116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS

TRIADSPeter Yam Tat-wing *I. INTRODUCTION
Tr i a d s o c i e t i e s a r e c r i m i n a lorganisations and are unlawful under theLaws of Hong Kong. Triads have become amatter of concern not only in Hong Kong,
but also in other places where there is asizable Chinese community. Triads areoften described as organized secretsocieties or Chinese Mafia, but these aresimplistic and inaccurate descriptions.
Nowadays, triads can more accurately bedescribed as criminal gangs who resort to
triad myth to promote illegal activities.
For more than one hundred years triad
activities have been noted in the official law
and police reports of Hong Kong. We havea long history of special Ordinances andrelated legislation to deal with the problem.
The first anti-triad legislation was enacted
in 1845. The Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region (HKSAR) has, byfar, the longest history, amongst otherjurisdictions, in tackling the problem of
triads and is the only jurisdiction in theworld where specific anti-triad law exists.
It must be pointed out that legal
enactments alone cannot solve the problem.
This has to be supplemented by effective
police enforcement action, proper educationand publicity campaigns to remind peopleof the undesirable consequences ofassociating with triads and the importanceof coming forward to report triad-related
crimes and more importantly to testify incourts.

* Assistant Commissioner (Crime), Hong Kong Police
Force Headquarters, Hong Kong

This paper will draw heavily on theexperience gained by law enforcement
bodies in the HKSAR in tackling the triad
problem. Emphasis will be placed on antitriad law and Police enforcement tactics.
Background knowledge on the structure,
beliefs and rituals practised by the triads
is important in order to gain anunderstanding of the spread of triads andhow triads promote illegal activities byresorting to triad myth. With this in mind
the paper will examine the following issues:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

History and Development of Triads
Triad Hierarchy and Structure
Characteristics of Triads
Differences between Triads, Mafia
and Yakuza
Common Crimes Committed by
TriadsCurrent Triad Situation in Hong
Kong
Anti-triad Laws in Hong Kong
Police Enforcement Strategy
International Cooperation

II. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
OF TRIADS
The term “Triad” is a relatively modern
English word describing the sacred symbolof the secret societies, a triangle enclosing
a secret sign derived from the Chinesecharacter HUNG (洪) depicting a union ofheaven, earth and man. The origin of
triads is unclear, being a mixture of facts
and myth. It is generally believed that int h e m i d - 1 7 t h c e n t u r y, w h e n t h eManchurians from the northern part ofChina conquered the whole of China,
overthrowing the Ming Dynasty andestablishing the Ching Dynasty, some27

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58
supporters of the former Ming Dynasty
formed politically motivated secretsocieties with a declared goal to overthrow
the ruling Manchurians who wereconsidered as “foreigners” by the Hanpeople. One of these societies was the
HUNG League (洪門), which is now
regarded as the original triad society, fromwhich today’s triad societies haveoriginated.
Over the years the original society has
fragmented into numerous separate
societies. With the political developments
in China, the original political objectives
have long been lost and these once
“patriotic” secret societies havedegenerated into present day criminal
gangs. Nowadays, triad societies exist only
for the pursuit of criminal activity formonetary gain. A common modern term “Dark Society” or “Dark Association” ( 社會) is used to describe all triads, andrepresents the public feeling that triads are
sinister and evil rather than a mystic
brotherhood.
III. TRIAD HIERARCHY AND
STRUCTURE

each triad society is generally presided overby the Chairman and Treasurer who areoften elected for a fixed term, normally two
years, by a group of senior members and/or area leaders of that triad society.
Usually, the most influential area boss, who
has the largest group of followers or themost wealth, is elected. In some triad
societies, the same person holds both posts.
It must however be emphasized that thesedays the Chairman and Treasurer are
honorary positions without actual power.
Appendix C shows the present day
structure of a typical triad society in Hong
Kong.
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIADS
Contrary to what the movies may
portray, triad societies are in fact acollection of loose-knit groups or gangs who
operate independently. They are mainly
local area gangs, each active in certain
areas and activities. Their disputes
sometimes result in fighting and it is notuncommon that gangs within the same
triad society often fight with each otherover a disputed interest or territory.

The traditional triad societies adopted
a military style and had a well-organized
rank structure, not dissimilar to present
day guerrilla organizations. They had arigid rank structure of members andofficials, called “office bearers”. Each rank
had specific responsibilities. Many of the
traditional rank terms are still used today.
As well as a title, an office bearer would
h a v e a n a u s p i c i o u s n u m b e r. T h e
traditional rank structure of a triad society
can be seen at Appendix A.

Despite the fact that today’s triad
members do not belong to one organization,some of them continue to use triad jargon,rank structure etc. This is to convince a
new recruit that he has indeed joined anelite and is used to instil fear into membersof the public. Cooperation between triad
groups in criminal activities is normallybased on personal acquaintance andmutual interest. The chairpersons do not
usually direct gang members’ criminal
activities but are only ‘ceremonial heads’
and ‘mediators’ of disputes.

To enhance efficiency, increase flexibility
and to avoid police detection, the present
day triad societies in Hong Kong haveadopted a flattened organizational
structure. Apart from a few exceptions,

There is a recognized Chinese triad
presence in a number of countries. These
overseas groups may bear the same triad
names as those in Hong Kong but apartfrom that, they have no connection and28

116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS
little in common. Although there have beenoccasions when overseas triad members
perpetrated crimes together with triads inHong Kong, the triad membership wasmerely incidental. When an opportunity
arises to make a profit, criminals will
establish a joint venture.
Triad identity is not a pre-requisite toestablish a criminal joint venture except
to serve as a reference to the criminal
background of that person. It is thus agross simplification to associate organizedcrimes in Hong Kong with triad societies.
Drug trafficking and smuggling are typicalexamples of organized crimes. However,triad membership is not a prerequisite forjoining a drug syndicate. It is experience,expertise, contacts or money that count.
Whilst it may be true that many drugtraffickers have triad connections, triad
membership does not enhance one’s
position in a drug organization. The same
applies to other organized crime groups,
which specialise in such activities as illegal
gambling, prostitution, loan sharking andfraud. It is not uncommon to find majororganized crime syndicates with members
from several different triad societies
working together.

V. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRIADS, MAFIA AND YAKUZAThe table below depicts the major differences between Triads, the Mafia and Japanese
Yakuza.
Triads
Mafia / Japanese Yakuza• Loose-knit group (gangs)• Monolithic criminal organization• Independent power base
• Power diffused from a central core
• Horizontal organization• Rigid chain of command• Chairperson - limited influence,• Chairperson - the ‘Godfather’ post
honorary post
• Full autonomy• Central leadership• Profit belongs to individual gangs• Profit goes to organization• Disputes settled through negotiations• Disputes adjudicated by coreand fights
leadership• Made up of criminal fraternities• A criminal enterprise
VI. COMMON CRIMESCOMMITTED BY TRIADS
Triad gang activities are mainly
territorial and fall into one or more of thefollowing categories:• Extortion and protection
racketeering;• Monopoly of certain business andservices;• Street-level drug trafficking;• Illegal gambling activities;• Prostitution and pornography;• Loan sharking and debt collection;and,• Other opportunistic crimes, such as
selling of pirated and contraband
goods, smuggling, dealing incounterfeit currency and credit cards.
Experience in Hong Kong, however has
shown that triads are extremely adaptive
and versatile. They will make use of every
opportunity to make money, whether legal
or illegal. In tackling current and future
triad activities, there is a need to be vigilantof emerging trends.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58
Over the years, some of the criminalgroups have established legitimate fronts
so as to cover their criminal activities.
More sophisticated triad members, referred
to as second or third generation triads,
have received the best education paid forby money generated through illegal means.
Many of them are trained as professionals
such as lawyers and accountants. They arealso involved in legitimate business andpart of the profit from legitimate sources
can be used to fund triad activities so as tocreate an environment favourable for theirbusiness. They may present themselves
as reputable entrepreneurs and mix with
reputable socialites. Since they rarely
involve themselves in crimes, they are
becoming known as the “untouchables”.
Such a practice is typical in thedevelopment of organized crime. Control
of and investigation into their activities
becomes increasingly difficult.
At the lower level, triads are shiftingfrom hardcore criminals to service
providers. Their services include thesupply of bouncers to entertainment
businesses, car jockeys for valet parking,debt collectors and regulators to ward offbusiness competitors. Those at thereceiving end of the service are willinghirers, which may include reputablecommercial corporations, making attempts
to shrink the income of triads difficult oreven futile.
VII. CURRENT TRIAD SITUATIONIN HONG KONG
In 1999, there were 76,771 crimes
reported and the crime rate (the numberof crimes per 100,000 of the population) was
1,121.9. As a result of sustained police
efforts in Hong Kong the ratio of triad
involvement in overall crimes, in the past
few years, has been contained at below 4%.
Appendix D contains charts showing thetotal number of reported crimes, the total

30

number of reported triad-related crimes
and the percentage of triad-related crimes
in total reported crimes between 1990 and1999.
At present there are around 50 known
triad societies in Hong Kong, of which
about 15 regularly come to Police attention
through overt criminal activities. This does
not mean that the remaining societies areinactive, but possibly only that theiractivities go unreported for a variety ofreasons. The clandestine nature of triad
activity precludes an accurate assessmentof the triad membership. The accumulated
number of people convicted for triad
membership since 1936, including
recidivists, is about 32,000 and accounts
for 5% of all convicts. It serves as a roughindication of the size of triad population.
San Yee On, 14K, Wo Shing Wo, Wo Hop
To and Wo On Lok are the five most active
triad societies and they together accountfor the majority of triad-related crimes inHong Kong.
VIII. ANTI-TRIAD STRATEGY IN
HONG KONG
In Hong Kong, we adopt a four-pronged
approach to tackle triad activities, namely:(a) Legislation(b) Enforcement(c) Education(d) Rehabilitation
A. Legislation
Hong Kong is determined to combat
triad activities. The first anti-triad
legislation dates back to 1845. Relevant
anti-triad laws were consolidated
subsequently under Societies Ordinance,
which was enacted in 1949. Hong Kong
has the most effective and strictest
legislation aimed at tackling triad
activities:

116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS
1. The Societies Ordinance
Under the Societies Ordinance, Cap 151,
Laws of Hong Kong, and its subsequent
amendments, all triad societies are deemed
to be unlawful societies in Hong Kong. It
includes a series of criminal offences
relating to triad membership, recruitment
and activities. Any person convicted ofprofessing or claiming to be an office-bearer
or managing or assisting in the
management of a triad society is liable toa maximum fine of HK$1 million and to
imprisonment for 15 years. A person
convicted as a triad member may be fineda maximum of HK$250,000 and jailed for
7 years.
The courts usually regard a charge of
Triad membership alone as not being
particularly serious and accordingly thepenalties awarded range from being ‘BoundOver ’ to being placed on probation.
However, in respect of recruitment andoffice bearer offences, a more serious viewis taken and up to one year’s imprisonment
is not uncommon. In addition, most courts
are less inclined to leniency if other offencessuch as blackmail, wounding or
intimidation are involved. In a recent trial
an officer bearer was convicted of theoffence of managing a triad society andsome other related offences under theSocieties Ordinance. He was sentenced tothree and a half years’ imprisonment.
The enactment of the Societies
Ordinance has to a great extent assisted
us in the fight against triads in the last
couple of decades. However, the greatestdifficulty faced by Police in combating triad
activity is the reluctance of victims andwitnesses to report crimes and to testify insubsequent trials. This has largely
stemmed from the perceived fear of triads
and possible triad revenge. In addition, inmany triad crimes, there are simply no“victims” because they have become“satisfied customers”. Typical examples

are Public Light Bus drivers engaging
triads to monopolize profitable routes anddecoration contractors using triads to driveout competitors in the Public Housing
decoration sector. Victim reassurance istherefore important to encourage people tocome forward and report triad activities.
Additionally, coercive power is required toenhance the police’s ability to uncoverevidence of triad criminal activities.
2. The Organized and Serious Crimes
Ordinance (OSCO)The OSCO was enacted in 1994.
“Organized Crime” is defined as any one ofa wide range of criminal offences listed in
Schedule I of the Ordinance and includes
those, which are connected with theactivities of a particular triad society.
The objectives of the Ordinance are
fourfold:(i)
To provide powers under sections
3, 4 and 5 to investigate organizedcrimes and the proceeds fromorganized crimes or serious
offences, including the power tocompel a person to attend aninterview, to supply information or
to produce material for inspection.
The person is deprived of his rightof silence though his admission
cannot be used against him;(ii) To provide for confiscation ofproceeds of crimes;(iii) To create a general “money
laundering” offence under section
25 to cover those who deal withproperty, knowingly or having
reasonable ground to believe thatit represents proceeds of an
indictable offence; and,(iv) To enable the prosecution tosubmit to the courts, information
concerning the nature and impactof serious crimes and for the courts
to impose more stringent sentencesin appropriate cases under section

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58
27.
It is assessed that the police force’s
investigative capability to combat triads
and organized crime syndicates has beenenhanced by these new provisions. The
power to compel the production of
documents and statements from victims
and witnesses has been particularly usefulin breaking through “the wall of silence”
which effectively hampered police efforts
to fight this scourge of society.
The creation of a money laundering
offence is a step forward in tracking andcracking down on the financial source ofthe triads. Through the successful
application of this new provision, thelaundering of dirty money by triads can be
stopped, preventing its use for funding
further triad activities.
It is also notable that the enhanced
sentences for those convicted in connection
with triad and organized crime not only
remove more criminals from the streets formuch longer periods, but also act as adeterrent to those who would otherwise
follow in their footsteps.
By far the most powerful and effective
elements of the Ordnance are theconfiscation provisions, which empower the
court to restrain criminal assets whilst
under police investigation and also to orderits forfeiture upon conviction of theoffender. Depriving the criminal of his illgotten gains is the greatest hurt that canbe done to him and also stops the moneyfrom being used to corrupt officers as well
as for rebuilding the criminal enterpriseupon the discharge of the triad member
from prison.
3. Witness Protection Ordinance
As mentioned earlier, the greatestdifficulty faced by Police in combating triad
activity is the reluctance of victims and32

witnesses to report crimes and testify insubsequent trials. The Witness Protection
Ordinance was passed in June 2000. It
provides a legal framework for the Witness
Protection Programme, which has been
operating since 1992. It reassureswitnesses, especially accomplice witnesses,of their own and their family members’safety, such as giving a new personal
identity after trial.
B. Police Enforcement Strategy
1. Three-Tier Structure
The fight against triads and organizedcrimes in Hong Kong is spearheaded by athree-tier structure within the Hong Kong
Police Force. The Hong Kong Police has
dedicated units at headquarters level (e.g.
Organized Crime and Triad Bureau,
Criminal Intelligence Bureau) to collate
intelligence and to take proactive action
against the triads, such as using
undercover agents to infiltrate into thetriads, as well as the establishment of a
Witness Protection Unit to provide support
and protection to vulnerable witnesses andfamily members.
There are also designated crime units
at the Regional and District levels tointerdict those mid-level and street-level
triad personalities and activities. They aresupported by Intelligence Sections in the
Regions and Districts.
In each Police District, there is a school
liaison team to deal with the triad activities
amongst school children. Criminal
investigation units at all levels also
investigate criminal activities involving
triads.
2. Intelligence Gathering and Undercover
Infiltration
Given that vulnerable victims are
reluctant to report triad-related crimes andtestify at court because of the fear ofrevenge, the deployment of police officers

116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS
to infiltrate triad groups to gather
intelligence and to collect evidence forprosecution purposes has proved aneffective tactic.
Many successful Police anti-triad
operations were the result of proactive
undercover infiltration actions. There havebeen successful deployments of undercoverpolice officers in schools, resulting in thearrest of triad elements that intimidate andrecruit students to join triad societies.
3. High Profile Operations
Apart from investigation andintelligence, operations are mounted fromtime to time at various levels of the Hong
Kong Police Force, to suppress andneutralise triad activities, particularly attheir source of income.
Triads prosper from the threats andfears that they instil in their victims. It isvery important therefore that, in successfulpolice operations, every opportunity should
be taken to publicise arrests, in order toremove the fear that the public may haveof triads.

witnesses to triad related crimes, to reportto the police in the first instance. The
identity of complainants is protected.
Anonymous complaints are also handledexpeditiously.
5. Triad Research and Triad Experts
The clandestine and mythical nature of
triad activities has made a general
understanding of the triads difficult. A lotof their activities including their structure,rituals, ceremonies, hand signs andinsignia are unknown to members of the
public. A thorough understanding of triads
is vital both in detecting triad activities andin the subsequent prosecution in the courts.
The Hong Kong Police have set up a
research unit, specializing in triad
research. The research unit is responsible
for conducting research into triad activities
and training the Force Triad Expert Cadre.
The Triad Expert Cadre assists, both in theinvestigation of triad-related crimes and in
the giving of expert evidence in court trials.
Regular seminars are held to keep the
Triad Experts abreast of current trends.

4. Witness Reassurance/Protection
Support from members of the public isvital in our fight against crime. A lot ofChinese however are reluctant to reportcrimes either because they thought it was
not their business, or because of the fear ofrevenge. The Hong Kong Police has madeefforts to assure witness protection in many
ways, such as allowing witnesses to live insafe houses, omitting addresses in witness
statements etc. Recently, new legislation
has been passed to further enhance witness
protection - The Witness Protection
Ordinance.

C. Education
There is no doubt that public support
and awareness are essential in combating
triad activity. The Junior Police Call (JPC)
is a scheme administered by the Police,
which apart from providing recreational
activities, also serves as a well-establishednetwork for disseminating anti-triad
messages to youngsters. Regular schooltalks are conducted on the adverse effectsof triad membership. As portrayed in themovies and television, there is always anover-glorification of triads. The JPC
Scheme develops a better understandingof the police by the youngsters and fosters
youth values to make them more resistant
to triad influence.

A police hotline for reporting triad
activities has also been set up. The purposeof the hotline is to encourage members of
the public who might be victims of, orMore importantly, through various
publicity campaigns we continue to strive
to show the public that triad societies are
simply criminals, not legitimate problem

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58
solvers or business people, and certainly
not role models for our youth.
The continuous and sustained effort by
the Hong Kong Government througheducation and publicity campaigns in thepast decades has witnessed a change in
people’s attitudes towards triads in recent
years. People come forward more than they
did in the 60’s and 70’s. Yet there is noroom for complacency because triads still
exist and that our method of dealing withthese groups should be continually
evolving.
D. Rehabilitation
In Hong Kong, outreach social workers
have been employed to counsel vulnerable
youngsters to stay away from triad
personalities and activities. A legally
sanctioned warning system administeredby a senior police officer can be used insteadof a young person attending court. Afterbeing warned, the young person will beadvised by police officers as to follow-ups
for their rehabilitation. Following prison
release, triad offenders like other criminals
will be supervised by after-care services by
the Correctional Services Department.
IX. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Since 1995, the Triad Course forOverseas Law Enforcement Officers has
been conducted annually by the Hong Kong
Police Force. Apart from sharing
knowledge of triads and experience intackling triad crimes, the participants areable to build up an intelligence networkthat fosters future exchange of information
on triad activities. Apart from that we alsoorganize Triad Courses in other countries.
Two such courses were organized in
Canada before and two will be organizedin Australia later this year.

34

The Hong Kong Police Forceundoubtedly enjoys the close andproductive relationship with many
Overseas Law Enforcement Agencies,
especially those with liaison officers posted
to Hong Kong, such as National Police
Agency of Japan, FBI, DEA, INS, Customs
Service, Secret Service and Internal
Revenue Service of the US, RCMP of
Canada, AFP of Australia, the Korean
National Police and the UK Customs.
From time to time Japanese delegatesvisit the Hong Kong Police Force. During
the visit topics of common interest are
discussed and experiences in combating
crimes shared. Since the beginning of thisyear, two such visits have been arranged.
The Hong Kong Police Force willcontinue to be committed in forging closer
cooperation with our counterparts,
exchanging intelligence, mounting joint
operations, sharing experience, returning
fugitives where Mutual Legal Assistanceis applicable and attending international
conferences.
X. CONCLUSION
While Hong Kong has enacted special
laws to deal with the triad menace, as has
been explained earlier, triad-related crime
is no different from any organized crimeand can be effectively tackled by legislation
targeting the latter activities. Anti-money
laundering and asset forfeiture laws, forexample, are considered effective measures
to tackle triad activities.
However, a good working knowledge ofwhat triads are, their structure andmethods of operation are essential.
Equally important is an understanding of
the Chinese culture and establishing aneffective means of communication with thelocal Chinese community so as to encourage
the reporting of triad activities.

116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
VISITING EXPERTS’ PAPERS
As in the case of organized crime, it is
not expected that triads could be totally
eradicated even with the rigorous
application of enforcement and judicial
measures. Hong Kong has been tackling
the triad problem for many years and weare more than willing to share ourexperience with the other law enforcement
agencies.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58
Appendix A
TRADITIONAL STRUCTURE OF A TRIAD SOCIETY
Leader of the Society(Shan Chu 山主)
489* Vanguard or
Ceremony Assistant(Sin Fung 先鋒)
438* Deputy Leader(Fu shan Chu 副山主)
438

* Incense Master orCeremony Master(Heung Chu 香主)
438

Advisor(White Paper Fan
Pak Tze Sin 白紙扇)
415

Fighter(Red Pole
Hung Kwan 洪棍)
426

Liaison officer(Straw Sandal
Cho Ha 草鞋)
432

Ordinary
Member49** Temporary Member(Hanging Blue Lanternor Lam Tang Lung
掛藍燈籠)

Note: A fuller explanation of the roles and numerical figures can be found at Appendix B1* = In the smaller triad societies all the 438 posts are filled by one individual** = A member that has not been initiated36

116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
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Appendix B
EXPLANATION OF THE ROLES AND NUMERICAL FIGURES(a) 489 - The Leader of the Society is generally known as the First Route Marshal or
Dragon Head. He is also referred to as the Shan Chu, the literal meaning is‘Mountain Master’ 山主.
(b) 438 - The Deputy Leader is generally known as the Second Route Marshal or Fu
Shan Chu 副山主.
This title of 438 can also be awarded to the office bearers officiating as ‘Incense
Master’ or Heung Chu 香主 or Vanguard 先鋒 in a triad ceremony.
(c) 415 - An official generally known as Pak Tsz Sin 白紙扇 (meaning White Paper Fan)
whose duty is to advise generally on the organization, administration andfinance of the Branch.
In other words he is the Counselor or the Chief of Staff.
(d) 426 - An official generally known as the Hung Kwan 洪棍 (meaning Red Pole) whose
duty is to take charge of the fighting section of the Branch and play the leadingrole in fights against rival groups.
This official is also responsible for the Society or Branch membership.
(e) 432 - An official generally known as the Choi Hai 草鞋 (meaning Straw Sandal) is
the liaison officer as well as the chief messenger of the Branch and throughwhom messages from the Branch concerning meetings, manpower, rallying
for settlement talks or gang fights are passed on to other members of the
Branch.
(f) 49 -An ordinary member of a Triad Society who is normally the protégé of aparticular junior office bearer.

(g) Blue Lantern Member or Hanging Blue Lantern Member 掛藍燈籠
A member who has undertaken an oath of allegiance to a Triad Society or to a Triad
Society member without having been initiated through a Hung Mun ritual. His
allegiance may have been shown by having paid a fee, or by the adoption of Triadtitle or Triad slang, or by verbal recognition of joining the Society or by becoming afollower of a Triad member or an Office Bearer (known to be a protector).
Depending on the Triad Society, some Blue Lantern members may undergo initiation
rites later.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58
Appendix C
CURRENT (SIMPLIFIED) STRUCTURE OF A TRIAD SOCIETY
Chairman(Cho Kwun 坐 )Treasurer(Cha So 數)

Public Relations Officer(Kau Chai 交際)

Group Leader

Ordinary Member
49* Any Office bearer of 426, 415 or 432 rank** A member that has not yet been initiated38** Temporary Member(Hanging Blue Lanternor Lam Tang Lung
掛藍燈籠)

116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
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Appendix D
THE TOTAL NUMBER OF REPORTED CRIMES, 1990-1999
95000
90000
85000
80000
75000
70000
65000

91886

87804

88300 88659
84056

82564

79050
76771
71962

67367
1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TRIAD-RELATED CRIMES, 1990-1999
4500
4000
3500
3000

4015

3959

3487

3746
3126

3487

3340

2599

2500
2000

2872
2623

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

THE PERCENTAGE OF TRIAD-RELATED CRIMES TO TOTALREPORTED CRIMES, 1990-1999
5.00%

4.78%

4.50%
4.00%

4.22%

3.95%

4.27%

4.31%

3.95%

3.77%

3.50%

3.86%

3.64%

3.74%

3.00%
1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

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