,!" = !!,!",!"# + !!,!",!"#! + !!,!",!"#•

The concept used to calculate these values are the same.
– The appearance time of each part load ratio (PLR) band is calculated– The energy consumption of the equipment on each PLR band is calculated
by multiplying the appearance of the load and the energy input, which differs
depending on the control system introduced.

Appearance(Frequency([h]

3000"

Appearance"[h]"

2500"
2000"
1500"
1000"
500"

25"

In"case"of"variable"air"volume""
In"case"of"constant"air"volume"

3"
2"
1"
0"

0"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
0"*"0.2" 0.2"*"0.4" 0.4"*"0.6" 0.6"*"0.8" 0.8"*"1.0" 1.0"*"

Appearance frequency of load(from load calculation results)

195"4"(Energy(Consymop:on([GJ]

Input:'building'envelope
0 Floor'area'of'rooms,'
outdoor'wall'area,'
window'area,'direction'of'walls'and'windows,'
shading'factor,'etc.

• Daily heat loads of each room QrL,j are calculated using steadystate heat gain QrG,j .

Energy(Input(([kW]Temperature, humidity
solar radiation

Concept of Room Heat Load Calculation (1)

PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
0"*"0.2" 0.2"*"0.4" 0.4"*"0.6" 0.6"*"0.8" 0.8"*"1.0"

PLR"
1.0"*"

Energy input(from the equipment characteristics database)Energy"ConsumpHon"

20"
15"
10"
5"
0"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
PLR"
0"*"0.2" 0.2"*"0.4" 0.4"*"0.6" 0.6"*"0.8" 0.8"*"1.0"

PLR"
1.0"*"

Primary energy consumption(Load appearance hours
x power consumption)

20

(Example 1) Primary Energy Calculation
for Air-Handling Units
Example: The rated cooling capacity is 110.9 kW, with a 15.0 kW air
supply fan, a 1.5 kW exhaust fan, and VAV (variable air volume)
control (minimum flow rate ratio 40%).
%' #%'#
$$%"# #


     

•

(! ## "
"%)"$('

"%)#"&(!$'#"

    

As with heat source equipment, the appearance frequency of the airconditioning loads is generated according to not only the part load ratio
but also the outdoor air temperature.
•(Example 2) Primary Energy Calculationfor Heat Source Equipment





  

 











In a part load ratio of 0.6 to 0.7, the Appearance of load (20 h) can beobtained from the results of the heat load calculation.
• Energy input = Rated power consumption (15 kW + 1.5 kW) x averageload factor 0.652 = 6.97 kW– If a VAV control system is installed, the amount of power consumed
is dependent on the load factor (the square of the average loadfactor).
• Amount of power consumed = 20h x 6.97 kW/1000 = 0.14 MWh


     































 











•21Summary• The building energy standard was revised in 2013.
– Primary energy consumption is needed as a criterion
index, in addition to envelope performance.
• Until 2020, compliance to the standard will bemandatory for all newly built buildings and housing.
• NILIM and BRI have developed the on-line calculation
tools for the new energy standard.

23

Energy consumption of a heat source= Appearance of load
x number of units operated
x energy consumed by the heat source

Partial load characteristic curve

22