13南太平洋海域調査研究報告 No.56（2015年3月）
OCCASIONAL PAPERS No.56（March 2015）኱㝮ㅖᓥෆ㞟ⴠࡢேཱྀ࣭♫఍ኚື㸫㛤ᣅ࣭⛣ఫ࣭ᾘ⁛࣭᪂⏕࣭ᩥ໬᜚⯆㸫㛗ᔱಇ௓Social Changes and Demographical Structure of theVillages in the Osumi Islands: Reclamation, Emigration,Extinction, Creation and Cultural Renaissance
NAGASHIMA Shunsuke㮵ඣᓥ኱Ꮫᅜ㝿ᓥᕋᩍ⫱◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima Universityせ᪨኱㝮 4 ᓥෆ㞟ⴠኚືࢆࠊேཱྀࢹ࣮ࢱ࣭Ṕྐ┬ᐹ࣭⌧ᆅ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾ࡛㏣㊧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᡂᯝ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊᒇஂᓥ࡛ࡣᗫᮧᚋࡢ᪂ఫẸࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓᩥ໬⎔ቃάືࠊ✀Ꮚᓥ࡛ࡣ⏋ᓥࢺࢩࢻࣥࡢ⛣ఫඛ⥅ᢎ᚟ά⤒⦋ࠊཱྀỌⰋ㒊ᓥ࡛ࡣṔྐ㈨ᩱసࡾࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡜ᨭ᥼⤌⧊ࠊ㤿ẟᓥ࡛ࡣ෌᭷ேᓥⓏ㘓ᚋࡢ┤㏆ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࠋᓥᕋேཱྀືែࡢᖹ㠃ⓗᕪ␗✵㛫ᆅᇦேཱྀࡢືែ㸦3 ḟඖ㸧ࢆࠊᖹ㠃㸦2 ḟඖ㸧ศᕸ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿ࡟ࠊࡇࢀ࡯࡝ᴟ➃࡛ከᵝᛶࡢぢࡽࢀࡿᆅᇦ஦౛ࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡿࠋṔྐᛶ࣭ᆅ⌮ᛶ࣭⛣ఫཷධ⎔ቃ࣭⅏ᐖ࣭ᩥ໬⥅ᢎ࣭ᩥ໬๰㐀➼࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≉␗࡞✵㛫ᛶࢆྛ㞟ⴠ࡜ᓥᕋࡀᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᒇஂᓥ඲ᅜࡢ㞳ᓥྠᵝ࡟㧗༞ᚋ㐍Ꮫ࣭ᑵ⫋࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍ῶࡀ≌ᘬࡍࡿ㛗ᮇேཱྀῶᑡഴྥࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋႠᯘ⨫ᘬᥭᚋࡢᑠᮡ㇂ࡣᗫᮧࠋ୍‖ ࡢᒣ㛫㒊㞟ⴠⓑᕝᒣ㸦ࡋࡽࡇࡸࡲ㸧14
NAGASHIMA Shunsukeᆅ༊ࡶႠᯘ⨫ᘬᥭᚋࠊேཱྀῶࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡀࠊ㛤ᣅ⪅ධ᳜ࡀධࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋἙᕝỏ℃ᅵ▼ὶ࡛ᗫᮧ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࣄࢵࣆ࣮ⓗேᮦࡀධ᳜ࡋࠊᩥ໬Ⓨಙ࣭⎔ቃάືᣐⅬ໬ࡍࡿࠋᙼࡽࡶ㛵ࢃࡗࡓ᳃ᯘಖㆤάືᡂᯝࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ1993 ᖺࡢࣘࢿࢫࢥୡ⏺⮬↛㑇⏘Ⓩ㘓ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ᫬௨㝆 I ࢱ࣮ࣥཷධ㸦Ẹᐟ࣭࢞࢖ࢻ࣭⮬↛ឡዲᐙ࣭࢖ࣥࢸࣜ㸧
ࠊU ࢱ࣮ࣥ⪅᪂つ஦ᴗᒎ㛤㸦Ẹᐟ࣭࢞࢖ࢻ࣭ᅵ⏘≀ᒇ㸧ࠊほගᴗ࣭㏻ಙᩍ⫱ࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᴗ᪂つཧධ➼࡛ࠊᏳᐃ໬ഴྥࡀጞࡲࡾ 20 ᖺ㏆ࡃ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᓥෆᚠ⎔㐨ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡏ࠸ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᒣ㛫㒊ഃ࡜ᾏᓊ㒊ഃ࡬ࡢ㠃✚ⓗࡺ࡜ࡾࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᓥෆ࡯ࡰᆒ➼࡛ࠊ≉ᐃ㞟ⴠ࣭ᆅᇦࡢࡳࡀⴠࡕ㎸ࡴ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ➨୍ḟ I ࢱ࣮ࣥୡ௦ࡀᓥẸ࢞࢖ࢻ⫱ᡂ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀேཱྀῶࢆ㣗࠸Ṇࡵ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿ࡞࡝ࡢࠊ඲ᅜⓗ࡟ࡶᕼ᭷࡞ᒎ㛤ࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᏳᐃࡢ୰࡛ࡶ୰ᚰᆅ࡜す㒊ᯘ㐨ഃࡢ༡໭୧ᆅᇦ࡛ேཱྀࡀῶࡾࠊ༡࣭ᮾ㒊࡛ቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⮬↛ὴᚿྥⓗ࡞♫఍ᙧᡂ࡜▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋཱྀỌⰋ㒊ᓥᖥᮎᮇ༙ᖺవࡾࡢ▷ᮇ㛫ࠊⱥᅜᐦ㈠᫆ᇶᆅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡓᚋ⾜ᨻศ㞳᫬௦ࡶቃ⏺஺᫆ᇶᆅ࡜ࡋ࡚≉ู࡞ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ◲㯤⏘ᆅ࣭᫂἞ᮇཬࡧᡓᚋධ᳜ᆅ࡜ࡋ࡚ேཱྀᨭᣢຊࡶ㧗ࡃࠊ㞟ⴠࡣ 20 ㏆ࡃ࡟ୖࡾࠊ1,500 ே࡟ࡶ㐩ࡋࡓࠋ࢞ࢪࣗࢶ⏕⏘ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᒇஂᓥᒓᓥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅᇦ᱁ᕪ࡟୙‶ࡀ㧗ࡲࡾࠊศᮧ㐠ືࡶ୍᫬Ⓨ⏕ࠋ◲㯤⏘ᴗ⾶㏥࣭ⅆᒣ኱ᄇⅆࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊேཱྀῶᑡࡣຍ㏿໬ࡋ࡚ࠊ ᫬ࡢ 1 ๭ࠋᒃఫᆅࡣ࡯ࡰ 2 ᆅ༊࡟㝈ᐃࠋࡦࡻ࠺ࡓࢇᓥ㸦ᒣᾏ㸧␃Ꮫ࡛ࠊᑠ୰ᏛᏑ⥆ࢆᅗࡿࠋ㧗㱋⪅Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡢ㒓ᅵ㈨ᩱ཰㞟ᒎ♧᪋タࡀࠊᜏᖖ᪋タ໬ࡋ࡚ࠊᆅᇦࡢ♫఍ᩍ⫱ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⱝ⪅ࡢ᣺⯆఍ࠊࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࠕᏊᏞ௦ࠎࡢཱྀỌⰋ㒊ᓥࢆክぢࡿࠖᖺᐤ⤌ࡀࠊ㐺␯ⓗᒎ㛤㸦㝈⏺㞟ⴠ࡜ࡣ┿㏫㸧ࡢṑ㌴࡜ࡋ࡚ᘔࡾጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱Ꮫྡ㄃ᩍᤵ➼ࡀᒃఫࡋࠊእ㒊኱Ꮫ㛵ಀ⪅ࡶ㛵ࢃࡗࡓࠊ≉␗࡞ᆅᇦ᣺⯆ࡀጞࡲࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ2007 ᖺᅜ❧බᅬ࡟⤌㎸ࡲࢀࡓࡀࠊᪧᮧⴠ࣭Ṕྐ࣭ⅆᒣ࣭㔛⏕ά➼ࡢ᪂࢞࢖ࢻไࡶᶍ⣴୰࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㤿ẟᓥ඲ᅜⓗ࡟ࡶᩘወ࡞ேཱྀኚືࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓᓥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ✀Ꮚᓥụ⏣࣭ᕞஅᓮ࣭ሹ㸦࠶ࡲ㸧ἩఫẸࡢ≉ᶒⓗ⁺ᴗᶒ㸦ࢺࣅ࢘࢜➼ 1763 ᖺ㸧ࡢᏘ⠇ᐃఫᆅࠋ᫂἞ึᮇኈ᪘ࡢ∵㣫⫱
ᆅࠊ1881 ᖺᅜႠ⦉⨺㣫⫱ሙࠊᡓᚋධ᳜ 80 ᡞࠊ〇⢾ᕤሙࠊ໭ᾏ㐨࠿ࡽࡢ㓗㎰⛣ఫࡶཷࡅධࢀࡓࠋ㤿ẟ㮵㣗ᐖ࣭᪭㨧࣭㢼ᐖ➼࡛ 358 ே࠸ࡓேཱྀࡣᛴῶࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࠋ1979 ᖺẸ㛫㛤Ⓨ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ⏝ᆅ㈙཰ࡀᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟ጞࡲࡾ 1980 ᖺ࡟ࡣ↓ேᓥ໬ࠋ1985 ᖺⴠ㞾ⅆ⅏㸦⩣ᖺࣂࢵࢱࡢ␗ᖖⓎ⏕㸧ࠋ2008 ᖺఫẸⓏ㘓ேཱྀ 6 ேࠊ09 ᖺ 4 ேࠊ10 ᖺ 4 ேࠊ11 ᖺ 3 ே඲ဨ⏨ᛶ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ෌ࡧ᭷ேᓥᢅ࠸࡟࡞ࡿࠋᅉࡳ࡟ 2005 ᖺᅜㄪேཱྀ 15 ே୰ዪᛶ 1 ே඲ဨᘓタᴗࠋ2010 ᖺᅜㄪேཱྀࡣ 11 ே඲ဨ⏨ᛶ㸦ᘓタᴗ 10 ேࠊ〇㐀ᴗ 1 ேࠊ඲ဨ➨ 2ḟ⏘ᴗࠊ඲ဨ 40 ṓ௨ୖࠊ⪔ᆅ 0㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

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Social Changes and Demographical Structure of the Villages in the Osumi Islands: Reclamation, Emigration, Extinction, Creation and Cultural Renaissance✀Ꮚᓥᖹᡂ኱ྜే࡛ࡶ⇃ẟ㒆၏୍ࡢ」ᩘ⮬἞యᓥࠋ༡㒊࡟Ᏹᐂ㛤Ⓨ஦ᴗᅋࡀᇶᆅࢆᵓ࠼ࠊ
ᆅ᪉㈈ᨻࡢ≉␗ᵓ㐀ࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟స⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᓥࡢேཱྀῶᑡ⋡࣭ኚືࡣࠊ⮬἞యู㸦2005 ᖺ㹼2010 ᖺᅜㄪࠊす⾲ᕷ 5.4%ῶࠊ୰✀Ꮚ⏫ 6.8%ῶࠊ༡✀Ꮚ⏫ 7.9%ῶ㸧࣭㞟ⴠ࣭ฟ㌟⪅㞟ᅋ࣭ᾏᓊ㒊ᒣ㛫㒊࣭⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ู➼࡛ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⸬ᨻࠊ∾ࡢṔྐࠊ⛣ఫཷධࡢṔྐࠊ⛣ఫ⪅㞟ᅋࡢ᥎⛣ࠊࡑࡢᩥ໬⥅ᢎࠊࡑࡢ⦅ᖺྐࡣ୍ⴭࢆせࡍࡿ࡯࡝࡟⯆࿡῝࠸஦ᐇ࡟࠶ࡩࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᫂἞࣭኱ṇᮇࡣ⛣ఫẸࢆཷࡅධࢀ⥆ࡅࠊேཱྀቑࡀ
⥆࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᫛࿴ 30 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽேཱྀࡣῶࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᫂἞ᮇࡣ 17 ᖺᒣᕝ࠿ࡽ 6 ᡞࠊ19
㹼20 ᖺ⏋ᓥ࠿ࡽ 600 వᡞࠊ19 ᖺᆓὠ࠿ࡽ 19 ᡞࠊ28 ᖺᚨஅᓥ࠿ࡽᩘᡞࠊἈỌⰋ㒊ᓥ㸦ྎ㢼࣭᪭㨧㸧㞟ᅋ⛣ఫࠋ30 ᖺ㤶ᕝ࠿ࡽ 10 ᡞࠊ኱ศ࣭㟼ᒸࠋࡉࡽ࡟႐⏺ᓥ࣭዆⨾኱ᓥ࣭୚ㄽᓥ࣭Ἀ⦖࣭࣐ࣖࢺᮏᅵ➼➼ࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚኱ṇ 3 ᖺᱜᓥ኱ᄇⅆ࡛ 2,753 ே㸦ᱜᓥඖேཱྀࡢ 27%┦ᙜ㸧ࢆཷࡅධࢀࠊ2014 ᖺ⛣ఫ 100 ᖺ☃タ⨨ࠋ✀Ꮚᓥ୰ኸ㒊ࡢ༡໭࡟㉮ࡿ⫼㦵ᆅ㸦ྎᆅ:ᪧ∾ሙ࣭኱᳃ᯘᆅ㸧ࡀ୺ࡓࡿᘬࡁཷࡅሙᡤ࡛ࠊ⏣⏿ᆅᖏ࡟Ⅼࠎ࡜㞟ⴠࡀసࡽࢀࡓࠋ᫂἞ึᮇࡢሙྜࡣ≉࡟すஅ⾲࡟㞟୰ࡋࠊ99 㞟ⴠ୰ 30 㞟ⴠࡀࡑࡢ⛣ఫ㞟ⴠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏋ᓥ⛣ఫࡣྎ㢼㣹Ṛࡀゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇࡣ୰ẘ➼࡟ࡼࡿ⑓Ṛ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᫂἞ᮇ࠿ࡽᅜᗜ⿵ຓࡶ࠶ࡾேཱྀቑࡣᓥࡢⓎᒎ࡜๓ྥࡁ࡟Ḽ㏄ࡉࢀࡓࠋᅵᆅࡢవ⿱ࡶ୚࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏋ᓥ࠿ࡽࡢ⛣ఫ㞟ⴠ࡛ࡣࢺࢩࢻࣥࡀ⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔝ᮌஅᖹࡣබẸ㤋࡟ࠕࢺࢩࢻࣥࡢ㔛ࠖࢆᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᏊ࡝ࡶࡶ኱ேࡶࣘࢿࢫࢥ↓ᙧᩥ໬㑇⏘ᣦᐃࢆ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ⏋ᓥ࡜ࡢ஺ὶពḧࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿேࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡿࠋ100 ࿘ᖺ࡛ࢺࢩࢻࣥ᚟άࢆ㐙ࡆࡓ㞟ⴠ㸦㠡ຬࡃࡽࡊࡳ㸧ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㤶ᕝ࣭኱ศ࡜ࡢΰఫ㞟ⴠࡔࡀࠊୗ⏋ᓥฟ㌟⪅࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎ 2014 ᖺᮎ࡛ࡶ௒ࡶ᪂ࡓ࡟⇕ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲ࡜ࡵ࡟࠿࠼࡚✀Ꮚᓥ࡬ࡢ⛣ఫྐ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᆅඖグ㘓ࡣከ࠸ࡀࠊࡲࡔ⥲ᣓⓗ࡞ᅗ᭩ห⾜࡟ࡲ࡛ࡣ⮳ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᆅඖ㧗ᰯ㒓ᅵ㒊ࡶྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⯆࿡῝ࡃព⩏῝࠸Ṕྐᒎ㛤࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⤌⧊ⓗ࡛య⣔ⓗ࡞グ㘓ಖᏑࡀᮃࡲࢀࡿࠋཱྀஅỌⰋ㒊ࡣ⅏ᐖྐⓗᩚ⌮ࡢ௚࡟ࠊቃ⏺
㞳ᓥࡢ඾ᆺⓗ࡞⦅ᖺᣐⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㔜せㄪᰝᆅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅඖ㈨ᩱࡶᩚ࠸ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
ࣉࣟ࡟ࡼࡿᨭ᥼ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㤿ẟᓥࡣ㛤Ⓨࡀᴟᗘ࡟㐍ࡳࠊ⏕ែ⣔グ㘓࣭㞟ⴠྐ࣭ᩍ⫱ྐ࣭⏘ᴗྐ࡞࡝ࡢグ㘓ⓗಖᏑ༴ᶵ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢබⓗᡭᙜࡶ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᒇஂᓥࡣἲᩥᏛ㒊᱓ཎ◊✲ᐊ࡟ࡼࡿᑠᮡ㇂㞟ⴠ㛫ࡢ⛣ఫ⪅ㄪᰝࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⓑᕝᒣ࢖ࣥࢸࣜ㞟ⴠࡢṔྐࡣᆅඖᒃఫ⪅ࡢ㛫࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶṇ☜࡞グ㘓໬ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᪧୖᒇஂ⏫࡛ࡣ㸦ᒇஂ⏫࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸧ᮧⴠ㒓ᅵㄅࡀḞⴠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒࠿ࡽ࡛ࡶࡑࡢᩚ⌮࡜ಖᏑᥐ⨨ࡀᛴົ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ