Global statusof Laws and Regulations
for lower GWP alternatives
Kazuhiro Sato
The Japan Refrigeration andAir Conditioning Industry Association(JRAIA)
20th20th August, 2015
ICR 2015
Pacifico Yokohama, JAPAN© 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved.

CONTENTS
1. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP
alternatives in the world
2. Global discussion: Montreal Protocol
3. For Environmental Conservation
4. Alternative refrigerants
5. Conclusions© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

11. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(1) EU
Phase-down timeline in EUYear

CO2 equivalents
place on the market(2009-2012)

2015

100%

2016-201793%

2018-202063%

2021-2023

45%

2024-2026

31%

2027-2029

24%

2030

21%

Source: EU Commission© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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1. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(1) EU
Projected EU F-gas emissions
Mt CO2eq.
No legislation

200
150

2006 EU legislation

100

2014 EU legislation

50
2010

2030

2050

Cumulative savings of 1.5 Gt by 2030 and 5 Gt by 2050!
Source: EU Commission© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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1. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(2) USA : de-listing from SNAP program

R404A, R507A

R134a

R134a,HFC© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

4

1. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(3) Canada© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

51. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(4) Comparison: restriction of placing on the market
The restriction will start with similar GWP values and timing
in the developed countries, sector by sector.
Japan
Residential

７５０ (2018)

EU

７５０ (2023)

R32、Blended

７５０ (2023)

R32、Blended

２５００ (2020)

１５００ (2020)（stationary)（commercial andindustrial)

R410A,R32, CO2、HC、Blended

７５０ (2025)（chargeamount<3kg）Commercial

Applicable
Refrigerants

Canada７５０ (2020)（＜3 Ref tons）

１５００ (2025)
Refrigeration （commercial andindustrial）

Automobile

１５０ (2023)

１５０ (2017)

１５０ (2021)

R1234yf（New car;2013)© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

61. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(4) Comparison of approaches: EU and JapanA phase-down can be achieved in a variety of different ways.
HFCemission
reduction

TOP DOWN

Containment
Competence

BOTTOM -UP•

The Phase-down targets Bulk refrigerant
producers & importers in EU.

••

Start from Historic baseline 2009-2012 =CO2- equivalents placed on the market••

Emissions increase due to market growth„compensated“ by containment & competencemeasures, end of lie recovery••

The shape of the Phase-down is determined
top-down by calculating reduction steps
reduction steps from the historic baseline.

•The Phase-down targets equipment
manufacturers & importers of equipment
in JapanTarget Index of weighted GWP per
equipment application segment
The shape of the phase-down is abottom-up result of applying the Target
Indexes, containment and competencemeasures, end of life recovery.
No top-down reduction steps arecalculated from historic baseline
Source: EPEE© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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1. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(5) Japan
The new law “Act on Rational Use & Proper Managementof Fluorocarbons” covers total lifecycle.
Refrigerants are managed in the whole of lifecycle, i.e.
containment (leakage prevention), recovery, recycle.

© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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1. Latest situation of regulations for lower GWP alternatives
in the world(5) JapanTarget 43.4 mil-tCO2 (2020), 36.5 mil-tCO2 (2025)(1) Phase-down HFCs

(2) Promote low GWP products
Refrigerator

Air conditioner

Products withalternatives

Low GWP HFCs
Natural Refrigerant
Insulators

HFCs

Manufacturersof HFCsApproved
recyclers

Users ofproducts

Dust blowers

Manufacturers of products
containing HFCs

Supermarkets

Periodicalcheck
Promotion ofrecycling

Maintenance
Report ofleakage(3) Prevent leakage
from commercial
equipment
Approved
destructors

Registered fillers/
recovery operators© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

Source: METI92. Global discussion: Montreal Protocol
Four proposed amendments to the Montreal Protocol submitted by
EU, North America, India, and Micronesia.
KEY ELEMENTS

INDIA
PROPOSAL

Listing of HFCs

19 HFCs divided into
four groups
15 yearsGrace Period for
Article 5 PartiesNORTH
AMERICANPROPOSAL
19 HFC substances
Up to 10 years

MICRONESIAPROPOSAL (2014)

EU DISCUSSIONPAPER (2014)

21 HFC substances,including some HFOs
To be determined bythe Parties

HFCs generally
Up to 15 years

GWP weighted averageof 2013-15 HFCs plus
25% of the Annex C
Group I (HCFCs)
baseline for NonArticle 5Parties
2016 – 100%2018 – 90%2023 – 65%
2029 – 30%2035 – 15%

100% average HFC and75% HCFC consumption
and production for 201113

2014-2016 average HFC
and HCFC production
and consumption

2009-2012 HFCproduction andconsumption + 15% 1989
HCFC baseline

2019 – 90%2024 – 65%
2030 – 30%2036 – 15%2017 – 85%2018 – 65%
2021 – 45%
2024 – 30%2027 – 25%
2030 – 15%

Article 5 Parties
Baseline

GWP weighted averageof 2028-30 HFCs +32.5% ofAnnex C Group I(HCFCs) baseline forArticle 5 Parties

100% average HFC and50% HCFC consumption
and production for 201113

2017 – 85%
2020 – 70%2023 – 55%
2026 – 45%2029 – 30%2032 – 15%2035 – 10%
To be determined by theParties

Article 5 Parties
Control Measures for
Consumption
and Production ofHFCs• 2031 – 100%••
2050 – 15%•• Phase down steps • areto be decided • 5 years
in advance for the next
5-year period

Non-Article 5 Parties
Baseline

Non-Article 5Parties Control
Measures for
Consumption andProduction of HFCs

2021 – 100%2026 – 70%2032 – 40%
2046 – 15%

To be determined by theParties

Consumption: 100%average HFC andHCFC in 20152016
Production:
100% HFC production in2009-2012 + 70% of
HCFC in 20092010• 2019 freeze inconsumption andproduction ofHCFC/HFCcombined• 2045 – 85%
reduction inproduction

Source: UNEP

© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

10

2. Global discussion: Montreal Protocol(1) Listing of HFCs, Grace period for Article 5 Parties
KEY ELEMENTS

INDIA
PROPOSAL

Listing of HFCs

19 HFCs divided
into four groups
15 yearsGrace Period forArticle 5 PartiesNORTH
AMERICANPROPOSAL
19 HFC substances
Up to 10 years

MICRONESIAPROPOSAL (2014)

EU DISCUSSIONPAPER (2014)

21 HFC substances,including some HFOs
To be determined bythe Parties

HFCs generally
Up to 15 years

Source: UNEP

The significant difference can be found among these proposals
regarding the listing of HFCs, the grace period for Article 5Parties, the phase-down timelines and their base lines.
The possibility of harmonisation of proposals were discussed
during OEWG held in Paris in July 2015. However, the further
discussion would be needed.
The discussion on funding and technical issues will be alsorequired to reach the global agreement.

© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

112. Global discussion: Montreal Protocol(2) Baselines and Phase-down timelines for non-Article 5 Parties
KEY ELEMENTS

INDIA
PROPOSAL

Non-Article 5 Parties
Baseline

GWP weighted
average of 2013-15
HFCs plus 25% of theAnnex C Group I(HCFCs) baseline for
Non-Article 5Parties
2016 – 100%2018 – 90%2023 – 65%
2029 – 30%2035 – 15%

Non-Article 5Parties Control
Measures forConsumption andProduction of HFCs

NORTH
AMERICANPROPOSAL
100% average HFC and75% HCFC consumption
and production for 201113

MICRONESIAPROPOSAL (2014)

EU DISCUSSIONPAPER (2014)2014-2016 average HFC
and HCFC production andconsumption

2009-2012 HFCproduction andconsumption+ 15% 1989 HCFC
baseline

2019 – 90%2024 – 65%
2030 – 30%2036 – 15%2017 – 85%
2020 – 70%2023 – 55%
2026 – 45%2029 – 30%2032 – 15%2035 – 10%2017 – 85%2018 – 65%
2021 – 45%
2024 – 30%2027 – 25%
2030 – 15%

Source: UNEP
© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

12

2. Global discussion: Montreal Protocol(3) Baselines and Phase-down timelines for Article 5 Parties
KEY ELEMENTS

INDIA
PROPOSAL

Article 5 Parties
Baseline

GWP weighted averageof 2028-30 HFCs +32.5% ofAnnex C Group I(HCFCs) baseline for
Article 5 Parties

Article 5 Parties
Control Measures forConsumption
and Production ofHFCs

2031 – 100%
2050 – 15%
Phase down steps • are tobe decided • 5 years inadvance for the next 5-year
periodNORTH
MICRONESIAAMERICANPROPOSAL (2014)
PROPOSAL
100% average HFC and To be determined by the50% HCFC
Parties
consumption andproduction for 2011-13

2021 – 100%2026 – 70%2032 – 40%
2046 – 15%

To be determined by theParties

EU DISCUSSIONPAPER (2014)
Consumption: 100%
average HFC and HCFC
in 20152016
Production:
100% HFC production
in 2009-2012 + 70% of
HCFC in 20092010
2019 freeze inconsumption andproduction of
HCFC/HFC combined
2045 – 85% reductionin production

Source: UNEP
© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

13

3. For Environmental Conservation
JRAIA’s Vision and Activities
3 main pillars.
EQUIPMENTREFRIGERANTS

ALTERNATE
REFRIGERANTS

Direct Emission Control
Energy Saving· Promotion of recovery

Emission control on
CO2 basis· Measures against leakage(proper management ofrefrigerants)· Reduction of amountcharged into equipment

Top Runner Program(Law Concerning theRational Use of Energy)

Linked laws related
to each factors.

Acceleration to shift
to new refrigerants· Research of low GWP
refrigerants· Risk assessment

Fluorocarbons Recovery and Destruction Law⇒ “Act on Rational Use & Proper Management ofFluorocarbons”” to address issues throughout thelifecycle of fluorocarbons (entry into force from April 2015)
Home Appliances Recycling Law
End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

14

4. Alternative refrigerants(1) Conditions to be considered for the next generation refrigerants
・ Actions to switch refrigerants have been started sector by sector in Japanby considering not only GWP but also safety, economic feasibility and efficiency.

Safety (precondition)
Environment
Performance
EnergyEfficiency
EconomicFeasibility

・Low Toxicity
・Low Risk of Flammability
・Ozone Depletion Potential =0
・Low Global Warming Potential
・Superior for LCCP value
・Equivalent orLower Energy Use at High Load Conditions

・Reasonable Cost
・Acceptable level in Developing Countries

LCCP（（Life Cycle Climate Performance)
CO2 Emission origin fromenergy in product usage
CO2 Emission at refrigerant
production

Refrigerant
Leaks in productusage

CO2 Emission at
refrigerant destruction

Refrigerant Leaks at
product disposal© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

15

4. Alternative refrigerants(1) Conditions to be considered for the next generation refrigerants

GWP and flammabilityGWP• Safety is non-negotiable.
• Standards andcodes need adaptation
to allow for increased
use of flammables.
• Workforce needs skills.
Source: EPEE

Refrigerant should be selected appropriately
depending on the application by considering not
only safety but also impact on the global
environment, economic feasibility and efficiency.
© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

16

4. Alternative refrigerants(1) Conditions to be considered for the next generation refrigerants
・ Actions to switch refrigerants have been started sector by sector in Japanby considering not only GWP but also safety, economic feasibility and efficiency.

Safety (precondition)
Environment
Performance
EnergyEfficiency
EconomicFeasibility

・Low Toxicity
・Low Risk of Flammability
・Ozone Depletion Potential =0
・Low Global Warming Potential
・Superior for LCCP value
・Equivalent orLower Energy Use at High Load Conditions

・Reasonable Cost
・Acceptable level in Developing Countries

LCCP（（Life Cycle Climate Performance)
CO2 Emission origin fromenergy in product usage
CO2 Emission at refrigerant
production

Refrigerant
Leaks in productusage

CO2 Emission atrefrigerant destruction

Refrigerant Leaks atproduct disposal© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

17

4. Alternative refrigerants(2) Future vision: Refrigerants for next generation and GWP
Main HFCs currently used

GWP

GWP: 1,000 and above

HFC143a:4,470（refrigerant）

GWP: 100～1,000
GWP: below 100

HFC404a:3,922（refrigerant）
HFC410a:2,088（refrigerant）※ Mixture of R32 and R125

HCFC22:1810（refrigerant）

Immediate conversion※Mixture of R125, R134a and R143a

HFC134a:1,430（refrigerant,Injection agent）
HFC245fa:1,030（foaming agent）

1000

HFC365mfc:794（foaming agent）
HFC32:675（refrigerant）

Source: METI

Mixture of HFOs
nonflammable
Under developing various
alternative candidates for
HFCs by HFCmanufacturers
flammable

HFC152a:124（injection agent）

100
HFOs

HCs
Butane:15（refrigerant）

under developing various
alternative candidates for
HFCs by HFC manufacturers※All GWP values excluding HFOs are cited from IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report (AR4).
(AR4). GWP values of HFOs are cited fromIPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)(AR5) due to not available on AR4.

HFO1233zd:<5（ref., foaming）
HFO1234ze:<1（refrigerant）
HFO1234yf:<1（refrigerant）© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

Cyclopentane:11（insulation）
Isobutane:4（refrigerant）
Propane:3（refrigerant）
Ammonia:1digit（refrigerant）
CO2:1(refrigerant, insulation)18

4. Alternative refrigerants(3) Current situation and candidates for the next generation in Japan
Residential HP
water heater
High
temp.

CO2Mid.
Temp.

MiniMini-SpritAC
R410A▶ R32/etc.

Home
refrigerator
R134a▼
HC0℃

Commercial HP
water heater
R410▶ CO2 /etc.

Completed/on-going

Multi AC Bldg.
Bldg.
Automobile
Screw, Chiller Centrifugal
PAC (shops)
R410A,R407C
AC
Below 3 ref.ton▶―
R134a
R410A,R134a R134a、R123
R410A,R407C(refrigerant▶ R1234yf▼▼▼management）
R32/etc.
R1234ze/etc. R1234ze/etc.
Commercial
refrigerated cabinet
R404A▼
R410A, CO2/etc.

Refrigerated warehouse
R22▼
NH3、NH3/CO2
UltraUltra-low temp.
equipment
R22/R23▼― (Air)/etc

Lowtemp.

Capacity

Natural Ref.

1KW

10KW

100KW

1000KW

Natural refrigerants are also applied in some sectors.
Appropriate refrigerants are selected by considering the application of productsin Japan.
© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

19

4. Alternative refrigerants(4) Mini-split AC case in Japan

Unit size, refrigerant amount, and cost were evaluated by JRAIA
member manufacturers by their simulation under the conditions,that the unit can perform (1) capacity: 4kW and (2) efficiency: COP= 4.5. The results were averaged over the data obtained from themembers (R410 = 100%).
© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

20

4. Alternative refrigerants(4) Mini-split AC case in Japan
Not R290 but R32 was selected from safety point ofview for mini-split ACs below 3 refrigeration tons, andhas been widely spread out in Japanese market after
the completion of thorough risk assessment for mild
flammable refrigerants (A2L) such as R32, R1234yf,
R1234ze(E), et.al.
Risk assessment of A2L refrigerants are also being
carried out for large capacity ACs. Standardisation andlegislation to secure safety will be completed before
their placement into market.

© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

21

4. Alternative refrigerants(5) Framework for risk
risk assessment of mildly
mildly flammable refrigerants
Cooperative structure among Industry, JSRAE and NEDO
Discussion on the results of RA

Basic information

Information sharing, Discussion

JRAIA

JSRAE

NEDO

Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Industry Association

Japan Society of Refrigeratingand Air Conditioning Engineers

New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization

WGs for risk assessment of A2L
Refrigerants

NEDO Project

Mini-split SWGⅠMini-split SWGⅡTokyo University

Research committee for risk
assessment of mildly
flammable refrigerants

AIST, Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry

VRF system SWG
Tokyo University of Science, Suwa

Chillers SWG
AIST, Science for Safety and Sustainability

GHP SWGⅠ
Kyushu University, and etc.

Commercialrefrigeration SWG
SafetyCommittee

JAMA
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

22

5. Conclusions
HVAC&R industry has been proceeding with thedevelopment of products with lower GWP refrigerants fornext generation to mitigate the impact of HFCs on globalwarming.
・Though we have not reached the final solutions, wewill keep on our activity to obtain ideal refrigerants.
・Every candidate of next generation refrigerants has
advantage and disadvantage. Most of promisingly
applicable candidates are mildly flammable at thismoment.
・Refrigerant should be selected appropriately
depending on the application by considering
comprehensive point of views: safety, global impact
on the global environment, economic feasibility andefficiency.
© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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Thank you for your kind attention.

© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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