09
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS: NORTH-EAST
INDIA IN CONTEXT
Upama Gurung
Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of North Bengal,
Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
Email: upamagurung@gmail.com

How to cite this paper:
Gurung, Upama (2022)
Climate change and its
impact on the human rights:
North-east India in context,
Journal of Global Resources,
Vol. 08 (01)DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2022.v08i01.009

Received: 11 Oct. 2021
Reviewed: 25 Oct. 2021
Revised: 01 Nov. 2021
Final Accepted: 05 Nov. 2021

Abstract: The impact of climate change upon the basic humanrights of the people is emerging as a frontline research area
particularly in the North East region of India- the region which
is more prone to the gushing impacts of global climate change
due to its geo-ecological delicateness, shared internationalboundaries, rugged mountain terrains and the regions’ highdependency on climate sensitive livelihood such as agriculture,tea and forestry. Profound impacts of climate change in theregion are being seen already in the form of rise in averagetemperature, slight changes in rainfall patterns, changes in thebiodiversity, decrease of air quality which has ultimately
threatened an array of human rights of the people in the region
such as their Right to Life, Right to Food, Right to health and soon. Although Climate change has a cascading effect upon thepeople of the North East region of India, this area has been
under-acknowledged and under-researched. Therefore, thepaper purports to explore and evaluate the threats thatanthropogenic climate change has imposed upon the humanrights of the people of North-East India along albeit
interrogating the measures that have been undertaken toaddress the issue and their efficacy.
Key words: Climate Change, North-East, Human Rights,
Environment, Policies.

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Introduction
Climate change has been recognized as the most controversial environmental problem and themost complex challenge of the twenty first century, a debatable issue which is high on the political
agenda of almost all the countries of the world today. Climate Change has been defined by theInter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change1 as the change in the state of the climate over time,
as a result of either natural variability or human activity.2 Similarly the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines Climate Change as the change of climate
which is associated directly or indirectly with human action that changes the composition of theatmosphere worldwide leading to natural climate variability that can be observed over comparable
time periods.3 To put it in simple words, Climate change refers to the long-term change in theearth’s climate patterns primarily due to anthropogenic concentration of Greenhouse Gases into
the atmosphere. Technically, the nature of the causes of climate change has been debated foryears. Ample Evidences from the Royal Society,4 IPCC, have proven that climate change isanthropogenic in nature. However, opposing views have been expressed by many who believethat climate change is rather caused by natural forces and not by human interferences and evenmore than 1000 international scientists have dissented over anthropogenic climate change claims
in Climate Depot.5 Nevertheless, one fact that everyone can agree to is that earth is warming at
an alarming rate and much of this is because of human factors which in turn has led to a disastrous
impact upon the enjoyment of their own basic rights.
Thus, climate change , which is the most critical challenge for humanity has, since last
half century caused some disproportionate and adverse effects, particularly on the people living
in vulnerable areas such as mountainous regions, small islands, polar and arid regions and upon
people in vulnerable situations including indigenous people, women, children, migrants, poor
people and persons with disabilities. The implications of climate change have taken manifestationin the form of food security risks, fresh water scarcity, heath related problems and displacementof larger population, thus threatening the enjoyment of internationally guaranteed human rightsof the people across the planet. Thus, Climate Change poses constant threat upon the enjoymentof Human Rights as the perpetuity of the former impairs the enjoyment of the latter.
The first international agreement that took cognizance of the implications of climatechange upon the human rights was the Male’ Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global
Climate Change6 which was adopted by the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in November
2007 (UNEP, 2015). In the following year, the UN Human Rights Council and its Special
Procedures Mechanisms issued a Resolution expressing that “climate change poses an
1

The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created in 1988 by the United Nations and World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) with an objective to provide scientific information to all the governments
which they can use to develop climate policies. It undertakes a review of all published literature relating to climatechange and provides a comprehensive update on climate change.
2 See https://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/press_factsh_science.pdf Accessed on 16th August,2021 at 2100 hrs IST.
3 See https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary/

Last Accessed on August 20, 2021 at 1201 hrs. IST.

4 The Royal Society which was founded in 1660 is the oldest scientific institution in the world. It is an independentscientific academy in UK with an objective to promote the use of science for the benefit of humanity. The Society has
made outstanding contribution in the field of climate change.
5 Climate Depot is a project of the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT), a non-profit which was founded

in 1985 in Washington DC to provide an alternative voice on the issues related to environment and development.
6

The treaty was signed by the delegates of many Small Island Developing States in order to focus on the implications
that climate change has upon the human rights of the people. The Declaration recognizes the Right to a Healthy
Environment as a precondition for the enjoyment of all other Human rights.

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) Upama Gurung Usha Page | 84immediate and far-reaching threat to people and communities around the world”7 Thus, it is clearthat anthropogenic climate change poses a grave threat upon the enjoyment of the basic humanrights of the people globally and therefore, is a matter of serious concern. In this context,
considering the huge population of India and excessive reliance on natural resources, our country
is no exception to the impacts of anthropogenic climate change, the impact being visible also in
the North-Eastern region which is considered to be highly vulnerable in terms of climate change
impacts. For instance, inaccessibility of modern health care services, climate resilient agricultural
system, and basic infrastructural facilities are some factors that have constrained the populationof the region to withstand the effects of climate change. However, not much study has been madeso far in this regard. Thus, there is an urgent need to undertake a proper and detailed study. The
paper, therefore, intends to provide an overview of the impacts of climate change upon the Human
Rights of the people of North-East region of the country alongside the measures that has been
undertaken by both the national and regional governments so far.
The Impact Of Climate Change upon Human Rights: A Concern for North-East India
The North-East region of India comprising of 8 states (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram,
Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura and Sikkim8) with a total population of around 46 million ischaracterized by rich biodiversity, unique ethnicity, socio-cultural setup along with the world’s
highest rainfall region, Mawsinram in Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya. With over 70 percent of the
population involved in agriculture, it is really distressing to know that the region lacks economic
development and at the same time suffers from the implications of anthropogenic climate change,
particularly in agriculture, forestry, health and water resource sectors and the low level ofadaptability of the region adds up to this stress. The Vulnerability-Resilience Indicators Model9
has been used to assess the vulnerability and resilience of the region to climate change.
According to the study, states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram and Meghalaya are
more sensitive to the effects of climate change in terms of food security, while the water resource
sensitivity of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh is more. Likewise, with regards to human health, all
the 8 states seem to be susceptible to climate change (Singha Sutandra, 2018).10
IMPACT ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
Impact of Climate Change in Agriculture and Food Security
Agriculture constitutes one of the main economic activities of the people of the North East witharound 42 percent of cultivators and around 13 percent of agricultural labourers in the whole
region (Jana Hiralal, Basu Debabrata, 2018). The Centre for Atmospheric Sciences at the Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi conducted a study led by Sushil Kumar Dash to assess the climaticconditions of the region.11 They projected an annual increase of about 0.64℃ in the average
7 UNHRC (2008) Res 7/23, Human Rights and Climate Change, UN Doc A/HRC/Res/7/23
8 Prior to 2003, Sikkim was not a part of the North East region. Following the amendment of the North Eastern Council

Act (1971) in December 2002, Sikkim became a part of the North East region of India as an 8 th State in the year 2003.
See https://mdoner.gov.in/organisations
9 Vulnerability-Resilience Indicators Model (VRIM) is used to assess the resilience and adaptive capacity balanced by
the sensitivity of human and ecological system, developed by Moss, A. L. Brenkert and E. L. Malone. The model ishierarchal and divided in to 8 sectorial indicators such as food security, human health sensitivity and water resource
sensitivity, through aggregation of different proxy variables using geometric averages. The indicators help to make acomparative study of different states and regions in terms of their vulnerability and resilience capacity to climate change.
10 The author used the Vulnerability Resilience Indicators Model to assess quantitatively the resilience and adaptive
capacity to climate change in the entire North East region and to make a comparative study and suggest measures toimprove resilience. The study found that the states of Mizoram, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh though more sensitive
to climate change than other NE states, showed more coping-adaptive capacity. Whereas, Assam, Nagaland andManipur showed less sensitivity and low adaptive capacity and Meghalaya and Tripura had reasonable level of adaptive
capacity.
11

The Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT, New Delhi conducted a study led by Prof. Sushil Kumar Dash to
examine the climatic conditions of the North East region. Using the data from the Regional Climate Model Version 3

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) Upama Gurung Usha Page | 85

surface temperature of the region by 2040 and 5.15℃ by the end of the century. Significant
amount of impact has been seen in the food grain production of many states of the North East
due to an increase in average temperature and changes in rainfall patterns. For instance, Mizoram
has an annual rice requirement of almost 19 lakh quintals per year but the state produces only
about 4.6 quintals per annum which is likely to get worse as a result of the effects of climatechange such as untimely precipitation and unfavourable weather (Government of Mizoram, 2012).
Likewise, with almost 75 percent of the Himalayan glaciers retreating, many areas of the North
East are suffering from water induced catastrophes such as floods and glacier lake outbursts. In
2020 around 5 million people were affected by floods in Assam alone displacing about one
hundred and fifty thousand people and destroying crops worth almost 1000 crores. According to
the South Assam Meteorological Subdivision, there has been a significant decrease in the rainfall
pattens in the region by the rate of 11mm per decade12 (Das J. Partha, 2009) which has led todrought-like situations in many districts of Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and Manipur creating aserious problem of food security for the people of the respective states. Consequently, Human
Rights such as the Right to food, Right to an adequate standard of living, Right to live with dignityof the people of the region has been affected due to climate change to a considerable extent.
Impact of Climate Change in Health Sector
The health status of the entire North East is extremely susceptible to the negative impacts ofclimate change. Shortage of food production, deterioration of air quality, exposure to different
weather patterns all of which are the direct impacts of climate change have in turn led to severe
health related issues such as malnutrition, increase in mortality rate, respiratory andcardiovascular diseases and other ailments. For instance, some vector-borne diseases like
Malaria are more sensitive to climate change. As of 2018, almost 15.2 percent of the total casesof Malaria in the country came from the North East region.13 Changes in the level of airborne
particles and pollens have also led to increased cases of respiratory problems such as Asthma
and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The Global Burden of Disease (GBD)14
study has examined that the asthma occurrence in 2016 was highest in the states of Sikkim,
Tripura and Nagaland and COPD was high in the state of Mizoram. Decrease in the agricultural
yield has led to food shortages resulting in malnutrition and various deficiency diseases such as
stunting and anaemia especially among the vulnerable sections. According to the data given by
the Health and Family Welfare Statistics in India (2019-20)15, the percentage of stunted children
under 5 months in Meghalaya was very high of 43.8 percent in between 2015-16 (GoI, 2020).
Therefore, Human Rights such as the Right to Life, Right to Education and Right to Health of thepeople of the North East region has been violated to a great extent as a result of climate change.
Impact of Climate Change in Water Resource Sector
As mentioned above, the impact of climate change has been so high that even the regions withvery high annual rainfall have been facing drought-like situations. Moreover, with continuingof the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Italy, they examined the temperature and rainfall
variations in the region.
12 The study conducted by the members of the International Global Change Institute (IGCI), University of Waikato,
New Zealand, to examine the trends and persistence in the annual precipitation of the river basins of Ganges,
Brahmaputra and Meghna in each of the 16 meteorological subdivisions using the Mann Kendall Rank Statics foundthat decreasing level of precipitation in South Assam subdivision will have adverse impact upon the agriculture andwater supply in the region.
13 Available online https://nvbdcp.gov.in/ Accessed on August 19, 2021 at 2202 hrs. IST.
14 The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study which is led by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)

examines the health challenges faced by the people across 204 countries including data on 369 diseases and injuries
and 87 risk factors.
15 Available online at https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/HealthandFamilyWelfarestatisticsinIndia201920.pdf

Accessed on August 19, 2021at 1700 hrs IST.

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retreat of the Himalayan glaciers, water flow in the glacier-fed rivers have increased causing
floods that affects groundwater quality and uneven precipitation and warmer temperature
eventually has led to water scarcity in the river basins of Brahmaputra. If the current warming
trends continue, the average annual runoff in the Brahmaputra will decline by 14 percent.16 In
Manipur out of total 4.5 lakh rural households, drinking water is accessible to only about 1.6 lakh.
Similarly, many districts of Sikkim, Nagaland and Assam are under severe water stress. It has
been projected that by 2030, the number of rainy days is likely to decrease by 1-10 days GoI,
2010) which means more scarcity of freshwater. This is a serious cause for concern as theanthropogenic climate change is violating the most basic Human Rights of the people of the region
such as the Right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Right to health and Right to Life.
Impact of Climate Change in Infrastructure and Human Settlements
The effects of Climate change upon human settlements are being seen already in many parts ofNorth East India in the form of migration and displacement and loss of infrastructure. Erratic andextreme weather and irregular rainfalls which has caused floods in some places and droughts inothers, resulting in crop loss, health problems and many other issues have led to forced migrationof the people. This is particularly true of many villages in Assam living along the banks of river
Brahmaputra. Up to the month of July of this year, 22 villages were submerged and around 413.3hectare crop area had been destroyed due to floods in Assam. Furthermore, in 2020, over 1.5
lakh people were affected and more than 40 villages were submerged due to flood in the western
Garo Hill region of Meghalaya. Large number of people have been rendered landless andhomeless as a result of climate change and this is likely to increase in the coming years. In
addition to this, huge number of schools, roads, bridges and power houses are also destroyed
every year as a result of such disasters. Thus, owing to heavy crop damage, infrastructural
damage and threat to millions of lives, the only plausible alternative for the people is migration.
Hence, climate change has affected peoples’ right to property, right to housing, right to education,right to self-determination and right to adequate standard of living.
Existing Climate Change Policies and Programmes: An Evaluation
The impact of climate change upon the Human Rights of people of the North East region isextensive. The government- both national and regional have the obligation to protect and ensuresmooth enjoyment of human rights by the people and to see that the effects of climate change do
not impair the fulfilment of such rights. So far, very few policies and programmes have been
implemented by the government with regards to climate change adaptation and mitigation in the
North East region.
1. Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA): Launched in 2009 with the
purpose of enhancing knowledge about the impacts of climate change at both nationaland regional levels (GoI, 2014).
2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD): has been
accredited as National Implementing Entity (NIE) for India for Adaptation Fund createdunder the UNFCCC. THE NABARD has implemented several developmental projects
which had helped to develop the adaptive capacity of the rural communities to a larger
extent.
3. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): launched in 2008 with anobjective to subsume climate change through adaptation and mitigation alongside
16 The Third Assessment Report by Working Group II of the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in

February 2001 that examined and assessed the adaptive capability and vulnerability of both human and natural
systems to climate change and the potential impact of climate change. Full report available online
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/SYR_TAR_full_report.pdf Accessed on August 14, 2021 at 1505hrs
IST.

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guaranteeing country’s development, the NAPCC has eight missions: (i) the National
Solar Mission, (ii) the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, (iii) the National
Water Mission, (iv) the National Mission for Green India, (v) National Mission on
Sustainable Habitat, (vi) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, (vii) National
Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, and (viii) National Mission on Strategic
Knowledge for Climate Change.17
4. India’s North East Climate Change Adaptation Programme (NECCAP): The project isa bilateral agreement between the Government of India and Germany which is being
implemented in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim to enhance theclimate resilience of rural communities. This programme aims to reduce the climatechange vulnerability of the target groups, thus, increasing their adaptive capacity.
(DoNER, GoI, KfW Development Bank, 2010).
5. State Action Plan on Climate Change: The PM called upon all the states to make theirown action plan on climate change in August 2009. Each state prepares their own
framework of action to respond to the threats of climate change.
6. The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC): established by theGovernment of India in 2015 for the purpose of assisting those States and UTs that arevulnerable to the impacts of climate change. So far, it has sanctioned 30 projects, out of
which 28 are state-specific including 7 projects for North East region. Such as, Model
Carbon Positive Eco-Village in Phayeng of Manipur, Addressing Climate Change
Vulnerability of Water Sector at Gram Panchayat Level in Drought prone areas of Sikkim,18
and five other projects for the states of Mizoram, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagalandand Meghalaya.
However, regardless of the initiatives taken by the governments, national and regional
both, it seems that the existing policies and programmes have not been adequate enough to fightagainst the potential implications of climate change, let alone its effect upon the human rights ofthe people of the region. Floods continue to cause mayhem in states like Assam and Meghalaya,
the government has failed to take concrete steps in providing rehabilitation to the displaced lot oreven provide enough compensation to the villagers whose crops are damaged due to floods anddroughts. Water, which is an indispensable component is still in scarcity in many parts of the North
East. Although extensive health programmes have been sanctioned, number of climate relateddiseases keep increasing causing countless deaths in the region. Until now, only a couple ofprogrammes have been initiated by the government in the North East region specifically to deal
with the impacts of climate change. The NAPCC also seems to lack budgetary resources andcapacity building at the regional level. Even the state governments have failed to provide
alternative livelihood opportunities to the people. Lack of transparency and accountability,
inadequate emphasis upon the implementation of water policies and water security plans,
undersupply of research in climate change and impact assessment, absence of coordination
amongst the state governments of the region, need of public knowledge of the policies andlegislations and lack of efficient and effective enforcement of climate change policies andregulations are some of the inadequacies that has led to the inefficacy of the climate change
policies and legislations sanctioned by the government so far. Climate change is a worrying trend
and to deal with this the central as well as the governments of the North East region should makean increasing effort to mainstream climate change policies into the sectoral programs such as
health and agriculture.
17 Available online at https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_parliament/2021/DfG percent20Analysis percent202021-

22 percent20Environment percent20Forests percent20and percent20Climate percent20Change.pdf Last Accessedon November 1, 2021 at 1101 hrs IST.
18
See https://www.nabard.org/content.aspx?id=585

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Conclusion
Climate change which has been recognized as the most critical problem of this century has beenfound to impede the enjoyment of our human rights extensively and there is every possibility that
this threat will amplify in the absence of strong and effective regulatory measures in the coming
years. Although there has been insufficient amount of research and data, there is no denying thefact that climate change continues to violate the human rights of the people of the North East to
a great extent. Coupled with lack of development, this constitutes a serious problem for the peopleof the region and the nation collectively. Lack of sufficient data, funds and alternative measures
has further aggravated the issue. It’s about time that all the governments of the North East states
take initiative in formulating and implementing policies and legislations and take immediate steps
to ensure that climate concerns are incorporated in all the developmental plans for the region.
Steps such as increasing awareness among the people and encouraging their participation;
providing permanent rehabilitation arrangements for those who have been displaced should beundertaken and there should also be proper methods to assess the level of climate change andits impact. Most importantly, Human Rights should be incorporated in climate policy making. Lackof local knowledge about the implications of climate change is definitely a bottleneck in theformulation and implementation of policies. Therefore, local knowledge and experiences should
be engaged in adaptation and mitigation strategies. Diligent study needs to be done at regional
scale. It is time for the national and regional planners to take cognizance of the impact of climatechange upon the human rights of the people of the North East region and take immediate andnecessary action for its mitigation.
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