MYANMAR AND ANTICORRUPTION
Presented by Mr. Bo Maung
Deputy Director of The Bureau of Special Investigation
Ministry of Home Affairs
I.

INTRODUCTION

These are the noble objectives of safeguarding the peace of the world: development,international cooperation and developing a harmonious society. Each and every nation of theworld accepts and works to implement these objectives. Corruption is crime that hinders theseabove objectives and it spoils human character and destroys economies. Counter corruption isnot only concerned with a country but also with the global community. Therefore, according tothe 2003 United Nations Convention on Anti-corruption, intensive measures are taken
vehemently to fight against corruption in every country. It is important to punish the offenders
effectively and it is also important to take preventive measures against corruption.
II. EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS TO PREVENT CORRUPTION
A. UNCAC
Myanmar signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption on 2 December
2005. We believe that ‘‘Prevention is better than cure”; and we will present the preventive
measures in three stages. In the first stage, we are implementing the following:(a) Enacting laws;(b) Organizing

Special Enforcement Departments and assigning duties to take action oncorruption;(c) Training and nurturing good public servants;(d) Supporting the welfare of public servants;(e) Encouraging cooperation of public and private groups and organizations;(f) Encouraging the cooperation of news media;(g) Technical and multi-level cooperation with the international community;- 222 -B. Most Important Laws
There are two main laws and some special laws (15 laws) in Myanmar which areinstrumental in anti-corruption. The two main laws are the Penal Code (1861) and theSuppression of Corruption Act (1948).

C. Relevant Organizations
At present there is not a counter corruption commission, but the Bureau of Special
Investigation and Myanmar Police Force under the Ministry of Home Affairs are taking chargeof those duties.

The Bureau of Special Investigation primarily takes the main duty.

Itinvestigates offences and upon completion of gathering of evidence, lodges requests at courts
for taking legal proceedings against the alleged culprits. Respective Law Officers act asprosecution counsels and the respective Judicial Officers act as Judges. Pre-independence andpost-independence, there was an uprising, internal insurgency, and people suffered distress andpoverty and moral character was ruined, leading to corruption and bribery in the whole country.
To control and abolish the worst conditions, an organization was formed: the Public Property
Protection Police called P(4). After the Act of Special Investigation Department andAdministrative Board was enacted in 1951, P(4) then became The Bureau of Special
Investigation. The Union Auditor General is also assigned to inquire of budgets of State
Departments, in accordance with present State Constitution.

D. The Union Civil Service Board and Civil Service Training Universities
In order to train and nurture good public servants, the Union Civil Service Board isorganized in accordance with the Constitution.

The board selects honest, hardworking,qualified and able staff and trains them at two Civil Service Training Universities in Myanmar.
They are trained to have competency and efficiency necessary for government departments,
with moral character and duty consciousness cultured individually or in a team.

E. Welfare for the public servant
For the welfare of the public servant, it is important to provide sufficient remuneration
to keep moral attitudes and to perform their duties without corruption.
- 223 -They should beprovided with appropriate salary, rations and welfare allowances. The ethics of public servants
depends on their well-being and proper balance. In Myanmar, public servants are provided an
appropriate salary and sufficient rations. The social welfare of their families is taken care of by
respective staff welfare committees.

F. Public and Private Cooperation
In the sector regarding the cooperation of public and private organizations, it is thenoble, common custom of Myanmar to donate generously, always thinking of the good deedsof others. They offer cash and valuable things in gratitude. However, it is unfortunate that thisnoble tradition has been misused to fulfill their own needs by giving bribes for their ownbenefits. We have to educate the people to get their cooperation. We will let them understandthat we are really fighting against corruption and welcome their willing cooperation and givethem chances to express their views and opinions freely.

G. Media Cooperation
As regards the cooperation of news media, they stand as the fourth pillar of the nation
and are reliable as a watch group. Actually, corruption is caused because of poverty, bad moral
character and greed. The leaders of our country always give their patronage to seminars andworkshops for the alleviation of poverty. There are national workshops and seminars for
economic development and reform. Media groups take part in delivering the message to thepublic and they also express their point of view of the strong and weak points within theirpotential range of media or the ethics of media. This cooperation leads Myanmar to a good
governance system and measures for anti-corruption campaigns.

H. International Cooperation
International cooperation is greatly needed to effectively suppress trans-border crimes.
It is unfortunate to see corruption committed by using high technology and complicatedmethods in the world. If Myanmar is granted more international technology and more support
than it has at present, we shall speed up the anti-corruption campaign.

- 224 -III. EFFECTIVE WAY TO RAISE AWARENESS
To prevent corruption, there is an effective way to educate people. Corruption is like acontagious disease, easily communicable to all countries, and it badly spoils social and politicalsystems, and later the whole state policy. Therefore, it is necessary for the public to be aware of
the evils of corruption and to cooperate with state organizations, administrative organs and the
judicial system to oppose and eliminate corruption. To do so, the public should be literate andeducated to a high standard. The state constitution provides that literacy is a compulsory
educational requirement and stipulates a basic level of education for all citizens. In Myanmar,
the government implements social objectives in health and education, and the media reports thereality of the situation. At present, people can judge for themselves the good and evil of theperformance of state government. Therefore, they can discuss their wishes and express theiropinions through their respective representatives in the Hluttaw (Parliament and Congress), as
the basis of the democratic system.
IV. INSTANCES OF SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL
IMPLEMENTATION OF PREVENTIVE ANTI-CORRUPTION MEASURESAND JUSTICE MEASURES
We have learnt prevention of corruption and studied the weaknesses and strengths injudicial power and assume that corruption itself is a contagious disease. In reality however, noteverybody regards corruption as a social ill. Those who give bribes for their own benefits andthose who betray their own duties and take bribes do their undertaking secretly and willingly.
So it is difficult to find an eye-witness or collect evidence easily. With perseverance toovercome difficulty, necessary evidence is collected and a prima facie case can be lodged atcourt. There is urgent need for perseverance and patience from investigation teams andcooperation from the public and technological support.

However, according to religious

teaching, ‘‘there is no way to escape from the law” and ‘‘the offender has no place to hide”.
Offenders shall be punished according to the law in due course.

A. Departmental Action
In Myanmar, there is a counter measure to take departmental action against alleged
offenders even though evidence may be too weak to lodge a criminal complaint. In this- 225 -measure, responsible public servants shall certainly face dismissal, demotion, transfer and otherdepartmental disciplinary action.

B. Information from the Public
Leaders of our country always call for the cooperation of the public in their speeches
and via newspapers and magazines. For information about bribery and corruption, the people’s
cooperation is welcomed and they are invited to inform the authorities of corruption offences
through phone, letters or in person to the Bureau of Special Investigation, the Myanmar Police
Force, or General Administration Department. Their information is kept strictly confidential
and the security of the informer is guaranteed. Real information is given by people in goodfaith, exposing many offenses and leading to action by the authorities. However, malicious,
false information has also been given on occasion.
C. Watch Groups
We acknowledge that there are weaknesses to keeping watch groups to provide
surveillance on the malicious staff and greedy businessmen who are enjoying unusual wealth orunusually increased assets without legal remuneration or profit. Therefore, those watch groups
shall be extensively organized and cooperation is being extended. As Myanmar is a member of
the UNCAC, laws are being amended appropriately. We are practicing transparency, keeping
prestige in both public and private sectors.
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there are many things left to do but we constantly endeavour with all of
our might to establish good governance and clean government and it would be moreadvantageous if we were provided international assistance and technological support to secure
more effective results.

Thank you.

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