２０１２年電波航法研究会

津波に対するレーダ観測活動の調査（その２）
平成２４年９月７日
元日本工業大学
渡辺康夫

調査（その２）の構成
１． はじめに
２． 衛星搭載マイクロ波電波高度計の津波観測
東北太平洋沖地震津波：merging tsunami
３． HFレーダの津波観測
東北太平洋沖津波: tsunami signal
４． 津波探知のためのスペースセンサ
GNSS-Rを応用した津波探知技術等
５． おわりに論文等資料

Fig. 1 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
NOAA NewsOnline
10 Jan 2005:
2004
tsunamipropagation
Epicenter:
00.58:53UT,
26 Dec. 2004.
3.2N, 94.2E.
Jason-1:
02:53:51UT,4.56S, 84.12E.
Ind. Ocean.
02:59:53UT,
13.15N,90.56E.
Bay of Bengal

Fig. 2 Sea Surface Height Anomalies:
Data by Jason-1 and Model Gower, Int. J. RemoSens, 2007
基準値: 直前直後サイクルの平均値

Solid: corrected sea surface height: (1) 4.56S: h=70cm-(30-40)cm,peak-to-peak 1m. (2)13.15N: h=-20cm. (3) v=739km/h for
av. depth=4300m.
Dotted: sine wave model with λ=580km, v=739km/h, h=0.6m.

Fig. 3

Tsunami Shadows

Sea surface height

Ku-band radar backscattering strength

C-band radar backscattering strength(1) Data days
before(2) Data:
cycle 109
(3) Data
10days aft
Estimated σº± 1dBfor wind at
H10m: 2-4m/s,
Tsunami period
35-45min,SSH:(0.6-0.7m)~-(0.4-0.5m).

Godin, Nat Haz
Earth Sys Sci,2009

Fig. 4 Japan Tsunami, 11 March 2011

(NOAA Center for Tsunami Research)

http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/

Fig. 5 Merging Tsunami, March 11, 2011a) ENVISAT at 5:25
after quakeb) Jason-1 at 7:30
afterc) Jason-2 at 8:20
afterd) Tsunami model(black) andENVISAT datae) Jason-1 over
Mid-Pacific Mt.
Merging tsunami(red arrow)f) Jason-2 data
Black arrows:
locations ofmerging tsunamisSong, Geo Res
Lett, 2012

Fig. 6 Tsunami Model. (a) Amplitude(b) Amplitude (blue lines), Bathymetry (color bar)Song, Geo Res
Let, 2012

Crosses:DARTBlack arrows:
tsunami jets fr.
ES:Emperor
Seamounts
nwHR:N-west
Hawaiian Ridge
HR:Hawaiian R
Mid-Pacific Mt
MI:Martial Is
ME:Mendocino
Escarpments

Fig. 7 Max. Amplitude of the 26 Dec.
2004 Tsunami Modelled by Titov et al.

Titov et al., Science, 309, 23 Sept. 2005

Fig. 8 GPS-measured Land Displacement
and the Derived Seafloor Displacement
Song et al., Geo Res lett, 2012Movements
arrows: 5m/div(L)pink: GPS data
black: derived
seafloor moveheavy red: Sato’s
model
color: bathymetry(R)
blue: trench
green: subsidence
black: upliftheavy red: Sato’s
model
star: hypocenterFig. 9 Tsunami Height Superimposed on
Total Current Velocity Field Measured by
Radars at Usujiri and Kinaoshi(L) Tsunami sweeping in, 15:53 JST. (R) sweeping out, 21:00 JST.
Blue dot: Usujiri, Red dot: Kinaoshi. v0/div: 40cm/s. h: color code.
Lipa et al., Remote Sensing, 3 Aug. 2011

Fig. 10 Radial Current Velocities
from Usujiri Radar
Lipa et al., Remote Sensing, 2012
Area bands:2km wide,approx. parallelto the depthcontour

Fig. 11 Velocity Components fromKinaoshi Radar and q-factor(a)blue: 0-2km
red: 2-4km
black: 4-6km(b)
Q-factorfor 0-6km(c)blue:6-8km
red: 8-10km
black:1012km(d) q-factor
for 6-12km
Lipa, RemoteSensing, 2012

Fig. 12 Overall System with PARIS Concept
PARIS: Passive Reflectometry and Interferometry System

R: receiver
T: source
Number ofreflections= Number ofsources

Martin-Neira, ESA Journal, 17, 1993

Fig. 13 Tsunami Warning Study basedon GNSS-R LEO Constellation
GPS Occultation,
Reflectometry andScatterometry Receiver

GNSS-R Reflection Points Track(blue) at CHAMP-like LEO orbit

GPS (red), GLONASS (yellow), Galileo (ora)GNSS-R: Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry
LEO: Low Earth Orbit
GITEWS GPS Technology, March 2012
GITEWS: German Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System

Fig. 14 Coastal Altimetry with GNSS-R

Ruffini, IEEE Geo Remo Sens Soc Newsletter, 2006

Fig. 15 PARIS: Iso-delay lines

Martin-Neira, ESA Journal, 17, 1993

Fig. 16 PARIS: Iso-Doppler Lines

Martin-Neira, ESA Journal, 17, 1993

Fig. 17 Iso-delay Lines andIso-Doppler Lines

Direct and reflected waveform
produced by cross-correlation
with clean replica
Ruffini, IEEE Geo Remo Sens
Soc Newsletter, 2006

Fig. 18 Delay/Doppler Waveform
C/A-cord

Y-cordLowe, IEEE Geo.
Remo Sens, 2002
C/A-cord

Y-cordDelay cross-section at zero Doppler

Fig. 19 Data Collection with UK-DMC
Satellite March 12, 2004

UK-DMC:United Kingdom’s Disaster Monitoring Constellation
Gleason, et al., IEEE Geo Rem Sens, 2005

Fig. 20 Signal Processing
Signal ProcessingOcean reflected signal
Wind: 9-16m/s
Model: 13m/s

Wind: 5-12m/s
Model: 9m/s

Gleason, et al., IEEE Trans. Geo Remo Sens, 2005

Fig. 21 Delay-Doppler Map of Ocean
Reflected Signal of GPSCoherent
Integration:1ms
Incoherent
Summation:1s

Gleason, et al., IEEE Trans. Geo Remo Sens, 2005

Fig. 22 PARIS-Aircraft Test at H1000m
over Palamos Canyon
PARIS-Alpha aircraft test

C/A-cord: triangle
P-cord: square

Martin-Neira, URSI-F, 2005

PARIS-Gamma aircraft test

C/A-cord
PARIS:
blue (ascend)red (descend)
Jason-1:
Dashed blackBuoy tie-point:green

Fig. 23 Tsunami Detection Using
GNSS Reflectometry
Stosius, Adv Spa Res, 2011

LEO

Martin-Neira, ESA-J, 17, 1993
Redrawn from Martin-Neira, 2002

Detection
probability
LEO 18/3:
18-Rx on 3orbit planes
GPS: as on
26 Dec. 2004

Simulated Sumatra tsunami
1 hr after quake

Fig. 24 PARIS-IoD Concept

Martin-Neira, IEEE
Geo Rem Sens, 2011

IoD: In-orbit
Demonstrator

Interferometry processing

Table 1 Estimated Performance:
IoD and Operational Mission

Martin-Neira, IEEE Geo Rem Sens, 2011

おわりに3/11津波のレーダ観測・merging tsunami
・tsunami signal
スペースセンサの研究
・GNSS-Reflectometry
今後の調査
・津波の観測報告
・津波レーダの研究動向
・津波の早期警戒システムへの取り組み