31)

Dec. 19-21, 2018 @(

(e.g., Hayashi et al. 1985)(C) Newton Press↓↓ ↓↓ → 

@BC@7LRNY

4+8_^&
X\QMOU^&S[LRNY#!H,
^;9::0."
1`;9:>."
1 a^=<I:;DL]TVb:;I?DL]TV`@A@aE65^5%2*(IZ[^PWZ[)^ 3' FK-JG^^'/$I*_
TW HyaHD142527(Muto+ 2012)

Subaru(Oberg et al. 2015)

IM Lup(Fukagawa+ 2013)(Tsukagoshi+ 2016)(ALMA partnership+ 2015)

DCO+ 3-2 HL Tau(Qi et al. 2013)

N2H+ 4-3

TW HyaSubaru "!ALMA↓,(-)⇔↓ 9A

ALMA LP, DSHARP

https://almascience.nao.ac.jp/almadata/lp/DSHARP/(Andrews et al. 2018, in press)

9A

0120

jVVj((/))

!,



1"

'(  -"-" &#  %(Zhu et al. 2012)0  $*  -".*+)/2) ("%#!$'.

5- /.

3.

 %

 %

%   
&→#!  Miyake & Nakagawa (1993)

a22AU 37AU

H~3AU
inner holeaALMA cycle 3 DDT B4 & B6W

*0-/ #1!'!,+. W)+*0-/"(  ((%&$$-22AU

WT) (Tsukagoshi, HN et al. 2016) 





CH+HCN

H2CO

HC3N

CH3OH

HC5N

HCOOCH3HC7N

CS

HNC

H2CS

HCOOH

CH3CN

CH3CCH

CH3C3N

HC9N

COHCO

H2CN

CH2NH

CH3NC

CH3NH2CH3COOH

HC11N

CNOCS

HNCO

CH2CO

CH3SH

CH3CHOCH2CHCHOC2H5CNC2CH2HNCS

NH2CN

NH2CHOCH2CHCN

CH2OHCHO

CH3C4H

CH

C2H

C3H

C4H

C5H

C6H

H2C6CH3C5N

c-C2H4O
CO+ C3c-C3H
c-C3H2H2C4CF+CO2 C3N
H2C3
HC3NH+
CH2CHOH
C2O
C3O
CH2CN
CNC5NC6H(Elsila etal. 2009)@ STARDUST
C2S
C3S
HCCNC
(Altwegget al. 2016)
ROSETTA
HCO+
CH3
HNCCC
HOC+
C2H2CH4⇔
HCS+
HOCO+
H2COH+
HCNH+
C3N-

C4H-→



CH3OCH3C2H5OH
CH3CONH2CH3COCH3OHCH2CH2OH
C2H5OCHO

C8HNH2CH2COOH?

→→→
~ ~ ~~



HC3N @ 91-146GHz, IRAM
(Chapillon et al. 2012)

c-C3H2 @ 218GHz, ALMA SV(Qi et al. 2013b)

CH3OH @CH3CN304, 305, 307GHz
140-130, 141-131,(stacking)@ 257GHz,obs. (white)
TW Hya,
MWC480,
ALMA cycle 2
ALMA cycle 2
modelmodel (gray)obs.

(Oberg et al. 2015)(Walsh et al. 2016)

HCOOH @ 129GHz, TW Hya, ALMA cycle 3(Favre et al. 2018)/4
H!"'

C, O, N,S, CO, …

X

NH2,HCO, …

CH3O125+→¥.)$&%( 
HCOOCH3, NH2CHO, …

CH4, H2O, NH3,H2S, CH3OH, …

(e.g., Garrod+ 2006, 2008)

#* ','/4
03,'

' / "%
(&#

(!#($#(HN & Millar 2005, HN et al. 2007)



107cm-3

1000K
300K
" [AU]20K

1014cm-3(Walsh+ 2012)" [AU]

$(e.g., Dutrey+ 1997, Markwick+2002, Aikawa+ 2002, Bergin+ 2007)&)'→!
&) !"%( #)  

 ESA

H2O, CO2, CH4, CH3OH,H2CO, NH3, HCN, etc.

Halley / 

HC, O, N,S, CO, …





H2O, CH3OH, …



X



CH3OH



CH33CN[AU]

[AU]!# &"  #%& $(Walsh, Millar, HN et al. 2014)

HC3N @ 91-146GHz, IRAM
(Chapillon et al. 2012)



c-C3H2 @ 218GHz, ALMA SV(Qi et al. 2013b)

CH3OH @CH3CN
304, 305, 307GHz
140-130, 141-131,(stacking)@ 257GHz,obs. (white)
TW Hya,
MWC480,
ALMA cycle 2
ALMA cycle 2
modelmodel (gray)obs.

(Oberg et al. 2015)(Walsh et al. 2016)  30-100AU for CH3CN, 30-60AU for CH3OH
CH3CN/HCN ~ 5-20%, CH3OH/H2O ~ 0.7-5%⇔  gas-phase abundances ¹ icy grain abundances





CH3OCH3

CH3CHOCH3NH2NH2CHO

ALMA



(Walsh et al. 2017)

(Walsh, Millar, HN et al. 2014)(>20AU)→ALMA→(Rosetta

67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko 
COSAC/Philae, ROSINA, Rosetta(Geosmann+ 2015, Altwegg+ 2016, 2017)

67P/C-G&-/ / !

/ / !

(Walsh et al. 2014, Walsh 2016)

'(
67P/C-G :1.5%

67P/C-G :0.3%
67P/C-G :0.4%)! [AU]

67P/C-G :0.3%

)! [AU]+* .% $ #",,,,+

3etc.

2

©

T=140K
CO2 ()
NH4+NH2COOH2O+4

Time [sec](Ghesquiere et al. 2018)

→

H2O()

VIRTIS/Rosetta

67P/C-G→3.2µmNH4+(Quirico+ 2016)

&?

M?A?AL