Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

CHAPTER 9:

PublicOpinionCHAPTER 9:

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Public Opinion

Preview
Overview

3

Chapter Highlights

4

9.1 Survey Data

5

Global Public Opinion

5

AI Products and Services

5

AI and Jobs

10

AI and Livelihood

12

Attitudes on ChatGPT14

AI Concerns

17

U.S. Public Opinion

18

9.2 Social Media Data

20

Dominant Models

20Highlight: AI-Related Social Media
Discussion in 2023

Appendix

22

24

ACCESS THE PUBLIC DATA

2

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

CHAPTER 9:

Public Opinion

Overview
As AI becomes increasingly ubiquitous, it is important to understand how public
perceptions regarding the technology evolve. Understanding this public opinion is vital inbetter anticipating AI’s societal impacts and how the integration of the technology may
differ across countries and demographic groups.
This chapter examines public opinion on AI through global, national, demographic, andethnic perspectives. It draws upon several data sources: longitudinal survey data from Ipsos
profiling global AI attitudes over time, survey data from the University of Toronto exploring
public perception of ChatGPT, and data from Pew examining American attitudes regarding
AI. The chapter concludes by analyzing mentions of significant AI models on Twitter, using
data from Quid.

3

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

CHAPTER 9:

Public Opinion

Chapter Highlights
1. People across the globe are more cognizant of AI’s potential impact—and more nervous.
A survey from Ipsos shows that, over the last year, the proportion of those who think AI will dramatically affecttheir lives in the next three to five years has increased from 60% to 66%. Moreover, 52% express nervousness
toward AI products and services, marking a 13 percentage point rise from 2022. In America, Pew data suggeststhat 52% of Americans report feeling more concerned than excited about AI, rising from 38% in 2022.

2. AI sentiment in Western nations continues to be low, but is slowly improving. In 2022,
several developed Western nations, including Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Canada, andthe United States, were among the least positive about AI products and services. Since then, each of thesecountries has seen a rise in the proportion of respondents acknowledging the benefits of AI, with the Netherlands
experiencing the most significant shift.

3. The public is pessimistic about AI’s economic impact. In an Ipsos survey, only 37% of
respondents feel AI will improve their job. Only 34% anticipate AI will boost the economy, and 32% believe it will
enhance the job market.

4. Demographic differences emerge regarding AI optimism. Significant demographic
differences exist in perceptions of AI’s potential to enhance livelihoods, with younger generations generally
more optimistic. For instance, 59% of Gen Z respondents believe AI will improve entertainment options,versus only 40% of baby boomers. Additionally, individuals with higher incomes and education levels are more
optimistic about AI’s positive impacts on entertainment, health, and the economy than their lower-income andless-educated counterparts.

5. ChatGPT is widely known and widely used. An international survey from the University of Toronto
suggests that 63% of respondents are aware of ChatGPT. Of those aware, around half report using ChatGPT atleast once weekly.

4Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

9.1 Survey Data
Global Public Opinion

near future, while 54% believe AI’s benefits surpass

This section explores global differences in AI opinions

companies’ data-protection capabilities.

its drawbacks. About half of the respondents trust AI

through surveys conducted by Ipsos in 2022 and 2023.
These surveys reveal that public perceptions of AI vary
widely across countries and demographic groups.

The figure also contrasts Ipsos survey responses
from 2022 and 2023, highlighting a shift in public
AI sentiment following the release of ChatGPT—amilestone in public AI recognition. Over the last

AI Products and Services
In 2023, Ipsos ran a survey on global attitudes toward AI

year, there has been a noticeable 6 percentage point

products and services. The survey consisted of interviews

increase in those who think AI will dramatically affectwith 22,816 adults ages 16 to 74 in 31 countries.1

their lives in the next three to five years. Moreover,Figure 9.1.1 shows the percentage of respondents
who agree with specific statements. A significant
66% anticipate AI will greatly change their lives in the

52% now express nervousness toward AI products andservices, marking a 13 percentage point rise from 2022.
The public across the globe is becoming increasingly
cognizant of and nervous about AI’s growing impact.

Global opinions on products and services using AI (% of total), 2022 vs. 2023

Source: Ipsos, 2022–23 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

67%

I have a good understanding of what
arti cial intelligence is

64%

Products and services using arti cialintelligence will profoundly change
my daily life in the next 3–5 years

66%
60%

Products and services using arti cialintelligence have more bene ts thandrawbacks

54%
52%

I know which types of products andservices use arti cial intelligence

51%
50%

I trust companies that use arti cialintelligence as much as I trust othercompanies

52%
50%

Products and services using arti cialintelligence have profoundly changed
my daily life in the past 3–5 years

49%
49%
52%

Products and services using arti cialintelligence make me nervous

39%

I trust arti cial intelligence to notdiscriminate or show bias towards
any group of people

56%

2023

I trust that companies that use
arti cial intelligence will protect
my personal data

0%

2022

50%

10%

20%

30%
40%
% of respondents that “Agree”

50%

60%

70%
Figure 9.1.1

1 See Appendix for more details about the survey methodology. The survey was conducted from May to June 2023.

Chapter 9 Preview

5Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Perceptions of AI’s benefits versus drawbacks varydeveloped Western nations, including Germany,

considerably by country, according to the Ipsos survey.

the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Canada, and

78% of Indonesian, 74% of Thai, and 73% of Mexican

the United States, were among the least positive

respondents view AI products and services as more

about AI products and services. Since then, each of

beneficial than harmful (Figure 9.1.2). In contrast, only

these countries has seen a rise in the proportion of

37% of Americans agree with this perspective. Amongrespondents acknowledging the benefits of AI, withthe 31 countries surveyed, the United States and France

the Netherlands experiencing the most significant

exhibited the most skepticism.

shift. By 2023, 43% of Dutch respondents viewed AI

Attitudes toward AI are becoming more positive incountries that were previously critical. In 2022, several

Chapter 9 Preview

products and services positively, up from 33% theprevious year.

6Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

‘Products and services using AI have more bene ts than drawbacks,’ by country (% of total), 2022 vs. 2023

‘Products
and 2024
services
Source: Ipsos,
2022–23 | Chart:
AI Indexusing
report AI have more benets than drawbacks,’ by country (% of total), 2022 vs. 2023

Source: Ipsos, 2022–23 | Chart: 2024 AI Index reportIndonesia

Mexico Mexico

73%

65%

Malaysia

69%

65%

67%

Peru
Turkey70%

Turkey65%

India

62%71%

64%

Brazil

Italy

Japan

50%

Hungary

Netherlands
Germany

Australia

37%

Netherlands Sweden

33%

CanadaAustralia
France

31%
10%

20%

30%

United States

2023
2022

37%
37%

40%

39%

40% 40%50%% of respondents that “Agree”

60%

70%

80%

Figure 9.1.2

39%
38%

Belgium
Canada

42%
40%

37%
35%

United States

43%

39%
40%

38%

32%

44%

40%

39%
38%
37%

Germany Belgium

Chapter 9 Preview

46%

38%
40%

Ireland

0%

47%
48%

42%

37%

Great Britain

53%

48%
49%

43%

33%

PolandSweden

50%

44%

55%

52%

46%

New Zealand
Hungary

Ireland53%

42%47%
48%
38%

63%

57%
55%

50%

48%
49%

Poland

59%

52%

42%

Spain
Great Britain

New Zealand

55%

50%

Japan

63%

59%
57%

57%
55%

Spain

Italy

61%

59%

Chile

South AfricaArgentina

Argentina

64%

59% 57%57%

South Africa

Chile

64%

61%

Romania

Romania

71%

65%
64%

Colombia

57%

66%

65%

64%

Singapore

70%

67%

65%
64%

IndiaColombia

Brazil

67%

66%
60%

62%

Singapore

69%

67%

60%

South Korea

73%

65%

65%

Peru

South Korea

74%

74%

Thailand Thailand

Malaysia

78%

78%

Indonesia

32%

38%
37%
35%
37%

2023
2022

7

Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Figure 9.1.3 shows responses to Ipsos’ survey on

Conversely, Japanese respondents show the least

AI products and services by country. Indonesian

understanding of AI (43%) and also report the lowest

respondents are notably optimistic: 84% claim a solid

level of nervousness about AI (23%). Meanwhile,

understanding of AI, 79% believe AI will significantly

Thai respondents exhibit the highest trust in AI’schange their lives in the next three to five years, and 75%

impartiality, believing it will not discriminate or show

express excitement about AI products and services.

bias toward any group.

Opinions about AI by country (% agreeing with statement), 2023
Source: Ipsos, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

I have a good understanding of what
67% 59% 56% 74% 59% 70% 73% 58% 61% 64% 73% 64% 84% 58% 53% 43% 65% 75% 71% 62% 73% 69% 77% 67% 78% 76% 66% 67% 78% 73% 67%
arti cial intelligence is
Products and services using arti cialintelligence will profoundly change 64% 62% 52% 70% 54% 71% 67% 51% 56% 58% 62% 65% 79% 53% 63% 65% 78% 71% 63% 61% 76% 59% 73% 78% 70% 82% 61% 55% 79% 81% 57%
my daily life in the next 3–5 years
I trust arti cial intelligence to notdiscriminate or show bias towards 61% 44% 41% 66% 44% 60% 61% 37% 47% 47% 66% 66% 76% 41% 59% 43% 68% 72% 42% 45% 72% 59% 63% 63% 65% 55% 51% 33% 83% 63% 38%
any group of people
Products and services using arti cialintelligence have more bene ts than 57% 40% 39% 64% 38% 59% 65% 37% 42% 46% 48% 65% 78% 40% 55% 52% 69% 73% 43% 44% 67% 47% 61% 64% 59% 66% 50% 39% 74% 67% 37%
drawbacks
Products and services using arti cial
46% 40% 35% 66% 37% 51% 62% 36% 43% 42% 45% 66% 75% 38% 50% 51% 74% 74% 42% 43% 72% 50% 62% 65% 59% 76% 50% 32% 80% 74% 36%
intelligence make me excited
I trust companies that use arti cialintelligence as much as I trust other 52% 42% 39% 60% 39% 51% 56% 37% 45% 45% 46% 67% 69% 39% 53% 44% 70% 66% 44% 43% 60% 50% 62% 57% 55% 55% 49% 42% 73% 65% 36%
companies
Products and services using arti cial
46% 69% 50% 51% 63% 54% 45% 52% 46% 65% 46% 58% 48% 62% 50% 23% 55% 48% 50% 63% 47% 38% 50% 53% 53% 44% 51% 53% 57% 54% 63%
intelligence make me nervous
I know which types of products and
44% 38% 35% 62% 38% 58% 53% 37% 39% 43% 37% 62% 76% 36% 50% 38% 68% 61% 42% 35% 65% 46% 62% 57% 60% 68% 46% 36% 73% 71% 35%
services use arti cial intelligence
I trust that companies that use
arti cial intelligence will protect 45% 38% 41% 56% 34% 44% 53% 32% 44% 42% 60% 64% 68% 38% 59% 32% 61% 66% 47% 42% 60% 55% 61% 54% 58% 40% 49% 39% 72% 57% 32%
my personal data

United States

TurkeySwedenThailandSpain

South Korea

South Africa

Singapore

PolandRomania

Peru

Netherlands

New Zealand

MexicoMalaysia

Italy

Japan

Ireland

India

Indonesia

Hungary

Great Britain

FranceGermany

Chile

Colombia

CanadaBrazilBelgium

Australia

Argentina

Products and services using arti cialintelligence have profoundly changed 45% 40% 31% 63% 34% 54% 54% 32% 33% 34% 36% 63% 72% 31% 44% 36% 71% 66% 36% 35% 65% 46% 54% 64% 57% 73% 41% 31% 72% 63% 34%
my daily life in the past 3–5 years

Figure 9.1.3

Chapter 9 Preview

8Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

A large majority of the countries surveyed by Ipsos in(24 percentage points), France (19), Chile (18), and2022 were surveyed again in 2023, enabling cross-

Australia (18).

year comparisons. Figure 9.1.4 highlights the year-over-

Likewise, except for South Africa, all countries in theyear percentage point change in answers to particularsurvey sample are now more inclined to believe that

AI-related questions. For every country surveyed

AI will significantly impact their lives in the next three

in both 2022 and 2023, an increase was reported

to five years. The highest increase of 12 percentage

in the degree to which AI products make people

points was reported in Japan, Great Britain, Germany,

nervous. The sharpest increases were reported in Italy

and Australia.

Percentage point change in opinions about AI by country (% agreeing with statement), 2022–23

Source: Ipsos, 2022–23 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

6%

11%

3%

4%

1%

6% -2%

3%

2%

6% 12% 12% 7%

11% 12% 6%

5% 10% 5%

3%

3%

4%

7%

5%

4%

3% -2% 6%

5%

5%

8%

11%

4% -3% -1%

7%2%-1% -1%

8%

3%

1%

8%

13% 3% 16% 6%

11%

2%

2%

7%

6% -4%

1%

6%

5%

8%

-1%

4% 10% 5%

8% 10% -3% -1%

I trust companies that use arti cialintelligence as much as I trust other -3% 6%
companies-1%

9%5% -5% 0%

3%

3%

9%

-1%

5%

6%

6%

Products and services using arti cial
14% 18% 9% 16% 14% 18% 6% 19% 9% 16% 14% 24% 3%
intelligence make me nervous

0%

1%

2%

3%

5%

6%

4% -3% 0%

2%

Italy

Japan

Malaysia

MexicoPoland2%

1%

2% -6% 2%

Peru

2%

Hungary

1%

Netherlands

Products and services using arti cialintelligence have profoundly changed -8% 4% -6% 12% 2% -4% -5% -1%
my daily life in the past 3–5 years
France-1%

Colombia

7%

Chile

5%

Canada4%

Brazil0%Belgium

6%

Australia

2%

Great Britain

7% 10% 14% 12%-1% -9% 3%

Argentina

1%

7%

Germany

I know which types of products-3% -1% -3% 4%
and services use AI

9%

0%

8%

0%

3%

0%

-1%

11% -4%

1%

11% -8%1%

3% -2%
United States

7%

TurkeyProducts and services using arti cialintelligence have more bene ts than 2%
drawbacks

11%

SwedenProducts and services using arti cialintelligence will profoundly change 4% 12% 0% 10% 11%
my daily life in the next 3–5 years

9%

Spain

-1% -6% 2%

South Korea

0% -4% 5%South Africa

I have a good understanding of what3%
arti cial intelligence isFigure 9.1.4

Chapter 9 Preview

9Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

AI and Jobs
This year’s Ipsos survey included more questions aboutof respondents think AI is likely to change how they

how people perceive AI’s impact on their current jobs.

perform their current job within the next five years,

Figure 9.1.5 illustrates the various global perspectives

and 36% fear AI may replace their job in the sameon the expected impact of AI on employment. 57%

time frame.

Global opinions on the impact of AI on current jobs, 2023
Source: Ipsos, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

LikelyDon’t know

AI will change how you do yourcurrent job in the next 5 years

AI will replace your current job
in the next 5 years

0%

Not likely

57%

36%

20%

8%

8%

40%

35%

56%

% of respondents

60%

80%

100%

Figure 9.1.5

Chapter 9 Preview

10Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Opinions on whether AI will significantly impact anSpecifically, 66% of Gen Z compared to 46% of

individual’s job vary significantly across demographic

boomer respondents agree with the statement thatgroups (Figure 9.1.6). Younger generations, such as

AI will likely affect their current jobs. Additionally,

Gen Z and millennials, are more inclined to agree

individuals with higher incomes, more education, andthat AI will change how they do their jobs compareddecision-making roles are more likely to foresee AI

to older generations like Gen X and baby boomers.

impacting their current employment.

Global opinions on the impact of AI on current jobs by demographic group, 2023

Source: Ipsos, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

70%
58%

61%
55%

56%

53%

50%

56%

61%

60%
52%

54%

51%

46%

40%
30%
20%

Gender

Generation

Household income

EducationNo

Yes

Higher education

Medium education

Lower education

Upper income

Middle income

Lower income

BoomerGen X

Millennial

Gen Z

0%

Female10%

Male% of respondents

60%

68%

66%

Decision-maker
Figure 9.1.6

Chapter 9 Preview

11Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

AI and Livelihood
The Ipsos survey explored the impact respondents

and 37% think it will improve their job. Only 34%

believe AI will have on various aspects of their lives,

anticipate AI will boost the economy, and just 32%

such as health and entertainment. On topics like time

believe it will enhance the job market.

management and entertainment, the majority viewed

Similar to questions about AI products and services,

AI positively (Figure 9.1.7). For instance, 54% of global

responses showed intracountry consistency, withrespondents agree that AI will improve the efficiency

Japanese, Swedes, and Americans generallyof their tasks, and 51% believe AI will enhance

pessimistic about AI’s potential to improveentertainment options like TV, movies, music, andlivelihoods, whereas Brazilians, Indonesians, andbooks. However, skepticism was more prominent in

Mexicans were more optimistic.

other areas. Only 39% feel AI will benefit their health,Global opinions on the potential of AI improving life by country, 2023
Source: Ipsos, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

The amount of time it takes
54% 62% 44% 39% 67% 39% 60% 65% 45% 37% 46% 54% 57% 72% 42% 48% 33% 62% 68% 55% 50% 70% 48% 51% 64% 71% 61% 48% 38% 71% 62% 46%
me to get things done
My entertainment options(television/video content, 51% 63% 43% 37% 64% 42% 63% 64% 32% 39% 45% 41% 57% 71% 44% 45% 33% 57% 68% 50% 47% 71% 40% 46% 57% 66% 54% 51% 37% 68% 60% 40%
movies, music, books)

My health 39% 47% 29% 28% 55% 29% 47% 50% 37% 25% 33% 28% 50% 58% 29% 37% 16% 49% 61% 30% 31% 55% 23% 43% 40% 49% 38% 33% 25% 56% 47% 32%

My job 37% 36% 30% 21% 55% 25% 36% 41% 26% 23% 32% 24% 48% 62% 24% 32% 19% 47% 52% 25% 30% 56% 30% 30% 41% 51% 23% 27% 28% 66% 47% 28%

The economy in my country 34% 28% 26% 18% 51% 20% 31% 40% 24% 27% 31% 25% 54% 58% 25% 29% 22% 50% 48% 27% 28% 46% 29% 34% 50% 39% 34% 25% 21% 62% 39% 23%

TurkeyUnited States

Thailand

Spain

SwedenSouth Korea

South Africa

Romania

Singapore

Peru

PolandNetherlands

New Zealand

MexicoJapan

Malaysia

Italy

IrelandIndonesia

India

Hungary

Great Britain

FranceGermany

Colombia

Chile

BrazilCanadaBelgium

Australia

GlobalArgentina

The job market 32% 38% 20% 18% 49% 19% 32% 38% 21% 20% 21% 24% 49% 50% 22% 30% 22% 39% 54% 23% 22% 54% 26% 33% 37% 38% 17% 23% 21% 53% 50% 21%

Figure 9.1.7

Chapter 9 Preview

12Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Significant demographic differences also exist inentertainment, health, and the economy compared toperceptions of AI’s potential to enhance livelihoods,

their lower-income and less-educated counterparts.

with younger generations generally expressing greater

In general, members of Gen Z, those in higher

optimism. For instance, 59% of Gen Z respondents

income brackets, and those with more education are

believe AI will improve entertainment options,the most optimistic about AI’s potential to improve

versus only 40% of baby boomers. Additionally,

life, while those from the boomer generation, lower

individuals with higher incomes and education levels

income brackets, and with less education are theare more optimistic about AI’s positive impacts onleast optimistic.

Global opinions on the potential of AI improving life by demographic group, 2023
53%

63%

57%

52%

43%

47%

53%

61%

46%

53%

60%

56%

50%

My entertainment options(television/video content,
movies, music, books)

52%

51%

59%

55%

51%

40%

47%

51%

57%

47%

51%

55%

54%

47%

My health

42%

36%

46%

42%

37%

30%

34%

40%

43%

35%

39%

41%

41%

35%

My job

38%

35%

46%

41%

31%

26%

33%

36%

41%

34%

35%

40%

0%

0%

The economy in my country

37%

31%

40%

38%

31%

26%

32%

35%

38%

30%

33%

38%

37%

29%

The job market

34%

30%

39%

36%

28%

23%

31%

32%

34%

30%

32%

33%

34%

28%

FemaleGen Z

Millennial

Gen X

BoomerLower income

Middle income

Upper income

Lower education

Medium education

Higher education

Gender

Generation

Household income

Education

Nonemployed55%

Employed

The amount of time it takes me
to get things done

MaleSource: Ipsos, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Employment status

Figure 9.1.8

Chapter 9 Preview

13Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Attitudes on ChatGPT

Toronto. In October and November 2023, researchers

Many argue that the launch of ChatGPT by OpenAIfrom SRI and PEARL conducted a 21-country survey

in November 2022 was a watershed moment inexamining global attitudes toward AI.

familiarizing the public with AI. While AI encompasses
much more than ChatGPT or LLMs, the prominenceof ChatGPT as one of the most well-known AI
tools makes gauging public sentiment toward it aninteresting approach for better understanding broader
opinions on AI.
Global Public Opinion on Artificial Intelligence(GPO-AI) is a report created by the Schwartz
Reisman Institute for Technology and Society (SRI)in collaboration with the Policy, Elections andRepresentation Lab (PEARL) at the Munk School of
Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University ofChapter 9 Preview

Figure 9.1.9 explores the extent of global publicawareness of ChatGPT. Among global respondents,
63% claim awareness of ChatGPT. Countries with thehighest awareness rates include India (82%), Kenya(81%), Indonesia (76%), and Pakistan (76%). Polandreported the lowest awareness, at 43%.
Figure 9.1.10 highlights how frequently respondents
who report being familiar with ChatGPT use the tool.
Globally, 17% of users utilize it daily, 36% weekly, and
16% monthly. India (36%), Pakistan (28%), and Kenya(27%) report the highest levels of daily usage.

14

Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Global awareness of ChatGPT (% of total), 2023
Source: Global Public Opinion on Arti cial Intelligence (GPO-AI), 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Yes

UnsureNo

Global63%

Argentina

7%67%

Australia

30%
7%

60%

26%

5%

36%

Brazil

64%

7%

30%

Canada

64%

7%

28%

Chile

52%

11%

38%

China

60%

9%

France

60%

7%

33%

Germany

60%

7%

33%

India

82%

Indonesia

6%

52%

8%

Japan

17%

41%

61%

12%

Kenya

15%

3%

76%

Italy

27%

81%

Mexico

17%

58%

10%

Pakistan
Poland

31%

31%

76%

43%

Portugal

6%

16%

41%

59%

South Africa

18%

7%

34%

69%

7%

24%

Spain

61%

6%

32%

United Kingdom

61%

6%

32%

United States
0%

55%

20%

7%

40%

60%

39%

80%

100%

% of respondents

Figure 9.1.9

Chapter 9 Preview

15Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Global usage frequency of ChatGPT (% of total), 2023
Source: Global Public Opinion on Arti cial Intelligence (GPO-AI), 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Daily
Global9%Australia

8%

36%

38%

9%

15%

20%

39%
39%

20%

10%

11%

United Kingdom

10%

United States
0%

13%

42%

31%

22%

44%

18%

44%

35%

21%

35%

16%

28%

30%
38%

20%
27%

20%

25%
16%

14%

27%

18%

18%

19%
34%

13%

Spain

42%

42%

28%

Portugal

39%

20%

13%

10%

30%

17%

27%

15%

11%

35%
32%

Poland

10%

39%

9%

12%

43%

36%

6%

34%

19%

32%

PakistanSouth Africa

18%

27%

Kenya

36%

49%

12%

India

27%

20%

39%

Indonesia

36%
14%

24%

FranceMexico

17%

30%

9%

30%
37%

38%

13%

China

Japan

16%
20%

21%

CanadaItaly

Rarely33%

BrazilGermanyMonthly17%

Argentina

Chile

Weekly

42%
21%

40%

34%

60%

80%

100%

% of respondents

Figure 9.1.10

Chapter 9 Preview

16Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

AI Concerns

purposes (49%), its impact on jobs (49%), and

GPO-AI also reported on respondents’ AI-related

its potential to violate citizens’ privacy (45%). In

concerns. Figure 9.1.11 presents the percentage ofcontrast, global citizens were comparatively lesssurvey respondents who expressed concern about

concerned about issues of unequal access to AI

11 specific impacts. Globally, individuals were most(26%), AI’s potential for bias and discrimination

concerned about AI being misused for nefarious(24%), and their own ability to use AI (22%).

Global concerns on the impacts of AI in the next few years, 2023
63%

45%

46%

52%

56%

39%

44%

57%

34%

66%

47%

52%

34%

52%

31%

51%

62%

47%

58%

48%

43%

Impact of AI49%
on jobs

53%

45%

47%

49%

58%

39%

43%

42%

48%

59%

40%

36%

54%

54%

51%

37%

57%

68%

49%

49%

43%

Violation of45%
citizens’ privacy

53%

45%

46%

48%

57%

39%

43%

44%

35%

46%

40%

33%

34%

43%

31%

49%

57%

55%

53%

40%

43%

Dehumanization of41%
services

52%

43%

44%

49%

54%

22%

51%

40%

28%

28%

42%

38%

37%

47%

21%

27%

59%

49%

54%

44%

39%

Lack of transparency
34%
in decision-making

35%

42%

35%

38%

35%

27%

30%

33%

36%

36%

31%

24%

36%

33%

28%

32%

41%

47%

35%

35%

32%

Impact of AI
33%
on education

32%

28%

33%

34%

33%

26%

28%

27%

41%

35%

24%

25%

47%

30%

43%

28%

37%

43%

33%

27%

27%

Ethical implications 30%

32%

38%

28%

37%

34%

25%

22%

27%

32%

23%

25%

24%

33%

29%

23%

25%

37%

30%

34%

35%

32%

Accuracy of results
28%
and analysis

23%

38%

18%

32%

24%

24%

23%

24%

39%

30%

20%

29%

43%

25%

34%

20%

22%

38%

20%

31%

30%

Uneven access
26%
to AI

35%

21%

35%

24%

32%

23%

23%

23%

29%

29%

19%

27%

22%

30%

19%

20%

32%

28%

28%

18%

19%

Potential for bias
24%
and discrimination

20%

34%

26%

30%

23%

20%

17%

22%

29%

33%

18%

18%

28%

23%

18%

16%

27%

29%

24%

32%

26%

My own ability
22%
to use AI

22%

18%

20%

18%

24%

18%

19%

16%

36%

30%

17%

16%

33%

27%

31%

14%

22%

29%

18%

19%

19%

Australia

BrazilCanada

Chile

China

FranceGermany

India

Indonesia

Italy

Japan

Kenya

MexicoPakistan

PolandPortugal

South Africa

Spain

United Kingdom

United States

GlobalMisuse/use for49%
nefarious purposes

Argentina

Source: Global Public Opinion on Arti cial Intelligence (GPO-AI), 2024 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Figure 9.1.11

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17Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Americans’ feelings toward increased use of AI
in daily life (% of total), 2021–23

U.S. Public Opinion

Source: Pew Research, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Since 2021, Pew Research Center has been

More excited than concerned

investigating sentiment toward AI in the United

Equally concerned and excitedMore concerned than excited

100%

States. They received 11,000 responses to their mostrecent 2023 survey.

37%

80%

38%

Figure 9.1.12 shows that over the last year, Americans
AI in their daily lives. In 2021 and 2022, only 37% and
38% of Americans, respectively, reported feelingmore concerned than excited about AI technology.
By 2023, this figure had risen to 52%, indicating that% of respondents

have grown increasingly concerned about the use of

52%
60%
18%

15%
10%

40%

20%

45%

46%

2021

2022

36%

a majority of Americans now feel more concerned
than excited about AI technology.

0%

2023
Figure 9.1.12

Pew also surveyed Americans’ opinions on whether they believed AI helped or hindered in specific contexts(Figure 9.1.13). Respondents reported that AI was more likely to be beneficial, particularly in assisting people tofind products or services online, with 49% expressing this view. However, 53% of respondents indicated that AI
was more likely to be detrimental than beneficial in safeguarding personal information privacy.

Americans’ opinions of whether AI helps or hurts in speci c settings (% of total), 2023

Source: Pew Research, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Helps more than it hurts
People nding products, services
they are interested in online

Not sure

Hurts more than it helps

49%

35%

Doctors providing quality careto patients

37%

42%

Companies making safe cars
and trucks

37%

44%

People nding accurate
information online

33%

People taking care of their health33%

Companies providing quality
customer service

People keeping their personal
information private
0%

19%
27%

47%

19%

37%

24%

34%

49%

10%

26%

37%
20%

53%
40%

60%
% of respondents

Chapter 9 Preview

20%

40%

28%

Police maintaining public safety

15%

80%

100%
Figure 9.1.13

18

Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.1 Survey Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Pew further segmented the data by educationlevel degrees are more likely to report that AI canlevel (Figure 9.1.14). Across various use categories,

significantly aid doctors in delivering quality care to

Americans with higher education levels are morepatients and assist people in discovering products

likely to believe in AI’s potential to help rather thanand services online that interest them.

harm. For instance, individuals with college or higher-

Di erences in Americans’ view of AI’s impact by education level (% of total), 2023
Source: Pew Research, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

People nding products and services they are interested in online
College degree+

60%

Some college or less

27%

44%

0%

39%

17%

50%

100%

Companies making safe cars and trucks
College degree+

Some college or less

45%

33%

0%

40%

46%

100%

36%

36%

49%

24%

23%

49%

27%

50%

46%

100%

32%

0%

38%

People keeping their personal information private
32%

0%

100%

50%

41%

23%

50%

50%

100%

People taking care of their health

16%

44%

59%

39%

Doctors providing quality care to patients

20%

50%

27%

0%

15%

People nding accurate information online
College degree+

Police maintaining public safety

29%

0%

42%

50%

16%

20%

50%

100%

Companies providing quality customer service

28%

34%

33%

33%

Help
Some college or less

31%

0%

42%

50%

26%

25%

100%

0%

39%

Not sure

35%

50%

Hurt
100%

% of respondents
Figure 9.1.14

Chapter 9 Preview

19Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.2 Social Media Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

9.2 Social Media Data
Dominant Models

sentiment score expresses the ratio of positive tonegative sentiment around a given topic. A net

Public attitudes toward AI can be assessed throughsentiment score of +100 means that all conversation

both quantitative and qualitative analyses ofis positive; a score of -100 means that all conversation

posts made on social media. Quid analyzed social

is negative. Many models released in 2023 received

conversations surrounding AI models across various

positive social media sentiment. Some of the models

sectors from January to December 2023, examiningthat garnered the highest degree of positive attention

over 7 million social media posts.

were GraphCast, a new AI-powered weather

Figure 9.2.1 shows the net sentiment score of various

forecasting system from DeepMind, and Claude 2.1,

AI models released throughout the year. The net

one of Anthropic’s most recent LLMs.

Net sentiment score of AI models by quarter, 2023
Source: Quid, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

2023/Q1

2023/Q2

2023/Q3

2023/Q4

Stable Di�usion

40

37

53

45

Copilot

56

66

73

67

GPT-4

42

48

51

44

PaLM 2

NaN

62

66

75

DALL-E 3

NaN

NaN

74

72

Mistral 7B

NaN

NaN

92

56

Grok

NaN

NaN

NaN

57

GPT-4 Turbo

NaN

NaN

NaN

68

Whisper V3

NaN

NaN

NaN

83

GraphCast

NaN

NaN

NaN

94

Claude 2.1

NaN

NaN

NaN

87

Stable Video Di�usion

NaN

NaN

NaN

66

Orca 2

NaN

NaN

NaN

83

In�ection-2

NaN

NaN

NaN

81

Gemini

NaN

NaN

NaN

36

Midjourney v6

NaN

NaN

NaN

71
Figure 9.2.1

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20Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.2 Social Media Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Figure 9.2.2 highlights the proportion of AI-related

the fourth quarter of 2023, GPT-4 still captured 45%

social media conversation that was dominated by theof social media attention. Other models that garnered

release of particular models. GPT-4 remained a dom-significant attention included Grok, Stable Diffusion,

inant topic of consumer conversation throughout theand Gemini.

2

year. Despite the release of numerous new models bySelect models’ share of AI social media attention by quarter, 2023
Source: Quid, 2023 | Chart: 2024 AI Index report

Stable Di�usion

2023/Q1

2023/Q2

2023/Q3

2023/Q4

46%

21%

24%

12%

Copilot

0%

1%

1%

1%

GPT-4

53%

71%

62%

45%

PaLM 2

NaN%

5%

4%

2%

DALL-E 3

NaN%

NaN%

3%

7%

Mistral 7B

NaN%

NaN%

0%

2%

Grok

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

16%

GPT-4 Turbo

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

2%

Whisper V3

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

0%

GraphCast

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

0%

Claude 2.1

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

2%

Stable Video Di�usion

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

0%

Orca 2

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

0%

In�ection-2

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

0%

Gemini

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

11%

Midjourney v6

NaN%

NaN%

NaN%

0%
Figure 9.2.2

2 The figures in this section consider all AI-related social media conversation. The percentage associated with a model in a quarter in Figure 9.2.2 represents the share of all AI-related social
media conversation in that quarter that was concerned with that model.

Chapter 9 Preview

21Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.2 Social Media Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Highlight:

AI-Related Social Media Discussion in 2023
The following section, featuring data from Quid,

In Q4 2023, discussions surrounding the release ofprofiles specific narratives surrounding the

GPT-4 Turbo, launched in November, saw a significant

discussion of AI that occurred on social media

increase. Positive sentiment centered around its

in 2023. GPT-4 gathered most of the discussion

innovative features and upgrades that could transformvolume in Q2 after its launch on March 14,

programmers’ workflows. These enhancements

2023. Positive sentiment was primarily driven byincluded longer conversation capabilities, improved

its improvements, including faster processing

contextual understanding, and multimodal ability to

speed, improved accuracy, and praise for its

generate images. However, some negative feedback

ability to enhance productivity across different

arose due to disappointment with the model’s

types of work tasks, such as coding, corporate

knowledge cutoff in April 2023 and slower loadingcollaboration, and content creation. Negative

speeds compared to GPT-4. Some of the sample social

sentiment primarily stemmed from complaints

media posts from this time included:

about occasional crashes of the ChatGPT
website, along with an open letter led by Elon
Musk and supported by over 1,300 artificial
intelligence experts, urging AI laboratories topause training of powerful AI systems. Moreover,there was disagreement regarding the “openletter” and the suggestion to halt AI research,“This is just insane… My GPT-4 coding assistantcan now: - build and design a frontend - create abackend with working db - correctly hook them up- upload code to GitHub - deploy it to Vercel[.] I cannow build *complete* apps with nothing more thanmy voice. The future is here!” — @mckaywrigley

particularly considering its potential to have

“Trying to make my LinkedIn profile more

a positive impact across multiple fields. Forinteresting if a recruiter is using a large language

example, Andrew Ng posted:

model like GPT-4 to send me a message. Looks like

“1/The call for a 6 month moratorium
on making AI progress beyond GPT-4

it works on the public version of my profile!”— @brdskggs

is a terrible idea. I’m seeing many new“GPT-4 Turbo has knowledge of the world up

applications in education, healthcare, food,to April 2023. @sama says the team is ‘just as... that’ll help many people. Improving GPT-4

annoyed as you, maybe more’ that the knowledge

will help. Lets balance the huge value AI is

is not more updated and that @openai will work tocreating vs. realistic risks.” — @AndrewYNg

make sure it never gets that outdated again.”— @VentureBeat

Chapter 9 Preview

22Chapter 9: Public Opinion
9.2 Social Media Data

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

Highlight:

AI-Related Social Media Discussion in 2023 (cont’d)
Discussions about Stable Diffusion were more

“Stable Diffusion XL with ControlNet is insane

prominent in the first half of 2023, but decreased

Discover the future of AI with Stability AI’s

toward the year’s end. More posts mentioned

latest innovation: Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL) 1.0!

Stable Diffusion XL models than Stable Diffusion

This powerful text-to-image generation model

2.0 (around 16 times more). Positive sentiment

improves image quality and makes it easier for

was mainly driven by the tool’s rapid increase inusers to create highly detailed images. Built on a

popularity, the potential benefits of AI in enhancing

massive 3.5 billion-parameter base model, SDXL

creativity, and the excitement surrounding technical

1.0 boasts better accuracy and understanding ofadvancements and improvements (e.g., enhanced

various concepts. Want to know more? Checkaccuracy, better understanding of various concepts,

out my video where I delve deeper into thisand higher resolution). On the other hand, negative

groundbreaking technology!” — @work.with.ai

sentiment revolved around concerns about legal andethical issues related to AI-generated content, suchas copyright violations, ownership of AI-createdmaterial, and the possible replacement of humanartists by AI. Additionally, worries were expressed
about the risks and threats linked to artificial
intelligence, like its potential harmful effects, thespread of misinformation, and the possibility of AI
being used for academic cheating.
“Very happy about sharing smashed Stable
Diffusion models! - In one line of code, we
compressed popular text-to-image Stable
Diffusion models for A100. - Evaluations across

Both Gemini (from Google) and Grok (from xAI)saw an increase in conversations during Q4 dueto their late year launches. Positive feedback for
Gemini focused on its improved accuracy andmultilingual capabilities, as well as its potential
to enhance various Google services like Searchand Ads. On the other hand, negative opinions
stemmed from concerns about inaccurate results,
disappointment over Gemini’s delayed release, andskepticism toward the Gemini AI demo.
“WHAT IS GOOGLE GEMINI AND HOW CANYOU USE IT?” — Erik Hyrkas

various metrics show significant speedup“Gemini Ultra (if Google is honest) Will Blow Our

improvements, energy savings, and CO2

Minds” — Tina Huang

emissions savings. Now looking forward [to]sharing more compression results :) Feel free
to contact us to achieve the same on your own
models https://pruna.ai/contact ;)”— @Bertrand_Charp

Chapter 9 Preview

23Chapter 9: Public Opinion
Appendix

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2024

AppendixGlobal Public Opinion on
Artificial Intelligence (GPO-AI)
In October and November 2023, researchers at the
Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society(SRI) and the Policy, Elections, and Representation Lab(PEARL) at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public
Policy at the University of Toronto completed a survey
project on public perceptions of and attitudes toward
AI. The survey was administered to census-targeted
samples of over 1,000 people in each of 21 countries,
for a total of 23,882 surveys conducted in 12 languages.
The countries sampled represent a majority of theworld’s population. To learn more about the survey,
please visit the survey website. The following authors

Quid Social Media Data
Quid collects social media data from over 500 million
sources in real time and analyzes this data throughAI-powered natural language processing. This processparses out language and breaks out posts by filterssuch as drivers of positive and negative sentiment,
emotions, and behaviors, allowing for deeper insights
to be reached. Quid analyzed 6.69 million social media
posts for 2023 to assess perceptions of AI model
releases. The substantial increase in new models in
2023 unveiled reactions to the technical advancements
in AI, the impact on efficiency in business operations,and ethical considerations as AI continues to be
adopted into society.

contributed to the GPO-AI survey: Peter John Loewen,
Blake Lee-Whiting, Maggie Arai, Thomas Bergeron,Thomas Galipeau, Isaac Gazendam, Hugh Needham,
Lee Slinger, Sofiya Yusypovych.

Ipsos
For brevity, the 2024 AI Index does not republish themethodology used by the Ipsos survey that featuresin the report. More details about the Ipsos survey’s
methodology can be found in the actual survey.

Pew Research
For brevity, the 2024 AI Index does not republish themethodology used by the Pew surveys that feature in
the report. Data was taken from the 2023 Pew ResearchCenter survey.

Chapter 9 Preview

24