the welfare of the animals.

zoo keepers in charge of elephants gather. I present

My presentation may not have been very interesting,what our zoo has done in meetings like this. A lot of

but you will ﬁnd it more interesting if you look at thethe zoo keepers that have been in charge of elephants

actual elephant or the Japanese crane. So, please visit

have been in the post for a long time, but a lot of

the Higashiyama Zoo. Thank you.

these experienced zoo keepers and also the younger
generation are usually very interested in what we
do. They think that things we do are very good ideas,○ Yoshikazu Ueno
Thank you very much.

and I hear them say that they want to engage in these

Are there any questions regarding the presentation?

activities.
However, partly because of the eﬀort it takes, these

Please.

activities cannot be done individually, and it needs to○ Questioner
I was able to understand that the zoo keepers at thebe done as a team. So I think in this way, it is spreading

Higashiyama Zoo are being very creative and putting aon the individual level, but it is difficult to spread on

lot of eﬀort into carrying out enrichment.

the organizational level. However, I think that this willIs there something like a textbook, and is the ideachange from now on. Does that answer your question?

to use a model to develop what you are doing? Or
are you basing your activities on results of scientific○ Yoshikazu Ueno

experiments like those of Dr. Mason, and are you

Are there any other questions? Can we move on?

applying the results in considering what types ofThen, let us take a 10 minute break and go into generalactivities you are carrying out? This is my first

discussion. It is ten past right now so we would like toquestion.

begin at twenty past. Thank you very much.

The other question that I have is regarding theelephant that was in a poor condition; I think that it
was an elephant in Nogeyama Zoo. I live close by, andI feel bad looking at an animal that has a wide range

Now it is time so we would like to start the general
discussion.

of activities being locked up in a small cage and going

As mentioned in the ﬁrst part of the workshop, thisback and forth. There are these zoos on one hand, so I

workshop is on enrichment. However, this does notthink that models developed by zoos like Higashiyama

mean that the workshop only deals with the technicalthat are putting effort into carrying out enrichment

aspects of enrichment. Issues regarding the welfare

should be spread to other zoos in Japan. Are thereof animals, the purpose of enrichment, and issues

any movements regarding this area, and are there any

regarding the method of exhibition also came up inforces of resistance that becomes a barrier for suchthe workshop. As Mr. Suzuki and Mr. Hori mentioned,

movements?

enrichment in itself is not a technique for exhibition.

○ Tetsuya Suzuki

Enrichment is a technique used for the purpose ofThat is a very diﬃcult question for me to answer.

improving the welfare of animals. However, this isFirst of all, basically, there are no textbooks regarding

indivisible from techniques of exhibition, and it mustenrichment. I think that if you search, there are

be carried out as a set in zoos. Thus, enrichment must

theories, but as a person in practice, I think thatbe carried out in close relation to exhibition. Also, forcases should be considered case by case by looking

visitors, they do not necessarily need to be aware ofat the zoo, the practice, and the individual animal. I

the division; the fact that animals are behaving the way

think that consideration by people who see the actual

they should be is meaningful. There are three ways ofsituation will be more eﬀective. However, related to theviewing enrichment based on this meaning. It would beother question, I think that I would like to spread our

great if we can discuss our opinions and ideas from thisactivities to other zoos.

perspective.

In Japanese zoos, there is an elephant meeting where52○ Yoshikazu Ueno

ワークショップ Ⅱ

動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際

You can address your questions and comments to any

of the presenters. Please.

cats, but the media tend to broadcast very sensational○ Questioner

stories or focus on the aspect of entertainment. So, I

I am sorry that I am asking a question again. I am

sometimes think that the famous zoo up in northernvery impressed by the word, enrichment for 24 hours,

Japan that the media picked up in their headlines is thethat Mr. Suzuki mention during the last part of thereason why words such as enrichment and behavioral

presentation. I currently serve as a consultant of theexhibition were misunderstood. The polar bear at thatJapan Animal Welfare Society. In the field of animal

zoo is still going around in circles on the exhibition

welfare, the reformation of zoos has been called forisland.

internationally by organizations such as WSPA. In

And Dr. Georgia Mason mentioned that an exhibition

these movements, the part regarding behind the scenes,

with 360 degrees panorama view is very stressful forlike the sleeping rooms of the animals, have been

the animals. But the exhibition of the orangutans that

often forgotten. There has been a case regarding thethey spend millions on is like a gallery, and the visitors

rescue of polar bears in Mexico where the animals were

can see all parts of the exhibition. When the media

spending long hours in sleeping rooms in appalling

pick up things like this, the public will think that thisconditions, and this case has been talked about often

is something good. I think that Mr. Hori, Mr. Suzuki,

among stakeholders of animal welfare. This is an

and Dr. Ueno have things they want to say or have saidexample of enrichment for 24 hours.

regarding this issue, but I want to know if stakeholders

So, people involved in animals would like zoos touse as much money as possible for places behind theof zoos have ways that they can appropriately advertise,for example in the media, what they are doing.

scenes. However, I think that zoos have the issue ofThis is the first chance that I have had where thisallotting money during the process of budgeting andmany people from the general public could ask

planning, and I think that zoos have a lot of issues andquestions to people involved in zoos. I have asked

battles behind the scenes because of this. I believe thatquestions individually to people such as Dr. Nakagawa

there are two issues at hand.

of Ueno Zoo, but this is the ﬁrst time that I have been inFirst, as my friend, Rob Laidlaw of Zoo Check Canada

a place where people involved in zoos expressed theirsays, zoos need to include a committee member who

frank opinions and where I can ask for their opinions.

has the role of advocating for animals no matter what in

Do you think that these things are possible in thedecision making organizations for planning, managing,

future? What is the future prospective for discussions

and budgeting. Rob Laidlaw was saying that this waslike this between stakeholders of zoos and citizens whovery rare in zoos that he had observed, including thosewant to reform zoos? I think that depending on thein the United States and Europe. How is the situationcase, animal welfare organizations may help with theregarding this issue in Japan, and is there a possibility

budget for enrichment through fundraising activities. I

that this could be accomplished in the future?

think that zoos have an atmosphere where it is diﬃcult

Also, I think that probably, in a way, the bad guy isfor outsiders to enter, but where can these questions

the media. This is the same in the field of dogs andbe addressed to when considering issues like this, andwhere can we make a breakthrough?
○ Yoshikazu Ueno
Mr. Hori, do you have any comments?
○ Hidemasa Hori
This is a very diﬃcult question to start out with.
I think that it is difficult to understand the issue
without understanding the system of management andoperation of Japanese zoos, so I will begin by explaining
this. There is an organization called the Japan
Association of Zoos and Aquariums; this organization

Workshop Ⅱ Zoo Improvement/Enrichment53

is one of the cooperating organizations for this event.

nature of animals or have not considered how animals

The association currently has approximately 60 zoos inshould be. Most citizens are just satisﬁed, because it isJapan who are members. Approximately 80% of thesefun to watch ‒ that is, they have fun watching the lions

60 zoos are public facilities established by the local

and the elephants. They are not aware of the lives ofauthorities. To put it shortly, these zoos are outposts of

the animals behind the scenes. Hence, zoos have togovernments. So people working in these facilities arecommunicate to the citizens the lives of the animals

government officials. We are government officials of

behind the scenes, and it is not nice for the visitors to

the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and Mr. Suzuki ishave to imagine a stressful life, but the visitors shoulda government oﬃcial of Nagoya City.

also sense that these animals are living. I think that

Bec au s e of o ur p o si t i o n s, t he r e a r e r ule s o f
confidentiality where we are not allowed to releaseshould be made based on this awareness.

information that we acquired through our duties. ThisOf course, we are also grateful if citizens could collectbecomes a considerable restriction. When we speak inmoney in the form of fundraising, but before that, I

the open, perhaps parts of our presentation may violate

think that it will be more eﬀective if citizens can voicerules of confidentiality. So one issue we have is that

their opinions regarding the meaning of zoos, thethere are no clear standards concerning the range thatcurrent situation of animals living there, and the ideal

the rules of conﬁdentiality apply to.

situation of the animals. I think that movements likeAlso, there are considerable discrepancies in how zoos

this will most effectively serve as a momentum. Did

are viewed between people who deal with the animals

that answer your question?

on the site, such as zoo keepers and veterinarians,○ Questioner

and the people in the city offices who are in charge

The reason why I asked that question was thatof the management and the operation of the zoos.

actually, although there are ups and downs, the number

The governors of Nagoya and Tokyo, for example, areof visitors of zoos is gradually decreasing. The issue is,people chosen as representatives through direct votes

among the voices that I hear around me, the number ofof the citizens, thus theoretically the opinions of thepeople that do not go because they donʼt want to see

government represent those of the citizens. Whenthe animals in that condition is increasing.

applying this logic, if the city government thinks thatSo there are people that do not go because theyzoos should be fun amusement parks, and if they

do not want to see the animals. If this was the casesay that this is the image of zoos that citizens want,of Disneyland, people can simply stop operating thetheoretically, this opinion should be the reflection ofmachines and just turn oﬀ the switches, but you cannot

what the citizens are thinking.

do this with animals in zoos. Then, zoos would have to

So, I think that the interests of the local authorities

use just as much money to keep the animals alive evenregarding zoos and the animals that live in them andif the number of visitors decreases, and this becomes

their awareness of the issue become very importanta vicious cycle. Maybe this is already happening, but I

factors in shaping zoos.

have a sense of crisis that this may happen.

Along these lines, I think that conferences like thisSo, my dilemma is how to spread the fact that there

will have an impact, and I think that it is meaningful

are people in zoos that want to reform the system infor people in positions like ourselves to come out andthis way. That is, my dilemma is how to appeal in order

speak out frankly to an extent.

to convince the people who are saying that they wonʼ

○ Yoshikazu Uenot go, without being belligerent. On the other hand,

I will speak from the perspective of a person in a post

the media has the tendency to look for entertainment,on the level of management. As Mr. Hori said, manysuch as chasing the lesser panda that stands on its hindJapanese zoos are public, so they are indeed vulnerable

legs. My current dilemma is how to go about doing thisto the voices of the citizens.

amidst these strong tendencies of the media.

The ﬁrst issue is that citizens do not understand the54

it is most important for the citizens to voice that zoos

ワークショップ Ⅱ

動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

results of scientiﬁc experiments set by Dr. Mason. For

If we say that, as I have explained in the beginning,

example, if we can spread the information that certain

the role of zoos would start to change. Zoos would

conditions increase the stress hormones in animals andhave to become educational facilities that give people

certain measures taken decrease the stress hormones,

opportunities to consider issues regarding the earth

I think that people can discuss what measures to takeand the environment. Zoos would need to be creative

based on this knowledge. If people can cooperate

and put their efforts into how to communicate suchwith places like Higashiyama Zoo that are putting out

messages. I think that there are many ways and levels

results to get a synergetic eﬀect and make that into one

to do this; for example, messages can be communicatedmovement, I think that we can make some changes.

through the handling of animals like Mr. Suzuki

So to put it shortly, my question is why people are notis doing, or zoos can be creative to communicate

making use of scientiﬁc results in Japan, to clearly point

messages as an entire facility. Zoos should consider

out the direction that people should be heading toward,

this, but nevertheless, I also think that the media is an

because there are a lot of scientiﬁc results in developed

issue.

countries.

The media seldom focus on the true role of zoos; they
always focus on the entertaining aspects. We would○ Yoshikazu Ueno
How do you think scientists should be involved withlike the media to focus on us in diﬀerent ways. In orderzoos?

for this to happen, I think that the quality of the citizens○ Georgia Mason

needs to be raised, although I think that I am being too

It is very challenging to compile scientific data intough by saying that citizens should be increasing theirzoos. It takes a lot of money to collect data in each zoo

knowledge independently.

with a limited number of animals. If there is a fund for○ Questioner

these scientiﬁc activities, zoos may be able to procureThis is a comment regarding this discussion, but I

money from there, but normally zoos would have to pay

think that the key is that we need a scientiﬁc approach.

the costs. It is the matter of whether zoos would pay

There are zoos like Higashiyama Zoo that are being

to put their animals in a stressful position like that. So,

creative and putting out results, but on the other handI think that you are right that this is very important.

there are zoos that really make you wonder whether

Of course we have to base our practice on evidence.

they are considering the welfare of animals at all. You

Otherwise, it leads to ignorance.

mentioned that there are limitations, because the

I do agree with you that we must base ourselves on

stakeholders of zoos are public servants, but there aredata in order to look at the issue objectively and to put

places that are actually putting out results, so thoseout results regarding animals. Generally, my opinion iscan be spread as model cases. You also mentioned thatthat I agree with what you said.

those working for the local authorities should have

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

more awareness.

Because I was at a university, I will speak from

Also, you mentioned how the level of citizens, who

the perspective of universities. In the case of Japan,

vote for representatives in local authorities, need tothroughout our history, people have not recognized

be raised. Recently, I had the opportunity to speak

zoo animals as research subjects. Of course, as it waswith Mr. Nakata, the ex-governor of Yokohama City,

just mentioned, the sample is not big enough when weand I exchanged opinions with him regarding issues

consider zoo animals as research animals. Because

on animal welfare. He said that he did not see theof this, researchers tend to think that it is better toissue that way. There are citizens on many levels,

conduct research on wild animals or the research

but people are not making their judgments based onshould use controlled animals kept in laboratories as

scientiﬁc facts. People simply see the transient aspectsubjects if the idea is the same as animal experiments.

like the aspect of entertainment and the cuteness of the

So for a long time, zoo animals have been thought

animals. I think that we should follow the example of

to be unrelated to research. However, in reality,

Workshop Ⅱ Zoo Improvement/Enrichment

55understanding zoo animals is meaningful, because it

understanding on them. In this sense, I think that

may lead to the understanding of animals in the wild;

professional researchers need to break them down intoalso, as mentioned previously, zoos exist as facilities topieces to explain the contents. I think that researchers

communicate messages. So I think that we can increaseneed to put more eﬀort into these activities.

the value of zoos by handling animals in a more

I have hosted many study groups regarding zoos thatappropriate way based on scientific evidence, as you

include the general public. I think that study groups

mentioned.

like what we are doing right now can be used to put

In this way, I think that researchers should focus
more on zoos. However, in Japan, I think that this has
still not happened.

○ Questioner
For example, I think that the research results from○ Questioner

Guelph University should be spread to the general

What is the best way to take a step forward for actual

public in Japan, because I think that these are very

action? I think that everybody here agrees that agood studies. Donʼt you think so?

scientiﬁc approach is necessary.

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

Yes, as I have said just now, I think so too.

Researchers and students have long ignored zoos.

So, because I agree with you opinions, I am hosting

However, the number of young researchers using zoos

study groups in many different forms and I accept

as their field is increasing. So if these researchers

invitations for lectures to speak about these issues. In

give feedback to the zoos and a cycle like that starts

this manner, researchers are putting eﬀort into this too.

to develop, we can also get results like Dr. Mason○ Questioner

presented. If results like that are returned to zoos,

So what I have been talking about is already being

it can lead to things like what Mr. Suzuki and Mr.

conducted.

Hori presented. They were initially not connected○ Yoshikazu Ueno

to researchers, but they had communication with a

As I have been saying, there are not many researchers,

researcher in San Diego who recommended them toespecially in Japan. I think that even in other countries,

carry out enrichment. This is how the enrichment

there are not many researchers who use zoos as theirof the giant pandas started. If this type of cycle getsfields. But compared to other countries, Japan has

started, I think that zoos would improve.

even fewer researchers. There are probably less than

○ Questioner

ten researchers who use zoos as their main ﬁeld. If we

I think that in Japan when the young students become

include students, the number will slightly increase.

researchers the research results would start to beThus, because we are trying to do this with a small

publicized. Also, for the already existing model cases

population, there are many areas where we need to

we need a place that disseminates the information andput more eﬀort into. So it is not that we are not doing

we need to spread the research results to the general

anything.

public. When this is done, we can grasp the current○ Questioner

situation objectively, and we can see what is necessary

So, we are still unclear about what actions need to be

to improve the situation. So do you think that private

taken to make the actual improvement. To me, it seems

organizations should take the role of disseminating

like you are saying that it simply takes time. Is thisresearch results and information regarding alreadycorrect?

existing model cases in other developed countries?

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

It will take time.

Regarding research, I think that the citizens are very
studious so there is no problem in disseminating theinformation. However, it is difficult for citizens toread research papers themselves and gain a profound56

eﬀort into publicizing the information.

ワークショップ Ⅱ

動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際○ Questioner
So in a sense, we have to let time solve the issue?
○ Yoshikazu Ueno
No, it is not simply letting just time solve the issue.

○ Questioner

that the visitors are also looking for smell and theSince we have so many people gathered with theexcitement that we can share with the animal ‒ that is,same level of awareness, this opportunity should be

the fact that there is something living just like us, on

used to take action. To me, it seems like you are saying

the other side of the fence. To get this sensation, wethat this is the flow, so the situation will improve as

have to go to zoos, because it is impossible to go to thetime passes.

actual site, like places in Africa, where the wild animals○ Yoshikazu Ueno

actually live.

No, I am not saying that. We are not letting just time

So as a person from the general public, I would likesolve the issue, but it is a fact that the population isto feel the smell in zoos, and even if you cannot seevery small. Thus, it is true that it will take a long time.

the actual animal, I would like to have a guide who is

If we want to take quick action, the citizens need tosomebody like a professional animal behaviorist. And

put eﬀort into solving the issue as well; we need both

I would like the guide to explain, for example, that thesides of the party to serve as two wheels to accelerate

animal is on the other side of the barrier and if you

the action. At this stage it is a bit diﬃcult for just thelisten carefully, you may be able to hear the animal

researchers to try to move everything forward.

snore. I think that explanations like this would be

Staff in charge of conference room: Since there areenough to get the children that I take to zoos excited. I

many other people here today, so if there are any

think that placing guides like that will also bring out thequestions or comments, this is your opportunity now.

issue of budgeting again, but I think that this would be○ Questioner

enough to satisfy the visitors.

Thank you.

As you mentioned, I think that we should not ask the○ Yoshikazu Ueno

stakeholders of zoos to do everything. I think that we,

No problem.

citizens, are responsible for being educated that animals○ Questioner

are not all about seeing the actual thing and that they

I am involved in the field of education, and I reallyare living things that share a lot with us. It would be

like animals too, so when I go places, including places

great if visitors of zoos can visit to learn these invisible

abroad, I always go to zoos. I was at the Melbourne

aspects of animals. Zoos are the only ones that can play

Zoo in Australia most recently. There, I was only able

this role, so I would like the zoos to take on this role; I

to see about 30% of the animals that I really wanted tothink that the role of the citizens is education. We needsee. If the same thing happened in Japan, I think thatto be more knowledgeable, and we are the ones that

especially family visitors would go home upset, because

have to take action to change to media.

they could not see what they had wanted to. There

The special television programs on animals are

was a discussion on the power of media, but the media

appalling. They only increase vested interests. I thinkalso sends messages that it is the sole important thingthat we need more education, and as a citizen, I feelto actually see the animal, and they ignore all other

responsible for this. I would like to thank everybody

aspects.

for the meaningful discussion.

I forgot the name of the animal that I wanted to see;

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

I think it was something that lived in the Himalayas. I

Regarding guides that are in charge of the explanation

was there for about an hour, but I did not get to seeof animals, currently, many zoos have the cooperation

the actual animal. The only thing I saw was a ﬂash ofof volunteers to serve as guides.

its eyes on the other side of the bush, but I was very

Also, about supporting the invisibility of animals ‒impressed. So what I am thinking is that if the only

most of the times, the visitors do not agree. Mr. Suzuki,

purpose of zoos were to see the actual animals and tofrom the perspective of practice, what do you thinkexhibit the animals so that the visitors can see them, I

about this?

think that zoos would not be necessary, because now○ Tetsuya Suzuki

we have virtual technologies that can do that. I think

From the perspective of a person involved in practice,Workshop Ⅱ Zoo Improvement/Enrichment57

it helps to have places where animals cannot be seen

learn that animals are the same as us. For example,

from the visitors. However, one of the reasons why

when we see a sleeping animal, we learn that animals

we keep animals in zoos is that we want to send out

also get tired. Through this, we learn respect, welfare,messages regarding the animals. That is, we wantand empathy. I think that zoos are places where wethe visitors to see the attractiveness of the animals ‒learn these things. I think that in this sense, zoos teachelephants or Japanese cranes, or whatever the animal

us a lot of things. I wish good luck for everybody

is. Thus, in this sense, I have doubts regarding the

involved in zoos.

invisibility of animals. Also, speaking from Japanese○ Yoshikazu Ueno

values, I am not sure if people will accept not being
able to see the animals. So, I think that my approach is
to keep the exhibition so that the visitors have visible
access to animals and to do whatever we can within thisparameter. Does that answer your question?

○ Questioner
Thank you for the valuable lecture. I am a student
from Osaka Prefecture University.
There are not many people in our university who

Also, there are professional guides, and I think

are interested in zoos. We only have a few people

that hearing from an animal behaviorist would be

like this, but there are people who want to getinteresting. However, I think that it is most interesting

involved. However, currently we are only engaged infor the visitors to hear from people like zoo keepers

holding study groups and sometimes participating in

who are actually involved in practice. I think this would

symposiums. Are there plans on the side of zoos to use

be fun for children as well, so please catch a person likestudents interested in zoos to do something together?

that to ask things. I think a lot of people working on

It would be easier for students to start an activity if

the site like to tell stories, and there are very few people

zoos can tell us what kinds of things they are looking

who do not like to talk; so it would be great if visitorsfor. Please let me know if you have anything in mind.

could make use of these people.

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

○ Yoshikazu Ueno

Do you have anything to say, Mr. Hori?

What do you think about not being able to see theanimals?

○ Hidemasa Hori
For example, if I wanted to do something with the○ Georgia Mason

58

Are there any other questions and comments?

students individually, there are many organizational

It is very diﬃcult for me to comment; I think that weconstraints, and it would be very difficult. Thus,

should respect the choice of the animals when they dounfortunately, many people give up doing anything at

not want to be seen. Of course, it is a wonderful thing if

this point. These constraints from the system get in thethe animals want to be seen, and people go to zoos forway more than you can imagine.

this reason. However, if the animals do not want to be

Also, the concept of welfare has been mentioned, butseen, I think that we should not force them to be seen.

I think that this concept had not existed throughout

So, I think that sometimes, zoos have to say, “I am sorry,Japanese history. We have the word, “aigo” meaning

but the animals also have their privacy.” Some species“animal protection.” I think that this concept did not

can be very sensitive, while others do not mind being

exist in Europe. I think that the concept of “abuseseen. I think that this is an important point to consider.

prevention” exists in western cultures but the concept

If animals do not want to work, and if the animals“aigo” does not exist. Until a while ago, there was awant to take a nap, I think that their choices should be

word in Japanese, “inu-chikusho” meaning “dogs andrespected.

beasts”. I think that this is a diﬃcult word to translate○ Questioner

into English. It is a word that expresses the view that

I think that you have given me the answer that I

animals are lower beings compared to humans, andwas looking for. I forgot to say this when I asked thethe view that animals therefore should not deserve

question, but I think that when we share the experience

as much as humans. For example, even now, people

with animals, they are not simply for watching, but wefrom the older generation do not like it when we use

ワークショップ Ⅱ

動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際the expression, to “give” food to animals. You do not

not get any budget or personnel for these purposes,“give” to animals you “feed” them. I think that theseand people think that research and education are notcultural backgrounds and the social psychologicaljobs to be taken on by zoos in the ﬁrst place. So, zoos

aspects intertwine in a complicated way to affect our

do not have organizational structures that can welcome

relationship with animals. Thus, it is very difficult tostudents unconditionally. This is the constraint that I

clearly answer why we cannot take a scientiﬁc approach

was talking about; we can only work with students if itwith our management of animals.

does not inhibit our duties. It is very diﬃcult to actively○ Yoshikazu Ueno

engage in research and education in collaboration with

Did that answer your question? We are going overtime, but we can stay for a little while, so we can takesome more questions.
○ Questioner
I am a third year student at the Nippon Veterinary
and Life Science University.

universities.
○ Yoshikazu Ueno
I think that we can take one more question.
○ Questioner
I am a faculty at a pet academy.
Listening to the lectures on enrichment, I thought

It may be impolite for a student to ask questions, butthat people here are actively engaged in such activities.

Mr. Hori just mentioned that he actually considered

However, I think that there are differences depending

doing something with students at the zoo. I would likeon where the zoos are located and how interested

to know what kind of activities you were considering.

the zoos are. I think that some zoos are carrying out○ Hidemasa Horienrichment, while others are not.

Before coming to Ueno Zoo, I was at an aquarium

As mentioned in the beginning, people suggested Ueno

for a long time. I was at an aquarium for seven year.

Zoo that they make improvements because pandas were

At that time, there was a student who wanted toexpressing stereotypic behaviors. Like this, in Japanese

conduct a research with zoo animals for their seniorzoos, are zoos able to make suggestions to other zoos

thesis. I was in charge of the penguins then, so I

in their vicinity? If this is already done, I would like tosuggested that the students do a research on vocal

know how it is done.

communication of penguins ‒ that is, communication○ Yoshikazu Ueno

of information through their voices. I exchanged

Do you mean the details of the kind of enrichments

opinions with the professor of these students, andthat are carried out?

we talked about conducting such research for three○ Questioner

years using three students. This is how I collaborated

I mean, how methods of enrichments are being

with the students. We were able to make this happen,

communicated. What kinds of activities there are to do

because the professor recognized that collaborating

this.

with an aquarium was valuable from the perspective of○ Yoshikazu Ueno

research and education. As it was mentioned earlier,

As Mr. Suzuki mentioned, like the zoo keepers insome people think that animals kept by people arecharge of the elephants, zoo keepers in charge of

inappropriate and lack value as research subjects fordifferent animals would have places where they canbiology, so I think that the attitude of the researchers

gather with their own kind to exchange opinions, soand educators play a big role in making something likethese meetings will be opportunities for these activities.

this happen.

However, as mentioned previously, even if theOn the other hand, zoos in Tokyo are under theindividual is interested and wants to carry it out, that

Department of Greenificat ion in the Bureau ofdoes not necessarily mean that the zoo would accept

Construction, in Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Thus,

the suggestion from the individual to carry it out. So

the management and the operation of zoos fall underI think that in current conditions, it would be diﬃcult

parks and greenification. So education and researchto spread the activities ‒ that is, it would be difficult

have nothing to do with zoos. Because of this, we dofor zoos to copy what is putting out results in otherWorkshop Ⅱ Zoo Improvement/Enrichment

59zoos and as a result, spreading the activity in this way.
Please.

Thus, the issue becomes how we understand animals○ Questioner

from this perspective. We need to develop our culture

Dr. Mason, are the zoos in your country private or

into one in which we can consider our responsibilities

public?

of understanding animals as citizens and human beings.

○ Georgia Mason

This is how I think about the issue as a person who

I am British, but I live in Canada, so I have two homecountries.
and some are operated by cities. I do not know a lot
about the situation in Canada, so I cannot say.
However, I think that the majority of the zoos are
private.
○ Questioner
I think that the diﬀerence between Japan and the U.K.
can be attributed to this.
○ Georgia Mason
Well, to tell you the truth, I do not know. This is avery diﬃcult question so I cannot say. How the animals
come to zoos and why people go to zoos are very
profound questions. I think that cultural differences
also play a role.
○ Questioner
So it is not a simple issue. I understand.
○ Yoshikazu Ueno
Is there anything anybody wants to really ask as a last
question?
The person in the back, I apologize, but please keep
your question short.
○ Questioner
I am a third year student at Teikyo University of
Science. Thank you for the lecture.
I am talking on a very large scale, but does it meanthat improvements may be made if we can change thecountry? Do you think that that is the case?
○ Yoshikazu Ueno
It is not really the country. It is the difference in
culture. So if we are able to change the culturalcontext as well, we might be able to make a diﬀerence.
However, since this is impossible, we should change
what we can within our values. In a sense, science
provides us an objective perspective. How we accept
science becomes a cultural issue and issues regarding
our values. However, science gives us a diﬀerent way oflooking at things compared to these other facets. This

ワークショップ Ⅱ

has been studying animal welfare and bioethics inuniversity.

In the U.K. zoos take many forms. Some are private

60

is why we refer to science as something objective.

動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際

I think people still have things they want to ask. If
there are any questions, please ask them individually.
I would like to close the workshop now. Thank youvery much.