Armed Conflict Dataset
1
Codebook
Version 3-2005
http://www.prio.no/cscw/armedconflictHåvard Strand,
Joachim Carlsen,
Nils Petter Gleditsch,Håvard Hegre,
Christin Ormhaug &Lars Wilhelmsen
International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO)
in collaboration withPeter Wallensteen,
Margareta Sollenberg,
Mikael Eriksson& Lotta Harbom
Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University
andHalvard Buhaug& Jan Ketil Rød
Department of Sociology and Political Science/Department of Geography,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
1
The first release of the Armed Conflict Dataset was prepared at PRIO in 2002 in close collaboration
with researchers at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University and the Departments of Sociology and Political Science and Geomatics at the Norwegian University of Scienceand Technology (NTNU). For a description of the division of labor in creating the database, see thefirst footnote in Gleditsch et al. (2002: 615). This footnote also lists the financial sources of support for
the entire project and credits for comments and advice received along the way.
This is Version 3-2005 of the codebook and associated documents. We are grateful to several
colleagues and external users for constructive comments. For our policy on version labeling, see Section 2.4 below, and for a complete history of earlier versions see the document called Version History.
For further comments and suggestions on the data and the codebook, please communicate both to project leader in Uppsala Lotta Harbom (lotta.harbom@pcr.uu.se) and to jpr@prio.no.
When using the data, please cite Gleditsch et al. (2002) and (when appropriate) this codebook.
Please always include the Version number in analyses using the dataset.

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Contents
1
2

Introduction............................................................................................................3
Definition of conflict..............................................................................................3
2.1
Armed conflict ...............................................................................................3
2.2
Distinguishing between different phases of conflict: The Conflict ID and the
Sub-Conflict ID..........................................................................................................4
2.3
Missing data problems ...................................................................................5
2.4
Version name convention ..............................................................................53
The Main Conflict Table........................................................................................6
3.1
Primkey ..........................................................................................................7
3.2
ID ...................................................................................................................7
3.3
SubID .............................................................................................................8
3.4
Location .........................................................................................................8
3.5
Side_A............................................................................................................9
3.6
Side_B............................................................................................................9
3.7
Incompatibility ...............................................................................................9
3.8
Territory .......................................................................................................10
3.9
Year..............................................................................................................10
3.10 Intensity........................................................................................................10
3.11 Type .............................................................................................................10
3.12 Startdate .......................................................................................................11
3.13 Startprecision ...............................................................................................11
3.14 Startdate2 .....................................................................................................12
3.15 Startprecision2 .............................................................................................12
3.16 COW_A .......................................................................................................12
3.17 COW_B........................................................................................................12
3.18 COW_location .............................................................................................12
3.19 Region ..........................................................................................................13
3.20 Lat ................................................................................................................13
3.21 Lon ...............................................................................................................14
3.22 Radius ..........................................................................................................14
4
Monadic dataset ...................................................................................................14
4.1
Variables ......................................................................................................15
5
Dyadic dataset......................................................................................................15
5.1
Variables ......................................................................................................15
5.2
Notes ............................................................................................................18
6
Technical information ..........................................................................................18
6.1
Database.......................................................................................................18
6.2
Text files ......................................................................................................20
6.3
SPSS files.....................................................................................................20
6.4
Stata files......................................................................................................20
6.5
Excel file ......................................................................................................20
7
System membership description ..........................................................................20
8
References............................................................................................................262

Armed Conflict Dataset

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1 Introduction
This document describes the Armed Conflict Dataset, a joint project between the Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Uppsala University and the Centre for the
Study of Civil War at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO). The
dataset was first presented in Gleditsch, Wallensteen, Eriksson, Sollenberg & Strand(2002), and is available for download from http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/.
The project is part of the larger Uppsala Conflict Data Project, which is thoroughly
described at http://www.ucdp.uu.se.
Version 3-2005 is updated in accordance to the changes listed in Harbom &Wallensteen, (2005). The 2004 conflicts have been added to the database. A couple ofsmall corrections have been made relative to the data reported in Harbom and Wallensteen (2005).(See errata JPR 42(6);2005) We refer the reader to our Version History
document for details of these and other changes. The dataset will continue to be updated with new data annually.
The data are posted in three different formats:• the ‘Main Conflict Table’ with one line for each conflict for each year
• the ‘Monadic Table’ with one line for each country for each year
• the ‘Dyadic Table’ with one line for each pair of countries for each yaer
The variables in these tables are described in Sections 3, 4, and 5, respectively. In
addition, the list of conflicts is posted as text in pdf format.

2 Definition of conflict
The main unit in this database is an ‘Armed Conflict’, as defined by the Armed Conflict Data Project. This definition is presented unabridged in Section 2.1. Each conflictas defined by this rule is listed in the database and given a unique ID code. The temporal aspect of a conflict is not addressed by this definition, and it is therefore neccesarry for us to operationalize this further. Section 2.2 describes under what conditions
an armed conflict can be seen as a sequence of several conflict phases.
The dataset was originally published in a Word document, with a flexible data
structure, corresponding to the definition presented below in Section 2.1. The current
document describes a fixed data structure, which at times is incompatible with theflexible structure of the original list of conflicts. We have been as loyal to the original
document as possible, and we will try to clarify how each variable relates to the original dataset2. The major difference between the two is the notion of a sub-conflict,which is described below.

2.1 Armed conflict
The Armed Conflict Data project at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at
the University of Uppsala has written the following definition: “An armed conflict is acontested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use ofarmed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state,
results in at least 25 battle-related deaths”.

2

The complete list of conflicts (1946–2004) is available at:
http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/current/conflict_list_1946-2004.pdf.

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The separate elements of the definition are operationalized as follows:(1) Use of armed force: use of arms in order to promote the parties’ general positionin the conflict, resulting in deaths.
(1.1) Arms: any material means, e.g. manufactured weapons but also sticks,
stones, fire, water, etc.
(2) 25 deaths: A minimum of 25 battle-related deaths per year and per incompatibility.
(3) Party: A government of a state or any opposition organization or alliance of opposition organizations.
(3.1) Government: The party controlling the capital of the state.
(3.2) Opposition organization: Any non-governmental group of people having
announced a name for their group and using armed force.
(4) State: A state is:(4.1) an internationally recognized sovereign government controlling a specified
territory, or(4.2) an internationally unrecognized government controlling a specified territory whose sovereignty is not disputed by another internationally recognized sovereign government previously controlling the same territory.
(5) Incompatibility concerning government and/or territory: The incompatibility, as
stated by the parties, must concern government and/or territory.
(5.1) Incompatibility: the stated generally incompatible positions.
(5.2) Incompatibility concerning government: Incompatibility concerning typeof political system, the replacement of the central government, or thechange of its composition.
(5.3) Incompatibility concerning territory: Incompatibility concerning the statusof a territory, e.g. the change of the state in control of a certain territory(interstate conflict), secession, or autonomy (internal conflict).
Location refers to the governmental party; opposition organizations include allorganizations recorded as being in armed conflict with the government. Also see 3.4
and 3.6.
In the case of an interstate armed conflict, both (or all) countries are given as alocation in the original conflict list, with a dash between the warring sides. In the caseof a colonial conflict, the territory at issue is listed as the location whereas the actors,
including the colonial power, are presented as opposition organizations. In the database, one country in an interstate conflict is given as location in the database, while
the other state actors are presented as opposition organizations. If several countries arelisted, the first country is the location.
Names of the opposition organizations are given in the local language, if available, and in English.

2.2 Distinguishing between different phases of conflict: The
Conflict ID and the Sub-Conflict ID
For some purposes there is a need to distinguish between different phases of a war. To
facilitate this, we have added a Sub-Conflict ID field that identifies distinct phases of
the conflict. The first year(s) of a conflict is always coded with Sub-Conflict ID = 0.

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We code a subsequent year of conflict as a new sub-conflict if it satisfies either of thefollowing criteria:
1. It follows ten consecutive years with less than 25 battle-related deaths per year
2. It is the year of a conflict that is coded as changing from ‘internal conflict’ to‘internationalized internal conflict’ or vice versa
3. It is coded with a complete change in the list of opposition organizations
In all other cases, a conflict year is coded as continuation of the previous sub-conflict.
The definition of a Sub-Conflict ID has consequences for coding criteria regarding
temporal issues. Start Dates are coded with respect to Sub-Conflict ID, so that each
new Sub-Conflict has an independent start date. However, it is important to note thatsince not all Sub-Conflicts are defined based on the temporal criterion, these startdates must not be confused with a definition of conflict onset. There is, at the time ofwriting, no definition of conflict onset in this database.

2.3 Missing data problems
This dataset does not include any missing data codes. This should not lead anyone toassume there are no such problems. A number of conflicts have been identified as potentially in accordance with the criteria for inclusion. Similarly, additional years might
have been listed for those conflicts that are included, although so far we have failed tofind sufficient evidence for inclusion. These observations are currently coded as absence of conflict.
The information also varies with regard to the level of precision. For the start datevariables, the precision level is recorded in a separate variable. Apart from that, ourtake is that if we only record and provide information when we are quite confident
that it is correct. The bias produced by this approach is against the inclusion of conflicts in the earlier decades and in the less-developed world. An armed conflict in adeveloped country in the 1990s is more likely to be recorded than a conflict in a lessdeveloped country in the 1950s.
The data coders have made a decision whether there was an active conflict according to the definition for all countries for all years they are independent after 1945.
This does not mean there are no uncertainties regarding the codings. For a discussionof unclear cases in 2004, see Appendix 2 in Harbom & Wallensteen (2005).

2.4 Version name convention
The most recent version of the dataset is Version 3-2005 For every new release, substantive changes will be documented in a separate document.3 This should be helpful
to researchers trying to replicate a particular study. We recommend that whenever thisdataset is used, the version number should be cited.
The version number is a combination of a number and a year. The number is increased when the definition of the dataset is developed and the table schema ischanged. The year refers to when the dataset is updated with new observations. If
there is changes in the data between yearly updates a letter is used behind the year.

3

http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/version_history.pdf

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3 The Main Conflict Table
The observation (or unit) in the Main Conflict table is a conflict-year. Each conflict islisted every year it is found to be above the threshold. This is in contrast to Version
2.1 (and earlier versions) of the dataset.4
The calendar year is the basic unit of every observation. If a conflict during theperiod June–September results in 30 casualties, that year will be recorded as a year of
conflict. If the same number of casualties occurred in the period November–February
and that the conflict failed to reach the threshold of 25 battle-related deaths in either
calendar year, both years would be recorded as being at peace. This has a number ofconsequences that will be discussed below. Start dates will very often be recorded
prior to the first calendar year of a conflict, as the start of a conflict might be in a yearwith less than 25 casualties. Small conflicts might not be included. Certain observations might be based on a single event, such as the Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland in 1997, which exceeded the minimum threshold for armed conflict.
Different observations have a different number of actors, both government andopposition groups. For most purposes, the database has to be converted into a data
structure more suitable for analysis, such as a monadic, dyadic, or duration structure5.
Table 1. Definition of Variables in the Main Conflict Table
No
1
2
3

Variable
Primkey
ID
SubID

Label
Primary key
Conflict identifier
Sub-conflict identifier

4

Location

Country name(s)5Side_ACountry name(s)6Side_BCountry name(s) or Opposition actors

7
8

Incompatibility
Territory

Conflict incompatibility
Name of territory

9

Year

Year of observation

Description
The unique identifier of all observations
The unique identifier of all conflicts
Identifying sub-conflicts within a defined conflict
The name(s) of the country/countries
whose government(s) have a primary
claim to the object in dispute.
Identifying the country/countries of side
A in a conflict. Always the governmentside in civil wars
Identifying the names and/or country/countries of side B in a conflict. In a
civil conflict, this includes military opposition organizations.
A general coding of the conflict issue
The name of the territory over which
the conflict is fought, provided that theincompatibility is territorial

4
The previous formulation read ‘The observation (or unit) in the database is a conflict-year, a subconflict, or a subset of either over a period of time where no element in the definition described in Section 2 is changed. Each conflict is likely to include several observations’. This definition of the primary
unit made sense in the text lists that preceded this dataset, where space was an important issue. The
data structure was kept in order to stay compatible with previous versions. But while this might be advantageous to old users, it has confused a number of new users. The new annual data structure therefore replaced the old structure in Version 3.0.
5
By monadic we refer to a data structure where a country is the main unit of analysis. Dyadic refers toa data structure where a pair of countries is the main unit of analysis. In duration analyses the conflict,from start to end, is the main unit of analysis.

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No
10

Variable
Intensity

Label
Intensity level

11

Type

Conflict type12

Startdate

Date of conflict initiation

13
14

Startprecision
Startdate2

Precision of Startdate
Date of conflict initiation

15

Startprecision2

Precision of Startdate2

16

COW_A6

COW numbers of Side A

17

COW_B

COW numbers of Side B

18

COW_location

19

Region

COW numbers of Location
Region of Location

20

Lat

Latitude of conflict centre

21

Lon

22

RadiusLongitude of conflict center
Radius of conflict area

23

VersionVersion number

Description
A two + one level assessment of thenumber of battle-related casualties per
year in the conflict period covered by
the observation, plus a special levelindicating conflict history in lowintensity conflicts
Four different types of conflict (interstate, extrastate, internal, internationalized internal)
The date, as precise as possible, of thefirst violent action of the conflict resulting in death
The level of precision for the initial date
Similar to Start_date, but truncated sothat there are no dates earlier than thefirst year of 25 battle-related deaths
The level of precision for the truncatedinitial date
COW numbers of all countries in SideA, separated by semicolons
COW numbers of all countries in SideB, separated by semicolons
COW numbers of all location countries,
separated by semicolons
See Section 3.19 for the definition of
the different regions.
First component of the geographic coordinates of center of the conflict
Second component of the geographic
coordinates of center of the conflict
Assuming that all conflict areas arecircles, the radius of the conflict area
The current version of the dataset. See
Section 2.4.

3.1 Primkey
The Primkey variable is the primary key in the dataset, and each observation has aunique primary key. This variable is useful for merging the dataset with other datasets. It is constructed from three components: The first four digits are the conflict ID.
The fifth digit is the sub-conflict ID. The last four digits are the year of the observation. Key = ( ID *100000 ) + ( SubID *10000 ) + Begin . There are 1808 observations in thedataset.

3.2 ID
Every conflict, as defined in Section 2.1, has its own ID. We have chosen a four-digit
Conflict ID, ranging from 1010 to 3330. There are 229 different conflicts included in
the current version. Based on new evidence, earlier coding decisions have and willcontinue to be revised. Thus, the conflict ID variable can also be subject to changes
from version to version.

6

COW: Correlates of War project.

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3.3 SubID
Every sub-conflict is identified by the SubID variable. The default value is 0, andevery new sub-conflict has a new number. Thus, a conflict with two sub-conflicts is inreality divided into three conflict periods with their individual start dates. Most conflicts do not have sub-conflicts, but 68 of the 229 conflicts have been split up into different sub-conflicts. There is a total of 330 unique combinations of conflict IDs andsub-conflict IDs
Table 2. Frequency Table for SubID Variable
Number of sub-conflicts

Count
161
1
2
3
4
5

44
18
3
3

This frequency table shows the distribution of number of sub-conflicts per conflict. The six conflicts that are divided into four or more different conflict periods areconflicts in Sudan, Congo/Zaire, Afghanistan, Uganda, and Cambodia.

3.4 Location
Location is defined as the government side of a conflict, and should not be interpreted
as the geographical location of the conflict.
•••

For internal and internationalized internal conflicts, only one country name islisted. This is the country whose government or territory is disputed. For certain conflicts, such as Kurdistan, the disputed territory is divided between different countries. Following our definition, we have coded individual conflicts
for each country.
For interstate conflict, governments with a claim over the territory in disputeare listed in the Location field. Even if several governments are involved in
the conflict, only the primary parties are listed. This normally means that two
countries are listed, but there are two notable exceptions: In the Arab-Israeli
war of 1948–49 as well as the Suez war of 1956, there are more than two primary parties to the conflict. In the Arab-Israeli war of 1948–49 five states,
Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Transjordan, made an equal claim against Israel to the Israeli/Palestinian territory. In the case of the Suez war of 1956, Israel, United Kingdom, and France share an equal claim to the Suez territory
against Egypt. Thus, the parties cannot be separated into primary and secondary parties with regard to the incompatibility.
For extra-state conflicts, Location is set to be the disputed area, not the government of the colonial power. This is a rather difficult problem, as the Location by default is not a member of the international system, and hence it is incompatible with the definition presented in Section 2.

Location is a string variable, listing the names of the countries involved. Thesemight be fighting together or against each other. The string is split in two ways, hy-

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phen (‘-‘) splits the different sides in an interstate war, and comma (‘,’) splits different
countries fighting together on the same side.

3.5 Side_A
Side A is the government side of all internal conflicts, one of the sides in an interstate
conflict, and the colonial state in extra-state conflicts. By definition, a nongovernmental group cannot be part of an armed conflict on this side. For all interstate
conflicts, we only list governments, and for all extrastate or internal conflicts, every
conflict involving a non-governmental actor on the governments side versus anothernon-governmental actor can be broken up into two conflicts; the government vs. theopposition and the pro-government group vs. the opposition. The latter is a conflictwith no government actor and falls outside our definition. Hence, Side A will only list
governments. In some interstate conflicts, Side A includes more countries than arelisted in the Location field. All governments involved in an interstate conflict arelisted on Side A or Side B, but only the primary parties with a claim over the territory
in dispute are listed in the Location field. (Note the explanation in the previous sections concerning two conflicts where we cannot separate between primary and secondary actors.)
Side A is a string variable, where the different country names are separated by acomma (‘,’).

3.6 Side_B
Side B is the opposition side of all internal and extra-state conflicts and the secondside in an interstate conflict. Side B can include both countries and non-governmental
opposition groups. There might be conflicts where different opposition groups fighteach other as well as the government, but this will not be evident from the coding ofSide B. Governments listed in Side B can support one or more of the oppositiongroups, but neither this nor the precise name of all opposition groups can be read outof this column. We refer to the conflict list for more information on oppositiongroups.
Side B is a string variable, where the different country names are separated by acomma (‘,’).

3.7 Incompatibility
As one country can experience several conflicts, we need a way to differentiate between them. Incompatibility can be either over Government or Territory. There can be
only one incompatibility over Government in a given year, but there can be several
territorial conflicts involving both opposition organizations and other governments ineither internal or interstate conflicts.

Table 3. Frequency Table for Incompatibility
Incompatibility

Count

Territory: 1

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95

Extrastate conflicts are by definition territorial, since the government side isfighting to retain control of a territory outside the state system. Insterstate conflicts arealso more likely to concern territory than government. The exceptions are invasions
aimed at a change of government, such as the US invasions of Grenada (1983) andPanama (1989), and the Soviet invasion of Hungary (1956).

3.8 Territory
If the incompatibility is Territory, this variable will name that territory.

3.9 Year
The first year of the observation period as defined in Section 3.

3.10 Intensity
The intensity variable is coded in three categories:
1. Minor: At least 25 battle-related deaths per year for every year in the period.
2. Intermediate: More than 25 battle-related deaths per year and a total conflicthistory of more than 1000 battle-related deaths, but fewer than 1,000 per year.
3. War: At least 1000 battle-related deaths per year
This variable is not ordinal. The intermediate category is not necessarily more intense than the minor category, but it adds an element of history that is not coded in the
categories ‘minor’ or ‘war’. Some users may prefer to recode this variable as a dichotomy (minor conflict/war) and use the historical information (cumulative deaths
exceeds 1000: yes/no) as a separate variable.
The intensity coding raises a problem with regard to the definition of subconflicts. The ‘total conflict history’ category is reset if there are more than 10 continuous years with fewer than 25 battle-related deaths per year, or if there is a complete change in the opposition side. It is, however, not reset if the sub-conflict coding
is due to an intervention in an ongoing internal war (or the retraction of foreign
troops). This is not a coherent coding procedure. Researchers who find this problematic can disregard the ‘intermediate’ category and rather merge it with the ‘minor’
category.

3.11 TypeWe define four types of conflict:
1. Extrasystemic armed conflict occurs between a state and a non-state group outside its own territory. (In the COW project, extrasystemic war is subdivided
between colonial war and imperial war, but this division is not used here.)
2. Interstate armed conflict occurs between two or more states.
3. Internal armed conflict occurs between the government of a state and internal
opposition groups without intervention from other states.
4. Internationalized internal armed conflict occurs between the government of astate and internal opposition groups with intervention from other states.

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3.12 Startdate
The start date is coded as the initial fatality of the armed conflict. In several conflicts,
this event is more or less temporally isolated, and the year in question does therefore
not result in 25 battle related fatalities. The start date can therefore be recorded in acountry that is not recorded as being involved in an armed conflict. This is neither
self-contradictory nor unfortunate. As described in Sections 2 and 3, the threshold of
25 battle-related deaths per year produces an effective platform for comparing for instance the level of conflict in the world at two different points in time. However, it isless well suited at identifying events of special interest, such as the onset of an armed
conflict. When the start date is coded prior to the first year recorded as being in armed
conflict, this is an indication of the onset being isolated to the extent that the sum of
all events for that year did not meet our threshold of 25 fatalities.
The definition of the start date as the initial event involving a fatality is not selfevident. Two important alternatives were discussed. The initial statement of the political incompatibility could for some researchers be just as interesting. Another alternative would be the event that brought the body count for that year up to 25. Both ofthese were, however, rejected.

3.13 Startprecision
For certain conflicts, we can pinpoint the start of the armed conflict down to a single
event, taking place on a given day. For other conflicts, this is not possible, due to operational difficulties or missing information.
Some conflicts have a sliding period of escalation, where it can be difficult topoint to a single event being the initial event. In such cases, we have to make a subjective judgment. When the information we have gathered does yield any basis for a decision, we also have to set a date. Both of these problems are reflected in the coding of
the Start date precision.
1. Both day and month are precisely coded, based on operational criteria andgood information.
2. Day is assigned, month and year is precisely coded. This can be due to bothkinds of problem discussed above. The assigned date can either be one of several events that can be classified as the first event, or it can be an event thatdifferent sources claim occured on different dates.
3. Month and year are precisely coded, day is unknown. The exact day is known
to be in a given month, but there are no data available. Day is then set to thefirst day of the month.
4. Month is assigned, year is coded precisely. Similar to item 2 in this list, there
is uncertainty regarding the month, not only the day. Month and day assigned
based on subjective judgment.
5. Both day and month missing; only year is known and coded precisely. The
start date is assigned to 1 January of that year.
6. Year is assigned. Similar to item 2 and item 4, there is wide disagreement between different sources, so that not even year can be coded precisely. The startdate is then assigned based on subjective judgment.
7. Year is missing. No information on the start date is available; the start date is
set to 1 January of the first year recorded in conflict.

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3.14 Startdate2
Startdate2 is set to the date on which we have information that at least 25 battle deaths
have occurred and all other criteria required to fulfill the definition of an armed conflict. If this date is not precisely known, Startdate2 is set to 1 January of the year thecriteria were fulfilled, and Startprecision2 is set to 5. In cases where Startdate2 isknown only with precision 5 (only year known), but Startdate1 is known with precision 3 (month known) or better, Startdate2 is set to the same date as Startdate1 andStartprecision2 is set to 4 (month assigned).
This variable is useful for some applications, since Startdate1 in several instances is a date before the first year recorded as having conflict due to the incompatibility of the calendar-year observation unit and the event-based coding of start date.

3.15 Startprecision2
As noted above, the first start date can appear in a year where the conflict is not codedas active. In these cases, we generally code start date 2 as January 1 in the year the
conflict reaches the 25 battle deaths threshold. The start date 2 then gets the precisioncode 11.
An example could be conflict 1370 between Israel and Palestinian insurgents.
The first recorded event takes place 15.05.1948, but the conflict did not reach the 25
threshold until 1949. In this case, start date 2 is coded as 01.01.1949 with precisioncode 11.

3.16 COW_A
To facilitate analytical use of the dataset, we have coded the Correlates of War(COW) number for all participating countries/governments for that observation. We
have split this into a Side A and a Side B. For interstate conflict, Side A and Side B
are assigned arbitrarily, but for the three other categories of conflict some additional
explanation is necessary: All countries fighting together on the government side arelisted on Side A and all countries aiding opposition groups are listed on Side B. We
may safely assume that all countries listed under Side A are fighting together, but thisassumption is more problematic for Side B. There might be conflicts where several
governments support different opposition groups, which might fight separately against
the government or even fight each other. We have not recorded which governments
support which opposition groups.
COW_A is a string variable, where the list of numbers are separated by comma(‘,’).

3.17 COW_B
See COW_A.

3.18 COW_location
This field holds the COW numbers of all governments listed in the Location variable.
These actors are the primary actors in the conflict, with a claim in the object of dispute. It does not, as stated before, necessarily imply that there is conflict on the territories controlled by the listed actors.
COW_location is a string variable, where the numbers are separated by a comma(‘,’).

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3.19 Region
The conflict definition specifies a region variable, with the following five regions:
1. Europe: Geographic definition, including Russia and the states in the Caucasus, corresponding to the COW numbers [200,395]
2. Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey,
and the states of the Arabian Peninsula, corresponding to the COW numbers[630,698]
3. Asia: Geographic definition, including Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand,and excluding states in the Middle East, corresponding to the COW numbers[700,990]
4. Africa: Geographic definition, excluding states in the Middle East (see above),corresponding to the COW numbers [400,625]
5. Americas: Geographic definition, including states in the Caribbean, corresponding to the COW numbers [2,165]

Figure 1. Number of Armed Conflicts by Region, 1946–2004

3.20 Lat
In order to specify the geographic location of each conflict, every observation is assigned a conflict center point by its geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude).
The conflict center is fixed, so as to represent the geographic mid-point of all significant battle-zones during the conflict, including territory occupied by the opposition13

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actors. The latitude and longitude variables are represented by decimal degrees on a
180˚ scale. Southern latitudes and western longitudes have negative values.

3.21 Lon
See Lat.

3.22 Radius
The radius variable indicates the largest geographic extent of the conflict zone fromthe center point during the course of conflict. The radius variable is measured in 50kilometer intervals. For conflicts that took place within a single spot (city, militarybase), the radius variable is set at 50 km. Users should be aware of the limitations of
this variable. At a given point in time, the actual conflict zone might be more constrained than the maximum size that is recorded here. Furthermore, we define a circular zone of conflict whereas the actual shape is more likely to follow the contours ofinternational boundaries, mountains, rivers, etc. In fact, the circular conflict zone
might also cover territory not directly affected by the conflict, and even the territoryof a neighboring country. Work is in progress to refine this variable by introducing
polygon-shaped conflict zones, and these data will be added to the database eventually.
Figure 2. Geographic Location of all Armed Conflicts, 1989–2004

Plotted by the ViewConflicts program (Rød, Gleditsch & Buhaug, 2002) on the basis of Version 3-2005 of this database.

4 Monadic dataset
We have prepared a monadic (or country-year) dataset based on the database. Most
analyses of civil conflict are made with this data structure. As there are four different
types of conflicts in the database, we have included an extensive set of variables in the14Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3-2005

monadic file. These variables should, combined, cover most possible uses of the dataset, but they will rarely all be used in the same study.
Since some countries can experience simultaneous conflicts, we report the highest
intensity level for each conflict type.
The monadic dataset is available in following formats; SPSS, Stata 7, Excel,
semi-colon separated text file.

4.1 Variables
Table 4 lists the variables in the Monadic Table.
Table 4. Definition of Variables in the Monadic Table
No.
1
2
3

Variable
Year
cow
Type1

4

Type2

5

Type3

6

Type4

7

Location

8

Count

9

VersionDescriptionYear
COW country code
0: No extra-state conflict
1: Extra-state minor armed conflict
2: Extra-state intermediate armed conflict
3: Extra-state war
0: No interstate conflict
1: Interstate minor armed conflict
2: Interstate intermediate armed conflict
3: Interstate war
0: No internal conflict
1: Internal minor armed conflict
2: Internal intermediate armed conflict
3: Internal war
0: No Internationalized internal conflict
1: Internationalized internal minor armed conflict
2: Internationalized internal intermediate armed conflict
3: Internationalized internal war
0: Country is not listed as location of a conflict
1: Country is listed as location of a minor armed conflict
2: Country is listed as location of an intermediate armed conflict
3: Country is listed as location of a war (see Sec. 4.4; 4.19)
The number of conflicts in which the government of the country is involved in
Version information

5 Dyadic dataset
The dyadic dataset contains one line for each year for each pair of countries that coexist in a given year (see Section 7 for system membership information). The tableconsists of 15,354 dyads and 553,573 dyad-years.

5.1 Variables
All the variables in the dyadic dataset are derived from the Main Conflict Table. Allvariables are listed with short descriptions in Table 5. Table 6 summarizes the codingof the most important variables in the Main Conflict Table to help reading Table 5.
The variables in the Dyadic Table have been named according to the following convention:
The abbreviation ‘TypX’ refers to the conflict type the variable represents. The letters A andB denote which the state in the dyad the variable refers to. The variable ‘Typ1_A’ hence
codes whether state A in the dyad is involved in a conflict of type 1 (extra-systemic) in thegiven year. The component ‘_CI ’ (Conflict Intensity) indicates that the highest intensity levelof this conflict is recorded. The component ‘_Inc’ indicates that the incompatibility is recorded.

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Armed Conflict Dataset

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A variable that contains both A and B in its name is a truly dyadic variable, and indicates
whether states A and B were engaged simultaneously in the same war. The label component‘Opp’ indicates that the pair of countries were fighting on opposite sides in the conflict. The
label component ‘Ally’ indicates that the pair of countries were fighting on the same side in
the conflict.
Note that the variables that do not refer to both state A and B contain information that is essentially at the country level. The variable ‘Typ1_A’ is therefore identical in all the dyads thatcountry A belongs to in the given year.
The component ‘Loc’ denotes whether country A or B were the location of the internationalized internal conflict, i.e. the country whose government or territory is contested. Correspondingly, ‘IS’ denotes whether country A or B were intervening in the conflict in this country.

Table 5. Definition of Variables in the Dyadic Table
Variable

Description

1

A_COW

Correlates of War ID for State A

2

B_COW

Correlates of War ID for State B

3

Year

Current dyad-year

4

Typ1_A_CI

Whether state A is involved in one or more conflicts type 1 –extra-systemic (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)5

Typ1_A_Inc

Whether state A is involved in one or more conflicts type 1 –extra-systemic (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)6

Typ1_B_CI

Whether state B is involved in one or more conflicts type 1 –extra-systemic (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)7

Typ1_B_Inc

Whether state B is involved in one or more conflicts type 1 –extra-systemic (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)8

Typ2_A_CI

Whether state A is involved in one or more conflicts type 2 –interstate (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)9

Typ2_A_Inc

Whether state A is involved in one or more conflicts type 2 –interstate (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)10

Typ2_B_CI

Whether state B is involved in one or more conflicts type 2 –interstate (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)11

Typ2_B_Inc

Whether state B is involved in one or more conflicts type 2 –interstate (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)12

Typ2_AB_Opp_CI

Whether states A and B are involved on opposite sides in a
conflict type 2 - interstate (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)13

Typ2_AB_
Opp_Inc

Whether states A and B are involved on opposite sides in a
conflict type 2 – interstate (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)

14

Typ2_Ally_CI

Whether states A and B are involved on same sides in a conflicttype 2 – interstate (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)15

Typ2_Ally_Inc

Whether states A and B are involved on same sides in a conflicttype 2 – interstate (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)16Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3-2005

Variable

Description

16

Typ3_A_CI

Whether state A is involved in one or more conflicts type 3 –internal (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)17

Typ3_A_Inc

Whether state A is involved in one or more conflicts type 3 –internal (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)18

Typ3_B_CI

Whether state B is involved in one or more conflicts type 3 –internal (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)19

Typ3_B_Inc

Whether state B is involved in one or more conflicts type 3 –internal (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)20

Typ4_A_Loc_CI

Whether state A is the location of one or more conflicts type 4 –internationalized internal (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)

21

Typ4_A_Loc_Inc

Whether state A is the location of one or more conflicts type 4 –internationalized internal (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)

22

Typ4_B_Loc_CI

Whether state B is the location of one or more conflicts type 4 –internationalized internal (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)

23

Typ4_B_Loc_Inc

Whether state B is the location of one or more conflicts type 4 –internationalized internal (Incompatibility of the conflict is recorded)24

Typ4_A_IS_CI

Whether state A is involved as an Intervening State in one ormore conflicts type 4 – internationalized internal (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)25

Typ4_A_IS_Inc

Whether state A is involved as an Intervening State in one ormore conflicts type 4 – internationalized internal (Incompatibilityof the conflict is recorded)26

Typ4_B_IS_CI

Whether state B is involved as an Intervening State in one ormore conflicts type 4 – internationalized internal (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)27

Typ4_B_IS_Inc

Whether state B is involved as an Intervening State in one ormore conflicts type 4 – internationalized internal (Incompatibilityof the conflict is recorded)28

Typ4_AB_ Opp_CI

Whether states A and B are involved on opposite sides in an
conflictof type 4 – internationalized internal (Highest Conflict
Intensity is recorded)29

Typ4_AB_
Opp_inc

Whether states A and B are involved on opposite sides in an
conflict of type 4 – internationalized internal (Incompatibility of
the conflict is recorded)30

Typ4_Ally_CI

Whether states A and B are involved on same sides in an conflictof type 4 – internationalized internal (Highest Conflict Intensity is recorded)31

Typ4_Ally_Inc

Whether states A and B are involved on same sides in an conflict of type 4 – internationalized internal (Incompatibility of theconflict is recorded)

32

NumConflicts_A

Number of conflicts recorded for state A in the current year

17

Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3-2005

Variable

Description

33

NumConflicts_B

Number of conflicts recorded for state B in the current year

34

Key_A

Comma [,] separated references to the variable Primkey in theparent dataset for each conflict state A is involved in the current
year.

35

Key_B

Comma [,] separated references to the variable Primkey in theparent dataset for each conflict state B is involved in the current
year.

Table 6. Coding Descriptions for the Dyadic Table
Type
1: Extrasystemic armed conflict(see Section 3.11 for complete
2: Interstate armed conflictvariable descriptions)
3: Internal armed conflict
4: Internationalized internal armed conflict
Intensity(see Section 3.10 for complete
variable descriptions)

0.
1.
2.

3.

Incompatibility(see Section 3.7 for complete
variable descriptions)

No conflict
Minor: At least 25 battle-related deaths per
year for every year in the period.
Intermediate: More than 25 battle-related
deaths per year and a total conflict history of
more than 1000 battle-related deaths, but
fewer than 1,000 per year.
War: At least 1000 battle-related deaths peryear

A state may be involved in more than one conflict ofany type in a given year. The intensity of the highestlevel conflict is recorded.
0: No conflict
1–2: Government or Territory
3: Both 1 and 2

5.2 Notes
All countries fighting together on the government side are listed on side A and all
countries aiding opposition groups are listed on side B. We may safely assume that all
countries listed under side A are fighting together, but the same assumption is more
problematic for side B. (See Sections 3.5 and 3.6.)

6 Technical information
6.1 Database
The database is stored in a Microsoft Access 2000 database. The main table [Armed
Conflict Database] is defined with the following data types:
Table 7. Technical Spesification of Main Conflict Table
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Variable
PrimkeyID
SubID
Location
Side_A
Side_B

Definition
LONG INTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
TEXT
MEMO
TEXT

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No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Variable
Incompatibility
Territory
Year
Begin
End
Intensity
Type
Startdate
Startprecision
Startdate2
Startprecision2
COW_A
COW_B
COW_location
RegionLat
Lon
RadiusVersionVersion 3-2005

Definition
BYTE
TEXT
INTEGERINTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
BYTE
DATE/TIME
BYTE
DATE/TIME
BYTE
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
BYTE
DOUBLEDOUBLEINTEGERDOUBLEThe monadic file is stored in the table [Monadic] with the following definition:
Table 8. Technical Spesification of the Monadic Table
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Variable
Year
COW
Type1
Type2
Type3
Type4
LocationCount
VersionDefinition
INTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
DOUBLEThe dyadic file is stored in the table [Dyadic] with the following definition:
Table 9. Technical Spesification of the Dyadic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Variable
A_COW_ID
B_COW_ID
Year
Civ_A
Civ_A_Inc
Civ_B
Civ_B_Inc
War_A
War_A_Inc
War_B
War_B_Inc
War_AB
War_AB_Inc
War_Ally
War_Ally_Inc
Typ4L_A
Typ4L_A_Inc
Typ4L_B

Definition
INTEGERINTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE

19

Armed Conflict Dataset

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Variable
Typ4L_B_Inc
Typ4I_A
Typ4I_A_Inc
Typ4I_B
Typ4I_B_Inc
Typ4_AB
Typ4_AB_Inc
Typ4_Ally
Typ4_Ally_Inc
Typ1_A
Typ1_A_Inc
Typ1_B
Typ1_B_Inc
NumConflicts_A
NumConflicts_B
Key_A
Key_B
VersionVersion 3-2005

Definition
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
TEXT
TEXT
DOUBLE

6.2 Text files
The text files are exported from the database with semi-colon (‘;’) as the field separator and in the Western European (Windows) / ISO-8859-1 code page.

6.3 SPSS files
Created with Stat/Transfer 7.0.02.

6.4 Stata files
Stata (Standard) Version 7. Created with Stat/Transfer 7.0.02.

6.5 Excel file
Exported out of the main database. Due to the size of the dyadic table, this file could
not be converted to Excel.

7 System membership description
The definition of a state is crucial to our conflict list. The conflict definition is based
upon participating governmental actors of independent states, and the classification ofa given conflict rests heavily upon the status of the different actors. A conflict between two recognized governments is an interstate war, while a conflict between arecognized government and a party soon to become a recognized government can beclassified as either internal war (i.e. Eritrea) or extra-state war (i.e. Laos) or if (4.2)
applies, interstate war. The definition of a state in the original conflict definition is asfollows:(4) State: A state is(4.1) an internationally recognized sovereign government controlling a specified territory, or(4.2) an internationally unrecognized government controlling a specified territory whose sovereignty is not disputed by another internationally recognized sovereign government previously controlling the same territory.

20

Armed Conflict Dataset

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This is a very wide definition, which allows us a significant flexibility when it
comes to including small and short-lived governments and thereby classifying conflicts precisely. However, this flexibility is costly when we want to compare conflicts
over time. If we want to answer the question ‘Is there more conflict now than during
the Cold War?’ we need to compare the ratio of states in conflict to states in peace at
different points in time. To do that, we need a complete list of states over time.
We use the Gleditsch & Ward (1999) systems membership definition. This definition is based on the Correlates of War project definition. The most recent update isCorrelates of War 2 Project (2003). The starting point for that list was Russett et al.
(1968). Before 1920 the Russett et al. definition includes countries with a populationof more than 10,000 and diplomatic relations with Britain and France. After 1920
countries are included if they have either membership in the League of Nations or theUN, or a population of more than 500,000 and recognition from two major powers inthe system.
Gleditsch & Ward include countries with a population of more than 250.000 thathave ‘a relatively autonomous administration over some territory’, and is ‘considereda distinct entity by local actors or the state it is dependent on’ (Gleditsch & Ward,
1999: 398).
The Gleditsch & Ward system definition is more flexible and addresses a numberof problematic aspects in the earlier Russett et al. definition, and it also fits our definition of state better. Lack of diplomatic recognition by a major power can be an indicator of conflict, and is therefore a problematic aspect of a system membership definition for our use. However, countries with less than 250,000 inhabitants can also
experience conflict, and we would ideally have chosen to include such countries as
governmental actors in our dataset. The only case where this is problematic is presented by the armed conflict Hyderabad vs. India. Hyderabad declared itself independent in 1947. A civil war broke out between the Indian government and a rebel
movement, ending in an invasion by India.
Most quantitative applications of this dataset will not be affected by this problem,as the lack of control variables most probably will leave this observation out of theanalysis. We build our monadic and dyadic time frames on the Gleditsch & Ward system membership data, so that there is one observation (country-year or dyad-year) for
the whole Gleditsch & Ward frame. Gleditsch & Ward use a slightly modified versionof the COW numbering system. Table 10 presents the system membership table that
we base our data tables on. These data are updated through 31 December 2004 by us,
based on the assumption that no country has entered or left the international systemafter the most recent version of the Gleditsch & Ward data.
Table 10. Gleditsch & Ward System Membership Table

StateNum
2
20
31
53
40
41
42

StateAbb
USA
CAN
BHM
BAR
CUB
HAI
DOM

StateName
United States of America
CanadaBahamasBarbados
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic

21

StartYear
EndYear
1946
2004
1946
2004
1973
2004
1966
2004
1946
2004
1946
2004
1946
2004

Armed Conflict Dataset

51
52
70
80
90
91
92
93
94
95
100
101
110
115
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
200
205
210
211
212
220
225
230
235
260
265
290
305
310
315
316
317
325
338
339
343
344
345
346
349
350
352
355

JAM
TRI
MEX
BLZ
GUA
HON
SAL
NIC
COS
PAN
COL
VEN
GUY
SUR
ECU
PER
BRA
BOL
PAR
CHL
ARG
URU
UK
IRE
NTH
BEL
LUX
FRN
SWZ
SPN
POR
GFR
GDR
POL
AUS
HUN
CZE
CZR
SLO
ITA
MLT
ALB
MAC
CRO
YUG
BOS
SLV
GRC
CYP
BUL

Version 3-2005

Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago
MexicoBelizeGuatemalaHonduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
PanamaColombia
Venezuela
GuyanaSurinamEcuador
Peru
BrazilBoliviaParaguay
Chile
Argentina
Uruguay
United Kingdom
IrelandNetherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
FranceSwitzerland
Spain
Portugal
German Federal Republic
German Democratic Republic
PolandAustria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Italy/Sardinia
Malta
Albania
Macedonia
Croatia
Yugoslavia (Serbia)
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Slovenia
GreeceCyprusBulgaria

22

1962
1962
1946
1981
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1966
1975
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1949
1949
1946
1946
1946
1946
1993
1993
1946
1964
1946
1991
1991
1946
1992
1991
1946
1960
1946

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
1990
2004
2004
2004
1992
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

Armed Conflict Dataset

359
360
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
375
380
385
390
395
402
404
411
420
436
432
433
434
435
437
438
439
450
451
452
461
471
475
481
482
483
484

MLD
RUM
RUS
EST
LAT
LIT
UKR
BLR
ARM
GRG
AZE
FIN
SWD
NOR
DEN
ICE
CAP
GNB
EQG
GAM
NIR
MLI
SEN
BEN
MAA
CDI
GUI
BFO
LBR
SIE
GHA
TOG
CAO
NIG
GAB
CEN
CHA
CON

490
500
501
510
511
516
517
520
522
530
531

DRC
UGA
KEN
TAZ
ZAN
BUI
RWA
SOM
DJI
ETH
ERI

Version 3-2005

Moldova
Rumania
Russia (Soviet Union)
Estonia
LatviaLithuania
UkraineBelarus
Armenia
Georgia
Azerbaijan
FinlandSwedenNorwayDenmark
IcelandCape Verde
Guinea-Bissau
Equatorial Guinea
GambiaNiger
Mali
SenegalBenin
Mauritania
Cote D’Ivoire
GuineaBurkina Faso
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Togo
Cameroon
Nigeria
Gabon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of (Zaire)
UgandaKenya
Tanzania/Tanganyika
ZanzibarBurundiRwandaSomalia
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Eritrea

23

1991
1946
1946
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1975
1974
1968
1965
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1958
1960
1946
1961
1957
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

1960
1962
1963
1961
1963
1962
1962
1960
1977
1946
1993

2004
2004
2004
2004
1964
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

Armed Conflict Dataset

540
541
551
552
553
560
565
570
571
572
580
581
590
600
615
616
620
625
630
640
645
651
652
660
663
666
670
678
680
690
692
694
696
698
700
701
702
703
704
705
710
711
712
713
731
732
740
750
760
770

ANG
MZM
ZAM
ZIM
MAW
SAF
NAM
LES
BOT
SWA
MAG
COM
MAS
MOR
ALG
TUN
LIB
SUD
IRN
TUR
IRQ
EGY
SYR
LEB
JOR
ISR
SAU
YEM
YPR
KUW
BAH
QAT
UAE
OMA
AFG
TKM
TAJ
KYR
UZB
KZK
CHN
TBT
MON
TAW
PRK
ROK
JPN
IND
BHU
PAK

Version 3-2005

AngolaMozambiqueZambiaZimbabwe (Rhodesia)
MalawiSouth Africa
Namibia
LesothoBotswana
Swaziland
Madagascar
Comoros
Mauritius
MoroccoAlgeria
Tunisia
Libya
Sudan
Iran
Turkey/Ottoman Empire
Iraq
Egypt
Syria
LebanonJordanIsraelSaudi Arabia
Yemen (Arab Republic of Yemen)
Yemen, People's Republic of
KuwaitBahrain
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Oman
Afghanistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
China
Tibet
Mongolia
TaiwanKorea, People's Republic ofKorea, Republic of
Japan
India
BhutanPakistan

24

1975
1975
1964
1965
1964
1946
1990
1966
1966
1968
1960
1975
1968
1956
1962
1956
1951
1956
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1948
1946
1946
1967
1961
1971
1971
1971
1946
1946
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1946
1946
1946
1949
1948
1948
1946
1947
1949
1947

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
1990
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
1950
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

Armed Conflict Dataset

771
775
780
781
790
800
811
812
816
817
820
830
835
840
850
900
910
920
940
950
860

BNG
MYA
SRI
MAD
NEP
THI
CAM
LAO
DRV
RVN
MAL
SIN
BRU
PHI
INS
AUL
PNG
NEW
SOL
FJI
ETM

Version 3-2005

Bangladesh
Myanmar
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Maldives
Nepal
ThailandCambodia
Laos
Vietnam, Democratic Republic ofVietnam, Republic of
Malaysia
Singapore
Brunei
Philippines
Indonesia
Australia
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
Solomon Islands
FijiEast Timor

25

1972
1948
1948
1965
1946
1946
1954
1954
1954
1954
1957
1965
1984
1946
1946
1946
1975
1946
1978
1970
2002

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
1975
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3-2005

8 References
Correlates of War 2 Project. 2003. ‘State System Membership List, v2002.1’. Online,
http://cow2.la.psu.edu.
Eriksson, Mikael; & Peter Wallensteen, 2004. ‘Patterns of Major Armed Conflicts
1990–2003’, in SIPRI Yearbook 2004 Armaments, Disarmament and International
Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press (132–147).
Eriksson, Mikael, Margareta Sollenberg & Peter Wallensteen, 2003. ‘Armed Conflict
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