Air Traffic Control (ATC) Resilient Response Model Amid Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Ghost Aircraft Spoofing Cyberattack
Name: KAMARUZZAMAN MOHD RUZEINYLaboratory’ｓ name: LABORATORY FOR CYBER RESILIENCE
Supervisor’ｓ name: YOUKI KADOBAYASHI
Abstract
The openness and unencrypted nature of the Automatic Dependent SurveillanceBroadcast (ADS-B) system poses a constant significant threat of cyberattack in the formof false message injection to the air traffic surveillance system. Among the attack types
within the category of false message injection which is easy to launch and potentiallycausing high negative impact to Air Traffic Management (ATM) is the Ghost Aircraft
Spoofing (GAS) attack that can be easily launched via a software-defined radio device
targeting a ground station. In more serious integrated attack scenarios, this attack typeaims to create confusion to the Air Traffic Controller (ATC) by exploiting the alreadydegraded air traffic surveillance capability. The immediate impact of this attack isdelayed aircraft arrivals and departures in the context of flight operations. Moreover,prolonged attacks will cause greater impact, disrupting airport operations related toground movement for taxiing-in and taxiing-out.
To mitigate this incident, this dissertation first, analyses the immediate impact to thearriving aircraft which are in descent phase, and later the cascading effects it brings to
the departure operations and aircraft ground movement in quantitative terms ofaccumulation of delay time and number of affected aircraft. The methodology used forquantification is through statistical data from formation of First-In-First-Out (FIFO)
queues representing pertinent queuing functions applied by the ATC in the entire
Arrival-Ground Movement-Departure (AGMOD) dynamics. Next, this dissertation
proposes two types of mitigation plan based on possible ATC responses to reduce thedelay time for arriving and departing aircraft. The arriving aircraft is guided by a tacticalframework which continuously explores the ideal deviational flight path that is shortest
at that point of time and with less to no interference by other aircraft. The second
proposed response plan focuses on the departure sequencing by countering uncertainties
optimistically through synchronous aircraft movement for taxiing-out. The proposed
approach comparatively records positive results with more aircraft at several designatedtaxiway zones close to the runway than the conventional approaches which permit
departures based on either original schedule time prior the GAS attack or based onprioritization for aircraft closest to the runway to move ahead of others.

List of publications
Name: KAMARUZZAMAN MOHD RUZEINY

Peer review journal paper（Author[underline your own name], Thesis title, Journal title, Volume, Number, Pages,Date, The chapter or section of your dissertation which this paper relates）

1. Mohd Ruzeiny Kamaruzzaman, Md Delwar Hossain, Yuzo Taenaka, YoukiKadobayashi, "Mitigation of ADS-B Spoofing Attack Impact on Departure
Sequencing through Modulated Synchronous Taxiing Approach", IEEE Open
Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 1-1, June 2023.
-related to Chapter 5 in the dissertation.

Peer review journal paper (letters, technical reports etc. The format is the same as above.)Peer review international conference (Author[underline your own name],Thesis title, Journal title（orconference name）, (Volume, Number, Pages), Date, The chapter or section of your dissertation which this paper relates)

1. Mohd Ruzeiny Bin Kamaruzzaman, Bernard Ousmane SANE, Doudou FALL, YuzoTaenaka, Youki Kadobayashi, "Analyzing Cascading Effects of Spoofing Attacks onADS-B Using Discrete Model of Air Traffic Control Responses and AGMOD
Dynamics", in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security andResilience (IEEE CSR 2021), July 2021.
-related to Chapter 3 in the dissertation.

2. Mohd Ruzeiny Bin Kamaruzzaman, Doudou Fall, Md Delwar Hossain, Yuzo Taenaka,Youki Kadobayashi, "Modulated Synchronous Taxiing: Mitigating Uncertainties
Amid ADS-B Spoofing", in Proceedings of the 2022 22nd Integrated Communication,Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS), pp. 1-13. May 2022.
-related to Chapter 5 in the dissertation.

3. Mohd Ruzeiny Kamaruzzaman, Muhammad Delwar Hossain, Yuzo Taenaka, Youki
Kadobayashi,"ATC Level Tactical Manoeuvring during Descent for Mitigating
Impact of ADS-B Message Injection Cyber Attack", presented in The 10th OpenSky
Symposium, Engineering Proceedings 28(1), 14, November 2022.
-related to Chapter 4 in the dissertation.

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