2005 North East Asia Petroleum ForumThe Trend of Technology Development
for Environmental Protectionin the Petroleum Industry
2005. 09. 12.
SK Institute of Technology
Corporate R&D Center
Jeon-Keun Oh
1

Contents
11Pollution
Pollution Status
Status andand its
its Control
Control Measures
Measures
Environmental
Environmental Pollution
Pollution Status
StatusRegulatory
Regulatory Enforcement
Enforcement ofof Petroleum
Petroleum Products
Products
Emission
Emission Control
Control Technology
Technology ofof Diesel
Diesel Fuel
Fuel
Gaseous
Gaseous Fuel
Fuel Application
Application

22

Alternative
Alternative andand New
New Energy
EnergyLimitation
Limitation ofof Petroleum
Petroleum Resources
ResourcesSynthetic
Synthetic Liquid
Liquid Fuels
Fuels
Environmental
Environmental Protection
Protection byby ElectricElectric Vehicles
Vehicles33

Concluding
Concluding Remarks
Remarks
2Air Quality Status in Metropolitan Area

112233

Air Quality Condition

SO2 and CO concentrations mark below the Air Quality Standards
Steady increase in PM10 concentration due to rising vehicle emissions
and dust & sandstorms (DSS) transporting from China
Steady increase in NO2 and O3 also caused by vehicle emissions
Trends in Air Pollutant Levels in Metropolitan Area

Source: Ministry of Environment, Korea 2004

3Sources of Air Pollutants

1140800

COHC600

NO2TSP

40020030Gasoline
20

Heavy-dutyDiesel BusLight-dutyDiesel

10LPG
006080Source: Environmental Statistics Yearbook 2000, The ministry of Environment

4Mobile Sources

33

Heavy-duty Diesel Truck

SO2Air Pollutant, %A ir P o lluta nt, 1 0 3 to n/ y e a r

1000

22Power
Generation

Industry

Heating

02040Vehicles, %56% of total pollutant was originated from mobile
sources and about 80% of it was from automobile.
Mobile sources occupied over 90% in CO and NoxNumber of vehicle increased 93 times from the 1970’s level※ ’70yr: 0.13M ⇒ ’80yr: 0.53M ⇒ ’90yr: 3.40M ⇒ ’00yr: 12.05M

Special Act on Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement
Air Quality Status in MTA and Other Areas

Category

NO2 (ppm)

Number of O3 Warning

Metropolitan Area (Seoul)

31(37)

24(5) times

Other Areas

22

5 timesPM10(㎍/㎥ )67(71)
53

A 10-year Framework Plan for Air Quality Improvement
80

TARGET:

71

PMNO26040

37

40
222002001

2014

Diesel vehicles are the major of the mobile PM and NOx
Good fuel efficiency of diesel vehicle is increasing its demand

5Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel to Enable the Removal of PM

112233Ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) enables deep removal of PM by DPF

Reduction rate (%)
150
100

9999

84

64

50
0-50-100

元年50

６年50

Short1989
regulation, term
low-sulfur regulation,
low-sulfur
U engine

KC engine

長期50

元年500

Long1989
term
regulation,regulation, existing
low-sulfur’98 engine

U engine

Longterm
regulation,
existing

42
６年500

長期500

Shortterm
regulation,
existing
KC engine’98 engine-150-200

ULSD

LSD-160

Note: “Low-sulfur” and “existing” mean low-sulfur diesel fuel (46 ppm) andthe existing diesel fuel (443 ppm) used in tests, respectively.

DPF (a) (D13-mode: change in sulfur content)

Source: JCAP Data
6

DPF for LSD and ULSD

112233

SK catalytic DPF shows good performance for LSD(500 ppm S) also
However ULSD provides not only higher removal efficiency
but also wider operation windows for DPF application
Exhaust Outlet

Exhaust inlet
DOC

PM, HC, CODPF

H2O, CO2100

94918980566066
4440
200PM

COTHC

CPF#1 : ULSD Application (50ppmS)Japanese U-Engine (’89)
Removal effectiveness

Removal effectivenessJapanese KC-Engine (’94)
10091

85
7380
6068494740200PM

CO

THC

CPF#2 : LSD Application (500ppmS)

Source: Nissan Diesel Test Result for Government Approval

7

DOC for ULSD

112233

SK’s compact and low cost DOC(diesel oxydation catalyst) also provides
quite high removal efficiency(g/km)

PM

0.3

72%
Removal

3.0
2.00.11.0

0.0

Base EnDOC

45%
Removal4.00.20.0(g/km)

THC

4.0

5.0

0.50.4CO(g/km)

3.0
2.063%Removal

1.0BaseEnDOC

Tested in Japan Fuel:ULSD Test Mode: Tokyo 20.0

Base EnDOC
8DeNOx System

112233NOx reduction technology is quite challenging
DeNOx systems are not fully commercialized yetIssue

DeNOx SystemDeNOx
Efficiency

Fuel S Limits

FuelPenalty

Urea SCR

85~90%~500 ppm

2~3%

Infra, Low Temp
Slip

Diesel SCR

20~60%~50 ppm

2~6%

HC Slip

NOx Trap

80~95%~5 ppm

1.5~4%

Fuel & Pt Cost

911Supply of Ultra Low Sulfur Fuels

2233

Fuel sulfur specifications are getting more restricted for enabling
catalytic post-treatment of exhausts from the vehicles
Tax incentive has been given to promote early production of ULSD
which is also effective for PM reduction by itself
Polyaromatics which is known as coke precursor will be restricted

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

LPG Sulfur: 200 → 100 ppm
ULSD Supply for World Cup

Tax Incentive Given to 30-ppm ULSD
Diesel Lubricity: 460 micron
Diesel Sulfur: 430 → 30 ppm
Diesel Polyaromatics: 11 wt.%
Gasoline Sulfur: 130 → 30 ppm

10

11Emission Restriction on Manufacturing Vehicles
GasolineHeavyTier-I(1994)

2500.25Korea(2000)

TLEV‘98EURO Ⅰ

2000.2PM, g/kWhNOx, mg/km

33DieselLight

15022Korea
ULEV(LEV-1) (03)EURO3(2000)
LEV

100 EURO4(05)

ULEV(LEV-2)

EURO Ⅱ
‘05

0.1

0.05
Korea(06)

Ⅴ

‘06

Ⅳ

‘06

0000.15EURO Ⅲ

Tier-II(2004)

50

‘02

30

60

90

NMHC(NMOG),mg/km

150024NOx, g/kWh6

The restrictions on the manufacturing vehicle emission was enforced
as like Europe for diesel vehicle and USA for gasoline vehicle which
are very challenging and stringent target
11Special Act on Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement
Emission Reduction Plan for Diesel Vehicles
Installation of emission reduction equipment by 2012 for
1.1 million vehicles which is operation at Seoul metropolitan area
Total budget for this program is 6.3(4.3 central) trillion Won
2005 Plan: 47000 vehicles, 189.4(947 central) billion Won
Number ofVehicle

Budget(Million Won)

DPF

15,861

55,514

DOC

13,541

11,124

Engine Replacement

6,623

15,382

Early Retirement

11,77812,747

Vehicle Age

12 yrs.

7 yrs.

12

CNG Bus Supply Program

112233

Mandatory Purchasing of CNG Buses< The Target of CNG Bus Supply >Total~ 20042005∼2007

CNG Bus

20,0007,400

12,600Fuel Station

400

183

217

2,100

Plan

Result

1,800
1,500
1,200
900
600
300

am
Gyeon
gb
uk
G
teon
gn
am

Jeonnuk
Jeon
bgi
G
an
gw
on
C
hu
ng
bu
kC
hu
ng
nam

G
ye
on
gan
Uls

In
cheo
n
G
w
an
gju
D
aeje
on

Dae
gu

us
an
B

S

eo
ul

0

Problems: Cost effectiveness, fuel mileage (weight of tank & volume)
13

Contents
11

Pollution
Pollution Status
Status andand its
its Control
Control Measures
MeasuresEnvironmental
Environmental Pollution
Pollution Status
StatusRegulatory
Regulatory Enforcement
Enforcement ofof Petroleum
Petroleum Products
Products
Emission
Emission ControlControl Technology
Technology ofof Diesel
Diesel FuelFuelGaseous
Gaseous Fuel
Fuel Application
Application

22

Alternative
Alternative && New
New Energy
EnergyLimitation
Limitation ofof Petroleum
Petroleum Resources
Resources
Synthetic
Synthetic Liquid
Liquid Fuels
Fuels
Environmental
Environmental Protection
Protection byby ElectricElectric Vehicles
Vehicles33

Concluding
Concluding Remarks
Remarks
14

22

11

Oil Balance in China33

 China has been a net importer of oil products since 1993 The amount of net import is already greater than Korea
 Imports are expected to rise from 1.7 in 2001 to 4.2 MM BPD in 2010

8Consumption

6Consumption

M M BPDNet Imports

4Production

2019801985

20.1

USProduction

1990

1995

2000

2005

China

6.0

Japan

5.5

Germany

2.7

Russia

2.5

India

2.4

Korea

2.305

10

15

2025

2010
Oil Consumption, MM BPD

World Energy Outlook 2002, IEA(Internatinal Energy Agency)

15

China is not a single cause for the oil shortfall

1122

33

5~8 Million Barrel / Day
Net Import

19 Million Barrel / Day
Net Import

Source: U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration

1611Peak Oil Scenario

2233

 Peak oil group claims that the production peak has already been reached IEA who has optimistic perspective predicts that the peak will reachfrom 2015 to 2035.
2005

2015

2030

2035

Production Rate, Million BPD

150

수요
Hig
h
3.0 Reso
Tri urcellio
Ren B Casf
arr e:
2.4 erenc
elTrillio e Casn B e:
arrLowelResource
1.5 TCarillion Ba se:rrelPeak Oil Scenario:
0.93 Trillion Barrel

10050

World EnergyOutlook 2004, IEA02000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Kjell Aleklett, Uppsala University, Sweden
http://www.peakoil.net/uhdsg/Default.htm, OIL AND GAS LIQUIDS 2004
Scenario, C.J.Campbell

17

Consumer prefers liquid fuels

112233 The low fuel mileage of gas energy based vehicle requires more filling stationand fueling efforts. However consumers do not like inconvenience of gas vehicle
 CNG and Hydrogen vehicles are also quite difficult to distribute caused bytheir difficulties to construct gas based fuel infrastructures
 Liquid synthetic fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch diesel and DME will be the mostprominent fuels in the future

54
3
2
1

G
N
ChanhanololEteetM

opan

GPr

LND

M

Eeol
inG
asiesel0D

Relative fuel volume
to drive same distance

618

11

Supply of Liquid Fuels in the Future2233

 It is highly probable that the natural oil production rate will reach the peakaround 2015, therefore the price of oil will continue to increase In order to fill the gap of the supply and demand, various kinds of liquid fuels
will be developedOil Supply & Demand, Million BPD

 Also the technology for energy efficiency improvement is getting more important150

Non-conventional
Oil Demand

100

Liquid FuelDeficit

GTL/CTL/BTL
Bio Energy

Oil Supply:
Peak Case at 2015

50

02000

Petroleum Oil

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

IEA, World Energy Outlook 2004

19

The Emission Benefit of FT Diesel

112233g/km 1.4

1.2
1Diesel w/o oxycat
Diesel w/ oxycat
FT diesel w/o oxycat
FT diesel w/ oxycat

0.8
0.6
0.40.20THC
COSource: Toyota Motors

NOxPM

 FT diesel has sulfur free, aromatic free and very high cetane characteristics
 FT diesel provide excellent emission performance FT diesel may provide a chance to meet advance vehicle regulations suchas Euro4 & 5 but FT diesel will not be used by itself
20

Economics of FT Plant

112233

 Production cost to
produce FT diesel can becompetitive when theprice of crude oil is higher
than $15 per barrel Considering the quality
benefit, the rush for GTL
project will be made The huddle for the GTL
project is technology itself
because it requires large
capital investment and its
technology is not fully
proven yet

Source: Conoco, EFI Conference21Merits and Strength of DME Fuel

Clean Diesel Fuel112233

 High Cetane Number : 55-60, High Efficiency Diesel Engine
 Clean Fuel : Sulfur free, Zero PM, Low NOx Control Cost LPG like

Liquid Fuel

 Effectiveness for Transportation and Storage High Mileage LPG Mixture Application (Complete Combustion: Low CO)

Low Infra Cost

 1/3 Infrastructure Cost compared with LNG
 Utilization of Existing LPG Infrasturucture

Low Production Cost  High Synthesis Efficiency ( DME: ~ 70%, FT: 55%~60% )Liquid Hydrogen
Sustainability

 Easy to Produce Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Application
 Utilization of Stranded Gas and Coal
 Utilization of Biomass

22

The Emission Benefit of DME

112233Comparison exhaust emissions light-duty engines US-FTP 75 test cycle
Source: AVL & TNO

2NOx

1.8COHC

PM x101.6
1.4g /m ile

1.2
10.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0DME EGR ox. cat Diesel EGR ox.cat

Gasoline

LPG

CNG

ULEV limits DME has very high cetane characteristics to be able to use forhigh efficiency diesel engine
 DME does not generate PM which is the weakest property of diesel

23

SK DME Process

112233

Methanol production
Methanol purification

Syngas production
DME Production

 Removal of methanol
purification processstep
 Reduced investment
cost and utility cost24Energy Efficiency needs to be Improved

112233

 For modern gasoline car, only 16% of energy is utilized as a driving power Common rail diesel vehicles, hybrid electrical vehicles and fuel cellelectrical vehicles can provide much higher fuel efficiency
25

Improvement of Vehicle Energy Efficiency

112233Overall%)Overall Efficiency(%)
Efficiency(%) == Fuel
Fuel Efficiency(%)
Efficiency(%) xx Vehicle
Vehicle Efficiency(Efficiency(%)

VehicleVehicleRecentRecentgasoline
gasoline carcar

EnergyEnergy ε(%)
(%)

(%)
(%)

8888

161628288888

FCHV
FCHV (target)(target)(well(well toto wheel)wheel)

32320

1020305858
Natural-H2
Natural-H2
7070505040

14 %
25 %
28 %

3737New
New Prius
Prius
ToyotaToyota FCHV
FCHVOverall
Overall Efficiency
Efficiency (%)(%)(well(well toto tank)tank)(tank(tank toto wheel)wheel)

Prius
Prius II
Prius
Prius IIIICarCar ε32 %29 %606042 % The efficiency of HEV is improved greatly compared with conventional car The efficiency of Fuel Cell HEV is not superior to HEV because ofthe high energy loss to produce & provide the hydrogen
Source: Toyota, Transportation Research, 2002

26

HEV- Low Emission and High Performance

112233

 Start/Stop and stable engine operation provide excellent emission performance Emission of HEV is around 1/10 of conventional vehicle which is complies to ZeroEmission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation
 HEV also can provide more battery power in addition to the engine power,
therefore the vehicle performance is better than the same class engine vehicles
Operation Method

Low Emission[g/mile]VehicleSpeed Energy Make Up

1.60

Storage ofExcess Energy Recovery ofBraking Energy

CO
1.20
0.80

Stable Engine Output
at Max. Efficiency
Acceleration

CruiseDeceleration

0.40

NOx
NOx CO

0.00
Prius

CorollaSource: Toyota, Transportation Research, 2002

27

Plug-In HEV

1122



Plug-In HEV can reduce the oil dependence but it requires lager size battery(3 times battery for 20 mile BEV driving , 9 times for 60 mile BEV driving)Also it requires daily recharge efforts

3328

High Power and High Energy Density Battery

112233

Most Lithium battery shows excellent power compared with NiMH battery
which is already commercialized for HEV
Compactness is very important for HEV application
SK battery shows higher energy density together with high power performance
SK battery is effective not only for HEV but also for Plug-In HEV application

Energy vs Power
4000SAFT

Power (W/Kg)

3500

LG

3000

SDI
SKHitachi

2500
2000
1500

Source:PEV

1000

SAFT: EVS21500

SDI: AABC05

0Hitachi: AABC05

02040
60
Energy (Wh/Kg)

80

100

LG: EV Symposium 04
SK: EV Symposium 05
PEV: Own Test

29

11

22

33

50
40
30
20

3800

3500

3200

2900

2600

2300

2080

2020

1960

1900

1600

1300

1000

700

400

100

-200

-500

-800

-1100

-1400

0-170010-2000

P e tr ole u m E n e r gy S h a r e (% )Concluding Remarks

Year Diesel fuel demand will keep increase more and more but the emission from thediesel car needs to be reduced applying DPF/DOC and DeNOx technology. Ultra
low sulfur diesel enables implementation of the emission reduction technologies
 It is certain that conventional petroleum oil will not last more than 100 years
 However synthetic liquid fuels from gas, coal, non-conventional oil and bio-mass ,will fill the gap of supply and demand for a while
 The synthetic fuels are also environmentally cleaner than the natural petroleum
 Also energy efficiency of vehicle will be improved greatly. HEV will do adecisive role for this changes
30