Summary and Conclusions

Malocclusions and Orthodontic
Treatment in a Health Perspective
A Systematic Review

The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care

SBU Board of Directors
and Scientific Advisory Committee

Secretariat
NINA REHNQVISTExecutive Director

Board of Directors
KERSTIN HAGENFELDT
Karolinska Institute(Chair)

TORE LÖWSTEDT
Swedish Federation ofCounty Councils

OLLE STENDAHL
Swedish Society of
MedicineHÅKAN BILLIG
Swedish Research Council

EVA NILSSON BÅGENHOLMThe Swedish Medical
AssociationHÅKAN SÖRMANThe Swedish Associationof Local Authorities

MADELEINE ROHLIN
Faculty of Odontology,
Malmö

GUNNAR ÅGRENThe Swedish National
Institute of Public HealthHÅKAN CEDER
National Board of Healthand Welfare
EVA FERNVALL MARKSTEDT
Swedish Association of
Health Professionals

MARGARETHA SPJUTH
The Swedish Associationof Local Authorities

Scientific Advisory Committee
PETER ASPELIN
Karolinska University
Hospital, Huddinge (Chair)
HANS-OLOV ADAMI
Karolinska Institute
ANDERS ANELL
The Swedish Institute for
Health Economics, Lund
BJÖRN BEERMANN
Medical Products Agency,
UppsalaDAVID BERGQVISTUppsala University Hospital

CECILIA BJÖRKELUND
Göteborg University

KERSTIN NILSSON
Örebro University Hospital

LISA EKSELIUS
Uppsala University

JAN PALMBLAD
Karolinska Institutet

MATS ELIASSON
Sunderby Hospital, Luleå

MÅNS ROSÉNThe Swedish National
Board of Health and Welfare

ANN-KATHRINE GRANÉRUS
University Hospital,
Linköping
BJÖRN KLINGE
Karolinska Institute
ANDERS LINDGREN
The Swedish Ministry of
Health and Social Affairs

GUNNEVI SUNDELIN
Umeå University
GIGGI UDÉN
Malmö University

Summary and Conclusions of the SBU Report on:

Malocclusions and Orthodontic
Treatment in a Health Perspective
A Systematic Review
October 2005

Project Group:
Anna-Karin Holm
(Chair)Susanna Axelsson(Project Director)
Lars Bondemark
Viveca Brattström
Ken Hansen

Lars-Åke Marké
Bengt Mohlin
Gunnar Paulin
Terttu Pietilä
Åsa Svensson(Project Assistant)

Scientific Reviewers:
Maija T Laine-Alava
Maurits Persson

Arild Stenvik
Ingvar Westerberg

Report: Malocclusions and Orthodontic Treatment in a Health Perspective
Type: Systematic Review • ISBN: 91-85413-06-2 • ISSN: 1400-1403
Report no: 176 • Publishing year: 2005

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SBU’s conclusions
Consequences of Untreated Malocclusions
q When the patient has a large overjet and the upper lip does notprotect the front teeth, the incidence of trauma to the anterior
teeth of the maxilla is higher (Evidence Grade 3).
q If the maxillary canines are incorrectly positioned in the jawbone before their eruption, the risk that they will damage theroots of the front teeth as they emerge increases (ectopic eruption) (Evidence Grade 3).
q The prevalence of caries in people with occlusal deviations is
the same as in those whose bite is normal (Evidence Grade 3).
q A correlation between moderate malocclusions and negative
effects on the self-image of 11–14-year-olds has not been found(Evidence Grade 3).
q Adults with untreated malocclusions express more dissatisfaction with the appearance of their bite than adults without
malocclusions (Evidence Grade 3).
q Scientific evidence is insufficient for conclusions on a correlation between specific untreated malocclusions and symptomatic temporomandibular joint disorders.
Priority Indices for Orthodontic Treatment
q Scientific evidence for conclusions concerning the validity(that is, if a tool measures what it is intended to measure) ofmorphological priority indices (indices based on deviationsin the bite and the dental arch from an established norm)
are lacking.

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The Decision to Undergo Orthodontic Treatment
q Orthodontic treatment is initiated in most cases by the generaldental practitioner (Evidence Grade 3).
q The appearance of the teeth is the patients’ most importantreason for seeking orthodontic treatment (Evidence Grade 3).
Morphologic Stability and Patient Satisfaction 5 years or more after
Orthodontic Treatment
q Treatment of crowding aligns the dental arch. However, thelength and width of the mandibular dental arch graduallyshorten in the long term, and crowding of the anterior teeth
can reoccur. This condition cannot be predicted at the individual level (Evidence Grade 3).
q Treatment of large overjet with fixed appliances according to
Herbst 1 normalizes the occlusion. Relapses occur, but cannot
be predicted at the individual level (Evidence Grade 3).
q Scientific evidence is insufficient for conclusions on stability
after treatment of other morphological discrepancies.

conclusions

q Scientific evidence is insufficient for conclusions concerning
the validity of esthetic indices from a societal perspective.

q Scientific evidence is insufficient for conclusions on patientsatisfaction in the long term (at least 5 years) after the conclusion of orthodontic treatment.

1 Braces that hold the mandible in a forward position via a telescoping mechanism.

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5Risks and Complications of Orthodontic Treatment
q Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, as well as theapplication of separators and new arch wires, is painful in the
beginning (Evidence Grade 2).
q Orthodontic treatment can cause a reduction of the bone level
between the teeth; the scope of this reduction, however, is sosmall that it lacks clinical relevance (Evidence Grade 2).
q Stainless steel wires that were attached to the back of theanterior teeth of the mandible by etching (retainer) havenot been found to give rise to caries in a 5-year perspective(Evidence Grade 3).
q Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances that containnickel have not been found to increase the incidence of nickel
sensitivity (Evidence Grade 3).
q Root resorptions 2 up to one-third of the length of the root
occur in 11–28 percent of the patients who have undergone
orthodontic treatment (Evidence Grade 3). Information on
the long-term consequences of this is lacking.
q Teeth with incomplete root development are resorbed to alesser degree than fully developed teeth (Evidence Grade 3).
q Side effects such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD)
have not been demonstrated in connection with orthodontic
treatment (Evidence Grade 3).
q Scientific evidence is insufficient for conclusions on what
effect a suspension of treatment has on root resorptions
during ongoing orthodontic treatment.

2 Gradual dissolution of tooth roots.

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q The number of specialists per 10,000 children was on average
1.12 and varied between 0.82 and 1.68.
Fact box
Criteria for Evidence Grading SBU’s Conclusions
Evidentiary Value and Evidence Grade
Evidentiary value concerns the scientific quality of a single study and its
ability to answer a specific question in a reliable manner.
Evidence Grade expresses the combined scientific evidence for a conclusion, that is, how many high-quality studies support the conclusion.

Evidence Grade 1 – Strong scientific Evidence
A conclusion that has been assigned Evidence Grade 1 is supported by atleast two studies of high evidentiary value in the body of scientific evidence. If there are also studies that seem to argue against the conclusion,
however, the evidence grade may be lower.

Evidence Grade 2 – Moderately Strong Scientific Evidence
A conclusion that has been assigned Evidence Grade 2 is supported by atleast one study with high evidentiary value and two studies with mediumhigh evidentiary value in the body of scientific evidence. If there arestudies that appear to argue against the conclusion, however, the evidence
grade may be lower.

conclusions

SBU’s Review of Praxis
q The share of orthodontic treatments that were begun per age
group was on average 27 percent and varied between 21 percent
and 39 percent for 20 of 21 county councils.

Evidence Grade 3 – Limited Scientific Evidence
A conclusion with Evidence Grade 3 is supported by at least two studiesof medium-high evidentiary value in the body of scientific evidence.
If there are studies that speak against the conclusion, the scientificevidence may be considered insufficient or contradictory.

Insufficient Scientific Evidence
When no studies fulfill the demands for evidentiary value, the scientificevidence is considered insufficient to draw any conclusions.

Contradictory Scientific Evidence
When there are different studies that have the same evidentiary value but
whose results diverge, the scientific evidence is considered contradictoryand no conclusions can be drawn.
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SBU Summary

BackgroundThe subject field of orthodontics comprises the development andgrowth of the face, the jaws, and the bite. Diagnostics, preventive
treatment, and treatment of congenital or acquired malocclusions
are included. The term “orthodontics” comes from the Greek
word “orto”, which means straight, and “odous”, which means
tooth. The straightening of irregular teeth, or orthodontic treatment, require the use of fixed or removable orthodontic appliances
to affect the jaws and their growth and to move teeth that areincorrectly positioned so that the dental arch better agrees withthe “ideal” or “normal” occlusion.

Development of the Bite
The development and growth of the teeth and the jaws are essentially governed by genetic factors. During occlusal development,
external factors can also have significance; for example, prolonged
sucking on the fingers or use of a pacifier can cause a displacement of the teeth. The occlusion develops under a long period,
from the time the first deciduous teeth emerge at 6–8 months ofage to when all 28 permanent teeth have erupted at 12–14 years ofage. At the same time, the jaws grow to create space, and the face
increases in length. After the face ceases to grow, occlusal relationships continue to undergo minor alterations.

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9Malocclusions
In most cases, occlusal development results in a well-functioning and stable occlusion. In some people, however, the relation between the jaws is not what is considered to be a “normal”
occlusion. The direction of tooth eruption can deviate or lack ofspace can arise, for example, if the jaws are small compared to thewidth of the teeth. These morphological discrepancies or malocclusions often have a genetic background, but there can also beother causes (see Chapter 1).
When occlusal development is unfavorable, it can be interrupted or influenced, either through preventive or through interceptive measures. An example of a preventive measure is to interrupt
a sucking habit before an occlusal deviation is established. Interceptive measures are performed in the primary occlusion or the
early mixed dentition and means that an unfavorable occlusal
development is interrupted and that occlusal development canthereafter continue in an unobstructed manner for the individual.
If malocclusions were established in the permanent occlusion,corrective treatment may be necessary. Such treatment requires
removable or fixed orthodontic appliances, otherwise known asbraces. Treatment with removable appliances can be done by ageneral dental practitioner while corrective treatment with fixed
appliances is usually performed by specialists in orthodontics andrequires a treatment period of 1–2 years.

Indications for Orthodontic Treatment
Most orthodontic treatment aims to move teeth into a more
“normal” occlusion. Some malocclusions require a combinationof surgical and orthodontic treatment. The evaluation of the needfor orthodontic treatment is a delicate task. Because the “ideal” ornormal bite has come to be regarded as a norm for how occlusions
should look, insignificant discrepancies can also be experienced

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as something that must be remedied, while in actuality they
are merely an expression of individual variations in appearance.
Children often desire orthodontic treatment, and their parents
perhaps even more so for their child. Dentists in general practicewith the patient and the parents, play the most important role inthe decision process.
Orthodontic treatment usually begins at 12–14 years of age, thetime in life when appearance begins to be important. The reason
for beginning treatment at this age, among others, is that all
permanent teeth have erupted. The individual has also reached anage when she or he is considered to have achieved autonomy andis able to desire or decline orthodontic treatment.

The organization of Orthodontic Care
Treatment need is determined by the general dental pratice teamat the regular dental checkups. Certain malocclusions can be
remedied with simple measures, but when the malocclusions are
more complicated, the dentist may consult an orthodontic specialist. In each county council, specialists – employees of the county
council or specialists in private practice – work as consultants andperform treatments. If orthodontic treatment is indicated, it canbe done by a general dental practitioner under the supervision ofa specialist. It is more usual, however, for the patient to be referred to specialists. The distribution between these two methods ofworking varies in the different county councils.
In Sweden, orthodontic treatment, subject to a means test, ispart of the general dental care for children and adolescent thatis free of charge for patients up to 20 years of age. Orthodontic
treatment can also be performed on adults, but it is not free ofcharge. The actual costs for treating one patient orthodonticallyin Sweden can, depending on the scope of treatment and degreeof severity, be as much as SEK 30,000 (USD 3,750).

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11Issues Addressed in the Report• What risks or consequences does orthodontic treatment versus
lack of orthodontic treatment have for the teeth and surrounding tissues, the function of the masticatory system (speech,
masticatory function, jaw function), and the person’s psychosocial health?
• Who initiates or decides on treatment – the patient, the parents,
or health-care providers?
• What devices (e.g., indices) are there to assess treatment need,and how have these indices been validated?
• Is the outcome of orthodontic treatment long lasting(at least 5 years after retention3 has ended)?
• What differences in costs can be calculated for different
treatment strategies?

Qualifications and Definitions
This report is limited to clinical studies on humans and to thetreatment of children and adolescents. Treatment that includes
orthognathic surgery (surgical treatment of severe malocclusions)has been excluded. All types of studies, quantitative as well as
qualitatatve, that concern assessment of the risks of no treatment
and different aspects of treatment decisions were included.

MethodLiterature Search
Small work groups, working together with an information specialist sought relevant literature interactively in the Medline databasefrom the year 1966 and forward. The reference lists obtained in
the database search contained articles and abstracts and wereassessed by at least two people. The full texts of the articles
3 Measures to retain the teeth in their new position.

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that at least one of the assessors felt were relevant to the issues
being addressed by the project were ordered. The literature wassubsequently supplemented with relevant articles that had been
identified in the reference lists of the articles found in the primary
search, in documentation from consensus meetings, and fromreference lists in review articles.
Inclusion Criteria
To be included in the next step of the review
process, the purpose of the study had to be toanswer one or more of the questions posedin this review, and the study had to fulfill
the predetermined inclusion criteria.
The studies that were included contained healthy patients with malocclusions
in which the teeth and the jaws wereinvolved. Studies on the risk of caries andperiodontitis as well as on psychologicalfactors and factors concerning appearance were included only from 1980 forward.
The reason for this late date is that it
was previously common to cement metal
bands on all teeth to anchor the orthodontic appliances, which may have had a great
influence on the risk of caries and periodontitis. Now practice is to place orthodontic
bands only on the molars. The evaluation was
limited to literature on the treatment of children
and adolescents. Adults could be included instudies that followed up treatment and investigated risks of not receiving treatment. For
evaluation of treatment outcome after at least
5 years, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs)– prospective and retrospective comparative studies – were reviewed.
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13Review and Grading of the Evidentiary Value of the Studies
All types of studies were included in the review since the project’s
issues concerned the risks and the outcomes of measures such as
the consequences of lack of treatment. The scientific efforts madeto measure and compare results in a systematized manner were
judged for each study. Each study was assigned an evidentiary
value that summarized how reliably the study answered the questions it proposed to investigate. The evidentiary value of a study
was rated as high, medium-high, or low.
Setting the Evidence Grade of the Conclusions
The scientific evidence for each summarized conclusion – theevidence grade – was rated as strong, moderately strong, limited,or insufficient depending on how many studies with different
evidentiary values support the conclusion (see Fact Box 1). Thatthe effect of a measure has insufficient or contradictory scientificsupport – or that scientific evidence is completely lacking – does
not necessarily mean that the measure is ineffective or should not
be used. If the result concerns a risk or side effect, it is not possible
to guarantee in a similar manner as for other risks or side effects
with a higher evidentiary value that such an outcome will notoccur when the scientific evidence is insufficient or contradictory.
Lack of completely clear, scientifically verified conclusions often
means that additional clinical studies are needed.
Review of Praxis
Since up-to-date information on the scope of orthodontic care
was lacking, the project was begun by sending a questionnaire to
all county councils. The results showed that slightly more thana quarter of children and adolescents in Sweden had undergone
orthodontic treatment and that variations between the county
councils were significant. The annual costs per child in the ages
3–19 years (all children in Sweden) was on average 324 SEK(USD 40) with a variation between SEK 243 and SEK 456

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(USD 30–57). The number of children per age group in whom
treatment was initiated varied in most county councils between
21 and 39 percent, but one county council reported 86 percent.
The number of specialists per 10,000 children varied between
0.82 and 1.68 with an average of 1.12.

Results of the Literature SearchConsequences of Untreated Malocclusions
Untreated deviations from a normal bite have, among other factors, been linked to a deterioration in oral health, oral function, orboth in priority indices. This, together with risks of dissatisfaction
with particularly visible malocclusions, were judged as importantfactors that motivate treatment. Untreated discrepancies wereassociated with higher risks of trauma, caries, and periodontitis;a deterioration in speech or masticatory function; temporomandibular joint disorders; and psychosocial problems.
Teeth that are incorrectly positioned in the jaw bone before
eruption and whose direction of growth is thereby incorrect could
cause defects on the roots of neighboring teeth. If this is notdiscovered in time, large sections of the roots of the adjacent teeth
may be resorbed.
The literature review shows that there is a correlation between
an incorrect positioning of the maxillary canines and resorption
injuries on the roots of the lateral incisor teeth.
The scientific literature also reveals that there is a correlation between the incidence of a large overjet – where the upper
lip does not protect the front teeth – and trauma to these teeth.
Larger overjets are associated with more severe injuries. The
results show that caries is not more common in individuals withuntreated malocclusions compared with individuals with a normal
occlusion. Scientific evidence is insufficient for conclusions on acorrelation between periodontitis and untreated malocclusions.
Scientific evidence is also insufficient for conclusions on whether

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15there is a correlation between untreated malocclusions and speechdisorders and between untreated malocclusions and a deterioration in masticatory function.
In studies with a follow-up time of 2–5 years, people withuntreated malocclusions such as a crossbite, crowding, or a large
overjet have a somewhat higher frequency of signs and symptomsof temporomandibular disorders than people who have undergone
treatment or who have a normal bite. But studies with longer
observation times have not found a higher frequency of temporomandibular disorders among people with untreated malocclusions.
The most common reason for children to seek orthodontic treatment – or for their parents to seek treatment for their children– is dissatisfaction with the appearance of the bite, esthetics. One
relevant question in connection with this is to what extent untreated malocclusions contribute to psychological problems, adeterioration in self-esteem, or simply a deep
dissatisfaction with one’s appearance.
Studies where psychological tests
were used have not found that
untreated malocclusions negatively
affect self-image in youth. Adults
with malocclusions can be moredissatisfied with the appearanceof their bite than those whohave received orthodontic treatment or have a normal bite.
Priority Indices for
Orthodontic Treatment
The wishes and needs of orthodontic patients can be satisfied
as little as can those ofpatients in other areas ofhealth care, since eco-16

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nomic resources are limited. In their attempts to limit orthodontic
care, county councils use different priority indices as instruments
to define what care is free of charge for the patient. Such priority
indices are used in many countries, independent of the reimbursement system. The components in the indices that are used can bedivided into two categories:• a grading or valuation of the morphological occlusal deviation4 .
• an esthetic valuation of the occlusion and the appearance of theteeth.
The different priority indices therefore contain either morphological or esthetic components or a combination of these. The morphological priority indices build to a large extent on a traditional
perception of the risks of malocclusions, and on the view that themore a deviation differs from a given norm (the ideal occlusion),
the greater are the risks of future injuries or of pain or discomfort.
Scientific evidence to assess the validity of morphological indices is lacking. Esthetic indices were validated, but the scientificevidence was insufficient to allow any conclusions to be drawn on
their validity from a societal perspective.
The Decision to Undergo Orthodontic Treatment
A decision for orthodontic treatment in countries where all or partof the costs are covered by public funds is a process of many steps.
The potential patient, is often influenced by friends and parents,
by the referrer (who usually is a general dental practitioner), andby the orthodontic specialist. All are influenced by esthetic conceptions, the scope of the occlusal deviation, the selection principles used (index), and the economic preconditions.
A review of the scientific evidence shows that it usually is thegeneral dental practitioner who initiates treatment and that esthetic reasons are why the patient or the parents of the patient are
seeking treatment.

4 Deviations of the occlusion and the dental arch from an established norm.

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17Morphologic Stability and Patient Satisfaction Evaluated
5 years or more after Orthodontic Treatment
Orthodontic treatment is traditionally divided into preventive,
interceptive, and corrective measures. The goal of orthodontic
treatment is to foster a normal or so-called “ideal” occlusion thatis morphologically stable and esthetically and functionally well
adjusted. While preventive or interceptive measures are performed early in life, for example, to halt an unfavorable occlusal
development, corrective measures are required for the treatment of
established malocclusions. Since corrective measures are frequent,extensive, and expensive, it is important to evaluate whether they
are also stable in the long term.
Immediately following completed treatment, the results areusually clinically satisfactory. Long-term studies show that during
a follow-up time of at least 5 years, the length and width of themandibular dental arch shortens. Subsequent new crowding often
arises in the incisor area but the extent of the changes in themandibular dental arch and the extent of the degree of crowding
which may reappear cannot be predicted on an individual basis.
There is limited scientific evidence to show that treatment of alarge overjet with fixed appliances according to the principles ofHerbst normalizes the occlusion in the long term. It is, however,usual to find that the treatment outcome deteriorates in a numberof ways after removal of retention. Whether these changes cause
patients to be dissatisfied, or are indications that new treatment isnecessary, is not reported.
There are few long-term follow-ups of stability (more than 5
years) after corrective and after interceptive treatment. No conclusions can be drawn on whether interceptive treatment reduces theneed for later treatment.
Only a few studies on patient satisfaction after orthodontic
treatment were identified, and only one of these fulfill the criteriaof a 5-year follow-up. Conclusions on patient satisfaction in thelong term are therefore not possible.

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Risks and Complications of Orthodontic Treatment
In orthodontic treatment, forces from the appliances cause a
resorption of the surrounding bone on the pressure side while newbone is formed on the tension side. In this way, the teeth can be
moved to the desired position. During treatment, certain undesirable side effects that involve the teeth and the surrounding tissues
can arise. Examples of such are caries, periodontitis, or hypersensitive reactions to the materials in the appliances. Pain can occur inthe initial stage of tooth movement. Root resorptions and temporomandibular disorders are also possible complications.
The literature review shows that orthodontic treatment does
not result in more caries than in an untreated control group, eventhough fixed appliances can cause plaque to accumulate. Stainlesssteel wire that has been bonded to the lingual surface of mandibular incisor teeth of the mandible was not found to be a causeof caries in a 5-year perspective. Orthodontic treatment can cause
a reduction in the bone level between the teeth; the scope of thisreduction, however, is so small that it lacks clinical relevance.
Tooth movement causes an inflammation in the tissues thatsurround the teeth, which can cause pain and soreness during
different phases of treatment. The occurrence of pain has mainly
been studied using a questionnaire. The results show that the pain
begins 4 hours after the appliance has been placed, increases up
to 24 hours after placement, and thereafter diminishes gradually
until the seventh day. There are no clear results concerning genderdifferences or whether the pain is associated with age.
Orthodontic appliances usually consist of stainless steel containing chromium and nickel. Some superelastic arch wires cancontain up to 50 percent nickel. Hypersensitivity to nickel isunusual and occurs more often in women than in men. A strong
association between hypersensitivity to nickel and ear piercing has
also been found. The literature review, however, has not shownthat orthodontic treatment causes a hypersensitivity to nickel nor
makes an established hypersensitivity worse. One study found

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19that none of the individuals who received orthodontic treatment
before they pierced their ears became hypersensitive to nickel.
Root resorption is one common complication of orthodontic
treatment (see Figure 1). The literature review shows that resorption occurs or is suspected to occur on at least one tooth in almost
all patients. Moderate root resorption, up to one-third of thelength of the root, occurs on at least one tooth of 11–28 percentof the patients. Information on the long-term consequences ofthis is lacking. Whether former trauma to teeth increases therisk of root resorption in subsequent orthodontic treatment has
been inconclusively studied and no conclusions can be drawn,
nor concerning which individuals and which teeth or groups ofteeth are most subjected to root resorption. The same concerns
the importance of the length of treatment and the extent of tooth
movement. The need of recurrent intraoral X-ray examinations
during treatment with fixed appliances, to decide whether treatment should be suspended in the case of root resorptions, was notevaluated in any study with high or medium-high evidentiary
value.
The studies in the review showed that subjective findings ofmasticatory dysfunction (primarily pain during mandibular
movements) do not seem to be more common or more severe after
orthodontic treatment in the short or in the long term. Neither
was an increase in the incidence of tenderness upon muscle palpation or of reduction in range of mandibular movement nor adifference in the incidence of unspecified clicking and/or poppingfrom the temporomandibular joints after orthodontic treatment.
Economic Aspects
In the literature search, no study that met the inclusion criteria
and that analyzed and compared the practical costs of orthodontic
treatment was found. One model analysis that has been done is
described in Chapter 3 of this report. It shows that the costs for
fixed and removable appliances in the treatment of overjet (postnormal occlusion, Figure 1.3 in Chapter 1) do not differ signi-

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Figure 1 Moderate root resorptions, less than one-third of thelength of the root.

ficantly. Removable appliances suggest a lower cost, but since alarge proportion of these patients will change to fixed appliances,the costs for those who began their treatment with fixed appliances are lower than if treatment began with removable appliances.
The calculation example shows that it is important that the mostsuitable method for the patient is chosen from the beginning.
Ethical Aspects
The ethical aspects concerning the indices that are used in theassessment and in decisions on orthodontic treatment should beobserved. Not one of the morphological treatment indices that areused in Sweden has been validated. An index value that indicatestreatment need must have a solid scientific rationale. Otherwise,
there is a risk that patients and health-care providers will be influenced in their decision process by alleged risks of future ill healthwithout scientific evidence.
This review of practice found large differences in care between
the different county councils. An important ethical issue is toanalyze the background and the causes of these differences.

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In Sweden, orthodontic caretreatmentis provided free ofcharge to children and adolescents up to 20 years of age aspart of the general children
and adolescent dental care if
an evaluation has determinedthat the patient has a treatment
need. It is often initiated when thepatient is 12–14 years old since thechild or adolescent is then considered
to have autonomy and be able to makeher or his own decision. At this age,
appearance is important, and esthetic
indications are common. Treatment moreor less always produces an outcome thatthe patient is satisfied with. Each patient
should naturally participate in the treatment decision, but the question of whether
measures that are only motivated by esthetic
or cosmetic reasons should be funded at public
expense needs to be discussed. The large differences between the county councils indicatesthat policies are different in different parts ofthe country – which is unsatisfied from an
ethical point of view.
Future ResearchThis literature review shows thatthe need for future studies isgreat. There are some areasin which the review group
found the need to be particularly large. Examples include
indications and assessments(decisions) for orthodontic
treatment, follow-up of22

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treatment results, the correct timing for orthodontic treatment,
analysis of the factors that underlie the variations in practice
between different county councils, the significance of malocclusions for quality of life, and last but not least, studies in the fieldof health economics.
The morphological indices that are used in the county councils
today in the selection of patients for orthodontic treatment havenot been validated, and consequently, no one knows if the indicesmeasure what they are intended to measure. Primarily, an evaluation should be made of whether an index is the best aid in thedecision process or if there are other ways to distribute resources.
Another pressing area is to study how orthodontic specialists canbest meet society’s growing interest in appearance. To determine
to what degree malocclusions can affect an individual’s quality oflife, the instrument used to select patients needs to be more thansimply an index of dental and facial morphology.
Well-designed multicenter studies where the stability of theocclusion following treatment of different morphological deviations is evaluated in a long-term perspective (at least 5 years)
would supply valuable knowledge, as would studies on the effectof interceptive treatment.
Today, studies that show how orthodontic resources are distributed in and between the county councils, as well as healtheconomic studies that reflect and compare costs for different
orthodontic treatments, are lacking.

FRO M TH E R EP O RT ” M A LOCC LU S IO N S A N D O RTHO DO NTICT R E AT M E N T I N A H E A LT H P E R S P E C T I V E ”

23

Reports publiced by SBU
SBU Reports in English
Interventions to Prevent Obesity (2005), no 173E
Moderately Elevated Blood Pressure (2004), Volume 2, no 172/2
Sickness Absence – Causes, Consequences, and Physicians’ Sickness Certification
Practice, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, suppl 63 (2004), 167/suppl
Radiotherapy for Cancer (2003),Volume 2, no 162/2
Treating and Preventing Obesity (2003), no 160E
Treating Alcohol and Drug Abuse (2003), no 156E
Evidence Based Nursing: Caring for Persons with Schizophrenia (1999/2001), no 4E
Chemotherapy for Cancer (2001), Volume 2, no 155/2
CABG/PTCA or Medical Therapy in Anginal Pain (1998), no 141E
Bone Density Measurement, Journal of Internal Medicine, Volume 241
Suppl 739 (1997), no 127/suppl
Critical Issues in Radiotherapy (1996), no 130E
Radiotherapy for Cancer, Volume 1, Acta Oncologica, Suppl 6 (1996), no 129/1/suppl
Radiotherapy for Cancer, Volume 2, Acta Oncologica, Suppl 7 (1996), no 129/2/suppl
Mass Screening for Prostate Cancer, International Journal of Cancer,
Suppl 9 (1996), no 126/suppl
Hysterectomy – Ratings of Appropriateness... (1995), no 125E
Moderately Elevated Blood Pressure, Journal of Internal Medicine,Volume 238 Suppl 737 (1995), no 121/suppl
CABG and PTCA. A Literature Review and Ratings... (1994), no 120E
Literature Searching and Evidence Interpretation (1993), no 119E
Stroke (1992), no 116E
The Role of PTCA (1992), no 115E
The Problem of Back Pain – Conference Report (1989), no 107E
Preoperative Routines (1989), no 101E

SBU Summaries in English
Malocclusions and Orthodontic Treatment in a Health Perspective (2005), no 510-30
Psychiatric Risk Assessment Methods – Are Violent Acts Predictable? (2005), no 510-29
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders (2005), no 510-28
Interventions to Prevent Obesity (2005) no 510-27
Chronic Periodontitis – Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment (2004), no 510-26
Moderately Elevated Blood Pressure (2004), no 510-25
Treatment of Depression (2004), no 510-24

24

S B U ’ S S U M M A RY A N D C O N C LU S I O N S

Prescribed Sick Leave – Causes, Consequences, and Practices (2004), no 510-23
Osteoporosis – Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment (2003), no 510-22
Radiotherapy for Cancer (2003), no 510-21
Hearing Aids for Adults (2003), no 510-20
Prevention of Dental Caries (2002), no 510-19
Prevention, Diagnosis & Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism (2002), no 510-18
Obesity – Problems and Interventions (2002), no 510-17
Hormone Replacement Therapy (2002), no 510-16
Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Abuse (2001), no 510-15
Chemotherapy for Cancer (2001), no 510-14
Treatment of Asthma and COPD (2000), no 510-13
Dyspepsia – Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment (2000), no 510-12
Back Pain, Neck Pain (2000), no 510-11
The Patient–Doctor Relationship (2000), no 510-8
Urinary Incontinence (2000), no 510-9
Prognostic Methods for Acute Coronary Artery Disease (1999), no 510-10
Smoking Cessation Methods (1998), no 510-7
Routine Ultrasound Examination During Pregnancy (1998), no 510-6
Surgical Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases (1998), no 510-2
Preventing Disease with Antioxidants (1997), no 510-4
Community Intervention – Cardiovascular Disease (1997), no 510-3
The Use of Neuroleptics (1997), no 510-1

SBU Alert Reports
Early assessment of new health technologies. Find them at www.sbu.se/alert
in PDF format.

To order SBU Reports?
There are also several reports in Swedish. All reports can be ordered atwww.sbu.se, by the phone (+46-8-412 32 00), or by fax (+46-8-411 32 60).

FRO M TH E R EP O RT ” M A LOCC LU S IO N S A N D O RTHO DO NTICT R E AT M E N T I N A H E A LT H P E R S P E C T I V E ”

25

SBU Evaluates
Health Care Technology

The Swedish Government has given SBU the following
responsibilities:• SBU shall evaluate the methods used in health care bysystematically and critically reviewing the scientific evidence
in the field.
• SBU’s assessments shall cover the medical aspects and theethical, social, and economic consequences of disseminating
and applying medical and dental technologies.
• SBU’s assessments shall be compiled, presented, anddisseminated in such a way that all affected parties haveaccess to the information.
• SBU shall contribute, through informational and educational
initiatives, toward ensuring that the knowledge gained is used
to rationally utilize available resources in health care.
• SBU shall draw on national and international experience andresearch findings in the field and shall serve as a focal point
for health technology assessment in Sweden. This effort shallbe managed in a way that secures success and respect for theorganization, both domestically, and internationally.

Malocclusions and orthodontic
treatment in a health perspective
The SBU report, “Malocclusions andorthodontic treatment in a health perspective”, is based on a systematic andcritical review of the scientific literature.
It is one of a series of scientific reports
published by SBU (The Swedish Council
on Technology Assessment in Health Care)
The Summary and Conclusions of thereport, presented in this booklet, have been
approved by the SBU Board of Directors
and the Scientific Advisory Committee.

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SBU, Box 5650, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden Street Address: Tyrgatan 7

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Telephone: +46-8-412 32 00 Fax: +46-8-411 32 60 www.sbu.se E-mail: info@sbu.se