1Energy Saving through Promotion ofCooling Seasonal Efficiency CSPF

Minetoshi Izushi
JRAIA13 July 2018

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2

Contents:

1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
2. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF
3. Effect of local load and hour fraction
4. Promotion of CSPF in ASEAN
5. Case study of LCCP (or TEWI)
6. Conclusion© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)

31) Definition
EER: Energy Efficiency Ratio= Cooling capacity ÷ Power input(usually only at 35℃）
CSPF: Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor(SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio)= Total cooling load ÷ Total power consumption© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

4

1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
2) Difference
EER: One point efficiency at 35℃ outdoor temperature■Higher efficiency at medium temperatures is not evaluated.

CSPF: Average efficiency for all operating temperatures■Reduction of efficiency by on-off operation is considered.
■Advantage of inverter unit which continuously operates atmedium temperatures is evaluated.
Heat Radiation
Outdoor Unit (Condenser)
Expansion Device

Compressor
Indoor Unit (Evaporator)
Cooling

Inverter can continuously
change compressor speed© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

5

1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
3) Features of inverter air conditioner
Part load operation

Energy saving: Low power consumption

Comfort: Low indoor temperature variation© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)

64) History of CSPF
1992: SEER was adopted in USA.
2005: APF (Annual Performance Factor: cooling and heating)
was adopted in japan.
2007: Investigation of CSPF started in ISO TC86/SC6/WG1.
2012: EU-Ecodesign regulation using SEER was published.
2013: ISO 16358-1, 2, 3 were published.
(-1 for cooling, -2 for heating and -3 for annual efficiency)
2014-2016: Japan promoted adoption of CSPF in national
standard and installation to local regulation in ASEAN.
2017: Amendment draft adding T3 high ambient calculation
was released and is under process for approval.
© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

71. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
5) Conventional EER and CSPF
EER35 is used here to distinguish from operating EERs under 35℃.
Conventional EER cannot evaluate
efficiency in majority zone.

CSPF is a kind of average of actual
EER for all operating temperatures.

868Good

6EER354235℃(test)
Bad42

Operating EER(calculation)

EER35Reduction
by on-off(calculation)

Actual EER35℃(test)

Majority zone
300
200300Operating hours

1000200

Operating hours

10020 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Outdoor temperature (℃)

020 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Outdoor temperature (℃)© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF
81) Fixed speed and inverter
Fixed speed unit
2Inverter unit

Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 35℃
Full capacity

29℃

1

on-off35℃

1.0test2.00

EER and actual EER/ EER35

1

2.0
1.5

Full EER

CD35℃1.00.5

Full capacity

01.5

Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 35℃

Actual EER

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Outdoor temperature (℃)

35℃

1.0test0.5testcapacitychange

EER and actual EER/ EER35
CDtc

capacitychangeFull EER

35℃

Half EER

1.00.5tc

ISO load

0

Actual EER(full)

on-off

29℃

Half capacity

on-off

ISO load
02(full)on-off

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Outdoor temperature (℃)

Actual EER decreases from full EERby on-off under 35℃.

Actual EER increases from full EER by capacity change
from 35℃ to tc, and decreases from half EER under tc.

CD: Degradation coefficient = 0.25

tc: Cross temperature of load and half capacity(℃)© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

92. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF
2) CSPF ratio to EER35
1.8
1.6
1.4

Actual EER/EER35
Inverteron-off

0.8

0.06
0.04
0.02
0R1.4
R1.2

1.6

capacity change

1.4
1.2

on-off

1.211.8

CSPF/EER35
Fixed

(130)
1.376

Inverter
1.478

(149)
1.579(100)
1.062

1

Fixed
on-off35℃

ISO load

Load ratio x Hour fraction(ISO weight factor)
Load ratio 1 at 35℃
0 at 20℃

0.8

ISO load and hours
Fixed

1.2

1.3

1.4

Half EER ratio R (inverter)R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃= usually 1.2 to 1.4
Load ratio = Load/ [Full capacity at 35℃]
Hour fraction = Hours/ Total hours

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Outdoor temperature (℃)

EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventional EER)

[CSPF/EER35] is a kind of average of [Actual EER/EER35] weighted by [Load ratio x Hour fraction].
CSPF/EER35 of fixed speed unit is constantly 1.062 for ISO load and hours.
CSPF/EER35 of inverter unit changes by half EER ratio. It is usually 30 to 50 % higher than fixed speed.

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF103) Global sales and percentage of inverter unit
Global sales in 2017 : 111 M-unitsxx%: Residential A/Cs with Inverteryy%: Commercial A/Cs with Inverter(without VRF)

67%
94%
91%

100%

20%
100%

2%

99%
41%
6%

10%

100%

26%

99%

Market proportion of inverter unit is about 50 % or less in ASEAN countries except Singapore.
There is no technology other than inverter which is more effective for energy saving.

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

3. Effect of local load and hour fraction111) No load temperature
ISO load is 0 at 20℃. Load for Hong Kong, Taiwan and India is 0 at 23℃.
1.2

Load/ Full capacity at 35℃
test
1.035℃

0.8

ISO

0.4

1

Relative CSPF vs ISO load
Fixed

0.95

0.963

0 at 23℃

Inverter

0.962

0.963

0.964

1.3

1.40 at 23℃
01.6

00

Inverter R=1.2

0 at 23℃

1.2capacity change

R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃= usually 1.2 to 1.4

Fixed

ISOFixed

Half EER ratio R (inverter)

on-off

1.2

0.8

0.9

Actual EER/EER35

1.4

1ISO hours

on-off35℃

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventional EER)

Outdoor temperature (℃)

When no load temperature becomes higher, reduction rate of actual EER in on-off zone becomes greater.
However, reduction rate of CSPF is same for all types of unit.
Relative evaluation of unit efficiency does not change by no load temperature.
© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

123. Effect of local load and hour fraction
2) Temperature shift hours
0.15
0.1

ISO and +2℃ hour fraction
ISO1Fixed

0.957

0.947
0.938Inverter

ISO load

Actual EER/EER35

0.9

Inverter R1.2
1.4

on-off21℃

Fixed

1.2

1.3

1.4

Half EER ratio R (inverter)
capacity change

1.2

0.8+2℃

0.95

01

0.986

+2℃

0.05

1.6

Relative CSPF vs ISO hours

Hour fraction = Hours/Total hours

Fixed
on-offISO load

37℃

R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃= usually 1.2 to 1.4

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventionalEER)
CSPF decreases by +2℃ shift, because actual EER at higher temperature side is lower than at lower side.
Reduction of CSPF by +2℃ shift for inverter unit is 3 to 5 % greater than fixed speed.
Outdoor temperature (℃)

Reduction of CSPF for ASEAN climate is smaller than this case. This is shown next.

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

133. Effect of local load and hour fraction3) Singapore (Typical ASEAN climate) and India hours
0.2
0.1

ISO, Singapore and India hour fraction

1.5

FixedSingapore

ISO1

India
01.8
1.4
10.6

Relative CSPF vs ISO hours
Singapore
0.989
0.989
0.942

Actual EER/EER35
0.5

ISO (Singapore)

Inverter (R=1.2)

on-offFixed
India

on-offFixed

Inverter
0.986

India 0.861

0.839

1.2

1.3

0.983

1.4

Half EER ratio R (inverter)
capacity change

Hour fraction = Hours/Total hours
EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventional EER)

35℃

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

Outdoor temperature (℃)

R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃= usually 1.2 to 1.4

Mean temperature for Singapore is higher than ISO. However, reduction of CSPF is small, because hours
are concentrated with no hour over 35℃. For ASEAN, CSPF practically will not change from ISO hours.
Reduction of CSPF for India is much greater. ISO hours may be unsuitable for India.

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

14

3. Effect of local load and hour fraction
4) Proposed ISO T3 calculation (Amendment draft)
ISO T3 load and hours represent Middle East.
Although test points and load are different from T1 climate, characteristics of actual EER is similar.

2Fixed speed unit
Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 46℃
Full capacity 29℃

1test
on-off0
2.5
1.535℃

ISO T3 load

12.535℃
(100)
test

tc

46℃
on-off(full)

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

Outdoor temperature (℃)

1.50.5capacitychange46℃
1.0testtest (50)
ISO T3 load

EER and actual EER/ EER46
Half EER

CD

Full EER

tc
Actual EER

Full EER

on-offcapacitychange46℃(full)

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

Outdoor temperature (℃)

Actual EER decreases from full EER
by on-off under 46℃.
CD: Degradation coefficient = 0.27

Half capacity

0 0

EER and actual EER/ EER46
CD

Full capacity 29℃

on-off0

Actual EER
0.546℃
1.0test2Inverter unit
Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 46℃

Actual EER increases from full EER by capacity change
from 46℃ to tc, and decreases from half EER under tc.
tc: Cross temperature of load and half capacity(℃)© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

153. Effect of local load and hour fraction5) CSPF by T1 and T3 calculation
ISO T3 hours are based on average temperatures of Liyadh, Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi, UAE.
0.2
0.1

ISO T1 and T3 hour fraction

2.0

Load 0 at 20℃
Load 100 at
35℃(T1)/46℃(T3)ISO T3

ISO T1

Fixed
1.5

02

Actual EER/EER46
on-offtc Inverter T1
capacity change

1.6

Fixed T1
1.2

on-off

tc
35℃

1.0

R=1.2

Inverter T3
capacity change
fullFixed T3
46℃
0.8

21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45

Outdoor temperature (℃)

CSPF/EER46 (ISO T3 hours)
Inverter T3 calculation (147)
1.739
(129)
1.632
1.525

1.327
1.182(100)

1.473

Fixed

1.2

1.550
1.513
T1 calculation

1.3

1.4

Half EER ratio R (inverter)

Hour fraction = Hours/ Total hours
EER46 = Full EER at 46℃ (conventional T3 EER)
R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃= usually 1.2 to 1.4

In T1 calculation, inverter unit cannot increase capacity over 35℃. This will not match actual unit selection.
In T3 calculation, CSPF for inverter unit is 30 to 50 % higher than fixed speed at usual half EER ratio.
Energy saving effect of inverter is almost same for any climate if unit capacity is correctly selected for load.

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

16

4. Promotion of CSPF in ASEAN■Promotion of new international standard (ISO16358-1) to ASEAN countries■Training program and round robin tests by JATL (Testing Laboratory)■Harmonization of standards among ASEAN countries
2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

CSPF Standard◆Thailand

MEPS/HEPSLabeling

CSPF Study ▲CSPFLabeling InverterEER & Weighted EER ▲CSPF Draft

Vietnam◆▲CSPF

CSPFStandard ◆EER▲CSPF Draft ◆CSPF Study▲CSPF▲CSPF Standard

Indonesia
Singapore▲ CSPF Labering for Fixed Cap.

CSPF Standard◆

Malaysia
Philippine◆ ▲CSPF▲CSPF Draft

EER

EER & Weighted EER
CSPFStd◆◆Label level up

EER & Weighted EER

CSPF Study▲CSPF Draft

CSPFStandard ◆▲CSPF for Inv.
▲Initiation▲CSPF Label and MEPS for all type◆Completion

StandardizationRegulation© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

17

5. Case study of LCCP (or TEWI)
1) Case of cooling only in summer daytime
1201001008030200Directemission

716040Air Conditioners

LCCP ( CO2-ton % )Energysaving

28

GWP

51
87043

Fixed speed R22 Inverter R410A

Indirectemission

Full capacity: 4.0 kW
Full EER: 4.0 (fixed), 5.0 (inverter)
Half EER ratio: 1.2 (inverter)
Refrigerant charge: R22-1.4 kg/
R410A-1.1 kg/ R32-1.0 kg
GWP: R22-1810/ R410A-2090/
R32-675
Conditions

43

Inverter R32

LCCP: Life Cycle Climate Performance
TEWI: Total Equivalent Warming ImpactDirect emission: based on GWP of refrigerant
Indirect emission: based on Power consumption in operation

Emission factor: 0.49 CO2-kg/kWh
Life: 12 years
Operation: 1817 hours/year (ISO T1)
ISO T1 hour fraction
Leakage: 0 %/year
Refrigerant recycle: 30 %In order to correctly evaluate power consumption, seasonal efficiency CSPF must be used instead of EER.

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

18

5. Case study of LCCP (or TEWI)
1) Case of all year round cooling
120100LCCP ( CO2-ton %)Air Conditioners100118060
4020089

Energysaving

65
1058
GWP

55

Fixed speed R22 Inverter R410A

355

Directemission
Indirectemmission

Inverter R32

LCCP: Life Cycle Climate Performance
TEWI: Total Equivalent Warming Impact
Direct emission: based on GWP of refrigerant
Indirect emission: based on Power consumption in operation

Full capacity: 4.0 kW
Full EER: 4.0 (fixed), 5.0 (inverter)
Half EER ratio: 1.2 (inverter)
Refrigerant charge: R22-1.4 kg/
R410A-1.1 kg/ R32-1.0 kg
GWP: R22-1810/ R410A-2090/
R32-675
Conditions
Emission factor: 0.7 CO2-kg/kWh
Life: 12 years
Operation: 6570 hours/year (75 %)ISO T1 hour fraction
Leakage: 0 %/year
Refrigerant recycle: 0 %For regions to use cooling all year round, operating power consumption has major effect for total emission.
Higher efficiency may be more effective than lower GWP to reduce total emission in these regions.
© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

196. Conclusion
1) Conclusions■Conventional EER evaluates efficiency only at 35℃, but CSPF evaluates
average efficiency for all operating temperatures.
■CSPF for inverter unit is usually 30 to 50 % higher than fixed speed unit.
■For high ambient T3 climate, load and calculation method are different,
but energy saving effect of inverter unit is almost same.
■For the purpose of LCCP study, seasonal efficiency CSPF must be usedinstead of EER in order to correctly evaluate power consumption.
■Higher efficiency may be more effective than lower GWP to reduce total
emission in regions to use cooling all year round.

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

206. Conclusion
2) Advantages of CSPF

■Consumer: More selection for energy efficient
products in actual use.
■Government: More measures to reduce power
consumption and climate impact in actual use.
■Manufacturer: More opportunity to fairly
demonstrate energy saving products
Thank you!

© 2018 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.