Battery research andquality control solutions
Benefit from physical, chemical and structural insight2

Discover new horizons
in battery quality
Empower your research and production
with advanced analytical solutions
The age of the battery is well underway. Lithium-ion
batteries, for example, have already revolutionized
our day-to-day lives – from smart mobile devices
to pollution-free electric cars and intelligent power
management solutions. And, looking ahead, batteries also
have the potential to provide an economical solution formass energy storage and complement renewable energy
resources for power grid applications.
Despite these successes, gaps in battery technology
remain, both in terms of safety and performance. What’smore, for their mass-scale adoption in applications likeelectric vehicles, large cost reductions will be needed.
Indeed, with regulators becoming more stringent andconsumers more demanding, these core issues are
driving not only research into new battery materials, butalso improvements in production efficiency to minimize
production costs. When success is defined by such finemargins, today’s manufacturers must be able to ensure
total quality and performance – every time.

At Malvern Panalytical, we leverage over six decadesof experience in the design, manufacture, and supplyof analytical instruments to offer a complete range oflaboratory and online analytical solutions. Whether
you are a battery component manufacturer looking for
greater process efficiency and better quality control,
or a researcher trying to determine the performanceparameters of newly emerging battery materials, oursolutions will offer you the new levels of insight andcontrol needed to power the production of superiorquality batteries.

Cathode slurry

Cathode /Anode slurry

Evaporator

Anode slurry(+carbon black + binder+ solvent)Anode coated
Cu foil

Cathode /Anode powder

3

Monitor and optimize
at every stage
Battery component manufacturers must not only
deliver consistent overall quality – they must deliver itthroughout the manufacturing process. The continuityof the manufacturing process means errors or impurities
at an early stage will accumulate, resulting in muchlarger consequences further down the production line.
Quality needs to be monitored at every stage – fromraw materials through to cell assembly – to maintainproduction efficiency and minimize waste. Likewise,
research into new battery materials must ascertain all thecritical parameters that could affect battery performancethroughout the entire manufacturing process.

At Malvern Panalytical, we’ve developed a rangeof research and quality control solutions to help
manufacturers monitor and optimize every part ofthe battery manufacturing process. The unique set ofphysical, chemical and structural analysis possibilities
that our technologies offer can be utilized across various
stages of battery component production. From improving
electrode material quality to accelerating the successful
development of new high-performance battery materials,
we’ve got you covered– enabling the development andproduction of the highest-performing batteries.

Table 1 Battery materials and analytical solutions along the battery value chain

Battery materials

Critical Parameters

Analytical techniques

Product and solutions

Cathode precursor andelectrode materials

Particle size
Particle shape
Chemical composition
Crystal phase

Laser diffraction
Automated Imaging
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray diffraction

Mastersizer 3000
Morphologi 4
Epsilon 4 / Zetium XRF
Aeris compact XRD

Battery slurry

Particle size
Particle shape

Laser diffraction
Automated Imaging

Mastersizer 3000
Morphologi 4

Electrode coating

Coat weight
Coating thickness

Photon sensor
Micro caliper thickness sensor

Photon and Micro caliper
sensors from NDC technologies

Battery cell

Degradation mechanism
during cycling

In operando XRD

Empyrean XRD

Cathode coated
Al foilElectrolyte

Porous polymer
separator

Battery cell

4

Optimize cathode materials
Cathode material production is just one example of
how our solutions enable quality at every stage of the
manufacturing process. As one of the first stages inbattery production, quality control is especially importantto cathode manufacturing – and battery manufacturers
must implement it all while minimizing costs.

Our solutions can be used as cathode characterization
tools at several stages of the cathode production
process, from co-precipitation and precursor quality
control, down to optimizing calcination and the final
material. By providing manufacturers with morphological,
structural, and elemental insights, these solutions enable
them to optimize process parameters accordingly toensure the highest cathode quality.

Co-precipitation

Cathode materials of current interest, such as NCA and
NMC, are produced via co-precipitation of a transition metalhydroxide precursor, followed by calcination (lithiation andoxidation) with a lithium compound.
Our morphological, structural and elemental insights canhelp to:Precursor: particle
size and zeta
potential analysis• Optimize process parameters.
• Ensure consistent quality and reduce production costs.

Li compund

Precursor(NMC / NCA)

1
6

Precursor: particle sizeand shape, and elemental
composition analysis

2

3

4

Calcination

On-line particalsize analysis

Mill

1

Particle size andcrystal phase23• Improve precursor quality and throughput• Ensure right stoichiometry• Optimize calcination process• Control particle size and morphology

Cathode material withdesired size distribution

4

5

5

Characterization tools
1

Particle size
Consistent cathode-material particle size starts
with the precursor – with our Insitec online tool,
manufacturers can analyze particle size in real timeat the precursor or milling stage.

2

Fine control over particle size distribution plays
an important role in the quality of the electrodecoating. With the Mastersizer 3000, you cananalyze particle size with accuracy and ease.

3

Particle shape
Particle shape influences critical parameters likeelectrode slurry rheology and packing density.
Analyze particle size and shape at the precursor
stage with Morphologi 4 imaging - automatic
analysis of thousands of particles with highstatistical accuracy.

Rough

H

4

Elemental composition
Combined with fusion sample preparation recipes,
our Epsilon 4 benchtop X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
spectrometer or high-end Zetium spectrometercan simplify the chemical composition andelemental impurity analysis of electrode materials.

5

Crystalline phase
Crystalline phase and crystallite size are the key
attributes defining the quality of electrodematerials. Our Aeris compact X-ray diffractometer
sets the industry benchmark for crystalline phasecomposition analysis, which can be used to
optimize the calcination process.

6

Zeta potential
Zeta potential can be used to optimize processparameters like pH and concentration to control
slurry stability, agglomeration, and sedimentation
behavior.
Our Zetasizer can analyze zeta potential of adispersion and also the size and agglomerate stateof nanosized materials.

Li

Be

SmoothRegularZ

Possible to analyze with Epsilon 4

Z

Not possible to analyze with Epsilon 4

Z

Possible with Epsilon 4 and optional detector

Elongated

He

Na Mg

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

I

Xe

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Ce

Pr

Nd Pm Sm Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm Yb

Lu

Th

Pa

U

Np Pu Am Cm Bk

CfEs

Fm Md No

Lr

K

Ca

Sc

Ti

V

Cr Mn Fe

Rb

Sr

Y

Zr

Nb Mo

Tc

Cs

Ba

L

Hf

Ta

W

Fr

Ra

A
L

La

A

Ac

6

Our research and quality
control solutions
Superior particle size distribution measurement

Delivering an optimal and consistent particle size
distribution doesn’t just add value to electrode materials,
it’s key to ensuring final product quality – enabling
manufacturers to optimize; slurry viscosity and flow
behavior; coating packing density and porosity; battery
cell charge rate capacity and cycling durability.
To meet this need, Malvern Panalytical offers an industrystandard particle size measuring tool; theMastersizer 3000. Based on laser diffraction, it offers
industrial-level performance, delivering more reliable

and faster measurements than sieving, fastermeasurements than sedimentation, and statisticallysuperior information compared to microscopy. The
Mastersizer 3000 laser diffraction particle size analyzer
delivers rapid, accurate particle size distributions forboth wet and dry dispersions with the minimum of effort.
Measuring over the nanometer to millimeter particle
size ranges, it packs exceptional performance into thesmallest of footprints, bringing operator-independentmeasurements that every user can rely on.

30

16
Cathode-B

20

Cathode-C
10

0
0,1

1

Synthetic Graphite

Cathode-A

10

100

1000

Size (µm)

Figure 1 Particle size distribution of three batches of
NCM811 cathode materials synthesized with different
processing parameters.

Volume (%)

Volume (%)

NCM Cathode

Anode-1

12

Anode-2Anode-3

8
4
0
0,1

1

10

100

1000

Size (µm)

Figure 2 Particle size distribution of three batches ofsynthetic graphite synthesized with different heating
conditions.

7

Real-time process automation
Optimizing process parameters

Manufacturers also need to monitor particle sizeas the production process continues. And, if you’re
manufacturing at industrial scale with limited humanresources, finding an efficient way to analyze particle
size in real time can be difficult. Usually, lab analysis
will deliver feedback in about an hour, whereas for
optimum quality control, a feedback loop of a few
minutes is required.
Our on-line, automated Insitec particle size analyzer isideal to meet this need in a production environment,delivering real-time analysis every few seconds
using a feedback loop. It can be used to control
precursor particle size evolution over time, or just after
milling to control electrode particle size – enabling
manufacturers to reduce waste and align theirprocesses with smart factory manufacturing flows.

On-lineanalysis
Synergy with
Smart factory
process flow

Synergyvalue

Commercial
value

Waste
reduction/
process
efficiency
improvement~2%

Manpower saving ~1 person
Lab analysis

Typical value gain for a cathode manufacturing plant with
Insitec online particle size analysis of precursor slurry, incomparison to lab analysis.

8In-line control of elemental composition
for roll-to-roll electrode coating process
Opening new process control possibilities

When it comes to electrode coatings, elemental
consistency is important. Small changes in elemental
composition may significantly affect the process
efficiency and final battery performance. And, when themeasurements are so critical, electrode manufacturers
need fast, efficient ways to measure these variations.
To address these challenges and deliver unparalleledprocess visibility and control, Malvern Panalytical offers
an in-line elemental metrology system – the Epsilon
Xline. Covering a wide range of elements from Na to U,
this tool opens the new levels of control and precisionthat deliver outstanding process reliability and ultimately
industry-leading, high-performance batteries.

Epsilon Xline
By combining our advanced Epsilon 4 technology within-line functionality, this tool offers real-time material
monitoring and up-to-the-minute process control
for both the ultrasonic spray coating and roll-to-rollcoating processes. This regular analysis means material
composition and loading are continually optimized,
helping to minimize off-specification production andmaximize the cost efficiency. In addition to precise andaccurate process control, the Epsilon Xline is adaptable
to a wide range of surfaces and coating materials,
including but not limited to the commercially used LFP
and NCM chemistries.

Key benefits• Non-destructive and suitable for in-line process control• A range of scanning modes, to accommodate patch,
continuous, and multi-lane coating processes• Easy to integrate into the production processwith standard communication protocols• Able to measure all elements of interest• Capable of measuring thin layers with relative standard
deviations up to 5%, with a precision rate of over 95%• Accommodates a range of roll widths

2,55Cathode-A

42

Cathode-B
Cathode-C

3

1,5

2

1

1
0

HS Circularity of 3 cathode materials
Cathode-A
Cathode-B
Cathode-C

0,5
0,1

1

10
Size (µm)

Figure 3

100

1000

0
0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

Figure 4

Example Cathode Materials Circular Equivalent (CE) size distribution of three NCM cathode materials, as obtained from
Morphologi 4 (Figure 3). These are the same samples as those measured with the Mastersizer 3000 in Figure 1. Circularity for thesesamples is compared in Figure 4. Circularity index 1 corresponds to perfect spheres and smaller values to larger deviation fromcircularity. A narrow distribution in circularity means uniform shape particles, whereas broad distribution represents large variance inparticle shapes. Cathode A has circular particles, whereas B and C are irregularly shaped with large shape variations.

9Particle morphology
Enabling better insight into electrode material morphology

The role of particle shape in battery electrode materials
is usually ignored or underestimated. However, this may
be the key to unlock full potential of a given battery
material to be translated into the best performing battery.
Particle shape affects slurry rheology as well as the

RoughSmoothRegularelectrode coating in terms of packing density, porosity
and uniformity. To achieve the highest level of battery
performance, manufacturers must also understand andoptimize the particle morphology.

Elongated

Do your particles have the right morphology?
To help manufacturers resolve these critical questions,
we offer our powerful optical imaging tool, Morphologi 4.
Equipped with fully automated image analysis, it enables
manufacturers to measure parameters such as circularity,elongation/aspect ratio, Circular Equivalent (CE) diameter,
and transparency.
With analysis based on 10,000 – 500,000 particles from
0.5 µm onwards, manufacturers can gain reliable insight
into the shape of the smallest particles with high statisticalaccuracy. What’s more, the Morphologi 4-ID combines
automated static imaging features of the Morphologi 4with chemical identification of individual particles using
Raman spectroscopy - enabling automated measurementof particle size, particle shape and chemical identity, on asingle platform.

Particle size distribution (μm)

1,2

0,4

Sample A
Sample B

0,8

Sample A
Sample B

0,3
0,2

0,4
0

HS Circularity

0,5

0,1
1

Figure 5

10

100

1000

0

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

Figure 6

Example Graphite electrode material: size distribution of two samples as measured with Mastersizer 3000 (Figure 5) and circularityof the same samples (Figure 6) as measured with Morphologi 4. Though the samples have similar circular equivalent size distribution,
sample A is more irregular in shape.

10

Elemental composition
Simplifying chemical composition and impurity analysis

Deviations in chemical composition or impurities inelectrode materials can significantly affect final battery
performance. For this reason, chemical composition andelemental impurity analysis are an integral part of thebattery manufacturing process. However, the often-usedinductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis is not always
the best tool for this. Requiring sample digestion andfrequent calibration, ICP is inefficient and expensive formost elemental analysis needs.
To provide a simpler way to analyze elemental
composition and detect impurities down to ppm level,
we offer X-ray fluorescence (XRF) solutions that require
no sample digestion or frequent calibration and are up
to three times cheaper in terms of per sample analysis.
In particular, chemical composition analysis of cathodematerials at low-percentage elemental levels is morereliably measured with X-ray fluorescence.
Specifically, our Epsilon 4 benchtop energy dispersive
XRF spectrometer can accurately measure elemental
composition in just a few minutes. When better lightelement sensitivity is desired, our Zetium wavelength
dispersive XRF spectrometer is recommended. These
solutions can help manufacturers optimize cost and useof human resources, while saving ICP for very low-level
impurity detection.

Mn% measured with Omnian standardless

Measured Mn %100,00
80,00

80,17

60,00

59,90

40,00

40,19

20,00

20,35

0,00

0,12

0

20

40

60

80

100

Composition and impurities analysis on five samples of
LiFexMn1-xPO4 measured on the Epsilon 4 is shown in thetable below. Measured Mn composition shows a straight-line
calibration with Target Mn composition in these samples.

Sample Target Material

Measured composition and impurities
Mn
%

Zr

Al

Ca

Cl

Co

Cr

Cu

Ni

S

Si

Ti

Y

SMP1

LiFe 02Mn08PO4

80.2

0.11

0.011

0.014

0

0

0

0.026 0.008 0.022 0.009 0.006

SMP2

LiFe 04Mn06PO4

59.9

0.19

0.012

0

0

0.001 0.024

0.018

0.013 0.004

0.041

0

0.011

0.023 0.006 0.024

0.017

0.02

0.01

Zn
0

0.009 0.006

SMP3

LiFe 06Mn04PO4

40.2

0.117

0

0.003 0.034

00.007 0.005

SMP4

LiFe 08Mn02PO4

20.4

0.161 0.008 0.014

0.037

0

0.042 0.009 0.015

0.02

0

0.006 0.006

SMP5

LiFePO4

0.1

0.155 0.015

000.055 0.009 0.024 0.007 0.024

00.009 0.004

0

0

11

Sample preparation for XRF
Ensuring more accurate analysis

Sample preparation is a major source of error in elemental
composition analysis. All too often, preparation methods
such as pressed pellets (in XRF) or acid digestion (in ICP)
are affected by mineralogical or particle size effects inmetal samples, compromising the accuracy of the results.

To meet the need for reliable sample preparation for XRF
or ICP, Malvern Panalytical offers a high-performance
fusion solution. Fusion involves dissolving a fully oxidized
sample at high temperature in a suitable solvent (a flux)
in a platinum, zirconium or graphite crucible. The melted
mixture is agitated and poured into a mold to create aglass disk for XRF analysis. It can also be poured intoa beaker to create a solution for Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AAS) or ICP analysis.
At Malvern Panalytical, you can count on our 40-plus
years of expertise in designing and delivering fusion
recipes for various kinds of complex samples. What’smore, we offer two fusion instruments. Our robust
LeNeo instrument is ideal for battery sample fusion. This
automatic electric instrument can prepare glass disks for
XRF analysis, as well as borate and peroxide solutions for
AA and ICP analysis. With one fusion position, it delivers
excellent ease of use, operator safety, and superior
analytical performance in the laboratory – eliminating
doubt and driving high-precision quality control. To meethigh sample throughput, our TheOx advanced instrument,
which has six fusion positions, can be used.

12

Crystalline phase: XRD analysis
XRD can analyze crystalline phase related critical quality
parameters of the battery electrode materials, like:• Phase composition: determines if the reactants havefused to the desired and stable crystalline phase.
• Crystallite Size: plays an important role in Li
ion migration (discharge rate capacity)• Cation mixing: Degrades the battery energy density.
• Degree of graphitization in synthetic graphite• Orientation Index: how the graphite particles
are oriented in electrode coating
Use of XRD to optimize process parameters can eliminate
material quality issues

Aeris, the compact X-ray diffractometer provides all
information inherent to crystalline phases in just a
few minutes.

Counts

30000

LFP LiFePO4
LMFP-Mn20Fe80
LMFP-Mn40Fe60
LMFP-Mn60Fe40
LMFP-Mn80Fe20

Counts640000Syn Graphite mixed with Si reference

36000020000

0.3358 nm
Graphite

Graphitization degree 95%

160000
10000

40000
26

28

30

0

Figure 7

size (nm)

100

26

30

32

Figure 9
Crystallite size with Mn Content

Example Synthetic graphite: Degree of graphitization andorientation index are important attributes of synthetic
graphite, which is a commonly used anode material due
to its superior consistency and purity compared to naturalgraphite. Aeris XRD can measure both the graphitization
degree and orientation index. Fig. 9 shows measurement of
the degree of graphitization in one such material.

80
60
40
20

28

0

20

40

60

80

Mn Content

Figure 8
Example LMFP Cathode Materials with varying Mn content:
section of XRD pattern (Fig. 7) showing peak shift to lower angles,
meaning lattice expansion along c-axis with increasing Mncontent. XRD also reveals that crystallite size increases with Mncontent (Fig. 8) – higher Mn facilitates larger crystallite size.

Cation Mixing

13

Zeta potential analysis
Enabling slurry stability insightIn electrode slurry production, zeta potential (related
to charge charge on particle) plays an important rolein slurry stability. Low zeta potential can result in
agglomeration and aggregation of particles – causing
unstable particle dispersion in slurries and, in turn,compromising battery quality. So, being able toaccurately monitor and optimize zeta potential isn’t justuseful to battery manufacturers – it’s essential.

High zeta potential= stable dispersion

Low zeta potential= unstable dispersion /agglomeration

To meet this need, we offer the Zetasizer. Whether
it’s to understand agglomeration and sedimentationin precursor slurry, or to ensure electrode slurrystability, or to understand slurry wetting behavior on
flat surfaces, this tool measures zeta potential withexcellent accuracy, repeatability, and consistency. And,for high-concentration and highly conducting samples,its specialized cell and constant current mode have you
covered – enabling manufacturers to optimize Ph andconcentration for stable slurries to manufacture highquality electrodes.

Counts003

NCM811_no mix
NCM811_10% mix
NCM811_20% mix

Fig. 10 shows the effect of cation mixing (mixing of Li+ andNi2+ ions in the crystal lattice) on the intensities of the 003
and 104 peaks of the XD pattern – while 104 peak intensity
does not change, the 003 peak intensity falls rapidly withcation mixing. Thus, the ratio I(003)/I(104) can be used
to estimate cation mixing. A Rietveld refinement of site
occupancy factors would provide higher accuracy.

104

2000

1000

0

18

18.50

19

44

44.50

45

14

Battery cell characterization
Delivering in operando X-ray diffraction

The biggest issue faced when developing newbattery materials with high energy density is capacity
degradation with cycling. Causes of capacity degradation
can include particle cracking, lithium retention inelectrodes, electrolyte degradation, and dendrite
formation. Understanding these degradation mechanisms
is therefore an important step towards the successful
development of new battery materials.

In operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) can investigate
these failure mechanisms by analyzing underlying crystal
structure changes during battery cycling. Our Empyrean
XRD platform offers options for the in operando cyclingof various types of battery cells – from coin cells andelectrochemical cells to pouch cells and prismatic cells.

Coin and electrochemical cells
Opening possibilities for non-ambient exploration
All types of coin cells with at least one side with an X-ray
transparent window can be studied on the Empyrean
XRD. We provide a specialized coin cell holder, which canbe used for charge-discharge cycling.

Another solution is the electrochemical cell, with an
X-ray transparent window made from beryllium or glassy
carbon. We supply the electrochemical cells with theoption of heating and cooling that are mounted on the
Empyrean XRD.
Lattice parameter variation with charge-discharge
2,88

14,6

2,86
14,4

2,84
2,82

14,2

c [Å]

2,8

a [Å]

14

Figure 11

3V

4,3

3V

2,78

Figure 12

Example of in operando cycling of an NCM cathode and graphite anode in an electrochemical cell. Fig. 11 shows how the 003
peak shifts during cycling. Fig. 12 shows how c and a lattice parameters change during charge and discharge. Any abruptchange in lattice parameter is usually associated with crystal phase changes and may cause particle cracking.

VTEC: Variable Temperature Electrochemical cell for in-situ(-10 to 70ºC) in-operando XRD measurements.

15

Pouch and prismatic cells
Unlocking the full story with hard radiation transmission

160

Scan number

What’s more, multilayer pouch cells up to 5 mm thick
can also be analyzed on the Empyrean XRD platform,
when equipped with high energy Ag radiation anda GaliPIX3D detector. The Empyrean supports 60 kV
excitation, enabling the high-intensity 22.16 keV Ag
radiation suitable for pouch cell research. Special
multilayer focusing mirrors deliver high resolution anda high brilliance X-ray beam, further shortening themeasurement times.

Voltage [V]Voltage

4.2

4

3.6

3.4

15

20

25

128
96
64
32
10

Position [°2θ] (Ag K-α12)

Example of in operando cycling of a pouch cell.
Measurements were performed on the Empyrean
XRD platform configured with Ag Kα radiation and
the GaliPIX3D detector. Every XRD scan over 5-30 2θ
range was measured in just five minutes. A total of
166 scans were measured over five complete chargedischarge cycles.

4

Scan number

The voltage variation (3.2V in discharged state to
4.3V in fully charged state) is plotted in green line
colour. The isoline plot shows cathode and anodepeak positions as the cell is charged or discharged.
The peak around 6.8° 2θ is the 003 peak of the NCM
cathode and its changing position reflects changes
in c-parameter with cycling. The discontinuous
peak around 9° 2θ is from the graphite anode, whichchanges from C to LiC6 or LiC12 during the charge
cycle and then reverses back to LiC12 and then C
during the discharge cycle.

3.8

104
96
88
80
72
64
56
48
40

7

Voltage [V]

3.5

8

9

Position [°2θ] (Ag K-α12)Pouch and prismatic cell mounting on the Empyrean XRD.
A mechanism to apply pressure on the pouch cell is also
supported.

VTEC-Trans: for non ambient (-10 to 70ºC) in-operando
measurements on pouch cells.

We draw on the power of our analytical instruments
and services to make the invisible visible and theimpossible possible.
Through the chemical, physical and structural analysis
of materials, our high precision analytical systems andtop-notch services support our customers in creating abetter world. We help them improve everything from theenergies that power us and the materials we build with,to the medicines that cure us and the foods we enjoy.
We partner with many of the world’s biggest companies,
universities and research organizations. They value us
not only for the power of our solutions, but also for thedepth of our expertise, collaboration and integrity.
We are committed to Net Zero in our own operations
by 2030 and in our total value chain by 2040. This is
woven into the fabric of our business, and we help our
employees and customers think about their part increating a healthier, cleaner, and more productive world.

Service & Support
Malvern Panalytical provides the global training, service
and support you need to continuously drive youranalytical processes at the highest level. We help you
increase the return on your investment with us, andensure that as your laboratory and analytical needs
grow, we are there to support you.
Our worldwide team of specialists adds value to yourbusiness processes by ensuring applications expertise,
rapid response and maximum instrument uptime.
• Local and remote support• Full and flexible range of support agreements• Compliance and validation support• Onsite or classroom-based training courses• e-Learning training courses and web seminars• Sample and application consultancy

With over 2300 employees, we serve the world, and weare part of Spectris plc, the world-leading precision
measurement group.

Malvern Panalytical. We’re BIG on small™

Malvern Panalyticalwww.malvernpanalytical.com/batteries

Grovewood Road, Malvern,
Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ,
United Kingdom

Lelyweg 1,7602 EA Almelo,
The Netherlands

Tel. +44 1684 892456
Fax. +44 1684 892789

Tel. +31 546 534 444
Fax. +31 546 534 598

Disclaimer: Although diligent care has been used to ensure that the information in this material is accurate, nothing herein can be construed to imply any representation or warranty as to the accuracy, correctness or completenessof this information and we shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for damages in connection with the use of this material. Malvern Panalytical reserves the right to change the content in this material at any time without notice.
Copyright: © 2023 Malvern Panalytical. This publication or any portion thereof may not be copied or transmitted without our express written permission. PN13747

About
Malvern Panalytical