03
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL DYES ON ALGAL GROWTH
Meena Sakthivel Pandian1, Ramji Vaidhyanathan2, Rajaravi C.3, and K. Kavitha4
1,3,4

Department of Agriculture Engineering,
Park College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
2
Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, India
Corresponding Author: sakthivelmeena1997@gmail.com

How to cite this paper:

Meena Sakthivel Pandian,
Ramji
Vaidhyanathan,Rajaravi C., and Kavitha, K.
(2022) Impact of industrial
dyes on algal growth, Journalof Global Resources, Vol. 08
(01)
DOI:
10.46587/JGR.2022.v08i01.003

Received: 05 Nov. 2021
Reviewed: 15 Nov. 2021
Revised: 28 Nov. 2021
Final Accepted: 03 Dec. 2021

Abstract: The deterioration of water quality because ofindustrial dye discharges is becoming an emerging
environmental problem throughout the world. Dyes are directly
discharged into nearby water bodies which in turn affect theaquatic ecosystem and human health. Dyes were degraded bymeans of biological methods. This study involves theapplication of two algae (Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina) andoxidation pond in the decolourisation of dyes. The UV
spectromax M3 spectrophotometer was used in reading
absorbance values. Methylene blue (MB) (20 mg/l, 50 mg/l and
100mg/l), Eriochrome Black T (EBT) (20mg/l, 50mg/l and
100mg/l) and Melanoidin (100mg/l, 250mg/l and 500mg/l) at
different concentrations were used for this study.
Decolourisation was recorded in a 10-day experiment. In
Spirulina, maximum dye removal was 92.37 percent (20mg/l)
in methylene blue dye, 54.24 percent (20 mg/l) in EBT and
45.89percent (100mg/l) in melanoidin while in oxidation pond,
the maximum dye removal was 91.84 percent (20mg/l) in
methylene blue dye, 93.22percent (20mg/l) in EBT and 46.1
percent (100mg/l) in melanoidin and in Chlorella vulgaris, themaximum dye removal was 91.3 percent (20mg/l) in
methylene blue dye, 79.25 percent (20mg/l) in EBT and 57
percent (100mg/l) in melanoidin. The dye removal wasdependent on algal concentration and dye concentration. Gelpuncture method was used to determine the toxicity of
individual dyes on algae (Mixed sample, Scenedesmus andLake Sample) at varying concentration of dyes.
Key words: Dyes, Algae (Spirulina, Chlorella vulgaris), Dye
Removal Efficiency, Gel Puncture Method.

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 21

Introduction
Dyes may be defined as substances that, when applied to a substrate provide color by a processthat alters, at least temporarily, any crystal structure of the colored substances (Bafana et al2011). Dyes are classified according to their application and chemical structure, and arecomposed of a group of atoms known as chromophores, responsible for the dye color. Thesechromophore-containing centers are based on diverse functional groups, such as azo,
anthraquinone, methine, nitro, arilmethane, carbonyl and others. In addition, electrons
withdrawing or donating substituents so as to generate or intensify the color of the chromophores
are denominated as auxochromes. The most common auxochromes are amine, carboxyl,
sulfonate and hydroxyl (Arun Prasad 2010).
Disposal of industrial effluents into natural water bodies has been of much debate in the
recent decades. The collective impact of industrial pollutants on the biota of natural water bodies
has been studied extensively, but there are not many studies on the impact of individual pollutantson the biota. Present day consumer-oriented industries like textile, leather, printing, food, paper
and pulp, etc. use various dyes to improve the perceptual quality of their products. During the
manufacturing process, nearly 10-15 percent of dyes are discharged in the effluent. The
concentration of dyes in industrial waste water is around 10-500 mg/L (Doble et al. 2005;
Mirbolooki et al. 2017).In recent times more than 10,000 synthetic dyes and pigments arecommercially available. Moreover, the dye manufacturing industries worldwide produce over7 × 105 tons of dyes annually (Crini 2006).
Stringent government regulations push the industries to treat the effluent to a highstandard before discharging into the natural water bodies (Satapathy et al. 2015). Currently, theeffluents are treated by means of physical and chemical methods. Though they are effective, they
are either costly, or involve toxic sludge generation which should be treated again. Biologicalmethods are considered for waste water treatment due to their economic and non-polluting
nature. Biological methods have the tendency to oxidize harmful organic pollutant present in thewaste water into simple compounds like water and carbon dioxide. Some microbes can build up
inorganic pollutants, thereby removing them from waste water. The separation of potent species
and thereby, degrading the pollutant is one of the biological aspects of waste water treatment. In
recent years, many studies are focused on microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) that have the capacity
to biodegrade and /or biosorb the dyes present in wastewater.
Micro algae are known to remove the dye by two processes viz. biosorption and bio
degradation. The term biosorption includes number of independent metabolisms taking place inthe cell wall. Micro algae degrade dye for their nitrogen source, by removing nitrogen,phosphorous and carbon from the waste water. They are unique as they sequester carbon
dioxide, one of the major contributors to greenhouse effect. Micro algae such as Chlorella andSpirulina grown in high-rate algae pond have been shown to be used in rubber effluent, textile
waste water and sago starch factory waste water (Phang et al. 2000). The micro algae Spirulina
is grown in larger amounts all over the world and its annual production is about 2000 tons (Celekli
et al. 2009, 2011). The biomass of Spirulina can be used to mediate the pollutant binding because
it has carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulphate, phosphate and other charged functional groups. It has beenused successfully to remove heavy metal, organics and dye (Shahwan et al. 2008; Dotta et al.
2012; Celekli et al. 2018).
Therefore, the aim of this work is to use different microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, oxidation
pond and Spirulina) in bioremediation of different type of dyes. The dyes chosen were Methylene
blue (MB), Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) and Melanoidin. Methylene blue and EBT are the major
Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 22

constituents of textile industry. Melanoidin is not a constituent of a dyeing industry, but it is a major
constituent of agro-based industrial waste waters and is an organic compound which is found to
impart colour to the waste water.
Table 01: Bioremediation of Textile Waste water by using Microalgae#

Micro algae species

TargetMethylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue

Biosorption
capacity(mg/g)
21.3-

Decolourization(percent)
>90
99.9
98

1
2
3

Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Chlorella sp.
Desmodesmus sp.

4

References

Spirulinaplantensis

RR -120

483.2

99

5

Chlorella vulgaris

-

63-69

6

Chlorella pyrenoidosa

20.8

80

(Vinayak et al. 2015)

7

Chlorella vulgaris

-

77

8

Chlorococcumvitiosum

-

13

9

Oscillatoria

-

76

10

Chroococcusminutus

Tectilonyellow
2G
Textile waste
water
Textile waste
water
Textile waste
water
Textile wastewater
FF sky blue

(Vinayak et al. 2015)(Hwan et al. 2015)(Al-Fawwaz et al.
2016)(Cardoso et al.
2012)(Acuner et al. 2004)-

90(El-Kassas et al.
2014)(Jaya Chitra et al.
2013)(Brahmbhatt et al.
2016)(Parikh et al .2005)

Materials and Methods
Algal Culture Maintenance:
Three mixed microalgal consortia were isolated from lakes in IIT Madras.The cultures weremaintained in Bold’s basal media at room temperature. Enrichment was done in 250 mL
Erlenmeyer flasks with 0.1M Sodium bicarbonate as the inorganic carbon source. The light source
for the growth of algae was provided by using 40W LED lamps (1000-3000 lux).
Table 02: Constituents of Bold’s Basal Media (BBM)
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Ingredients
K2HPO4
KH2PO4
NaCl
NaNO3
CaCl2 · 2H2O
MgSO4 · 7H2O
ZnSO4 · 7H2O
MnCl2 · 7H2O
MoO4
CuSO4 · 5H2O
CO(NO3)26H2O
H3BO3
EDTA
KOH
FeSO4 · 7H2O
H2SO4

Concentration
0.075(g/l)
0.175(g/l)
0.025(g/l)
0.25(g/l)
0.025(g/l)
0.075(g/l)
0.00882(g/l)
0.00144(g/l)
0.00071(g/l)
0.00157(g/l)
0.00049(g/l)
0.0115(g/l)
0.0637(g/l)
0.031(g/l)
0.005(g/l)
1(ml/l)Preparation of Dye:
The stock solutions of methylene blue,Eriochrome black T were prepared by dissolving 5mg dye
in 5ml of phosphate buffer(pH=7.5).For the whole experiment, the pH was maintained at 7.5 byusing phosphate buffer. For further experimentations, dilution was also done byphosphate buffer.

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 23

The stock solutions were stored in a conical flask at 4°C. Molecular weight of methylene and EBT
are 319.85g/mole and 461.38g/mole.
Figure 01: Molecular Structure of methylene blue

Figure 02: Molecular Structure of EBTThe stock solution of melanoidin was prepared by dissolving 1.0 M of glucose, 1.0 M ofglycine and 0.5 M of sodium carbonate in 100ml of phosphate buffer. The solution was kept in
the oven for 7 hours at a temperature of 95°C. The stock solution was then stored at 4°C. 1mLof the stock solution was treated with 5mL of acetone to induce phase separation. The aqueous
phase was discarded and the concentrate was dried and weighed to obtain the yield. The stock
solution was then diluted to get 100mg/l, 250mg/l and 500mg/l solution.
Figure 03: Carbohydrates based Melanoidin Molecular Structure

Methylene blue: Color index; C.I (52015), Maximum wavelength; λmax 668 nm, Molecularweight, MW, 319.9 g.mol-1 and Molecular formula (C16H18N3SCl). EBT: Color index; C.I (14645),
Maximum wavelength; λmax 600 nm, Molecular weight, MW, 461.38 g.mol-1 and Molecular
formula (C20H12N3O7SNa). Melanoidin: Maximum wavelength; λmax 800nm, Molecular weight,
MW, 5 - 40 kDa and Molecular formula (C 17-18 H 26-27 O 10 N).
Adequate number of samples were collected and analysed in UV spectromax M3
spectrophotometer. The peak wavelength was found out for each dye and it was found to be
600nm, 668nm and 800nm for EBT, methylene blue and melanoidin respectively. Standards ofmethylene blue, EBT, melanoidin ranging from 0 to 500 mg/l were calibrated and the same wasused for the series of the experiment.
Figure 04: Spectrophotometer

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 24

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

A

y = 0.0312x
R² = 0.9802

50
100
Conc(mg/l)

Absorbance0

AbsorbanceAbsorbanceFigure 05: Calibration curve for Methylene blue [A], EBT [B], Melanoidin [C]

150

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

y = 0.0012x
R² = 0.9968

0

500
1000
conc(mg/l)

1500

C

y = 0.0023x
R² = 0.9689

0

B

200
400
conc(mg/l)

600

The calibration curve for methylene blue, EBT, melanoidin are shown in Figure 05 [A], [B]
and [C].Calibration curve for algae Spirulina, oxidation pond, Chlorella vulgaris are shown in
Figure 06(A-C) at 680nm.

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

y = 12.975x
R² = 0.992

0.25

A

y = 48.241x
R² = 0.9989

B

0.2

Turbidity

Turbidity

Figure 06: Calibration curve for Spirulina [A], Oxidation pond [B], Chlorella vulgaris [C]

0.15
0.1
0.05

0.01
Conc(mg/l)

Turbidity

0

0

0.02

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

0

0.002

0.006

C

y = 83.762x
R² = 0.9757

0

0.002
0.004
Conc(mg/l)

0.004

0.006

Conc(mg/l)

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 25

Spread Plating for Algae
Agar acts as a medium for the attachment of algae. 3percent of 100 mL agar solution and 100
mL of 2 X BBM solutions were prepared and autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 minutes at 1 atm. Boththe solutions were mixed together when the temperature was just above 60 °C. Then, 8g of
NaHCO3 (sterilised by UV or a 0.22 µm filter) and 0.04ml of vitamin solution (filter sterilized) wereadded. The agar solution was poured on the petri plate when it is hot and left for few minutes until
it undergoes solidification. 0.1 ml of algae inoculum was transferred onto the center of the agar
plate. An L-rod (flame sterilized by ethanol) was used to spread the algal inoculum over the agar
evenly. Spread plate technique was the method used for isolation of microorganisms from themixed culture. It can also be used as a qualitative way of assessing the toxicity of compounds
through gel-puncture method. A well was made into the agar with the back portion of a 1mL
micropipette tip after spreading the microbial culture. The sample for which toxicity has to betested was then loaded into the well. In order to find out inhibition of dye (methylene blue, EBT
and melanoidin) on algae, small wells were created on the agar plate .To that wells, 0.3 ml of dye
at different concentration were added. The plates were incubated for 15 days at room temperature
under 16 h/8 h light/dark period at 1500 lux using LED lamps
Figure 07 : Toxicity Analysis by Spread Plate Gel Puncture Method

Results and Discussion
Effect of Time on Algal Concentration:
The growth of algae increased gradually and reached the peak on day 3 . This is because thealgae has grown by consuming the nutrients present in the media . After the day 3 , the growthof algae started decreasing due to the depletion of nutrients in the media .

Algal
Concentration(g/ml)

A

Spirulina

0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0

Time (days )

5

0.6

0.006

Oxidation pond

B

0.4
0.2

10

Algal concentraton(mg/l)

Algal
Concentration(g/ml)

Figure 08: Control for determination of algal growth: Spirulina [A], Oxidation pond [B]and Chlorella vulgaris [C]005Time(days)

Chlorella vulgaris

CTime (days ) 5

10

10

0.004
0.002
0
0

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 26

Removal of Dyes by Algae:
Growth of microalgae in the media with methylene blue resulted in removal of methylene blue
from the media. The removal might have occurred either by biodegradation or by biosorption or
both. Removal was high with decreasing concentration of methylene blue. Initially, the removal
rate was high, which can be attributed to biosorption. Then, a stable phase is seen after which
there is again an increase in the rate of colour reduction which could be attributed tobiodegradation.
Methylene Blue removal by Algae
The percentage of dye removed was calculated using the following equation:
Removal (percent) = (Ci - Cf / Ci)*100
where
Ci is the initial concentration of dye (mg/l) and
Cf is the concentration of dye after a period of time (mg/l).
Decolorization was determined based on an absorbance calibration curve of known standard
solutions.
The methylene blue dye removal percentage ranged between 92.37 and 55.6 percent , between
91.84 and 47.87 percent and between 91.3 and 47.8 percent for Spirulina, Oxidation pond andChlorellavulgaris respectively.

100

Spirulina - MB

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

Figure 09: Methylene blue removal by algae: Spirulina [A], Oxidation pond [B], Chlorella
vulgaris [C]
A

80
60
40
20
0
0

10
50mg/l

15

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

0

5
20mg/l

100mg/lDye Concentration (mg/l)

20mg/l5

Oxidation pond - MB

100
80
60
40
20
0

Chlorella vulgaris - MB

020mg/l51050mg/lB

1050mg/l15100mg/lC

15100mg/l#Table 03: Methylene Blue Removal Efficiency
Algal species
Dye Removal Efficiency (Percent)1
2
3

20mg/l
92.37
91.84
91.3

Spirulina
Oxidation pond
Chlorella vulgaris

50mg/l
62
62.66
71.11

100mg/l
55.6
47.87
47.8

EBT removal by Algae:
In case of EBT, initially the removal was high which may be due to biosorption .The removal was
stable afterwards because the algae growth was restricted by the dye concentration and also dueto the lack of media. Afterwards, the algae started adapting to the dye environment and started
Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 27

growing thereby increasing the dye removal. The removal was very high at lower concentration(20mg/l) compared to higher concentrations (50mg/l, 100mg/l).

80

Chlorella vulgaris - EBT

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

Figure 10: EBT removal by algae: Spirulina [A], Oxidation pond [B], Chlorella vulgaris [C]
C

60
40
20
0
0

10

50mg/lB

510Time (days)
50mg/l

15

60
40
20
0
0

15

20mg/l100

Oxidation Pond - EBT

80100mg/lDye Concentration (mg/l)

20mg/l5Time (days)

100

Spirulina - EBT

100mg/l

A

80
60
40
20
0
0.000

2.000

20mg/l4.000
6.000
Time (days)
50mg/l8.000

10.000100mg/l

The EBT blue dye removal percentage ranged between 54.24 and 36.7 percent, between 93.22
and 52.6 percent and between 79.25 and 40 percent for Spirulina, Oxidation pond and Chlorella
vulgaris respectively.
Table 04: EBT dye Removal Efficiency#
Algal species
Dye removal efficiency (Percent)
20mg/l50mg/l
100mg/l1
Spirulina
54.24
53.21
36.7
2
Oxidation pond
93.22
58.97
52.6
3
Chlorella vulgaris
79.25
64.4
40
Melanoidin Removal by Algae:
In melanoidin, the removal efficiency was very low even for the lower concentration of the dye.
100mg/l, 250mg/l and 500mg/l concentrations of dye affect (decrease) the growth of algae, thereby bio sorption will not be significant. In this case, only less removal will take place. The dyeremoval efficiency for 100mg/l of melanoidin is around 40-50percent.
The melanoidin dye removal percentage ranged between 45.89 and 26.7 percent,between 46.1 and 22.1 percent and between 57 and 25.4 percent for Spirulina, Oxidation pond
and Chlorella vulgaris respectively.
Table 05: Melanoidin Dye Removal Efficiency#
Algal species
Dye removal efficiency (Percent)
100mg/l
250mg/l
500mg/l1
Spirulina
45.89
32.06
26.7
2
Oxidation pond
46.1
21.6
22.1
3
Chlorella vulgaris
57
35
25.4

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 28

A

Spirulina - Melanoidin

500

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

Figure 11: Melanoidin removal by algae: Spirulina [A], Oxidation pond [B], Chlorella
vulgaris [C]

400
300
200
100

500 Oxidation pond - Melanoidin

B

400
300
200
100

0

0
2
4
Time (days)

6

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

0

8

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

0

10

5
Time (days)

Chlorella Vulgaris - Melanoidin

0

2

4
6
Time (days)

10

15

C

8

10

Effect of Dyes on Algal Growth:
Initially, there was a decline in biomass till day 4. This might be due to the toxic effect of dye thathas hampered the growth of algae. Then from day 5, the growth stabilized with a slight increasein slope. It can be inferred that the algae might have got acclimatized to the conditions by entering
into lag phase of growth in the substrate containing the dye. But, after day 7, since no extra media
nutrient components were added, there was a decrease in algal growth due to nutrient limitation.

Spirulina – Methylene Blue

0.15

Algal Concentration (g/ml)

Algal Concentration (g/ml)

Effect of dye on Spirulina
Figure 12: Effect of dye on Spirulina: Methylene blue [A], EBT [B], Melanoidin [C]
A

0.1
0.05
0
0

5

20mg/lTime (days)
50mg/l1015100mg/lSpirulina
- EBT
0.01

B

0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0
20mg/l5Time (days)
50mg/l10100mg/lJournal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 29

Effect of dye on growth of Oxidation pond:

Oxidation pond – Methylene blue
0.05

A

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0

5

B

0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000

15

50mg/l0100mg/l5
1015Time (days)
50mg/l
100mg/l

20mg/lOxidation pond - Melanoidin
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0
5
Time (days)

Algal Concentration (g/ml)

20mg/l10

Oxidation pond - EBT

0.007

Algal Concentration (g/ml)

Algal Concentration (g/ml)

Figure 13: Effect of dye on growth of Oxidation Pond: Methylene Blue [A], EBT [B],
Melanoidin [C]C

10Chlorella vulgaris - Methylene blue
0.03

0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.000

Algal Concentration (g/ml)

Algal Concentration (g/ml)

Figure 14: Effect of dye on Chlorella vulgaris: Methylene Blue [A], EBT [B], Melanoidin [C]
A

0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0

10
50mg/l015100mg/lAlgal Concentration (g/ml)

20mg/l5

Chlorella vulgaris - EBT

5

Chlorella vulgaris - Melanoidin
0.012

10
Time(days)
50mg/l20mg/lB

15100mg/l

C

0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0
0

Time (days)

5

10

Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 30

Effect of dye on Chlorella Vulgaris:
Spread plating – Zone of inhibition
The Zone of inhibition method helps in finding the effect of dye inhibition on attached growth. The
Zone of inhibition of Methylene blue and melanoidin are shown in Figures 15 and 16 respectively.
1. Mixed sample
2. Scenedesmus
3. Lake sample
Methylene blue Zone of inhibition
Figure 15: Methylene blue Zone of inhibition
Zone of Inhibition (cm)

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

1.8

1

1.1

20mg/l1.3

1.2

50mg/l

0.9

0.8
0.4

100mg/l
0.1
Mixed
sampleLake Sample

Scenedesmus

EBT Zone of inhibition
Eriochrome black T has no Zone of inhibition in three samples
Melanoidin Zone of inhibition
Figure 16: Melanoidin Zone of inhibition
Zone of Inhibition (cm)

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7
0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

20g/l

0.4
0.3
0.2

0.3

50g/l

100g/l

0.2
0.1

0.15

0.1
0
Mixed
sampleScenedesmus

Lake Sample

From Spread plating , it was found that Eriochrome black T has no Zone of inhibition i.e.,
it has very low toxicity or no toxicity towards micro algae in attached growth .In case of methylene
blue and melanoidin , the toxicity effect is more in 100mg/l and 100g/l respectively . The toxicity
effect decreased with decrease in concentration of dye.
Conclusion
A series of experiments were conducted to study the effect of dye on algae and it was inferredthat dye removal depends on the algal concentration and dye concentration. The dye removal
efficiency is higher at the lower concentration of dye. Increase in concentration of dye decreases
the dye removal efficiency. Compared with Methylene blue and Melanoidin, EBT has very low
toxicity towards micro algae. Initially, there was a decline in biomass till day 4. This might be dueto the toxic effect of dye that has affected (decreased) the growth of algae. Then from day 5, thegrowth remained stable with a slight increase in slope. It can be inferred that the algae might havegot adapted to the conditions by entering into lag phase of growth in the substrate containing the
Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 31

dye. But, after day 7, since no extra media nutrient components were added, there was adecrease in algal growth due to nutrient limit. The dye effluent from industries at a higher
concentration is toxic to microalgae. The concentration of dye effluent from the industries should
not be greater than 1mg/l.
References
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Journal of Global Resources, January 2022, Volume 08 (01) MS. Pandian, Ramji V., Rajaravi C., K. Kavitha Page | 32