PANAFRICAN CLIMATEUSTICE ALLIANCE

Gregory University,
Uturu - Nigeria

AFRICA
CLIMATECHANGEFU N DSTAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NIGERIA’S NATIONALLY
DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCs): BEST PRACTICES, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)TECHNOPOLICY BRIEF NO. 78
Nicholas Ozor
Chidi Onuoha
Cynthia Nwobodo
Alfred Nyambane

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the
Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally
Determined Contribu ons (NDCs):
Best prac ces, challenges andopportuni es

Nicholas Ozor
Chidi Onuoha
Cynthia Nwobodo
Alfred Nyambane

African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)AFRICA
CLIMATECHANGE
FUND

The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is atransdisciplinary network of researchers, policymakers, private
sector actors and the civil society promo ng the genera on,
dissemina on, use and mastery of Science, Technology andInnova ons (STI) for African development, environmental
sustainability and global inclusion. In collabora on with likeminded ins tu ons, ATPS provides pla orms for regional andinterna onal research and knowledge sharing in order tobuild Africa’s capabili es in STI policy research, policymaking
and implementa on for sustainable development.
Published by the African Technology
Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
P. O. Box 10081, 00100- GPO,
Nairobi, Kenya©2024
ISBN: 978-9966-124-54-8

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Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

Table of Contents
About the Project ....................................................................................... iv
About Africa Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)............................ vi
Acknowledgement...................................................................................... vii
Key Messages............................................................................................. viii
1. Introduc on ......................................................................................... 1
2. Ra onale for Stakeholder Par cipa on in NDC implementa on ........ 2
3. Methodology ....................................................................................... 3
4. Major Findings...................................................................................... 4
5. Conclusion............................................................................................ 10
6. Policy Recommenda ons..................................................................... 11
References............................................................................................ 13
ATPS Technopolicy Brief Series ............................................................ 14

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni esiiiAbout the Project
The Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs), with it’s condi onal anduncondi onal commitments, are key by-products of the Agreement andrequire all the countries to spell out their intended ac ons, to address climatechange over a ﬁve year period in terms of adapta on, mi ga on, and meansof implementa on as well as opportuni es arising therefrom and sustainable
development co-beneﬁts for the con nent. Despite the Paris Agreement providing
li le guidance on what and how climate change adapta on would be includedin the NDCs, most African NDCs highlight a number of cross-cu ng strategies
to address their mi ga on ambi ons as well as their adapta on needs. Thisis purblind considering the con nent is already dealing with increased severity
and frequency of climate risks and hazards due to its geographical posi oning,
overreliance on climate-sensi ve produc on sectors such as agriculture,
tourism, resource, and infrastructure deﬁcit, and the limited adap ve capacityof the people.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS), in partnership with
the Pan-African Climate Jus ce Alliance (PACJA) and the West African Green
Economics Development Ins tute (WAGEDI), secured funding from the African
Development Bank (AfDB) through the African Climate Change Fund (ACCF) to
implement the “Building the Capacity of Selected sub-Sahara African Countries
to Eﬀec vely Measure Progress in their Na onally Determined Contribu ons’
Implementa on using Tracking Tools and Indexes” project aimed at enhancing
the capacity of selected sub-Saharan African countries to eﬀec vely monitor
and report on their Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs). The selected
countries include Botswana, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia,
Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The primary
goal is to develop and u lise tracking tools and indexes that will enable thesecountries to measure their progress in NDC implementa on accurately. Thisini a ve builds upon earlier collabora ons among ATPS, PACJA, and WAGEDI,
which involved the development of NDC implementa on monitoring andtracking tools in eight sub-Saharan African countries. The lessons learned fromthese earlier projects, as well as the networks and capaci es already established,
will provide a solid founda on for the current project. The collabora on aims toensure that par cipa ng countries can monitor their NDC progress and compare
their performance with other countries and regions in Africa.

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Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

The project seeks to address a signiﬁcant gap in the capacity of sub-SaharanAfrican countries to track and report on the implementa on of their NDCs. The
ATPS operates through a network of Na onal Chapters in 30 countries, which
includes 27 African and 3 Diaspora chapters. These Na onal Chapters are led
by Focal Persons who provide intellectual and administra ve leadership at thecountry level. By leveraging this established network, the project aims to train
NDC implementa on focal persons and champions who will use the tracking andmonitoring tools developed through this ini a ve.

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni esvAbout Africa Technology Policy Studies Network(ATPS)The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a transdisciplinary
network of researchers, policymakers, private sector actors and civil society
promo ng the genera on, dissemina on, use and mastery of Science,
Technology and Innova ons (STI) for African development, environmental
sustainability and global inclusion. The ATPS has over 5,000 members and 3000
stakeholders in over 51 countries in 5 con nents with ins tu onal partnerships
worldwide. We implement our programs through members in na onal chaptersestablished in 30 countries (27 in Africa and 3 Diaspora chapters in Australia, theUnited States of America, and the United Kingdom). In collabora on with likeminded ins tu ons, the ATPS provides pla orms for regional and interna onal
research and knowledge sharing in order to build Africa’s capabili es in STI policy
research, policymaking and implementa on for sustainable development.

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Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni esAcknowledgement
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) and its Partners PanAfrican Climate Jus ce Alliance (PACJA) and West African Green Economic
Development Ins tute (WAGEDI) express our sincere gra tude to all individuals
and organiza ons who contributed to the study on the implementa on of
Nigeria’s Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs). We are also thankful tothe various stakeholders from government agencies, civil society organiza ons,
the private sector, and local communi es led by the Nigeria ATPS Na onal Chapter
Coordinator for their invaluable insights and feedback. Their ac ve par cipa on
and collabora on have been instrumental in shaping a comprehensive andinclusive approach to climate ac on in Nigeria. Special thanks to the project
team from all the partnering ins tu ons. Lastly, we acknowledge the ﬁnancial
and technical support provided by the African Development Bank (AfDB) throughits African Climate Change Fund (ACCF), without which this policy brief would
not have been possible.

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni esviiKey Messages
 Nigeria has made notable progress in implemen ng its Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement; driven by a robust policy
framework and various ins tu onal mechanisms aimed at fostering climate
ac on. However, the country faces signiﬁcant challenges such as ﬁnancial
constraints, capacity limita ons, policy fragmenta on, and inadequate publicawareness, which hinder the full realiza on of its climate objec ves.
 Overcoming these challenges will require strategic partnerships, enhanced
capacity-building ini a ves, policy coherence, public engagement strategies,
and targeted incen ves to unlock Nigeria’s poten al for sustainable
development.
 Opportuni es exist in strengthening climate ﬁnance strategies, knowledgetransfer mechanisms, mainstreaming climate considera ons into development
plans, public awareness campaigns, and promo ng renewable energy
investments, which can bolster Nigeria’s climate ac on eﬀorts and contributeto the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
 Collabora ve eﬀorts and a shared commitment among policymakers, theprivate sector, and development partners are crucial to achieving Nigeria’s
NDC goals and fostering sustainable development. This will posi on Nigeria asa regional leader in climate ac on and inspire collec ve global eﬀorts towards
a sustainable and resilient future.

viii Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

1. Introduc on
Climate change represents a cri cal global challenge with widespread impacts
on ecosystems, economies, and socie es. As a signatory to the Paris Agreement,
Nigeria has commi ed to ambi ous climate targets through its Na onally
Determined Contribu ons (NDCs) to mi gate greenhouse gas emissions andadapt to the adverse eﬀects of climate change (Federal Republic of Nigeria,2021). Nigeria’s NDC outlines a comprehensive strategy across various sectors,
including energy, agriculture, and transporta on, to achieve its climate goals.
Nigeria’s NDCs aim for a 20% reduc on in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030
rela ve to a business-as-usual scenario, with an addi onal condi onal targetof a 47% reduc on con ngent on interna onal support (Federal Republic of
Nigeria, 2021). This ambi ous target focuses on several key objec ves, including
increasing the share of renewable energy in the na onal energy mix, promo ng
sustainable land-use prac ces, and enhancing climate resilience in vulnerable
sectors such as agriculture and water resources (World Bank, 2021). Furthermore,
Nigeria has pledged to implement adapta on measures to strengthen resilience
to climate impacts, par cularly in the areas of ﬂood management, deser ﬁca on
control, and coastal protec on (UNFCCC, 2022).
Achieving these climate goals necessitates a coordinated approach involving
diverse stakeholders including government agencies, private sector actors, civilsociety organiza ons, and local communi es. Eﬀec ve stakeholder engagement
is essen al for integra ng diverse perspec ves, harnessing exper se, andmobilizing resources for successful NDCs implementa on (Akinbamijo et al.,2021). Engaging stakeholders also enhances transparency, accountability, andpublic trust, which are crucial for the ongoing reﬁnement and success of climate
policies and programs (Ojo & Adejumo, 2020). The purpose of this policy brief is
to highlight the challenges, opportuni es, and recommenda ons for enhancing
stakeholder engagement in the implementa on of Nigeria’s NDCs. By examining
the stakeholder landscape and iden fying key actors, this brief aims to provide
insights and recommenda ons for fostering eﬀec ve collabora on, building
capaci es, and ensuring inclusive and par cipatory processes to achieve
Nigeria’s climate objec ves.

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

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2. Ra onale for Stakeholder Par cipa on in
NDC Implementa on
Aligning Nigeria’s climate ac ons with its na onal development goals is essen al
for successfully implemen ng its Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs).
Nigeria’s Vision 2050, which focuses on economic diversiﬁca on, poverty
reduc on, and sustainable development, integrates climate change mi ga on
and adapta on as key components (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2021). Engaging
diverse stakeholders is crucial to ensure that NDC goals are consistent with thesebroader developmental aspira ons and to address poten al conﬂicts between
climate objec ves and economic development (Ibe, 2019).
Nigeria faces signiﬁcant challenges, including limited ﬁnancial resources,
technical exper se, and technological capabili es, which are necessary foreﬀec ve climate ac on (Adedeji et al., 2021). Stakeholder engagement is cri cal
in overcoming these obstacles by facilita ng knowledge sharing, capacity
building, and resource mobiliza on. For instance, the Nigerian government has
sought support from interna onal climate funds, such as the Green Climate
Fund (GCF), to bridge ﬁnancing gaps for NDC implementa on (GCF, 2022).
Addi onally, eﬀec ve stakeholder par cipa on can iden fy opportuni es forco-beneﬁts between climate ac ons and other Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs). Integra ng climate resilience into agricultural prac ces, for example, canenhance food security and improve livelihoods (Nwafor et al., 2021). Engaging
stakeholders ensures that these co-beneﬁts are recognized and leveraged in
NDC implementa on strategies. Furthermore, stakeholder involvement inmonitoring, repor ng, and veriﬁca on (MRV) processes enhances transparency
and accountability, fostering public trust and ensuring that climate policies areeﬀec vely implemented and adjusted based on stakeholder feedback (Ojo &Adejumo, 2020).
Given that Nigeria’s NDC targets span mul ple sectors, each with uniquechallenges and opportuni es, diverse stakeholder input is essen al for developing
eﬀec ve solu ons (Akinbamijo et al., 2021). Inclusive stakeholder par cipa on
can bridge gaps in NDC planning and execu on, ul mately contribu ng to theachievement of Nigeria’s climate objec ves and sustainable development goals.

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Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
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3. Methodology
The study employed both primary and secondary data collec on methods. Deskstudies reviewed grey and published materials, including na onal climate policies,
reports on climate projects, and research on mi ga on and adapta on. Primarydata was gathered through quan ta ve and qualita ve surveys using structured
and open-ended ques onnaires. Key informant interviews (KIIs) provided
deeper insights, and focus group discussions triangulated data from desk studies
and KIIs. Par cipants included stakeholders from various sectors, discussing
Nigeria’s vision for achieving a 50% emissions reduc on by 2050 and net-zeroemissions by 2060. The documents reviewed included the Na onal Climate
Change Ac on Plan (2021-2025), the Nigerian Na onal Adapta on Strategy,
and various reports from the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment, among
others (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2021; UNDP, 2021). Focus group discussions
were also conducted to validate ﬁndings and gather diverse perspec ves on thechallenges and opportuni es for NDC implementa on in Nigeria.

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
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4. Major Findings
4.1 Overview of Key Policies and Ins tu ons involved in NDC implementa onin Nigeria
Na onal policies or related policies across the priority sectors were reviewed
to understand their objec ves and goals rela ng to NDC implementa on,environmental management, climate change mi ga on and adapta on. They
include:-Climate Change Act (2021): This act provides a legal framework for Nigeria’s
climate change eﬀorts, directly suppor ng NDC implementa on. It establishedthe Na onal Council on Climate Change, which is crucial for coordina ng climate
ac on across sectors. The act mandates a carbon budget and sets a net-zerotarget between 2050 and 2070, aligning with Nigeria’s NDC goals.
-Na onal Climate Change Policy (2012): This policy underpins Nigeria’s NDC by
se ng the framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adap ng toclimate change impacts. It aims for a 20% reduc on in emissions by 2030, which
directly contributes to Nigeria’s NDC target.
-Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) of 2012 and Na onal Renewable Energy
and Energy Eﬃciency Policy (NREEEP) of 2015: These policies support Nigeria’s
NDC goal of increasing the share of renewable energy. The REMP targeted 20% of
Nigeria’s energy mix to come from renewable sources by 2020. While this target
was not fully met, progress has been made. As of 2020, renewables (excluding
large hydro) accounted for about 2% of Nigeria’s electricity genera on capacity.
-Great Green Wall Programme (GGWP) of 2007: This ini a ve contributes
to Nigeria’s NDC by comba ng deser ﬁca on and promo ng aﬀoresta on.
Nigeria aims to restore 4 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 as part ofthis program. As of 2021, Nigeria had restored approximately 635,000 hectares,
demonstra ng progress towards this goal.
-Na onal Aﬀoresta on Programme (NAP) of 2019: This program directly
supports Nigeria’s NDC target of increasing forest cover. While speciﬁc ﬁgureson the number of trees planted are not readily available, the program aims tocontribute to Nigeria’s goal of plan ng 25 million trees annually.

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Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

-Climate Change Adapta on and Resilience Building Programme (CCARBP)
of 2019: This program aligns with Nigeria’s NDC adapta on goals by enhancing
community resilience. It supports the NDC target of implemen ng climate-smart
agriculture in 50% of Nigeria’s farmlands by 2030.
-Na onal Environmental Standards and Regula ons Enforcement Agency(NESREA) Act of 2007: NESREA’s mandate to enforce environmental standards,
including those related to air pollu on and GHG emissions, directly supports
Nigeria’s NDC implementa on. The agency has developed at least 33
environmental regula ons since its incep on, many of which indirectly support
climate change mi ga on eﬀorts.
-Na onal Adapta on Strategy and Plan of Ac on on Climate Change (NASPACC) of 2011: This plan supports Nigeria’s NDC adapta on goals across various
sectors. For example, it aims to reduce the vulnerability of 50% of the mostvulnerable communi es to the impacts of climate change by 2025.
-Renewable Energy Programme (REP) of 2020: This program contributes to
Nigeria’s NDC goal of increasing renewable energy access. By targe ng 17.5
million Nigerians for renewable energy access, it supports the NDC objec ve ofproviding clean, aﬀordable energy to rural communi es.
-Land Use Act of 1978: While not directly related to climate change, this act
enables the government to manage land use for climate change mi ga on
and adapta on purposes, suppor ng NDC implementa on in sectors such as
agriculture and forestry.
It is important to note that while these policies and programs provide a robust
framework for NDC implementa on, challenges remain in terms of funding,coordina on, and implementa on capacity. According to Nigeria’s Third Na onal
Communica on to the UNFCCC (2020), the country needs approximately $177
billion to implement its NDC between 2021 and 2030. These ini a ves collec vely
support Nigeria’s updated NDC (2021), which aims to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 20% below business-as-usual by 2030 uncondi onally, and by up
to 47% condi onally with interna onal support.
The na onal climate change ins tu onal landscape in Nigeria has undergone
signiﬁcant reviews and transforma ons in recent years. The Federal Ministryof Environment (FMEnv) serves as the focal point for climate change ma ers,
spearheading eﬀorts to address climate-related challenges. To enhance
Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es5coordina on, the Department of Climate Change (DCC) was established within
the FMEnv, focusing on overseeing and managing climate change ac vi es.
The Na onal Council on Climate Change (NCCC) plays a crucial role in providing
policy guidance and ensuring cohesive coordina on across various sectors. In
the implementa on of climate change regula ons, the Na onal Environmental
Standards and Regula ons Enforcement Agency (NESREA) acts as the primaryagency. Financial mobiliza on and management for climate ini a ves arehandled by the Nigeria Climate Change Trust Fund (NCCTF), ensuring adequate
resources are available for eﬀec ve ac on. Adapta on eﬀorts are streamlined
through the Nigerian Na onal Adapta on Plan (NAP), which orchestrates thena on’s response to climate impacts. The Na onal Climate Change Policy (NCCP)oﬀers a comprehensive framework for climate change governance, se ng
the strategic direc on for mi ga on and adapta on measures. Addi onally,
the Nigerian Ins tute for Climate Change (NICC) was established to advanceresearch, provide training, and build capacity, suppor ng the na on’s overall
climate resilience.
These developments demonstrate Nigeria’s eﬀorts to strengthen its ins tu onal
framework for addressing climate change challenges and achieving its NDCs
under the Paris Agreement. However, despite these ins tu onal frameworks,
challenges such as limited ﬁnancial resources, technical capacity constraints, andcoordina on gaps among stakeholders persist. Enhancing ins tu onal capacity,
securing climate ﬁnance, and fostering eﬀec ve stakeholder collabora on are
cri cal for overcoming these challenges. Nigeria has established a comprehensive
ins tu onal framework to address climate change, integra ng policy
development, implementa on, and monitoring across sectors. Strengthening
these ins tu ons, improving coordina on mechanisms, and mobilizing adequate
resources are essen al steps toward achieving the country’s climate resilienceand mi ga on goals outlined in its NDCs.
4.2 Best Prac ces and Impacts in NDC Implementa on
Best prac ces in NDC implementa on in Nigeria encompass several strategic
approaches that eﬀec vely integrate climate goals into na onal development
frameworks, ensure mul -stakeholder engagement, and mobilize climate
ﬁnance.
The integra on of climate goals into na onal development frameworks is acornerstone of Nigeria’s strategy. Nigeria’s Vision 2050 and the Na onal Climate
Change Ac on Plan embed climate considera ons into broader development
objec ves, ensuring that climate ac on is aligned with economic growth and6

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni essustainability targets (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2021). This integra on is
crucial for harmonizing eﬀorts across sectors and maximizing the impact ofclimate ini a ves.
Mul -stakeholder engagement is a key prac ce in Nigeria’s NDC implementa on.
The country has ac vely engaged a diverse range of stakeholders, including
civil society, academia, and the private sector, to support climate ac on eﬀorts(Akinbamijo et al., 2021). For example, the Nigerian government has collaborated
with the private sector to promote renewable energy projects, such as solar
power ini a ves in northern Nigeria (World Bank, 2021). This inclusive approachensures that various perspec ves are considered, fostering broad-based supportand innova ve solu ons.
Climate ﬁnance mobiliza on is cri cal for the success of Nigeria’s climate
ini a ves. Nigeria has secured interna onal climate ﬁnance through mechanisms
like the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility (GCF, 2022).
This ﬁnancial support has funded various climate adapta on and mi ga on
projects, such as the Clean Energy Program and the Climate Resilience Program(Adedeji et al., 2021). Eﬀec ve mobiliza on of climate ﬁnance not only provides
the necessary resources for project implementa on but also demonstrates
Nigeria’s commitment to fulﬁlling its NDCs.
Moreover, Nigeria’s par cipa on in regional climate ini a ves, such as theAfrican Union’s African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC), further underscores its
commitment to collabora ve climate ac on. The country has also adopted
technology transfer mechanisms, partnering with interna onal organiza ons to
implement advanced climate technologies that enhance resilience and reduce
emissions (UNDP, 2023).
Capacity building remains another best prac ce, with Nigeria inves ng in
training programs for government oﬃcials, local communi es, and businesses
to enhance their understanding and implementa on of climate policies (FAO,2022). This approach ensures that all stakeholders are well-equipped tocontribute to the na on’s climate goals.
4.3 Challenges to Stakeholder Par cipa on in NDC Implementa on
Nigeria’s NDC implementa on faces several challenges including:● Financial constraints: Limited ﬁnancial capaci es present a major challenge.
Diﬃcul es in accessing funds from the GEF and other sources, combined withslow mobiliza on of available climate ﬁnance, impede progress. There is also
Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined 7
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

a lack of na onal ﬁnancial commitment for regular submissions of Na onal
Communica ons and Biennial Update Reports (BURs), essen al for NDC-related
ac vi es such as greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories and MRV of mi ga on
ac ons. Many data collec on ac vi es are donor-driven, which hampers theadapta on of exis ng data collec on frameworks for NDC implementa on.
● Ins tu onal Barriers: Ins tu onal challenges include insuﬃcient humanresources with adequate capacity for climate ac on-related skills. This o ennecessitates outsourcing technical tasks to external consultants. There is alack of clarity in roles and responsibili es due to overlapping mandates andincoherence between legal instruments. Moreover, many ins tu ons withmandates for data collec on are either weak or non-opera onal, leading toinadequate ins tu onal capacity. Weak communica on and coordina on
among ins tu ons exacerbate these issues, with rigid bureaucra c processes
and a lack of legal frameworks manda ng informa on sharing.
● Informa on Barriers: The paucity of quality data is another cri cal issue.
There is no established pla orm for the collec on, storage, and sharing of
NDC and climate ac on-related data. Current infrastructure is inadequate foraddressing climate change priori es, and there is a general lack of good quality
ac vity data for GHG inventories. Informa on on mi ga on ac ons and theirimpacts is scarce, as there is no centralized repor ng or data collec on system.
● Legal Barriers: The absence of binding commitments is a substan al legal
challenge. There is no speciﬁc legisla on manda ng monitoring and evalua on
ac vi es across all government bodies. This legal gap hampers the eﬀec ve
implementa on of mi ga on ac ons and transparency-related ac vi es
necessary for robust NDC execu on.
4.4 Opportuni es for Stakeholder Par cipa on in NDC Implementa on
Nigeria can leverage several opportuni es to enhance NDC implementa on:● Enhanced climate ﬁnance strategies: Exploring innova ve ﬁnancing
mechanisms, such as green bonds and public-private partnerships, can address
ﬁnancial constraints and support NDC ini a ves (GCF, 2022).
● Capacity building and knowledge transfer: Inves ng in training programsand knowledge exchange can strengthen technical capaci es and improve theeﬀec veness of climate policies. For example, partnerships with interna onal
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Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni esorganiza ons can provide valuable exper se and resources for local ins tu ons(Akinbamijo et al., 2021).
● Mainstreaming climate considera ons: Integra ng climate change
considera ons into na onal and sectoral development plans can enhance
policy coherence and ensure that climate ac ons are aligned with broader
development goals. This approach can help mi gate policy fragmenta on andpromote synergies between climate ac ons and other development ini a ves(Ibe, 2019).
● Public awareness campaigns: Increasing public awareness about climatechange and the importance of NDCs can foster greater public engagement andsupport for climate ini a ves. Educa onal campaigns and community outreachprograms can empower ci zens to par cipate ac vely in climate ac ons andcontribute to the success of NDC implementa on (Ojo & Adejumo, 2020).
● Renewable energy investments: Promo ng investments in renewable energy
projects can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy
security. For example, expanding solar power projects in northern Nigeria canprovide clean energy solu ons while crea ng economic opportuni es for local
communi es (World Bank, 2021).

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

95. Conclusion
Nigeria’s commitment to its NDC under the Paris Agreement is commendable.
Despite challenges such as ﬁnancial constraints, capacity limita ons, and policy
fragmenta on, the country has made progress by implemen ng key policies andengaging diverse stakeholders. The integra on of climate goals into na onal
development frameworks, mul -stakeholder engagement, and securing climate
ﬁnance have proven to be eﬀec ve strategies. However, there is a pressing needto strengthen ins tu onal capaci es, ensure policy coherence, and enhance
public awareness to fully realize Nigeria’s climate objec ves. Collabora ve
eﬀorts between government, private sector, civil society, and local communi es
are essen al for the successful implementa on of Nigeria’s NDC. With sustainedcommitment and innova ve approaches to ﬁnance, capacity building, and policyalignment, Nigeria is well-posi oned to achieve its climate goals and contributeto global eﬀorts toward a sustainable, resilient future.

10 Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

6. Policy Recommenda ons
To enhance stakeholder par cipa on and achieve the successful implementa onof Nigeria’s NDCs, the following recommenda ons are proposed:
Recommenda on 1: Strengthen climate ﬁnance mechanisms by exploring
innova ve ﬁnancing mechanisms such as green bonds and public-private
partnerships: Nigeria should strengthen climate ﬁnance mechanisms by
exploring innova ve ﬁnancing avenues such as green bonds and public-private
partnerships (PPPs). These mechanisms can mobilize addi onal resources cri calfor NDC implementa on. Leveraging green bonds can a ract private investment
speciﬁcally earmarked for climate-friendly projects, thereby addressing ﬁnancial
constraints. PPPs can bring in private sector exper se and capital to support
large-scale climate ini a ves. These approaches help bridge funding gaps andpromote sustainable development, enhancing resilience to climate change
impacts in Nigeria (GCF, 2022). For instance, green bonds have been successfullyu lized globally, raising billions for environmental projects; demonstra ng
poten al eﬀec veness for Nigeria.
Recommenda on 2: Enhancing technical and ins tu onal capaci es byinves ng in capacity-building programs for key ins tu ons and stakeholders:
Enhancing technical and ins tu onal capaci es is essen al for eﬀec ve NDC
implementa on. Nigeria should invest in capacity-building programs for key
ins tu ons and stakeholders through intensive training, knowledge transfer
ini a ves, and partnerships with interna onal organiza ons. Strengthening
technical exper se and ins tu onal eﬀec veness will improve the implementa onof climate policies (Adedeji et al., 2021). Addi onally, strengthening state andlocal government ins tu ons will ensure eﬀec ve decentraliza on and local
implementa on of NDC ac ons. For example, countries like Kenya and Ghana
have signiﬁcantly improved their climate ac on outcomes through targeted
capacity-building ini a ves.
Recommenda on 3: Promote policy coherence by aligning na onal, regional,
and local policies to ensure a coherent approach to climate ac on: Promo ng
policy coherence by aligning na onal, regional, and local policies is crucial for a
uniﬁed approach to climate ac on. Nigeria should integrate climate considera ons
into na onal and sectoral development plans and address policy fragmenta on(Ibe, 2019). Clearly deﬁning and assigning roles and responsibili es of cri cal
stakeholders at na onal and sub-na onal levels is essen al. Developing policy
Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined 11
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

guidelines or regula ons that outline the roles of en es such as the Na onal
Council on Climate Change (NCCC) and the Department of Climate Change (DCC)
will ensure synergy and enhance the establishment of the NDC and climate
ac on plan for Nigeria.
Recommenda on 4: Increase public awareness and engagement campaigns
and community outreach programs: Increasing public awareness andengagement through campaigns and community outreach programs is vitalfor enhancing public understanding of climate change and the importance of
NDCs. Engaging ci zens in climate ac ons fosters greater public support andpar cipa on (Ojo & Adejumo, 2020). Public awareness campaigns can u lize
various media pla orms to disseminate informa on widely, while community
outreach programs can directly involve local communi es and grassroots
organiza ons in climate ini a ves. For instance, public engagement eﬀorts incountries like India and Brazil have signiﬁcantly boosted community par cipa on
in climate ac on.
Recommenda on 5: Leveraging on renewable energy opportuni es bypromo ng investments in renewable energy technologies and value chain:
Nigeria should leverage renewable energy opportuni es by promo ng
investments in renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, hydro, andbiomass. These investments will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhanceenergy security, create economic opportuni es, and improve livelihoods (World
Bank, 2021). For example, promo ng solar energy projects in northern Nigeria
can signiﬁcantly impact local communi es, providing reliable and clean energy
while crea ng jobs. Successful renewable energy projects, like those in Morocco
and South Africa, showcase the economic and environmental beneﬁts that
Nigeria can emulate.

12 Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

References
Adedeji, O. H., Reuben, R. S., & Odufuwa, B. O. (2021). Capacity Building for
Climate Change Adapta on in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Management,
293, 112840.
Akinbamijo, O., Adejumo, A., & Nwafor, M. (2021). Stakeholder Engagement in
Climate Change Policy Implementa on: Lessons from Nigeria. Climate Policy
Journal, 21(3), 345-360.
Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2021). Na onal Climate Change Ac on Plan (20212025). Federal Ministry of Environment.
Food and Agriculture Organiza on (FAO). (2022). Capacity Building for Climate
Policy Implementa on.World Bank. (2021). Renewable Energy Projects in
Nigeria.
GCF. (2022). Green Climate Fund Projects in Nigeria. Green Climate Fund. Retrieved
from h ps://www.greenclimate.fund/projects/fp
Ibe, C. (2019). Aligning Climate Ac on with Na onal Development Priori es in
Nigeria. African Development Review, 31(2), 207-218.
Na onal Assembly of Nigeria. (2021). Climate Change Act. Federal Republic of
Nigeria.
NESREA. (2022). Na onal Environmental Standards and Regula ons Enforcement
Agency. Retrieved from h ps://www.nesrea.gov.ng
Ojo, T. A., & Adejumo, A. O. (2020). Public Awareness and Par cipa on in Climate
Change Mi ga on in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Educa on, 51(4), 285298.
UNFCCC. (2022). Nigeria’s Na onally Determined Contribu ons. United Na ons
Framework Conven on on Climate Change. Retrieved from h ps://unfccc.int/
nigeria
United Na ons Development Programme (UNDP). (2023). Technology Transfer for
Climate Ac on.
World Bank. Retrieved from h ps://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/
renewable-energy-nigeria

Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined 13
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

ATPS TechnoPolicy Briefs Series• Stakeholder Par cipa on in Ghana’s Na onally Determined Contribu ons(NDCs) Implementa on: Challenging issues and opportuni es (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 77)• Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs) in Côte d’Ivoire (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 76)• Collabora ve Climate Ac on for Sustainable Development: The case of NDC
Implementa on in Uganda (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 75)• Advancing Tanzania’s Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs) Goals
Through Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 74)• Enhancing Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of the Na onally
Determined Contribu ons (NDCs) in Ethiopia (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 73)• Paving the Way for Climate Ac on: Kenya’s Journey towards Implemen ng the
Na onally Determined Contribu ons (NDCs) (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 72)• Quelle Est La Place De La Science, De La Technologie Et De L’innova on Dans
L’emploi Des Jeunes Au Sénégal ? (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 71)• Using Science, Technology, and Innova on to Enhance Skills Development, Job
Crea on, and Entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 70)• Fostering the future and livelihood of young people in Uganda through Science,
Technology, and Innova on (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 69)• What is the place of Science, Technology, and Innova on in Youth Employment
in Senegal? (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 68)• Understanding Rwanda’s Science, Technology, and Innova on Landscape in
Youth Employment Crea on (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 67)• Leveraging Science, Technology, and Innova on for Enhanced Youth
Employment in Nigeria (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 66)• Unlocking the Poten al of Educa on and Skills for Suppor ng Youth
Employment in Kenya (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 65)• Harnessing Science and Technological Innova on for Youth Employment andSkill Acquisi on in Ghana (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 64)• Is Ethiopia’s Science, Technology, and Innova on Policy Landscape Eﬀec velyCrea ng Jobs and Fostering Skills for the Youth? (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No.
63)• University-Led Ecosystems for Sustained Innova on and Entrepreneurship
Development in Kenya (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 62)• Eco-innova on Policies for Sustainable Development in Africa (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 61)• Ins tu onal Landscape for Eco-innova on Development in Africa (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 60)
14 Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es• Policy and Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Benin(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 59)• Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Kenya (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 58)• Policy and Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Senegal(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 57)• Advancing Ecological Organic Agriculture in Nigeria (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 56)• Policy and Ins tu onal Framework for Ecological Organic Agriculture in Rwanda(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 55)• Bridging Climate Informa on Gaps to Strengthen Capaci es for Climate Informed
Decision (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 54)• Embracing Open Contrac ng in Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 53)• The Digital Revolu on, Open Science, and Innova on for Open Science Developmentin Sub-Saharan Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 52)• Nouvelles approaches de ﬁ nancement de la recherché et de L’innova on en Afrique(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 51)• New Approaches for Funding Research and Innova on in Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy
Brief No. 50)• Towards Eﬀec ve Public-Private Partnerships in Research and Innova on: A
Perspec ve for African Science Gran ng Councils (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 49)• Innova ve Prac ces and Policies for Promo ng Biodiversity Informa cs in SubSaharan Africa (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 48)• Improving the Relevance of University Training to Labour Market Demands in Africa(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 47)• Developing Policies for Biodiversity Informa cs in sub-Saharan Africa (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 46)• ICTs role in Agricultural Development: Prospects of Land Poten al Knowledge System(LandPKS) (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 45)• Mainstreaming Gender in the Na onal Science, Technology and Innova on (STI)
Policy of Kenya (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 44)• Social Innova on: An Untapped Resource for Inclusive Green Growth (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 43)• Policy Axes that Can Uphold Agricultural Innova ons for Climate Change Adapta on
and Food Security in Central Africa: Case of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Central
African Republic (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 42)• Frameworks for Intellectual Property Protec on of Tradi onal Knowledge in Tanzania(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 41)• Assessment of Possible Intellectual Property Protec on Op ons of Tradi onal
Knowledge System in Ethiopia (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 40)• Towards inﬂuencing Na onal Legisla on, Policies, Strategies and Programmes for
Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined 15
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

appropriate Protec on and Beneﬁt-Sharing of Tradi onal Knowledge (TK) with andby Tradi onal Herbalists in Uganda. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 39)• Tradi onal Healers and their Provision of Mental Health Services in Cosmopolitan
Informal Se lements in Nairobi, Kenya. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 38)• Policy Implica ons for Intellectual Property Systems for Tradi onal Healers in
Lesotho. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 37)• Incidence of Indigenous and Innova ve Climate Change Adapta on Prac ces for
Smallholder Framers’ Livelihood Security in Chikhwawa District, Southern Malawi.
(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 36)• Machobane Farming System and its Relevance to Climate Change Policy in Lesotho.
(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 35)

16 Stakeholder Par cipa on in the Implementa on of Nigeria’s Na onally Determined
Contribu ons (NDCs): Best prac ces, challenges and opportuni es

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