No. 103
November 2000

Established1961
IN THIS ISSUE
Page

LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR ...................................................................................................................................... 1

THE 116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE.................................................................................................. 3

EFFECTIVE METHODS TO COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME IN
CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSES
Course Rationale....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Course Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Lecture Topics .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Individual Presentation Topics ............................................................................................................................. 11Group Discussion Sessions .................................................................................................................................... 13Group 1 Phase 1
Group 2 Phase 1
Group 3 Phase 1
Group 1 Phase 2Group 2 Phase 2Group 3 Phase 2
Observation Visits .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Group Study Tours................................................................................................................................................. 33
Special Events ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Reference Materials Distributed........................................................................................................................... 37
Visiting Experts ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
Participants .............................................................................................................................................................. 43

INFORMATION ABOUT PROGRAMMES .................................................................................................................... 49
Recent Activities..................................................................................................................................................... 49
Forthcoming Training Programmes.................................................................................................................... 49
The 117th International Seminar .......................................................................................................... 49
The 118th International Training Course............................................................................................. 52
Upcoming Activities............................................................................................................................................... 52
ADMINISTRATIVE NEWS................................................................................................................................................ 53
FACULTY & STAFF OF UNAFEI .................................................................................................................................... 55

UNAFEI IS AN AFFILIATED REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1

LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR
It is my privilege to inform readers of the successful completion of the 116th International
Training Course on “Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal
Justice Processes”, from 28 August to 15 November 2000. In this Course we welcomed 11
Japanese and 14 overseas participants: 8 from Asia, 2 from Oceania, 1 from South America, and 3
from Africa. They included members of the police, judiciary and other high-ranking public officials.
As this newsletter demonstrates, this Course was extremely productive. It consisted of Individual
Presentations, Group Workshop Sessions, visits to relevant criminal justice agencies, andpresentations by visiting experts and ad hoc lecturers.
Continuing UNAFEI’s commitment to address transnational organized crime, the 116th
International Training Course examined current trends and issues in investigating such crime,
particularly the expansion of investigative techniques in the areas of electronic surveillance, controlled
delivery, undercover operations and tracing crimes. It is recognised that transnational organizedcrime is increasing in the global community at an unprecedented rate. Its perpetration, under the
influence of criminal organizations, has proved a serious problem in various countries of the world,
including those in the Asia-Pacific region.
In order to combat transnational organized crime, various methods need to be addressed at
all levels of the criminal justice system. At the legislative level, criminalization of participation in an
organized criminal group, establishment of money laundering offences, adoption of confiscation
measures, and criminalization of the bribery or intimidation of witnesses and officials arerecommended.
At investigation, the introduction of special techniques such as controlled delivery, electronicor other forms of surveillance, and undercover operations should be promoted. New investigativetechnologies, such as taking testimony or statements via video link or other modern means ofcommunication, should also be taken into consideration, as should the use of statements andtestimony with witness immunity. In order for such evidence to be admitted in court, revision of theevidentiary rules in each country and the adoption of witness and victim protection measures may
also be necessary at the trial level.
The effectiveness of surveillance and investigative techniques for transnational organizedcrime needs to be secured through corresponding changes in domestic and international legislative
provisions and legal practices. Without a coordinated and cooperative approach between all
criminal justice agencies - locally, nationally and globally - the prevalence and growth oftransnational organized crime will not be contained.
During the twelve-week period, the participants diligently and comprehensively examinedmeasures to prevent and combat transnational organized crime. This was accomplished primarily
through comparative analysis of the current situation of and problems in investigative practices,
including legislative and technological issues, in relation to such crime. Our in-depth discussions
enabled us to put forth effective and practical solutions to the emerging and existing problems oforganized crime in the global society.

2

I would like to offer my sincere congratulations to all the participants for their successful
completion of the Course, made possible by their strenuous efforts. My heartfelt gratitude goes tothe visiting experts and ad hoc lecturers who contributed a great deal to the Course's success.
Furthermore, I appreciate the indispensable assistance and cooperation extended to UNAFEI by
the various agencies and institutions which helped diversify the programme.
A warm tribute must be paid to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for its
immeasurable support throughout the Course. At the same time, I must express great appreciation
to the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation (ACPF) and its branch organizations for their substantial
contributions. Lastly, I owe my gratitude to all the individuals whose unselfish efforts behind thescenes contributed significantly to the successful realization of this Course.
Upon returning to their home countries, I genuinely believe that, like their predecessors, thestrong determination and dedication of the participants will enable them to contribute significantly tothe improvement of their respective nation's criminal justice systems, and to the international society
as a whole.
Finally, I would like to reiterate my best regards to the participants of the 116th International
Training Course. I hope that the experience they gained during the Course proves valuable in their
daily work, and that the human bonds fostered among the participants, visiting experts, lecturers and
UNAFEI staff will continue to grow for years to come.

November 2000

Mikinao Kitada
Director, UNAFEI

3

THE 116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE“EFFECTIVE METHODS TO COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSES”
Course Rationale
Transnational organized crime is a growing threat to the security of the international society
and the stability of sovereign states. It undermines the integrity of legitimate national economies,
global financial systems, the rule of law and fundamental social values. It is of particular concern thattransnational organized crime breeds corruption, and weakens emerging democracies anddeveloping countries around the world.
Drug trafficking, money laundering, the use of violence and extortion, acts of corruption,
trafficking in women and children, illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, the illegal
trafficking and transportation of migrants, environmental crime, card fraud, computer related crime,
illegal trafficking of stolen vehicles, industrial espionage and sabotage, maritime piracy, infringementof intellectual property rights, perpetrated under the influence of criminal organizations, have been
serious problems in various countries of the world, including Asia and the Pacific region.
In recognition of the gravity of the above-mentioned situation, the United Nations has given
special attention to the issue of transnational organized crime. Initiatives have been taken in thisregard by the United Nations Ministerial Conference on Organized Transnational Crime, held in
Naples, Italy in 1994. The Conference adopted an international document entitled the “Naples
Political Declaration and Global Action Plan against Organized Transnational Crime”, which was
subsequently endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly (General Assembly resolution
49/159 of 23 December 1994).
Furthermore, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/111 of 9 December 1998, the Ad
Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime wascreated for the purpose of drafting a comprehensive international convention on transnationalorganized crime, and for discussing the elaboration, as appropriate, of international instruments
addressing: trafficking in women and children; the combating of the illicit manufacture of andtrafficking in firearms, their parts and components, and ammunition; and the illegal trafficking in andtransporting of migrants, including by sea. An intensive drafting exercise is ongoing in the Ad Hoc
Committee, with the goal of completing its work by the year 2000.
Taking this into consideration, UNAFEI, as a regional institute (affiliated with the United
Nations) for the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders, decided to undertake a series ofinternational training courses and seminars for the coming few years under the general theme of“transnational organized crime”.
In order to combat transnational organized crime, the draft United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime proposes various methods. At the legislative level,
criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group (Article 3), establishment of money
laundering offences (Article 4), establishment of the liability of legal persons for participation inserious crime involving an organized criminal group (Article 5), adoption of confiscation measures(Article 7), and criminalization of the bribery of witnesses and intimidation of witnesses/officials(Article 17) are proposed.

4

In investigation, the Convention encourages member states to introduce the appropriate useof special investigative techniques such as controlled delivery, electronic or other forms ofsurveillance, and undercover operations (Article 15). New investigative technologies, such as taking
testimony or statements via video link (close circuit TV) or other modern means of communication,
should be taken into consideration. This Convention will be of particular importance to criminal
justice in the coming century, as it corresponds with recent developments in scientific technology
throughout the world. In this connection, the use of statements and testimony with immunity can betaken into consideration.
In order for evidence, through the above methods, to be admitted as substantial evidence intrial, revision of the evidentiary rules in each country may be needed. Furthermore, member states
are encouraged to adopt witness and victim protection measures, such as establishing proceduresfor physical protection, and permitting testimony to be given through the use of communications
technology (Article 18 and 18 bis). Thus in order to implement effective methods for investigating,prosecuting and punishing transnational organized criminals, it is significant to analyze the situation of
the said crimes, and accordingly, to examine the feasibility and modality of such methods to addressthem.
Giving due consideration to the above rationale, this Training Course purports to explore theways and means of strengthening and improving investigative methods in the fight against
transnational organized crime. Particular focus will be given to the effective implementation of themechanisms of criminal investigation and trial. Sharing practical information and experiences on how
other countries tackle our common issues will facilitate our efforts in the fight against transnationalorganized crime.
In the discussion of this course, focus will be placed on the following elements:(1) Overview of the situation of transnational organized crime.
(i) Current situation of:(a)Illicit drug trafficking(b)Illegal firearms trafficking(c)Human (women and children) trafficking(d)Trafficking of stolen vehicles(e)
Card fraud(f)Money laundering(g)
Others (excluding terrorism)(ii) Current situation of:(h)Major transnational organized criminal groups(2) Tools facilitating the investigation of transnational organized crime.
(i) The current situation, problems in utilizing and solutions for:(a)Controlled delivery(b)Electronic surveillance (wire-tapping, communications interception etc)(c)
Undercover operations(ii) Best practice and weak points of conventional investigative techniques such as
interrogation of suspects, interviews with witnesses, search and seizure, shadowing,
observation etc.
(3) Methods for obtaining cooperation with witnesses to punish organized criminals. Current
situation, problems in utilizing and solutions for:

5

(a)
(b)

Immunity
Witness and victim protection programmes(4) Components and legal frameworks for combating transnational organized crime:(a)Criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group(b)
Anti-money laundering system(c)
Asset forfeiture system (for assets derived from organized crimes)(5) Best practice in exercising international cooperation in criminal matters (extradition andmutual legal assistance) to tackle transnational organised crime.

6

Course Summary
Lectures
In total, 14 lectures were presented by visiting experts, 14 by ad hoc lecturers, 9 by thefaculty, Deputy Director and Director of UNAFEI. Five distinguished criminal justice practitioners
from abroad served as UNAFEI visiting experts. They lectured on issues relating to the main theme,
and contributed significantly to the Course by encouraging discussions after their own lectures,
participating in the discussions of other programmes, and conversing with the participants on
informal occasions. Additionally, ad hoc lectures were delivered by distinguished senior officials of
the Government of Japan. Lecturers and lecture topics are listed on pages 7 to 10.
Individual Presentations
During the first four weeks, each Japanese and overseas participant delivered a one-hour
Individual Presentation which introduced the actual situation, problems and future prospects of
his/her country. These papers were compiled into a book entitled "COUNTRY REPORTS FOR
THE INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE IN CRIME PREVENTION" and distributed to
all the participants. The titles of these Individual Presentation papers are listed on pages 11 and 12.
Group Workshop Sessions
Group Workshop Sessions further examined the subtopics of the main theme. In order to
conduct each session effectively, the UNAFEI faculty selected individuals to serve as ‘groupmembers’ for the sub-topics, based on their response to a questionnaire previously distributed.
Selected participants served as chairpersons, co-chairpersons, rapporteurs or co-rapporteurs, andfaculty members served as advisers. Each group’s primary responsibility was to explore anddevelop their designated topics in the Group Workshop Sessions. The participants and UNAFEI
faculty seriously studied the topics and exchanged their views based on information obtained throughpersonal experience, the Individual Presentations, lectures and so forth. After the Group Workshop
Sessions, reports were drafted based on the discussions in the conference hall. These reports were
subsequently presented in the Report-Back Session, where they were endorsed as the reports of the
Course. Summaries of the Group Workshop reports are provided on pages 13 through 30.
Visits and Special Events
Visits to various agencies and institutions in Japan helped the participants obtain a morepractical understanding of the Japanese criminal justice system. In addition to the Course's
academic agenda, many activities were arranged to provide a greater understanding of Japanesesociety and culture, with the assistance of various organizations and individuals, including the Asia
Crime Prevention Foundation (ACPF). For more detailed descriptions, please refer to pages 31
through 36.
Lecture Topics

7

UNAFEI Lectures
Mr. Mikinao Kitada, Director, UNAFEI• International Efforts to Combat Transnational Organized Crime
Mr. Keiichi Aizawa, Deputy Director, UNAFEI• Current Crime Trends in Japan• United Nations Activities in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal JusticeProfessors Lectures
1)

Mr. Yuichiro Tachi, Professor, UNAFEI• Investigation and Prosecution: Criminal Justice System in Japan

2)

Mr. Chikara Satou, Professor, UNAFEI• Criminal Procedure after Prosecution

3)

Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka, Professor, UNAFEI• Criminal Justice System in Japan: the Courts

4)

Mr. Shinya Watanabe, Professor, UNAFEI• Corrections in Japan5)

Ms. Mikiko Kakihara, Professor, UNAFEI• The Criminal Justice System in Japan: Rehabilitation in the Community

6)

Mr. Akihiro Nosaka, Professor, UNAFEI• Volunteer Probation Officers (VPOs) in Japan

Visiting Experts Lectures

81)

Dr. Johan Peter Wilhelm Hilger (Germany)• Measures of Investigation in Cases of Organized Crime in the Criminal Process of Germany• Controlled Delivery• Principal Witness Regulations to Suppress Organized Crime in Germany• Organized Crime/ Witness Protection in Germany

2)

Mr. Peter Yam Tat-wing (Hong Kong)• Triads• Components of an Effective Anti-money Laundering Regime• Fighting Hong Kong’s Organized Crime: The Organized & Serious Crime Ordinance3)

Mr. Franco Roberto (Italy)• Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes

4)

Mr. Park Yong Kwan (Korea)• Transnational Organized Crime and the Countermeasures in Korea

5)

Mr. Bruce Ohr (United States of America)• Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes

Ad Hoc Lectures91)

Mr. Noriaki Kojima
Director, International Research and Training Institute for Criminal Investigation,
National Police Academy of Japan• Japanese Police

2)

Mr. Kou Akatsuka
Director of Management, Asia Crime Prevention Foundation (ACPF), Japan• International Cooperation for “Prosperity without Crime”: Past, Present and Future of the
Asia Crime Prevention Foundation

3)

Mr. Yuuki Furuta
Director General, Criminal Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Japan• Current Issues of Criminal Justice Administration in Japan

4)

Prof. Masahito Inouye
Professor, Tokyo University, Japan• Interception of Telecommunications in Organized Crime Investigation

5)

Mr. Jiro Ono
Director, First Organized Crime Control Division, National Police Agency, Japan• Measures to Combat Organized Crime

6)

Mr. Minoru Ui
Deputy Director, Criminal Affairs Department, Tokyo District Public Prosecutors
Office, Japan• Issues in the Investigation and Prosecution of Boryokudan Related Cases

7)

Mr. Yasushi Iijima
Attorney, Ministry of Justice, Japan• Outline of the Victim Protection Program of Japan

10

8)

Mr. Mune Ohno
Deputy Director, Criminal Affairs Department, Tokyo District Public Prosecutors
Office, Japan• Issues in Investigating and Prosecuting Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) Cases Special Emphasis on Controlled Delivery and Confiscation of Illicit Proceeds

9)

Mr. Isamu Ikenoue
Enforcement Division, Customs & Tariff Bureau, Ministry of Finance, Japan• Illicit Trafficking and Countermeasures in Japan: Intelligence, Controlled Delivery etc.

10) Mr. Megumi Yamamuro
Judge, Tokyo District Court, Japan• Admissibility of Evidence Obtained in the Course of Undercover Operations, Controlled
Delivery and Electronic Surveillance11) Mr. Kenzaburo Yazawa
Attorney, Ministry of Justice, Japan• Outline of the New Anti-Organized Crime Laws
12) Mr. Masayoshi Kimura
Attorney, Finance Service Agency, Japan• Legal Framework for Anti-Money Laundering in Japan and the Role of the Finance Service
Agency13) Mr. Takayoshi Tsuda
Superintendent, National Police Agency, Japan• Current Situation of and Countermeasures against Transnational Organized Crime in Japan
14) Mr. Keisuke Senta
Public Prosecutor, Criminal Affairs Department, Tokyo District Public Prosecutors
Office, Japan• On the draft United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

11

Individual Presentation Topics
Overseas Participants
1)

Mr. Ruy Gomes Silva (Brazil)• Crime Prevention: Effective Measures to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal
Justice Processes

2)

Mr. Xue Qin Wang (China)• The Chinese Illegal Immigrants’ Modus Operandi and Countermeasures

3)

Mr. Ramend (Fiji)• Crime Prevention: The Administration of Criminal Justice4)

Mr. Sanjiv Kumar Upadhyay (India)• Crime in India

5)

Mr. Genot Hariyanto (Indonesia )• Indonesia Country Report

6)

Mr. Sengsouvanh Chanthalounnavong (Laos)• Crime Prevention: Effective Measures to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal
Justice Processes

7)

Mr. Md. Mustafa Bin Abdullah (Malaysia )• Country Paper on Transnational Organized Crime (Malaysia)

8)

Mr. Donald Ngor Ngor Awunah (Nigeria)• Crime Prevention: Effective Measures to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal
Justice Processes - the Nigerian Perspective

9)

Mr. Zafar Iqbal Gondal (Pakistan)• Crime Prevention (The Administration of Criminal Justice): Effective Measures to Combat
Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes

10)

Mr. Hubert Sareke (Papua New Guinea)• Country Report: Transnational Organized Crime in Papua New Guinea

11)

Mr. Ricardo Tiuseco Pamintuan (Philippines)• Country Report on Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal
Justice Processes (Philippines)

12)

Mr. Iddi Saidi King’wai (Tanzania )• Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes:
Tanzania’s Experience13)

Mr. Suwit Savaengthong (Thailand)• Transnational Organized Crime relating to Women Trafficking in Thailand

12
14)

Mr. John Kamya (Uganda)• Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes: A
Case for Uganda

Japanese Participants
15)

Mr. Hiroyoshi Amamoto (Japan)• Treatment of Organized Gangster Group Members and Foreigners in Penal Institutions

16)

Mr. Toshihiro Fukushi (Japan)• Evidence for the Proceedings of Transnational Organized Crime: The Actual Situation ofJapanese Criminal Procedure

17)

Mr. Yoshihiko Hatanaka (Japan)• Drug Trafficking Case by an Organized Criminal Group18)

Ms. Keiko Hoshi (Japan)• Crime Prevention: Effective Measures to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal
Justice Processes

19)

Ms. Mitsuyo Inada (Japan)• The Treatment of Boryokudan Members

20)

Mr. Shuichi Inoue (Japan)• The Present Situation of Smuggling and Trafficking of Migrants: Countermeasures to these

Problems from the Viewpoint of the Immigration Control Administration
21)

Mr. Satomi Konno (Japan)• Report on Countermeasures against Illegal Drugs

22)

Mr. Takeshi Miyamoto (Japan)• A Study on Effective Investigation and Measures for Trials Regarding Organized Crime(Syndicates) in Japan23)

Mr. Masashi Shibata (Japan)• The Protection of Witnesses and Victims in Japanese Criminal Procedure

24)

Mr. Testuji Tamagoshi (Japan)• Illegal Trafficking of Immigrants, Drugs and Firearms in the Waters Surrounding Japan25)

Mr. Tomoyuki Yokokawa (Japan)• Possible Prevention Measures against Transnational Organized Crime from the Perspective ofa Public Security Investigation Agency Officer

13Group Workshop Sessions
The following section summarizes the Group Workshop Session reports. The full text of thereports will be included in UNAFEI Resource Material Series No. 58. For this course, thetraditional format of one comprehensive report has been replaced by two separate reports producedby each group on the designated topics.
Group 1
Phase 1ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF
ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING

Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur
Members

Advisers

Mr. Mustafa Abdullah
Mr. Ruy Gomes Silva
Mr. John Kamya
Mr. Satomi Konno

Mr. Wang Xue Qin
Mr. Genot Hariyanto
Mr. Yoshihiko Hatanaka
Mr. Masashi Shibata
Mr. Tetsuji Tamagoshi
Prof. Chikara Satou
Prof. Hiroshi Tsutomi
Prof. Mikiko Kakihara(Malaysia )(Brazil)(Uganda)(Japan)(China)(Indonesia)(Japan)(Japan)(Japan)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)

Report SummaryI.

INTRODUCTION

Illicit drug trafficking has become a serious issue confronting both developing and developed
nations and it figures very prominently in transnational organized crime (TOC). In most countries,
despite years of drug suppression and prevention efforts, the cycle of drug trafficking and drug
abuse continues. If allowed to remain unabated, the drug menace will considerably destroy thequality of life of people and hamper countries in their social, economic and cultural development.
II.

ISSUES

The group addressed 5 important issues in relation to this topic. The first issue is drug
production. It was noted that global opium production increased by one-third in 1999, although
opium poppy cultivation on the whole decreased by 20,000 hectares. The cultivation of opium
poppy in the Golden Triangle, particularly Myanmar, has declined significantly from 130,300
kilograms in 1998 to 89,500 kilograms in 1999. Contrarily, production in the Golden Crescent,particularly Afghanistan, has increased by about 41%, from 63,674 kilograms in 1998 to 90,983
kilograms in 1999. This shows a considerable shift of opium production from South East Asia to
South West Asia in the corresponding year.

The production of cocaine also shows a trend of decline in the South American region. For
example, in 1999 the cultivation of coca bush declined in Bolivia by 43%, and in Peru by 24%, eventhough Columbia had a significant increase of 20% in the same year. As for cannabis, there are no14

figures available but it was reported that there are 120 countries involved in illicit cannabis cultivationworldwide, with Morocco, South Africa, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mexico, Colombia andJamaica still being "primary" source countries. Thailand emerged as a major center of the illicit
production of Amphetamine-Type-Stimulants (ATS) in South East Asia, which are increasingly
gaining ground not only in Asia but also in North America and Western Europe. The Golden
Triangle, which at one time was used exclusively for the refining of heroin, is now being used for the
manufacturing of methamphetamine as well.
Second is the issue of consumption. It is reported that worldwide drug abuse has reachedalarming levels. In the USA for example, about 13 million people (6.1% of the total population)used drugs on a casual or a monthly basis in 1996. In Pakistan, the number of people addicted toheroin was estimated to be 1.52 million people in 1995. It is estimated that 20% of the total
European population is affected by drugs in one way or another. Cocaine consumption is mostwidespread in Spain, the UK, Netherlands and Germany. Switzerland and Italy also seem to haverather high levels of cocaine consumption. Abuse of cocaine is also reported to have spread more
widely in Australia, Western and Southern Africa. In South East Asia, the abuse of drugs likecannabis and heroin still remains high and ATS like ecstasy and shabu have gain much ground. The
abuse of these types of drugs is also widespread in China, India, Pakistan and Japan. On the other
hand, cocaine is the drug of choice in West Africa, particularly Ghana and Nigeria, and also in SouthAmerica, particularly Brazil.
Besides consuming, countries such as China, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Laos,
Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Pakistan and Brazil are also known to be major transit countries
used by drug traffickers. This is because those countries are closer to the main drug resource
regions. It is noted that some other drug transiting countries have also been turning into consuming
ones.
Third is the issue of the modus operandi and trafficking routes. Since drug trafficking has
been the most profitable illegal activity in the world, drug traffickers, while spreading their wings,
have resorted to the use of all sorts of modus operandi to evade detection by the authorities.
Though their modus operandi might differ from country to country, internationally detected modesof concealment are ingestion, leg casts and body wraps; use of false bottoms of luggage,concealment in imported packages such as electronic equipment, food, false cavities of furniture etc;
concealment in special compartments in vehicles and ships, containers and air freights; and delivery
by courier services. In Japan, methods such as soaking clothes in drug solutions and melting drugs
in whisky have been detected. Besides this, cargo vessels equipped with Global Positioning System(GPS) are being used to ferry in large amounts of methamphetamine for easy maneuvers andmeetings on the high seas.
The routes taken in the trafficking of drugs are often by air, sea and land, depending verymuch on the geographical location of the countries concerned. In countries like Brazil and Japan,
sea and air routes are usually used; while in Laos, China, Pakistan and India, land and air routes are
the favorite choice because of their geographical vicinity to the Golden Triangle and the Golden
Crescent. The drug rings who are engaged in the illicit smuggling of heroin from the Golden
Triangle to the USA, Australia and Europe are more often using Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia
and Singapore as their trans-shipment points.
Fourth is the issue of drug trafficking mafia groups. It is observed that big criminalorganizations such as Chinese mafia groups, Russian mafia groups, Taiwanese mafia groups,
Colombian cocaine cartels and so forth are deeply involved in drug trafficking around the world.
The Japanese Boryokudan groups are known to have links with these groups, especially in the15trafficking of methamphetamine/ATS. Iranian organized drug trafficking groups in Japan are also
rising sharply in recent years. Other known groups are the Hong Kong-based Triads, the Dawood
Ibrahim Group of India, the Nigerian and Italian groups which are operating in Brazil, Myanmar’s
ethnic militia organization such as the Kachin Independent Army (KIA), New Democratic Army
(NDA), Wa Army (WA) and Shan Independent Army (SIA) which are operating in the Golden
Triangle and last, but not least, the Force Armed Revolution Colombia (FARC) which is operating
in its controlled territorial position in Colombia.
Finally is the issue of drug seizures. It is noted that in 1988, the Asian region emerged as aleader in terms of seizures in opium and heroin, whereas the American region came out on top in the
seizure of cocaine. ATS has the potential to become the major drug problem of the twenty-first
century, based on the global seizure of this drug in 1999. One of the factors that contributed to thesurge in ATS abuse is economic incentives, where, in some countries, the clandestine manufacture ofmethamphetamine could lead to a profit of nearly 3,000% of the cost of raw materials.
In conclusion, analysis indicates that illicit drug trafficking poses a big threat to world
economies and communities. The modus operandi of transporting these drugs are changing day today (both in scope and complexity), often requiring the devising of new methods of detection.
Therefore international concerted effort is required to fight this menace if we are to have a safer
world community.

16Group 2Phase 1CURRENT SITUATION OF ILLEGAL FIREARMS TRAFFICKING
AND HUMAN (WOMEN, CHILDREN AND MIGRANTS)
TRAFFICKING

Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur
Members

Advisers

Mr. Ramend Hem Raj
Mr. Toshihiro Fukushi
Mr. Ricardo Tiuseco Pamintuan
Ms. Keiko Hoshi
Mr. Sengsouvanh Chanthalounnavong
Mr. Hubert Sareke
Mr. Suwit Savaengthong
Mr. Hiroyoshi Amamoto
Mr. Shuichi Inoue
Prof. Hiroshi Iitsuka
Prof. Shinya Watanabe(Fiji)(Japan)(Philippines)(Japan)(Laos)(Papua New Guinea)(Thailand)(Japan)(Japan)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)

Report SummaryI.

ILLEGAL FIREARMS TRAFFICKING

Firearms are generally trafficked for profit; since their underground sale is unregulated,
suppliers have absolute control over their prices. They are also used to purchase narcotics, as ishappening in Brazil and Papua New Guinea. Likewise, civil strife and a strong military presence
greatly contribute to the accumulation of firearms and ammunition in certain places. The proliferationof firearms in Nigeria is due largely to armed conflicts in that region. In Tanzania, although there isno internal strife, guns enter the country because of the civil wars in neighboring states. At othertimes, soldiers in war-torn countries, who find themselves with no meaningful employment and nouse for guns at the cessation of hostilities, end up selling their guns, as happened at the Thai borderat the end of the war with Cambodia and Vietnam.
Guns also support the illegal activities of organized criminal groups in countries like Brazil,
Japan, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, and Uganda, or are used in terrorist or guerilla warfare, as ishappening in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, and in Muslim Mindanao in the Philippines.
Firearms are trafficked around the globe through the black market. In Brazil, this is the main activityof frontier smugglers in the Brazil-Paraguay area, and the Russian mafia is suspected of sponsoring
the importation of illicit arms to Brazil through the ports of Rio de Janeiro and Santos in São Paulo.
Firearms find their way to Papua New Guinea through Australia, Indonesia and the Solomon
Islands via container cargo vessels, light aircraft, fishing trawlers and by individual couriers or
through parcel ports. Philippine-made guns reach Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, and other Asian
countries as mis-declared cargo consigned to fictitious persons, or as smuggled goods in noncommercial ports. In India, Malaysia and Nigeria, the porous borders and coasts pose a major
problem in monitoring and controlling the movement of illegal firearms. On the other hand, the illicit
trafficking of firearms in Japan is mainly done through or by the bouryokudan, which is thecollective term used to represent the various organized crime groups in Japan. In fact, in 1998,
bouryokudan members or associates were accountable for 87% of all gun-related offences.
II.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Economic alleviation and political refuge are some of the common reasons for immigration.
But some people, mostly women and children, are uprooted from their native soil to work as17

prostitutes or as slaves in another country. In the first instance, the migration is voluntary. Entry into
a foreign country is legal at the beginning, such as through gainful employment, education, cultural
exchange or tourism, but becomes illegal when the authorized period of stay or employment expires
and the foreigner opts to stay on as an illegal migrant.
By the same token, in human smuggling, prospective migrants try (but fail) to obtainlegitimate travel documents and end up seeking help from organized crime groups, who are willing toprovide them with forged travel documents for a very high fee. To pay these fees, they sometimes
resort to drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, kidnapping, murder, robbery, blackmail or extortion,and even terrorism. Their destination is usually a progressive country like the US, France, UK, Italy,
Australia or Japan, but a developing nation like China also attracts illegal migrants.
The problems of China, Japan and Fiji are more of illegal immigration rather than humantrafficking. Migrants who travel by air normally use forged passports, but those who encounter
difficulties in the face of strict landing procedures take sea routes. This leads criminal syndicates toadopt more ingenious methods of trafficking, such as changing vessels, traveling with forgeddocuments aboard vessels of legal registry, hiding in secret compartments, and disembarking at noncommercial ports.
In Brazil, Nigeria, Uganda, Thailand, India and the Philippines, some women who apply forjobs abroad end up working as prostitutes; their travel documents are withheld from them by thesame syndicates who helped them leave their respective countries. Traffickers employ various
tactics to attract victims, such as the offer of education, gainful employment, mail-order bride
schemes, or success stories. But at other times they use outright force, coercion, fraud, or deceit.
Some children in Uganda are abducted by Sudanese rebels, used in combat, sold into slavery, or
exchanged for guns. Other countries, like Laos and Malaysia, serve only as transit points for
trafficking women en route to a third country for prostitution or forced labor.

18Group 3Phase 1CURRENT SITUATION OF ORGANIZED CRIME IN
TRAFFICKING STOLEN VEHICLES, CARD FRAUD,MONEY LAUNDERING AND
MAJOR TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS

Chairperson
Co-Chairpersons
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur
MemberAdvisers

Mr. Sanjiv Kumar Upadhyay
Mr. Takeshi Miyamoto(India)(Japan)Mr. Zafar Iqbal Gondal
Mr. Tomoyuki Yokokawa
Mr. Donald NgorNgor Awunah
Mr. Iddi Saidi King’wai
Ms. Mitsuyo Inada
Deputy Director Keiichi Aizawa
Prof. Yuichiro Tachi
Prof. Akihiro Nosaka(Pakistan)(Japan)(Nigeria)(Tanzania)(Japan)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)

Report SummaryI.

INTRODUCTION

Globalization of world markets, dismantling of trade barriers, easing of visa and travel
restrictions and modern information technology has provided fertile ground for organized criminalgroups to expand into new territories, forging alliances with other criminal groups, and acquiring atransnational character. Variations in rules, procedures and policies in different countries on banking,taxation, trade and business, and assistance in criminal matters has made it easier for criminalorganizations to use international circuits for criminal activities and storage of the proceeds of crime.
II.

TRAFFICKING STOLEN VEHICLESIllicit trafficking is a serious problem in many parts of the world. The stolen vehicles
recovered in African countries are of European, American or Japanese origin. In African countries,
stolen vehicles are driven across the border or dismantled into spare parts and transported to other
African countries. Motor vehicles robbed from Tanzania and other countries of the Great Lakeregion and Southern African region have been recovered in Uganda. In the same vein, vehicles
robbed in Uganda have been recovered in other countries of the region. Similar problems exist in
Nigeria.
In India, there are incidences of the trafficking of stolen vehicles to Nepal. In Japan, theBoryokudan groups, Myanmar nationals and Vietnamese are involved in trafficking stolen vehicles.
Boryokudans steal luxury vehicles and smuggle them to Russia by sea routes, with the help of theRussian Mafia. Myanmar nationals smuggle vehicles to Myanmar and Bangladesh, whereas
Vietnamese groups send stolen motorcycles to Vietnam. Stolen motorcycles from Japan are also
smuggled into China, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Thailand.

III.

CARD FRAUDThe credit card market has grown fast in Asian countries in recent years. In India, where
the average person is not credit card friendly, the annual card spending has grown to 70,000 million

19

Rupees. The usual methods for committing card fraud have been counterfeiting, misusing stolen or
lost cards, making multiple imprints or using mail orders. In Brazil, fraud is mainly perpetrated by thecloning of credit cards. Cloning is mostly done with equipment procured from abroad (where it isfreely available), whereas in Brazil the sale of such equipment is prohibited.
In Malaysia, the modus operandi used in credit card fraud is by using card number
generators, skimming, mail/telephone order and using a fictitious identity. In the Philippines, there
are syndicates with intricate knowledge of computers and it is not difficult for them to hack banktransactions, manufacture counterfeit credit cards or forge signatures. In Japan, organized criminalgroups of Malaysian-Chinese, Japanese and Hong Kong nationals have been found to be involved in
credit card fraud. Besides this, Iranians are reported to have indulged in telephone card fraud inJapan.
IV.

MONEY LAUNDERING

Transnational criminal organizations have resorted to money laundering in different countries
in an effort to legitimize the proceeds of crime. One of the popular methods of remittance among
Asian communities settled abroad (who send money back home) is hundi or hawala, an alternative
non-banking remittance channel.
In Brazil, international mafia have used ghost beneficiaries and front and fictitious companies
for money laundering. In India, money laundering is indulged in by corporate houses to evade taxes,
as well as by organized criminal groups to launder dirty money. In Nigeria, organized criminalgroups involved in drug trafficking repatriate money from abroad by direct purchase and re-sale ofluxury items like cars and jewelry. Other methods include the over-invoicing of goods and trading instocks and shares.
In Pakistan, money laundering has linkages with drug trafficking, smuggling, tax evasion andcorruption. There have been about ten cases of money laundering in Japan since 1992 when the law
on money laundering was enacted. Boryokudans have indulged in laundering the proceeds of thesale of stimulant drugs. Chinese ‘Snakeheads’ have used underground banks for laundering moneyfrom their human trafficking activities in Japan.
V.

MAJOR TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS

Nigerian and Italian groups are prominent in illicit drug trafficking in Brazil. Nigerian groups
get cocaine from neighboring countries using Nigerians as couriers. The Italian mafia use Europeans
as couriers for trafficking drugs. Triads and ‘Snakeheads’ are Chinese mafia operating in countries
where there are Chinese settlers. ‘Snakeheads’ are mostly dealing in the trafficking of human beings,
whereas Triads are involved in drug trafficking, local extortion, illegal gambling and human trafficking.
Some of the major transnational organized crime groups operating in India are the Dawood
Ibrahim group, Chhota Rajan group and Babloo Shrivastava group. The most dreaded group is the
Dawood Ibrahim group which deals in drug trafficking, firearms trafficking, money laundering,
contract killings, smuggling and extortion. Although there may not be any organized Nigerian
criminal groups operating within Nigeria, Nigerians are reported to be members of organized crimegroups abroad.
There are dozens of identified transnational crime groups in the Philippines, whose illegal

20

activities include trafficking in women and firearms, and they have connections with the Japanese
Yakuza. In Thailand, criminal networks are involved in the trafficking of women. There are at least
seven families in Bangkok who recruit, sell and smuggle Asian women for prostitution throughout theworld.
The main organized criminal groups operating in Japan are Boryokudans, Chinese Triads
and Chinese Snakeheads. The main illegal activities of Boryokudan groups are ‘protection money’,
drug trafficking and gambling. Chinese Triads are indulging in drug trafficking, firearms trafficking,human trafficking and robbery. Chinese Snakeheads are engaged in human smuggling using forgeddocuments.
The upsurge of trafficking in stolen vehicles, card fraud and money laundering, coupled withthe emergence of transnational criminal organizations across the globe, demands galvanizedinternational effort to stem this trend.

21Group 1
Phase 2

SPECIAL INVESTIGATIVE TOOLS TO COMBATTRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur
Members

Advisers
Visiting Expert
Report SummaryI.

Mr. Mustafa Abdullah
Mr. Ruy Gomes Silva
Mr. John Kamya
Mr. Satomi Konno

Mr. Wang Xue Qin
Mr. Genot Hariyanto
Mr. Yoshihiko Hatanaka
Mr. Masashi Shibata
Mr. Tetsuji Tamagoshi
Prof. Chikara Satou
Prof. Hiroshi Tsutomi
Prof. Mikiko Kakihara
Mr. Bruce Ohr(Malaysia )(Brazil)(Uganda)(Japan)(China)(Indonesia)(Japan)(Japan)(Japan)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(USA)

INTRODUCTION

The use of traditional investigative methods to combat Transnational Organized Crime(TOC) has proved to be very difficult and ineffective. This demands that law enforcement agencies
utilize special investigative tools such as controlled delivery, undercover operations and electronic
surveillance (wiretapping, communications interception etc) to effectively fight TOC. However, theuse of these tools are often surrounded with controversy because there is always public fear thatthey might infringe on human rights, rights to privacy or be misused by the government to oppress
citizens.

II.

CONTROLLED DELIVERY

Controlled delivery is recognized to be one of the most effective investigative tools in fighting
TOC, particularly illicit drug trafficking. It is defined as the technique of allowing illicit or suspectconsignments to pass out of, through or into the territory of one or more states, under the knowledge
and the supervision of competent authorities, with a view to the investigation of an offence and theidentification of persons involved. It is noted that most participating countries have applied the use ofthis tool. Countries such as the US, Italy, Japan and Pakistan have laws explicitly providing for theuse of the tool after other investigative methods have proved ineffective or insufficient, and requires
permission from relevant authorities.
In practice, the operation of controlled delivery is very difficult and complicated, particularly
when it involves many countries. Worse still is when there is a difference in legal systems andpractices of the countries concerned, as well as the lack of cooperation and coordination amongst
various law enforcement agencies. In utilizing this tool, enforcement agencies are often haunted byfears that the illicit consignments may end up lost in the process. Even worse, in the case of firearms,
is the direct link of their loss with danger. In order to overcome these problems, we needinternational cooperation and the development of new technologies like monitoring devices tosupplement this tool.
III.
UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

22

Undercover operations means investigations involving a series of related undercoveractivities by an undercover employee (agent) over a period of time. It may be directed at only asingle crime incident, or a long-term criminal enterprise. Through such undercover operations, law
enforcement agents are able to infiltrate the highest levels of organized crime groups by posing as
criminals when real criminals discuss their plans and seek assistance in committing crimes.
It is noted that all the participating countries except Brazil and India have employed thistechnique. China, Germany, Italy, Japan (for narcotics and firearms trafficking only), Malaysia andPakistan have special laws or regulations pertaining to the conduct of undercover operations, whileother countries have conducted these operations according to guidelines formulated by the relevant
authorities.
The use of this tool has contributed greatly to the success in combating TOC. Prominent
among the undercover operations which were carried out by the US Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA), with the assistance of other law enforcement agencies, were Operation
Dinero (1994), Operation Green Ice II (1995) and Operations Pipeline and Convoy (since1984). There are a few common underlying problems in employing undercover operations. These
problems include the risk of disclosure of the true identity of an undercover agent (putting his/her life
in considerable danger), the risk that he/she may be required to undergo a test of innocence, thestressfulness of the work and the lack of cooperation by some countries.
IV.

ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCEElectronic surveillance covers wiretapping, communications interception etc. Telephoneinterception and the monitoring of all electronic communications are the most controversial aspectsof electronic surveillance. Yet these are very useful in assisting law enforcement agencies to combat
TOC. Wiretapping or telephone interception is defined simply as the interception of a telephone
conversation between parties without their knowledge, using equipment that is inserted into theelectronic circuit between the transmitter and the receiver.
In an attempt to analyze the situation of electronic surveillance among the participating
countries, two categories were identified: those countries that have legal provisions allowing the useof electronic surveillance and those countries that do not. Among the countries with no legislation
are Fiji, Laos, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania and Thailand. It is, however, noted that someof these countries employ this technique under guidelines internally issued by the relevant authorities
for the purpose of intelligence gathering, instead of court evidence.
On the other hand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Pakistan and Uganda have legal provisions
allowing the employment of this tool, and the power granting authority is the head of the police.
There are countries, however, which have legal provisions for the employment of this technique,after obtaining a warrant from a court judge. These countries include Brazil, China, Germany, Italy,
Japan, the Philippines and the US.
The main problem hampering the use of this technique is the lack of adequate legislation,lack of funds to purchase equipment, lack of voice experts, persistent emergence of newtechnologies, lack of cooperation by the telephone companies and uncooperative countries. To
overcome these problems, there should be enabling laws that make electronic surveillance
practicable and useful, and which compel telephone companies to cooperate and promoteinternational cooperation.

23

V.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, employment of new investigative tools is highly necessary to fight against theever-growing threat of TOC. Undercover operations, controlled delivery and electronic surveillance
stand out as the most effective investigative tools against TOC, given the fact that where they havebeen used they have exhibited a high level of ability to deliver good results. However, like all new
innovations, use of these tools has to overcome a lot of problems, ranging from lack of or ineffective
legislation, lack of trained manpower, challenges from civil society and the admissibility of evidence
obtained through their application.

24Group 2Phase 2METHODS FOR OBTAINING THE COOPERATION OF
WITNESSES TO PUNISH ORGANIZED CRIMINALS:
IMMUNITY SYSTEMS AND
WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAMS

Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur
Members

Advisers
Visiting Expert
Report SummaryI.

Mr. Ramend Hem Raj
Mr. Toshihiro Fukushi
Mr. Ricardo Tiuseco Pamintuan
Ms. Keiko Hoshi
Mr. Sengsouvanh Chanthalounnavong
Mr. Hubert Sareke
Mr. Suwit Savaengthong
Mr. Hiroyoshi Amamoto
Mr. Shuichi Inoue
Prof. Hiroshi Iitsuka
Prof. Shinya Watanabe
Dr. Johan Peter Wilhelm Hilger(Fiji)(Japan)(Philippines)(Japan)(Laos)(Papua New Guinea)(Thailand)(Japan)(Japan)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(Germany)

INTRODUCTION

To control the rising tide of transnational organized crime (TOC), there are several
countermeasures that governments can devise or embrace. Two of these are concerned with the
adoption of an immunity system for cooperating defendants, and a witness and victim protection
program. There are countries that already have both of these mechanisms in place. Some have oneor the other, while others have neither. Some are equipped with highly advanced systems; others
are still in the formative or experimental stage. As a rule, these laws do not specifically apply to
TOC, but they may be effectively used in cases involving TOC.
While immunity generally refers to the process of exempting from prosecution a person
accused of a crime, in order to maximize the potential of witness cooperation as a tool for combating
TOC, it can also be considered, in a limited sense, as a mitigation of sentence for suspects or
accused persons who cooperate in a criminal investigation. There are various reasons why immunity
is sought or suggested. Principally, the testimony of a person who is party to a crime is very reliablebecause of their relationship to any co-accused. At the investigation stage, a witness can reveal theidentity of other suspects, assist the police in locating victims of a crime, or point out the corpus
delicti or body of the crime. The use of an immunity system is perceived to be a very effective toolin prosecuting terrorists or members of criminal organizations.
The most common prerequisite in availing immunity from prosecution is that an accusedwitness must cooperate with the government by voluntarily making a full disclosure of the facts andcircumstances relevant to the offense for which s/he and other persons are being charged with orinvestigated for. The grant of immunity is purely discretionary, so it can be withdrawn at anytime by
the grantor if the grantee fails to fulfill their obligation under the terms and conditions of the immunity.
Many countries already have an immunity system, although extreme caution must be
observed in using it. The USA, for example, has an advanced immunity system that has evolved
through the years, though its use has been steadily declining in recent times. This is because of
America’s long experience with crime detection and prevention, their need to reconcile effective law

25

enforcement with individual human rights, and from changes in the public’s attitude toward crime andpunishment.
It has been observed that the absence or existence of an immunity system depends as muchon each nation’s culture, history and national sentiment, as on their body of laws. This difference, inturn, poses one of the main obstacles in enforcing the immunity system provision of the draft United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, which would bind all State Parties toconsider the adoption of such a system.
II.

RECOMMENDATIONSAs regards witness and victim protection, in order to get public cooperation in the fightagainst TOC, citizens must be assured that in doing so their life or property, or that of their family,
will be safe from the criminal organizations they are challenging. Depending on the degree ofcooperation and the type of witness, this protection may be given before, during and/or after the
judicial proceedings. Some countries have specific witness protection programs, while others haveincorporated witness protection provisions in their criminal laws or criminal procedure codes.
Witness protection programs (WPP) may include one or more of the following measures:(i)
Relocation of the witness or placing him/her in a safehouse;(ii)
Police protection in the course of the investigation or trial ;(iii)
Financial and employment assistance;(iv)
Retention of employment benefits;(v)
Protecting the address of the witness;(vi)
Non-disclosure of personal information about the witness;(vii)
Totally concealing the identity and person of the witness;(viii) Change of identity;(ix)
Supply of food and clothing;(x)
Travel expenses and subsistence allowance during the inquiry;(xi)Social, psychological and medical assistance;(xii)
Medical treatment, hospitalization and medication in case of injury;(xiii) Burial benefits, in the case of death due to participation in the WPP;
(xiv) Free education to children, from primary to college level in any state or private
school, college or university, if the witness dies or becomes permanently
incapacitated from work as a result of participation in the WPP;
(xv)
Denial of bail for defendants;(xvi) Reducing the penalty by one-third in case of conviction (for co-accused acting as
witnesses);(xvii) Allowing attendants, screens, or video links;(xviii) Isolating the witness;(xix) Out-of-court examination; and(xx)
Criminalization of certain acts to protect witnesses.
Many countries do not have witness protection programs that specifically apply to cases
involving TOC. The programs of other nations are generally used in ordinary crimes, but these may
also be used in TOC cases, in addition to legal provisions that do not form part of any witness
protection program. This does not mean, however, that all countries should adopt a uniform
program for witness protection.
To conclude, witness protection strategies are strongly endorsed by the United Nations.
Upon passage of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime at the end

26of this year, State Parties may have to devise feasible immunity programs, adopt legislation speciallydesigned for the protection of witnesses and victims, or otherwise enhance existing systems so thatthey will conform to international standards and best practices. Inter-country cooperation in thisregard will be more attainable if the necessary domestic laws are already in place.

27

Group 3Phase 2COMPONENTS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FORCOMBATING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME(CRIMINALIZATION OF PARTICIPATION IN ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS,ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING SYSTEMS AND ASSET FORFEITURE SYSTEMS)

Chairperson
Co-Chairpersons
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur
MemberAdvisers
Visiting Expert
Report SummaryI.

Mr. Iddi Saidi King’wai
Mr. Sanjiv Kumar Upadhyay

Mr. Donald NgorNgor Awunah
Ms. Mitsuyo Inada
Mr. Zafar Iqbal Gondal
Mr. Takeshi Miyamoto
Mr. Tomoyuki Yokokawa
Deputy Director Keiichi Aizawa
Prof. Yuichiro Tachi
Prof. Akihiro Nosaka
Mr. Franco Roberti(Tanzania)(India)(Nigeria)(Japan)(Pakistan)(Japan)(Japan)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(Italy)INTRODUCTION

There is a dichotomy between the individual criminal and the organized criminal group,
attributing to the complex nature of transnational organized criminal crime. The arrest, prosecution
and conviction of a member of any organized criminal group does not necessarily lead to the demiseof the group. Consequently, criminalization of participation in organized criminal groups, developing
anti-money laundering systems and articulating an asset forfeiture system that enables law
enforcement agencies worldwide to deprive criminals of their proceeds is imperative.
II.

CRIMINALIZATION OF PARTICIPATION IN ORGANIZED CRIMINALGROUPS/CONSPIRACY

A.

Draft UN Convention

Previous efforts notwithstanding, the tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of
Crime and the Treatment of Offenders set in motion an instrument to align national laws incriminalizing acts committed by organized criminal groups”. The Ad Hoc Committee on the
Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime came out with a draft UN
Convention against TOC (hereafter the ‘draft Convention’) in July 2000. The draft Convention
proposes to criminalize participation and conspiracy in regard to organized criminal groups,
particularly activities such as agreeing to commit a serious crime, participation in the criminal
activities of organized criminal groups, and organizing, directing etc the commission of serious crimes.
B.

Criminalization of Participation

As many countries penal provisions were not sufficient to deal with serious crimes by membersof organized criminal groups, provisions were suggested to criminalize participation in such activities
as organizing, directing, facilitating or counseling the commission of a serious crime or taking part incriminal and certain other activities of the organized criminal group, as a specific criminal offences.
Italy incorporated such provisions into its laws. Similarly, China amended its Criminal Law in 1997,
imposing imprisonment of 3 to 10 years for anyone who organizes, leads or actively joins any

28

underworld organization that commits crimes or infringes gravely upon economic and social order.
Conversely, in Japan, the law regarding participation in an organized criminal group has not foundfavour with the authorities, as it appears incompatible with the constitutional provision of freedom of
association. Equally in India, in regard to organized groups forming intra-state Mafia typeorganizations, the existing laws have been found wanting.
C. Conspiracy
Article 5(1)(a)(i) of the draft Convention proposes that agreeing with one or more persons tocommit a serious crime should be a penal offence. Similar provisions already exist in many countries
like Fiji, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Tanzania, Thailand and Uganda. The offence of conspiracy generally states that when two or more
persons agree to do, or causes to be done, an illegal act, the act is designated as a criminal
conspiracy. In Japan, the Penal Code deals extensively with complicity among co-principals,
instigators, and accessories. However, mere agreement to commit a crime is not an offence, except
in some cases like insurrection.
III.

ANTI MONEY-LAUNDERING SYSTEMS

Money laundering has a direct linkage to organized crime. According to the definition adopted
by the international criminal police organization (ICPO/INTERPOL), money-laundering denotes
any act or attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained proceeds sothat they appear to have originated from legitimate sources . Money laundering can be
categorized into a three-stage process. Firstly, severing any direct link between the money and thepredicate crime generating it. Secondly, obscuring the money trail to foil pursuit. Thirdly, reinvesting the crime proceeds in furtherance of committing more crimes.
The major thrust of the Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice - Meeting the Challenges of
the Twenty-first Century, and of the Naples Political Declaration and Global Action Plan against
Transnational Crime, was to initiate procedures to develop a legal framework for anti moneylaundering systems. The draft Convention also provides for criminalization of the laundering of theproceeds of crime and for measures to combat money laundering respectively.
Japan has legislation against money laundering, though reported cases are relatively low. In
Italy, in accordance with EU directives, law was enacted regulating the reporting of suspicioustransactions to the Italian Exchange Bureau. The Suspicious Transactions Service was alsoestablished in Italy’s National Anti-Mafia Bureau.
Pakistan enacted the Control of Narcotic Substances Act in 1997, with substantial provisions
dealing with illegal proceeds derived from drug trafficking. With the later National Accountability
Bureau Ordinance 1999, a comprehensive scheme against illegal proceeds derived from othercrimes has also been established. In neighboring India, legislation on money laundering is at the draft
stage.
In 1995, Nigeria introduced the Money Laundering Decree and established the Money
Laundering Surveillance Unit in the Central Bank of Nigeria. Similarly, in 1998 Brazil enacted laws
to combat money laundering, also establishing the Council of Financial Activities (COAF)
responsible for identifying illicit activities related to money laundering.

29

In China, Article 191 of the Criminal Law deals with money laundering deriving from drug
crimes, organized crimes or smuggling; stipulating 5 years imprisonment and the confiscation of all illgotten wealth and profits. In 1999, Thailand enacted the Money Laundering Control Act and the
Money Laundering Control Board was established to deal with money laundering problems.
Further, a Transaction Committee was set up to examine and audit transactions and properties
related to criminal or predicate offences.
While Tanzania and Uganda have not developed any substantive anti-money laundering legal
frameworks, they have formed National Anti-Money Laundering Committees in line with theprinciples of the East and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group (EASAAMLG). In thePhilippines, there is no specific legislation criminalizing money laundering and anti-money laundering
regulations have been found wanting, especially in respect of such basic features as customer
identification, record keeping and bank secrecy provisions.
III.

ASSET FORFEITURE SYSTEMS

Asset forfeiture systems deprive criminals of illegally acquired proceeds, and return suchproceeds to the community for the greater good of society. The draft Convention provides forconfiscation and seizure of the proceeds or property of crime. The central idea is generally to maketransnational organized crime unattractive and unproductive. The legal provisions regarding asset
forfeiture differ from country to country. In countries like Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda, there are
no discernible laws relating to asset forfeiture. However, Nigeria has provisions that allow for
seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime, but with limited scope. Similar laws exist in China,
Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos, India, Pakistan and Thailand, though the requirements and scopeof applicable requisite offences in each country varies. Brazil does not have an asset forfeituresystem specific to cases of organized crime.
IV.

RECOMMENDATIONSA.

Participation in Organized Crime Groups

From the foregoing it can be concluded that many countries do not criminalize participation inan organized criminal group or the laws are not all embracing. In some countries, the scope of theoffence of conspiracy is limited. There may be the necessity in countries like Japan to expand theconcepts of complicity or conspiracy for serious offences.
There is apparent need, in accordance with the draft Convention, to criminalize participation inan organized criminal group, both in terms of the activities of the group as well as in the committingof serious crime. If such provisions are not incorporated, organized criminal group members may
find refuge in a country where there is no such law, and in that event, extradition may not be possible
as the requirement of dual criminality will not be fulfilled. The draft Convention gives concrete
guidelines on enacting comprehensive domestic laws for criminalization of participation in organizedcriminal group, and thus should be ratified by all Member States.
B.

Anti-Money Laundering Systems
There are certain countries whose bank secrecy laws make it attractive to deposit money

30

without easy identification, while there are others whose procedures do not effectively deter the
opening of fictitious bank accounts. Some countries company laws make it easy to register offshore
companies on payment of a small fee, with no proper auditing of financial accounts. Such facilities
tend to promote money laundering. In this respect, the draft Convention recommends adequate
record keeping and the reporting of suspicious transactions, which may require a basic change in thepolicy regarding banks, non-banking financial companies, and company registration and accounts.
Furthermore, a Financial Intelligence Unit is proposed to be established in member countries tocollect, analyze and disseminate information about potential money laundering.
C.

Asset Forfeiture System

Provisions like that of Italy, where disproportionate assets can be forfeited, should beincorporated (if permissible under the domestic laws of the countries concerned). In transnational
cases, where the proceeds of crime are derived in one country but moved to another, it may benecessary to enter bilateral or multilateral agreements to facilitate the easy transfer of such proceeds
to the requesting country or to facilitate the sharing of assets seized.

31

Observation Visits
Date

Agency/Institution

Main Persons Concerned

Sept. 6

Fuchu Police Station• Mr. Shigeo Kurose
Chief

Sept. 13

Tokyo District Public
Prosecutors Office• Mr. Shoichi Kobayashi
Deputy Director
General Affairs Department

Ministry of Justice• Mr. Takashi Kawahara
Private Secretary to the Minister of JusticeTokyo Metropolitan Police
Department & Command
Communications Center• Mr. Toshinobu Miyasako
Assistant Police Inspector/ Liaison Officer
Public Relations Division

Sept. 27

• Mr. Katsuhiko Numao
Police Sergeant/ Liaison Officer
Public Relations Division
Oct. 3

Tokyo Immigration Bureau &Tokyo
Customs
House,
Narita Airport• Mr. Kenich Muranaka
Director
Narita Customs• Mr. Toshiki Eguchi
Director
Narita Immigration

Oct. 16

Fuchu Prison• Mr. Kanichiro Ishiwatari
Assistant Director
General Affairs Division

32

Date

Agency/Institution

Main Persons Concerned

Oct. 20

Tokyo District Court• Mr. Megumi Yamamuro
Presiding Judge
Fifth Criminal Division• Mr. Yasuo Tsujikawa
Judge
Fifth Criminal Division

Supreme Court• Mr. Yukihiko Imasaki
Director, Second Division
Criminal Affairs Bureau• Mr. Junichi Shirakura
Liaison Officer
Secretariat Division
General Secretariat

33Group Study Tours
Date

Agency/Institution

Main Persons Concerned

Sept.
Nagano21 & 22• Nagano District Public Prosecutors Office• Mr. Toshio Itou
Deputy Chief Prosecutor

Oct.
10 ~ 13• 6th Regional Coast Guard Headquarters• Mr. Osamu Shiroichi
Deputy Director
Guard & Rescue Division• Nishi-Nihon Immigration Center• Mr. Akimichi Nakata
Deputy Director• Sapporo High Public Prosecutors Office• Mr. Hideo Iida
Superintending Prosecutor• Sapporo District Public Prosecutors Office• Mr. Issei Yamaguchi
Chief Prosecutor• Hokkaido Police Headquarters• Mr. Takahiro Yamada
Chief

Nov.
8 ~ 10Group

HiroshimaKansai

Hokkaido

34

Special Events

Aug. 28

Welcome Party

Aug. 31 & Sept. 1, 5, 7, 11, 12, 18, 20
Sept. 30, Oct. 7, 21 & Nov. 4
Japanese Conversation Classes
The overseas participants attended Japanese conversation classes provided by JICA andthe ACPF. They learned practical Japanese expressions. The sensei (teachers) were Mr.
Michio Kawachi, Ms. Mariko Kambayashi, Ms. Kimiko Hiraiwa, Ms. Kazue Suzuki and Ms.
Yukiko Shiina. Iroiro Arigato Gozaimashita.
Sept. 8

UNAFEI Olympics
The UNAFEI Olympic Games were held on the grounds of the Training Institute for
Correctional Personnel. The participants competed in such events as the three-legged race,
racket relay and the true-false quiz. Afterwards, there was a friendship party at UNAFEI.

Sept. 13

Reception by Vice-Minster of Justice
After visiting the Ministry of Justice, a reception was held by Vice-Minister of Justice, Mr.
Kunihiro Matsuo, at the Lawyers Club.

Sept. 15
Tea Ceremony‘Cha-no-yu’ or ‘Sado’, a formal Japanese tea ceremony, was demonstrated for theparticipants in UNAFEI Lounge B by Ms. Soue Kubo, an Ura Senke Tea Master, and herapprentices.
Sept. 21
ACPF Nagano Party
ACPF Nagano Branch hosted a dinner party at the Hotel Kokusai 21 in honor of theparticipants.
Sept. 25
Flower Arrangement
A group of volunteer instructors, led by Ms. Kuniko Mori, explained and demonstrated tothe participants ‘Ikebana’, traditional Japanese flower arrangement. Afterwards, the participants
had the opportunity to arrange the flowers themselvesOct. 6

International Friendship Gathering
JICA Hachioji International Training Center (HITC) hosted an international friendshipgathering for the participants at the Keio Plaza Hotel Hachioji. Guests included high ranking
government officials (including members of the Diet), Hachioji City Mayor and leaders oforganizations involved in implementing JICA training courses.

35

Oct 10 ~ 13
Hiroshima-Kansai Study Tour
Hiroshima: On their first day, the participants visited the Peace Memorial Museum andPeace Memorial Park in Hiroshima. The next day, the participants were escorted by two
Regional Coast Guard vessels to Miyajima Island, located in the Seto Inland Sea near
Hiroshima.
Kyoto: On their third day, the participants visited the Nishi-Nihon Immigration Center and
the Panasonic Hall of Science and Technology. The next day, the participants went on a guided
bus tour to Nijo Castle, Kinkakuji Temple and the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
Oct. 14

JICA Bus TourThe overseas participants joined other JICA course participants training at HITC on a
scenic bus tour of Lake Kawaguchi and its surrounding environs.

Oct. 21
Tokyo Horse Race Course
At the invitation of the Fuchu Rotary Club, the participants observed and bet on horse races
at the Tokyo Horse Race Course. Mr. Eiichi Tanaka, General Manager of the Tokyo Horse
Race Course, hosted the event.
Oct. 21

Home Visits
ACPF Fuchu Branch organized dinners for the participants in the homes of members fromthe Fuchu International Exchange Salon, Tokyo Fuchu Rotary Club and Soroptimist Internationalof Tokyo, Fuchu. The hosts were Ms. Kaoru Yajima, Mr. Yoshiyuki Sakano, Mr. Yasuhiro
Momota, Mr. Rinshi Sekiguchi, Ms. Junko Ogawa, Ms. Chieko Nomura and Mr. Takeshi
Mutou.

Oct. 25

VPOs' International Training
Ten Volunteer Probation Officers visited UNAFEI for an International Training Program.
It was jointly organized by UNAFEI and the Rehabilitation Bureau of the Ministry of Justice ofJapan. A discussion session and friendship party were arranged to exchange views between the
VPOs and the participants.

Oct. 27 & 28
Visits to ACPF Branches
The overseas participants were invited on local overnight trips by six branchorganizations of the ACPF, namely: Iwate, Shikoku, Sendai, Nagoya, Yamaguchi, and Shizuoka.
Each branch held a reception in honor of the participants visiting their region.
Oct. 30

Koto Concert
The Ensemble 21st Century, a group of volunteer musicians, performed traditional
Japanese ‘Koto’ music for the participants at UNAFEI.

36

Nov. 1

UNAFEI-ACPF International Bowling Tournament
ACPF Fuchu Branch sponsored the fourteenth UNAFEI-ACPF International Bowling
Tournament. The participants enjoyed bowling and socializing with members of the ACPF
Fuchu Branch.

Nov. 8 ~ 10
Hokkaido Trip
After official visits to the Sapporo High and District Public Prosecutors Offices, and to the
Hokkaido Police Headquarters, the participants enjoyed sightseeing, including visits to Otaru
city, Shakotan Peninsula, a salmon aquarium and the Nikka Whiskey Distillery.
Nov. 13
Tachikawa Bosai Center
The participants visited the Tachikawa Bosai Center, an educational facility for emergency
and disaster training. They experienced fire and earthquake simulations, and learnt how to respondin the event of natural disasters.
Nov. 13
Suntory Musashino Brewery
At the invitation of the Fuchu Rotary Club, the participants visited the Suntory Musashino
Brewery. Mr. Shozo Katayama, Plant Manager, hosted the tour.
Nov. 14

Farewell Party

37

Reference Materials Distributed

Publications about the Japanese Criminal Justice System(1)
Summary of the White Paper on Crime 1999
(2)
Criminal Justice in Japan: various publications
UNAFEI Publications(1)
UNAFEI Resource Material Series No. 54(2)Criminal Justice Profiles of Asia
(3)
UNAFEI Pamphlet(4)116th International Training Course lectures and presentation papers
Combating Transnational Organized Crime: Efforts by the United Nations and G8(1)
Naples Political Declaration and Global Action Plan against Organized Crime (Naples, Italy,
23 November 1994, World Ministerial Conference on Organized Transnational Crime)(2)
United Nations General Assembly resolution 49/159 of 23 December 1994, entitled“Naples Political Declaration and Global against Organized Transnational Crime”(3)
United Nations General Assembly resolution 51/60 of 12 December 1996, entitled “United
Nations Declaration on Crime and Public Security”(4)
P8-Senior Experts Group 40 Recommendations to Combat Transnational Organized Crime(Paris, April 1996)(5)
United Nations General Assembly resolution 53/111 of 20 January 1999, entitled“Transnational Organized Crime”(6)
G8 Communiqué Okinawa 2000 (Okinawa, 23 July 2000)
Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of
Offenders(1)
Background paper on the “Draft United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime”(2)
Background paper on “Fighting Transnational Organized Crime”(3)
Opening Statement to the High-level Segment, by Pino Arlacchi, Under Secretary-General,
Executive Director, 14 April 2000
(4)
Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting the Challenges of Twenty-first Century(A/CONF.187/4/Rev.3)
Elaboration of the draft United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime
(1)
Draft United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime(A/AC.254/L.230/Add.1)(2)
Interpretative notes for the official records (travaux preparatoires) of the negotiations of theUnitedNations
Convention
againstTransnational
Organized
Crime(A/AC.254/L.230/Add.2)(3)
Reports of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of the draft United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (A/AC.254/9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 23, 25

38

(4)
(5)
(6)

and 28)Proposal and contributions received from governments (A/AC.254/5, A/AC.254/5/Add.
1-8, 14-17, 20 and 23)
United Nations Economic and Social Council resolution 1999/20 of 28 July 1999, entitled“Draft United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime”
Progress report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of the draft United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (A/AC.254/30-E/CN.15/2000/4)

Japanese Legislation(1)
Law for the Punishment of Organized Crimes, Control of Crime Proceeds and Other
Matters(2)
Law concerning the Prevention of Unjust Acts by Boryokudan Members(3)
Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act(4)Firearms and Swords Control Law(5)
Law concerning Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law, etc.
and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conduct and Other
Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation
Money Laundering(1)
The Forty Recommendations (Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, FATF),
1990 (revised in 1996)(2)
Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide
Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures (FATF, 22 June 2000)(3)
Model Legislation on Laundering, Confiscation and International Cooperation in relation to
the Proceeds of Crime (Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, Global Programme
against Money Laundering)
Drug, Human Trafficking and Vehicle Theft etc(1)
United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances (Vienna Convention 1988), (E/CONF.82/15)(2)Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs andPsychotropic Substances 1988 (extract)(3)
World Situation with regard to Illicit Drug Trafficking and Action Taken by the Subsidiary
Bodies of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (E/CN.7/2000/5)(4)
Activities of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (E/CN.7/2000/9)(5)
2nd Conference on Drugs Policy in Europe (Brussels, 28-29 February 2000)(6)
Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings (E/CN.15/1999/CRP.2)(7)
Trafficking in Human Beings (UPDATE, UNODCCP, January 2000)(8)“Combating Vehicle Theft along the Texas Border” by Philip A. Ethridge and Raul
Gonzalez (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, January 1996)(9)“Passport Fraud” (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, July 1998)(10)“YACS Crime Groups”, by Richard A. Ballezza (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
November 1998)(11)“Reexamining the Importance of Firearm Investigations”, by William J. Vizzard (FBI Law
Enforcement Bulletin, May 1999)(12)“Drug Conspiracies”, by Edward M. Hendrie (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, June 1999)

39

Investigative Tools(1)“Undercover Investigations and the Entrapment Defense”, by Thomas V. Kukura (FBISpecial Agent, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, April 1993)(2)“The Use of Modern Technology and Criminal Procedures for Investigations and Legal
Protection Issues: Collection, Analysis, and Sharing Information on Organized Crime”, by
Slawamir Redo (Senior Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Expert, CICP, UNODCCP
Central Asian Seminar on TOC, Tashkent, March 2000)(3)“New Measures of Investigation as Countermeasures against Organized Crime”, by Edwin
Kube (Professor, University of Giesen, Germany, International Workshop on Crime in the
Post-modern Society and its Countermeasures, Bali, Indonesia, December 1997)(4)“New Measures of Investigation as Countermeasures against Organized Crime”, by
Koesparmono Isran (Ibid, Bali, December 1997)(5)“Entrapment and Wiretapping as a Means of Investigation”, by Dagmar Kube (Ibid, Bali,
December 1997)(6)“Combating Organized Crime: the Legislative and Regulatory Framework”, by William P.
Schaefer (Assistant US Attorney, Thailand, 30 November 1999)(7)“Legal Framework and Investigative Tools for Combating Organized Crime: the Italian
Experience”, by Giuliano Turone (Prosecuting Trial Attorney, Thailand, 30 November
1999)
(8)
“Conducting Successful Interrogations”, by David Vessel (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
October 1998)(9)“Avoiding the Informant Trap”, by James E. Hight (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
November 1998)(10)“Managing Undercover Stress”, by Stephen R. Band and Donald C. Sheehan (FBI Law
Enforcement Bulletin, November 1998)(11)“The Motor Vehicle Exception”, by Lisa A. Regini (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, July
1999)
(12)
“Drug Detection Dogs”, by Michel J. Bulzomi (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, January
2000)
(13)
“The Financial Crimes Task Force of Southwestern Pennsylvania”, By Kenneth W.
Newman and John A. Wisniewski (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, February 2000)(14)“Electronic Surveillance”, by Thomas D. Colbridge (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
February 2000)(15)“Working with Informants”, by James E. Hight (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, May 2000)(16)“The Qualified Privilege to Protect Sensitive Investigative Techniques from Disclosure”, by
Jayme S. Walker (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, May 2000)(17)“The Technique of Controlled Delivery as a Weapon in Dealing with Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances”, by P. D. Cutting (Bulletin on Narcotics,
No.4, 1983)
Legal Framework(1)“Rules and Principles in National Laws (with Special regard to Austria and Germany) intheir International Context”, by Frank Höpfel (Professor, University of Vienna, NPA
Forum on International Standards of Countermeasures against Organized Crime, Tokyo,
13 October 1999)(2)“The Fight against Organized Crime: Possibilities, Problems and Opportunities, with aSpecial Focus on the EU”, by W. Bruggeman (Deputy Director Europol, Ibid, Tokyo, 13
October 1999)(3)“Organized Crime in China: Trends, Form and Control”, by Mo Hongxian (Professor,
Wuhan University, Police Policy Forum, Tokyo, 30 June 1999)(4)“RICO”, by Gerard E. Lynch (Professor, Columbia University, Police Policy Forum,
Tokyo, December 1998)

40

(5)
(6)
(7)

(8)
(9)
(10)

“Overview of the US Organized Crime Control Attack”, by James B. Jacob (Professor,
New York University, Police Policy Forum, Tokyo, December 1998)“Forfeiture as a Domestic and International Law Enforcement Tool”, by Susan Lea Smith(Trial Attorney, USDOJ, Police Policy Forum, Tokyo, December 1998)“Legal Frameworks for Combating Organized Crime: Overview of the Organized andSerious Crimes Ordinance Hong Kong SAR”, by Michel C. Blanchflower (Deputy
Principle Government Counsel, Senior Criminal Justice Executive Program Session II,
International Law Enforcement Academy, Thailand, 29 November 1999)“Case Study – Under New Management: Using Federal Forfeiture Statutes to Attack the
Drug Case”, by Carl G. Ringwald (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, June 1996)“Combating Gangs”, by Lisa A. Regini (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, February 1998)“Gang Congregation Ordinance”, by Daniel L. Schofield (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
September 1999)

Others(1)
Project Proposal, United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, Centre
for International Crime Prevention (Manila, March 1998)(2)
Manila Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Transnational Crime (Draft) (Manila,
March 1998)(3)
Report of the Asian Regional Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (Draft) (Manila,
March 1998)(4)
Asia-Pacific Ministerial Seminar on Building Capacities for Fighting Transnational
Organized Crime, held in Bangkok on 20 and 21 March 2000 (A/CONF.187/CRP.3)(5)“Russian Organized Crime”, by Scott O’Neal (FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, May 2000)(6)
New Delhi Declaration Adopted by the Seventh Asia Crime Prevention Foundation World
Conference on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice on the Theme “Effective Regional
Cooperation in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in the Next Millennium”, held at
New Delhi from 23 to 26 November 1999 (A/CONF.187/NGO.2)(7)
International Cooperation in Combating Transnational Crime, by Asia Crime Prevention
Foundation (E/CN.15/1998/NGO/1)(8)
The Prevention and Control of Organized Crime: a European Union Strategy for the New
Millennium (2000/C124/01)(9)1998 – EU Organized Crime Situation Report: Open Version (14119/199, Rev1)

41

Visiting Experts

Mr. Peter Yam Tat-Wing
Assistant Commissioner (Crime), Hong Kong Police Force Headquarters, Hong Kong
[OFFICE]
Hong Kong Police Headquarters,
Arsenal House West Wing 24/F,
Arsenal St, Wanchai,Hong Kong
PHONE
852-2860-8168
FAX
852-2524-2284
EMAIL
acp-crm@police.gov.hk
Mr. Yong-Kwan Park
Director, 1st Prosecution Division, Ministry of Justice, Korea[OFFICE]
Gwachen,Gyunggi-do 427-760,
Republic of Korea
PHONE
82-2-503-7050
FAX
82-2-3480-3089
EMAIL
pykwan@moj.go.kr
Dr. Johan Peter Wilhelm Hilger
Former Head of Division of Judicial System, Ministry of Justice, Germany[CONTACT]Am Weissen Stein 16, 53227
Bonn,
Federal Republic of Germany
PHONE
49-228441733
EMAIL
haushilger@freenet.de
Mr. Franco Roberti
Deputy Prosecutor, National Anti-mafia Bureau, Office of the Prosecutor General, Italy[OFFICE]Via Giulia 52, 00186
Rome,
Republic of Italy
PHONE
39-06-68282332
FAX
39-06-68282317
EMAIL
f.roberti@dna.giustizia.it
Mr. Bruce G. Ohr
Chief, Organized Crime and Racketeering Section, Criminal Division,

42

Department of Justice, United States of America[OFFICE]
1301 New York Ave N.W,
Washington, D.C. 20530,
USA
PHONE
1-202-514-3595
FAX
1-202-616-0878

43Participants
Overseas Participants
Mr. Ruy Gomes Silva
Officer of Interpol, Federal Police Agent, Bahia State,Federal Police Department of Brazil[OFFICE]
Av. Oscar Pontes,
339-Agua de Meninos,
Salvador/BA, Brazil-Cep 40460-130
PHONE
55-71-3196078
FAX
55-71-3196085
EMAIL
rumys@hotmail.com.br
Mr. Wang Xue-Qin
Chief of International Cooperation Section,
Division of Administration of Aliens and Exit-Entry P.S.B of Yunnan Province, China[OFFICE]
No.4 Yunshan Rd,
Zhongshuying, Kunming 650118,
Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
PHONE
86-871-3051224
FAX
86-871-5329042
EMAIL
wangxiawei2000@yahoo.com
Mr. Ramend
Officer in Charge of Advanced Training, Fiji Police Academy[OFFICE]
Fiji Police Academy
P.O Box 239,
Suva, Fiji Islands
PHONE
679-312522
FAX
679-307701
EMAIL
ramendr@yahoo.com
Mr. Sanjiv Kumar Upadhyay
Joint Director, Anti-Corruption Headquarters, Central Bureau of Investigation, India[OFFICE]
Block III V C.G.O. Complex,
New Delhi – 110003
India
PHONE
91-11-4363586
FAX
91-11-4364130
EMAIL
s.k.upadhyay@usa.net

44

Mr. Genot Hariyanto
Chief of Criminal Investigation Department, Regional Police of Bengkulu,
Indonesia National Police[OFFICE]JL. H. Adam Malik KM.9,
Bengkulu, Indonesia
PHONE
62-736-52090, 51028
EMAIL
hariyantog@yahoo.com
Mr. Sengsouvanh Chanthalounnavong
Judge, Criminal Justice Section Supreme People's Court[OFFICE]
Supreme People's Court,
Lane Xang Ave,
Saysetha District,
P.O Box 08 Vientiane,
Laos
PHONE
856-21-414108 or 414109
FAX
856-21-451371
EMAIL
sengsouvanh@hotmail.com
Mr. Mustafa Bin Abdullah
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police,
Northeast Police District Headquarters,
Royal Malaysia Police Force[OFFICE]
Jalan Dato' Kramat 10150,
Penang, Malaysia
PHONE
60-4-2279222
FAX
60-4-2283460
EMAIL
mustafa669@hotmail.com
Mr. Donald NgorNgor Awunah
Detective Superintendent of Police, ‘D’ Department,
Force Criminal Investigation Department, Nigeria Police Force[OFFICE]
Nigeria Police,
Force Headquarters,
Area 10, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
PHONE
234-9-2340869
FAX
234-9-2345567
EMAIL
padotel@hotmail.com

Mr. Zafar Iqbal Gondal
Section Officer, Law, Justice and Human Rights Division, Ministry of Justice, Pakistan

45[OFFICE]
Ministry of Justice,
Islamabad, Pakistan 44000
PHONE
92-9205841
FAX
92-9209579
EMAIL
zigondal@hotmail.com
Mr. Hubert Sarake
Senior Magistrate, Department of Justice, Bougainville Province, Papua New Guinea[OFFICE]
P.O Box 1616, Port Moresby, N.C.D., Papua New Guinea
Or
P.O Box 118, Buka, N.S.P, Papua New Guinea
PHONE
675-3245700 or 973-9736 or 973-9735
FAX
675-973-9745
EMAIL
biatoo@yahoo.com
Mr. Ricardo Tiuseco Pamintuan
Court Attorney, Supreme Court of the Philippines[OFFICE]
Padre Faura, Malate,
Manila, Philippines, 1000
PHONE
63-2-523-4824 or 522-2236
FAX
63-2-522-3211
EMAIL
kado_sr@yahoo.com
Mr. Iddi Saidi King’wai
Criminal Investigation Department Headquarters, Tanzania Police Force[OFFICE]
P.O Box 9093 Daressalaam,
Tanzania
PHONE
255-22-2124223
FAX
255-22-2113613
EMAIL
iskingwai@hotmail.com
Mr. Suwit Savaengthong
Senior State Attorney, Office of the Attorney General, Thailand[OFFICE]Na Huppei Rd, Ket Pranakorn,
Bangkok 10200,
ThailandPHONE
66-2-2234804
FAX
66-2-2265700
Mr. John Kamya
Officer in Charge of Crime Prevention, Crime Prevention Office,Uganda Police Force Headquarters[OFFICE]46

Police Headquarters, Crested Towers Building,
P.O Box 7055 Kampala,
Uganda, E.A
PHONE
256-41-233290
FAX
256-41-254-033 or 248-114 or 342-986
EMAIL
jkamya@hotmail.com

Japanese Participants
Mr. Hiroyoshi Amamoto
Senior Programme Officer, International Affairs Division, Osaka Prison[OFFICE]
6-1 Tadei-cho,
Sakai-shi, OsakaJapan
590-0014
PHONE
81-722-388-261
FAX
81-722-252-352
EMAIL
amamoto@mte.biglobe.ne.jp
Mr. Toshihiro Fukushi
Assistant Judge, Tokyo District Court[OFFICE]
1-1-4, Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
100-8920
PHONE
81-3-3581-5411
EMAIL
t-hukushi@pop02.odn.ne.jp
Mr. Yoshihiko Hatanaka
Public Prosecutor, Shizuoka District Public Prosecutors Office, Hamamatsu Branch[OFFICE]
3-1-10, Kamoe,
Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka,Japan
432-8023
PHONE
81-53-453-3128
FAX
81-53-453-8821
EMAIL
HCD02172@nifty.ne.jp
Ms. Keiko Hoshi
Public Prosecutor, Criminal Affairs Division, Urawa District Public Prosecutor's Office [OFFICE]
3-16-58, Takasago,
Urawa-shi, Saitama,Japan336-8592
PHONE
81-48-863-2221

47

EMAIL

k-hoshi@tim.hi-ho.ne.jp

Ms. Mitsuyo Inada
Probation Officer, Aftercare Section, Fukuoka Probation Office[OFFICE]
1-4-13, Maizuru,
Chuou-ku, Fukuoka-shi,Japan
810-0073
PHONE
81-92-761-6736
FAX
81-92-724-2322
EMAIL
mitsuyox-inada@mvd.biglobe.ne.jp
Mr. Shuichi Inoue
Immigration Control Officer, Enforcement Department,
Fukuoka Regional Immigration Bureau[OFFICE]
1-22, Okihama-cho,
Hakata-ku, Fukuoka-shi,Japan
812-0031
PHONE
81-92-281-7431
FAX
81-92-272-4570
EMAIL
inoue.s2@d7.dion.ne.jp
Mr. Satomi Konno
Intelligence Officer, Tohoku Regional Narcotics Control Office[OFFICE]
3-2-23 Hon-cho, Aoba-ku,
Sendai-shi, Miyagi,Japan
980-0014
PHONE
81-22-221-3701
FAX
81-22-221-3713
EMAIL
s.konno@nco.go.jp

Mr. Takeshi Miyamoto
Public Prosecutor, Osaka District Public Prosecutor's Office[OFFICE]
1-12-7, Nishitenma
Kita-ku, Osaka-shi,Japan
530-0047PHONE
81-6-6363-1081
FAX
81-6-6360-2083

48

Mr. Masashi Shibata
Assistant Judge, Tokyo Family Court[OFFICE]
1-1-2, Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,Japan
100-0013
PHONE
81-3-3502-8311
EMAIL
CZA15245@nifty.ne.jp
Mr. Tetsuji Tamagoshi
Chief of Territorial Sea Security Office, Guard Division,
11th Regional Coast Guard Headquarters[OFFICE]
2-11-1 Minato-machi,Naha-chi, Okinawa
Japan
900-8547
PHONE
81-98-866-0083
FAX
81-98-866-9833
EMAIL

ttmagoshi@aol.com.jp

Mr. Tomoyuki Yokokawa
Chief Investigator of First Division, First Department, Public Security Investigation Agency[OFFICE]
1-1-1 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, TokyoJapan
100-0013
PHONE
81-3-3592-5711
FAX
81-3-3593-1131
EMAIL

zaf48354@sky.zero.ad.jp

49

INFORMATION ABOUT PROGRAMMES

Recent Activities
1. Training Program: Juvenile Treatment Systems
UNAFEI conducted a training program for Kenyan criminal justice officials who are
working for the prevention of delinquency and the treatment of juvenile delinquents in their country.
The training course, entitled “Juvenile Treatment Systems”, was held from 2 October to 25 October
2000. The course exposed Kenyan officials to the workings of the Japanese juvenile justice andtreatment system through lectures and observation visits to relevant agencies. As a result of thiscomparative study, the officials successfully developed action plans for the implementation anddevelopment of institutional and community-based treatment systems for juvenile delinquents in
Kenya.

2. Training Program: Corruption Control in Criminal Justice
UNAFEI is currently conducting a training course entitled “Corruption Control in Criminal
Justice” from 6 November to 1 December 2000. In this course, thirteen foreign officials engaged incorruption control are comparatively analyzing the current situation of corruption, methods ofcorruption prevention, and measures to enhance international cooperation in this regard.

Forthcoming Training Programmes
1.

The 117th International Seminar

The 117th International Seminar, entitled “Current Situation and Countermeasures against
Money Laundering”, is scheduled to be held from 15 January to 16 February 2001. The 117th
International Seminar will examine current issues and problems in preventing, investigating andprosecuting transnational organized crime, particularly in regard to money laundering and related
offences.
Rationale
Money laundering is the conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such property isderived from criminal activity, for the purpose of concealing the illicit nature and origin of theproperty from government authorities. Typically, this is done by moving it from one country toanother (physically or electronically) and obscuring its origin through complicated financialtransactions.
Money laundering is a growing threat to the security of the international society and thestability of sovereign states. It undermines the integrity of legitimate national economies, global
financial systems, the rule of law and fundamental social values. According to the Financial Action
Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), it is estimated that the amounts of money launderedannually worldwide from the illicit drug trade alone range between US$300 billion and US$500

50

billion (1998). The inclusion of laundered illicit funds from economic and other non-drug crime
could potentially more than double these figures.
Money laundering, which is perpetrated under the influence of transnational criminalorganizations, has caused terrible problems in the various countries of the world, including Asia andthe Pacific region. It is predicted to become more sophisticated and difficult to detect due to theincreasing use of professionals, such as lawyers, accountants and financial advisers. There aremany cases of money laundering worldwide. An infamous example of money laundering from drug
sales was “The Pizza Connection”, where 38 people were charged in New York City with heroin
trafficking and money laundering. The case revealed how organized crime networks were involvedin this activity, in collusion with major banks in the United States and Switzerland. A linkage
between the poppy fields of South-east Asia and pizza parlors across America was also disclosed1.
Similarly, in July 1991, in a case revealing the complexity of investigating money laundering,
more than US$12 billion in assets was seized from the Bank of Credit and Commerce International(BCCI) after regulators discovered evidence of widespread fraud. The bank actively sought toprovide financial services to underworld profiteers in drug trafficking, terrorism, dictatorships,
intelligence agencies and arms trading, by promoting itself as a safe haven. BCCI was able tocommit or facilitate a variety of crimes through the skilful use of “shell” corporations, off-shore
financial centers (the safe havens of illicit funds), bank secrecy and the complex corporate structureof the bank2.
In recognition of the gravity of international money laundering, initiatives were taken in the
United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances(adopted at Vienna, 19 December 1988) to provide anti-money laundering provisions (Paragraph 1,
Subparagraph (b) of Article 3). In accordance with the Convention, many countries legislated
domestic laws to ratify the Convention (at present 108 countries including Japan). However, as theConvention was adopted in relation to drug offences, the provisions relating to money laundering
cover a limited area.
Concurrently, the G-7 Summit in Paris, (1989) established FATF to examine measures tocombat money laundering. In April 1990, FATF issued a report containing a programme of forty
recommendations in this area. The recommendations are designed to provide a comprehensive
blueprint for action against money laundering covering; the criminal justice system and law
enforcement; the financial system and its regulation; and international co-operation. In accordancewith the recommendations, each country has to, for example, establish Financial Intelligence Units(FIU) to collect suspicious transactions and must disclose anonymous accounts or accounts held in
fictitious names. Although the recommendations are not a binding international convention, each of
the FATF members has made a firm political commitment to combat money laundering. In 1996,
the recommendations were modified to take into account recent money laundering trends andpotential future threats.
Similarly, the United Nations Ministerial Conference on Organized Transnational Crime,(Naples, Italy 1994.) adopted an international document entitled the “Naples Political Declaration
and Global Action Plan against Organized Transnational Crime”, which was subsequently endorsedby the United Nations General Assembly. Furthermore, an Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaborationof a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime was created to draft a comprehensive
1Richard Parlour International Guide to Money Laundering Law and Practice, Butterworth & Co Ltd, 1995, P2

2 United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention United Nations Global Programme against
Money Laundering, December 1998, DPI/2010-98-28445E

51international convention to counter transnational organized crime. During the discussions of theCommittee, it has been generally understood that predicate offences for money laundering should
not be limited to drug-related crimes and that more effective countermeasures against money
laundering must be introduced to combat transnational organized crime. Against the background ofsuch international concern, in February 1997 the Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG)
was established to examine measures to combat money laundering within the Asia-Pacific region, as
well as at the international level.
Taking this into consideration, UNAFEI, as a regional institute (affiliated with the United
Nations) for the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders, decided to undertake a series ofinternational training courses and seminars for the coming years under the general subject of“transnational organized crime”. This seminar on money laundering is part of UNAFEI’s continuingcommitment to this internationally important theme.
Giving due consideration to the above rationale, this seminar will explore the ways andmeans of strengthening and improving methods and techniques in the fight against money laundering.
By gathering best practice examples from the participants, analyzing the factors for success, we will
be able to develop more effective countermeasures against money laundering at each stage of thecriminal justice process. Sharing practical information and experience on how other countries tackle
our common issues will facilitate our efforts against money laundering.
In the discussions of this seminar, focus will be placed on the following elements:
1. Current situation of:(a)
Money laundering cases (number, scale, etc)(b)
Major transnational organized criminal groups and their activities
2. Current situation of :(a)Criminalization of money laundering(b)
Scope and extension of predicate offences for money laundering(c)
Function and activities of Financial Intelligence Units (FIU)(d)
Cooperation by banks and non-bank financial institutions(e)Asset confiscation(f)
Other anti-money laundering systems/strategies
3. Discussion of specific money laundering cases to identify problems and solutions at the stageof investigation, prosecution and trial.
4. Introduction of successful cases involving the cooperation of financial institutions in providing
information on suspicious financial transactions. Discussion on the involvement of offshore
financial centers, and on practices of information sharing between FIU and law enforcement
agencies.
5. Effective investigation methods for money laundering. Practices and problems relating to thefollowing methods:(a)controlled delivery(b)electronic surveillance (wire-tapping, communications interception, etc)(c)undercover operations
Issues relating to conventional investigative techniques such as interrogation of suspects,
interviews with witnesses, search and seizure, shadowing, observations, etc. Strategies to facilitate

52

money laundering investigation, such as immunity from prosecution.
2. The 118th International Training Course
The 118th International Training Course tentatively entitled “Best Practices in Institutionaland Community-based Corrections” is scheduled to be held from 8 May to 9 July 2001. The 118th
International Training Course will examine current trends and issues in Corrections, including theimprovement of the treatment of juvenile offenders.

Upcoming Activities
1.

Nepal-UNAFEI Joint Seminar

The Nepal-UNAFEI Joint Seminar will be held in Kathmandu under the theme of “Effective
Countermeasures to Combat Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes” from 19 to 22
December 2000. The Government of the Kingdom of Nepal, through the Ministry of Home Affairs,and UNAFEI will organize the Joint Seminar.

53

ADMINISTRATIVE NEWS

Overseas Trips by Staff
Mr. Keiichi Aizawa (Deputy Director), Mr. Chikara Satou (Professor), Ms. Mikiko
Kakihara (Professor), and Mr. Kenji Koroyasu (President, Research and Training Institute, Ministryof Justice) visited the People’s Republic of China, from 12 to 19 July 2000, for the purpose of
fostering international exchange in criminal justice administration.
Mr. Hiroshi Tsutomi (Professor) and Akihiro Nosaka (Professor) visited Kenya as shortterm experts, as part of a JICA international assistance scheme for the prevention of crime bychildren and young persons, from 16 July to 25 August 2000.
Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka (Professor) and Mr. Shinya Watanabe (Professor) represented
UNAFEI at the Second International Training Course on the Improvement of Prison Conditions andCorrectional Programmes, San Jose, Costa Rica, from 18 to 26 July 2000.
Mr. Mikinao Kitada (Director) presented a lecture on behalf of UNAFEI at the First World
Congress on Public Security and the Procurement and Administration of Justice, Mexico City,
Mexico, 25 to 29 July 2000.
Mr. Mikinao Kitada (Director) visited the International Center for Criminal Law Reform andCriminal Justice Policy (ICCLRCJP) in Vancouver, Canada, from 28 to 30 July 2000, to exchange
views on the administration of criminal justice institutes and the working program of each institute forfiscal year 2001.
Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka (Professor) visited Kathmandu, Nepal, from 8 to 13 August 2000, in
preparation for the Nepal-UNAFEI Joint Seminar to be held December 2000.
Mr. Hiroshi Tsutomi (Professor) participated in the Youth Justice 2000 Conference
Singapore from the 13 to 15 September 2000.
Mr. Mikinao Kitada (Director) attended the Fifteenth Coordination Meeting of the Networkof UN Institutes in Turin, Italy from 19 to 20 September 2000. He then traveled to Courmayeur,
Italy to attend the Eighth ISPAC Plenary Session and the International Conference on “Countering
Terrorism through Enhanced International Co-operation” from 21 to 22 and 22 to 24 September
2000, respectively.
Mr. Mikinao Kitada (Director) and Mr. Keiichi Aizawa (Deputy Director) attended theEighth Asia Crime Prevention Foundation World Conference held in Beijing, The People’s Republicof China from 11 October to 16 October 2000. UNAFEI was co-organizer of the Group Meeting“Internet Related and Other ‘High-tech’ Crimes” for this conference; a follow-up forum to the“Workshop on Crimes Related to the Computer Network”, which UNAFEI coordinated as part of
the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, held in
Vienna, April 2000.
Mr. Shinya Watanabe (Professor) represented UNAFEI at the Twentieth Asian and Pacific54

Conference of Correctional Administrators in Sydney, Australia from 5 to 11 November 2000.
Mr. Keiichi Aizawa attended the First Independent Commission Against Corruption(ICAC) Symposium in Hong Kong from 13 to 16 November 2000.

UNAFEI Home Page: http://www.unafei.or.jp/
UNAFEI Email: unafei@nifty.com

55

STAFF & FACULTY OF UNAFEI
Faculty :Mr. Mikinao Kitada
Mr. Keiichi Aizawa
Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka
Mr. Akihiro Nosaka
Mr. Shinya Watanabe
Mr. Yuichiro Tachi
Mr. Chikara Satou
Mr. Hiroshi Tsutomi
Ms. Mikiko Kakihara
Ms. Rebecca Findlay-Debeck

Director
Deputy Director
Chief of Training Division, Professor
Chief of Information & Library Service Division, Professor
Chief of Research Division, Professor
Professor, 116th Course Sub-programming Officer
Professor, 116th Course Programming Officer
Professor
Professor
Linguistic Adviser

Secretariat :Mr. Yoshinori Miyamoto
Mr. Miyoshi Chishima

Chief of Secretariat
Deputy Chief of Secretariat

General and Financial Affairs Section
Mr. Norihiko Kimura
Mr. Katsuhiko Jimbo
Mr. Naoki Sohma
Mr. Hironori Nakagawa
Mr. Shokichi Kai
Mr. Teruo Kanai
Mr. Noboru Kaneko
Ms. Kyoko Matsushita

Chief

Driver
Maintenance
MaintenanceTraining and Hostel Management Affairs Section
Mr. Yoshinobu Gohda
Ms. Ikumi Yoshida
Mr. Toru Hirata
Mr. Masaaki Nozaki
Ms. Tomomi Kubo
Ms. Tomoko Kamitani

Chief
116th Course Assistant Programming Officer

International Research Affairs Section

Secretarial Staff

Mr. Takuma Kai

Ms. Aya Saito
Ms. Yuka Takeda

Kitchen, Chef

JICA Coordinator

Mr. Tomohiko Takagi

Ms. Yasako Ono