Funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan

Feasibility Survey Project on Agricultural
Mechanization for the Small Scale Farmers in
Sub Sahara Africa-Acceleration of Agri-Business Final Report –Second Year-

March 2015

Japan Association for International
Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry

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Japan Association for International
Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry
AKASAKA KSA BLDG. 3F
8-10-39, AKASAKA, MINATO-KU
Tel: +81-3-5772-7880
Fax: +81-3-5772-7680

Printed in Japan by Shokou Insatsu Ltd.

Preface
In East Africa, the rapid population growth is causing a quantitative expansion for the demand offood, and the production of rice and wheat cannot keep up with demand due to the change in people’s
taste. There are various factors to the problem, but their inability to free many farmers from agriculture
depending on rainwater and human power is an obstacle. The mechanization of agriculture is noted as
one of ways to overcome this difficulty.
Based on the circumstances, we, JAICAF, with subsidies from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries of Japan, have been implementing Feasibility Survey Project on Agricultural
Mechanization for the Small Scale Farmers in Sub Sahara Africa since 2013.to implement an
agricultural mechanization feasibility test for small scale farmers and survey of the current state ofmechanization.
In the second year of this project, we continued the test by introducing a power tiller to an upland
rice farmer in Uganda. And we started the test of introducing a power tiller and a combine harvester
to irrigated rice field in Tanzania. As for mechanization overview survey, we also implemented survey
in Ethiopia additionally. Furthermore, we conducted agricultural machineries demonstration in
Uganda for transmission of information and promoting demand of Japanese branded machineries.
In this report, we put together the outline and the results of activities in mainly Tanzania and Uganda.
We expect that our project results will contribute to the mechanization of the region and also be utilized
by private companies as well as international cooperation related parties. We will be pleased if ourreport is of help to those concerned.
To implement and operate this project, we received a large amount of support from each specialist
dispatched to the site. Also, the expert committee which was separately established in JAICAF
headquarters gave us guidance and advice on planning of this project and the evaluation study.
Furthermore, for the activities by our specialists in the countries in concern, we received cooperationfrom a lot of organization: In Tanzania, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Tanzania
Office, the Project for Supporting Rice Industry Development (TANRICE-2) and Kilimanjaro
Agricultural Training Centre (KATC), In Uganda, JICA Uganda Office, Promotion of Rice
Development (PRiDe) Project and Agricultural Engineering and Appropriate Technology ResearchCentre (AEATREC), In Ethiopia, JICA Ethiopia Office, Farmer Research Group Project (FRG) II and
Mennonite Economic Development Associates (MEDA). We deeply appreciate their cooperation.
Lastly, we wish to make clear that this report was made based on our association and does not
represent the opinion of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Japanese
Government.

March, 2015
Ryuzo Nishimaki, President
Japan Association forInternational
Collaboration of Agriculture
and Forestryiii㻼㼞㼛㼖㼑㼏㼠㻌㻹㼍㼜㻌㻔㼀㼍㼚㼦㼍㼚㼕㼍㻕㻌㻯㻵㻭㻌㻹㼍㼜㼟㻘㻌㼀㼍㼚㼦㼍㼚㼕㼍䠄㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼏㼕㼍㻚㼓㼛㼢㻛㼘㼕㼎㼞㼍㼞㼥㻛㼜㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㻛㼏㼕㼍㻙㼙㼍㼜㼟㻙㼜㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻛㼀㼍㼚㼦㼍㼚㼕㼍㻚㼔㼠㼙㼘䠖㼍㼏㼏㼑㼟㼟㻌㼐㼍㼠㼑㻌㻹㼍㼞㼏㼔㻌㻥㼠㼔㻌㻞㻜㻝㻡䠅㻌iii

㻼㼞㼛㼖㼑㼏㼠㻌㻹㼍㼜㻌㻔㼁㼓㼍㼚㼐㼍㻕㻌㻯㻵㻭㻌㻹㼍㼜㼟㻘㻌㼁㼓㼍㼚㼐㼍䠄㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼏㼕㼍㻚㼓㼛㼢㻛㼘㼕㼎㼞㼍㼞㼥㻛㼜㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㻛㼏㼕㼍㻙㼙㼍㼜㼟㻙㼜㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻛㼁㼓㼍㼚㼐㼍㻚㼔㼠㼙㼘䠖㼍㼏㼏㼑㼟㼟㻌㼐㼍㼠㼑㻌㻹㼍㼞㼏㼔㻌㻥㼠㼔㻌㻞㻜㻝㻡䠅㻌iv

㻼㼞㼛㼖㼑㼏㼠㻌㻹㼍㼜㻌㻔㻱㼠㼔㼕㼛㼜㼕㼍㻕㻌㻯㻵㻭㻌㻹㼍㼜㼟㻘㻌㻱㼠㼔㼕㼛㼜㼕㼍䠄㼔㼠㼠㼜㼟㻦㻛㻛㼣㼣㼣㻚㼏㼕㼍㻚㼓㼛㼢㻛㼘㼕㼎㼞㼍㼞㼥㻛㼜㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㻛㼏㼕㼍㻙㼙㼍㼜㼟㻙㼜㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻛㻱㼠㼔㼕㼛㼜㼕㼍㻚㼔㼠㼙㼘䠖㼍㼏㼏㼑㼟㼟㻌㼐㼍㼠㼑㻌㻹㼍㼞㼏㼔㻌㻥㼠㼔㻌㻞㻜㻝㻡䠅㻌v

㻼㼞㼛㼖㼑㼏㼠㻌㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㼟㻌㻔㼀㼍㼚㼦㼍㼚㼕㼍㻕㻌㻌㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻝㻌㻸㼛㼣㼑㼞㻌㻹㼛㼟㼔㼕㻌㻵㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻿㼏㼔㼑㼙㼑㻌㼕㼚㻌㻷㼕㼘㼕㼙㼍㼚㼖㼍㼞㼛㻘㻌㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻠㻌 㻼㼘㼛㼡㼓㼔㼕㼚㼓㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㻌㼜㼛㼣㼑㼞㻌㼠㼕㼘㼘㼑㼞㻌㻔㻾㼛㼠㼍㼢㼍㼠㼛㼞㻌㼜㼘㼛㼠㻕㻌㼀㼍㼚㼦㼍㼚㼕㼍㻌

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㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻣㻌 㻴㼍㼞㼢㼑㼟㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼙㼍㼚㼚㼡㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌 㻌㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻝㻜㻌 㻹㼍㼐㼕㼎㼕㼞㼍㻌㼕㼞㼞㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼟㼏㼔㼑㼙㼑㻚㻘㻌㻹㼎㼍㼞㼍㼘㼕㻌㼐㼕㼟㼠㼞㼕㼏㼠㻘㻌㻌㻹㼎㼑㼥㼍㻌㼞㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㻚㻌㻭㼎㼛㼡㼠㻌㻟㻜㻜㻜㼔㼍㻚㻌 㻌

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㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻞㻜 㻌 㻭㼚㼚㼛㼡㼚㼏㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㼠㼔㼑㻌 㼜㼛㼣㼑㼞㻌 㼠㼕㼘㼘㼑㼞㻌㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻞㻟㻌 㻰㼑㼙㼛㼚㼟㼠㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌 㼍㼠㻌 㻸㼕㼞㼍㻌 㻰㼕㼟㼠㼞㼕㼏㼠㻚㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼑㼐㻌㼐㼑㼙㼛㼚㼟㼠㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻚㻌㻭㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼐㼑㼜㼍㼞㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼙㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼞㼟㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼙㼍㼕㼦㼑㻌㼟㼔㼑㼘㼘㼑㼞㻚㻌 㻌㼠㼔㼞㼑㼑㻌㼐㼕㼟㼠㼞㼕㼏㼠㼟㻌㼍㼚㼟㼣㼑㼞㼑㼐㻌㼝㼡㼑㼟㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼒㼍㼞㼙㼑㼞㼟㻚㻌

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$EEUHYLDWLRQV/LVW
AbbreviationACSI
AEATREC
ASDP
ATA

Standard name
Amhara Credit& Saving Institution
Agricultural Engineering and Appropriate Technology Research Centre
Agricultural Sector Development programme
Agricultural Transformation Agency

CAMARTEC
CARD
JAICAF

Center for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology
Coalition for African Rice Development
Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency
Kilimanjaro Agricultural Development Project
Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Centre
Mennonite Economic Development Associates
National Crops Resources Research InstituteNational Microfinance Bank
National Rice Development Strategy
National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty
Official Development Assistance
Organization for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Sasakawa Africa Association
Saving and Credit Cooperative SocietySouthern Agriculture Growth Corridor of Tanzania
Small Industry Development Organization
Tanzania Food Security Investment Plan
Tanzania Investment BankTokyo International Conference on African Development
Tanzania Development Vision
Uganda National Bureau of Standards

KADP
KATC
MEDA
NaCRRI
NMB
NRDS
NSGRP
ODA
ORDA
PRSP
SAA
SACCOSSAGCOTSIDO
TAFSIP
TIB
TICAD VTDV
UNBS

Tanzania Shillings㸸
1 USD = 1,386.92 Tsh (http://ja.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/TZS, March 4th 2015)
Uganda Shillings㸸
1 USD = 2,933.18 Ush (http://ja.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/UGX, March 4th 2015)
Birr㸦Ethiopia㸧㸸
1 USD = 20.3598 Birr (http://ja.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/ETB, March 4th 2015)xi

Feasibility Survey Project on Agricultural Mechanization for the Small Scale Farmers
in Sub Sahara Africa -Acceleration of Agri-Business - Final Report –Second YearTable of Contents

Chapter 1 Project Report Summary .................................................................................................... 1
㸯㸬Objectives of Project ............................................................................................................... 1
㸰㸬Overview of Project ................................................................................................................ 1
㸱㸬Summary of Results ................................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2 Results of Feasibility Survey Project of the Development and Promotion Model for
Agribusiness...................................................................................................................................... 4
㸯㸬United Republic of Tanzania ................................................................................................... 4
㸯㸧Present situation of farming and agricultural mechanization in the United Republic of
Tanzania .............................................................................................................................. 4
㸦㸯㸧Current status of rice farming ......................................................................................... 4
㸦㸰㸧Current situation of agricultural mechanization .............................................................. 5<㸯> Current situation of agricultural mechanization ............................................................ 5<㸰> Mechanization progress to the present day .................................................................... 7<㸱> Situation of rice production mechanization ................................................................... 8<㸲> Institutions associating with agricultural mechanization ............................................. 11<㸳> New movement and the potential of mechanization.................................................... 12
㸰㸧Results of mechanization feasibility survey in Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Center andthe irrigated rice fields ...................................................................................................... 15
㸦㸯㸧Ploughing, paddling and leveling test ........................................................................... 15<㸯> Test method ................................................................................................................. 15<㸰> Test results ................................................................................................................... 16<㸱> Observations of the preparation test ............................................................................ 16<㸲> Impression ................................................................................................................... 18
㸦㸰㸧Harvesting test result and rice millers survey results .................................................... 18<㸯> Harvesting test ............................................................................................................. 19<㸰> Inquiry survey of farming with power tiller ................................................................ 20<㸱> Post-harvest interview survey ...................................................................................... 21
㸱㸧Rice cultivation and the mechanization of agriculture in the Mbeya Region ................... 23
㸦㸯㸧Rice cultivation in Mbeya Region ................................................................................ 23
㸦㸰㸧Current state of rice cultivation ..................................................................................... 23
㸦㸱㸧Current state of the mechanization of agriculture ......................................................... 24
xii

㸦㸲㸧Rice milling ................................................................................................................... 26
㸦㸳㸧Small industry development organization ..................................................................... 26
㸦㸴㸧Price of rice ................................................................................................................... 27
㸦㸵㸧Current state of MAMCOS Madibira Irrigation Scheme in the Mbeya Region ........... 28
㸦㸶㸧Future plans and issues for the Madibira Irrigation Scheme by MAMCOS ................. 30
㸦㸷㸧Traders / middleman ..................................................................................................... 30
㸳㸧Tanzania agricultural policy and Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor (SAGCOT) ..... 32
㸴㸧Tanzania agricultural finance ............................................................................................ 36
㸰㸬Republic of Uganda .............................................................................................................. 43
㸯㸧Situation of rice milling industry in Uganda and the potential for the participation of Japanesemanufacturers ................................................................................................................... 43
㸦㸯㸧Rice market in Uganda and development of rice industry ............................................ 43
㸦㸰㸧Current situation of rice milling industry ...................................................................... 44
㸦㸱㸧Rice quality in Uganda.................................................................................................. 46
㸦㸲㸧Future direction of the rice milling industry ................................................................. 48
㸦㸳㸧Potential for the participation of Japanese manufacturers............................................. 49
㸦㸴㸧Sales and local production potential of de-stoner ......................................................... 50

Box:
Overview of Upland Rice Millers Company Limited (URMC) ........................................................ 44
Annex:
Annex 1: Report on feasibility survey on suitability of mechanization with small agricultural machinery for small
scale rice farmers in Tanzania ............................................................................................................ 53
Annex 2: Activity report on introductory training of farmers on operation and servicing of power tiller in Lira,
Uganda ................................................................................................................................................ 95
Annex 3: Report on making and delivery of power tiller harrow, training harrowing and repair of power tiller
trailer................................................................................................................................................... 103
Annex 4: Report on supervision and training of a farmer and his operators on seeding of rice with power tiller inLira, Uganda ....................................................................................................................................... 111
Annex 5: Activity report on supervision and training of a farmer and his operators on weeding of rice using a
power tiller in Lira, Uganda ............................................................................................................... 119
Annex 6: Report on demonstration of power tiller and associated equipment in districts of Otuke, Alebtong andLira in Uganda .................................................................................................................................... 127
Annex 7: Report on AEATREC modified power tiller mouldboard plough....................................................... 135
Annex 8: Report of the feasibility survey of agricultural mechanization in Lira ............................................... 139
Annex 9: Report of demonstration of agricultural machinery for agricultural trade show in Lira..................... 145
Annex 10: Report of demonstration in Lira area ................................................................................................ 151

xiii

xiv

Chapter 1 Project Report Summary
1. Objectives of Project
In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), malnutrition amongst the population is as high as 30%; poverty andstarvation issues are worsening in recent years due to soaring international food prices. Ensuring foodsecurity of the region and alleviation of poverty are crucial to resolving these issues, and measures
include the increase in agricultural production through direct investment in agriculture that is the key
industry of the area and improvement in productivity. In these circumstances, the objectives of thisproject are the promotion of investment by the private sector in the agribusiness in SSA throughdemonstrations of increased agricultural production and improved productivity through theintroduction of agricultural machinery, as well as increasing farm incomes and reducing regional
poverty.

2. Overview of Project1) Feasibility study of mechanization
For the purpose of developing agribusinesses contributing to poverty reduction, and increasing farmincome through production, processing, and sales, a model test has been carried out in rural areas,
where there is the possibility of popularizing agricultural machinery, through introduction ofagricultural machinery (mainly driven by motive power) on a trial basis building.

2) Development and promotion of agribusinessFeasibility surveys have been conducted around the particular needs for development and promotionof agribusiness with the private sector in the countries where the feasibility study were conducted. Inorder to achieve the expansion of business in future, field surveys were also done in Ethiopia. For thedevelopment of a sustainable agribusiness, based on the results of feasibility surveys and analyses,
experts were dispatched to the regions to hold workshops and demonstrations targeting farmers,
engineers, and extension workers to guide them in the use of agricultural machinery and equipment.

3. Summary of Results
1) Following the upland rice trials in Uganda last year, irrigated rice field trials were conducted thisyear in Lower Moshi area, Tanzania. The cost difference between labor and machinery of
preparation of land and harvesting tasks per unit area was small. However, labor took 14 times
longer for ploughing, puddling and leveling, and 32 times longer for harvesting than mechanizedactivities.

2) Therefore, a significant advantage can be identified for labor productivity with machinery if thecost is the same. Despite farming still relying on labor in East Africa, the outflow of young people
to the city and their unwillingness to work tends to grow so that the delay in farming is foundeverywhere, due to the insufficiency of labor at the right time. Especially since the suitable periodfor rice cultivation is limited, so the yield will drop dramatically if the optimum time is missed.
These are the major causes of rice production not meeting the increasing demand in East Africa; theimprovement of labor productivity through mechanization is an urgent issue. (Although not getting
direct data about the improvement of land productivity through mechanization and the increase ofyield per unit area, the studies in the Lower Moshi plots resulted that puddling by mechanical tiller
reduces the water requirement rate in the paddy field and exhibits less weed growth compared withpuddling by hand. In addition, it is suggested that harvesting at the most opportune time is possible
if the harvesting can be performed quickly. In determining from these results, the mechanization
improved the productivity of the land).

3) There are several reasons for inhibiting the introduction of mechanization on small-scale farms in
East Africa:
͌Use of animal power was limited;͌No funds to purchase machineries;
͌Rural finance institutions available for purchase have not developed;͌Could not earn income worth the cost;͌No repair system; Lack of experience as an operator;
͌Machinery spare parts not available;
͌Inexpensive second-hand machines are not available unlike used-cars;͌Japanese branded machineries are more expensive than those made in China and India. According
to the reasons above, it is expected that the adoption of mechanization amongst rice farmers stillneed quite some time.

4) In these circumstances, rice farmers who have fund-raising capabilities have been emerging in the
Bugiri and Lira District of Uganda and the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. They raised the funds topurchase Japanese branded power tiller and then farmers not only plough their own field by power
tiller, but also plough other farmers fields by contract to increase the effective use of the machinery
in order to recover the funds they invested. If the reasons limiting mechanization stated above areresolved one by one, mechanized farming in East Africa has great potential for farmers and forJapan's agricultural machinery manufacturers. The benefits of mechanization should be suitable totillage and harvest at the right time; on the other hand, it would be a serious blow for the owner if
the machine has a failure and does not work at the proper time. Therefore, in Mbeya Region of
Tanzania and some other areas, farmers who have ownership experience of power tillers tend to
replace their power tillers with more robust Japanese branded power tiller even though they are
more expensive.

5) Another key factor of rice production in SSA contributing to the production falling short ofconsumption is the lack of appropriate post-harvest equipment and technology. Especially, from theconsumer perspective, they prefer imported rice because the rice harvested in SSA contains

impurities such as small stone. The feasibility surveys were conducted, with the participation of theJapanese private sector such as Satake Corporation and Hosokawa Works Co., Ltd., to investigate
the possible entrance of Japanese companies in the field of rice milling and de-stoning. The
participating companies each seemed to have identified the potential of the rice market in SSA.

6) In Fogara around Lake Tana in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, the rice crop has been gradually
spread out mainly planting sativa, X-Jigna (regarded it has same gene as Japanese rice. Nipponbare), which was brought with the help of North Korea fifty years ago. Currently, Fogara has
become one of the major rice production area and is expected to further develop in the future.
Animal power is used actively, unlike Uganda and Tanzania, and the introduction of the power tiller
has yet to happen. However, the JICA rice project is scheduled to start soon, and it is expected that
there will be great changes through machinery based on the farming use of animal power.

7) In the Lira region of Uganda, demonstrations of Japanese branded machineries were held in thisfiscal year. Very high demand for power tillers as well as harvesting and threshing machines was
revealed on this occasion. Manual harvesting and threshing are commonly recognized as women's
work and the mechanization frees women from the heavy work. It is quite natural that women'sinterest in mechanization is high, but men also showed a great interest. There were many requests
for the machinery to be on lease or hiring service because it is difficult for them to buy it.

8) It is expected that there may be concerns about fewer employment opportunities if agricultural
machinery were to be introduced. As stated above, young people in rural areas are relocating to thecity and even those remaining are unwilling to undertake manual labor. If mechanization progresses,
it is expected that the increasing of yield, the activation of the economy of the entire region, andnew employment opportunities for operators, repairers, small businesses including parts sales, andrice milling. Power tillers can be also used for transportation connecting with a trailer in order tocarry water from the water site to the village. This will free women and children from the drudgeryof carrying water. The rice farmers in Uganda and in Tanzania are also field farmers or livestock
farmers in general rather than specialized as rice farmer. In Bugiri in Uganda, farmers used power
tillers in maize shelling work using its power and earning income. The farmers said that they could
recover the funds for the purchase of the power tiller within five years with just this work.

9) The power tiller of rotovator-type is very common in Japan. However, fields in SSA are typicallynot maintained well or very solid so it is make sense that ploughing with the power tiller of tractiontype towing the plough or harrow rather than using a rotovator-type. In fact, power tillers of tractiontype have been produced by Japanese manufacturers in Thailand and Indonesia and are often used.
Headquarters of the Japanese manufacturers should also take into account the implementation ofequipment that has specifications adaptable to local farming in SSA.



Chapter 2 Results of Feasibility Survey Project of the Development and Promotion
Model for Agribusiness
1. United Republic of Tanzania
1) Present situation of farming and agricultural mechanization in the United Republic of
Tanzania(1) Current status of rice farming
Rice consumption continues to grow with the increase of the population, it was 65,000 tons in1960 and increased to 916,000 tons in 2011 (USDA databases). Especially in the urban areas, the trend
in diet is away from the traditional staples, such as maize and potatoes, to a rice diet with the increase
in income. Rice production has risen to become second to maize and is considered as the mostimportant food crop from the food security perspective. The Tanzanian government announced the
National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS) in 2009 that aimed to double rice production by 2018,from 875,000 tons in 2008, which shows the importance of rice.
Rice cultivation is broadly classified into three categories: irrigated rice, rainfed lowland rice, andrainfed upland rice as implemented in the agricultural ecosystems. According to the NRDS, theirrigated ecology covers 200,000 hectares1, (29%) while rainfed lowland rice area covers 464,000
hectares (68%), and rainfed upland rice area covers 17,000 hectares (3%). (The numbers are referredto the data in 2008 and the percentage in parenthesis indicates the proportion of each agricultural
ecosystem to the total area.) The Tanzanian government has been promoting rice production andproductivity improvements by spreading modern rice cultivation technology, such as the introductionof improved varieties, straight row transplanting and chemical fertilizer application, throughout theincreased irrigated area.
It is said that 2,762 irrigated areas have been developed throughout the country and rice farming
is carried out in 938 areas (interview with Directorate of Irrigation and Technical Services, Ministryof Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives). Modern rice cultivation technology has been wellestablished in the Lower Moshi irrigation scheme with the continued cooperation of the Japanese
government since the 1970s and the average yield in paddy has achieved 6-7 tons/ha. Other irrigatedareas have established modern rice cultivation technology by receiving rice cultivation training fromthe agricultural training institute, which is affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, andCooperatives, and the yield has been improved.
The rice cultivation of rainfed lowland has mainly expanded to the Shinyanga and Mwanza
Regions and the water harvesting-based rice production is used. These two regions account for 33%
of the total area of rice production and 31% of the total amount of rice production (National sample
census of agriculture 2007/2008). The rice cultivation technology for rainfed lowland is applied theextensively, and generally grows the traditional late maturing varieties typified by Supa, seeding

1

The irrigated area was increased to 465,000 hectares by 2014.

application is mainly broadcast sowing, and fertilizer is almost unused. As a result, rice productivity
is very low, the average yield of the Shinyanga and Mwanza regions is 1.5 tons/ha.
Local traditional rice varieties and upland rice grown in rainfed lowland are also cultivated inrainfed upland area. The cultivation method of rainfed upland is extensive and the productivity is very
low in the same way as the rainfed lowland area.
Generally, rice seed is sown between November and December, at the beginning of the rainyseason, and is harvested between May and June, at the end of the rainy season. Double cropping ofrice has been introduced to some of the irrigation sites and dry-season cropping, where rice seed issown between June and July and harvested between October and November, is being implemented.

(2) Current situation of agricultural mechanization<1> Current situation of agricultural mechanization
There are 440,000 square kilometers of arable land in Tanzania, but only 100,000 square
kilometers or 23% of total area is being used. Most of the agricultural work relies upon humanresources and machinery utilization for ploughing, which is more likely to use a machinery than otherwork, and remains at 28% (see Table II.1.1). It seems that most of the farmers own small-scale farms
between 0.2 and 2.0 hectares. The animal power utilization in the Shinyanga and Manyara Regions ishigh, 50% of arable land has been ploughed by animal power. However, it is difficult to introduce thelabor force of animals into the region that did not use animal power. A delay in mechanization has
become the one of the causes inhibiting the expansion of arable land area.
Table II.1.1 Farming power sources for small-scale farmers (%)
Power Source/Activity

Tillage

Planting

Weeding

Harvesting

Shelling

Transport

Human

29.0

84.5

93.7

98.2

94.5

35.4

Animal

43.0

9.3

5.4

1.5

2.9

37.0

28.0

6.2

0.9

0.3

2.5

27.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Tractor/Mechanical
Total* The survey was conducted with 359 farmers in 59 districts of 16 regions.
Source: Tanzania Agricultural Mechanization Strategy (MAFC) 2006, author created from the data

Figure II.1.1 shows rice cultivation area and paddy production. The rice production for the last 50
years, from 1960 to the present, was found to have grown only twice as much (see Figure II.1.2). This
indicates that the production has increased by the expansion of fields.
In these situations, the labor force growth rate in agriculture is at 2.8%, which is lower than the
3.1% of overall industrial growth rate due to the migration from rural areas to urban cities, increase ofnon-farm employment opportunities, malaria and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The mechanization ofagriculture is important to make up for workforce shortages in the rural areas.

Figure II.1.1 Trends in rice production area and paddy production in Tanzania
Source: USDA author created from the database

Figure II.1.2 Trends in rice production in Tanzania
Source: USDA author created from the database<2> Mechanization progress to the present day
The number of tractors that were purchased is shown in Figure II.1.3. 70% or more of the tractors
were introduced by purchasing or aid until the 1980s when it was under the planned economy. The
Japanese government has provided 386 tractors to the Kilimanjaro Region as grant aid or foodproduction aid. Many of the tractors are aged 20 years or more since their introduction and frequently
break down. Although there are about 7,200 tractors running throughout the country, another 6,000
are unused despite being reparable because there is a difficulty in the supply of spare parts. It may besaid that the tractors have broken down, but most of them will be fixed by replacing consumables. It
is considered that the training of mechanics who can diagnose the faults properly is also important aswell as the spare parts supply.
Figure II.1.4 show the trends in sales of tractors. After 1,143 tractors were sold in 1985, it has been
on a downward trend, and currently the sales volume is 200-300 tractors/year. This is caused by theprice increase of the tractors, in addition, purchasing power of farmer is reducing2 due to the grain
prices remained stagnant and low productivity, and there is no soft loans system available to small
farmers.

Figure II.1.3 Number of tractor units purchased
Source: Tanzania Agricultural Mechanization Strategy (MAFC) 2006, author created from the data

2

The price of a 70-horsepower tractor and accessories including plough used to be comparable withthe selling price of 87 tons of maize, now the price of the same sort of tractor is almost the same as theselling price of 300 tons of maize (Tanzania Agricultural Mechanization Strategy, 2006).

Figure II.1.4 shows the trends in sales of tractors.
Source: Tanzania Agricultural Mechanization Strategy (MAFC) 2006, author created from the data

<3> Situation of rice production mechanization
Ṟ Ploughing and puddling
Ploughing and puddling are performed bytractors, power tillers, animal power, and labor withhoes. In the Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme, where
the development completed in 1987, tractors arecommonly used. The initial number of tractors wasadequate, but the number decreased in recent years
and has had a significant impact on farming as
ploughing and puddling cannot be performed in atimely manner so that rice planting is delayed. Many

Photo II.1.1 Puddling by tractor

farms apply the alternative method of puddling(Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme)

without ploughing. Rotovators are commonly used
for puddling.
Some farmers are using a tractor for puddlingafter seeding in rainfed lowland. When a tractor isused for ploughing, a disk plough is used. Ploughing
can be performed twice with a disk plough, butharrowing to break up the puddled soils is often

Photo II.1.2 Puddling by animal powerinadequate and it can cause fewer seedlingestablishment after broadcast sowing. In some cases,
seeding amounts reach 100 kg/ha because of poor
seedling establishment. With these situations, there isa possibility to improve the plot maintenance byconducting

training

intractoroperation,or

implementing of disc or rotary harrow.
ṟ Transplanting
Transplanting rice seedlings in straight rows has

Photo II.1.3 Insufficient breakup of soil inbeen popularized mainly in the irrigation area in therain-fed rice field

Kilimanjaro Region, an advanced rice cultivation
area. However, broadcast sowing or random transplanting can be seen in many rainfed lowlands. With
the aid of South Korea and other countries, rice transplanters were introduced to some irrigation areas
on a trial basis. In addition, rice transplanters manufactured by Japanese affiliated companies are also
being sold. Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute – Igurusi (MATI - Igurusi), which is one of the
TANRICE 2 project implementation agencies, is providing training on how to use rice transplanters
under the leadership of the Tanzanian government. In order to use a rice transplanter efficiently,
thorough field maintenance, such as land leveling, is necessary.

Photo II.2.4 Transplanting rice

Photo II.2.5 Rice transplanters being sold in(primarily by females)

Tanzania

Ṡ Fertilization and agrochemical application
Fertilization is performed by a manual process. Herbicides and insecticides are commonly used in
an advanced irrigation area such as Lower Moshi, and agrochemical sprayers are often used for crop
dusting. Protective masks are used very rarely; pesticide bottles are often discarded in waterways. It
is very important to disseminate secure spraying methods along with the spread of pesticides andequipment.

ṡ Weed control
The use of herbicide is gradually increasing, but
mostly, it is still an arduous, manual task.
TANRICE2 project is promoting a push weeder(simpler weeder than a rotary weeder).
Ṣ Harvest
Harvesting methods differ by the region, thereis harvesting rice ears by sequentially reaping ripe
spikelets or cutting the rice crop above the groundPhoto II.1.6 Weeding by push weeder

level. Instead of "Hasa-gake,” which is drying riceon a rack and was very common in Japan in the olddays, reaped rice is piled up and threshed
immediately. Depending on the harvest time,
harvesting must be done in the paddy field so thatthe rice crop is easily mixed with dirt or stones. The
common method of hand threshing is beating therice crop on a stone or on the ground. Easily
threshed varieties are preferred by farmers. The
post-harvest loss of grain in Tanzania has been

Photo II.1.7 Harvesting with combine

reported to reach 30% to 40%; improvements are

harvester (Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme)㻌

needed in rice cultivation. The combine harvester isbeing adopted in some of the irrigation areas. In particular, the combine harvester has been used in theLower Moshi Irrigation Scheme since 2012, currently about 70% of the rice planting area is being
harvested by combine harvesters, and it is rapidly becoming widespread.

Photo II.1. 9 Threshing work with platform

Photo II.1.8 General threshing workṣ Drying
The rice crop is often dried on a concrete drying
area or on tarpaulins (plastic sheet) which are spreadon the roadside, mixing with stone that also happens tobe there. Rice-milling plants that have moisture meters
are almost nonexistent so that the appropriate drying
has not been done. As a result, yields of whole grainsare very low due to the excessive drying, and thepercentage of broken rice reaches 40% to 50% in somecases.
Ṥ Milling
The one-pass type of rice-milling machine is
becoming more and more common for rice milling.
There are a number of rice-milling machines made in
China that are most likely a copy of the Satake ricemilling machine. The performance of the copy
machine is such that the product quite often contains

Photo II.1. 10 Made-in-China rice-milling machine(this type of machine can be seen often)

impurities such as stone, the percentage of broken rice
is high, so the quality of milling is lower. There israrely a rice-milling plant that is equipped with ade-stoner or grain cleaner. Companies that implement
plastic packaging are also gradually growing in order
to increase the value added.

<4>

Institutions

associating

withagricultural

mechanization


Photo II.1. 11 Made-in-China stone separator

Ṟ Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural
Technology (CAMARTEC)
The major businesses of this Center are thedevelopment of prototypes of agricultural machinery(labor, animal power, and motorized) and farmequipment, performance tests and authentication ofagricultural machinery. In 2008, the Center relocatedtothecurrent

locationandpurchased

high-performance steel sheet processing equipment for 1
billion shillings (approximately 50 million yen), which
was funded by the government. Under the guidance oftheBritishengineers

who

were

fundedby
Photo II.1.12 CAMARTEC tractor

CAMARTEC, the institution is working on the production of tractors utilizing the processing
equipment. While many organizations cannot carry out their business without relying on externalfinancing, they are promoting business using their own funds. However, it has not been proven thatthe agricultural machinery from CAMARTEC is used by many farmers, and it is considered that thetractor currently in production would be difficult to promote in terms of cost and performance. Since
these facilities have no problem in the production of agricultural machinery, the key factor is reflecting
the needs of consumers in production. In terms of the performance tests for imported agricultural
machines, the volume of imports is increasing due to the liberalization of trade, and the implementationof tests cannot catch up because of the lack of human resources and budget.
ṟ Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO)
In the SIDO industrial park, a private company is
manufacturing maize threshing and other machinery.
The technology is sufficient to produce a maizethreshing machine. Similar agricultural machinery tothat manufactured by SIDO is used in other Africancountries, and it indicates that this type of machine cancertainly be manufactured in Africa. It is hard to say
whether they are popular. For this reason, how to sell
the machines rather than the capabilities of production
should probably be considered. There are many factors

Photo II.1. 13 General farming equipment(ox plough)including equipment price and sales promotion
approach that should be considered in order to promote the machines, but neither SIDO nor
CAMRTEC seem to consider them. In general, agricultural machinery is build-to-order, and thissmall-scale production increases the price per equipment. In addition, small companies do not havethe capacity to develop a prototype based on the needs of the farmers, which means it is difficult todevelop demand. This vicious cycle need to be broken in order to promote agricultural machinery.

<5> New movement and the potential of mechanization
The Tanzanian government purchased 230 power tillers in 2000 to 2002, and facilitates
dissemination as an alternative to the tractor by demonstrations in rural areas. According to agricultural
machinery sales by private-sector companies, approximately 100 units per year were sold and it islikely that the demand is increasing. As part of an agricultural modernization based on the Kilimo
Kwanza (Agriculture First) agricultural policy, a project to distribute 50 power tillers to each district
has been conducted. The power tiller is a highly versatile machine that can also be used to transport
the crops and has been spreading out amongst farmers.
Made-in-China's cheap tillers dominate the market, but the reputation among the farmers is rather
unsatisfactory due to unreliability. In contrast, Japanese branded power tillers' popularity is high andeven used tillers are trading at high prices. However, there are beliefs that Japanese branded powertillers spare parts are difficult to obtain; it illustrates the issue of spare parts supply.
In recent years, Kubota launched the sales of power tillers through local subsidiaries and the spareparts supply system is also being developed. In addition, deployment of power tillers branded by otherJapanese companies is also being considered. A stable supply of high-quality Japanese branded
products is expected. Table II.1.2 shows the result of the interviews. The failure to sell the Japanesebranded power tiller seems to be due to the difficulty in spare parts supply and the high price, but its
durability and performance have already been recognized by farmers in Tanzania. The potential forsales has already been estimated at approximately 10,000 units (Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO) 2010).
Table II.1.2 Characteristics of Made-in-Japan and Made-in-China tillers
Price

Fuel consumption
Spare parts
WeightChanging tires
Durability
Reason of purchase or not

Japanese branded PT
Expensive
900 mil. shillings
about6716 USD (Japanese Kubota)
3800 USD (Thai Kubota)
Good
5 litters/acre
Difficult to obtain
Light (suitable for work in water)
Easy to change
Not frequent failure
Expensive
Difficult to obtain spare parts

Chinese-made PT
Cheap
250-300 mil. shillingsabout
1866-2239USD
Bad
10 litters/acre
Easy to obtain
Heavy (150kg)
Require time to remove 4 bolt
Frequent failure
Cheap
Easy to obtain spare parts* Personal opinion of tiller owners
Source: The Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) (2010) "New African market development
promising business survey report /Agriculture, fishery, materials sectors in Tanzania"

Rice-milling machine is also estimated at 6,000 potential sales. The owner of Made-in-China ricemilling machine, which seems to be a copy of the Satake rice-milling machine, said that spare parts
were fake. Surprisingly, copy spare parts of the copy product are being sold, but it is assumed that
there is demand for a good product.
The Tanzanian government has been offeringloans primarily to support the large-scale farms
who purchased a tractor, even a small financial
system for small-scale farmers, such as Saving andCredit Cooperative Society (SACCOS) is also
boost. Group loans are available for the purchaseof a tiller.
In Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme, a private
sector agricultural machinery rental business, JRT,
began operating from 2013. JRT owns 6 tractors,
16 power tillers, and 3 combine harvesters. For 0.3


Photo II.1. 14 Puddling with a power tiller(KATC training)hectare, tiller hire is 40,000 Tanzanian shillings(about 2,666 yen, 1 yen = 15 Tsh as of January2015), and the cutting rice crop charge is 100,000
Tsh (about 6,666 yen). Their operation is mainly in
the

Lower

Moshi

Irrigation

Schemeandsurroundings, and is expanded to other regions
because there are more competing rental service
agencies than they thought. Temporary laborers
sometimes travel to the Igunga District in theTabora Region 500 km or more away for work.

Photo II.1. 15 JRT agricultural machineries forrentalDepending on the growing season of crops
including maize, temporary laborers traveling outside the region is commonly seen. JRT was fundedby the Private Agricultural Sector Support (PASS) that was established in 2000 in Denmark. Japanesecompany, Seed Africa, has also started rental of tractors and combine harvesters since 2012 in the
Morogoro Region and the Mbeya Region. These businesses are expected to improve access toagricultural machinery for farmers, and contribute to the growth of agricultural productivity.

2) Results of Mechanization Feasibility Survey in Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Center andthe Irrigated Rice Fields
In the Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme of Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, with the power tiller as
the main focus, a mechanization test was carried out borrowing the irrigation rice fields of KATC andsurrounding farms.

(1) Ploughing, Puddling, and Leveling Test
<1> Test method
As preparation activity in the irrigated rice fields, the three procedures of ploughing, puddling, andleveling was conducted each by man and machinery and the results were compared. A power tiller
was used for the machinery work, and for the ploughing work, a Japanese moldboard plough or
rotovator was used. It was implemented by dividing it into three processing classifications.
The K120 made by Kubota was the power tiller. It is a machinery that introduced KATC with the2KR. In general, it ploughs and puddles equipped with the ploughing width of 60 cm; however, by
taking off the rotovator, it can also be used for moldboard plough.
Regarding the testing classifications, in the Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme, they use 0.3 ha persection in growing rice, maize, etc., in farm fields. The location borrowed for the test is usually used
for irrigated rice, and although the conditions of the paddies do not vary much, in order to create
similar conditions such as the overgrowth of weed or the spread of water, the three sections are used,and each of the sections are divided in three as replication to make nine blocks (figure II.1.5).
Regarding the period of the preparation activity, we aimed for the period that is easier to use
irrigation water in the Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme. We implemented the test during the on-site
inspection of Friday, August 22 to Saturday, September 27, 2014.

㻲㼕㼓㼡㼞㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻡㻚㻌㻱㼤㼜㼑㼞㼕㼙㼑㼚㼠㼍㼘㻌㼜㼘㼛㼠㼟㻌

<2> Test results(a) PloughingThis time, two operators were placed. One operator for the ploughing section as the person in
charge and a trainee operator were placed in the rotary section. They used hoes in the manpower
section, rotary in the rotary section, and a Japanese plough in the ploughing section, and implemented
ploughing work.
(b) PuddlingIn the manpower section they used their hands and hoes, rotary in the rotary section, and a puddlingrake in the ploughing section and implemented puddling work.
(c) Leveling
In between the leveling work between B6 and B8, there was an occurrence of the power tiller being
buried. With the proposal of the KATC staff, the rake for leveling was fixed onto the power tiller tocontinue the work. It was successfully completed.

<3> Observations of the preparation test
In order to conduct the total preparation work (ploughing  puddling  leveling) from Table
II.1.3 to the preparation of rice planting of 1 ha, for manpower, if we assume that one day’s worth ofwork is 5 hours (519 hours of total ground leveling work ÷ 5 hours, 1 day’s worth of work = 104 days
per 1 ha), then the laborer’s value per day is 420 yen (7,000 Tsh) × 104 days = 43,680 yen per 1 ha(*1Tsh = 0.06 yen)On the other hand, using the cultivator, if we set the cost of one cultivator at 500,000 yen and its
life time being 2,000 hours, it costs 250 yen per hour of cultivator work. In addition, we expect that
repair fees will be the same amount of 250 yen per hour.
The total ground leveling work hours (ploughing  puddling  leveling) of cultivators until rice
planting is 37 hours per 1 ha.

7DEOH,,FRPSDULQJZRUNLQJWLPH ZRUNORDGSHUSHUVRQKHFWDUH 

PloughingPuddling
Levelling 1
Levelling 2

Time spent on land preparation (plough plot) / hour
B6
B7
B8
11.33
20.00
11.67
7.33
6.83
7.83
9.17
7.67
8.83
6.33
7.17

PloughingPuddling
Levelling 1
Levelling 2

Time spent on land preparation (rotarvator plot) / hour
B6
B7
B8
11.67
16.00
11.17
9.00
7.67
8.67
6.17
6.83
9.00
5.33
8.83

Average time spent on land preparation

Average time spent on land preparation

PloughingPuddling
Levelling 1
Levelling 2

Time spent on land preparation (mannual plot) / hour
B6B7
B8200.00123.3388.33
321.67289.17293.33
40.00
98.33
103.33
Average time spent on land preparation



Average
14.33
7.33
8.56
6.75
36.97
Average
12.94
8.44
7.33
7.08
35.81
Average137.22301.3980.56
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ͤFuel consumption for plough plot B6 could not measure due to trouble with the fuel tank.
ͤRotarvator plot B7 did not need second levelling.
ͤB8 had heavy clay soil and draining was difficult. Thus ploughing, puddling and levelling were difficult. Wheels
got caught in the field and spun. Land preparation got distracted several times. These are the possible causes forhigher fuel consumption in this block.

Therefore, the total preparation activity cost per 1 ha until rice planting by a power tiller is: 250
yen for the cost of one hour operation of the power tiller + 250 yen for repair cost × 37 hours of total
preparation activity for planting + operation cost (operator cost 6,000 yen + fuel cost 1,320 yen =7,320 yen) = 25,820 yen. When comparing the total preparation cost per 1 ha between using a power
tiller or by man, the expense for using machinery is 17,790 yen cheaper, and there are merits in
replacing man with machinery.
In addition, with the inquiring survey this time, regarding the income of farmers, the purchaseprice of unmilled rice from rice millers is 700-800 Tsh (converted into Japanese yen, it is 42~48 yen*1 Tsh  0.06 yen), and if we assume that there is a rice harvest of 4 t/ha on average, an income of
168,000 yen per ha is possible.
When one farmer purchases one power tiller, if we set the purchasing cost at 500,000 yen, withthe possibility of two seasons of cultivation per year, and if we assume that the number of power tiller
repayment years is five years, in devoting 1/3 of the income per ha to the purchase cost (rice income
per 1 ha 168,000 × 1/3 × 2 seasons × 5 years), it comes out to 560,000 yen. It is possible to cover thepurchasing cost within five years of the repayment years.
On the other hand, regarding the farming area per year in repaying the power tiller cost within 5
years, if we were to calculate that the life time of the power tiller is 2,000 hours ÷ total working hoursof 37 hours = 54 ha, it will be 54 ha, the total farming area per year ÷ 5 years of repayment years =10.8 ha. The average area of irrigated rice a farmer owns is 1 ha/household, therefore the power tiller
needs to be used in an area ten times that.
Last year, in a rice field preparation test implemented in the Republic of Uganda, preparation until
rice plantation per 1 ha took 35 hours by rotovator and 15 hours by ploughing. There was not much ofa difference in the preparation by rotovator with irrigated rice cultivation, but in the ploughing level,it took 2.5 times more time in total working time. When considering the operating time (unit per area),
there is more of an advantage in the irrigated rice cultivation than the upland rice cultivation.
In order to increase the farming area, (i) share the use of power tillers, (ii) increase utilization rateby lending power tillers, (iii) use of power tillers other than for ploughing work can be thought of. In
general and not just in Africa, there are not many cases where the sharing of agricultural machinery
has gone well due to the vagueness of where the responsibility lies and farmers wanting to use themachinery at the same time. Therefore, the combination of (ii) and (iii), and the increase of operation
time is realistic.

<4> Impression
At KATC where the test was held this time, the rotovator-type is generally used, therefore it was
the first time for the KATC side to conduct each of the work (ploughing, puddling, leveling) using aplough. From KATC staff Mr. Mihayo, who stood by for all of the processes, we received a comment
saying the effectiveness of the plough is high.
What came to mind being on site was that all three blocks used as a ploughing testing site this time
(B6~B8) [B8 in particular] has extremely hard clay soil, and preparation activity using a power tiller(rotovator and plough) was extremely difficult.
The KATC personnel say they usually do ploughing in irrigated condition, and the reasons why
they do it can be understood.

(2) Harvesting Test Results and Rice Millers Survey Results
In the rice fields of Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme, a harvesting test and survey of rice millers
was carried out. The following are the results.

Test period:
November 17, 2014 (Mon) ~ December 16, 2014 (Tue)Test content:
In the Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme: (i) Harvest investigation (ii) Interview survey of farms
with power tiller (iii) Post-harvest investigation

Test region:
Lower Mosh Irrigation Scheme, farms near KATCTest results:<1> Harvesting test
In the irrigation scheme, there are two harvesting methods: (i) Human harvesting using a sickle(ii) Harvesting using a combine harvester. With the cooperation of KADP (Kilimanjaro Agricultural
Development Project), we implemented a comparison test from the financial aspect using these two
methods.
Ṟ Human Harvesting Using a Sickle
In the Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme, one plot is 100 m × 30 m = 0.3 ha. In this test, one plot
was formed as one group of four (the shared working area per person is 25 m × 30 m [0.075 ha]).
Harvesting (day 1)  drying (day 2)  threshing (day 3) was conducted, and the income per person
was decided by the rice weight at the end of day 3. The breakdown of the average income for a female
labor is 5,000 Tsh × 500 kg (5 bags) = 25,000 Tsh (3 days) [1,500 yen, 500 yen per day]. In case ofhuman harvesting using a sickle, 25,000 Tsh per 0.3 ha × 4 people = 100,000 Tsh (6,000 yen). Whenone worker conducts human harvesting using a sickle on a farm field of 0.3 ha, it takes 24 hours/0.3
ha (6 hours of work per day, and the working hours were from 6:00 to 13:00).
ṟ Harvesting Using a Combine Harvester
The combine harvester used is the KUBOTA DC-60, and the owner is JRT AGRI SERVICES (thepurchase price of the combine harvester hiring service company in Moshi is US $42,500). The
harvesting fee was 100,000 Tsh (6,000 yen) per 0.3 ha, and the working time was approximately 45
minutes.
As for the advantages when harvesting with a combine harvester, the working time is short, and it
can do threshing work. At the site where we conducted our survey, the cutting height was set high.
The rice plant was approximately 90 cm, and the remaining plant after harvesting with a combine
harvester was 20 cm. The remaining plant when human harvesting using a sickle was 7 cm. As merits
for setting the cutting height high, there is less rice straw residue and the efficiency of threshingincreases. In addition, the cutting speed is fast, and it is possible to save time during the mowing
process. As for demerits, since the cutting height is high, there is a lot of straw residue, and the
preparation for the next season takes effort. In order to work by setting the cutting height lower, theleveling of the rice field is necessary. If the harvesting is not carried out while the field is not leveled
well, the blade of the combine harvester is damaged by hitting the soil.
The advantages of cutting by hand are that the cutting height is low, and it takes less effort for the
preparation of the next season.
In the irrigated rice field of Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme where the drainage conditions arepoor, the moisture of the rice straw is high, which leads to difficult threshing. There is no choice but
to raise the cutting height.

In the farm fields where harvesting using a combine harvester is carried out, cows were grazed totake care of the remaining plant. By first ploughing and processing the remaining plant, it prevents thesurvival of pests onto the next season.
Ṡ From the Investigation Results
The amount it costs to harvest with humans using sickles and harvest using a combine harvester isthe same at 6,000 yen per 0.3 ha, harvesting with a combine harvester takes less time, and there is thelarge merit of being able to harvest at the proper time. Even in the farming areas of Tanzania, theoutflow of young people going into the city is unavoidable, and it is difficult to secure adequate
workers during the harvest season. The acquisition price of a combine is expensive at US $42,000,
however, from a harvest agency, the harvest surely becomes cash income (payment by goods in somecases), and it is believed that the installation of combines will further increase.
Since it operates during a limited period of time, if the machine is broken at the time and unusable,
it is a big blow for the harvesting agency. In the Lower Moshi District, even though the Japanesemanufactured machines are slightly more expensive than the Chinese manufactured machines, themore reliable Japanese manufactured machines are more popular. And the replacement into Japanesemachines from Chinese machines is progressing (with this point, the quick supply of parts isimportant).

<2>Inquiry survey of farms with power tiller
The opinion that was raised from farmers who own power tiller was that Japanese brandedmachinery are easier to use, but obtaining spare parts is difficult. Regarding the Chinese manufactured
machinery, the evaluation was that the price is cheaper at large, but it breaks easier.
As a reason for the occurrence of a difference in the price of hiring service, the machinery getsstuck in the dirt in the paddies with bad drainage which leads to more consumption of fuel. There were
responses saying the price changes according to the condition of the soil.

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻡㻌㻼㼞㼕㼏㼑㻌㼘㼕㼟㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼜㼡㼞㼏㼔㼍㼟㼑㻌㼜㼛㼣㼑㼞㻌㼠㼕㼘㼘㼑㼞㻌㻔㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼢㼕㼑㼣㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼒㼍㼞㼙㼑㼞㻌㼕㼚㻌㻷㻭㼀㻯㻘㻌㼀㼟㼔㻘㻌㻝㼀㼟㼔䠙㻜㻚㻜㻢㻌㼅㼑㼚䠅㻌

Power tiller
Chinese-made
KUBOTA K125
ISEKI AGRIND KAI 711
ISEKI AGRIND KAI 711
ISEKI AGRIND KAI 711
KUBOTA K125
KUBOTA K125
YANMAR HS8-KE
KUBOTA K125
KUBOTA K125
Chinese-made(broken)
Chinese-madePrice(purchase)
3,000,000
9,000,000
7,000,000
4,000,000
4,900,000
2,500,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
2,500,000
2,500,000
1,500,000



Price
(service /acre)
100,000
70,000

Income by service(/acre)40,00015,00070,00070,00015,000㹼20,000
15,000㹼20,000

150,000
80,000㹼90,000

80,00030,00070,000㹼80,000

25,00060,000㹼80,000

40,000<3>Post-harvest interview survey(1) About the Post-harvest Process at Farms
In the Irrigation Scheme, the threshing and drying is conducted on a vinyl sheet, but since workers
step on the vinyl sheet with dirt on their shoes, impurities such as pebbles mix easier. Taking out
pebbles is an issue.

(2) About Rice Miller
At all of the ten rice millers (Table 2-2) we investigated, the Chinese manufactured Satake copied
product SB-50 was being used. The cost of milling rice was 30~45 Tsh/kg. In comparison, the milling
price was cheaper at large rice miller. There are cases of the middlemen making the purchase at rice
miller, or the farmer taking back the rice after milling and selling it at the market on their own.
As for the drying process at a rice miller, it is dried spending 1~2 days (adjusted depending on theweather). Since there are no moisture meters, the methods of measuring the moisture content that wereraised are crush with teeth a rice grain, crushing the rice by hand, or stepping on the rice. (Whenmeasuring the moisture content of rice after drying at one of the rice mills, it was 12%. It is slightly
more dry than the adequate moisture content of 14%). There are many blackouts, and there were lotsof rice miller not being able to function with the lack of electricity. There was a rice miller owner who
want to buy a drying machine for rice. According to him, it is difficult to make adjustments to thedryness especially during the rainy season when drying with sunlight.

(3) About Distribution/Market
In shipping out the rice to the market after milling, trading in a 50 kg bag is the main stream (atthe farm field level, 100 kg per bag). And the distributed brand we were able to see this time at therice miller and local market was the Saro 5 (1,200 Tsh/kg) [it is a fragrant rice, and it was being tradedat a higher price than the IR64]. There were comments saying the Tanzanians prefer the aromatic rice(there is also a tendency in Uganda preferring aromatic rice). The IR64 (1,100 Tsh/kg) [it seems like
it is being called “Japanese” at the market], Mubeya rice (1,300 TZS/kg), Magugu rice (name of theplace about a five hour drive from Arusha) [1,600 Tsh/kg], and other rice with names of the local
region were also being distributed (the breed is unknown). At another store, the price of Mubeya rice
was separated by 1,900 Tsh/kg, 1,700 Tsh/kg, and 1,600 Tsh/kg, and as points for the difference inthe price, the price changes according to: ṞAroma ṟTaste ṠRatio of mixed impurities such as
small stone. In the local market, maize grains (900 Tsh/kg) and maize powder (1,000 Tsh/kg) was
being sold. At the supermarket of Moshi (Nakumatt), the Magugu rice was packaged nicely, and it
was sold at 4,500 Tsh /kg, which is approximately three times the price of the local market.
At Masawe Machine, which is one of the rice miller of Moshi town, I was able to see a grader (ricesorting machine). They say it undergoes rice sorting at 300 Tsh/50 kg, and the demand in the needs ofsales with added value in rice can be seen.

(4) Others
Ṟ Regarding rice straw, there was a trader who came out to the farm field to buy them in a truck.
This time, the trader we tracked and investigated was transporting rice straw to a banana farm
approximately 50 km away one way. In a 3t truck, the transportation fee including the purchase costwas 200,000 Tsh (12,000 yen). The banana farm was using the ethylene gas from the rice straw for
maturing (it is also used for avocados with the same purpose). In addition, the rice straw is for animalfood.
ṟ In harvesting using a combine harvester, 5-10 kg of gleanings arise per one section of 0.3 ha. In
addition, even with threshing by humans, approximately the same amount of rice remains. The loss
post-harvest is quite large, and there is room for improvement.
Milling Price(Tzs/kg)䐟Indian SAI Rice Milling
䐠New Kinana Millers

34
35

Packing bag
Selling price of milled rice
(Tzs)

Selling price of rice
bran

500
5,000Tzs/50kg
IR64 55,000Tzs/50kg
SARO 60,000Tzs/50kg

䐡Clot Milling Macine

45

䐢Milling at Churches
䐣VICAKILI Investment
䐤Mama Teddy Machine

45
45
40

600
500
500

䐥Kaumba Milling

35

500

䐦Masawa Machine

30

400

䐧RDIHIONE

34

450

䐨Tara Milling Center

40

400

5,000Tzs/50kg
SARO 60,000Tzs䡚65,000Tzs/50kg
IR64 55,000Tzs/50kg
SARO 60,000Tzs/50kg
IR64 50,000Tzs/50kg
SARO 65,000Tzs/50kg
IR64 50,000Tzs/50kg
SARO 60,000Tzs/50kg
SARO 60,000Tzs/50kg

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻢㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌㼙㼕㼘㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㼜㼞㼕㼏㼑㻌㼕㼚㻌㻹㼛㼟㼔㼕㻌㼍㼞㼑㼍㻌㻔㻝㼀㼟㼔䠙㻜㻚㻜㻢㼅㼑㼚㻕㻌

5,000Tzs/50kg
7,000Tzs/50kg

3) Rice cultivation and the mechanization of agriculture in the Mbeya Region(1) Rice cultivation in Mbeya Region
The Mbeya Region is one of 30 administrative areas in Tanzania, and is situated in the south west.
It has a total area of 62,420 km2 and is divided into 10 administrative districts. It has a population of
2.7 million (2012), and there is 850 km of fully paved roads from Mbeya to Dar es Salaam.
Additionally, it is located on the national border with a rail line running between Tanzania and Zambia
and a main road running between Zambia and Malawi, with 100km each way to Zambia and Malawi.
The Mbeya Region has a high food self-sufficiency rate at 141%, following the Rukwa Region at
179%, the Ruvum Region at 158%, and the Iringa Region at 145%, and largely contributes to the foodsecurity of Tanzania.

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻢㻌㻼㼞㼕㼙㼍㼞㼥㻌㻯㼞㼛㼜㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼅㼕㼑㼘㼐㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻹㼎㼑㼥㼍㻌㻾㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻝㻕㻌
Crop

Cultivation Area
(thousands of hectares)

Total Yield (thousands ofmetric tons)

Harvest Yield per Hectare(tons)

Maize

368

662

1.8

Paddy

69

242

3.5

Potatoes

68

143

2.1

Pulses

54

60

1.1

Banana

30

65

2.2

Millets

17

17

1.0

Source: Developing the rice industry in Africa, Tanzania assessment July 2012

The Tanzanian Government is promoting a project known as 'Big Result Now'. In the agricultural
sector, the priority crops at Ṟrice, ṟmaize, Ṡsugarcane. The average harvest yield for rice iscurrently at 4 tons/ha, but they have established a goal of 8 tons/ha for the future. To accomplish thegoals of this project, 78 locations have been selected for an irrigation scheme in the country, and 36
of these are located in the Mbeya Region (34 in Mbarali District and 2 in Kyela District).

(2) Current state of rice cultivation
The Mbeya region has the third highest rate of rough rice production in the country (Tabora Regionis #1 and Morogoro Region is #2), and is a priority rice cultivation area in the SAGCOT Program. The
rainy season stretches from November to April, and around 800mm of rain falls during this time.

The

SARO5 variety accounts for 50% of all rough rice volume, and other varieties native to Zambia andKilombero are also cultivated.
The Madibira Agricultural Marketing Cooperative Society (MAMCOS) of the Mbarali District
transplants 90% and direct sows 10% of their rice, and they plough with disk harrows and till withrotovator. The recommended planting time for seedlings is at 21-30 days old, but due to a lack of labor,
50-70 day olds are sometimes planted. The varieties SARO5 and Faydome are cultivated. Kyela
District distributes its rice as Kyela rice. Most fields are rain-fed in this region, and 70% are directsown at a small scale of 0.4ha of cultivation area per household.

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻢㻌㻼㼞㼕㼙㼍㼞㼥㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌㻯㼡㼘㼠㼕㼢㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻭㼞㼑㼍㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻼㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻭㼙㼛㼡㼚㼠㻌㼎㼥㻌㻱㼍㼏㼔㻌㻰㼕㼟㼠㼞㼕㼏㼠㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻹㼎㼑㼥㼍㻌㻾㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻜㻥㻕㻌 㻌
District

Cultivation Area

Total Yield (thousands

Harvest Yield per㸦thousands ofof metric tons)

Hectare (tons)

hectares㸧
Mbarali

39

151

3.9

Kyela

18

53

2.9

Mbozi

10

27

2.7

Chunya913

1.4

Source: Developing the rice industry in Africa, Tanzania assessment July 2012

(3) Current state of the mechanization of agriculture<1> Field Preparation (Irrigated rice [transplanting] and Rainfed rice [direct sowing])
Ploughing in irrigated wet paddies requires the use of disk ploughs with both tractors (50-100 hp)
and power tiller (14 hp). After ploughing, the field is flooded and tilling is performed with a rotovator.
Tilling is performed by agitating the cage wheels at high speed, since a rotary/ rotovator is not attachedto the traction-type power tiller. On the other hand, some areas run the rotovator without ploughing
and while the field is flooded, and then carry out immediate planting.
Additionally, the power tiller widely used in the Mbeya Region differs from the rotovator-type
power tiller widely used in the Kilimanjaro Region, in that there are no rotary blade, and the power
tiller is a traction-type which ploughs up the field by towing the plough. Ploughing in flooding
condition is standard with the rotovator-type, but by ploughing a dry condition with a traction-type,irrigation water can be conserved and work can begin before the irrigation water arrives, and thisallows for a longer work period.
In direct sowing, the field is ploughed by disk, the soil is crushed by harrow and after the presoaked seeds have been broadcasted, they are then covered with soil by harrow.
Irrigated rice fields run on low ground along river systems, and there is a lot of clay soils which
tend to fissure in the dry season. Therefore, ploughing is done using a large tractor with disk harrows
attached. When using a power tiller, the farmers will wait for rainfall and they will use disk plough inthe field when they feel that the soil has absorbed enough moisture. The power tiller tire size is onemeasure larger than Japanese standards at 7.5-16 inches (normally 6.0-12, 5.0-13 inches) (Same size
is used in Tanzania on Kubota in Thailand machinery and Chinese-made machinery). The reason forthis is that the ground of cultivated fields is rough, and a higher chassis is more of an advantage.
However, driving at speed of 25 km/h on public roads with these large-size tires leads to numerous
accidents. Power tillers are used primarily for transport (production, such as rough rice and vegetables,
construction materials and laborers). Transportation is a quick way to earn cash, and many Power
tillers can be seen towing trailers beginning early in the morning. The regional administrative officials
have indicated that there is a need to provide farmers with information and instructions since they are
not being used for multiple purposes, such as for irrigating pumps or rice threshing. A lack of spareparts is owing to the abilities of dealers and the understanding of agricultural tools. Whether a company
has a surplus of inventory, deals with agricultural tools, or has experience or owns retail dealers inother regions—put differently, if they are large and financially strong—makes them influential.
However, large companies like this handle a wide variety of products, such as automobiles,
construction equipment, farm equipment and office equipment, and so cannot adequately respond to
the situation. The Japanese side must periodically tour the region to better our understanding, and work
to educate local technicians.

<2> Leasing Service of Tractors/Combines
There is significant leasing being done with 4 wheels-tractors, power tillers and combines
harvesters. There are differences in lease amounts by location, but the ploughing fee for a tractor per
hectare is around 170,000 Tsh and a rotovator is 150,000 Tsh. A power tiller fee is generally 10 to
20% less expensive than the tractor fee. The combine harvester fee is 350,000 to 400,000 Tsh for alarge machine and around 300,000 Tsh for a small machine. Incidentally, harvesting by hand is
200,000 Tsh (15 people x 2 days x 6,000 Tsh, including threshing).
However, there is a shortage of tractors and combines in absolute numbers, and this can lead tomissing the best work season. In the case of MAMCOS in Madibira, an individual operating 8 to 9
combine harvester needs three months to work 3,000 hectares.
Beginning this year, Seed Africa (a leasing company run by Japanese) has introduced a Japanesemade combine harvester and is harvesting with it. The leasing fee is paid in cash (there are cases where
it is paid in rice), and it is earning a profit. On the other hand, fee ploughing by hiring service was also
being done by tractor and power tiller, but since there are few farmers with enough cash to pay inadvance, they withdrew from this business. Spare parts are available with regular expendable supplies,
but there are many breakdowns since the operators don't have the technical capacity and there are no
farm roads and they must cross canals or the ridges between the rice fields to reach the field to harvest.
Thus, there are also unforeseen breakages of parts. Seed Africa runs combines for around three months,
and improving their efficiency is a current issue the company faces.

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻣㻌㻿㼠㼍㼠㼡㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻵㼚㼠㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻱㼝㼡㼕㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼠㼛㻌㻹㼎㼍㼞㼍㼘㼕㻌

Cultivation Area

By handBy draught animal(hectares)
158,000

By tractor(large/small)

15,800 ha (10%)

28,914 ha (18.3%)

113,286 ha (71.7%)

Source: Mbarali District Administrative Bureau(4) Rice milling
There are 22 small-scale rice milling plants at the SIDO rice milling cluster in Mbeya Region, andthere is a rice milling complex where 15 small-scale rice miller gather in Mbarali District (100 km
from center of Mbeya). There is also a medium-size (2 to 3 tons/hr) rice milling plant (Buehler-made)run by an Tanzanian of Indian heritage, as well as traders (Raphael Group Ltd. with two 1-ton/hrplants, Mtenda Kyela Rice Supply Co., Ltd. with one 1-ton/hr plant). In the main rice-producing regionof Mbarali District, there are 300 small-size rice milling plants, 14 medium-size rice milling plants,
and three large-size rice milling plants within an estate. Most of rice production (paddy) is processedat small and medium-sized rice milling plants, but there are numerous rice millers and their market ishigh competitive. A medium-size rice milling plant is made up of a feeder, a de-stoner, a one-pass(SB-50), a rice sorter, a rice milling machine (friction-type), and a shifter (there are four types ofoutlet). Perfect grains and three quarters grains are mixed in the bagging process; but, since there is
no stone de-stoner in the final process, stones inevitability get mixed in with the milled rice. 80% ispiecework where either 1) the rice is brought in by the traders and milled, or 2) the rice is brought inby the farmers, milled and sold to the traders. There are no graders or de-stoners.
The SB-50 (Chinese-made) with 500 to 800kg/hour accounts for most of the rice milling machine
held by small-size rice miller. The fee for hulling and polishing rice is 45 Tsh/kg of rough rice.
There is a recent trend to sell at a high price aromatic rice with a luster and no stones or other foreign
objects, with a cracked rice content of 20%, and for highly-polished rice to be favored. SARO5 has ahigh yield rate, but there tends to be chalky grains, and when the harvest is late, the husks can crack.
Thus, there are some regions that are averse to this variety. Native varieties (Zambia, Kilombero) areconsidered high-quality rice, and while they have low yields, they are drought resistant and are known
to have a pleasant aroma. There are also rice miller (Chimala) who only deal in native varieties.

(5) Small industry development organization
The Small Industry Development Organization (SIDO) is a public company under the auspices ofthe Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing, and they have regional offices in 21 locations acrossthe country. Apart from training human resources and working to improve policy for small andmedium-size manufacturers, they are also working on infrastructure maintenance, industrial clusters
and financial assistance.

Rice milling Industrial Clusters
SIDO Mbeya Branch built an industrial park, and currently runs 22 small-size rice miller and asunflower oil extractor in one location. Behind the integration of them into one location were theprevious problems that accompanied operating a rice milling business in an urban center, such as
causing traffic jams during the times the rice was loaded and unloaded, as well as complaints fromneighboring residents about the garbage and dust pollution. Thus, SIDO borrowed land from thenational government, solicited for operators to participate and carried out loans of zoned land andfinancing. However, since the financial assistance provided by SIDO comes in small sums (200 USD,
350 USD per person when in groups), most of them receive financing from banks.
Rice bran is sold at 5,000 Tsh per 100kg bag as livestock feed. However, the disposal of the ricehusks is becoming a problem. Currently, brick makers and cement factories will come pick them up,
but most are disposed of. The Embassy of Japan is examining rice husk fuel and preparing to advancea project on this.
The problems of the rice milling cluster are 1) marketing, with exporting (the quality is not up toworld standards) difficult, 2) rice miller do not have capital (they cannot buy paddy rice, therefore
they do only piecework processing), 3) rice husk disposal.
SIDO is currently envisioning similar industrial parks in two locations in the future and is planningtheir construction.

㻌㻌
Photo II.1.17 Chinese-made Rice Milling Plant

Photo II.1.16 Rice being received(6) Price of rice
Rice that is aromatic, has luster and 20% cracked rice content is traded as high-quality rice, and theprice of rice is branded based on the region it was produced in. Kamsari rice goes for 55,000 Tsh per
91kgs, Mbarali rice goes for 80,000 Tsh per 160kg (500 Tsh/kg), and the native varieties (Fay dome)
goes for 70,000 Tsh per 100kg. The price of rice peaks from October to April, sometimes reaching 2.5
times the price during the harvest season. The administrative governments are promoting theconstruction of warehouses, but they don't function. Currently there are warehouses in 18 locations (7cooperative, 11 village) in the Mbarali District.
The Government bought 5,000 tons of MAMCOS rough rice at 65,000 Tsh through the food security
policy, and this rice is stored in a government-owned warehouse.
As we have written previously, it is the farmer's decision to choose the high-yield, improved-variety
SARO5, or to select the native variety which has a low yield, but is traded for a higher price. However,there are draw backs to the SARO5, such as the need for irrigated rice fields, and the large material
investment, such as with fertilizer, and an unstable price (cracked rice, white-based kernels), and there
are some regions averse to planting this variety.

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻤㻌 㻯㼛㼙㼜㼍㼞㼕㼟㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻺㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼂㼑㼞㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻵㼙㼜㼞㼛㼢㼑㼐㻌㼂㼍㼞㼕㼑㼠㼕㼑㼟㻌
Variety

Improved

HarvestPaddy Rice

Gross Income

AmountUnit Price(Tsh)(ton/ha)(Tsh/kg)

5

500-600

2,500,000-3,000,000

Variety

Variety Features

Semi aromatic, requires irrigation andinput of materials(SARO5)Native Variety

1.5

700

1,050,000

Highly aromatic, has luster, droughtresistant, growth period 120-130 days

Source: Interviews by Survey Group(7) Current state of MAMCOS Madibira Irrigation Scheme in the Mbeya Region
MAMCOS (Madibira Agricultural Marketing Cooperative System)
This is a rice cultivation irrigation scheme set up by an English consultant and a South African
construction company in 1997 through funding from the Tanzanian Government and the Africa
Development Bank. It is run with 3,000 hectares of cultivated land and 3,300 personnel. The 3,000
hectare irrigation scheme is set up in partitioned 30-hectare blocks, and (member) farmers borrow 1
hectare each. The annual expenses are 135,000 Tsh (water fees, canal maintenance, management costsetc.) and within this 5,000 Tsh is allocated to canal repair. Each year, surfacing is done on three facesof the main canal (approx. 150m) with money from the reserve fund. The soil is silt clay and isploughed between November and December, it is cultivated with a rotovator in January and February,
and the harvest takes place from May to July.
MAMCOS owns one tractor (90-110hp) and one Kubota combine harvester. There are privatelyowned tractors (5 working among 48 large and medium-size; 200 working among 300 power tillers).
There are 7 to 8 combine harvesters, and an external leasing agent manages the sales of these.
Ploughing is done by disk harrow, and a rotovator tills before planting. Planting is under a service
contract and random planting is done.

To secure planting laborers, they go to laborer gathering points early and recruit there. There aresometimes no workers available if they are late to arrive at the gathering points. Ultimately, riceseedlings grow spindly and transplanting is late. Laborers must be transported to the fields, and trailers
and vehicles are required to bring 10-15 laborers several kilometers.
There is rice milling equipment (German-made Schule 3-4 tons/hour), but it does not operate due
to a lack of electricity. It can be run from a generator, but fuel costs are prohibitively high (Power tobe supplied this year).
The warehouse cannot be run because there was corruption with the previous manager, and thewarehouse is currently shutdown.

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻥㻌㻯㼛㼟㼠㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌㻼㼘㼍㼚㼠㻌㻯㼡㼘㼠㼕㼢㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌

Required Work/Materials

Expenses (Tsh)Cost of Seeds

60,000Plowing (tractor)

150,000

Tilling (harrow)

150,000

Transplanting (outside laborers)

150,000

Weeding (outside laborers)

150,000

Fertilizer (Urea,DAP)

200,000

Harvesting/Threshing (combine harvester)

320,000

Transport (tractor)

150,000

Bird scaring

60,000Sacks

50,000Total Expenditure

1,440,000

Rice Yield (kg/ha, paddy)

5,000

Rice Price (Tsh/kg, paddy)

600

Total Income (Tsh)3,000,000

Total Expenditure (Tsh)1,440,000

Net Profit (Tsh㸧

1,560,000

Source: interviews by Survey Group from MAMCOS (Oct 2014)$1 US = 1,700 Tsh(8) Future plans and issues for the Madibira Irrigation Scheme by MAMCOSṞ There are plans to build a dam further upstream and expand the irrigation scheme to 3,600 hectares.
ṟ They wish to bring in KADP design and implementation technology to this scheme; specifically,
the installation of agricultural roads, appropriate partitioning of fields (partitioning of existing fields
with a 1-hectare average is difficult), canal lining is required.
Ṡ Under the existing scheme, transporting harvested produce and workers a total of 15km is too far(additional transport fees arise). Workers camp together, and they wish to secure a camp space which
would shorten travel times and make operations more efficient.
ṡ They plan to change from transplanting to direct sowing (mechanized). They wish to try fertilizing
trials and direct sowing trials.

㻌Photo II.1.18 lining work on a canal built from reserve㻌
Photo II.1.19

30 hectares cultivated field(9) Traders / middleman
Large-scale farms have their own sales network; however, there are large traders (the two companies
below) that mill, bag and sell the rough rice collected from small-scale farmers.
Ṟ Raphael Group Ltd.
They are a large trader that deals with rice, peanuts (hand-selected), and sunflower oil, and theyhandle 20,000 tons of paddy rice annually. A regional manager is sent to the production area to
distribute seed and supervise. They own two rice milling plants (Chinese made) that handle 2
tons/hour, and they sell Raphael-brand rice in the capital and surrounding cities. They haveparticipating partners—a fertilizer company (Year) and a seed company (Tan-seed).
ṟ Mtanda Kyela Rice Supply Co., Ltd.
They loan agricultural materials to and purchase paddy rice primarily from Kyela, and they mill andsell rice. Currently, they are expanding their business aimed at small-scale farmers, by loaning out
agricultural materials to other regions and dispatching technical advisers. They have 10,500 farmers
currently under contract. They have participating partners—a fertilizer company (Yara) and a seed
company (Tan-seed International). They are planning the purchase of a Chinese-made rice milling
plant.

㻌㻌

Photo II.1.20 Raphael rice polishing plant (2 tons/ha)㻌

Photo II.1.21 Raphael product㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻜㻌㻹㼍㼕㼚㻌㼂㼍㼞㼕㼑㼠㼕㼑㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻲㼑㼍㼠㼡㼞㼑㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻹㼎㼑㼥㼍㻌㻾㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌

Variety

Cultivation Period

FeaturesSupa

140 days

Native variety, good tasting, popular with local farmers

Soro5 (TXD306)

120 days

Semi-aromatic rice produced through a cross of Super
and Korian Subrimati, high yield with 30-50 tillers (46.5tons/ha)

Nerica90 - 100 days

Highly drought resistant, taste not optimum

IR-64

100 days

Indica type, high harvest yield

ZambiaTraded as a higher-end rice than SARO5, has a lusterwith harvest yields 1/3 of SARO5

India

Native variety, good tasting, popular with local farmers

Kilombero

Native variety, good tasting, popular with local farmers

Faya dume

125130 days

Native variety, good tasting, popular with local farmers,
little cracking, growing period 15 days shorter than
SARO5㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻜㻌㻲㼡㼑㼘㻌㻼㼞㼕㼏㼑㼟㻌㻔㼀㼍㼚㼦㼍㼚㼕㼍㻘㻌㼀㼟㼔㻛㻸㻕㻌

Fuel

Mbeya

Madibira

Gasoline

2,299

2,450

Diesel

2,171

2,250

Kerosene

2,122



5) Tanzania agricultural policy and Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor (SAGCOT)
Tanzania national agricultural policy3 comprises Tanzania Development Vision (TDV), Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper: PRSP, National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP I& NSGRP II), the Long-term Perspective Plan, and the Five Year Development Plan. This
comprehensive policy framework aims to improve living standards by making agriculture more
efficient, modern and commercially-viable. To accomplish this, there are various initiatives being
taken, such as the Kilimo Kwanza Resolve, the Tanzania Food Security Investment Plan (TAFSIP),
the Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), the Feed the Future Programme,
and the Bread Basket Initiative. Among these is SAGCOT—which assists in the promotion ofagribusiness through public-private partnerships and is calling for large-scale agriculturalinvestment—an institution which is expected to achieve results.
SAGCOT is a national-level framework project formulated by the Tanzanian Government in
partnership with the private sector. The project began at the Africa Summit of the World Economic
Forum in 2010 for the chief purpose of improving agricultural productivity. The project blue print was
subsequently shown by Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda, and it was internationally announced at theWorld Economic Forum held in Davos by President Jakaya Kikwete. The project targets a region
stretching from Dar es Salaam to neighboring Zambia, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of Congo(Figure II.1.6), and large-scale agricultural investment is being planned and carried out in each area.
SAGCOT will achieve improvements in living standards and agricultural productivity byharnessing the resources of governments, businesses, donors and farming communities, and will
benefit small-scale regional farmers and make possible environmentally-friendly sustainable
development through the comprehensive and commercial development of agribusiness.
The planning behind this project was done by the executive committee Kilimo Kwanza Growth
Corridors, which is jointly headed by the Tanzanian Minister of Agriculture and the Vice-President of
Unilever North/Central Africa. Apart from the committee, partners to the Kilimo Kwanza Growth
Corridors and a SAGCOT technical team were also involved in the planning. The committee, partners
and technical team members appear as shown in Table II.1.11.

3

National Agriculture Policy, Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives, Oct 2013㻲㼕㼓㼡㼞㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻢㻌㼀㼍㼞㼓㼑㼠㻌㻾㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻿㻭㻳㻯㻻㼀㻌

Source: Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania Investment Blueprint, 2011㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻝㻼㼘㼍㼚㼚㼕㼚㼓㻌㻹㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻿㻭㻳㻯㻻㼀㻌

Source: Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania Investment Blueprint, 2011



As Table II.1.11 shows, not only was the Tanzanian Government and private companies involved,
but there were various country donors also involved in the planning and who expressed support. This
began in May 2012—three years after the L'Aquilla Food Security Initiative (AFSI) was expressed at
the G8 Summit held in L'Aquilla, Italy in 2009—with The New Alliance for Food Security andNutrition formulated at the G8 Summit held in Camp David in the US. The G8 leaders expressed theirsupport for eliminating hunger across all of Africa. The highest goal of the New Alliance is to bring
50 million people out of poverty in 10 years by improving agricultural productivity and farmers'
incomes through the use of sustained civil investment and ownership by the governments of thecountries of Africa. With SAGCOT already functioning to aid Tanzania in the main target areas toachieve this initiative, the G8 has expressed their support for SAGCOT.
In the SAGCOT target regions, there are calls for investment in the production of sugarcane andmaize, and the SAGCOT Investment Partnership Program is being formulated for these important
crops. A Partnership Program is also being created by the Tanzanian Government through an
Agricultural Sector Develop Programme (ASDP4) for rice, an important crop along with maize, andthree sites have been secured for this program as rice production sites (Figure II.1.7).

㻲㼕㼓㼡㼞㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻣㻌㻿㻭㻳㻯㻻㼀㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌㻼㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻿㼕㼠㼑㼟㻌

Source: SAGCOT Investment Partnership Program – Opportunities for investors in the Rice Sector, October 2012

4

SAGCOT Investment Partnership Program- Opportunities for Investors in the Rice Sector, October 2012



These regions have been selected based on their ideal natural conditions for agriculture and theiraccess to markets. An overview of each of these regions is as follows.

<1> Ngalimila site
Ṟ 5,128 hectares of land earmarked by the government for rice production
ṟ 6.5 hectares of land earmarked for sleeping quarters, offices and storage facilitiesṠ Surrounded by three rivers (Mpanga, Mnyera, and Ruhudji) it has potential for the developmentof irrigation
ṡ The land is flat and there are vertisol and fluvisol soils
Ṣ There are 3,900 households living in Ngalimila village, where the site is located, and not only
will a labor force be expected, there is also potential for surrounding producers (outgrowers)ṣ It is located 35km from the TAZARA rail line linking Dar es Salaam with the Zambian border<2> Kihansi site
Ṟ 5,200 hectares of land earmarked by the Tanzanian Government (divided into four blocks)
ṟ Located along the Kihansi river with potential for irrigation development
Ṡ The land is flat and there are vertisol and fluvisol soils
ṡ It is surrounded by four other villages, and not only will a labor force be expected, there is also
potential for surrounding producers (outgrowers)Ṣ It is located close to the TAZARA rail line linking Dar es Salaam with the Zambian border<3> Mkulazi site
Ṟ 63,000 hectares of land earmarked for rice production, however, since no investment plan has
been established, it is being surveyed with plans for it to be divided into several parcels for repromotion to investorsṟ Surrounded by four rivers
Ṡ The land is flat and there are vertisol and fluvisol soils
ṡ It is surrounded by several villages, and not only will a labor force be expected, there is also
potential for surrounding producers (outgrowers)Ṣ It is located around 50km from a paved road linking Dar es Salaam with Morogoro
As investment in rice production is being promoted, the SAGCOT Investment Partnership Program
has compiled a revenue and expenditure forecast, as shown in Table II.1.12, when investing in riceproduction.

㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻞㻌㻾㼑㼢㼑㼚㼡㼑㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻱㼤㼜㼑㼚㼐㼕㼠㼡㼞㼑㻌㻲㼛㼞㼑㼏㼍㼟㼠㻌㻵㼚㼢㼑㼟㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌㻼㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻿㻭㻳㻯㻻㼀㻌㻵㼚㼢㼑㼟㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㻼㼍㼞㼠㼚㼑㼞㼟㼔㼕㼜㻌㻼㼞㼛㼓㼞㼍㼙㻌
Revenue
Yield

Current commercial farmers harvest 3.5 tons/ha with rain-fed cultivation; however,
introducing irrigation is expected to increase this yield to 10 tons/ha.

Rice Price

The price of rice in the East African Community is 75% higher than the international priceowing to import tariffs.

Expenditure
Labor Costs

Labor costs for agricultural laborers are approximately $180 US per month (including
housing allowances and various taxes).

Land Price

After the land owner has been initially compensated, it is $1 US per hectare annually.

Farming Input

There are tax exemption measures taken on farming inputs (capital, fertilizer etc.) by
qualified investors.

TrainingofDonors and NGO programs support the training and farm input of outgrowers.

Surrounding
Producers
Taxes

Corporate tax is 30%, and import tariffs and added-value taxes are exempt.

Source: SAGCOT Investment Partnership Program – Opportunities for investors in the Rice Sector, October 2012

In addition to investment programs from Switzerland and the US already permeating these areas,
assistance institutions and microfinance institutions are helping small farmers to organize. There isalso progress on infrastructure, such as the construction of roads and dams.
The development of the SAGCOT target regions is progressing in a variety of forms. Regional small
farmers are being afforded opportunities to participate in agribusiness as laborers and outgrowers, andthe further future expansion of this is gaining attention.

5) Tanzania agricultural finance
A major issue in Tanzania financial services is the limited access of farmers to those services.
According to the Agriculture Finance Markets Scoping Survey (AgFiMS)5 carried out in 2011, there
was access to formal financial services by only 168,000 businesses, or about 32.4% of the 519,450
total businesses carrying out small and medium-sized farming 6 . 13.3% have access to informal
financial services, and the majority at 54.3% do not have access to financial services. (Break down is
as appears on Table II.1.13)

5

From the National Financial Inclusion Framework (AgFiMS)㸦based on contents of AgFiMS study)
Among the producers, processors and service providers involved in agribusiness, Small and Medium Agri-Business(SMEs) are defined as those individuals who gain a profit of $600 per year on 5 acres of land.

6㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻟㻌㻮㼞㼑㼍㼗㼐㼛㼣㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻲㼕㼚㼍㼚㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㻿㼑㼞㼢㼕㼏㼑㼟㻣㻌Use of Formal Financial Services

࣭Use of financial institutions with formal licensing
࣭Banks, Mobile Money, MFI8, SACCOS9 etc.

Use of Informal Financial Services

࣭Use of Institutions and Groups without formal licensing
࣭Savings, Loan Groups, ROSCAS10 etc.

No Access࣭No use of any form of financial service

Additionally, there is only extremely restricted access to banks by individual farmers. According to
FinScope Tanzania 201311, the segments with the easiest access to banks are those income earners
who live in cities, and 78.6% of formally-employed people use banks. With 19.6% of self-employedpeople, 7.1% of agribusiness workers, and 4.9% of subsistence farmers using banks, it is clear that
farmers have markedly low access to banks.
The impeding factors for workers in the agribusiness sector using banks were apparent in theanswers given for why they do not use banks: their income is too low to have a bank account, theycannot maintain the minimum bank account balance, the banks are too far etc12. From the perspectiveof the banks who provide the financial services, there is significant risk in agriculture, which is easily
affected by the weather, the farmers have low financial literacy and there is little ability to create abusiness plan that will examine how the loan will be paid back. Regarding financial literacy, there are
numerous cases where basic information had to be taught to the farmers, such as that any financing
received must be paid back and that interest would accrue13.
Among farmers who cannot have access to banks, the individuals who access formal financial
services are thought to use MFI or SACCOS. As is shown in Table II.1.14, among the formal financial
institutions, SACCOS has the most amount of financial institutions and access points, and according
to a study by the World Bank14, the majority of SACCOS users are located in farming areas, and 25%of individuals who receive formal financial services, or 1,153,248, use SACCOS. This is an important
institution for farmers to gain access to financial services.

7

From the National Financial Inclusion Framework, Tanzania National Council for Financial Inclusion
Microfinance Institutions
9 Savings and Credit Cooperatives Society
10 Rotation Savings and Credit Associations
11 http://www.fsdt.or.tz/finscope/sites/default/files/pdfs/FinScope-Brochure-2013.pdf
12 From the FinScope Tanzania 201313 From the interview with the author (October 2014, CRDB Micro-Finance Bank and Tanzania Investment Bank)
14 Tanzania Diagnostic Review of Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy - Volume I. Key Findings andRecommendations, November 2013, The World Bank
8㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻠㻌㼀㼥㼜㼑㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻿㼏㼍㼘㼑㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻲㼕㼚㼍㼚㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㻵㼚㼟㼠㼕㼠㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻝㻡㻌
Financial Institution

Financial Institution Number

Number of Access Points

Banks

52

609

ATM

45

1094

MFI

170

486

SACCOS

5845

1620

SACCOS carries out joint savings and financing of agribusinesses and small-scale enterprises andwas formed as a regional credit union based on the New Cooperative Societies Act passed in 2003
with the aim of making loans to members based on the reserves held of member savings. To becomea member, an individual must hold an amount of stock designated by SACCOS, and must have savings.
SACCOS sets an upper limit on the financing amount according to the amount of member savings.
Banks that do not actively provide direct financing to farmers also loan to SACCOS, and this can bethought of as a supply mechanism for the indirect provision of financial services to farmers.
We describe the case example below of Madibira SACCOS (commonly known as MSACCOS), themost successful entity of SACCOS in Tanzania. MSACCOS was set up in 2000 in Mbeya Region
where the rice cultivation have been grown well, and has grown from the original 19 members to 2,067
members as of October 2014 (966 women, 1648 men) with 3 billion Tsh. Almost all members areengaged in rice production through the Madibira Irrigation Scheme, and receive financing fromMSACCOS for seed and fertilizer costs as well as purchasing agricultural machineries. Since there
are little savings for the number of members, MSACCOS receives annual financing from a CRDB
Micro-Finance Bank for members who apply for financing at the start of the growing season. Theyuse a credit guarantee system through the government, and were successful in negotiating down theprevious interest rate of 15% to 11%.
MSACCOS also provides, as is shown in Table II.1.15, business loans to retailers among otherbusinesses, and educational loans for individuals who wish to continue their studies at university.
Additionally, to increase the number of female members, they also provide small-scale loans forworking capital to sell fried dough 16 and other snacks. When members fall behind on their loan
repayments, they have also devised an emergency loan system that can be used temporarily and thishas increased the loan repayment rate.
As Table II.1.15 shows, the longest term loan that MSACCOS provides is the loan to purchaseagricultural machineries. MSACCOS began financing machineries in 2011. They received financing
from the Tanzania Investment Bank (TIB), and channel this financing to their members who purchasethe farm equipment on Table II.1.16.

15
16

From the National Financial Inclusion Framework, Tanzania National Council for Financial Inclusion
Fried dough known as mamdazi is a snack often eaten in Tanzania㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻢㻌㻸㼕㼟㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㻼㼡㼞㼏㼔㼍㼟㼑㼐㻌㻲㼍㼞㼙㻌㻱㼝㼡㼕㼜㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌

Agricultural
Machinery
TractorPower Tiller

Manufacturer
Massay Fergson
Rikyu
Kubota17

AmountPrice (Tsh)1672,000,000
25,000,000
10,500,000

445,500,000

6

Chang Fa
Dong Feng

Source: list made from interview (16th October 2014)

Previously MSACCOS faced a situation where a farmer was late to repay the loan because his
Chinese-made power tiller broke down; MSACCOS negotiated with the TIB, and was able to takemeasures to continue the repayments, such as recombining loans to extend the repayment period.
The strength of introducing farm equipment is an increase in labor productivity versus limited timeand labor resources. On this point, it is reported that there is a trend for farmers to move away from
Chinese-made equipment that, while inexpensive, breaks down easily during ploughing times andharvest times, and to move towards purchasing Indian or Japanese-made equipment. Even MSACCOS
is less actively financing the purchase of Chinese-made power tillers in light of their break down
history. They don't declare which equipment farmers should buy, but they are careful in their financing
so as to avoid a situation where a repayment ceases on a loan to purchase machineries.
One of the factors that MSACCOS is the most successful entity of SACCOS is the greatmanagement ability of MSACCOS. According to the Private Agricultural Sector Support (PASS),
which carries out guarantee work, when financing is provided to agricultural cooperatives, such as
SACCOS, the management ability of that organization becomes the collateral for PASS, and serves as
the criteria to judge whether or not the financing can be granted. Since MSACCOS educates theirmembers on financial knowledge and provides guidance for loan repayment, the default rate is quite
low at between 3 to 5%. Thus, by belonging to an agricultural cooperative with this degree ofmanagement ability, financial services can be accessed in a variety of circumstances. Also, since
agricultural cooperatives, like SACCOS, can deposit a sizable sum in a commercial bank, thecommercial bank will then be able to more easily provide more financing.
The most active in financing farmers is, as what is stated above, the commercial bank CRDB MicroFinance Bank. According to an interview conducted at the Mbeya Branch of CRDB Micro-FinanceBank, they actively search for villages and regions with the potential for business expansion throughimprovements to agricultural production and processing, cooperate with the Mbeya regional
administrative office to offer assistance in the formation of agricultural cooperatives, to educate people
in financial literacy, and financing farmers. However, since the largest risk to financing agriculture isloss of crops due to weather, they are not actively financing in small-precipitation regions without
irrigation-scheme agricultural cooperatives. Additionally, since there is little market demand for rough17

The price of a Kubota cultivator includes the water pump, trailer, and disk plow.

rice, and the trading price is low, they often make the proposal to agricultural cooperatives to engage
in value-added activities, such as rice polishing or packaging.
Apart from CRDB Micro-Finance Bank, TIB and NMB (National Microfinance Bank) also financeagricultural cooperatives, but they do not visit agricultural communities to assist them in forming
farmer cooperatives. In terms of provisionally assisting agriculture, TIB is more active in financing
processing, rather than agricultural production.
To mitigate risk in financing the agricultural sector, commercial banks sometimes have users use
institutional guarantees. The previous example, PASS Trust, is a civil guarantee company thatguarantees agricultural financing, and carries out guarantees, business plan creation and acts as amediator between banks and agricultural cooperatives. PASS began as a project to guarantee
agricultural financing, incorporated in 2000 owing to its successes. Up to now, it has guaranteedfinancing from a minimum of 7 million Tsh to a maximum of 5 billion Tsh, and has allowed every
scale of agricultural financing. When financing the purchase of farm equipment, PASS implements
guidance to increase the operating rate and creates a business plan with the purchaser. For example,
with the purchase of a cultivator, they hash out a business plan where the borrower can repay the loan
in 3 to 4 years by achieving an annual operating rate in 8 to 11 months through the recommendationof purchasing at least three attachments at the same time, and not only doing ploughing work, but also
attaching a trailer for transporting, and attaching a thresher to thresh the harvested rice. In cases wherebuying attachments are not appropriate or the purchaser does not wish to do so, they will propose
supplying a fee ploughing service to increase the operating rate. To ensure that the purchaser remains
cognizant of the amount of the purchasing price and their obligation to pay back the loan, PASS willadvise the purchaser to visit the farm equipment dealer to select the machine he will purchase, and toobtain a pro forma invoice. If the machine the purchaser selects is deemed to be of a high risk to break
down, they will discuss this risk with the purchaser, but they will not instruct which machine shouldbe purchased so as to avoid any subsequent liability issues.
PASS pays significant attention to setting up a business plan, and this accounts for their low default
rate of 5%. Should repayment not be possible and only in unavoidable circumstances, support can begiven to readjust the loan.
Additionally, they provide financial assistance to not just agricultural cooperatives but also
individual farmers; but in either case, they cannot be eligible for financing if they do not have an
irrigation system installed if they are not blessed by the weather in their area. Further, for individual
farmers to receive financial assistance, it is conditional that they must possess at least 50 acres(approximately 20 hectares) of land and be experienced in farming. Also, when the individuals arereferred to a bank for financing, they are carefully vetted to assess if they meet the conditions of thebank. For example, CRDB Micro-Finance Bank doesn't just finance unions, such as SACCOS, butalso finances individual farmers, but TIB only finances through SACCOS.
For a farmer to purchase farm equipment, he can either join a union, like SACCOS, use a credit
guarantee company, like PASS, or use both to procure a sizable loan from a bank. To these ends, we
believe that financing comparative capital, as well as providing education and training for highly-educated people from among small farmers is needed to raise financial literacy and to strengthen the
management of SACCOS. It is considerable that a realistic method to increase agricultural
productivity for the whole region is for those who have already purchased farm equipment to cultivate
not only their own land, but also plough other people's lands for a fee so that they can increase theiroperating rate and repay their loans.





Financing of capital required for agricultural mechanization

Financing of working capital for the running of retail businesses
or rice trading operations.
Loan limited to women. Financing of small businesses, such as
the making and sales of fried dough (mamdazi)

Agricultural
Machinery Loan

Business Loan

20

19

18

10,000,000

72,000,000

1,000,000

200,000
  2,000,000

10,000,000

100,000

500,000

No
minimum

20,00019

500,000

55,000,000

400,000

 

5%

20%

20%

5%

20%

20%

15%

Interest 

3 months

1 year (byinstallments)

1 year/2
years

10 weeks

1 year/2
years18

4 years

9 months

Payment
Period 

Buildings

Buildings

Buildings

Buildings

Buildings

Buildings

Buildings

Collateral

A collateral manager was hired through the direction of the government, but he was dismissed after trouble occurred. The warehouse loan was subsequently ceased.

1 year for amounts 5 million Tsh or lower; 2 years for amounts 5 million Tsh or higher.
When members borrow 20,000 Tsh, they can acquire SACCOS membership by saving part of the repayment amount in SACCOS.

Warehouse Loan

This is a loan for when the repayment of another loan falls into
arrears. Financing is done according to conditions, such as with
illness or injury, to enable repayment of the original loan.
This loan uses the Warehouse Receipt System.
It is not currently available20

Loan to continue studies at university.

Education Loan

Emergency Loan

Financing to build housing and shops. (Since a building is used ascollateral, individuals who already own buildings take this loan tobuild new buildings.)

Housing Loan

Small Business
Loan

Financing of capital required for agricultural production. Seeds,
fertilizer were gradually loaned out as needed previously, but they
are loaned out all at once now.

PurposeAgricultural Loan

Type of Loan

Amount of Financing(Tsh)
Minimum
Maximum㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻝㻚㻝㻡㻌㼠㼥㼜㼑㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻸㼛㼍㼚㻌2. Republic of Uganda
1) Situation of rice milling industry in Uganda and the potential for the participation of Japanesemanufacturers(1) Rice market in Uganda and development of rice industry
Major changes appeared in the rice milling industry in Uganda due to the increase in the numberof small scale rice-milling plants that was associated with the rapid rise of upland rice production since2000 (see Figure II.2.1). According to Kikuchi et al. (2013), there were 645 rice-milling plants in 2012,
an increase of 50% or more in the last five years. Within the region, 50% or more of milling plants areconcentrated in eastern Uganda; the dramatic increase in the northern and western areas is 240%
during the same five-year period. This illustrates the fact that the spread of upland rice production innorthern and western Uganda differs from the paddy rice production of aroma rice represented bySupa (multi-variety brand name). Large or mid-scale rice millers were entering into the market in thesame period, Tilda Ltd. that700

targeted export and selling in

Increment per Year
600

Miller

Co.

Ltd.

(URMC, see Photo II.2.1)
whichfocusedonthegeneral domestic market are

Number of rice mills

supermarkets and Upland
Rice

591
521

500
428
400

374
317

300
260
230
200

typical examples. According
to Kikuchi et al. (2013),
while the domestic rice
marketsarepolarized

156

183

100
0

93
0

Before
2000

27

2000

price,

branded,

small

47

2001

30

2002

57

57

54

2003

2004

2005

2006

70

2007

Years

between the upper end of themarket that trades highTotal number of mills㻲㼕㼓㼡㼞㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻞㻚㻝㻌㻯㼔㼍㼚㼓㼑㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼚㼡㼙㼎㼑㼞㻌㼛㼒㻌㼞㼕㼏㼑㻌㼙㼕㼘㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㼜㼘㼍㼚㼠㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼁㼓㼍㼚㼐㼍㻌㻿㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㻦㻌㻯㼍㼚㼐㼕㼍㻌㼑㼠㻌㼍㼘㻚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻜㻤㻕㻌

packaged rice mainly through supermarkets, and the traditional market that sells small amounts froma large sack. The movement towards market integration is observed as some of the local traditional
markets are also selling branded rice. Furthermore, the number of rice-milling plants is declining in
the eastern area, where rice cultivation is thriving,
due to exposure to competition with the rise of largescale rice-milling plants that have high quality ricepolishing capabilities. This situation suggests thatthe awareness of high quality rice is increasing in the
traditional market; increasing demand for highquality rice to be shipped from the small rice-milling
plants is expected in the future.
㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻌㻵㻵㻚㻞㻚㻝㼁㻾㻹㻯㻌㼞㼕㼏㼑㻌㼙㼕㼘㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㼟㼥㼟㼠㼑㼙㻌㻔㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㼓㼞㼍㼜㼔㼥㻌㼎㼥㻌㼍㼡㼠㼔㼛㼞㻕㻌BOX: Overview of Upland Rice Millers Company Limited (URMC)
Establishment and major facilities
URMC was established with shareholders, Amb. Philip Idro and Mr.Aaron Obulejo, in theindustrial area of Jinja in 2006, as a rice milling and drying business. The rice milling systemcomprises hopper, paddy cleaner, stone separator, paddy husker, paddy separator, rice polisher,rice grader, rice whitener, rice weighing and packing, and all are made in China. In addition,
machines for testing performance including moisture meter, testing mill, and rice sieve are installedin the rice milling inspection facility.
Rice milling capacity: 2 tons per hour
Drying capacity: per hour (made in England)
Warehouse space: 3,000 tons

Business overview
General large-scale rice millers purchase paddy from farmers and sell rice after milling, but aseries of services with fees offered by URMC include drying, milling and packaging rice rather
than just purchasing paddy. Current rice milling and packaging charge is 150 Ush per kg (Uganda
Shilling: USD 1 = Ush 2,800). 10,000 rice farmers, located mainly in eastern and northern Uganda,
are customers. URMC also offers warehousing free of charge and does not collect a storage fee.
Consignment sales are also available depending on the customer's request. The fees are 40 Ush per
kg for drying, 35 Ush per kg for rice cleaning.
In order to ensure customers, URMC provided rice cultivation guidance to more than 8000
farmers. Through these activities, farmers had a significant impact, increasing their income byselling rice without a broker, and increasing the average yield from 800 kg to more than 1.5 tons
per acre.
URMC has been honored as an excellent private organization in the fifth meeting of the
Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD). URMC is recognized as playing a key role assecretariat office in the preparation of organizing the rice millers in Uganda, and is increasingly
expected to be the main driver for the project.

(2) Current situation of rice milling industry
This section describes the overview of the rice milling industry based on the findings of interviews
from 70 rice-milling plants that were conducted by Kikuchi in 2012 (Kikuchi et al., 2013). 83%, or 58
plants, started their business in 2000 or later. Since 2010, 24%, or 17 plants, started their business, 11of them are located in the eastern area. Occupation prior to becoming a rice miller was agriculturerelated work, accounting for about 60% mainly maize flour millers, and quite a few farmers started
rice milling. A wide range of prior occupations is observed, such as doctors and public officials. Thesedata indicate that the entry barrier to the rice milling industry is low because the burden of initialinvestments is small and the technical requirements for quality rice milling is also very low.
The average number of machines owned by rice-milling plants is 1.4 units, approximately 90% ofmachines were purchased in 2000 or later, and the machines are replaced every 5 to 8 years. Major
models used by a small rice-milling plant are made in China mill-top (see Photo II.2.2) SB-10, SB-30,
and SB-50 that are imitations of SATAKE machines, and an improved Engelberg with a blower N-70
and N- 120 that are also made in China (see Photo II.2.3). Mill-top type is often used in the emerging
upland rice cropping areas in northern or western Uganda.

㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻌㻵㻵㻚㻞㻚㻞㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌㼙㼕㼘㼘㼑㼞㻌㻔㼞㼕㼓㼔㼠㻕㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻺㻙㻣㻜㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻹㼍㼥㼡㼓㼑㻌㼐㼕㼟㼏㼠㼕㼏㼠㻌㻔㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻦㻌㼍㼡㼠㼔㼛㼞㻕㻌Regression analysis (risk factor: 5%) shows thatthe mill-top type had surpassed the Engelberg type inmilling capacity per hour (Kikuchi et al., 2013). The

㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻌㻵㻵㻚㻞㻚㻟㻌㻾㼕㼏㼑㻌㼙㼕㼘㼘㼑㼞㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻿㻮㻙㻝㻜㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻭㼙㼡㼞㼕㼍㻌㼐㼕㼟㼠㼞㼕㼏㼠㻌㻔㻼㼔㼛㼠㼛㻦㻌㻺㼍㼠㼟㼡㼗㼛㻌㻹㼕㼥㼍㼙㼛㼠㼛㻕㻌average rice yield based on the survey is 65% and no significant regional difference is observed. As
shown in Figure II.2.2, the mode is 65 to 69%, 10% or more of respondents are at 70 to 74%, and threeplants responded with 40 to 49%. Higher yield rate indicates that millers ensure the volume of riceeven with a low whiteness, lower yieldrate indicates that the rice was broughtfrom a farmer where winnowing has notbeen done sufficiently, or the broken ricerate is too high. Average floor area offacility is 33 m2 for the space of millingmachines, 42 m2 for a warehouse andmany of the buildings are old. In terms ofthe cost, fixed costs of the mill-top typeand improved Engelberg are 25% and
33% respectively. Most costs were for㻲㼕㼓㼡㼞㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻞㻚㻞㻌㻺㼡㼙㼎㼑㼞㻌㼛㼒㻌㼞㼕㼏㼑㻌㼙㼕㼘㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㼜㼘㼍㼚㼠㼟㻌㼎㼥㻌㼥㼕㼑㼘㼐㻌㼞㼍㼠㼑㻌㻔㼜㼍㼞㼍㼙㼑㼠㼑㼞㻦㻌㻢㻤㻕㻘㻌㻿㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㻦㻌㻷㼕㼗㼡㼏㼔㼕㻌㼑㼠㻌㼍㼘㻚㻌㻔㻞㻜㻝㻟㻕buildings rather rice milling machines. It seems that the barriers to entry into the rice milling industry
are very low due to the small initial investment without spending on facilities.
The average annual amount of rice milled by small rice-millers is 350 tons. Rice-millers that millmore than 700 tons per year own more than one rice milling machine or the mill-top type. The averageamount of rice milled in emerging regions is small, but a relatively larger amount was processed in
the northern area. 80% or more of the milled amount is processed during the harvest period in the rainyseason or the second rainy season. Regarding the paddy procurement, farmers directly bring 70%, pickup by collector is about 20%, and about 10% of paddy is purchased by rice-millers. According to
Kikuchi et al. (2013), the average collection cost is 4,000 Uhs per 100 kg bag, and the estimate ofaverage range is an area within a 70 km radius. In the western area, approximately 60% of rice millers
are full-time, but many millers in other areas double as distributors.
A typical staffing example is one manager, two operators and two assistants for the millingmachine, and four other employees for receiving, drying, and cargo handling. Generally, the manager
is a permanent employee (salary), operators are permanent or temporary employee (salary or daily
wages), and other employees are temporary hires. Electricity is used for 70% of power, and the rest of
power is diesel. Most of the rice millers would like electrical power in terms of maintenance and cost.
However, power outages occur often and have a great impact on business. The average annual repair
and maintenance expense for a milling machine is approximately 60,000 Ush for mill-top mill andapproximately 90,000 Ush for an improved Engelberg machine. Repair frequency of mill-top machineis less than the improved Engelberg machine, no statistically significant difference was found between
two machines due to the large variation in the frequency of failure. The cause of the variation is thatthe strong relationship between repair cost and the annual amount of milled rice or age of machinerather than the type of machine. A strong correlation is observed between the logarithm of the repair
cost and the amount of rice milled.
Rice milling fee per kg is 150 Ush in the northern area, 120 Ush in the eastern area, 141 Ush in
the western area, and 178 Ush in the central area. Seventy Ush as the rice milling fee is observed in
the eastern area, which has a long history of rice cultivation, due to the intense competition and thelarge amount of milled rice. Some farmers take the by-product, rice bran, and there is no rice-miller
selling rice husks. As a result of having calculated the break-even point at 100 Ush per kg,
approximately 100 tons per year is needed for the improved Engelberg type with 20 horsepower.
However, if the calculation is based on 70 Ush per kg, at least 600 tons of per year is required forprofit. (Tokida et al., 2014)(3) Rice quality in Uganda
The rice quality standards in Uganda were defined by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards(UNBS) in 2005, and the standards are also used in the East African Community as common criteria.
The standards are prescribed in terms of physical properties such as the percentage of broken rice or
proportion of impurities, and chemical properties such as the presence of aflatoxins for food safety.
Nevertheless, these criteria are not applied to most of the rice distributed in Uganda. There are twomain reasons for this. One is㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㻵㻵㻚㻞㻚㻝㻌㻾㼑㼓㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㼞㼕㼏㼑㻌㼝㼡㼍㼘㼕㼠㼥㻌Rice

the market demand for
quality rice was low and theRegionmilling

Varietymachineother is the amount of rice

Moisture

Percentage

DamagedNumbercontentof broken

grainsof%rice (%)(%)

stoneswhich needs to meet the

C

SB

Kaiso

13.1

32.9

7.7

㻝㻚㻣

criteria was small due to the

C

SB

Kaiso

15.3

16.2

4.0

㻝㻚㻟

non-branded

rice

C

SB

Kaiso

15.3

27.6

3.5

㻜㻚㻜

distribution from small rice

C

SB

N4

12.3

53.3

14.7

㻡㻚㻟

millers

C

SB

N4

14.0

44.5

7.8

㻜㻚㻟

E

N

Kaiso

9.8

59.7

5.0

㻡㻚㻟

E

N

Kaiso

12.3

49.7

6.0

㻜㻚㻟

is

E

N

Supa

9.8

20.8

3.0

㻜㻚㻜

Table

E

N

Kaiso

10.0

62.3

8.3

㻜㻚㻜

II.2.1 shows the inspection

E

N

Kaiso

14.2

43.4

5.8

㻝㻚㻜

results of 27 rice samples

E

N

Kaiso

11.9

53.8

14.0

㻝㻣㻚㻟

performed by the author in

E

N

Kaiso

13.3

52.4

2.8

㻢㻚㻣

the period from July 2014 to

E

N

Kaiso

11.1

41.9

38.5

㻟㻚㻟

January

The

E

N

Supa

10.1

32.5

6.5

㻝㻚㻜

inspection was performedW

SB

Upland

11.7

43.2

6.5

㻝㻚㻜

on samples collected fromW

SB

Upland

15.4

26.5

6.2

㻜㻚㻜

all over the country, and noWSBUpland

14.2

36.6

5.6

㻜㻚㻟

significant

of

W

SB

N4

13.8

45.6

7.9

㻝㻚㻣

betweenW

SB

Upland

13.3

49.3

8.3

㻝㻜㻚㻜

regions, measured by theW

SBSparia 2

11.4

50.3

7.3

㻟㻚㻜

percentage of broken rice,

N

N

Supa

11.9

30.2

5.8

㻢㻚㻜

was observed. In addition,

N

SB

Sindano

11.9

41.0

7.3

㻜㻚㻜

three samples from mid-N

SB

Sindano

10.3

33.3

8.6

㻞㻚㻜

sized rice millers were not

N

N

Supa

10.2

38.6

4.6

㻜㻚㻜

classified as grade 1. It

E

M

Upland

12.1

24.0

14.1

㻜㻚㻜

seems that the quality isE

M

Upland

10.5

21.6

18.9

㻜㻚㻜

greatlyE

M

Upland

11.3

36.1

13.4

㻜㻚㻟

to

traditional

markets.
The situation of rice
qualityindescribed

rice

Ugandabelow.

2015.

difference

qualitydifferences

affectedofbymilling

machines and operator skill
in the rice millers, as well as
the condition of the paddy
brought by farmers. In otherRegion: C is Central, E is Eastern, W is Western, and N is Northern
Rice milling: SB is mill-top mill, N is improved Engelberg mii, M is a mediumsized system
Percentage of broken rice: Grade 1 is 10% or less, grade 2 is 25% or less. grade 3 is
50% or less㻰㼍㼙㼍㼓㼑㼐㻌㼓㼞㼍㼕㼚㼟㻦㻌㻳㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻝㻌㼕㼟㻌㻝㻑㻌㼛㼞㻌㼘㼑㼟㼟㻘㻌㼓㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻞㻌㼕㼟㻌㻞㻑㻌㼛㼞㻌㼘㼑㼟㼟㻚㻌㼓㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻟㻌㼕㼟㻌㻠㻑㻌㼛㼞㻌㼘㼑㼟㼟㻌words, the rice that is
distributed in Uganda haspotential to improve quality by implementing a high-quality rice milling system and has a requirement
for the technical improvement of farmers who are in the production phase.
Most rice has good condition with 15% or less moisture content, but some rice contains less than
10%. This will make a few percent weight loss for the farmers. According to the survey result, six
samples were found to have more than 50% of broken rice. The main reasons are considered to be dueto the drying process and the harvest period. This sort of rice having a high broken percentage cannot
satisfy the grade, and the price is close to that of 100% broken rice even though it is salable. Most ofdamaged grains are chalky caused by insect pests or heat. Many samples are having more than 4% ofdamaged grains and not all of them satisfy the grade. In order to make better quality rice, farmers' ricecultivation and post-harvest handling technologies must be improved. The criteria for impurities aredefined according to their percentage in the total weight: 0.1% or less for grade 1, 0.3% or less forgrade 2, and 0.7% or less for grade 3. Stone, which is an impurity, is not defined as a specific impurity
in the standards. That means when the total weight of impurities is less than the criteria, the rice canbe classified as the grade 1 even if it is containing stones. However, the evaluation of rice with stone
in the market becomes extremely low and it loses customers. One of the reasons customers prefer
imported rice is that it contains no stones. Almost 100% of stones can be removed from rice byinstalling a de-stoner. The issues that have a big impact on the market should be addressed regardlessof whether it is not prescribed in the standard.

(4) Future direction of the rice milling industry
In recent years, the amount of rice imported in Uganda has remained between 50,000 and 60,000
tons. Most is imported from Asian countries such as Pakistan or Vietnam, and its quality is consistent
without stone contamination. On the other hand, it is estimated that about 150,000 tons of domestic
white rice has been produced. Much has been processed by small rice-millers, but paddy, red rice, andstone are mixed, and the percentage of broken rice is higher. As described above, demand for higher
quality is also growing in the general market, not only at the upper end of the market. Considering themarket demand in Uganda and neighboring countries, improvement of quality will be essential. In
other words, if the current quality standard is maintained, it is expected that the Uganda rice may lose
its market. However, many of the rice millers in Uganda are aware of the domestic competition, only
some of the largest rice millers sense competition from imported rice.
Promotion of Rice Development (PRiDe) Project of Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA) has been providing support for studies of rice in the research institutes, mainly in the National
Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) where the most project activities were implemented,
dissemination of the rice cultivation technology for farmers, and support in the improvement of rice
quality to rice millers. Prior to the start of PRiDe Project, JICA provided the technical training for ricemill operators to improve their skills, and this has resulted in raising most of the operators' rice millingcapabilities above grade 3 of broken rice percentage. Providing training to rice mill operators,
estimated at 1,000 people or more in over 600 small rice millers across the country, is not easy.
However, the improvement of the operations in rice-millers, as well as the farmer' post-harvesthandling techniques, in particular, timely harvesting and proper drying technology, is required to
upgrade the rice quality. Thus, JICA conducted training of farmers in post-harvest handling techniques
and in rice quality improvement for owners and managers of rice millers. This training attempts toraise the rice millers' awareness of the quality of rice and to provide technical guidance to farmers
wanting rice milling. With this training, encourage the rice millers, who are dealing with market andfarmers to pursue the quality of rice in their role as mediator. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee thatthe quality of domestically produced rice is always improved even if the skills of the rice millers who
participated in the training have improved. Eventually, JICA launched two major activities expectingthat the whole industry can try to improve the quality of rice. One was conducting capacity building
training for cooperative of small-scale rice millers in rural areas, or sub-committees of small-sizedplant organizations. The other activity was holding lectures in collaboration with the Ministry ofAgriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries targeting the medium-to-large scale rice-millers. In theselectures, JICA described the situation of the rice milling industry in Uganda, explained the need for
initiatives to improve the quality of rice, and interviewed the rice millers' about their intentions forstructuring the rice milling organizations. In the second lecture, the concrete way of organizing was
explained by participating rice millers and the formation has progressed to elect officers for a
preparation committee. The policy of the organization will be discussed at the next meeting. It is
expected that further development of this movement would function as a nationwide organization
including representatives of small-scale rice millers.

(5) Potential for the participation of Japanese manufacturers
Rice milling machines, as well as de-stoner and graders (rotary shifter), have been sold in Kampala,and most of them are made in China. Most tillers are also made in China apart from some power tillers
that were made in India equipped with diesel engines from Japanese manufacturers (overseas
production). Among them, it can be said that the tractor is exceptional because many of them havebeen imported from a leading international Turkish manufacturer, as well as Brazil and India. Japanese
agricultural machinery is imported by the Official Development Assistance (ODA) or personal import,
and genuine commercial imports have not started while most of the imported used cars were
manufactured in Japan and have a good reputation for high quality. In order to boost the agricultural
machinery market, Japanese agricultural machinery manufacturers should enhance the spare parts
supply system, enrich after-sales services including repair and maintenance, as well as offer a sales
price which can compete with the current product price in the market . Since 2014, Japanese
agricultural machinery manufacturers have had a positive impact as the international competitivenessof Japanese products has been increased by the weakening Japanese yen through monetary easing, andthe Japanese government announced support in the African market for the private sector through thefifth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD V).
In 2015, two people, including an executive, from HOSOKAWA WORKS Co., Ltd. participatedin the third agricultural mechanization survey team, organized by the Japan Association forInternational Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry (JAICAF), and investigated the potential ofagribusiness in Uganda. The aims of the investigation are an adaptability examination of rice millingmachines for rice varieties distributed in Uganda, demonstration of de-stoner in the rice millingtraining, and studies of the current situation of local post-harvest and agricultural mechanization. The
Rice Promotion Project supported this investigation actively.
In the local feasibility examination, it was verified that the percentage of broken rice could belowered by improving the shape of screw shaft for rice-polishing. However, the wear of the ricepolishing shaft for specific varieties was remarkable. Further improvement including the material will
be required for the high frequency of use. In the demonstration of the de-stoner, functions of the
product were explained, and after adding stones and rice in the de-stoner, it was confirmed that allstones were removed. The participants were satisfied with its performance, and asked questions about
the hourly milling amount and sales price. In addition, some de-stoner models were requested such aswith the processing capability corresponding to the rice-milling machine (SB-10) that currently theyown, and driven by an engine, as there is no electrical power supply.
In response to the requests, processing capacity issues would not occur if a rice shop uses a destoner equivalent to that used in demonstrations. Changing the specification of the motor to single
phase 240 V is possible, the operating ratio can be raised if multiple shops use a shared de-stoner.
However, the rice shops do not have enough funds to purchase a de-stoner, are concerned as to whether
they lose their current income by de-stoning or impurities manually, and have yet to consider
purchasing a de-stoner. The manual sorting work charges 4,000 Ush per rice 1 bag (100 Kg), the funds
for the machine can be recovered if it could process about 700 bags. No rice shops have introduced
the de-stoner, but if some of them start using the machine, the awareness of the quality of rice willgrow rapidly and could be popular at the same time.

(6) Sales and local production potential of de-stoner
It is clear that the needs of the de-stoner by the market and rice miller are high, and the gravity
method is appropriate from this JAICAF survey. However, improvement in terms of processing
capacity and cost reduction are the immediate issues. Currently, the capacity of a rice milling machinethat is popular in small rice-millers is 800 kg per hour or more while the capacity of the de-stoner inthe demonstration was 300 to 400 kg of brown rice per hour. Therefore, the processing capacity must
be more than doubled to meet demands from rice millers. In this case, it may take long time to improvethe capabilities because screen part design and overall design must be reviewed. The processing
capacity of the de-stoner sold in Kampala that is made in China is 2 tons per hour and the price isapproximately 670,000 Yen. On the other hand, the cost of the demonstration machine is 87,000 yen
free on board (FOB), so export, transportation, and customs procedures costs will be added. In aneffort to reduce costs, an assembly method was examined where only the important components areexported to be assembled with locally manufactured parts, rather than exporting the finished product.
The survey team brought the de-stoner for demonstration into the agricultural machinery manufacturer,
Tonnet Agro Engineering Co., Ltd., in Kampala and conducted the verification of local production
parts. As a result, the de-stoner will be designed based on the condition that the screen, swinging part,and blower will be supplied by HOSOKAWA, and the frame, hopper, and driving device will be
manufactured locally. The sales price will be considerably reduced. If the original processing capacity
could be built as more than 1 ton per hour, the stone separator capacity can be improved by attachinga large hopper having a buffer function. Accordingly, a large market potential is expected by thisfunctionality at a price equivalent to the Made-in-China stone separator.

Source and references
1) Candia, A., S.A. Richard, O. Samuel, and O. Tobias. 2008. Survey report on thestatus of rice milling industry in Uganda. JICA, NARO and SG2000. Kampala.
2) Kikuchi, M., Tokida, K., Haneishi, Y., Miyamoto, N., Tsuboi, T., and Asea, G. 2013.
Rice in Uganda:

Viewed from Various Market Channels. PRiDe Project Report.

Kampala.
3) Tokida, K., Haneishi, Y., Tsuboi, T., Asea, G., and Kikuchi, M. 2014. Evolution andprospects of the rice mill industry in Uganda, African J. of Agric. Sciences. Vol.9(33), pp.2560-2573.
4) UNBS. 2005. Rice-Specification. Uganda Standard US41.





㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻝

JAICAFREPORT ON
FEASIBILITY SURVEY ON SUITABILITY OF MECHANIZATIONWITH SMALL AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY FOR SMALL SCALERICE FARMERS IN TANZANIA.

By
Pius Galinoma Mihayo

Funded by 

    
February 2015







Table of contents
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………2
ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.……………………………………………………..3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………..4
1.0

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………....5
Background and rationale of survey………………………………………………….5

2.0

3.0

1.1

Purpose of feasibility survey………………………………………………….6

1.2

Spesific Objectives……………………………………………………………6

1.3

Location and description of the survey site…………………………………...6

METHODOLOGY………………………………..…………………………………..8
2.1

Test field…………………...………………………………………………….9

2.2

Rice seed and nursery preparation……………………………………………10

2.3

Transplanting…………………………….…………………………………...14

2.4

Weeding……………………………………………………………………...15

2.5

Harvesting and post-harvest operations……………………………………...22

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON RICE YIELD COMPARISON TEST
3.1

Land preparation……………………………………………………………...26

3.2

Weeding……………………………………………………………………...28

3.3

Water test…......……………………………………………………………...34

3.4

Harvesting test....…………...………………………………………………...40

1



Acknowledgement.
On behalf of Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania, Ministry of Agriculture training division
and KATC the author would like to thank JAICAF for funding this feasibility survey, on
suitability and efficiency of small scale Agricultural Machinery in Tanzania.
KATC would also like to thank all JAICAF staff, who in one way or another participated inin this important event. We would also like to thank JAICAF team, Mr. Shunichiro NISHINO,
Mr. Hiromasa INAMI, Ms. Nanami NISHIKAWA, Mr. Iwao MATSUMOTO and Mr.
Tsuneo TAKAHATA, for playing a big role in implementing the entire program.
KATC would like to thank all KATC staff, power tiller operators, farmers from Chekereni
village, Moshi Rural for their active participation in the entire survey activities.

2

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ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
JAICAF

Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry

KATC

Kilimnjaro Agricultural Training centre

LMIP

Lower Moshi Irrigation Project

3

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The government of Japan through JAICAF conducted a feasibility survey on mechanizationin Tanzania.
This project was meant to encourage private sector’s agribusiness investment and tocontribute to income generation and poverty reduction of smallholders farmers throughconducting a feasibility survey on agricultural mechanization to increase agricultural
production and to improve agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Tanzania wasselected as a main project target country which focused on paddy field rice farmers to
implement practical feasibility survey and general socioeconomic survey.
In this project, a feasibility survey was carried out on agricultural machinery around
Lower Moshi irrigation scheme area at KATC paddy fields. In this survey, machineries wereintroduced to every process of rice production until the stage of consumers. In addition to thesurvey, relevant information on mechanization was gathered and basic training was done tooperators to optimize operation efficiency.
Team of expert was dispatched four times to be present at each process of rice production
during the entire period of the survey. Along with the main feasibility survey, fact finding
was carried out.
The purpose of the survey was to encourage private sector’s agribusiness investment andto contribute to income generation and poverty reduction of smallholders through conducting
a feasibility survey on agricultural mechanization to increase agricultural production and to
improve agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa.
The site for the survey was at Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training center which is located In
Chekereni Village, Mabogini ward Moshi Rural district Kilimanjaro region in Tanzania.

4

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1.0

INTRODUCTION:1.1

Background and rationale of survey.

Several years ago there was relatively little concern for meeting projected fooddemand through improvements in crop productivity, today there is increasingawareness that “business as usual” will not allow food production to keep pace withdemand, a situation that may result in dramatic rises in food prices, poverty, andhunger. Indeed, until recently, the most widely used computational equilibrium
models that evaluate global food supply and demand predicted that, grain prices
would remain constant or decrease in coming decades.
Three things are responsible for this remarkable turnaround in prognosis for global
food security: (1) Economic development rates in the world’s most populous
countries have consistently exceeded projections by a wide margin; (2) large increases
in demand for energy, grain, and livestock products in these countries due to a rapid
rise in purchasing power; and (3) global slowing of crop yield rates of grain. It is now
clear that during the next several decades, as human population rises towards a climax
at 9 + billion every hectare of existing crop land will need to produce yields that aresubstantially greater than current yield levels. However, some regions have muchgreater potential than others to support higher yields in a sustainable manner, due totheir favourable climate, soil quality, and in some cases, access to irrigation. In someof these favourable regions current average farm yields are low especially in Africa.
Hence, a large exploitable gap exists between current yields and what is theoreticallyachievable under ideal management.
Rice (Oriza sativa) is the major food crop of nearly half of the world’s population.
The total rice-cropped area and rice production in the world were 147.14 million
hectares and 576.28 million tons, respectively.
In view of the above, to address one of the limiting factors in crop production is theintroduction of appropriate small scale machinery, which will provide alternative
source of power in crop production, as the existing one use of hand hoe has
limitations in optimizing crop productivity.
Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry(JAICAF) is conducting feasibility survey test on suitability and efficiency of
mechanization with small type agricultural machinery such as hand tractor andassociated implements including post-harvest equipment for smallholder farmers in
Tanzania.
Feasibility Test of Agricultural Machinery Introduction to Rice Farmers in Lower
Moshi Irrigated Paddy. For this test, it was planned to carry out mechanization
feasibility experiment mainly on Power Tiller. Taking cultivation structure, conditionsof agricultural machinery and tools, and field conditions into consideration, wherecomparison was done on manual labour and machinery operation to see theimprovement effect on rice productivity.
Assessment of the power tillers and its attachment was done by Mechanization Expert
Inami followed by Matsumoto who both confirmed the use of the machinery at KATC
to meet the desired goals of the survey.
5

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1.2

Purpose of the Feasibility Survey.

To encourage private sector’s agribusiness investment, to contribute to income
generation and poverty reduction of small scale rice farmers.
1.3

1.4

Specific objectivesi)Compare the time, fuel consumption, and human labour input of the power
tiller-plough, Rotor and hand-hoe plots.

ii)

Observe the difference in amount of work necessary for weeding caused bydifference in paddling and levelling.

iii)

Compare amount of weeds for each treatment.

iv)

Compare time and cost involved in harvesting and post-harvest
activities.

v)

Compare time involved in winnowing/ cleaningvi)Compare grain recovery ratio for rice milled on locally available
milling machines.

Location and description of the survey site.
The experimental field was located at the Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training
Centre (KATC) farm in the Lower Moshi Irrigation Project (LMIP), 17 km in
Moshi rural district, Kilimanjaro region which is south-east of Moshi town.
Moshi Rural district.
Moshi rural district is located in northern part of Tanzania, where theneighbouring areas are on the northern side is Kenya Taveta, Estern side is
Rombo district, western side is Hai district and southern side is Mwanga
district.

6MAP OF TANZANIA INDICATING KATC SITE LOCATION

7

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2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 A total of 0.9 ha of rice were grown at KATC rice fields in Chekereni
village Moshi rural district. Comparison tests between human power and small
scale machinery (power tiller) were done covering rice production systemfrom land preparation (ploughing, paddling and levelling), planting, weeding,harvesting, threshing, winnowing and milling (grain recovery percentage).
There were three treatments Manual, plough and rotor which were replicatedthree times hence there were nine plots in total having three plots for eachtreatment The replication were B6, B7 and B8. All the rice plots were given
similar treatments.
Map of KATC compound:-

B7

B6

B8

8

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Field layout:-

9

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2.2 Rice seed and nursery preparation
2.2.1 Seed preparation
The method used to select seed was that of using salt water where, a salt solution was
prepared which was around 1.13. The specific gravity is approximately 1.10 when end of theegg surface just breaks the solution surface. The specific gravity is approximately 1.13 when
the surface area of the egg is above the solution surface reaches a diameter of 20mm. The
amount of salt used was 2kg in 10 litres of water in order to obtain fully developed
endosperm seeds. This salt solution made the seeds with endosperms not fully developed tofloat Refer diagram below.



Figure Bucket of water mixed with salt indicating floating Egg and paddy kernel
The procedure for selecting seeds with fully developed endosperm is as indicted, ten litres ofwater and 2 kg salt were prepared, Salt was mixed to ten litres of water in a small bucket,
addition of salt was done gradually, while starring water and placing in the egg to see if theegg starts to float water. The procedure above continued until the right specific gravity wasattained. The egg was removed and the seeds were put into the container while staring. The
floating seeds were removed; water mixed with salt was poured out, the seeds which did not
float was thoroughly washed with fresh water five times.
2.2.2 Preparation of wet seedbed
The land was prepared 3 days before sowing, where seedbed were constructed with the sizeof 1.5m wide by 10 m, mud was collected around the predetermined area and was raised
about 4-5 cm above original soil level in between the nursery beds path were constructed,
from one seedbed to another was 50cm.The surface was levelled to allow uniform
distribution of water.
2.2.3 Rice seed sowing
The pre-germinated seed were broadcasted on the nursery at the density of 100 grams per m2;
finally the broadcasted seed were covered with soil well by tapping with hands. The tapping
was done slightly to avoid deeper sowing of the seeds. Float, was the washed with fresh water
five times, to avoid damage of the seeds.
10

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The number of seedbed were nine in total where for each replication three nursery beds wererequired to have adequate seedlings for transplanting as well as gap filling.
2.2.4 Nursery management
After sowing the management involved was Irrigation of the seedbeds with just adequate
amount of water on the first week. The water was applied to cover the seedbeds(refer picture).

2.3 Land preparation
2.3.1 Comparison test between Manual (hand hoe), rotor by power tiller and plough by
power tiller for ploughing operation
The first basic operation for land preparation of rice field was that of ploughing, threemethods were used, hand hoe, power tiller plough, and rotor by power tiller, the parameters
involved under this activity was comparison of time used to finish the activity and as power
tillers amount of fuel used was also measured. The tools which were used for ploughing
operation were power tiller plough, power tiller rotor, and hand hoe for manual operation

11

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2.3.2 Comparison test between Manual (hand hoe), rotor by power tiller and harrow bypower tiller paddling operation
After first operation of ploughing the plots were left for several days and during this time
water was supplied to provide adequate moisture to organic matter incorporated into the soil
the resting time was important to provide ample time for inorganic matter to decomposed,
before transplanting the rice seedlings.
The attachment used for paddling operation were, power tiller rotor on rotor treatment, power
tiller harrow on plough treatment, and hand hoe on manual treatment as indicated in the
picture below


Figure1PaddlingbypowertillerrotorFigure2Paddlingbypowertillerharrow
Figure3Paddlingbyhandhoe

12



2.3.3 Comparison test between Manual (hand hoe) levelling by power tiller operation
The next operation of land preparation after paddling was levelling this operation involved
use of power tiller leveller, for both treatments of rotor and plough. For manual treatment a
hand hoe was used as indicated in the pictures below.


Figure4LevellingonploughtreatmentFigure5Levellingonrotortreatment
Figure6Levellingbyhandhoeonmanualtreatment

13

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2.3 Transplanting
After land preparation which was finally done by levelling all the plots using methods
indicated, the plots were left for three days before transplanting, the first operation was
seedling plucking from the prepared nursery plots which was done 21 days after transplanting
and the activity took about two and a half hours to obtain adequate seedling to transplant asingle replication of 0.3 ha. The activity of seedling plucking is as indicated in the picture.

Figure7Seedlingpluckingfromthepreparednurserybeds

After seedlings plucking the plots were transplanted, at a spacing of 10cm x 30cm, and the rice variety
which was used was SARO 5.refer picture. Due to limited skilled laborer for transplanting skill fivelaborers were used to transplant a single replication in a day, which took them duration of 7 hours a
day on average.

14

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Figure8Ricetransplanting

2.4 Weeding
Weeding operation was done three times, the first weeding was two weeks after transplanting.
The method used to weed was, manual, for plots which were manually prepared and hand
weeding tool for plots which were prepared by power tiller (rotor treatment and plough
treatment). As indicated in the pictures.

15

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Figure9Firsthandweedingonmanualtreatmentplot
Figure10Firstweedingonpowertillerpreparedplots

16

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Figure11Secondweedingonmanualpreparedplots

Figure12Thirdweedingbyrotaryweedingtoolonpowertillerpreparedplots

2.4.2 Comparison of amount of weeds for each treatment.
Weeds were collected on each plot, the sample area was one metre square and a total of threesites were used to collect a sample for each plot. During collection of weeds a square meter
17

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was with pegs marked with pegs as indicated.

Figure13Sitemarkedwithpegsreadyforweedcollection


Figure14Collectionofweedsamplejustbeforefirstweeding

18

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Figure15CollectionofweedsamplejustbeforesecondweedingFigure16Weedsamplecollectionjustbeforethirdweeding

19

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All weed samples were collected in onion bags,
Collectedweedsamplesfromonereplication.

The collected sample were thoroughly washed to remove all soils on the roots. They were all
dried, and weighed to obtain dry weight,
Figure16Weighingofweedsample 

20

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2.4.3 Pest and disease control:
The crop was sprayed with pesticide and fungicide to protect the crop from the effect of crop
damaging agents such as pests, vectors and disease causing organisms the crop was sprayedthree times. As indicated
Figure17Firstspraying(twoweeksaftertransplanting)


Figure18Thirdspraying

21

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2.4.4 Water test.
All plots for each replication was tested on amount of water loss and consumptive use, eachplot was placed with a marked wooden pole. Four poles were placed on each plot at random
position, to obtain four readings for each plot of which the average was calculated and wasrecorded as a representative data for the plot. Ten days were recorded in one month at aninterval of three days.

2.5 Harvesting and post-harvest operations
2.5.1 Harvesting operation
The harvesting operation was done by cutting rice plants, and threshing.
Plots which were prepared by power tiller (rotor and plough treatment) were cut using theripper machine the ripper used was of four row size and as for the manual treatment were cut
using sickles manually the pictures below refers:
Figure19Cuttingricebysickleonmanualtreatmentplot

22

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Figure20Thecutricebysicklewasfinallygatheredreadyforthreshingmanually

Figure21Manualricethreshing
23



Figure22Cuttingricebyripper

Finally after cutting operation the rice crop was threshed on manual treatment it was
manually threshed from the arranged rice heaps and for power tiller treatment (plough androtor were threshed using a Kubota thresher which did both operation of threshing as well as
winnowing as indicated in the pictures:

24

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Figure22Threshingricebyricethresher(twopeoplerequiredcollectingcropandfeedingthemachine)

25

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3. Results and discussion
3.1 land preparation
3.1.1 Ploughing
Comparison test for time required to accomplish ploughing operation for different treatments(manual, rotor and plough the results indicated that with manual operation, although ten
people were doing the operation time spent to finish the operation was more than that of rotor
and plough. For plough and rotor treatment there was also difference in time in some plots
probably this could have been because of the difference in working width of the machines
also for rotor there could be less slipping percentage due to the added traction by the rotor
attachment. There is a need determine slipping percentage difference in future, to be able tofind what made the difference in time for the two treatments. As for cost the treatment for
manual is more expensive compared to rotor as well as plough because the cost for the plot
for manual plot was 70,000/= T. Shillings. Whereas the cost for plough as well as rotor
treatment is less than half the cost. Taking into consideration that the cost for rotor as well as
plough treatment includes, depreciation cost, fuel cost and operator cost which in total is lessthan half the cost of manual treatment.
The results for time spent to finish the ploughing operation as well as fuel used is as indicatedin the tables:Timeusedtoaccomplishoperation
Treatment Rep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

1hour30minutes

1hour40minutes

1hourRotor

1hour10minutes

1hour30minutes

1hourManual3hours20minutes

3hours40minutes

3hours10minutes

Amountoffuelused
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

2litre70mls

2litre300mls

2litres

Rotor

1litre900mls

1litre800mls

1litre900mls

Manual

N/A

26

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3.1.2 Paddling
For paddling operation we had similar situation that paddling manually took a longer periodalmost three times to finish as compared to rotor and plough treatment. We had difference oftime to finish the operation for plots which were prepared by power tiller, rotor and plough
treatments the plough treatment for paddling operation took less time than rotor the reason forthis is probably due to difference in working width of the rotor attachment as compared toharrow attachment, the harrow attachment has a wider size which was almost three times
wider compared to rotor this could have been the reason why this machine working with theharrow spent less time than that of a rotor. Still the time spent finish did not correspond to
the difference in working width, this could have been because of the difference in traction
resistance, because the power tiller with rotor attachment had an advantage of being propelled
by rotor attachment whereas that with harrow was meeting a resistance of pulling the harrow,
this could be further suspected so because amount of fuel spent by power tiller operating
harrow used more fuel than that of rotor treatment. Probably this could have been the reasonof not giving much difference in finishing time. For cost of operation it is similar with theploughing operation that manually operated plough is expensive as compared paddling using
rotor or harrow.
The results paddling operation are as indicated in the tables:Timeusedtoaccomplishoperation
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

50minutes

44minutes

1hour

Rotor

1hour5minutes

49minutes

55minutes

Manual3hours15minutes

3hours23minutes

3hours49minutes


Amountoffuelused
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

1litre150mili
litre

1litre2litres350mililitres

Rotor

1litre800mili
litre

1litre1litre750mililitres

Manual

N/A



27

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3.1.3 Levelling:Levelling operation had almost similar results like ploughing and paddling, which manuallyoperated plots, took more time to finish the operation but the time spent by manual operation
decreased significantly to become almost less than twice, to that of power tiller operated plots
but still manually operated plots took longer to finish the operation. There was also difference
between plough treatment and rotor treatment. Rotor treatment spent less time to finish theoperation as compared to plough. Probably there was a much smooth finish after paddling byrotor treatment than harrow treatment which minimized pulling resistance of a leveller asboth treatments used same type of leveller. For cost of operation it is similar with theploughing operation that manually operated plough is expensive as compared paddling using
rotor or harrow.
Timerequiretoaccomplishoperation
TreatmentRep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

50minutes

1hour

1hour40minutes

Rotor

45minutes

1hour10minutes

1hour15minutes

Manual1hour10minutes

1hour30minutes

1hour40minutes


2.4.2(Amountoffuelusedtoaccomplishtheactivity)
TreatmentRep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

1litre200mls

1litre600mls

1litre630mls

Rotor

1litre140mls

1litre400mls

2litres

Manual

N/A

3.2.1 Weeding
Weeding was done to minimize completion of nutrient from the soil, the labour involved inaccomplishing the work showed that it was more laborious to weed manually by hand.
Weeding using rotary weeding tool proved to be less laborious. There was a limitation ofusing this weeding tool as in between the rows require supplementing weeding manually byhand weeding which contributed to increasing in working time, supplementary weeding wasmore tedious in second and third weeding. Hence more research is required to establish theadvantage of using rotary weeding tool as compared to hand in minimizing labour intensity.
The results for time required in accomplishing weeding by hand as compared to rotary
weeding is as indicated in the table.
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Firstweeding(Timerequiredtoaccomplishactivity)
TreatmentRep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

1hour23minutes

1hour10minutes

1hour50minutes

Rotor

1hour5minutes

58minutes

1hour25minutes

Manual3hours10minutes

4hours22minutes

3hour27minutes

Secondweeding(timetoaccomplishoperation)
Treatment Rep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

2hours30minutes

1hour58minutes

2hours30minutes

Rotor

2hours10minutes

1hour55minutes

2hour20minutes

Manual5hours10minutes

4hours46minutes

3hour57minutes
Thirdweeding(timetoaccomplishoperation)
Treatment Rep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)Plow

1hour45minutes

1hour25minutes

2hour20minutes

Rotor

1hour30minute

1hour12minutes

1hour45minutes

Manual

4hour10minutes

4hours30minutes

3hour33minutes

3.2.2 Measuring of weed intensity
Weed intensity measurement indicated that on manually prepared plots the weed intensity
was higher as compared to power tiller prepared plots. For power tiller prepared plots there
was also a difference in weed intensity as on plots with plow treatment had higher weed
intensity than those of rotor, the reason which brought about this difference is probably on
method of land preparation as its possible that with manually prepared plots there was lesseffect on weed seed burial the same applied to plow treatment but as for rotor treatment it
seems that of the method of land preparation used it was more effective in minimizing weed
intensity.
Another observation was on variation of weed intensity from first weeding to third weeding,it was observed that the amount of weed for each treatment increased significantly from firstto third weeding, and still the manual plot having the highest weed intensity, for all weeding
stages. The reason for this situation could probably be due to fertilizer applied which could
have supplied adequate nutrients for weeds to flourish well.

29

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Measuringamountofweed(inunitgram)
Weedingintensitymeasureduringfirstweeding
TreatmentRep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

14.54

75.8

19.43

Rotor

10.50

22.30

11.25

Manual60.25

65.98

50.45



30

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Weedingintensitymeasureduringsecondweeding
TreatmentRep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

38.15

75.8

35.74

Rotor

35.64

40.00

23.26

Manual126.20

81.98

111.68




31

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Weedingintensitymeasureduringthirdweeding
TreatmentRep1(b6)
Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

232

340.15140.45

Rotor

142.47

169.19129.55Manual

1046.15384.75341.57

32

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33

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3.3 Water test
The results of water test showed that the plots with manual treatment had highest water loss
as well as highest water consumptive use, the reason behind could probably be, there washigher infiltration rate due to soil being more porous than rotor and plow treatments. It wasalso found that even the treatments of rotor and plow showed a difference. The treatment ofrotor hand less water loss as well as less water consumptive use. This indicates that in rotor
treatment probably the soil was highly pulverized and the fine particles (soil colloids) tended
to fill the pore spaces of the soil hence minimizing water infiltration into the soil by so doing
the water could stay longer in the plots after irrigation.


34



Watertest(averagewaterlossinmm/day)
Day1
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

18

13

11.7

Rotor

12

8

10

Manual

27

20

21

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

17.8

14

12

Rotor

11

7.5

9.5

Manual

33.3

21

20.5

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

16

13.1

11

Rotor

9.5

7.5

9

Manual

29

22

20.8

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

15.5

14

12

Rotor

10

8

9Manual

31

20

19


Day2


Day3


Day4



35

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Day5TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

16

12

11.5

Rotor

9

7.4

8.5

Manual

25

21

18

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

15

13

12

Rotor

9.8

7.5

8

Manual

26

20.5

18

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

14.8

11

12

Rotor

9

7.3

8.3

Manual

24

20

18

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

14.5

11.3

11

Rotor

9.2

7.2

8.5

Manual

24.5

20.4

17.5


Day6


Day7


Day8



36

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Day9
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

15

11

11

Rotor

9

7

8

Manual

23.8

20

17

Rep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

14.8

10.8

10,3

Rotor

8.8

7

8.1

Manual

23

19.5

16.8

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Day10
Treatment
Watertest(averagewaterlossinM3/day)
Day1
TreatmentRep1(b6)
Plow

48.8

34.7

29.7

Rotor

29.4

21.3

27

Manual

72.6

49.5

55.89

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

48.2

37.4

30.5

Rotor

26.9

20

25.67

Manual

89.6

51.9

54.6


Day2



37

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Day3
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

43.4

34.95

27.9

Rotor

23.2

20

24.3

Manual

77.98

54.4

55.36

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

42

37.4

30.5

Rotor

24.5

21.3

24.32

Manual

83.4

49.4

50.5

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

43.4

32

29.2

Rotor

22.0

19.7

22.97

Manual

67.2

51.9

47.9

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

40.7

34.69

30.47

Rotor

23.9

20

21.62

Manual

69.9

50.7

47.9


Day4


Day5


Day6



38

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Day7
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

40.1

29.4

30.5

Rotor

22.0

19.5

22.4

Manual

64.5

49.5

47.9

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

39.3

30.2

27.9

Rotor

22.5

19.2

22.97

Manual

65.5

50.46

46.6

TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

40.7

29.4

27.9

Rotor

22.0

18.7

21.6

Manual

64.0

49.5

45.2

Rep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

40.1

28.8

26.2

Rotor

21.5

19.2

21.9

Manual61..9

48.2

44.7


Day8


Day9

Day10
Treatment

39

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3.4 Harvesting test
3.4.1 Cutting rice crop
The activity of cutting the rice crop showed that the plots with manual treatment required
more time to cut the crop, as cutting by sickle for a single plot required about 2 hours and 50
minutes whereas for treatments which were for rotor and plow, which were harvested using aripper each plot took about 23 minutes on average to cut a single plot. The results obtainedrefers as indicated in the table
Cuttingrice(timetoaccomplishoperation)
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

22min

24min

24min

Rotor

26min

23min

21min

Manual3hrs16min

2hrs32min

2hrs58min

3.4.2 Amount of fuel used in cutting the rice cropWith a short time for the operation of cutting the rice crop, the amount of fuel used was very
low. This makes the activity of harvesting using improved machine like ripper to be muchcheaper as compared to manual even by hiring the machine, rather than using manual labour.
The results of the amount of fuel used per treatment is as indicated in the table
Amountfuelusedforcuttingrice
TreatmentRep1(b6)

Rep2(b7)

Rep3(b8)

Plow

200mls

215mls209mls

Rotor

205mls

200mls204mlsManual

N/A

40



㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻞

ACTIVITY REPORT ON
INTRODUCTORY TRAINING OF FARMERS ON OPERATION AND SERVICING OF
POWER TILLERS IN LIRA, UGANDA

Saasa A. Richard and Okiror Wilson

Funded by 

    
23rd to 29th June 2014







1.0

Introduction

Japan Association for International collaboration on Agriculture andForestry is providing assistance for Power tiller mechanized Agriculture in
Lira district of Uganda. The main objective of this exercise is to promote
and popularize two wheel hand tractors and their associated implements.
One of the support activities being undertaken by AEATREC was toconduct introductory training of farmers on operation and servicing of
power tillers in Lira, Uganda
The activity was done from 23rd to 29th June 2014.
The activity was conducted by Saasa A. Richard (Team leader) and Okiror
Wilson as Power tiller technician.
The training was attended by Mr Okullo Peter and his two operators. Table
1 below gives details of the trainers and Trainees
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Name
Saasa A. Richard
Okiror Wilson
Okullo Peter
Okec Job
Opio Jasfer
Alele Fred*
Otim Ayuta*

Title
EngineerTechnician
FarmerTraineeTraineeTraineeTrainee

Institute
AEATREC
AEATREC
Lira District
Okullo’s operator
Okullo’s operator
Lira District
Lira District*Trainee did not complete the training

2.0

Purpose and objectives of the training

The purpose of the training was to impart skills and knowledge on operationand servicing of power tillers.
The objectives of the training were to:x Introducing power tiller to participants
x Preparing a power tiller for workx Practice on starting/walking with Power tiller
x Driving, transporting produce/ building materials with a power tiller
x Mounting mould board plough and Ploughing with power tiller
x Mounting a disc plough and Re-Ploughing with power tiller
x Practice daily cleaning and servicing of Power tiller
3.0 Course content
The training covered the following topics and practices:a. Understanding, Identifying and naming parts of power tiller
b. Preparing a power tiller for workc. Practice on starting/walking with Power tiller
d. Practices on driving, transporting produce/ building materials
e. Practices on mounting mould board plough and Ploughing
f. Practices on mounting a disc plough and Re-Ploughing with power tiller
g. Practice daily cleaning and servicing of Power tiller
2


4.0

Equipment used during training

These included Power tiller, Trailer, Mould board plough and Disc plough(figure 2 below).

TrailerPower
Tiller

Power
TillerDisc
PloughFigure 2: Equipment used during training

5.0

Training methodology

The training was on-job. It combined minimal explanation with actual
practices.

3


5.0

Practices done by Participants

5.1

Identifying and naming parts of the tiller

Participants were taken through identifying and naming parts. Vital parts
identified included engine, gear box, handles and frame. They also
identified fuel tank, water tank, fuel filter, oil filling and draining points,
fuel movement and cylinder head. The functions of each part wereexplained to participants. They further learnt the clutch lever andaccelerator lever so as to be able to control the tiller during operations.

Figure 3 Trainees Identifying tiller parts
5.2

Starting and walking with power tiller

Procedure of starting and stopping of tiller was explained and thoroughly
demonstrated to participants. Every participant practiced starting (figure4) and stopping the tiller until he/she proved confident. This was thenfollowed by walking with the tiller to build trainees’ confidence incontrolling the tiller (figure 5).

Figure 4: Trainees practice starting power tiller
4








㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻟REPORT ON

MAKING AND DELIVERY OF POWER TILLER HARROW, TRAINING ON
HARROWING AND REPAIR OF POWER TILLER TRAILER

Okurut Samuel and Olupot Joseph

Funded by 

    

16th – 19th July 2014







Activity Title:

Making and Delivery of Power Tiller Harrow, Training on
Harrowing and Repair of Power Tiller Trailer

Activity Leader: Okurut SamuelParticipating Team

Title

Institution

1. Okurut SamuelEngineer

AEATREC

2. Olupot Joseph

Technician

AEATREC

3. Okullo Peter

FarmerLira District

4. Okec Job

Operator

Lira District

5. Takahata Tsuneo

Technical Advisor

JAICAF

6. Nishikawa Nanami

Field Assistant

VSOC

Dates of mission:

16th to 19th July 2014

1.0

Introduction

In a bit to enhance promotion of mechanized rain fed rice farming using
small agricultural machinery such as the two wheeled hand tractor, its
attachments, AEATREC is supporting JAICAF in its feasibility survey teston suitability and efficiency of small agricultural machinery in Lira districtin Uganda. One of the support activities being undertaken by AEATREC
was making and delivery of power tiller harrow, training on harrowing andrepairs of power tiller trailer. This activity was carried out during theperiod 16th to 18th July 2014 and could not continue till 19th July 2014
due to mechanical problems encountered by the Power Tiller on the 17th
July 2014 at the upland rice field.

2.0

Activities carried out

Four tasks were carried out during the mission. They included:
1. Making of Spiked toothed Triangular Harrow,
2. Delivery of the Harrow to farmer in Lira,
3. Training of farmer and operator on Harrowing using the harrow and
4. Repair of Power Tiller Trailer

2


3.0

Field location

Training of the farmer and operator was undertaken right at the field sitein Lira. Details of the field location are provided in table 1.
Table 1: Details of field location
Village

ParishSub county

DistrictOpuwakere LC1

BokeAdekokwok

Lira

While trailer repairs was undertaken from a near-by private workshop
close to the farmer's home. Location details for the workshop are provided
in table 2 below.
Table 2: Details of Workshop location
Name of workshop

Village

Sub county

Akitenino Youth Metal Adyel
Fabrication
Division LMC

District

Lira Municipal Lira
Council

4.0

Results

4.1

Spiked toothed Triangular Harrow

One unit of a Spiked Toothed Triangular Harrow was fabricated at the
AEATREC and delivered to the farmer (Mr. Okullo Peter) in Lira. The
purpose of the harrow was to break the big soil particles into fine particles
in order to effective use the seeder for seeding rice.

4.2

Training on the Harrow and Harrowing

The training was purely practical and carried out directly at the farmer's
field in Opuwakere LC1. It involved learning the harrow and its mainparts, hitching adjustment on the implement, procedures on how to set
and adjust harrow and to practically carrying out the harrowing operation.

During the training on the harrow, it was noted that the field still required
being re-plowed. The farmer was advised to carryout re-plowing of the field
before harrowing it.

3
After re-plowing the field, the farmer used the harrow but it did not work
effectively for harrowing because it is wide to the extent that the operator
legs knock on it during operation. This made controlling and maneuvering
the tiller with the harrow mounted on it very difficult. In addition trash
gets clogged on to the spikes thus making it ineffective.

Field being re-plowed by Mr. Okec the operator
Proposed solutions to harrowing problemsxxx

Modify the harrow to re-sizing it to prevent knocking the legs of theoperator during operation.
Align the spikes so that they allow trash not to be clogged on it.
Explore, source and adapt other available alternative designs ofharrows that can be used for upland field operations

4


4.3

Repair of Power Tiller Trailer

Figures 1a to 1g show pictures during repair of the Trailer.

Figure 1a: Takaha shows Joseph tomake some adjustment on clutch

Figure 1b: Takaha and Nanami at Akitenino Youth
Metal fabrication workshop before Trailer repair

Figure 1c: Trailer at Akitenino Youth Metal Fabrication workshop

Figure 1d: Left: Joseph welding the Trailer hitching unit. Right: Welded hitch unit

5Figure 1e: Ms. Nanami talking to workshop technicians about their work

Figure 1f: Trailer hitched to the Power Tiller to check if it's okay

Figure 1g: Trailer repair completed and ready to leave workshop

6


5.0

Observations and Conclusion

5.1

Observations

Farmer and Operator showed the AEATREC and JAICAF team the state of
the wet lowland fields which are to be cultivated. Below are the pictures.

1

2

1. Left picture shows wet land field ploughed but flooded with water.
2. Right picture shows wet land field not ploughed but flooded.

On the 17th July 2014, the Power Tiller encountered clutch imbalance
problem and at some point total failure that almost resulted into a fatal
accident. As a result the harrowing activity could not be done and thePower Tiller had to be packed at the home of Peter's late father.
5.2

Conclusion

The Trailer was successfully repaired and working well. A decision was
arrived at following consultants between AEATREC and JAICAF totransport the Power Tiller back to Kampala to FEIL to rectify the fault.

6.0

Way forward

1. FEIL rectifies the problem on Power Tiller and have it delivered back to
the farmer or FEIL delivers another Power Tiller unit so that field
activities continue smoothly.
2. Sourcing and adapting alternative harrow designs that can be field
tested to assess their effectiveness and suitability for carrying out
harrowing operations for upland fields.

7㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻠REPORT ON

SUPERVISION AND TRAINING OF FARMER AND OPERATOR ON
SEEDING RICE WITH POWER TILLERS IN LIRA, UGANDA

Okurut Samuel and Okiror Wilson

Funded by 

    

27th – 30th August 2014







Activity Title:

Supervision and Training of Farmer and Operator on
Seeding Rice with Power tiller

Activity Leader: Okurut SamuelParticipating Team

Title

Institution

1. Okurut SamuelEngineer

AEATREC

2. Okiror Wilson

Technician

AEATREC

3. Okullo Peter

FarmerLira District

4. Okec Job

Operator

Lira District

Dates of mission:

27th to 30th August 2014

1.0

Introduction

In a bit to enhance promotion of mechanized rain fed rice farming using
small agricultural machinery such as the two wheeled hand tractor, its
attachments, AEATREC is supporting JAICAF in its feasibility survey teston suitability and efficiency of small agricultural machinery in Lira districtin Uganda. One of the support activities being undertaken by AEATREC
was supervision and training of farmer and operator on seeding rice using
a multi-row multi-crop seeder mounted on to a power tiller. This activity
was carried out during the above period.

The training was purely practical and carried out directly at the farmer's
field. It involved learning the various parts of the seeder and theirfunctions, procedures on how to set and adjust planting row width, seed
rate, maneuvering the seeder and practically carrying out the seeding
operation.

2


2.0

Objectives of Supervision and Training

The objective of supervision was to provide technical back stopping to thefarmer and his operator on all issues related to use and proper operationof the power tiller and its attachments.
The specific objectives of training farmer and operator on Seeding Ricewith Power tiller was to impart relevant skills in proper use and operationof the seeder and to conduct seeding of his rice field together with him andhis operator.

3.0

Field location

Training of the farmer and operator was undertaken right at the field sitein Lira. Details of the field location are provided in table 1.
Table 1: Details of field location
Village

ParishSub county

DistrictOpuwakere LC1

BokeAdekokwok

Lira

The training of the farmer and operator was combined with actual workthat involved planting of rice using a multi-crop seeder. The seeder was
mounted on to the Yanmar single axle tractor, equipped with a 9 HP diesel
engine.

3


4.0

Results

Parameter
Total area
harrowed

Resultoffield

ploughed

Remarksand 1.4055 acres

Variety rice planted

NAMCHE-1

Type of operation

Seeding rice

Type of implement

Multi-row
crop seeder

Number of rows seeded

3-rowsDate of seeding

28th August 2014

Seeding Row spacing done

36 cm

multi-

Instead of 30cm toavoid tires steppingon rice crop anddamaging it during
weeding.
36cm accommodates
use of caged wheels
to provide adequate
traction

Working time

02:37:35

Total lap time

02:33:24

Average lap time

02:33:24

Area planted

1.3795 acres

Amount of seed used during planting

43.5 kgs

Field conditions: Soils

NormalField conditions: Weed

Clear

Field conditions: Moisture

Mildly moist

Line Marker

Non

Markingofwheels used

Weather

Sunny and Cloudy

It rained after seeding

Fuel used

1.5 Liters

Speed shift

L1

Number of persons trained

2

caged

Farmer and Operator

4Figures 1a to 1d show pictures during training and seeding of rice.

Figure 1a: Namche-1 rice variety

Figure 1b: Measuring seed to put in the seeder hoper

Figure 1c: Mr. Okullo pours seed into the seed hoper

Figure 1d: Mr. Okiror demonstrates to Mr. Okec seeding of rice5

Seeder set and ready for seeding

Mr. Okec seeding rice as Mr. Okrior observes during training

Mr. Okec seeding rice alone after training

6


5.0

Observations and Conclusion

5.1

Observations

Farmer and Operator showed the AEATREC technical team some of theconcerns on the power tiller which need attention. Below are the pictures.

1

2
3

1. Top left picture shows a leakage on
the hub.
2. Bottom left picture shows a leakage on transmission case
3. Right hand picture shows transmission gear lever disengages
5.2
x
5.3

Comment on Seeding machine
Furrow openers are weak and they got bent and twisted
Conclusion

The Power tiller was able to seed rice 3-rows at a time using the multi-row
multi crop seeder. The skill of the farmer and operator in seeding rice stillrequires to be improved.

6.0
x
x

Way forward
Need to conduct more trainings on seeding to improve and perfectoperator skills.
Need to modify and strengthen furrow openers with strong steel
materials to avoid deformations during working.
7㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻡

ACTIVITY REPORT ON

SUPERVISION AND TRAINING OF A FARMER AND HIS OPERATORSONWEEDING OF RICE USINGA POWER TILLER IN LIRA, UGANDA

Saasa A. Richard and OkirorWilson

Funded by 

    

30thSeptember–4th October 2014







1.0

Introduction

Japan Association for International collaboration on Agriculture andForestry is providing assistance for Power tiller mechanized Agriculture in
Lira district of Uganda. The main objective of this exercise is to promote
and popularize two wheel hand tractors and their associated implements.
One of the support activities being undertaken by AEATREC wassupervision and training of farmer and operator on weeding row planted
rice using a power tiller weeder.
The activity was done from 30th September to 4th October 2014.
The activity was conducted by Saasa A. Richard (Team leader) and Okiror
Wilson as Power tiller technician.
The training was attended by Mr Okullo Peter and his two operators. Table
1 below gives details of the trainers and Trainees.
Table 1: Details of participants
No
1
2
3
4
5

Name
Saasa A. Richard
Okiror Wilson
Okullo Peter
Okec Job
OpioJasfer

Title
EngineerTechnician
FarmerOperator
Operator

2.0

Purpose and objectives of the training

Institute
AEATREC
AEATREC
Lira District
Lira District
Lira District

The purpose of the training was to impart skills and knowledge to thefarmer and his operators on weeding using a power tiller pulled weeder.
The objectives of the training were to:x Identify and name main parts of a weeder
x Demonstrate mounting and setting a weeder
x Practices actual weeding using a power tiller weeder
x Determine the rate of weeding and fuel consumption of the power tiller.
x Practice daily cleaning and servicing of Power tiller
3.0

Course content

The training covered the following topics and practices:a. Identifying and naming parts of the weeder,b. Mounting of weeder on power tiller and adjusting of the weeder,c. Proper handling and controlling of the weeder during weeding,d. Demonstration and Practices on weeding,e. Determining the rate of weeding and fuel consumption andf. Practices on daily maintenance of the weeder

2


4.0

Training methodology

The training was on-job. It combined with actual work that involved
planting of rice using a multi-crop seeder. The weeder was mounted on to
the Yanmar single axle tractor, equipped with a 9 HP diesel engine.
The farmer and his two operators were first taken through weeding open
field to enable them gain skills in maintaining straight line. The necessary
adjustments were made to enable the tire move in rows without steppingon the rice crop. Each operator was accorded opportunity to try out andcarry out weeding operation of 4 rows before actual timing was conducted.
5.0

Weeding Results

Table 2 gives the results of Weeding.
Table 2: Weeding performance results
Parameter
Type of weeder
Variety rice planted
Inter row spacing (average)
Field conditions: Soils
Field conditions: Weed
Field conditions: Moisture
Weather
Performance of Operator 1
Area wed
Time taken
Fuel used, Diesel (liters)
Weeding rate
Speed shift
Performance of operator 2
Area weed (m2)Time taken
Fuel used (liters)
Weeding rate
Speed shift
Number of participants trained

Results
Two- row weeder with duck foot sweeps
NAMCHE-1
36 cm
NormalLightly infested with weeds (Figure 1a-d)
Mildly moist
Sunny and Cloudy
90mx55m = 4950m2=1.24 acres
3hrs 55min
550ml=0.55l
0.574 Acres/hr/litre of diesel
L1
70mx64m =4480m2= 1.12acres
3 hrs, 20 minutes=
0.5
0.672 Acres/hr/litre of diesel
L1
3 persons (Farmer and 2 operators)

3Figures 1a to 1d: show weed infestation in different portions of Farmer’s
field.

Figure 1a: Unwed paddy field

Figure 1b: Un wed paddy field

Figure 1c: Un wed paddy field

Figure 1d: Un wed paddy field

Figures 2a and 2b show trained operator weeding Paddy field

Figure 2a

Figure 2b4Figure 3a- show wed paddy field

Figures 4a and4b ShowTrainees weeding with power tiller

Figure 4a
6.0

Figure 4bConclusion

Weeding exercise was done successfully. However there is need to dosecond weeding.
Okech exhibited better skills and could manipulate the tiller with weeder
mounted on it properly. He was stable, worked fast and managed to do theweeding well.
Opio was relatively less skilled in carrying out weeding operation due tonot being acquainted with the use of the tiller. Consequently he was slow
during work and not very stable.
Both operators were very interested in carrying out the weeding operation.
5
The weeder performed well and was able to weed 2-rows at a time.
However, the weeder tines got deformed in working in hard soils.
7.0

Recommendations

Weeding operation needs to be done early in time (timely) when the weeds
are still young and tender in order to have clean garden. This would also
facilitate easy use of the weeder.
The operators need to do more practice in weeding more fields in order toperfect their skills and cope up with conducting weeding operation
properly. This requires time to be achieved.
There is need to strengthen the weeder tines as they showed deformationin hardsoils.
The current price of the weeder is UGX 650,000. The recommendable
appropriate price for the weeder could be UGX 450,000.

6




㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻢REPORT ON

DEMONSTRATION OF POWER TILLER AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENTS
IN DISTRICTS OF OTUKE, ALEBTONG AND LIRA IN UGANDA

Saasa A. Richard, Kyomukama Alex Okiror Wilson and Okullo Peter

Funded by 

    

4th to 6th December 2014







1.0

Introduction

Japan Association for International collaboration on Agriculture and Forestry isproviding assistance to promote and popularize power tillers and their associatedimplements in Uganda. A Three days (4-6th December 2014) demonstration was
conducted in the districts of Otuke, Alebtong and Lira. The purpose of thedemonstration was to create awareness among farmers on Power tillers and theirassociated implements. The selection of the said districts was due to willingness ofthe farmers to try out new technologies, farmers are involved in large scale growingof rice, available large sizes of suitable land for cultivation purposes, access ability
to the new technology by other neighboring districts and political will of the districtleadership.
2.0

Equipment demonstrated

The equipment demonstrated included the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

Yanmar power Tiller
Mouldboard plough
Disc Plough
Planter
WeederTrailer
Water pump
Paddy Reaper
Paddy thresher

3.0

Demonstrating team

Demonstration was conducted by Saasa A. Richard (Team leader), Okiror Wilson as
Power tiller technician. They were supported by Dr Takahata from JAICAF, Mr
Kawachi S of 3WM Ultd and Okullo peter, a farmer using a power tiller in Lira
district
Table 1: Details of demonstration team
No
1
2
3
4
5
3
4
5

Name
Saasa A. Richard
Okiror Wilson
Dr Takahata
Kawachi S.
Otai Joseph
Okullo Peter
Okec Job
Opio Jasfer

Title
EngineerTechnician
ExpertDirector
Sales person
FarmerOperator
Operator

Institute
AEATREC
AEATREC
JAICAF
3WM (U) Ltd
3WM (U) Ltd
Lira District
Lira District
Lira District

2








8.0

Question and Answer Session

At end of every demonstration, farmers were given opportunity to ask questions.
Questions were grouped into either technical or Business. All technical questions
were answered by Eng Saasa while business ones were responded to by director
3WM (U) ltd. Table 2 gives the details.
No
Technical
questions

Business
Questions

Farmers questions (Otuke, Alebtong Responses
and Lira)
What standard implements (Package) are When you buy a power tiller you areprovided with Power tiller on purchaseprovided with 2cage wheels, 2 tyres,
1.Mouldboard plough and discplough.
Gradually you can later buy a
trailer, planter, weeder, and water
pump based on your needs
What is its fuel consumption
Averagefuelconsumption
4litres/acre
Apart from paddy, Can it also plant beans, The planter plants paddy, beans,maize and Simsim?
Maize but not yet tried on simsim.
Are the spare parts available and where Spare parts are available withcan one get them
dealers (FEIL and 3WM (U)ltd
Where can one get maintenance /repair Repairs services can be got fromservices?
Dealers (FEIL/3WM (U)LtdAEATREC plans to train local
mechanics in Lira to offer needed
services
Complicated repairs can be refered
to AEATREC Namalere
Where does one get training on operation Training can be got from:a) Okullo peter + his operatorsof tiller and implements?
b) Dealers (FEIL and 3WM (U) ltd
c) AEATREC Namalere
What is cost of the power tiller

11-14 million shs depending on
Implement attachments needed
Yes. First Installment 50% and therest on delivery.

Can one pay in Installment?

9.0

Conclusion

Demonstration was successful and exposed power tiller machineries to more than
600 farmers. At least more than five farmers exchanged contacts with 3WM (U) Ltd
and expressed interest to deposit cash to purchase the power tillers.

6




㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻣REPORT ON

AEATREC MODIFIED POWER TILLER MOULDBOARD PLOUGH

Okurut Samuel and Saasa A. Richard

Funded by 

    

February 2015





1.0

DESCRIPTION OF MODIFIED PLOUGH

The AEATREC Modified Power Tiller (PT) Mouldboard Plough is all steel
made. It consists of main beam, share blade, mould board, the hitchingsystem and adjusting handle. Both share blade and mould board aremounted on the land side. At the rear end of the land side is fixed a heelthat helps to protect the wearing of the land slide and also helps to set
suction angle of the share blade. During operation, the plough is mounted
at the rear of the power tiller and the depth of ploughing is regulatedusing the adjusting handle.

2.0

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLOUGH

AEATREC PT Mouldboard Plough is a modification of the Siam Kubota
single bottom mouldboard plough. Its development dates back to 2005
when the Government of the Republic of Uganda procured 50 units ofpower tillers together with standard implements from Siam Kubota
Industry Co. Ltd (SKI) of Thailand. Among the standard implements was asingle bottom mouldbard plough.
The Siam Kubota mouldboard plough was designed in such a way that all
the soil working parts were fully welding onto the beam. This arrangement
posed a difficulty of replacing the worn out soil working parts. As a result,it rendered the plough not to be useful any more once the soil working
parts are worn out.
AEATREC received concerns from beneficiary farmers about various
aspects of the Kubota Power Tiller mouldboard plough that needed to be
improved in order for them continue using it for ploughing. Their concerns
included difficulty to replace the mouldboard and share when they areworn out, weak beam, problem with adjusting screw and heel.
The modifications on the AEATREC plough therefore included providing
for easy replacement of the mouldboard and share, improving the strengthof the beam, providing for easy adjusting of the screw by having squarethreads, improving the curvature of the mouldboard for proper inversionof ploughed soil slices and having a land slide heel with improved ware
resistant material properties which do not ware off within a short period oftime during use.

2


3.0

Yanmar PT Mouldboard plough and AEATREC Modified PT
Mouldboard Plough

3.1

Yanmar PT Mouldboard Plough

3.2

Number of bottoms-

1

Width of mouldboard-

245 mmLength of mouldboard-

450 mmLength of shear-

230 mmWidth of shear-

210 mmLength of land side-

390 mmLength of beam-

420 mmNet weight

-

22 kg

Number of bottoms-

1

Width of mouldboard-

350 mmLength of mouldboard-

460 mmLength of shear-

235 mmWidth of shear-

215 mmLength of land side-

400 mmLength of beam-

450 mmNet weight

-

19 kg

AEATREC Modified PT Mouldboard Plough

3


3.0

Comparative Performance of the AEATREC Modified andYanmar PT Mouldboard Ploughs
Left : Indonesian Made

Right : Uganda madePlowing Board is sharrow.

Plowing Board is wide

At dry soil condition,soil reverting is not enough.

At dry soil condition,soil reveting is efficient.

Discussion
The Yanmar mouldboard plough had poor soil inversion and leaves
unploughed land (ridges). Curvature and size of edge of mould board wasfound to be small. The small size and poor curvature of the mouldbaord
made it difficult to invert the soil properly and left unploughed land. The
plough did not perform well particularly in the upland areas.
The AEATREC modified mouldboard plough performed better in bothlowland and upland areas. It had good soil inversion and does not leave
any unploughed land. The width of cut varied from 25-30cm.

4.0

Conclusion

The AEATREC modified mouldboard was more superior in performancecompared to the Yanmar mouldboard plough and was preferred by thefarmers. It is currently the one being used by farmers with power tillers.

4㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻤

ReportoftheFeasibilitySurveyofAgriculturalMechanizationinLira

OkulloPaulPeter
Introduction
Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry (JAICAF) is currently
conductingafeasibilitysurveyonAgriculturalMachineryinLiradistrictasameanofintroducinglaborsaving technology, enhancement of productivities and quality control, and has entrusted part of thesurveytoMr.OkulloPaulPeter.ThemainmechanizationmachineistheJapanesepowertiller(Yanmar
BromoDX)withitsassortedimplementsincludingploughs,planter,weederetc.Themainenterprisefor
thissurveyisriceproduction,andissupposetobedoneinatleastalandsizeof1hectorasasurveyfield
andalsoprovisionofahireservicestothenearbyfarmers.Thereareotherstakeholdersinthisfeasibilitysurveywithdifferentrolesandresponsibilitiesandtheseincludes;3WM,AEATRECandFEILamongothers.

BriefHighlightonActivities:
1. IdentificationofSurveyField:Themainfieldforfeasibilitysurveyforuplandriceislocatedat
Gwengabara3.7kmsouthofLiratownanditsmeasuring1.4acresofland.AfterrealizingthatthelandinGwengabaraisquitesmallerthanwhatisputintheplan,Idecidedtoagainlocate
anotherlandinAkiaabout5kmeastofliratownmeasuring1acretoaddtothefirstlocationingwengabara.ThusInowhave2uplandricefieldandtheseare:x

Gwengabara:amreferringtoas;1stuplandfield.

x

Akia:amreferringtoas;2nduplandfield.

Lowlandfield:IhadearlieronlocatedthelowlandfieldforthefeasibilitysurveyatOmitoparishinLirasubcounty,whereIamproducingpaddyricewithsomefarmersinthatcommunity.Itis
unfortunatethatthelandhadeversincebeenfloodedtotheextentthatthepowertillercouldnotbeoperatedinsidethegarden,thusnothinghassofarbeendoneuptonow.

2. Powertilleroperations:ThePToperationshavebeenbothatthefeasibilitysurveyfieldandforhireservices.Thedetailsareasinthetablebelow:

Date

Owneroffield Location

10July2014

OkulloPeter

11July2014

Size

ActivitiesRemarks

Gwengabara Landopening

Surveyfield

OkulloPeter

Gwengabara Landopening

Surveyfield

12July2014

OkulloPeter

Gwengabara Landopening

Surveyfield

7Aug2014

OkulloPeter

Gwengabara 1acres

2ndplowing

Surveyfield

8Aug2014

OkulloPeter

Gwengabara 0.4

2ndplowing

Surveyfield

acres
11Aug2014

OkulloPeterAkia

1acre1stplowing2nduplandfield Surveyfield

15Aug2014

OlwolBen

Amac

2.3

Plantinguplandrice

Hireservice

acres
18Aug2014 OkulloPeterAkia

1acre

Planting2nduplandfield

Surveyfield

19Aug2014

FlorenceAber

1acrePlantinguplandrice

Hireservice

22Aug2014

OkulloPeter

Gwengabara 1.4

3rdplowing1stuplandfield Surveyfield

acres
28Aug2014

OkulloPeter

Gwengabara 1.4Planting1stuplandfield

Surveyfield

PlowingHireservice

PlowingHireservice

PlowingHireservice

PlowingHireservice

PlowingHireservice

acres
6Sept2014

IredaP.7Sch

Ireda

1.8
acres

8Sept2014

IredaP.7Sch

Ireda

1.5
acres

9Sept2014

IredaP.7Sch

Ireda

1.5
acres

10Sept2014 IredaP.7Sch

Ireda

1.5
acres

11Sept2014 IredaP.7Sch

Ireda

1.5
acres

17Sept2014 AleleFredBarr

1acrePlowingHireservice

18Sept2014 AleleFredBarr

1acrePlowingHireservice

19Sept2014 AleleFredBarr

2acresPlantingsunflower

Hireservice






3. SituationalAnalysis:
xFirstuplandfield:ThisisasurveyfieldinGwengabara,itwasploughed3timesandthenplanted.ThevarietyplantedhereisNAMCHE1whichisjustrecentlybeenreleasedby
NaCRRI.ItisreadyforweedingandamwaitingforAEATRECtocometodoit.Theyare
comingthisweek.

xSeconduplandfield:ThisisasurveyfieldinAkia,itwasploughedonceafterapplyinga
nonselectiveherbicideandthenplanted.ThevarietyplantedhereisNAMCHE1alsoand
wehavecompletedhandweedingonSaturday28thSeptember2014.Alltheactivitiesin
thisfieldisbeingcarriedoutwithoutthehelpfromAEATREC.


4. Challenges:BreakdownofsomepartsofthePT.
x

Failureoftheclutch:thishappenedwhentheAEATRECstaffwastheoneoperatingthePTandNishikawawasstillaround.PTwastakenbacktoFEILforrepairanditwasbrought
backwhentheacceleratorcablewasstackandcouldnotbepull,toacceleratetheengine.

x

Accelerator cable:  After some times FEIL sent their engineer who replaced anotheraccelerator system.  It worked for some times and later got broken again on the 1
September2014.IreportedtobothFEILand3WMwhileIwastryingtolookforasimilarcablethatcanfititfromwithinLiratown.3WMgavesomemoneytoFEILengineerwhoboughtoneandsentittoLira,butunfortunatelyitdidnotfitsinceitsdiameterwastoo
largetoenter intothecables pipe. This forces me to modify the cable for the bicycle
brakeanditisstillworkinguptonow.

x

Leakages:AfterthePTwasbroughtbackfromFEIL,thelefthandherbandthebehindofthegearboxisleakingandatthesametimetheVbeltwasreplacedbytheusedone.

x

Otherchallenges:Theonsetofthissurveycoincidedwiththedeathofmyfartheranda
healthproblemthatIsuffered.Theaboveproblemsaffectedmeasapersonseriouslyandhaveresultedintopoormobilizationofmyresourcestoeffectthesurveyverywell.

5. InterestedpeoplewhowanttopurchasePT:Therearepeopleandorganizationswhowantsto
buyPTfortheiruse.Theseare:FAOLirawanted5units,RicebreederfromNaCRRIwantedone
unites, Mr. James Otim wanted one unite, Dr. Oweta Jacob wanted one unite, Mr. Alelr Fredwantedoneunite.ThesearethepeoplewhowantitassoonaspossibleandIhavedirectedthemto3WM.Besidesthesepeopletherearealsootherpeopleandorganizationswhowantsthoughnotverysoon.
Conclusively, this survey is still proceeding well and I belief the data being collected will be most
representative enough to give information on Japanese power tiller operation and utilization as laborsavingtechnologyappropriateforthisregion.

Photo1:2ndplowingof1stuplandfield
(experimentalfieldingwengabara)(1)

Photo2:2ndplowingof1stuplandfield
(experimentalfieldingwengabara)(2)











Photo3:PThireservicebeinggiventoIredaP.7school.

Photo4:Astafffrom3WMtryingtorepairacceleratorcable
afterdeliveringPT.

Photo5:PlantingseconduplandfieldinAkiawithoutthehelp
ofAEATRECstaffs(1)

Photo5:PlantingseconduplandfieldinAkiawithoutthehelp
ofAEATRECstaffs(2)


















㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻥

ReportofDemonstrationofAgriculturalMachineryforAgriculturalTradeShowinLira
OkulloPaulPeter
Introduction
LiradistrictLocalgovernmentthroughtheofficeoftheDistrictAgriculturalOfficerDAO,every
yearorganizesAgriculturaltradeshowtocelebrateWorldFoodDay.Themainobjectiveofthisshowistogiveopportunitiestoallthestakeholdersalongtheagriculturalvaluechaintoexhibit,
shearandpromotetheirtechnologiesandserviceswiththeusers.Italwaystakesplaceatdistrict
AgriculturalshowgroundaboutonekilometeralongLiraKotidoroad.
Fortheyear2014,theDAOLirainvitedmetotakethePTanditassortedimplementsforthe
exhibitionatmyowncost,andthedetailofitsreportisasbelow:

Theequipmentsthatweretakenforexhibitionwereasfollows:
xPowerTiller.

x

Tailor.

x

2Mouldboardplough(IndonesiaandNamalere).

x

DoubleDiskplough.

x

Planter.

x

Weeder.

Thepeoplewhoconductedtheexhibitionwere:
1. OkulloPaulPeter
2. Mr.OkecJob(Operator)
3. Mr.OpioJasper(AssistantOperator)
4. AleleFred(mybusinesspartnerwhowasalsotrainedonwhotooperatePT).
5. WewerelaterjoinbyJAICAF(TakahataandYoshida)andAETRECT(Eng.Saasa)

Methodology
xDisplayofequipments:Alltheequipmentsweredisplayedatthestalegiventousand
theparticipantscouldcometoviewandweexplainitsfunctionsandoperationofeach.

xDemonstration of each operation: There were also practical operations of eachequipmenttotheparticipantsatsomeparticularinstances.

x

Presentation:Therewasdetailspresentationoftheentiretechnologiestoespeciallyto
theguestofhonourandinviteddignitaries.
Participants:

The participants came from the entire Lango subregion and the surrounding districts. The
compositionswereasbelow:
xAgriculturalprofessional.

x

Businesscommunity.

xAgroprocessors.

xDistrictofficialsandpoliticians.

x

Traditionalleaders

x

Farmers.

x

Securitypersonals.

xStudentsImpactoftheexhibitions.
1. ItexposedthecomparativeadvantageofJapanesePTagainstotherPTavailablewithinthedistrict.
2. Oneparticipant(Mr.ObongYoventino)fromthistradeshowdevelopedtheinteresttopurchasePTandhasalreadypaidforitwith3WM.
3. CentenaryBankalsodevelopsinterestinthePTasoneofthebestcapitalinvestmentto
theirclients,anduptonowthebranchmanagerofLiraisstillmakingthefollowupon
howtoacquireit.





Challenges:
1. Theonlychallengethatwefacedduringthisactivitywasonlyinthebudgetthatwasnot
planedearlier.
Conclusively:ThisexhibitionisoneoftheveryimportanteventsintheregionthatparticipatinginitcontributedsomuchinpopularizationoftheJapanesePTtechnologies.

Photo 1: The bank manager centenary bank asking
questions whether PT can be a capital investment forclients

Photo 2: Chairman chamber of commerce and others
joint the bank manager during the discussion.

Photo 3: Lango paramount chief admire PT

Photo 4: PT is being demonstrated to the participant on
the quality of its plough using the moldboard plough.







Photo 5: The same demonstration is being continued
using disk plough.

Photo 6: JAICAF has joint us during thedemonstration.

Photo 7: Mr. Okullo Paul Peter is making presentation
about PT technology to the guest of honor andparticipants

Photo 8: One of the business partner posses for a photowith Takahata, Mariko, Peter, Okec and a district
official.










Photo 9: One of the farmer’s group members being
explained the PT technology during the demonstration.

Photo 10: Mr. Peter distributing the leaf let to theparticipant after the presentation.

Photo 11: Staffs from a prison farm near the trade
show ground also expressing their interest in JapanesePT.

Photo 12: Students asking questions about the PT
technology











Photo 14: One of the prominent business man in Lira
asking questions about the Japanese PT.

Photo 15: Mr. Obong (a aman looking back) developed
an interest from this show and paid for PT to 3WM.














㻭㼚㼚㼑㼤㻌㻝㻜

ReportofDemonstrationinLiraarea
OkulloPaulPeter
Introduction.
Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry (JAICAF) is conducting afeasibility survey on the suitability of mechanization with smallholder farmers in Uganda funded by
MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheriesofJapansince2013.InUganda,Liradistrictisidentifiedasoneofthesurveyareaandactivitiesofthesurveybeingcarriedoutare;DemonstrationofJapanesepower
tillerBROMODX)withitsassortedimplementstothefarmingcommunitiesofLiraareas,secondlyisthe
PracticalagriculturalproductionofPTonsurveyfieldandhireservice,andLastlyisthebaselinesurveyof
farmingsituationinLiradistrict.
This report is therefore on the second demonstration that took place in December 2014 in the three
locations of Adwari subcounty in Otuke district, Abia subcounty in Alebtong district and Amach sub
countyinLiradistrict.
The main objective of this exercise is to promote and popularize Japanese PT and their associated
implements
Themainactivitiescarriedoutduringthedemonstrationswereasbelow:
1. Mobilizationwithdistrictsandsubcountiesleaders.
2. Radiotalkshow.
3. DemonstrationofPToperationswithitsassortedimplementstothefarmers.

ACTIVITIES
Mobilizationatdistrictsandsubcountiesleaders:
Since Lira district is currently divided into smaller district by the central government for easy service
delivery,theareasidentifiedforthedemonstrationwerelocatedinthreedifferentdistrictsthatweredividedfromtheformermainLiradistrict.Andtheyare;Otukedistrict,AlebtongdistrictsandLiradistrict.
Theaboveareaswereselectedbecausetheybestfulfillthecriteriasetforthedemonstrationsite.Themobilizationsweredonetwice,bothatdistrictlevelandsubcountylevel.ThefirstonewasdonebyMr.OkulloPaulPeter,andduringthistimehemetwiththeDAOsoftheabovedistrictsindividuallyat
theirdistrict,andintroducedthebackgroundofthesurveyandallitsactivitiesandhowtheprojecthad
identifiedtheirdistrictandlaterdiscussedgenerallywhatisexpectedofthem,anddrewuptheconclusion
onhowbesttoimplementtheactivities.ThentogetherwiththeDAOsweidentifiedthebestsubcounty
thatwouldbestsuitthedemonstration.Iwasthendirectedtothesubcountyidentified,andthesameprocessthatwasdoneatdistrictlevel,wasagaindoneatthesubcountylevelwereweendedupwiththeidentificationofaparish,villageandthefarmersfieldwherethedemonstrationwouldtakeplace.The
detailsareinthetablebelow:
ThetableshowingthedetailsoftheidentifiedDistrict,Subcounty,Villageandthefarmer’sfield
identifiedfordemontration.
No

DistrictSubcounty

ParishVillageFarmer’sfield

1

Otuke

AdwariAgoba

Olarokwon

OdurPeter2AlebtongAbia

Abia

AbiacentralOlukJogo

3

Lira

Amach

Ayito

Conneramach OlwolBenThesecondmobilizationwasdonemainlytoconfirmandapprovedthesuitabilityoftheabovelocationsandtocontinuewiththemobilizationforthebestresults.ItwasdonetogetherbytheteamfromJAICAF
(TakahataandYoshidaMariko),AEATREC(Eng.Saasa)andMr.OkulloPaulPeterfromRuralLivelihoodPromotionInitiative(RLPI)whoiscoordinatingtheactivitiesfromLiraside.Duringthisactivity,theteammanagedtorelocatefromonefieldinAbiasubcountytoanotherfieldwithinthesameareabecauseof
itsaccessibility.Butallinalltheabovemobilizationactivityendedupwiththelistonthetable.RadioTalkshowThiswasintendedtothrowmorelighttotheentirecommunityabouttheallprogramofJAICAF,JapanesePTandthecomingdemonstrationsthroughradioanditwasaonehourtalkshowairedlifein“VoiceOf
LangoFM”radiostationlocatedatOboteAvenueinLiratown.





Thepresenterswere:
1. Mr.OkulloPaulPeter,CoordinatorRLPI:Whogavethebackgroundoftheentireprogramand
the activities involve. Also presented the details about the Japanese PT, its comparative
advantageswithothertechnologiesandwhatfarmactivitiesitcando.
2. Ojok Tony, DAO Otuke District: Emphercise on the need to transform agricultural production
throughembracingthenewtechnologiesliketheJapanesePTandlaterannouncedthedate,timeandlocationofthedemonstrationandlaterinhiscapacityasaDAOcalledthepeopleofOtuketocomeandparticipateinthedemonstration.
3. OyuruJenifer,DAOAlebtongDistrict:EmphercisethesamethingforthepeopleofAlebtong.
4. AlumDorcus,DAOLira:AlsoemphercisethesamethingforthepeopleofLira.
Attheendofthetalkshow,thetelephonelinewasopenforthelistenerstoaskedthequestionsabout
whattheyhavehad,andthequestionsaskedwereasfollows:
1. James,fromAlitosubcountyinKoledistrict:whatwillbethepriceofthePT?
2. NelsonOunifromOyamdistrict:Canthefarmersgroupbeallowpurchasinginagroup?
3. Jasper:Whowillprovidetheserviceandmechanicalrepair?
4. Bosco:Thepriceshouldbelowersincethefarmers’incomesarelow.
5. PatrickfromAlebtong:Thelocationofdemonstrationisfarawayfromhissubcountyand
shouldberevised.
6. JamesfromAmolatardistrict:Theyalsowantedthedemonstrationintheirdistrict.
7. DenisfromAbiasubcounty:shouldbeprovidedtofarmersoncredit.
8. AcumaIsaacfromOtuke:Whowilltrainthepeoplewhowillbuyonhowtooperate.
9. MosesOdongofromAromosubcounty:Theentiredemonstrationsitesareveryfaraway
withthem,whydon’ttheybeconsideredwithanotherdemonstrationsite.
10. PartrickfromAmachsubcounty:Farmersshouldbegivenopportunitytobuyinloans.
11. OweraSam:Governmentshouldhelpfarmerstopaysomepercentage.
Allthesequestionswereansweredaccordingly,forinstancethequestionaboutprice,Iansweredthatitwouldstartfrom16millionto24milliondependingonotherequipmentsonewouldliketobuywith
thePT.Andlastly,attheendoftheshowwegaveourtelephonenumbertothelisteners.Assuchwe
continuetoreceivecallsfromsomefarmerspertainingdemonstrationsandthePT.


DEMONSTRATIONOFPTOPERATIONSWITHITSASSORTEDIMPLEMENTSTOTHEFARMERS.
Theabovedemonstrationswerescheduledasbelow:
No
Date
1 4/12/2014

DistrictOtuke

2

6/12/2014

3

6/12/2014

SubcountyAdwariVillage
OlarokwonNo.ofParticipants
145

Alebtong Abia

Abiacentral

410

Lira

ConnerAmach523

Amach

Total

1,078
Note: The numbers of participants were counted by each DAO of respective district during thedemonstration, and according to them, participants were coming in shift for the demonstration. for
instanceinthemidmorning,dayandafternoon.InLiraandAlebtongdistrictsthedemonstrationwereconductedduringthemarketdayandnearthemarket,thatiswhywemanagetogetsuchagoodnumbers
ofparticipants.
Theequipmentsthatweredemonstratedwereasfollows:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

PT.
Moldboardplough.
DiskploughPlanterWeederReaperThresherWaterpump
MaizeSheller
Trailer.

TheTeamwhoconductedthedemonstrationwerefrom:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

JAICAFAETREC
3WM
DAOs
Mr.PeterandPTOperators.
JICAKampalaandJICAGulualsoattended.
Others(RadioandNewspaperJournalist).






Methodology
xxx

Verbal explanations of each equipment: Before practical demonstration, each equipment is
displayedtotheparticipants,andtheyaresensitizedaboutitsfunctions,advantagesandother
goodattributesaboutit.
Practical demonstrations of each operation, Here we demonstrate the operations of eachmachineandinvitesomefarmerstocomeandoperatetheequipmentbeingdemonstratedbythemselves.
Questionsandanswers,attheendoftheeventsparticipantsareallowedtoaskquestionsand
clarificationonanyissuestheyhavenotgotproperly.Andthecommonquestionsbeingasked
wereasbelow:
1. WhatisthefuelconsumptionsofthePT?
2. Wherecanitbeboughtfrom?
3. Whatisthepriceperunit?
4. Wherecanthesparepartsaregotfrom?
5. Canitbeboughtthroughtheloansystem?
6. Whowilldothemaintenanceserviceandrepair?
7. Canitbeboughtbyinstallments?


IMPACTOFDEMONSTRATION:
x

x
x

x

Themajorimpactoftheabovedemonstrationisthatitmadefarmerstorealizedthatthereare
technologies that are easy to operate, maintain, are durable and can certify their conditionsappropriately.
ItalsodifferentiatesbetweentheJapanesePTandChinesePTthatthiscountryhasexperienced
asworthlessforsometimes.
ItmademanyfarmersandotherNGOslikeFAO,SasakawaUgandaandWorldVisioninternationaltoseeJapanesePTasatechnologytoincreasefarmer’sproductionandproductivities,andassuch
theyhaveadopteditasastrategytoachievetheirprojectobjectives
ItmotivatedmanypeopletomakeplanofbuyingPT.

Conclusively,theabovedemonstrationshavecreatedalotofpositiveimpactbothtothefarmers,
dealerandotherstakeholders.











Photo1:Mr.OkulloPaulPeterandthethreeDAOsduringtheRadiotalkshowatVoiceofLangoinLiratown

Photo2:StaffsfromAEATRECtakingreapertothedemonstrationsiteinOtukedistrict
Photo3:Mr.PeterisgivingVerbalexplanationsaboutJapanesePTtechnologytoParticipantsduringademonstrationinOtuke.

Photo4:TakahataiscontinuingwiththeexplanationoftheJapanesePTtotheparticipants.

Photo5:TakahataansweringquestionsaskedbytheparticipantsandisbeingtranslatedbyMr.OjokTonytheDAO
ofOtukedistrict.

Photo6:OneoftheparticipantsisoperatingthePTtoploughduringthedemonstrationinAlebtongdistrictPhoto7:ParticipantsadmireefficiencyandthegoodqualitythatYanmarricethrasherisproducingduringademonstration
inAlebtongdistrict.

Photo8:Eng.SaasaofAEATRECdemonstratinghowaPTcanbeattachwithamaizeShellertoshellmaizetoparticipantduringademonstrationinAlebtongdistrict.

Photo9:Oneofthefarmersleadersgivinghisobservationon
thePTtechnologyduringdemonstrationinAbiasubcounty
Alebtongdistrict.

Photo10:Mr.OkecisdemonstratingaPTwithatrailerattachtoitasameansoftransportinAbiasubcountyAlebtongdistrict.

Photo11:Afemaleparticipantoperatingareapertoharvest
riceduringthedemonstrationinAmachsubcountyinLira
district.


Photo12:ThisisademonstrationofmaizeshellingusingPTin
AmachsubcountyLiradistrict.














List of Authors

Matsumoto Iwao

Technical Advisor
Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry,
JAICAF

Nishikawa Nanami

Consultant
Vision and Spirit for Overseas Cooperation Co,Ltd.

Nishimaki Ryuzo

President, JAICAF

Nishino Shunichiro

Researcher, JAICAF

Oizumi Nobuaki

Expert for Rice Cultivation Technology
The Project for Supporting Rice Industry Development, TANRICE-2, JICA

Takahata Tsuneo

Technical Advisor, JAICAF

Tanaka Mari

Researcher, JAICAF

Tokida Kunihiro

Senior Advisor, JICA
Ex-Chief Advisor / Agricultural Mechanization Expert for Rice Promotion Project,
Uganda