JSRAE’s efforts tocarbon neutrality in Japan
Japan Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers(JSRAE)

Akio Miyara
Vice President of JSRAE
Saga University
NEXT-RP, Kyushu University

Brief Introduction of JSRAE
Main Activities
1. Education and training of engineers
2. Survey and research on technology development
3. Certificate recognition and commendation of award
4. Promote international exchange with the overseasassociations
5. Other project to achieve the purpose

2021 2nd HFO2020 14th GL
2018 9th ACRA
2015 IIR ICR
2010 5th ACRA
2002 1ts ACRA2012
MOU with CAR

100thanniversary

2018
MOU with AFF
MOU with DKV

2005
2006
MOU with SAREKAsia Academic Award withCAR, SAREK1997 Reorganization
Japan Society of Refrigeration andAir Conditioning Engineers (JSRAE)1978
MOU with ASHRAE(updated in 2010 & 2019)
1937
Committee of IIR

1962Monthly Journal

1925 Establishment
Japanese Association of Refrigeration (JAR)

Technical Committees
 9 technical committees
 3 research projects for carbon neutrality

JSRAE consists of3500 individual members and232 corporate members

Overview of JSRAE’s Activities for Carbon Neutrality
Research Projects and committees in JSRAE, and collaboration
Policy recommendations[Presenting to Public]Safety certification

JSRAE Roadmap 2050
OutputOutputNew Refrigerants
Evaluation Committee[Presenting to Public]
JARef Vol.5
Database of refrigerant properties

Project on R23 Alternative
Refrigerants
 6 Universities
 17 Companies
Output[Members only]
Candidates of R23 alternatives

JRAIA
The Japan Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning
Industry Association

Collaboration with Industries andNational Projects( NEDO Project )Roadmap 2050 WG
NEXT-RP
Global Warming Task
Force Committee

Research Center for
Next Generation
Refrigerant Properties,
Kyushu University

Carbon Neutrality
Committee

Heat Exchanger T.C.

OutputRefrigerants T.C.

Green Refrigerants System (GWP < 10 )Natural Refrigerant System T.C.
Project on Natural Refrigerant
Systems
 6 Universities 11 Companies
Output[Members only]State of the art systems operated
with natural refrigerants

Project on Advanced Heat
Exchange Technology 16 Universities 29 Companies
Output[Members only]State of the art heat transfer,heat exchanger, refrigerants,
and related technology

Output[Presenting to Public]
New Low GWP Refrigerants
Thermophysical properties
Heat transfer database
Cycle performanceJSRAE Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technology Roadmap 2050
Released in May 2021
https://www.jsrae.or.jp/jsrae/JSRAE_Roadmap2050.pdf

2050 Vision
Carbon Neutral Era:
 Energy shift from fossil fuel energy to renewable energy
 Refrigerant recovery, recycle and reclamation

Development of Products and Services: Utilization of hydrogen and fuel cells
 Improved efficiency by AI and IoT

To achieve this 2050 vision:
 Tightening or relaxing of regulations depending on risks involved
 International standards and regulations
 Low environmental impact products and infrastructures

Contributions by Refrigeration andAir Conditioning Technologyfrom Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2020/1225_001.html

JSRAE Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality

Technological Contributions to 2050 Vision Refrigerant Technology:
 Lowering of GWP with green refrigerants (synthetic and natural refrigerants); Promotion ofrefrigerant recovery and recycle; Development of new refrigerants for expanding heat pump
applications from low to high temperatures
 Compression Technology:
 Efficiency improvement; New refrigerants and lubricant oil; Environment burden reduction

 Heat Exchanger, Frost and Defrost Technologies:
 High efficiency systems by improving heat exchange performance; Low refrigerant charge Next-generation Technologies of Refrigeration and A.C. Systems, Desiccant, Adsorption, Absorption and Chemical Technologies:
 Environmental load reduction; Widespread use of high-temperature heat pump system Food Technology:
 Food loss reduction by cold chain; Food production optimization; Energy consumption reduction

Themes for Refrigerant Technology (Residential or Commercial Use)
Theme 1: Search and development ofnew refrigerants

Theme 2: Full utilization of existing
refrigerants and expansion ofapplications due to deregulation

Theme 3: Emission reduction bypromoting refrigerant recovery

 Target year: By 2030

Target year: By 2030

 Target year: By 2030

Fundamental issues:• Refrigerant candidates to achieve the final target of theKigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol are notspecified yet.

Fundamental issues :• Natural refrigerants such as propane, CO2 andammonia have disadvantages in flammability, highpressure and toxicity to restrict usage or degrade
system efficiency.

Fundamental issues:• It is essential to reduce refrigerant emissions
considering the environmental impact in line with theParis Agreement. The rules and schemes to recoverrefrigerants are not yet established (recovery rate is38% in Japan as of 2018).

Theme and Target year

Solution proposals• To develop an innovation ecosystem to accelerate thesearching and development of new pure/mixedrefrigerants (there is an on-going NEDO project as of2021).

Fundamental issues

Solution proposals• To extend the application range of refrigerants withcurrently limited use such as propane and CO2 byaccelerating the development of safety and theimprovement of system efficiency.

Solution proposals

Solution proposals• To design, propose and implement new measuresconsidering social schemes and legal structures tofacilitate refrigerant recovery.

Detailed Roadmap for Each Field(example: Refrigerant Technology)

Key Technologies
 Green refrigerants-Search-Development
 Existing refrigerants
 Refrigerant recovery

Government supports needed to realize the above-mentioned themes◯ Deregulation for the use of flammable refrigerants such as R32 in ensuring safety••

It is required to extend the use of flammable refrigerants, such as strongly flammable propane and mildly flammable R32, in maintaining the safety of equipment.
It is hoped that funding support will be available for additional costs required for safety devices and sensors.

Suggestions from Academia to Government◯ Facilitation of refrigerant recovery to reduce the amount of refrigerants released into the atmosphere•

It is recommended to add new criteria in the industrial standards for the ease of refrigerant recovery, policy to develop incentive schemes facilitating refrigerant recovery, and to develop a new system to monitor
the distribution of refrigerants in the industry.

◯ Encouragement of the reuse of refrigerants to restrain new refrigerant production••

It is important to reduce the environmental impact by the reuse of regenerated refrigerants with sufficient purity and correct composition ratio for the restrain of virgin refrigerant production.
It is recommended to have subsidies to encourage the reuse of refrigerants in order to improve the economic competitiveness of regenerated refrigerants compared to virgin refrigerants.

◯ Examination and certification of flammability classification for domestic use of new refrigerants certified by the ASHAE••

It is suggested to support the establishment of a system to quickly evaluate the classification of new refrigerants, as regulation of refrigerants depends on the classification in the High Pressure Gas Safety Act.
It is suggested to have research support in order to choose ideal new refrigerant candidates for each product sector through cooperation with foreign organizations related to refrigeration and air-conditioning.

◯ Safety measures for refrigerant leakage, establishment of guidelines, subsidies for installation of ventilation devices and detectors•

It is suggested to have research support strategically and timely in order to reduce risks at refrigerant leakage, and establish guidelines to secure safety.

◯ Equipment evaluation scheme considering not only the GWP value of refrigerants but also refrigerant charge amount of system during operation••

Environmental impact by refrigerant leakage is calculated by the carbon dioxide equivalent (GWP x leakage amount). Direct expansion products require additional charge at equipment installation with longer
connecting pipes and this additional charge should properly be recorded.
It is recommended to support the related research tasks in order to improve the measurement accuracy and precision of refrigerant leakage amount for each product sector, and manage the information ofrefrigerant charge amount during equipment installation.

Government supports
 Deregulation
 Refrigerant recovery
 Recycle/reuse ofrefrigerants Guidelines-Safety-Classification-Efficiency evaluation

Technology Roadmap 2050 (2020 Edition)
FieldsTechnology Developments

Technological Contributions

2050 Vision

Targe years

Summarizing Fields
 Developments
 Target years
 Contributions
 2050 Vision

Search and Evaluation of Ultra Low GWP Refrigerants called Green Refrigerants

Short history of Refrigerants, and limited Green Refrigerants
Montreal protocol (1987)

Kigali amendment (2016)

Kyoto protocol (1997)
Whatever worked

1830

~

1930s

SafetyDurability
1930~

1990s

1st Generation
2nd Generation
CO2,
CFCs (R12…),NH3,
HCFCs (R22,...)
SO2,etc.
HCs,CCl4,H2O, etc.
NH3

Paris Agreement (2015)
Environment

Environment- Ozone protection- Global warming- Ozone protection

1990

2013 ~~2012

GreenGWP
Low
Refrigerants
Refrigerants
Final Generation ?

Synthetic
3rd Generation
4rd Generation
Refrigerants
HFCs(R134a, R32),
HFOs (R1234yf,...)
HFC mixtures,
HFO/HFC mixture(R410A, R404A)
HFO/HFO mixtureetc.
etc.
3.5 Generation
HFC(R32)

CO2HCsWater AirNatural Refrigerants

Regulations on Refrigerant
Measures against Global Warming

Green Refrigerants
Limited pure HFOs:
R1132a, R1123, R1132(E),R1234yf, R1234ze(E),R13I1, R1336mzz(E),R1224yd(Z), R1233zd(E),R1336mzz(Z)Blended refrigerants:
HFO/HFO, HFO/HFC,

Natural Refrigerants:
NH3, CO2, HCs, Water, Air

Activities in Committees related to “Low Carbon Solution”
Global Warming Task Force Committee
 recovery and recycle/reuse of refrigerants (WG-1)
 management system for refrigerant cylinders (WG-2)
 mathematical model for recovered refrigerants (WG-3)
 management of recycled refrigerants (WG-4)
 situation in other counties (WG-5)

Carbon Neutrality Committee
 Recover/Reclamation/Replace WG
 Green refrigerants WG
 Energy saving WG
 Energy management WG
 Equipment WG
 Foods WG

Refrigerantmanagement system

Green refrigerantsystem
 Selection of refrigerant Cycle analysis
 Performance evaluation
 Design equipment
 LCCP LCA

Policy Recommendations
for each fieldActivities in Global Warming Task Force Committee
Refrigerant Management Circle( by N. Kagawa, Reito, vol. 95 no.1112, pp.323-328 (2020) )① New Production of Low GWP Refrigerants

Measures to Refrigerant issues

New charge① Development of low GWP refrigerants② Replacement refrigerants③ Measures for leakage④ Measures for atmospheric release⑤ Recovery, Reclamation, Recycle/Reuse⑥ Destruction with low energy

New Machines③Leakage
RecycleCharge⑤Reclamation & Recycle

Disposal
RecoveryRate

New charge& Retrofits

Operation & Maintenance of Machines

75%
2030

41% at 2020

60%
2025

Recovery of Refrigerants⑥Destruction
20 times energyof reclamation

Disposal of Machines④Trend in HFC recovery rate at disposal
https://www.env.go.jp/press/110357.html②Atmospheric ReleaseActivities in Carbon Neutrality Committee

Green refrigerants WG
Natural Refrigerants Sub-WG
Proper Handling of Natural Refrigerants
 5 conditions for increasing adoption of natural refrigerants (S + 3E + R)
1. Safety, 2. Environmental impact, 3. Energy saving, 4. Economic efficiency, 5. Reliability Deregulation through the development of safety devices
 Preferential taxation subsidies for the adoption
 Development of guidelines for installation and leak prevention
 AI and IoT technology to improve efficiencies
 International Standard
 Qualification system for handling engineers
 Construction of recovery, recycling, and disposal system Measures to improve social acceptanceNEDO Project: Risk Assessment for Flammable Next-Generation Refrigerants
Safety and Risk Evaluation of Next-Generation Refrigerants
 Risk Map and fire accident occurrence conditions
 Experimental and numerical investigations

https://www.jsrae.or.jp/jsrae/committee/jisedai_R/jisedai_R-e.html

NEDO Project: Search and Evaluation of Low GWP Refrigerants

Properties and Equation of Stateof Green Refrigerants

NIST REFPROP Worldwide software
JSRAE JARef
 Reference Data TableISO
 Refrigerant standard

Heat transfer Database on WebsiteCorrelations
 Prediction of heattransfer coefficient
Heat Exchanger Design Comprehensive dataof various conditions

36 kinds of refrigerants
20884 points of heat transferdata

Green Refrigerants
System Selection ofrefrigerant Cycleanalysis
 Performance
evaluation
 Designequipment
 LCCP
 LCA

Summary and Future Plan
JSRAE Activities for Carbon Neutrality
 Roadmap 2050
- for JSRAE’s direction to solutions and collaborations
 Global Warming Task Force Committee & Carbon Neutrality Committee- for refrigerant management, dissemination of green refrigerants. And for policy recommendations
 Research Projects- for solutions of specific topics
Cooperative Activities with Universities, Institutes, National Projects for Green Refrigerants (GWP < 10)
 Risk assessment- clarifying risk map and accident occurrence conditions
 Thermophysical properties and heat transfer- building the database REFPROP (NIST), Heat Transfer DB
Future Plans
 Continuous review and update of the JARAE Roadmap
 Development of suitable Green Refrigerants
 Proper handling of flammable refrigerants New evaluation method based on GWP, LCCP, and LCA
 Collaboration of Government-Industry-Academia
 International collaborations