म࢜࿦จ
‫͚͓ʹ಺֩ࢠݪ‬ΔϕΫλʔதؒࢠ࣭ྔଌఆͷͨΊͷτϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ։ൃ‫౎ژ‬େֶେֶӃཧֶ‫ڀݚ‬Պ෺ཧֶୈೋ‫ࣨڭ‬‫֩ࢠݪ‬ϋυϩϯ෺ཧֶ‫ࣨڀݚ‬
ࢢ઒ਅ໵

֓ཁ
ਅۭதͰͷϋυϩϯ࣭ྔ͸ɺQCD ࿨ଇͳͲͷཧ࿦తΞϓϩʔνʹΑͬͯ QCD ʹ͓͚ΔΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͱؔ܎͚ͮΔ͜ͱ͕ՄೳͰ͋Δɻզʑ͸༗‫౓ີݶ‬ԼͰͷϋυϩϯ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧΛଌఆ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷཱ৔͔Β༗‫͚͓ʹ౓ີݶ‬ΔΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͷৼΔ෣͍Λௐ΂Δɻզʑ͸ J-PARC ϋυϩϯ࣮‫ࢪݧ‬ઃͷߴӡಈྔϏʔϜϥΠϯʹ͓͍ͯɺ‫౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬Լʹ͓͚Δ φ தؒࢠͷ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧଌఆΛߦ͏ɻ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ 30 GeVɺ1 × 1010 /spill(1 εϐϧ͸໿ 2 ඵ) ͷཅࢠϏʔϜΛಔඪత‫୸ͼٴ‬ૉඪతʹরࣹ͠ɺ‫ ʹ಺֩ࢠݪ‬φ தؒࢠΛੜ੒͢
Δɻͦͯ͠ɺφ → e+ e− ่յͰੜ੒͞ΕͨిࢠɾཅిࢠରΛଌఆ͠ɺෆม࣭ྔ๏Λ༻͍ͯ φ தؒࢠͷ࣭ྔΛ࠶ߏ੒͢Δɻਅۭதͱൺֱͨ͠৔߹ͷεϖΫτϧͷม‫ܗ‬Λ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γɺ

QDC ࿨ଇΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱͰ༗‫౓ີݶ‬ԼͰͷ s ΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͷ஋ʹ੍‫ݶ‬Λ༩͑Δɻຊ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷલ਎Ͱ͋Δ KEK-PS E325 ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɺ࣭ྔ෼ղೳ 11 MeV/c2 ͰଌఆΛߦ͍ɺφ தؒࢠʹ͍࣭ͭͯྔͷ‫ݮ‬গ܏޲Λ‫؍‬ଌͨ͠ɻຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸࣭ྔ෼ղೳ 8 MeV/c2 ͷԼͰ
E325 ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷඦഒͷ౷‫ྔܭ‬Λऩू͠ɺ֩಺ͷ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧʹ͍ͭͯ֬ఆతͳ৘ใΛಘΔ
͜ͱΛ໨ࢦ͢ɻ
࣮‫͍͓ͯʹݧ‬τϦΨʔʹ༻͍Δνϟϯωϧ਺͸ 2,620ch ͱଟ͘ɺ௚઀ҰͭͷϞδϡʔϧͰड৴͢Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɻͦͷͨΊτϦΨʔΛܾఆ͢ΔϞδϡʔϧͷલஈʹɺτϦΨʔΛத‫͢ܧ‬ΔϞδϡʔϧΛઃஔ͢Δ͜ͱͱͨ͠ɻ
τϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ͸ຊ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷͨΊʹ৽࡞͞ΕͨϞδϡʔϧͰ͋ΓɺLVDS ৴߸ͷೖྗίωΫλɺσʔλॲཧΛߦ͏ FPGA νοϓɺSFP+ ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔޫτϥϯγʔόʔ͔ΒͳΔɻ͜ͷϞδϡʔϧͰ͸ɺ1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓ 256 νϟϯωϧͷ LVDS ৴߸͔Βཻࢠ‫ݕ‬ग़ͷ࣌ؒ৘ใΛऔಘ͠ɺγϦΞϥΠζͯ͠‫ޙ‬ஈϞδϡʔϧ΁ͱૹ৴͢Δɻຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɺFPGA ͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞΛ։ൃ͠ɺೖྗ෦෼ͱ߹ΘͤͨੑೳධՁΛߦͬͨɻධՁ͸࣌ؒ෼ղೳɺੵ෼ඇ௚ઢੑɺඍ෼ඇ௚ઢੑɺ୹෯৴߸΁ͷԠ౴ɺ୹ִؒ৴߸΁ͷԠ౴ʹ͍ͭͯߦ͍ɺ͍ͣΕ΋࣮‫ेʹݧ‬෼ͳੑೳ͕ಘΒΕ͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠ɻ·ͨɺ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ΁ೖྗ͞ΕΔ৴߸ʹ͍ͭͯγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦ͍ɺϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͰ࠾
༻͍ͯ͠ΔϩδοΫͷϨʔτ଱ੑʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯ͨ͠ɻ
ຊ࿦จͰ͸ɺτϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬ϞδϡʔϧͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ࣮૷ɺੑೳධՁɺγϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷৄࡉʹ͍ͭͯड़΂Δɻ

1

໨࣍
ୈ1ষ

ং࿦

9

1.1

෺ཧతഎ‫ ܠ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

1.2

ઌߦ࣮‫ ݧ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

J-PARC E16 ࣮‫ݧ‬

17

2.1

໨త . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

2.2

࣮‫ݧ‬ख๏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

2.3

‫ݕ‬ग़‫ ܥث‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.4

ճ࿏‫ ܥ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.4.1

ಡΈग़͠‫ ܥ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

2.4.2

τϦΨʔ‫ ܥ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

ୈ2ষ

ୈ3ষ

τϦΨʔγεςϜ

32

3.1

τϦΨʔ৚݅ͷ֓ཁ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

3.2

τϦΨʔϋʔυ΢ΣΞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

3.3

τϦΨʔ‫΁ܥ‬ͷ࣌ؒతཁ੥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

3.3.1

τϦΨʔϨΠςϯγͷ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

3.3.2

τϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬ͷ֤Ϟδϡʔϧͷ࣌ؒ഑෼ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

ୈ4ষ

τϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧͷ։ൃ

40

4.1

Ϟδϡʔϧͷϋʔυ΢ΣΞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

4.2

ϞδϡʔϧͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

4.2.1

ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ΁ͷཁ੥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

4.2.2

ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷߏ੒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43ಈ࡞ࢼ‫ ݧ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

Vivado ʹΑΔγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

4.3

4.3.1

2

4.3.2
ୈ5ষ

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

ୈ6ষ

SiTCP Λ༻͍࣮ͨ‫ػ‬ςετ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50τϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬ϞδϡʔϧͷੑೳධՁ52

प೾਺҆ఆ౓ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

5.1.1

ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

5.1.2

༧ଌੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

5.1.3

ଌఆํ๏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

5.1.4

ଌఆ݁Ռ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54ੵ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

5.2.1

ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

5.2.2

ଌఆํ๏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

5.2.3

ଌఆ݁Ռ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

ඍ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

5.3.1

ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

5.3.2

ଌఆํ๏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

5.3.3

ଌఆ݁Ռ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58࣌ؒ෼ղೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

5.4.1

ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

5.4.2

‫ݪ‬ཧతͳ༧ଌੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

5.4.3

ଌఆํ๏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

5.4.4

ଌఆ݁Ռ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

୹෯৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

5.5.1

ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

5.5.2

ଌఆํ๏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

5.5.3

ଌఆ݁Ռ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

5.5.4

࠶‫࠷ͨ͠ݱ‬খ೾‫ʹܗ‬ର͢ΔԠ౴ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68୹ִؒ৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

5.6.1

ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

5.6.2

ଌఆํ๏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

5.6.3

ଌఆ݁Ռ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

5.6.4

࣮‫΁ݧ‬ͷӨ‫ ڹ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

γϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛ༻͍ͨத‫཰ޮܧ‬ධՁ

3

72

6.1

γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷ໨త . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72

6.2

γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷ৚݅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73

6.2.1

τϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷώοτϨʔτ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73

6.2.2

‫֩ࢠݪ‬൓ԠΛੜ͡Δ෺࣭ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

6.2.3

νϟϯωϧ ID ͷఆٛ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

6.2.4

γϛϡϨʔλʔ76

6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

த‫཰ޮܧ‬ͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77

6.3.1

γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷྲྀΕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77

6.3.2

Geant4 ग़ྗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77

6.3.3

λΠϜςʔϒϧੜ੒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

6.3.4

݁Ռ

80

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ୈ7ষ

݁࿦

82

෇࿥ A

ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷಈ࡞ࢼ‫ݧ‬ͷৄࡉ

86

Vivado ʹΑΔγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

A.1.1 1 νϟϯωϧೖྗʹର͢Δಈ࡞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

A.1.2 τϦΨʔϨΠςϯγͷ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

88

A.1.3 ଟνϟϯωϧೖྗʹର͢Δಈ࡞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

SiTCP ʹΑΔ TDC ಡΈग़͠ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90

A.1

A.2
ࢀߟจ‫ݙ‬

92

4

ਤ໨࣍
1.1

< qq > ͷԹ౓ɾີ౓ґଘੑ [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

1.2

݁߹ఆ਺ͷΤωϧΪʔεέʔϧґଘੑ [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1.3

‫౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬தͷ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷ < N |ss|N > ґଘੑ [3] . . . . . . . . .

12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

1.5

E325 ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬औಘ͞Εͨ φ தؒࢠεϖΫτϧ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.6

E325ɺE16 ͷ֤ඪతʹ͓͚Δ φ தؒࢠͷ࣭ྔมԽྔͷ଎౓ґଘੑ . . . .

15

2.1

ຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬औಘ͕༧ଌ͞ΕΔ φ தؒࢠεϖΫτϧ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

2.2

‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬ͷ໛ࣜਤ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.3

‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬ͷஅ໘ਤ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

2.4

FM Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

2.5

GTR ͷ໛ࣜਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

2.6

GTR ͷࣸਅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.7

HBD ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ݪ‬ཧ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

2.8

HBD ͷࣸਅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

2.9

LG ͷ֓ཁ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.10

ճ࿏‫ܥ‬ͷ֓೦ਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

2.11

τϦΨʔνϟϯωϧਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.12

TOT ‫ܕ‬σΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔͷ໛ࣜਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

3.1

ҐஔͷϚονϯά

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

3.2

։͖֯౓ͷ໛ࣜਤ

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

3.3

τϦΨʔϨʔτͱిࢠରੜଘ཰ͷؔ܎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

3.4

Belle-2 UT3 ͷࣸਅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

3.5

Belle-2 FTSW ͷࣸਅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

1.4

ີ౓ͱ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷؔ܎

5

3.6

ཻࢠ௨ա͔ΒಡΈग़͠։࢝·ͰͷλΠϜςʔϒϧ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

4.1

TRG-MRG ͷࣸਅ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

4.2

TRG-MRG ͷུ֓ਤ

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

4.3

FPGA ಺Ϣʔβʔճ࿏ͷ֓೦ਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

4.4

TDC ෦෼ͷ֓೦ਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.5

εέʔϥʔͷಈ࡞֬ೝ࣌ͷճ࿏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

4.6

εέʔϥʔͷಈ࡞֬ೝ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

5.1

प೾਺҆ఆ౓ଌఆͷճ࿏ਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

5.2

2ch ͷ࣌ؒࠩͷग़ྗྫ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

5.3

ೖྗ࣌ؒࠩͱग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩฏ‫ۉ‬ͷؔ܎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

5.4

ग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩฏ‫ۉ‬ͷ࢒ࠩ෼෍ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

5.5

DNL ଌఆͷճ࿏ਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

5.6

Χ΢ϯλʔԼҐ 4bit ͷΧ΢ϯτ਺ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

5.7

ਤ 5.6 Λ 0-7 ns(੨ɺh0)ɺ8-15 ns(੺ɺh1) ͷྖҬͰॏͶॻ͍ͨ΋ͷ . . .

59

5.8

DNL ‫ࢉ׵‬஋ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

5.9

࣌ؒ‫ݕ‬ग़ͷ‫ݪ‬ཧ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

5.10

֤࣌ؒࠩʹ͓͚Δ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62

5.11

3bin ʹ෼෍ͨ͠৔߹ͷώετάϥϜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62

5.12

୹͍৴߸ͷඇ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ݪ‬ཧ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

5.13

LG ग़ྗ೾‫ܗ‬ͷ DRS4 ʹΑΔಡΈऔΓ݁Ռ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

5.14

୹෯৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ଌఆ༻ճ࿏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

5.15

SN65LVDS348PW ͷ࿦ཧ൑ఆ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

5.16

DRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧͷग़ྗྫ (୹෯৴߸) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68

5.17

LG ग़ྗͷ࠶‫ݱ‬೾‫ܗ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

5.18

৴߸ִؒͷ‫͍ڱ‬৔߹ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ଌఆ༻ճ࿏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

5.19

DRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧͷग़ྗྫ (ִؒͷ‫͍ڱ‬৴߸) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

6.1

ϏʔϜ্ྲྀ͔Β‫ͨݟ‬ɺGTR3 ͷϞδϡʔϧਤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73

6.2

KEK E325 ࣮‫ݧ‬ηοτΞοϓ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74

6.3

ඪతपลͷ໛ࣜਤ

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

6.4

νϟϯωϧ ID ͷఆٛ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

6.5

ώοτ෼෍ͷྫ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

6

6.6

TRG-MRG ΁ೖྗ͞Εͨνϟϯωϧͷ෼෍ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

6.7

ిࢠɾཅిࢠରΛ‫ؚ‬Ή 48 chɺ64 ns ͷώοτ਺ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

6.8

ϏʔϜϨʔτͱ TRG-MRG ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ͷؔ܎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

A.1

ch11 ʹೖྗͨ͠৔߹ͷԠ౴: SH16 Ҏલ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

A.2

ch11 ʹೖྗͨ͠৔߹ͷԠ౴: SH16 Ҏ߱ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

A.3

ch11 ʹೖྗͨ͠৔߹ͷԠ౴: HB ग़ྗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

88

A.4

TDC ϨΠςϯγͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

A.5

Φʔόʔϑϩʔ͕‫͜ى‬Δ৔߹ͷೖྗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

A.6

Φʔόʔϑϩʔ͕‫͖ͨى‬৔߹ͷग़ྗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90

A.7

TDC ग़ྗͷಡΈग़͠ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91

7

ද໨࣍
2.1

1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓͷ GTR νϟϯωϧ਺ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.2

‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷ·ͱΊ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.3

೾‫ܗ‬όοϑΝϦϯά༻ IC ͷ࢓༷

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

3.1

π 0 தؒࢠͷੜ੒அ໘ੵ (ਪఆ஋) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

3.2

τϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬ͷ֤ॲཧͷॴཁ࣌ؒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

4.1

TDC ΁ͷཁ੥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

4.2

্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใͷσʔλ‫ࣜܗ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

4.3

‫ޙ‬ஈϞδϡʔϧ΁ͷͷૹ৴σʔλ‫ ࣜܗ‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

5.1

֤ଌఆ఺ʹ͓͚Δ෼෍ bin ਺. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

6.1

֤෺࣭ͷৄࡉ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

A.1

ਤ A.1 ͷઆ໌ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

A.2

ਤ A.2 ͷઆ໌ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

A.3

ਤ A.3 ͷઆ໌ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

88

A.4

ਤ A.6 ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใɺΦʔόʔϑϩʔ৘ใͷઆ໌ . . . . . . . . . .

90

8

ୈ1ষ

ং࿦
զʑ͸ φ → ee ൓ԠΛ༻͍ͨɺ‫౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬Լʹ͓͚Δ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔଌఆΛ J-PARC E16࣮‫ܭͯ͠ͱݧ‬ը͍ͯ͠Δɻ࣮‫ʹݧ‬͸ 1 × 1010 /spill(1 εϐϧ͸໿ 2 ඵ) ͷେ‫౓ڧ‬ཅࢠϏʔϜͱେཱମ֯ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫܈ث‬Λ༻͍ɺεϖΫτϧʹ͍ͭͯ‫ܥ‬౷త‫ڀݚ‬Λߦ͏ɻ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬৴߸͸

112,996 chɺ·ͨτϦΨʔʹ༻͍Δνϟϯωϧ਺͸ 2,620 ch ͱଟ͍ɻͦ͜Ͱզʑ͸ɺτϦΨʔΛܾఆ͢ΔϞδϡʔϧͷલஈʹ৴߸Λू໿͢ΔϞδϡʔϧΛ։ൃ͢Δ͜ͱͱͨ͠ɻຊ
࿦จ͸͜ͷ TRG-MRG ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔϞδϡʔϧͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ࣮૷ͱͦͷੑೳධՁʹ͍ͭͯड़΂Δ΋ͷͰ͋ΔɻຊষͰ͸‫ڀݚ‬ͷ෺ཧతഎ‫ͱܠ‬ɺཧ࿦ɺ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ‫ݱ‬ঢ়ʹ͍ͭͯड़΂Δɻ

1.1 ෺ཧతഎ‫ܠ‬ਅۭதͷϋυϩϯ࣭ྔͷҰ෦͸ɺΧΠϥϧରশੑͷࣗൃతഁΕͱͦΕʹ൐͏ΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖʹΑͬͯ୲ΘΕ͍ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ͍ͯΔɻҰํ༗‫ݶ‬Թ౓ͳ͍͠༗‫Ͱ౓ີݶ‬͸ɺΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͷ஋͸ࣗൃతഁΕͷ෦෼తճ෮ʹΑΓখ͘͞ͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻਤ 1.1 ʹ NJL ໛‫ܕ‬Λ༻͍ͯ‫͞ࢉܭ‬ΕͨΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͷ‫ظ‬଴஋ʹର͢ΔԹ౓‫౓ີͼٴ‬ґଘੑΛࣔ͢ [1]ɻैͬ
ͯਅۭதͱൺֱͯ͠ɺ‫౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬ԼͰ͸ϋυϩϯͷ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧʹม‫ݟ͕ܗ‬ΒΕΔ͜ͱ͕‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔɻม‫ܗ‬Λ࣮‫ݧ‬తʹଌఆ͠ɺཧ࿦‫ࢉܭ‬Λ༻͍ͯ QCD ͷ‫ڽ‬ॖͱ݁ͼ͚ͭΔ͜ͱͰɺ༗‫౓ີݶ‬ԼͰͷΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͷ஋ʹ੍‫ݶ‬Λ͚ͭΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ

9

< eq >r:0
2 \2f )
r N! = 2 flavours). Below T <~ 100 M c V , there is hardly any variation with
re. The density dependence is far more pronounced. Hence the place toications of chiral symmetry restoration is dense, rather than hot, systems.
ws a qualitative impression of how ((/q) behaves with both p and T; this is a
ult of NJL modei caiculations [14].

DENSITYਤ 1.1> ͷԹ౓ɾີ౓ґଘੑ[1]
ure .~: The condensate {#q)as <aqqfunctionof density
p and temperature Tm ,'ef.[I4] ). The density is 9iven in units of nuclear matter density Po = 0.17 fΫΥʔΫͷಈྗֶ͸ Quantum ChromoDynamics(QCD) ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔɻQCD ͸ߴΤωϧΪʔͰ͸઴ۙతࣗ༝ੑΛ࣋ͪɺઁಈ࿦తͳѻ͍͕ՄೳͰ͋ΔҰํɺΧΠϥϧରশੑͷࣗൃతഁΕͷ‫͜ى‬ΔΑ͏ͳ௿ΤωϧΪʔྖҬͰ͸݁߹ఆ਺͕େ͖͘ͳΔͨΊɺઁಈ࿦తͳ

QCD ͰऔΓѻ͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ (ਤ 1.2)[2]ɻ

10

value emerges from the compilation of current determinations of αs :αs (MZ2 ) = 0.1184 ± 0.0007 .
The results also provide a clear signature and proof of the energy dependence of αs , infull agreement with the QCD prediction of Asymptotic Freedom. This is demonstrated inFig. 9.4, where results of αs (Q2 ) obtained at discrete energy scales Q, now also including
thosebased justNLO QCD, are summarized and plotted.
CHAPTER
1. onINTRODUCTION

5

Figure 9.4: Summary
measurements of αs as a function of [2]the respective energy
ਤ 1.2 of݁߹ఆ਺ͷΤωϧΪʔεέʔϧґଘੑ
scale Q. The respective degree of QCD perturbation theory used in the extraction
FigureSummaryof measurementsof αs as aorder;
functionof theenergy scale Q [2].
of αs 1.1:
is indicatedin brackets(NLO: next-to-leading
NNLO:
next-to-next-to
leadingorder;
res.
NNLO:
NNLO
matchedwithresummednext-to-leading
logs;
QCD
࿨ଇ͸௿ΤωϧΪʔྖҬͰ QCD ͷ‫ڽ‬ॖΛ‫؍‬ଌྔͱ݁ͼ͚ͭΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ‫ྗڧ‬3
N LO: next-to-NNLO).
The QCD Lagrangianis invariant under thechiral transformation(q → e−iγ5 θ q)ͳཧ࿦ख๏Ͱ͋ΔɻQCD ࿨ଇʹΑΔͱɺ༗‫౓ີݶ‬ρ ʹ͓͚Δφ தؒࢠ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧͱin massless limit
md , ρmͷઢ‫ࣅۙܗ‬ͷൣғ಺Ͱ࣍ͷΑ͏ʹؔ࿈͚ͮΒΕΔ
theɻchirals → 0). When the spontaneous breaking of [3]s ΫΥʔΫͷ‫ڽ‬ॖ< ss(m>uρ, ͸ɺsymmetry occurs, quark-antiquark pairs condense in the vacuum and, constituent
quarks in hadrons interact
withtheand gain
Quark< ss >
ss condensate>0 + < N |ss|N> ρ their eﬀective mass.
(1.1)
ρ =<
condensate ⟨q̄q⟩ is!anorderparameterofthechiralsymmetry.
Theorderparameter∞21c2 (ρ) cwhile
4 (ρ) it becomes finite value−s/M⟨q̄q⟩ becomes zerowithchiraldsetheρ(s) symmetric= c0 (ρ) + phase,
+
+ ···
(1.2)
2
2
MsymmetryM
M40with the chiralbroken phase.
Temperature and density
condensate ⟨q̄q⟩ is illustrated
c0 (ρ)dependence= c0 (0), c2of(ρ)the= cquark
(1.3)
2 (0)
with Fig. 1.2. As temperature (density)
increases,
absolute
value
of
⟨q̄q⟩
decreases"July 9, 2012 19:53
2 temperature56
and finally goesc to
zero
at
the
critical
MN + ms <(density).
N |ss|N >In hot (finite temper4 (ρ) = c4 (0) + ρ −ature) and/or dense (finite density)27matter, 27
chiral phase transition
takes place and
#
(1.4)
4
7 αs gUnfortunately, ⟨q̄q⟩ itself isthe spontaneous breaking
chiral symmetrys is restored.
+ mq < N |qq|N > +A2 MN −A2 M N
not an observable, therefore
other observables suchproperties of hadrons
27
12asπ spectral
like mass and decay width which reflect the value of ⟨q̄q⟩ should be used. In other͜͜Ͱɺ͸εϖΫτϧؔ਺ɺ
MNproperties͸֩ࢠ࣭ྔɺ
ms ͸ s ΫΥʔΫͷΧϨϯτ࣭ྔɺwords,ρ(s)measurementsof hadronin hot/dense
matter are powerful tools
msto<search
N |ss|N>͸֩ࢠதͷετϨϯδωε੒෼ɺ
m
<
N
|qq|N
> ͸֩ࢠதͷ uɺd ੒the chiral symmetry restoration in theq matter.
g are several theoretical approaches to the hadron properties in the mediums෼ɺAThere
2 ɺA2 ͸ύʔτϯ෼෍ؔ਺ͷϞʔϝϯτ [3]ɺαs ͸݁߹ఆ਺Ͱ͋Δɻ
[7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. In particular, QCD sum rule shows that a mass spectrum in the‫ط‬஌ͷྔ΍‫د‬༩ͷখ͍߲͞Λআ͘ͱɺc4 (ρ) ͸ີ౓ ρ ͱ < N |ss|N > ͷΈͰܾ·
medium has to change as a result of the chiral symmetry restoration. Hatsuda andΔɻ·ͨɺࣜ (1.2) ͷࠨล͸εϖΫτϧͷੵ෼஋Ͱ͋ΔͷͰɺ࣮‫͔ݧ‬Βܾఆ͢Δ͜ͱ
Lee studied using the QCD sum rule and calculated density dependence of lightvector mesons (ρ, ω, φ) [8]. They predicted 10∼20% decreasing for ρ, ω and 2∼4%
for φ at normal nuclear density (ρnucl 11∼ 0.17 fm−3 ) as shown in Fig. 1.3.

6

ental value of 1.019 GeV. Noteen a rather small value for theet this mass. This is done infrom a spectral function in thepossible, as higher quark conn even larger mφ .

1.03

mφ(ρ)/mφ(0)

1.02
1.01
1

mφ(ρ0)/mφ(0)0.99
n subject of interestof this pa͕Ͱ͖ΔɻΑͬͯɺ
QCD ࿨ଇΛ༻͍Δͱ < N |ss|N > Λಋग़Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱʹͳΔɻਤ
on at finite density. As a first
0.98
MILC
Collaboration [10] < N |ss|N > ґଘੑΛࣔ͢ɻԣ࣠͸
1.3 term,ʹɺ‫౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬Լʹ͓͚Δφ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷof the strange sigma
proJLQCD Collaboration [12]alculations [10, 12],0.97
σsNfor= whichms < N |ss|N >ɺॎ࣠͸φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷਅۭதͱͷൺͰ͋Δɻैͬͯɺ
mφ (ρ0 )
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
esults that lie on the lower and͸σʹ‫౓ײ‬ͷ͋ΔଌఆྔͰ͋Δͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ ρ [ρ0]sN years.
rted during the past
few
lower and upper limit for the
1.02
ed on these lattice results. The
1.01
ss as a function of density is1
g. 4, where it is seen that thematter density lies roughly in
0.99
MeV.
0.98

0.97
resting in view of the fact thatll [22–25, 27, 31, 32] obtained
0.96
r matter density, while here we
0.95
sitive and negative mass shift,
0.94. The reason for this discrep025
50
75 100 125 150 175 200
ent lattice QCD values of theσsN [MeV]
maller than those that had been
which significantly reduces the ਤ 1.3 ‫౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬தͷ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷ < N |ss|N > ґଘੑ [3]FIG. 4. (Upper plot) Peak position of φ meson as a function of
OPE of Eq.(12). Furthermore,
the density ρ , for value ranges of the strange sigma term σsN , obmension four, which was nottained from the MILC [10] and JLQCD [12] lattice QCD collaboraturned out to have quitea largeਤ 1.4
͸֨ࢠ QCDͷ஋Λ༻͍ɺ
QCD
tions. ʹΑͬͯ༧ଌ͞ΕͨThe σsN values are 61 ±σ9sNMeV
for MILC and
8 ± ࿨ଇʹΑͬͯ‫ͨ͠ࢉܭ‬21 MeV
6
rease of the mass. Hence, thefor
JLQCD.
(Lowerplot)
Peakpositions
of
the
φ
meson
at
nuclearີ౓ͱφதؒࢠ࣭ྔͷؔ܎Ͱ͋Δɻ
from what it used to be and it
matter density ρ0 as a function of σNs = ms ⟨N|s̄s|N⟩. For both plots,
hether
there
will
be
a
positive,the peak1.03
positions are given relative to the φ mass in vacuum.
ue of 1.019 GeV. Notel at nuclear matter density.

g. 4, this is consistent with ourof interest of this paof the recent lattice QCD comite excludedensity.too-small
As a firstuld
values of
ange
sigma
term,
proich the mass shift is positive.

1.02

be fitted by a constant plus a term linear in σsN :
$
!
1.01
" σ
# ρ
mφ (ρ )sN
− 1 = b0 − b1,
1 mφ (0)1 MeV ρ0mφ(ρ)/mφ(0)er small value for theion theThis
works
mass.
is using
donehadronic
inally
determined
effective
pectral function in the Laatasnormalhighernuclear
quarkmattercon- denass shift of below 10 MeV and.
ger mφlarger
nitudethan the vacuum(13)

d negative mass shift,ason for this discrep-mφ(ρ0)/mφ(0)0.99
ρ0 representing
the normal nuclear matter density. Our fit
gives b0 = (1.00 ± 0.34) · 10−2 and b1 = (2.86 ± 0.48) ·0.98
10−4, whichmeans
the mass
shift changes its sign at a
MILC that
Collaboration
[10]
JLQCD
[12]± 13.1. Using the variσsN /1 MeV valueofCollaboration
b0 /b1 = 34.9
ns [10, 12], for which
able y 0.97
insteadwe get 0.1741 ± 0.040 for
ion, we do not choose any spe0 of σsN , 0.5
1.5 the slope 2pat lie on the lower andrameter (which corresponds to C/y
in
[22],
where
a value ofa term, but study the modificaρ [ρ0]
ng
the
past
few
years.
0.15
±
0.045
was
obtained)
with
the
sign
of
the
mass
shift
erally as a function of this pa−2
nd
upper
limit
for
the
switchingat y = (5.74 ±[3]:2.34)· 10 MILC.
estigation is given in theਤlower
1.4 ີ౓ͱ
φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷؔ܎੺ઢ͸Collaboration ʹΑͬͯ‫ࢉܭ‬
1.02
meson
massresults.
at nuclear
matterse latticeThe͞Εͨ σsN = 61 ± 9[MeV]ɺ྘ઢ͸ JLQCD Collaboration ʹΑͬͯ‫͞ࢉܭ‬Εͨ
1.01
of
σsN . Here,theerror band
inunctionofdensityσissN = 8 ± 21[MeV] ͱ͍͏஋Λ༻͍͍ͯΔ[3]gs
IV. DISCUSSION
κN , andA4 , Ait2 ,is2mseenq ⟨N|q̄q|N⟩,1
ere
that theion six. Furthermore, the sysensity lies roughly in
0.99
alysis stemming from the posLet us
try to understand the result of Fig. 4 by looking at the
MILC
Collaborationͷ஋Λ༻͍Δͱɺ‫Ͱ౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔ͕໿
son peak and the modification
OPE of0.98
Eqs.(10-12) a bit more closely. From
our discussion 1% ‫ݮ‬গ͢Δ
the end of Sec. III A, are alsoof the OPE in vacuum [Eqs.(7-9], see also Fig. 1), we know
0.97
nclearly
viewdemonstratesof the fact that12
are essentially determinedthat therethat the properties of the φ meson,ip27,
31,
32]
obtained
0.96
by the OPE terms up to dimension four. As the dimensionbetween the φ meson massdensity,while
here
wesimply
zero and-two terms do not have any density dependence, one
esult of Fig.
4 can
most
0.95
0.94
0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

ͱ༧ଌ͞ΕΔɻ·ͨ࠷ۙͷ֨ࢠ QCD ʹΑΔ σsN ͷ‫݁ࢉܭ‬Ռͱͯ͠͸ɺ໿ 40 MeV ΍໿

100 MeV ͱ͍ͬͨ݁Ռ͕ಘΒΕ͍ͯΔ [4, 5]ɻͨͩ͠ɺ্Ͱ‫ݟ‬ΒΕΔΑ͏ʹ֨ࢠ QCD ‫ܭ‬ࢉʹ͸ະͩ͹Β͖͕ͭେ͖͘ɺ࣮‫ʹݧ‬ΑͬͯΑΓߴ͍ਫ਼౓Ͱ σsN ΛܾఆͰ͖Δͱ‫ظ‬଴͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ

1.2 ઌߦ࣮‫ݧ‬‫౓ີ֩ࢠݪ‬Լʹ͓͚Δ φ தؒࢠͷ༗ҙͳ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧม‫ܗ‬͸ɺKEK-PS E325 ࣮‫ॳͰݧ‬Ίͯใࠂ͞Εͨ [6]ɻ͜ͷ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ 1 × 109 /spill(1 εϐϧ͸໿ 2 ඵ)ɺӡಈΤωϧΪʔ 12 GeV ͷཅࢠϏʔϜΛ୸ૉɺಔඪతʹরࣹ͢Δ͜ͱͰඪత಺ʹ φ தؒࢠΛੜ੒͠ɺͦͷ่յੜ੒෺Ͱ͋Δిࢠɾཅిࢠରͱՙి K தؒࢠରΛଌఆͨ͠ɻ࣭ྔ෼ղೳ͸໿

11 MeV/c2 ɺφ தؒࢠͷ਺͸໿ 2,400 ‫ͨͬ͋Ͱݸ‬ɻਤ 1.5 ʹ KEK-PS E325 ͰಘΒΕ࣭ͨྔεϖΫτϧΛࣔ͢ [8]ɻඪతͷ‫֩ࢠݪ‬൒‫͕ܘ‬େ͖͘ੜ੒ φ தؒࢠͷ଎౓͕খ͍͞৔߹ɺ
ͭ·Γ‫ Ͱ಺֩ࢠݪ‬φ தؒࢠ่͕յͨ͠Մೳੑ͕ߴ͍৔߹ʹɺ༗ҙͳ࣭ྔม‫ݟ͕ܗ‬ΒΕͨ(ਤ 1.5 ࠨԼ)ɻ13

and Cu target.

ਤ 1.5

E325 Ͱऔಘ͞Εͨ φ தؒࢠεϖΫτϧ [8]: ্Լ͸ඪతͷҧ͍ɺࠨӈ͸ φ தؒࢠͷ଎౓ͷҧ͍ʹΑͬͯ෼ׂ͞Ε͓ͯΓɺࠨ͔Β+ βγ− < 1.25ɺ1.25 < βγ < 1.75ɺ

Figureβγ5:> 1.75
Invariantmass spectra of φ → e e observed by E325. UpperͰ͋Δɻpanels are for carbon and lower are for copper targets. The data are divided
by the meson velocity, slower (βγ < 1.25 ), middle (1.25 < βγ < 1.75) and͜ΕΒ
6 ‫ݸ‬ͷεϖΫτϧʹ͍ͭͯɺີ౓ʹର͢Δ࣭ྔɺશ่յ෯ͷؔ਺ͱͯ͠
faster(1.75< βγ ) component as shown in left, middle and right panels,
respectively. Only the data shown in the lower-left panel have significant
mφ (ρ)ρΓφ (ρ)
ρ=1−
k1 the, quadratic= 1 background
+ k2
(1.5)
excess over the φ meson shapeandcurve.
mφ (0)ρ0

Γφ (0)

ρ0

For φ meson case, similar analysis was performed
and+0.006
the excess is obΛԾఆͨ͠Ϟσϧ‫ͱࢉܭ‬ൺֱͨ͠ͱ͜Ζɺ࣭ྔมԽ
k1 = 0.034−0.007 ɺશ่յ෯มԽ

servedonly ͷ৔߹ʹ࠷΋ྑ࣮͘‫݁ݧ‬Ռ͕࠶‫͞ݱ‬ΕΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɻ͜ͷ஋ʹ
the slowly moving component in larger nuclear target as QCD
shown࿨
k2 = 2.6+1.8−1.2
in Fig.5 from the reference [6]. The result is consistent with a view that alଇΛద༻͢Δͱɺσ= 160 ± 50 MeV ͱ‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕΔɻ͔ͦ͠͠ͷ౷‫ࠩޡܭ‬ൣғͰ͸ɺεmost all mesons, sN
which are produced in nuclei with a few GeV of momentum,ϖΫτϧม‫ܗ‬ͷີ౓ґଘੑʹ͍ͭͯ໌֬ͳ݁࿦͸ಘΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɻਤ
1.6limited
ʹ E325 numͰͷ֤shoulddecay outside the nucleus or nuclear matter and onlyඪత֩छʹ͓͚Δɺ࣭ྔม‫ܗ‬ͷ‫ͨͬ͜ى‬Πϕϯτ਺ͷൺͷφ தؒࢠ଎౓ґଘੑΛࣔ͢ɻ
berof mesons could decay inside nucleus with mass-modification
by density
eﬀect, because the mean life is relatively longer than the nuclear size. The
velocity-dependence analysis for ρ/ω meson case is also desired and ongoing.
The number of mesons in the excess is calculated by subtracting unmodified shape distorted by the detector simulation from the data and plotted in
the left panel of Fig. 6. Supposing the excess consists of modified φ meson ,the ratio Nexcess/(Nexcess + Nφ ) means the fraction of φ → e+ e− decay inside
nucleus among the total φ → e+ e− decays. The lines in the figure are the14

9

Excess ratio vs βγ
Nexcess
Nphi + Nexcess

Nexcess /(Nphi + Nexcess )• Excess ratio
0.4

E325, C
E325, Cu
E16-Run1, Cu

0.3• Run1の統計量ではE325の結果とくら統計誤差が小さく0.2• E325実験ではβγ

0.1
0

-0.1
0
ਤ 1.6

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

イスで1 binしかeが見られなかった
βγ= 0.5 - 3.5 のにわたって系統的が可能となる

E325ɺE16 ͷ֤ඪతʹ͓͚Δ φ தؒࢠͷ࣭ྔมԽྔͷ଎౓ґଘੑ [9]: ॎ࣠͸εϖΫτϧม‫ܗ‬ͷ‫཰֬ͨͬ͜ى‬Λද͍ͯ͠Δɻࠇ࢛֯͸ E325 ʹ͓͚Δ C ඪతͷ࣮‫ݧ‬஋ɺϐϯΫ‫ؙ‬͸ E325 ʹ͓͚Δ Cu ඪతͷ࣮‫ݧ‬஋ɺ྘ඛ‫ܗ‬͸ E16 ͷ Run1(్தஈ֊)ʹ͓͚Δ Cu ඪతͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ஋Ͱ͋ΔɻE325 ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ Cu ඪతͷ βγ ͷখ͍͞Ұ఺ͷΈʹɺ౷‫ࠩޡܭ‬Λ௒͑Δ༗ҙͳม‫ݟ͕ܗ‬ΒΕͨɻ

ਤ 1.5 ͷώετάϥϜͰ͸ɺόοΫάϥ΢ϯυ෦෼Λআ͍ͨΠϕϯτ਺ʹର͢Δɺ࣭ྔม‫ࢥͱܗ‬ΘΕΔ෦෼ͷΠϕϯτ਺ͷൺΛॎ࣠ͱ͍ͯ͠Δɻ֩ഔ࣭தʹ͓͍ͯ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷϩʔϨϯπෆมੑ͸ഁΕΔͨΊɺQCD ࿨ଇʹ༻͍Δ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧ͸ɺӡ
ಈྔ 0 ͷ΋ͷͰͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ [7]ɻӡಈྔ 0 ͷ৔߹ͷ࣭ྔม‫ܗ‬͸༗‫ݶ‬ӡಈྔ͔Βͷ֎ૠ͔ΒಘΒΕΔɻ͔͠͠ KEK E325 ʹ͓͍ͯ͸༗ҙͳ࣭ྔม‫ܗ‬͸ਤ 1.6 ʹ͓͍ͯ 1 ఺ͷΈͰ͋ΔͨΊɺਫ਼౓ͷ͋Δ֎ૠ͸๬Ίͳ͍ɻ·ͨɺCERN-SPS ͰߦΘΕͨ CERES ࣮‫ݧ‬[10] ΍ NA60 ࣮‫[ ݧ‬11] Ͱ͸༗‫ݶ‬Թ౓ɺJLab ͰߦΘΕͨ CLAS ࣮‫[ ݧ‬12] Ͱ͸༗‫౓ີݶ‬Լʹ͓͚Δ࣭ྔม‫͞ڀݚ͕ܗ‬Εͨɻ͔͍ͣ͠͠Εͷ࣮‫ݧ‬΋෼ղೳ΍౷‫ܭ‬ͷෆ଍ʹΑΓɺφ தؒࢠͷ࣭ྔม‫͍ͯͭʹܗ‬͸༗ҙͳ݁Ռ͕ಘΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɻ
͜ͷΑ͏ͳഎ‫͔ܠ‬ΒɺJ-PARC E16 ࣮‫ܭ͕ݧ‬ը͞Εͨɻ‫ݱ‬୅ͷՃ଎‫ࢪث‬ઃʹ͓͍ͯɺେ
‫౓ڧ‬ཅࢠϏʔϜͱߴ‫ܭ‬ଌεϖΫτϩϝʔλʔΛ༻͍ɺ֩಺ͷதؒࢠεϖΫτϧΛܾఆ͢Δ
͜ͱΛ໨ࢦ͍ͯ͠Δɻφ தؒࢠͷ଎౓ͰεϖΫτϧΛ੾Γ෼͚ͨࡍʹɺਤ 1.6 ͷ྘‫ؙ‬ͷΑ͏ͳෳ਺ͷ଎౓ྖҬʹ౉Δ༗ҙͳ࣭ྔม‫ܗ‬Λ‫؍‬ଌ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺӡಈྔ 0 ʹ͓͚Δ࣭ྔΛΑΓ৴པ౓ߴ͘֎ૠ͢Δɻຊ࿦จͰ͸ɺE16 ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷͨΊʹ։ൃ͞Εͨ TRG-MRG Ϟδϡʔ15ϧͷੑೳධՁʹ͍ͭͯใࠂ͢Δɻ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷଟνϟϯωϧԽɺߴϨʔτԽʹରԠͨ͠τϦΨʔ༻த‫ܧ‬ϘʔυͱҐஔ෇͚ΒΕΔɻ
ୈೋষͰ͸࣮‫ݧ‬ͷৄࡉʹ͍ͭͯɺୈࡾষͰ͸τϦΨʔγεςϜʹ͍ͭͯઆ໌͢Δɻୈ࢛ষͰ͸ TRG-MRG ͷৄࡉͱϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷ࣮૷ɺୈ‫ޒ‬ষͰ͸࣮‫ػ‬Λ༻͍ͨੑೳධՁͷ݁ՌΛड़΂Δɻୈ࿡ষͰ͸γϛϡϨʔγϣϯʹΑΔ TRG-MRG ͷத‫཰ޮܧ‬ͷ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γʹ͍ͭͯड़΂Δɻ

16

ୈ2ষ

J-PARC E16 ࣮‫ݧ‬
2.1 ໨త
J-PARC E16 ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɺ‫֩ࢠݪ‬தͷ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧΛଌఆ͢Δɻ͜ͷଌఆʹରͯ͠༗‫͚͓ʹ౓ີݶ‬Δ QCD ࿨ଇΛద༻͠ɺ༗‫౓ີݶ‬Լʹ͓͚Δ s ΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͷ஋< ss >ρ Λ‫ٻ‬ΊΔ͜ͱΛ໨తͱ͍ͯ͠Δɻ

2.2 ࣮‫ݧ‬ख๏ຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɺ30 GeV ཅࢠϏʔϜΛ‫֩ࢠݪ‬ඪత΁ೖࣹ͠ɺੜ੒͞ΕͨϕΫλʔதؒࢠͷ่յʹΑͬͯͰ͖ΔిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷӡಈྔΛଌఆ͢Δɻిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷ࢛‫ݩ‬ӡಈྔ͔Βෆม࣭ྔ๏ʹΑͬͯɺ਌ͷϕΫλʔதؒࢠͷ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧΛ࠶ߏ੒͢Δɻ
Ϩϓτϯ͸ϋυϩϯͱൺֱͯ֩͠ࢠͱͷ૬‫͕༻࡞ޓ‬খ͘͞ Final State Interaction ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ΄ͱΜͲड͚ͳ͍ͨΊɺ‫֩ࢠݪ‬தͷϕΫλʔதؒࢠΛଌఆ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ిࢠɾཅి
ࢠରΛϓϩʔϒͱ͢Δ͜ͱ͕༗རͰ͋Δɻ͔ͦ͠͠ͷ෼‫ذ‬ൺ͸ɺྫ͑͹ φ தؒࢠͷ৔߹Ͱ

2.95 × 10−4 ͱখ͘͞ [2]ɺେ౷‫ܭ‬ΛಘΔͨΊʹ͸ిࢠɾཅిࢠରΛޮ཰Αࣝ͘ผ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ॏཁʹͳΔɻ࣮‫ʹݧ‬͸ J-PARC ϋυϩϯ࣮‫ࢪݧ‬ઃͷߴӡಈྔϏʔϜϥΠϯͷ 30 GeV ཅࢠϏʔϜΛ༻͍Δɻ‫౓ڧ‬͸ 1 × 1010 /spill(1 εϐϧ͸ 2 ඵ) Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨඪతʹ͸ɺ80 µm ͷಔΛ 2

ຕͱɺ400 µm ͷ୸ૉΛ 1 ຕ༻͍Δɻ͜ͷްΈ͸ɺ์ࣹ௕Ͱ 1 ຕ͋ͨΓ 0.5%ɺ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬௕ͰͦΕͧΕ 0.05%(80 µm ಔ)ɺ0.1%(400 µm ୸ૉ) ʹରԠ͢Δɻຕ਺Λௐ੔͢Δ͜ͱͰಔͱ୸ૉͷ૯૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬௕Λଗ͍͑ͯΔɻφ தؒࢠͷੜ੒அ໘ੵ͸ɺE325 ͷଌఆ஋Λ‫֩ࢠݪ‬൓ԠγϛϡϨʔλʔ JAM ͷ࣭ྔ਺ґଘੑʹΑΓεέʔϧ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺ30 GeV ཅࢠϏʔ17Ϝʹରͯ͠ Cu Ͱ 4.8 mbɺC Ͱ 1.2 mb Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ͕༧ଌ͞Ε͓ͯΓɺφ → e+ e− Πϕϯτͷੜ੒཰͸໿ 18 Hz ͱ‫ੵݟ‬΋ΒΕΔ [13]ɻ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬͸஗͍ φ தؒࢠ·ͰΧόʔ͢Δେཱମ֯εϖΫτϩϝʔλʔΛߏ੒͢Δ࢓༷ͱͳ͓ͬͯΓɺ࣓৔ҹՃྖҬʹ͓͚Δඈ੻‫ݕ‬ग़Λ༻͍ͨӡಈྔଌఆͱ 2 ஈ֊ͷిࢠࣝผʹΑͬͯిࢠɾཅిࢠରΛଌఆ͢Δɻ
ਤ 2.1 ʹϞϯςΧϧϩγϛϡϨʔγϣϯʹΑͬͯಘΒΕͨ φ தؒࢠ࣭ྔͷ༧૝εϖΫτϧΛࣔ͢ [9]ɻφ தؒࢠͷ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧ͸ɺKEK-PS E325 ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ಘΒΕͨ݁Ռʹ‫ج‬͍ͮͯ֩಺Ͱ࣭ྔ͕มԽ͢Δͱ͍ͯ͠Δɻσʔλ఺ʹର͠ɺਅۭதͷ φ தؒࢠͱͯ͠

Breit-Wigner ෼෍ɺόοΫάϥ΢ϯυͱͯ͠ exponential Λ༻͍ͯϑΟοτ͍ͯ͠Δɻ
্ଆ͕શ࣭ྔྖҬɺԼଆ͸εϖΫτϧͷม‫ྖܗ‬ҬΛআ͍ͨ෦෼ͰϑΟοτ͍ͯ͠Δɻ͜ͷਤʹ‫·ؚ‬ΕΔ φ → e+ e− Πϕϯτ͸‫ ܭ‬15,000 ‫ͱݸ‬ɺ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ͷ໨ඪऩྔͰ͋Δ

69,000 ‫ݸ‬ΑΓগͳ͍͕ɺ֤ӡಈྔͰ༗ҙͳεϖΫτϧม‫ݟ͕ܗ‬ΒΕΔ͜ͱ͕‫ظ‬଴͞ΕΔɻ

18

Counts /[6.67 MeV/c2]
Counts /[6.67 MeV/c2]
Counts /[6.67 MeV/c2]
Counts /[6.67 MeV/c2]
ਤ 2.1 ຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬औಘ͕༧ଌ͞ΕΔ φ தؒࢠεϖΫτϧ [9]: φ தؒࢠͷ଎౓ґଘੑΛࣔ͢whole region

Fit for thewhole region

Fit for thethe excess region

11.05 1.1

χ2 /

Pro

Fit except for

120

100

80

60

19

1

1.05 1.1

Mass
[G
<
1.25

χ2 /

Pro

the excess region

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.85 0.9 0.95

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

χ2 /

Prob

1.05 1.1< 1.25

1

χ2 /

Prob

Simulat2000.85 0.9 0.95

160

140

• さらに、βγでFit except for

Fit for the00.85 0.9 0.95

00.85 0.9 0.95

100

200

300

0.47731.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

Probχ2 / ndf 37.83 / 38

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

0.0009053

Mass [GeV/c2]

1

1

Prob

χ2 / ndf 88.39 / 51

< 2.5

0
0.85 0.9 0.95

200

400

600

800

1000

0
0.85 0.9 0.95

200

400

600

800

1000

0.0011810.51

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

Probχ2 / ndf 37.12 / 38

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

Probχ2 / ndf 87.25 / 51

16

Mass [GeV/c2]

1

1

2.5 <

• さらに、βγで4つのregionに分けてFitをした結果• 全てのregionで有意なexcessが見えていて、βγ-dependenceが確認できる

00.85 0.9 0.95

20

100

200

40

400

60

700

800

900

500

100

1.75 <

00.85 0.9 0.95

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

300

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

0.7997Mass [GeV/c2]

1

Prob

χ2 / ndf 30.55 / 38

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

0.001139

900

80

500

1

Prob

χ2 / ndf 87.41 / 51

< 1.75600

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

0.4167Mass [GeV/c2]

1

Prob

χ2 / ndf 39.18 / 38

00.85 0.9 0.95

1.25 <

400

120

140

160

0
0.85 0.9 0.95

20

100

200

60

40

300

500

80

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2

0.000795

400

1

Prob

600

100

120

140

160

χ2 / ndf 88.95 / 51

< 1.25

Simulation results : Run1, Cu target

Counts /[6.67 MeV/c2]

1.05 1.1

Mass [G1• 全てのregionで
できる

40

20

0
0.85 0.9 0.95

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.85 0.9 0.95

• さらに、βγでthe excess region

Counts /[6.67 MeV/c2]

Fit except forwhole region

hick Copper targets simultaneously, locatedon length is 0.2 % and the interaction rate isrotons per 2-sec pulse. Other numbers usedII.
2.3 ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬
ਤ 2.2 ʹ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬ͷ໛ࣜਤΛࣔ͢ɻ

三次元図

鉛ガラスカロリーメーター(LG)ハドロン不感検出器(HBD)

シリコンストリップ検出器(SSD)
GEMトラッカー(GTR) 3

陽子ビーム

ਤ 2.2

標的チェンバー‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬ͷ໛ࣜਤ

IG. 8: Detector configuration with 26 modules.
(GEM)(GTR1, 2, 3)
RUN 2) (SSD)(HBD)‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬͸ඪతΛ෴͏Α͏ʹɺ಺ଆ͔Βॱʹඈ੻‫ݕ‬ग़‫ࣝࢠిͱث‬ผ༻‫ݕ‬ग़‫ߏͰث‬੒͞Ε

Δɻಛʹඈ੻‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬͸࣓৔தʹઃஔ͞ΕΔɻඈ੻‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬͸಺ଆ͔ΒγϦίϯετϦοϓ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͱΨεిࢠ૿෯‫ث‬Λ༻͍ͨ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ࡾث‬ஈࢠࣝผ༻‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬͸಺ଆ͔ΒɺΨενΣϨϯίϑ‫ݕܕ‬ग़‫ث‬͔Β੒Δɻి

ͱԖΨϥεΧϩϦʔϝʔλʔ (LG) ͔Β੒Δɻਤ 2.3 ʹ‫ݕ‬ग़‫܈ث‬ͷਫฏํ޲ͷஅ໘ਤΛࣔ͢ɻ

20

target φωシリコンストリップ検出器(SSD)
GEMトラッカー(GTR) 3

陽子ビーム

断面図

the target
the target
target is
EM 3D
calor

J-PARC E16実
FM
標的チェンバー

3D

FIG. 8: Detector configuration with 26 modules.
.
(RUN 2)Beaontarget φ
ω
2
Cu
460
2400
8
Cu
840
4400
1 Module 拡大図
1モジュール拡大図
2
Cu
8200
42000
HBD
HBD
GEM3
GEM2
GTR3
8
Cu
15000
(1700)
GTR2
GEM1
GTR1
SSD
8
C SSD
12000 (1500)
6 + 26 Cu
69000 (12000)
325
Cu B 2400 (460)
3200

•
LG
LG

FIG

GEM T
the most f•
experimen
resolution
荷電粒子
The goチェレンコフ放射
8 modules(Run1)
E325, 11電磁シャワー
飛跡検出
電子識別iﬀerent configurations and lengths of26thebeam(Run2)
time,
modules
φ mesons-PS E325 experiments.
Numbers in parentheses areਤ 2.3 ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬ͷஅ໘ਤ: Լଆ͸ 1 Ϟδϡʔϧͷஅ໘ਤ
aved with “+” in the configuration column describesҎ‫ޙ‬ɺඪతΛத৺ͱͯ͠ਫฏํ޲ɺԖ௚ํ޲ʹͦΕͧΕ 30 ͷཱମ֯Λ෴͏‫ݕ‬ग़‫ ث‬6 ஈ
rometer components : SSD, GTR, HBD, and LG,◦21ͷ૊Λɺ1 Ϟδϡʔϧͱද‫͢ه‬Δ (ਤ 2.3 Լஈ)ɻ·ͨɺਫฏํ޲ͷ࣠Λ x ࣠ɺԆ௕ํ޲ͷ࣠Λ y ࣠ɺ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬໘ʹରͯ͠ਨ௚ͳ࣠Λ z ࣠ͱද‫͢ه‬Δɻ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬͸ɺ͜ͷϞδϡʔϧΛx ࣠ํ޲ʹ 9 Ϟδϡʔϧ (±135◦ )ɺy ࣠ํ޲ʹ 3 Ϟδϡʔϧ (±45◦ ) ฒ΂ɺϏʔϜ‫ي‬ಓ্
ͷ 1 ϞδϡʔϧΛআ͍ͨ‫ ܭ‬26 ϞδϡʔϧͰߏ੒͞ΕΔɻ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬શମͷੑೳͱͯ͠͸ɺ࣭ྔ෼ղೳ 7.9 MeVɺిࢠͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ 57%ɺओͳόοΫάϥ΢ϯυͱͳΔ π தؒࢠͷࠞೖ཰ 3 × 10−2 % Λ࣮‫͢ݱ‬Δઃ‫͍ͯͬͳͱܭ‬Δ [8]ɻ֤‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷ֓ཁΛड़΂ΔɻFM Magnetӡಈྔଌఆ༻ͷμΠϙʔϧϚάωοτͰ͋Δɻத৺ͰͷΪϟοϓ͸ 400 mm Ͱ͋Γɺిྲྀ 2500 A Ͱத৺࣓৔ 1.7 T ʹୡ͢Δɻਤ 2.4 ʹࣸਅΛࣔ͢ɻ

ਤ 2.4

FM Magnet

Silicon Strip Detector(SSD)Ґஔ‫ݕ‬ग़༻ͷย໘γϦίϯετϦοϓ‫ݕ‬ग़‫͋Ͱث‬Δɻ༗‫ྖײ‬ҬͷαΠζ͸໿ 60 mm

22

(a) GEM フォイル電気力線(b) GEM フォイル (CERN 製)

࢛ํɺνϟϯωϧ਺͸
768 フォイル．参考文献
chɺҐஔ෼ղೳ͸ 30 µm[11]Ͱ͋Δɻ࠷΋൓Ԡ఺ʹۙ͘ɺӡ
図 2.1 GEMより引用
ಈྔ෼ղೳ޲্ͷͨΊʹಋೖ͞ΕΔɻ

GEM Tracker(GTR)1ɺ2ɺ3

GEM
Λ༻͍ͨඈ੻‫ݕ‬ग़‫͋Ͱث‬Δɻ௿෺࣭ྔͷͨΊԼྲྀͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫΁ث‬ͷӨ‫͕ڹ‬খ͞
2 枚，もしくは3 枚縦に重ねて使用するのが一般的で，典型的には約 104 の Gain が得ら
5 kHz/mm ʹରͯ͠଱ੑ͕͋Δɻਤ
れる．1 枚目の͘ɺ·࣮ͨ‫Ͱݧ‬૝ఆ͞ΕΔՙిཻࢠϨʔτ
GEM と Drift cathode の間を Drift
gap と呼び，ここで電離された電子
22.5 ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹɺGEM ໘ࡾ૚ͱಡΈग़͠ύου͔Βߏ੒͞ΕΔɻಈ࡞‫ݪ‬ཧͱ͠

が Drift field (ドリフト電場) によって，GEM へと導かれ，増幅がされる．増幅された電ͯ͸ɺ·ͣՙిཻࢠ͕௨ա͢Δͱ GEM ͷҰ૚໨ͷखલͷυϦϑτ૚Ͱిࢠ͕ి཭

子は最終段に設置された電極で信号となってフロントエンド回路(Readout Electronics)
͠ɺGEM ΁ಋ͔ΕΔɻࡾ૚ͷ GEM Ͱిࢠ͕૿෯͞ΕɺಡΈग़͠ύουͰ৴߸ͱ
へ入力される．ͯ͠ಡΈग़͞ΕΔɻͦͯ͠ᮢ஋Λ௒͑ͨ৴߸ͷ࣌ؒɺνϟϯωϧ෼෍͔ΒཻࢠͷҐஔΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢ΔɻΨε͸ 1 atm ͷ Ar + CO2 (7:3) ࠞ߹ΨεΛ༻͍Δɻ

FIG. 39: The view of the tracker in y-z plane. The red lines show the sensitive area of the
The left is “B type” and the right is “A type”. The red lines and blue lines show the accepolar angle.

glass epoxy. A prototype is manufactured as shown in Fig. 40.

図 2.2 一般的な GEM Tracker
ਤ 2.5

GTR ͷ໛ࣜਤ [8]CHAPTER 3. GEM TRACKER

15

Ґஔ෼ղೳ͸ x ࣠ํ޲ʹ໿ 100 µmɺy ࣠ํ޲ʹ໿ 300 µm Ͱ͋Δɻ࣓৔ͷ޲͖͕ y࣠ํ޲Ͱ͋Γͦͷӡಈྔ෼ղೳ΁ͷ‫د‬༩͕খ͍ͨ͞Ίɺx ࣠ํ޲ͷ෼ղೳΛॏࢹͨ͠ઃ‫͍ͯͬͳͱܭ‬ΔɻҐஔ෼ղೳ޲্ͷͨΊɺυϦϑτ଎౓Λখ͍ͯ͘͞͠Δɻ಺ଆ͔Βॱʹ 100 mm × 100 mmɺ200 mm × 200 mmɺ300 mm × 300 mm ͷ໘ੵΛ
࣋ͭ 3 छྨͷ GTR Λઃஔ͢Δɻਤ 2.6 ʹࣸਅΛࣔ͢ɻ
Figure 3.2: A photograph of GEM trackers

23
Advantages of GEM detectors are following.
1. High gain (∼ 104 ) can be achieved by using three layers of GEM foils.
2. GEM has a high rate capability because of the fine hole pitch.

3. An amplification region andFIG.
a readoutcan beof
separated.
It enables us
to40: board
A photothe prototype
frame.
The parts of black are made of CFRP and lightFIG. 39: The view of the tracker in y-z plane. The red lines show the sensitive area of the cThe left is “B type” and the right is “A type”. The red lines and blue lines show the accepolar angle.

glass epoxy. A prototype is manufactured as shown in Fig. 40.

図 2.2 一般的な GEM Tracker
CHAPTER 3. GEM TRACKER

15

Figure 3.2: A photograph of GEM trackers

Advantages of GEM detectors are following.

ਤ 2.6

GTR ͷࣸਅ [8]: (ࠨ) ࡾஈͷ GTR(100 mm × 100 mmɺ200 mm × 200 mmɺ
300 mm × 300 mm)ɺ(ӈ) ࠎ૊Έ
1. High gain (∼ 104 ) can be achieved by using three layers of GEM foils.
2. GEM has a high rate capability because of the fine hole pitch.

3. An amplification region andFIG.
a readoutcan beof
separated.
It enables us
to40: board
A photothe prototype
frame.
The parts of black are made of CFRP and lightuse perpendicular strip readout board to obtain two-dimensional information
glass
epoxy.
ͦΕͧΕͷνϟϯωϧ਺͸ද
2.1 ʹࣔ͢௨ΓͰ͋Γɺ1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓ‫ ܭ‬2160 chof a hit position.

ʹͳΔɻ

The deformations are evaluated with a realistic configuration by a software (AInventor Professional 2012). Weight of the cables, electronics and chambers is estim
ද 2.112.4
1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓͷGTR
kgf, while the frame’sownνϟϯωϧ਺
weight is estimated as 4.3 kgf. The frames are supp
the base parts madeofyaluminumx
x+y with a thickness of 10 mm. The base parts area base ring, which located on the pole piece of the spectrometer magnet. The bas

GTR1

288

72

360

GTR2

576

144

720

GTR3

864

216

1080

Figure 3.3: View of typical GEM foil[21]39

Figure 3.4: View
filed in߹‫ܭ‬
- of a- electric2160
holes[21]In our configuration, three GEM foils are stacked in a chamber and a mixture of
Ar (70%) and CO2 (30%) is used for amplification gas. The design of a GEM foil issummarized in Table 3.1.
HadronBlind Detector(HBD)
A GEM is manufactured by a wet etching method. Copper and polyimide (PI)are etched by chemicals to make holes. Figure 3.5 shows a typical hole shape ofిࢠࣝผ༻ͷΨενΣϨϯίϑ‫ݕܕ‬ग़‫͋Ͱث‬Δɻਤ 2.7 ʹ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ݪ‬ཧΛࣔ͢ɻCF4 Ψ
a 100 × 100 mm2 GEM. The copper layer of a large GEM are divided into several
segments to reduce capacitance and damage by discharge. The size of 200×200 mm2ε૚ͰిࢠͷνΣϨϯίϑ์ࣹ͔ΒޫࢠΛੜ੒ͨ͠ͷͪɺCsI ޫి໘Ͱిࢠʹม‫׵‬
GEM is divided into 4 segments on one side and that of 300 × 300 mm2 GEM is͠ɺGEM Ͱ૿෯ͯ͠৴߸Λ‫ݕ‬ग़͢ΔɻҰํ π தؒࢠʹΑΔి཭ిࢠ͸ϝογϡʹ
͔͚ΒΕͨి৔ʹΑΓϝογϡʹ‫ٵ‬ΘΕɺGEM ໘΁͸౸ୡ͠ͳ͍ɻ͜ͷଌఆ‫ݪ‬ཧʹΑΓϋυϩϯʹෆ‫ࣝࢠిͳײ‬ผ͕ՄೳͱͳΔɻ

24

4photocathode. The converted photoelectrons are amplified by a triple GEM stack and thenleave a signal on read-out pads. Charged particles apart from electrons, like pions, do not emitČerenkov photons in the momentum region, up to 4.0 GeV/c, where we perform measurement
and ionization charges by energy loss can only induce a signal. However, the ionization

ਤ 2.7

HBD ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ݪ‬ཧ [8]FIG. 60: Schematic view of the HBD.
GEM ໘͸ 1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓ 600 mm ࢛ํͰ͋Γɺνϟϯωϧ਺͸ 1,380 ch Ͱ
͋Δɻిࢠͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰͸໿ 63%ɺπ தؒࢠͷࠞೖ཰͸໿ 0.6% Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨɺΦϑ

59ϥΠϯղੳʹ͓͍ͯ͸৴߸ͷۭؒతͳ޿͕Γ͔ΒɺνΣϨϯίϑޫ༝དྷͷ৴߸ͱి཭ిࢠʹΑΔ৴߸Λ۠ผ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻਤ 2.8 ʹࣸਅΛࣔ͢ɻ

FIG. 61: HBD gas vessel.

(double-gas-vessels and single-gas-vessels) as shown in the next subsection. As the first step,
we produced a single-gas-vessel. The leak rate in single-gas-vessel, which has a total gas
volume of ∼250 L, is measured to be 2 × 10−3 mL/min. When we apply the CF4 flow rateof 1.5 L/min to the gas vessel, the level of oxygen is less than 0.5 ppm and water is less than
3 ppm. This is suﬃcient to keep the transmission
loss of photoelectrons less than 1%.
25
8.2.2.

PhotocathodeFIG. 60: Schematic view of the HBD.

59

ਤ 2.8

HBD1 Ϟδϡʔϧ෼ͷࣸਅ [8]FIG. 61: HBD gas vessel.
Lead Glass Calorimeter(LG)ిࢠࣝผ༻ͷԖΨϥεΧϩϦʔϝʔλʔͰ͋Δɻి࣓γϟϫʔɺνΣϨϯίϑ์ࣹʹΑͬͯੜͨ͡ޫࢠΛޫిࢠ૿ഒ؅ͰಡΈऔΓɺᮢ஋‫ܕ‬ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ͯ͠ͱث‬ಈ࡞ͤ͞-gas-vessels andΔɻిࢠͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰͸໿single-gas-vessels)
shown in the5%next
subsection.
90%ɺasπ தؒࢠͷࠞೖ཰͸໿
Ͱ͋Δɻ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ܥث‬1 Ϟ As the firδϡʔϧΛ 38 ͳ͍͠
42 ϒϩοΫͰ‫ܗ‬੒͢Δɻਤ
2.9 ʹੇ๏ͱࣸਅΛࣔ͢ɻwhich has a to
duced a single-gas-vessel.
Theleak rate in single-gas-vessel,of ∼250 L, is measured to be 2 × 10−3 mL/min. When we apply the CF4 fl/min to the gas vessel, the level of oxygen is less than 0.5 ppm and water is leThis is suﬃcient to keep the transmission loss of photoelectrons less than 1%.

Photocathodequantum eﬃciency of the photocathode is very significant parameter for th
ormance of the HBD. Evaporation of CsI on the GEM foil surface is perfor
26
atsu. The quantum eﬃciency of the CsI photocathode depends on the thickn
ates at 200 nm. The thickness of the CsI layer is made to be ∼350 nm to ens
ity in spite of possible non-uniformity of the evaporation. We measured the quフランジ
ライトガイド (高マンガン鋼)(鉛ガラス)
鉛ガラス

PMT~120mm~180mmフランジ
ライトガイド(ステンレス)
ਤ 2.9 LG ͷ֓ཁ: ࠨଆ͕ੇ๏ɺӈଆ͕ࣸਅ(鉛ガラス)

鉛ガラス‫ݕ‬ग़‫͍ͯͭʹث‬ද 2.2 ʹ·ͱΊΔɻ
ද 2.2

PMT

‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷ·ͱΊ~120mm

SSD~180mm

༻్

GTR

HBD

ඈ੻‫ݕ‬ग़

LG

શମ

ిࢠࣝผ

ઃஔ൒‫[ ܘ‬mm]

120

200, 400, 600

1200

1400

νϟϯωϧ਺ [ch/module]

768

2,160

1,380

38 or 424,348૯νϟϯωϧ਺ [ch]1,996856,16035,8801,060

112,99630

100(x), 300(y)

-

-

-

࣭ྔ෼ղೳ [MeV/c ]

-

-

-

-

7.9

ిࢠ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰

-

-

63%

90%

57%

π தؒࢠࠞೖ཰

-

-

0.6%

5%

0.03%

Ґஔ෼ղೳ [µm]22.4 ճ࿏‫ܥ‬E16 ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɺSSDɺGTRɺHBDɺLG ͷશͯͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫͔ث‬Β೾‫ܗ‬৘ใΛऔಘ͢Δɻ͜Ε͸Ґஔ෼ղೳͷ޲্ͱɺύΠϧΞοϓͷӨ‫ڹ‬ΛΦϑϥΠϯͰऔΓআͨ͘ΊͰ͋Δɻ·ͨτϦΨʔੜ੒ʹ͸ɺGTR3ɺHBDɺLG ͔ΒͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸Λ༻͍Δɻ

SSDɺGTR1ɺGTR2 ͸ඪతʹۙ͘ɺϏʔϜϋϩʔͳͲͷӨ‫͕ڹ‬େ͖͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔͨ
ΊɺτϦΨʔʹ͸࢖༻͠ͳ͍ɻਤ 2.10 ʹճ࿏‫ܥ‬ͷ֓೦ਤΛࣔ͢ɻ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬৴߸ಡΈग़͠‫ܥ‬27

ͱɺτϦΨʔΛੜ੒͢ΔτϦΨʔ‫ʹܥ‬େผ͞ΕΔɻཻࢠ͕‫ݕ‬ग़‫܈ث‬Λ௨ա͢ΔͱɺσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔ৴߸͕ग़ྗ͞Εಉ࣌ʹಡΈग़͠‫Ͱܥ‬೾‫ܗ‬৘ใ͕όοϑΝϦϯά͞ΕΔɻτϦΨʔ‫Ͱܥ‬͸όοϑΝϦϯάλΠϜʹؒʹ߹͏Α͏τϦΨʔΛੜ੒͠ɺ೾‫ܗ‬ಡΈग़͠‫΁ܥ‬τϦΨʔΛൃߦ͢Δɻ
波形読み出し系(112,996ch)
検出器

波形バッファICSSD

APV25-S1 Chip

GTR1

DRS4 Chip

GTR2
GTR3

A/D変換

0サプレッション

DAQ PC

トリガー中継モジュール

トリガー決定モジュール

トリガー分配モジュール

トリガー系(2,620ch)
ディスクリミネーター
GTR ASDHBD

HBD ASDLG

DRS4モジュール: 波形情報: トリガープリミティブ: トリガー信号ਤ 2.10

読み出しチャンネル: 112,996ch
トリガーチャンネル: 2,620ch

ճ࿏‫ܥ‬ͷ֓೦ਤຊઅͰ͸τϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬ͷҰ෦ͱɺτϦΨʔϨΠςϯγͷ্‫ؔʹݶ‬ΘΔ೾‫ܗ‬όοϑΝूੵճ࿏ (IC) ʹ͍ͭͯड़΂ΔɻτϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬ͷৄࡉ͸ୈ 3 ষɺதͰ΋ຊ࿦จͰใࠂ͢ΔτϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧͷৄࡉ͸ୈ 4 ষͰड़΂Δɻ

2.4.1 ಡΈग़͠‫ܥ‬ಡ Έ ग़ ͠ ‫ Ͱ ܥ‬͸ ‫ ܭ‬112,996 ch ͔ Β ͷ ೾ ‫ ܗ‬৘ ใ Λ औ Γ ѻ ͏ ɻSSDɺGTRɺHBD ͸

APV25-S1 Chip[14] ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔ ICɺLG ͸ DRS4 Chip[15] ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔ IC Λ༻͍ͯɺτϦΨʔ͕͔͔Δ·Ͱɺ೾‫ܗ‬ΛΞφϩάͷ··όοϑΝϦϯά͢ΔɻͦΕͧΕͷ IC ͷ࢓༷Λද 2.3 ʹ·ͱΊΔɻ28

ද 2.3೾‫ܗ‬όοϑΝϦϯά༻ IC ͷ࢓༷

APV25

DRS4(E16 ࢓༷)νϟϯωϧ਺

128

4αϯϓϦϯάִؒ [MHz]40700-1000ηϧ਺ [/ch]

160

2048

όοϑΝϦϯάλΠϜ [µs]

4

∼2

IC

DRS4 Chip ͸࢓༷ΛΧελϚΠζ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ͕ɺ͜͜Ͱ͸ E16 Ͱ༧ఆ͍ͯ͠Δ࢓༷Λ‫͢ه‬ɻSSDɺGTRɺHBD ͸ 4 µsɺLG ͸ 2 µs ͷόοϑΝϦϯάλΠϜ͕͋Δɻ

2.4.2 τϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬τϦΨʔ৴߸ͷੜ੒ʹ͸ɺGTR ͷࡾஈ໨ (GTR3)ɺHBDɺLG ͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸Λ༻͍Δɻਤ 2.11 ʹ 1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓͷɺ֤νϟϯωϧͷ෴͏໘Λࣔ͢ɻ

LG ͸ 1 ϒϩοΫ͕ 1 ch ʹରԠ͠৔ॴʹԠͯ͡ 1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓ 38 ͳ͍͠ 42 ch ͋Δɻ
HBD ͸ LG ʹରԠͤ͞ΔΑ͏ʹॎԣʹ 6 × 6 ͷ 36 chɺGTR3 ͸ y ࣠ํ޲ʹ 24 ෼ׂ͞Ε͍ͯΔɻσΟεΫϦϛωʔτ৴߸͸ 1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓ໿ 100 chɺશϞδϡʔϧʹ౉Δ૯਺͸ 2,620 ch ʹͳΔɻ29

1モジュールの水平方向断面図

SSD

GTR1

GTR2

各検出器面でのチャンネル配置
GTR3

HBD

LG

y
ビーム
x

ਤ 2.11τϦΨʔνϟϯωϧਤσΟεΫϦϛωʔτ৴߸ͷੜ੒͸ɺGTR3 ͱ HBD ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ ASD(Amp-Shaper-

Discriminator) Χʔυ [16]ɺLG ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ DRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧ [17] ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔɺ೾‫ܗ‬औಘ‫ͼٴ‬σΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔͳͲ͕࣮૷͞ΕͨϞδϡʔϧΛ༻͍Δɻ͜ΕΒͷσΟεΫϦ
ϛωʔλʔ͸͍ͣΕ΋৴߸͕ᮢ஋Λ௒͑ͨ࣌ؒ (Time Over Threshold: TOT) ͱಉ͡෯ͷσδλϧ৴߸Λग़ྗ͢Δ (ਤ 2.12)ɻయ‫ܕ‬తͳ৴߸ͷ෯͸ɺGTR3 Ͱ໿ 200 nsɺHBD Ͱ
໿ 800 nsɺLG Ͱ໿ 30 ns Ͱ͋Δɻ

30

波高

閾値

入力信号

時間

時間
出力信号

ਤ 2.12

TOT ‫ܕ‬σΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔͷ໛ࣜਤ·ͨτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷώοτϨʔτ͸࠷େͰ໿ 1 MHz/ch ͱ༧ଌ͞ΕΔɻ͜Ε͸ɺՙిཻࢠશͯʹ‫౓ײ‬ͷ͋Δ GTR3 ͷɺ࠷લํͰͷ஋Ͱ͋ΔɻτϦΨʔϨʔτʹؔ͢Δৄ
ࡉ͸ 6.2.1 ߲Ͱड़΂Δɻ·ͨσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔҎ߱ʹ͍ͭͯ͸࣍ষͰઆ໌͢Δɻ

31

ୈ3ষ

τϦΨʔγεςϜ
ຊষͰ͸ɺຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬՝͢τϦΨʔ৚݅ͷίϯηϓτͱɺͦΕΛ࣮‫͢ݱ‬ΔͨΊͷϋʔυ΢ΣΞʹ͍ͭͯ‫ه‬ड़͢Δɻ

3.1 τϦΨʔ৚݅ͷ֓ཁຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ GTR3ɺHBDɺLG ͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸Λ༻͍ͯɺిࢠɾཅి
ࢠର΁ͷ่յΠϕϯτΛ࣍ͷΑ͏ͳ৚݅Ͱ൑ఆ͢Δɻ• ࡾஈͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫Ͱث‬λΠϛϯάͷίΠϯγσϯεͱҐஔͷϚονϯάΛऔΓɺඪత͔Βͷిࢠඈ੻Λ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δ (ਤ 3.1)ɻ

• ඈ੻͕Ұఆ࣌ؒ಺ʹ 2 ͭҎ্‫ݕ‬ग़͞Εɺ͔ͭͦͷඈ੻ͷ։͖֯౓͕͋Δ஋Λ௒͑ͨ৔߹ʹτϦΨʔΛੜ੒͢Δ (ਤ 3.2)ɻ

Ұͭ໨ͷ৚݅Ͱ͸ɺ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ʹث‬ώοτཻͨ͠ࢠ͕ඪత͔Β์ग़͞Εͨ΋ͷͰ͋Δ͜ͱͱɺͦ
ͷཻࢠ͕ిࢠͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛཁ‫͢ٻ‬Δɻೋͭ໨ͷ৚݅Ͱ͸ɺిࢠͷඈ੻͕ 2 ຊ͋Γɺ͔ͭ φதؒࢠ༝དྷͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛཁ‫͢ٻ‬Δɻ

32

Beam

figuration
target φ
ω
6+2+2
Cu
460
2400
8+8+8
Cu
840
4400
1 Module 拡大図
1モジュール拡大図
6+2+2
Cu
8200
42000
HBD
HBD
GEM3
GEM2
GTR3
8+8+8
Cu
15000
(1700)
GEM1GTR2
GTR1
SSD
8+8+8
C SSD
12000 (1500)+ 26 + 26 + 26 Cu
69000 (12000)
K-PS E325
Cu B 2400 (460)3200• Tracki- SSD
FIG. 1: Sc- GEM➡M
GEM Tracke

LG
LG

Me
the most forward• Electr
experimentrepresolution of
70
- HB
荷電粒子
The goal- Leaof
チェレンコフ放射
8 modules(Run1)
E325, 11 MeV/
電磁シャワー
➡pi
飛跡検出
電子識別
ed for diﬀerent configurations and lengths of26the
beam
time,
modules (Run2)
φ mesons in nuc

he KEK-PS E325 experiments. Numbers in parentheses areਤ 3.1 ҐஔͷϚονϯά: ੺ͷόπҹͷҐஔͰཻࢠ͕‫ݕ‬ग़͞Ε͍ͯΔs interleaved with “+” in the configuration column describes
r spectrometer components : SSD, GTR, HBD, and LG,
π0由来の陽電子π0由来の電子ビーム

φ由来の陽電子φ由来の電子

10

標的

LG

ਤ 3.2

y

B

GTR3

z
x

HBD

։͖֯౓ͷ໛ࣜਤ: φ தؒࢠ༝དྷͷిࢠɾཅిࢠ͸େ͖͘։͕͘ɺπ 0 தؒࢠ༝དྷͷిࢠɾཅిࢠ͸։͖֯౓͕খ͍͞ɻ

ຊ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ‫ڥ؀‬ԼͰඪత෇ۙʹిࢠΛൃੜͤ͞ΔओͳཁҼͱͳΔͷ͸ɺp+A ൓ԠͰൃੜͨ͠ π 0 தؒࢠͰ͋Δɻπ 0 தؒࢠ͸33• π 0 → 2γ (෼‫ذ‬ൺ: 98.823 ± 0.034%[2])γ → e+ e− (ඪతͷ์ࣹ௕: ֤ඪత 0.5%)• π 0 → γe+ e− (෼‫ذ‬ൺ: 1.174 ± 0.035%[2])ͷΑ͏ͳ൓ԠͰిࢠରΛੜ੒͢Δɻ·ͨͦͷੜ੒அ໘ੵ͸ɺա‫ڈ‬ͷଌఆ [13] ͔Β 1 b ͷΦʔμʔͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕஌ΒΕ͓ͯΓ (ද 3.1)ɺφ தؒࢠͷੜ੒அ໘ੵͷ໿ 500 ഒͱඇৗʹ
େ͖͍ɻ
ද 3.1

π 0 தؒࢠͷੜ੒அ໘ੵ (ਪఆ஋)

30 GeV p+C

500 mb30 GeV p+Cu

2400 mb͔͜͠͠ͷΑ͏ʹͯ͠ൃੜͨ͠ిࢠରͷؒͷ։͖֯౓͸Ұൠతʹখ͘͞ɺτϦΨʔஈ֊Ͱిࢠɾཅిࢠؒͷ։͖֯౓ʹ੍‫ݶ‬Λ͚ͭΔ͜ͱͰͦͷଟ͘Λ‫غ‬٫͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ (ਤ

3.2)ɻਤ 3.3 ʹ։͖֯౓ʹ੍‫ݶ‬Λ͔͚ͨ৔߹ͷɺτϦΨʔϨʔτͱ φ தؒࢠ༝དྷͷిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷੜଘ཰ͷؔ܎Λࣔ͢ [18]ɻԣ࣠͸ɺཱମ֯Λ΄΅֨ࢠঢ়ʹ෼ׂ͢Δ HBD τϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷνϟϯωϧؒ‫( ཭ڑ‬$x2 + y 2 [ch](ਤ 3.2 ࢀর)) Ͱ͋Γɺ1 ch ͸͓Αͦ5◦ ʹରԠ͢Δɻ·ͨిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷੜଘ཰͸ɺ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ ʹث‬φ தؒࢠ༝དྷͷిࢠɾཅిࢠ
͕‫ʹڞ‬ೖࣹͨ͠Πϕϯτʹରͯ͠ɺτϦΨʔ৚݅Λຬͨͨ͠Πϕϯτ਺ͷൺͰ͋Δɻͨͩ
͍ͣ͠ΕͷΠϕϯτͰ΋ɺిࢠର͕ώοτͨ͠ HBD ͷνϟϯωϧ͕Ԗ௚ํ޲ͰಉҰͰͳ͍͜ͱ (∆y ̸= 0) ͱ͍͏৚݅͸՝͞Ε͍ͯΔͱͨ͠ɻ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γʹ͸ π தؒࢠͷ‫ݕޡ‬ग़ͷӨ‫ڹ‬΋ߟྀʹೖΕ͍ͯΔɻ

34

ger Rate
p/2s)

3000

e

SUS + Cu (T1, T5) + C (T3)

Hz (10

10

π

2500

e

Ti + Cu (T1, T5) + C (T3)

π

1.4
1.2

φ surviving ratio

2000

1

ed, a. u.)

0.8

1500

0.6

1000

0.4
500

60
(seg)

0
0

ਤ 3.3

φ (Triggered & Accepted)/Accepted

Trigger rate

0.2
10

20

30

40

50

600
dist. cutτϦΨʔϨʔτͱిࢠରੜଘ཰ͷؔ܎ [8]: ࠇɺന͸ਅۭ૭ͷࡐ࣭ΛͦΕͧΕ

SUSɺTI ͱͨ͠৔߹ͷτϦΨʔϨʔτɺ੺͸ φ தؒࢠ༝དྷͷిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷੜଘ཰

距離(sqrt(dX2 + dY2))の分布·ͨ൓ԠΛ‫͢͜ى‬෺࣭ͱͯ͠ɺ্ྲྀʹઃஔ͞ΕΔϏʔϜϥΠϯͷਅۭ૭Λ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γʹ‫ؚ‬Ί
でバッググラウンドを抑制する
͍ͯΔɻ͜͜Ͱ͸ਅۭ૭ͷࡐ࣭Λ SUS ͳ͍͠ Ti ͱ͍ͯ͠Δɻਤ 3.3 தͷࠇ఺͸ɺඪతͱਅۭ૭ (SUS) ͔Βͷཻࢠ͕࡞ΔτϦΨʔͷϨʔτɺന఺͸ɺඪతͱਅۭ૭ (Ti) ͔Βͷ= トリガーレート
ཻࢠ͕࡞ΔτϦΨʔͷϨʔτɺ੺఺͕ φ தؒࢠ༝དྷͷిࢠɾཅిࢠରͰ͋Δɻ͜ͷਤΑΓɺτϦΨʔϨʔτΛ
1 kHz ҎԼʹ͠Α͏ͱͨ͠৔߹ͷిࢠରͷੜଘ཰͸
SUS ૭ͷ৔߹φ surviving
ratio : 74%(SUS), 86% (Ti)

∼74%(੨఺ઢ)ɺTi ૭ͷ৔߹ ∼86%(྘఺ઢ) ͱͳΔɻ

3.2 τϦΨʔϋʔυ΢ΣΞτϦΨʔγεςϜͰ͸ɺ্‫ه‬ͷϩδοΫΛ༻͍ͯ 2,620 ch ͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗJPS (170319) Y. Obara৴߸͔ΒτϦΨʔΛੜ੒͠ɺશಡΈग़͠ϞδϡʔϧʹτϦΨʔΛ෼഑͢ΔɻτϦΨʔܾఆͷͨΊʹ͸ɺશτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔ৘ใΛҰͭͷϞδϡʔϧʹू໿ͯ͠ѻ͏ඞཁ͕͋Δɻ͔͠͠ɺશτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧ͔Βͷ৴߸ͷड৴ɺτϦΨʔܾఆɺશಡΈग़͠Ϟδϡʔϧ΁ͷτϦΨʔͷૹ৴ΛҰͭͷϞδϡʔϧͰߦ͏͜ͱ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɻ
ͦ͜Ͱຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸τϦΨʔճ࿏ΛɺτϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬ϞδϡʔϧɺτϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧɺ

35τϦΨʔ෼഑Ϟδϡʔϧͷࡾஈ֊ʹ෼͚Δ͜ͱͱͨ͠ɻ֤Ϟδϡʔϧͷ֓ཁΛड़΂ΔɻτϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ: TRG-MRG(TRiGger-MeRGer)

TRG-MRG ͸ E16 ͷͨΊʹ։ൃͨ͠ϞδϡʔϧͰ͋Δɻ͜ͷϞδϡʔϧ͸ҎԼʹࣔ͢Α͏ͳ໾ׂΛՌͨ͢ɻ• ֤‫ݕ‬ग़‫͔ث‬ΒύϥϨϧʹೖྗ͞ΕΔ 1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͋ͨΓ 256 ch ͷ LVDS ৴߸ΛγϦΞϧ৘ใʹม‫͠׵‬ɺ͞Βʹ SFP+(Small Formfactor Pluggable+) ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔޫτϥϯγʔόʔͰޫ৴߸΁ม͑ɺޫϑΝΠόʔΛհͯ͠τϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧ΁ग़ྗ͢Δɻ• ೖྗ͞ΕͨσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸͔Β্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͠ɺλΠϛϯά৘ใΛ෇༩͢Δɻ• ֤νϟϯωϧʹ഑ઢ௕ͳͲͷࠩΛଧͪফ͢஗ԆΛ༩͑ɺΠϕϯτಉ‫ظ‬ΛͱΔɻ• ֤νϟϯωϧͷεέʔϥʔͱͯ͠ώοτͷճ਺Λ‫ܭ‬ଌ͢Δɻ

σʔλॲཧ͸ FPGA(Field-Programmable Gate Array) ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔɺॻ͖‫͑׵‬Մೳͳ IC ্Ͱߦ͏ɻϞδϡʔϧͷ͞ΒͳΔৄࡉ͸࣍ষʹ‫͢ه‬ɻτϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧ: Belle-2 UT3(Universal Trigger board 3)

Belle-2 UT3 ͸ɺBelle-2 ࣮‫͚ͯ޲ʹݧ‬։ൃ͞ΕͨτϦΨʔ༻൚༻ϩδοΫϘʔυͰ͋Δ [19]ɻਤ 3.4 ʹ UT3 ͷࣸਅΛࣔ͢ɻQSFP+(Quad SFP+) ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔޫτϥϯγʔόʔͰશ 10 ୆ఔ౓ͷத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ͔Βͷ৴߸Λड͚ɺFPGA ʹΑͬͯτϦΨʔΛੜ੒͢ΔɻQSFP+ ͸ɺ1 ϙʔτͰ 4 ͭͷ SFP+ ͱͷ઀ଓ͕Մೳͳ
ޫτϥϯγʔόʔͰ͋ΓɺϘʔυ্ͷ FPGA ಺ͷτϥϯγʔόʔ 4 Ϩʔϯͱ઀ଓ͞Ε͍ͯΔɻQSFP+16 ϙʔτͷ͏ͪ 6 ϙʔτ͸ 1 Ϩʔϯ͋ͨΓ࠷େ௨৴Ϩʔτ

11.18 Gbps ͷ GTH τϥϯγʔόʔɺ࢒Γͷ 10 ϙʔτ͸ 1 Ϩʔϯ͋ͨΓ࠷େ௨৴Ϩʔτ 6.6 Gbps ͷ GTX τϥϯγʔόʔΛ࢖༻Ͱ͖Δ [20]ɻGTHɺGTX τϥϯγʔόʔ͸ Xilinx ࣾͷఏ‫͢ڙ‬Δτϥϯγʔόʔͷ‫͋Ͱ֨ن‬ΓɺϢʔβʔճ࿏͔Βͷग़ྗ৴߸ͷΤϯίʔυ΍֎෦͔Βͷೖྗ৴߸ͷσίʔυͳͲΛߦ͏ɻ෼഑Ϟδϡʔϧͱͷؒʹ͸ RJ45 ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔίωΫλͰ௨৴͢Δɻ෼഑ʹ͸ 4 ରͷ LVDS(Low

Viltage Diﬀerential Signaling) ৴߸Λ༻͍ɺ250 Mbps ͷγϦΞϧσʔλΛૹड৴͢Δɻ͜ͷ಺༁͸ɺ

CLKγϦΞϧσʔλసૹ༻ͷ 125 MHz ΫϩοΫɻTRG
τϦΨʔͷλΠϛϯάɺछྨɺࣝผλάͳͲͷ෇ਵ৘ใ

36

ACK
τϦΨʔσʔλड৴ʹର͢ΔԠ౴σʔλɺϏδʔ৘ใͳͲ

RSVະ࢖༻ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɻ্ͷ 2 छྨ͸ UT3 ͔Βͷૹ৴৴߸ɺԼͷ 2 छྨ͸ड৴৴߸Ͱ͋Δɻ

トリガー中継モジュール

トリガー分配モジュール

QSFP+ 6ポート
FPGA GTHと接続
QSFP+ 10ポート
FPGA GTXと接続

RJ45 4ポート

ਤ 3.4

トリガー中継モジュール

Belle-2 UT3 ͷࣸਅτϦΨʔ෼഑Ϟδϡʔϧ: Belle-2 FTSW(Frontend Timing SWitch)

Belle-2 FTSW ΋ UT3 ͱಉ༷ɺBelle-2 ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷͨΊʹ։ൃ͞ΕͨλΠϛϯά෼഑ϞδϡʔϧͰ͋Δ [21]ɻਤ 3.5 ʹ FTSW ͷࣸਅΛࣔ͢ɻ24 ຊͷ RJ45 ϙʔτΛ
࣋ͪɺUT3 ͔Βೖྗ͞ΕͨτϦΨʔͱΫϩοΫΛɺTRG-MRG ΍֤ಡΈग़͠Ϟδϡʔϧʹ෼഑͠ɺ֤Ϟδϡʔϧ͔ΒͷϏδʔ৴߸ͳͲΛड৴͢Δɻ·ͨɺUT3
ͳͲ֤Ϟδϡʔϧͱͷؒͷέʔϒϧʹ͸ CAT7 LAN έʔϒϧΛ༻͍Δɻ͜Ε͸ 2
ॏγʔϧυʹͳ͓ͬͯΓɺϊΠζʹ‫͘ڧ‬प೾਺ଳҬ΋ 600 MHz ͱྑ͍ɻ

37

JTAG

LAN

UT3との通信

AUX

読み出しモジュール、
TRG-MRGとの通信(20ポート)

RJ45 24ポート
ਤ 3.5

Belle-2 FTSW ͷࣸਅ

3.3 τϦΨʔ‫΁ܥ‬ͷ࣌ؒతཁ੥
3.3.1 τϦΨʔϨΠςϯγͷ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γ·ͣɺTRG-MRG ΁ͷೖྗ͔Β FTSW ͔Βͷग़ྗ·Ͱͷ࣌ؒ΁ͷཁ੥Λߟ͑ΔɻτϦΨʔճ࿏Ͱͷॲཧ࣌ؒΛ T [ns] ͱஔ͘ɻ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ GEM ͷ೾‫ܗ‬όοϑΝ͸‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷۙ͘ɺLG ͷ೾‫ܗ‬όοϑΝ͸τϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬Ϟδϡʔϧͷۙ͘ʹઃஔ͢ΔɻLG ͔Β DRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧ·Ͱͷέʔϒϧ௕ͱɺFTSW ͔Β GEM ಡΈग़͠‫Ͱ·ܥ‬ͷέʔϒϧ௕ΛͦΕͧΕ 20 m ͱͨ͠ɻ͜ΕʹΑΓɺGEM ͰͷσΟεΫϦ৴߸ੜ੒͔Β TRG-MRG ΁ͷೖྗ
ͱɺFTSW ͔ΒͷτϦΨʔग़ྗ͔Β LG ೾‫ܗ‬όοϑΝ΁ͷτϦΨʔೖྗʹ͸ͦΕͧΕ

100 ns ͔͔Δ‫ͳʹࢉܭ‬Δɻ·ͨ GTR3 ͷ৴߸͸ɺυϦϑτεϖʔεͷͲ͜Ͱి཭͕‫ى‬
͜Δ͔ʹΑͬͯɺ࠷େ 500 ns ఔ౓ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕࣌ؒࠩ͋ΔɻϞδϡʔϧؒͷ‫ܦ‬࿏௕΍

GEM ͷυϦϑτ࣌ؒΛߟྀ͢Δͱɺཻࢠ௨ա͔ΒಡΈग़͠։࢝·ͰͷλΠϜςʔϒϧ͸38

ਤ 3.6 ͷΑ͏ʹͳΔɻ
時刻[ns]

0

100

トリガー

早いGEM信号が生成

GEM波形

バッファ開始LG信号がTRG-MRGへ入力

600

遅いGEM信号が生成

600+T

遅いGEM信号が700+T

FTSWからTRG-MRGへ入力

トリガー出力読み出し開始

LG波形

その他

500

早いGEM信号、

バッファ開始

読み出し開始粒子通過
600+T-100 < LGのバッファリング時間
700+T < GEMのバッファリング時間

ਤ 3.6

ཻࢠ௨ա͔ΒಡΈग़͠։࢝·ͰͷλΠϜςʔϒϧ

GEMɺLG ͷ೾‫ܗ‬όοϑΝϦϯά࣌ؒͷ্‫ݶ‬͸ͦΕͧΕ 4 µsɺ2 µs ͳͷͰɺಡΈग़͕͠੒
ཱ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ 700 + T < 4000ɺ600 + T − 100 < 2000 Ͱ͋Δඞཁ͕͋ΔɻैͬͯɺτϦΨʔ‫Ͱܥ‬͸ TRG-MRG ʹ࠷‫ޙ‬ͷೖྗ͕͔͋ͬͯΒ FTSW ͔ΒτϦΨʔΛग़ྗ͢Δ·Ͱ͕ 1500 ns Ҏ಺Ͱͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɻ

3.3.2 τϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬ͷ֤Ϟδϡʔϧͷ࣌ؒ഑෼࠷‫ʹޙ‬ɺ֤τϦΨʔϞδϡʔϧͰͷॲཧͷ࣌ؒ഑෼ʹ͍ͭͯड़΂ΔɻγϦΞϧ௨৴ͷ࢓༷΍ Belle2 ϞδϡʔϧͷଞάϧʔϓͰͷ࢖༻ঢ়‫͔Ͳͳگ‬Βɺ֤ॲཧʹ͔͔Δ࣌ؒΛද 3.2
ͱ‫ੵݟ‬΋͍ͬͯΔɻશମͰ 300 ns ͷ༨༟Λ࣋ͬͯτϦΨʔΛੜ੒͢Δʹ͸ɺTRG-MRGͷॲཧ࣌ؒ͸ 200 ns ҎԼͰͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɻ͜ΕΛ TRG-MRG ʹର͢Δཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳͱ
͢Δɻ
ද 3.2

τϦΨʔ‫ܥ‬ͷ֤ॲཧͷॴཁ࣌ؒॲཧγϦΞϧ௨৴

UT3

FTSW

‫ܭ‬

࣌ؒ [ns]

300

500

200

1000

39

ୈ4ষ

τϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧͷ։ൃ
TRG-MRG ͸ E16 ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷͨΊʹ։ൃͨ͠τϦΨʔ৴߸ͷத‫༻ܧ‬ϞδϡʔϧͰ͋Δɻ‫ݕ‬ग़‫͔ث‬ΒͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸Λ 256ch ͷ LVDS Ͱड৴͠ɺFPGA ͰॲཧΛߦ͍τϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧ΁ߴ଎γϦΞϧ௨৴Ͱૹ৴͢ΔɻFPGA ಺Ͱ͸ 3.1 અͰड़΂ͨτϦΨʔ৚݅Λద༻͢Δલஈ֊ͱͯ͠ɺ৴߸ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͠ɺ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ࣌ؒͱνϟϯωϧ൪߸ͷ৘ใΛੜ੒͢Δɻ·ͨɺ֤τϦΨʔνϟϯωϧ΁ͷ஗Ԇͷ෇༩ʹΑΔΠϕϯτಉ‫ظ‬ͷ࣮‫ݱ‬΍ɺεέʔϥʔͷ໾ׂ΋Ռͨ͢ɻຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɺFPGA ͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ։ൃΛߦ͍ɺ͜ΕΒͷੑೳʹ͍ͭͯධՁͨ͠ɻຊষͰ͸ FPGA ͷ TDC ෦෼ͱ

SiTCP ෦෼ͷ࣮૷ͷৄࡉΛड़΂ΔɻੑೳධՁʹ͍ͭͯ͸࣍ষʹ‫ه‬ड़͢Δɻ

4.1 Ϟδϡʔϧͷϋʔυ΢ΣΞϞδϡʔϧ͸ɺϝΠϯϘʔυͱখ‫ܕ‬ͷ֦ு‫ج‬൘Ͱ͋ΔϝβχϯΧʔυೋຕ͔Βߏ੒͞
ΕΔɻϝβχϯΧʔυͰ͸৴߸ͷड৴ͱɺ1.8V LVCMOS(Low Voltage Complementary

Metal Oxcide Semiconductor) ৴߸΁ͷม‫׵‬Λߦ͏ɻϝΠϯϘʔυͰ͸ϝβχϯΧʔυ͔Βͷ৴߸Λ FPGA Ͱॲཧ͠ɺSFP+ Λ༻͍ͯ UT3 ΁ૹ৴͢Δɻਤ 4.1 ʹຊϞδϡʔϧͷࣸਅɺਤ 4.2 ʹུ֓ਤΛࣔ͢ɻ

40

~350mm

340mm

ਤ 4.1

TRG-MRG ͷࣸਅ: ࠨਤ͸ϝβχϯΧʔυҰຕΛऔΓ෇͚ͨ΋ͷɻӈਤ͸

LVDS ड৴‫ޱ‬ͷ֦େࣸਅɻ

~350mm
LVDS input 32ch 4

LVDS input 32ch 4

LVDS
1.8V̲LVCMOS
変換

メザニンカード
コネクタ

メザニンカード

340mm
125MHz Clock

電源回路

FPGA
メインボード12V電源

補助FPGA

RJ45 2<->FTSWNIM I/O 2

SFP+ 8RJ45<->UT3<->PC

RJ45
Remote JTAG用ਤ 4.2

TRG-MRG ͷུ֓ਤ41

TRG-MRG ͷ֤෦඼ʹ͍ͭͯҎԼʹड़΂Δɻ
LVDS ৴߸ड৴‫ޱ‬
32ch ༻ͷϑϥοτέʔϒϧΛɺϝβχϯΧʔυҰຕ͋ͨΓ 4 ‫ݸ‬ɺTRG-MRG Ұ୆͋ͨΓ 8 ‫͍༻ݸ‬ɺ‫ ܭ‬256ch Λड৴͢Δɻ

LVDS-1.8V LVCMOS ม‫׵‬ೋछྨͷ IC Λ༻͍ͯ LVDS ৴߸Λ 1.8V LVCMOS ৴߸ʹม‫͢׵‬Δɻ͜ΕʹΑΓɺ৴߸͕ FPGA ͷ I/O ʹదͨ͠‫ͳʹࣜܗ‬Δɻ1 ஈ໨Ͱ͸ SN65LVDS348[22] ʹΑͬͯɺLVDS ৴߸Λ 2.5 V ͷ LVTTL(Low Voltage Transistor-Transistor Logic) ৴߸ʹม‫͢׵‬Δɻ͜ͷ IC ͸ J-PARC K1.8 ϏʔϜϥΠϯͰ΋޿͘࢖ΘΕΔ൚༻࡞ಈ৴߸ϨγʔόʔͰ͋Γɺ޿͍ిѹͷଳҬΛ࣋ͭɻҰํ৴߸ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ΍ཱͪԼ͕Γʹ͸ 1ns ఔ౓͔͔Γɺप೾਺ಛੑ͸͋·Γྑ͘ͳ͍ɻ2 ஈ໨Ͱ͸ ADG3247[23]ʹΑͬͯɺLVTTL ৴߸Λ FPGA ͷ I/O Ͱ༻͍Δ 1.8V LVCMOS ৴߸ʹม‫׵‬
͢Δɻ

FPGA
FPGA ʹ ͸ Xilinx ࣾ ͷ Kintex7 160T-2[24] Λ ༻ ͍ Δ ɻTRG-MRG Ͱ ࢖ ͏
Kintex-7 ͷ speed grade-2 ͸ɺ࠷େ 10.3125Gbps Ͱͷ௨৴͕Մೳͳ GTX τϥϯγʔόʔΛ࣋ͭɻ௨৴ϙʔτ࠷େ 10Gbps ఔ౓Ͱ௨৴Մೳͳ SFP+ ϙʔτ 8 ຊͰɺ֎෦Ϟδϡʔϧͱ௨৴Λߦ͏ɻ͏ͪ 4 ຊΛ UT3 ͱͷߴ଎ޫ௨৴ʹ༻͍ɺ1 ຊ͸ RJ45 ʹม‫ ͯ͠׵‬PC ͱͷ௨৴ʹ༻͍Δɻ
ຊϞδϡʔϧͷϙʔτ͸࠷େ 10Gbps Ͱͷ௨৴͕Մೳ͕ͩɺUT3 ʹ͸ 6.6Gbps ·Ͱʹ͔͠ରԠ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ϙʔτ͕͋ΔͨΊɺ‫ج‬ຊతʹ͸ 6.6Gbps Ͱ௨৴Λߦ͏ɻ௨৴ʹ͸

AURORA ϓϩτίϧ [25] ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔɺXilinx ͔ࣾΒఏ‫͞ڙ‬ΕΔߴ଎γϦΞϧ௨৴༻ϓϩτίϧΛ࢖༻͢Δ༧ఆͰ͋ΔɻEthernet ͱҟͳΓ࢖͍ํʹΑͬͯ͸ϨΠςϯγΛҰఆʹอͭ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔͨΊɺτϦΨʔճ࿏ʹར༻͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ

4.2 ϞδϡʔϧͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ
4.2.1 ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ΁ͷཁ੥ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷ TDC ʹର͢Δཁ੥Λද 4.1 ʹ·ͱΊΔɻ

42ද 4.1

TDC ΁ͷཁ੥ೖྗνϟϯωϧ਺

256ch/moduleαϯϓϦϯάִؒ1ns࠷େώοτϨʔτ∼ 1 MHz/chॲཧ࣌ؒ< 200nsαϯϓϦϯάִؒ΁ͷཁ‫ٻ‬͸ɺओʹೖྗ͞ΕΔ৴߸ͷ෯ͱִ͔ؒΒܾఆ͞ΕΔɻ͜ΕΒ͕య‫ܕ‬తʹαϯϓϦϯάִؒΛԼճΔͱɺे෼ʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͘ͳ
ΔɻTRG-MRG ΁ೖྗ͞ΕΔ৴߸ͷϨʔτ͸࠷େͰ GTR3 ͷ 1 MHz ఔ౓ɺGTR3 ͷ৴߸෯͸ 200 ns ఔ౓ͷͨΊɺయ‫ܕ‬తʹ͸ 800 ns ఔ౓ͷִؒͰ৴߸͕ೖྗ͞ΕΔͱࢥΘΕΔɻ
·ͨೖྗ৴߸ͷ෯͸ɺ5.5.1 ߲Ͱ‫ޙ‬ड़͢ΔΑ͏ʹ࠷খͰ 3 ns ఔ౓Ͱ͋Δɻ͜ΕΛऔಘ͢Δ
ͨΊʹɺଟগͷ༨༟Λ࣋ͬͯ 1 ns αϯϓϦϯάͱͨ͠ɻώοτϨʔτ͸ՙిཻࢠશൠΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δ GTR3 ͷɺ࠷લํͷνϟϯωϧʹ͓͚Δ༧ଌ஋Ͱ͋ΔɻώοτϨʔτʹؔ͢Δ
ৄࡉ͸ɺ6.2.1 ߲Ͱड़΂Δɻॲཧ࣌ؒʹؔͯ͠͸ɺ3.3.2 ߲Ͱ‫ʹط‬ड़΂ͨɻ

4.2.2 ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷߏ੒ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ࣮૷͸ Xilinx ࣾͷఏ‫͢ڙ‬Δ 7 γϦʔζҎ߱ͷ FPGA ͷσβΠϯπʔϧͰ͋Δ Vivado2017.2[26] ্ͰɺVerilog HDL ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔϋʔυ΢ΣΞ‫ه‬ड़‫ޠݴ‬Λ༻͍ͯߦͬͨɻFPGA ͷճ࿏ߏ੒Λਤ 4.3 ʹࣔ͢ɻΫϩοΫΛੜ੒͢ΔΫϩοΫɾΧ΢ϯλ෦ͱɺ࣌ؒ৘ใΛॲཧ͢Δ TDC ෦ɺPC ͱͷ௨৴Λߦ͏ SiTCP ෦ [27] ͔Βߏ੒͞ΕΔɻ

TDC ෦෼ͷ֓೦ਤΛਤ 4.4 ʹࣔ͢ɻ43

ਤ 4.3

FPGA ಺Ϣʔβʔճ࿏ͷ֓೦ਤ: ఺ઢͷίϯϙʔωϯτɺϞδϡʔϧ͸ະ‫׬‬੒

44

Input

256ch

Input

125MHz Clock

TRG-MRGCG

FPGA

250MHz500MHzTDC

ON/OFF, Scaler, Delay

250MHz Counter

64ns Counter

125MHz

SC

ES

SiTCP

AURORA

GTX

SFP+

RJ45

UT3

PC

ਤ 4.4

TDC ෦෼ͷ֓೦ਤ

45

Input

256ch

Input

CG

FPGA

DES

250MHz
TDC
500MHz250MHz Counter

64ns Counter

125MHzED

ON/OFF, Scaler

DB

16ch

DB

HM16

4=64ch

HM16

Delay

HM64

HB

HB
4=256ch

SC

ES

SiTCP

AURORAGTXFPGA ಺Ͱ͸ɺड৴͔Βૹ৴৴߸ͷੜ੒·Ͱɺ64 ch ΛҰ·ͱ·Γͱͯ͠ѻ͏ɻੜ੒͞
Εͨ৴߸͸ 64ch ͋ͨΓҰຊͷ SFP+ Ͱૹ৴͢ΔɻTDC ·Ͱͷ֤ίϯϙʔωϯτͷৄࡉΛҎԼʹड़΂Δɻ

4.2.2.1 ΫϩοΫɺΧ΢ϯλ
Clock Generator(CG)FPGA ֎ͷ 125 MHz ΫϩοΫ͔Βɺ15.625 MHzɺ125 MHzɺ250 MHzɺ500 MHzΫϩοΫΛੜ੒͢Δɻ250MHz ΫϩοΫ͸ TDC ͷ‫ۦ‬ಈΫϩοΫͱͯ͠ɺ125 MHzΫϩοΫ͸‫ޙ‬ड़ͷ SiTCP ͷ‫ۦ‬ಈΫϩοΫͱͯ͠ɺ500 MHz ΫϩοΫ͸ೖྗͷαϯϓϦϯάʹ༻͍Δɻ

250 MHz Counter
250 MHz ΫϩοΫΛ༻͍ͯɺ4 ns ୯ҐͰ࣌ؒΛΧ΢ϯτ͢ΔɻΧ΢ϯτͷ஋͸‫ޙ‬ड़ͷ HM64 Ͱɺ4 ns ୯Ґͷ࣌ؒ৘ใΛ෇༩͢Δࡍʹ༻͍Δɻ

64 ns Counter
15.625 MHz ΫϩοΫΛ༻͍ͯ࣌ؒΛΧ΢ϯτ͢ΔɻΧ΢ϯτͷ஋͸‫ޙ‬ड़ͷ HB
Ͱɺ64 ns ୯Ґͷ࣌ؒ৘ใΛ෇༩͢Δࡍʹ༻͍Δɻ

4.2.2.2 TDC
TDC Ͱ͸ 256 ch ͷೖྗ৴߸Λ 64 ch ͝ͱʹऔΓѻ͍ɺ64 chɺ64 ns ͋ͨΓʹ࠷େ 8 ‫ݸ‬ͷώοτ৘ใΛग़ྗ͢Δɻ

DESerializer(DES)σΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸Λ 1 ns ͰαϯϓϦϯά͠ɺ250 MHzɺ4 bit ͷύϥϨϧ৴߸ʹม‫͢׵‬ΔɻαϯϓϦϯά͸ 500 MHz ΫϩοΫͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓɺཱͪԼ͕
Γͷ྆ํͰߦ͏ (DDR: Double Data Rate ํࣜ)ɻ࣮૷͸ ISERDESE2 ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔίϯϙʔωϯτʹΑͬͯߦͬͨɻ

Edge Detecter(ED)4 ns ෼ͷσʔλத͔Βɺ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δɻ۩ମతʹ͸ 4 bit σʔλʹ௚લͷ 1 bit ΛՃ͑ͨ‫ ܭ‬5 bit ͷதʹɺ01 ͷϏοτྻ͕͋Ε͹ 1 ͷ͋ͬͨλΠϛϯάΛ
্ཱ͕ͪΓͷλΠϛϯάͱ͢Δɻग़ྗ͸্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ༗ແ (1 bit) ͱ࠷ԼҐϏοτ(Least Significant Bit: LSB) ͕ 1 ns ͷλΠϛϯά৘ใ (2 bit) ͷ‫ ܭ‬3 bit ͱͳΔɻ·ͨɺ32 bit ͷεέʔϥʔͱ্ཱ͕ͯͪ͠Γͷ਺ͷΧ΢ϯτ΋ߦ͏ɻ

Delay Buﬀer(DB)46

ED ͷग़ྗʹର͠ɺ4ns ୯ҐͰ࠷େ 1µs ఔ౓ͷ஗ԆΛ͔͚Δɻ͜Ε͸ɺ഑ઢ௕ͳͲ
ͷࠩʹΑΔ֤νϟϯωϧ‫ݻ‬༗ͷλΠϛϯάͷͣΕΛ‫ٵ‬ऩͯ͠Πϕϯτಉ‫ظ‬Λ࣮‫͢ݱ‬ΔͨΊͷ΋ͷͰ͋Δɻ

Hit Merger 16ch(HM16)
DB Λग़ͨ 3bit ͷσʔλΛ 16ch ෼ूΊɺ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ਺ͱνϟϯωϧ൪߸ɺ࣌ؒ
ͷ৘ใΛੜ੒͢Δɻճ࿏‫ن‬໛ɺώοτϨʔτͷ݉Ͷ߹͍͔Βɺ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͸ 16ch
த͔Β࠷େ 8 ‫ݸ‬෼‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δɻग़ྗ৘ใ͸ࣺͯΒΕͨ΋ͷ΋‫ؚ‬Ή্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ਺ͱɺ্ཱ֤͕ͪΓʹ͖ͭνϟϯωϧ৘ใ 6bit(64ch)ɺ࣌ؒ৘ใ 2bit(4ns) Ͱ͋Δɻ

Hit Merger 64ch(HM64)
HM16 ͷग़ྗΛ͞Βʹ 4 ͭ෼౷߹͠ɺ4nsɺ64ch த͔Β࠷େ 8 ‫ݸ‬ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δɻ·ͨ 250MHz Counter ͔Βͷ৘ใ΋Ճ͑ɺ࣌ؒ৘ใΛ 8bitɺ256ns ෼ʹ͢Δɻ

Hit Buﬀer(HB)
HM64 ͷग़ྗΛ߹Θͤͯɺ64ns ෼ͷ৘ใʹ͢Δɻ64ns ͷ࣌ؒ෯Ͱ 64 ch ʹର͠࠷େ 8 ‫ݸ‬ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δɻ͜Ε͸ 1ch ͋ͨΓͷϨʔτͱͯ͠͸

8 hit/64 ch×64 ns∼2 MHz/ch Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛҙຯ͠ɺయ‫ܕ‬తʹ͸࣮‫Ͱݧ‬༧૝͞ΕΔ
࠷େ 1 MHz/ch ʹରͯ͠ 2 ഒͷ଱ੑ͕͋Δͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻͨͩ͠‫࣮ݱ‬తͳ࣮‫Ͱڥ؀ݧ‬ͷ଱ੑΛධՁ͢Δඞཁ͕͋ΔɻγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛ༻͍ͨϨʔτ଱ੑͷ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γ͸

6 ষʹ‫͢ه‬ɻγϦΞϧ௨৴෦ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ 64bit Λ 1 ϒϩοΫͱͯ͠ૹ৴͢Δ༧ఆͰ͋ΔͨΊɺ

64bit×3 ͷ৘ใ΁ͷ੔‫ܗ‬΋ߦ͏ɻ্ཱ͕ͪΓ 1 ‫ͨ͋ݸ‬Γͷσʔλ‫ࣜܗ‬͸ɺද 4.2 ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹνϟϯωϧ৘ใ (6bit)ɺ৘ใͷछྨ (2bit)ɺ࣌ؒ৘ใ (8bit) ͷ‫ ܭ‬16bit
Ͱ͋Δɻ৘ใͷछྨ͸ɺকདྷతͳཱͪԼ͕Γͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ͳͲʹඋ͑ͯ༻ҙ͍ͯ͠Δɻ
ද 4.2

্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใͷσʔλ‫ࣜܗ‬

Ϗοτ

0

࢖༻๏

νϟϯωϧ৘ใ (ch0-ch63)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

छྨ

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

࣌ؒ৘ใ (0 ns-255 ns)‫ޙ‬ஈϞδϡʔϧͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ͸։ൃதͷͨΊσʔλͷ‫ࣜܗ‬͸ܾఆ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍
͕ɺ͋ͨ͞͠Γද 4.3 ͷΑ͏ʹઃఆ͍ͯ͠Δɻ

47

ද 4.3Ϗοτ‫ޙ‬ஈϞδϡʔϧ΁ͷͷૹ৴σʔλ‫ࣜܗ‬

0-7
32-39

8-15
40-47

16-23
48-55

24-31
56-63

ϔομʔ

TRG-MRG ͷ ID

1 ϒϩοΫ໨ 0-31bitૹ৴ճ਺

1 ϒϩοΫ໨ 32-63bit্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 0্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 1

2 ϒϩοΫ໨ 0-31bit্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 2্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 3

2 ϒϩοΫ໨ 32-63bit্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 4্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 5

3 ϒϩοΫ໨ 0-31bit্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 6্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใ 7

3 ϒϩοΫ໨ 32-63bit

Τϥʔ৘ใ

ϑολʔ

ࣺͯΒΕ্ཱ͕ͨͪΓ਺ϔομʔɺϑολʔͱ࠷େ 8 ‫ݸ‬ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใʹՃ͑ɺTRG-MRG ͔Β UT3 ΁ͷσʔλૹ৴ճ਺ɺTRG-MRG ͷ IDɺΤϥʔ৘ใɺΦʔόʔϑϩʔʹΑͬͯૹΔ
͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ্ཱ͔͕ͬͨͪΓͷ਺Λૹ৴͍ͯ͠ΔɻΤϥʔ৘ใ͸‫ࡏݱ‬͸‫ͯ͠༻׆‬͍ͳ͍͕ɺσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸ͷҟৗͳͲΛૹ৴͢Δ༧ఆͰ͋Δɻ

4.2.2.3 SiTCP ༻ίϯϙʔωϯττϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧ΁ͷૹ৴ͱ͸ผʹɺϞδϡʔϧઃఆ༻ͷ PC ͱ௨৴ͯ͠εϩʔίϯτϩʔϧ΍छʑͷ৘ใͷಡΈग़͠Λߦ͏ඞཁ͕͋Δɻ௨৴͸ SiTCP ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔϓϩ
τίϧͰߦ͏ɻ͜ͷϓϩτίϧ͸ FPGA ͱ Ethernet ΛɺTCP FIFO I/F(InterFace) ͱslow control I/F ʹΑͬͯ઀ଓ͢ΔɻSiTCP खલͷίϯϙʔωϯτʹ͍ͭͯҎԼʹड़΂Δɻ͜͜Ͱ ES ͸ɺTRG-MRG ͷੑೳධՁ༻ʹ࣮૷ͨ͠ίϯϙʔωϯτͰ͋Δɻ

Slow Controller(SC)slow control I/F ʹΑͬͯ FPGA ͷϨδελʹରͯ͠ॻ͖ࠐΈɺಡΈग़͠Λߦ͏ɻED Ͱͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ͷ ON/OFFɺDB Ͱͷ஗Ԇྔͷઃఆͱ֬ೝɺ֤νϟϯωϧͷεέʔϥ஋ͷ֬ೝɺϦηοτΛߦ͑Δɻ

Event Selector(ES)TDC ͔Βੜ੒͞ΕΔ 64 nsɺ256ch ͋ͨΓͷσʔλྔʹରԠ͢Δ 64 bit×3×4/64 ns=12 Gbps ʹର͠ɺSiTCP ʹΑΔ TCP ௨৴ͷ଎౓͸ 1 Gbps ΑΓখ͍ͨ͞ΊɺશͯͷσʔλΛૹ৴͢Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɻES Ͱ͸ɺૹ৴͢ΔΠϕϯτͷબผΛߦ͏ɻ
͋Δ 256chɺ64ns ͷؒʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋ͬͨ৔߹ʹͷΈ HB ͷग़ྗΛόοϑΝ΁
ೖྗ͢ΔɻόοϑΝ͞Εͨσʔλ͸ SiTCP ͕ಡΈग़͠Մೳͳঢ়ଶʹͳΔͱɺTCP

48

FIFO I/F Ͱॱ࣍ಡΈग़͞ΕΔɻ

4.2.2.4 Ϣʔβʔճ࿏Ҏ߱ͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ
SiTCP
8bit Λ 1 ϒϩοΫͱͯ͠ɺϢʔβʔճ࿏͔Βͷग़ྗͷૹ৴‫΁ࣜܗ‬ͷม‫׵‬ɺड৴σʔλͷϢʔβʔճ࿏ͰಡΈऔΕΔ‫΁ࣜܗ‬ͷม‫׵‬Λߦ͏ɻ

GTX࿦ཧ৴߸Λి‫ؾ‬৴߸ʹม‫͢׵‬Δɻલड़ͷ௨Γ࠷େ 10.3125 Gbps Ͱͷૹ৴ʹରԠͨ͠ಈ࡞͕ՄೳͰ͋Δɻ

4.3 ಈ࡞ࢼ‫ݧ‬
4.3.1 Vivado ʹΑΔγϛϡϨʔγϣϯϞδϡʔϧΛ࣮‫͢૷࣮ʹػ‬ΔલʹɺγϛϡϨʔλʔʹΑΔಈ࡞֬ೝΛߦͬͨɻγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͸ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ࣮૷ͱಉ༷ʹ Vivado2017.2 ্ͰߦͬͨɻγϛϡϨʔγϣϯʹΑͬͯɺϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷ࿦ཧ͕૝ఆ௨Γʹಈ࡞͢Δ͔ɺ·ͨ৴߸ೖྗ͔Βग़ྗ৘ใੜ
੒·Ͱͷॴཁ࣌ؒΛ֬ೝͨ݁͠ՌΛड़΂Δɻ͜ͷৄࡉ͸෇࿥ A ʹ‫͢ه‬ɻ
·ͣɺ64 ns ͷ೚ҙͷλΠϛϯάͰώοτ͕ೖྗ͞Εͨ৔߹ʹਖ਼͘͠ HB ίϯϙʔωϯ
τ·Ͱ౸ୡ͢Δ͔Λௐ΂ͨɻಛʹνϟϯωϧ΍λΠϛϯάͷ۠੾ΓͱͳΔ෦෼Ͱ૝ఆ͠ͳ
͍‫ڍ‬ಈ͕‫͜ى‬Γ΍͘͢ͳΔͨΊɺ16 νϟϯωϧ۠੾Γͷ྆୺Ͱ͋Δ ch0 ͱ ch15 ʹ͍ͭͯɺ0 ns ͔Β 63 ns ·Ͱ 1 ns ͣͭೖྗͷλΠϛϯάΛม͑ɺHB ίϯϙʔωϯτͷग़ྗΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɻͦͷ݁Ռɺௐ΂ͨશͯͷνϟϯωϧɺλΠϛϯάͰͷೖྗʹରͯ͠ਖ਼͘͠ಈ࡞
͢Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɻ
·ͨɺ৴߸Λ 64 ns Χ΢ϯλͷ 0 ns ͱ 63 ns ͷλΠϛϯάͰೖྗ͠ɺTDC ͷϨΠςϯ
γΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯͨ͠ɻ͜Ε͸ɺϨΠςϯγͷ࠷΋୹͍৔߹ͱ࠷΋௕͍৔߹ʹରԠ͠
͍ͯΔɻ63 ns ʹೖྗ͞Εͨ৴߸͸ 116 ns ‫ޙ‬ɺ0 ns ʹೖྗ͞Εͨ৴߸͸ 179 ns ʹग़ྗ͞
ΕΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɻ͜Ε͸ 200ns ΛԼճ͓ͬͯΓɺཁ‫ٻ‬Λຬͨ͢ɻ࠷‫ʹޙ‬ଟνϟϯωϧೖྗʹର͢Δಈ࡞֬ೝΛߦͬͨɻ4.2.2 ߲Ͱड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɺϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷ࢓্༷ɺ64 chɺ64 ns தʹ 9 ‫ݸ‬Ҏ্ͷώοτ͕ೖྗ͞Εͨ৔߹͸ɺ9 ‫ݸ‬໨Ҏ߱ͷώοτ৘ใΛࣺ͍ͯͯΔɻ64 ns தʹ‫ ܭ‬20 ‫ݸ‬ͷώοτΛೖྗͨ͠ͱ͜Ζɺਖ਼͘͠ૣ͍λΠϛϯάͰೖྗ͞Εͨ 8 ‫ݸ‬෼͕ग़ྗ͞Εɺ12 ‫ݸ‬ͷώοτ͕Φʔόʔϑϩʔͱͯ͠‫ه‬࿥͞

49

Εͨɻ
Ҏ্ͷ௨ΓɺϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷಈ࡞͕γϛϡϨʔγϣϯ্Ͱ֬ೝͰ͖ͨɻ

4.3.2 SiTCP Λ༻͍࣮ͨ‫ػ‬ςετຊ߲Ͱ͸εέʔϥʔ஋ͱ TDC ͔Βग़ྗ͞ΕΔγϦΞϧ৘ใͷɺSiTCP Λ༻͍ͨಡΈग़͠ͷ݁ՌΛड़΂Δɻ
·ͣɺॏཁͳ‫ػ‬ೳͷҰͭͰ͋Δεέʔϥʔͷಈ࡞ʹ͍ͭͯࢼ‫ͨ͠ݧ‬ɻ૝ఆ͞ΕΔϨʔτͷ৴߸Λ TRG-MRG ͱ NIM εέʔϥʔʹೖྗ͠ɺεέʔϥʔ஋Λൺֱͨ͠ɻਤ 4.5 ʹଌఆͷճ࿏ਤΛɺਤ 4.6 ʹͦΕͧΕͷग़ྗΛ͠Ί͢ɻFunction

1MHz矩形波
幅500nsGenerator

Discri

DRS4
Terminator Module

TRG-MRG

NIM Scalerਤ 4.5εέʔϥʔͷಈ࡞֬ೝ࣌ͷճ࿏: Function Generator ʹ͸ Tektronix ੡ͷAFG 1062[28] Λ༻͍ͨਤ 4.6

εέʔϥʔͷಈ࡞֬ೝ: ࠨ͕ NIM εέʔϥʔ (10 ਐ਺)ɺӈ͕ TRG-MRG ಺εέʔϥʔ (16 ਐ਺)ɻӈͷಡΈ͸ 16 ਐ਺Ͱ 000965eb Ͱ͋Δɻ

ਤ 4.6 ͰɺTRG-MRG ಺εέʔϥʔͷಡΈ͸ 32’h000965eb=615,915 ͳͷͰɺ྆ํͰ
ಉ͡εέʔϥʔ஋Λग़ྗ͍ͯ͠Δɻ͜͜Ͱ 32’h000965eb ͸ɺ32bit ͷܻ਺Ͱ͋Γ 16 ਐ਺ͷද‫( ه‬h) Ͱ 000965eb ͱදͤΔ͜ͱΛҙຯ͍ͯ͠Δɻ10 ਐ਺ͷ৔߹͸ dɺ2 ਐ਺ͷ৔߹͸ b ͱද‫͢ه‬Δɻಉ༷ͷ֬ೝΛ਺ઍճߦͬͯશͯͷΧ΢ϯτ਺͕Ұக͢Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɻ·ͨɺTCP I/F ʹΑΔ TDC ͷग़ྗͷಡΈग़֬͠ೝ΋ߦͬͨɻ࣮ࡍʹ৴߸Λೖྗ͠ɺ50ώοτͷ͋ͬͨ 64 ns ͷΈ͕ग़ྗ͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɻৄࡉ͸෇࿥ A ʹ‫͢ه‬ɻ

51

ୈ5ষ

τϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬ϞδϡʔϧͷੑೳධՁຊষͰ͸ɺ࣮૷ͨ͠ FPGA ͷϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞʹ͍ͭͯɺLVDS ड৴ϋʔυ΢ΣΞΛ‫ؚ‬ΜͩੑೳධՁͷ݁ՌΛड़΂ΔɻධՁ͸ TDC ͷ‫ج‬ຊੑೳͰ͋Δ

1. प೾਺҆ఆ౓
2. ੵ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ (INL: Integral Non Linearity)
3. ඍ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ (DNL: Diﬀerential Non Linearity)
4. ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ
5. ୹෯৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰
6. ୹ִؒ৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ʹ͍ͭͯߦͬͨɻੑೳධՁʹ༻͍ͨϞδϡʔϧͷγϦΞϧφϯόʔ͸ͦΕͧΕɺTRG-

MRG ͷϝΠϯϘʔυ͸ 201403-02ɺϝβχϯΧʔυ͸ 201412-02ɺDRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧ͸
2EF663C811 Ͱ͋Δɻ

5.1 प೾਺҆ఆ౓ຊઅͰ͸ɺFPGA ͷ֎෦ΫϩοΫͷ‫ܥ‬౷తͳ࣮࣌ؒͱͷͣΕΛௐ΂Δɻ͜Ε͸Ϟδϡʔϧ΁ͷೖྗ࣌ؒࠩͱग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩΛϓϩοτͨ͠ࡍͷɺ܏͖ 1 ͔ΒͷͣΕͰධՁͰ͖ΔɻͦͷӨ‫ڹ‬͸ิਖ਼܎਺Λௐ΂Δ͜ͱͰ͋Δఔ౓খ͘͢͞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ͕ɺτϦΨʔϨΠςϯγ΍ճ࿏‫ن‬໛ͷ૿Ճͷ໘͔Β๬·͘͠ͳ͍ɻ

52

5.1.1 ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳΫϩοΫ͕‫ܥ‬౷తʹͣΕ͍ͯΔ৔߹͸ɺଞͷ TRG-MRG ʹೖͬͨ৴߸ͱಉ‫ظ‬ΛऔΔ͜
ͱ͕ࠔ೉ʹͳΔɻಉҰΠϕϯτʹΑΔ৴߸ಉ࢜ͷ࣌ؒࠩ͸࠷େͰ 500 ns ఔ౓Ͱ͋Δɻ͠
͕ͨͬͯɺ࠷௿Ͱ΋ 500 ns ఔ౓·ͰͷλΠϜϨϯδͰଞͷϞδϡʔϧͱ 1 ns Ҏ্ͣΕͳ͍͜ͱ͕ཁ‫͞ٻ‬ΕΔɻ͜ΕΛ܏͖ʹ‫͢ࢉ׵‬Δͱɺ1 ± (2 × 10−3 ) ʹ૬౰͢Δɻ

5.1.2 ༧ଌੑೳຊϞδϡʔϧʹ౥ࡌ͞Ε͍ͯΔ 125 MHz ਫথൃৼ‫͋Ͱث‬Δ CL58VBG[29] ͸ɺԹ౓ɺిѹมಈͷ‫د‬༩΋‫ؚ‬Ίͯ ±50 ppm ͷप೾਺҆ఆ౓͕อূ͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ͜ΕΛΫϩοΫͱ࣮࣌ؒͷൺʹ‫͢ࢉ׵‬Δͱɺ1 ± (5 × 10−5 ) ͱͳΔɻ·ͨຊϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺਫথൃৼ‫ث‬ͷग़ྗΛ FPGA ಺ͷΫϩοΫੜ੒‫ʹث‬ೖྗͯ͠ 250 MHz ͷΫϩοΫΛੜ੒͠
͍ͯΔɻͦͷͨΊ 250 MHz ΫϩοΫͷप೾਺҆ఆ౓͸ɺਫথൃৼ‫ث‬ͷ΋ͷʹൺ΂ͯѱ͘ͳΔɻ

5.1.3 ଌఆํ๏ਤ 5.1 ʹप೾਺҆ఆ౓ଌఆͷճ࿏ਤΛࣔ͢ɻϑΝϯΫγϣϯδΣωϨʔλʔ͔Βͷग़ྗ৴߸Λೋͭʹ෼͚ɺยํΛ஗Ԇ͔ͤͯ͞Β TRG-MRG ͷ 2 ͭͷνϟϯωϧ (ch0ɺch4)΁ೖྗ͢Δɻ஗ԆྔΛม͑ͳ͕Βɺ֤஗ԆྔͰग़ྗ͞ΕΔ࣌ؒࠩΛ਺ສΠϕϯτଌఆ͢Δɻ஗Ԇ͸ 200 ns ҎԼ͸έʔϒϧΛ‫͗ܧ‬଍͠ɺͦΕҎ্͸ϩδοΫσΟϨΠΛ༻͍ͨɻͳ͓ɺ‫ ࡏݱ‬TRG-MRG ΁৴߸Λೖྗ͢Δखஈ͸ DRS4 ϞδϡʔϧͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸Λ༻͍Δํ๏ΛͱͬͨɻϢʔβʔճ࿏ͱ SiTCP Λͭͳ͙ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷ
੍໿্ɺ্‫ ه‬1 ͔Β 4 ͷଌఆ͸ 1 kHz ఔ౓ͷ௿ϨʔτͰߦͬͨɻ

Function
Generator

Discriਤ 5.1

1kHz矩形波
幅~50nsDelay

DRS4
discriप೾਺҆ఆ౓ଌఆͷճ࿏ਤ

53

TRG-MRG

5.1.4 ଌఆ݁Ռਤ 5.2 ʹग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩͷώετάϥϜͷྫɺਤ 5.3 ʹɺೖྗ࣌ؒࠩͱग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩͷฏ‫ۉ‬ͷؔ܎Λࣔ͢ɻೖྗ͞ΕΔ࣌ؒࠩ͸ DRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧ΁ͷೖྗΛ 500 MHz प೾਺ଳҬͷΦγϩείʔϓ (DSOX4054A[30]) Λ༻͍ͯଌఆͨ͠ɻDRS4 ϞδϡʔϧʹΑͬͯ࣌ؒࠩʹΦϑηοτ͕৐ΓಘΔ͕ɺ࢖༻νϟϯωϧΛ‫ݻ‬ఆ͓ͯ͠Γɺೖग़ྗΛ௚ઢͰϑΟοτ͢Δ৔߹ʹ͸ͦͷ੾ยʹ͔͠Ө‫͍ͳ͠ڹ‬ɻ੾ย͸ຊ‫͍͓ͯʹڀݚ‬͸࢖༻͠ͳ͍ͨΊɺ͜ͷଌఆ

Countํ๏Ͱ໰୊͸ͳ͍ɻ
×103

h0

1400

Entries 1463002
Mean
16.05
Std Dev0.2212

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
15

15.5

16

ਤ 5.2

16.5

17

17.5

18

2ch ͷ࣌ؒࠩͷग़ྗྫ

54

18.5
19
Time Lag[ns]Output Time Lag[ns]χ2 / ndf

2200

Prob

2000
1800

29.17 / 35
0.745

p0

0.7259 ± 0.003807

p1

1 ± 5.194e−06

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Input Time Lag[ns]ਤ 5.3ೖྗ࣌ؒࠩͱग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩฏ‫ۉ‬ͷؔ܎

ਤ 5.2 ʹ͓͍ͯɺԣ࣠ͷΤϥʔ͸ೖྗ৴߸࣌ؒࠩͷઈର஋ͷΦγϩείʔϓग़ྗͷɺ໨ࢹʹΑΔ‫͋Ͱࠩޡ‬Δ 0.02 nsɺॎ࣠ͷΤϥʔ͸֤఺Ͱग़ྗͨ࣌ؒࠩ͠෼෍ (ྫ: ਤ 5.2) ͷඪ४ภࠩΛΠϕϯτ਺ͷฏํࠜͰׂͬͨ΋ͷͱධՁ͍ͯ͠Δɻ͜ΕΒΛ࠷খೋ৐๏Ͱ௚ઢͰ
ϑΟοτͨ݁͠Ռɺ܏͖͸ 1 ± (5 × 10−6 ) ͱͳͬͨɻ͜Ε͸༧ଌੑೳͱίϯγεςϯτͰ͋Γɺ·࣮ͨ‫Ͱݧ‬ͷ࢖༻ʹ͸໰୊ͳ͍ɻ·ͨɺಉҰͷଌఆσʔλ͔ΒධՁͰ͖Δੵ෼ඇ௚ઢੑɺ࣌ؒ෼ղೳʹ͍ͭͯ͸࣍અҎ߱Ͱड़΂Δɻ

5.2 ੵ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ
࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ίΠϯγσϯεΛऔΓ͏Δ࠷େͷ࣌ؒࠩ͸ɺGTR3 ASD ͷग़ྗͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ࣌ؒࠩͰ͋Δ 500 ns ͱ༧૝͞ΕΔɻͦͷͨΊɺ500 ns ఔ౓ͷ࣌ؒࠩΛਫ਼౓Α͘ଌఆ͢Δ
ඞཁ͕͋ΔɻຊઅͰ͸ɺ࠷େ 2 µs ఔ౓·Ͱͷ࣌ؒࠩΛೖྗͨ͠ࡍͷɺग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩͷ;ΕΛଌఆ͠ɺલઅͷϑΟοτ௚ઢͱͷ࢒ࠩΛͱͬͨɻ55

5.2.1 ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ
1LSB Ҏ্ͷ࢒͕ࠩ͋Δ৔߹ʹ͸λΠϛϯά৘ใͷ 1 ns ෦෼ʹҙຯ͕ͳ͘ͳͬͯ͠·͏ɻैͬͯɺINL ʹ͸ 1LSB ҎԼ͕ཁ‫͞ٻ‬ΕΔɻ

5.2.2 ଌఆํ๏ଌఆʹ͸प೾਺҆ఆ౓ଌఆͷࡍͷσʔλΛ༻͍ͨɻ2 ͭͷνϟϯωϧର͠‫ݻ‬ఆͷ࣌ؒࠩͰ৴߸Λೖྗ͠ɺग़ྗ͞ΕͨΧ΢ϯλʔͷ஋ͷࠩΛग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩͱ͢Δɻ֤ଌఆ఺ͷग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩͱϑΟοτ௚ઢͷରԠ͢Δ஋͔Β࢒ࠩΛ‫ٻ‬Ίɺͦͷઈର஋ͷ࠷େ஋Λ INL ͱͨ͠ɻ5.2.3 ଌఆ݁Ռਤ 5.4 ʹɺਤ 5.3 ͷ֤ଌఆ఺ͷϑΟοτ௚ઢͱͷ࢒ࠩ෼෍Λࣔ͢ɻResidual [LSB]

Integral Non Linearity
0.06

0.04

0.02

0

−0.02

−0.04

−0.06
102

10

ਤ 5.4

3

10
Input Time Lag [ns]ग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩฏ‫ۉ‬ͷ࢒ࠩ෼෍‫ࠩޡ‬͸ɺਤ 5.3 ͷ֤ଌఆ఺ͷೖྗ৴߸ɺग़ྗ৴߸ͷ‫ͱࠩޡ‬ϑΟοτύϥϝʔλʔͷ‫ࠩޡ‬Λ఻ൖͤ͞ධՁͨ͠ɻଟ͘ͷଌఆ఺͸‫ࠩޡ‬ͷൣғ಺Ͱ 0 ʹͳΓɺ࢒ࠩͷ࠷খ஋ͱ࠷େ஋͔
Βɺੵ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ͸ [−0.035 LSB, 0.035 LSB] ͱ‫ੵݟ‬ΒΕͨɻ͜Ε͸ 1LSB ʹରͯ͠े෼
খ͘͞ɺINL ͷ‫͔఺؍‬Β͸ग़ྗͷ 1 ns ·Ͱҙຯ͕͋Δͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ

56

5.3 ඍ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ
4.2.2 ߲Ͱड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɺຊϞδϡʔϧͰ͸ɺ125 MHz ͷ֎෦ΫϩοΫ͔Β 500 MHzΫϩοΫͱ 250 MHz ΫϩοΫΛ߹੒ͯ͠ 1 ns ୯ҐͷΧ΢ϯλʔΛ‫ܗ‬੒͍ͯ͠Δɻ͜ΕΒͷ಺෦ΫϩοΫͷ҆ఆ౓͸֎෦ΫϩοΫͱൺ΂ͯѱ͍ͨΊɺ1 Χ΢ϯτͷࠁΈ෯͸‫ܥ‬౷త
ʹ 1 ns ͔ΒͣΕಘΔɻ͜ΕʹΑͬͯੜ͡Δඇઢ‫ܗ‬ੑ͕ DNL Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨલड़ͨ͠Α͏ʹɺσγϦΞϥΠβʔʹ͸ ISERDESE2 ίϯϙʔωϯτΛ༻͍͍ͯΔ͕ɺ͜ͷ಺෦ߏ଄͸෦෼తʹ͔͠ެ։͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ͨΊɺίϯϙʔωϯτ಺ͷ഑ઢͷεΩϡʔ΋ DNL ͷѱԽͷҰҼͱͳΓಘΔɻ಺෦ΫϩοΫͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓλΠϛϯά͸ 8 ns ͝ͱʹ ±50 ppm ͷ֎෦ΫϩοΫʹΑͬͯଗ͏ͨΊɺຊϞδϡʔϧͷ 1 ns Χ΢ϯλʔʹ͸ 8 छྨͷࠁΈ෯͕ଘ
ࡏ͢Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ͜ͷ 8 छྨʹ͍ͭͯ࣌ؒ෯ͷ༳Β͗Λଌఆͯ͠ධՁͨ͠ɻ

5.3.1 ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ
INL ͷ৔߹ͱಉ͘͡ɺDNL ʹ΋ 1LSB ҎԼͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕ཁ‫͞ٻ‬ΕΔɻ

5.3.2 ଌఆํ๏ଌఆ͸ɺStatistical Code Density Test ͱ‫ݺ‬͹ΕΔख๏Ͱߦͬͨɻ͜ͷํ๏Ͱ͸ɺϞδϡʔϧͷ͋Δνϟϯωϧʹରͯ͠ϗϫΠτϊΠζΛೖྗ͠ɺΧ΢ϯλʔ஋ΛಡΈग़͢ɻ֤Χ΢ϯλʔ஋ͷ౷‫਺ܭ‬ͷൺ͕ɺ֤ࠁΈ෯ͷେ͖͞ʹରԠ͢ΔɻຊଌఆͰ͸্ཱ͕ͪΓʹ෇༩͞ΕͨΧ΢ϯλʔ஋ͷԼҐ 7bit ΛಡΈग़͠ɺιϑτ΢ΣΞ্Ͱ֤Χ΢ϯλʔ஋Λ‫ܭ‬਺ͨ͠ɻਤ 5.5 ʹճ࿏ਤΛࣔ͢ɻҎ߱ͷଌఆʹ͸ TRG-MRG ͷ ch0 Λ༻͍ͨɻ

Function

DRS4

Generator

discri

TRG-MRG

White Noise
Random Digital Signal
ਤ 5.5

DNL ଌఆͷճ࿏ਤ: ؆୯ͷͨΊɺLVDS ৴߸ΛγϯάϧΤϯυͷΑ͏ʹॻ͍ͨ

57

5.3.3 ଌఆ݁Ռ·ͣɺ্ͰԾఆͨ͠ 8 छྨͷࠁΈ෯ͷଘࡏΛ‫ͨ͠ূݕ‬ɻਤ 5.6 ͸ग़ྗ͞ΕͨΧ΢ϯλʔͷԼҐ 4bit ͷ஋ͷώετάϥϜͰ͋Δɻਤ 5.7 ͸ਤ 5.6 ͷ 0 − 7 ns ͱ 8 − 15 ns ͷྖҬΛॏͶॻ͖ͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɻ૝ఆ͞ΕͨΑ͏ʹ 8 ns ͷप‫ظ‬ੑ͕‫ࠩޡ‬ͷൣғ಺Ͱ࣮ࡍʹ‫؍‬ଌ͞Εͨɻैͬͯɺ͜ͷ 8 ns ؒͷΫϩοΫͷ༳Β͗Λߟྀ͢Ε͹ྑ͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻಘΒΕͨΧ΢ϯτ਺෼෍͔Βɺ֤Χ΢ϯλʔʹ͓͚Δ࣌ؒͷ࢒ࠩ෼෍͕ಘΒΕΔɻ͜ΕΛਤ

5.8 ʹࣔ͢ɻ
h0
Entries 1.01891e+08
Mean
7.496
Std Dev
4.61

Count

3

×10
6410
6400
6390
6380
6370
6360
6350
6340
6330
0

2

4

6

8

ਤ 5.6

Χ΢ϯλʔԼҐ 4bit ͷΧ΢ϯτ਺

58

10

12

14
16
Lower 4bit

Count×103

h0
Entries 1.01891e+08
Mean
3.495
Std Dev
2.292

6410
6400

h1
Entries 1.01891e+08
Mean
3.495
Std Dev
2.292

6390
6380
6370
6360
6350
6340
6330
0
ਤ 5.7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7
8
lower 3bit

ਤ 5.6 Λ 0-7 ns(੨ɺh0)ɺ8-15 ns(੺ɺh1) ͷྖҬͰॏͶॻ͍ͨ΋ͷΧ΢ϯτ਺ͷ࠷খ஋ͱ࠷େ஋͔ΒɺDNL ͸ [−0.005 LSB,0.006 LSB] ͱ‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕͨɻ͜ͷ

DNL[ns]஋΋ LSB ʹରͯ͠े෼খ͘͞ɺ࣮‫΁ݧ‬ͷѱӨ‫ڹ‬͸ͳ͍ͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ

0.006
0.004
0.002
0
−0.002−0.004−0.006
0

1

2

ਤ 5.8

3

4

DNL ‫ࢉ׵‬஋

59

5

6
7
Lower 3bit

5.4 ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ
5.4.1 ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳຊϞδϡʔϧʹ࣮૷ͨ͠ TDC ͸ LSB = 1 ns Ͱ͋Δɻ͜Ε͸ 4.2.1 ߲Ͱड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɺ೾‫ܗ‬αϯϓϦϯάͷ࠷খִؒ 1 ns ʹରԠ͍ͯ͠Δɻ߲࣍Ͱৄड़͢Δ͕ɺLSB ͕ܾ·ΔͱྔࢠԽ‫ʹࠩޡ‬ΑΓ࣌ؒ෼ղೳͷ্‫ܾ͕ݶ‬ఆ͞ΕΔɻଌఆ͢Δ࣌ؒࠩʹΑͬͯ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ͸
มಈ͢Δ͕ɺLSB=1 ns ʹ͓͚Δ࠷ѱͷ৔߹Ͱɺ໿ 0.35 ns ͱͳΔɻຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸͋ΒΏΔ࣌ؒࠩͰ͜ΕΛ্ճΒͳ͍͜ͱΛཁ‫͢ٻ‬Δɻ

5.4.2 ‫ݪ‬ཧతͳ༧ଌੑೳ
ΫϩοΫʹδολʔ͕ͳ͍৔߹ͷαϯϓϦϯάʹΑΔྔࢠԽ‫͑ߟ͍ͯͭʹࠩޡ‬Δɻೖྗ࣌ؒࠩ [ns] ͷ੔਺෦෼Λ Tin ɺখ਺෦෼Λ tin ɺαϯϓϦϯάͷ۠੾Γʹର͢Δ 1 ‫ݸ‬໨ͷ৴߸ͷೖྗͷλΠϛϯάΛ tstart [ns](0 ≤ tstart < 1) ͱஔ͘ɻ͜ͷͱ͖ग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩ Tout [ns]͸ɺtstart ͷ஋ʹΑͬͯ

Tout =%

Tin(0 ≤ tstart < 1 − tin )Tin + 1 (1 − tin ≤ tstart < 1)

(5.1)

ͱ෼෍͢Δ (ਤ 5.9)ɻ

サンプリングクロック

01

tstartTin

Tin+tintstart=1-tinTin+tintstartTin+tin
ਤ 5.9

Tin+1

N[ns]
N[ns]
N+1[ns]࣌ؒ‫ݕ‬ग़ͷ‫ݪ‬ཧ

tstart ͸Ұ༷ʹ෼෍͢ΔͷͰɺTout = Tin , Tin + 1 ͱͳΔ֬཰ p ͸ͦΕͧΕɺp(Tout =60Tin ) = 1 − tin , p(Tout = Tin + 1) = tin Ͱ͋Δɻग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩͷฏ‫ ۉ‬µ[ns] ͱඪ४ภࠩ σ[ns]͸ɺµ = Tin × p(Tout = Tin ) + (Tin + 1) × p(Tout = Tin + 1) = Tin + tin
(5.2)
$
$
σ = (Tin − µ)2 × p(Tout = Tin ) + (Tin + 1 − µ)2 × p(Tout = Tin + 1) = tin (1 − tin )(5.3)ͱ‫͞ࢉܭ‬ΕΔɻ͜ͷ σ ʹ͸ 1 ‫ݸ‬໨ͷ৴߸αϯϓϦϯάͱ 2 ‫ݸ‬໨ͷ৴߸αϯϓϦϯάͷ෼√ղೳ͕৐͍ͬͯΔͷͰɺ୯ಠͰͷ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ͸ ∆T = σ/ 2 Ͱఆٛ͢Δɻ͜ͷ σ Λ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ ∆T ͱఆٛ͢Δɻ͜Ε͕αϯϓϦϯάִؒʹΑΔ‫ݪ‬ཧతͳ੍‫͋Ͱݶ‬Γɺࣜ (5.3)√͔Βɺ͋ΒΏΔ tin ʹରͯ͠ 0 ≤ ∆T ≤ 1/2 2(= 0.35) Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ΍ɺ∆T ͷฏ‫͕ۉ‬√
π/8 2 = 0.28 Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ͕෼͔ΔɻαϯϓϦϯάΫϩοΫʹδολʔ͕͋Δ৔߹ʹ͸ग़ྗ͕࣌ؒࠩ 3 ఺Ҏ্ʹͳΔՄೳੑ͕͋Γɺ∆T ͷ஋͸ѱԽ͢Δɻtin = 0 ͷ৔߹ʹ͸গ͠Ͱ΋δολʔ͕͋Δͱ 3bin ʹ෼෍͠͏Δɻ෼ղೳ͕࠷΋ѱ͍ tin = 0.5 ͷ৔߹ʹ͸ɺδολʔ͕ 0.5 ns Ҏ্ͳ͚Ε͹ 3bin ʹ͸෼෍͠ͳ͍ɻैͬͯɺଟগδολʔ͕͋ͬͨͱͯ͠
΋࣌ؒ෼ղೳͷԼ‫ݶ‬͸มԽ͠ͳ͍ɻ
ຊϞδϡʔϧͷ֎෦ΫϩοΫͷδολʔ͸ 0.15 ps Ͱอূ͞ΕΔ [29]ɻ͜Ε͸ LSB ͱൺֱͯ͠े෼খ͍͕͞ɺΧ΢ϯλʔʹ༻͍ΔΫϩοΫ͸֎෦ΫϩοΫ͔Β߹੒ͨ͠΋ͷΛ
༻͍ΔͨΊδολʔ͸ΑΓѱ͘ͳΓಘΔɻैͬͯɺ࣮ࡍʹଌఆΛߦͬͯ֬ೝ͢Δ͜ͱͱ
ͨ͠ɻ

5.4.3 ଌఆํ๏प೾਺҆ఆ౓ଌఆͷσʔλΛ༻͍ͨɻ2 ͭͷνϟϯωϧʹ‫ݻ‬ఆͷ࣌ؒࠩͷ͍ͭͨ৴߸Λೖྗ͠ɺग़ྗ͞ΕͨΧ΢ϯλʔͷ஋ͷࠩΛग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩͱ͢Δɻ

5.4.4 ଌఆ݁Ռਤ 5.10 ʹग़ྗ͔Β‫ٻ‬Ίͨ࣌ؒࠩͷখ਺෦෼ tin ͱ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ ∆T ͷؔ܎Λࣔ͢ɻ

61

ΔT[ns]
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
0

1

0.1

0.2

ਤ 5.10

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

tin[ns]֤࣌ؒࠩʹ͓͚Δ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ

カウント数
×10

0.4

TIMELAG3h0
Entries 1256244
Mean
1189
Std Dev
0.1338

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
1188

ਤ 5.11

1188
1188.51189

1189
1189.51190

1190
1190.51191

1191
時間差[ns]1191.51192

3bin ʹ෼෍ͨ͠৔߹ͷώετάϥϜ: Θ͔ͣʹ྆ྡͷϏϯʹ෼෍͍ͯ͠Δ

ਤதͷ੺ઢ͸ཧ࿦‫ۂ‬ઢ y =$x(1 − x)/2 Ͱ͋Δɻ΄ͱΜͲͷଌఆͰ͸ग़ྗ࣌ؒࠩ͸ 262

ද 5.1֤ଌఆ఺ʹ͓͚Δ෼෍ bin ਺tin෼෍ bin ਺ଌఆ఺਺

0.05 ≤ tin ≤ 0.95

2bin

35 ఺

3bin

2఺

0.01, 0.96఺ͷΈʹ෼෍͓ͯ͠Γɺ3 ఺ʹग़ྗ͕͋ͬͨͷ͸ tin ͕ 0 ʹ͍ۙɺ྆୺ͷ 2 ఺ͷΈͰ͋ͬͨ (ਤ 5.11)ɻද 5.1 ʹ෼෍ͨ͠Ϗϯ਺ͷ৘ใΛ·ͱΊΔɻશଌఆ఺ʹ͓͍ͯ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ

√͸ 1/2 2 ∼ 0.35 ns ΛԼճ͓ͬͯΓɺΫϩοΫʹδολʔ͕ͳ͍ͱԾఆͨ͠৔߹ͷཧ࿦‫ۂ‬ઢͱΑ͘Ұக͍ͯ͠ΔɻैͬͯɺຊϞδϡʔϧͷ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ͸ཁ‫ٻ‬Λຬ͍ͨͯ͠Δͱ‫ݴ‬͑Δɻ

5.5 ୹෯৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰৴߸ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰͸ɺ෯ͷখ͍͞৴߸ʹରͯ͠͸ඞͣ͠΋ 1 ʹͳΒͳ͍ɻ͜Ε͸ਤ 5.12
ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹɺσδλϧ৴߸ͷ࿦ཧ͕୹࣌ؒʹೋճ੾ΓସΘΔ৔߹ʹɺप೾਺ଳҬͷѱ͍I/O Ͱ͸৴߸͕ᮢ஋·Ͱୡ͠ͳ͍ͨΊͰ͋Δɻ

検出

閾値

非検出

閾値
点線: 理想的なデジタル信号
実線: 実際のデジタル信号

ਤ 5.12※簡単のためシングルエンドのように表記する୹͍৴߸ͷඇ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ݪ‬ཧຊϞδϡʔϧʹ͓͍ͯ͸ LVDS-LVTTL ม‫͍༻ʹ׵‬Δ IC ͕࠷΋ѱ͍प೾਺ଳҬΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔ [22]ɻຊઅͰ͸ɺͦ͏ͨ͠৔߹ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λଌఆ͠ɺཁ‫ٻ‬Λຬͨͯ͠
͍Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɻ

63

5.5.1 ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳຊϞδϡʔϧͷલஈͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔ͸શͯɺᮢ஋Λ௒͑ͨ৴߸͕ೖྗ͞Ε͍ͯ
Δؒ͸σΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸͕ग़ྗ͞Εଓ͚ΔɻैͬͯσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸ͷ࠷খ෯͸ɺ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷग़ྗ͢Δ೾‫ܗ‬ͷ࠷খ෯ʹରԠ͢Δɻຊ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬औಘ͢Δ༧ఆͷ৴߸ͷ͏ͪ෯͕࠷খʹͳΔ΋ͷ͸ɺ௿ӡಈྔͷిࢠ͕ LG ͷޫిࢠ૿ഒ؅͔Βԕ͍Ґஔʹೖࣹͨ͠৔߹Ͱ͋Δɻ͜ͷ৴߸ͷ࣌ؒ෯Λա‫ڈ‬ͷςετ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷσʔλ͔Β‫ੵݟ‬΋Δͱɺ

FWHM Ͱ ∼3 ns ͱ༧ଌ͞ΕΔ (ਤ 5.13)ɻͳ͓͜ͷ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷࡍʹ͸൓ࣹͷ‫͜ى‬Δޫిࢠ૿WaveForm9ഒ؅Λ࢖͍ͬͯͨͨΊɺ࣮ࡍͷ࠷খ෯͸ΑΓେ͖͍Մೳੑ͕͋Δɻ
WaveForm9:Iteration$

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

600

610

620

630

~3ns
ਤ 5.13

640

650

660

670
Iteration$ns

LG ग़ྗ೾‫ܗ‬ͷ DRS4 ʹΑΔಡΈऔΓ݁Ռ: LG ͷ PMT ͔Βԕ͍෦෼ʹ௿ӡಈྔ (0.6 GeV/c) ͷిࢠ͕ೖࣹͨ͠৔߹

ΑͬͯຊϞδϡʔϧͰ͸ɺ3 ns ͷ෯ͷ৴߸Λ 100% ‫ݕ‬ग़Ͱ͖Ε͹े෼Ͱ͋Δͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ

5.5.2 ଌఆํ๏ਤ 5.14 ʹଌఆͷճ࿏ਤΛࣔ͢ɻ෯ͷখ͍͞৴߸ʹಉ‫ ͨ͠ظ‬50 ns ఔ౓ͷ࣌ؒ෯ͷϦϑΝϨϯε༻ͷ৴߸Λผͷνϟϯωϧʹೖྗ͠ɺೋͭͷνϟϯωϧ΁ͷΧ΢ϯτ਺Λൺֱ

64

͢Δɻ৴߸ͷ෯͕‫ͳ͘ڱ‬ΔʹͭΕɺDRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧͷप೾਺ଳҬ੍‫ʹݶ‬ΑΓ୹෯৴߸͕
ϦϑΝϨϯε৴߸ʹରͯ͠ 100% Ͱ͸ग़ྗ͞Εͳ͘ͳΔՄೳੑ͕͋ΔͨΊɺ͜ͷํ๏Ͱ͸ຊϞδϡʔϧͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ͷԼ‫ݶ‬ͷΈଌఆͰ͖Δɻ

65

ਤ 5.14୹෯৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ଌఆ༻ճ࿏

66

Function
Generator

Discri1MHz矩形波
Delay
Delay

Delay

Fan Out

out barreference

Coin overﬂow Divider

Terminator

DRS4
discri

TRG-MRG৴߸෯͸ɺDRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧ෇ଐͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔͷᮢ஋Λಈ͔͢͜ͱͰมߋ
ͨ͠ɻຊϞδϡʔϧʹ༻͍Δ LVDS-LVTTL ม‫ ༻׵‬IC Ͱ͋Δ SN65LVDS348PW Ͱ͸ɺਤ 5.15 ͷΑ͏ʹೋͭͷ৴߸ͷࠩͷ஋͕ 50 mV ΛԼଆ͔Β‫ ʹࡍ͍ͩލ‬1ɺ−50 mV Λ্ଆ͔Β‫ ʹࡍ͍ͩލ‬0 ͱ൑ఆ͢Δ [22]ɻ

+50mV

-50mV

LVDSの2信号の差論理信号

ਤ 5.15

SN65LVDS348PW ͷ࿦ཧ൑ఆ: ࿦ཧ͕ 0/1 ͷ࣌ʹ −50/+50 mV Λ‫Ͱ͍ލ‬΋ɺ࿦ཧ͸มΘΒͳ͍ೖྗ৴߸෯͸ɺDRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧͷग़ྗΛϓϩʔϒΛ༻͍ͯ‫ܭ‬ଌͨ͠ɻ

5.5.3 ଌఆ݁Ռਤ 5.16 ʹɺDRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧग़ྗͷҰྫΛࣔ͢ɻ

67

赤: LVDS0
+50mV
-50mV
青: LVDS1
紫: 2信号の差

1~1.3nsਤ 5.16

DRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧͷग़ྗྫ (୹෯৴߸)ਤ 5.16 தΦϨϯδͷઢͰࣔ͞ΕͨΑ͏ʹɺ৴߸ͷ෯͸ɺ1.0-1.3 ns ͱଌఆ͞ΕΔɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ৴߸Λ > 109 Πϕϯτೖྗͨ͠ͱ͜Ζɺ਺͑མͱ͢Πϕϯτ͸ 0 Ͱ͋ͬͨɻैͬͯɺ
‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰͸ 100% Ͱ͋Δɻ

5.5.4 ࠶‫࠷ͨ͠ݱ‬খ೾‫ʹܗ‬ର͢ΔԠ౴
্Ͱ༻͍ͨ༧ଌ࠷খ෯ 3 ns ͱ͍͏஋͸ɺDRS4 ϞδϡʔϧͰऔಘͨ͠೾‫͔ܗ‬Β‫ੵݟ‬΋ͬͨ΋ͷͰ͋Δ͕ɺ‫࣮ݱ‬తͳ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬৴߸Λೖྗͨ͠৔߹͸ɺDRS4 ϞδϡʔϧͷσΟεΫ
Ϧϛωʔλʔ͔ΒΑΓ‫͍ڱ‬෯ͷ৴߸͕ग़ྗ͞ΕΔՄೳੑ΋ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻͦ͜ͰɺDRS4
ϞδϡʔϧͰऔಘͨ͠೾‫ܗ‬ͷ೾ߴɺ෯͕ςετ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ΋ͷͱҰக͢ΔΑ͏ͳ৴߸Λ࡞੒͠ɺ೾ߴͷ൒෼ͷᮢ஋ͰσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔΛग़ྗͤ͞ɺDRS4 ʹೖྗͨ͠৔߹ͷ

TRG-MRG ͷԠ౴΋ௐ΂ͨɻਤ 5.17 ʹ DRS4 ϞδϡʔϧͰऔಘͨ͠࠶‫ݱ‬೾‫ܗ‬Λࣔ͢ɻ

68

~3ns
ਤ 5.17ns

LG ग़ྗͷ࠶‫ݱ‬೾‫ܗ‬͜ͷ࣌ͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸ͷ෯͸ 4 ns ఔ౓Ͱ͋Γɺ> 109 Πϕϯτʹର
͠ɺ100% ͷޮ཰Ͱ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɻΑͬͯɺຊϞδϡʔϧͷ୹෯৴߸ʹର͢Δ
Ԡ౴͸࣮‫ेʹݧ‬෼ͩͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ

5.6 ୹ִؒ৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰৴߸͕ߴϨʔτͰೖྗ͞ΕΔ৔߹ʹ͸৴߸ؒͷִ͕ؒ‫ͳ͘ڱ‬Γɺ৴߸ಉ࢜ͷ‫ڥ‬໨͕‫ݕ‬ग़Ͱ͖ͣ‫ޙ‬Ζଆͷ৴߸Λ‫ݕ‬ग़Ͱ͖ͳ͍৔߹͕͋ΔɻຊઅͰ͸ۙ઀ͨ͠৴߸ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ͷଌఆ݁ՌͱɺͦΕ͕‫͢΅ٴ‬Ө‫͍ͯͭʹڹ‬ͷߟ࡯Λड़΂Δɻ

5.6.1 ཁ‫ٻ‬ੑೳ৴߸෯ͷ৔߹ͱҟͳΓɺཻࢠ͕ϥϯμϜʹൃੜ͢ΔҎ্͸ຊϞδϡʔϧͷੑೳΛ௒͑ͯ৴߸ִؒͷ‫͍ڱ‬΋ͷ͸ൃੜ͠ಘΔɻຊઅͰ͸·ͣϞδϡʔϧͷੑೳΛௐ΂ͨͷͪɺͦͷੑೳ͕࣮‫͢΅ٴʹݧ‬Ө‫ݕ͍ͯͭʹڹ‬౼͢Δɻ

69

5.6.2 ଌఆํ๏ਤ 5.18 ʹଌఆ༻ͷճ࿏ਤΛࣔ͢ɻ1 MHz ͷۣ‫ܗ‬೾Λ 2 ৴߸ʹ෼͚ɺยํΛ஗Ԇͤͨ͞‫ޙ‬
ʹ OR ΛऔΔ͜ͱͰִؒͷ‫͍ڱ‬৴߸Λ࡞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻղੳʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺDESirializerίϯϙʔωϯτͰ 1 ns αϯϓϦϯά͞Εͨσδλϧ৴߸Λ SiTCP Ͱग़ྗͤ͞ɺೋ৴߸͕
෼཭͍ͯ͠Δ͔Λௐ΂ͨɻೖྗͷ৴߸ִؒ͸ɺ5.5.1 ߲ͱಉ༷ʹΦγϩείʔϓΛ༻͍ͯௐ΂ͨɻਤ 5.19 ʹೖྗͷҰྫΛࣔ͢ɻ
1MHz矩形波
Function
Discri
GeneratorDelayਤ 5.18

Fan Out

Divider

Terminator

DRS4
discri৴߸ִؒͷ‫͍ڱ‬৔߹ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ଌఆ༻ճ࿏

赤: LVDS1
紫の+50mV

紫の-50mV
青: LVDS0
紫: 2入力信号の差

2.5~2.8ns
ਤ 5.19DRS4 Ϟδϡʔϧͷग़ྗྫ (ִؒͷ‫͍ڱ‬৴߸)70

TRG-MRG

5.6.3 ଌఆ݁ՌҰͭ໨ͷ৴߸ͷཱͪԼ͕Γ͔Βೋͭ໨ͷ৴߸ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ·Ͱͷִ͕ؒ 2.5-2.8 ns ͷঢ়ଶͰ > 109 ΠϕϯτΛೖྗ͠ɺ100% ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λಘͨɻ

5.6.4 ࣮‫΁ݧ‬ͷӨ‫ڹ‬৴߸ͷύΠϧΞοϓ͕‫͜ى‬Δ‫ݪ‬ҼΛɺTRG-MRG Ҏલͱ TRG-MRG ʹ෼͚ͯߟ͑ΔɻલऀͰ͸ɺ্ཱ͕ͪΓಉ࢜ͷ͕࣌ؒࠩయ‫ܕ‬తͳ৴߸෯ΛԼճΔ৔߹ʹύΠϧΞοϓΛ‫͜ى‬
͢ɻTRG-MRG Ͱͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λ 2.8 ns Ҏ্Ͱ 1ɺͦΕҎԼͰ 0 ͱԾఆ͢Δͱɺ‫Ͱऀޙ‬͸ɺಉ༷ͷ͕࣌ؒࠩయ‫ܕ‬తͳ৴߸෯Ҏ্ɺ৴߸෯ +2.8 ns ҎԼͷ࣌ʹύΠϧΞοϓΛ‫͢͜ى‬ɻ͕ͨͬͯ͠య‫ܕ‬తͳ৴߸෯͕খ͍͞ͱ͖΄Ͳɺ૬ରతʹ TRG-MRG ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ͷ‫د‬༩͕େ͖͘ͳΔɻE16 ࣮‫࠷Ͱݧ‬খͷ৴߸෯ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔͷ͸ LG ͷ໿ 30 ns ͷͨΊɺLG ʹ͍ͭͯ‫ੵݟ‬΋ΓΛߦ͏ɻLG ͷτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧ͋ͨΓͷώοτϨʔτ͸‫ੵݟ‬΋ΒΕ͍ͯͳ͍͕ɺ͜͜Ͱ͸ GTR3 ͷ࠷େϨʔτͰ͋Δ 1 MHz ΛԾఆ͢Δɻ͜Ε͸ύΠϧΞοϓΛ
աେධՁ͢Δํ޲ͷͨΊɺ͜ͷԾఆʹ͓͍ͯ໰୊͕ͳ͚Ε͹ɺ࣮ࡍͷঢ়‫Ͱگ‬΋໰୊͕ͳ͍
ͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ͜ͷ৔߹ʹ͓͍ͯɺTRG-MRG ͷੑೳͷͨΊʹ‫ݕ‬ग़Ͱ͖ͳ্ཱ͍͕ͪΓ͕ൃ
ੜ͢Δ֬཰͸଴ͪߦྻཧ࿦͔Βɺe−1 MHz×30 ns − e−1 MHz×32.8 ns ∼ 0.0027
ͱ‫ੵݟ‬΋ΒΕΔɻैͬͯຊϞδϡʔϧͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰͕࣮‫͢΅ٴʹݧ‬Ө‫ڹ‬͸খ͘͞ɺ࣮༻ʹ͸໰୊ͳ͍ͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ

71

ୈ6ষ

γϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛ༻͍ͨத‫཰ޮܧ‬ධՁ
6.1 γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷ໨త
4.2.2 ߲Ͱड़΂ͨ௨ΓɺຊϞδϡʔϧͰ͸࣌ؒ෯ 64 ns ʹདྷΔ 64 ch ෼ͷσʔλͷத͔Β
࠷େ 8 ‫ݸ‬ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δɻ6.2.1 ߲Ͱৄड़͢Δ͕ɺτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷώοτ
Ϩʔτ͸࠷େͰ΋ 1 MHz/ch ͱ‫ੵݟ‬΋ΒΕ͍ͯΔɻ͜Ε͸ 64 chɺ64 ns ͋ͨΓʹฏ‫Ͱۉ‬
໿ 4 ‫ݸ‬ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋Δ͜ͱΛҙຯ͍ͯ͠Δɻैͬͯɺయ‫ܕ‬తʹ͸্ͷϩδοΫͰ໰୊͸ͳ͍ͱ‫͑ݴ‬Δɻ͔͠͠• ౷‫ܭ‬తͳ;Β͖ͭ• ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬पลͷ෺࣭ͱཻࢠͷ૬‫ʹ༻࡞ޓ‬ΑΔɺ‫ॴہ‬తͳ‫ݕ‬ग़ཻࢠ਺ͷ૿Ճ• ϏʔϜ‫౓ڧ‬ͷॠؒతͳ૿Ճ

ͳͲͷཁҼΛߟྀ͢Δͱɺ্ཱ͕ͪΓ਺͕ 8 Λ௒͑Δ͜ͱ͕‫͜ى‬Γ͏ΔɻຊষͰ͸ TRG-

MRG ͷϩδοΫͷɺిࢠɾཅిࢠର༝དྷͷ৴߸ͷத‫཰ޮܧ‬Λௐ΂Δɻ͜͜Ͱ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λɺφ → e+ e− ่յͰిࢠɾཅిࢠର͕ੜ੒͞Εɺిࢠ͓Αͼཅిࢠ͕ GTR3 Λ௨աͯ͠࡞ΒΕͨ৴߸͕ TRG-MRG ͷΤοδ‫ݕ‬ग़Ͱ‫ݕ‬ग़͞Εͨ৔߹ʹɺ྆ํͷిࢠɾཅిࢠର
ͷώοτ৘ใ͕τϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧ΁ͷग़ྗσʔλʹ‫·ؚ‬ΕΔ֬཰ͱఆٛ͢Δɻ্ʹड़΂ͨ࠷େώοτϨʔτ 1 MHz/ch ͱ͍͏஋͸ GTR3 ͷ΋ͷͰ͋ΔɻҰํɺHBD‫ ͼٴ‬LG ͸΄΅ిࢠͷΈʹ༗‫͋Ͱײ‬ΔͨΊɺώοτϨʔτ͸ GTR3 ʹൺ΂ͯѹ౗తʹখ͍͞ɻͦͷͨΊ͜ͷ 2 ‫ݕ‬ग़‫͍ͯͭʹث‬͸ TRG-MRG ͷϩδοΫʹΑΔ਺͑མͱ͕͠
ͳ͍ͱ͠ɺຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ GTR3 ͷΈΛߟྀͯ͠γϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦͬͨɻ·࣮ͨࡍʹ͸

72

GTR3 ͷ ASD ͷνϟϯωϧ਺͕ 24 ୯ҐͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͔ΒɺGTR3 ͷ৴߸͸ 64 ns ͋ͨΓʹ 48 ch Λड͚Δ͜ͱʹͳΔɻ͜ͷ৚݅ԼͰγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦͬͨɻ

6.2 γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷ৚݅
6.2.1 τϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷώοτϨʔττϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷώοτϨʔτΛɺώοτϨʔτͷߴ͍ϏʔϜ࣠ۙ๣ͱϏʔϜ࣠ԕํͷ 2 छྨʹ෼͚ͯ‫ੵݟ‬΋Δɻਤ 6.1 ʹϏʔϜ্ྲྀ͔Β‫ ͨݟ‬GTR3 ͷϞδϡʔϧͷਤΛࣔ͢ɻϏʔϜ࣠ΛғΉ 4 Ϟδϡʔϧʹ‫·ؚ‬ΕΔνϟϯωϧΛϏʔϜ࣠ۙ๣ɺͦΕҎ֎ͷ

22 ϞδϡʔϧΛϏʔϜ࣠ԕํͱఆٛ͢Δɻ

near
near

beam

near

near
30
90
ਤ 6.1

beam

ϏʔϜ্ྲྀ͔Β‫ͨݟ‬ɺGTR3 ͷϞδϡʔϧਤ: ਤதͷ੨ͰృΒΕͨϞδϡʔϧΛϏʔϜ࣠ۙ๣ͷϞδϡʔϧͱ͢Δ

ώοτϨʔτͷ஋͸ઌߦ࣮‫͋Ͱݧ‬Δ KEK-PS E325 ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬ಘΒΕͨσʔλ͔Β‫ੵݟ‬΋ΔɻKEK-PS E325 ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ E16 ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ 10% ͷ‫͋Ͱ౓ڧ‬Δ໿ 109 /spill(1 εϐϧ͸໿ 2ඵ)ɺ12 GeV ͷཅࢠϏʔϜͱ΄΅ 2 ഒͷ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬௕ͷඪతΛ༻͍ɺ൓Ԡ཰໿ 1 MHz Ͱ࣮‫ݧ‬Λߦͬͨɻ͜ͷ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷҰͭͰ͋Δɺԁ౵‫ܕ‬υϦϑτνΣϯόʔ (VTC: VerTex

drift Chamber) ͷώοτ৘ใΛ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γʹ༻͍ΔɻVTC ͸ຊ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷ GTR3 ͱಉ༷ʹՙిཻࢠશൠʹ‫͕͋౓ײ‬Γɺਤ 6.2 ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹඪత͔Βಈ‫ʹ޲ํܘ‬໿ 200 mm ͷҐஔʹઃஔ͞Ε͍ͯͨɻ

73

Vertex DC
ਤ 6.2

KEK E325 ࣮‫ݧ‬ηοτΞοϓ: VTC ͸࠷΋൓Ԡ఺ۙ͘ʹઃஔ͞Ε͍ͯͨ͜ͷ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷਫฏํ޲ 15◦ ɺ45◦ ͷνϟϯωϧͷώοτϨʔτΛຊ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷϏʔϜ‫Ͱ౓ڧ‬εέʔϧ͢ΔͱɺͦΕͧΕ ∼ 50 MHz/moduleɺ∼ 12.5 MHz/module ͱ‫͞ࢉܭ‬ΕΔɻ͜

͜Ͱεέʔϧ஋͸୯७ʹ͸ϏʔϜ‫ ౓ڧ‬10 ഒ × ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬௕ 0.5 ഒͰ 5 ഒͰ͋Δ͕ɺ2 ഒͷ༨༟Λ࣋ͬͯ 10 ഒͱͨ͠ɻ

͔͜͠͠ΕΒͷ஋ʹ͸ɺϏʔϜϋϩʔʹΑΔώοτ͕‫·ؚ‬Ε͍ͯΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δɻ

E325 ࣮‫ ͍͓ͯʹݧ‬VTC ΑΓಈ‫Ͱ޲ํܘ‬ඪత͔Βԕ͍Ґஔʹઃஔ͞Ε͍ͯͨඈ੻
‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷώοτ৘ใͱͷ૬ؔΛΈΔͱɺϏʔϜ࣠ۙ๣Ͱ͸൒෼͕ϏʔϜϋϩʔʹΑΔ΋ͷͰɺϏʔϜ࣠ԕํͷϨʔτʹ͸ϏʔϜϋϩʔͷӨ‫͕ͱ͍͜ͳ͕ڹ‬෼͔ͬͨɻͨ͠
͕ͬͯɺGTR3 ͷಈ‫ܘ‬ҐஔͰਫฏํ޲ 15◦ ɺ45◦ ʹ͓͚ΔώοτϨʔτ͸ͦΕͧΕɺ

∼ 25 MHz/moduleɺ∼ 12.5 MHz/module ͱ‫ੵݟ‬΋ΒΕΔɻ͜ΕΛͦΕͧΕຊ࣮‫͚͓ʹݧ‬ΔϏʔϜ࣠ۙ๣ɺԕํͷώοτϨʔτͱͨ͠ɻ1 Ϟδϡʔ

ϧ͕ 24 ch ʹ෼ׂ͞ΕΔ͜ͱΛߟྀ͢ΔͱɺGTR3 ͷτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷώοτϨʔτ͸ϏʔϜ࣠ۙ๣ͷϞδϡʔϧͰ 1 MHz/chɺϏʔϜ࣠ԕํͷϞδϡʔϧͰ 500 kHz ͱ‫ੵݟ‬
΋ΒΕΔɻ

74

6.2.2 ‫֩ࢠݪ‬൓ԠΛੜ͡Δ෺࣭
ඪతपลͰ p+A ൓ԠΛ‫ࢥͱ͢͜ى‬ΘΕΔ෺࣭ʹ͍ͭͯߟ͑Δɻਤ 6.3 ʹඪతपลͷ໛ࣜਤΛࣔ͢ɻ্ྲྀʹ͸ਅۭϏʔϜύΠϓ͕͋Γɺް͞ 100 µm ͷ SUS ੡ͷ૭͕औΓ෇͚ΒΕ͍ͯΔɻ·ͨɺඪతΛ֨ೲ͢ΔνΣϯόʔͷ૭͸ 50 µm ްͷ Eval ͕༻͍ΒΕΔɻͦͷԼྲྀʹ࣮‫ݧ‬ඪత͕഑ஔ͞ΕΔɻඪత͸্ྲྀ͔Β Target1ɺTarget2ɺTarget3 ͱͨ͠ɻද

6.1 ʹͦΕͧΕͷ෺࣭ͷৄࡉΛࣔ͢ɻ
Target Chamber
Chamber Window(Eval)
Beam Pipep

Beam Window(SUS)
Target1(Cu)Target2(C)ਤ 6.3

Target3(Cu)ඪతपลͷ໛ࣜਤ

ද 6.1

֤෺࣭ͷৄࡉ൓Ԡ཰෺࣭ࡐ࣭Ґஔ [cm]ްΈ [µm]૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬௕(1 × 1010 /spillp ϏʔϜ)

Beam Window

SUS

100

0.0625%3.125 MHz

Chamber Window

Eval−20.57550

0.0125%625 kHz

Target1

Cu−19.57580

0.05%

2.5 MHz

Target2

C

−2
0

400

0.1%

5 MHz

Target3

Cu

2

80

0.05%

2.5 MHz

Eval(Ethylene and Vinyl ALcohol) ͸ΤνϨϯ (CH2 – CH2 ) ͱϏχϧΞϧίʔϧ
(CH2 – CHOH) ͷ‫ڞ‬ॏ߹ମथࢷͰ͋ΔɻόοΫάϥ΢ϯυͱͯ͠͸ɺ·ͣ͜ΕΒͷ෺࣭ͱ75

ͷ൓ԠཻࢠΛ૝ఆ͢Δɻͳ͓૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬௕ͷࢉग़΍γϛϡϨʔγϣϯʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺSUS ͸CuɺEval ͸ C Ͱ୅ସͨ͠ɻ

6.2.3 νϟϯωϧ ID ͷఆٛ
GTR3 ͷτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧͷ ID ͸ɺਤ 6.4 ͷΑ͏ʹఆٛ͢Δɻ࣮ࡍʹଘࡏ͢Δͷ͸
26 Ϟδϡʔϧ͕ͩɺਤ 6.4 ͷࠨਤͷΑ͏ʹγϛϡϨʔλʔͷδΦϝτϦʹ͸྆࿬ʹԾ૝త
ʹ 3 ϞδϡʔϧͣͭΛ഑ஔ͓ͯ͠Γɺ͜Ε΋‫ؚ‬ΜͰϞδϡʔϧ൪߸Λৼ͍ͬͯΔɻ2.4.2߲Ͱड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɺ1 Ϟδϡʔϧ͸ y ࣠ํ޲ʹ 24 ෼ׂ͞ΕͯτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧΛ‫ܗ‬੒͓ͯ͠Γɺਤ 6.4 ͷӈਤͷΑ͏ʹνϟϯωϧ൪߸Λৼ͍ͬͯΔɻ
Module IDのナンバリングyTrigger IDのナンバリング
23

2

5

17

29

32

1

4

beam

28

31

・
・

0

3

15

27

30

0

・

x

シミュレーションでのみ導入した仮想モジュール

ਤ 6.4

Channel̲ID = 24 Module̲ID + Trigger̲IDνϟϯωϧ ID ͷఆٛ: ࠨ͸ 26 Ϟδϡʔϧͷ഑ஔɺӈ͸ 1 Ϟδϡʔϧ಺ͷνϟϯωϧ෼͚

6.2.4 γϛϡϨʔλʔγϛϡϨʔγϣϯͰ͸ɺΠϕϯτੜ੒༻ʹ JAM[13] Λ༻͍ɺ‫ݕ‬ग़‫ث‬ͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ Geant4[31]ʹΑͬͯධՁͨ͠ɻͦΕͧΕͷγϛϡϨʔλʔͷ໾ׂΛड़΂Δɻ

JAM‫֩ࢠݪ‬൓ԠγϛϡϨʔλʔɻϋυϩϯ൓Ԡͷஅ໘ੵΛ࠶‫͢ݱ‬ΔΑ͏ͳ૬‫࣮͕༻࡞ޓ‬૷͞Ε͍ͯΔɻҰճͷ p+A ൓ԠͰੜ੒͞ΕΔཻࢠͷछྨɺ਺ɺӡಈྔͷ৘ใΛಘ
ΔͨΊʹ༻͍ͨɻ

Geant4෺࣭ͱͷ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬Λ‫ؚ‬Ήཻࢠඈ੻γϛϡϨʔλʔɻJAM Ͱग़ྗ͞Εͨ 1 Πϕϯτ76෼ͷ p+A ൓Ԡͷ৘ใΛೖྗ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺGTR3 ͷ֤τϦΨʔνϟϯωϧʹͲͷཻࢠ͕ͲͷλΠϛϯάͰώοτ͢Δ͔Λ஌Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ·ͨ‫ݕ‬ग़‫͚͓ʹث‬Δ෺࣭ͱͷ૬‫ʹ༻࡞ޓ‬ΑΔӨ‫ڹ‬΋औΓೖΕΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ͜ΕΒΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤΔ͜ͱͰɺp+A ൓Ԡ 1 ճ͋ͨΓʹੜ੒͞ΕཻͨࢠͷɺGTR3 ΁ͷώοτͷτϦΨʔνϟϯωϧɺ࣌ؒ෼෍͕ಘΒΕΔɻ

6.3 த‫཰ޮܧ‬ͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ
6.3.1 γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷྲྀΕ
લઅ·ͰʹಘΒΕͨ৘ใΛ࢖ͬͯɺਅͷΠϕϯτͱଥ౰ͳόοΫάϥ΢ϯυΠϕϯτΛ
ੜ੒͠ɺTRG-MRG ʹೖྗͯ͠ TRG-MRG ϩδοΫͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λ‫ٻ‬ΊΔɻҎԼʹ۩ମతͳखॱΛࣔ͢ɻ

1. Լ‫ه‬ͷ Geant4 ग़ྗΛੜ੒͢Δɻ• ඪతͰੜ੒͞Εͨ φ தؒࢠ่͕յͯ͠ੜͨ͡ిࢠɾཅిࢠର

• ඪతͰ φ தؒࢠ͕ੜ੒͞Εͨࡍʹಉ࣌ʹੜ੒͞Εͨ π தؒࢠ• ඪతɺϏʔϜύΠϓ૭ɺඪతνΣϯόʔ૭Ͱੜ੒͞Εͨ π தؒࢠ

2. ্‫ه‬ͷग़ྗΛ༻͍ͯɺφ → e+ e− ΠϕϯτͱόοΫάϥ΢ϯυΛ‫ؚ‬Ήɺώοτͷ64 ns ෼ͷλΠϜςʔϒϧΛ࡞Δɻ

3. λΠϜςʔϒϧΛ TRG-MRG ͷϩδοΫʹೖྗͯ͠ɺిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷώοτ͕‫ʹڞ‬ੜ͖࢒Δ֬཰ΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͢Δɻ

JAM ͷग़ྗʹ͓͍ͯ π தؒࢠͷΈΛ࢖༻͍ͯ͠Δͷ͸ɺπ தؒࢠͷੜ੒ྔʹൺ΂ͯɺଞͷཻࢠͷੜ੒ྔ͕ແࢹͰ͖Δ΄Ͳখ͍ͨ͞ΊͰ͋Δɻ

6.3.2 Geant4 ग़ྗਤ 6.5 ʹ Target1 Ͱͷ൓ԠͰͰ͖ͨՙిཻࢠͷ࡞Δώοτ෼෍Λࣔ͢ɻ72 ch ͓͖ʹϐʔΫཱ͕ͭͷ͸ɺඪతʹ͍ۙߴ͞ʹઃஔ͞Εͨνϟϯωϧͷώοτ͕ଟ͍ͨΊͰ͋Δɻ
·ͨதԝͷνϟϯωϧʹώοτ͕ͳ͍ͷ͸ɺϏʔϜ্࣠Ͱ͋ΓϞδϡʔϧ͕ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍ͨ
ΊͰ͋Δɻ

77

Charged Particle Hit

h0
Entries
Mean
RMS

500

65740
395.8
150.1

400
300
200
100
0
0

100

200

300
ਤ 6.5

400

500

600
700
Trigger Channel IDώοτ෼෍ͷྫ

6.3.3 λΠϜςʔϒϧੜ੒࣍ʹɺੜ੒͞Εͨ Geant4 ग़ྗΛ༻͍ͯ φ → e+ e− ΠϕϯτΛ‫ؚ‬ΉώοτͷλΠϜςʔϒϧΛੜ੒͢Δɻφ → e+ e− ΠϕϯτͷλΠϛϯάΛ 0 ns ͱͯ͠ɺ−200 ns ͔Β 70 ns ͷൣғͰλΠϜςʔϒϧΛ࡞ΓɺόοΫάϥ΢ϯυΛ෇Ճͯ͠ిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷώοτΛ‫ؚ‬
Ή 64 ns ΛऔΓग़͢ɻ͜͜Ͱɺ−200 ns ͔ΒλΠϜςʔϒϧΛ࡞Δͷ͸ɺGTR3 ͷ৴߸ͷ
෯͕໿ 200 ns Ͱ͋ΔͨΊɺిࢠɾཅిࢠରੜ੒Πϕϯτͷ −200 ns Ҏ߱ͷώοτ͕ɺ੾Γऔͬͨ 64 ns ͷ࣌ؒ෯ʹ͓͚Δώοτͷ෼෍ʹӨ‫͢ڹ‬ΔͨΊͰ͋Δɻ۩ମతʹ͸ҎԼͷΑ͏ͳखॱͰΠϕϯτΛߏ੒͢Δɻ

1. ͋ΔඪతͰൃੜͨ͠ φ தؒࢠΛ 1 Πϕϯτ෼ 0 ns ʹൃੜͤ͞Δɻ
2. ͦͷඪతͰ φ தؒࢠͱಉ࣌ʹൃੜͨ͠ π தؒࢠΛ 1 Πϕϯτ෼ 0 ns ʹൃੜͤ͞Δɻ
3. 6.2.2 ߲Ͱߟྀͨ͠෺࣭͔Βൃੜͨ͠ π தؒࢠΛɺ෺࣭ͷްΈʹԠͨ͡൓Ԡ཰ʹ‫ج‬͖ͮϙΞιϯ෼෍Ͱൃੜͤ͞Δɻ

4. ͜ΕΒͷ෺࣭Ҏ֎͔ΒདྷΔόοΫάϥ΢ϯυΛɺϙΞιϯ෼෍Ͱൃੜͤ͞Δɻ
5. ిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷώοτΛ‫ؚ‬Ή 64 ns ΛऔΓग़͢ɻ͜͜Ͱ෺࣭Ͱੜ੒͞Εͨ π தؒࢠ༝དྷͷɺϏʔϜۙ๣ɺԕํͷώοτϨʔτΛ‫͢ࢉܭ‬Δ
ͱͦΕͧΕɺ120 kHzɺ20 kHz ͱͳΔɻ͜Εͱ 6.2.1 ߲Ͱ‫͞ࢉܭ‬Εͨ 1 MHzɺ500 kHz ͷ

78

ࠩͰ͋Δ 880 kHzɺ480 kHz Λɺ্‫ه‬ͷखॱ 4 Ͱੜ੒͢ΔόοΫάϥ΢ϯυͱͯ͠௥Ճ͢
Δɻ·ͨɺ48 ch ͷ૊Έ߹Θͤ͸ɺϏʔϜۙ๣ಉ͕࢜૊Ή͜ͱͷͳ͍Α͏ʹͨ͠ɻਤ 6.6
ʹ TRG-MRG ΁ೖྗ͞ΕΔώοτͷ෼෍ɺਤ 6.7 ʹిࢠɾཅిࢠରΛ‫ؚ‬Ή 48 chɺ64 ns
தͷώοτ਺ͷ෼෍Λࣔ͢ɻ

Charged Particle Hit

CH # which input TRG-MRG
inputchEntries278064
Mean
395.6
RMS
170.5

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0

100
ਤ 6.6

200

300

400

500

600
700
Trigger Channel ID

TRG-MRG ΁ೖྗ͞Εͨνϟϯωϧͷ෼෍79

Counth0
Entries
Mean
RMS

5000

20772
3.127
1.499

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

2
ਤ 6.7

4

6
8
10
12
Number of Hit in 48ch, 64ns

ిࢠɾཅిࢠରΛ‫ؚ‬Ή 48 chɺ64 ns ͷώοτ਺

6.3.4 ݁Ռ͜Ε·ͰͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯͰɺ֤ʑͷඪతͰͰ͖ͨిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λࢉग़
Ͱ͖Δɻ͔࣮͠͠ࡍ͸ Target1ɺ2ɺ3 ͷͦΕͧΕ͔Βిࢠɾཅిࢠର͕ੜ੒͞ΕΔɻ֤ඪతͰͷ φ தؒࢠͷੜ੒ྔͷൺ͸ɺੜ੒அ໘ੵɺ൓Ԡ௕͔Βɺ1:2:1 ͱͳΔɻ͜ͷൺͰॏΈ෇͚ͯ͠ฏ‫ۉ‬ΛͱΔ͜ͱͰɺ͋ΔϏʔϜϨʔτͷ৔߹ͷిࢠɾཅిࢠରͷ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰͕ࢉ
ग़Ͱ͖Δɻຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɺϏʔϜϨʔτΛ 1 × 1010 /spill(1 εϐϧ͸໿ 2 ඵ)(5 GHz) ͔Β

3 × 1010 /spill(15 GHz) ·Ͱ 1 × 109 /spill ࠁΈͰઃఆ͠ɺ֤ʑʹ͍ͭͯγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦͬͨɻਤ 6.8 ʹͦͷ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɻ

80

TRG-MRG Relaying Efficiency

1

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94

6
ਤ 6.8

8

10

12
14
Beam Rate[GHz]ϏʔϜϨʔτͱ TRG-MRG ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ͷؔ܎͔͜͜Βɺయ‫ܕ‬తͳϏʔϜϨʔτͰ͋Δ 5 GHz ʹରͯ͠͸ 99.95% ͱे෼ͳ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λ࣋ͭ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɻ·ͨɺ2 ഒͷ‫͋Ͱ౓ڧ‬Δ 10 GHz ʹରͯ͠΋ 98.75% ͱ‫ڐ‬༰Ͱ͖
Δޮ཰͕ಘΒΕͨɻҎ্ΑΓɺ‫͍ͯ͠૷࣮ࡏݱ‬Δ TRG-MRG ͷώοτ‫ݕ‬ग़ϩδοΫ͕ɺ࣮༻ʹରͯ͠े෼ͳ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Ͱಈ࡞͢Δ͜ͱ͕݁࿦͚ͮΒΕͨɻ

81

ୈ7ষ

݁࿦
զʑ͸ J-PARC ߴӡಈྔϏʔϜϥΠϯʹ͓͍ͯɺ‫͚͓ʹ಺֩ࢠݪ‬ΔϕΫλʔதؒࢠͷ࣭ྔଌఆΛߦ͏ɻφ தؒࢠͷ࣭ྔεϖΫτϧ͸ɺQCD ࿨ଇΛ༻͍ͯ༗‫౓ີݶ‬ԼͰͷ sΫΥʔΫ‫ڽ‬ॖͷ஋ͱ݁ͼ෇͚ΒΕΔɻ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬͸ɺް͞ 80 µm ͷ Cu 2 ຕͱ 400 µm ͷ C 1 ຕΛ༻͍ɺ1 × 1010 /spill(1 εϐϧ͸໿ 2 ඵ) ͷ 30 GeV ཅࢠϏʔϜΛরࣹ͢Δɻp+A ൓ԠͰੜ੒͞Εͨ φ தؒࢠʹର͠ɺφ → e+ e− ่յ͔Βੜͨ͡ిࢠɾཅిࢠରΛେཱମ֯ͷεϖΫτϩϝʔλʔͰଌఆ͠ɺߴ
଎ͷ DAQ Ͱॲཧ͢ΔɻτϦΨʔճ࿏͸ɺτϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ (TRG-MRG)ɺτϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧ (Belle-2 UT3)ɺτϦΨʔ෼഑Ϟδϡʔϧ (Belle-2 FTSW) ͷࡾஈͰ
ߏ੒͢ΔɻτϦΨʔʹ༻͍Δνϟϯωϧ͕ 2,620 ch ͱଟ਺ʹ౉ΔͨΊɺ৴߸Λ੔‫ܗ‬ɺѹॖͯ͠τϦΨʔܾఆϞδϡʔϧʹߴ଎సૹ͢Δத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ͕ॏཁͱͳΔɻ
τϦΨʔத‫ܧ‬Ϟδϡʔϧ͸ɺ256 ch ͷσΟεΫϦϛωʔλʔग़ྗ৴߸Λ 1 ns ִؒͰαϯϓϦϯά͠ɺ৴߸ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷλΠϛϯάΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δ TDC ෦෼ͱɺ‫ݕ‬ग़ͨ͠৘ใΛߴ଎γϦΞϧ௨৴Ͱ‫ޙ‬ஈ΁ૹ৴͢Δτϥϯγʔόʔ෦෼͔Β੒Δɻ‫ػ‬ೳͱͯ͠͸ɺຊ‫ڀݚ‬Ͱ͸ɺTDC ෦෼ͷ։ൃͱੑೳධՁΛߦͳͬͨɻ

TDC ʹ͸ɺ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ 0.35 ns ҎԼͰ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़͢Δ͜ͱɺ࣮‫Ͱݧ‬༧૝͞ΕΔ࠷
খ 3 ns ఔ౓ͷ෯ͷ৴߸ʹରͯ͠΋‫౓ײ‬Λ࣋ͭ͜ͱɺ1 MHz/ch ఔ౓ͷϨʔτʹରͯ͠଱ੑ
͕͋Δ͜ͱ͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕΔɻੑೳධՁͷ݁Ռɺ࣌ؒ෼ղೳ͸΄΅ྔࢠԽ‫ʹࠩޡ‬ΑΔ΋ͷͰ͋Γɺ೚ҙͷೖྗʹରͯ͠ 0.35 ns ҎԼͷ෼ղೳΛୡ੒͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝͨ͠ɻ·ͨɺप೾਺҆ఆ౓ɺੵ෼ඇ௚ઢੑɺඍ෼ඇ௚ઢੑ͸ LSB ʹରͯ͠े෼খ͍͞஋Ͱ͋Γɺ࣌ؒଌఆʹ΄΅Ө‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ͳ͍͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɻ୹ύϧεʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺ∼ 1 nsͷ෯ͷ৴߸ʹରͯ͠‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰ 1 ͕ಘΒΕͨɻ࠷΋ॏཁͱͳΔϨʔτ଱ੑ͸ɺϋʔυ΢ΣΞͷӨ‫ͱڹ‬ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷϩδοΫͷӨ‫͍ͦͯͭʹڹ‬ΕͧΕධՁͨ͠ɻϋʔυ΢ΣΞʹͭ

82͍ͯ͸ɺ΄΅࿈ଓͯ͠ೖྗ͞Εͨ 2 ৴߸ʹର͢Δ‫ݕ‬ग़ޮ཰Λௐ΂ɺ1 ͭ໨ͷ৴߸ͷཱͪԼ͕Γ͔Β 2 ͭ໨ͷ৴߸ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ·Ͱ͕ 2.6 ns ఔ౓཭Ε͍ͯΕ͹ 100% ‫ݕ‬ग़Ͱ͖Δͱ
͍͏݁Ռ͕ಘΒΕͨɻ͜ͷޮՌ͕࣮‫͢΅ٴʹݧ‬ѱӨ‫ڹ‬͸΄΅ͳ͍ɻ·ͨϩδοΫʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛ༻͍ͯத‫཰ޮܧ‬ΛධՁͨ͠ɻͦͷ݁Ռɺయ‫ܕ‬తͳϏʔϜ‫͋Ͱ౓ڧ‬Δ 1 × 1010 /spill ʹରͯ͠ɺ99.95% ͷத‫͕཰ޮܧ‬ಘΒΕΔ͜ͱ͕͔֬ΊΒΕͨɻҎ্͔ΒɺຊϞδϡʔϧ͕ཁ‫ٻ‬Λຬͨ͢ੑೳΛ࣋ͭ͜ͱ͕֬ೝͰ͖ͨɻࠓ‫ޙ‬͸τϥϯγʔόʔ෦෼ͷ࣮૷Λߦ͏༧ఆͰ͋Δɻ

83

ँࣙຊ࿦จͷࣥචʹ͋ͨΓɺଟ͘ͷํʑʹ͓ੈ࿩ʹͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻࢦಋ‫͋Ͱ׭ڭ‬ΔӬߐ஌จ‫ڭ‬त͸ࢲͷࣗओੑΛॏࢹͯ͘͠Εͳ͕Β΋ɺཁॴཁॴͰ͸਌਎ʹͳͬͯ૬ஊʹ৐ͬͯͩ͘͞
Γɺద੾ͳॿ‫ݴ‬Λͯͩ͘͠͞Γ·ͨ͠ɻ੒໦‫ܙ‬।‫ڭ‬त͸ɺࢲΛΧΠϥϧରশੑͱ͍͏෼໺
ʹಋ͍ͯͩ͘͞Γɺ‫ڀݚ‬ΛਐΊΔ্Ͱ͸ɺ੿͍ࢲͷઆ໌Λਏ๊‫͘ڧ‬ฉ͖ਖ਼͍͠ํ޲΁ͷࢦ਑Λࣔͯͩ͘͠͞Γ·ͨ͠ɻ઒ാ‫و‬༟।‫ڭ‬तɺଜ্఩໵ߨࢣɺ౻Ԭ޺೭ॿ‫ڭ‬ɺ৽ࢁխ೭ॿ
‫ʹڭ‬͸ɺൃදձ΍ීஈͷੜ‫༷Ͱ׆‬ʑͳΞυόΠεΛ͍͖ͨͩ·ͨ͠ɻཧ‫ݚ‬ͷ࢛೔ࢢ‫ޛ‬ઐ೚‫ڀݚ‬һʹ͸ɺ࣮‫ݧ‬શମʹؔ͢Δ༷ʑͳٙ໰ʹ౴͍͖͑ͯͨͩɺಛ
ʹγϛϡϨʔγϣϯʹ͓͍ͯ͸ଟେͳ࣌ؒΛࢦಋʹׂ͍͍͖ͯͨͩ·ͨ͠ɻ։ൃʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺେࡕେֶ RCNP ͷߴ‫ڮ‬ஐଇ͞Μʹ௚઀ͷࢦಋΛ͍͖ͨͩ·ͨ͠ɻFPGA ΍ιϑτ΢ΣΞɺճ࿏ͳͲٕज़తͳ͜ͱશൠʹ͍ͭͯɺҰ͔Βஸೡʹ‫ͨ͠·͖͍ͩͨͯ͑ڭ‬ɻϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞΛແࣄ։ൃͰ͖ͨͷ΋ߴ‫͞ڮ‬Μͷ͓͔͛Ͱ͢ɻ

KEK ͷ಺ాஐ‫ٱ‬।‫ڭ‬तɺ‫ेޒ‬ཛྷ༸Ұߨࢣɺ౦๺େֶͷຊଟྑଠ࿠ॿ‫ʹڭ‬͸ɺ౦ւଜͰ
ͷ࡞‫ۀ‬εϖʔεΛ͓ି͍͖ͨͩ͠ɺ։ൃʹ͓͍ͯੜ༷ͨ͡ʑͳ໰୊ʹ͍ͭͯ૬ஊ͍ͤͯ͞
͖ͨͩ·ͨ͠ɻKEK ͷӏཆඒౙॿ‫ڭ‬ɺࢁຊ߶࢙͞Μ͸ J-PARC Ͱ৯΂Δ͜ͱͳͲʹࠔ͍ͬͯͨࢲΛɺ౓ʑ࠵͠ʹ༠ͬͯͩ͘͞Γ·ͨ͠ɻ͓͔͛Ͱָ͍࣌ؒ͠Λա͢͜͝ͱ͕Ͱ͖
·ͨ͠ɻ‫ݚݪ‬ͷ Philipp Gubler ͞Μʹ͸ E16 ࣮‫ݧ‬ͷཧ࿦ͱͷ݁ͼ͖ͭʹ͍ͭͯɺ༷ʑͳ
ٙ໰ʹ౴͍͖͑ͯͨͩ·ͨ͠ɻಉ͡‫ࣨڀݚ‬ͷઌഐͰ͋Δߐ઒߂ߦ͞Μͱۚஙढ़ี͞Μʹ͸ɺͦΕͧΕओʹ J-PARC ͱେֶͰ༷ʑͳ͜ͱΛ૬ஊ͍͖ͤͯͨͩ͞·ͨ͠ɻͲΜͳ࣌Ͱ΋շ͘૬ஊʹԠ͍ͯͨͩ͡
͖ɺඇৗʹॿ͚ʹͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻಉ͘͡ઌഐͰ͋Δࣣଜ୓໺͞Μɺಉճੜͷӽ઒ѥඒ͞Μ͸ɺಉ͡ࢪઃͰ࣮‫ݧ‬Λߦ͏ϝϯόʔͱͯ͠ɺ೔ࠒ͔ΒΑ͍͖ͯͨͩ͘͠·ͨ͠ɻಉճੜͷ଍རࠫ‫͞ࢠر‬Μͱ͸ɺಉ࣮͡‫ݧ‬ΛਐΊΔϝϯόʔͱͯ͠਌͍͖ͤͯͨͩ͘͠͞·ͨ͠ɻཱͪࢭ·Γ͕ͪͳࢲ͸ɺண࣮ʹ෺ࣄΛਐΊΔ଍ར͞Μͷ࢟੎͔ΒৗʑܹࢗΛ‫͢·͍ͯ͡ײ‬ɻଞʹ΋͜͜ʹ͸ॻ͍͍ͯͳ͍‫ࣨڀݚ‬ͷํʑɺ࣮‫ݧ‬άϧʔϓͷํʑɺJ-PARCɺ‫ݚݪ‬ͷ

84ํʑͳͲʹ΋͓ੈ࿩ʹͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻօ༷ɺຊ౰ʹ͋Γ͕ͱ͏͍͟͝·ͨ͠ɻ

85

෇࿥ A

ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷಈ࡞ࢼ‫ݧ‬ͷৄࡉ
A.1 Vivado ʹΑΔγϛϡϨʔγϣϯγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͸ϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞ࣮૷ͱಉ༷ʹ Vivado2017.2 ্ͰߦͬͨɻγϛϡϨʔγϣϯʹΑͬͯɺϑΝʔϜ΢ΣΞͷ࿦ཧ͕૝ఆ௨Γʹಈ࡞͢Δ͔ɺ·ͨ৴߸ೖྗ͔Βग़ྗ৘ใੜ੒·Ͱͷॴཁ࣌ؒΛ֬ೝͨ݁͠ՌΛड़΂Δɻ

A.1.1 1 νϟϯωϧೖྗʹର͢Δಈ࡞
ྫͱͯ͠ɺ64 ns Χ΢ϯλʔͷ 63 ns ͷλΠϛϯάͰ ch11 ʹ৴߸Λೖྗͨ͠ࡍͷԠ౴ΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͢Δɻਤ A.1 ʹೖྗ͔Β SH16 ·Ͱͷ৴߸Λࣔ͢ɻ
250MHz Clock
DES

Input

ED

DB

SH16

ਤ A.1

ch11 ʹೖྗͨ͠৔߹ͷԠ౴: SH16 ҎલͦΕͧΕͷߦͷҙຯΛɺද A.1 ʹࣔ͢ɻ86ද A.1

ਤ A.1 ͷઆ໌

ߦ਺

ҙຯ

1

250MHz ΫϩοΫ

2

ೖྗ৴߸

3-7

DES ͷύϥϨϧग़ྗ: 632-636ns ͷ 3bit ໨ʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋Δ

8

ED ग़ྗ: ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ༗ແ

9-10

ED ग़ྗ: ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷλΠϛϯάɺ2’b11=3bit ໨ʹ‫ݕ‬ग़͞Εͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢

11-13

DB ग़ྗ: ஗ԆΛ͔͚ͯ 8-10 ߦ໨Λͦͷ··ग़ྗ͍ͯ͠Δ

ଓ͍ͯɺSH16 Ҏ߱ͷ৴߸Λਤ A.2ɺͦͷઆ໌Λද A.2 ʹࣔ͢ɻ

SH16

SH64

HB

ਤ A.2

ch11 ʹೖྗͨ͠৔߹ͷԠ౴: SH16 Ҏ߱

ද A.2

ਤ A.2 ͷઆ໌

ߦ਺

ҙຯ

1

250MHz ΫϩοΫ2

SH16 ग़ྗ: ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ਺͕ 1 Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢

3

SH16 ग़ྗ: 6’b0b=11 ൪ʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋ͬͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢

4

SH16 ग़ྗ: ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷλΠϛϯάɺ2’b11=3ns(mod4) ʹ‫ݕ‬ग़͞Εͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢

5

SH64 ग़ྗ: ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ਺͕ 1 Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢

6

SH64 ग़ྗ: 6’b0b=11 ൪ʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋ͬͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢

7

SH64 ग़ྗ: 8’b3f=63ns(mod64) ʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋ͬͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢࠷‫ ʹޙ‬HB ͷग़ྗΛਤ A.3ɺͦͷઆ໌Λද A.3 ʹࣔ͢ɻ87ਤ A.3

ch11 ʹೖྗͨ͠৔߹ͷԠ౴: HB ग़ྗ

ද A.3

ਤ A.3 ͷઆ໌஋ҙຯ

1 ϒϩοΫ໨ (0-15): 16’h0005

64ns ͷΧ΢ϯλͷ஋

1 ϒϩοΫ໨ (16-31): 16’hfeabϔομʔ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷνϟϯωϧ৘ใɻ্Ґ 6bit ͕ 6’b001011= 6’d11 ͳͷͰ
ch11 ʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋ͬͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɻ্ཱ͕ͪΓͷ࣌ؒ৘ใɻ
63ns ʹ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕͋ͬͨ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɻ
2 ‫ݸ‬໨ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใɻ্ཱ͕ͪΓ͕ͳ͍͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɻ

1 ϒϩοΫ໨ (32-39): 8’h2f=8’b00101111
1 ϒϩοΫ໨ (40-47): 8’h3f=8’d63
1 ϒϩοΫ໨ (48-63): 16’h0000

ද A.3 ͷ ཱ ͪ ্ ͕ Γ ৘ ใ 0 ʹ ͸ ɺ16’h2f3f=16’b0010111100111111 ͕ ग़ ྗ ͞Ε ͯ ͍ Δ ɻν ϟ ϯ ω ϧ ৘ ใ Λ ද ͢ ্ Ґ 6bit ͷ ஋ Λ 10 ਐ ਺ ʹ ม ‫ ͢ ׵‬Δ ͱ ɺ

6’b001011=6’d(8+2+1)=6’d11 ͱͳΓɺch11 ʹೖྗ͕͋ͬͨ͜ͱ͕෼͔Δɻ࣌ؒ৘ใΛද͢ԼҐ 8bit ͷ஋Λ 10 ਐ਺ʹม‫͢׵‬Δͱɺ8’b00111111=8’d(32+16+8+4+2+1)=8’d63ͱͳΓɺΧ΢ϯλʔͷ 63 ns ͷλΠϛϯάʹೖྗ͕͋ͬͨ͜ͱ͕෼͔Δɻ·ͨɺ্ཱ͕ͪ
Γ৘ใ 1 Ҏ߱ʹ͸ग़ྗ͸ͳ͘ɺ͜ΕҎ֎ͷώοτ͕‫ݕ‬ग़͞Εͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱ͕෼͔ΔɻҎ্ΑΓɺਖ਼͘͠ग़ྗ͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕Θ͔Δɻ

A.1.2 τϦΨʔϨΠςϯγͷ‫ੵݟ‬΋Γ࣍ʹɺ৴߸Λ 64 ns Χ΢ϯλͷ 0 ns ͱ 63 ns ͷλΠϛϯάͰೖྗ͠ɺTDC ͷϨΠςϯ
γΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͢Δɻ͜Ε͸ɺϨΠςϯγͷ࠷΋୹͍৔߹ͱ࠷΋௕͍৔߹ʹରԠ͠
͍ͯΔɻγϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷ݁ՌΛਤ A.4 ʹࣔ͢ɻ88

565ns

628ns

63ns

ਤ A.4

744ns

179ns

116ns

TDC ϨΠςϯγͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ

63ns ʹೖྗ͞Εͨ৴߸͸ 116ns ‫ޙ‬ɺ0ns ʹೖྗ͞Εͨ৴߸͸ 179ns ʹग़ྗ͞ΕΔ͜ͱ
͕෼͔Δɻ͜Ε͸ 200 ns ΛԼճ͓ͬͯΓɺཁ‫ٻ‬Λຬͨ͢ɻ

A.1.3 ଟνϟϯωϧೖྗʹର͢Δಈ࡞࠷‫ʹޙ‬ɺΦʔόʔϑϩʔ͕͋ͬͨ৔߹ͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦ͏ɻਤ A.5 ʹೖྗ৴߸Λࣔ͢ɻ1 ߦ໨͕ 250MHz ΫϩοΫɺͦΕҎ͕߱ ch0-15 ͷೖྗΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɻ·ͣ ch0ɺ4ɺ8ɺ12 ʹೖྗ͠ɺͦͷ 10 ns ‫ ʹޙ‬ch1ɺ5ɺ9ɺ13ɺͦͷ 10 ns ‫ ʹޙ‬ch2ɺ6ɺ10ɺ14ɺͦ
ͷ 10 ns ‫ ʹޙ‬ch3ɺ7ɺ11ɺ15ɺͦͷ 10 ns ‫ ʹޙ‬ch0ɺ4ɺ8ɺ12 ʹೖྗ͍ͯ͠Δɻ64ns தʹ‫ ܭ‬20 ‫ݸ‬ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛೖྗ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱʹͳΓɺ͜ͷ৔߹ʹ͸ 12 ‫ݸ‬ͷώοτ͕Φʔόʔϑϩʔ͢Δɻਤ A.5

Φʔόʔϑϩʔ͕‫͜ى‬Δ৔߹ͷೖྗਤ A.6 ʹग़ྗɺද A.4 ʹͦͷઆ໌Λࣔ͢ɻ

89ਤ A.6

ද A.4

Φʔόʔϑϩʔ͕‫͖ͨى‬৔߹ͷग़ྗਤ A.6 ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓ৘ใɺΦʔόʔϑϩʔ৘ใͷઆ໌஋ҙຯ্ཱ͕ͪΓ 0: 16’h0301

ch0ɺλΠϛϯά 1ns

্ཱ͕ͪΓ 1: 16’h1301

ch4ɺλΠϛϯά 1ns

্ཱ͕ͪΓ 2: 16’h2301

ch8ɺλΠϛϯά 1ns

্ཱ͕ͪΓ 3: 16’h3301

ch12ɺλΠϛϯά 1ns

্ཱ͕ͪΓ 4: 16’h070b

ch1ɺλΠϛϯά 11ns

্ཱ͕ͪΓ 5: 16’h170bch5ɺλΠϛϯά 11ns

্ཱ͕ͪΓ 6: 16’h270bch9ɺλΠϛϯά 11ns

্ཱ͕ͪΓ 7: 16’h370b

ch13ɺλΠϛϯά 11nsΦʔόʔϑϩʔ৘ใ: 16’h010c

Φ ʔ ό ʔ ϑ ϩ ʔ ͷ ਺ ɻର Ԡ ͢ Δ bit ͷ ஋ ͸

10’h00c=10’d12 ͱͳΔͷͰɺ12 ‫ݸ‬Φʔόʔϑϩʔ͍ͯ͠Δͱग़ྗ͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔Δɻ

ೖྗͨ͠΋ͷͷ͏ͪૣ͍ 8 ‫͕ݸ‬ਖ਼͍͠νϟϯωϧͰಡΈऔΒΕ͓ͯΓɺ0 ͔Β 3 ͱ 4 ͔
Β 7 ͷؒͷ࣌ؒࠩ΋ 10 ns ͱਖ਼͍͠஋Λग़ྗ͍ͯ͠Δɻ·ͨɺΦʔόʔϑϩʔͷ਺΋ 12‫ͱݸ‬ਖ਼͘͠ग़ྗ͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ

A.2 SiTCP ʹΑΔ TDC ಡΈग़͠αϯϓϧνϟϯωϧͱͯ͠ ch0 ͱ ch5 ʹ৴߸Λೖྗ͠ɺ্ཱ͕ͪΓΛ‫ݕ‬ग़ͨ͠ 64nsɺ

256ch ʹ͍ͭͯ SiTCP Λ༻͍ͯಡΈग़ͨ͠ (ਤ A.7)ɻ

90

立ち上がり0立ち上がり1Headerch000-063+Separaterch064-127+Separater

Separater

ch128-191+Separaterch192-255+Footerਤ A.7

Footer

TDC ग़ྗͷಡΈग़͠: 64bit × 3 ͝ͱʹૠೖ͞ΕΔ 64’hﬀ. . . ﬀ ͸ηύϨʔλ2 ߦ 3 ྻͷ 16’h0333 ͸ ch0 ΁ͷλΠϛϯά 51 ns ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓɺ2 ߦ 4 ྻͷ 16’h173a
͸ ch5 ΁ͷλΠϛϯά 58 ns ͷ্ཱ͕ͪΓʹରԠ͢Δग़ྗͰ͋ΓɺೖྗͷνϟϯωϧʹରԠͨ͠ग़ྗ͕͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔ΔɻҎ্͔ΒɺSiTCP Λ༻͍ͨಡΈग़͠͸ਖ਼͘͠ಈ
࡞͍ͯ͠Δͱ൑அͨ͠ɻ

91ࢀߟจ‫ݙ‬[1] W. Weise, Nucl. Phys. A553 (1993) 59c-79c[2] Particle Data Group, The Review of Particle Physics(2017)[3] P. Gubler and K. Otani, arXiv: 1404.7701v2[4] S. Durr, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 172001(2016)[5] A. Abdel-Rehim, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 252001(2016)[6] R. Muto, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 98, 042501(2007)[7] S. H. Lee, et al. , Phys. Rev. C57, 927(1998)[8] J-PARC E16 Technical Design Report(2016)[9] W. Nakai, JPS2017[10] D. Adamova, et al., Phys. Lett. B, 666(2008) 425-429[11] R. Amaldi, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, 162302(2006)[12] M. H. Wood, et al., Phys. Rev. C78, 015201(2008)[13] Y. Nara, et al., Phys. Rev. C61, 024901[14] https://cds.cern.ch/record/1069892/files/cer-002725643.pdf[15] https://www.psi.ch/drs/DocumentationEN/DRS4_rev09.pdf[16] http://cds.cern.ch/record/438949/files/p443.pdf[17] http://openit.kek.jp/project/DRS4ADC/public/drs4adc-public[18] Y. Obara, JPS2017[19] http://www.jahep.org/hepnews/2015/15-2-4-BelleIITrigger.pdf[20] https://japan.xilinx.com/support/documentation/user_guides/j_
ug476_7Series_Transceivers.pdf[21] http://www.jahep.org/hepnews/2014/14-3-2-BelleIIDAQ.pdf[22] http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/slls523e/slls523e.pdf[23] http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/

92

data-sheets/ADG3247.pdf[24] https://japan.xilinx.com/support/documentation/data_sheets/j_
ds180_7Series_Overview.pdf[25] https://japan.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ip_documentation/
aurora_64b66b/v9_2/j_pg074-aurora-64b66b.pdf[26] https://japan.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/vivado.html#
documentation[27] http://research.kek.jp/people/uchida/technologies/SiTCP/[28] https://jp.tek.com/datasheet/arbitrary-function-generator[29] http://www.tamadevice.co.jp/pdf/clk/cl580.pdf[30] https://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5991-1103JAJP.pdf?
id=2258675[31] http://geant4.cern.ch

93