iiiFOREWORD
This is the report of the third research expedition of Kagoshima University on the State ofYap, Federal States of Micronesia. An interdisciplinary research team composed of 30 professors
and students from various faculties of the university visited Ulithi Atoll of Yap State, fromOctober to November 2001 using the training ship Keiten-maru of the Faculty of Fisheries. Theexpedition was aimed at: 1) looking at geological, ecological, bioproductive, hygienic and sociocultural features of natural and human environments in Ulithi Atoll, and 2) in some way contribute to the development of agriculture, fisheries and the actual daily lives of the people of Yap,
as well as promote international exchange between the State of Yap and Japan.
The expedition has three research teams. The first team produced three reports, which surveyed on human activity in Ulithi Atoll such as its traditional culture, tourism and social change,
the politics of dancing, and the migration of islanders. The second team has nine reports, whichinvestigated on aspects of the physical geography like the coastal waters, genetic diversity of coconut, agriculture and food supply, tuber proteins, influence of wave action on shell shape andoil spill, using satellite data in monitoring and analyzing shore environment, biogeography of insect fauna, RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis of yams, and ciguatera fish
poisoning. The third team has five reports, which looked at the people-nature interactions suchas aroid agriculture on atolls, classifications of citrus species, soil conditions, contamination ofsoil with parasite eggs, and the mosquito fauna.
We are truly grateful to several persons and institutions in Japan and the State of Yap, fortheir direct and indirect contribution and assistance during the research expedition. We hope that
this report will provide information, understanding and appreciation of the Ulithi Atoll dwellers
and their environments, as much as we have learned from and enjoyed that wonderful experience.

NORO Tadahide
Expedition Leader
Kagoshima University
Faculty of Fisheries

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PREFACEWe are pleased to announce the publication of the official report of the research project“Social Homeostasis of Small Islands in an Island-Zone” conducted by the Kagoshima
University Research Center for the Pacific Islands (KURCPI) in the years 2000 and 2001.
This multi-disciplinary research project was started in 1999 as a three-year project by thefour members of the KURCPI with the collaboration of more than forty researchers from otherfaculties of Kagoshima University. The term “homeostasis” describes, as its biological origin
suggests, the actual and potential ways in which the stability, not necessarily static but also dynamic, and the sustainability of a society are achieved, without forfeiting its interaction and interdependency with the outside world. The goal of the project is to obtain an understanding of howsocial homeostasis may be achieved in a society on a small island. The term “island-zone” indicates that an island, though insulated by the sea, needs to be understood in the context of a groupof islands, where networks of people, things, and information are formed and interaction between
islands take place.
As the main research fields for the project, we chose the Satsunan Islands in Southern Japanand the island-zone of Yap in Micronesia. Both are island-zones consisting of a group of small
islands with biological, social, and cultural relationships among themselves, and they share common difficulties, typical of small islands. The main difference between them is that the Satsunan
Islands are a peripheral part of one of the most developed economies in the world, whereas theisland-zone of Yap belongs to a modest island nation. This contrast enabled us to make a comparative approach to the studies on small islands.
The present report represents results of the research project in its second and third years. Itconsists of two parts, each forming an individual volume in the KURCPI Occasional PaperSeries. Part One, in volume 38, is a collection of papers which involve the researches carried outin Japan in 2000 and 2001. These researches concern a variety of topics relating to island-zones
and small islands in Southern Japan. Part Two, in the present volume 39, contains papers basedon the researches carried out in 2000 and 2001 in Yap, Micronesia, including the research conducted by the Survey Party in Ulithi Atoll in 2001. The drafts of the papers in Part Two werereviewed by the Council of Tamol (traditional chiefs in the Outer Islands of Yap) and by theCouncil of Pilung (traditional chiefs in the Yap Islands) to ensure accuracy before publication.
Reflecting our multi-disciplinary approach, both Part One and Two are subdivided into sections
on human activities, physical geography, and people-nature interactions. Each section involves,(1) history, society, culture, education, tourism, and human movement, (2) geology, geography,
and ecology, and (3) agriculture, fisheries, public health, and the impact of natural disasters.
Please note that, following a recommendation by the Japanese Language Council, we haveadopted a new practice in this volume that in accordance with Japanese practice the family nameof a Japanese author precedes the given name.
We hope this two-volume report will bring benefits to the people of the local communities
with which the research was concerned. We also hope this provides us with an insight into thepresent conditions of the two island zones in the Northwestern Pacific and that it will further encourage studies on the small islands in this part of the world, so that researchers can exchange
ideas and information and develop general theories on small islands in the future.
AOYAM A Toru
NODA Shinichi
Editors
KURCPI

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CONTENTSPREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………………… iii
FOREWORD …………………………………………………………………………………… iv
Members of the Japanese Survey Party ……………………………………………………… vii
Host Scientists, Experts, Officials and Informants in the State of Yap …………………… viii
The Route of the Keiten-maru for the 2001 Survey …………………………………………… ix
Maps ……………………………………………………………………………………………… x

SECTION ONE: HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Report 1 TRADITIONAL CULTURE, TOURISM, AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN ISLAND,ULITHI ATOLL ……………………………………………………………………… 1
K UWAHARA SueoReport 2 POLITICS OF DANCING: CULTURAL AND SOCIAL NEGOTIATIONAMONG THE ISLANDS OF ULITHI ATOLL AND YAP PROPER …………… 11A OYAMA Toru
Report 3 MIGRATION OF MOGMOG ISLANDERS IN ULITHI ATOLL, YAP STATE,FSM ………………………………………………………………………………… 17
TAJIMA Yasuhiro and Sesariyo F. H ARONG
Report 4 A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS: TOURISM, CULTURE, AND CONFLICT IN YAPSTATE ……………………………………………………………………………… 25
Donald H. RUBINSTEIN

SECTION TWO: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYReport 1 A STUDY OF THE COASTAL SEAWATER IN YAP ISLAND AND ULITHIATOLL, FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA, 2001 ……………………… 35Gregory N. NISHIHARA, TERADA Ryuta, HIGASHI Akira, and N ORO Tadahide
Report 2 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF COCONUT (Cocos Nucifera L.) IN YAP STATE … 45
I CHITANI Katsuyuki, HIKIDA Megumi, KAMADA Noriyuki, N AGAYAMA Hiroshi,O NJO Michio, TSUDA Katsuo and TOMINAGA Shigeto
Report 3 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY ON ULITHI ATOLL …………………… 51O NJO Michio, N AKANO Kazutaka, TOMINAGA Shigeto, TSUDA Katsuo,I CHITANI Katsuyuki, and P ARK Byoung-Jae
Report 4 COMPARISON OF TUBER PROTEINS OF YAM INTRODUCED FROM THE
POHNPEI ISLAND AND YAP PROPER, THE FEDERATED STATES OFMICRONESIA ……………………………………………………………………… 55
O NJO Michio, H AYASHI Mitsuru, and M ATSUO Tomoaki
Report 5 INFLUENCES OF WAVE ACTION ON SHELL SHAPE OF MARINE SNAILNERITA PLICATA AND OIL SPILL ON MARINE COASTALENVIRONMENTS …………………………………………………………………… 59
K AWAI Keivi

Report 6 PROBABILITY OF MONITORING AND ANALYZING SEA SHOREENVIRONMENT IN YAP USING SATELLITE DATA ………………………… 65I SHIGURO Etsuji, K ASHIWAGI Sumitaka, KIKUKAWA Hiroyuki, HIGASHI Masataka,Y OSHINAGA Keisuke, FUKUDA Ryuji, and M ORIYAMA Masao
Report 7 THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE ULITHI ISLANDS,MICRONESIA ……………………………………………………………………… 73
TSUDA Katsuo, W ATANABE Masao, TOMINAGA Shigeto, O NJO Michio, andI CHITANI Katsuyuki
Report 8 RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) ANALYSIS OFYAMS COLLECTED IN THE YAP ISLANDS AND THE ULITHI ISLANDS … 77
TAURA Satoru, PARK Byoung-Jae, ICHITANI Katsuyuki, ONJO Michio, andK AWABE Kotaro
Report 9 CIGUATERA FISH POISONING IN ULITHI ATOLL, YAP STATE,MICRONESIA ……………………………………………………………………… 83
N ORO Tadahide, Gregory Naoki N ISHIHARA, TERADA Ryuta, and Andrew YOROPIYSECTION THREE: PEOPLE- NATURE INTERACTIONS
Report 1 AN OVERVIEW OF AROID CULTIVATION ON ATOLLS IN THE PACIFICOCEAN ……………………………………………………………………………… 87
N AKANO Kazutaka and O NJO Michio
Report 2 CLASSIFICATION OF CITRUS SPECIES ON YAP ISLAND AND ULITHIATOLL OF THE FSM ……………………………………………………………… 93
TOMINAGA Shigeto, Y AMAMOTO Masashi, KOHNO Rumiko, P ARK Byoung-Jae,
TSUDA Katsuo, O NJO Michio, and I CHITANI Katsuyuki
Report 3 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SOIL CONDITIONS IN YAP ISLAND AND
ULITHI ATOLL OF THE FSM …………………………………………………… 99
TOMINAGA Shigeto, ICHITANI Katsuyuki, O NJO Michio, TSUDA Katsuo, P ARK
Byoung-Jae, NAGAYAMA Hiroshi, K AMADA Noriyuki, and K OHNO Rumiko
Report 4 CONTAMINATION OF SOIL WITH PARASITE EGGS IN MADRICH, YAP
ISLANDS, FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA …………………………107
N ODA Shinichi and John GILMATAM
Report 5 A SURVEY OF THE MOSQUITO FAUNA IN ULITHI ATOLL, YAP STATE,FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA ………………………………………111
N ODA Shinichi and John GILMATAM

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MEMBERS OF THE JAPANESE SURVEY PARTY TO YAPThe Titles were correct at the time of the survey in 2001.
N ODA, Shinichi
N ORO TadahideOverall Project Leader
Party Leader

Director and Professor, KURCPI
Professor, FF-KU

Survey Team 1: Human Activity
A OYAMA, Toru
RUBINSTEIN, Don H.
K UWAHARA, Sueo
TAJIMA, Yasuhiro
D OMEN, Noriko
N AKAUMRA, Tomoko
U EHARA, Kentaro
Y OSHIDA, Tamaki

Professor, KURCPI
Visiting Professor, KURCPI (UG)
Associate Professor, FLEH-KU
Professor, FE-KU
Graduate Student, FLEH-KU
Graduate Student, FLEH-KU
Graduate Student, FE-KU
Graduate Student, GSSS-TMU

Survey Team 2: Physical Geography
K AWAI, Kei
ISHIGURO, Etsuji
K ASHIWAGI, Sumitaka
N ORO, Tadahide
H IGASHI, MasatakaFUKUDA, RyujiTERADA, Ryuta
Y OSHINAGA, Keisuke
N ISHIHARA, Gregory Naoki
M AEDA, Kenjiro
K ONGO, Sentaro

Associate Professor, KURCPIAssociate Professor, FA-KU
Technical Officer, FA-KU
Professor, FF-KU
Associate Professor, FF-KU
Research Associate, FF-KU
Research Associate, FF-KU
Research Associate, FF-KU
Graduate Student, UGSAS-KU
Graduate Student, FA-UR
Undergraduate Student, FA-KU

Survey Team 3: Human- Nature Interactions
N AKANO, Kazutaka
N ODA, Shinichi
TOMINAGA, Shigeto
TSUDA, Katsuo
ICHITANI, Katsuyuki
O NJO, Michio
H IKIDA, Megumi
W ATANABE, Masao
PARK, Byoung-Jae
K AMADA, Noriyuki
K OHNO, Rumiko
N AGAYAMA, Hiroshi

Professor, KURCPI
Professor, KURCPI
Professor, FA-KU
Associate Professor, FA-KU
Lecturer, FA-KU
Lecturer, FA-KU
Graduate Student, FA-KU
Graduate Student, FA-KU
Graduate Student, UGSAS-KU
Undergraduate Student, FA-KU
Undergraduate Student, FA-KU
Undergraduate Student, FA-KU

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HOST SCIENTISTS, EXPERTS, OFFICIALS AND INFORMANTS
IN THE STATE OF YAP, FSM
We thank the following people for the invaluable help while we stayed in Yap. The titles werecorrect at the time of the survey in 2001.
CHOCHOL, Godfrey
FALAN, Henry
FUJITA, Yasuyuki
H ARONG, Sesariyo F.
H ASURMAI, Mike J.
JUANITO, Yarusemal
LANGAL, Isaac
LIMOL, Sophiano
M AREFONG, FelixM ARLEMAR, William
M ATHEB, Pius
M UG, Wakin
N ERY, Philip
RAREFONG, William
RULMAL, John
SOGRUI, Hosey
SULOG, Tamnad
TACHELIOL, Hilary
TAFILEICHIG, Andy
TAMAGAWA, KeikoW URPIG, A, MariaY ANGERLUO, Robert B.
Y OLOPIY, Andrew

Project Coordinetor, Division of Agriculture and Forestry,YSG
Director, Department of Education, YSG
JOCV, Yap
Superintendent, Elementary School, Mogmog
Marine Resource Management Division, Department ofResource and Development, YSG
Representative Chief of Mogmog
Resident, Asor
General Manager, Yap Visitors Bureau
Resident, Asor
Agricultural representative Ulithi Atoll, Mogmog
Resident, Fassarai
Resident, Mogmog
Outer Islands High School teacher (retired)
Resident, Fassari
Governor’s Representative, Ulithi (retired)
Dispensary Officer, Mogmog
Chief, Division of Agriculture and Forestry, YSG
Director, Department of Youth and Civic Affairs
Marine Resource Management Division, Department ofResource and Development, YSGJOCV, Division of Statistics, Department of Planning andBudget, YSG
Extension worker, Division of Agriculture and Forestry, YSG
Student Service Coordinator, COM
Representative Chief, Asor

Abbreviations
COMFA
FE
FF
FLEH
GSSS
JOCVKUKURCPI
TMU
UG
UGSAS
UR
YSG

Community College of Micronesia, Yap Campus
Faculty of Agriculture
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Fisheries
Faculty of Law, Economics and the Humanities
Graduate School of Social Sciences
Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers
Kagoshima University
Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands
Tokyo Metropolitan University
University of Guam
United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences
University of the Ryukyus
Yap State Government

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The Route of the Keiten- maru for the 2001 Survey of the Research
Project 界Social Homeostasis of Small Islands in an Island- Zone
Arrival and Departure Dates at the Ports
Ports
Kagoshima

Arrival Dates

Departure Dates
10 October 2001

Colonia

16 October 2001

18 October 2001

Ulithi Atoll
Colonia

19 October 2001
28 October 2001

27 October 2001
31 October 2001

Kagoshima

6 November 2001

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