動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際

Yoshikazu UENO Ph.D.Higashiyama Zoo & Botanical Garden Greeniﬁcation & Public Works Bureau, Nagoya City Oﬃce
上野吉一
It is now time, so let us startWorkshop II.

名古屋市緑政土木局 東山総合公園

企画官

out the fact that the role of current zoos have changed
considerably compared to the role of zoos from 30, 40

Before we begin, I would like toyears ago, or from even longer ago. Before, zoos werethank everybody for taking their time

simply thought to be facilities where animals wereto attend this workshop. This

exhibited. Thus, zoos were mainly for entertainment. Inworkshop is about the current

this way, for a long time zoos had the role of a “showsituation of enrichment in zoos, andtent” although this may be an inappropriate word to

we are here to discuss issues regarding zoos.
I am Yoshikazu Ueno from the Higashiyama Zoo &Botanical Garden. I will be chairing this workshop.
The following is a brief outline of the workshop. First,I would like to briefly explain the idea of enrichment.

use. This is seen in the Japanese expression “pandas toattract customers” meaning zoos should make a showof such rare animals. However, this does not apply tothe role of current zoos; current zoos are considered as
an “interface to nature.” [slide 2]

Then we will have Dr. Mason fully explain the conceptof enrichment by providing different examples. After
this, Mr. Suzuki and Mr. Hori will speak about the actual
practice of enrichment in zoos.
After each speaker, we will be taking any questions
that must be asked at that point, but we will run out oftime if we hold a long discussion for each question.
Thus, we will hold discussions in the end in the form ofa general discussion. So, please take notes as you listen
on any doubts you have or any issues you would like to䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪉䇽point out, and during the last part of the workshop wewill have an active discussion based on these notes.

Then, what does “interface to nature” mean? Although

Thank you for your cooperation.

this must be in quotes, the essence of animals is not

Now, first, I would like to briefly explain how tocapture the idea of enrichment.
First, when thinking about zoos, I would like to point

nature in itself. The idea is to have animals behave inthe way they want to within the limited environment
and to understand animals or the interaction between
the animals and the environment by watchingthese animals. Needless to say, this idea will affectthe method of exhibition itself. It is not enough tosimply have animals in cages, and the way in whichthese animals are produced as exhibitions will alsochange greatly. This idea of the interaction between
animals and their environment is also a theme of greatimportance.
So, as written below, the role of zoos is to understandanimals and the natural environment and tocommunicate this information and send out this䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪈䇽㩷message. This is what is meant by “interface to nature.”

Workshop Ⅱ Zoo Improvement/Enrichment

11Until now, I have been talking from the perspective

so I will not speak about this in detail. However, pleaseof the visitors of zoos, but we also must consider thekeep in mind that environmental enrichment is one

quality of life from the perspective of animals living inpractical measure.

the facility. In order to show how the animals live andSo, environmental enrichment serves to enhance

behave, we must improve their quality of life; in otherthe function of the environment. It does not mean

words, we must consider the improvement of animal

simply putting anything into the environment. Manywelfare. [slide 3] [slide 4]

stakeholders of zoos say that it is diﬃcult for them toperform enrichment because they have no money torenovate the facilities. Of course, renovating the facility
is one way of enrichment, but the facility does notnecessarily have to be rebuilt for enrichment. Being
creative during the daily routine of feeding the animals
is also an important aspect of enrichment. In this way,
it is important to consider the software, not only thehardware, and be creative. These things lead to theconsideration of the quality of life of the animals.

䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪊䇽䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪍䇽I want everybody to have an image of what I am䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪋䇽talking about, so I would like to introduce several
examples. This is a chimpanzee in Higashiyama; until
last autumn, the chimpanzees were in an orthodox
exhibition area with nothing. Chimpanzees are arboreal
species, but in an orthodox exhibition area, they areunable to climb trees, so most of the times, they lie
on the floor spacing out. We thought of improving
the function and considered improving the three
dimensional function. Of course, it would be the best
if we can make a jungle inside the exhibition, but sincethat was impossible, we made an artiﬁcial tower in this䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪌䇽

Environmental enrichment is considered as a practicalmethod that improves the quality of life and the welfare

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example. For the animals, artiﬁcial does not necessarilymean something detrimental. The most important point
to consider is how to satisfy their functions.

animals. There are many perspectives regarding thisThis is what happened when we actually made theidea, and I think that the diﬀerent perspectives will be

tower for the chimpanzees. This is the ﬁrst day that thecovered by the detailed presentations that will follow,chimpanzees were released into the exhibition area. Inワークショップ Ⅱ

動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際the beginning the chimpanzees were exited, but several

will be entertained by this. I think that it is stimulatingof the chimpanzees started to climb immediately

for the tigers and fun for the visitors as well. [slide 7]

or started using the ropes or the platform. So thechimpanzees that have been lying on the ﬂoor having
nothing to do started to run around lively. They wereable to lead lives like chimpanzees ‒ in other words,
they were able to lead arboreal lives. This is an exampleof enrichment from the aspect of hardware. [slide 6]䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪏䇽This is a gorilla; as you can see, there is a lot of foodon the ground. The food is scattered all over the place.
This is because the zoo keepers spread the food all overthe place before releasing the gorillas into the area.
The gorilla swill have to look for food before eating.
䇼㪪㫃㫀㪻㪼㩷㪎䇽This can also be enrichment.

Next, I would like to talk about an example fromI am being repetitive, but enrichment is notabroad. This is an example from Bronx Zoo locatednecessarily making something like a big building;in New York in the United States. This example is one

that is, it is not necessarily doing something with theabout the tiger mountain, an exhibition of tigers. Thehardware. In Japan, generally enrichment is thought ofexhibition is rich in nature, but this does not mean thatin this way, but this is not necessarily true.

the tigers can lead a good life. Of course, environments

Enrichment has aspects that deal with the hardware,rich in nature are important. However, it must be noted

but there are also many creative things that can be donethat the zoo keepers hide food in these ways or use

from the aspect of daily management of the animals.

wires to hang chunks of meet to hide on a daily basis.

Of course, there are aspects that are good for theAlso, this is jelly that contains blood. Also, here, theanimals; however, it is not only good for the animals but

zoo keepers are sprinkling scents. They are sprinkling

it also draws out behaviors that are fun for the visitors

scents of things such as spices and perfume in various

to watch as I have shown with the example of the tigers.

places in the area. The zoo keepers are artificiallyIn this way, zoos are not just for showing animals but

mocking the behavior of tigers where they leave theirfor showing the behavior and the lives of the animals

own scent in their territory. When tigers are released

and their interaction with the environment. These arein these areas, they would be interested in the food, or,

the roles of zoos. Considering this, enrichment is a very

that was a marking behavior of a tiger. The tiger wasimportant technique for husbandry. [slide 8]

stimulated by the smell, and marked the place with its
own smell meaning that this area is its territory.
Also, the environment draws out the behaviors oftigers such as marking its territory by clawing. Tigers
are not exhibiting these behaviors because of all theSo, from here we would like three speakers to talkabout this concept in detail.
First, we would like to hear from Dr. Mason.
While she is preparing, I would like to give a brief
history or an introduction of Dr. Mason.

greens and nature; they are exhibiting these behaviors

Dr. Mason has being researching for a long time inbecause the zoo keepers are doing creative things

England, and currently she is researching in Canada.

that would be called enrichment. When tigers do thisShe has many papers on topics such as animal welfare

marking behavior in front of the visitors, the visitorsand enrichment published in high quality journals

Workshop Ⅱ Zoo Improvement/Enrichment

13

such as the Nature and the Science. She is young but
is a researcher who draws attention. In this regard,
she is one of the leading researchers in this areainternationally.

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ワークショップ Ⅱ

動物園におけるエンリッチメントの実際