250 - 450 Sonifier
Analog Cell Disruptor
User’s Manual
EDP 100-413-016
Rev. C

BRANSON Ultrasonics Corporation
41 Eagle Road
Danbury, Connecticut 06813-1961 U.S.A.
(203) 796-0400
http://www.sonifier.com

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User’s Manual

Manual Change Information
At Branson, we strive to maintain our position as the leader in ultrasonic plastics
joining, cleaning and related technologies by continually improving circuits andcomponents in our equipment. These improvements are incorporated as soon as
they are developed and thoroughly tested.
Information concerning any improvements will be added to the appropriate manual section(s) at the next printing. Therefore, when requesting service assistancefor specific units, refer to the printing date which appears in the lower right cornerof this page.

Copyright
Copyright © 1998 by Branson Ultrasonics Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.
All rights reserved.

NOTICE
Sonifier is a registered trademark of Branson Ultrasonics Corporation,
Danbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Loctite is a registered trademark of Henkel Corporation U.S.A.
Other trademarks and service marks respectfully mentioned herein areheld by their respective owners.

©BRANSON Ultrasonics Corporation

January 2011

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User’s Manual

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Safety and Support
1.1 Safety Considerations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-2
1.2 About this Manual - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-3
1.3 Intended Use of the System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-4
1.4 Regulatory Compliance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-4
1.5 Warranty - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-5
1.6 How to Contact Branson - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-6
1.6.1 Before Calling Branson for Assistance - - - - - - - - - - 1-6
1.7 Returning Equipment for Repair - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-7
1.8 Obtaining Replacement Parts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-9

Chapter 2: Introduction
2.1 Main Components - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2-2
2.2 Principle of Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2-2
2.3 250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Front Panel - - - - - - - - - 2-4
2.4 Model 250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Rear Panel - - - - - - 2-6

Chapter 3: Unpacking and Handling
3.1 Unpacking and Handling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-1

Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
4.1 Placement of Equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-2
4.2 Power Requirements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-2
4.3 Setup Procedure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-3
4.4 Testing the Equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-4
4.5 Connecting and Removing Tips, Horns, and Converters - - - 4-5
4.5.1 Connecting Horn to Converter - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-5
4.5.2 Connecting Tip to Horn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-5
4.6 Guards and Safety Equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-7

100-413-016 Rev. CiChapter 5: Technical Specifications
5.1 Specifications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-2
5.1.1 Electrical Specifications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-2
5.1.2 Mechanical Specifications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-3
5.1.3 Dimensions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-4

Chapter 6: Operation
6.1 General Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.1.1 Timed Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.1.2 Continuous Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.1.3 Pulsed Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.2 Operating Considerations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-3
6.2.1 Limiting Temperature Rise - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-3
6.2.2 Vessel Capacity and Speed of Temperature Rise - - - - - 6-5
6.2.3 Minimizing Undesirable Factors - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-5
6.2.4 Sterilizing and Preventing Cross-Contamination - - - - - 6-6
6.2.5 Disrupting Tissues and Solids - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-6
6.2.6 Using Glass Powders with Solution - - - - - - - - - - - 6-7
6.3 Horn and Micro Tip Amplitudes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-8

Chapter 7: Maintenance
7.1 General Information - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.2 Maintenance and Troubleshooting - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.2.1 Tip Erosion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.2.2 Power Output Loss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.3 Preventive Maintenance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-3
7.4 Reconditioning the Stack Interface - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-3
7.4.1 Refacing the Mating Surfaces - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-4
7.4.2 Stud Replacement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-6
7.4.3 Horn Tip Cleaning - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-7
7.4.4 System Trouble Analysis Chart - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-7

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Appendix A: Applications
Appendix B: Parts List
Appendix C: Accessories
C.1 Micro Tip - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-1
C.2 Cup Horn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-2
C.3 Flow-thru Horn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-3
C.4 Rosette Cell - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-3
C.5 Continuous-Flow Attachment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-4
C.6 Soundproof Box - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-4

Appendix D: Accessories Parts List
D.1 Accessories Parts List - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D-1

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List of Figures
fig. 2.1

Model 250/450 Sonifier Main Components2-2

fig. 2.2

Power Supply Front Panel2-4

fig. 2.3

Power Supply Rear Panel2-6

fig. 4.1

Converter/Horn Assembly in sound-proof enclosure.4-3

fig. 4.2

Methods for Connecting/Removing Horn from Converter4-5

fig. 4.3

Connecting or Removing Tip from Horn4-6

fig. 5.1

250/450 Sonifier Side View Dimensions5-4

fig. 5.2

250/450 Sonifier Front View Dimensions5-4

fig. C.1

Soundproof BoxC-4

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List of Tables
tab. 2.1

Front Panel Device and Function - - - - - - - - - - - - 2-4

tab. 6.1

Temperature Rise Variations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-5

tab. 6.2

Horn Amplitudes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-8

tab. 7.1

Symptom/Probable Cause - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-7

tab. B.1

Replacement Parts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B-1

tab. D.1

Accessories Parts List - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D-1

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support

Chapter 1: Safety and Support

1.1 Safety Considerations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-2
1.2 About this Manual - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-3
1.3 Intended Use of the System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-4
1.4 Regulatory Compliance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-4
1.5 Warranty - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-5
1.6 How to Contact Branson - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-6
1.6.1 Before Calling Branson for Assistance - - - - - - - - - - 1-6
1.7 Returning Equipment for Repair - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-7
1.8 Obtaining Replacement Parts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1-9

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
Safety Considerations

1.1 Safety Considerations! CAUTION

Observe the following safety considerations when operating the Analog
Sonifier®1.
1. Make sure that the equipment is properly grounded. DO NOT operate if it is not.
2. Make sure the unit is equipped with a three-conductor cord andthree-prong grounding-type plug and must be plugged into a threeprong ground-type wall receptacle. DO NOT under any circumstances remove the power cord ground prong.
3. DO NOT operate equipment with the cover removed. High voltage
is present within the equipment when connected.
4. DO NOT allow the horn or micro tip to contact lab stands, beakers,
etc. or horn/micro tip failure may result.
5. DO NOT turn on the ultrasonics without the converter and tool
attached.
6. DO NOT touch the horn or tip when ultrasonics are active. When
handling, removing, or attaching a tool or tip, be sure that the ON/
OFF switch is set to OFF. Touching the tool while the unit is on can
result in serious personal injury.
! CAUTION

If the Sonifier is used in a manner not specified by Branson, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.

1. Sonifier is a registered trademark of Branson Ultrasonic Corporation

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
About this Manual

1.2 About this ManualThis manual contains operation and service instruction for the Sonifier Model
250/450. It contains background information essential to the proper use and careof this equipment.
The following meaning applies to signal words found throughout this manual:! WARNINGWARNING indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could
result in death or serious injury.

! CAUTIONCAUTION indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could
result in minor o moderate injury.

NOTICE
Notice is used to address recommended practices not related to personal injury.

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
Intended Use of the System

1.3 Intended Use of the System
The 250/450 Sonifiers can be used to disrupt cells, bacteria, spores, or tissue, andare ideal for initiating and accelerating chemical, biochemical and physical reactions, and degassing liquids. With the 250/450 Sonifiers, you can prepare an emulsion to.01 micron, homogenize immiscible liquids, polymerize some materials
and de polymerize others. Appendix A lists the effects of irradiating a variety of
biological materials with ultrasonic energy at 20 kHz.
The 250 and 450 Sonifiers differ in their output power ratings with the output control at maximum setting. The 250 maximum available output power is 200 watts,
the 450 maximum available output power is 400 watts.
! CAUTION

If the Sonifier is used in a manner not specified by Branson, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired

1.4 Regulatory Compliance
Sonifier sold in Europe after 1/1/01 are CE compliant. They have new part numbers. They conform to EN55011, EN 61010-1, EN61000-3-2, EN61000-3-3, andEN61326. They take advantage of Branson latest System Protection and Autotune
technology.

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
Warranty

1.5 Warranty
Refer to the “Terms and Conditions of Sale” found on the back of your Invoice for
information about the product Warranty issued of your Branson products. If you
have any questions, please contact your Branson representative. The product warranty information is summarized below.

Warranty
When used in accordance with written instructions and under normal operating
conditions, Branson Ultrasonics Corp. equipment is guaranteed to be free of
defects in MATERIAL and WORKMANSHIP for two (2) years from the date oforiginal delivery by BRANSON or by an authorized representative. Any unit
which proves defective during the stated period will be repaired free of charge orreplaced at the sole discretion of Branson Ultrasonics Corp., F.O.B. Laredo Texas,
or an authorized repair station as advised by BRANSON, provided the defective
unit is returned properly packed with all transportation charges prepaid. A limited
warranty as specified may apply to certain components of the equipment.

Warranty Exceptions
This warranty shall not apply to equipment subjected to misuse, improper installation, alteration, neglect, accident, or improper repair.
This warranty is limited to the original purchaser and is not transferable.
Horns and tips fabricated by Branson for use in equipment described in this manual are manufactured to exacting parameters. Using altered or modified horns andtips or horn and tips otherwise unqualified by Branson can produce undue stresses
that may damage the equipment. Equipment failures resulting from using unqualified horns and tips are not covered by the Branson warranty.
Microtips are designed to give maximum mechanical energy output. Since they
operate close to the stress limits of titanium, Branson cannot guarantee Microtips
against failure.
CONTACT YOUR BRANSON REPRESENTATIVE OR BRANSON ULTRASONICS CORPORATION, DANBURY, CONNECTICUT, SHOULD YOU
HAVE ANY QUESTIONS CONCERNING HORN QUALIFICATION.

1-800-732-9262

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
How to Contact Branson

1.6 How to Contact Branson
Branson is here to help you. We appreciate your business and are interested inhelping you successfully use our products. To contact Branson for help, use thefollowing telephone numbers, or contact the field office nearest you.
• Customer Service: (800)-732-9262• Technical Support: (800)-732-9262• Applications Assistance: 203-796-0532• Parts Store: (877)-330-0406 (Central Time Zone)• Repair department: (877)-330-0405 (Central Time Zone)• Danbury Main Number (all Departments): (203) 796-0400 (Eastern
Time Zone)
Tell the operator which product you have and which person or department you
need. If after hours, please leave a voice message with your name and return telephone number.

1.6.1 Before Calling Branson for AssistanceThis manual provides information for troubleshooting and resolving problems
that could occur with the equipment (see Chapter 7). If you still require assistance,
Branson Product Support is here to help you. The following questionnaire lists thecommon questions you will be asked when you contact the Product Support
department, to help identify the problem.
Before calling, determine the following information:
1. Your company name and location.
2. Your return telephone number.
3. Have your manual with you. If troubleshooting a problem, refer to
Chapter 7.
4. Know your equipment model and serial numbers (found on a datalabel on the units). Information about the Horn (part number, gain,etc.) or other tooling may be etched into the tooling.
5. What horn and accessories are being used?
6. What are the setup parameters and mode?
7. Describe the problem; provide as much detail as possible. For
example, is the problem intermittent? How often does it occur? Howlong before it occurs if you are just powering up?

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Returning Equipment for Repair

8. List the steps you have already taken.
9. What is your application, including the materials being processed?
10. Have a list of service or spare parts you have on hand (tips, horns,
etc.)
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.7 Returning Equipment for Repair
NOTICETo return equipment to Branson, you must first obtain an RGA number
from Branson, or the shipment may be delayed or refused.
Call the Repair department to obtain a Returned Goods Authorization (RGA)
number. If requested, the Repair department can send you a facsimile of the
Returned Goods Authorization form to fill out and return with your equipment.

Branson Repair Department, C/O Zuniga Logistics, LTD
12013 Sara Road, Killam Industrial Park
Laredo, Texas 78045 U.S.A.
direct telephone number: (877) 330-0405
fax number: (877) 330-0404• Provide as much information as possible that will help identify the needfor repair. Include a copy of page 1-8 with your information filled in.
• Carefully pack the equipment in original packing cartons.
• Clearly label all shipping cartons with the RGA number on the outside ofcartons as well as on your packing slip, along with the reason for return.
• Return general repairs by any convenient method. Send priority repairs
by air freight.
• You must prepay the transportation charges FOB Laredo, Texas, U.S.A.

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
Returning Equipment for Repair

Make a copy of this page and return it with the product
Before sending equipment for repair, provide as much information with the equipment to help determine the problem with the system. Fill in any details below or on
a separate sheet.
1. Describe the problem; provide as much detail as possible. For example, is this a new problem? Is the problem intermittent? How often
does it occur? How long before it occurs if you are just powering up?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the setup parameters?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is your application (e.g., continuous, pulse, temperature, etc.)?
_________________________________________________________________
4. Name and phone number of the person most familiar with the problem:_________________________________________________________________
5. Notify Branson prior to shipping the equipment.

NOTICETo return equipment to Branson, you must first obtain an RGA number
from Branson, or the shipment may be delayed or refused.
6. For equipment not covered by warranty, include a purchase order forthe repair costs to avoid delay.
7. Pack carefully in original packing material to avoid damage in shipment.
8. Return general repairs by any desired method. Send priority repairs by
air freight.
9. Prepay the transportation charges FOB Laredo, Texas, U.S.A.
Notes:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
Obtaining Replacement Parts

1.8 Obtaining Replacement Parts
You can reach Branson Parts Store at the following telephone numbers:
Branson Part Store
direct telephone number: (877) 330-0406
fax number: (877) 203-0404
Many parts can be shipped the same day if ordered before 2:30 p.m., Eastern time.
A parts list is in Appendixes B and D of this manual, listing descriptions and EDP
part numbers. If you need replacement parts, coordinate the following with yourpurchasing agent:• Purchase order number• ‘Ship to’ information• ‘Bill to’ information• Shipping instructions (air freight, truck, etc.)• Any special instructions (for example, “Hold at the airport and call”). Be
sure to give a name and phone number• Contact name information

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Chapter 1: Safety and Support
Obtaining Replacement Parts

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User’s Manual

Chapter 2: Introduction

Chapter 2: Introduction

2.1 Main Components - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2-2
2.2 Principle of Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2-2
2.3 250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Front Panel - - - - - - - - - 2-4
2.4 Model 250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Rear Panel - - - - - - 2-6

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Chapter 2: Introduction
Main Components

2.1 Main Components
The main components of the 250/450 sonifiers are the power supply, theconverter and the horn, shown in Figure 2.1 below.
Figure 2.1

Model 250/450 Sonifier Main Components

2.2 Principle of Operation
The power supply converts AC line voltage to 20kHz electrical energy. This
high-frequency electrical energy is fed to a converter where it is converted tomechanical vibrations. The heart of the converter is a lead zirconate titanate
electrostrictive element which, when subjected to an alternating voltage, expands
and contracts. The converter vibrates in a longitudinal direction and transmits the
motion to the horn tip immersed in the solution, which causes cavitation.
The implosion of microscopic bubbles or cavities in the solution results, causing
the molecules in the medium to become intensely agitated.
The Sonifier functions in two modes: Pulsed and Continuous. In Pulsed Mode,ultrasonic vibrations are transmitted to a solution at a rate of one pulse persecond. This pulse duration can be adjusted from 0.1 to 0.9 per second, enabling

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Chapter 2: Introduction
Principle of Operationa solution to be processed at full ultrasonic intensity, while limiting temperaturebuild-up - especially valuable when processing heat-volatile solutions andtemperature-sensitive material.
In Continuous Mode, the Sonifier can be set up for continuous duty.
The 200 and 400 Watts output power specified for the Models 250 and 450,
respectively, is their maximum power capability. The actual power developed forany application will depend upon the load on the horn face.
The Sonifier is a constant amplitude device, i.e. as the load or pressure on thehorn face increases, the power supply will develop more power to maintain theamplitude for any given output control setting. When the horn is operated in air,the horn is subjected to minimum pressure and minimum power.
The load will increase when the horn is immersed in a liquid, the more viscousthe liquid, the higher the load and the more power required. If a flow through cellwhich can be pressurized is used, thereby applying pressure on the horn, evenmore power will be required.
For any given application, more power will result when a horn of higher
amplitude or with larger radiating surface is used or when any horn is driven at
higher amplitude by increasing the output control setting.
System protection constantly monitors various operating parameters of thepower supply. If it senses conditions that could cause the power supply tooverload it will shut the power module down. To reset the power supply after anoverload condition has been sensed turn the power switch off and then turn itback on.
Autotune optimizes the operating frequency of the power supply so that it isconsistent with the acoustic tooling. To facilitate the auto tune process the power
supply performs a seek function upon first powering up the unit. When firstpowering up, the unit will perform a brief cycle at low amplitude so that thepower supply can determine information about the acoustic tooling including it’soperating frequency.
The output meter on all Analog Sonifiers now reports Watts. It is no longer
necessary to use the tables in the manual to determine output watts based onmeter reading vs. output control setting.

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Chapter 2: Introduction
250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Front Panel

2.3 250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Front Panel
Figure 2.2

Power Supply Front Panel

0

Timer

1

4

6

12

2

60

40

20

0

80

100

4

1

Output10

4Duty Cycle
%

20
30

90

40
80

2

10

Output Control

advanced

40
50
60

Power

1

Output Control

1

2

2

10

On

3

3

9
4
8

Off

10

On

5

3

3

9
4

5

8

Off

5
7

4

30

80
70

Power

100

20

90

60

80

8

Constant

50

60

40

20

0

Output6

12
10Constant

70

2

Hold

14

8

10

Duty Cycle
%

0

Timer

2

Hold

14

5
7

Micro Tip Limita)

Micro Tip Limitb)

Both illustrations represent a Sonifier Power Supply Front Panel with the
exception that the image shown as b) is intended for use in Japan.
Table 2.1

Front Panel Device and Function

Item

Function

1) TimerTimes the application of ultrasonic energy, 0 to
15 minutes, or to HOLD. Use HOLD in either the
PULSED or CONTINUOUS Modes, if you
require an undetermined exposure time, andultrasonic energy will be on indefinitely. Set the
timer anywhere from 0 to 15 minutes to either
PULSED or CONTINUOUS Modes, and ultrasonic energy will switch off at the end of the predetermined period.

2) Duty Cycle dialIn the PULSED Mode, the ultrasonics are pulsed
at a fixed repetition rate of one pulse per second.
The Duty Cycle control varies the duration of theultrasonic pulse. For example, if you choose a
10% setting, ultrasonics will be on for 10% of
every second, if you choose a 90% setting, ultrasonics will be on for 90% of every second.

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Table 2.1

Chapter 2: Introduction
250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Front Panel

Front Panel Device and Function

Item

Function3) ON/OFF
SwitchApplies main power to the unit. Lights whenpower is on.

4) Loading Meter

Indicates level of ultrasonic power delivered toyour sample.

5) Output control

Controls the amplitude i.e. peak to peak motion,of the ultrasonic vibrations. Clockwise rotation
increases amplitude. For further information,refer to Table 6.2 Horn Amplitudes.

NOTICE
When using micro tips, maximum output control setting is 6.

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Chapter 2: Introduction
Model 250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Rear
Panel

2.4 Model 250/450 Sonifier Power Supply Rear Panel
Figure 2.3

Power Supply Rear Panel

1
Table 2.2

2

3

Rear Panel Device and Function

Item

Function

1) Power Cord

Connects the power supply to an electrical outlet.

2) Fuse (4 AMP)

Overload Protection3) RF Cable

Connects the power supply to the converter.

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Chapter 3: Unpacking and Handling
Unpacking and Handling

Chapter 3: Unpacking and Handling

3.1 Unpacking and Handling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-1

3.1 Unpacking and Handling
Unpack the model 250/450 Sonifier unit as soon as it arrives. Normal precautionsin unpacking and reasonable care in handling should be exercised to avoid possible damage to the unit. Visually inspect all external controls, indicators and surfaces to detect any damage which might have occurred during shipment.
The shipping company is responsible for damage to equipment during shipment.
If damage has occurred, notify the shipping company immediately to establish
proper basis for claim.

NOTICEIn case of damage, do not discard packing material until shipping company has inspected for cause of damage.

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Chapter 3: Unpacking and Handling
Unpacking and Handling

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup

Chapter 4: Installation and Setup

4.1 Placement of Equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-2
4.2 Power Requirements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-2
4.3 Setup Procedure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-3
4.4 Testing the Equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-4
4.5 Connecting and Removing Tips, Horns, and Converters - - - 4-5
4.5.1 Connecting Horn to Converter - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-5
4.5.2 Connecting Tip to Horn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-5
4.6 Guards and Safety Equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4-7

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
Placement of Equipment

4.1 Placement of Equipment
Install the unit in an area away from radiators or heating vents.
A fan maintains safe operating temperatures in the power supply by circulating air
over the components. Therefore, place the power supply so that the air intake
located at the rear of the power supply is not blocked.
If the temperature within the unit becomes excessive, a thermal cutout switch will
disconnect the power and keep it disconnected until the ambient temperature cools
to a safe operating level. Although the unit will automatically be re-energizedwhen a safe operating temperature has been reached, it should be checked todetermine the reason for the initial cutout. Periodically, unplug the unit and clean
the air intake at the rear of the power supply to ensure that dust or dirt is not
restricting the flow of air.

4.2 Power Requirements
The Sonifier unit requires a single-phase, three wire, 117V or 200-245V 50/60 Hz
source. The 117V line cord is equipped with a NEMA 5-15P plug and requires a
NEMA 5-15R receptacle. The 200-245V line cord, for European units, isequipped with a CEE 7/7 plug.
! WARNING

To prevent the possibility of electrical shock, always plug the Sonifier unit
into a grounded power source.Setup Procedure

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
Setup Procedure

4.3 Setup Procedure
Figure 4.1 Converter/Horn Assemblyin sound-proof enclosure.
a. Set ON/OFF switch to OFF
b. Plug the line cord intone appropriate electrical power outlet ensuringthat the power supply is grounded toprevent possibility of an electricalshock.
c. Ensure that the horn is screwed
into the converter and tightened adequately. Remember to use washer inbetween Horn and Converter. The
recommended torque is 220 inch
pounds (24.85Nm)
d. Mount converter/horn assembly ina laboratory stand or Branson soundenclosure as shown in Figure 4.1.
Secure clamp on converter.
e. Ensure that the tip is screwed into
the horn and tightened adequately.
Recommended torque is 90 in-lbs(10.16Nm) for a flat tip with 1/4-20
threads.

NOTICETo remove a horn, use the spanner wrenches supplied. See Section 4.5
Connecting and Removing Tips, Horns, and Converters

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
Testing the Equipment

4.4 Testing the Equipment
To establish a base line for future testing to verify if the equipment is operating
properly, proceed as follows:a. Mount 1/2” disruptor horn (with flat tip if tapped) to converter.
b. Set Output Control to 5, Timer to HOLD and ON/OFF switch toON.
c. Record meter reading with horn in air.

Meter Reading______________________
Horn Size__________________________
d. Fill 500 ml pyrex beaker to 500 ml level with room temperature
tap water.
e. Immerse horn tip halfway to 250 ml mark. Set ON/OFF switch
to ON and record meter reading.

Meter Reading_____________________
Perform this test and compare readings periodically, to ensure that the equipment
is operating satisfactorily. These readings are a base for comparison to readings
taken later on. The above meter reading with horn in air should have no greaterthan a 10% variation when compared to any future metering readings taken withhorn in air. Likewise, the above meter reading with horn tip immersed halfway to
250mL mark should have no greater than a 10% variation when compared to any
future meter readings taken with the horn tip immersed halfway to 250 mL mark.
If readings are not within tolerance, refer to the Trouble Analysis Chart, on Chapter 7: Maintenance.

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
User’s Manual Connecting and Removing Tips, Horns, and Converters

4.5 Connecting and Removing Tips, Horns, andConverters
4.5.1 Connecting Horn to Converter
The 250/450 Sonifier horns have been torqued onto the converter at the factory.
Should you need to change a horn or converter, use the spanner wrench provided.
NEVER attempt to remove a horn by holding the converter housing in a vise. If
necessary, secure the largest portion of the horn in a soft-jawed vise. When connecting a horn to the converter, use the following procedure:
1.

Clean contacting surfaces of converter and horn, and remove all
foreign matter from threaded stud and threaded hole.

2.

Use the Mylar washer provided, in between the converter andrequired probe.

! WARNING

Do not apply grease to the threaded stud.

4.5.2 Connecting Tip to Horn
Figure 4.2

Methods for Connecting/Removing Horn from Converter

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
Connecting and Removing Tips, Horns, andConverters
A standard flat tip, recommended for processing liquids, is supplied with tappedhorns. Other tip configurations are available for experimental work on applications where the ultrasonics vibrations are transmitted directly into a solid workpiece. The shape of the horn influences the direction in which the ultrasonicvibrations are delivered from the horn. You will find a list of available tips inAppendix D, Accessories.
Attach tips to horns as follows:1.

Clean contacting surfaces of horn and tip, and remove any foreign
matter from the threaded stud.

! WARNING

The tip must be installed clean and dry, or the power supply may not tune
and operate correctly.
2.

Hand assemble tip to horn.

3.

Using spanner wrench on horn and open-end wrench on tip,tighten tip. See Figure 4.3. Torque specifications for the various
threaded tips follow:• 1/4 - 20 thread tighten at 90 inch-lbs./10.16 Newton-meters.
• 1/4 - 28 thread tighten at 110 inch/lbs./12.42 Newton-meters.
• 3/8 - 24 thread tighten at 180 inch-lbs./20.33 Newton-meters.

Figure 4.3

4-6

Connecting or Removing Tip from Horn

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
Guards and Safety Equipment

4.6 Guards and Safety Equipment
Although the Sonifier operates outside the normal range of human hearing, some
applications can create audible noise above 85dB. If an uncomfortable level ofnoise is present, the operator should wear ear protection for safe operation.
Appropriate eye protection should be worn when operating the Sonifier, to prevent possible splash injury originating in the solution.
! WARNINGThe Ultrasonic Horn can cause injury and/or equipment damage during
operation. To avoid injury or accident, never touch the Ultrasonic Hornwhile the System is turned on, and do not allow the Horn to come in contact with solid vessels or supports.

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Chapter 4: Installation and Setup
Guards and Safety Equipment

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Chapter 5: Technical Specifications

Chapter 5: Technical Specifications

5.1 Specifications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-2
5.1.1 Electrical Specifications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-2
5.1.2 Mechanical Specifications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-3
5.1.3 Dimensions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5-4

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Chapter 5: Technical Specifications
Specifications

5.1 Specifications
5.1.1 Electrical Specifications
Table 5.1

Electrical specifications

Controls &Displays

Timer: 0-15 Minutes and Hold

ON/OFF Switch

Pilot Light

Output control

Adjusts amplitude of power supply output voltage.

Output control: Duty Cycle Continuous

Range: 10% - 100% of nominal converter amplitude.
Duty Cycle

Intermittent-pulse duration adjustable 10% - 90%, 1
pulse per second.
Continuous Processing Time

Connector

RF: connects 20kHz, high voltage to converter connections (Model 102C).

Horn
Frequency

19.850 - 20.050 kHz

Line Voltage

Model 250: 100-120V, 50/60 Hz, 2.0 A
200-245V, 50/60 Hz, 1.2 A
Model 450: 100-120V, 50/60 Hz, 4.0 A
200-245V, 50/60 Hz, 2.3 A

Power
Minimum
acceptable
output power

5-2

Fuse:

5A, 250V, 5x20mm, SB or TYPE T

Leakage:

0.5mA Maximum (115V line to ground)

Model 250, 150 Watts.*
Model 450, 350 Watts.*

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Table 5.1

Chapter 5: Technical Specifications
Specifications

Electrical specifications

MinimumStarting Power

Model 250, 120 Watts.*

Temperature

Operating: 41ºF (5ºC) 104ºF (40ºC)

Model 450, 300 Watts.*

Ambient Storage and Shipping: -20ºF (-29ºC) to
158ºF (70ºC)
TuningFactory set, no tuning necessary.

*Output control at maximum setting.

5.1.2 Mechanical Specifications
Table 5.2
Converter

Mechanical specifications
Weight: 4 lbs (1.8 kg) with horn
Dimensions: 7" L x 2 1/2" dia. (180 x 60 mm)

Horn

Tip Diameter: 1/8" - 1" (3.2 - 25mm) dia. depending on
process needs.

Power
SupplyWeight: 15 lbs (6.8 kg)

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Chapter 5: Technical Specifications
Specifications

5.1.3 Dimensions
Figure 5.1

250/450 Sonifier Side View Dimensions

1.75”

11.19”
16.83”
18.96”

Figure 5.2

250/450 Sonifier Front View Dimensions
7.38”

0

Timer

2

Hold

14

4

6

12

80

100

8

10

Duty Cycle
%

60

40

20

0

Output1020
30

Constant

90

9.625”

40
80

50
70

Power

60

Output Control

1
2

10

On

3
9
4

Off

8
5
7

5-4

Micro Tip Limit

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Chapter 6: Operation

Chapter 6: Operation

6.1 General Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.1.1 Timed Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.1.2 Continuous Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.1.3 Pulsed Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-2
6.2 Operating Considerations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-3
6.2.1 Limiting Temperature Rise - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-3
6.2.2 Vessel Capacity and Speed of Temperature Rise - - - - - 6-5
6.2.3 Minimizing Undesirable Factors - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-5
6.2.4 Sterilizing and Preventing Cross-Contamination - - - - - 6-6
6.2.5 Disrupting Tissues and Solids - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-6
6.2.6 Using Glass Powders with Solution - - - - - - - - - - - 6-7
6.3 Horn and Micro Tip Amplitudes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-8

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Chapter 6: Operation
General Operation

6.1 General Operation
In general, starting conditions are as follows:

6.1.1 Timed Operation
Turn Timer Control clockwise to the desired processing time. Set Duty Cycle
Control to Constant and Output Control to 1.
With the tip of the horn immersed about 1/4 to 1/2 inch in the solution to be processed, turn power switch to ON. To increase ultrasonic intensity turn Output
Control clockwise to the next highest number pausing at each setting in order toevaluate results until the optimum setting is reached.

6.1.2 Continuous Operation
Turn Timer Control fully counterclockwise to the Hold position. Set Duty Cycle
Control to Constant and Power Switch to On. Adjust Output Control to the desired
required intensity.

6.1.3 Pulsed Operation
Use of the Duty Cycle Control enables the ultrasonic energy to be pulsed, one
pulse per second. The control settings from 10 to 90 changes the duration of thepulse from 10% to 90% of each second respectively. Pulsing the ultrasonic energy
retards the rate of temperature increase in the solution that results from the ultrasonic activity.
To operate in the pulsed mode, set the Timer Control to Hold if the process is not
to be timed or a processing time of longer than 15 minutes is required. Set Duty
Cycle Control to the required pulse duration. The lower the number setting theshorter the pulse, and the slower the resulting temperature rise of the solution.
Switch power On and adjust Output Control to the required intensity.
! CAUTION

When using micro tips, do not advance the output control beyond 6, or
permanent damage to the micro tips can result. Do not allow micro tips
to touch anything other than the solution. The stress of touching any
container can cause fracture of the tip or container.

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Chapter 6: Operation
Operating Considerations

NOTICE
Prior to processing an unknown sample, estimate variables such as processing time, output control setting, starting temperature, and maximum
permissible temperature of sample.

NOTICE
Remember that the temperature of a liquid will rise from the effect ofultrasonically induced cavitation.

NOTICEFirst, process a small sample of the specimen using your estimated control variables. When unsure, initial test should be conducted with shorttime and low amplitude setting.

NOTICE
Examine the results against your objective. Several trial runs may benecessary. Based on results obtained, adjust the variables until you
obtain satisfactory results, experimenting with one variable at a time.

6.2 Operating Considerations
The following sections discuss operating techniques under varying conditions.

6.2.1 Limiting Temperature Rise
An important objective in ultrasonic emulsification is to keep processed samples
cool. Selection of the proper processing vessel and cooling bath resolves mostheating problems. While any type of vessel can be used to hold the sample, theshape of the vessel depends primarily on the volume to be processed. For small
volumes, choose the smallest diameter vessel that allows the probe to be inserted
without touching the sides of the vessel. This minimized diameter size raise theheight of the liquid, permitting greater surface area to be exposed to the coolingbath for more effective heat transfer.

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Chapter 6: Operation
Operating Considerations

Based on heat transfer characteristics, the following vessel materials are recommended, listed in decreasing order of heat conductivity:
Best

Poorest• Aluminum• Stainless Steel• Thin-wall Glass• Thick-wall Glass• Plastic

Immersing the processing vessel in a simple ice-water bath (0 C) provides sufficient cooling for larger volumes, if required treatment times are short. If temperature rise is too great with this method, consider using the following:•

Ice-salt (-6 C) - Ice-alcohol (-14 C)•

Dry-ice alcohol-water (-30 to -40 C)

For smaller volumes with less than 30 seconds treatment time, an ice-water bathis sufficient. For longer periods, especially when high power is required, a lower
temperature bath is required.

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Chapter 6: Operation
Operating Considerations

6.2.2 Vessel Capacity and Speed of Temperature Rise
The smaller the volume, the more difficult the cooling procedure becomes. For
example, using any given power input, to treat 5 ml for a long period, would
require a cooling bath of approximately -35 C to maintain the sample at or below
5 C. In comparison, the processing of 200 ml would require a cold bath of only 0
C.
Table 6.1 shows typical temperature rises for sample sizes of 25 ml and 100 ml,
using a 250 Sonifier. A polyethylene container was used, with a 1/2” (12.7 mm)diameter probe with a probe depth of 1/2 inch (12.7 mm), and a starting temperature of 25º. “Average Diff.” was the average difference among duplicate runs.
Table 6.1

Temperature Rise Variations

Sample Size

25 ml

100m
l

Power Level

3

Seconds

Temperature after sonic time

30

30º

35º

42º

60

34º

45º

120

42º

180

7

10

3

7

10

26.5º

27.5º

29.3º

55.6º

27.5º

30.3º

33.5º

61º

78º

30º

35º

41.3º

48.5º

74º

90º

32º

39.3º

48º

240

54.5º

82.5º

95º

34º

44º

54.5º

300

60º

88

95º

36º

48º

60º

Average Diff

+0.7º

+0.4º

+0.4º

+0º

+0.2º

+1.6º

6.2.3 Minimizing Undesirable Factors
Other factors may be detrimental to enzyme or biological activity and can reduce
the effectiveness of ultrasonic processing. Minimize undesirable factors, as follows:

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Chapter 6: Operation
Operating Considerations

6.2.3.1 Foaming or Aerosoling
Always place the horn deep enough below the surface of the liquid to ensure there
is no violent motion or agitation on the surface. This problem is more criticalwhen processing small volumes, for example, 0.3 to 5 ml, when a conical-shaped
tube or vial, such as a cut-down Eppendorf tube, is recommended. The conicalshape of this type of container effectively raises the liquid level without increasing
the volume, thereby permitting the horn to be inserted more deeply below the liquid surface level.

If foaming occurs, it can be detected by a change in the sound level and afluctuating reading on the power meter.
Little or no energy couples reliably to the solution while aerosoling is occurring, and excessive top-layer heating will result. Remedy this problem
by lowering the probe as deep as possible and placing the output power
control to position 1 or 2 for a few seconds. Then gradually advance thepower output control to the level required.

6.2.3.2 Discoloration of the Processed Sample
If the tip touches the side of a glass tube or beaker, small glass particles will be
released which gradually discolor the sample to a greyish color. Excessive tip corrosion can also cause a greying or darkening condition.

6.2.4 Sterilizing and Preventing Cross-Contamination
Sterilize horns and tips by removing them from the converter and autoclaving
them. However, it is faster, easier, and equally effective, to sterilize horns byimmersion in a beaker of alcohol or other disinfectant and then turning the power
on for a few seconds. This technique also cleans or removes unwanted residue on
the horn or tip.

6.2.5 Disrupting Tissues and Solids
You can effectively homogenize or disrupt many kinds of tissue and other solids.
Energy radiates only from the horn’s tip. The energy is most concentrated within
1/2 inch (13 mm) of the face of the tip. When you treat tissue or solids already insolution, the freely moving cells or particles pass before the face of the tip manytimes during the process. When you treat a solid piece, however, the energy pattern from the tip of the horn has a tendency to push or repel the solid away fromthe tip. The solid does not receive treatment, but simply spins or circulates aroundthe container.

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Chapter 6: Operation
Operating Considerations

You can effectively treat all but the most difficult of materials by the following
two steps:
1.

Homogenize the tissues or solids by placing them in a high-speed
blender with the solution.

2.

Insert the horn in the liquid sample for complete disruption.

To disrupt solid pieces, especially those that are extremely resistant to breakage,
place the horn directly over the tissue or right against it.

6.2.6 Using Glass Powders with Solution
To disrupt difficult cells and tissues, adding glass powders (5 microns to 0.5 mm)
will materially decrease treatment tissues, especially when used in conjunction
with the standard, high intensity micro tip. A ratio of 1 part glass powder to 2 parts
liquid is recommended.

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Chapter 6: Operation
Horn and Micro Tip Amplitudes

6.3 Horn and Micro Tip Amplitudes
Table 6.2
Part No.

Horn Amplitudes
Output Control
Setting

Description

1

5

10 max101-147-037 1/2” Dia. Tapped Stepped Disruptor

21.0* 76.0*.0008" .003"

145.0*.0057"

101-147-042 1/2" Dia. Solid Catenoidal

21.0* 74.0* 145.0*.0008" .0029" .0051"

101-147-041 1/2" Dia. Solid Exponential

10.0* 34.0* 65.0*.0004" .0013" .0025"

101-147-039 3/8" Dia. Solid Stepped Disruptor

36.0* 125.0* 240.0*.0014" .0049" .0094"

100-147-043 3/4" Dia. Solid Stepped Disruptor

9.5*
33.0* 63.0*.0004" .0013" .0025"

101-147-035 3/4" Dia. Solid High Grain

19.0*
.007"

101-147-044 1.0" Dia. Solid Stepped

6.3*
21.5*
.0002" .0008

68.5* 130.0*.0027" .0051"
40.5*
.0016

* All measurements in Microns.

6-8

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Chapter 7: Maintenance

Chapter 7: Maintenance

7.1 General Information - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.2 Maintenance and Troubleshooting - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.2.1 Tip Erosion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.2.2 Power Output Loss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-2
7.3 Preventive Maintenance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-3
7.4 Reconditioning the Stack Interface - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-3
7.4.1 Refacing the Mating Surfaces - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-4
7.4.2 Stud Replacement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-6
7.4.3 Horn Tip Cleaning - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-7
7.4.4 System Trouble Analysis Chart - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7-7

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Chapter 7: Maintenance
General Information

7.1 General Information
If maintenance is required, contact Branson Product Support. See Section 1.6:
How to Contact Branson for contact information.
If you have a problem operating your unit:
1.

Refer to Table 7.1 to locate the symptom that most clearly
describes your problem.

2.

See Appendix B Parts List for available replacement parts.

3.

Refer to Chapter 1: Safety and Support for equipment return information.

7.2 Maintenance and Troubleshooting
The Digital Sonifier is a self-contained system that requires no internal servicing,
except for a protective fuse, and there are no user serviceable parts inside the unit.
The ultrasonic tooling (horns and tips) may require periodic inspection and maintenance to ensure optimum performance. The tooling components are subject towear and may require replacement after a period of time, depending on the applications. If you have a problem operating your unit, refer to Table 7.1 Symptom/
Probable Cause on page 7-7 to locate the symptom that most clearly describes
your problem.

7.2.1 Tip Erosion
Horn tips can erode. Tip erosion is a side effect of the cavitation process that
occurs when liquids are exposed to ultrasonic energy. The rate of erosion depends
on the intensity of power applied, the corrosiveness of the liquid being treated, andthe amount of use. Periodically inspecting the tip will help you recognize erosion
early. As erosion progresses, the color of the tip changes from its original polishedappearance, first to light grey and then to dark grey. Concentric rings begin toappear, and finally the tip becomes rough and pitted, resulting in loss of power
output. As it erodes, the tip can also introduce metal particles into the solution,
causing it to darken or discolor. Eventually, erosion may become significant, atwhich point the tip will require replacement.

7.2.2 Power Output LossIf you observe a loss in power, several factors can be the cause. Ensure that the tip
is not corroded and is polished, as noted in the preceding paragraph.If the horn has
a replaceable tip, remove the tip and clean its threads in alcohol.

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Chapter 7: MaintenancePreventive Maintenance

Place the horn in a container of alcohol and turn the power on for a few seconds
to clean the interior threads. Remove the horn from the alcohol. Operate the hornin air for a few seconds to dry the tip and threads, which must be thoroughly dry
and clean prior to reassembly
Using a spanner wrench on the horn and an open-end wrench on the tip, install the
tip tightly using the following torque specifications:• 1/4 - 20 -- tighten at 90 inch-lbs./10.16 Newton-meters.
• 1/4 - 28 -- tighten at 110 inch-lbs./12.42 Newton-meters.
• 3/8 - 24 -- tighten at 180 inch-lbs./20.33 Newton-meters.
The 250/450 Sonifier does not require retuning.

7.3 Preventive Maintenance
Periodically Clean the Equipment.
Periodically disconnect the unit from power, remove the cover and vacuum out
any accumulated dust and debris. Remove material adhering to the circuit boards,
cooling intake vents and exhaust ports. External covers may be cleaned with adamp sponge or cloth using a solution of mild soap and water. Do not allow cleaning solution to enter the unit.

7.4 Reconditioning the Stack Interface
Ultrasonic system components work most efficiently when the mating surfaces of
the Converter-and-Horn combination (also called a “Stack”) are flat, in solid contact, and free from fretting corrosion. Fretting corrosion refers to a black, crusty
build-up, resulting from friction between metal parts, that appears on the Stackmating surfaces. Poor contact between mating surfaces wastes power output,
makes tuning difficult, increases noise and heat, and may cause damage to theconverter.

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Chapter 7: Maintenance
Reconditioning the Stack Interface

7.4.1 Refacing the Mating Surfaces
NOTICE
Never clean the Converter or Horn mating surfaces with a buffing wheel.
1.

Disassemble the Converter / Horn Stack and wipe the mating surfaces with a clean cloth or paper towel.

2.

Examine all mating surfaces. If any mating surface shows corrosion or a hard, dark deposit, recondition it.

3.

Examine the knurled end of the stud. If worn, replace the stud.

NOTICE
Threaded studs cannot be reused in titanium horns. If you remove thestud from the horn, you must replace it with a new stud.
4.

Tape a clean sheet of #400 (or finer) grit emery cloth to a clean,smooth, flat surface (such as a sheet of plate glass).

#400 Emery
Cloth
Tape

NOTICEBe careful to avoid tilting the part and losing flatness of the surface.
Doing so may make the system inoperative, due to improper mating surfaces.
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Chapter 7: Maintenance
Reconditioning the Stack Interface

Lapping Procedure5.

Holding the part to recondition, place the interface surface on theemery cloth. Grasp the part at the lower end, with your thumb overthe spanner-wrench hole, and lap the part in a straight line acrossthe emery cloth.

NOTICEDo not apply downward pressure. The weight of the part alone provides
sufficient pressure.
6.

Rotate the part 120 degrees (1/3) to the next hole.

7.

Stroke the part an equal number of times at each rotation (2 or 3).

8.

Pick up the part and lap it once or twice in the same direction.

9.

Rotate the part 120 degrees, placing your thumb over the spanner-wrench hole, and lap the part the same number of times as
described above.

10.

Rotate the part another 120 degrees to the next spanner-wrenchhole, and repeat the lapping procedure.

Re-examine the mating surface. If necessary, repeat steps 5 through 10 until you
remove most of the contaminant.

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Chapter 7: Maintenance
Reconditioning the Stack Interface

7.4.2 Stud Replacement
The Stud is intended to be a use-only-once part, as it has knurls on its end which‘bite’ into the relatively softer horn material. The studs are also specially designed
to withstand ultrasonic stresses. If you must replace the stud, it is very important
to clean the threads and the horn of the previous shavings.
1.

Using a clean cloth or towel, clean the threaded hole.

2.

Examine the threaded hole for stripped threads. Do not use adamaged ultrasonic horn or converter.

NOTICE
Threaded studs cannot be reused in titanium horns.
3.

Clean the threaded hole before inserting the new stud.

4.

Apply one drop of Loctite1 threadlocker to the stud and insert it
into the horn.

5.

Tighten the stud. Use the following torque specifications:Stud Size

Torque Specification

Stud EDP number

3/8-24 x 11/4 in

290 in lbs/33 Nm

100-098-121

3/8-24 x 11/2 in

290 in lbs/33 Nm

100-098-120

1/2-20 x 11/4 in

450 in lbs/51 Nm

100-098-370

1/2-20 x 11/2 in

450 in lbs/51 Nm

100-098-123

1/2-20 to 3/8-24 x 1 in
Adaptor stud

250 in lbs/28 Nm

100-098-249

After the new stud has been inserted, you can reassemble the Horn to the Converter. Follow the same procedure as found in Section 4.5: Connecting andRemoving Tips, Horns, and Converters, beginning on page 4-5.

1. Loctite is a registered trademark of Henkel Corporation, U.S.A.

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Chapter 7: Maintenance
Reconditioning the Stack Interface

7.4.3 Horn Tip Cleaning
Take the following steps to clean the horn’s tip threads:
1.

If the horn has a replaceable tip, remove it and clean its threads
in alcohol.

2.

Swab out the end of the horn threads with a cotton swab and alcohol.

3.

Make sure both the horn and the tip are clean and completely dry
before you reassemble them.

NOTICEFor information on tightening the tips, see Section 4.5: Connecting andRemoving Tips, Horns, and Converters, beginning on page 4-5.
4.

Use a spanner wrench on the horn and an open-end wrench on
the tip to install the tip using the following torque specifications:
1/4-20 — tighten at 90-inch-lbs/10.16 Newton-meters
3/8-24 — tighten at 180 inch-lbs/20.33 Newton-meters

7.4.4

System Trouble Analysis Chart

Table 7.1

Symptom/Probable Cause

Symptom

Probable Cause

Main power fuse fails or circuit
reader trips when system is plugged
into electrical outlet.

1. Line cord is shorted.
2. Power Switch has failed.
3. Line filter has failed.

Fan does not operate. Indicator lightfails to illuminate when power supply is energized.

1. Unplugged power supply.
2. Line cord has failed.
3. Power Switch has failed.
4. Fuse F1 has failed.
5. Line filter has failed.

Fan does not operate when power
supply is energized. Indicator lightilluminates.

1. Fan motor has failed.
2. Line cord failed.
3. Power Switch has failed.
4. Fuse F1 has failed.
5. Line filter has failed.

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Reconditioning the Stack Interface

Table 7.1

Symptom/Probable Cause

Symptom

Probable Cause

Fuse F1 fails when ON/OFF switch
is energized.

1. Underrated fuse F1.
2. Incorrect voltage.
3. Fan motor has failed.
4. Power Supply module has failed.

Ultrasonic power is delivered to thehorn. No indication on meter.

1. Meter has failed.

No or inconsistent ultrasonic power.
Some indication on meter.

1. Foreign material between horn surface and replaceable tip.
2. Loose or worn out tip.
3. Horn is loose or failed.
4. Horn stud is loose or failed.
5. Converter cable has failed.
6. Converter has failed.
7. If used with a treatment chamber,horn tip may not be immersed.

Little or no meter indication when
ON/OFF switch is energized. Fan
operates.

1. Timer has not been set, has completed cycle, or has failed.
2. Thermal switch on power supply
module is activated.
3. Adapter board has failed.
4. Harmonics module has failed (CEunits only).

Full scale or high meter deflection,
horn unloaded.

1. Power supply module has failed.
2. Horn or tip have failed.

Power supply operates continuously
but does not operate in PULSED
mode.

1. Pulse mode timer or circuitry failed.

A slight electric shock is felt whentouching the Sonifier unit.

1. Unit is improperly grounded.
2. Line cord has failed.

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Appendix A Applications

Appendix A Applications

Actinomyces: 3 minutes of sonifying produced excellent disruption with 50%
protein released and excellent enzyme activity.

Actinomycin D: suspended in 3 minutes.
Aerobacter aerogenes: excellent breakage with better enzyme release thanany other method. A low power setting can release sulfatase activity into thesupernate with no obvious disruption of the majority of cells.

Aerobacter suboxydans: excellent breakage but requires higher power thanA. aerogenes.

Algae secendesmus: 10 ml concentrated solution completely disrupts in 1
minute.

Alkaloids: total amount and speed of extraction are greater using the Sonifier
Cell Disruptor than with standard methods. Extraction from ipecac root in 30 seconds yielded more alkaloid than Soxhlet extraction in 5 hours.
Antibioticus: monocellular elements from surface-grown colonies obtained in
1 minute. Complete disruption in 5 minutes, 50% disruption in 2 minutes.

Antigen: the Sonifier Cell Disruptor is used extensively to produce antigens andvaccines. It can increase yield or expose otherwise unobtainable sites.

Aorta: 1 gram disintegrates in 2 minutes.
Aphanomyces: after blending, complete disruption in 3 minutes.
Arthobacter tumescens: 10 gm in 40 ml in 5 minutes for O coumaric reductose.

Ascaris eggs: 8 ml concentrated solution completely disrupts in 4 minutes.
Asperigillus: complete disruption in 4 minutes.
Aurefaciens: monocellular elements from surface-grown colonies obtained in
1 minute. Complete disruption in 5 minutes, 50% disruption in 2 minutes.

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Appendix A Applications

Azotobacter vinelandii: 15 ml buffered solution, 200 mg wet wt. per ml completely disintegrates in 2 minutes.

B. anthracis: 80% disruption of anthracis in 4 minutes. Complete disruption of
10 ml of eryisipelothrix rhusipathiae in 10 minutes.
B. cereus veg cells: disruption in a few seconds.
B. cereus spores: disruption of 10 mg/6 ml in 13 minutes.
B. megaterium spores: complete breakage of a concentrated 6 ml solution in
15 minutes.

B. sphaericus: major disruption in 1-3 minutes.
B. stereothermophilis spores: complete disruption in 2 minutes.
B. subtilis: disruption of 5 gm wet wt, 15 ml buffer, in 5 minutes.
B. subtilis veg cells: heavy suspension clears in 1 minute.
Bacillus: stereothermophulus (thermophillic spore form). 98% disruption of 70
ml of 40% suspension in 15 minutes.

Bacillus brevis: 1:15 W/V in 3 minutes.
Bacteroides Symbiosis: 1-phosphofructokinase a soluble enzyme has been
isolated from this anaerobe by ultrasonic treatment. A 25 ml suspension was sonified for 10 minutes and centrifuged at 36,000 xg for 10 minutes.

Baker’s yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae): see Yeast.
Blastomyces dermatitidis: 95% disruption in 3 minutes.
Blood cells: red and white cells can be disrupted in a few seconds.
Boll weevil tissue: complete homogenization in a few seconds.
Bone: compact bone can be sonified and processed for microscopic sections inminutes. Other methods can require up to a week. Bone specimens treated in thisway yielded large numbers of intact cells with little distortion. Malignant criteria
were easily recognized. Tumor types studied were: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chordoma, metastic bronchogenic squamous and benign
giant. Bone can be decalcified without injury to the cells, processed for microscopic sections and diagnosed in a short time. Other methods require extensive
treatment time.

Brain stem and adrenal gland: ultrasonic treatment dispersed 10 mg samples in 10 ml fluid which is usually difficult without substantial loss of material.
The suspension was analyzed for nucleotides.

Brain tissue: disintegrates instantly.

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Brevi bacterium: 25 ml disrupts in 20 seconds.
Brevi bacterium acetylicum: approximately 3 minutes to disrupt large samples and measure TCA enzyme activity.

Brine Shrimp: complete disintegration in 1 minute.
Brucella abortes: separates easily from leukocytes. At least 9 antigens
extracted.

Bull sperm: contractile protein is easier to extract from tails after sonifying.
C. butyricum, C. cylinrosporum, C. kluyveri: vegetative cells easily disrupted.

C. pasteurianum: 3 minutes disruption for hydrogens reducing Ferredoxinwith H2.

Calcium: mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were sonified for 1 minute to determine the amount of bound calcium present. Cells were labelled with calcium 45.

Candida albicans spores: 95% disruption of 1/2 gram dry wt. in a 15 ml solution in 35 minutes.

Carbon black: excellent small particle suspension.
Caryophanon latum: glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid andIysine were obtained.
Catecholamine:can be extracted from heart muscle.
Cellumonas biazotea:
disruption obtained with retention of malate dehydrogenase activity. Chicken
spermatozoa: complete disrupts in 2 minutes.
Chlorella:completely disrupts in 3 minutes.

Chloroplasts: disrupts in a few seconds.
Cholesterol: apparent permanent suspension in 1 minute in water.
Chromatography: prior ultrasonic treatment of adsorbant in any convenientsolvent for a few seconds eliminates aggregates and results in a uniform, easily
packed column.

Clostridium: quickly disrupts all types.
Coagulase-globulin: ultrasonic treatment before precipitation yields significantly more enzyme.

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Appendix A Applications

Collagen: an excellent fragmentation.
Colletotrichum capsici spores: 5 ml with 6 million spores/ml completely
disrupts in 4 minutes.

Cortiscosteroid: particle size can be reduced to approximately 5 microns whilelarge volumes can be treated at the rate of approximately 30 ml/minute on a continuous flow basis.

Corynebacterium: completely disrupts in 5 minutes with 50% protein releaseand excellent enzyme activity.
Crypstostroma corticale (maple bark spores): a concentrated solution
completely disrupts in14 minutes.

Cryptococcus laurentii: completely disrupts in 7 minutes with good protein
release and enzyme activity.

Crystal reduction: large crystals of an organic compound suspended in isopropanol can be reduced in diameter 10-40%.
Cyanidium caldarium: a concentrated solution completely disrupts in 6 minutes.

Dental plaques: 5 ml solution, concentration 1 to 10,000, low power setting,
53,500,000 organisms per ml were obtained in 45 seconds.

Desullovibrio vulgaris: less than 30 seconds of ultrasonic treatment resulted
in release of TCA enzymes.

Diplococcus: completely disrupts in 5 minutes.
DNA: breaks chains on low power instantly. Controlled degradation may beobtained.

Dyes: excellent rapid dispersion and homogenization.
E. coli: 2 gm wet wt in 10 ml solution completely disrupts in 40 seconds. The
Sonifier Cell Disruptor has been used extensively in research on this organism.

Egg whites: can be reduced to a homogeneous pipettable solution in 15 seconds
on low power.

Ehrlich ascites: disrupt in a few seconds.
Electron microscopy: apertures are quickly cleaned.
Emulsions: 10 ml of most light mixtures become semi-permanent emulsions inabout 1 minute without emulsifiers. Average particle size is usually well under 1
micron. Sterile emulsions can be prepared by ultrasonic treatment for feeding togerm-free animals.

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Enterococcus: excellent disruption.
Erwina cartovara: complete disruption in 1-2 minutes depending on cell concentration.

Erythrocytes: disrupts in a few seconds.
Euglena gracilis: completely disrupts in a few seconds to isolate chloroplasts.
Eugoena: complete disruption in 12 minutes, 90% disruption in 8 minutes withpigment released.

Fat extraction: fat can be emulsified without injuring tissue with proper power
selection. Lipid layer can be stripped from spores and mycobacteria.
Fibrin: complete suspension of.125 gm in 30 minutes.
Fish gill: complete disruption of 20 mg in 30 seconds.
Fish tissue: tissue homogenization for extractions and excellent particle size
reduction in 8 minutes per 10 gm.

Fluorocarbons: extended treatment time will break down particle size to wellunder 1 micron and gives a fine homogenate.

Fossils: low power will clean debris from delicate fossils without injury. Microfossils such as pollen can be separated from rocks to help identify the geologicalage of the strata. Removal of rock matrix.
Gamma globulin: the Sonifier Cell Disruptor was used to solubilize protein as oneof the steps in the biosynthesis of gamma globulin from rabbit spleen.
Gangliosides: immunochemical and structure studies used ultrasonic treatment
as one step.

Gastric mucosa: placing scrapings into a test tube and test tube into newwater-filled cup horn caps permits these cells to be separated and not broken.
Graphite molybdenum disulfide: an excellent dispersion of this lubricant
was made in a silicate binder.

Guanine: produces colloidal suspension in 1 minute.
Gymnodinium: solution completely disrupts in 6 minutes.
Haemophilus pertussis: preparation of successful immunological complexes.

Heart muscle: 1 gm disintegrates in 6 minutes.
HeLa Cells: disruption to free virus in a few seconds without injury.
Hemphilus pertussis: an immunological compound prepared.

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Appendix A Applications

Herpes virus: may be quickly released without injury.
Histoplasma capsulatum: ultrasonic treatment for 7 minutes completely ruptured cells prepared by formalin fixation. Good enzyme activity was obtained.

Human serum proteins: ultrasonic treatment causes a reproducible change inthe electrophoretic behavior of normal human serum consisting of an increase inmaterial migrating in the x and b globulin zones with a reduction in the albumin
and y globulin fractions.
Hydrocortisone: smaller crystals were produced by ultrasonic treatment.
Hydrophilic vegetable gums: disperses and solubilizes hydrophilic vegetable gums in water; makes dispersions of added particulate matter.

Intracellular membrane: disruption and particle size reduction obtained in
30-60 seconds.

Isoenzymes: selectively activated with respect to time and intensity of treatment.

Kidney: 1 gm disintegrates in 3 minutes.
Kidney stones: easily broken in seconds in vitro.
Klebsiella: excellent disruption.
L. arabinosis: complete disruption to free virus in 2 minutes without injury.
Lactobacillus: 0.5 gm in 15 ml completely disrupts in 11 minutes. Excellent
release of acetokinase.

Lenconostoc mesenteroides: ultrasonic treatment for 15 minutes using highpower for disruption.

Leukocyte Iysozyme activity in myelocytic leukemia: the cell suspension was ultrasonically treated and samples assayed for Iysozyme activity. The
Iysozyme concentration of the leukocytes ug /10 6 cells was determined.

Linoleic acid: made suspension in water in 30 seconds.
Liver tissue: 1 gm homogenizes in less than 1 minute.
Lung tissue: 1 gm homogenizes in 2 minutes.
Lymphacytis: complete disruption in 15 seconds.
Lymphocyte nuclei: complete disruption in 6 minutes.
Lymph gland: direct injection lymphography with a modified radiopaqueemulsion was obtained by ultrasonic treatment in a functional procedure producing lymphatic structure detail.

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Lysossomes: released enzymes quickly.
Malaria prolozoa: fast, excellent disruption.
Maple bark spores: complete disruption in 14 minutes.
Measles: disruption of virus antigen clumps present in infected cells on low
power. Ultrasonic treatment increased antigen titer 4-8 fold.

Methanobacillus omelianskii: 1 gm cells wet wt/ml completely disintegrates in 2 minutes for assaying methane.
Microbacterium lacticum: ultrasonic treatment used for malate dehydrogenase extraction.

Micrococci: a 13 ml solution completely disrupts in 15 minutes.
Micrococcus lactiliticus: 75 ml of a 20% suspension was disintegrated in 15
minutes and a good yield of the enzyme Xanthine dehydrogenase extracted.

Mineral rock: excellent for cleaning surfaces between polishing stages.
Mitochondria: separates from cells without injury. Mitochondria themselves
can be broken with longer ultrasonic treatment. Inner membrane sub units also
isolated.

Muscle tissue: 1 gm homogenized in 4 minutes; heart muscle in 6 minutes.
Mycobacteria: a 20 ml growing media completely disrupts in 14 minutes.
Clumps break quickly. An immunological compound prepared.

Mycoplasma antibody: a suspension of Campo-W cells treated for 5 minutes
gave 12 lines with the sera in a gel diffusion test. The extract was estimated to contain 12.75 mg protein per ml by Blaret reaction.

Myeloma tumor cells: complete disruption in 10 minutes, 30% disruption in
2 minutes.

Myleran: made colloidal suspension and dissolved in approximately 1 minute.
N. crassa: nucleus was isolated and purified from conidial extracts after 5 minutes treatment.

Naeglerigruberi: this free-living soil amoeba was treated ultrasonically torelease sub cellular infectious material.

Neurospora: 40 ml, 4 minutes, produced more protein than freeze thawing forstudy of enzymatic synthesis of cystathionine.

Nocardia ostenodes: breaks clumps and disintegrates in less than 10 minutes.
Nucleoprotein: extracted from tissue. May be degraded selectively.

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Appendix A Applications

Oil and water emulsions: permanent, stable emulsions in a few seconds. Particle size reduced to less than micron (each case slightly different). Oil in water/water in oil phases can be obtained in same vessel.
Oyster shell: small, clean hole can be drilled with micro tip in 3 minutes. No
cracking is produced.
Paracolon: excellent disruption.
Parasites: separated from red cells in a few seconds.
Pasteurella pestis: complete disruption in 30 minutes using high power.
Penicillium: complete disruption in 3 minutes.
Pesticides: ultrasonic treatment resulted in a 16-fold improvement in thepotency of the antigen used with Micro-crystalline Cellulose as a thin-layer adsorbant for chromatographic separation.

Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase: the most potent inhibitors for thisenzyme were obtained by making five dispersions with the Sonifier Cell Disruptor.
Phospholipid micelles: produced stable preparations for an indefinite period.
Plant cells: 30% packed plant cells (W/V) and distilled water (depending ontype) can be completely disrupted in 1-15 minutes.

Plant tissue: 1 gm dried tissue suspended in alcohol disintegrates in about 5
minutes.

Platelets: complete disruption according to size from 20 seconds to 4 minutes.
Pneumococci: preserved in formalin for several years; completely disrupts in 6
minutes.

Polio virus: excellent disruption of this most difficult virus.
Powders: broken down to a small, relatively uniform particle size.
PPLO: complete disruption in 2 minutes.
Propionobacteria: releases sulfhydro groups intact; 70 ml of 20% suspension
processed for 10 minutes.

Propionobacteriom shermanii: 2 minutes for extraction of citrate synthose.
Proteus: excellent disruption.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rapid, complete disintegration.
Pseudomonas fluorescens: 2 gm wet wt in 10 ml completely disrupts in 1
minute.

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Appendix A Applications

Pulmonary cytodiagnosis: the mucous in sputum can be evenly dispersed
giving a quick representative sample of calls for cytologic examination. Cells areliberated from the mucous of sputum that had been immersed in 50% alcohol or a
fixative.

Ragweed pollen: 15 ml dispersion completely disintegrates in 11 minutes.
Rat bone: 1/2 gm disintegrates in 4 minutes.
Rat liver: complete disruption in 3 minutes.
Rat liver mitochondria: ultrasonic treatment has been used extensively forthe varied research performed on this material. Disruption occurs in seconds.

Rat skin: 1 gm completely disintegrates in 4 minutes.
Red and white blood cells: ultrasonic treatment breaks particle size to 100
Angstroms. Complete disruption in 1 minute. 25 gms/100 ml, saline or plasma,
sample treated 15 seconds, 35% disruption. Adenosine triphosphate was shown to
be membrane-bound by this method.

Reovirus: dissociates cell-bound and aggregated virus. Maximum titer with 4
ml of virus was achieved in 2 minutes.

Retinal outer segments: ultrasonic treatment breaks particles down to almost
molecular size.

Rhodopseudomonis palustris: complete disruption in 4 minutes.
Rhodospirillum rubrum: excellent disruption in a few seconds.
Rimosus: Monocellular elements from surface-grown colonies obtained in 1
minute. Complete disruption in 5 minutes, 50% disruption in 2 minutes.

RNA: rapid and thorough re-suspension of 9 TCA pellets during extractions.
Rocks: excellent for disaggregation of sedimentary rock and for cleaning material rock surfaces between polishing stages.

S. faecalis: excellent disruption in 1 minute.
S. fragilis: 5 minutes yielded excellent release of galactokinase, more than any
other method. Subcellular particles may be extracted or disrupted.

Saliva glands: complete disruption.
Salmonella: various culture media or phosphate buffered saline disintegrated
between 40 and 50% in 10-20 minutes. Sonifying was one step in an improved
assay for enzyme thiogalactosize transacetylase.

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Appendix A Applications

Salmonella typhimurium and enteritidis: bacteria were suspended in 1/
300 volume of original culture, sonified for 4 minutes and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 20,000 9. Extracts were found to catalyze the synthesis of cytidine diphosphate 3, 6-dideozyhexoses.

Schistosoma mansoni: complete disruption.
Sedimentary rock: completely disperses flocs with the release of all boundsilt and clay particles.

Sediments: ultrasonic treatment disperses fine material permitting quick, neat
separation of sand from silt and clay fractions.

Serial number restoration: used in crime laboratories to restore obliterated
serial numbers.

Serratia marcescens: complete breakdown of a concentrated solution in 1
minute.

Serum: quickly homogenized.
Serum cholinesterase: activated by ultrasonic treatment. Different cholinesterase isoenzymes may be activated selectively and inactivated selectively.

Shale: excellent disaggregation of all fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
Shellfish: by drilling a clean hole with the micro tip, various fluids or samples
may be withdrawn or injected from living shellfish without destroying the animals.

Shigella: quick disruption.
Skin: 1 gm disintegrates in about 4 minutes. Epidermal homogenates that
respire and utilize substrate can be extracted.

Soil: separates solid particles without use of oxidants, acids or peptizing agentsand yields stable suspensions.
Sperm (human): tails are broken instantly. Heads are broken in 20 minutes.
Sputum: cancer cells are more easily detected after ultrasonic treatment due toeven dispersion of cells and sputum, and complete liberation of the cells from sputum.

Staphylococcus: a concentrated solution disrupts 98% in 10 minutes. With 1
gm cells wet wt, to 2 gm water, 54.5 mg/ml of protein was released.
Starch: obtained by extracting from green plant leaf homogenate.
Streptococcus, Group A: a 20% suspension in a 15 ml solution completely
disrupts in 15 minutes.

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Appendix A Applications

Streptomyces: monocellular elements from surface-grown colonies obtainedin 1 minute. Complete disruption in 5 minutes, 50% disruption in 2 minutes.
Subcellular particles: may be separated or broken depending on power selection and length of time.

Sulfanilamide: excellent dispersion in less than 1 minute. Continued ultrasonictreatment will produce complete disruption.

Sulfapyridine: excellent dispersion in less than 1 minute. Continued ultrasonictreatment will produce complete disruption.

Synovial fluid: ultrasonic treatment is an excellent means of reducing fluid viscosity. It is simpler and faster than using hyaluronidase.

T. pyriformis: excellent disruption, 8 enzymes released.
Tablets: complete disruption in 2-40 seconds, depending on type.
Tea: excellent extraction.
Tetrahymena: disrupts in a few seconds. Enzymes which have been monitored
include: succinate, lactate, B-hydroxy butyrate, glutamate and DPNH oxidases,
DPNH-cytochrome C reductase and ribonuclease. Activity of DPNH oxidase wastwice that of the best previous experiments.

Thermoactinomyces: disruption of hyphae. Homogenization of protein complex without denaturation.

Thermophile negative: good disruption within 2 minutes.
Thermophilic bacillus: Isocitrate lyase was extracted from a spore-forming
bacillus similar to Stearothermophilus. A washed cell paste suspended in a phosphate buffer was sonified 1-2 minutes and the supernatent was used for enzyme
experiments without further treatment. Extracts could be frozen and stored without loss of activity.

Thiouric acid: dissolved in a few seconds.
Thymus cells: complete disruption in 15 seconds.
Tissue culture cells: complete disruption in a few seconds. To avoid damage
to free organelles and to obtain intact Lyososomes, use low power at short exposure.

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Appendix A Applications

Toxin and antitoxin: one example of many: Toxin preparations of whole celllysate (WCL) of the Inaba serotype strain 569E of the classic biotype of cholera
vibrio were grown on 3% Bacto peptane agar and harvested in distilled water at
18 hours. The unwashed suspensions were solubilized ultrasonically, clarified bycentrifugation and the supernat freeze-dried for the titration of cholare toxin in the
rabbit ileal loop.
Toxoplasma gondii: can be separated from white blood cells without injury.
Transplantation antigens: were extracted from spleen, thymus and lymph
nodes.

Trichomonas foetus: Complete disruption in a few seconds
Triolein: Complete stable emulsion in 2 minutes.
Trypanosomes: concentrated 10 ml solution completely disrupts in 4 minutes.
Uterus muscle: a 1/5 gm, 3 cc solution completely disrupts in 3 minutes forcoenzyme Q determination.

Vaccines: numerous advantages such as, more antigenic material released thanusual and the production of vaccines not obtainable by classified methods.
Various bacilli: complete disruption in 3 minutes.
Vibrio comma: excellent disruption.
Virus extraction: excellent for experimental vaccines. Evidence of breakageof virus/antibody bonds. Virus can be extracted without damage at low power, or
broken at high power.

Vitamin E: 30 seconds of ultrasonic treatment put material in solution with aresultant permanent suspension.
W138 virus: cell-free V-2 virus obtained in 30 seconds using 6 ml of Veronalbuffer with W138 cells containing V-2 virus.

Yeast: complete disruption in 3-10 minutes. Complete disruption of 9 grams
pressed yeast in 18 ml buffer in 8 minutes. Protein release, 52 mg/ml from an aged
sample.

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Appendix B Parts List

Appendix B Parts List

Table B.1

Replacement Parts

Item

Description

EDP Number

ReplacementFuses

5.00 Amp (for Model 450, 117V)

200-049-121

Mylar Washer

Kit Mylar Washer 20Khz

100-063-357

Stud

Replacement studs for ultrasonicaccessories*.

100-098-120
100-098-121
100-098-123
100-098-249
100-098-370

Converter

102C Converter (CE compliant)101-135-066

Wrenches

For use with Branson Sonifier Cell
Disruptors.
• Spanner

201-118-019• Open-end, for 1/2" disruptor tip

201-118-010

Extends 1/2" diameter disruptor hornan additional 1/2 wavelength(approx. 5") at a 1/2" diameter.

101-147-049

1/2 Wave Horn
Extension*For more information, call Branson.

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Appendix B Parts List

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Appendix C Accessories

Appendix C Accessories

C.1 Micro Tip - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-1
C.2 Cup Horn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-2
C.3 Flow-thru Horn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-3
C.4 Rosette Cell - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-3
C.5 Continuous-Flow Attachment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-4
C.6 Soundproof Box - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-4

Special disruptor horns, various horn tips and a variety of vessels for batch or continuous processing are available for use with Branson Sonifiers. Accessories
include the following:

C.1 Micro Tip
Particularly useful for processing small volumes, micro tips are available in two
designs, tapered and double-stepped, to meet your application requirements.
The tapered micro tip attaches directly to a standard 1/2” tapped disruptor horn.
The amplitude at the end of a tapered tip is three and a half times greater than thatof the standard horn. The tapered tip is recommended for difficult applications
such as spores, fungi, yeast, muscle, and connective tissue. Excellent results canbe achieved on volumes ranging from 3 to 20 ml in a comparatively short periodof time. The diameter of the tapered micro tips are 1/8” (3.2 mm), 3/16” (4.8mm)
and 1/4” (6.4mm).

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Appendix C Accessories

The double-stepped micro tip is a two-piece horn, consisting of a coupling section
and a lower tip. Because the coupling section is attached directly to the converter,
the standard disruptor horn must be removed prior to using the double-stepped
micro tip. Recommended for use on extremely small volumes, the double-stepped
tip can be used to treat volumes ranging from 0.5 to 20 ml. Applications for thistip include red and white blood cells, tissue culture cells, HeLa cells and the complete range of cells which have low to medium resistance to breakage.
To prevent foaming or aerosoling while processing small quantities with thetapered or stepped micro tips, the use of a conical shaped tube such as an eppendorf tube or a cut down centrifuge tube is recommended.
! CAUTION

When using micro tips, a maximum Output Control Setting of “6” mustnot be exceeded. The micro tip will break if driven at higher amplitudes.

C.2 Cup Horn
Cup Horns allow materials to be treated in small eppendorf style tubes or test
tubes without immersing the ultrasonic horn or micro tip in the material, thereby
providing completely sterile conditions. The Cup Horn is attached directly to theconverter and the assembly is mounted upside down on the lab stand, or in ourSound Enclosure with the assembly inserted through the bottom. With chilledwater in the Cup Horn, the tubes are suspended in the Cup with the contents of thetubes just below the water level. Ultrasonic energy is then conducted from the surface of the horn, through the water and tube walls, to the contents of the tube.
Some energy loss may be experienced when applying ultrasonics in this indirect
way and processing may take longer than if the ultrasonic horn were immersed
directly in the solution.
There are three types of Cup Horns, a high intensity unit that will accommodate asingle test tube, and two larger units for multiple test tubes. The high intensity Cup
Horn has a concave bottom that focuses the ultrasonic energy on the bottom of the
tube. The larger units, with diameters of 2 or 3 inches, allow for the immersion ofmultiple test tubes. The larger Cup Horns have clear plastic walls, which permit
easy viewing of the activity in the tubes during processing. Both types of Cup

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Appendix C Accessories

Horns are designed to allow chilled water to circulate through the Cup Horn toprevent heating of the solution as a result of the ultrasonic activity. The Cup Hornis available with a water cooling device which allows water to flow through thecup, keeping the material cool.
! CAUTION

The bottom of the test tubes should not be in contact with the surface of
the ultrasonic horn, which could cause breakage.

C.3 Flow-thru Horn
Designed for pharmaceutical research, the flow-thru horn has two inputs or orifices at the non-vibrating, nodal point of the horn. A pre-mixed substance is fed
through one of the units while the horn is ultrasonically activated. Because two
inputs are available, two different types of material can be treated simultaneously,
for mixing or emulsifying. The processed solution exits at the tip of the horn. The
horn may be used as a continuous-flow device to collect the solution in one large
vessel. Or, by using a special switching, an instantaneous ON/OFF action permits
multiple tubes or vials to be filled.

C.4 Rosette Cell
The Rosette Cell, made of borosilicate glass, has a conical shape with three sidearms, through which the solution is driven by the ultrasonic horn, thereby exposing the substance to ultrasonic energy repeatedly during circulation. When the
Rosette Cell is immersed in a cooling bath, the enlarged glass surface area, plus
circulation through the side arms, provide an efficient means of heat exchange.

The Cell is available in three sizes: 35-300 ml, 25-180 ml, and8-25 ml.

100-413-016 Rev. C

C-3

Appendix C Accessories

C.5 Continuous-Flow Attachment
This attachment, which is screwed on to the disruptor horn, permits continuous
processing of low-viscosity materials at rates up to 38 liters per hour. Designed
primarily for emulsifying, dispersing and homogenizing, the attachment will disrupt most cells, with the exception of the more difficult species. The materials
being treated may be passed through the attachment more than once to obtain
desired results. For cooling, a water jacket with input, output, and overlow connections is provided.

C.6 Soundproof Box
Even though ultrasound is above the audible range of the human ear, mechanicalnoise occurs when liquids are treated ultrasonically. The soundproof box reduces
this noise by 25 to 28 db. It is especially useful when the Sonifier is used forextended periods of time.
Figure C.1

C-4

Soundproof Box

100-413-016 Rev. C

250 - 450 Sonifier
Instruction Manual

Appendix D Accessories Parts List

Appendix D Accessories Parts List

D.1 Accessories Parts List

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D-1

D.1 Accessories Parts List
Table D.1

Accessories Parts List

ITEM
Disruptor
Horns

100-413-016 Rev. C

DESCRIPTION

BRANSONEDP No.

1/2” dia. stepped, w/grad
scale

101-147-036

1/2” dia. stepped, tapped

101-147-037

1/2” dia. stepped, solid

101-147-038

3/8” dia. stepped, solid

101-147-039

1/2” dia. exponential, tapped

101-147-040

1/2” dia. exponential, solid

101-147-041

1/2” dia. catenoidal, solid

101-147-042

3/4” dia. stepped, solid

101-147-043

1” dia. threaded body, solid

101-147-044

3/4” dia. solid, high gain

101-147-035
D-1

Appendix D Accessories Parts List

Table D.1

Accessories Parts ListITEM
Cup Horn

BRANSONEDP No.

DESCRIPTION

Permit materials to be treated while isolated in small test
tubes. Cups have transparent plastic bodies

2” diameter

101-147-047

3” diameter

101-147-048

High intensity with flow thru portswith water jacket

101-147-046

Continuous
Flow Attachment

Permits continuous processing of
low-viscosity materials with rates
up to 38 liters/hour. Designed primarily for emulsifying, dispersing
and homogenizing, this attachment
will disrupt most cells, with the
exception of the more difficulttypes. Materials being treated may
be passed through the attachment
more than once to obtain the desired
results. A water jacket, input, output
and overlow connections are provided. For use with horns having
outside threads

100-146-171

Sealed Atmosphere Treatment Chamber

Used for batch treatment of infectious materials. Input
and output connections allow filling and emptying without breaking the airtight seal and permit processing withan inert gas. Stainless steel.

D-2

3 - 10ml

101-021-001

6 - 15ml

101-021-002

20 - 50ml

101-021-003

100-413-016 Rev. C

250 - 450 Sonifier
Instruction Manual

Table D.1

Appendix D Accessories Parts List

Accessories Parts List

ITEM
Sealed Atmosphere Treatment Chamber

Wrenches

DESCRIPTION

BRANSONEDP No.

Same as above 101-021-001 series, but with coolingwater jacket.

3 - 10ml

101-021-004

6 - 15ml

101-021-005

20 - 50ml

101-021-006

For use with Branson Cell Disruptors
Spanner

201-118-019

Open-end, for 1/2" horn

201-118-010

Flat Tip

Replacement for 1/2" horn

101-148-013

Tapered MicroTips

For processing small volumes. Attaches tostandard tapped disruptor horn. Tip amplitudeis 3 1/2 times greater than that of standard
horn. Recommended for difficult applications,such as spores, fungi, yeast, muscle and connective tissue. Excellent results on volumes
ranging from 3 - 20ml in a comparatively
short time.

100-413-016 Rev. C

1/8" diameter

101-148-062

3/16" diameter

101-148-069

1/4" diameter

101-148-070

D-3

Appendix D Accessories Parts List

Table D.1

Accessories Parts List

ITEM
Double-Step
Micro Tip
Assembly

DESCRIPTION

BRANSONEDP No.

A two-piece horn consisting of a coupling section and a lower tip. The standard disruptor
horn must be removed prior to using this tip.
recommended for use on extremely small volumes (0.5 - 20ml). applications include red
and white blood cells, tissue culture cells, Helacells. Overall length is 9 1/8" with 1/8" dia. in
the lower 2 1/8".
NOTICEThe double-step microtip is to be used only withcoupler 101-147-050.

Kit (Coupler & Micro Tip)

101-063-212

Coupler Section Only

101-147-050

Micro Tip Section Only

101-148-063

Stud

Replacement adaptor stud.
(Horn to Converter.

100-098-249

Rosette Cooling Cell

Borosilicate glass cell has conical shape withthree arms to allow circulation of substancebeing processed. When the cell is immersed ina cooling bath, the enlarges glass surface
areas, plus circulation through the arms provide and effective means of heat exchange.

D-4

Model 25 8-25 ml

201-123-001

Model 50 25-180ml

201-123-002

Model 250 35-300ml

201-123-003
100-413-016 Rev. C

250 - 450 Sonifier
Instruction Manual

Table D.1

Appendix D Accessories Parts List

Accessories Parts List

BRANSONEDP No.

ITEM

DESCRIPTION

Tissue Disruptor

Designed for disintegrationof difficult tissues. Stainlesssteel construction. Cell bottom holds up to 6g of tissue.
A water jacket is provided forcooling.

101-021-007

Soundproof
Enclosure

Reduces mechanical noise
generated during liquid processing to a normal level.
Especially useful when using
a cell disruptor for extended
periods. 25 to 28 db cavitation noise reduction.

101-063-275

Glass Beads

For cell homogenization. Waterproof, 1 pound
packages.

1/2 Wave Horn

100-413-016 Rev. C

25 micron diameter

201-002-003

Extends 1/2" dia. disruptor
horn an additional 1/2 wavelength (apprx. 5") at a 1/2"
diameter.

101-147-049

D-5

Appendix D Accessories Parts List

D-6

100-413-016 Rev. C