Knowledge, Learning and Community

By Stephen Downes
September 7, 2001

Knowledge, Learning and Community
Stephen Downes
Copyright (c) 2001

This work is published under a Creative Commons License

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA
This license lets you remix, tweak, and build upon this work non-commercially.

Knowledge, Learning and Community
By Stephen Downes
September 7, 2001
Contents
1. Teaching
1. Multimedia, Teaching and Learning
2. Participant's Opinion
3. Teaching WBT to Instructional Technology graduate students
4. Learning
5. Resources and References
2. Interactivity
1. Interactivity and Best Practices in Web Based Training
2. Interactivity: Another Tack On It
3. Interactivity: Another Tack On It (2)4. Interactivity: Another Tack On It (3)5. Resources and References
3. Online Learning
1. Getting Ready for Online Learning
2. 1998 TechLearn Annual Report on Learning & Technology
3. What Happened at California Virtual University
4. Link Portal
5. The AFT and Academic Control

6. Exploring New Directions in Online Learning
7. Content Syndication and Online Learning
8. Faculty Evaluations of DL Faculty
9. Thomson Corporation in Major Online Learning Initiative
10. Distance Educators Before the River Styx
11. Response to CAUT
12. Understanding Online Learning
13. Ritual Tai Chi: Eskow vs. Jensen
14. Knowledge Base Integration
15. Resources and References
4. Community
1. Moo? No, this is a MAUD
2. My Email to Netscape
3. One of the Greats is Gone
4. Selling the WELL
5. Portals and Community Plays
6. The Standard for Internet Commerce
7. News Up Front
8. Why XHTML? A Pastoral Tale
9. New Web Page Standard Announced
10. Public Spaces, Private Places: Preserving Community Participation on the World
Wide Web
11. Community Calendars Online
12. MuniMall - A Review

13. S2000 - What is a Smart Community?
14. S2000 - Knowledge
15. Camopus Alberta
16. Alarming Article on First Nations Suicide
17. Building a Learning Community
18. Resources and References
5. Content
1. Free? In What Sense Free?
2. Capturing an Entire Web Site
3. Dept.'s of Education
4. Faculty Need for Computer Competence
5. Wireless Web
6. Copyright and Syndication
7. Comment Integrator
8. Questions for Professional Designers
9. Making Micropayments Micro Enough
10. Resources and References
6. Research
1. The Role of the Traditional Research University
2. Research on the Web
3. Your Research for Sale on the net
4. Resources and References
7. Copyright1. Deep Links
2. Copyright Issues
3. The new Economy Applied to Engineers
4. Copyright Tips for Online Educators
5. Resources and References
8. Knowledge
Search cach cleanup - removed 3 files
1. Alternative Paths
2. The Cyberspace Charter of Rights
3. Causes of Conflict
4. The Human Genome
5. Resources and References

Chapter 1 ~ Teaching
Multimedia, Teaching and Learning
What should be taught depends in part on the needs and interests of thestudent, in part on the discipline being covered, and in part on the general setof knowledge and skills required to function in a modern industrial society.
Posted to DEOS-L on 9 Jul 1997
Simplicity is deceiving. Practise is laden with complexities. We need to becareful about sweeping maxims...
Teaching is: ongoing, and therefore, always appropriate.
I don't agree. Teaching is not appropriate at 4:30 on a hot summer day(especially in Manitoba, where we only get three months of summer) after
eight hours of instruction. Teaching, like any other activity, requires
intermissions.

What should be taught is beyond our determination. We will make offerings
from which some learning will occur for us and the students.
What should be taught depends in part on the needs and interests of thestudent, in part on the discipline being covered, and in part on the general setof knowledge and skills required to function in a modern industrial society.
Given that a teacher usually knows more about the subject matter, in somecases it will be appropriate for a teacher to decide what is taught and for a
student to follow that lead (I am reminded of the car waxing activity in The
Karate Kid). Or, put another way: if we left the determination of what shouldbe learned entirely up to students, they'd never learn fractions.
When I teach, I do not "make offerings". It is not a case of me presenting
and them either accepting or rejecting. Teaching is, first and foremost, a
process of communication. First, a link or connection is established. Then
information is transferred, usually (but not necessarily) from teacher tostudent. Then a dialogue occurs as the student (attempts to) assimilate the
new knowledge with previously acquired knowledge, evaluate the newknowledge, and apply the new knowledge.
The focus should be on interpersonal skills, determining truths, and basic
competencies for communication and evolution to personal actualization.
Learning takes place against a backdrop of critical thinking skills. Criticalthinking involves the following components: - receiving new information(i.e., reading skills, listening skills) - assimilating this information(recognizing patterns, finding similarities, drawing metaphors) - evaluating
this information (testing for truth against previously accepted information,
testing for applicability in different contexts) - applying this information(practise in controlled settings, practise in new situations)Interpersonal skills, insofar as they relate to education, focus primarily on
one's capacity to receive information and to engage in the dialogue necessary
to assimilate, evaluate, and apply the information.
Anything beyond that is either: (a) an ethical matter, focussing on the mores
and norms of conduct in society, or (b) an adaptive matter, that is, generating
the skills needed to function usefully and happily in society. These items arecontent, that is, they consist of items of information to be taught. While itwould be appropriate to teach ethics and adaptation in a social studies class,
it would be a bit out of place in a mathematics class.
Determining truths is a background skill, one which forms the context forlearning. While it is often treated as a subject which can be taught (as in forexample logic classes) it is also reflective of an attitude which is valued inlearning as it forms part of the learning process. My own view is that you
cannot teach 'determining truths' in a vacuum - truth is always contextdependent and therefore requires a medium of information in which tofunction.
"Evolution to personal Actualization" is an ethical principle. It is theprinciple which forms the base value for societies depicted in Star Trek. It isreflected in the maxim "Be All That You Can Be". As a guiding principle forlife, it's a pretty good one.
But it's not one which is universally adopted. Today's maxim in our schools
seems to be to teach people to be entrepreneurial. This is a different ethic(since it often requires people to sacrifice personal development in order tospend time making money).
In the final analysis, however, it is not possible to "teach an ethicalprinciple". At best, we can teach people *about* an ethical principle (or, in
an ideal environment, several ethical principles). Whether the student inquestion adopts the principle in question is not so much a matter ofeducation as temperament.
Individual human needs, and maturity, will of themselves provide theparameters for the learning to occur.
This is unlikely. People can have needs, and be mature, and yet be unable tolearn. For example, if they are unable to receive information, they cannot
learn. A surprisingly large percentage of the population (and especially themature population) as a great deal of difficulty accepting information. Put
simply: they don't listen.
The level of maturity of the "listeners" is less relevant than the semanticalability of the "teacher." Jesus could address any group: whether they wanted
to listen (learn) or not is a separate issue.
Again, this is untrue. The number of people who misinterpreted Jesus almost
certainly outnumbers the number of people who 'got it'.
It's a fascinating phenomenon, probably very difficult to replicate in acontrolled lab environment, but when people converse, often what they hear
has nothing to do with what was said. It is very common for people to jumpstraight to the assimilation stage without having gone through the receiving
stage.
What happens is something like this: people hear noise containing certaincatch-words or phrases. They search their memory for items of previously
acquired knowledge containing the same catch-words or phrases. Thisknowledge is then substituted for the content of what was actually said.
For example, the lecturer says something like, "Beauty is individuality
actualized to perfection". The listener hears: "beauty... individuality...
perfection" Searching his memory (unconsciously, in most cases), he
retrieves: "Beauty and individuality are perfection". Transposing thismemory onto the new content, he now believes that the lecturer said that
individuality is a form of perfection.
Theory in education today places a significant proportion of the onus for
successful communication on the teacher. This is part of the reason why
teachers who lecture are publicly chastised - it is thought that they are poor
communicators, or more to the point, they are not taking the effort to makethemselves and their material understood. But this onus is misplaced.
The onus to learn rests primarily on the student. This is because the student
must engage - and consciously engage - in the four major steps of learning(receiving, assimilating, evaluating, applying). If the student is unable orunwilling to perform even one of these stages, learning is impossible, or at
best, incomplete, no matter what the skill level of the educator.
[This ends my note - I leave the rest attached below for completeness.]
Cliff Layton <RSCLayton@AOL.COM07/03/97 09:25am In a message dated
97-07-02 21:27:06 EDT, Guy.Bensusan@NAU.EDU (Guy Bensusan) writes(based on a posting by J-M. Guillemette) : << WHEN IS TEACHING ?
There are (hopefully) interesting related questions; I will attempt to post a
few below. When is teaching appropriate? What should be taught? Should
the focus be on the three R's? Should computer literacy be a required 4th R?
Should evaluation of cultures re. human needs be considered in thesematters? To what extent should the level of maturity of a learner beconsidered in allowing the learner to determine what should be learned andhow it should be learned, compared to allowing the teacher (or instituiton,or culture) to make such determinations. How should level of maturity of alearner be determined? Cliff

Participant's Opinion
If distance education design - especially on the internet - is to become
relevant to the student, and cost-efficient to the teaching institution,
designers are going to have to look at ways of dividing course content intomuch smaller chunks, to be assembled into a learning package on an asneeded basis.

Posted to DEOS-L 20 Jan 1998
Peter Faulhaber writes, Now we want to use internet. The following course
we want to offer: The student apply to the course via on online Intake form.
He chooses which parts he want to learn about e.g. Word 97. The material is
cut into chunks and is stored in a Database. When the student made his
choice via a server the material is gathered, lay - out and send via e-mail tothe student. The student can print out is fully personal learning material. We
choose this option for two reasons: 1. Reading via a computer screen is stillmuch more trying than reading a print out material. 2. The student don't
have to switch between Internet and e.g. Word 97. Help is offered via an
Internet site. The student can send an email to the trainer, chat to the otherstudents, look into a FAQ and look into a Database.
Peter's methodology is illustrative of a principle in distance education which
has not been discussed to any great length on this list: customization. While
there has been a lot of chat about learner-centred course design, few people
have challenged the idea that the basic unit of instruction is the course.
In fact, if distance education design - especially on the internet - is tobecome relevant to the student, and cost-efficient to the teaching institution,
designers are going to have to look at ways of dividing course content intomuch smaller chunks, to be assembled into a learning package on an asneeded basis.
At Assiniboine, we are designing our courses in three hour chunks called"modules". This is documented at
http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/naweb/am.htm By designing courses inthis way, we can assemble new courses in a matter of minutes to meet the
precise demands of the student, our corporate partners, or government. In ademo last week, for example, I designed an eight hour course, called"Internet Communications", in about 10 minutes by combining modules
from our Computer Systems course and our English course.
Peter is using this methodology to build what are, essentially, print courses
supported by email. His reasoning, quoted above, is two-fold: it's hard toread from computer screens, and it's hard (especially for beginners) to switch
between two applications at once.
But I think students will find this mode of delivery limiting. True, courses
can and should be supported by print material. As the Wired editors pointed
out some months back, print is an unparalleled medium for high-content
thought. And web designers have known for some time that users do notread web pages, they scan them. However, not all aspects of all courses arebest delivered via print media.
Computer programs are a good example of this. While it is possible to learn
how to run software from a book alone (the 'Teach yourself in 21 days' series
is an excellent example), it is easier to learn if you see the operations
demonstrated on the screen in front of you. The tutorial in "Scientific
Notebook" is a good example ("Scientific Notebook" is a mat/science
document processing program; highly recommended).
CD-ROM versions of computer courses have been doing this for some time
now. The program operation is captured (with products like, e.g., Lotus's"Screen Cam", another recommended product), saved as a video file (usually.avi) and stored on the CD-ROM. Such video clips are then displayed at
appropriate times by, say, Macromedia's "Director".
The problem with such demonstrations, as they apply to internet delivery ofcourse materials, is that they are much too large to be delivered reliably overthe internet. Bandwidth is currently to small. This is a situation which willchange rapidly. We are on the cusp of the 10 megabyte/second internet era.
Additionally, file compression can reduce even large movie files to a
fraction of their original size. And video streaming, while still in its infancy,
is fast becoming a proven technology.
But an additional problem with the print-based / email supported model thatPeter describes is that it too much resembles the traditional 'do-it-yourself'
approach to distance learning. The student is viewed as isolated, essentiallyworking on his or her on, obtaining tutorial support only on an as-neededbasis. In my opinion, this factor of isolation is one of the major factors
preventing distance learning from becoming much more widespread than it
is today.
For education is not merely an intellectual activity, it is a social activity. The
process of learning requires not only the acquisition of new information, it
also requires validation and reinforcement. People need not only to knowwhat they've learned, they need also to be told that what they have learned issocially appropriate, that the manner in which they express that learning
follows community conventions. The classic case of the self-taught learner is
one who - embarrassingly - mispronounces "Socrates" in a social gathering.
The social dimension of learning mitigates errors in the nuances of what islearned.
For that reason, much more interaction is recommended. Communication,
not only with the instructor, but also with other students, is to be encouraged.
And where possible, communication in several media - voice and video,
specifically, are preferred over a simple email model. Again, the technology

which supports this is in its infancy. However, like streaming audio, it is on
the verge of becoming widely accepted.
As an initial first step, I would recommend supplementing your email
support and web site with two key resources: a discussion list, and a chatarea. Here there are many options to choose from. David Woolley's excellent"Conferencing on the World Wide Web" site will help you there.
http://thinkofit.com/webconf/ Give the link a little time; it's not the fastest in
the world. For comments on integrating communication into your course
materials, see my "Effective Interaction and Communication in Web Based
Courses" (contents page:
http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/cmc96/contents.htm )One nice piece of software we are working with at Assiniboine is called ICQ(I Seek You). http://www.mirabilis.com (I think they also have
http://www.icq.com running now). This program lets you define a list offriends (typically, your class) and lets you know when they are on-line. It
allows you to quickly send short messages, transfer files, chat in real-time,refer URLs, and launch any of a number of conferencing programs.
But plan for more intense communications. With higher bandwidth andbetter compression, desk-top videoconferencing is rapidly becoming areality. The best software I have seen for this is Microsoft's Netmeeting (http://www.microsoft.com ). In addition to video-conferencing, it also allows
you to manipulate a remote screen. This is very useful if you wish to
demonstrate an application.
The idea behind such methods of improved communications is not only totransmit learning materials more effectively, it is also to build a web-based
community. When students become a member of a community, theirlearning takes on a larger role in their life. Logging on, chatting with theother students, accomplishing a module, passing a test - all these things
begin to *matter* to a student, not only in a learning context, but also in asocial context. Achievement is reinforced when achievement takes place in acommunity which rewards achievement (conversely, achievement isminimized when achievement takes place in a community which does not
reward achievement, or even, when it takes place outside a community atall).
What this means at your end is commitment to more ongoing resources andsupport for your internet courses. If you intend to market globally, plan on
staffing your site with chat moderators and tutors 24 hours a day, 7 days aweek. Your convenors should not only be knowledgeable in the subject area,
they should also be warm, welcoming folk who encourage new students

(who will be hesitant at first) deeper into your web community.
This is not only good education (and it *is* good education), it is also goodbusiness. You are not only teaching your student a new skill, you arebuilding a relation with that student. By drawing the student into yourcommunity, you are ensuring repeat business and tremendous word-ofmouth (one of the most powerful forces on the net) advertising.
Again, as with the course materials, your interaction and communication
with the student should be as completely customized as possible. Moderators
should be able to draw from your database all relevant information about thestudent and his or her classes. Students should be encouraged to seek out
peers with similar course (module) selections and expressed interests.
Corners of your site should be assigned for each of the various groups which
will inevitably form. Student-generated content will greatly enhance yoursite's value and usefulness, and it will also increase the students' sense of
belonging to the community.
Distance education in the future will succeed by emulating those aspects oftraditional education which were so successful - the social aspect, thecommunity aspect - and by discarding those aspects of traditional education
which were not successful - flat one-dimensional presentations, cookiecutter content. By providing a customized, community-based, content-richlearning environment you will provide students with much more than mere
training, and will be well on the way to providing a rewarding distancelearning experience.

Teaching WBT to Instructional Technology graduate students
Um. Coding *is* designing.
Posted to WWWDEV 29 April 98
Scott Gray wrote, HTML can be learned in one full day. If a Ph.d. can't
learn HTML then that person doesn't deserve a PH.D.
More accurately: people can learn the mechanics of HTML in one day. This
allows them to publish a ream of bad web pages. Good HTML design is a lot
more than merely learning the tags.
I've taught k-12 teachers HTML in one day seminars, so a PH.D. candidate
should be able to handle it. To see how I teach people HTML go to
http://www.useractive.com/tutorial

The tutorial is very nice. I would have presented the information differently,
so users need not scroll so much, but that's just me. The server scripting
behind the forms are elegant. I would say this is the result of many days'
practise.
And ...
On Tue, 28 Apr 1998, Gary C. Powell wrote: While yes, having a Ph.D. in
Instructional Technology AND knowing how to program w/ HTML and
JAVA, etc. would be very marketable, I'm not sure how many of them (us)want to. Its hard to have an advanced expertise in everything. Not tomention, many designers like designing, and not coding.
Um. Coding *is* designing.
I cannot imagine someone holding a degree in instructional *technology*
without having mastered, at the very least, HTML. How is it possible todesign when you are unaware of the limits and possibilities of your medium?
Think about the range of topics one studies in an IT doctoral program, suchas needs assessment, ISD, evaluation, qualitative and quantitative researchmethods, instructional theory, human performance technology, ed
psych...need I go on???. Is it reasonable to expect an IT Ph.D. to also be a
HTML hacker????
Yes, just as it is reasonable to expect an artists to know how to use a paintbrush, or a writer to know grammar. HTML, Javascript, even Java, are now
the *media* in which design occurs. They should not be viewed as separate
subjects.
Nobody thought it was odd that I ought to learn at least rudimentary Latin
when I was writing comprehensive exams in philosophy. This is because
Latin is the medium in which many great writers worked, and in order tofully understand what they were expressing (and what they *could*
express), I needed to at least get a feel for the structure and limitations of thelanguage.

Learning
Good - even great - online teaching will not be - will never be - built because you do not build interaction. You enter into it, like a warm bath, likea familiar suit, like a comfortable home.

Posted to WWWDEV 06 July April 1999
Scott Gray wrote:
The ideal learning environment *should* enable the following:
demonstration
communication
evaluationcooperation
motivation
experimentation
creation
implementation
Um, yes, well, and:
contemplationreflection
cooperation... to name three more I can think of off the top of my head. More would
surely follow were I think about it for any length of time.
But why would I do that?
No exclusive list of verbs will satisfy any learning requirement, nor for thatmatter, any learner. Each person engages the material in his or her own way.
Online learning is first and foremost about personalization.
If properly done, the time and space separation of these items are kept at aminimum and are seamless.
Why?
I like to pause between steps.
I think learning should occur in a diversity of places.
We don't need to focus and cram any more. We can distribute learning
through time and space, matching the structure of learning more closely withthe structure of perception.
Currently, just about every discussion I have seen on this list surrounds thefirst three or four of the list above. Indeed throughout our educational
system the last three (experimentation, creation and implementation) arecompletely neglected! Why? Tradition? Economics? I am not sure.
... and yet when I see such diverse entities as student web pages, robot sumo,
matchstick bridges, student-run enterprises, online journals, and so muchmore, it seems transparently clear that students do indeed engage inexperimentation, creation and implementation.
Looking at the courseware and student discussions is not enough. We needto look at what students are actually doing, rather than what we think theymight be doing, if we are to appropriately categorize their learning activities.
It may be that teachers and course designers think it is their responsibility is
to TEACH, and that TEACHING is the essence of educational activity. I
personally think that LEARNING is the important educational activity andthat there is a huge difference between a LEARNING environment and a
TEACHING environment. Learning is a "pull" activity while teaching is a"push" activity....
No. I don't like that dichotomy. It sets up a polarization where there is none.
It encourages a dualism where there is a pluralism.
Learning is a process of engagement.
It consists essentially in interactions between- student and other students- student and instructor- student and learning domain
to name a few dimensions.
Learning is mediated via various modes of engagement. Some modes ofengagement, such as web pages, discussions, or this list server, are computer
mediated. Others occur in a face-to-face environment. Others consist inhands-on-clay, a physical interaction with the domain of enquiry.
No process of interaction is entirely 'push' or entirely 'pull'. Elements of bothare always present; the nature of engagement is that there is an interplay
occurring.
Engagement is a transient process - interaction ebbs and flows, at times
intense, at times slow and meditative, at times absent. The need forinteraction, and the nature of the interaction - push, pull, online, hands-on varies through time and space, and with the state of the learner and theenvironment.
To suppose that one picture of learning works for all people at all times andin all places is folly!
I won't - yet - enter into the 'learning styles' debate which is raging on
DEOS, except to observe, that even in my own life, I want one learning stylein the morning and another in the afternoon. I am prepared to engage thematerial in a slow, measured pace on a Monday, at a more frantic andinteractive pace on a Tuesday, and in a quiet, receptive way on a Sunday.
Examining a course won't tell us whether 'higher-level' learning is taking
place. Learning - even online learning - occurs as much outside the learning
domain as within the course or instructional context. To say that students are
not experimenting, creating or implementing, we should have to examine all
aspects of their lives.
...When the web started I expected to see amazing and brilliant learning
environments in all sorts of disciplines. I was convinced that the web is theeducational revolution we've been needing for some time. But no. Instead wethe same old crap. Students passively sitting in front of computers watching
Java applets show them something or reading web page after web page, or
sitting on chat sites or bulletin boards communicating with three words
sentences.
But - you didn't expect internet architecture to supply the components oflearning you feel are missing, did you?
That's like expecting ATM technology to replace the missing dollars in mybank account, or like expecting my electronic organ to fill in for my tonedeaf ear.
Good - even great - online teaching will not be - will never be - built because you do not build interaction. You enter into it, like a warm bath(shades of McLuhan), like a familiar suit, like a comfortable home.
The online materials are only the tools and components of online instruction.
They are hammers and screwdrivers and saws and doorframes and kitchen
cupboards and furnaces and wall-to-wall carpeting. They do not - cannot constitute a home.
The pausing, the pacing, the pushing, the pulling, the selection, maybe, of
this movie, that online resource, such-and-such a project -- all these occur ina dynamic fashion in the classroom, and indeed even to a large degree inonline learning.
Great teaching adapts and flows.
The more personalized, the more context-sensitive such adaptations become,the more full the educational experience becomes, the more like a home, theless like a pile of tools.

Resources and References

Some Learning Theory Background
Outline of learning styles, practises and principles. From Teaching &Learning with Internet Tools, A Position Paper, by Daniel Schneider.
presented at the Workshop on "Teaching & Learning with the Web" at theFirst International Conference on the World-Wide Web, 1994
http://tecfa.unige.ch/edu-comp/edu-ws94/contrib/schneider/learn.fm.html
International Centre for Distance Learning
The International Centre for Distance Learning (ICDL) is an international
centre for research, teaching, consultancy, information and publishingactivities based in the Institute of Educational Technology. ICDL distanceand online course directory contains information on over 31,000 distancelearning programmes and courses mostly in the Commonwealth countries,
over 1,000 institutions teaching at a distance worldwide, and over 11,000
abstracts of books, journal articles, research reports, conference papers,
dissertations and other types of literature relating to all aspects of the theory
and practice of distance education.
http://www-icdl.open.ac.uk/
Teaching and Learning Online
The University of Newcastle's resource for online learning and online
teaching.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/department/so/learning.htm
Composition in Cyberspace
This page focuses on the use of MOOs (primarily Diversity University
MOO) and Internet discussion lists in English Composition teaching.
http://www.du.org/places/du/cybercomp.html
TheNode.org

theNode.Org is the newest incarnation of the Node website. theNode.org
will be an international community of instructors, trainers, designers andadministrators with a professional interest in teaching with technology.
Services will support users in developing and sustaining effective educationand training practices and in exploring new ways to use technologies tosupport their learning objectives. Individual memberships are $200, while
institutional memberships are a lot more. Who knows? It might work.
http://thenode.org/
Creating an online teaching space
This paper reflects on the development of an online web-based teaching (oronline learning) site and reports on the stages of development from early
beginnings on a local area network to a suggested model online teaching
space. Graeme Hart The University of Melbourne. Australian Journal of
Educational Technology 1996, 12(2), 79-93.
http://cleo.murdoch.edu.au/gen/aset/ajet/ajet12/su96p79.html
Course server software for online teaching
List of instructional management systems - IMS - with short reviews. Usefulcompilation.
http://cleo.murdoch.edu.au/teach/guide/res/examples/course-servers.html
Course Server Softwares for Online Teaching
Nice list of two dozen IMS systems for online learning course delivery, withlinks. By Rafael H. Scapin.
http://www.if.sc.usp.br/~rafael/wbt.htm
Teaching at an Internet Distance Seminar
This important research report provides an excellent overview of online
learning and some cogent observations about its potential and limitations.
Still headily conservative, the authors tend to target online learning towardniche markets. But the research is thorough, the writing clear and thethinking first rate. University of Illinois, 1999.
http://www.vpaa.uillinois.edu/tid/report/toc.html
People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones
A response to Teaching at an Internet Distance: The Report of a 1998-1999
University of Illinois Faculty Seminar. Rory McGreal's defense of online
learning. January 22, 1999.
http://teleeducation.nb.ca/articles/ftf/index.html
Role Play Simulation for Teaching and Learning
Fairly basic - and appealing for graphics - this site illustrates the use ofsimulation in grade school environments.
http://www.roleplaysim.org/demos/
Methodological Issues in the Content Analysis of Computer Conference
Transcripts
The paper is designed to assist researchers in using content analysis tofurther the understanding of teaching and learning using computer
conferencing. By Liam Rourke, Terry Anderson, D. R. Garrison and Walter
Archer, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 2001, 12
http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/ijaied/abstracts/Vol_12/rourke.html
Will You Still Be Teaching In The Twenty First Century?
Quite good article looking at the impact of computers in education. With
Noble and Margolis, the author sees the trend toward computerizing learning
as an attempt to commodify learning. He argues that this is an inappropriate
use of technology, and that computers should be used instead to facilitate
cooperative learning. By Theodore Panitz, Cape Cod Community College
http://www.capecod.net/~tpanitz/tedspage/tedsarticles/teaching.htm
Wireless: Changing teaching and learning Everywhere Everytime
Description of the introduction of wireless networks to schools and colleges.
By Carl Berger, Educause: New Horizons, Jan/Feb 2001
http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0116.pdf
Seven Principles of Effective Teaching: A Practical Lens for Evaluating
Online Courses
Chickering and Gamson's renowned "Seven Principles for Good Practice inUndergraduate Education" have long served educators. Now a team ofscholars from Indiana University's Center for Research on Learning andTechnology has adapted the seven principles to online teaching and learning.
By Charles Graham, Kursat Cagiltay, Byung-Ro Lim, Joni Craner andThomas M. Duffy, Technology Source, march/April, 2001
http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/default.asp?show=article&id=839
Teaching
A summary of my teaching experience.
../../me/teaching.htm
Teaching and Learning as Multimedia Authoring: The Classroom 2000
Project
Don't let the title fool you: the is a broader paper than is implied. Interestingand very comprehensive report about a trial using ubiquitous computing in aclassroom, including electronic boards, laptops, wireless communication,and more... by Gregory D. Abowd, et.al., September, 1996. Yeah, 1996.
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fce/c2000/pubs/mm96/index.html
The New York Times Launches College Times Web Site at NYTimes.com/college
By organizing the news into over 200 academic disciplines, the site allows college students andfaculty to more easily locate information related to their specific fields of study and integrate
New York Times content into their daily academic lives. The Faculty section includes Teachingwith The Times, a set of free curriculum guides that offer innovative ideas about how to augment
course content with The New York Times and suggest direction for lectures, discussions,research essays and tests in various subject areas. April 4, 2001.
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/04/college/TOUR.html?ex=1064635200&en=1a3eee937c370f
8f&ei=5034
May the Course Be With You
Good article which raises the issue of the ownership of online lectures.
Gives an example of a Harvard professor who sold his lectures to anotherschool and then was accused of teaching for another institution without
permission. By John Palatella, Lingua Franca, March, 2001.
http://www.linguafranca.com/print/0103/feature_strikes.html
Guide to the Animal Kingdom for Students and Educators
Comprehensive set of online resources designed to assist in the teaching of
biology. Free.
http://www.biosis.org/free_resources/classifn/classifn.html
The Hawaii Online Generational Community-Classroom
Results indicatethat students go through 3 phases during the semester: (1)Becoming information literate; (2) Becoming self-directed autonomous
learners; (3) Exercising leadership and inventiveness. Within each of thesephases, evidence reveals student behaviors in three behavioral areas:
affective (e.g., improving self-confidence), cognitive (e.g., acquiring content
and vocabulary), and sensorimotor (e.g., acting as a generational
participant). By Leon James, conference on Teaching in the Community
College(Electronic) Journal (TCC-J), Trends and Issues in Online
Instruction, Spring 1997.
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy/instructor/kcc/kcc97.html
Building a Learning Community Online in a Second Year Computer Science
This case study illustrates that in order to exploit more fully the potential of
online technologies in educating learners for meaningful and effective
participation in the emerging knowledge economy, the university
community which includes both teachers and students needs to make majorinnovations in its teaching and learning approaches respectively. The focus
needs to shift from content delivery to the process of learning the content. Itmeans building a learning community online and this is implemented byadopting the collaborative learning model as the underpinning educationalframework for the online environment. By Mary O'Sullivan and David
Miron, ultiBASE, July 14, 1999.
http://ultibase.rmit.edu.au/Articles/online/sullivan1.htm
Establishing a Community of Learners
This background paper gives arguments and support for the idea that one of
the best ways forward to accomplish IT's effective use is by the creation of acommunity of learners. This community of learners may overcome problemsof teacher professional development and the technophobia felt by someteaching staff and principals. By Des Wilsmore, IFETS, April, 2001.
http://ifets.ieee.org/discussions/discuss_april2001.html
Cycle of Improved Practice
The Cycle of Improved Practice is a database of more than 130 selected
Canadian resources for post-secondary educators interested in using
technology to improve teaching and learning (this description from the Node
http://www.node.on.ca, who featured it in today's Networking email).
http://www.c2t2.ca/cycle/
School Testing Bandwagon Spawns Web Coaching Sites
OK, school testing may be a bandwagon, but web coaching is not. Thesesites prepare students for standardized tests. They are the first edge of thewedge that will redefine learning - after all, if the student is actually learningfrom the coaching service, why should they be wasting their time in aschool? And for that matter (it will be argued) why should the school get all
the taxpayer support went he coaching service is doing the actual teaching?
Like I said, thin edge of the wedge. By Bonnie Rothman Morris, New YorkTimes, May 24, 2001
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/24/technology/24TEST.html
The Spirit of Invention: Edging Our Way to 21st Century TeachingThis article lists four 'edge happenings,' that is, developments on the edge ofthe field that will have a ripple effect throughout. The first two - laptops andubiquitous computing, and wireless and mobile computing and Networking aren't very new and aren't very controversial; they will wash over education
very shortly. The next - e-books and digital textbooks - is the subject ofmuch controversy, as people will resist renting textbooks and buying special
readers. And the last - moving to human-centric computing - is here now. By
Judith Boettcher, Syllabus Magazine, June, 2001.
http://www.syllabus.com/syllabusmagazine/article.asp?ID=3687
XanEdu to Supply Content for Microsoft's New Office XP

XanEdu, which has a huge library of subscription based educational content(see my article in Technology Source, July, 2001), has announced that it will
be a content provider for Microsoft's Smart Tag system... what this means isthat people will be able to access, for a fee, journal articles, teaching
multimedia, and more, directly from their operating system (when the link
expires, and it will, search XanEdu's news archives at
http://www.xanedu.com/news_archive/smarttags.shtml )http://www.xanedu.com/news.shtml
XanEdu to Supply Content for Microsoft's New Office XP
XanEdu, which has a huge library of subscription based educational content(see my article in Technology Source, July, 2001), has announced that it will
be a content provider for Microsoft's Smart Tag system... what this means isthat people will be able to access, for a fee, journal articles, teaching
multimedia, and more, directly from their operating system (when the link
expires, and it will, search Xanedu's news archives at
http://www.xanedu.com/news_archive/smarttags.shtml )http://www.xanedu.com/news.shtml
Copyright - Wrong!
The doctrine of fair use is under attack through new legislation and lawsuits.
The author argues that this could undermine teaching and learning. Imagine
this: Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters told American Libraries that
"pay-per-view is not bad. It may be a better policy for libraries that don't
have many researchers using their resources. Subscriptions can be real
costly, but pay-per-view can make them affordable." By John Palatella,
University Business, June, 2001.
http://www.universitybusiness.com/0106/feature.html
Media Literacy Teachers' Toolkit
Searchable database presents Teaching Units, Lesson Plans, Activities,
Handouts and other tools from teachers and experts around the world.
MediaChannel, June 20, 2001.
http://www.mediachannel.org/classroom/toolkit/
Preventing Academic Dishonesty
In the light of recent discussions of cheating in online courses, this guide,
although focused toward classroom learning, provides a handy set ofprinciples to prevent cheating in the first place. From Tools for Teaching,
Davis, B.G., Jossey-Bass; San Francisco, 1993.
http://uga.berkeley.edu/sled/bgd/prevent.html
Ten Great Activities: Teaching With the Newspaper
Ten terrific classroom activities that use the newspaper to teach all sorts ofvaluable skills -- including reading and writing for meaning, map reading,media literacy, sequencing, word meaning, and math.
http://www.education-world.com/a_lesson/lesson139.shtml
Five Times Five: Five Activities for Teaching Geography's Five Themes
If you are looking for activities to teach the five themes of geography, we've
got them for you -- 25 of them, in fact! You'll find activities for students atevery level! SITE REVIEW:
http://www.education-world.com/a_lesson/lesson071.shtml
Why Can't Johnny Respect Copyrights?
Teaching respect for copyright and intellectual property is part of a proposedmandatory curriculum in the U.K. But this particular bit of a child's moral
education sidesteps the fact that the morality of current intellectual property
legislation is highly contested. "Young people, and other people, believe in a
version of the copyright law that is different from the one now on the books.
Many of them believe, for example, that if you buy a CD, you buy the rightto share it." By Alan Docherty, Salon, July 16, 2001.
http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2001/07/16/abc_ip/index.html
State panel rejects teaching Creation; Science standards endorse evolution- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20010712evolution0712p4.asp
Professors use the Web
to publish portfolios of teaching techniques
http://www.chronicle.com/free/2001/07/2001071902t.htm
Lexical Approach to Second Language Teaching
The ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics has published a new
ERIC Digest regarding the lexical approach to second language teaching.
This Digest provides an overview of the methodological foundations
underlying the lexical approach and the pedagogical implications suggestedby them. By Olga Moudraia, June, 2001.
http://www.cal.org/ericcll/digest/0102lexical.html
Validating Scholarship in University TeachingThis detailed report (115 pages, PDF) looks at the possibility of establishinga peer review system for ICT based teaching and learning resources orlearning objects. It suggests that such a scheme would be a good idea andprovides a comprehensive framework for setting one up. Excellent reading.
By Peter Taylor and Angela Richardson, Griffith Institute for Higher
Education, April, 2001.

http://www.detya.gov.au/highered/eippubs/eip01_3/01_3.pdf
An Instructor's Guide to Live E-Learning
It's amazing how closely live e-learning resembles live in-class learning, atleast to judge by this guide for live e-learning leaders. At least, thesecommon sense rules have always guided my own in-class teaching. Thatsaid, online instructors will find this to be a handy, if brief, checklist of
useful tips. By Chrstine L. Duckworth, Learning Circuits, July, 2001.
http://www.learningcircuits.org/2001/jul2001/duckworth.html
Freedom Forumannounces journalism-teaching awards
http://www.chronicle.com/daily/2001/07/2001072706n.htm
LESS WHINING, MORE TEACHING
A devoted part-timer recommends that adjuncts adopt a new attitude.
"Adjunct lecturers will not succeed if they perpetually think of themselves as
victims of the academy, or the market, or capitalism, or university corporate
interests, or whatever," says Jill Carroll. You can submit questions now for a
http://www.chronicle.com/free/v47/i47/47a01201.htm
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa may be having a greater effect onteaching than any other profession-- and could even wipe out the profession within 10 years. According to a
recent global conference on education, up to 40 percent of secondary school
teachers in Botswana are infected. Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland,
Malawi, and Zambia also have high rates of infection.
http://allafrica.com/stories/200107270096.html
Creative Strategies for Teaching Language Arts to Gifted Students,
http://ericec.org/digests/e612.html
How to Teach Online
Another one of those handy guides for people about to enter the world ofteaching online. Reasonably good, but takes an 'online as just anotherclassroom' approach. ByJudith M. Smith, E-Learning Magazine, August 1,
2001.
http://www.elearningmag.com/August01/teachonline.asp
Web Accessibility
Presentation notes from a web accessibility session at the Conference on
Distance Teaching and Learning at University of Wisconsin-Madison. Good

overview, many links: an excellent starting point for people looking ataccessibility issues. By Alice Anderson and Christopher Blair Bundy,
August 9, 2001.
http://wiscinfo.doit.wisc.edu/ltde/access/2001conference/
Online Resource Page: Using Technology to Enhance the Teaching and
Learning ProcessThis item leaves me with more questions than answers. At first glance, it's astraightforward description of the University of Pheonix's online course
design. But then notice the tight partnerships with publishers and eBook
readers. And then notice the references to Csource, via the use of little logos,
as "an exciting new product and the new standard for delivery of student andfaculty materials." The logo is almost impossible to read, there are no links,
and an exhaustive web search turned up nothing. So... what gives? By Jane
McAuliffe and Education Marla La Rue, International Forum of Educational
Technology & Society, 23 August, 2001.
http://ifets.ieee.org/discussions/discuss_august2001.html
A Web-Based 'Book' for Introductory Psychology
Article describing the development and some uses for electronic textbooks(now often dubbed eBooks). This article is being used to provide support for
the effectiveness of the University of Phoenix's new eBook program. The
most interesting thing in the article is the the embedding of applications such as study questions - in the text of the textbook. The article generally
supports eBooks, but the author candidly admits to a bias, having invested
much of his time and effort developing these eBooks. By Gabriel P.
Frommer, Teaching and Learning with Technology, 1998.
http://www.ihets.org/learntech/distance_ed/fdpapers/1998/54.html
E-books and Their Future in Academic Libraries
Good analysis by the University of California's Ebook Task Force. Raises
some technological issues but focuses on rights management, quoting one
respondent who said, "Print has many rights and powers that e-books don't.
We like e-books but we must not allow ourselves to be locked into
technology or legal/social paradigms that impair our ability to support open
research, teaching, and public discourse of our community. We will favor
vendors who support open process of scholarship and long-term preservation
so we will not rush into e-books." Vy Lucia Snowhill, D-Lib Magazine,
July/August, 2001.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july01/snowhill/07snowhill.html
Impact of the Internet on Learning & Teaching
Originally launched in 1995, this site is an excellent overview of goodpractices in online learning and provides a nice checklist of skills andtechniques for anyone involved in online learning. Featured in this week's
Scout Report. By Hossein Arsham .
http://UBMAIL.ubalt.edu/~harsham/interactive.htm
American Memory Newsletter
The Library of Congress American Memory Collection has just launched aquarterly newsletter for K-12 educators. The newsletter includes teachingideas, feature articles and tips on how to use the American Memory
collection of online resources.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/educators/newsletter/index.html

Chapter 2 ~ Interactivity
Interactivity and Best Practices in Web Based Training
We need to be careful when tempted to convert an ordinary word such as"interactivity" into a technical term.
Posted to WWWDEV on 28 Jan 1998
Jennifer Hoffman asks, I am finding that everyone has a different definitionof "Interactivity". Some consider an HTML page with click-throughsinteractive, while others feel interaction with people or some kind of
artificial intelligence is required before something is considered to beinteractive. My question is: What is YOUR definition of interactive in
relation to CBT or WBT?
I think that we need to be careful when tempted to convert an ordinary wordsuch as "interactivity" into a technical term. This happens a lot in academic
circles, and tends to produce a discussion which generates much heat but
little light.
"Interactivity" is, in common usage, the capacity of a system to enableinteraction between two or more entities. I deliberately use vague terms suchas "system" and "entity", because ordinary usage is not more precise.
It is because our common understanding of the term is so vague that it isused by those promoting various products to state that their product is"interactive". Approaching such a dialogue, we should ask "How is suchand-such a product interactive" instead of asking "What definition of'interactive' are they using" (following this approach would in generalproduce much light, and much less heat, than today persists in academic

circles).
When we ask, "How is such-and-such a product interactive", we are asking
for specification of two major elements, with a focus on the second:
1. To what sort of system are we referring? and2. What (and how many) entities interact by means of such a system?
Any system which is based in a computer is a computer-based system (atruism about which I will *not* boast to my grandchildren). That said,
computers are by no means the only sort of system which may generateinteraction. "Interactive television" is a system whereby the interaction is
generated via video and audio signals. "Interactive Media" is a system
whereby the system is one which falls under the classification of "Media"(another usefully vague term).
In this discussion, we are taking almost exclusively about computer-based
systems. Thus, we are taking about computer-based interactivity. All forms
of interactivity in which the mediating agent is (or is based in) a computer
would fall under this rubric.
Where the debate turns is on the question of what sort of interaction is being
mediated. The sort of interaction is dependent on the nature of the entities
which interact. Obvious candidates surface:
human-to-human computer-based interactivity
human-to-computer computer-based interactivity
computer-to-computer-based interactivity
Examples of each sort abound:
Human-to-human computer-based interactivity:- normal email, mailing lists such as this, discussion lists, news
groups, ICQ and other paging programs, web- and other internet
based chat forums
Human-to-computer computer-based interactivity- email auto-repliers, Javascript quizzes, auto-marked tests, web sites,
video games
Computer-to-computer computer-based interactivity

- web spiders and crawlers, DNS servers, Time servers
If further distinction between types of interactivity are needed, we
can further subdivide among other sets of classification:
1. Time: asynchronous vs synchronous interactivity, and2. Number: one-to-many, one-to-one, many-to-many
3. Location: proximate, distantI am also looking for information on best practices using thefollowing tools in WBT. When is the best time to use them? Do yourstudents need training? etc..
In general, the approach I prefer to follow is to identify different
types of interactivity required, and then select one tool for each typeof interactivity. In an on-line learning environment, it is likely thatmany sorts of interactivity would be required, just as is the case in a
regular classroom.
Consider the sorts of interactivity which occur in a classroom:
One-to-many human-to-human human-based interactivity- teacher lectures, student presentations
One-to-one human-to-human human-based interactivity- personal help, interviews
Many-to-many human-to-human human-based interactivity- class discussions, the general melee which precedes and follows
classes (hey, this is a valuable part of the learning experience: someof my deepest lessons were learned in the general chatter before andafter class)
One-to-one human-to-human sport-based interactivity- (by 'sport' I will include games) - tennis matches, chess matches(again, for me, a very formative learning activity)
One-to-many video-to-human movie-based interactivity

- videos, movies, etc, in which the student is expected to respond orreact in some way (to be contrasted to recreational television, in
which no response is required)
And so on... you get the idea.
To determine which tools are best used in which context, it is usefulto enumerate the forms of interactivity which would be employed ina traditional classroom setting in which a given subject is taught.
Then, considering the limitations of the traditional classroom and thepotential of current technologies, examine ways in which traditional
forms of interactivity could enhance existing forms of interactivity
toward the promotion of learning objectives.
* Emailis one-to-one human-to-human computer-based interactivity,
asynchronous (except mailing lists, which are one-to-many, or evenmany-to-many)* Bulletin Boards
are many-to-many human-to-human computer-based interactivity,
asynchronous* Chat Rooms
are many-to-many (though, on occasion, one-to-one or even one-tomany) human-to-human computer-based interactivity, synchronous* Web Pages
are one-to-many human-to-computer computer-based interactivity* Graphics
are one-to-many human-to-computer (though, of course, graphics
may be presented in many other media) computer-based interactivity
Regarding the best use of any of these practice: my recommendationis that the type of interaction, rather than the technology supportingit, be considered. We have experience with all of these types in othermedia. So we have an experiential basis from which to draw.
Consider, for example, chat rooms.
Chat rooms are, as I said, many-to-many human-to-human computerbased interactivity, synchronous. Looking at the different aspects ofchat rooms, therefore, we get:- many-to-many- human-to-human- computer-based- synchronous
Each aspect of this form of interactivity poses its own set ofopportunities and limitations. A logical procedure would be toenumerate the opportunities and limitations, and then examine themas a group to identify conflicts or synergies. For example:
Many-to-Many- provides various points of view
- no single dominating force- can be used to identify trends
etc.
Human-to-human- reactions may be unpredictable- reactions based on human experience- participants have the capacity to learn through interaction (Contrast
this to (almost all) computers, which do not learn throughinteraction)
etc
Computer-based- may be conducted in either proximate or distance mode, or both atonce- permits multi-tasking (i.e., allows threading of other forms ofinteractivity - an example of this is chat touring)- physical contact is not possible (can be either an advantage ofdisadvantage, depending on your purpose)

- may mask identities
Synchronous- disallows multi-tasking (i.e., because it occurs in real time, only one
discrete event can occur at any given time)- requires coordination
Having obtained these properties, then match these with forms ofinteractivity desired by educational outcome (as discussed above,
obtained by examining traditional classroom interactions). We wouldfind through such an examination information like:

chat rooms are good for free-wheeling class discussions

chat rooms are not good for lectureschat rooms can be used with other media

chat rooms should not be used for exams (I guess that one isa bit obvious) etc.

> Thanks in advance for your feedback.....
You now have a dissertation topic and structure. I expect credit.
*grin*

Interactivity: Another Tack On It
It is useful to quantify degrees of interactivity, because such a measurement
will relate also to the effectiveness of the medium as a learning tool and will
relate to the length of time a viewer will spend with the resource.
Posted to WWWDEV 26 October 98
Rory McGreal defines an element of interactivity not envisioned in myearlier post, that of degree of interactivity. He defines in terms of the degree
to which a user can influence the behaviour of the container, and defines
three levels, low, medium, and high.
It is useful to quantify degrees of interactivity, because such a measurement
will relate also to the effectiveness of the medium as a learning tool and will
relate to the length of time a viewer will spend with the resource. Highinteractivity learning materials are generally more effective learningmaterials, and viewers spend more time with them.
That said, I'm not sure that the measure of "degree to which a user can
influence the behaviour of the container" is an effective measure ofinteractivity. Such is an outcomes-based definition, and therefore does nottake into account the process of interaction between viewer and container.
For example, compare a multiple-choice form and a short-paragraph form.
Arguably, the latter is more interactive, since it requires more work on thepart of the viewer, however, the two may be seen as equally interactive, if
what follows is only an evaluation of the submitted response.
Moreover, such a definition is applicable only in cases of human-machineinteraction. In cases of human-human interaction, much interaction canoccur with very little change in the behaviour of either participant. Peacetalks are often like that.
I think that a better measure of interactivity would be to construe it as a ratioof the amount of information exchanged between the participants by eachparticipant. The closer the ratio is to 1:1, the higher the interactivity. The
further the ratio is from 1:1, the lower the interactivity.
For example, consider a typical page turner. Assume an average of 5K per
page. The act of clicking on a link will send (maybe) 512 bytes. Thus wehave a 10:1 ratio (web server : viewer), which is fairly low.
Now consider a conversation between two people on a chat server. Each istyping fairly constantly, sending a lot of information. Over the course of anhour, one person sends 10K of text, while the other sends 8K of text. Thisration of 10:8 is much closer to 1:1, and therefore, much more interactive
than the page turner.
(Strictly speaking, such a measure of interaction should be a measure of the*information* sent each way, as opposed to a measure of the raw number ofbytes. I am using byte figures to make the calculations more transparent.)Rory's email is cited below. My comments end here.
From: Rory McGreal <rory@TELEEDUCATION.NB.CA Subject:Interactivity: Another tack on it
In describing educational materials, Educause's IMS (Instructional
Management System) measures interactivity thus: Interactivity Level The
level of interaction between the user and the container. Interactivity is thedegree to which the user can influence the course of action or the behavior

of that materials. http://sdctsunsrv1.ncsl.nist.gov/~boland/IMS/metadata.html The three levels are high,medium, and low. For our TeleCampus Online Course Database, which
deals exclusively with online courses, we have refined this definition to theone below: Interactivity Level The default is low for courses that are basedon a book or on a Web site that is like a document with some hyperlinks. A
medium level course would include interactive multimedia and/or computer
conferencing. A high level course would have a great deal of interactivity innearly every lesson and/or make major use of computer conferencing,listservs or chat. For example: A correspondence course that you can dofully online by email would be classed as low as would a CBT page turner. I
do not believe that we will find a definition that will be satisfactory toeveryone. This can be an emotional issue. We welcome constructive
comments on this measure and suggestions on how it could be improved. Is
it useful? What would be more useful? RoryInteractivity: Another Tack On It (2)A measure of the quality of learning materials would include, first, thequality of the information transmitted, and second, the degree of interactivity
afforded by the means of transmission.
Posted to WWWDEV 26 October 98
Andrew Doherty writes, I totally agree with your comment that "It is useful
to quantify degrees of interactivity, because such a measurement will relatealso to the effectiveness of the medium as a learning tool". But I don't think
it is as simple as equating the degree of interactivity to learning outcome(i.e. high interactivity = more effective learning material).
And I did not and would never claim any such thing. At best, all I could say
is that, all other things being equal, more interactivity tends to lead to more
effective learning material. Interactivity is only *one* factor in any measureof the effectiveness of a learning activity.
Surely you have read a book (low form of interactivity) and learned quite alot from it? This, of course, depends on the quality of the book. Similarly, the*quality* of the interaction between web users must be considered. You
primarily ignore this in the first part of your email and measure interactivity
in terms of bytes of data transferred.
I ignore this in the first part of my email because I wanted to present theconcept in quanta which were easily grasped and understood by my readers.
As you recognize below, I recognize that the quanta I was using were notappropriate to the task, and a more precise set of quanta needs to be defined.
But then in your last comment you recognise the need to measure not bytes
but the *information* (and quality of information) transferred between
users: (Strictly speaking, such a measure of interaction should be a measureof the *information* sent each way, as opposed to a measure of the raw
number of bytes. I am using byte figures to make the calculations moretransparent.) But how do we measure the quality of information transferred
between users? I don't think you can if you are talking about measure theinteraction between a group of students engaged in a "chat".
If we state that the quantity of information cannot be in any way measured,then we cannot distinguish in any way between high levels and low levels ofinteractivity. However, since (prima facie at least) we can make such anevaluation, then there must be at some level some means of quantifying
information.
This is no place for a treatise on quantifying information (if you want such atreatise, Fred Dretske's "Knowledge and the Flow of Information" is a goodplace to start).
But, basically, a transfer of data counts as information is it reduces thenumber of possible states of affairs from the receiver's point of view. The
quantity of the information transferred is a function of the degree to which
the number of possible states of affairs is reduced.
For example, suppose you knew that Susan was wearing a dress, and that she
has in her closet a red dress, a blue dress, and a green dress. The number ofpossible states of affairs (relative to you, relative to Susan's choice ofdresses) is three.
If someone told you, "Susan is wearing the green dress", then the number ofpossible states of affairs has been reduced from three to one, or 33 percent of
the original.
If someone told you, "Susan is not wearing the red dress", then the numberof possible states of affairs has been reduced from three to two, or 66 percentof the original.
Both sentences contain information, but clearly, the first sentence contains
more information than the second.
Notice that the amount of information conveyed is relative to the receiver. If
I told Susan, "You are wearing a green dress", and Susan already knew she
was wearing a green dress, then I have not transferred any information, sincethe number of possible states of affairs both before and after my statement isone.
Thus also we can measure the interactivity of learning systems: though ofcourse the calculation of quantities of information is by no means as simple
as in the examples just given (which is why I used a much simpler
quantification of information).
Returning now to evaluating learning materials: the effectiveness of learningmaterials consists essentially in the amount of information such a system cansuccessfully transfer to the viewer. The qualification, "successfully", isimportant here. By "successfully" I mean something like "retained by" or"can be used by" or "internalized by" the viewer.
A simple information dump would, in ideal circumstances, result in the mosteffective learning, because a simple information dump would result in thelargest possible reduction of possible states of affairs. However, thecircumstances are never ideal. It is generally not possible for an individual tointernalize a simple information dump.
Generally, when a viewer interacts with the information being transmitted,
that viewer's capacity to internalize the information is increased. Thus, themore interaction there is, the more information may be successfullytransmitted. For example, if I simply receive a stream of information, I may
be able to retain 10K bits of information. However, if I interact with that
information, I may be able to retain 20K. The amount of information an
individual may retain varies with age, experience, and level of education.
Thus, a measure of the quality of learning materials would include, first, thequality of the information transmitted, and second, the degree of interactivity
afforded by the means of transmission.
By "quality of information", I mean the ratio between data which (in ideal
circumstances) reduces the number of possible states of affairs for theviewer, and the data which does not reduce the number of states of affairs.
Or to put the same point another way, the ratio between the data which is
new to the viewer, and the data which is not new. Or to put it another way,
the ratio between signal and noise.
A high degree of interaction is of course insufficient for quality learningmaterials if the data being transmitted is mostly noise. This is why
undirected chat sessions are poor learning tools.
A high degree of information without interaction is also generally
insufficient for quality learning materials, because the quantity ofinformation which may be internalized is too low. This is why lectures areoften poor learning tools.
Therefore you haven't provided any measure of interactivity here!
Now that's a bit harsh, don't you think?

Interactivity: Another Tack On It (3)Greater interactivity tends to increase time spent. Yes, there may be counterinstances. Yes, other variables are involved. But the main point stands.
Posted to WWWDEV 28 October 98
Because interactivity is a subject near and dear to my heart the ongoing
discussion is of interest to me. As readers of WWWDEV know, this means
email...
Dave <djaeger@GULF.NET> writes, High interactivity learning materials
are generally more effective learning materials, and viewers spend moretime with them. I can't agree with this. I have developed very simple pageturner (level 1 (lowest) interactivity) that was just as effective as anelectronic panel simulator (level 5 (highest) interactivity). Attaching acertain amount of time to a particular level is almost impossible. A level 5
simulation exercise that has a very simple fault that the user needs to isolate
could easily be completed in a matter of minutes.
I should point out that a statistical generalization, such as I have offered, is
not refuted by a single instance, such as Dave provides.
I do agree that the unlimited number of possibilities and choices a user has
with higher levels of interactivity, the potential to spend more time does
exist. However, it not just due to the level, but a combination of the level andstrategies.
Yes. This is a good point. A video game has a very high level ofinteractivity. However (at least the way I play them) the time spent can bevery short. The sort of interactivity demanded by a video game requires
quick response time and reflex actions. Other programs, which still provide
high degrees of interactivity, may require more thought and reflection on thepart of the user, which would increase the time spent by the user.
None of that alters my main point, which is: greater interactivity tends toincrease time spent. Yes, there may be counter-instances. Yes, othervariables are involved. But the main point stands.
I think that a better measure of interactivity would be to construe it as aratio of the amount of information exchanged between the participants byeach participant. The closer the ratio is to 1:1, the higher the interactivity.
The further the ratio is from 1:1, the lower the interactivity. For example,
consider a typical page turner. Assume an average of 5K per page. The actof clicking on a link will send (maybe) 512 bytes. Thus we have a 10:1 ratio(web server : viewer), which is fairly low. You forgot that the viewer had toread (take in) all 5K of data on that page. which would make the ratio 1:1.
5K of information is there to read; 5K of information was read.
No. This misconstrues the elements of the ratio I was describing. What weare measuring is the *flow* of information. The *transfer* of informationfrom one entity to another. Knowing that there is simply 5K of data on a
page tells us nothing about interactivity. Knowing that 5K was *transferred*(through the process of being read) does tell us something. The transfer of
information from book to human constitutes *one* side of our ratio. The
other side would be composed of the transformation of information fromhuman to book. This would be much lower, ranging from just a few bits
(page turns) to a few hundred bits (annotations).
Computer based training (one on one with the computer) and those of like
form, need to have the interactivity level relate to the amount of influence theuser has on the material. Now when computers become more advanced in
artificial intelligence and don't require manipulation from a user, thenanother form of interactivity grading should be pursued.
The phrase "amount of influence" is too vague to use in this context.
As Gary Powell (I think) stated yesterday, interaction in CBT occurs if thecomputer learns more about the user as a consequence of the interaction.
'Learns' in this context is a misnomer - the computer is able to supply more
concrete data to open variables related to this particular user (thus reducing
the number of possible states the user could be in, from the computer's
perspective).
But "influence" suggests further that the computer needs to act on thisinformation. Not so. While the information stored provides a potential for
action, it may be the case that the computer acts only if certain information
is provided, and not otherwise. It may receive some information it never acts
on. The same is true of humans. For example, I may believe that Fred is aliar, and so treat him cautiously. I learn the new fact that Fredmisrepresented his age on his driver's license. This new information
reinforces my concept of Fred. Thus, I still treat him cautiously. UndeniablyI received new information, and an interaction occurred between me and thesource of the information, but no observable change in behaviour resulted.
We want very definitely to separate the ideas of 'information transfer' and'modification of behaviour'. The latter is too narrow a criterion forinteractivity.

Resources and References
ServiceSoft
Designed to support synchronous customer service support functions.
Includes interactivity by email, messaging or audio, and knowledge basetools.
http://www.servicesoft.com/
Enhancing Social Interaction in Computer-Mediated Distance Education
The study affirmed that students want to consistently communicate with
their classmates and tutors, but the level of interactivity varied between
students and their instructors.
http://ifets.ieee.org/discussions/discuss_sept2000.html
Yes, Interactivity Really Is Good for Your Site
Research results on the benefits of interactivity. By Steve Outing, E&P
Online, February 14, 2001.
http://www.editorandpublisher.com/ephome/news/newshtm/stop/st021401.htm
How Interactive are YOUR Distance Courses? A Rubric for Assessing
Interaction in Distance Learning
Straightforward measurement tool for defining the amount of interactivity ina web based course. Useful. By M.D. Roblyer and Leticia Ekhaml, DLA
2000 proceedings, Callaway, Georgia, June 7-9, 2000.
http://www.westga.edu/~distance/roblyer32.html
Engaging LearningThis paper looks at how we move educational technology to an environmentthat helps retain the inherent interest of learning. The ideal is an activity that
intrinsically engages the learner, and leads them through an interactive
experience that enhances their ability to solve problems. It proposes thatengagement comes from "interactivity" and "embeddedness," two things I've
proposed over the years, and that the elements that constitute these twocomponents match with good learning design as well. By Clark N. Quinn,
undated but probably 1996 or 1997.
http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper18/paper18.html

Creating Scalable Vector Graphics with Perl
With SVG you can create extremely sophisticated images complete withpaths, layering, masks, opacity control, animation, scriptable interactivity,
and a small host of other advanced features -- all using nothing more thanyour favorite text editor or XML tools. This article discusses creating SVG
documents quickly and simply using Perl and David Megginson's
XML::Writer module.
http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2001/07/11/creatingsvg.html?page=1
Back to the Future: What's Next After Learning Objects
I hate it when sites place the item on their home page like this because itmeans that the link will be invalid in a few days. Oh well. Read it why you
can. But don't take this shallow criticism of learning object to heart. The
main knock against them is that they don't provide interactivity. Sound
familiar? But it's like saying that a sentence doesn't provide interactivity, orthat a paragraph doesn't provide interactivity. But I'm sure that with someimagination, sentences, paragraphs and learning objects could provide quite
good interactivity. By Michael Feldstein, ELearn Magazine, August, 2001.
http://www.elearnmag.org/index.cfm
Interactivity Research Studies
Survey of recent research and major approaches to the discussion ofinteractivity in online learning. Useful lists of expectations from interactivity
and competencies needed for interactivity. By Brent Muirhead, Educational
Technology & Society 4 (3), 2001.
http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_3_2001/muirhead.html

Chapter 3 ~ Online Learning
Getting Ready for Online Learning
Online learning is sweeping across the internet. Some of today's small
players will in the near future be some of the big players. But the big players
are done tooling up.
Posted to NewsTrolls October 29, 1998
Online learning is sweeping across the internet. And some of today's small
players - Ziff-Davis (www.zdu.com) springs to mind - will in the near future
be some of the big players. This will be a *huge* growth industry.

But the big players are done tooling up.
In Canada, at least, governments and institutions are already releasing major
online learning resource packages. Check out the Media Awareness network,for example - http://www.media-awareness.ca - and *especially* thelearning resources for teachers. I also saw an ad in the Globe and Mail
recently looking for a webmaster-historian to coordinate a multi-million
dollar online multimedia history of Canada site. I am aware of several
additional government initiatives in various stages of development. Because
governments in Canada are willing to develop these resources, this nation
will lead the world in online learning.
In the United States, the corporate effort is being led by Educomm andcentres around the IMS Standards and Protocols. See
http://www.imsproject.org/ They are taking a systems approach: first they
will describe the structure of integrated online learning, then various
institutions and companies will build online learning components.
The IMS Protocols are a *very* heavy read. Fortunately, the model theydescribe is almost exactly what I propose in my paper, "The Assiniboine
Model" - see http://www.assiniboinec.mb.ca/user/downes/naweb/am.htm At
some point in the near future I expect to write a precis of the IMS specs andassumptions.
America Online just this week announced a partnership with Street
Technologies to begin delivering online training. The article from the Masie
Centre:Street Technology to Deliver On-Line Learning to AOL
Customers: In another indication of the growth of thecommercial sector of On-Line Learning, Street Technologies
today announced that they have been selected by AOL to be
its primary anchor tenant for delivering online tutorial
learning to its 14 million members.
"AOL focuses on consumers, as well as the small businessmarket. Street's extensive catalog was seen as having
applicability for both segments, and as a result, can be seen in
the Computing Channel for individual consumers, and on the
WorkPlace Channel for small businesses that need day to day
support. Users can also access the tutorials using Keyword:
Computer Tutorials.", said Steve Gott, Vice President ofStreet Technologies.
Streets' Internet learning business model allows corporations

to pay only for the courseware (pay-as-you-go), hosting andadministration reporting are included free of charge. For more
information see http://www.streetinc.com or
http://www.learninguniversity.com.
In a similar vein, most of the major computer companies are entering themarket with major educational initiatives. Microsoft's is the most prominentof these: see http://www.microsoft.com/education/ Content providers, suchas Disney, are also moving into education. See
http://www.disney.com/EducationalProductions/index.html
The publishers have been the slowest to get into the market. They want tocontinue selling books, and have designed educational sites intended tosupplement their books. In my opinion, they are making a major strategic
blunder. See http://www.mhhe.com/
My main point: the corporations are *already* in the field. They have spent
the last 18 months getting ready. The marketing push has started and theyshould be a dominant force within 12 months.
Just as educational institutions today by-and-large do not produce textbooks(the exception of university presses is noted), so also institutions of the
future will discover that they are not willing to invest the staff and capital in
the equipment, software and training required to produce online learningmaterials.
It is important to keep in mind that online learning materials of the future
will be at least as complicated to produce as CD-ROMs or videos are today.
The production of an online learning material will be the result of a teamprocess. At Assiniboine, we often use the analogy of a major motion picture
when describing our various roles. This chart might prove useful:
Major Motion Picture

Online Learning Resource

Executive Producer

Department Chair or Manager

Producer

Project Coordinator

Director

Instructional Designer

Screenplay

Course Content Authors

ActorsOnline Instructors

Director of Photography

HTML Author

Editor

Editor / WordsmithAs in major motion pictures, the Executive Producer is the liasion between
the people who actually put the project together, and the people who
invested in, and ultimately own, the production.
Above we talked explicitly about 'curriculum design'. As the table aboveshows, there is no 'curriculum designer' per se. This is because in the
production there is no curriculum design per se. Insofar as there iscurriculum in an online resource, it is an *emergent* property, the result of
the interaction of the content author's work and the instructional designer'swork.
We need to keep in mind that online educational resources are *distinct*
from online courses. An online course is an assemblage of online learning
resources supplemented with discussion and personal communication.
Here perhaps a curriculum may exist, depending on the environment inwhich this learning is offered. Such a curriculum would be designed either
by the individual instructor, an institutional or divisional curriculum team, oran external agency such as a Ministry of Education. Such a curriculum
would be expressed in terms of learning objectives, which in turn would
reflect an associated skill set felt to define the course or program of studies
in question.
I think that most curricula per se will be owned by institutions, insofar as
they state institutional requirements for learning. At the university level,
where there is considerably more autonomy for individual instructors,
curricula may be owned by instructors themselves, depending on university
policy and the collective agreement.
It is important to keep in mind that curricula, as I am describing them, do not
apply to *courses* per se. Rather, they are best described as defining*competencies*. Attainment of an educational level, say, 'Senior 4', will be
granted if the student demonstrates achievement of several corecompetencies, in addition to a number of optional competencies. A
competency, in turn, is defined by a curriculum as described above.
When a student desires to attempt a competency, a sequence of learning
activities would be designed for that particular student. These learning
activities would be assembled by the instructor and presented for ratificationby the student. With the instructor's assistance, the student would thenproceed through those learning activities, demonstrating competency
through a series of tests or assignments.
For example: suppose one competency for Senior 4 is in the area of internet

communications. This is defined by a curriculum which includes (among
other things), 'sending email', 'reading email', 'forwarding email', replying toemail', and 'printing email'. Jill decides to attempt this competency. She has
already passed the 'sending email' and 'receiving email' in other courses. She
decides she wants to challenge 'printing email' ("How hard can it be?", shereasons) and to take a programmed course of studies in 'forwarding email'and 'replying to email'.
The instructor, upon receiving this request for a course of studies, assembles
a learning program:
Senior 4 Email for Jill







Challenge Test: 'Printing Email'(if the challenge is failed) - Learning Resource - "How to Print
Email" by Harcourt and Brace (usage learning fee: $1.00)
Learning Resource - "Replying to Email" - by MIT Press (usage
learning fee: $2.50)
Interactive activity: email practise (resource: Omega Conferencing
System, Pegasus Plug-In emailler, usage cost: $5.00)
Learning Resource - "Forwarding Email" - by MIT Press (usage
learning fee: $2.50)
Challenge Tests: "Forwarding Email", "Replying to Email"This of course is a very skeletal description.
This program of studies is entered into Jill's account; it appears on her
desktop as a course of studies, which she completes at her own schedule in alearning centre. The learning resources and tools are automatically available
to her, embedded, as they are, into her learning system. The publishers
involved autobill the institution when she accesses them; she (or her sponsor,
or the government) in turn is invoiced a single fee for her entire course ofstudies.
The *curriculum* as traditionally defined is Jill's course of studies, listed
immediately above. But the curriculum in such a case is very transient. It
comes into existence when Jill begins her work in Senior 4 Email and ceases
to exist when she completes her studies.
The instructor has performed a very useful and important task. But what hehas *not* produced is something which can be packaged and sold later.
Thus, the question of who 'owns' Jill's individual curriculum doesn't arise.

1998 TechLearn Annual Report on Learning & Technology

TechLearn Trends, from the Masie Centre, 1998 report of trends in the
online learning industry. Their summary, with annotations.
Posted to WWWDEV 05 November 1998
Editor's Note: the archive program butchered the indents.
However, for the most part, the bulleted comments are
Masie’s, while the non-bulleted points are mine. -SD

TechLearn Trends, from the Masie Centre, has just released its 1998 reportof trends in the online learning industry. Most of what they report isconsistent with my recent paper, "The Future of Online Learning". Thus, I
forward their summary to you, with annotations (always indented).
FROM: Elliott Masie, The MASIE Center RE: 1998 TechLearn Annual
Report on the Learning & Technology Industry
Each year we issue a "bullets of importance" summary on the key trends,
issues and technologies at the core of the learning and technology field.
These bullets will be at the core of the TechLearn '98 Conference to beconvened in 11 days in Orlando, Florida (http://www.techlearn.com) We
will issue a manuscript expanding on these bullets in December 1998.
1. Major Trends in Learning & Technology* 92% of large organizations are implementing some form of network(intranet, internet) training in 1999.
* 41% currently have placed at least one course, mainly from external
content vendors, online for employees.
(My annotations are always indented, like this.) In my opinion, this first
trend highlighted by the Masie centre is the key trend of 1998. It points on
the one hand to the privatization of education and especially training. But it
also points to the much more diverse market for education. Institutions such as my own Assiniboine Community College - will feel a push to caterto corporate clients for in house training. Failure to do so will leave a
growing market segment to private interests.
* 516 products, systems and new service offerings are now on the market for
on-line and technology mediated learning.
And only a few of them are complete course solutions. Course content is'plugged-in' to these systems; others of these products are in turn 'plugged-in'to course content.
* Collaboration (real time and asynchronous) capability is rapidly growing
as a component of learning technology and content offerings.
The need for interaction has been highlighted over and over again in essays
and list server postings.
* Organizations are focusing on two parallel tracks: technology foradministration of training and technology for content delivery and process.
These two tracks are often separate and unrelated projects.
They are separated mostly for security purposes, and also because the people
creating the courses are generally not directly related to the institution's
administrative function.
Watch for the development of an instrument - such as Firefly's 'passport' which acts as a mediating agent on behalf of users between these twoelements.
* Knowledge Management is on the radar screen of most major
corporations.
* The conversation has shifted from content delivery and management rather
than authoring, reflecting an increasing outsourcing of the authoring process.
By 'authoring' they mean the rendering of content into a computer format,
such as HTML, or Flash/Shockwave, etc (because systems which produce
these formats are called 'authoring systems').
This is consistent with my prediction that fewer and fewer instructors will be
producing their own courses. Authoring systems, such as Director, require amajor investment in time and effort to master, and most teaching faculty areunable to commit the resources needed to produce a high quality product.
This is especially the case in view of the comparative cost of hiring an
external contractor to do the work (or, in larger institutions, hiring an
authoring specialist).
* Content is the highest desire of major organizations. They are waiting forlarge collections of technology mediated and delivered learning fromsuppliers. Demand is ahead of supply in November 1998, particularly
outside of the IT zone.
Because content is the scare resource, (a) companies will begin to produce
content which can be plugged into a wide variety of course delivery systems,

and institutions will begin buying it.
Although there will be an initial market for out-of-the-box packages, similar
to those produced on CD-ROMs, corporations and institutions will preferover the long run content which can be customized.
* Workers are starting to have higher computing and on-line learning
capacity at home than they do at work.
This trend reflects the increasing availability and lower cost of computer andbandwidth capacity.
* IS groups are continuing to place serious internal blocks to mounting online learning on corporate networks, with challenges ranging frombandwidth fears to unreasonable demands for charge-backs and centralized
control.
This is a trend which I had *not* discussed in my paper, however, I canvouch for the accuracy of this statement. Everybody has their own favourite
horror stories: e.g. posted to all staff, "The help phone line has been
discontinued. If your computer is not functioning, please email computer
services for help".
Institutions which learn quickly that the online environment is a*distributed* environment, one in which a fair measure of independence andcontrol must be devolved from central administrations, will be theinstitutions which move ahead most quickly in the field.
* Business units are developing independent and often competitive expertise(to the training department) in the technology and learning arena.
Again, this is an indication of distributed design. Just as IS groups are underpressure to cede control, so also are training departments under a similarpressure.
A key question: What do trainers do when everyone manages their own
learning?
* Core training processes are now emerging as components of learning
systems and technologies: mentoring, coaching, continuous assessment,
diagnosis, needs analysis, contracting, remediation and collaboration.
Yes. A radical fragmentation of the learning function is under way, thoughoblivious to the vast majority of training staff. It is important to note thatwhile we are seeing the leading edge of this trend in the corporate arena, that

it will permeate the entire educational arena.
It would not be unreasonable, for example, to see a student select his or her
own mentor from a world-wide pool of potential mentors, and to not dependon his or her own educational institution to provide that. Additionally, thecoaching role will be filled by people in one's own community, and not by aprofessor or lecturer. Assessment and teaching will diverge into separate
functions. &c.
Educational institutions will have to see themselves playing the role of*service* agencies, providing these supports for learning, rather than as
repositories and dispensers of knowledge and wisdom.
2. Drivers in Organizational Approaches to Learning and Technology* Reduction of cycle time.
Yes. This theme will recur. Next year's meme in online learning could well
be RAD - 'Rapid Application Design'. It is not unreasonable to expect course
design to occur in the space of weeks, even days (rather than the months or
years it now takes) and for the shelf life of a course to be months, not years.
As techniques improve, course development will occur on the fly, on an asneeded basis, and shelf life will cease to be a useful concept.
* Globalization and enterprise wide delivery of consistent training content.
With local or regional customization.
* Addressing the non-instructional costs of training (travel and lodging).
* Greater modularization and just-in-time capacity for the delivery oflearning to the workforce.
See RAD, above.
* Extending the reach and time impact of instructor led sessions.
* Desire to choose from best of breed training and learning suppliers on acase specific basis.
Again, this harkens back to the idea that learning resources will bepurchased from suppliers and plugged in to course materials.
* Need for performance support capability at the point of work, shifting

learning to work environment.
In high performance customer support areas (e.g., an airline registration deskor corporate switchboard), data retrieval and learning will essentially merge
into something analogous to today's 'HELP' function in computer programs.
It will occur to someone at some point in the near future that one does notneed a computer program in order to have a HELP function; that thetechniques and technologies of HELP functions could as easily be applied toworld geography as to Microsoft Word.
The topic-specific HELP function will in turn connect to morecomprehensive learning modules, learning communities, and educational
resources as were listed above, with learning and the provision of resources
provided (and paid for) on an as needed (and as desired) basis.
* Learners are experiencing training alternatives outside the workplace.
We used to call that 'reading'. But reading is entering the age of multimedia.
* Financial officer support for alternative approaches to allocating training
investments.
* Desire to drive most training transactions to browser based processing.
Because it is platform independent. A browser can connect to learningmaterials from any number of sources. Beware, and do not build proprietarylearning systems, either at the server end, or (especially) at the client end.
3. Technologies on the Learning and Training Cutting Edge and Radar
Screen* Content Production: Template based development
Part of RAD.
* Content Production: Shifting content "authoring" to subject matter experts
This contradicts a point above, and I will stick with the point above. Subject
matter experts will produce content, yes, but the rendering of that content
will more and more be handled by authoring professionals.
* Content Production: Rapid development (hours and days vs. weeks ormonths) * Content Production: Reusable and redeployable content in object
format * Content Production: Learning "clip art" from suppliers * Content

Formats: Streaming video and audio * Content Formats: Annotated books
for learning processes * Content Formats: Learner input or control of scopeand sequence * Content Formats: Multi-language and learner tracks
The content formats listed here are all of the 'build-once, plug-in, and re-use'variety, essential for rapid development.
* Management Systems: Linkage of training management to enterprise wide
systems * Management Systems: Complete on-line training registration,marketing and administration
Yes. But watch for such functions to operate as distinct entities withmediating systems in between.
* Management Systems: Single storefront for corporate learning
And for community learning.
* Technologies for 1999: Form factors such as handheld (palm) computersand hybrid * Technologies for 1999: Increased push to browser based andpush components * Technologies for 1999: Collaboration and communities
of practice supported * Technologies for 1999: Voice and speech recognition
and input * Technologies for 1999: New fixed media formats and hybrids(e.g.. DVD)
These technologies assume increased bandwith and processing power,
reasonable assumptions.
* Business Models: Component reselling of content from training providers
Yes.
* Business Models: How to develop on-line training in a profitable fashion
Well, it's *not* going to be by spending development money on courses orcourse components which can only be used once. An institution which
spends eight months and $80,000 developing a course which can only beoffered in one format, for a limited time, will find itself out of the online
learning game.
Build course *components* first. Build courses from components.
Reduce. Reuse. Recycle.

* Business Models: Advertiser supported learningThis model is iffy.
* Business Models: Emergence of consolidators and reseller channels
Yes. Today's traditional institutions, such as colleges and universities, will
follow this model, because most of them will not have invested in thetechnology and techniques required to produce content.
* Topic Areas to Watch: Linked use of on-line learning for customers with
e-commerceYes. The Masie centre is *especially* astute to have picked up this trend (Ihaven't seen it in wide currency at all).
Let me explain this concept by means of an analogy:
As a personal project, I developed a site about the City of Brandon. As partof this site, I provided links to every website in the city. As there are morethan 500 websites, I began to agonize over how to organize these links.
Most such sites arrange their links sectorally. For example, they would place
government under one heading, education under another heading, industry
under another, and so on.
I decided to arrange the links by *topic*. Thus, for example, I put all thelinks about hockey in one area, all the links about coffee in another, and soon.
The reason I did this is that I wanted to produce topic-specific cross-sectoralinterest areas. Thus, residents of Brandon who were interested in hockey
could go to one place and find the Brandon Wheat Kings page, the Brandon
University hockey page, local arenas and community centres, a local hockey
pool site (sadly discontinued), hockey equipment dealers, a hockey-based
newsletter, and so on.
Online learning will integrate itself more deeply into such sites. It will beseen as desirable to provide learning opportunities side-by side withcommercial interests, hobbyists, fan sites, and general chatter related to agiven topic. Such a site will be of more value to advertisers, who would bethus ensured of a steady stream of interested viewers. And advertising
revenue (and advertising itself) will be an advantage for online education
providers.

* Topic Areas to Watch: Explosive growth of K-12 homework sites
This is an interesting observation.
* Topic Areas to Watch: Virtual association and communities of practicemodelsYes. I call these 'online topic-based communities'.
* Topic Areas to Watch: Social interfaces for learning * Topic Areas toWatch: "Zero-Latency" role for on-line learning and training * Topic Areas
to Watch: Performance Consulting and Knowledge Management
4. Questions on Corporate and Government Learning Managers* What should be our 3 year plan for adding learning technology to ourorganization?
The Masie centre is right is recommending that organizations look a bit
further into the future than they would otherwise. Planning for online
learning today should attempt to plan for technologies which are 3-5 years
down the road.
* How do we choose the most appropriate content for each training topic or
project?
One of the primary roles of instructors in the future will be in the area ofcontent selection. Just as instructors are faced with an array of textbooks in agiven field, so also will they be faced with an array of online learning
resources. It would be useful to have a resource selection matrix.
* With technology changing so rapidly, what is a relatively safe investment
strategy?
Don't invest in a single, massive system. Buy in exchangeable components.
* When will we have industry wide standards for learning content to protect
our investment?
Within two years.
* How can we integrate our training management systems with HRenterprise wide databases?
Don't. Plan on interfaces or user agents. Stay away from the monolithic

corporate-wide system.
For example: Assiniboine Community College recently introduced
Colleague, by DataTel, as its Management Information system. Colleague
will handle student records, registrations, and the like.
At the same time, it also developed an independent web-based online
learning platform called OLe to deliver online instruction.
It would be the height of foolishness to attempt to merge these two systems.
Colleague was not designed for (and could not attempt) course delivery,
while OLe would be a particularly bad platform for College finances.
Rather, the best plan is to have these two systems communicate with eachother. In my own mind, I envision Colleague, on accepting a student
registration in a course, sending a (coded) email to OLe containing thatstudent's registration information. OLe would receive the email and performthe appropriate set-up for that student.
Alternatively (and perhaps as well), Colleague could write the student's
registration information into the student's own user agent. The student's useragent would then present that information to OLe.
In a similar fashion, course delivery systems such as OLe will interact withremote educational content providers.
Really: plan on stand-alone systems, with mediating agents. It's the *only*
way to go.
* What can be done to allow learners to operate in a high interruption
environment?
Heh. Earphones?
* Are we going to need to provide technical support for learningtechnologies? Who provides it?
Yes. Absolutely. Especially at the beginning.
I have stated over and over - often with limited effect - that online learning*must* be supported through community learning centres. The results keep
coming in, unambiguous and unanimous: if a learning centre is provided, thesuccess and satisfaction rate is high; take away the learning centre andsuccess is reduced while frustration increases dramatically.

* When will we be able to see highly motivating, simulation based corporate
learning content?
Today. Try the learning module in Macromedia's Director.
* Show us best of breed examples of learning that we can use as rolemodels!
As decided by whom...? There's no short cut here. Institutions wanting to doonline learning are going to have to look at the models and make the harddecisions themselves.
* With the learning marketplace at high volatility, which providers will
make it, merge it or disappear? * When will be able to deliver high quality
video and audio to our desktops over our corporate networks?
Today. The emerging standard for corporate LANs is 100 megabytes/sec,
more than enough for streaming video.
* If we build it, will they come? * Who should drive and lead the push totechnology mediated learning? * What are the role, skill and attitude changes
needed for training professionals?
These "bullets of importance" are not meant to be all inclusive. We will
expand on them at TechLearn '98 and through TechLearn Trends in the
coming months. Our industry is rapidly changing and we invite you to be at
the center of the dialogue.

What Happened at California Virtual University
An analysis of the causes of its virtual demise: Colleges and Universities looking at
online learning will have to understand that they are not looking at new ways of doing
what they have always done, but rather, that they are looking at doing new things.
In mid-September of 1997 and with much fanfare, California Virtual University(CVU) opened its doors, launching a website which would feature "the online anddistance education offerings of all California accredited colleges and universities."
The following year, state governor Pete Wilson pushed for and won $16 million (allfigures in US dollars) for online learning, and of that, six million for CVU in
particular. "We'll have a global audience," said Diane Vines, vice president of
academic development for the California State University Institute who served as
CVU's chief academic officer for the design and planning phase.

By April of 1999, the dream lay in ruins. All that will remain is a listing of online
courses and programs offered by other California institutions. CVU's plans for an
virtual library and online guidance counselling service were shelved. Staff were laid
off.
What happened? The L.A. Times provides the accident report:
Last July, Wilson turned over the California Virtual University to a
nonprofit foundation, saying there was "no need" to create a new statebureaucracy. He launched it with temporary funding from private
donations, hoping it would soon be bringing in revenue from ads on its
Web site at www.california.edu.
But when Stanley A. Chodorow arrived as the virtual university's first
CEO, he found it without any financial means of support. So he asked
private colleges and the three public segments--the University ofCalifornia, Cal State and community colleges--to collectively chip in$1 million a year for three years while he built up advertising andbook-sales revenues.
The colleges and universities balked, and CVU, with no money for its operations,folded up its tent, leaving only the directory.
While on the one hand this is just another story of an unprofitable enterprise biting thedust, on the other hand it is a story of wider impact because CVU was seen in somequarters as a model for the future. The failure will affect online learning in general,and the reasons for the collapse attributed to weaknesses in the medium as a whole.
The post mortem offered by the L.A. Times is unsatisfying.
The article suggests that the reasons for the retrenchment included:

concerns that the university would widen the gap between wealthy white
students and less wealthy non-white students
flaws in studies showing that people learn as well online as in a traditionalsetting
opposition from the American Association of University Professors
Lack of financial support.

Other commentators also suggested:lack of financial support
short-sighted planning
control and predation of 'mainline' business units.

The first three 'reasons' cited in the article are implausible. None of thesecircumstances is unique to CVU. Online learning institutions around the world haveworked on issues of access, credibility and instructor support with some degree ofsuccess. Certainly the proliferation of private for-profit institutions would not be
possible were these insurmountable issues.
Even as early as last year, Ted Marchese, in the American Association for Higher
Education Bulletin, noted that "Dozens of private and regional-public colleges, forexample, now offer degree programs in the Washington, DC, area. Wisconsin recently
counted more than 100 out-of-state degree providers within its borders; there are 37 in
Milwaukee alone."
The 'financial support' argument is a bit hard to accept as well. Certainly, from somepoints of view, the level of support may seem small. Thus, for example, Gary Berg
writes in an article for Education Policy Analysis Archives, "Clearly, with a proposed$6.1 million in the coming fiscal year for the UC, CSU and community college
system, the California Virtual University is a small effort."
And Dave Balch writes to an online learning list server, WWWDEV, "We are going(38 students the first semester, over 300 two years later) but still not the 'cash cow' theadministration had hoped for."Even so, six million dollars is a lot of money. By any account, that is adequate
funding. Additionally, since CVU does not actually create online courses - it only
catalogues them - it has no design or delivery expenses. Under CVU, individual
institutions design and deliver online courses. A number of member institutions
received significant grants for online course development.
So at first blush, the financial argument does not make sense. Even the university's
failure on financial grounds does not seem to make sense. Why would Stanley A.
Chodorow, CVU's first CEO, request a million in funding from the state's educational
institutions? That seems a bit much for just a database.
Clearly, CVU was never intended to be just a database. But what it was intended to be
isn't as clear. The flag waving and hoopla surrounding each new phase of CVU
promised more and more.
Politicians and administrators said things like "We're aiming to be the Amazon.com of
the technology-mediated education in California" (Rich Halberg, CVU's spokesman.)?
Mid-1998 saw a number of glowing reports in the print media, such as A study insuccess: State's virtual 'university' graduates to a new level. On the web, CVU's
earned an inexplicable 'five star' rating at Distance Education Review.
It all seems to be a mish-mash. Some articles say that CVU would 'house' online
courses, while others make it clear that it's merely an index. A number of articles

played up CVU's 'Student Union' without noting that CVU has no students. The roleof CVU in providing technology, support, or infrastructure was unclear.
One of CVU's primary parameters was a partnership between industry and education.
This was announced with great fanfare when it was launched. Sun Microsystems,
Microsoft, Pacific Bell, KPMG Consulting, and International Thomson Publishing allcontributed. But this venture was far from altruism on the companies' part. The
companies would take over the schools' computer and telephone systems, and shareprofits from services such as computer support, pagers and Internet access."
This plan immediately ran into controversy. The selection of the companies occurred
without tender and behind closed doors. Other companies vied for a piece of the pie.
Legislators questioned the wisdom of a 10 year lock-in. Academics and other staff
criticized the plan, calling it the privatization of higher education. In April of 1998,
Microsoft and Hughes pulled out.
What is clear is that each of the players had its own agenda. The corporate sponsors
wanted to earn profits by providing services. The member institutions wanted topreserve autonomy. The government wanted good press (as Wired sardonicallyreports, "Wilson wants to be known as the 'technology governor' who brought
academia and industry together.") The frustration caused by such varied expectations
expressed itself early and often. For example, Assemblywoman Debra Bowen, aSouthern California Democrat, questioned the partnerships:`The concerns are about the financial risk that the state's taking andwho really winds up paying the freight for this -- is it primarily offcampus students? This is a deal that was negotiated without acompetitively bid contract in private, and as people have begun to takea look at it and raise concerns it's become less attractive to the private
sector partners to risk that much capital.
And California Senate and Assembly subcommittees expressed their reservations:
CSU officials came up with the plan because the Legislature has not
given the 325,000 student system the funds to provide state-of-the-art
computer network connections. Students and professors have protested
CETI (California Educational Technology Initiative), calling it theprivatization of higher education. Other firms have complained that thefour corporations would have a lock on future sales to CSU. The
lawmakers voiced similar concerns about locking CSU into exclusive
providers or one kind of technology.
A large part of the reason for this lies in the way CVU was structured. As the
University of Alberta's Director of Academic Technologies for Learning, Terry
Anderson, writes, "CVU seemed dependent on the traditional member institutions toprovide courses and grant the degrees." Because of this, it did not have theinstitutional autonomy to set its own direction or develop policy appropriate to its
medium. According to Anderson, this is part of a larger trend:This reinforces the concepts from Christensen's excellent bookInnovators dilemma: When New technologies Cause Great Firms to
Fail, in which he argues that disruptive technologies must be allowed
to incubate outside the realm of control and predation of the "mainline"
business units.
This would also explain Berg's assertion that "the present offerings of both the WGUand CVU... are not very impressive. In fact, they are little more than a hodgepodge
catalogue of previously existing courses with great differences in format and quality."
But even so, student interest has been significant. Joe Rodota, Executive Director of
the CVU Design Team, notes that
The initial Web-site launched by the CVU Design Team in midSeptember has attracted more than 100,000 visitors in just over 60
days. Hundreds of prospective students, faculty and corporate partners
have provided input by completing online surveys, and more than
1,500 people have requested regular e-mail updates on the project.
Even if badly planned and presented, it still appears that online learning is a major
draw.
No, I think that CVUs problems had nothing to do with access, pedagogy, staff
support, or even funding. CVU worked with a fundamentally flawed business planfrom the beginning. No amount of rejigging would save it.
By July of 1998, with new corporate support (Oracle) and a new site, CVU
relaunched with plans to support itself through E-Commerce. It was doomed to
failure.
E-Commerce only works if people use the site and buy things from it. With each
institution offering courses from separate sites, there is no natural nexus for students
once they have started taking courses, no reason for them to return to the site. Hencethe request for funding from the institutions, their sceptical reaction, and the downfallof the plan.
What can online learning institutions learn from this?
First: there is a great danger that online learning will suffer from the (uninformed)
promises made by administrators and government officials. Expecting quick financial
returns, expecting to be the provider of a certain course, program, or service,expecting that staff and students will flock unassisted to the new paradigm: these are
all pitfalls into which promoters of online learning sometimes fall, and ironically,sometimes the discipline's greatest proponent can also be its greatest liability.
The way to proceed in online learning is - ironically, given the nature of the internet slowly and cautiously. The introduction of new technology must be, as David Jones
says, a product of evolution. Pilot delivery and evaluation should be conducted before
the announcements and promises are made. Staff should be acclimatized and trainedin new technologies and methodologies (indeed, it is characteristic of CVU's approachthat staff were left pleading for training).
Second: corporate excursions into online learning will not be altruistic. Corporations
are expecting specific returns. When they donate equipment or resources, they are
expecting 'lock-in' - that is, a dependence on their technology. Moreover, they often
desire to own the infrastructure, billing institutions for service (and leaving
institutions to run the risk of passing those costs on to government or consumers).
Where corporations venture into the provision of learning itself, their objectives will
be based on profit, not social need.
This is not the time to debate the merits of for-profit education or corporate
universities. But administrators and educators should understand that such institutions
would change the nature of learning. Some - such as Open University's vicechancellor Sir John Daniel - even take comfort in that fact:...the core purpose of the university is to inculcate in its students anattitude of systematic scepticism. That is why true universities will
always be safe from take-over by commercial interests and why 'forprofit' universities can never be true universities. Systematic scepticism
and the academic mode of thinking make corporations and politicalbodies nervous, although individual business people and politicians
may give heroic individual support to these ideals.
But such a view should not resolve itself into complacency. What Daniel is missing is
the idea that a new model for learning will supersede the old, that traditional
universities would not be acquired by corporations, but rather, they may be replacedby corporations.
Third: joint ventures are necessary, because they reduce costs and improve usage. but
joint ventures do not work unless the institutions work together, sacrificing (apparent
short term) gain for future returns. Corporations know this, which is why they're
willing to pony up the cash. Educational institutions do not, which is why they don't
fund initiatives, protect their 'turf', and hence end up on the riskier side of online
learning enterprises.

As Daniel says,
The key lesson that you should derive from the story of the Open
University is that we need university-wide technology strategies to takefull advantage of the knowledge media. Letting individual faculty anddepartments do their own thing in the usual way will not deliver the
goods. Why? Because a laisser-faire approach is likely to increase
costs and create excessive differentiation that students will findburdensome. Universities now admit the need to increase productivity.
Technology can raise productivity, but only by reorganizing theteaching-learning process to play to our strengths.
And fourth: Colleges and Universities looking at online learning will have tounderstand that they are not looking at new ways of doing what they have always
done, but rather, that they are looking at doing new things.
For example: the mega-university. Sir John Daniel, in another speech:
There is a new approach to higher education, based on different
technology, that is now most successful answer to the crises of access,cost, quality and flexibility. It is the mega-university, a term I use to
designate a university that teaches at a distance and has at least one
hundred thousand students. There are now eleven of them, but sincenone of them is in the United States you won't know much about
them.... 2.8 million students in just eleven universities...
Or as Eugene Rubin, Associate Dean of Distance Education at University of Maryland
University College, comments:
Why would a student sign up with the CVU when they will get theirdegree from another institution? What is at issue here is that thesevirtual consortia are a sort of flawed concept and their failure does not
represent a failure of distance education nor of institutions that are
doing it well. For example, University of Maryland University College(UMUC) now has almost 200 courses on line and our distanceenrolments are climbing at an incredible rate. We now have 15
undergraduate degrees and 7 graduate degrees completely on line andhave over 12000 d.e. students.
It will not be enough to recreate typical university-style classes on the internet. For
one thing, it's too expensive. As Daniel observes,
Half the world's population is now under 20. Our traditional concept ofcampus teaching will deny higher education to nearly all theseyoungsters. Yet providing them with education and training is not justa pressing issue for the countries concerned. This is a time bomb
ticking under our collective security. Without vigorous action many ofthese young people will grow up to be unemployed, unconnected andunstable. In a global world that is a global problem.
In order to address the changing needs of education, the emphasis on the professor
will have to be shifted. Students will be expected to learn on their own, with theprofessor's guidance. This means that online materials will have to be, as they say inthe field, 'learner centered'.
Not that this is news to practitioners. Berg again:
As CPEC concluded in its 1996 report "Moving Forward," California
needs more aggressive leadership in higher education.
There appears to be widespread agreement among
educational planners working on a regional basis thatwhat California needs is leadership that moves public
colleges and universities to a completely new paradigm
that is student-centered (California Post-secondary
Education Commission, 1996, p. 15).
The California Virtual University clearly does not represent an instanceof this kind of leadership.
In the end, the structure of CVU may be likened to attaching a team of horses to eightfreight cars and a caboose. It is not surprising such an effort would fail. It's not merelythat horses are not strong enough or smart enough to pull the train. It's that such aneffort fundamentally misses the point of the new technology.
Online learning allows us not only to place texts and other materials on computer
screens, and it does not only allow teachers and students better and cheaper modes ofcommunication. It allows us to reshape learning, to do away with inefficient
broadcast modes of teaching, and enter into an age of interactive learning.
It's a hard paradigm to enter. Instructors will have to surrender their traditionalmonopoly on what is taught and when it is taught. Students will have to surrender the
comfortable cloak of dependence. Administrators will have to rethink institutional
jurisdiction and protected territories. Each must give up something - but each, if they
follow that path, may gain so much more.
Resources
California Virtual University (CVU)

http://www.california.edu/
CVU Faculty Club
http://www.california.edu/Faculty/resources.html
CVU Announcements Board
http://netser.com/cgi-vcb/topiclist.exe?C1
Distance Education Review
http://www.distance-ed-review.com/pgmreview11.htm
News and Articles (Chronologically)
California Virtual University Plans Underway
Syllabus: November 24, 1997
http://www.syllabus.com/ntr11_24_97.html
California Virtual University offer new option for corporate training
by Joseph Rodota, Jr., California Manufacturers Report Vol. 36 No. 14 November 25,
1997
http://www.camfg.com/members/pubs/nlv36n14.html
Prospective Students Test-Drive Classes at the California Virtual University
Syllabus: December 8, 1997
http://www.syllabus.com/ntr12_08_97.html
Wilson pushes cyber education in budget
Donald E. Coleman, The Fresno Bee: January 9, 1998
http://www.fresnobee.com/localnews/story/0,1225,8357,00.html
Short Take: California Virtual University gets boost from tech giants
By Courtney Macavinta, CNET News.com: January 16, 1998
http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,18197,00.html
Lawmakers Question California Education Technology Initiative
Syllabus: January 19, 1998
http://www.syllabus.com/ntr01_19_98.html
Cisco Sponsors California Virtual University
Wired News Report: February 25, 1998.
http://www.wired.com/news/news/culture/story/10536.html
Microsoft quits Calif. campus deal
Jon Healey, San Jose Mercury News: April 17, 1998

http://www.seattletimes.com/news/business/html98/micr_041798.html
Microsoft Abandons CSU Venture But plan to link up college campuses still on
drawing board
Pamela Burdman, San Francisco Chronicle: April 17, 1998
http://www.sfgate.com:80/cgi-bin/article.cgi?
file=/chronicle/archive/1998/04/17/BU104630.DTL
Not-So-Distant Competitors: How New Providers Are Remaking the PostsecondaryMarketplace
Ted Marchese, American Association for Higher Education Bulletin: May, 1998
http://www.aahe.org/bulletin/bull_1may98.htm
Public Policy on Distance Learning in Higher Education: California State andWestern Governors Association Initiatives
Gary A. Berg, Education Policy Analysis Archives Volume 6 Number 11: June 12,1998
http://olam.ed.asu.edu/epaa/v6n11.html
Solutions for *Techno-Shock* in Education
Joseph Auciello, CVU Conference Room: July 6, 1998
http://netser.com/cgi-vcb/messhow.exe?C5M128
Virtual U.: 'Surfers' site opens college doors
Sacremento Bee, Editorial, July 16, 1998
http://www.sacbee.com/news/beetoday/newsroom/edit/071698/edit02.html"Virtual University" gets boost
Courtney Macavinta, CNET News.com: July 29, 1998
http://www.news.com/News/Item/0,4,24735,00.html
A study in success: State's virtual "university' graduates to a new level
George Raine, San Francisco Examiner: July 30, 1998
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?
file=/examiner/archive/1998/07/30/BUSINESS15111.dtl
Real Education and Common Course Numbering
Alan Buckley, CVU Conference Room: August 11, 1998
http://netser.com/cgi-vcb/messhow.exe?C5M134
Stay Home and Go Back to School
Beverly Hanly, Wired News. September 28, 1998
http://www.wired.com/news/news/culture/story/15060.html
Asynchronous Learning Trends

Bob Jensen at Trinity University, web site. Last Revised on February 26, 1999
http://www.trinity.edu/~rjensen/255wp.htm
California Virtual University Has a Collision With Reality
Kenneth R. Weiss, Los Angeles Times: April 8, 1999
http://www.latimes.com/HOME/BUSINESS/CUTTING/OTHTECH/t000031667.html
The Intelligent Use of Technology
Sir John Daniel, address to TARA, Halifax, Canada: April 12, 1999
http://www.open.ac.uk/vcs-speeches/tara.htm
Re: Problems With Calif. Virtual University
Dave Balch, post to WWDEV, April 12, 1999
http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/wwwdev/logs/2469.html
Re: Problems With Calif. Virtual University
Terry Anderson. Post to WWWDEV: April 13, 1999
http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/wwwdev/logs/2474.html
Re: California Virtual University
Eugene Rubin, post to WWWDEV: April 13, 1999
http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/wwwdev/logs/2477.html
Adoption, Appropriation and Evolution
David Jones and Teresa Lynch, web site. Last revised April 14, 1999
http://cq-pan.cqu.edu.au/david-jones/Publications/Papers_and_Books/webe99/
Technology is the Answer: What is the Question?
Sir John Daniel, address to TechEd99: April 21-24, 1999 (sic)
http://www.open.ac.uk/vcs-speeches/teched99.htm
All sites viewed April 14, 1999

Link Portal
I'd like to think it's the next generation of online learning, but it might also
be a horrible failure. All I know is, you never know until you try.
Posted to WWWDEV, 3 February, 2000.
I'd like to think it's the next generation of online learning, but it might also
be a horrible failure. All I know is, you never know until you try.

I said in a post a few days ago:
What we want is a symbiosis between our online and our offline lives. What
we want is for the steady - almost uninterrupted - stream of work and play
related information available to us through emerging wireless and wearable(or even implanted) access to merge in a constructive way with our lives athome, at work and in the pub.
We need to:design a global system in which context-specific and personalized
information and learning is available on-demand no matter who theperson is and no matter where they are
but also todesign an cultural and social environment in which access andinteraction with online information and community becomes part ofand merges with traditional activities of working and playing.

This is that plan.
I would like to invite list members to contribute to my Link Portal (sorry
about the name - I have no imagination). And I know you're saying - anotherportal? Who needs it?
Fair enough.
Here's what I'm up to:Phase I: set up a system through which users may submit links and resources
such that:'Today's Links' are displayed on their own page
Links are automatically categorized according to content
Categories of links are displayed, newest firstPhase II: invite contributions to the system from a specific target group or
sector. Incorporate a mechanism for refining autocategorization and defining
new categories.
Phase III: produce an email letter from contributed links. Devise thenewsletter so that individuals may customize the content, receiving new
links only from their chosen categories.

Phase IV: expand the category descriptions to include definitions andbackground description. Rank submitted links according to freshness andfrequency of access. Enable autodeleting of expired links.
Phase V: develop a mechanism which incorporates category- specificinformation into other documents, such as essays or articles, in a variety offormats, such as embedded or popup links lists or definitions.
Phase VI: develop a mechanism whereby a network of link portals may 'poll'each other for new submissions, drawing into the system only links which fit
appropriate categories.
Phase VII: develop discussion list software which feeds into the link portal,
thus incorporating posts into the link lists. Enable users to filter displays bytype (link, discussion, article) and by source.
Phase I has been in operation for about five months now, give or take. I havealready launched Phase II in another context (the municipal sector inAlberta). And I would like to invite list members to be a part of the Phase II
launch in the field of online learning.
The Link Portal is located on my home page (and hence branded "Stephen'sWeb"), though I may give it its own identify if it flourishes. The portal itself
is a set of CGI (Perl) scripts running on the MuniMall server (home page forthe server is - from there you can see the municipal sector version of thesame tool).
OK - why do I think this is the next generation of online learning?
I have commented before that I think that the idea of a 'class' is on the way
out. Classes are too rigid in content and in pacing for effective individual
instruction. This is especially the case for people already in the workforce orfor some reason unable to take four months (or four years) in classes.
But the intuitive appeal of classes is their *timely* delivery of learningmaterials. What people like about classes is that they are paced. Students geta little bit each day, all of it relevant (in theory), all of it in context (intheory).
The pacing of learning materials is also especially important for people in
the workforce, particularly those who cannot devote entire blocks of time toonline learning. But fed a steady stream of highly relevant and useful
information, and moreover, information they can incorporate right into theirwork, they can make learning a regular part of their routine.

But where to generate such information? Who has the time and theresources? We could let Microsoft or Disney do it - and given time, they willenter into the marketplace in much this way. Or we could draw on acommunity of professionals with an interest in keeping each other informed
and up to date.
The latter mechanism is valuable not only for experienced professionals,
who remain right on top of their discipline, it is also a mechanism forstudents to be drawn into the learning stream. Students - more so thanprofessionals - are likely to use such background information as definitionsof terms, etc.
The idea here is to have people involved in the discipline add links to theportal. By that, what I mean is that they submit worthy URLs along with ashort commentary or description. The description is key - it is (as Terrycomments) the 'value add' which makes the portal worthwhile and which
aids in the categorization.
It is important to keep in mind that the contents of such a system will - overtime - not consist merely of links to web pages. It is better to think of themas URIs and not URLs, that is, links to any resource on the internet. It is
certainly my intent to XML-enable the link system (it's not there yet). See
my paper 'Resource Descriptions'Finally - a note about content:
I am not looking for links to online courses or to universities and colleges.
There are good portals for these.
I am looking for links to essays and articles, new products and resources,
theory and pedagogy - in short, the knowledge base of the community.
What community? Well - specifically, the online learning community. Thisis defined by the domains of internet client and server software, technology
and programming, internet culture, issues and ideas, education and distancelearning, the web and web design.
And yes, I will edit content as appropriate. Items contributed by spammers,
etc., will be deleted immediately. Items containing too much flowery prose
will have their adjectives and adverbs deleted. The purpose here is content,
not promotion.
To get a better idea, take a look at the links and resources already used toseed the system.

Front Page
Today's Links
List of all categories
And finally - when you're ready - Add a Link

The AFT and Academic Control
The American Federation of Teachers wants to place rules on online
learning, including rules which keep academics firmly in control of theprocess. They are not learning.
Posted to WWWDEV
9 August, 2000
Rory McGreal wrote:
The American Federation of Teachers passed a resolution that opposes
undergraduate degrees that are earned entirely online. It is available at
http://www.aft.org/convention/onlinepr.html[ Much clipping of a whole bunch of Rory's comments I agree with ]The AFT document states, in part:
Academic faculty must maintain control of shaping, approving andevaluating distance education courses. Faculty who teach distance courses
need to be adequately compensated and provided with the necessary time,training and technical support to develop and conduct classes. Faculty
should retain creative control and intellectual property rights over the use
and re-use of distance education materials.
Now I know that the AFT's purpose is to represent teachers, but many more
people need to be considered when it comes to the production of online
learning. Experience has shown - I would think - that the academic staff inquestion form only a part of a team that creates an online learning resource.
Why then should academic staff retain all the "control" and "intellectual
property rights" over such material?
The creation and design of online course materials requires specialized
training and skills - that's why institutions ask for credentials when they hire
programmers, graphic designers or distance education course designers. Inmany cases, their expertise in such areas as visual appeal, usability,
navigation and programming is superior to the academic staff member inquestion.
Moreover, as the technology becomes more complex, institutions wishing tooffer online courses must make a substantial investment in staff andmaterials. This is why (in my opinion) a lot of this development work will bedone by professional publishers, who can afford the initial investment for
quality work. On what grounds, then, do the academic staff maintain that
only they should own the intellectual property thus produced?
Do the institutions, companies and governments which actually make theinvestment not have a right to some share in the returns?
This is an issue I've belaboured before in these pages - the advent of newtechnology means in large measure that academics must surrender some
control over the nature and shape of education. They must surrender control
to the ultimate consumers of that product - students (and I'm sorry about theterminology, but curiously, academics have no corresponding phraseology).
They must surrender some control to those who pay for an educational
system. And they must surrender some control to the other professionals
who are essential to the development of quality materials.

Exploring New Directions in Online Learning
Complete notes from a full day pre-conference at NAWeb 2000; major
topics include knowledge management, learning objects and sectoral
communities
Presented to NAWeb 2000
Preconference Session
October 14, 2000
This page is a brief outline. Links to the full presentation in HTML and MS
Word format follow below.
Overview - Participants in this session will explore emerging issues, trends
and technologies that will shape online learning through the next decade.
This all day seminar will focus on three major areas of interest and how theyinteract:
Knowledge Management - Industries and corporations are in a race tobecome knowledge-based organizations. To this end they are redefining ourideas of what counts as knowledge, how it is produced, how it is stored, andhow it is distributed.
We will look at how database driven just-in-time knowledge solutions arebeing applied to all aspects of corporate process and how these forcing
corporate trainers to re-invent staff development and corporate training.
Learning Objects - Learning organizations are reshaping online learningwith a redefinition of the core elements of instructional design. Learning
objects are reusable and interoperable units of learning content. New
standards, such as IMS and SCORM, are defining how online learningmaterials are authored, distributed, and applied.
We will examine the concept of learning objects from concept to
implementation with an eye to how they will affect our own practice.
Sectoral Communities - Online communications have facilitated the rise ofindustry-wide sectoral communities that act as a pool of information andresources and serve as the context for knowledge creation and online
learning.
We will look at online communications technologies new and old, examine
lessons learning in community formation, and consider how the rise of sector
specific communities will impact learning in those areas.
HTML version
MS Word version

Content Syndication and Online Learning
Using the content syndication format - RSS (Rich Site Summary) - in an
educational environment.
Presented to NAWeb 2000, 16 October, 2000
This paper divides into two parts. In the first part it defines and describes the
RSS (Rich Site Summary) format and its emerging use as a format forcontent syndication by news and media organizations on the world wideweb. Through the use of working models and demonstrations, thedevelopment, display and distribution of content modules via RSS will be
discussed. In the second part, the theories and practice employed by news
and media organizations are applied to online learning. Using MuniMall, an
online learning community developed by the author, as an example, themethod of integrating syndicated content with online courses and learningmaterials will be described and illustrated.
HTML Version of the paper
MS Word Version of the paper

Faculty Evaluations of DL Faculty
And in many ways, the dance is distinct from the dancer... so also for online
learning instruction
Posted to DEOS-L
23 November, 2000
And yet...
"Dr. Steve Eskow" wrote:
In what other art or science or field of practice is it appropriate to"evaluate" the practitioner apart from his or her work?
Actors? Of course not. Critics evaluate their work: they do not try toevaluate Robert deNiro apart from his performances.
We evaluate the play Hamlet separately from Olivier's performance ofHamlet...
We do not "evaluate" Newton or Einstein, we evaluate their science.
We evaluate the question of whether relativity is true separately from thequestion of whether Einstein plagiarized it from his wife. We evaluate thetruth of differential calculus separately from the question of whether Newton
plagiarized it from Leibniz.
We do not "evaluate" Picasso or Gertrude Stein or T.S. Eliot apart fromtheir pictures and poetry.
We evaluate the question of whether Picasso was pleasant to live with (hewas not) separately from the quality of his art. We investigate the question ofwhether Eliot was a booze hound separately from the quality of his work.
We evaluate each of Picasso's paintings, or Stein's writings, individually(that's why Picasso's paintings sell for different prices).
We do not have two ways to evaluate Frank Lloyd Wright and his buildings.

We evaluate his overall approach to architecture (unrealistic) separatelyfrom individual instances of his architecture (occasionally brilliant).
We need to bring to light the assumptions behind asking students to "rate" or"evaluate" instructors apart from the impact of their teaching.
And yet...
An instructor may be working with excellent content - which s/he may or
may not have produced - and deliver that content badly.
The content is different from the delivery.
What this unexamined practice leads to, I believe, is a simple-minded anduseless list of the characteristics of "good" teaching: a list as useless as acomparable check list which we would apply against Albert Einstein to
determine if he was a "good" scientist.
And yet...
Being a good scientist is different from being right.
A person may be a very bad scientist and yet still arrive at the correct theory.
Much of Newton's thinking, for example, was based on occult and astrology:
classically bad methodology, and Newton's theories turned out to be(largely) correct: classically good results.
Yeats said it well: you cannot tell the dancer from the dance.
The great choreographer Martha Graham would disagree. It may be Rudolf
Nureyev and Margpot Fonteyn dancing Lucifer and the Scarlet Letter, but it
is Graham who is evaluated for the dance; in significant ways, the dancer*is* different from the dance.
What this dialogue represents is the 'lone wolf' theory of online learning as
opposed to the emerging 'wolf pack' theory of online learning.
In the former, which has characterized traditional in-class learning for
decades, the instructor is the star, the center of the show, the one and only
shining light, solely responsible for (and given credit (and payment) for) thecourse.
In the latter, which is much more characteristic of the performing arts (where
you have writers, directors, performers, etc., collaborating on the samework), the work stands alone, and each person's role in presenting that workis evaluated separately.
If, in learning, we ask, "which model will prevail," we should ask, by
analogy, "would it be reasonable to mount a stage production or a movie
following the lone wolf model?" And the answer is almost always, "no."Such productions are too complex for a single person to mount alone.
Same with distance and online learning. It will be hard for many professors
to bear, but they will have to share credit. Because if they insist on doing itby themselves, they will be swamped by the "Star Wars" of the online
learning world.

Thomson Corporation in Major Online Learning Initiative
Details of the initiative, and what it means for traditional educators.
This is actually a compilation of several posts on another list, but I thought DEOS
readers might be interested in the whole package.
This is a huge (yet completely unreported) story: The Thomson Corporation<http://www.thomcorp.com/> - best known in Canada as the owner of the country's
major newspaper chains (but also as an educational publisher Nelson<http://www.nelson.com> - is making a major play in the field of online learning andcontent distribution...
Stamford, CN, based Thomson Learning <http://www.thomsonlearning.com> last
week announced a plan to build a global e-university with Universitas21.
<http://www.thomsonlearning.com/press/ShowPressRelease.asp?PressReleaseID=124>
On the same day, Petersen's, a division of Thomson Learning, announced an alliancewith Making It Count, a division of online pre-college services provider
CollegeLink.com, Inc.
<http://www.thomsonlearning.com/press/ShowPressRelease.asp?PressReleaseID=123>
Meanwhile parent Thomson Corporation last month acquired all of Harcourt's Higher
Education group: the NETglobal, Assessment Systems, Inc (ASI), and Drake Beam
Morin businesses from Harcourt's Corporate & Professional Services group; and theHigher Education portion of Harcourt Publishers.
<http://www.thomson.com/PressRelease/pr131.html>
Thomson also announced today (Monday) that it has acquired Greenhaven Press, Inc.
and Lucent Books, Inc.</A>, privately-held book publishers of social issues and othernonfiction series for middle and high school students. <Ahref="http://www.thomson.com/PressRelease/pr134.html>
Another Thomson subsidiary, Course Technology <http://www.course.com>, isworking with Web CT <http://www.webct.com>, a well known online learning
delivery platform, to develop a series of what they call e-learning resource packs(more than 75 have been produced so far). <A
href="http://www.course.com/at/news/webct_092999.cfm?criteria=press%20releases>
Meanwhile, Delmar <www.delmar.com>, a subsidiary specializing in technology andtrades, acquired Jamsa Press, an electronics and technical learning publishingcompany. <http://www.delmar.com/about_delmar/jamsa_092800.htm>
And the last piece of the puzzle, an easy-to-use set-top viewer, comes with Thomson's
announcement, also today (Monday), of a partnership with Microsoft to launch a
product for interactive television that will offer enhanced TV content and Web accessover analogue phone lines. <http://biz.yahoo.com/rf/001127/l27141589_2.html>
The list of activities goes on... all in all, this represents a major initiative, which whenviewed as a whole, represents the development of an educational institution which
dwarfs even the largest university... and one which, if managed with vision andcohesion (as the list of acquisitions and alliances seems to suggest) stands to reshape
the future of learning in general, from kindergarten to professional development...
In a reply posted on WWW-DEV, Vicky Phillips added:
Not quite completely unreported .. What Thomson is doing in the world of e-learning is
our cover interview for the Virtual University Business Digest, Nov-Dec., due out next
week. One thing you missed: Thomson also acquired Harcourt University, from
Harcourt last week. This new DETC accredited degree-granting university is also up
for accreditation from the regional board in New England. Thomson's deal with
Universitas 21 follows Worldwide Learning (Murdoch News' e-learning division) pullout from a similar agreement last month (reported in the September VUBD). If anyone
on the list does not get the VUBD and you want to receive a free copy this monthplease email me with your address and we'll send one out to you.
Then, in response to another post, I wrote what amounted (in retrospect) to a manifesto
for public learning:
SPENCE Don wrote:> The question of course is ... which direction this "controlled learning " > will take? >>. and one which, if managed with vision and cohesion > > (as the list of acquisitions
and alliances seems to suggest)> > stands to reshape the > > future of learning in general, > > from kindergarten toprofessional development...
Um, I don't recall saying "controlled learning"...
In any case, the agenda, I think, is pretty clear: - online learning materials, fromkindergarten through university and beyond, become commodities, paid for on a
per-student license basis, and are widely available on demand - post-secondary
education becomes almost exclusively the domain of private enterprise - primary andsecondary education gradually moves out of the public sphere, replaced by charterschools, home schooling, and similar enterprises (these are made possible bywidely available teaching materials, available at reasonable cost from Thomson)
In a more extreme scenario, I think we could see: - advertising materials distributed
widely through all levels of the curriculum as a fund raising measure - learning
tailored to meet the needs of specific employers (as is already the case in muchcorporate learning), even to the point of corporate universities - learning materials
crafted in such a way as to promote consumerism and corporate sovereignty, much in
the way that the press today reflects a pro-corporate agenda
I have long urged academics in post secondary institutions to recognize and adapt tothe culture of online learning. In my view, professors' and administrators' resistancein certain key areas is accelerating the trend toward corporate online learning.
For example: - despite the concept of each course being individually crafted by thegifted hand of a professor, course content in the future will have to be produced in reusable form, and courses will have to be assembled 'on the fly' from pre-existing
components - despite the concept of university instruction being thoughtfully
delivered in person by a respected professor, the role of teaching staff will have toshift from that of imparter of information to that of a coach or mentor on the sidelines
Why do I say this? Because online learning components, if mass produced, will easily
undersell traditional hand-crafted education. Corporate universities can make major
inroads into the traditional system if they offer courses at even half the cost of today's
offering, and they would make very large profits doing so.
Professors and administrators continually say that contemporary universities willcontinue to thrive and survive. The evidence speaks to the contrary. Once the numberof private institutions reaches a threshold, significant political pressure will be brought
to bear to reduce and eventually eliminate the government subsidies for post-secondary(and over time, even primary and secondary) learning.
At this point the crisis for the traditional system will appear 'out of nowhere' and wewill see provincial (or state) governments sell their institutions to the private sector.
This is a pattern which has happened repeatedly in the past, especially in Canada, withsuch hallowed institutions as the telephone service and electrical utilities.
Now let me say a couple of possible controversial things:
First, if we take care at the outset, the privatization of education won't matter.
It won't matter because education will be widely available and well within the means ofevery citizen. Government stewardship over a resource, even one so basic as education,is necessary only if the resource is in short supply. The marketplace is an effective
distributor (and manager) of resources when they are sufficient; it is only when demand
outstrips supply that we enter into a 'failure of the marketplace' and require agovernment intervention.
Historically, the marketplace has failed miserably in the provision of education, thecost of a tutor or classroom being well beyond the means of most people, and the costof a university education being even more so. If we anticipate a significant reduction in
the cost of education, however, education and learning becomes as widespread andavailable as telephone service, water and sewage, or electricity (these parallels are very
deliberately drawn, with a recognition that none are available in many areas of theworld - but this represents a different failure of the marketplace, one I addresselsewhere - see, for example,<http://www.munimall.net/scripts/downes/clist/topiclist.cgi?topicid=972830298>).
Second, professors and academics will have to give up their proprietary right to own
information.
Academics today retain rights to their published works (which they dutifully sign overto publishers, in order to see their words in print at all, this in turn in order to obtaintenure) and their lectures.
This grip on information represents the single largest cost in education today. It isrepresented in the cost of textbooks, which students must still purchase (even in many
'online' courses) and in the overhead accumulated by university libraries. It isrepresented in course lectures, still the dominant form of instruction at all levels ofschooling. Indeed, the non-content cost of an education, whether it be primary,secondary, post secondary or professional, is trivial when compared to the cost ofcontent delivery. Only a small proportion of a professor's time, for example, is spentactually answering questions (the other major cost, grading assignments, has largely
been mitigated through mechanical grading or by being pawned off to graduate
students).
So long as an environment persists where there may be an effective governmentsanctioned monopoly on the distribution of information, the cost of an education willremain relatively high. Conversely, once the cost of information is reduced

significantly, so also is the cost of an education reduced.
Professors and other academics who agitate for the retention of 'their' copyright are(unwittingly) abetting corporate universities, such as would be launched by Thomson,in their efforts to maintain as high a cost for learning materials as possible. The
Thomsons of the world see themselves as akin to book publishers or record labels indeed, they are book publishers - and are working hard to maintain these copyrights
for themselves.
In a corporate academic world - and even to a significant degree in the current world academics will not retain these copyrights in any case. As the music and publishingindustries have shown us, such work can be contracted on a "work for hire" basis. It
will not be possible for academics to tap into the corporate learning distribution system
unless they 'play by the rules'.
For more on this, see<http://www.munimall.net/scripts/downes/clist/topiclist.cgi?topicid=974924324>
Third, we need to promote education as a social good, and not only as an economic
good.
So long as education is primarily and only an economic good, the marketplace(assuming sufficient conditions of supply) will be sufficient to meet our needs.
It is - as Rousseau so long ago pointed out - because education is a social good that themarketplace cannot be left completely to its own devices in this regard. Because themarketplace will serve itself, and the promotion of social values does not generate
inherent profit, and so will be ignored in a private learning system.
What social values?
The primary glue that holds society together is the trust which enables people tointeract without fear. This trust is manifest in many ways: in respect for rule of law andof the democratic process, in fair and accurate weights, measures and accounting, in thesafety and reliability of products and services, in the expectation of a helping handwhen in distress, a support system if injured, ill or destitute, and in the good graces andpoliteness needed in order to walk along a sidewalk without being bumped.
These social values are promoted in an educational system through the teaching ofrespect for other people and other cultures, through the fostering of empathy andawareness of others' feelings, through the implantation of honesty, charity and othermoral virtues, though an awareness of history, geography and psychology, and throughthe fundamental skills of literacy, numeracy, and reason.
There must be a place where these are taught, and they must be taught at all levels ofeducation, for without these values we lose the benefits and the pleasures of being apart of a civilization.
As I said, the marketplace sees no inherent value in these teachings. They are - likemore tangible infrastructure such as roads, airports and communications systems - longterm investments in a society as a whole, from which no short term profit may begained, and from which no direct return on investment is ever realized.
Society must take it upon itself to teach these things, which means that public
institutions as well as private institutions
Fourth, we need to create a distributed learning system.
Education today is highly centralized around traditional institutions. If left unchecked,
this centralization will simply move from the traditional institution to the new andevolving corporate institution. We will have one or a few educational service providers,much in the same way we have a few major publishers, film and recording studios,utilities or telephone companies.
This is unwanted because the best way to ensure that the values discussed above arerepresented and propagated in education is to ensure that there is a diversity of learning
opportunities, to ensure that no entity (and especially no corporate entity) canmonopolize education.
In online music and other publishing a series of initiatives - represented most visibly by
Napster and Gnutella - have demonstrated an alternative form of publishing, one whichallows artists to reach their markets directly, and one which - incidentally - also
dramatically lowers the cost of these productions.
I have promoted elsewhere a 'learning marketplace', open to all providers of learningmaterials, to deliver a wide range of 'learning objects', from which courses orindividual learning opportunities may be assembled. Such systems are in development
today, but such systems - such as Merlot - are centralized and non-distributed.
We don't need gatekeepers. We need enablers.
For more on this, see<http://www.munimall.net/scripts/downes/clist/topiclist.cgi?topicid=970691389>,<http://www.munimall.net/scripts/downes/clist/topiclist.cgi?topicid=972053825>, and<http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/naweb/Learning_Objects.htm>
And fifth, we need to produce a freely accessible 'information layer' of online learningmaterials.

The contents of such an information layer may be defined as that learning which isessential to capable and responsible participation in a post-industrial society.
It would include the essentials of literacy, numeracy, geography, history, the arts, and anumber of other curriculum areas needed to foster the social values discussed above.
My own "Stephen's Guide to the Logical Fallacies" is an example of what I mean: anessential resource, provided freely to all who ask, which may be inserted or used in any
secondary or university curriculum. See <http://datanation.com/fallacies/>
Canada's Schoolnet, which provides a wide variety of resources through, for example,
its Media Awareness Network, is another example of what I mean. Such materials are
high-risk and low-profit, meaning that the traditional marketplace is unlikely to provide
them at low or no cost. Such materials must be created by society for society, in orderto foster the knowledge and values needed to be a society. See <http://www.mediaawareness.ca/>
That ends my list of controversial things.
But now we ask: so where does this leave the traditional university, or even the
traditional school?
I think that if schools and universities simply try to replicate their in-class offerings in
an online environment, that they will fail. They will fail because it's an inefficientmode of production, and because the learning they provide in this model will beinferior in quality to that which can be produced by a Thomson, a Microsoft, or a
Disney.
I think that universities especially may even have to get used to the idea that they are
moving out of the teaching business altogether, and that they should focus on threemajor areas:
1. Content production - universities, if they focussed their staff and resources on the
production of high quality content (as opposed to courses) could rival and even exceed
the publishers. Such content would have to be structured with re-use in mind; there
would also have to be a rationalization of resources (the days of *every* university
producing an online Business 101 from scratch are rapidly nearing an end).
Universities could produce a wide range of content. Drawing on government and othersocial funding, they could (and should) build and maintain a basic information layer as
described above, for the common good of society.
2. Consulting - universities should get out of the business of trying to 'teach' because
there are better ways to do it. University professors, however, should make their skills
and experience available in an informal fashion on an as needed basis to students,

colleagues, and professionals.
The consulting function I am describing replaces the old 'personal interaction' we hearmuch of (but never see) in traditional institutions. Professors, instead of inefficiently
delivering lectures, should work on a personal basis with groups and individuals on an
as- needed basis.
Many professors may resist this idea, but I urge readers to see the other side of it: it is,
is it not, the professors dream? No more classes - just seminars, discussions,conferences and forums. Some online work, of course, but also a lot of in person work
as well. The human touch for those who need it, skilfully and precisely applied.
3. Research - government funding to universities is putatively for the purpose of
education, but much government funding, and even much other funding, is directed
specifically to the needs of research.
As in other cases, there will be a mix of private and public research, and for the same
reasons: there is a social value, as well as an economic value, to research. Much of thework which is produced in universities (I might even include this post among those
items) has no immediate or tangible benefit, and yet provides good for society as awhole.
Academics sometimes call this 'curiosity based' research, a terrible name if there ever
was one. I prefer to think of such socially mandated research as providing a knowledge
infrastructure, or providing a basic foundation for the other activities of society, just as
does the information layer mentioned above, and indeed just as do the social values
described above.
The challenge facing traditional academia should be clear, and clear in a way today as
never before. We must adapt, not only the content and methodology of traditional
learning, but even the very purpose of traditional institutions, in order to preserve thesocial values which make civilization worth the effort.

Distance Educators Before the River Styx
Hibbs's main point is that it is contradictory for academically-based distanceeducators to promote online learning but insist on face-to-face conferences.
In my opinion, this is only the surface of a deeper issue that is lost in his
presentation.

I am sympathetic with the points raised in John
Hibbs's article, "Distance Education Exam at thePearly Gates" (Hibbs, 2001). Hibbs touches onmore than the hypocrisy of distance education
professionals who refuse to hold their distanceeducation conferences online; he points toacademia's unwillingness in general to revisit someof its cherished presumptions.
Hibbs's main point is that it is contradictory foracademically-based distance educators to promote
online learning but insist on face-to-faceconferences. In my opinion, this is only the surface
of a deeper issue that is lost in his presentation. It
is not just that conferences are offered face-to-face,
but that they are structured in such a way that faceto-face participation is the only possibility.
Consider the Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, held in August
2000 at the University of Wisconsin. Of the 80 sessions conducted at theconference, only three were available on the World Wide Web, with anadditional six links to authors' home pages. The only way to haveparticipated in this conference was to travel to Madison. The presentations
were not provided online (though you could order video tapes for $9 per
session), and the Web site had no online forum.
It's not that we don't know how to conduct an online conference. In 1995,
with my colleague Jeff McLaughlin, I conducted an online workshop for the
Canadian Association of Distance Education. McLaughlin and I also hosted
a session with Diversity University that same year (Downes andMcLaughlin, 1995), and as recently as November I participated in a lively
online multimedia debate at Net*Working 2000, the Australian National
Training Authority's third online conference. I have also participated in
online conferences with the University of Maryland University College andCanada’s The Node.
In addition, there is evidence that we are learning how to provide better
online conferences and that they are getting easier to manage. As
Shimabukuro (2000a) writes, "Most educators already have the minimum
skills: they can read and send e-mail, and they can log on to a Web page andexplore the site." Shimabukuro (2000b) also describes how online
conferences are becoming more flexible and more interactive. There should
be no barriers, then, to conference participation online.
Discrediting Online DiscourseSince barriers do exist, however, the only conclusion to be drawn is this:organizers could offer conferences online, but won't. To take the argument a
step further, the problem is that distance education professionals atuniversities don't recognize the legitimacy of online discourse. If an article
has not appeared in print, it might as well not exist. To be consideredsufficiently academic, an article on distance education must cite primarily, if
not exclusively, print publications. Even using the word "available" incitations suggests that online presentation is an alternative and secondarymode of access. Hibbs could have (but unfortunately didn't) pointed out theirony of "major" works about online learning that do not cite a single online
source.
Tony Bates's Managing Technological Change is an example of a recent andimportant work in the field of online learning. Bates lists only a couple ofdozen URLs as citations, and in the list of references, not one URL appears.
Are we to believe that Bates found no online sources worth crediting?
Articles appearing in academic journals are no better: check the referencesof any paper and you may find one or two URLs listed among dozens ofprinted works. And while some journals (e.g., the Canadian Journal of
University Continuing Education) place all of their articles online, most donot.
Do none of the distance educators publishing articles about online learning
read D EOS-L or WWW-DEV? Do they derive no inspiration, no originalideas, from these online sources? If they do not, the credibility of theresultant articles should be questioned. But if they do, their granting credit toprint sources only should be questioned.
Accessibility for All?
Hibbs also points out that despite its pretensions to the contrary, theacademic world fails to address issues of accessibility and affordability. This
failure is most clear when conference presentations are available only byattending the conference, at a cost of $3,000. This failure is less dramatic,
but still clear, when academically-based distance educators publish theirfindings in expensive journals or books while providing only abstracts (orless) on the Internet.
It is revealing that courses offered by traditional institutions cost more whenpresented online, when in fact online technology reduces cost by an order ofmagnitude. And while academics may express concerns about the quality of
online offerings, it would take a good deal of research to identify thepedagogical weakness in FreeEnglish's English as a Second Language
course ($9.95 per month) or advanced computer training from SmartPlanet($15.95 a month). Again, it seems that universities could offer their courses

for less, but won’t.
The Corporate and Non-Corporate Worlds of Learning
Finally, I think Hibbs points to a large divide between the corporate and noncorporate worlds of learning. Distance educators who work in the Academy
are not very interested in the non-academic world. People working outside
this clique find this lack of interest frustrating, not simply because their work
goes uncredited (distance educators rework the same material, publish it, andclaim credit), but because important insights are overlooked by the academic
world. It is hard to believe, for example, that academic writers would not be
influenced by Tom Barron's (2000) "A Smarter Frankenstein: The Merging
of E-Learning and Knowledge Management," for example, or Harvi Singh's(2000) "The convergence of e-learning and knowledge management," oreven my own (Downes, 1998) "The Future of Online Learning," which
discuss the convergence of learning and data management. Yet you would
struggle to find references to these and similar publications in a book oracademic journal.
The hypocrisy is this: while distance educators talk about online learning as
inclusive and empowering, their practice remains exclusive anddisempowering. In their conferences, courses, and publications we see nomove toward a wider audience or a wider base of participation. University
professors, long criticized for being an enclave in society, remain an enclave
even when they become distance educators in an online world. In thirteen
years in distance education I have watched distance educators' self-imposed
isolation push them ever farther from the mainstream of online learning. I
have been criticized for suggesting that traditional academia stands on thebrink of an abyss. Hibbs's article suggests it has one foot in the water.
Distance educators ought to take heed, for it is a long, uphill swim once you
have been swept down the river.
Originally published in The Technology Source, January / February, 2001.
References
Barron, T. (2000, August). A smarter Frankenstein: the merging of elearning and knowledge management. Learning Circuits. Retrieved 15
December 2000 from the World Wide Web:http://www.learningcircuits.org/aug2000/b arron.html.
Bates, T. (2000). Managing technological change. San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers.
Downes, S. (1998) The future of online learning. Paper presented at theNAWeb 98 meeting, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB.
Retrieved 15 December 2000 from the World Wide Web:http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/future/h ome.html.
Downes, S., & McLaughlin, J. (1995). MOO? No, this is a MAUD! Session
Proceedings. Diversity University, June 23, 1995. Retrieved 15 December
2000 from the World Wide Web:http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/threads/du .htm.
Hibbs, J. (2000, January/February). Distance education exam at the pearlygates. The Technology Source. Retrieved 15 December 2000 from the World
Wide Web: http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/commentary/2001-01 .asp.
Shimabukuro, J. (2000, January/February). What is an online conference?
The Technology Source. Retrieved 18 December 2000 from the World Wide
Web: http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/cases/2000-01.asp.
Shimabukuro, J. (2000, September/October). The evolving virtual
conference: implications for professional networking. The Technology
Source. Retrieved 18 December 2000 from the World Wide Web:http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/vision/2000-09.asp .
Singh, H. (2000, December). The convergence of e-learning and knowledge
management. E-Learning Magazine. Retrieved 15 December 2000 from theWorld Wide Web: http://www.elearningmag.com/issues/dec0
0/converge.htm.

Response to CAUT
The Canadian Association of University Teachers gives the government
report on online learning an F. A very undeserved F.
As you may know, the Canadian government's Advisory Committee forOnline Learning recently release a report urging that government and post
secondary institutions more aggressively pursue online learning. This reportis available at http://www.schoolnet.ca/mlg/sites/acol-ccael /en/ and the bestsummary thus far is offered at The Node at
http://www.node.on.ca/networkin g/february2001/briefs.cfm#ACOL
The report was informed by a broad range of input, including a background
paper by Terry Anderson and myself, available http://www.schoolnet.ca/mlg/sites/acol-ccael/en/resources/
Report_Anderson_Downes.doc, and proposes some common sense

recommendations (as summarized by the Node):






widespread, affordable broadband access
Canadian course content development
theoretical research and practical training in online pedagogy
advancement of the Canadian learnware industry

The report also recommends the formation of a pan-Canadian online
learning service which would:

provide resources and services to online learners
coordinate instructional design and online pedagogy support
build a critical mass with which to market Canadian learnware

So basically the report is saying that online learning is here to stay, that weshould adapt our infrastructure to enable student access, and that we should
begin to create an online learning industry in Canada in partnership witheducational institutions and private industry. These are soundrecommendations.
The Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT) disagrees. In ascathing press release, they gave the report an 'F' (a cute way of implicitly
indicating their academic superiority to the mere authors of the report). They
argue that "the Committee ignored a growing body of research that casts
doubts on the so-called benefits of virtual education."
But CAUT's position is short sighted and wrong, their 'research' (if we could
call it that) misleading, and their conclusions based more on preserving anestablished power structure than in their stated objective of increasing
accessibility.
According to the CAUT press release,"The Committee bases a lot of its recommendations on the
belief that online education will improve accessibility," said
CAUT president Tom Booth. "In truth, we know that a lot of
web-based courses cost more and that a substantial number ofstudents fail to complete their online courses."
The phrasing of "cost more" is deliciously vague, and is probably based on
observations of development costs for new and adapted courses offered inpilot mode or to a limited number of students.
It certainly does not refer to mass market courses, such as those offered by

Ziff Davis (see http://www .elementk.com/home.asp) or to studies such asoffered in Tony Bate's Managing Technological Change, which describes a
more production oriented budget for online learning. Early work, softwaredevelopment and pilot projects will of course be more expensive, however,as colleges and universities standardize software and design approaches, andas they begin to use reusable objects, these start-up costs will fall.
But even this implication of "cost more" takes a decidedly one- sided
approach to the issue. Even if, for online students, tuition is slightly higher,
tuition represents only a small percentage of a student's educational costs.
Online learning offers students savings in travel, accommodation, lost
income, child support, and so much more. It is unlikely that CAUT
calculated these savings into the equation; if they had, they never would
have reached the conclusion they did.
Of more concern is the rate of failure to complete courses, a phenomenon
which has historically dogged distance and online learning. We have learned
from experience that completion rates are increased by offering students
local support, support services, and alternative forms of instruction: exactly
what the government report proposes. Simply pointing to a problem is notenough: it needs to be shown why the solutions proposed will not solve theproblem.
But the major objection posed by CAUT is their concern about accessibility.
They write:
Booth also noted that recent research shows that low income
groups, minorities, and people with less education to begin
with are less likely to have access to computers or services
needed to study online.
This phenomenon is known as the 'Digital Divide' and is rapidly being
bridged. The CAUT writes should be aware that internet access in Canada
now costs a little over $30 per month (including telephone charges; OECD
http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/it/cm/sta ts/isp-20hrs.htm) and that internet
capable computers can be purchased new for less than a thousand dollars: insum significantly less than one year's tuition.
And Canadian internet access is widespread and growing; ACNielson
reports that 13 million Canadians (out of a total population of about 30
million) already have access from a home PC (http://www.eratings.com/news/20000907.htm) and many more have accessfrom work, school or via a local cybercafe or community access point.
Indeed, the percentage of Canadians with access to the internet is alreadyhigher than the percentage of Canadians with access to a university

education, so one wonders what sort of accessibility CAUT really ought tobe concerned about.
Moreover, the CAUT release completely ignores that the government report
proposes that steps be taken to close even those last few gaps in the digital
divide. The government report, for example, proposes to






link all publicly funded post-secondary institutions by 2001;
provide anywhere, anytime high-bandwidth access to on-campus
learners by 2002;
ensure high-bandwidth connections are available to all K-12classrooms, libraries and public access sites throughout Canada by
2003; andbe maintained at a "state-of-the-art" level into the future (page 32)

One wonders what sort of a divide will remain after the completion of thisprogram, and what reason CAUT would have for opposing it!
On top of all this, the report proposes that students' technology expenses be
defrayed or otherwise support students' technology expenses (pp. 91-92).
The CAUT release is silent on this item.
The CAUT release is also concerned that online learning is ill-suited to thesort of student currently excluded from Canada's post secondary system:"Students traditionally excluded from post-secondary
education are the most dependent on face-to-face interaction
and the least able to deal with the frustration and isolation of
web-based distance education," said Booth. "If education todate has been the great equalizer, technology-based education
could be an engine of inequality."
One wonders what sort of picture these university professors have ofuniversity access. Do they really believe that people are unable to obtain auniversity education because of learning deficiencies? The many single
parents, aboriginals on remote First Nations reserves, shift workers and other'deficient' students I have met in my work as a distance and online educator
would belie that.
Moreover, though technology remains a frustration (though less so everyyear), there is little to indicate that online learners are isolated. Frompersonal experience with online teachers and learners, I have seen that theperception of interaction and connection is greater. Empirical evidence
supports this: this VCSU report is typical, showing that online learning
increases feedback opportunities and increases interactivity and feedback.

http://community .vcsu.edu/facultypages/kathryn_holleque/OLsurvey/R
eport.html
My feeling is that the professors at CAUT should do their research before
arguing based on erroneous assumptions.
Indeed, online learning is able to meet the learning needs of just thosestudents disenfranchised by the current university system: it allows them tostudy from remote locations, at odd hours and with varying schedules; it
provides greater support and feedback, and it offers them membership into acommunity to which they had hitherto been excluded. Online learning isdemonstrably exactly the oppose of what CAUT claims it to be, and CAUT
should know better.
The Advisory Committee is recommending that governments
and industry ensure that all post-secondary institutions arelinked through a high bandwidth "learning network" by theend of the year, that a fourth granting council be created tosupport "learnware" development and research into online
learning, and that students be encouraged to save more for
their education in order to offset anticipated higher costs inthe future.
By conjoining two separate points, the CAUT release suggests that if only
we did not spend money on high bandwidth connections, students would
enjoy lower costs. There is no ground for conjoining these statements, andgood grounds for keeping the points separate.
Tuition increases began in Canada in the mid-1980s, well before the internetcame to the fore. These increases are caused in part my increased university
spending (the CAUT release correctly points to declining government
spending as another cause). But in any case, students are encouraged to save
not because of the high cost of technology but because of the high cost of
education, even under the current system. As the government reportobserves,
But at a time when many families need two incomes tosustain them-selves, affordability should not be discounted.
Indeed, between 1987 and 1997, tuition fees for postsecondary education rose 95 percent while average family
incomes only increased by 0.4 percent.
In the 21st century, no one should have to choose between
having to sustain themselves and getting a post-secondary
education or pursuing life-long learning opportunities. (page90)
The government recommends that students be given tax breaks andincentives to help them save for both a post secondary education and forlifelong learning - how could CAUT be opposed to this? Or do they envisionsome magic future where the cost of education will drop to affordable levels
simply because we have cut our investment in technology?
One wonders what CAUT would say if the information were conjoined
differently - if, say, we conjoined the value and increases in professor
salaries with tuition increases, or if, say, we conjoined the amount of money
spent on academic research with tuition increases. It is easy - but stupid - toeven suggest that the cause of rising tuition is a rising investment intechnology.
According to CAUT,
the recommendations ignore the real problems facing colleges
and universities after years of governments cutbacks, andwould see "badly-needed funding diverted from the core
operations of institutions."
Leaving aside the fact that the committee was not given a mandate toaddress the health of universities in general, the CAUT report is seriously inerror when it says that spending on online learning distracts from the "coreoperations" of universities. Teaching is a core function of a university, andexplorations into online learning are explorations into how to better performthat core function. It would be a mistake to confuse a core function with a
specific mode of learning, or with a specific structural configuration.
Moreover, if it is - as I would argue - possible that spending on online
learning could ultimately reduce the cost of teaching, then the investment
would be well spent indeed. True, this may result in a lowering of spendingon academic salaries, and would perhaps change the role of the university
professor, but we must recognize that students - and the public - do notfinancially support the educational system merely to support a professor's
income and way of life.
The fact is, if we are to approach anything like a widely accessible university
and college system, the current funding and spending structures areunsustainable. And while it will always with public funding be possible tosupport university education for an elite, if we are to make it widely
available we must change our model of teaching and learning in any case.
The authors of the CAUT release themselves demonstrate the need for animproved education system when they resort to such academically unsoundarguments as the following:
The recommendations are not surprising, added Booth, given
the composition of the Committee. The Committee waschaired by David Johnston, president of the University ofWaterloo, and included senior representatives from AT&T
Canada, IBM, the Bank of Montreal, Lucent Technologies,
and Bell Canada Enterprises. No representatives of student
groups or university and college teachers were included.
It is first worth pointing out that the sample of the committee members
offered by the CAUT release is unrepresentative; of the 19 authors of thereport, 13 are university or college presidents, rectors or directors while only
6 represented the corporate side of the house. Moreover, this assessment
ignores the wide input sought by the committee. But in any case, educatedpeople have long since learned that reasoning through guilt by association isunsound, and seek instead to address the merits of an argument rather than toattack its author.
That said, I would indeed call for wide representation on such a committee,
and I expect that the Minister will call for a second body to review therecommendations, one more widely inclusive than the aforementioned panelof experts. But I would recommend that such a committee be genuinely
representative: instead of the insular in-house committees, so many of which
I have been a part, consisting only of existing academics and students, I
would call for such a committee to also include representatives from thewide range of Canadians currently excluded from such deliberations by their
exclusion from the Canadian college and university communities: I would
call on such a committee to include farm workers, seasonal labourers, single
mothers, First Nations, welfare recipients and the unemployed. And let us
ask them whether they would see a benefit in widely accessible online
learning, even if it meant inconveniencing some university professors.
Finally, perhaps CAUT sees some argumentative value in name calling:"The members of the Committee clearly have a vested
interest in promoting online learning," said Booth. "It's acheerleading squad. But we don't need more cheerleading.
We need a more broad-based consultation and carefulconsideration of the complex issues involved with online
learning."
It would cheer me greatly to learn that 13 college and university presidents
felt that they had a vested interest in online learning. And quite frankly, thethousands of people today working in online learning in Canada could use
some cheerleading. In many cases working with little or no funding, movingfrom short term project to project, subject to the scepticism and indifferenceof the very community who should support us the most, we have nonethelessin five or six years shown the feasibility of online learning, demonstrated its
effectiveness, offered university courses in communities where previously
such education was just a rumour, and founded an industry which is rapidly
becoming a major sector of the economy.
The men and women working in online learning - often for little or no
additional pay, and certainly at significant cost in time and energy, deserved
better from CAUT. They certainly deserved at least the merit of a fairhearing, and a criticism informed by fact rather than dogma. Nobody morethan those practitioners of online learning are aware of its challenges andshortfalls, and no community in academia is working harder to improve its
practice.
One final note:
CAUT has observed, and expressed concern about, what it calls the"creeping privatization" of the university system. They are concerned with
the increase in sponsored research and concerned with the failure ofgovernment funding to keep up with enrolment increases (http://www.caut.c
a/english/publications/review/Education%20Review%2 03-1.pdf).
If they would look beyond the boundaries of their own institutions, theywould see, in the educational system as a whole, not creeping privatization,
but rather, galloping privatization.
We see, for example, the rise of the private online university in New
Brunswick, Lansbridge (formerly Unexus) (http://www.lansb ridge.com/),
the accreditation of DeVries in Alberta (http://www.caut.ca/english/p
ublications/now/20010206_alberta.asp), cost-recovery and for-profit mode
degree offerings from institutions such as Athabasca University, and more.
We see large corporations such as Thompson moving in on academic
publishing and online learning (http://www.munimall.net/scripts/downes/clist/topic
list.cgi?topicid=975432685), and emerging academic service brokers such as
Hungry Minds and UNext
http://www.munimall.net/scripts/downes/clist/topic
list.cgi?topicid=964806397). We have seen the rise of corporate online
learning and saw the contract for American military training awarded to leadcontractor PricewaterhouseCoopers.
Were we to adopt the CAUT mode - business as usual, but more money

please - then we would be effectively surrendering the field to these
corporate providers. And if indeed online learning is efficient and effective as I argue it is (and as corporations and the U.S. military seem to agree), thenin our non-action we are essentially surrendering all management andcontrol of post secondary education to the corporate community.
As I have argued in the past, we must recognize that education has a social
dimension over and above the economic dimension, and it is this fact which
requires a public investment in education and a public say as to its outcome.
To surrender this involvement is to surrender our identity as a culture and asociety. Moreover, it is to surrender the very institution of the publicly
funded university and college system itself. As the government reportauthors argue:
The issue is much more than markets gained or lost. It is aquestion of the continued health of our post-secondary
institutions. Some analysts believe post-secondary institutions
that do not adapt to this e-learning challenge could lead to
declining enrolments, smaller grants from government andthus less capacity for institutions to fulfil their role as anintellectual resource and educator for provinces, territories
and communities. (page 21)
And moreover, as we surrender public control, we surrender national
control:
Now some might argue that such losses would be acceptableas long as market forces in the form of foreign institutions
and corporations could fill the gaps. We do not believe thesegaps can be so easily filled. Canada's institutions have
evolved over the years in response to local, regional andnational needs and the priorities of Canadian governments.
Our social and economic prospects at all levels are intimately
dependent on the health of these institutions. Foreign
institutions and corporations respond to the needs of theirown domestic communities and only secondarily to global
markets. The requirements of Canadian learners, communities
and employers will not be of much concern in most cases.
We in Canada are at a crossroads. The evidence is overwhelming that online
learning is here to stay, and the evidence is overwhelming that a significant
private for-profit sector in online learning has arisen, one which is taking
advantage of the inaction on the part of Canadian colleges and universities.
These private institutions do not run to the government for grants to meetenrolment increases; they achieve their efficiencies through new technology

and a focus on learning.
To accept CAUT's criticisms, and to accept the consequential wane of the
public education system (or, to accept the increasingly unsustainable modelof funding an increasing student base) is to accept the ultimate loss of public
education. This is unacceptable, and if it is necessary to arouse the ire of a
few well-heeled university professors to preserve and promote publicaccessibility to education in Canada, then so be it.

Understanding Online Learning
Overview session on online learning for Arts Faculty staff at the Universityof Melbourne
To view the Power Point presentation, click here. Please note that I haveremoved some URLs, usernames and passwords because I promised people I
would.
Participants in the session may also wish to view my essay, The Future of
Online Learning.

Ritual Tai Chi: Eskow vs. Jensen
What credentials does one need to participate in the discussion of online
learning theory and practice? The old rules no longer apply...
Posted to DEOS, June 22, 2001
I've been following the recent exchange (mostly) between Brad Jensen andSteve Eskow with some interest. It is a matter of some current concern tome, because as you may recall, I have been looking for work recently (youwill be pleased to learn that my contract has been extended yet again, so I
am not unemployed).
The question at hand concerns qualifications. On the one hand, Steve Eskow
seems to be taking the position that we cannot judge a person's veracity byhis or her words alone; it is only with reference to a third party, usually adegree- granting agency, that we can make a reasoned assessment. Brad
Jensen, on the other hand, argues that in today's online world, degrees andqualifications are of much less value in assessing a person's work than that
person's work is in itself.
There is merit to both positions. I think it is true that the average layperson

cannot tell whether a medical diagnosis or a legal judgement is of value
merely by studying the words alone. But on the other hand, the merepossession of a legal or medical degree is no guarantee that a medical
diagnosis or a legal judgement will be sound.
In my recent job search I took the unusual step of going to an agency. I'm
not sure whether academics go to agencies, but I wanted to be in a position
to look at offers from both the corporate and public sector. I had my best
face on: I presented my degrees, my publications, and listed my committee
and board positions. The agent took a somewhat different approach: hewanted only a description of my last two or three projects and an indicationof my role in them. Credentials don't count, he said. Results do.
It's kind of hard in an academic environment to point to results. As Brad
Jensen suggests, a lot of the research that goes on is narrow and seemingly
pointless. Indeed, the piling on of empirical study after empirical study
trying to reduce a margin of error in the evaluation of a particular pedagogy
or technology may seem pointless, though there appears to be no better way
to do it. Even worse, though, most of my own work is theoretical. Talk abouta lack of results! And yet, it seems to me, that no discipline could exist
without this sort of work.
But while I may have few practical results to show for my time, at least I
have something - an online course here, an online program there, a learning
community. In the world of academia, however, it turns out that I am quite
unqualified to be doing the work that I do. Do I have a classic education in
distance learning? No. A PhD in a relevant discipline? Uh uh. And yet I can't
quite allow myself to believe what Steve Eskow maintains, that there is no
way to distinguish my work from quackery.
In fact, one of the things people around here have said to me (to comfort me,
I suppose) is that I would have no trouble obtaining another position. And it
does seem to me, based on my conversations with people from the field, that
I could probably avoid the plight of poverty should my current gravy train
come to an end. And perhaps I am even, though with few or no
qualifications from either a corporate or academic perspective, nonethelessqualified to work in my field, and even to make comments to a list like
DEOS. How could this come to be?
I entered distance education quite by accident in 1987 after I obtained my
Masters in Philosophy at the University of Calgary. And for the next sevenyears I worked as a tutor for Athabasca University - this included telephone
instruction, seminar classes in First Nations communities, even a little course
design and a little work in compugraphics. More to the point, I launched byfirst educational bulletin board system (using Maximus BBS, for those of

you who are purists) around 1992 or so and created, with some colleagues,
Canada's first educational MUD (a.k.a. these days, MOO).
This was enough to land me a position at Assiniboine Community College
where a forward thinking administrator had the bright idea to offer classes inan online environment. Well. There were no Master's degrees in the field at
the time, much less PhDs. Indeed, as my recollection serves me, the received
wisdom in the field was that it could not be done; even distance learning, inthe traditional sense, was sneered at as nothing better than correspondence
school, and online learning would be even worse (such respectedpublications as the Chronicle of Higher Education still carry such attitudes tothis very day).
Had I listened to traditional wisdom, I would have accomplished nothing in
my career. I was told by the experts in computer services that it was
impossible to run a web server from the network, so I installed one on mydesktop and created my first web site. I was told that the web was an
inappropriate medium for learning content, so I published my Guide to the
Logical Fallacies on my site (and gained hundreds of thousands of readers
and a slew of awards that continue to mount up even to this day). I was toldthat a proper college course couldn't be mounted on the web, so with twoother people (and no funding) I built the province's first accredited online
course. I was told that the cost of developing courses would never bepractical, so I developed a reusable course object model and built a learning
management system. I was told that people could never communicate andinteract in a web based environment so I built a discussion engine andadvanced a theory of online interaction. I was told nobody could predict
where the field was going, so I wrote The Future of Online Learning. And soon.
To this day, what I believe and what I know about online learning is held inmany quarters to be unlikely, if not outright wrong. And to this day people in
the field will wave their degrees and years of experience at me as a means,
not of responding to what I propose, but as a means of making me go away.
And I wonder what Steve Eskow has to say to such an unqualified
practitioner to a set of words - these words - that cannot be evaluated on
their own. I do not accept assertions that the 'body of knowledge' of adiscipline maintains that something is unwise or untrue. I hold each thing up
to stand or fall on its own merits; the 'body of knowledge' has a poor trackrecord, as any Kuhn scholar will tell you.
What I have observed in the online environment resembles more of what
Brad Jensen has to say and less of what Steve Eskow has to say. True,
nobody judges a paragraph, or an article, merely on its own merits; you needa context of evaluation, the measurement of worth by a person's peers (or ina commercial world, one's customers). But everyone has a track record. Brad
Jensen's comments do not appear in isolation on this list, nor do Steve
Eskow's, nor do mine. Mauri Collins was a respected member of thecommunity, long before she paid her $50K and got her PhD, by virtue of her
measured comments and insightful observations, not her supervisor's nod of
approval.
Indeed, from where I sit, the credentials by themselves are no good guide at
all as to whether a person has a good grasp of the field or otherwise. I havereviewed many online courses, and some of the worst efforts were by wellqualified people trying to the wrong thing with the wrong medium, and someof the best work has been done by people who have no knowledge of what'should' be done. That is not to say that there are no lessons to be learned
from the past (now that would be foolish) but it is to say that all lessons haveto be applied in a context, and that a degree does not provide a context.
I can see while reading Brad Jensen's comments where he has missed some
aspect of the discipline; I saw his comment about "the quality of theinformation and ideas that you provide" and, while agreeing with his point,
saw straight away that it would be skewered, as have so many previous
expressions of the same sentiment, with a narrowly focused endorsement ofappeal to authority. It is - as Tim van Gelder once commented to me - likewatching two people engage in an act of ritual Tai Chi, each person making
the expected move at the expected time. Perhaps from time to time old hands
like Steve Eskow tire of the dance and appeal to the black belt as a substitutefor combat. But that satisfies no one and proves nothing.
The only way the received wisdom can be verified is through repeatedtesting; the only way a person's intellectual worth can be evaluated isthrough repeated exercise; the only way a person's authority on a subject canbe measured in through his or her contributions to the field, either in writing
or in practical application. In my view, institutions and writers that take thepossession of a PhD (or the lack of one) as indicative of merit (or lack of it)
are taking an intellectually dishonest short-cut. The possession of a degree
can only be a guide; a person can exhibit merit whether or not they gained
their expertise through state sanctioned institutions of higher learning.
Indeed, some of the towering figures of the previous century - people like
Albert Einstein and Ludwig Wittgenstein - made their original contributions
from outside traditional academia.
What has changed between now and even ten years ago is that a person's
track record (and related criticisms, peer evaluations, projects, etc) can beseen and known by anyone and everyone in the field. What has changed isthat while previously a person's work would be seen by members of a field
only if it were pre-screened for orthodoxy, today any person's work may beviewed by any person in the field without the benefit of an intermediary.
Yes, this has led to the rise of various snake-oil salespeople or con men, but
quality shows in the long run (and in any case, I could name a few shadyshysters who have their PhDs - quality isn't what it used to be).
And, moreover, I think most people know this. I think most people arewilling to recognize quality regardless of credentials, and I think mostpeople have little patience for people who rely on their laurels, not their wits,
to respond to a challenger. I think Steve Eskow knows this too, or he would
not have responded to Brad Jensen at all. People - even DEOS readers - havetheir own filters: they will read quality, and disregard the rest, and maketheir own decision about who does, and does not, have somethingworthwhile to say.
What works (and it does work) on DEOS will eventually work in the wider
world.

Knowledge Base Integration
Some thoughts on how to use knowledge bases effectively in an online
learning environment.
This article is the result of some reflections on an online learning portalbeing set up by the good people at Duncans MindLeaders On-Line Learning.
My reaction isn't so much a response to their effort as it is a wider reflection
on what it takes to use knowledge bases effectively.
Categories
I notice they place links into categories, though I couldn't find a portal-link
page where the categories are displayed. But that said...
I've been wrangling with categories for some time now. I used to set myknowledge base such that each link was associated with a category (it was
actually a field in the link table). Then I wanted links to fit into multiple
categories so I created a 'lookup' table (or 'link list').
When I submitted a link, I would also select a category for it (from a dropdown list). This ceased to be practical once I got up to about 250 categories.
I tried various ways to generate category selection and finally settled on'automatic' categorization, whereby the contents of the submission would bescanned for a regular expression and the category (categories) based onmatches.

I've concluded after several years of this that none of this is worth the effort.
Categories are too fluid - something that was a subcategory last year ought
to be a category this year, and all that really depends on your point of view
anyways. Also, any meaningful categorization schema is going to havehundreds - even thousands - of entries, and so it's as hard to find the category
you want as it is to find the actual entry.
So: I redefined what I mean by a category. Now, what I think of as acategory is a 'pre-defined search'. This allows me to add, delete, amend,
reconfigure, etc., categories as much as I want without worrying about the
integrity of the entire system. Cross categorization, which used to be a big
headache, is now simple. And I never worry about assigning an entry to acategory.
Redundancy
When I looked at their KB I followed their suggestions and saw the link,
attributed to me, that you had placed into the system. Which led me to thequestion: how did it get there?
I ask this question from a technical point of view, not a content point of view(you can use any of my links that you wish). The short story is, there's twoways it could get there: manually (via e.g. cut and paste from the newsletter)or automatically (via., e.g., one of my data feeds, such as the RSS version of
the newsletter).
My Knowledge Base runs on a custom-built relational database authored in
Perl (I didn't like what was out there so I wrote my own relational DB
software). It runs on standard RDB principles so in theory your DB could
read my DB produces and vice versa. Indeed, that's the whole point of
having multiple versions of the link DB, and especially the XML version(currently only an RSS feed, but planned to be many more).
My KB also has a subroutine I call 'grasshopper' that is essentially what
people call a 'scaper' or 'aggregator' - it contacts external sites, reads theHTML or RSS, brings back the data, formats it, filters it (according towhether it matches any of my categories, where categories are, recall, predefined searches) and tosses it into (a preview area of) my KB.
Seems to me that this is a lot easier than cut-and-paste, and indeed, if you set
up a 'what's new' view of your knowledge base, I will scan it regularly andpull the info. Even better if you provide an RSS view.
Distributed DBs

Now we can actually take this even a step further and ask: why is my link intheir KB at all? Again, this is a purely technical question.
I actually have several instances of my KB software running for different
projects. I am trying to set it up so that you can define searches across these
independently maintained KBs. Thus, e.g., If I search for 'LCMS', it willscan my KB, then yours, then any of a number of related KBs to retrieve thedata.
Then there's no need for you to input my entry into your KB at all. You only
need a means of accessing it. Only if you want to do something over andabove what I do (e.g., add the rating system) would you want to store it on
your own system.
Value-Add
When I looked at their version of the entry I 'contributed' what I saw was aword-for-word replication of what I had written. Now that is probably an
artifact of your demo for me, but it raised some questions.
When I say 'value-add' what I mean is the addition of reflection andcontextualization. Thus, for example, when I add an item to my KB I will
provide an assessment of the resource (is it 'light'? 'detailed'?
'authoritative'?). But more, I will discuss what role this resource plays in alarger picture. Does it contribute to the ongoing DCMA debate, forexample? Does it add to our understanding of LCMS theory? And finally, I
often indicate whether or not I agree or disagree with the content of theresource, whether I have a quibble, whether I think they've made some pointthat needs highlighting or refuting.
This is the 'value-add' and I think it provides much more information than asimple ranking. But also: because my search works over the contents of thelisting (as opposed to the contents of the resource being listed), it creates
better search results. Thus if I say a certain resource that talks about how towrite good code can also be used to evaluate good instructional design, theresource will show up in a search for 'instructional design' even though it
never actually talks about it. Thus my search is, itself, a form of value-add.
Integration
Their KB looks like most KBs in that it is a stand-alone project. At least,
that's how it appears. But I think that people don't go to KBs to do searches or more accurately, there are many more useful ways to use a KB than tohave people go to it and search.

My own KB engine extracts and integrates lists of resources (or even single
resources) into web pages, for example. Now this is no great invention Cold Fusion and ASP have done that for years. But it is an important use: itmeans you can create a relevant up-to-date list of resources on any web
page.
I use this to create my newsletter. My newsletter page is simply a command
to extract all the links from a give project that have been submitted in thelast 20 hours (my weekly newsletter is exactly the same except that it's all
the links from the last 120 hours).
The big weakness of Cold Fusion and ASP, though, is that these lists ofresources can only be placed on a page sitting on the same server as the
database (or that has direct access to it, in the case of a networked server
environment). I could not, for example, place your resources on my homepage.
But you could place my resources on your home page. You could specify
exactly what you want to see ('the last 5 resources that mention the word
'grasshopper', say). The idea here is that my KB can be used by any person
on any page. It could thus be, for example, integrated into an online coursethat uses WebCT.
The key idea here is to move the information from the KB to the remotelocation where it is actually needed. People should (almost) never have to go
to the KB - the KB goes to them.
Conversation
I haven't built this in yet but I'm going to. It seems to me that any resource
ought to be able to spawn a 'conversation'. People should be able tocomment on the resource; these comments in turn become resources in theirown right, feeding back to the original resource.

Resources and References
Saba Corporation
Builds IMS and learning objects largely for corporate training. The Saba
Education Management System is the internet-based learning management
system. Saba Learning Online is an Internet-based online learning system forthe extended enterprise.
http://www.sabasoftware.com/

IMG WebUniversity
A library of pre-written online learning technology using Microsoft's SQL
Server database engine to create a repository of reusable learning objects
which can be incorporated into many different courses.
http://info.imgwebu.com/
Charting A New Online Course: Technology Enabled Learning - Alternative
Learning Environments
This paper is an attempt to analyse and specify the design and development
attributes of an online course. The basic framework of the analysis
undertaken follows the guidelines for online learning set out by Rowntree(1999) and Lockwood (1998). A good template for a course proposal. By
Yannis Karaliotas, 1999.
http://users.otenet.gr/~kar1125/doit/ncourse.html
A Systemic Approach to Learner Support
This paper outlines the structure and associated dynamic implications of anenvisaged Online Learning Support System by identifying the parts andanalysing their relationships using a System Thinking. Good article;
interesting approach. By Yannis Karaliotas, 1999.
http://users.otenet.gr/~kar1125/doit/lsup.htm
Quest Writier and PEAK
QuestWriter is a set of tools to support online learning objects. It has beenused in classes for supplementing course materials, as well as for completely
online classes. PEAK supports online learning efforts through tools like
QuestWriter and services to support you in your courses.
http://www.peak.org/qw/
RCMP Learning and Development BranchDistance learning and online learning for the Royal Canadian Mounted
Police.
http://www.rcmp-learning.org/main.htm
University of Leadership
ULEAD. A comprehensive skills training program for youth leadership
through community service. An interesting initiative in online learning.
http://www.ulead.org
CyberSchool
CyberSchool is not a school in the traditional sense. It is a collection of highschool credit courses that are taught entirely over the Internet to students
around the world. The primary mission of CyberSchool is to make itpossible for your school to offer students a broader, more flexible curriculum
through online learning.
http://www.cyberschool.k12.or.us/
The Masie Center
Home of Techlearn Trends mailing list; also contains general online learningand distance learning resources.
http://www.masie.com/
PathLore
Online learning instructional management systems for corporate training, oras they describe it, cross-platform computer-based training and virtual
classroom solutions across corporate networks, intranets, and the internet forlarge organizations worldwide.
http://www.pathlore.com/info/index.html
Via Technology to Social Change!
by Alan Cummings, Technology Source, July/August 1999. A good
discussion of the future of online learning, and an especially cogent
description of the triad model which will be used in that context.
http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/vision/1999-07.asp
Enhancing Professional Education through Virtual Knowledge Networks
This is a good article which ties in the concept of knowledge managementwith online learning, arguing that universities should look to the corporatemodel of continuous and collaborative learning. By Charles Morrissey,
Technology Source, July/August 1999.
http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/commentary/1999-07.asp
LifeLongLearning.Com
LifeLongLearning provides an online course directory listing hundreds ofonline courses and programs from Regent's College online learning database.
http://www.lifelonglearning.com/
Virtual University Gazette
The Virtual University Gazette is a monthly mailing list for distance learning
professionals working in the adult education and online learning. VUG isissued free via email the first of each month. Each issue includes news of
new distance learning programs in both the academic and corporate sectors
as well as job opportunities and links to online learning hot spots in thevirtual university movement. VUG is published by Vicky Phillips, CEO of
geteducated.com, a distance learning consulting firm located in Waterbury,
Vermont, USA.

http://www.geteducated.com/vugaz.htm
Eduprise
Consulting, learning technology, and other resources related to online
learning.
http://www.eduprise.com/
Auctioning Off Class Struggles
Online seat sales - for classes. Several schools are conducting online
auctions for seats in popular classes. Can online learning auctions be far
behind? Nope. By Kendra Mayfield, Wired news, September 23, 1999.
http://www.wired.com/news/news/email/explodeinfobeat/business/story/21887.html
Teaching and Learning Online
The University of Newcastle's resource for online learning and online
teaching.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/department/so/learning.htm
On-line Interaction
Discussion of the nature of and types of online interaction, from the
University of Newcastle's discussion of online learning.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/department/so/interact.htm
Instructional Design
Overview of Instructional Design from the University of Newcastle's guideto Online Learning. Overview of key steps, process, and staffing needs.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/department/so/design.htm
Assessing Students On-line
Discussion of student centered learning and online testing, along withresources and links. From the University of Newcastle's discussion of online
learning.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/department/so/assess.htm
Online Education Catching On In India
A short article describing the rise of online learning in India. Why is it
rising? In a word: cost. By Uday Lal Pai India Correspondent,
asia.internet.com, September 21, 1999.
http://asia.internet.com/1999/9/2104-india.html
Trend Watching in the World of Learning Technology
Brief survey of trends affecting online learning, including the growth of theinternet, the emergence of knowledge brokers, and the predominance ofmultimedia. IM Europe, June 5, 1998.
http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/education/en/news/new56e.htm
Interactive Exercise Maker Pages
An excellent demonstration of dynamic activities: dictionary lookups, on the
fly quizzes, image-to-word matching, and more tools for online learning.
Cool! By Dan Beeby at Haverford, Bryn Mawr, and Swarthmore Colleges aspart of the Tri-College Mellon Language Project.
http://lang.swarthmore.edu/makers/
Creating an online teaching space
This paper reflects on the development of an online web-based teaching (oronline learning) site and reports on the stages of development from early
beginnings on a local area network to a suggested model online teaching
space. Graeme Hart The University of Melbourne. Australian Journal of
Educational Technology 1996, 12(2), 79-93.
http://cleo.murdoch.edu.au/gen/aset/ajet/ajet12/su96p79.html
Web Based Instruction Resources
Good list of all the tools you might need if you are developing online
learning resources or courseware. Covers course development tools,
collaboration tools, examples, course content resources, course design
resources, and studies, reviews and compilations. By Sharon Gray.
http://www.briar-cliff.edu/sharongray/WBI.htm
The Future of Learning: An Interview with Alfred Bork
Alfred Bork's vision of the future of online learning. Interview by unnamed
Educom author. Educom Review, Volume 34 Number 4 1999
http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/html/erm9946.html
The Future of the Web, Intelligent Devices, and Education
Vision of future technology and the future of online learning, with a focus on
SMILE (Software-Managed Instruction, Learning, and Education). By
Howard Strauss, Educom Review, Volume 34 Number 4 1999.
http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/html/erm9944.html
Creating Community Online
Interesting and useful discussion of how to approach online learning
communities. By Sharon G. Solloway and Edward L. Harris, Educom
Review, Volume 34, Number 2, p. 8-13, 1999.
http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/html/erm99021.html

Accrediting On-Line Institutions Diminishes Higher Education
James Perley and Denise Marie Tanguay argue that accrediting online
learning damages higher education because online learningcompartmentalizes learning and endangers academic freedom. In a second
essay, Virtual Universities Can Meet High Standards, Steven Crow argues
that there is nothing inherent in online learning which demands a change inthese traditional practises. Good read. The Chronicle of Higher Education,
1999.
http://chronicle.com/colloquy/99/online/background.htm#perley
The new educational frontier: Spoken word, written word, cyberword - thenewest challenge of higher education
This interesting article compares the introduction of the printing press with
the introduction of the internet and draws out consequences for online
learning. By Francis A. Waldvogel, Presented as a key-note lecture at the
19th ICDE World Conference in Vienna, Austria, June 20-24, 1999,
European Journal of Open and Distance Learning, November 5, 1999.
http://www1.nks.no/eurodl/shoen/Waldvogel/index.html
HungryMinds
Portal for online learning institutions and courses.
http://www.hungryminds.com/
A Top-Drawer Education Online
Competition for Hungry Minds - UNext is an online learning portal which
has attracted courses from top-flight universities such as Stanford. By Katie
Dean and Kendra Mayfield, Wired News, November 12, 1999.
http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,32474-2,00.html
Student Planner Learning Opportunities Databank!
Looks like an online learning portal to me - but contains all types of courses,
including even the traditional classroom types. Canada only.
http://216.208.47.162/canlearn/ci_prog.nsf/frmProgsIntro?OpenForm
Online Learning Community for Support Staff
Example of an online learning community. Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center
http://www.fhcrc.org/~learncom/index.htm
Frontiers
This is a really interesting online learning community which does a lot ofthings right.
http://www.tinman.org/Frontiers/Pavilions.html

Service Learning Internet Community
There are many sorts of online learning communities - this one from
California State University is set up more as portal for their online courses
generally.
http://www.slic.calstate.edu/FMPro?-db=portals.fp3&-token=home&format=agindex.htm&-script=updatefrontpage&-Findall
Learning Community
This online learning community for the San Francisco Education Fund isreally nothing more than a shared resource base, with a little collaboration.
http://www.sfedfund.org/lc/lc.html
Dioplomats Online
Diplomats Online (DOL) is an online learning community addressing theneeds of teachers and students of international relations. Sponsored by theAmerican Foreign Service.
http://www.diplomatsonline.org/html/purpose.html
Course Server Softwares for Online Teaching
Nice list of two dozen IMS systems for online learning course delivery, withlinks. By Rafael H. Scapin.
http://www.if.sc.usp.br/~rafael/wbt.htm
CollegeLearning.Com
An online learning portal listing online courses from 12 colleges - with morecoming. Critics complain about the extra costs associated with using thisportal. See this article in the Chronicle.
http://www.collegelearning.com/
Web Spotlight: Surfers Warm Up to Personalized Content
Stats and analysis in support of the idea that web surfers want personalized
content. My take - there is a lesson there for online learning! By David Lake,
Industry Standard, January 3, 2000.
http://www.thestandard.com/metrics/display/0,2149,1097,00.html
Cable's On-Line Pedagogy Distance Learning Portal
A large collection of useful links related to distance education and online
learning, including work on pedagogy, research, development tools andmuch more. By Cable T. Green.
http://jac.sbs.ohio-state.edu/cable/pedagogy/
Online Learning Goes Synchronous
Article describing new approaches in synchronous online learning, includingthe use of voice, streaming media and chat. By Tom Barron, Learning
Circuits, January, 2000.
http://www.astd.org/learningcircuits/jan2000/trends.html
Big Dog's ISD Page
Very detailed and very complete manual for instructional design suitable foronline learning and distance education course design. Written in 1995 by
Donald Clark, last revised June, 1999.
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/sat.html
Accreditation of Online Institutions
The author argues that the recent accreditation of Jones International
University - which specializes in online learning - does not change the natureof accreditation. By Steven Crow, Technology Source, Jan-Feb, 2000.
http://horizon.unc.edu/ts/vu/2000-01.asp
Teaching at an Internet Distance Seminar
This important research report provides an excellent overview of online
learning and some cogent observations about its potential and limitations.
Still headily conservative, the authors tend to target online learning towardniche markets. But the research is thorough, the writing clear and thethinking first rate. University of Illinois, 1999.
http://www.vpaa.uillinois.edu/tid/report/toc.html
Designing Virtual Communities for Creativity and Learning
Useful article which outlines the use and construction of online learning
communities. by Ted Kahn, The George Lucas Educational Foundation,
1999.
http://www.glef.org/edutopia/newsletters/6.2/kahn.html
People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones
A response to Teaching at an Internet Distance: The Report of a 1998-1999
University of Illinois Faculty Seminar. Rory McGreal's defense of online
learning. January 22, 1999.
http://teleeducation.nb.ca/articles/ftf/index.html
Intelligent Agents for Online Learning
The title says it all, doesn't it? Excellent discussion of emerging technologies
in online learning, along with research results from a pilot study. By
Choonhapong Thaiupathump, et.al., JALN Volume 3, Issue 2 - November
1999.
http://www.aln.org/alnweb/journal/Vol3_issue2/Choon2.htm

Critical Issues in Evaluating the Effectiveness of Technology
Interesting article which highlights seven critical issues which arise on the
introduction of technology - including online learning - to schools.
http://www.ed.gov/Technology/TechConf/1999/confsum.html

Chapter 4 ~ Community
Moo? No, this is a MAUD
Most community web sites put tourist and business information on the front
page. But what readers really want is news and events.
Posted to DU 23 June, 1995-- Start: Friday, June 23, 1995 2:02:17 pm Diversity
University MOOtime (EDT) Donald turns Ears on. CT_Ken says,"to macclark Hi, Squeaky!" Donald says, "ok guess we canstart now when you ready let me announce you. okay." Donald
says, " I am here as donc also." MacClark speaks up, "Kentype look" Stephe sighs DonC says, " ok let me introduce thespeakers today." DonC says, " stephen Downes and Jeff
McLaughlin" DonC sits Stephe says, "Hi everybosy" Stephesays, "everybody, even :)" Onyx_Guest says, "Nice to be
invited here as a guest. No pun intended " Stephe says, "myname is Stephen Downes and with me (*points to Onyx_Guest*)
is my colleague Jeff McLaughlin" Stephe says, "The two of us
are administrators of The Painted Porch MAUD. What 'MAUD'
stands for we'll tell you. *smiles*" Stephe says, "Jeff is aphilosophy instructor at the University College of the
Cariboo in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada" Stephe says,"I am a distance education design specialist at Assiniboine
Community College in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada" Stephepauses for effect CT_SueH speaks up, "" CT_SueH speaks up,"Canadian Content!" Stephe says, "We'd like to thank you forattending our session" Stephe says, "entitled The Painted
Porch MAUD" Stephe says, "or, Why MUDs are so much better
than MOOs" Stephe says, "In this presentation we will begin
with a quick history of the Porch. Then we'll discuss how weare using it now for distance education delivery. " Stephesays, "We'll identify those features which make it unique anddifferent from MOOs and we'll chat briefly about the design
philosophy behind them." Stephe says, "At the conclusion of
the session you are invited to tour the Painted Porch"
Stephe pauses dramatically Stephe says, "The Painted porch isborn out of our experience with gaming MUDs. Jeff, myself
and two others at the University of Alberta frequented aplace called Muddog " Stephe says, "which no longer exists"
Stephe says, "sadly" Stephe says, "After learning to program
MUDs there we decided to adapt the technology foreducational uses" Stephe says, "The first incarnation of thiswas a mud called 'vlab' which ran at the department of
psychology at the University of Alberta" Stephe says, "Thefour of us developed this MUD and demonstrated it at the
Canadian Philosophical Association national conference inCalgary" Stephe says, "this was about two years ago" Stephesays, "Because access to vlab was unstable, we then started
developing the MUD at Athabasca University. At that time itwas called Athabasca MUD" Stephe says, "While the MUD was at
Athabasca we ran our first classes on it. Jeff will tell you
about those." Brice looks around for somewhere to sit. Stephesays, "When I took a job here in Brandon the MUD moved to
Cariboo College (They 'found' an unused pentium kicking
about)" Stephe says, "The MUD was renamed 'The Painted Porch'to reflect the philosophical theme" Stephe says, "We also atthat time adopted the term 'MAUD' instead of MUD" Stephesays, "MAUD stands for 'Multi Academic User Domain'" Stephesays, "We wanted to indicate that the technology had evolved
away from its gaming roots and was now being used
specifically for educational purposes" Stephe says, "Jeffwill now discuss the academic uses of the MAUD" Onyx_Guestsays, "In terms of the educational purposes I first used the
MAUD to facilitate a Bioethics course" CT_SueH speaks up,"Please tell me what a MUD is?" Stephe says, "A MUD is a
Multi user Domain -- it is similar to a MOO" Stephe says, "Infact a MOO is a type of MUD" Onyx_Guest says, "For there wasa large number of nursing students in a remote part of BC
who were required to take the course but could not" CT_SueH
speaks up, "thanks" Onyx_Guest says, "and so, I gave lectures
via audio conferencing and then held seminar discussion
groups on the MAUD" Onyx_Guest says, "I also maintained
virtual office hours so that the distance students could
contact me" MacClark . o O ( ....WOO? ) Onyx_Guest says, "On
the MAUD they also had simulations which they had to try andcomment on by using our BBS" MacClark speaks up, "what sortsof simulations?" Onyx_Guest says, "I then had a different
group of D.E. students and we started putting lectures on
the MAUD so that they could access lectures" Onyx_Guest says,"The simulations were based on 2 articles one concerning
Abortion, the other Euthanasia" Onyx_Guest says, "in eachthey had to 'experience' the scenario and make choices basedon their readings and personal views" Onyx_Guest says, "fore.g., would they opt to perform active Euthanasia on the
non-playing character" Onyx_Guest says, "they would then be
moved to a different room to see the consequences of theiractions" Onyx_Guest says, "finally, they would post theirthoughts on a public bulletin board and the other classmateswould engage them in discussion" Onyx_Guest says, "part of
the 'cuteness' of the Abortion simulation was that they
couldn't 'quit' --they had to remain in the room " Briceraises his eyebrows. Onyx_Guest says, "the virtual lecturesthat we began to put on the MAUD were for my CriticalThinking students" Onyx_Guest says, "and in the fall, I planon running the same courses but with the addition of guest
virtual lectures " Onyx_Guest says, "a good part of thestudent's assignments are also done on the MAUD using
Maudmail and the BBS." Onyx_Guest says, "other profs who will
be using the MAUD include those involved in teaching via
interactive television, including, physics, e.s.l., biology,
computer science, and business" Onyx_Guest says, "one of the
English as a Second Language profs has already adapted the
MAUD tutorial (which teaches people how to use the MAUD) "Onyx_Guest says, "she has a quiz based upon the tutorial
screens to test their abilities in understanding."
Onyx_Guest says, "before I continue ...any questions so far?"
Onyx_Guest smiles. CT_SueH speaks up, "What are thedifferences, benefits of MUDs?" CT_DickB says, "what is a mud
but not a maud?" Ulf speaks up, "as i understand it it, your
MAUD system does not allow activate participation in theextension of the environment featured. correct?" CT_SueH
speaks up, "Over MOOs I mean?" Onyx_Guest says, "Well,
instead of trying to boast about the MAUD I would like topoint out some of the difficulties that students ran into andhow we resolved them" Stephe says, "While we pause forquestions, as well, I'd like to introduce Istvan Berkeley,
the founder of vlab and a collaborator on the painted porch(*indicates Quartz_Guest*)" Onyx_Guest says, "Actually, let
Stephe respond to that SueH in a moment :)" CT_SueH speaks
up, "OK - thanks" Quartz_Guest says, "hi there" Quartz_Guest
bows Onyx_Guest says, "great questions and let's deal withthem in a second. :)" ChrisS has disconnected. Quartz_Guestsays, "Another advantage of MUDs over Moos is the fact that
MUD code is much more C like than moo code, this reduces thelearning curve for new coders and gives them a more portableskill" Onyx_Guest says, "some students found learning thecommands to be difficult because of the need for'exactness'. Our response was to create an automatic
tutorial" JayC says, "isn't MOO a kind of MUD?" Stephe says,"[to JayC] yes" Onyx_Guest says, "they also tended to 'talkover one another'" Onyx_Guest says, "to which the response
was to point out how if one talked over another in real
life, no one would listen, accordingly, people slowed downsome what and the discussions ran smoother" Onyx_Guest says,"and finally the lack of self-directed motivation was a
problem --but then again this is applicable to theconventional classroom as well." MacClark speaks up, "Canyou tell us some examples of MAUDs used in natural sciences
at your place?" Onyx_Guest says, "nevertheless, the remotestudents finally felt part of the classroom environment andenjoyed the informality that accompanies the MAUD"
Quartz_Guest says, "well Vlab, which was a pre-maud was usedby the biological computation project at the U of Alberta
for lab meetings and the like - but then again Cognitive
science probably isn’t a 'natural' science..." Stephe says,"OK, before I talk about the features of the MAUD, I'll
answer the question: although we've thought about naturalscience applications (and one coder is building a humancell) there are none as yet" Stephe says, "As we've sketchedso far, a MUD, and hence the MAUD, is similar to a MOO in
many ways" Onyx_Guest says, "other professors are planning on

using MAUD first as a meeting place " Stephe says, "It is atext-based multi-user environment like this one." Onyx_Guestsays, "including those natural sci. students so that they getused to learning about and from computers" Stephe says,"There is a variety of chat lines, such as 'say', 'tell','chat', 'shout', etc" JayC's point, he guesses, is that MOOs
are a kind of MUD as are MAUDs Quartz_Guest says, "It has, wefeel, technical advantages over the Moo enviro though" JayC
nods Stephe says, "as well, we have a MUD-mail service, andbulletin boards (the BBSs Jeff was referring to)" JayC says,"how is mud-mail, compared to regular email?" Stephe says,"additionally we have the simulations Jeff described, alecture theatre, and in development, a conference facility"
Quartz_Guest says, "well, it is pretty similar - although it
is rather like the BSU mailer" Stephe says, "MudMail issimilar to email except that it operates within the confinesof the MUD only -- that is, you have to be logged on to the
MUD to use MUD mail" JayC says, "hm. why do you use it
instead of email then?" MacClark speaks up, "restricted userbase" Stephe says, "we use MUDmail because it's convenient. "Stephe says, "also not all of our users have email accounts"
JayC nods Stephe says, "OK, now let me point to thedifferences..." Ulf speaks up, "is there an interface between
MUD and email? can users, for example, forward their MUDmailto their email account if they choose to?" Stephe says, "whenyou log on to the Painted Porch (and we sincerely hope youwill) you will notice a very different look and feel to theenvironment" Stephe says, "at this point you cannot forward
mudmail to email. That is an application we are working on."Stephe says, "The first major difference is the range ofcommands available to the user." Stephe says, "We haveadopted a 'virtual reality' feel to our commands, and theidea is: if you want to do something, type that, and you
will do it" Stephe says, "for example, to say something, type'say '" Stephe says, "to nod, type 'nod'" Ulf speaks up, "onelast question (don't mean to interrupt you, though): are you
saying that you are developing most of this on your own, foryour porch system in particular or are you using creationsof other MUD systems much alike yours (why reinvent thewheel)? " Stephe says, "to quit, type 'quit'" Quartz_Guestsays, "well, it is a bit of both - Much of the existing mud
stuff can be used, but we are creating our own special stuff
too" Stephe says, "The command set and the mudlib are drawn
from existing MUDs, in particular, we use the MudOS 0.9.19
driver and the Nightmare 3.2 mud ,library, heavily modified"
Stephe says, "the difference between the ease of using MUD
commands and MOO commands is immense... no @, no capitalletters, etc" Brice [to Stephe]: Isn't it hard to eradicate
the MUD stuff like spell-casting and combat. JayC says,"capital letters? where?" Stephe says, "[to Brice] it is,yes" Onyx_Guest says, "some of it we've kept however"
MacClark speaks up, "are these commercially available? yourmodels?
Nightmare, etc.?" CT_PennyM has disconnected. JayC
continues to be annoyed by MOO being implied to not be a MUD
Stephe says, "The MudOS and Nightmare code is freely

available" Brice tries to comfort JayC. Onyx_Guest says, "wehave maintained some 'play areas' " Stephe says, "Now I
haven't tried to code on a MOO but I understand, as
Quartz_Guest indicated, that it's easier" JayC says, "yeah,
the only restriction on mudos and nightmare code is that you
can't restrict access to servers" Stephe says, "JayC you aremisinformed there" JayC sighs, digs for his license Ulf
speaks up, "what would happen if i typed 'take the pencil
from the table in front of me'? would your virtual reality
MUD understand that i want to get something i refer to as apen from something i refer to as a table? " Stephe says,"There is also the myth that users on a MUD cannot create
objects. The system allows us to give that capacity toanyone, however" Stephe says, "[to Ulf] well, we have noexact case (not having any pencils on the MUD *grin*) but
yes, that is the flexibility of code we are looking at"
Stephe says, "it is, we admit, imperfectly executed, but isconstantly improving" Onyx_Guest says, "however the route togo is with 'take pencil from table' more efficient andeasier to type" Ulf speaks up, "are you seeking toaccommodate new users with that approach without losing theflexibility of allowing experienced users to type shortcommands (in this case 'take pencil from table' or somesuch)?" Stephe says, "we don't have users create objects,
generally, for the same reason we have tried to go withnaturalness of commands: we don't want the user to be
distracted by the technology" Onyx_Guest says, "moreover, theability to create is not all that relevant to the particular
courses that we offer" Stephe says, "[to Ulf] the shortcommands are accommodated to. e.g. the program codeif(sscanf(str,%s take %s pencil %s table)==3) allows a wide
variety of syntax to work" Stephe says, "every aspect isdesigned for ease of use" Quartz_Guest says, "" Stephe says,"this extends to the design and layout of the rooms and the
mud as a whole" MacClark speaks up, "So at this point you
use the MAUD environment primarily for discussions
responsive to specific situations?" Stephe says, "We havestriven to keep room descriptions simple and clear (we foundthat users wouldn't read long cluttered descriptions)"
Onyx_Guest says, "instructors have the ability to create andthey can indirectly give that ability to the students ifthey so choose (although it is limited to whatever the
instructor codes)" Brice [to Stephe]: Good point about the
distractions from technology Brice [to Stephe]: I am tutoringon a MOO as we speak MacClark speaks up, "Is this the sort ofthing that could be done by your average dumb middle aged
biologist?" Stephe says, "we don't want people to get lost,
so we have a context sensitive 'map' command -- just typemap and a map of where you are will be displayed"
Quartz_Guest gives Onyx_Guest a bucket... Stephe says, "yes.
Coding for the MUD is decidedly simple" MacClark . o O (....there is a God.... ) Brice . o O ( named Nietzsche )Stephe says, "And coders are supported by the administration
and with sample objects. " JayC shrugs, that's true of the
MOO cores too Stephe says, "And we are careful about tone

with coders -- no put-downs, etc. Just positive supportive
help" Quartz_Guest says, "also, because of the similarity
between mud code and C, it should be easy to find an RA to
help coding too" Stephe says, "yes JayC there is a lot of the
stuff in the MOO core which is the same as the MUD and MAUD
- they have the same origins, after all. It is a differencein emphasis here." Quartz_Guest says, "I taught one middle
aged Phil prof to code from cold in about a weekend - by theend he was really good. That is how easy it is." Bricesmiles. Onyx_Guest says, "The difference in emphasis is suchthat we try to promote the virtualness and theuserfriendliness of the environment" Stephe says, "Again, wereally hope you'll visit us right after this session. We
will all be there." MacClark speaks up, "Super!" Stephe says,"The address is: telnet maud.cariboo.bc.ca 4000" Onyx_Guestsays, "it allows for virtual lectures, text simulations,seminars, public and private postings. " MacClark speaks up,"Thankyouveddymuch!" Stephe says, "When you log on, pick aname for your self. No need to register as 'guest'"
Onyx_Guest says, "as well we envision it not just as a
Learning place but a meeting place" MacClark speaks up,"Great!" Ulf speaks up, "it appears as if that is what you
are gearing towards. the underlying MUD server really does
not matter a whole lot. i am sure it would be easy to
produce an exact copy of your MAUD with an underlying MOO
server." Stephe says, "And vice versa, Ulf. Sure. We havechosen the MUD only because it agrees with our emphases"
JayC is confused Ulf speaks up, "ok, then i understand yourmotivation, i think" Quartz_Guest says, "not really, theinheritance of moo objects can make things much harder to do
on a moo, as can the verb attachments" Brice waves. JayC eyes
Quartz_Guest Onyx_Guest says, "simpler rooms and directions,ease of code etc. all act to assist the non-computer
literate person from using the MAUD " Ulf speaks up,"although emphasis could be laid on the exact same things
with a MOO just as well" Stephe says, "I think so. From a
coding standpoint I can't comment though." Brice speaks up,"Could be and is." JayC [to ulf]: really, we should stopneedling them. a good enough answer is "the people we had
locally knew lpmud better than moo". Stephe says, "heh -- we_are_ the people we had locally :)" Stephe says, "Anyhow,
thank you for attending this session, and again, please join
us at maud.cariboo.bc.ca 4000 for a tour" CT_SueH speaks up,"time to go to the Porch?" Onyx_Guest nods. Stephe says,"yes, I think we're done, unless Jeff or Istvan has anything
to add" Onyx_Guest says, "Im 'kane', Stephe is 'Labatt' andQuartz_Guest is "Nomad'" --------------------------------JayC (#5753)---------------------------------1) The
Nightmare mudlib 3.2, neither in whole nor in part, may everbeused for profit. Access to any mud making use of theNightmare mudlib
may only be restricted based on
security reasons or reasons of network
limitations.
Specifically, access may not be restricted in order tocharge access tolls. ---------------------------------JayC(#5753)---------------------------------- Stephe says, "Iwill remain logged on here as Stephe in case there are log on
problems, and you can chat with me as 'Labatt' on the porch.
Jeff is 'Kane' and Istvan is 'Nomad'." JayC shrugs; you
can't restrict access to nightmare mudlibs Quartz_Guest says,"actually, when we were looking for an environment, I didquite a bit of research - the LPMUD environment is MUCH
easier and more flexible than Moo, the editor is also
considerably better too" JayC says, "nobody uses the in-moo
editor; that's why we have clients" Quartz_Guest codes inboth CT_Ken waves in appreciation to all, leaves the room
quietly, and implodes. MacClark speaks up, "So Nightmare ismore or less public domain or shareware?" CT_SueH has
disconnected. Quartz_Guest says, "yeh, but than can cause
problems too" CT_Ken has disconnected. MacClark speaks up,"oops, Nightmare" Quartz_Guest says, "totally!" Stephe says,"We don't charge anybody for using the Nightmare Mudlib. We
can bar sites if we need to -- indeed, I had to disable theexisting mechanism on the Nightmare mudlib which wasshipped" JayC [to MacClark]: Yeah, looks like it. But likethe document says, you can't restrict access, even if you're
non-profit. JayC says, "that is, if you're gonna follow
through with their license agreement" Stephe says, "You can
restrict access. You can't restrict access to only thosepeople who have paid." MacClark speaks up, "Neat. When you
say restrict access, you don't mean to class?" JayC says,"it sez: may only be restricted based on security reasons orreasons of network limitations." Quartz_Guest says,"actually, we restricted access to Vlab, as it was a purely
research environment. We had multiple guests though - thiswas enough to satisfy the nightmare crew" MacClark speaks
up, "Ah, so that would be appropriate then" JayC thinks theirlicense needs to be rewritten, but that's what it said
Onyx_Guest nods. JayC says, "better than LambdaCore;
lambdacore doesn't HAVE a license" JayC fumes quietly at
Pavel Quartz_Guest says, "there is a difference between'access' and the privileges which access can bring." Stephesays, "In any case, the creators of Nightmare (Descartes etal) are fully aware of the Painted Porch and what we do"
MacClark speaks up, "From where could I get a copy ofNightmare or Lambdacore?" Stephe says, "We have sought his
advice in the past and keep current with new releases" JayC
[to Stephe]: yes, but they have to answer to other mudlib
authors that they drew on JayC says, "ftp.ccs.neu.edu is agood MUD ftp site" JayC is a little biased MacClark speaks
up, "Any other advice welcome also." swb speaks up, "what do
you think of LPMOO?" JayC's advice is to figure out what
people you have locally, what people do the same things as
you on the net, and look around Stephe says, "yes it is agood site tho sometimes not updated as quickly as we'd like(last time I looked they still stocked ModOS_0.9.19 which isquite old)" JayC thinks LPMOO is a cool thing to experiment
with, but it's kinda slow Stephe says, "I can never remember
the other release sites... I do know there's one at
imaginary.com" JayC lives with Rob, LPMOO's author CT_DickB
has disconnected. Stephe says, "There is a complete list atthe MAUD Web site at www.assiniboinec.
mb.ca/www/isiit/maud.htm" swb speaks up, "OK" Onyx_Guestsays, "well Im heading over to the Porch, I hope to see you
there. Indeed you can carry on this conversation over there
too :)" Onyx_Guest has disconnected. Ulf speaks up, "where
are you guys on the Porch. me and a couple of other people
are waiting to be shown around (poout)" Stephe says, "it may
be slow due to netlag" Brice says, "i'm having trouble logginin there. Oh" Brice says, "I see" MacClark speaks up, "o.k.
I'll see how successful I am...." MacClark says, "bye,all...Thanks for an interesting discussion." Quartz_Guestsays, "OK, I will go over there now too - If you cannot
login, ask Stephe here, otherwise Kane & I will meet you
there" MacClark waves to all MacClark has disconnected.
Quartz_Guest wave Quartz_Guest has disconnected. Brice has
disconnected. Obsidian_Guest has disconnected. ChrisS says,"what’s the telnet address, sorry to be late" swb says,"maud.cariboo.bc.ca 4000" ChrisS says, "thanks swb" Donald
says, "ok sorry missed that :(." Donald says, " ok thanksscott" ChrisS says, "ill go now" Donald says, "Got to run toMarist one. thanks chriss please log it." CT_DickB says,"stephen are you here?" Stephe says, "i am here" CT_PennyMclaps loudly for a demo CT_PennyM smiles broadly CT_PennyM
giggles Diamond_Guest speaks up, "what session is going on
here opplease?" Johann has disconnected. JayC has
disconnected. Agate_Guest says, "Hi Moulton" Donald says,"you here for Meridian tour ?" Donald says, " sign is outside
in icde room , plus instructions."

My Email to NetscapeWho does your digital identity belong to? Do you have the right to keep youridentity private while you browse? Consider, in light of my email to
Netscape's online community.
Posted to HotWired Wed, 18 Mar 98
Who does your digital identity belong to? Do you have the right to keep youridentity private while you browse? Consider, in light of my email to
Netscape's online community.
To: Member_Directory@netscape.com
This note addresses two related but separate topics.
1. When I signed up as a member of the Netscape Netcenter

community, the system did not allow me to specify my email
address. Rather, it obtained and posted an email address on its own.
The address is correct, that is, it is a valid email address, however, it
is an address I never use (I have about 5 email addresses).
What concerns me is that it got the *correct* email address for theaccount I am using. That shouldn't have happened.
I have set *all* my Netscape mail and news options to my otheremail identity. This includes my POP server and reply-to addresses,
which are set to downes@docker.com
However, your system inferred (correctly) that the account I am
using is in fact my sdownes@mb.sympatico.ca account. I can see
how you could obtain my mb.sympatico.ca domain, however, you
should not, according to the documentation I've seen, be able toobtain my userid. I have *never*, in my life, entered the sympatico
address to any form, etc, so you're not getting it from a cookie or any
static data on my browser. You must be obtaining it from my current
ISP login information.
What I want to know is: how you did this. I run a NetscapeEnterprise server myself and haven't seen any 'snoop on user id'
features. So there's something else.
I am also concerned about privacy. My understanding of web
browsing is that userids remain private, however, this very muchdashes that assumption.
2. My email address, as determined by your system, is now part of myuserid. No problem, right? It's my account - just go in and change it.
Wrong. It turns out, in order to change it, I must obtain a digital
certificate from Verisign in order to change my personal information.
One thing about this that troubles me is that nowhere was I told this*prior* to my signing on as a member. But let's let that go.
More significant is that I cannot change my own information without
the intervention of a third party.
This raises concerns because, first, I know that Verisign is going tocome back in six months asking for money, which I must pay, orotherwise they will toast my digital identity. I have refused to pay
them in the past because I never cared. But now I've got something alittle more significant going on here.
Moreover: if it's my identity, why can't I choose my own agency? I
have no particular reason to trust verisign. However, all other things
being equal, I'd rather employ a Canadian agency, subject to mycountry's privacy legislation.
Thank you for responding to my concerns. I think these are significant issues
affective personal rights of privacy and identity on the internet. Normally I
wouldn't bother, but since you are Netscape, and therefore major players (bighuge major players) in net technology, I think we need a response. I am
therefore posting this email to a forum at Hotwired Threads, where it can bereviewed and discussed by others involved in online culture. I will - unless
you object - post your reply there as well. Thanks.

One of the Greats is Gone
It's a sad day when an online community dies, its denizens scattered to thefour winds, and today, too, is a day for lament.
Posted to NewsTrolls September 2, 1998
It's fitting - and purely coincidental - that the relaunch of HotWired should
occur a day after the launch of News Trolls.
And the nature and shape of the new Hotwired site says much about why andhow News Trolls came into existence. Indeed, the first article on the firstpage says it all:
Inside Wifey Inc.: Affectionately known as Wifey and
Hubby, a Washington state couple are turning their private
bedroom antics into a new-media empire.
With this launch, and this lead article, HotWired's descent from the cuttingedge to the pits of pubescent pabulum is complete. Sex on the web - that's
how HotWired enters its new incarnation.
We could see it coming. HotWired - and its parent magazine, Wired, now
sold to Condé Nast Publications - has been sliding down this path for sometime.

The complaints stacked up one after the other on HotWired's online forum,
Threads. Brain Tennis is gone, users lamented. Hot Seat is gone. And in one
last final UGH, media columnist Jon Katz departed the sinking ship.
Threads - interestingly - no longer plays a role on HotWired. The new site
has three main components: Wired News, RGB gallery, and Webmonkey.
Why these three? HotWired's press release tells the story:
Relevant Knowledge reported that its (Wired News's)
monthly readership had exceeded those of The Wall Street
Journal Interactive, CBS.com, and CNET's News.com. (and).... Over the past year, Webmonkey has become the mostpopular HotWired section, with page views increasing 330
percent since June 1997.
It's all about page views, folks. And why page views? Because it's all aboutmoney. Less travelled portions of the website were discarded. Media
criticism doesn't draw the advertising dollars. There's no quick cash to bemade by hosting a user forum, especially one where the users post criticalcomments.
Here's what I wrote about Wired in June:
We know how it works. Microsoft is not going to advertise ina publication which proclaims it as the evil empire. Disney is
not going to advertise in a magazine which proclaims thatfilm is dead. Even Amazon.com isn't interested if you are
slagging the publishing industry.
But the big problem is: the values of those new readers, andthe values of the advertisers who cater to them, are the oldvalues. In order to attract them, Wired had to change. Andchange it did, in ways documented at length above, until the
Wired of today was, in attitude, inclination and temperament,
the polar opposite of the Wired of five years ago.
When I say Wired became a corporate shill, that it's theadvertiser writing the content, what I am saying is that Wired- in the ways just documented - is representing the interestsand values of its advertisers and the readers they cater to, as
opposed to the interests and values of the hackers, phreaks,
wizards and geeks it first sought to reach and talk about.
When I say Wired sold out, I am saying that they know where
the wave of the future is, but have turned away, more

interested in making money than making waves.
So what now?
Just in time, as it turns out, we, the news trolls inhabiting Wired Threads,
observing an obvious parting of the ways, fled the ship and landed here,
founding News Trolls. We left not because we knew HotWired was going tosink our forum (they never had the decency to tell us) but because HotWiredwas in full retreat, becoming less and less relevant.
While we at News Trolls have disparate ideas and beliefs, we are united by
our interest in media. We have in common the understanding that the leadingedge of thought about the internet does not consist of How-To guides or thereports about the top software companies.
We are interested in the medium itself: how it gathers news, how it disperses
news, and how it makes news. We are interested not so much in how it
works - and even if we were, there's no shortage of such sites, including the
now lamented HotWired - as we are interested in how it's used.
"The medium is the message", wrote McLuhan famously, and less famously,"the content is the viewer." We are interested in the content, because in thecontent, lies the viewer. What it important about the internet, and interesting
about the internet, is how people's values and beliefs are reflected, and how
they collide, locally, nationally, and globally.
There was once a time when Wired understood this. When Wired understoodthat the internet represented a global culture in transformation, a renaissance,a revolution. When Wired was down with the Dish-Wallahs. Undergroundwith pirate radio. In on the edge. Irreverent, irresponsible, and cool.
I was there when MudDog MUD crashed for the last time in 1994. I was
there when The Spot breathed its last in 1996. It's a sad day when an online
community dies, its denizens scattered to the four winds, and today, too, is a
day for lament. One of the greats is gone.

Selling the WELL
It's hard not to feel a little bit abused when the site and community you as auser have devoted your time and energy to turns around and drops you.
Posted to NewsTrolls April 7, 1999
We could all understand when AOL purchased ICQ. After all, despitehaving tens of millions of users, ICQ had no identifiable revenue source. We
knew the other shoe would have to drop - and to some extent are waiting forit still - and that ICQ would join the ranks of profit-making ventures.
And we were understanding when AOL gobbled Netscape. The company's
flagship product - the Navigator web browser - was now being distributedfor free. The Enterprise server never did rival Apache in popularity.
Netscape was rapidly turning into the NetCenter portal, driven by the default
buttons on the browser. And it was suffering defeat at the hands of Internet
Explorer. Something had to give.
Hotmail - now a Microsoft product - was commerce driven all the way. They
had a cool idea that even Microsoft couldn't copy - not easily, anyways, andnot without being really blatant about it - and they had a user base which, inthe world of the internet, translates into dollars. And it's not like Hotmail hada loyal following. Like broadcast.com it was just a site, offering web
services for the price of (carefully targeted) advertising.
Closer to home, though, patrons of the Hotwired online community felt morethan a little let down when the magazine was sold, then the website was sold,and the online community was shut down. The followers of Katz's Media
Rants were by the management left out in the cold. But even there thewriting was on the wall. It was always clear that the community was Wired's
baby, and while there was a certain cachet to being part of that trendy crowd,
it's not like the members built the site from the ground up.
Even so, it's hard not to feel sometimes as a website user that you're being
treated like a slab of meat, as a commodity, as a pair of eyeballs whose
attention may be bought and sold like so much grain at a prairie railway
siding. It's hard not to feel a little bit abused when the site and community
you as a user have devoted your time and energy to turns around and drops
you like a sack of potatoes after a hard day's lade.
So one wonders what the members of The WELL are feeling today.
For those of you who haven't heard, The WELL was purchased by our rival
down the street, Salon. Here's what The WELL said:"How gratifying it is to join forces with Salon, and initiate thenext chapter in the saga of The WELL," said Gail Ann
Williams, The WELL's executive director. "The twocompanies complement each other superbly." ....
"The WELL and Salon have a shared heritage of stimulating
conversation," said former WELL owner Bruce Katz. "TheWELL, with its 200 plus hosted discussion areas is a great fit
with Salon's interest in enabling and developing online
communities."
One wonders whether Gail Ann Williams has been reading Salon lately. The
two sites mix together like - well - The WELL and Salon. The former, in
their own words, is "dedicated to intelligent conversation."
A unique and world-famous community of writers,
technologists, thinkers and quirky pundits exchanges
information and opinions on a variety of topics. The subject
matter ranges from jazz to Java, from gardening toGeneration X. Membership in The WELL, which includes
unlimited participation in hundreds of conferences, with an
optional WELL homepage and email account, costs $10 or$15 per month.
By contrast, Salon's content today (April 7) includes Sarah Vowell: Was
serial killer Andrew Cunanan a monster -- or a hipster like you and me? andSusan Straight: Since my husband left, the funk is all mine. Upscale light andfluffy articles - that's Salon's forte, and if you like it, fine, but it is theantithesis to the WELL.
But there's more to it than just that. Salon is everything the web was notsupposed to be - slick, upscale, glossy, corporate, sales-driven, marketoriented schmaltz. Salon is Vanity Fair on HTML. Salon is mostemphatically not a user-driven site. Content and discussion - these are for theowners (and presumably their sponsors, MSN, Visa and Lexus) to decide.
Salon may sometimes depict itself as a web community, but it is more
obviously in broadcast (and upscale sales) mode, as its advertisinginformation clearly depicts:- An average of 1.2 million visitors and 13 million page views
per month- 64% male / 36% female- $69,500 (U.S.) Household Income- 85% college graduates, 59% professionals- Mean age: 34- Mean session time with Salon per visit: 23 minutes per visit- Mean number of monthly visits to Salon: 23 visits permonth
For 1.2 million visitors, the traffic in Table Talk is miniscule. And while the
WELL probably has similar demographics, that site sells members access toeach other, and not to advertisers.
What's the difference?
Cliff Figallo, director or the WELL for six years (and now buried in Salon's
staff list as their 'Director of Community Development' for Table Talk)
writes in his book, Hosting Web Communities:
As an online community, the WELL fulfilled its intended
purpose of selling its users access to each other, meaning thatit deliberately attracted and won the loyalty of people who
were themselves attractions to others. I would describe it as aconversation-oriented, rather than commercially-oriented,
community. (p.13)
And moreover...
Community is most powerful when membership brings withit a sense of belonging. Unless that feeling is there, nomanager, advertiser, or promoter can claim the presence ofcommunity....
It's the sense of being included in some greater, mutually
recognized social entity that drives people to invest
themselves through visiting, participating and contributing,which is exactly what you want them to do. When people
invest in this way, they feel a sense of shared ownership in
the community, and even in the organization that supports it.
(p.16)
If there is anything which defines the WELL, it is that the members built anddefined the community. Figallo is very clear about this:For all the six years I managed the WELL, I wished in vainthat i could have afforded to pay some of the individuals who
served as hosts for our conferences. clearly, some of thosevolunteers were major attractions....
We could not have afforded to lose our stars, and thepossibility of that worried me often, knowing that at any time,the departure of 20 or 30 key individuals could have done to
the WELL what the loss of Kramer and Elaine would havedone to Seinfeld in its heyday. (p. 133)
Indeed, the members actually build the computer on which the WELL washoused. Or at least, they bought it. Long-time WELL addict Howard
Rheingold describes it,
Half-seriously, Clifford Figallo named a figure. Within a few
days, enough people had pledged hundreds of dollars each,thousands of dollars cumulatively, to get the show on theroad. The checks arrived, the computer was purchased, thehardware was installed, and the database--the living heart ofthe community--was transferred to its new silicon body.
On the WELL, the community was the focus, and the members built thecommunity. This is perhaps best characterized by the oft-used WELL
slogan, "You Own Your Own Words". No such slogan exists on Salon, andthe closest the magazine gets to ethics or community definitions is a blurb
about 'Letters to the Editor'. What sort of community is it which statesclearly, "We do not publish every letter?" Can you imagine Salon members
pitching in to buy a new server?
The WELL has been through this before. In 1994, the site was purchased byco-founder of Rockport Shoes, Bruce Katz, who intended to build a series ofmini-Well sites around the world. The following year, 300 WELL members
left to form The River to "develop an on-line community that is owned andgoverned by the users, the people that create the value."
The River's mission states,
The River is an open, self-governing, uncensored,
economically sustainable, computer conferencing system.
The central missions of the River are to maintain a medium
for conversations among a group of diverse people, and tofoster virtual communities which control their own destiny.
The River Community is owned and governed by the people
who create the high-quality conversations which are thesource of the River's value. The River is dedicated toexperimentation, and welcomes newcomers.
Cliff Figallo is not listed as one of the 'River Runners'. Howard Rheingold is,
however.
If there is an antithesis to Figallo's now commercially-oriented work in
online communities, it is Rheingold's classic The Virtual Community. For
one thing, Rheingold reprints his entire book on his website. For anotherthing, Rheingold does not have a chapter titled Support Strategies andRevenue Models.

What Rheingold gets is that
The system is the people.
This is the principle which guided the creation of the WELL:
The same turned out to be true for the WELL, both by design
and by happenstance. Matthew McClure understood that he
was in the business of selling the customers to each other andletting them work out everything else. This was afundamental revelation that stood the business in good steadin the years to follow. His successor, Farm alumnus Clifford
Figallo, also resisted the temptation to control the culture
instead of letting it work out its own system of social
governance.
Resisted, for a time, anyways.
But why should we care? Most of us have never been members of the WELL
- heck, it costs ten bucks a month and it's all San Francisco based anyways.
Perhaps those Deadheads among us might find in the WELL a home, but
who cares whether Salon buys the WELL, whether HotWired takes the longcount, whether Slashdot 'moderates' its posts, whether players buy games
rather than building MUDs?
Rheingold hits this one squarely:
Virtual communities could help citizens revitalize democracy,or they could be luring us into an attractively packaged
substitute for democratic discourse.
With the advent of online communities, broadcasters and print media began
to lose their hold on public opinion. It was not simply that they could not put
eyeballs in front of advertisements, they could not put compliant eyeballs infront of advertisements. From the very obvious product placement in Edtv tothe lifestyle choices offered in prime time television, mass media creates anddefines an culture of expectations and needs.
Sites like Salon carry this motif onto the internet. An upscale lifestyles andculture E-Zine, it is bringing to us an image of what the hip online consumer
should be, think, and buy. From its People coverage (this week: Spiderman
is hot, James Cameron, not - guess what movie is coming soon?) to its'alternative lifestyles' coverage (Our correct attitude? Warning -- lesbian lit
ahead!), Salon is creating a clientele custom-tailored for Lexus and Visa.

As Rheingold says,
The great power of the idea of electronic democracy is thattechnical trends in communications technologies can help
citizens break the monopoly on their attention that has been
enjoyed by the powers behind the broadcast paradigm--theowners of television networks, newspaper syndicates, andpublishing conglomerates. The great weakness of the idea ofelectronic democracy is that it can be more easily
commoditised than explained. The commercialization andcommoditization of public discourse is only one of the grave
problems posed by the increasing sophistication ofcommunications media. The Net that is a marvellous lateral
network can also be used as a kind of invisible yet
inescapable cage. The idea of malevolent political leaderswith their hands on the controls of a Net raises fear of a more
direct assault on liberties.
That's why this is such a big deal. It is too easy - using either clevertechnology, which Slashdot will probably sell any day now - or ham-handed
censorship, as practised by AOL and other service providers - to shape andnurture the messages people are sending to each other.
Online community reaches deeper than broadcast media. It touches us at amore emotional level, probably because we know that there is a person at theother end of the pipe. Community sites which shape the communications
between those persons, who redefine what they think their online communityand culture is all about, have a reach more deeply into that viewer's soul thanbroadcast advertising ever could.
If the future of online community lies with the Salons of the world, we are
all of us - not just the WELL - in deep trouble. As Rheingold writes,
Perhaps cyberspace is one of the informal public places
where people can rebuild the aspects of community that werelost when the malt shop became a mall. Or perhaps
cyberspace is precisely the wrong place to look for the rebirthof community, offering not a tool for conviviality but a lifedenying simulacrum of real passion and true commitment to
one another. In either case, we need to find out soon.

Portals and Community Plays
The newspapers and service providers are trying their hand at community
websites. But these sites are not portals; they're not even good news sites.

And any kid with Linux and a server can take them on.
Posted on NewsTrolls and to Steve Outing 28 June 1999
I used to run a city site much like Houston 4U - in fact, my site started in
1995 and was called "The Brandon Pages". I abandoned the site when I
moved from Brandon (in Manitoba, Canada) to my new position in
Edmonton.
Anyhow, I was up against MTS Advanced early - they got off the ground in
1997 with a site called "Around Brandon" - it quickly absorbed another ISP
and its site, and it was big, it was splashy, and it was just like Telus's MyBC.
The 'Brandon' component of the site disappeared in 1998 - Brandon,
population 40,000, was not large enough to support the venture - and is now
simply Around Manitoba.
Of course the other reason was that I kicked their butt. I watched no fewer
than five commercial sites go down while I managed my one-man volunteer
site. Try as they might, I got the links, I got the traffic, and were I postingbanner ads, I would have had the revenue. More on that below...
I was intrigued by Steve Outing's column today, AltaVista/Zip2 Portal
Strategy Taking Shape (The link will be live after June 30; for now, seehere), thinking that these large community-site vendors had finally 'got it'.
But no. While you may style these as portal sites, if you actually look atthem, you should notice that you never leave the site. These are not portals
because they do not refer you to any external websites at all.
This was why I created The Brandon Pages in the first place and why I
kicked their butts. My site linked to everything - positively everything - inthe city of Brandon. Including the other 'City of Brandon' sites (which never
did link back to me - go figure). And so long as there was more than one
ISP, my site was guaranteed to be more comprehensive.
Sure, I had news articles and weather and a chat board and maps and tourist
information and all of that. But mainly what I had was a neatly indexed (andcustomizable) list of every website in Brandon or about Brandon.
Now I would say that these sites - and they're not portals because they don't
link to anything - are vulnerable to this kind of competition. They depend on
their users setting them up as their home pages (Telus, which is also an ISP,
is in a better position to do this than the newspaper sites). But they won't get
the support generally of businesses in the community (though they may get
the support of the Chamber of Commerce, because they're a big business)because they won't link to their websites. Any site which comes along andlinks to everything else will cut them off at the knees.
Now as to the cost - although the city sites are being touted as 'expensive'
any geek with a server and some smarts can respond fairly efficiently. Dropit on a Linux box (because MS sw support always costs a lot of money).
Install some free online community support - the discussion board, webemail, personal pages, calendar, etc (all of which may be obtained for free).
The tough part is to troll for the links - you can use a product like Smart
Spider or write your own script in PERL. Toss it into a PERL-based
database, like MySQL, and you're set (I didn't even use the database,because we're only talking about a few thousand entities here). The total cost
- including a server rental - is $200 without Smart Spider (I set up
fallacies.org for $200), $1000 with the Spider.
The other sites can't respond. If they add the links to their pages, they loseviewership, because people would rather see the actual site rather than the
Telus or 4U version of it. And people once they've left might never comeback. Remember, their business model depends on keeping people on theirsite. But if they don't set up the links, then they begin to lose visitors. Theylose the tourist traffic almost right away (I got almost all of Brandon's online
tourist traffic) because there's no easy way in to such a site (people won't
link to it if they don't link back). And if they are not also the service
provider, it becomes really hard to get people to make them their home page
(with the Brandon pages, I made deals with competing ISPs to have themfeature my site on their home page.)
I haven't even mentioned the content on the Around Manitoba or even the
Houston 4U of MyBC sites. The news is soft-pedalled and oh-so very
positive. The riskiest thing MyBC offered today was 'Biker killed'. Houston
4U was a little more aggressive, going after the immigrants (' Hospitals'
immigrant care drain on budget'), but nothing which might upset thesponsors, or the parent company. It's the sanitization of online reportage, andI think that people will see through that pretty quickly, and again, flock to
any site which they perceive to be a neutral or independent voice.
So I don't think we've seen the end of this yet. We've seen some forays into
the field by some entities which don't 'get it' yet, entities which think they
can monopolize online traffic. But don't be lured by the big names, glossy
pages, and newspaper support (remember, in many eyes, newspapers are theleast credible source of information, and online syrup like this only
reinforces that view). Any kid with some smarts and some time can outwit
them at their own game, and be more credible to boot. Online community
sites will have to do a lot more before they approach anything like common
currency.

The Standard for Internet Commerce
It's all nice and good to say that you are creating a set of standards for online
commerce. But you have to make sure the major players are onside. You
have to ensure that there is representation from the web standards
community and from the consumer advocacy community. And you have toensure that there is a mechanism for real input from web users.
Posted on NewsTrolls 12 July 1999
It is the ultimate in irony to see a web site describe itself as "Proprietary andConfidential". For obviously, a web site can be neither: its content isavailable for use by readers world wide; and a web posting is probably themost public of all documents.
It is even more ironic to see the label "Proprietary and Confidential" applied
to a document which compares itself to such open standards initiatives as
TCP/IP and similar protocols. The use of internet protocols depends on theirwidespread and free availability. Users should not have to fear secret draft
documents or the possibility that royalties may one day be charged.
Yet Ziff-Davis weighs in today with a document which contains both
ironies, the grandly titled "Standard for Internet Commerce." This selfdescribed "seminal initiative" is intended as "a comprehensive codificationof best practices in Internet commerce." Whether it can meet such lofty
objectives in its current form is another matter.
Now of course nothing is official yet; the first press releases are notscheduled to begin until tomorrow, but Ziff-Davis couldn't wait, jumping the
gun with a column this morning in Jesse Berst's AnchorDesk.
To hear Berst play it up, the whole thing is about customer service, good,bad or indifferent. "Bad service is frustrating enough in the real world,"
writes Berst. "But it's even more outrageous online -- because it doesn't haveto be bad." The only thing holding up the emergence of good service on theweb? A lack of standards - and so Ziff-Davis and its partners are ready tomove into the gap.
The proposed standards, like any protocol, are intended to be voluntary. But
there's an iron fist inside this velvet glove: "Once a best-practices
ecommerce standard is crafted, e-merchants will adopt it -- or suffer theconsequences." Consumers would patronize only those sites with thecoveted SIC label; those vendors refusing to play ball would be shunned. Or
so the story goes.

What Berst does not talk about, and what does not get discussed in thestandards proposal at all, is the question of who does the monitoring andcertification, and of how much the coveted SIC label will cost online
merchants. And you can be quite sure it's going to cost something; otherwise,
why would the standards be proprietary?
Well, OK, so they're going to make some cash on this. But standards are agood thing, right? We as online consumers want a measure of security andprotection. And if we look at the aspects of e-commerce governed by thestandards - everything from personal privacy to security to warranties andconsumer complaints - it looks like the standards are the sort of thing which
would do the job.
You'd think, anyways. But let's be clear about this from the start. The
standards have nothing in particular to do with what online consumers wantor expect in the way of security and protection. For one thing, consumers
have no say in the content of the standards. Voting is restricted to a clique offounding members. Public input, while solicited, will only be "used as input
by the editors and Founding Members".
The list of founding members makes fascinating reading. We see presidents
and CEOs of such august institutions as Macy's, the Wall Street Journal,
Barnes and Noble, Charles Schwab, and more. There is a sprinkling ofuniversity professors and consultants. More interesting, however, is the listof companies and institutions which are not represented.
Conspicuous by their absence are the heavy-hitters on the World Wide Web.
The name Microsoft is nowhere to be seen. Usually, such gaps are filled by
AOL or Netscape, but their representatives are not in the picture either.
Amazon, the net's largest bookstore, isn't mentioned. Nor is eBay, the net's
largest auction house. One wonders why Ziff-Davis has gone to press before
lining up the heavy hitters. Or is this a power play - is ZD trying to run withthe big dogs now?
Also absent are any representatives of the online community in general. One
would thing that a document concerned with security and privacy would
attract the attention of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. But no, nothing.
Perhaps a consumer advocacy group; they're not hard to find. A technology
representative, say, from W3C? SlashDot? Nada.
It's a bit of a stretch to expect anything of lasting value to emerge from acabal such as this. And as we examine the proposed standards themselves,that sceptical prediction is confirmed. The standards are long on ensuringthat merchants provide information about themselves, including the use of acute little i logo and site search. They are big on such matters as productavailability, shipping, and warranties. They suggest that merchants tellconsumers how much the goods or service will cost. And they think onlinetransactions ought to be private and secure.
That all sounds good, but when we dig into the details we find that thestandards in every case err on the side of the merchant. Consider the section
on information integrity (i.e., can you trust the 'news' you're reading). The
standard recommends only that "The merchant shall notify customers of its
policy on accepting payments or other consideration from third parties forplacement of any content related to the third parties' products/services that is
not clearly identifiable as advertising." In other words, it is acceptable forsuch sites to hide advertising in with their news content, so long as
somewhere on the site there is a page which says they do this.
Or consider their provisions on privacy. If the vendor gathers personal
information, the standards say, they should disclose this fact to the user. So
far so good. And the user should have the option of opting-out, right? Nope.
The standard requires only that sites state "Whether customers have theopportunity to limit the use of their personal information (Opt in/Opt out)
and how they can do so." Well, OK, but personal information cannot be usedwithout the permission of that person, right? Nope. The standards impose nosuch restriction. How about restricting spam? Well, the standards do proposethat users ought to have the right to say no (phew) - but according to theeditors, that freedom should exist only when the information is firstcollected.
And a consumer-sensitive set of standards would up the ante. As Paul Evanscomments on the ZDNet forum, "There should be traceability, so I could see
who else is using my data. Further, I should maintain control of secondary,tertiary, etc. use. This includes medical records (contrary to what ourbusiness owned congress wants to do). All of this will require much better
identity proofing than is currently used today. Things like X.500 identity
certificates and, perhaps, smart cards instead of mag strips." But on suchmatters the standards say nothing. Advantage: vendor.
OK, how about customer complaints? You know - like when those antique
Roman gold earrings turn out to be made of brass in Taiwan. The standards
state only that there be "a means for customers to provide feedback or filecomplaints." There is not a word in the standards about how such complaints
would be resolved, or whether they would be resolved at all. Online
merchants could simply send back an acknowledgement form letter and thenfile the complaint into the circular directory /dev/null for long term storage.
Such merchants would be in complete compliance with the standards! But
perhaps not very popular with consumers.

The standards ought to endorse third-party dispute resolution centres, suchas ilevel. But nobody like ilevel was asked to help create the standards, so
it's not surprising that no dispute resolution process exists.
One would at least expect online vendors to obey the law. Of course, on theinternet, many laws come into play, since the user, the service provider, andthe vendor may all be in different jurisdictions. Even so, some law ought toapply. The standards recommend only that vendors "the merchant shallnotify the customer which country's laws that the merchant believes apply tothe customer's transaction." There is no requirement that the vendor get it
right. There is no requirement that the vendor actually obey the applicablelaw.
Moreover, there is much that is missing from the proposed set of standards.
Much that consumers would demand as their right, and about which thestandards are completely silent.
For example, online commerce is much more than credit-card transactions,much more than the buy-sell exchange. Online marketing is to a large degree
a matter of building a relationship with a customer, one where the customer
is expected to contribute more than just money and demographic
information. Sites such as Firefly, for example, ask customers to submit theirmusical and media preferences. Geocities encourages users to create home
pages. eBay asks customers to submit reviews of online vendors.
One would ordinarily think that web sites, comments and reviews suppliedby users would belong to those users. But in recent weeks, online merchants
have tried to reverse that expectation, claiming ownership over thesecontributions. Yahoo made the audacious claim that it owns all Geocities
websites. eBay has argued that no other site may refer to its vendor andcustomer reviews. More and more, it seems, the content provided by users isreverting into the hands of the providers. This trend would be reversed inany user-supported set of standards; but the Ziff-Davis proposal iscompletely silent.
Or how about site security? You as a consumer have a reasonable desire thatyour credit card information not be posted for all to see on
www.hackers.are.us and thus that online merchants employ reasonableprecautions against hacking. But the standards are completely silent on thispoint; the online merchant could leave your information in an unprotected
file and still be in compliance with the standards.
Consumers also have a reasonable expectation that the claims made about aproduct are complete and accurate. This expectation should extent both toproduct information posted on the site, and also product information posted

in advertisements and other promotional materials. About the only thing thestandards require the vendor to get right is the price! About other forms of
misrepresentation the standards are completely silent. Of course - you could
always complain.
Now you may be arguing - but consumers have a voice in these standards!
Yes - a non-binding voice. But more to the point, a non-binding vote on themultiple-choice poll voice. There is no mechanism for proposing and having
adopted anything which is not on the ballot. Sure, consumers have a voice they can choose which way they want to be shafted by these online shysters.
It's all nice and good to say that you are creating a set of standards for online
commerce. But you have to do a little more homework than the good folks at
Ziff-Davis. You have to make sure the major players are onside. You have toensure that there is representation from the web standards community andfrom the consumer advocacy community. And you have to ensure that there
is a mechanism for real input from web users, input which is not only
listened to, but which has a measurable impact in the nature and content of
the standards which would evolve out of such a process.
Nice try, Ziff-Davis. Stick to producing magazines.

News Up Front
Most community web sites put tourist and business information on the front
page. But what readers really want is news and events.
Posted to MuniMall Newsletter, 01 December 1999.
Who is reading your community web page? To judge from a survey ofcommunity home pages across Alberta, most readers are tourists.
At least, that seems to be who community web page designers are targeting.
Enter almost any Community home page and you'll find a nice picture, aslogan, and a description or history of The town.
For example,"Manning, one of the newest towns in the north, was named
after a former Premier of Alberta. The Town sprung up after
the Second World War on the banks of the Notikewin Riverbetween two small hamlets - North Star to the south andNotikewin to the north."http://www.agt.net/public/manadm/manning.htm
or"Legal is a unique multi-cultural community with a French
heritage, located in a prime agricultural area just 20 minutes
north of St. Albert." http://www.syz.com/townnet/legal
Now tourist information is important and often forms a valuable part of arural economy. But in all probability, unless you are Banff or Jasper, tourists
aren't your primary audience.
The next largest group of visitors, at least to judge from existing web sites, isprospective businesses. These sites post demographic information, business
opportunities, and community profiles.
Consider the Town of Hanna: "The Town of Hanna welcomes your interestin our community. Whether it be industrial, retail, tourism or retirement
related, opportunity is abundant in Hanna. We take pride in offering urban
amenities with a country flair." http://www.town.hanna.ab.ca/
Business development is important but potential investors represent only afraction of your readership. Provide information for them, but don't feature iton the front page.
So… who does read your community web site?
I ran the City of Brandon web site between the years 1995 and 1999, closing
the site only when I Moved from the community to take up my current
position with MuniMall. It was a volunteer position and an unofficial site,
but for four years, Brandon's primary presence on the internet (the city is
now served by a commercial venture, http://www.brandon.com)
Brandon.com learned as I learned before them that the primary audience of acommunity web site Consists of members of that particular community.
Examining my access logs, I found that almost all of my page views werecoming from local service providers. And most of my email was sent fromwithin City limits.
You should examine your own access logs, but the result will be similar in
most cases. And knowing that most of the people using your community
web site will be residents should shape what you post on the home page.
Local residents do not want tourist or business development information.
They want news, events and happenings. This is especially the case in larger

communities where information doesn't travel as fast as the wind, but evensmaller communities need to keep their citizens up to date.
A significant minority of Alberta community web sites have seen the lightand have started posting the latest and greatest right on their home page.
Looking at the Town of Lacombe (http://www.townoflacombe.org/) for
example, I can see right away information posted today about the Children's
Christmas Party, information posted last week about a bylaw amendment,
and a variety of news items through the remainder of November andOctober.
Were I a resident of Lacombe, I would find this useful information, andmore importantly, I would not have had to go hunt for it. And were I a
touristThe City of Camrose - cited before in these pages for progressive web
design - also posts community information front and centre. See
http://www.camrose.com/) and read about this year's Viking hockey
tournament and news from the City engineering department.
It is not hard to add news and event listings to your front page, and it takes
only a few minutes a week to maintain the links.
But what it shows about your community far exceeds the effort required. Itshows that you care about community information, that you understandwhat's happening in your community, and that your citizens are active andinvolved.
So - put the news and events right up front.

Why XHTML? A Pastoral Tale
Why should community website designers embrace the new XHTML
standard? Well, suppose you were driving down Highway 14....
Posted to MuniMall Newsletter, 26 January 2000.
Why should community website designers embrace the new XHTML
standard?
Well, suppose you were driving down Highway 14 one beautiful summer
day and the rumbling in your stomach announced that it was lunch time.

You cancel the music playback and call on the car computer (you are using
voice access because screen displays were banned in 2003).
"Where am I?" you ask. Your Global Positioning System relays yourcoordinates and your computer responds, "You are ten kilometres east ofTofield.""Are there any restaurants in Tofield?" you ask (not having travelled throughthe region recently).
Using the same technology that today powers cell phones, your car accesses
the internet and searches for information. It finds the Tofield community
home page, which you select.
"Restaurants?" you ask. Four are listed, and based on customer reviews you
select a promising candidate, the Blue Plate Grazen Grill (you're in the moodfor beef).
"Menu?" you prompt, and reading from the restaurant's web site, yourcomputer lists today's specials with prices and options.
You make a decision. "Call them, please," you instruct your computer (forsome reason, computers seem to work more quickly when you say 'please' nobody knows why).
The background noise of a busy restaurant (a good sign) fills your car and apleasant voice answers. "Blue Plate Grazen Grill," she says. "How can I help
you."
"I'm about five minutes away," you say. I'd like to order the Blue Plate
Special for today with slaw and gravy.
"We will be expecting you," says the helpful voice. "We accept direct debit
and smart card." You consider paying for the meal immediately, but
etiquette demands a tip, which you'd rather pay after you eat.
"I'll pay by smart card," you say, and disconnect. Your slab of beef isalready on the grill before you hang up - the restaurant knows it can debit
your account should you decide to change your mind.
The usual green sign approaches on the horizon. "Approaching Tofield," youcar advises. "Directions?" you ask. The computer remembers that you justcalled the Blue Plate and needs no further prompting.
"Right at the light, three blocks to Second Street, half a block on your left,"it advises.
Later, sated and satisfied, driving east toward the rising gibbous moon, youcall on your car computer one more time, this time to file a satisfactory
review.
Why XHTML? Can you afford not to...?

New Web Page Standard Announced
Building a community website? Better get ready to learn a new language:
XHTML.
Posted to MuniMall Newsletter, 26 January 2000.
Building a community website? Better get ready to learn a new language:
XHTML.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) today released its
recommendation for 'eXtensible HyperText Mark-up Language', XHTML
version 1.0.
XHTML is being touted as the next phase of web page design because it
enables the possibility of device-independent access. This means that thesame web page may be viewed through a web browser, a wireless PDA, or a
web page reader for the blind.
XHTML is essentially a combination of HTML 4.0 with another W3C
specification, eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XML enables
information to be represented structurally - for example, a book may use
XML elements to represent sections, chapters and paragraphs.
The W3C is encouraging the transfer to XHTML compliance by providing a
set of tools for web page editing and design. A program called "Tidy" helps
Web authors convert ordinary HTML documents into XHTML.
XHTML documents will continue to work with current browsers.
The new XHTML specification has broad industry support.

Public Spaces, Private Places: Preserving Community
Participation on the World Wide Web
The announcement that the non-profit Democracy Network is being acquired

by venture-backed Grassroots.com raises questions about the nature andscope of online political discourse.
by Stephen Downes
February 16, 2000
Douglas Rushkoff warns, "The Internet's original promise as a medium forcommunication is fast giving way to an electronic strip mall that will trade
the technology's potential as a cultural catalyst for a controlled andmonitored marketplace."
Yesterday's announcement that the non-profit Democracy Network(http://www.dnet.org) is being acquired by venture-backed Grassroots.com(http://www.grassroots.com) raises similar questions about the nature andscope of online political discourse.
The Democracy Network was founded by the League of Women Voters andthe Center for Governmental Studies as a non-profit and non-partisanorganization dedicated to providing voters with a broad range of informationand opportunities for online discussion.
Grassroots is a private venture-backed company founded in 1999. Theirfocus is to provide "a website containing rich media and everyday
communication-collaboration tools - a community environment that will
enable citizens and their representatives to affect positive, democraticchange."On the same day it acquired the Democracy Network, Grassroots alsoannounced $30 million in additional funding from a variety of private
sources, most prominent among them being Knight-Ridder newspapers.
Knight-Ridder is a major American publisher with 31 daily newspapers
throughout the United States, including the San Jose Mercury News, Miami
Herald, Philadelphia Inquirer, Detroit Free Press, and the Kansas City Star.
Knight-Ridder is also behind a number of internet developments including
Real Cities, a network of regional hubs on the World Wide Web providing
local information services in 31 U.S. markets.
In essence, then, the political information, resource and discussion site is
now largely influenced, if not completely controlled, by a privately heldnewspaper chain. So - do we want our political information coming fromnewspapers?
And the quick and easy answer is: well, yes, of course! That's what

newspapers do and have been doing for decades and more.
But the deeper question is: do we want our political discourse run bynewspapers? Or - for that matter - by America Online, which itself isworking in partnership with the Democracy Network?
That's a tougher question.
Political discourse - which the Democracy Network provides - is quite
different from political news, which Knight-Ridder provides. And like any
aspect of community involvement, the distinction between information andexchange is important.
Newspapers are very good at providing information, though critics from theleft and the right criticize the publications for placing their own slant on
events. Online newspapers are also good at providing information, though
the same criticisms apply, perhaps because the online information is thesame as the print information.
Newspapers are less good at providing interaction. In a typical day a
newspaper will publish a page or two of carefully selected and sometimesedited letters to the editor. It's hard to gauge public opinion from the letterssection, partially because the editors like to balance the letters and partiallybecause organizations orchestrate coordinated letter campaigns.
But in democratic societies we have generally been happy to allow
newspaper to fulfill their traditional function of reporting the news, while themore important activities of political discourse and display have taken placein more public forums.
Long an icon in American rural literature, the public square is the classic
public meeting place. Parades, concerts, political rallies, demonstrations - allthese have at one time or another graced the white gazebo and bandstand.
Canadian towns and cities place less emphasis on the town square for
obvious climactic reasons. It's a little hard to stage a political rally in threefeet of snow. But public places are equally important to the Canadian bodypolitic: in the winter we cram into the community centre and in the summer
we spread out in community parks.
But even in our quiet communities, the public landscape is changing. As
Kowinski pointed out in The Malling of America, and as Naomi Klein
argues more recently in No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies, ourpublic spaces are shifting into private places. Our town squares are beingreplaced with indoor malls.
Klein writes, "We live in a time when expectations for building real-worldcommons and monuments with pooled public resources - schools, say, or
libraries or parks - are consistently having to be scaled back or excised
completely. In this context, these private branded worlds are aestheticallyand creatively thrilling in a way that is foreign to anyone who missed thepost-war boom."
Malls are excellent (and enticing) places to shop and hang out (at least,
legions of teens would say so). Climate controlled, sparkling and clean, they
offer shopping, food, entertainment, and so much more they are almost
irresistible to patron and politician alike.
It is a common scene on a Saturday afternoon to see table on table ofdisplays by community groups, Girl Scouts, service clubs and more. Much
more than shopping takes place in a typical mall.
But what you won't see is what defines the essence of political discourse.
You won't see pamphleteering or demonstrations of a controversial nature.
Indeed, the booths and displays will be of a decidedly non-political nature.
Nor will you see - or ever be allowed to see - any printing or poster criticalof mall administration or its tenants.
This, again, is to be expected. Malls are, after all, privately owned andmanaged. They are not, for all their popularity, public spaces. They are
private property, and if a mall owner wishes to restrict discourse, he is as
free to do so just as you are free to change the channel on your television athome.
So long as there are public streets and telephone poles (of the non-decorative
variety), so long as there are public parks and community centres, it isreasonable to give the mall owners their due. But care must be taken - andgenerally is taken - by community leaders to ensure that there remains somepublic space for citizens to meet, interact and even protest.
But when we turn our gaze once again to the internet, the availability of
public place is not so clear. And it is for this reason that events such as the
Democracy Network takeover raise concerns.
Just as mall proprietors restrict discourse in their malls and other places, so
also private online space providers restrict discourse in their communities.
America Online, for example, is well known for restricting dialogue in its
discussion areas, much to the chagrin of the AOL Writers' Club.

In addition to restricting bulletin board content - which at least is on public
display - America Online also restricts members' email. While in the first
instance this is to restrict unwanted advertising, America Online also
restricts email which is critical of America Online.
America Online is of course not alone in its practices. A host of online
services, including free bulletin boards, online community generators,
service providers and more have similar terms of service in their contracts.
They do this not because they want to play moral guardian, but because it ismore profitable to ensure a safe and inoffensive environment.
And it is their right, their service, and completely legal for them to do so,
and we should indeed worry were they to be told by a governing authority
what they can and cannot disallow on their sites.
But...
What happens when private online services become the hosts and guardiansof online political discourse?
Well, for one thing, it is difficult to get them to provide any room fordiscourse at all. A survey of Alberta's online news publications, for example,
reveals that almost none of them provide any discussion board or public areaat all.
This finding is represented on a wider scale. In a detailed study ofinteractivity in online newspapers, Kenney, Gorlik and Mwangi write,"Previous research studies and the professional literature have indicated thatonline newspapers have low levels of interactivity, and this study supportsthat finding. In fact, little has changed in 25 years. Videotex wanted toelectronically push news into people's homes, and so do today's online
papers."And if the trade papers are any indication, online content providers are
becoming even more reluctant to provide interactivity. In this week's issue of
A List Apart, a trade publication for site designers, author Joe Clark (no, notthat Joe Clark) writes, "once the hallmark of a real Web site, usercontributed content may have outlived its usefulness in E-commerce. Is it
time to cut the cheese?"
Why are online content providers so reluctant to open their pages to the
public?
For one thing, it's expensive. A moderately popular site like Slashdot cangenerate hundreds of comments in a few hours. Archiving and displaying

those comments requires massive disk space and powerful servers.
For another thing, it's risky. As Compuserv discovered in Germany a few
years back, service providers may be liable for the comments of theirreaders. Today's service providers are worried about a wide range ofpotential lawsuits stemming from racist and hate-filled comments, theunauthorized posting of copyrighted material, pirated software and viruses,
and more.
And finally, for these reasons and more, it might not be profitable. Whatcharacterizes user-contributed comments most of all that they are chaotic,
ill-informed and sometimes downright nasty. They make it hard to find good
information and they may drive users away from the site.
If political discourse is to move online, therefore, we need to treat at least
some online content as we treat public places, and not private spaces.
This is the heart of a proposal advanced by Andrew L. Shapiro in The
Control Revolution - to build a network of public commons or 'PublicNet'
which would be non-partisan and publicly owned, a place where users can
express their political views - popular or not - in a free and fair online
exchange.
This, though, solves only part of the problem, as for some people theirmessages and posts may be filtered by their service provider, while forothers access to the site will be limited by proprietary browsers and internet
access points, especially if they use custom wireless services.
It is possible - and today, common - for 'public commons' type sites tolanguish unvisited and unremarked. Online discussions hosted by Industry
Canada, for example, are sparsely populated despite a potential user base of
30 million. Perhaps they would be more popular if they were easier to find but such forums are never going to show up on the front page of Yahoo.
Shapiro proposes that individual opinions gathered from such sites ought tobe able to "intrude" on web users, much the way a sidewalk protester
intrudes, however briefly, on a pedestrian's attention. But citizens are not
likely to want their computers to tell them what they should read or hear.
Another part of the problem is that citizens can be - and often are - critical of
their governments. This is a good thing, as it allows for the formulation of
new ideas and policies, and for the correction of mistakes and misdeeds.
But if a publicly run online bulletin board is placed on a city or government
web site for all to read, the temptation will be almost irresistible on the partof government to rein in these unwelcome comments. It is largely for thisreason that if you send a message to the Prime Minister or the Premier yourcomments are swallowed by an online form, never again to see the light ofday.
And indeed, a community's interests can be seriously threatened by a nonjudicious online post. Many community websites are dedicated toward
attracting tourists and business opportunities; a complaint about the qualityof the town water supply can have a direct economic impact.
We need to decide as a community and as a nation how we are to approachthe question of online participatory democracy. We need on the one hand toresist the streaming and filtering of opinion which is common of news sites
and many online discussion boards. We need to ensure that online
discussions are not marginalized or hidden in obscurity. Yet we must alsoseek to implement such a system in such a way as to ensure that people andcommunities are not hurt in the process.
We still need, I think, a public square - a place which is central in an online
community, which is actually a part of the online community, and yet which
does not answer directly to corporations, governments, or any otherparticular interest. We need to open such squares to the public at large, todisplay them in public places, and to encourage people to sing, dance,
demonstrate or remonstrate.
With such devices, we have the opportunity to transform the nature of public
participation in government. Without them, we face the danger of cutting thepeople out of government altogether.

Community Calendars Online
Improve services and encourage visitors to your town or district home pageby adding - and maintaining - a community calendar website.
by Stephen Downes
April 13, 2000
Probably the most popular spot - aside from the Hotel - in Alberta towns andvillages is the local bulletin board.
Town fairs, ball tournaments, elections and bake sales are all advertised on
this convenient display.
Of course, that works well for people who are in town every few days. But

what about people who live a few more miles away? And what about tourists
and other visitors?
Community website managers can keep their citizens - and potential visitors- informed by installing and maintaining a calendar on the town or districtwebsite.
The process is two-fold:
1. Plan and install your calendar
2. Maintain your calendar
3. Build Partnerships
Planning your calendar
Setting up your calendar is pretty easy but a little planning will save in thelong run.
Web calendar software is widely available and quite cheap - a list isprovided below - and is normally installed on your town or community web
server.
So - if your town or district already has a website, plan on using the same
server to run your calendar software.
Do not purchase software until you have confirmed that it will run on yourweb server. Check with the service provider or individual who runs theserver. This is the person who will have to install the software.
But before you commit yourself to the technology, make sure you have thehuman element ready:







Who will be in charge of installing the software? (Probably yourservice provider)
Who will be in charge of the calendar after it is installed? Someperson in the town or district office will have to handle the 'admin'
account and be responsible for editing or deleting entries from time
to time.
Who will be allowed to post items on the calendar - will you open it
up to everybody? Or will entries have to be entered by municipal
staff?
Do your staff have the time to post entries to the calendar? If not, areyou prepared to allow other people to post entries? Who?

The bottom line here is: before you install the calendar, have a plan in placefor ensuring that it contains lots of entries. Nothing is worse than an empty
calendar.
Installing Your Calendar
All calendar software is different. The trick here is to, first, buy the rightsoftware for your needs, and then second, work with your service provider orwebmaster to install the software.
First, determine how much money you want to spend. You can get freecalendar software or you can pay thousands of dollars. But remember - while
all the software works, in the main, you get what you pay for.
Next, look at the list of calendar software packages below and pick one or
two which suit your needs. Be sure to follow the links provided, as mostvendors provide sample calendars on their websites.
Third, consult with your service provider or webmaster about installation (ifyou are the service provider or webmaster - make sure it's the right OS,
follow the instructions, and remember to configure the calendar for yourparticular server).
Maintaining Your Calendar
A good calendar requires regular maintenance. Nothing is worse than an
empty calendar. Remember, people aren't looking for what you've done in
the past - a calendar requires events in the future.
Probably the best way to manage a good community calendar is to 'draft'some volunteers from various agencies around town to submit their own
events. A school counsellor, church volunteer, service club representative all these people will be more than willing to help contribute events.
The business community may also be counted on for regular contributions.
Ask auction agents to submit local auctions, for example.
Community events should also be entered by municipal staff. Notices ofcouncil meetings, by-law enforcement dates, elections and more should all
be added to the calendar.
If the public at large cannot contribute directly to the calendar, make surethey have some means of advertising their events. Post an email link andencourage people to submit their bake sales, social gatherings, and otherevents.

Most calendar software also supports hot links - this way, a person browsing
a calendar can jump right to a web page describing the item or event listed.
Encourage all contributors to create a web page on their own site with moredetails.
The calendar administrator should check the calendar regularly to monitor
submissions. This is especially important if the public at large is allowed tosubmit their own entries - some of them might not be suitable for a generalaudience!
Build Partnerships
The best kind of community calendar is one which runs itself. Over time thecommunity will be better served if the community calendar is run by apartnership of government, businesses and community groups.
Any partnership needs one or two 'champions' to stimulate the project andkeep it moving. While the municipal government may begin as the leadplayer, other agencies - such as the community newspaper or a service club will be willing to assume this role over time, especially if the calendar
becomes a success.
Plan on this ahead of time, and be prepared to create a 'Community
Calendar' society with representatives from these agencies.
Calendar Software
Event Calendar This is a great calendar of events script that has some great
functions and is highly customizable. It is free to non-profits and educational
institutions. Much better than all of the table based calendars being offered,at least looks wise.
PerlCal Perl based calendar software, flexible, and free to educational
institutions.
Shared Calendars Standard web calendar by Boutell. Priced in the mid-range
depending on the number of users (i.e., the number of people who have write
access). Plain display and unfortunately slow.
Internet Calendar Applications Basic web based calendar - features multiple
languages. Server license is toward the high end of the pricing scale.
NetCalendar NetCalendar is a nice basic web calendar suitable fornewspaper and organizational websites. Pricing is very reasonable. Interface

is fast and intuitive.
CalendarCentral The Rolls Royce of online calendar software, provides
HTML or elegant Java view, easy filtering, multiple users, and so muchmore. The price tag will make you gasp - if you have to ask, you can't affordit.
Calendar Internet Decent calendar software including a nice search feature.
Best of all, sells a server license (as opposed to user licenses, as offered byGreat Hill and WebEvent) so you can have many users inputting events.
Calendars for the Web Web based calendars with remote user input by Great
Hill Corporation. A bit pricey but may many calendar views - check theirdemo.
WebEvent Highly rated online calendar. Drawback: the cost. Still, if you
want a calendar that does it all and works on almost every platform, this is
the one to get.

MuniMall - A Review
Overview of MuniMall, an educational portal for the municipal affairs
community, with development highlights
This Power Point presentation is a systematic description of the major
elements of MuniMall, an educational portal designed for the Municipal
Affairs community.
Click Here to view the presentation (Power Point Format).
Also, Click Here to read an overview of the MuniMall project (MS Word
Document).

S2000 - What is a Smart Community?
Roger Caves, coordinator of the Graduate City Planning program at San
Diego State University, is in the business of helping officials andadministrators follow the difficult road toward becoming a smart
community.
Roger Caves, coordinator of the Graduate City Planning program at San
Diego State University, is in the business of helping officials andadministrators follow the difficult road toward becoming a smart

community.
He identified five major aspects of the concept:
1. Any sized community can be a smart community. It's not about size.
2. It is about technology, and a smart community assumes a layer of
information technology to enable the process.
3. But it's not about technology, either. Mainly, it's about cooperation.
It's about bringing all the parties in a community to the table.
4. And it's about understanding that the process is never complete. It's aprocess, not an end goal.
5. And it represents a fundamental change in the way communities dobusiness.
You do not build smart communities (which in my mind adds an ironic twist
to the United Way campaign slogan, which asserts that we are "Building
caring, vibrant communities). You create the conditions in which a smart
community can grow. The people build the smart community:
1. You need to educate members of the community and show them
what the new technology can do
2. You need to work with all sectors of the community to identify
common issues and needs.
3. You need to engage in a planning process to address those needs.
4. And you need to evaluate the effectiveness of the program.
What a smart community is not is a 'field of dreams'. You cannot simply
assume that, if you build it, they will come. A smart community must reflectcommunity needs, serve community interests, and indeed, be run and ownedby the community as a whole.

S2000 - Knowledge
Ken Stratford, Commissioner for the Greater Victoria Economic
Development Corporation, manages and promotes a website called
CITISmart - CITI stands for Community Information Technology Institute.
It's a project similar to MuniMall, but with some important differences.

Ken Stratford, Commissioner for the Greater Victoria Economic
Development Corporation, manages and promotes a website called
CITISmart (http://www.citismart.net/ ) – CITI stands for Community
Information Technology Institute. It's a project similar to MuniMall, but withsome important differences. I'll comment on that later.
Stratford had as his topic the application of knowledge management in smart
communities, and he has an intuitive understanding of the concept.
Knowledge management, to Stratford, may be likened to grabbing chunks of
information from other sources and using them to develop an argument.
Of course, there are forms of human reason other than argument (and to beprecise, three other forms of reason: explanation, description, anddefinition), but the concept applies equally well elsewhere. Need ataxonomy? Grabs chunks of existing taxonomy from elsewhere and create
your own (this ensures that your taxonomy will be interoperable with theothers).
Knowledge management techniques, asserts Stratford, will be used in smart
communities. This means that – to Stratford – the development of smart
communities will resemble architecture and engineering much more than it
does, say, art and design.
He didn't say this, but Stratford is probably thinking of the informationtheoretic approach to knowledge management and database design, concepts
covered by, say, Jan Harrington in Relational Database Design. He is
probably also thinking of the principles of RAD – Rapid Application Design– as applied in the computer software industry. And so far as that goes, he isright to do so. So far as that goes.
Stratford's CITI project is built according to those principles. The CITI
project is intended to be a resource for municipal administrators and civic
officials. Stratford identified a four-step development process:1. Build project files around 'best (and worst) practices)
2. Obtain 'citizen information' through, say, needs analysis
3. Identify 'communities of practice'a.

"harvest" the knowledge of the communityb. adopt that knowledge, adapt it to your needs,
innovate, and sharec. For example: Industry Canada's Information Resource
Exchange
4. Adopt what KPMG calls a "rapid release" strategy – release a small but
impressive body of knowledge bank and make a commitment to grow anddevelop from that base
CITI may contain an impressive collection of resources; Stratford assertsthat he is aggressively collecting information. People at Smart 2000, forexample, are being asked to contribute to CITISmart.
CITI may contain an impressive collection of information, but I don't know.
You have to be a member to view this information. Membership (sold at theinstitutional level) costs $2000.
You can see Stratford's point of view. CITISmart costs money to maintainand expand. But then again, it is possible to build comprehensive sites like,say, Jurist (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/ ) and make it available to all. It depends
on your funding model.
But my question is this: of what benefit is it to anyone to gather all thisinformation, store it in one place, and to lock the door? What incentive, what
motivation is there for people to contribute? Stratford argues that therelinquishing of information should be based on selfish interests. Yet there is
no upside to providing – for free – a valuable resource to Stratford's
copyright domain.
The fact is this: information about any domain is distributed throughout thatdomain. Information about municipal governance, for example, is distributed
throughout the 400 odd municipalities in Alberta, throughout its universities
and colleges, throughout similar sites around the world. A centralized
collections system will not work. Too much information is missed; too few
people get to see it.

Campus Alberta
Alberta's Minister of Learning, Lyle Oberg, and people designingcommunity services websites, face exactly the same problem. On the one
hand, they are being very progressive, building the infrastructure needed. On
the other hand, they need to regulate the information carried on thesesystems.
Alberta's Minister of Learning, Lyle Oberg, and people designingcommunity services websites, face exactly the same problem.
On the one hand, they are being very progressive. Oberg talked about
Campus Alberta – a way for anyone in Alberta schools to learn from any
institution in the province. He talked about the work underway to provide
broadband internet access to schools. And he talked about new initiatives,
new alternatives in learning.
On the other hand, he stressed, it is important that fly-by-night dollar-degree
institutions not be allowed to practice their ploys in this province. So parallelwith the advent of new learning opportunities is a new focus on accreditation
to ensure that Alberta students receive a high quality of education.
This two-pronged approach is being incorporated into Campus Alberta, as
described Garry Popowich and Bill Muirhead, both of Alberta Learning. As
Premier Klein stated in the Campus Alberta discussion paper (seehttp://www.aecd.gov.ab.ca/campusalberta/discussion_page.htm ),"Our vision is for Alberta to become like one big campus wherestudents enrolled in one post-secondary institution can take courses
from any college or university in the province, either on-site or online from their homes, or on the job. We want to make lifelong
learning a reality in this province."
In order to enable this, Campus Alberta is building a library of educational
objects available for use by teachers throughout the province. For example,
one resource includes a searchable list of thousands of biological images,
complete with annotation. It is a tremendous resource and will be available
across Alberta.
At the same time, said Popovich and Muirhead, care must be taken to ensurethat the materials available through Campus Alberta are of high quality.
Therefore, a team of subject matter experts must accredit each item.
It was at that point I choked on my lunch. Politically, it probably wasn't agood idea to point to a huge, gaping hole in the concept. But there is a huge,
gaping hole in the concept.
An educational object repository will contain hundreds of thousands ofobjects. Think of it as being similar to every college, university and school
library in the province, every newspaper and magazine article, every
teaching aid, software program, or wall hanging.
Now imagine that each and every one of these must be reviewed by a panel

of experts before it is used in an Alberta school, college or university.
It won't happen. It can't happen. No jurisdiction in the world has the staff
and the resources to fund and mount such a massive exercise. To be sure, theresources available have been reviewed. But to continue in this way would
require an ongoing commitment of staff and money.
Moreover, because it would pose such a massive bottleneck, such a system
would preclude the possibility of any new materials being introduced into
the system. Were I a publisher, and I had also produced a library of
biological images, one which might even be better than the first, I would not
be able to make my materials available to Alberta schools because of thetime and cost of prior review.
What is happening as a consequence is two-fold: first, Campus Alberta is infact negotiating with large publishers for rights to material to be placed into
the repository. And second, there is already an expectation that teachers andstudents will also look outside the repository for learning materials.
A similar situation exists when you look at prior accreditation of learning
institutions. Nobody could accredit the thousands (2,000 at last count in the
United States alone) of new institutions coming online. And these
institutions will not spend the time and money to go through a lengthy
accreditation process (and certainly not for a small market such as Alberta).
Thus, only a few of the larger institutions are being admitted into the system.
And also thus, people are looking outside the system of accredited
institutions for learning opportunities.
It's a two-edged sword. If you do not ensure quality standards, you cannot
ensure that the resources will be of high quality. But if you do ensure quality
standards, you ensure that most resources will not be admitted into thesystem, causing people to look elsewhere. And because people can lookelsewhere, they will.
It's hard to believe, but government will soon be out of the business ofregulating education. If it is committed to ensuring a quality education forAlbertans, it will have to look at creating a mechanism where individuals areable to assess the quality of a resource or program. This means two things:
1. Putting all of the resources into the same system
2. Creating a means where resources may be independently reviewed(or certified) by individuals or interested parties.
Accreditation is the immovable object. Learner centered learning is theirresistible force. And in a revolution, things that are moving are more likely
to survive than things which are standing still.

Alarming Article on First Nations Suicide
Some of the causes, and some of the cures, for unacceptably high rates ofsuicide in First Nations communities. Or any community, for that matter.
StillHazel wrote,
Link to story (no longer active)
Ontario Native Suicide Rate One of Highest in World, Expert Says
"PIKANGIKUM, Ont. (CP) - A rash of suicides on this remote Ojibwa
reserve is 'a disaster' that may earn the community the dubious distinction of
having the highest suicide rate in the world, says an international expert on
aboriginal suicide."Things are not much better on the more impoverished U.S. Reservations.
Anyone have any theories as to causes; ideas as to solutions?
Suicides among First Nations youth is a problem across Canada. Violent
deaths and deaths through dangerous addictions (such as sniffing gas) arealso very high.
I've visited a number of these communities, taught their youth (and adults),
and lived in some of the towns and villages nearby. It was at once a
rewarding and agonizing experience.
There is, of course, no single cause. Alcoholism and substance abuse is a
widespread problem on Canadian reserves. There is a lot of violence, a lot of
broken homes. Many of the problems are self-replicating - one youth, forexample, committed suicide just list his father six years before. One youth
wants to die by sniffing gas just like her brother did last year.
First Nations communities have two major strikes against them: first, they
are isolated - I mean, really isolated, with no roads or rail, sporadic airservice, limited television and radio - and second, they are poor unemployment can reach fifty percent and there is no prospect of new work
(because they are so isolated).
Add to that a dearth of social services. First Nations' education has been
historically poor - many of today's adults grew up in abusive residential

schools, and today's children learn in dilapidated buildings with out-dated
texts and too few teachers. Health services are often minimal. Support
services, such as family counselling and treatment centres, do not exist.
Many First Nations youth simply give up. They see what life is like in theoutside world (or at least, what life is like in Detroit and Toronto - these are
the channels carried on cable in the north) and know that, with so muchstacked up against them, they have no hope of taking part.
Others have lost all sense of cultural values and community. Their parents if they survive - are alcoholics or in jail, their grandparents are in most cases
dead, their band chiefs and elders are abusive and corrupt, their knowledgeof religion and traditions - both Christian and First Nations Spiritual - issketchy, incoherent and incomplete. With no hope, and no values or
traditions, there is nothing to live for.
In communities where effective change is happening - and I've seen thisfirsthand - a series of initiatives is required: none works on its own, and evenwhen applied in tandem, change is long and painful:Educational opportunities are essential, both for children and adults.
This education must be available locally and in alternative formats(there are many single parents in First Nations communities, forexample). Education needs to be supported with educationalcounselling - people who get to know the students, who encouragethem, who wake them up in the morning, if necessary, and who
respond appropriately if they show up Monday morning with a blackeye. Education must be culturally appropriate and geographically
relevant - it should not pander to them, but it should not assume asuburban lifestyle.

Community support services are required. First and foremost, thismeans adequate police and judicial services - both are sorely lacking
in remote communities. Local health and counselling services are
required and the staff need to be culturally sensitive and trained todeal with substance abuse, violence and family conflicts, and more.

A cultural infrastructure is essential. In small American towns thismeans a church, a library, a baseball diamond and a malt shop (orsomething like that - you know what I mean). In First Nations
communities it means a Friendship Centre, the services of a sweat
lodge, elders, powwows, usually a church, a hockey arena, and staff
to maintain these services. People in the community must havesomething to do, and that something must be relevant andmeaningful.
Transportation and communication need to be improved. This means
alternative media and broadcasting, both in terms of First Nations
culture and language, but also alternative in the sense ofcounterculture and non-mainstream programming. They need roads,
and buses along those roads. Air service must be improved. The idea
is to promote mobility - not so that they will leave for good, but sothey can travel to other communities and to the cities in the south.

Employment opportunities are essential. Because these communities
are so remote, they must center on primary industries based on local
resources. Because there is little local capital - and few private
investors willing to risk their money on such an unstable community- government seed money is usually the only way to launch a
resources based industry. Examples of such industries include
sawmills and wood processing, fishing and fish products, tourism
and related industries, mineral production and refining, and the like.



Self governance. First Nations people have historically been treatedlike wards of the church or state, unable or unwilling to manage theirown affairs. The decisions of these governors have usually been
based on European cultural assumptions which have little or no
relevance in the north (the myth, for example, of people living in
cottage-like farms around a community is unworkable in a boreal
forest). The types of industries, education, cultural services and othersupport have reflected southern Canadians' needs, not First Nations',
and have thus often been inappropriate. And many of the resources
on First Nations' land have been stripped by outsiders, invited andsanctioned by a remote government with no awareness of the impact
this would have on local lives.

These would be a start - and in many communities they have started, though
in many communities they exist only as broken promises. Part of the
problem is that even if you do all of this, it will be a generation before yousee significant change. I can name a half dozen reserves which have all ofthese services and which have only in the last few years started to turnthemselves around. It is a long and painful process, made harder by halfhearted efforts and suspended social programs, and no matter what you do,some of today's people aren't going to make it.
The alternative is to let things continue as they are, but as the original post
implies - and as I agree - that is unacceptable.

Building a Learning Community

Presentation at Trinity College, University of Melbourne, for TAFE
Frontiers, Trinity Learning Innovation Centre and Austhink. Presented April
18, 2001. Covers: what is a learning community, why we want them, eightfeatures of a successful learning community, and facilitation of a learning
community.
[This into text was written by Mark Fletcher, so disregard the adjectives...]April, 2001 5.30pm-7.30pm at the Buzzard Lecture Theatre, Burge Building,Trinity College Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Abstract
Stephen Downes, the renowned Canadian web learning expert will speak on"Building a learning community". Stephen designed and built the highly
successful MuniMall on-line community in Canada (www.munimall.net),
has published and presented widely on related topics (www.downes.ca) andconsults extensively on practical and conceptual issues in education in the
new economy.
A key theme of Stephen's presentation will be that successful learning
communities have eight main attributes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Focus on learning materials
Creation of a sense of whole
Integrate content and communication
Appreciate participant-generated content
On-going communication between members
Access to multiple resources and information
Educational orientation
Sense of history

Stephen will review these attributes in the context of emerging trends inlearning and technology. Stephen will also outline his work in Australia as avisiting expert with The Australian Thinking Skills Institute (Austhink)contributing to the development of Austhink's world leading reasoning skills
improvement programmes (www.austhink.org).
This lecture has been made available by the kind assistance of TAFE
frontiers, Trinity Learning Innovation Centre and Austhink.
Background
TAFE frontiers is an organisation aiming to bring strategic change to theprovision of vocational education and training in Australia. Their mainobjective is to foster innovative learning methodologies and technologies in
TAFE products and services, and develop networks to support flexible
delivery. For more information see www.tafefro ntiers.com.au
The Trinity Learning Innovation Centre aims to actively and continuously
explore possible further developments in education, with a particularemphasis on the use of technology to enhance educational outcomes. Trinity
College is a College of the University of Melbourne that aims to offer its
students the best all-round educational experience in an Australian
university. For more information see www.trini ty.unimelb.edu.au
Austhink - The Australian Thinking Skills Institute - is an association ofindividuals and organisations specialising in critical thinking. Austhinkengages in research, education, consulting and training, and the promotion ofcritical thinking. For more information see www.austhink.org
To view the presentation, Click HereResources and References
The River
The River is an online community made up of people who left the WELL
after it was sold.
http://www.river.org/
The Virtual Community
Howard Rheingold's classic treatment of the online community, based on his
experiences at the WELL and the River.
http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/
The MediaMOO Project: Constructionism and Professional CommuMediaMOO is a text-based, networked, virtual reality environment (MUD)
designed to enhance professional community among media researchers.
Amy Bruckman and Mitchel Resnick Epistemology and Learning GroupMIT Media Lab. Convergence, 1:1, Spring 1995.
http://asb.www.media.mit.edu/people/asb/convergence.html
Talk City
An online community with a focus on chat rooms.
http://www.talkcity.com/
Daoism Depot

A portal and online community site dedicated to Taosim. Includes links,
resources, discussion and more.
http://www.edepot.com/taoism.shtml
University of Leadership
ULEAD. A comprehensive skills training program for youth leadership
through community service. An interesting initiative in online learning.
http://www.ulead.org
Purchase Circles
This new service by Amazon.Com provides highly specialized bestseller
lists. They keep track of how many items they send to particular zip andpostal codes, and how many orders come from each domain name. They
then aggregate anonymous data and apply an algorithm that constructs
bestseller lists of the items that are more popular with each specific groupthan with the general population.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/subst/community/community.html
Chapter 3: Scalable Systems for Online Communities
Comprehensive discussion of how to build an online community and portal
site. Essential reading. by Philip Greenspun, part of Philip and Alex's Guide
to Web Publishing
http://photo.net/wtr/thebook/community.html
Online Community Report
Jim Cashel's home site for his regular mailing list publication, Online
Community Report. back issues, keyword search. Nice resource; useful list.
http://www.OnlineCommunityReport.com/
AdResource
Ad Resource is a listing of resources for Web banner advertising andmarketing community. Web marketers can use the site to do research, build
contacts, and keep up to date on the latest happenings in Internet advertising.
http://www.adresource.com/
Building Online Communities
A guide to building online communities. good discussion, but fairly light. By
S. Ryan, December, 1997. CNet.
http://www.builder.com/Business/Community/
Chhosing the Tools for Your Community
By Jim Cashel for CNet. A good overview of the tools and services you canaccess to build your online community. tends toward commercial (read:expensive) products. August, 1999.
http://www.builder.com/Authoring/CommunityTools/
Yahoo Clubs
Online community hosting facility.
http://clubs.yahoo.com/
Inside the Web
Online community hosting service which lets users set up their own
discussion boards.
http://www.insidetheweb.com/
Delphi Forums
Online community and discussion forum hosting service.
http://www.delphi.com/
Deja.Com
Online community hosting site.
http://www.deja.com/
EGroups
Online community hosting.
http://www.egroups.com/
EXcite Communities
Online community hosting site.
http://www.excite.com/communities/directory/
ILand
dedicated online community and web hosting.
http://www.iland.com/WebDiscussion.htm
Dynopolis
A full service but expensive online community hosting site.
http://www.dynapolis.com/html/community.html
WellEngaged
Full service and quite expensive online community hosting service.
http://www.wellengaged.com/
NetAidBeginning with a concert, NetAid "is a long-term effort to build acommunity of conscience dedicated to providing basic needs: food, shelter,
legal protection, human rights and health care. NetAid artists and sponsors
will work to build this new community - long after today's concerts areover."
http://www.netaid.org/
PR Newswire
A news syndication service covering most aspects of the online community,
but focussing on the media and financial community.
http://www.prnewswire.com/
Go Ahead and Sue
Interesting article about hacking 'expert' John Vranesevich, who has been
adopted by the news media as an authority despite his general disregard in
the hacking community. By Adam L. Penenberg, Forbes Online, September
27, 1999 (if the link above doesn't work, try this archive link).
http://www.forbes.com/columnists/penenberg/
Http://www.sfu.ca/mediapr/Releases/News/1999/September1999/Online.html
A new SFU research initiative recently received funding to develop
standardized electronic publishing tools that will enable the academic
community to fully embrace online publishing and receive their scholarly
journals online. Simon Fraser University news release, September 17, 1999.
http://www.sfu.ca/mediapr/Releases/News/1999/September1999/Online.html
TheNode.org
theNode.Org is the newest incarnation of the Node website. theNode.org
will be an international community of instructors, trainers, designers andadministrators with a professional interest in teaching with technology.
Services will support users in developing and sustaining effective educationand training practices and in exploring new ways to use technologies tosupport their learning objectives. Individual memberships are $200, while
institutional memberships are a lot more. Who knows? It might work.
http://thenode.org/
Developing Classroom Communities in Distance Education
Interesting: he writes, "inquiry on the development of classroom community
in distance education via asynchronous computer mediated conferencing.
From my literature searches, I've discovered that the collaboration that
occurs in such classroom communities is necessary for the process that
others have called shared cognition." By Donald J. Winiecki.
http://coen-nt1.idbsu.edu/DWiniecki/Research/classroom_community.htm

Sales.Com
Online community for the sales profession. Plenty of services and resources,
with limited interaction.
http://www.sales.com/
VoxCap.Com
Online community which provides free turn-key community services toorganizations participating in civic activism and other forms of online
democracy.
http://www.voxcap.com
Kasparov vs the World
Official Microsoft site of the famous match between chess champion Gary
Kasparov and the rest of the world playing as a community. And the wholething was to sell credit cards! Amazing.
http://www.zone.com/kasparov/Home.asp
Creating Community Online
Interesting and useful discussion of how to approach online learning
communities. By Sharon G. Solloway and Edward L. Harris, Educom
Review, Volume 34, Number 2, p. 8-13, 1999.
http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/html/erm99021.html
A draft manifesto for local communities
To start the debate, a group of community networking experts have drafted
an 'open manifesto' which will be developed through public discussion.
Interesting. BBC Online, October 26, 1999.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/webwise/communities/manifesto.shtml
Online Learning Community for Support Staff
Example of an online learning community. Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center
http://www.fhcrc.org/~learncom/index.htm
Frontiers
This is a really interesting online learning community which does a lot ofthings right.
http://www.tinman.org/Frontiers/Pavilions.html
Service Learning Internet Community
There are many sorts of online learning communities - this one from
California State University is set up more as portal for their online courses
generally.

http://www.slic.calstate.edu/FMPro?-db=portals.fp3&-token=home&format=agindex.htm&-script=updatefrontpage&-Findall
Learning Community
This online learning community for the San Francisco Education Fund isreally nothing more than a shared resource base, with a little collaboration.
http://www.sfedfund.org/lc/lc.html
Dioplomats Online
Diplomats Online (DOL) is an online learning community addressing theneeds of teachers and students of international relations. Sponsored by theAmerican Foreign Service.
http://www.diplomatsonline.org/html/purpose.html
BrainTrack
Self-billed as the world's most complete education index. It's pretty
impressive, but misses some - including my former employer, Assiniboine
Community College.
http://www.braintrack.com/
American Society for Training &; Development
ASTD's mission is to provide leadership to individuals, organizations, andsociety to achieve work-related competence, performance, and fulfillment.
http://www.astd.org/virtual_community/about_astd/
Better Results by Linking Citizens, Government, and Performance
Measurement
Providing effective public services and improving our communities arechallenges that cities and counties face as we move into the 21st century.
These twin challenges are reflected in two important trends in local
government management:An increasing need to measure performance and demonstrate results.
A growing emphasis on community participation in policymaking
and problem solving.

Martha Marshall, Lyle Wray, Paul Epstein, and Stuart Grifel, PoliCity,
undated.
http://www.policity.com/library_reference_21st.html
Virtual Communities, Inc.
Virtual Communities Inc. provides solutions for building online
communities and operates of community sites targeted to U.S. ethnic andaffinity groups. VCI's community-enabling software, Community
Management Solution (CMS), is a content publishing software withinteractive components designed.
http://www.vcix.com/
New Directions in Distance Learning
Description of the triad model of distance learning, joining student,
instructor and community based facilitator. Open Learning Agency
Archives, 11 May, 1998.
http://www.openschool.bc.ca/.archives/nddl/about/model_tx.html
Online Community Resources
Good set of highly relevant links; includes information on community
design, online facilitation, mailing lists and more. Full Circle Associates.
http://www.fullcirc.com/commresources.htm
Service Learning Internet Community
SLIC is an organization based in California which is developing partnerships
and programs directed toward a learning object economy.
http://www.slic.calstate.edu/
Nethics
Information and copyright resources for the online learning community.
http://www.inform.umd.edu/CompRes/NEThics/law/copyright/
Pearson, AOL Link to Create Online Education Network
Pearson Pic, the world's largest textbook publisher (think Simon & Shuster) is teaming up with
AOL to create an online education network. Major news - which will be largely ignored by theeducation community. Bloomberg, 15 March 2000.
http://quote.bloomberg.com/fgcgi.cgi?mnu=news&ptitle=Technology&tp=ad_tech&T=news_sto
rypage99.ht&s=7d7afb3058feda8fd5e192b5737adee8
HomeTown W.E.B.
Hometown, W.E.B. (Where Everyone Belongs) is an interactive virtual
community dedicated to life-long service and learning. Based on a real-life
community, Hometown offers something for everyone. Created by Ruth
Aldrich.
http://hometown.tierranet.com/
FathomOnline learning community with access to online course materials andknowledge products (aka learning objects), discussion and more.
http://www.fathom.com/

AOL at School
A combination learning portal and online community for teachers andstudents, with the opportunity for teachers to select and purchase learning
objects for their class.
http://www.school.aol.com/
Communities of PracticeThe key to knowledge strategy. How online communities help a communityof practise add to its knowledge base. Slide show presentation. Etienne
Wenger, Ph.D., September, 2000.
http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/sfc/CoPs_files/v3_document.htm

Chapter 5 ~ Content
Participant's Opinion
If distance education design - especially on the internet - is to become
relevant to the student, and cost-efficient to the teaching institution,
designers are going to have to look at ways of dividing course content intomuch smaller chunks, to be assembled into a learning package on an asneeded basis.
Posted to DEOS-L 20 Jan 1998
Peter Faulhaber writes, Now we want to use internet. The following course
we want to offer: The student apply to the course via on online Intake form.
He chooses which parts he want to learn about e.g. Word 97. The material is
cut into chunks and is stored in a Database. When the student made his
choice via a server the material is gathered, lay - out and send via e-mail tothe student. The student can print out is fully personal learning material. We
choose this option for two reasons: 1. Reading via a computerscreen is stillmuch more tiring than reading a print out material. 2. The student don't
have to switch between Internet and e.g. Word 97. Help is offered via an
Internet site. The student can send an email to the trainer, chat to the otherstudents, look into a FAQ and look into a Database.
Peter's methodology is illustrative of a principle in distance education which
has not been discussed to any great length on this list: customization. While
there has been a lot of chat about learner-centred course design, few people
have challenged the idea that the basic unit of instruction is the course.
In fact, if distance education design - especially on the internet - is tobecome relevant to the student, and cost-efficient to the teaching institution,
designers are going to have to look at ways of dividing course content intomuch smaller chunks, to be assembled into a learning package on an asneeded basis.
At Assiniboine, we are designing our courses in three hour chunks called"modules". This is documented at
http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/naweb/am.htm By designing courses inthis way, we can assemble new courses in a matter of minutes to meet the
precise demands of the student, our corporate partners, or government. In ademo last week, for example, I designed an eight hour course, called"Internet Communications", in about 10 minutes by combining modules
from our Computer Systems course and our English course.
Peter is using this methodology to build what are, essentially, print courses
supported by email. His reasoning, quoted above, is two-fold: it's hard toread from computer screens, and it's hard (especially for beginners) to switch
between two applications at once.
But I think students will find this mode of delivery limiting. True, courses
can and should be supported by print material. As the Wired editors pointed
out some months back, print is an unparalleled medium for high-content
thought. And web designers have known for some time that users do notread web pages, they scan them. However, not all aspects of all courses are
best delivered via print media.
Computer programs are a good example of this. While it is possible to learn
how to run software from a book alone (the 'Teach yourself in 21 days' series
is an excellent example), it is easier to learn if you see the operations
demonstrated on the screen in front of you. The tutorial in "Scientific
Notebook" is a good example ("Scientific Notebook" is a math/science
document processing program; highly recommended).
CD-ROM versions of computer courses have been doing this for some time
now. The program operation is captured (with products like, e.g., Lotus's"Screen Cam", another recommended product), saved as a video file (usually.avi) and stored on the CD-ROM. Such video clips are then displayed at
appropriate times by, say, Macromedia's "Director".
The problem with such demonstrations, as they apply to internet delivery ofcourse materials, is that they are much too large to be delivered reliably overthe internet. Bandwidth is currently too small. This is a situation which willchange rapidly. We are on the cusp of the 10 megabyte/second internet era.
Additionally, file compression can reduce even large movie files to a
fraction of their original size. And video streaming, while still in its infancy,

is fast becoming a proven technology.
But an additional problem with the print-based / email supported model thatPeter describes is that it too much resembles the traditional 'do-it-yourself'
approach to distance learning. The student is viewed as isolated, essentiallyworking on his or her on, obtaining tutorial support only on an as-neededbasis. In my opinion, this factor of isolation is one of the major factors
preventing distance learning from becoming much more widespread than it
is today.
For education is not merely an intellectual activity, it is a social activity. The
process of learning requires not only the acquisition of new information, it
also requires validation and reinforcement. People need not only to knowwhat they've learned, they need also to be told that what they have learned issocially appropriate, that the manner in which they express that learning
follows community conventions. The classic case of the self-taught learner is
one who - embarrassingly - mispronounces "Socrates" in a social gathering.
The social dimension of learning mitigates errors in the nuances of what islearned.
For that reason, much more interaction is recommended. Communication,
not only with the instructor, but also with other students, is to be encouraged.
And where possible, communication in several media - voice and video,
specifically, are preferred over a simple email model. Again, the technology
which supports this is in its infancy. However, like streaming audio, it is on
the verge of becoming widely accepted.
As an initial first step, I would recommend supplementing your email
support and web site with two key resources: a discussion list, and a chatarea. Here there are many options to choose from. David Woolley's excellent"Conferencing on the World Wide Web" site will help you there.
http://thinkofit.com/webconf/ Give the link a little time; it's not the fastest in
the world. For comments on integrating communication into your course
materials, see my "Effective Interaction and Communication in Web Based
Courses" (contents page:
http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/cmc96/contents.htm )One nice piece of software we are working with at Assiniboine is called ICQ(I Seek You). http://www.mirabilis.com (I think they also have
http://www.icq.com running now). This program lets you define a list offriends (typically, your class) and lets you know when they are on-line. It
allows you to quickly send short messages, transfer files, chat in real-time,refer URLs, and launch any of a number of conferencing programs.
But plan for more intense communications. With higher bandwidth andbetter compression, desk-top videoconferencing is rapidly becoming areality. The best software I have seen for this is Microsoft's Netmeeting (http://www.microsoft.com ). In addition to video-conferencing, it also allows
you to manipulate a remote screen. This is very useful if you wish to
demonstrate an application.
The idea behind such methods of improved communications is not only totransmit learning materials more effectively, it is also to build a web-based
community. When students become a member of a community, theirlearning takes on a larger role in their life. Logging on, chatting with theother students, accomplishing a module, passing a test - all these things
begin to *matter* to a student, not only in a learning context, but also in asocial context. Achievement is reinforced when achievement takes place in acommunity which rewards achievement (conversely, achievement isminimized when achievement takes place in a community which does not
reward achievement, or even, when it takes place outside a community atall).
What this means at your end is commitment to more ongoing resources andsupport for your internet courses. If you intend to market globally, plan on
staffing your site with chat moderators and tutors 24 hours a day, 7 days aweek. Your convenors should not only be knowledgeable in the subject area,
they should also be warm, welcoming folk who encourage new students(who will be hesitant at first) deeper into your web community.
This is not only good education (and it *is* good education), it is also goodbusiness. You are not only teaching your student a new skill, you arebuilding a relation with that student. By drawing the student into yourcommunity, you are ensuring repeat business and tremendous word-ofmouth (one of the most powerful forces on the net) advertising.
Again, as with the course materials, your interaction and communication
with the student should be as completely customized as possible. Moderators
should be able to draw from your database all relevant information about thestudent and his or her classes. Students should be encouraged to seek out
peers with similar course (module) selections and expressed interests.
Corners of your site should be assigned for each of the various groups which
will inevitably form. Student-generated content will greatly enhance yoursite's value and usefulness, and it will also increase the students' sense of
belonging to the community.
Distance education in the future will succeed by emulating those aspects oftraditional education which were so successful - the social aspect, thecommunity aspect - and by discarding those aspects of traditional education
which were not successful - flat one-dimensional presentations, cookie-

cutter content. By providing a customized, community-based, content-richlearning environment you will provide students with much more than mere
training, and will be well on the way to providing a rewarding distancelearning experience.

Free? In What Sense Free?
Jon Katz seems to believe I am accessing content for free, that I am
somehow sponging off the good folks at Microsoft, and that if I don't support
Slate financially, it is I, and not the content provider, who is to blame. Sorry
Jon, I don't buy it.
Posted to HotWired 3 Mar 98
Jon Katz seems to be labouring under the illusion that my access to Slate,
Hotwired, and their ilk is, somehow, free. Let me correct this small illusion.
In fact, my habit of web-wandering is one of the most expensive addictions I
have ever had. To start off, I must pay for my computer, roughly $2000
Cdn., then more memory, a new hard drive, a better Soundblaster, etc., until
I was net-ready.
Then I purchased a telephone account for $25 (plus about a hundred bucks
installation), plus internet access ($30 per month plus install), then I set
about obtaining software. My copy of Windows 95 (happily, only the
upgrade) cost me $150, Netscape retailed at $60 (though I avoided that byroutinely updating beta versions), so on and so forth.
In order to learn to use and appreciate all this equipment, I purchased anumber of books and magazines, including, monthly, the dead tree version
of Wired.
But Jon Katz seems to believe I am accessing content for free, that I am
somehow sponging off the good folks at Microsoft, and that if I don't support
Slate financially, it is I, and not the content provider, who is to blame.
Sorry Jon, I don't buy it (and I won't buy it), for a number of reasons.
First, there is a lot of very good and very free content out there. Some of it I
provide (specifically, a Guide to the Logical Fallacies, the Brand on Pages,
and a significant On-line Education resource). Most of it others provide in
the same spirit of sharing that I do.
And the fact that my information is provided for free does not in any way

indicate that it is of inferior quality, any more than the fact that Time charges
for its material is any guarantee that the magazine serves as something morethan litter box liner.
Second, there are alternative ways of paying for web content. As mentioned
in a previous post, website advertisements are one way. True, perhaps, you
can't make a bundle, especially if you don't have the hits. But why should
you need to make a bundle? It's only if you bloat your operation prior tocounting a single hit that you run into problem. However, if you follow thetried-and-true business model of keeping costs lower than revenues, thenyou'll be fine.
And this isn't a question of whether or not advertising works. We know it
works. It supports items as varied as a global cable news network,
newspapers, magazines, radio broadcasts, concerts in the park, and sporting
events. On the net advertising has been less successful - but could that be
because of the time and cost required in order to gain access? Wouldn't the
net be a more financially viable medium if it was cheaper, not more
expensive?
Third, there is significant incentive to provide free content on the internet;
this incentive drives companies like Microsoft and Netscape to provide
significant internet presences. And it is: the desire for internet content leads
people to buy their products. Absolutely nobody would buy Netcsape if there
were nothing to see; RealAudio would be vapourware were there nothing tohear, and the many hundreds of thousands of computer systems purchased in
the last year would be useless to their owners were the net not a vast font of
information. Bill Gates to the contrary notwithstanding, most people don't
need or want productivity software.
Fourth, the internet provides an outstanding resource for business. keep inmind, again, that we, as users, pay to access it. But now companies such as
Microsoft, Sun, Netscape, and a host of others, have a means of sending me
mail directly, offering new product information, providing customer support,
at savings so large that this amount of information distribution would beinconceivable were I not willing to cough up the thousands of bucks
necessary to gain access.
You say we should pay for access to them? Hah! They should pay us!
Let us even look at a site like Hotwired (which, btw, I will not pay for - andif they charge me for access to Hotwired, I'll stop reading the magazinetoo!).
Hotwired is the best promotion for Wired the company could get. By

fostering interaction and communication between a certain set of net-geeks,
Hotwired fosters the sense of community so vital to the continued survival ofa publication such as Wired.
Additionally, the Howtired site - potentially, at least, depending on how welltheir geeks grok code - can return a significant amount of demographic
information about a certain segment of their population. Translation: they
can charge more for ads in their magazine, because they can point to web
stats and say, "Look! 60 percent of our viewers are interested in this type of
product."
Hotwired also allows new businesses and products to showcase themselves.
That's what RGB and Dream Jobs are about. "Look at us!" they call out,
enticing us into new frontiers of technology. And we follow because we lovethat stuff - otherwise we wouldn't be here. What better marketing!
And finally, the existence of Hotwired gives people a good reason to buy
Microsoft products. Again, I would never have purchased Windoze 95
unless I needed to run the new RealMedia client which I needed to listen to
HotSeat. Microsoft shouldn't merely invest in Hotwired. It should give
Hotwired money and say "Thanks!"
A previous poster got it right. Why would on-line ventures follow the tired
business model of dead tree publishers? We have a new world here, withnew economic realities. It's not broadcasting any more. Websites, far fromposing a barrier to access, are, in general, begging for hits.
The edge on-line belongs to consumers, not broadcasters, because now we
can choose whether or not to view the site. It used to be you chose from oneof three networks, a couple of radio stations, a couple of papers, andmagazines. Not we have millions of options. Why on earth do we opt for theone percent that charges us more money?
Finally, the existence of the net shows that good authors, journalists, orcommentators are not nearly as rare as previously supposed. And that,indeed, most of them have their positions by virtue of opportunity rather
than skill. There is very little - if anything - to choose between Slate and agadzillion free sites. Sure, Slate may be very good. But so are the others.
And that's my media rant for today, provided for free, and I daresay, of noless quality than Katz's. Hm?

Capturing an Entire Web Site
Our understanding of what can be done with that content must change withthe technology. The very concept of 'copying' takes on new meaning.
Posted to WWWDEV 06 August 98
Jayne K Moore asked Why would you want to do this? Aren't you copying
someone's work here? On Thu, 6 Aug 1998, Duan vd Westhuizen wrote:
How can I capture an entire website...?
Of course the debates on whether it is appropriate to copy online resources
continue unabated. Duan, of course, wanted to copy his own site. But what if
he wanted to copy someone else's? Why would that be so bad?
Several scenarios present themselves:
1. Perhaps he wanted to copy a frequently used site so that he does not haveto download it off the internet every time he accesses it. I do that sometimes
which search results. It's really silly to regenerate a search each time I want
to follow up a new link. I use one of two techniques: a. I open one browser
window to the search results, and by using 'copy link location' and 'paste',
use another browser window to follow up the resource b. I save the file tomy own hard drive, then point my browser to that page on my hard drive. I
have in the past found it useful to download entire sites to my hard drive. For
example, the online PERL manual is a very useful site. But why tie up theirresources on a daily basis when I can simply download it to disk, bookmark
the disk file, and access it at my leisure. Much faster for me, more useful forthem. All of these are clear cases of copying. But are they wrong?
2. We run networks in rural communities (Windows NT servers (ugh)running Wingate (double ugh)). These networks routinely cache files whichhave been downloaded off the internet. This way, when a file is used morethan once, the subsequent user's browser reads the cached file from Wingate
rather than the original from the internet site. File caching is becoming morelarge scale. Yesterday, I read an article (I think on ZD Net) reporting thatcable internet access providers are caching entire frequently-used sites inorder to speed access to their customers. Here we have a clear case, not onlyof copying, but of software and ISP supported copying. Is this wrong?
3. At our college we have about 800 students, all of whom have internet
access, but only a minor internet connection. Anything we could do to
reduce traffic is worth our while. One solution I have been contemplating is
downloading major regional sites and installing them on our college
network, and rerouting requests to those sites to requests for our downloaded
versions. Is this wrong?
The assumptions - I think (apologies if I am wrong) - in the question were:that someone else's site would be copied, and that this was wrong. Yet above
we have three cases of what I think are pretty legitimate cases of site
copying.
An additional assumption which may have been made (again, apologies if it
wasn't) was that the planned action was to download someone else's site andpresent it on one's own server. Sounds like a straightforward case ofplagiarism. But in all of the cases above, the material was copies, and thematerial was placed on one's own server.
Moreover, consider the following scenarios:
4. I have developed a PERL program I call the 'viewer'. This program
integrates with our online courses and accepts, as input, the URL of a'collection' file, which consists of an ordered list of URLs and titles. When auser activates the viewer, the first page in the list is displayed and navigation
tools are generated to let the user page through the remaining page. This is avariation on the 'frames' problem, wherein one provider places another'scontent in frames on the first provider's site. Is this wrong? It seems so, but...
5. Several sites are now compilations of listings from other sites. The mostwell known of these, probably, is the Drudge Report (or in Canada,
Bourque). There is very little original content on these sites; what theauthors do is check out other sites, capture the headlines, and print theheadlines with links to the original article. I also receive an email newsletter
which does this with technology news. Are these wrong?
6. My sites have been indexed by search engines across the world wide web.
In most cases, I did not ask these agents to index my site, and they did not
notify me. Yet when I do a search on my name or relevant topics, there is alink to my site. Some search engines even take the first few words off mysite by way of description. Is this wrong?
Here we have some cases wherein the content is not copied, but is in some
way used to benefit an external agency. Again, the waters are murky here. In
some cases, in some jurisdictions, prosecutions of 'in frames' content havebeen successful. Headline and URL listings, however, appear to beuniversally acceptable (though one wonders what would happen weresomeone to clone Yahoo).
Why raise these instances? At the very least, I would like to make it clearthat the debate surrounding use and abuse of online content is far from clear.
We hear a lot from lawyers who tell us, usually at the behest of publishers,
that it's business as usual online, that the ownership of online content willremain concentrated as it did before. Good for publishers and even a few

authors. Bad for the rest of us.
But online publishing involves new technology, and therefore, new ways ofpresenting information. A web page is in no way equivalent to a magazine orbook page. Our understanding of what can be done with that content mustchange with the technology. The very concept of 'copying' takes on newmeaning. It appears to be possible to (a) copy a site without actually making
a reproduction of it, and (b) make a reproduction of a site without actuallycopying it.
And so far I have touched only on content. When we turn our attention to thearea of internet programming, a whole new range of questions emerge.
Suppose we see some HTML we like. Can we copy it, and substitute thecontent for our own? The first reaction seems to be 'no' but then some absurd
consequences result:
1. Would it mean that the first person to use the list structure(<ul><li>item</ul) on the internet has copyright over that structure?
Probably not.
2. Or: Project Cool claims (probably validly) to be the first to use moving
menus scrolling from the right hand side of the page (seehttp://www.projectcool.com ). Do they now own this method? But (as I think
may be the case) suppose they built this with a built-in feature ofDreamweaver (which does some very sophisticated Javascript and DHTML
scripting). Now - do they own the technique?
The examples multiply. And the web developers - like the publishers - claim
ownership over these techniques (well, some of them anyways). But it isn't
clear that this ownership can be sustained.
It's too easy and unthinking to launch an 'anti-copying' crusade. We need toconsider more deeply the potential of the technology and the nature of theinformation in question. Probably, there are some clear-cut cases ofownership of and prohibitions regarding online materials. But more often,
the fact that someone claims ownership or prohibitions does not mean thatthey are actually entitled to said ownership or prohibitions.

Dept.'s of Education
Just a short note on the use of CD-ROMs (sometimes the title of thesearticles has nothing to do with the content).

Posted to WWWDEV 04 September 98
Just a short note on the use of CD-ROMs.
We use an integrated mode of delivery. That is, some of the course material(what we call 'static pages') are placed on CD-ROM, while the rest of thematerial (what we call 'dynamic pages') are placed on the internet.
The pages link back and forth to each other. What we do is have the user
define the static data directory, which may be either online (e.g.,
http://www.assiniboinec.mb.ca/static_data), CD-ROM (e.g., D:\) or on hard
drive (e.g., C:\acc\static_data). Links from dynamic pages to static pages aredefined dynamically (from a cookie, using Javascript) according to user
defined static page directory.
Static pages are intended to be the stable, non-changing aspects of a course.
They are also where we store our images, animations, et cetera. Static page
sets are structured in terms of *topic* and not sorted by course, so many
courses may use the same set of static pages.
Static pages also link directly to online resources. Static pages are written in
HTML, so any URL will be live. Thus, we embed links to our discussion
lists, personal communicator, notebook, and online forms directly from static
pages.
Dynamic pages are expected to change frequently. We have an online editor
which gives the instructor day-to-day control over dynamic pages (though inpractise, they set them up at the start of the course and generally leave them).
Dynamic pages also include links to communication tools as listed justabove.
The reason why we have adopted this strategy is two-fold. First, we wanted
to be able to use the same resource in more than one course. And second, we
wanted to be able to plug resources obtained from third parties into ourcourses. We expect this to be an emergent model for online course
construction.
P.S.
Oh yeah... while I'm talking about emergent models: please allow me toshare with this list my new essay, "The Future of Online Learning"
http://www.assiniboinec.mb.ca/user/downes/future

Faculty Need for Computer Competence

The day of the faculty member being solely responsible for content anddelivery is rapidly drawing to a close.
Posted to DEOS-L 21 March 1999
Pete Holsberg wrote:
IMO, with tools like Dreamweaver and Image Styler, a faculty member canstill publish what he/she desires.
There are three aspects to this:
1. I have worked with Dreamweaver and with image software. In my
opinion, a fair amount of learning is required. True, these are tools whichallow people to create very bad web pages and images very quickly. But the
production of anything more requires a fair bit of dedication and practise just as in any discipline. So I wonder how many instructors are likely to findthe time in their schedules to do this. Perhaps those with lighter course loads
could. But college or public school educators would be hard-pressed to findthe many hours necessary to plan and design a site of any significance.
2. From the point of view of an administrator, I would have to ask, does itmake sense to pay instructional staff to perform HTML and graphic design.
Even when instructors are able to master these skills (and they can, after atime), in my experience, they work a lot more slowly than professional
designers. Moreover, instructors are often highly paid (in universities, they
are very highly paid). Often, graphic designers and HTML programmers
may be hired for a significantly lower wage. It does not make sense to pay
instructors a high wage for work which could be performed by others for alower wage.
3. Design and imaging software continues to evolve. Dreamweaver is arelatively new product, and the current version of the imaging software I use
was developed in the last year or two. Moreover, for better design (which
will be possible with slightly greater bandwidth) using Flash or Shockwave,
much more complex editing tools such as Director are required. It is
unreasonable to expect instructors to learn the more advanced techniques(such as layering, animation, video editing, splicing, and more) required to
produce the sort of product students will expect in the future.
Maggie McVay wrote, "We are rapidly approaching a time, both in sitebased education and online education, when division of labour must occur.
The day of the faculty member being solely responsible for content anddelivery is rapidly drawing to a close." In view of the above threeconsiderations, McVay's predictions approach certainty.

Wireless Web
I have been telling online course designers for some time now that theyshould stop thinking about designing HTML pages and start thinking about
content management.
Posted to UWebED 17 July 2000
Kari Chisholm wrote:
Kevin-I'll respectfully disagree.
Wireless Web browsing is such a miniscule fraction of Web use that to spend
a substantial quantity of resources on it is a waste of time. Frankly, thestandards haven't even gotten worked out.... [much clipping]
While I am (very) sympathetic with Kari's comment, the fact is that we arelooking at an increasing number of page display devices. Consider the
existing range of possible displays:






HTML (and XHTML)IE and Netscape flavours
RSS, RDF, CDF and other syndication formats
WML and other wireless standards.js for embedding in other documents

and that's just a start. Even within one domain, we can imagine how wewould want to be able to provide several views of the same information: For
example:list of programs in a faculty
list of programs, with course titles, in a faculty
list of programs with course titles and descriptions, in a facultyetc.
I have been telling online course designers for some time now that theyshould stop thinking about designing HTML pages and start thinking about
content management. The same applies for university web sites in general(the same applies to all web sites in general, but I digress).
Conceptually, you need to distinguish between:the content, that is, the information to be displayed, andthe format, or, how the information is displayed

In terms of content, you should proceed as follows:

define the information to be displayed. Structure it hierarchically (ie,faculty - programs - courses etc) and maybe represent this structureusing a DTD or schema
create a database for this information
create a mechanism for extracting this information in a structuredway (i.e., be able to extract some or all information fields for thefaculty)

In terms of display you should be thinking of this:






detect the application accessing the information
use this information to select a template (or CSS or XSL)
retrieve the relevant information
merge with the appropriate template
send the information in the proper mime typeThis way, when a new standard emerges (or when a standard is updated),
you are not rewriting thousands of web pages - you are simply creating a
new template (or CSS or XSL) for that type of application.
I've very briefly summarized a complex process - but believe me, as thenumber of viewing applications multiplies, you will find this structured
approach is the only way you can cope.

Copyright and Syndication
Content syndicator Moreover.com is requiring that users sign an agreement
granting Moreover sweeping rights... too many rights
August 9, 2000
A few months back I signed up for a Javascript newsfeed from Moreover.
The idea was to replace my existing newsfeed from iSyndicate. This would
save me the trouble of messing around with frames; iSyndicate's HTML
page allows minimal customization, but Moreover's Javascript newsfeed
could be inserted neatly into a template page.
Newsfeeds aren't hard to produce. Basically, for a newsfeed provider, it's athree-step process:1. use a simple web spider to grab headlines from a collection ofnewspaper websites;
2. organize those headlines into categories; and3. provide access to those categorized lists of headlines.
The first of these search engines have been doing for years. It is not hard towrite software that scans a site and retrieves the URLs.
The second is a bit harder because categorization can be hard. This is why
most syndication companies provide only a small list of categories - "Technews," for example, or "China." But with more and more news agencies
producing content in RSS format, it is getting easier for syndicators to assign
items to the correct category.
The third area is where the changes are taking place. Once restricted to
producing output on HTML pages, syndication companies are now placing
their output into specialized files. The idea here is to allow web site owners
to embed syndicated content into their own sites.
That's what Moreover does with its Javascript feeds. It collects headlines andthen saves them to a specially designed Javascript file. This file is updated
every day. Webmasters who want to include their newsfeeds need only
include the Javascript file - a simple one-line command - into their web
page.
Which brings me to the topic of this article. As I mentioned, I signed up for
the Moreover newsfeed and tested it on my website for a while. This past
Tuesday I received a nice letter from Moreover's account executive:All,
I noticed that each of you have signed up for our news feeds
using our Webfeed Wizard. I wanted to see how things aregoing with that, and hopefully get some screen shots to see
how it looks on your intranet sites. Also, if you are currently
using our news feeds, please complete the attached agreement
and fax it back to me at 415.707.2005. If you have any
questions, or would like more information, please let meknow.
I won't reprint the attached contract, but it is available - in MS Word format here. The document itself is a mess - full of corrections and type-overs. And
signing the document implies agreement that Moreover has exclusive rights
to - well - everything.

From the contract:
3.1.1

Content Syndication and Online Learning
Using the content syndication format - RSS (Rich Site Summary) - in an
educational environment.
Presented to NAWeb 2000, 16 October, 2000
This paper divides into two parts. In the first part it defines and describes the
RSS (Rich Site Summary) format and its emerging use as a format forcontent syndication by news and media organizations on the world wideweb. Through the use of working models and demonstrations, thedevelopment, display and distribution of content modules via RSS will be
discussed. In the second part, the theories and practice employed by news
and media organizations are applied to online learning. Using MuniMall, an
online learning community developed by the author, as an example, themethod of integrating syndicated content with online courses and learningmaterials will be described and illustrated.
HTML Version of the paper
MS Word Version of the paper

Comment Integrator
Content and commentary should be located on the same page; here's an easy
tool to embed comments in any web page.
Please have a look at the article and supporting Perl scripts by clicking here

Questions for Professional Designers
I have several agendas in this long note. One is to make clear the concept oflearning content as delivered through multiple formats. The other is tocomment on the discussion of traditional distance learning research ascompared to current methodologies. The two topics dovetail nicely into thediscussion of the 'costs of producing an online course'. What I want to show
is that the very question, by its inherent appear to old theory, no longer
makes sense in the current context.
I have several agendas in this long note. One is to make clear the concept oflearning content as delivered through multiple formats. The other is tocomment on the discussion of traditional distance learning research ascompared to current methodologies. The two topics dovetail nicely into thediscussion of the 'costs of producing an online course'. What I want to show
is that the very question, by its inherent appear to old theory, no longer
makes sense in the current context.
Call it a Kuhn moment.
From: John Hibbs Quoting someone else:
PDF? Only if it's designed for students to print out
themselves. A PDF document is a lousy reading experience on
the computer screen....they're hard to navigate and hard toread.

I have to disagree as I find reading a pdf document quite nice often without
all the distortions that come with different versions of Word, different
platforms and html tagging changes. I think the small effort to put all Word
documents into a PDF is worth the OPTIONs which I think we should
provide students.
PDF should not be used for reading on screen, for a variety of reasons. See
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20010610.html
If this is a document to be used on-screen, I would suggest
re-editing it.

This part mystifies me. Are you saying in the creation of a document you
want studied, you would write it one way for a reader viewing on a screen
and another way for a reader collecting and reading in print. Help me out
here. This one is a true mystery
Short answer: yes
People's reading habits are different on-screen than in print. Jakob Nielsen(cited above) has a number of articles on this; other literature exists; see
http://www.downes. ca/cgi-bin/links/view.cgi?keyword=main&concept=usa
bilityFor example: a person reading a printed page will look at the pictures first; aperson looking at a computer screen will look at the text first. Also: people
can tolerate longer paragraphs on the printed page than they can on thescreen. This should be no surprise; people read newspapers differently thanthey read books or billboards. We don't even know yet what people will
tolerate when reading from their cell phone or PDA, but no doubt it will bedifferent again.
To hark back to a previous argument: items like this explain why a lot of old
distance learning theory does not apply in an online environment. But I
digress.
Different versions of the material should be created for each viewing
environment. The usual way to this is to mark up documents using XML andthen to use this base to create a different version of the document for eachapplication. It is worth noting that PDF makes this impossible, since themain purposes of PDF formats are to (a) 'lock in' page formatting, and (b)encrypt and lock content.
One part would include ONLY the parts which need to be readon screen, and would be HTML. The part which had to beprinted could be PDF.

Well, I just can't figure out (for myself only, as vs. for all the students) whichpart would be read on screen and which on a printed piece of paper. That's
like saying we have to decide in advance if the reader is in an airplane, athome or in a library and then create the piece depending on the reading
situation. Help please?
The analogy isn't bad, actually. Consider, for example, information on
aircraft safety. On an airplane, we want it to be short, easy to read, and welldiagrammed, since people may need to read the document very quickly. At
home, we are usually willing to add more detail, such as examples andhistorical information, which places the information in a context. In alibrary, we are more likely to be doing professional research and so would
want detailed studies of egress routes, simulation results, and further
background research. Each viewing, both in presentation mode (card,
newspaper article, textbook) and in context (emergency, leisure, research)creates a demand for different information.
But WAIT! Rather than make students print 75+ pages of paper- with content which is meant to be printed - why not make ita study guide which the students purchase from your bookstore
along with the text? Save them the printing and headaches. 75
pages is a study guide by any name you choose. Call it what
it really is, and keep it in the medium it was designed for.

I don't see any problem with that, except if pdf format they might elect toprint themselves for convenience reasons; or they might go to Kinkos andget it. Or you might mail to them. Certainly, I would have ALL those options
available.
Having students buy a pre-printed study guide is a good idea if they are near

a location where it is sold. Requiring that they wait 6-8 weeks for thematerial to be mailed detracts from the immediacy of the online environment(studies show people expect a much quicker response time in an online
environment) so a downloadable version should be available.
That said, in my opinion, if the content is 75 pages long, then it is probably
too long, and won't be useful except in certain contexts.
I will skip point (b), though similar points could be made.
The basic issue again arises - if you want something to workon the web, change its form and content to that which works
on the web.

This is the part that truly troubles me Al. You mean all those years I havebeen constructing my international marketing class I have to change thecontent? and the "form". To what? How? Can you give me a specificexample of how you have done this - tell me about a class that has different"form and content" on the web as vs. on f-2-f. That one I honestly don't
understand. Help please.
Let me give you an example: WebReference http://www.web reference.com/
This is an example of an online learning site that doesn't even show on theradar screen of most online learning designers. Yet it is very effective, very
popular (50K visitors+ per day) and very well designed. A person could
learn all about website design and development using this site alone; no needfor formal studies or courses.
The front page is designed for repeat visitors (naturally) - if you are new tothe site, your best bet is to look at the site map, located at htt
p://www.webreference.com/index2.html There you should notice listings
divided by topics. Click on a topic and you'll see listings that vary according
to topic. In addition to being a reference library, WebReference contains
tutorials, access to experts, discussion, and more. More to the point, you can
use WebReference in different ways depending on your need at the time.
Some examples:

as a traditional set of online courses: follow the 'tutorials' links andstep through the instructions and examples
as a reference tool: look up by topic or do a search
as a form of continuous professional development: subscribe to theappropriate newsletter and read the articles
as a community: exchange opinions, trade scripts, etc., in their
discussion area

Now the point is: no face-to-face class could ever be structured this way.
Because face-to-face is inherently linear and structured, it could include thetutorials and nothing more. But by structuring the tutorial contents so thatthey draw from - and indeed are a part of - the reference tool (and thenewsletter, and the community), a variety of study modes is available. In my
opinion, this makes WebReference a much more useful online learning sitethan a traditional class 'converted' to web format.
It's less obvious, but WebReference is structured to allow for different
modes of delivery as well. There is a web WebReference, an email
WebReference, an RSS WebReference, and more. All the information isdrawn from the same database, but formatted differently according to output
device.
Now back to my digression: I could be wrong, but it seems to me there isnothing about this in traditional distance learning research or literature. So
far as I can tell, the vast bulk of this research literature is devoted to the topic
of conducting classes over alternative media. Yes, the literature talks about
the need for different content and content formats for different modes ofdelivery (telephone, ITV, discussion list). But it doesn't really talk about
using the same body of information in different contexts. Certainly, I haveseen no discussion in the literature which merges these two things: multiple
modes and multiple contexts. I could be wrong, of course (it's really hard to
keep up with the literature when the authors don't post it online), and would
welcome any correction on this point.
I might add, too, that WebReference - typical of such online learning sites is dynamic. Old material is continuously being updated, so that if you took
the RSS tutorial (as I did) last year, you can be notified of updates, changes
to examples, new versions of RSS, etc. The learning doesn't stop with thetutorial; the tutorial is just a tool to get you up to speed quickly. See
http://business-times .asia1.com.sg/supplement/story/0,2276,3341,00.html
for more discussion on this.
If you have lots of print documents which are designed to be
used in print, and you're not going to re-design and re-think
them, than make them part of a study guide the student buys
from the bookstore.

Could you buy a dynamic, multi-mode searchable reference library from thebookstore? I thought not.
Well, I agree that putting all your stuff in an ORGANIZED manner causes
you to think carefully about re-design and re-think...but surely that is what
good professors do all the time anyway. Yes, I agree that once you havegone through this major headache of ORGANIZATION, you will have re-designed and re-thought the course? But the monetary cost for doing sameshould NOT be charged to "distance education". It is a "cost" that should beunderwritten every year. Aren't all (good) classes each year re-thought? redesigned?
You see, there are multiple levels of organization in any field of study. Let
me identify two, to make the point intuitive and obvious (I imagine someresearch 'discovered' this, but I'll dispense with a reference anyways):
1. Organization by level of difficulty
2. Organization by sub-topic
Thus, for example, you could have Beginner-HTML, Intermediate-HTML,
Expert-HTML, Beginner-Perl, etc. Each of these subtopics breaks down into
additional topics. Mastery of a given topic, at a given level, is defined by aset of outcomes (or learning objectives); and thus we have another layer oforganization.
Now in my view, learning design involves at minimum the creation of amulti-dimensional matrix incorporating each of these divisions (I know thisis researched somewhere; it is the model that NAIT, for example, is using in
the design of its e-business program. I was fortunate enough to review andmake comments on their course structure and organization at this level).
After this process, you should end up with a whole bunch of little boxes,
each with a topic, level of expertise, and set of learning objectives (I'm
glossing a bit here, but only to leave the point clear). To each box, learningmaterial, examples, diagrams (and whatever) are added. Not all the material
that is added will be used in all cases; HTML for lawyers, for example, maydiffer from HTML for engineers.
At this point, course design - if you want a course - begins. An appropriate
selection of boxes (preferably on the same topic and at the same level (butnot necessarily - it could be a survey course)) is linked together. Perhaps
some unifying elements are added - overall course objectives, a term project,etc. (Which should actually be elements in the smaller boxes, identified as atheme (or in web parlance, a 'tour', but I digress).
But why, having gone to all this trouble, would you then create a course thatcan only be used one way, in one mode of delivery, in one context? That's
absurd! Better to leave your learning content as (unformatted) elements in a
database, and then create courses, reference libraries, etc., as (glossing
again) database enquiries, adding or excluding formatting and content as thesituation warrants.

In an ideal world (which, sadly, we do not inhabit), each box is maintainedby an expert who continually edits, modifies, and otherwise improves thecontent. These experts may live in different parts of the world and work forinstitutions. In some cases teams of experts will work on a box. One expert
may work on several boxes. The list of topics, their organization, and themaintenance of other elements would be the ongoing task of standards
bodies, professional organizations, researchers and other experts. Nothing isstatic: there is a continuous flow of changes. This becomes the common coreof materials used by academic institutions and corporations around theworld, studied by individuals on their own or with the guidance and tutelageof learning facilitators (who also add local content, additional examples,etc).
The designer would accept that the bulk of the text materials
would be uploaded to a bulletin board, of a kind we use at
Franklin - free http://www.bfranklin.edu/gld5/board.htm. (which allow threaded discussions and easy text uploads.)
Why? Print them and sell them to the student. SMALL volumesof text are indeed appropriate for that which Johnsuggests...but not near-books.

Are your "fighting" the idea of threaded discussions on a bulletin board? If
the text materials go on the board, doesn't this allow easy snipping, cut andpaste, circulating ideas, arguments, discovery? Once you print them you areback to a one-to-many concept - far, far, far different than what Guy
Bensusuan is so proud of. (I think Guy argues that once you post a topic, itgets "torn up", dissected, tossed around...the "re-design" "rethink" comesfrom the hashing of the document)...(not unlike what I am doing with this
response to Al Powell?)I think people should stop thinking of learning materials as 'documents' thatcan be "uploaded" or "printed" as a whole. This type of thinking treatslearning more like books and less like a database. Think database. Think of
uploading as uploading database elements. Think of printing as a structured
database enquiry in a certain output format.
Move beyond paper. Even if you use paper, move beyond paper in yourthinking. Move beyond linear. Even if you use linear, move beyond linear inyour thinking.
a) - how many hours will it take to accomplish the uploading and areasonably navigatable site?
See, it's not even a reasonable question any more.

This is the thing with paradigm shifts. Old questions no longer make sense,
because they incorporate the percents of the old paradigm. Just as oldtheories cannot be (as Mauri suggested) "reformulated" because the oldtheories contain built-in presuppositions. By analogy: we did not"reformulate" the theory of phlogiston; we discarded it. We cannot answer"How much phlogiston does a fire emit" because the question simply does
not make sense.
From my point of view, a lot of the discussion on DEOS does not makesense because it is firmly rooted in old theories of learning design which in
today's environment must be discarded (as people, as promised, introduce
and describe these theories I may try to show how the current environment
invalidates them).
Gawd. HERE is the reason that this group should push to involve the f-2-f
instructors...Following the "let's just print last year's study guide is a whole
lot easier than taking a threaded discussion on each and every portion of thestudy guide and posting a summary of THAT outcome. Is the "significant
difference" that the majority of f-2-f teachers are lazy and the majority of
distance education teachers are hard working?
Well - it is different, to be sure, but the explanation is not found in the factthat teachers are "lazy." I think that an annual review and improvement ofeach part of each course - online or offline, traditional or non-traditional - isa task no institution could afford. And moreover, it makes no sense to have athousand separate reformulating and improvement exercises, each involving
one professor, being conducted when we could have one being conducted bya thousand professors (or more likely, three or four each conducted by 250
professors).
Any media product has three characteristics: Good, Fast, andCheap. You can pick any TWO of these for your project.

The truism is probably true. The way to escape the truism is to stop thinking
of online learning as 'media products'.
I think that is very true for a "media" product. Those great Budweiser ads do
not come cheap. But we are not in the "media" business. We are in the
CONTENT and DELIVERY business. Maybe we should be thinking less bells
and whistles (media) and more text, more writing, more interactive
communication, more exploration, more original thought and a whole lot
less printed study guide, good year in and year out. ????
Bells, whistles, text, writing: these are all forms of media. These are output
formats. Nothing more. It's important to think beyond the media. Beyond

bells. Beyond whistles. Beyond text.

Making Micropayments Micro EnoughContent creators are pushing for micropayments - but there is no
micropayment that can compete with free content.
July 12, 2001
I am sympathetic with Scott McCloud and think his article (cartoon?) is oneof the most persuasive arguments in favour of micropayments to comearound for some time. But I don't agree with it. And I think that content
producers (writers, artists, musicians, educators) who support
micropayments, or similar revenue generation schemes, are backing thewrong horse.
Giles Turnbull suggests that, with micropayments, "Creative people would
be able to claim a greater share of the money and earn more in the long term.
Consumers would get stuff much cheaper. Everyone would be happy." I
don't agree. Turnbull forgets that the current cost of online materials is zero.
As in free. A "greater share" of that is meaningless. And no consumer will
pay less for content unless they were actually paid to read online.
Turnbull assumes that there is some sort of pot of money available that
consumers are willing to pay for content. Is this pot of money akin to themoney a person pays each time he hears a song on the radio? The payment
he makes each time he watches a M*A*S*H rerun? Is this the money hepays to the publisher each time he re-reads a news clipping? Or each time helistens to his favourite Elvis song on his now well worn LP?
From the consumer point of view, content is free: it has been for several
generations now and will continue to be free in the future. Sure, theconsumer will pay money for access to that content: he will pay for a cableconnection, or a wax disk, or a radio receiver. But once access has been paid
for, the content comes, uninterrupted, usable once or as often as he wants, allfor the same access costs.
In some underlying sense, Turnbull knows this. As he recognizes, "Therecording industry started out as a plastic manufacturer. It made plastic disks
and recorded sounds on them, and sold them at a profit. What it became
good at was making disks in large numbers, and distributing themworldwide." But he needs to take that leap: the record company sold wax
disks; it offered free sounds on them as an inducement for people to buy
these disks (and the machines to play them with, sometimes also sold by thesame companies).
True, the recording industry is now trying to change the rules of the game. It
is now trying to say that what it sold all along was the music on the disk. But
nobody believes that, not when that very same music could be heard for freeover the airwaves. Micropayments offer, as Turnbull says, a "sensible
solution." But only if you're the record company. For the consumer, it makes
no sense at all.
It is very easy to mislead oneself in this debate. Consider Napster. Napster
was a success not simply because it made getting hold of the music easy; it
was already easy (except for those few poor souls living nowhere near aradio station, MTV or a music store). Napster was a success because it mademusic available for free. The way consumers are used to obtaining music.
McCloud points out that the people who used Napster did not intend to bepirates. Of course not! They were doing what they've been doing all along: itis the music industry, not the Napster users, that is changing the rules.
Turnbull cites Clay Shirk as saying that micropayments won't work because
they force the buyer to stop and think before clicking and downloading. He
is right in saying that micropayments are a disincentive. As Turnbull says,
people do not stop and think before making a phone call or sending an
instant message. That is because, once you have a telephone, local calls(local content) is free. People do stop and think before calling long distance.
Otherwise, companies that sell cheaper long distance could never gain anedge in the marketplace.
The different between micropayments and access fees, such as we currently
pay for the telephone or cable, is the different between metered use and flat
rate. Metered payments are used for some commodities, such as water andpower. It works because the suppliers are essentially monopolies; you don't
need to track what sort of water you used, and who should be paid for it.
And these commodities are metered because they are relatively scarce: wewant people to stop and think before leaving the lights on or the faucet
running.
But content is not in limited supply. Once a song is recorded, it can be
duplicated and transmitted an infinite number of times without affecting the
supply of that song. There is no need to limit access to songs, no need, thatis, except to create an artificial shortage of the song, which is the only
justification recording companies can charge for the use of that song in thefirst pace.
Indeed, the method of payment we use for the creation of content is odd andartificial. If I build someone a house, I do not charge them a fee every time

they use the living room. If I sell them a hamburger, I do not continue tocollect royalties on a per-burp basis. If I make a bed, I do not collect a fee
every time it is slept in. It's actually quite unusual to have to continue to pay
for a product time and again each time it is used. Only in an environment
where artificial scarcity is created could such a system flourish.
Turnbull thinks that the key lies in making the payments small enough. In
this I agree: but my definition of small enough is "free." If I have to pay eventwo cents to listen to a song on my computer, I'll just bring in my radio andlisten to an endless stream of songs for free. There is no price that iscompetitive with free. None.
OK, enough beating around the bush. The real purpose of Turnbull's article and McCloud's, for that matter, is not to ensure that the music publishers
stay in business. Nobody cares about that. The real purpose of the article isto devise some mechanism whereby content creators get paid for their work.
Right?
So let's use a little logic here: if the creator must be paid (and he must), andif they consumer won't pay (and he won't), then somebody else must pay.
Otherwise, as the doomsayers say, there would be no content, and clearly,
there should be content.
Well - imagine a world in which the world wide web had no content. Whowould use it? Nobody! The content is what makes people use the web.
Create better content and more people will use the web for longer periods oftime. Create even better content and they will go out of their way to use it, oreven spend money on wireless access to they can use it wherever they are.
Now, who suffers if nobody uses the web? Not the consumer, so much: he or
she merely goes back to other forms of free content, and especially radio andtelevision. No, the people who really suffer are the people who sell access tothe internet. These break down into three major groups: bandwidth
providers, such as ISPs; software vendors, such as Microsoft; and hardware
providers, such as Dell or Compaq. If people stop using the internet, thesecompanies suffer. Big time.
It is worth money - a lot of money - for these companies to keep peopleusing the internet. To date these companies have gotten a free ride: people
want to use the internet because of the content, and so many people haveprovided free content! But if there is a content gap - if the amount andquality of content on the web declines to the point where web usage isaffected, then these companies must step in and fill the gap. They must
produce content to keep the users coming back.

I think that the music recording industry - and content creators in general would have a much better chance of survival if they were to market directlyto ISPs, software vendors, and hardware vendors. If they were to tell them,as an industry, that if they provided a certain percentage of the revenues ofthe sale of internet access to support content, they would make this content
free of charge to the consumer.
I think as well that they could market their content directly to commercial
websites. Nobody today visits the IBM website, the AOL website, or even
the CBS website, simply because they want corporate information (well,
very few, anyways). People are drawn to these sites because they offer
content. If IBM wants people to view their new machines, they should startoffering U2 streams from the IBM website. Another sale for the content
industry: and it didn't cost consumers a cent.
A lot of educational content can and will be paid for in the same way. Why
should people pay in order to learn how to use Microsoft Word? They've
already paid for the software: it only makes sense for Microsoft to pay forthe creation of quality educational materials and to offer them for free overthe internet. And because they want people to be able to find this material
where and when they need it, they should encourage sites all over the web to
run MS-Word tips, or similar educational content.
National governments, who have an interest in educating their citizens,should pay for and distribute content for free. This is the easiest and mostefficient means of ensuring that quality educational materials are available toall citizens. Where possible, national governments should pool theirresources and produce global learning materials, available to all. It would
even be reasonable to add a tax or surcharge on internet access providers inorder to procure this content, much as cable companies are required toprovide educational television today.
Now it's true: it all gets charged back to the consumer in the end. Individuals
pay taxes, they pay for content through access fees or software costs. Just as
they, in the end, pay for radio, television or telephone use.
But it's a lot cheaper to buy in bulk. It's a lot cheaper to have single billingfor content. The cost of tracking and accounting for micropayments wouldby itself be more than the cost of acquiring and producing content. Indeed,
consumers would be paying mostly for the billing system! The very productthey don't want! The billing system would replace wax or plastic as the*real* product sold by record companies.
Even then, merely creating a billing system will not be sufficient. The
competition must be crushed! There is no *real* shortage of content, noteven a shortage of high quality and specialized content. For every news
agency that charges five cents an article, there will be a news agency that
distributes that article for free. For every musician that charges two cents per
song, there will be a musician that will offer some music for free. For every
high priced online learning material offered online, an equally high quality
free alternative will be offered instead. Haven't people learned anything fromthe success of things like the apache web Server and the Netscape browser?
This will happen because people have many motives for creating content:
money is only one motive, and not even the most compelling motive. people
create content because they have a message they want to convey (as is thecase within this note). People create content because it serves the public
good. People create content because it provides an introduction to services
they want to sell (MIT's free course content online, for example, is bestviewed as advertising for the personal services of its well known professors).
People create content because it's fun, they get fame and recognition, niceemails, the acclaim of friends and acquaintances. The content-for-hirepeople face this overwhelming weight of competition, and if they depend fortheir livelihood on the sale of content, then they will have to stifle this flowof information. This may be possible (that's debatable) but it won't be cheap
and it will create a lot of ill will.
Professional content creators are not merely competing against web sites.
They are competing against email, instant messaging, bulletin boards, list
servers, and any number of ways people exchange free content with eachother, directly, without intermediary. And the argument that only
professional (paid for) content is of high quality won't wash. An email frommy mother is worth more than any article published in the New York Times,
and complaining about the 'quality' of her message won't change that. You
have to produce a lot of quality to offset free, and I don't think that content
creators have it in them to be that good.
I don't think that content creators can compete against free. That means theymust become free. And the only way to do that is to get a third party to pay
for it. The internet access industry. Corporations. Governments. That's the
only hope for professional content on the web.
Obviously in this note I haven't covered every aspect of content creation anddistribution. But I would hope that my main point is made: there arealternatives to charging users by the slice, and that these alternatives havesome attractive features. Including one, essential, attribute: they would be
accepted by consumers in a way that micropayments would never be
accepted.

Resources and References

MGen
mGen is an IMS which focuses on multimedia-rich course content
http://www.mgen.com/
FlexTraining
FlexTraining is an IMS that lets you build, deploy, manage, and monitor online training. It lets students enrol, sign on, and conduct all class activities
over the web. It provides control over course content, course guides, classschedules, enrolment policies, testing policies, test content, and progress
monitoring.
http://www.flextraining.com/
Useit.com: Jakob Nielsen's Website
Five years' archive of Jakob's bi-weekly column on Web usability, including
Metcalfe's Law, web research, content integration, top ten mistakes of Web
design, web project management, and how people read on the Web
http://www.useit.com/
At the Table
How to create a JavaScript SortableTable object that allows users to sort the contents of a tableby clicking on a column heading. By Jamie Jaworski, August 8 1999, CNet.
http://www.builder.com/Programming/Scripter/080999/?tag=st.bl.3880cd3.promo3.bl?pt.isyndic
ate.bl.hlYour Wireless Future
Series of articles in Business 2.0 detailing the approach of the wirelessrevolution. Comprehensive coverage. A series of twelve articles edited byMichael Mattis. August, 1999.
http://www.business2.com/articles/1999/08/content/cover-story.html
ILInc - LearnLinc
Learnlinc is a synchronous communications tool which enables instructors to
conduct real-time classes by simultaneously connecting to students via thePC, to communicate with students using audio or video conferencing, tosynchronize multimedia content, web-based content, and software
applications, and to recognize class participation, and "give the floor" to a
student.
http://www.ilinc.com/
ISyndicate
Syndicated content for web sites. License and host content or add headlines
and photos to your site for free.
http://www.isyndicate.com/

Affina Lanunches Service That Enables Millions of Small Websites To Create Their Own
Customized Shopping Portals
Affinia, the provider of customized shopping or retailing portals for small websites, launched
today a service to bring the online shopping revolution to millions of targeted content sites,
personal home pages and online communities. Business Wire, ZD net, 16 August 1999.
http://www.zdii.com/industry_list.asp?mode=news&doc_id=BW19990816BW1099&pic=Y&tic
ker
Open Content Syndication Directory Format Version 0.4
he Open Content Directory Format is intended to provide a concise, machinereadable-listing of a set of syndicated channels. The directory format is
capable of supporting multiple sites, each with multiple channels. Eachchannel can have muliplet formats such as RSS (RDF Site Summary), Plain
Text, or Scripting News format as well as separate publishing schedules or
languages. Internet Alchemy.
http://alchemy.openjava.org/ocs/directory.shtml
Internet Advertising Focussed on ECommerce, Not Brands
Advertising on the Internet is narrowly focused on ecommerce, not onbuilding strong offline brands according to a study released by The StrategisGroup. By Michael Pastore, Ad Resource, August, 1999.
http://www.adresource.com/html/new/content/stratads.html
Say you want a traffic jam?
Pretty good overview of the essentials of site design, along with a few
suggestions for improving stickiness. Worth a read. by Denise Cox, All Real
Good Internet, 1999. Originally appeared in the September 1998 edition of
dot.ie internet magazine
http://www.allrealgood.com/content_development/consulting/site_content.shtml
The Sevloid Guide to Web Design
Tips, tricks and techniques on every aspect of web design. The tips are
sorted into the categories of page layout, navigation, content, graphics andmore.
http://www.sev.com.au/webzone/design.htm
IPIN
This new system greatly extends the reach of ecommerce. Instead ofrequiring credit card transactions, it allows the site to send a bill to your ISP,
which in turn adds it to your internet access bill. This allows providers tocharge micropayments for content subscriptions and other low value items.
http://www.ipin.com/

Portals RIP?
Good analysis of why portals are on the wane: For e-commerce purveyors,
the waning influence of the portal is a warning: The content had better be
reliable and as independent as possible. By James Ledbetter, Industry
Standard, September, 1990.
http://www.thestandard.com/articles/display/0,1449,6433,00.html?05
Frontier
With Frontier 6 for Windows and Mac you can build and publish big-content
news-oriented sites that are easy to manage, for you, for your writers anddesigners, flowing stories over the Internet in traditional and new ways.
http://frontier.userland.com/
Multimedia Delivery Using Satellites
In the "Communication and Navigation Services" parallel session of the
TAP Conference in Barcelona, Penny Glover from the European Satellite
Agency, working on the SATEMA Project, presented an overview of thepossibilities and advantages of multimedia content delivery using satellites.
March 27, 1998.
http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/education/en/news/new272d.html
Web Content Architecture: Taming the Tangle of Protocols
Good survey article detailing (with useful illustrations) the evolving set ofinternet protocols. By Tad Lane, BITS: Computing and Communications
News, September 1999
http://www.lanl.gov/projects/ia/library/bits/bits9909.html
HotOffice Technologies: E-Newsletter Opportunities
A fast-growing number of organizations produce e-mail newsletters as ameans of communicating and staying in regular contact with customers, andenticing new business. By Steve Outing, Content Exchange Newsletter,
September 27, 1999
http://www.content-exchange.com/cx/html/newsletter/1-12/vs1-12.5.htm
Ten Direct Response Writing Tips for Online Content
Good tips that apply to any kind of Web writing, whether to sell, persuade orinform. By Naomi Bloom, Content Exchange Newsletter, September 7, 1999
http://www.content-exchange.com/cx/html/newsletter/1-11/tb1-11.htm
Content Exchange
Content Exchange acts as a broker between online writers and editors, andonline publishers. Writers submit descriptions for free, while publishers pay
a subscription fee to browse the database.

http://www.content-exchange.com/
High Wired
Subtitled: On the Design, Use, and Theory of Educational MOOs. Book witha variety of essays on the subject - table of contents only online (won't
people learn?). Cynthia Haynes and Jan Rune Holmevik, Editors.
http://www.press.umich.edu/titles/09665.html
Britannica Gives In and Gets Online
Encyclopaedia Britannica is posting the entire contents of its 32-volume seton the Internet for free. By Jonathon Gaw, L.A. Times, October 19, 1999.
http://www.latimes.com/business/19991019/t000094383.html
Partners offer online alternative to school
Article describing Child U, an online K-12 school. The quotes tell the story:"Teachers ultimately will be better off when they let computers teach." and"It takes a business mind to make a business out of an educational product."hoo-boy. By Jack Rejtman, Miami Heral, October 21, 1999.
http://www.herald.com/content/today/business/docs/015639.htm
Web Based Instruction Resources
Good list of all the tools you might need if you are developing online
learning resources or courseware. Covers course development tools,
collaboration tools, examples, course content resources, course design
resources, and studies, reviews and compilations. By Sharon Gray.
http://www.briar-cliff.edu/sharongray/WBI.htm
WAP and WML: Delivering Wireless Content
WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol, and WML stands for WirelessMarkup Language. These two protocols define web content for wirelessapplications. By David Sims, Web Review, Oct. 22, 1999
http://webreview.com/pub/1999/10/22/field/index.html?wwwrrr_19991022.txt
Distance-Education Backers Gaze Into the Future, and See Customization
Speakers at a conference on the role of universities say content andcustomization will be central to the future of the industry. By Sarah Carr,
Chronicle of Higher Education, October 26, 1999.
http://chronicle.com/free/99/10/99102602t.htm
Screaming Media
Aggregates and distributes internet content. Screaming Media is primarily asyndication service, like iSyndicate.
http://www.screamingmedia.net/

The Digital Object Identifier System
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is an identification system forintellectual property in the digital environment. Developed by theInternational DOI Foundation on behalf of the publishing industry, its goals
are to provide a framework for managing intellectual content, link customers
with publishers, facilitate electronic commerce, and enable automatedcopyright management.
http://www.doi.org/
Word on the Web
Good index of content management software for online knowledge
distribution, publications and the like.
http://www.thestandard.com/article/display/0,1151,7880,00.html
Web Spotlight: Surfers Warm Up to Personalized Content
Stats and analysis in support of the idea that web surfers want personalized
content. My take - there is a lesson there for online learning! By David Lake,
Industry Standard, January 3, 2000.
http://www.thestandard.com/metrics/display/0,2149,1097,00.html
Advice for Journalists To Prosper In the 2000s
Good overview article on the future of online news and journalism.
Especially good advice about writing for vertical portals. By Steve Outing,Content Spotlight, January 3, 2000.
http://www.content-exchange.com/cx/html/newsletter/1-19/tt1-19.htm
Canada's News Websites Recycle Hard Copy
No surprise here but it's disappointing all the same. Most Canadian
newsrooms are simply shifting content to their online sites rather thanembracing the Internet as a unique multimedia tool to improve news
coverage. By Martin Stone, Newsbytes, January 13, 2000.
http://www.cnnfn.com/news/technology/newsbytes/142098.html
Virtual Communities, Inc.
Virtual Communities Inc. provides solutions for building online
communities and operates of community sites targeted to U.S. ethnic andaffinity groups. VCI's community-enabling software, Community
Management Solution (CMS), is a content publishing software withinteractive components designed.
http://www.vcix.com/
The Net, At Your Service
Forrester Research is predicting a $220 billion online customer service

market by 2003. That seems about right. By Walid Mougayar, Business 2.0,
January, 2000.
http://www.business2.com/articles/2000/01/content/feature_2_5.html
Weaving the Web of News
Developments in online news using RDF, XML and other content-based
technologies. By Michael Claßen, WebReference, February 3, 2000.
http://webreference.com/xml/column5/
Experiences with Real-time Streaming Audio/video in Delivering Webbased Courses
Over three years of experience with the application of real-time streamingaudio and video (RealAudio/Video) to Web-based courses has yielded a
wealth of experience in synchronous delivery of live instructional content
and asynchronous delivery of archived content
http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~ho/papers/WebNet99/webnet99fig.doc
Core Competencies in Content Management
Patricia Seybold discusses the key skills companies need to learn to engage
in enterprise wide content and knowledge management. A good short read.
Patricia Seybold Group's Customers.com Service - November 19, 1999
http://www.psgroup.com/doc/products/1999/11/PSGP11-19-99CC/PSGP1119-99CC.asp
ENow
This is way cool. A program which scans the contents of hundreds thousands - of synchronous chats and locates chats touching on topics you
may be interested in as they occur!
http://www.enow.com/main/index.html
Web Publishers: E-mail Is Your Best Friend
Good article on the benefits - and some of the pitfalls - of using an opt-in
mailing list as part of your online enterprise. By Amy Gahran, Content
Spotlight, February 28, 2000.
http://www.content-exchange.com/cx/html/newsletter/1-23/vt1-23.htm
Blogger
Elegant website which lets you add content dynamically to your web site.
Most useful for creating personal weblogs (which I have done - watch myhome page).
http://www.blogger.com
Eyetrack Online News Study May Surprise You

Web site users tend to look first at and look most intently at text, glossing overphotos and images in search of meaningful textual information and content.
By Steve Outing, Editor and Publisher Online, Wednesday, May 3, 2000.
http://www.editorandpublisher.com/ephome/news/newshtm/stop/st050300.htm
Dimensions of the Workforce 2008: Beyond Training and Education,
Toward Continuous Personal Development
Interactive technologies are grouped into four segments: (1) Content
becoming granular and intelligent, (2) Object repositories supporting acontent infrastructure, (3) Network Centric Frameworks for access and (4)Mobile and Handheld Learning Environments. Tom Hill, December 9, 1998,
Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA
http://www.learningnetwork.com/Dimensions2008/Dimensions2008c.htm
Web-Based E-Learning Demo
CUseeMe and OneNet, Oklahoma's telecommunications and information
network for education and government, today announced the a web-based elearning demonstration with live, interactive video and integrated content.
http://www.individual.com/frames/story.shtml?story=b0602111.701
10 A.M.
Content aggregator and syndication site, lists RDF and RSS data feeds,
provides instructions on how to build your own feeds.
http://10.am/
ITtoolbox Knowledge Management
Content, community, and service for Knowledge Management professionals.
The site provides technical discussion, job postings, an integrated directory,
news, and much more.
http://knowledgemanagement.ittoolbox.com/
iCopyright
Automated copyright clearance service for online content providers andnewspapers.
http://www.icopyright.com/
Accreditation: Who Needs It?
Accreditation used to be a word uttered only in hallowed halls. But as elearning proliferates and more colleges partner with commercial enterprises
to deliver workplace learning at the speed of click, the content quality clouds
appear. By Donna Abernathy, Learning Circuits, January 4, 2001.
http://www.learningcircuits.org/2001/jan2001/@work.html

schoolyard subversion
As Aaron Swartz writes, "In America, we have a mandatory public school
system that destroys children's minds and molds them into slaves of theestablishment. Many experts agree. I finally realized this and decided to dosomething about it. Welcome to schoolyard subversion, the true story of myfight to change my school." All of which may just so much high school
belly-aching, except that Swartz is a leading software development expert
leading the way in efforts to standardize content syndication technologies.
The site is a blog - web log - documenting alternative approaches to
education. The software powering the site was, of course, written by Swartz
himself.
http://swartzfam.com/aaron/school/
MeansBusiness Gives E-Learning a New Twist
How MeansBusiness is approaching the task of selling online learning tocorporations and business schools. Business Week Online, January 8, 2000.
http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/jan2001/bs2001018_289.htm
Reusable Learning Object Strategy
Outstanding discussion of the structure, content and construction of reusable learning objects.
White paper from Cisco Systems. PDF format. April 22, 2000.
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/10/wwtraining/elearning/learn/whitepaper_docs/rlo_strategy_
v3-1.pdf

Chapter 6 ~ Research

The Role of the Traditional Research University
The forces which are driving students from traditional institutions and into
distance learning are not related to the role traditional universities play, but
in the manner in which they play that role.
Posted to the Node 03 February 1999
Just released on "The Technology Source" is a new paper, The Role of theTraditional Research University in the Face of the Distance Education
Onslaught by José-Marie Griffiths and Gary M. Gatien (http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/vision/1999-02.asp).

Griffiths and Gatien argue that
While virtual and corporate universities that emphasize
distance learning may represent the wave of the future for
many, they do not directly compete with or threaten the
research university.
The authors report on trends which have helped "instil panic" in traditional
institutions, such as the rise of distance learning, changing learner
demographics, and increasing access to technology. They respond bypointing to ways traditional universities can use new technology:
the focus is not on creating and packaging distance learning
courses for sale; rather, it is on using information technology
to address many issues of educational delivery, including
those related to the constraints of time and place. Within thisbroader context, information technology can enhance some ofour traditional strengths, including our role in fosteringknowledge communities: groups of individuals who sharecommon or complementary interests and who join together topursue common or complementary goals aimed at thecreation, enhancement, or sharing of information (Griffiths,
1998a).
This essay is useful because it provides, through its references, someconcrete data reflecting the shifting demographics. Additionally, it describes
a number of interesting and innovative research projects using the newtechnology. It also hints at a collapsing of the distinction between traditionaland online learning, a trend described in my paper as a "convergence" ofthose two modes of learning.
However, as a defence of the role of traditional research universities, thepaper fails. It caricatures distance learning, presents an idealized (andunrealistic) picture of research universities, and hence, demonstrates a
failure to understand why a significant shift in the role of universities will
occur.
Distance learning, even today, has progressed far beyond the era of "creating
and packaging distance learning courses for sale". Using new technology,
distance learning providers now provide flexible (and often customized)
course materials, instructor support, community and interaction. Distancelearning is coming into its own as a means of "fostering knowledge
communities".
Moreover, traditional universities do not resemble the idealized picturedrawn by the authors. Their vision of a research university is one of "student'apprentices' working with, developing relationships with, and being
mentored by nationally and internationally recognized experts."
Were it only so. True, at the graduate studies level, and in some cases evenin fourth year, some universities begin to approach this ideal. But traditional
universities are just as often places where massive first year intro classes aretaught by harried grad students with neither time nor expertise to foster
knowledge communities.
Traditional universities of the future will be much smaller - and much fewer- if all that remains of them are the small expert-led research communities.
This is not necessarily a bad thing; such would be institutions of value. But
the authors should not be misled by their own misperceptions into believingthat things will remain much the same.
The forces which are driving students from traditional institutions and into
distance learning are not related to the role traditional universities play, but
in the manner in which they play that role. Students faced with rising costs,
restrictive residency requirements, and indifferent instruction find distancelearning an attractive alternative. Unless traditional universities rethink how
they teach, their future is very dim.

Research on the Web
Maggie Mcvay wrote, to a chorus of approval, "I hope you are not relying
ONLY on the web for your research." I am led straight to the question:"Why not?"Posted to DEOS-L 19 July 1999
Maggie Mcvay wrote, to a chorus of approval, "I hope you are not relying
ONLY on the web for your research." I am led straight to the question:"Why not?"Let me clear about my biases. I don't like libraries. Never have. The stale air
gives me a headache. The omnipresent dust gives me a headache. Searching
via card or even online catalogue is a lottery at best.
Yes, I have spent many an hour in the library - who among us hasn't? Hours
at the photocopying machine reproducing a page here, a chapter there.

Seated on a dingy floor for hours reading every item on the BC.181 shelf. Or
searching for that missing issue of the Australasian Journal of Philosophy(checked out by Professor C.B. Martin some time in 1982).
Some part of that time I even spent reading relevant material, but most of thetime I spent performing the mechanical tasks related to working with large,
heavy, unindexed physical objects. So I say again, why not use the web?
Maggie McVay gives us our first and most obvious answer: "the majority of
research articles are still published in journals and books that are notavailable to the web." Too true, and so sadly today's graduate students muststill climb the literal ladders of academe searching for arcane journal articles
and texts. But must it always be this way?
It seems odd in today's wired world, but the publishing industry continues
unabated, almost oblivious to the idea of a non-paper alternative. Respected
academics continue to place their best work, not on their home page, but inthe pages of a limited run publication. It was even seen as a move forward
when recently the studies listed in the "No Significant Difference
Phenomenon" were removed from the web and placed in an inaccessible
print-based format.
Even in the field of online learning, I find it startling to record that many
works in the field are published in print, and in print only. I'm not sure how
to take this - how seriously should I treat an 'authority' in the field who does
not have a web page or even an email address?
There is a bias in academe toward the printed word. Maggie McVay captures
it nicely: "It is still the case in many universities that publishing to the web is
not an acceptable 'publication' for faculty development/tenure, so you will
miss a great deal of important work by relying on the web."
But this is very much a chicken-and-egg problem. No person who wishes
advancement in academic life will publish on the web, so therefore theimportant work is not published on the web, thus perpetuating the cycle. But
is there any reason why a web-based publication is any less valuable than apaper-based publication?
I would argue that there is not. True, there is much on the web which has notbeen blessed with the seal of authority (which may not be a bad thing), but
for those seeking a referee- sanctioned publication many respectable online
journals are now available.
The scholar who publishes solely for prestige, solely for a limited
readership, scholarly review, and eventual career advancement, mayconsider print-based journals and books an acceptable mode of publication.
But scholars whose interest is in the first instance a wide-spread (and evennon-academic) readership, who is concerned more with the distribution anddiscussion of ideas, will find the print-based world a poor second cousin to
on-line publications.
Now let me be clear - this is not to disparage books at all! This is not to saythat books should be completely replaced with web-based publications.
There is no reason we should not reproduce important or worthy materials in
book-based form.
No, what I am arguing is that we should not publish in *only* print-based
form. I am arguing that it should be possible to find, on the web, everythingwhich is also produced in print. And that there is no reason why this should
not be so! Except for academic prejudice and the economics of scarcity.
Now Don Hart asks the question, "I am concerned that if students in
Education programs get into this behaviour, then later when they areteaching they will allow (encourage?) their students to go FIRST to the
WWW for research projects."
It seems odd that Don Hart would find this a concern. What reasoning would
prohibit students - especially elementary or high school students - from firstsearching the web in their area of enquiry? Even today, in the infancy of theweb, more and better materials are available online than exist in most school
libraries.
Want to study the United Nations? All relevant documentation is online,
including the most recent and up-to-date UNESCO reports. Interested inAustria? The Austrian government has a comprehensive library of
information. Media studies? One need only look at Canada's Schoolnet forvast resources in its online Media Awareness Network.
What school library could compete with these? Indeed, even, what university
library is ready with the breadth of current and relevant information? Andeven considering those libraries which are able to keep pace, what is the costof a large institutional library when compared with simple internet access?
Maggie McVay, in well-intentioned advice, counsels students to "develop
your own library of distance learning resources of books." Perhaps she hasn't
been to the bookstore lately, but modern texts are running between $40 and$80 per copy. In my field - philosophy - my modest library of essentials costseveral thousand dollars (and this includes a thorough scour of the used bookstores).

Is it good advice - really - to advise students to incur additional expenses
when by a fair-minded and reasonable policy we could make these resources
available to all students at a fraction of the cost?
Now in fairness and good sympathy, the question of online resources wasraised in the context of graduate students' use of mailing lists as a researchtool. And yes, I too have seen more than my share of graduate student
enquiries take the quick route from my in-box to my trash folder.
But as Dennis Roberts comments, "life has changed drastically with theadvent of the web and email lists ... all bets are off compared to what theyused to be."For one thing - what is *wrong* with asking the experts on a mailing list aquestion, even if it turn out to be a naive or ill-informed question? Were theexperts located in the office down the hall, or the snacks table at the June
Symposium, this sort of behaviour would be applauded, as getting theinformation from the source.
Indeed, my university went to great expense to invite and host suchluminaries as David K. Lewis and Saul Kripke so graduate students such as
myself could look them in the eye and question them on their work. True,
some such brushed off my questions as naive, but others - with, I think, akeener eye to education - were kinder.
Yes, of course some questions are very basic and reveal a general lack ofknowledge of the field. In fields where online enquiry is more prevalent suchneeds are handled with a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) file, to which
new users (newbies) are routinely referred (indeed, many mailing lists post
the URL of the FAQ at the bottom of each message).
DEOS-L writers - and others in the field of online learning - would do wellto emulate this strategy. Instead of suggesting that students performing theirstudies online are in some way taking a short-cut, the online academics
should throw together the weight of their knowledge and create a shortreference pointing aspiring students to the stacks of knowledge alreadyavailable on the web.
And who knows - perhaps the reference at the end of the essay might evenlead them from in front of their computer terminal and into their library! But
be ready for the grumbles cast in the direction of such inconsiderate authors,
who can't be bothered to ensure wide accessibility to their materials.

Your Research for Sale on the net
What happens to research papers when colleges and package them and sellthem to the highest bidder?
This is an interesting development...
SkillSoft Corp.... today announced that it has recently signed
an agreement with the Wharton School of the University ofPennsylvania to publish and distribute articles from
Knowledge@Wharton, the school's research and businesswebsite. Under the agreement, SkillSoft will select articles
from each bi-weekly issue of Knowledge@Wharton. These
articles will be posted to the SkillSoft corporate web site andSkillPort, SkillSoft's e-learning platform.
The Knowledge@Aharton site provides summaries and links to pdf versionsof academics' scholarly articles. It's a useful service, no doubt regularly
trolled by science, tech and business writers.
Now no financial terms - if any - were released by Wharton or SkillSoft, but
as SkillSoft turns around and uses these materials in revenue generating
activities, it seems likely that over time we will see arrangements between
companies like SkillSoft and institutions like Wharton for the distribution ofacademic papers.
Indeed, there will be considerable temptation for a company like Wharton to
obtain exclusive rights over these publications: re-selling them to students
and the media via some form of content syndication network would be a
profitable business.
It has long been understood that academics own the rights to their own
publications. This may change, just as we have been seeing pressure forchange in the area of online course content. If colleges and universities
establish a system whereby they pay royalties for course content, thereby
assuming some rights over the use of that course content, then if they cancharge fees for academic papers, it seems reasonable to assume they will try
to enter into a similar arrangement with their academic authors.
Are university professors ready to produce research papers on a 'work for
hire' basis? And what impact will this have on existing compensation
arrangements when two primary activities of academics - course preparation
and research publication - are sold and marketed on the open market.
These questions are asked in the light of other initiatives which strive toremove academic works from the constraints of existing publication
arrangements. For example, the ELectronic Society for Social Scientists is
an initiative aimed at distributing academic publications at much lower cost(and free for the developing world). Or there is the Scholarly Publishing andAcademic Resources Coalition (SPARC), the aim of which is to promote thecreation of community controlled scientific journals.
The commodification of research papers would short circuit these initiatives,pushing professors into an exchange whereby they trade in their individual
relationships (such as they are) with traditional journal publishers, and forge
new relationships, via their institutions, with online publishers.
This is not necessarily good for professors, and arguably not good forresearch as a whole.

Questions for Professional Designers
I have several agendas in this long note. One is to make clear the concept oflearning content as delivered through multiple formats. The other is tocomment on the discussion of traditional distance learning research ascompared to current methodologies. The two topics dovetail nicely into thediscussion of the 'costs of producing an online course'. What I want to show
is that the very question, by its inherent appear to old theory, no longer
makes sense in the current context.
I have several agendas in this long note. One is to make clear the concept oflearning content as delivered through multiple formats. The other is tocomment on the discussion of traditional distance learning research ascompared to current methodologies. The two topics dovetail nicely into thediscussion of the 'costs of producing an online course'. What I want to show
is that the very question, by its inherent appear to old theory, no longer
makes sense in the current context.
Call it a Kuhn moment.
From: John Hibbs Quoting someone else:
PDF? Only if it's designed for students to print out
themselves. A PDF document is a lousy reading experience on
the computer screen....they're hard to navigate and hard toread.

I have to disagree as I find reading a pdf document quite nice often without
all the distortions that come with different versions of Word, different
platforms and html tagging changes. I think the small effort to put all Word
documents into a PDF is worth the OPTIONs which I think we should
provide students.
PDF should not be used for reading on screen, for a variety of reasons. See
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20010610.html
If this is a document to be used on-screen, I would suggest
re-editing it.

This part mystifies me. Are you saying in the creation of a document you
want studied, you would write it one way for a reader viewing on a screen
and another way for a reader collecting and reading in print. Help me out
here. This one is a true mystery
Short answer: yes
People's reading habits are different on-screen than in print. Jakob Nielsen(cited above) has a number of articles on this; other literature exists; see
http://www.downes. ca/cgi-bin/links/view.cgi?keyword=main&concept=usa
bilityFor example: a person reading a printed page will look at the pictures first; aperson looking at a computer screen will look at the text first. Also: people
can tolerate longer paragraphs on the printed page than they can on thescreen. This should be no surprise; people read newspapers differently thanthey read books or billboards. We don't even know yet what people will
tolerate when reading from their cell phone or PDA, but no doubt it will bedifferent again.
To hark back to a previous argument: items like this explain why a lot of old
distance learning theory does not apply in an online environment. But I
digress.
Different versions of the material should be created for each viewing
environment. The usual way to this is to mark up documents using XML andthen to use this base to create a different version of the document for eachapplication. It is worth noting that PDF makes this impossible, since themain purposes of PDF formats are to (a) 'lock in' page formatting, and (b)encrypt and lock content.
One part would include ONLY the parts which need to be readon screen, and would be HTML. The part which had to beprinted could be PDF.

Well, I just can't figure out (for myself only, as vs. for all the students) whichpart would be read on screen and which on a printed piece of paper. That's
like saying we have to decide in advance if the reader is in an airplane, athome or in a library and then create the piece depending on the reading
situation. Help please?
The analogy isn't bad, actually. Consider, for example, information on
aircraft safety. On an airplane, we want it to be short, easy to read, and welldiagrammed, since people may need to read the document very quickly. At
home, we are usually willing to add more detail, such as examples andhistorical information, which places the information in a context. In alibrary, we are more likely to be doing professional research and so would
want detailed studies of egress routes, simulation results, and further
background research. Each viewing, both in presentation mode (card,
newspaper article, textbook) and in context (emergency, leisure, research)creates a demand for different information.
But WAIT! Rather than make students print 75+ pages of paper- with content which is meant to be printed - why not make ita study guide which the students purchase from your bookstore
along with the text? Save them the printing and headaches. 75
pages is a study guide by any name you choose. Call it what
it really is, and keep it in the medium it was designed for.

I don't see any problem with that, except if pdf format they might elect toprint themselves for convenience reasons; or they might go to Kinkos andget it. Or you might mail to them. Certainly, I would have ALL those options
available.
Having students buy a pre-printed study guide is a good idea if they are neara location where it is sold. Requiring that they wait 6-8 weeks for thematerial to be mailed detracts from the immediacy of the online environment(studies show people expect a much quicker response time in an online
environment) so a downloadable version should be available.
That said, in my opinion, if the content is 75 pages long, then it is probably
too long, and won't be useful except in certain contexts.
I will skip point (b), though similar points could be made.
The basic issue again arises - if you want something to workon the web, change its form and content to that which works
on the web.

This is the part that truly troubles me Al. You mean all those years I have

been constructing my international marketing class I have to change thecontent? and the "form". To what? How? Can you give me a specificexample of how you have done this - tell me about a class that has different"form and content" on the web as vs. on f-2-f. That one I honestly don't
understand. Help please.
Let me give you an example: WebReference http://www.web reference.com/
This is an example of an online learning site that doesn't even show on theradar screen of most online learning designers. Yet it is very effective, very
popular (50K visitors+ per day) and very well designed. A person could
learn all about website design and development using this site alone; no needfor formal studies or courses.
The front page is designed for repeat visitors (naturally) - if you are new tothe site, your best bet is to look at the site map, located at htt
p://www.webreference.com/index2.html There you should notice listings
divided by topics. Click on a topic and you'll see listings that vary according
to topic. In addition to being a reference library, WebReference contains
tutorials, access to experts, discussion, and more. More to the point, you can
use WebReference in different ways depending on your need at the time.
Some examples:

as a traditional set of online courses: follow the 'tutorials' links andstep through the instructions and examples
as a reference tool: look up by topic or do a search
as a form of continuous professional development: subscribe to theappropriate newsletter and read the articles
as a community: exchange opinions, trade scripts, etc., in their
discussion area

Now the point is: no face-to-face class could ever be structured this way.
Because face-to-face is inherently linear and structured, it could include thetutorials and nothing more. But by structuring the tutorial contents so thatthey draw from - and indeed are a part of - the reference tool (and thenewsletter, and the community), a variety of study modes is available. In my
opinion, this makes WebReference a much more useful online learning sitethan a traditional class 'converted' to web format.
It's less obvious, but WebReference is structured to allow for different
modes of delivery as well. There is a web WebReference, an email
WebReference, an RSS WebReference, and more. All the information isdrawn from the same database, but formatted differently according to output
device.

Now back to my digression: I could be wrong, but it seems to me there isnothing about this in traditional distance learning research or literature. So
far as I can tell, the vast bulk of this research literature is devoted to the topic
of conducting classes over alternative media. Yes, the literature talks about
the need for different content and content formats for different modes ofdelivery (telephone, ITV, discussion list). But it doesn't really talk about
using the same body of information in different contexts. Certainly, I haveseen no discussion in the literature which merges these two things: multiple
modes and multiple contexts. I could be wrong, of course (it's really hard to
keep up with the literature when the authors don't post it online), and would
welcome any correction on this point.
I might add, too, that WebReference - typical of such online learning sites is dynamic. Old material is continuously being updated, so that if you took
the RSS tutorial (as I did) last year, you can be notified of updates, changes
to examples, new versions of RSS, etc. The learning doesn't stop with thetutorial; the tutorial is just a tool to get you up to speed quickly. See
http://business-times .asia1.com.sg/supplement/story/0,2276,3341,00.html
for more discussion on this.
If you have lots of print documents which are designed to be
used in print, and you're not going to re-design and re-think
them, than make them part of a study guide the student buys
from the bookstore.

Could you buy a dynamic, multi-mode searchable reference library from thebookstore? I thought not.
Well, I agree that putting all your stuff in an ORGANIZED manner causes
you to think carefully about re-design and re-think...but surely that is what
good professors do all the time anyway. Yes, I agree that once you havegone through this major headache of ORGANIZATION, you will have redesigned and re-thought the course? But the monetary cost for doing sameshould NOT be charged to "distance education". It is a "cost" that should beunderwritten every year. Aren't all (good) classes each year re-thought? redesigned?
You see, there are multiple levels of organization in any field of study. Let
me identify two, to make the point intuitive and obvious (I imagine someresearch 'discovered' this, but I'll dispense with a reference anyways):
1. Organization by level of difficulty
2. Organization by sub-topic
Thus, for example, you could have Beginner-HTML, Intermediate-HTML,
Expert-HTML, Beginner-Perl, etc. Each of these subtopics breaks down into

additional topics. Mastery of a given topic, at a given level, is defined by aset of outcomes (or learning objectives); and thus we have another layer oforganization.
Now in my view, learning design involves at minimum the creation of amulti-dimensional matrix incorporating each of these divisions (I know thisis researched somewhere; it is the model that NAIT, for example, is using in
the design of its e-business program. I was fortunate enough to review andmake comments on their course structure and organization at this level).
After this process, you should end up with a whole bunch of little boxes,
each with a topic, level of expertise, and set of learning objectives (I'm
glossing a bit here, but only to leave the point clear). To each box, learningmaterial, examples, diagrams (and whatever) are added. Not all the material
that is added will be used in all cases; HTML for lawyers, for example, maydiffer from HTML for engineers.
At this point, course design - if you want a course - begins. An appropriate
selection of boxes (preferably on the same topic and at the same level (butnot necessarily - it could be a survey course)) is linked together. Perhaps
some unifying elements are added - overall course objectives, a term project,etc. (Which should actually be elements in the smaller boxes, identified as atheme (or in web parlance, a 'tour', but I digress).
But why, having gone to all this trouble, would you then create a course thatcan only be used one way, in one mode of delivery, in one context? That's
absurd! Better to leave your learning content as (unformatted) elements in a
database, and then create courses, reference libraries, etc., as (glossing
again) database enquiries, adding or excluding formatting and content as thesituation warrants.
In an ideal world (which, sadly, we do not inhabit), each box is maintainedby an expert who continually edits, modifies, and otherwise improves thecontent. These experts may live in different parts of the world and work forinstitutions. In some cases teams of experts will work on a box. One expert
may work on several boxes. The list of topics, their organization, and themaintenance of other elements would be the ongoing task of standards
bodies, professional organizations, researchers and other experts. Nothing isstatic: there is a continuous flow of changes. This becomes the common coreof materials used by academic institutions and corporations around theworld, studied by individuals on their own or with the guidance and tutelageof learning facilitators (who also add local content, additional examples,etc).
The designer would accept that the bulk of the text materials

would be uploaded to a bulletin board, of a kind we use at
Franklin - free http://www.bfranklin.edu/gld5/board.htm. (which allow threaded discussions and easy text uploads.)
Why? Print them and sell them to the student. SMALL volumesof text are indeed appropriate for that which Johnsuggests...but not near-books.

Are your "fighting" the idea of threaded discussions on a bulletin board? If
the text materials go on the board, doesn't this allow easy snipping, cut andpaste, circulating ideas, arguments, discovery? Once you print them you areback to a one-to-many concept - far, far, far different than what Guy
Bensusuan is so proud of. (I think Guy argues that once you post a topic, itgets "torn up", dissected, tossed around...the "re-design" "rethink" comesfrom the hashing of the document)...(not unlike what I am doing with this
response to Al Powell?)I think people should stop thinking of learning materials as 'documents' thatcan be "uploaded" or "printed" as a whole. This type of thinking treatslearning more like books and less like a database. Think database. Think of
uploading as uploading database elements. Think of printing as a structured
database enquiry in a certain output format.
Move beyond paper. Even if you use paper, move beyond paper in yourthinking. Move beyond linear. Even if you use linear, move beyond linear inyour thinking.
a) - how many hours will it take to accomplish the uploading and areasonably navigatable site?
See, it's not even a reasonable question any more.
This is the thing with paradigm shifts. Old questions no longer make sense,
because they incorporate the precepts of the old paradigm. Just as oldtheories cannot be (as Mauri suggested) "reformulated" because the oldtheories contain built-in presuppositions. By analogy: we did not"reformulate" the theory of phlogiston; we discarded it. We cannot answer"How much phlogiston does a fire emit" because the question simply does
not make sense.
From my point of view, a lot of the discussion on DEOS does not makesense because it is firmly rooted in old theories of learning design which in
today's environment must be discarded (as people, as promised, introduce
and describe these theories I may try to show how the current environment
invalidates them).

Gawd. HERE is the reason that this group should push to involve the f-2-f
instructors...Following the "let's just print last year's study guide is a whole
lot easier than taking a threaded discussion on each and every portion of thestudy guide and posting a summary of THAT outcome. Is the "significant
difference" that the majority of f-2-f teachers are lazy and the majority of
distance education teachers are hard working?
Well - it is different, to be sure, but the explanation is not found in the factthat teachers are "lazy." I think that an annual review and improvement ofeach part of each course - online or offline, traditional or non-traditional - isa task no institution could afford. And moreover, it makes no sense to have athousand separate reformulating and improvement exercises, each involving
one professor, being conducted when we could have one being conducted bya thousand professors (or more likely, three or four each conducted by 250
professors).
Any media product has three characteristics: Good, Fast, andCheap. You can pick any TWO of these for your project.

The truism is probably true. The way to escape the truism is to stop thinking
of online learning as 'media products'.
I think that is very true for a "media" product. Those great Budweiser ads do
not come cheap. But we are not in the "media" business. We are in the
CONTENT and DELIVERY business. Maybe we should be thinking less bells
and whistles (media) and more text, more writing, more interactive
communication, more exploration, more original thought and a whole lot
less printed study guide, good year in and year out. ????
Bells, whistles, text, writing: these are all forms of media. These are output
formats. Nothing more. It's important to think beyond the media. Beyond
bells. Beyond whistles. Beyond text.

Resources and References
Dave Beckett - Metadata Research
By Dave Beckett, who works with the Dublin Core. research and resources
on RDF and Dublin Core
http://www.cs.ukc.ac.uk/people/staff/djb1/research/metadata/
Dave Beckett's Resource Description Framework (RDF) Resource
By Dave Beckett, who works with Dublin Core. This page is a hub of links
to web pages containing examples, documents, papers and software.
http://www.cs.ukc.ac.uk/people/staff/djb1/research/metadata/rdf.shtml

Useit.com: Jakob Nielsen's Website
Five years' archive of Jakob's bi-weekly column on Web usability, including
Metcalfe's Law, web research, content integration, top ten mistakes of Web
design, web project management, and how people read on the Web
http://www.useit.com/
Death of the PC-Centric Era
IDC forecasts that embedding these non-PC devices will account for almost
50% of unit shipments by 2002, dramatically driving down the PC's share of
the market. IDC Executive Insights Analyst: Frank Gens.
http://www.idcresearch.com/F/Ei/gens19.htm
Libraries of the Future
Media specialists can maintain a leadership role as schools move into thenext century with school media centers serving as the core of an active
learning program dedicated to student inquiry, investigation and research.
By Jamie McKenzie, The Educational Technology Journal November, 1993.
http://www.fno.org/libraries.html
The MediaMOO Project: Constructionism and Professional CommuMediaMOO is a text-based, networked, virtual reality environment (MUD)
designed to enhance professional community among media researchers.
Amy Bruckman and Mitchel Resnick Epistemology and Learning GroupMIT Media Lab. Convergence, 1:1, Spring 1995.
http://asb.www.media.mit.edu/people/asb/convergence.html
The Design of Personal Technologies to Support Lifelong Learning
Abstract submitted to CAL '99 Conference by Mike Sharples, Educational
Technology Research Group, University of Birmingham. An overview of thechanging nature of lifelong learning, requirements for its success, and tools
and pedagogies necessary for that success. The full pdf article is available at
http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/sharplem/handler%20comped.pdf
http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/sharplem/HANDLER%20CAL%2099.htm
Instructional Technology Research Online
As the name suggests, a site devoted to instructional technology research.
Georgia State University.
http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwitr/
International Centre for Distance Learning
The International Centre for Distance Learning (ICDL) is an international
centre for research, teaching, consultancy, information and publishingactivities based in the Institute of Educational Technology. ICDL distanceand online course directory contains information on over 31,000 distancelearning programmes and courses mostly in the Commonwealth countries,
over 1,000 institutions teaching at a distance worldwide, and over 11,000
abstracts of books, journal articles, research reports, conference papers,
dissertations and other types of literature relating to all aspects of the theory
and practice of distance education.
http://www-icdl.open.ac.uk/
AdResource
Ad Resource is a listing of resources for Web banner advertising andmarketing community. Web marketers can use the site to do research, build
contacts, and keep up to date on the latest happenings in Internet advertising.
http://www.adresource.com/
The Strategis GroupThe Strategis Group publishes in-depth market research reports (marketing,demographics) and provides customized consulting services and continuous
information solutions to cable TV, satellite, Internet, competitive telephony,broadband and wireless communications industries.
http://www.strategisgroup.com/
USADemocracy
This site promotes online democracy by allowing users to register in theircongressional district, view and research proposed legislation, and record
their vote on the registration.
http://www.usademocracy.com/
Search engines lag behind Internet
Internet search engines aren't keeping pace with the explosive growth of the
Web and are covering only a fraction of what's available online, researchersreport in the journal Nature. We knew this, but it's nice to see it documented.
By Peter Svensson Associated Press, September 8, 1999.
http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/1,1249,115007537,00.html?
Centre for Research in Electronic Commerce
From the University of Texas, a major site for ecommerce. Tons ofresources, research, and more.
http://cism.bus.utexas.edu/
Groupware Central
News, tools, research, links and more. Includes a free download of a very
simple groupware program.
http://www.cba.uga.edu/groupware/groupware.html

WIT Capital
Reports on e-commerce and other online businesses. Regular research
reports.
http://www.witcapital.com/research/reports/reports.html
Internet Investing White Paper
A good overview of e-commerce, especially the second section. The Internet
investing white paper is organized in three parts: 1.An Introduction to theInternet 2.Business Models of Internet Companies 3.Valuation of Internet
Stocks. WIT Capital, September 20, 1999.
http://www.witcapital.com/research/reports/rr_white_990920.html
Top E-Commerce Brands Recognized By 100 Million Adults
A new study released today by the Opinion Research Corporation
International indicates that the top Internet e-commerce brands continue tocapture and maintain the largest share of public awareness among the U.S.
adult population.
http://www.witcapital.com/research/reports/rr_ecom_990826.html
E-Knowledge: New Ways to Build the New Economy
The E-Knowledge Industry The increasing value of human capital in the
New Economy has created a need for more and better forms of education.
The intersection of technology and education will help satisfy this need andbe an immensely powerful trend for the foreseeable future. The e-knowledge
industry capturing an increasing share of the education market, as
technology and the Internet encroach on one of the world's oldest and largest
industries. WIT Report, August 11, 1999
http://www.witcapital.com/research/reports/rr_eknow_990811.html
Developing and Applying A Cost-Benefit Model for Assessing TeleLearningThis project develops and tests a methodology for measuring the costs andbenefits of TeleLearning ( aka distance learning) projects. TeleLearning is
the use of multimedia learning environments based on powerful desktop
computers linked by the information highway. I didn't agree with all theirfindings but it's worth a read. By Tony Bates and Silvia Bartolic-Zlomislic.
http://research.cstudies.ubc.ca/nce/index.html
AnchoredDisplays: The Web on Walls
It's gonna be a HUGE business... take a web browser (with wireless access,of course), set it to reload a certain page (news, weather, traffic, theseashore...), hang it on a wall, and voila... I called them WADs, Manish
Tuteja calls them Anchored Displays. MIT Media Lab, undated but recent.
http://www.media.mit.edu/pia/Research/AnchoredDisplays/index.html

Http://www.sfu.ca/mediapr/Releases/News/1999/September1999/Online.html
A new SFU research initiative recently received funding to develop
standardized electronic publishing tools that will enable the academic
community to fully embrace online publishing and receive their scholarly
journals online. Simon Fraser University news release, September 17, 1999.
http://www.sfu.ca/mediapr/Releases/News/1999/September1999/Online.html
Canada Foundation for Innovation
The CFI is funding a major ($50 million) site licensing project in order toreduce the cost of online journals and to provide access to researchdatabases.
http://www.uottawa.ca/library/carl/projects/CFI/cfi.htm
Latest Hit on Campus: Crescendo in E-Major
Colleges and universities nationwide are rushing to turn the study of ecommerce into degrees, majors, minors, concentrations, specialties,
certificates, fellowships and research centers. By Mary B.W. Tabor, The
New York Times (registration required), September 22, 1999.
http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/09/biztech/technology/22tabo.html
Web Characterization Project
The OCLC Office of Research Web Characterization Project is an ongoing
initiative to pursue research in the area of Web characterization. This site
provides project documentation, Web statistics, and analysis.
http://www.oclc.org/oclc/research/projects/webstats/
Ethnomethodology, Conversation Analysis &; Asynchronous ComputerMediated Conversation
By Donald J. Winiecki. It's only a list of references for now, but he promises
more for later.
http://coen-nt1.idbsu.edu/DWiniecki/research/CA&ACMC.htm
Developing Classroom Communities in Distance Education
Interesting: he writes, "inquiry on the development of classroom community
in distance education via asynchronous computer mediated conferencing.
From my literature searches, I've discovered that the collaboration that
occurs in such classroom communities is necessary for the process that
others have called shared cognition." By Donald J. Winiecki.
http://coen-nt1.idbsu.edu/DWiniecki/Research/classroom_community.htm
Natural Human Computing
Researchers have developed a computer algorithm that imitates a fundamental
characteristic of human knowledge and information processing - the ability todistinguish patterns within large amounts of data, text, or images. By Lindsey
Arent, Wired News, October 27, 1999.
http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,32093,00.html?tw=wn19991027
New Site Promises Govt Just One Click Away
The designers of a new government portal today unveiled a Website throughwhich consumers throughout the country can pay parking tickets, renew
licenses, and research their elected officials. The big question is - which way
to go, centralized, or distributed? CNN News Bytes, November 9, 1999.
http://www.cnnfn.com/news/technology/newsbytes/139116.html
Corporate University Xchange
Corporate University Xchange, Inc. is an education research and consulting
firm that assists organizations in optimizing their education and training
resources.
http://www.corpu.com/
Online Learning Community for Support Staff
Example of an online learning community. Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center
http://www.fhcrc.org/~learncom/index.htm
Designing the Digital Government of the 21st Century: A Multidisciplinary
Workshop
Very useful symposium exploring online government. Check out especially
the workshop summary for a list of key factors.
http://www.ctg.albany.edu/research/workshop/digitalgov.html
E-Business: You Can't Just Add It On or Plug It In!
AMR Research's E - Business Model provides organizations with aframework to understand the importance of incorporating E - Businessstrategies and products into a company's overall IT strategy. By Jim
Shepherd, Senior Vice President, AMR Research.
http://www.amrresearch.com/EXV/9911exv.asp
Cable's On-Line Pedagogy Distance Learning Portal
A large collection of useful links related to distance education and online
learning, including work on pedagogy, research, development tools andmuch more. By Cable T. Green.
http://jac.sbs.ohio-state.edu/cable/pedagogy/
Interactive Features of Online Newspapers
Good well-researched article blending two of my interests: journalism, andespecially online newspapers, and interaction. Well worth a read. By Keith
Kenney, et.al., First Monday, January 10, 2000.
http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_1/kenney/index.html
The Brookings Institution
Online presence - including research papers, discussion and chat - for this
U.S. based institution specializing in government studies and related topics.
http://www.brookings.edu/
The Net, At Your Service
Forrester Research is predicting a $220 billion online customer service
market by 2003. That seems about right. By Walid Mougayar, Business 2.0,
January, 2000.
http://www.business2.com/articles/2000/01/content/feature_2_5.html
Teaching at an Internet Distance Seminar
This important research report provides an excellent overview of online
learning and some cogent observations about its potential and limitations.
Still headily conservative, the authors tend to target online learning towardniche markets. But the research is thorough, the writing clear and thethinking first rate. University of Illinois, 1999.
http://www.vpaa.uillinois.edu/tid/report/toc.html
Intelligent Agents for Online Learning
The title says it all, doesn't it? Excellent discussion of emerging technologies
in online learning, along with research results from a pilot study. By
Choonhapong Thaiupathump, et.al., JALN Volume 3, Issue 2 - November
1999.
http://www.aln.org/alnweb/journal/Vol3_issue2/Choon2.htm
Measures for Evaluating Automatic Subject Assignment of Electronic
Resources
More research results in the field of automatic categorization. Keith Shafer,
Srividhya Subramanian, Jon Fausey OCLC Online Computer LibraryCenter, Inc., July 26, 1999.
http://orc.rsch.oclc.org:6109/measures.html
Research and Learning Facilitation
A nice point by point enumeration of the roles of a facilitator - as they callthem, the 'Set Advisor'. Meant for a more traditional setting but verytransferable to online learning.
http://www.mcb.co.uk/imc/coursewa/msc/msc-5.htm

Learning Objects and Instruction Components
Learning objects, as defined by the IEEE's Learning Technology Standards
Committee, are "any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-usedor referenced during technology supported learning." This paper introduces
the concept, reviews current work in the area, and discusses recent research.
http://ifets.ieee.org/discussions/discuss_feb2000.html
Corporate E-Learning: Exploring a New FrontierThis report focuses on corporate training, one of the five segments of theeducation and training market. In particular, it identifies key drivers,
performs preliminary market segmentation, and estimates growth for market
segments and product groups of the technology-based corporate online
learning and training industry. WR Hambrecht & Co.
http://www.wrhambrecht.com/research/coverage/elearning/ir/ir_explore.html
TalksPage: Worldwide Scientific Exchange Server
The creators hope to provide a place where any scientist in the world canpost their talk or presentation in audio format. The talks are delivered byresearchers from well-known universities in areas of physics, chemistry, andmath.
http://medium.stanford.edu/
A Study Produces a List of 24 Benchmarks for Quality Distance Education
A study of top distance-education programs has led researchers to compile alist of 24 benchmarks that they say can be used by institutions eager to createhigh-quality offerings. By Dan Carnevale, Chronicle of Higher Education,
April 7, 2000.
http://chronicle.com/free/v46/i31/31a04501.htm
Distance Education Research
Useful guide for those just beginning to look at distance education or online learning,
containing important links with short descriptions. Kristin Hirst, About.Com,
February 14, 2000.
http://distancelearn.about.com/education/distancelearn/library/weekly/aa021400a.htm
Measuring a Community's SuccessLessons from e-business. Slide show about online community evaluation
metrics. By Joe Cothrel Vice President of Research Participate.com,
September, 2000.
http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/sfc/participate_files/v3_document.htm
Categorization of e-Learning Elements
Really good listing of all products, all vendors, for online learning products,

sorted into major categories. Research Dog, LLC.
http://www.researchdog.com/resources/elearningenterprises.html
Methodological Issues in the Content Analysis of Computer Conference
Transcripts
The paper is designed to assist researchers in using content analysis tofurther the understanding of teaching and learning using computer
conferencing. By Liam Rourke, Terry Anderson, D. R. Garrison and Walter
Archer, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 2001, 12
http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/ijaied/abstracts/Vol_12/rourke.html
Knowledge Garden
Online community devoted to information and research on Communities ofPractice, Generative Leadership Strategies, Intellectual Capital, Knowledge
Ecology, Organizational Intelligence, and Virtual Communities
http://www.co-i-l.com/coil/knowledge-garden/index.shtml

Chapter 7 ~ Copyright
Deep Links
The question of deep links - links which point to a specific page within a siterather than to the home page - is best addressed through technology, and not
through copyright legislation.
Posted to DEOS-L 14 August 1999
Much discussion on this list has recently focussed on the question of deep
links, that is, links which point to a specific page within a site rather than toa front or cover page.
Like most such questions regarding internet connectivity, this is a question
which is best solved through technology and not through law.
Owners who wish people to enter the site through the front page need only
add a very small script to their web pages which will redirect users to thefront page if that user is entering the site from an outside site.
<script language="javascript"><!-if {document.referrer != "http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/home.htm") {document.location ="http://www.atl.ualberta.ca/downes/home.htm");}//---></script>
Place this into the head of your HTML files (making sure the referrer points
to your page and not mine ;)) and nobody using Javascript (the vast majorityof users) will ever be able to deep link into your site.
Now - given that such a simple solution exists, one must ask two questions:First: why would anyone want to use the heavy hand of the law to force
people to do something when such an easy alternative exists? I don't think
there is a good answer to this question.
It would be like enacting legislation which prohibits a person from opening abook directly to page 257. No such law exists, for the simple reason that if
they author wants to prevent a person from opening to a specific page, he or
she need only publish the work as a scroll, and not a book.
It makes no sense to pass laws prohibiting the use of a medium via means
inherent to that medium, especially when alternative media exist. Just so,linking is inherent to the World Wide Web; the web would not exist without
it. So it makes no sense to pass laws prohibiting, or even limiting, the use oflinking.
But more importantly, the second question is this second: why don't online
publishers actually do this? Why don't we see sites redirecting people to thefront page all the time?
I think that the reason is that people would not use a site constructed in sucha manner. They would not want to click the three or four links that it takes toobtain the resource in question (if they could even find it again). One of the
key principles of successful commercial sites is: make it easy for the user.
Moreover, most sites which are supported via advertisements place banners
on each of their content pages. Thus, for example, even you link directly intoa page in last year's Mercury News, you are going to view a banner withtoday's advertising on it. Ad revenue is an aggregate of all the banner views,
so the News doesn't care whether you viewed only the home page or only thecontent page; what is key is that you viewed the banner.
I really don't think there is any issue regarding deep linking, either from a
copyright or a marketing point of view. And much more important questions
regarding copyright exist.

For example, a number of people posting to this list have quoted American
copyright law to defend a restriction QED. But it's not that simple; we needalso to ask whether laws defined for print publications are appropriate in anelectronic medium. And we need to ask whether American legislation, whichis by far and away the most generous to the copyright owner, is the best
legislation to implement on a global scale.

Copyright Issues
Copyright is frequently an issue on this list. When any such question arises,
Carl Franklin is there to help us with the law. But while I appreciate Mr.
Franklin's generosity, I am increasingly frustrated by the narrow view of theissue he presents.
Posted to DEOS-L 13 September 1999
Copyright is frequently an issue on this list, a statistic reflecting the fact that
it is increasingly an issue for distance educators. When any such question
arises, Carl Franklin is there to help us with the law. But while I appreciate
Mr. Franklin's generosity, I am increasingly frustrated by the narrow view of
the issue he presents.
While most distance educators are working in a day-to-day reality which
requires that they consult without comment the dictates of law, it is my
opinion that there ought to be a more wide ranging discussion of copyright,
at least on a list of academics and researchers such as this.
Mr. Franklin's frequent references to the law, in my opinion, overlook
several factors:
1. Very often, the cases he cites (such as Princeton University Press, et.al. v.
Michigan Document Services) are from the paper-based domain, and not thedomain of online learning or online resources. I have yet to see a goodargument from him showing that the law transfers smoothly into electronic
content.
1a. An online reproduction is fundamentally different from a paper-based
reproduction. In an email to WWWDEV 06 August 1998 I argue that thevery concept of 'copying' is altered by new technology. See wwwdev11.htm
1b. Material available online is - with very few exceptions - fundamentally
free. Users pay only internet access charges (and those to a service provider,
not the copyright holder). A copy of a web page, therefore, cannot diminish

the value of that web page because the web page had no value to begin with.
1c. It is not clear that a web site - even a web site for an online course constitutes 'publishing' or 'broadcasting'. Sure, Mr. Franklin cited some cases
where 'course packs' were created by photocopying text books. But in thecases cited, the copiers reproduced hundreds of copies, and in some cases,
sold them for a profit.
2. Moreover, even were he to cite some case law attesting to this (there aresome examples scattered about), in my opinion, he needs to present a caseshowing that copyright law ought to be so transferred, lock, stock and barrel.
The presumption - at least on the part of many people working on theinternet - is that electronic media constitute a fundamentally new domain,
and that the law will have to be rewritten, and not merely transferredwholesale.
3. Mr. Franklin's citations always seem to present a bias in favour of the
copyright holder. It is true that the law favours copyright holders to asignificant degree. Yet he is silent about cases which favour the person
doing the copying. Some examples:
3a. If the material being copied is in the public domain, or is a representationof material which ought to be in the public domain, then it can be copied. A
good example of this is addresses and telephone numbers, as in the case of
Feist Publications, Inc. v Rural Tel Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991) (U.S.
Supreme Court).
3b. If the material is reproduced for the purpose of parody or criticism,
copyright is not violated. A good example of this is 2 Live Crew's Parody of
Acuff-Rose Music's "Oh Pretty Woman". Capbell v Acuff-Rose Music, 921292 U.S. Supreme Court.
The judges comment, "The fair use doctrine thus "permits [and requires]
courts to avoid rigid application of the copyright statute when, on occasion,
it would stifle the very creativity which that law is designed to foster."Stewart v. Abend, 495 U.S. Supreme Court 207, 236 (1990) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)."3c. The rebroadcast of copyright materials is not always a copyrightviolation. For example, it is perfectly legal to rebroadcast radio signals in a
restaurant. Twentieth Century Music Corp. v Aiken 422 U.S. 151 (1975)
U.S. Supreme Court.
Many more examples exist where the copier - not the copyright holder - wonthe day.
The three cases cited above - as well as the three cases cited by Mr. Frankinin his original email - may all be found at
http://fairuse.stanford.edu/primary/index.html#caselaw. A full and fairtreatment of the subject by Mr. Franklin, I think, should properly haveincluded the URL of what appears to have been his primary resource.
4. The cases cited by Mr. Franklin are of exclusively American origin. While
American influence is strong, it is not yet the case the American law prevails
internationally. DEOS is an international list, and many questions of
copyright law, while resolved in American courts, are not resolved ininternational law.
4a. It is not clear that American law ought to be the standard by which wegovern ourselves internationally. As Americans hold the majority of
copyrights in the world, it is natural that American law would favour
copyright holders. Courts in less enfranchised nations might be lessfavourably inclined.
4b. It is not clear that strong copyright protections as envisioned in
American law are appropriate in an international context. Many nations
cannot afford the high royalties charged by American companies, and yet
have a mandate to provide an adequate education for their citizens. In suchcases, one would think, national interest should prevail.
Some criticism,
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit concluded that the copying of
excerpts from books and other publications by a commercial copy service
without the payment of fees to the copyright holders was NOT fair use. In
other words, just because it was for an academic or teaching purpose is not- in and of itself - enough to warrant even the copying of 5% of a total
document.
Mr. Franklin's summary of the case is accurate. His interpretation (beginningwith the phrase "in other words") is not. Kinko's lost the case, not in spite of
the educational use provision, but rather, because the judges ruled that
Kinko's use was not educational use. They write, "The use of the Kinko's
packets, in the hands of the students, was no doubt educational. However,the use in the hands of Kinko's employees is commercial. Kinko's claims thatits copying was educational and, therefore, qualifies as a fair use. Kinko's
fails to persuade us of this distinction."
Another case worth mentioning has to do with photocopying "scientificjournals" under the "fair use" exemption. In American Geophysical Union v.
Texaco, Inc., 60 F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1995), the court closely examined theissue and again set forth the standards to be applied.
What Texaco did was to hold one or a few subscriptions to scientificjournals, then provide copies of articles of those journals to its 400 to 500
research scientists, not for immediate reference or use, but rather, to provide
each researcher with a library of relevant materials. very little academic
photocopying resembles this sort of use.
One of the better discussions of "fair use" comes in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose,
510 U.S. 569, 114 S.Ct. 1164 (1994). This case has been one of the morenotorious in recent years and since it comes from the U.S. Supreme Court
can be said to be the last word on the issue (so to speak).
It is clear that the fair use doctrine "tempers the protection of copyright by
allowing ... [the] use [of] a limited amount of copyrighted material undersome circumstances." See, Twin Peaks Productions, Inc. v. Publications
International, Ltd., 996 F.2d 1366, 1373 (2d Cir.1993). It is also clear,though, that "fair use" is not a carte blanche grant of permission simply
because the use is for academic/research/teaching purposes.
I might point out this is about the only paragraph in the entire ruling which
points to any restriction at all. As indicated by the quote I cite a number ofparagraphs above, the judgement on the whole expresses just the opposite
sentiment. And recall that the ruling supported the defendant, not the
copyright holder.
Mr. Franklin wraps up,
The long and short of it, in my never humble opinion, is that copying
something from the Internet (or other electronic source) may be a copyrightviolation is if does not fit one of the enumerated exemptions. For a "fair use"
claim one would have to show you have met the guidelines of the statutory
language as well as current case law.
The presumption here is that the use, in order to count as an instance of fairuse, must be explicitly endorsed by legislation or case law. In other words, if
it is not explicitly permitted, it is disallowed. But why would that be thecase? It seems equally plausible to argue that the onus is on the publisher toshow that the use is not an example of fair use.
Certainly, the prima facie case is on the side of the educator. The copying is
educational, it is not for commercial purposes, and (especially in the case of
web sites) it does not affect the value of the copyrighted material or thepotential revenue obtained by the copyright holder. One would think thatexceptions to the fair use provision would be hard to find in the academic
environment, not the norm.
But we know where Mr. Franklin's sympathies lie,
On a side note (and this is just a pet peeve of mine), the term "Xerox" is aviolation of Trademark. The Xerox company is very stingy with the use of
their name: it is not a verb. You can NOT "Xerox" something or make a"Xerox" - you can, however, photocopy or reproduce using a Xerox
machine.
Most likely Mr. Franklin would like us all to use the word 'icebox' instead of
fridge, as well.
But more likely, Mr. Franklin is missing the point of common discourse andcommon language. Many images, icons and trademarked phrases, such as"Where do you want to go today?" or even "The Net" are instances oftrademark phrases, and yet are cited in conversation, posts to discussion lists,and even on web pages without accreditation.
Copyright is not - and was never meant to - govern the day-to-day
correspondence of people one to each other, even in a forum such as this,where my use of those phrases reached an audience of over a thousand.
Language does not belong to the copyright holder. It is a common currency,
a public domain, a medium of exchange shared by all and owned by all. In
the discourse which takes place between student and student, or between
instructor and student, many provisions of copyright do not apply because
they are instances of private correspondence.
Online communication is an extension of that correspondence. It enables one
person to communicate with many, or for a communication to persist overtime, but that in no way makes it less of a private correspondence.

Copyright and Syndication
Content syndicator Moreover.com is requiring that users sign an agreement
granting Moreover sweeping rights... too many rights
August 9, 2000
A few months back I signed up for a Javascript newsfeed from Moreover.
The idea was to replace my existing newsfeed from iSyndicate. This would

save me the trouble of messing around with frames; iSyndicate's HTML
page allows minimal customization, but Moreover's Javascript newsfeed
could be inserted neatly into a template page.
Newsfeeds aren't hard to produce. Basically, for a newsfeed provider, it's athree-step process:1. use a simple web spider to grab headlines from a collection ofnewspaper websites;
2. organize those headlines into categories; and3. provide access to those categorized lists of headlines.
The first of these search engines have been doing for years. It is not hard towrite software that scans a site and retrieves the URLs.
The second is a bit harder because categorization can be hard. This is why
most syndication companies provide only a small list of categories - "Technews," for example, or "China." But with more and more news agencies
producing content in RSS format, it is getting easier for syndicators to assign
items to the correct category.
The third area is where the changes are taking place. Once restricted to
producing output on HTML pages, syndication companies are now placing
their output into specialized files. The idea here is to allow web site owners
to embed syndicated content into their own sites.
That's what Moreover does with its Javascript feeds. It collects headlines andthen saves them to a specially designed Javascript file. This file is updated
every day. Webmasters who want to include their newsfeeds need only
include the Javascript file - a simple one-line command - into their web
page.
Which brings me to the topic of this article. As I mentioned, I signed up for
the Moreover newsfeed and tested it on my website for a while. This past
Tuesday I received a nice letter from Moreover's account executive:All,
I noticed that each of you have signed up for our news feeds
using our Webfeed Wizard. I wanted to see how things aregoing with that, and hopefully get some screen shots to see
how it looks on your intranet sites. Also, if you are currently
using our news feeds, please complete the attached agreement
and fax it back to me at 415.707.2005. If you have any
questions, or would like more information, please let meknow.
I won't reprint the attached contract, but it is available - in MS Word format here. The document itself is a mess - full of corrections and type-overs. And
signing the document implies agreement that Moreover has exclusive rights
to - well - everything.
From the contract:
3.1.1

The new Economy Applied to Engineers
Copyright and royalty legislation will not protect artists - it will actually hurt
them.
There has been a pretty determined attack on the idea of copyright-free
distribution of music, publications, and the like. Indeed, one of the trolls I
posted within the last week depicts the rising anger of authors about usedbook sales on Amazon, since they are thus being deprived of royalties.
Scott Adams' recent set of Dilbert cartoons is intended to trivialize the ideaof copyright-free distribution by applying it to other fields, such as software
engineering. He is depicting the engineer as an artist who works on tips, justas (in his mind) the writer or musician whose works are distributed for freemust also work on tips.
The gag is effective and good for some cheap laughs, but it misrepresents
both the debate and the copyright-free marketplace.
But let's turn our attention to Wally (the engineer) for a moment.
Wally works for a company. Were he an independent, he would work for acontractor. For his pay (salary or contract), he would produce a specificproduct: a piece of code, a hardware design, or some documentation. Once
Wally has created and delivered that product, he no longer has a copyrightstake in the product. It is now owned by the company that hired him.
We can make fun of Wally working for tips, but in fact, enforcing,protecting or increasing copyright and patent protection will not help Wally
one whit. He is already in the service industry. The copyright increasingly
protects his employers (who, ironically, now have less of a need for Wally's
services than they did before.

The same thing is happening in the publishing and music industry. As
Courtney Love pointed out not too long ago, musicians are increasingly
being signed to "work for hire" contracts, which means effectively that the
copyright transfers to the publisher.
The same thing happens in the publishing industry. I was recently asked tosubmit a paper to a technical journal, but on reviewing the contract foundthat I would be assigning all rights - including moral rights - to the journal
publisher. I would require permission to reprint my own work. This is
widespread, which is why you see the phrase 'reprinted with permission fromthe publisher' in anthologies and similar collections.
The fact is, copyright protects me only if I get big enough (or famousenough) to demand a share of the royalties. That doesn't happen a lot: only
the most significant actors and actresses, authors and cartoonists, musiciansand other artists get to collect royalties. Before you start citing
counterexamples, think of the hundreds of Taiwanese animators who
actually draw the Simpsons episodes, the session musicians who backed
Metallica, the journalists who cover today's news, or the person who createdthe Energizer Bunny.
Moreover, as we are increasingly able to store and retrieve informationworldwide, the demand for new product actually decreases. This week, forexample, the Beatles released yet another compilation album, 1, a collectionof their number 1 singles. As it shot to the top of the charts in Britain, acontemporary musician was displaced.
We already have a canon of hundreds of thousands - millions, even - ofmusical works, books, how-to articles, cartoons, and other artworks, many ofwhich are immensely popular and which will continue to sell for theindefinite future. As this body of information is made available, people areless likely to require new versions. Sure, there is always the desire forsomething fresh and original, but this market is being swamped by the desire
for something old and familiar.
Why would a publishing company pay to develop and promote a new bandto teens (who have no history) when they can accomplish the same sales by
dusting off some old Floyd concept albums? Why would a publishingcompany hire - and pay royalties to - an author to develop a trigonometry
text when the same material already rests in its data banks?
Artists, musicians, writers and cartoonists probably do not like the idea ofbeing lumped into the service industry - no doubt, the do not like being inthe same class of employee as waitresses and busboys - but royalty
protection will not save them from that fate, it will only accelerate it.

Copyright Tips for Online Educators
University professors should hesitate before they insist on stringent
enforcement of copyrights... experience from other fields shows that theartists often end up holding the short end of the stick"L. Heidi Primo" wrote:
Aloha from the Big Island of Hawaii: I am another one who has been lurking
on the edges of this list silently for months. I am jumping in here to respondto Stephen Downes' interpretation of copyright law. I have done extensive
research on this topic "Survey of Intellectual Property Issues for Distance
Educators and Online Teachers" and wanted to provide a link to a fairly
thorough explanation of the related copyright issues written cooperatively
by myself and a colleague in Alaska. It can be viewed at:
http://homepages.go.com/~hiprimo/primoles.htm If anyone is interested, italso has a hot-linked bibliography/ webography, which points to law schools
and organizations which are dealing with some of these controversies.
Heidi Primo and Teresa Lesage's article, cited above, is a good overview of
copyright as it relates to distance learning and is supported with an excellent
list of references. It provides a clear, concise statement of one side of theissue.
I would like to offer an account of the other side; Primo and Lesage offer auseful platform.
They write,
Intellectual Property is the original product of our own
experiences and thoughts. How can we put a price-tag on it?
How can we market it, license it, box it and put it on a shelf?
One of my major criticisms of the pro-copyright lobby is that nobody
questions this assumption. Indeed, Primo and Lesage offer this as thestarting point for their essay. But they do not consider whether it isappropriate to box knowledge and put it on the shelf.
Consider, for example, the argument that university professors are, for themost part, already paid to produce intellectual value for society. What reason
is there, therefore, to charge society again for the use of learning they havealready paid for?
Indeed, the entire question of whether knowledge and information ought tobe a commodity ought to be challenged. One could certainly advance theargument that much knowledge - basic mathematics, for example, theprinciples of reasoning, government and legal information, and more, ought
to be in the public domain, and ought not, therefore, be boxed and shelved.
Primo and Lesage continue,
One of the rationales for the existence of copyright law is toencourage and promote creativity, which ultimately can only
benefit society. The protection of the law acts an incentive toartists and publishers to invest time and money in artistic
enterprises.
There is no doubt that this is one of the major arguments advanced in favourof strong copyright protection. Scott Adams has made this point in a numberof recent Dilbert cartoons, and SF writer Spider Robinson made the same
argument in a recent issue of Canada's National Post newspaper. They are
only the latest of dozens.
It is, however, an argument which withstands not even the slightest scrutiny.
The idea, of course, is that people will not create great works unless they arepaid to do so. But that begs several questions:First, is this even true? Many of the great works of recent years were
produced with no regard to financial award: the Linux operating system, theApache Web Server, the World Wide Web. Thousands and thousands ofarticles appear daily whereby the writer received not one cent. Even
academic authors, who write important papers for respected journals, are notpaid money for these efforts. No, the creative process will continue, andeven great works will continue to be produced, even is the creators are notpaid directly for this work.
Second, it begs the question of whether copyright is the only means throughwhich authors may be compensated for creating original work. The conceptof royalties is recent; academics and artists historically worked under thepatronage of nobles and kings. Nothing prevents academics and artists frombeing paid on this model, and indeed, it was this model which spawned thedevelopment of publicly funded universities in the first place.
Third, it is not clear that copyright law even works as intended. As Courtney
Love made scathingly clear in her recent defence of Napster, artists are not
the primary recipient of the benefits of copyright law at all; indeed, she
describes the very real scenario in which a band can sell a million records
and lose money in the deal. It is arguable that the lion's share of the profits
from copyright legislation benefit the copyright owner, who is veryfrequently not the producer of the original work.

The distance learning community especially should be wary of recent
initiatives on the part of the American government to extend the provisionsof WIPO to include a "presumption" that work performed by contract is"work for hire," that is, that unless the contract states explicitly otherwise,
the work is considered to be owned for the company which paid for the work
rather than the person who performed it. Academics should also beconcerned about efforts to abrogate "moral rights" (the right to preserve theintegrity of a work).
Primo and Lesage comment,
According to this definition, then, every part of an American
Distance Learning application would be logically protectedunder U.S. law. So then, would the resources, documents,
readings and contributions, which make up the classes.
Academics ought to consider this very carefully. If indeed the presumption isthat teaching a class is work for hire, and if indeed the presumption is thatthe company which pays for the work owns the rights, then under existingand proposed legislation, the employer (i.e., the university) owns the"contents" of a class, online or not, and not the professor. In a morecompetitive academic environment, one could easily imagine a professor
being prohibited from giving "performances" of a class at one university thecontents of which were in large part developed while working at anotheruniversity. One could also imagine - and it is already happening withcompanies like UNext and Hungry Minds - a university selling the sole andexclusive right to certain "performances" to a private provider, this forcing
the professor into an exclusive (and one sided) arrangement with a corporate
entity.
Copyright protection - as authors and musicians have already discovered - isvery much a two edged sword, one edge of which appears considerably
sharper than the other.
I won't analyse every statement in the essay, but you can see where thegeneral tenor of my remarks is heading.
Primo and Lesage wrap up their argument with the following observation:
Without the support and confidence of distance educators intheir ability to protect their rights after publishing on theInternet, asynchronous learning and web-based classes will
not flourish.
Where is the evidence for this? The evidence seems, indeed, to be contrary:that learning on the internet has flourished just because of the absence ofrights restrictions. Where before the internet came on to the scene, thedomain of knowledge was reserved for a privileged few, but today it isaccessible to the masses. No wonder the monopolists are threatened.
I think that academics should think very carefully the implications of atransforming of what they do from a *service* to a *product*. They should
ponder the implications of what happens what they do in their day to day
lives can be packaged and sold. They should be wary about what will happen
should they ever lose the right to perform this service without the permissionof various copyright holders.
Academics should be aware: the vast majority of writers and musicians isdirt poor, while the vast majority of university professors is relatively welloff. And they should not be so eager to join the ranks of the creatively
underpaid.

Resources and References
Are You a Copyright Criminal?
Writers, designers, artists and copyright owners are becoming moreaggressive, using new tactics and technologies to enforce their rights. By
Dave Zielinski for presentations.com
http://www.presentations.com/create/organiz/1999/06/31_f1_cop_01.html
10 Big Myths about copyright explained
An attempt to answer common myths about copyright seen on the net andcover issues related to copyright and USENET/Internet publication. By Brad
Templeton
http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
Special Committee on Distance Education &; Intellectual Property Issues
American Association of University Professors. Report on distance learningand copyright issues. Draft outlines on distance learning and copyrightissues.
http://www.aaup.org/spccntnt.htm
Web Concern Gets Patent for Electronic Business Model
From the abuse of copyright department: The company, Priceline.com
L.L.C. of Stamford, best known for allowing consumers to "name your own
price" for airline tickets, said it would be issued United States patent No.
5,794,207 for both the method and the use of "buyer-driven commerce" fromthe Patent and Trademark Office. NY Times article by Peter H. Lewis,

August 10, 1998.
http://cism.bus.utexas.edu/about/nyt/10priceline.html
Patent's Net Result: Nothing?
More from the abuse of copyright department: DoubleClick patents thebanner ad. By Chris Oakes, Wired news, September 13, 1999.
http://www.wired.com/news/news/business/story/21726.html
Net Overloads US Patent Agency
Copyright mayhem. The U.S. Patent office is unable to keep up with the
myriad, and possibly conflicting, net patents and trademarks. By Jennifer
Sullivan, Wired News, 4 May 1999.
http://www.wired.com/news/news/politics/story/19473.html
Priceline.com Patent Challenged
Copyright spat. MercExchange claims to have patented the idea of letting
customers set their own prices for air travel 16 months before Priceline
received its own patent. By Brian Alcorn, Wired News, 4 February 1999.
http://www.wired.com/news/news/business/story/17736.html
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
The office which handles copyright issues for patents and trademarks. So far
behind the times that as of this writing they are, and I quote, not yet
equipped to handle general email correspondence.
http://www.uspto.gov/
MS IE5 XML not entirely pure, and what's this patent?
Don't you just get tired of this? Seems like Microsoft is now claiming tohave invented XML, making exaggerated claims for Internet Explorer 5,adding 'Microsoft Only' tags, and slapping a copyright on the whole thing.
http://www.theregister.co.uk/990920-000015.html
Deep linking: Service or stealing?
Interesting article about the politics of deep linking and database scanning both offshoots of the copyright and intellectual property debate. Looks at the
recent court moves made by EBay and TicketMaster.
http://www.computerworld.com/home/news.nsf/CWFlash/9909293ebaynix
Family Circus: They Just Don't Get It
Steve Outing argues that using legal action to shut down the Dysfunctionalfamily Circus site won't work - even if it does violate copyright. F and P
Interactive, September 22, 1999
http://www.mediainfo.com/ephome/news/newshtm/stop/stop.htm

Copyright and Distance Education
Discussion of copyright as it applies to distance education. Dated 1995, sosome recent cases are missing, but still useful. University of Idaho
Engineering Outreach Program.
http://www.uidaho.edu/evo/dist13.html
Court limit publishers' rights to free-lancers' work
Hey, here's a copyright case where the writers win! Publishers can't include
work by free-lance writers in their electronic databases without the writers'
permission, an appeals court ruled. San Jose mercury News (AP), September
28, 1999.
http://www.sjmercury.com/breaking/docs/022316.htm
Company seeks patent on set of human genes
They may be your genes - but they may be owned by a Japanese company. A
biotechnology laboratory is seeking to patent a set of about 6,000 humangenes, giving that country a leg up in the race to copyright the human body.
By Yomiuri Shimbun, Daily Yomuri Online, September 29, 1999.
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/newse/0929sc05.htm
Ticketmaster: Think Before You Link
More from the deep linking debate: Ticketmaster Online-CitySearch is set topost a statement on its Web site that argues against certain types of linking.
And perhaps this link violates copyright too! By Laura Rich, The Industry
Standard, October 15, 1999.
http://www.thestandard.net/articles/display/0,1449,7007,00.html?home.tf
A Tale of Two Patent Strategies
Why build anything when you don't have to? Companies are beginning tofocus on registering patents and copyrights and waiting for the royalties toroll in. By Bill Roberts, Electronic Business, October 1999.
http://www.eb-mag.com/registrd/issues/9910/1099ip.htm
Amazon Sues Barnesandnoble.com For Patent Infringement
Amazon.com (Nasdaq: AMZN) filed a lawsuit yesterday against
barnesandnoble.com, claiming that its 1-Click technology patent has been
infringed upon. The question is - can you copyright site design? If so, I want
any site which looks like mine to pay me royalties. Yeah, right. By RobertConlin E-Commerce Times October 22, 1999
http://www.ecommercetimes.com/news/articles/991022-6.shtml
BitLaw
An excellent and comprehensive resource on technology law, containingover 1,800 pages on patent, copyright, trademark, and Internet legal issues.
http://www.bitlaw.com/index.html
Universities Warn Sites Posting Class Notes
Is the commercial distribution of a student's class notes a violation of theprofessor's copyright? By Carl S. Kaplan, New York Times, October 22,1999.
http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/10/cyber/cyberlaw/22law.html
Free Education Now!
Mathieu Deflem's crusade against companies which post class notes without
copyright clearance or permission.
http://www.sla.purdue.edu/people/soc/mdeflem/education.htm
Fair Use vs Fould PlayThe L.A. Times and other online publications hit Free Republic - a sitewhich posts and comments on news articles - with a copyright violation
notice. This article examines the implications for commentary andinvestigative reporting. By Mark Gimein, Salon, November 10, 1999.
http://www.salonmagazine.com/tech/log/1999/11/10/copyright/index.html
Judge to Disney: Halt on 'Go'
Another staunch defender of copyright finds itself called up on the carpet.
By Elinor Abreu, The Industry Standard, November 17, 1999.
http://www.thestandard.com/article/display/0,1151,7712,00.html?05
The Digital Object Identifier System
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is an identification system forintellectual property in the digital environment. Developed by theInternational DOI Foundation on behalf of the publishing industry, its goals
are to provide a framework for managing intellectual content, link customers
with publishers, facilitate electronic commerce, and enable automatedcopyright management.
http://www.doi.org/
Movie Studios Sue Web Sites for Passing DVD Copying Secrets
Can copyright protection prevent you from writing software? That's theimplication if these movie studios are successful in their court action. By
Sherman Friedman, Newsbytes Special to the E-Commerce Times January
17, 2000.
http://www.ecommercetimes.com/news/articles2000/000117-nb1.shtml
How Patent Attorneys are Stealing Our FutureJesse Berst gets this one right - patents and copyrights on internet technology
are out of control. Anchordesk, ZDNet, January 18, 2000.
http://www.zdnet.com/anchordesk/story/story_4364.html
Industry Group Sues MP3.com
The copyright battles continue - this time the music industry tries to stop
'beaming' - the immediate transfer of a CD once it has been purchased
online.
http://www.thestandard.com/article/display/0,1151,9082,00.html?nl=mg
GrokSoupThis is very interesting - a tool for making and distributing your own online
news zine or weblog. Careful though - you sign away your copyright to themwhen you register.
http://www.groksoup.com/index.asp
The Unseen ";Other ";of Intellectual Property Law
Good article debunking the myths and attacking the legalist interpretation of
copyright law, focusing on the social needs - if any - served by copyright. By
TyAnna K. Herrington, Kairos, Sprint, 1998.
http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/3.1/coverweb/ty/kip.html©ontraInteresting historical view of the copyright debate. The author writes,
http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/3.1/coverweb/porush/contra1.html
Nethics
Information and copyright resources for the online learning community.
http://www.inform.umd.edu/CompRes/NEThics/law/copyright/
Judge OKs deep hyperlinking
Deep linking is not a copyright violation, judge rules. AP, March 29, 2000.
http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/cth632.htm
A Practical guide on Copyright Clearance for Multimedia Producers
Developed by Department of Canadian Heritage Interactive Multimedia
Producers Association of Canada (IMPAC), this guide is intended to
remedy, at least in part, any lack of knowledge of copyright provisions andother applicable rules or of associated business practices in the multimedia
field.
http://www.pch.gc.ca/culture/cult_ind/copymm_e.htm
The Concept of Copyright Fights for Internet Survival

Mr. Clarke and his group of programmers have deliberately set themselves
on a collision course with the world's copyright laws. They express the hopethat the clash over copyright enforcement in cyberspace will produce aworld in which all information is freely shared. By John Markoff, New YorkTimes, May 10, 2000.
http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html
iCopyright
Automated copyright clearance service for online content providers andnewspapers.
http://www.icopyright.com/
Survey of Intellectual Property Issues for Distance Learning and Online
Educators
Good overview discussing the application of copyright in a wide variety ofeducation related areas. Excellent list of references and resources. By L.
Heidi Primo and Teresa Lesage, July 7, 2000.
http://homepages.go.com/~hiprimo/primoles.htm
Educators Praise Bill to Ease Copyright Restrictions on Online Instruction
Educators speak out in support of new U.S. legislation which would allow
distance learning courses to include material royalty-free. Publishers,
naturally, are opposed. By Dan Carnevale, Chronicle of Higher Education,
March 14, 2001.
http://chronicle.com/free/2001/03/2001031401u.htm
Copyright and Online Learning Issues and Solutions
As teachers and their students continue to depend upon published content,
sometimes the best way to access that content is to copy it. But, by law, most
copying requires permission. In this slide show, a CANCOPY representative
explores the copyright implications of electronic access in the online
environment and suggest ways to keep that access legal. CANCOPY hasadministered the copying rights of creators and publishers in Canada since1988. By Laura Davison, December 13, 2000 (Virtual School Symposium)
http://www.albertaonline.ab.ca./symposium2k/ppts/A3/index.htm
Schools Are Joining the Digital Copyright Battle
Online educators want the same rights to use book excerpts, music, and movie
clips as classroom teachers have. By Nicole St. Pierre, Business week Online,
April 11, 2001.
http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2001/nf20010411_126.htm
Preventing Content from Being NapsterizedOutstanding article with many examples and links describing in detail how
content companies prevent their material from being shared over the internet
and how they preserve copyright protection over those materials. An
essential read for any content provider. By J.D. Lasica, The Digital Edge,
May 2001.
http://www.digitaledge.org/monthly/2001_05/copyright.html
Copyright Thugs
Reaction to the RIAA's threatened lawsuit against a university professor who
dared to publish a paper describing how to break some security software.
Puts the RIAA's actions into perspective:
http://www.thestandard.com/article/1,1902,24208,00.html?nl=int
Proposed Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil andCommercial Matters
Known less formally as the Hague Convention, this agreement would govern
the enforcement of copyrights and patents worldwide. A lot of the coveragecoming from the United States has been like this article in Wired. As the
CTP document states, "Keep in mind that this treaty will apply to nearly all
private litigation, including litigation over libel, slander, fraud, violations ofintellectual property rights, unfair commercial practices and a zillion otherthings. In these areas you can be sued in foreign countries, and thejudgments will be collected in the country where you reside or have assets."
But the issues are deeper than that, and the question really is: how can theAmericans continue to enforce their very wide and generous copyrightprotections worldwide without at the same time allowing other countries toenforce other protections, such as moral rights? This CTP page is an
excellent resource on the Hague Convention, continually updated andcomprehensive with links to reams of background documents.
http://www.cptech.org/ecom/jurisdiction/hague.html
Education as Commodity
Good overview, with good links, of the issues that arise when education
becomes a commodity. Looks at copyright issues, faculty or author
compensation, and rights management. By Mary Axelson,
ElectronicSchool.Com
http://www.electronic-school.com/2001/06/0601ip.html
The Internet is Not TelevisionThis is a great deconstruction of a Wired article that tries to tell us thatinternet users have an obligation to make online services profitable. A mustread for anybody who buys the idea that we have to charge subscriptions (orcopyright fees, or other fees) in order to make online content provision(including educational content) profitable. The bottom line is: it is not up tothe consumer to fit the business model, it is up to the business to create amodel that fits the consumer. By Bob Frankston, May, 2001.
http://www.frankston.com/public/Essays/WiredBroadBand.asp
The Battle to Define the Future of the Book in the Digital World
Outstanding and comprehensive essay on the future of the book in the digitalage. Traces the development of alternative book technologies and discusses
some of the social and political issues, such as control, copyright anddistribution, raised by electronic readers and similar technologies. By
Clifford Lynch, First Monday, June 7, 2001.
http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_6/lynch/
Lessons from Open Source: Intellectual Property and Courseware
A broad-based discussion of the attitude of universities regarding
courseware and copyright. The author argues - and I agree - that universities
should look at an open source model for information distribution. By Jan
Newmarch, First Monday, June 7, 2001.
http://firstmonday.org/issues/current_issue/newmarch/index.html
Copyright - Wrong!
The doctrine of fair use is under attack through new legislation and lawsuits.
The author argues that this could undermine teaching and learning. Imagine
this: Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters told American Libraries that
"pay-per-view is not bad. It may be a better policy for libraries that don't
have many researchers using their resources. Subscriptions can be real
costly, but pay-per-view can make them affordable." By John Palatella,
University Business, June, 2001.
http://www.universitybusiness.com/0106/feature.html
Copyright Policy Branch
The Copyright Policy Branch is partially responsible for formulating andimplementing an integrated Canadian copyright policy, to develop alegislative framework and to address copyright protection in Canada. The
website is designed to provide news, updates, and to seek contributions fromthe public.
http://www.pch.gc.ca/culture/cult_ind/cpb-pdd/english.htm
Technology and Copyright Curruption
Blunt perspective on copyright, largely mirroring my own views. The author
says it best: "With the onslaught of technology and promises of greater
opportunity to share and communicate, copyright is now a hindrance to these
ideals, serving only the moneyed interests of owners." By Joshua S.
Bauchner, CNet,June 13, 2001.
http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1276-210-6269374-1.html?tag=bt_pr

News Sites Get Copyright Fever
Online newspapers have started using instant copyright clearance services push a button, pay your fee, and you have the right to reprint the article. But
the new services are demanding payment for a much wider range ofreproduction than was ever demanded for print publications. No doubt manyeducational content providers will want to look at these services - this article
provides dozens of links. But there is a warning, too: "Look for more
publications to adopt online permissions systems in the coming year. And
look for those systems to be widely ignored in an ever-widening culturalrift." By J.D. Lasica, Online Journalism Review, June 14, 2001.
http://ojr.usc.edu/content/story.cfm?request=597
Future E-access to the Primary Literature
As heady as it gets, this forum on the future of scientific publishing, hosted
by Nature, features a number of the heavy hitters in the field. It has beenrunning for a while now, so there's already a lot of good content; watch for
future opinions on copyright, e-publishing and the nature of scientificenquiry. The forum was started April 5, 2001.
http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Chapter 8 ~ Knowledge
Multimedia, Teaching and Learning
What should be taught depends in part on the needs and interests of thestudent, in part on the discipline being covered, and in part on the general setof knowledge and skills required to function in a modern industrial society.
Posted to DEOS-L on 9 Jul 1997
Simplicity is deceiving. Practise is laden with complexities. We need to becareful about sweeping maxims...
Teaching is: ongoing, and therefore, always appropriate.
I don't agree. Teaching is not appropriate at 4:30 on a hot summer day(especially in Manitoba, where we only get three months of summer) after
eight hours of instruction. Teaching, like any other activity, requires
intermissions.
What should be taught is beyond our determination. We will make offerings

from which some learning will occur for us and the students.
What should be taught depends in part on the needs and interests of thestudent, in part on the discipline being covered, and in part on the general setof knowledge and skills required to function in a modern industrial society.
Given that a teacher usually knows more about the subject matter, in somecases it will be appropriate for a teacher to decide what is taught and for a
student to follow that lead (I am reminded of the car waxing activity in The
Karate Kid). Or, put another way: if we left the determination of what shouldbe learned entirely up to students, they'd never learn fractions.
When I teach, I do not "make offerings". It is not a case of me presenting
and them either accepting or rejecting. Teaching is, first and foremost, a
process of communication. First, a link or connection is established. Then
information is transferred, usually (but not necessarily) from teacher tostudent. Then a dialogue occurs as the student (attempts to) assimilate the
new knowledge with previously acquired knowledge, evaluate the newknowledge, and apply the new knowledge.
The focus should be on interpersonal skills, determining truths, and basic
competencies for communication and evolution to personal actualization.
Learning takes place against a backdrop of critical thinking skills. Criticalthinking involves the following components: - receiving new information(i.e., reading skills, listening skills) - assimilating this information(recognizing patterns, finding similarities, drawing metaphors) - evaluating
this information (testing for truth against previously accepted information,
testing for applicability in different contexts) - applying this information(practise in controlled settings, practise in new situations)Interpersonal skills, insofar as they relate to education, focus primarily on
one's capacity to receive information and to engage in the dialogue necessary
to assimilate, evaluate, and apply the information.
Anything beyond that is either: (a) an ethical matter, focussing on the mores
and norms of conduct in society, or (b) an adaptive matter, that is, generating
the skills needed to function usefully and happily in society. These items arecontent, that is, they consist of items of information to be taught. While itwould be appropriate to teach ethics and adaptation in a social studies class,
it would be a bit out of place in a mathematics class.
Determining truths is a background skill, one which forms the context forlearning. While it is often treated as a subject which can be taught (as in for
example logic classes) it is also reflective of an attitude which is valued inlearning as it forms part of the learning process. My own view is that you
cannot teach 'determining truths' in a vacuum - truth is always contextdependent and therefore requires a medium of information in which tofunction.
"Evolution to personal Actualization" is an ethical principle. It is theprinciple which forms the base value for societies depicted in Star Trek. It isreflected in the maxim "Be All That You Can Be". As a guiding principle forlife, it's a pretty good one.
But it's not one which is universally adopted. Today's maxim in our schools
seems to be to teach people to be entrepreneurial. This is a different ethic(since it often requires people to sacrifice personal development in order tospend time making money).
In the final analysis, however, it is not possible to "teach an ethicalprinciple". At best, we can teach people *about* an ethical principle (or, in
an ideal environment, several ethical principles). Whether the student inquestion adopts the principle in question is not so much a matter ofeducation as temperament.
Individual human needs, and maturity, will of themselves provide theparameters for the learning to occur.
This is unlikely. People can have needs, and be mature, and yet be unable tolearn. For example, if they are unable to receive information, they cannot
learn. A surprisingly large percentage of the population (and especially themature population) as a great deal of difficulty accepting information. Put
simply: they don't listen.
The level of maturity of the "listeners" is less relevant than the semanticalability of the "teacher." Jesus could address any group: whether they wanted
to listen (learn) or not is a separate issue.
Again, this is untrue. The number of people who misinterpreted Jesus almost
certainly outnumbers the number of people who 'got it'.
It's a fascinating phenomenon, probably very difficult to replicate in acontrolled lab environment, but when people converse, often what they hear
has nothing to do with what was said. It is very common for people to jumpstraight to the assimilation stage without having gone through the receiving
stage.
What happens is something like this: people hear noise containing certain
catch-words or phrases. They search their memory for items of previouslyacquired knowledge containing the same catch-words or phrases. Thisknowledge is then substituted for the content of what was actually said.
For example, the lecturer says something like, "Beauty is individuality
actualized to perfection". The listener hears: "beauty... individuality...
perfection" Searching his memory (unconsciously, in most cases), he
retrieves: "Beauty and individuality are perfection". Transposing thismemory onto the new content, he now believes that the lecturer said that
individuality is a form of perfection.
Theory in education today places a significant proportion of the onus for
successful communication on the teacher. This is part of the reason why
teachers who lecture are publicly chastised - it is thought that they are poor
communicators, or more to the point, they are not taking the effort to makethemselves and their material understood. But this onus is misplaced.
The onus to learn rests primarily on the student. This is because the student
must engage - and consciously engage - in the four major steps of learning(receiving, assimilating, evaluating, applying). If the student is unable orunwilling to perform even one of these stages, learning is impossible, or at
best, incomplete, no matter what the skill level of the educator.
[This ends my note - I leave the rest attached below for completeness.]
Cliff Layton <RSCLayton@AOL.COM07/03/97 09:25am In a message dated
97-07-02 21:27:06 EDT, Guy.Bensusan@NAU.EDU (Guy Bensusan) writes(based on a posting by J-M. Guillemette) : << WHEN IS TEACHING ?
There are (hopefully) interesting related questions; I will attempt to post a
few below. When is teaching appropriate? What should be taught? Should
the focus be on the three R's? Should computer literacy be a required 4th R?
Should evaluation of cultures re. human needs be considered in thesematters? To what extent should the level of maturity of a learner beconsidered in allowing the learner to determine what should be learned andhow it should be learned, compared to allowing the teacher (or institution,or culture) to make such determinations. How should level of maturity of alearner be determined? Cliff

Alternative Paths
We need to rethink how units of education are measured today. At the very
least, we should define education in units of knowledge, not units of time.
Posted to DEOS-L 04 May 1999

John Hibbs wrote: I bet that's true, that it does take "50% more effort". But,in the end, Dan, are you delivering 50% more knowledge?
Well, this is the problem, isn't it? The instructor gets paid the same amounteither way. The institution collects the same tuition either way. There is no
incentive to adopt a system which delivers 50% more knowledge.
Institutions do not charge students on the basis of the amount of knowledgedelivered. Wouldn't it be interesting if students paid tuition only *after*
having passed the test or having otherwise demonstrated competence?
Institutions do not pay instructors on the basis of the amount of knowledgedelivered. Again, wouldn't it be interesting if instructors were paid acommission for each successful test or assignment delivered by a student?
Now of course I am using 'test-taking' or even 'demonstrated competence' as
my unit of measurement. Perhaps we could quibble here. But look at what isin place now. Seat-time. Course hours. Credits.
If institutions charged, and instructors were paid, in terms of the amount ofknowledge delivered, as measured by tests or competency, then thatmeasurement would have to be conducted by a third party. Otherwise
instructors and institutions would be tempted to offer very simple tests.
I am not proposing that we move to a strictly commission-based system ofcompensation. But I am proposing that we need to rethink how units ofeducation are measured today. At the very least, we should define educationin units of knowledge, not units of time.

The Cyberspace Charter of Rights
Before people will invest their time, energy and resources in Cyberspace,law must extend into Cyberspace. People must be secure in the knowledge
that their rights and freedoms will be respected, that their personal liberties
will not of a sudden be infringed, that their personal and private information
shall not be compromised.
Posted on NewsTrolls 22 July 1999
It is easy and even fun to sit back and carp about Ziff-Davis's new standard
for internet commerce, or about Third Voice's data collection efforts.
Moreover, it is, it seems, an endless task as new initiatives, products andservices populate the world wide web.

The last twelve months have been turbulent, not so much because of efforts
to censor the web or violate personal property (though these continue, as we
see with the proposed internet blockade of Serbia, or the new regulations
governing content in Australia), but because of the commercialization of theinternet and the commodification of information.
Now don't get me wrong: it is reasonable and natural that business andcommerce will be conducted on the internet, just as in the case of any
meeting place or commons, and their interest and endeavours are welcomedwith open arms. Much that is good about the internet has also beencommercial: the Yahoo indices and chat rooms, Geocities home pages, ICQ,
and even the Microsoft Gaming Center.
But increased population, trade and commerce have made the internet amore complex place to govern. And make no mistake about it, the internet isbeing governed, though that said, this government is constituted of ananarchy of national governments, international organizations, standards
bodies, corporate policies and procedures, and terms of service regulations.
Such anarchy has spread uncertainty. The citizens of the WELL or
homesteaders of Geocities know what I mean, as their rights and freedoms
shift and stutter through corporate takeovers and new terms of service. What
was once theirs, Geocities homesteaders are told, now belongs to Yahoo.
And though that corporate entity recanted, there seems no natural limit on
the ebb and flow of internet policies and politics.
A free and democratic society is preferred because it is stable. Our
democratic rights and personal freedoms were created in the first instance toprotect citizens from the whims of policy The maintenance of a free anddemocratic society is the first duty and responsibility of its citizens. Or in thewords of Junius, "The subject who is truly loyal to the Chief Magistrate will
neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures."
Before people will invest their time, energy and resources in Cyberspace,law must extend into Cyberspace. People must be secure in the knowledge
that their rights and freedoms will be respected, that their personal liberties
will not of a sudden be infringed, that their personal and private information
shall not be compromised. No mass movement of people, money orenterprise will flow into this new territory without such security, and if
Cyberspace has been populated by those who may make their own laws, somuch the good for them, but now the time has come for laws which apply toall, equally, without prejudice.
Hence, below, I have drafted a document titled The Cyberspace Charter ofRights (the link will take you to an uncommented version):

The Cyberspace Charter ofRightsPreambleElectronic technology in the late twentieth century has given rise
to a new environment, commonly known as Cyberspace, inwhich the citizens of the world may freely interact andcommunicate with each other.
As individuals, corporations and nations inhabit cyberspace, newlaws, protocols and practises have demonstrated a potential for
new limitations on the rights and liberties enjoyed by freecitizens around the world.
It is reasonable and prudent, therefore, to declare those rights weconsider essential to the maintenance of a free and open society
in Cyberspace.
1. Access
Where access is defined as the capacity to send andreceive communications through electronic means,including the internet, and where persons are defined as
citizens of any nation, state or territory,
1. All persons have the right to access electronic
communications.
2. All persons may send and receive
communications from any point on the network.
2. Freedom of Speech
Where ideas and beliefs are the words, images, or otherinformation created by a particular person,
1. CyberCitizens may express any idea or belief
without limitation.
2. CyberCitizens may transmit their ideas or beliefs
to any person who is willing to receive them.
3. Personal Privacy
Where personal information is information regarding thename, gender, address, nationality, or other information
associated with a particular person,
1. CyberCitizens own their personal information.
2. CyberCitizens may at any time regulate the use of
their personal information by other persons orparties.
4. Security of Communication
Where communications is the transfer of ideas andbeliefs from one place to another,
1. CyberCitizens have the right to securecommunication, that is, communication which
will not be intercepted, redirected, or otherwise
diverted or duplicated.
2. CyberCitizens may communicate in the languageof their choice. This includes the right to create alanguage (for example, by encryption) whichcannot be understood by any other party.
3. CyberCitizens may communicate with each other
under the identity of their choice, including selfdesignated handles or pseudonyms, oranonymously.
5. Intellectual Property
Where intellectual property is any idea or belief createdby a particular person,
1. CyberCitizens own their own intellectual
property.
2. CyberCitizens may at any time regulate the use of
their intellectual property by other persons orparties.
6. Reference
Where Reference is the mention of an idea or belief, as in
the case of citations, quotations, or links,
1. CyberCitizens may refer to any other person'sintellectual property.
2. CyberCitizens may express their own ideas or
beliefs about any other person's intellectual
property.
7. Quiet Enjoyment
Where quiet enjoyment is the use of electronic
communications without interruption or interference,
1. CyberCitizens have the right to quiet enjoymentof their own communications system, that is, theyshall not be subject to arbitrary search and seizureof their computers or other communications
equipment.
2. CyberCitizens may regulate their own
communications, that is, they have the right torefuse unsolicited or unwanted communications.
Having set out the document, let me take some time to discuss and elaborate
upon some of the stipulations: Access
Access has to be the first and primary right of CyberCitizens. I have tried todefine this generally, as the nature and shape of online communications islikely to change in the future. Thus access refers to the electronic spheregenerally, and is not restricted to an existing entity such as the internet.
I have also defined access as a right of citizens, with two thoughts in mind.
First, I wanted to convey the idea that the rights and liberties which should
be defined in Cyberspace are an extension of those which exist for the
citizens of democratic nations; just as a person should have freedom ofspeech or freedom of the press in a democratic society, so also should those
freedoms extend to Cyberspace.
Second, I wanted to convey the idea that these rights and freedoms are notuniversal. We do not convey them to dogs or other animals, we do notconvey them (automatically) to children, and that there are cases where
citizenship, or at least the rights of citizenship, may be legitimately revoked,
just as we would revoke the freedoms of persons convicted under the
Criminal Code.

The principle which stipulates that all citizens shall have the right to accessis the first and most fundamental freedom of Cyberspace; it defines
Cyberspace as an open society. There are no immigration restrictions or
quotas, nor are there any barriers to membership on the basis of race,
nationality, gender, or any other personal characteristic.
The right to access may be construed - and is even to this day construed insome territories - as a positive right, that is, as right to have a certain service
provided. Nations like Canada have stated and begun to implement as anational policy the idea that all citizens, regardless of means or income, shallhave the capacity to access the internet; this policy is being implemented
through such programs as the Community Access Project (CAP), Canada's
Schoolnet, and so on.
I applaud and support such projects, but not all nations would interpret thisprovision as a positive right - in the United States, for example, access to theinternet is likely to depend on financial means. In environments such as this,the right to access becomes somewhat equivalent to the right to ride the bus,or the right to buy a home - those who have the means may do so, andprovided they have the means, no restriction shall be placed on their doingso.
Either policy is consistent with the Charter of Internet Rights; what isessential, is that the means of access, are open equally to everyone.
The second provision of the access clause is the online equivalent to freedomof mobility. Once a person has access the internet, then no policy should
prohibit that person from accessing any point on the internet. Thus a personfrom the United States could access a Cuban website, or a person from
China could access a Taiwanese website.
This provision is intended to address both political measures andtechnological measures. Politically, it amounts to the urging that no law out
to hinder access. Technologically, it amounts to the urging that no barriers
be placed in the way of access. The shut-down of internet to Serbia by
shutting down satellite services, for example, would violate the latterprovision.
 Freedom of Speech
Freedom of speech has been a much-discussed issue on the internet.
CyberCitizens first rose to the defence of this freedom in the 1996 web
black-out: the background colour of a significant number of web pages (myown included) was changed to the colour black on February 8 of that year.
The protests continued with the 24 Hours of Freedom Web Ring and theBlue Ribbon campaign. The primary object of these protests - theCommunications Decency Act - was defeated, but the move to restrict
freedom of speech did not abate with that setback.
But freedom of speech has been recognized for centuries as a fundamental
principle of a free and democratic society; indeed, it is arguable that without
freedom of speech, a society is essentially undemocratic, no matter how
many other freedoms are granted. In a similar fashion, were the content of
online communications subject to censure and prohibition, the online
environment would cease to be a free society.
Freedom of speech is even more important in a global environment because
there are no international standards or agreement governing what constitutes
acceptable speech. As I said in my 24 Hours of Democracy essay, somepeople (such as myself) would want to ban subversive advertising andprogramming, as offered by (say) Walt Disney or McDonalds, while others
would choose to ban violent imagery, while others would ban sex (or evendiscussions of safe sex), while others would want to see the Pork Marketing
Council website shut down.
The essence of censorship is that it is one person telling another person what
he or she may read or write; and in all cases of censorship it is the values ofthe first person - however reasonable or rational they may seem - whichprevail. The censor, therefore, becomes the arbiter of values. But in a global
society, there can be no arbiter of values, because there is no common value
system, and hence, any arbitration of values becomes an instrument ofrepression. This means we all must live with the existence of content which
is objectionable, for it is the only way in which we all may be equal
members of the online society.
The right to express these ideas extends to the right to transmit them; this is
why there is a second provision under 'Freedom of Expression'. The second
provision is the online equivalent of freedom of the press; it allows for ideas
to be communicated to a mass audience. The stipulation here is thatmembers of that mass audience must want to hear the message beingtransmitted; freedom of expression is not a right which allows a person toforce his or her views on an unwilling audience, or to drown out with staticor noise the attempts of other people to communicate with each other.
In the end, these two provisions boil down to the assertion that no third
person shall abridge the communications of two people, where those two
people have freely entered into this exchange.
 Personal Privacy

In the pre-electronic age, personal privacy meant being able to keep yourpersonal proclivities in the closet, and being sure that nobody was peering
through your bedroom drapes. It did not necessarily protect the gathering
and use of people's names, addresses, phone numbers, or other personal data,
mainly because not much could be done with such collections of
information.
In the electronic age, however, the potential for the misuse of personal
information is large, from the theft of credit card data, to the malicious
assumption of another’s' identity. Additionally, because personal
information may be amassed in databases, it has become a commodity, an
item of value, for which individuals and corporations are willing to pay
considerable sums of money.
The production and origin of personal information in every case lies with theperson themselves. A person does not assume an address unless he moves
there, does not have a name unless she consents to be recognized by it, does
not have a shoe size unless he has feet. Without the person, there is no
personal information; therefore, the ownership of personal information mustlie in the domain of the person who created it.
Where the ownership of one's personal information impacts on the practisesof Cyberspace is, first, in the collection of personal information, and second,in the use of personal information. The principles in the Cyberspace Charterof Rights stipulate that one cannot, first, collect personal information withoutthat person's consent, and second, use personal information without that
person's consent.
 Security of Communication
Security of communication is the flip side of freedom of speech. While thelatter the right of a person to be heard by all he or she want to hear, theformer is the right of a person to be heard by only those he or she wants tohear.
Security of communication is the online equivalent to freedom of assembly.
It is the right of a person to meet in public or private with other persons,
without hindrance or disturbance. In pre-electronic times, the right toassembly ensured privacy, because one could meet in a back room; online,
however, there is no such thing as a back room, and to a certain degree, allcommunications pass through the public sphere.
Thus there needs to be in an online environment a particular set ofprotections securing a person's right to assemble with a particular set ofothers. These provisions break down into three major categories:

First, the right to secure communication, that is, communication which will
not be intercepted, redirected, or otherwise diverted or duplicated. This is theembodiment of the idea that private conversations should remain private; itis the online equivalent of an anti-bugging or anti-eavesdropping provision.
The second point - communicating in a language of one's choice - isintended to address the issue of cryptography. It is essentially an assertion of
the right of a person to use whatever encryption technology he or she deems
necessary. I have couched it in terms of language, first, because encryptions
are variant languages, and second, to convey the idea that a person has aright to determine the style, as well as the content, of their speech.
But this second point also addresses a wider set of rights: the right to the useof one's national tongue, for example, or the right to define alternative
communications protocols. It embodies the essence of communication as afreely chosen set of protocols between sender and receiver; it enshrines theidea that there shall be no determination of how communications are
conducted over the internet except by the free agreement of those people
doing the communicating, and therefore ensures that there are no barriers, bylanguage or technology, between those people.
The third right guarantees a person the right to choose his or her identity,
and indeed, whether to have an identity at all. This is a new right; in thephysical world it is not possible to abandon one's body, and therefore, one's
physical identity, but in cyberspace, identities may be worn as easily as a
new suit or a pair of shoes.
This right follows naturally from the right to freedom of speech, and also,
from the idea that one owns ones personal information. It is tantamount to
the freedom to create one's personal information, to the idea that you - andnobody else - has the right to determine who you are. The right toanonymous communication is roughly equivalently to the right to freedom of
the press: it is the right that protects the poster or pamphleteer.
 Intellectual Property
The protections for intellectual property have a two-fold purpose: first, it
ensures that something created by a person is owned by a person, andtherefore, cannot be appropriated by some third party. This protects thepeople who send email messages, post to discussion boards, or publish web
pages: they have the assurance that what they create, remains their own.
This does not mean that these rights cannot be transferred; when Jon Katz
writes a column for SlashDot, he may freely assign all copyright to thatcompany. But what it does mean is that SlashDot cannot, without priornotice, assume sole ownership or copyright of messages posted to their
online discussion boards; or that if a new idea or concept is presented in sucha public forum, that a third person cannot run to the trademark office andrelieve the author of ownership over that idea.
Placing the ownership of ideas and beliefs in the hands of their creator also
serves to protect the freedom of cyberspace by removing from service
providers responsibility over that content. Just as the city that builds a road is
not responsible for what drivers do on that road, and just as the telephonecompany is not responsible for the conversations people have, so also a
service provider is not responsible for the content of a user's email or web
site.
Keeping ownership and responsibility in the hands of the creator is essential
to the maintenance of a free Cyberspace. If a third party becomesaccountable for the ideas and opinions of a first party, that that third party is
obligated to violate the first person's privacy, to monitor his emailcommunications and web sites, and sometimes, to act as censor over thecontents of those communications.
 Reference
Inherent in the idea of the freedom of speech is the idea of fair comment or
criticism of another person's ideas. This right manifests itself differently in
Cyberspace because pointing works differently in an online environment andis therefore not covered explicitly under freedom of speech.
The first and essential principle of reference is the right to refer. By thecreation of a piece of intellectual property, one does not acquire the right togovern all discussion about that property. Thus people may send emails or
establish websites about Star Trek, or they may express opinions for oragainst a politician's platform, and indeed, may parody or satire anotherwork.
The restriction on this right is that imposed by the intellectual property
provision: a person may not take another person's intellectual property anduse it without permission. Thus, a web site may talk about Star Trek, but it
cannot purport to be Star Trek; a web site may criticize Coca Cola, but it
cannot use images or artwork produced by Coca Cola.
There is to be sure a fuzzy line here: Coca Cola may own its own logo, but
the use of the logo could in some cases be a reference to that company, andnot a use of their ideas. Moreover, it is not clear to what degree a company
may control variants on their words or artwork; and in some cases a
corporation may use some word or artwork over which it should claim noownership at all (as for example when Bell Canada tried to trademark theterm, "The Net").
But in practise the line is relatively clear: it is crossed when a reasonable
person might come to believe that the work in question is the work of theperson or company to which it refers - thus G.W. Bush has a legitimate
complaint if readers of www.gwbush.com would believe that this parody sitewas Bush's real home page.
Another aspect of reference falls under the area of linking - companies andindividuals have from time to time attempted to prevent persons fromcreating links to their sites. But a link is nothing more than a way ofpointing: and just as my pointing at Bill Clinton in no way implies that I
endorse him (or that he endorses me), so also the posting of a link carries nosuch connotations.
 Quiet Enjoyment
The final provision, that of quiet enjoyment, points to a person's right to use
the internet without interference from others.
The first and most obvious target of the quiet enjoyment provision is
unwanted email (or 'spam'). This provision stipulates essentially that users of
the internet have the right to be spam-free. The offline equivalent of the antispam provision is the security of one's property: just as no person has theright to make harassing phone calls, enter one's place of residence, or incur
unauthorized expenses, so also senders of email cannot target unwillingrecipients, place unwanted data into their computers, nor make them pay forthe download.
The 'quiet enjoyment' provision expresses the sanctity of one's computer;this is seen by the second provision, which prohibits arbitrary search andseizure. On the internet, a person's computer is his or her home; there should
be a reasonable expectation of security and privacy.
This provision is intended to cover both physical search and seizure, as when
the Feds come to your door and demand that you dump your hard drive, andalso 'soft' search and seizure, as would be performed by software agents,
viruses, or other online intrusions.
References and Resources
American Civil Liberties Union
Americans for Computer Privacy

Amnesty International Online
Center for Democracy and Technology
CDT's Communications Decency Act Issues Page
Citizens' Internet Empowerment Coalition
Computer Privacy Digest
Computer Underground Digest
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
CyberLaw
CyberRights
Cybotage (In German)
Daysite, by Paul Wagenaer
EFF Blue Ribbon Campaign
EFF CyberRights Defense FundEFF 'Know Your CyberRights' Sweepstakes
Encryption Policy Resource Page
Families Against Internet Censorship
Freedom Forum
Global Internet Liberty Campaign
John Gilmore's Home Page
Internet Advertising/Marketing Law Report
Internet Declaration of IndependenceInternet Free Expression AllianceInternet Privacy Coalition

MCS-Special-Support Human Rights
NetAction
Online Magna Charta Network
PeaceFire, Youth Alliance Against Internet Censorship
Privacy Rights Clearinghouse
Promote Responsible New Commerce: Fight SpamRegulatory and Legal Resources on the Internet
Voters' Telecommunications WatchVTW Centre for Internet Education
VTW Issues Page Web Blackout Commemorative

Exploring New Directions in Online Learning
Complete notes from a full day pre-conference at NAWeb 2000; major
topics include knowledge management, learning objects and sectoral
communities
Presented to NAWeb 2000
Preconference Session
October 14, 2000
This page is a brief outline. Links to the full presentation in HTML and MS
Word format follow below.
Overview - Participants in this session will explore emerging issues, trends
and technologies that will shape online learning through the next decade.
This all day seminar will focus on three major areas of interest and how theyinteract:
Knowledge Management - Industries and corporations are in a race tobecome knowledge-based organizations. To this end they are redefining ourideas of what counts as knowledge, how it is produced, how it is stored, andhow it is distributed.
We will look at how database driven just-in-time knowledge solutions arebeing applied to all aspects of corporate process and how these forcing

corporate trainers to re-invent staff development and corporate training.
Learning Objects - Learning organizations are reshaping online learningwith a redefinition of the core elements of instructional design. Learning
objects are reusable and interoperable units of learning content. New
standards, such as IMS and SCORM, are defining how online learningmaterials are authored, distributed, and applied.
We will examine the concept of learning objects from concept to
implementation with an eye to how they will affect our own practice.
Sectoral Communities - Online communications have facilitated the rise ofindustry-wide sectoral communities that act as a pool of information andresources and serve as the context for knowledge creation and online
learning.
We will look at online communications technologies new and old, examine
lessons learning in community formation, and consider how the rise of sector
specific communities will impact learning in those areas.
HTML version
MS Word version

Causes of Conflict
What happens when people with too little knowledge - and the social
instincts of a stone - try their hand at foreign policy.
October 19, 2000
The causes of the Mideast conflict do not lay far beneath the surface in any
nation, and as we look from afar in shock and horror at the events transpiringin Jerusalem and the West Bank, we should recognize that the roots ofsimilar devastation lurk in the hearts and minds of people in our own towns
and cities.
As a case in point, I offer an analysis of one technology writer's opinion of
the MidEast crisis, published by Scott McCollum in OS Opinion.
McCollum's major argument could be summed with the following assertion:
Palestinian aggression is a danger to the Israeli high tech sector.
Consequently, we should clearly align ourselves with Israel, address
Palestinian violence, and give the entire sector some breathing room.

There may be some good reasons to support Israel's position, but the defenceof its high tech sector is not one of them. Israel's high tech sector will haveto stand or fall on the wider issues of the day, issues which affect all Israeli
and Palestinian industry and commerce. And it is in these wider issues that
McCollum's short sighted vision is a source of genuine concern.
Let's look at how he introduces his subject:
Let's not play around on this subject anymore. Israel is on thebrink of war. Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat has bullied
Israeli leader Ehud Barak into signing away half of Jerusalem
at Camp David and then stormed out of the negotiations
saying that it wasn't enough.
We can see pretty clearly where McCollum is coming from through his useof descriptive language - "bullied", and "stormed out of" - and thus abandon
early any pretence that this will be a balanced report. Well, it is an opinion
column. But even opinion columns need to get their facts straight.
First, the Palestinians were not (and are still not) in a position to "bully"
Israel into anything. Making Israel look like the weak party in this dispute isa paradigm case of misrepresentation.
Second, Barak never signed away half of Jerusalem. In fact, the resolution ofthis particular issue is the major sticking point. The Palestinians argue thatthey should control part of Jerusalem - specifically, East Jerusalem - as theircapital. The Israelis are unwilling to cede any part of the city.
And third, there is no evidence that Arafat "stormed out" of the meeting, noreven that it was he who terminated negotiations. Neither side was able toagree, and the actions and words of both sides brought negotiations to atermination.
McCollum continues,
America, normally pro-Israel, has decided to play devil's
advocate and side with the PLO on many of their issues.
The United States has been traditionally an Israeli ally, and substantial
American funding and resources have enabled the Israelis to develop themost significant armed force in the region. To a great extent, this support
continues. To suggest that American reluctance to side with the Israelis on
all points is somehow playing "devil's advocate" is misleading. The UnitedStates has genuine concerns about some Israeli policies and is not merelyposing Palestinian options for the sake of argument.
The Palestinians have a fundamentally sound case and the United States hascome to recognize the legitimacy of some of their arguments: specifically,that the Palestinians also have a historical claim in the region, that thePalestinians should enjoy representative government, and that thePalestinians have a right to exist free from persecution. There really should
be no dispute on these points, and the Oslo accord is a recognition on all
sides that these three points apply to every person in the region, Israeli or
Palestinian.
Or more to the point: saying that a people should enjoy fundamental humanrights is hardly playing "devil's advocate."
McCollum continues,
To make matters worse, Israeli soldiers used deadly force aweek or two later on Muslim civilian protesters (one was alittle boy who died in his father's arms) on camera for theworld to see. Both sides have their valid arguments, but submachine gun bullets in a little kid make a very good caseagainst Israel.
The father and son involved in this shooting were not in fact protesters; they
were bystanders. And the deadly force was applied not to these two people
but to large groups of Palestinians - as I write the death toll is up to 104
Palestinians killed and (I believe) four Israelis.
The reason why "sub-machine gun bullets in a little kid make a very goodcase against Israel" is that sub-machine gun bullets in a little kid is very
good case against Israel; in most nations of the world opening fire on
protesters - even rock-throwing protesters - is considered an excessive
response, and the unprovoked shooting of civilians is considered a war
crime.
This is not to acquit the Palestinians in their role in the conflict; the mobbing
and murder of two captured Israeli soldiers is equally repugnant and equallya war crime.
The world, I think, is reacting not so much to the suggestion that one side or
the other is in the right here as it is to the outright expressions of brutality
which have characterized the conflict for many years now.
McCollum continues,

I can't see the two of them getting out of this without a big,bloody fight. The loss of human life is horrible in any
conflict, but what about the toll on the thriving tech sector in
Israel and its effect on the United States?
Despite the myopic vision that this paragraph displays, McCollum is actuallyright to consider this issue, and even to try to look at the issue outside thecontext of the human losses. Looking at the world-wide impact of theconflict shows clearly why we should have an interest, and why the roles
played by U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan and U.S. President Bill
Clinton are important.
Because if the conflict spreads and actually impacts the Israeli technology
sector (beyond merely affecting stock prices) there will be a ripple effect,
just as a Chinese invasion of Taiwan (which produces many of the world's
microchips) would also have a worldwide impact.
McCollum describes the Israeli sector in some detail, a description I won't
comment on except to agree with his assessment of its size and importance.
It is in his discussion of the impact of the conflict on the sector where weagain run into dispute. We pick up his article there:
I'm no stock expert or anything, but all the Israeli companies I
mentioned that are publicly traded all have jagged red lines
going straight down left-to-right on their charts. I don't thinkthat these guys can blame it on sluggish European sales theway Intel, 3dfx and Dell have tried to. These guys are introuble because there are 50 rock throwing Palestinian
teenagers in their parking lots twelve hours a day. I'll bet theywish they had Intel's problems in Europe rather than worrying
about getting their office window shot out with an AK-47 anda Molotov cocktail tossed on their desk.
It is likely that the ongoing conflict has had an effect on the stock market investors get jittery at any signs of instability, and the current crisis certainly
fits the bill.
However, Israeli technology companies are not located in the West Bank orGaza, where the conflicts have been occurring. Palestinians are not throwing
rocks in their parking lots because they can't get close to their parking lots.
The battle between Israelis and Palestinians is taking place almost
exclusively in what we would consider to be Palestinian regions of thecountry.
For similar regions, no Israeli technology company has any real fear of being

assaulted by AK-47s or Molotov cocktails.
The violence is taking a very different toll on the Israelis than on thePalestinians. Actual loss of life or destruction of property in Israel proper isminimal and occurs mostly on the northern border with Lebanon. But Israeli
youth face conscription and likely engagement in dangerous wars, theirsociety is split between the need for peace and the need for security, andincreasingly, they are being shunned by world opinion because of theirstrong response to Palestinian protests.
McCollum continues,
Instability in Israel is attributable to the Palestinians but also
to our political bungles in dealing with both sides.
Such a statement scarcely deserves comment. In this conflict the two sides
share the blame for the instability. It is arguable, in fact, that the current
violence was provoked by Israel - first, by the stunningly insensitive visit by
Ariel Sharon to an Islamic holy site, and second by the Israeli troops' use oflive ammunition (including the use of snipers and helicopter strafing) against
rock-throwing protesters.
Again - these observations do not acquit the Palestinians of any blame, but it
is important to realize that the Palestinians are not the sole aggressors here.
But now McCollum starts lobbing grenades...
I'd like to say that we should get behind our buddies in Israel
because they are just about our only allies in that area of theworld...
McCollum is probably not aware of Turkey, a NATO member since theearly days of the cold war and just down the coast from Israel. Or of Saudi
Arabia, which actually shares a short border with Israel and whose support
was instrumental in the Gulf War. Or even the Egypt of Hosni Mubarak, a
far cry from the pro-Soviet Egypt of General Nasser.
Since 1994, we've screwed Israel over by pushing for peace
between the Israelis and Palestinians no matter what the cost.
Israel has become almost as mistrustful of America as thePalestinians are because of our insistence on concessions to
Arafat to keep the peace.
It seems clear from this paragraph that McCollum is as ignorant of American
policy as it is of Middle Eastern affairs. Israel continues to have a special

relationship with the United States, continues to receive aid and trade
incentives, continues to receive military support (including, most recently,
an urgent request for rubber bullets.
Yes, the Unites States has been pushing for concessions - though hardly total
capitulation. The Americans have joined the rest of the world in agreeingthat the continued repression and violation of an entire population cannot
continue. It has tried to be fair minded in recent talks, rather than to act as
one side's cheering section. It is the most responsible behaviour exhibited by
the United States in some time. And it is taken at considerable risk by its
leaders who know that morons like McCollum are standing on the sidelines
wringing their hands.
If we side with the Palestinians, you'll see the NASDAQ go
crashing down even harder because there's so many Israeliinterests that are tied to American economic well being. If weside with Israel, the Arab world will retaliate against us by
cutting oil exports and maybe even some sporadic terrorism.
Of course, that means that the stock market still crashes, but
it'll be the Dow Jones rather than NASDAQ.
McCollum is obviously unaware that the Arab nations have been cautious even hesitant - in their support for the Palestinians in the current conflict.
Americans continue to be a target in the region - as recent events in Yemen
demonstrate - but they are not the target (nor likely to be) of widespread
Arab hatred. McCollum needs to resist the temptation to associate theactions of some extremist groups with the beliefs of all Arabs.
And of course, McCollum should consider the possible outcomes of a thirdcourse - ironically, the course which the American government is actually
taking: that of neutral broker. To be sure, there is still a large possibility that
American mediation will fail, however, such an approach at least allows
Americans to have the best of both worlds: some semblance of friendshipwith both sides in a bitter dispute.
A lot of harm is done - and no good - but suggesting that the only option for
the United States is to take someone's side in this. Higher values should
prevail.
Technology has solved so many problems in the world, but
the Palestinians aren't complaining about a digital divide.
These guys are fighting for a place to live and could care lessabout free dial-up access and 50 megs of web space.
Yes they are, indirectly. Palestinians - especially those living in Israel proper- have watched a world class industrial society grow up around them,knowing that by law they are unable to participate in either its growth or its
benefits. Some of the first things done in Palestinian Gaza included
investments in education and technology. Representing them as third-world
sheep herders does McCollum no credit.
I know the Palestinians think that they deserve that land, but
Israel has fought harder and for longer than they have for thetiny parcel of land they live on right now.
Again we have another irresponsible statement. In fact, the durations of themodern struggle are now about equal: the Israelis fought for freedom andindependence from early in the 20th century until 1948, and the Palestinians
have been fighting for it ever since. Indeed, since the Palestinians and Israeli
have been fighting each other through this time, it is absurd to say that oneof them has been fighting longer.
McCollum, though, is probably alluding to the Israeli's historical claim to theregion, one which dates back to the Biblical kingdom founded by Joshua. If
so, McCollum should return to his Bible and re-read Exodus, especially thechapters which describe the Israeli's conquest through force of ancient Israel.
The Israeli's claim is no more ancient, and no more just, than any of the priorand subsequent peoples of the region who fought, murdered and plundered
their way into possession.
To expect the Israelis to just hand it over is madness...
Nobody is asking the Israeli's to give up their entire nation - or even to returnto the original partition declared by the United Nations in 1948. But mostnations recognize that Israeli sovereignty should not extend beyond theboundaries defined by the 1967 war, boundaries which divide the city ofJerusalem into an Arab sector and an Israeli sector.
and I don't get why Arafat doesn't realize that the entire
Palestinian nation could come live in a corner of Utah and not
be bothered. Hey, it worked for the Mormons and when was
the last time you saw a kid with a black tie and white button
up shirt on a bicycle screaming for liberation and shooting thecops with a wrist rocket?
Although McCollum later claims that he was just joking, he here reveals that(a) he is ignorant of history, and (b) he is a generalized bigot.
His ignorance of history not only applies to his misunderstandings of thehistory of Mormonism - followers of which were not put anywhere - but also

of Israelis - who rejected a similar solution, one proposing that they settle in
Uganda.
The conflict in the Middle East has an impact on all of us. It affects us
economically and technologically because Israel is a fully engaged industrial
nation. But more deeply, it affects us because in this region the ballot has
been replaced by the bullet, common sense by belligerence, peacefuldevelopment with destructive warfare.
We should work not only to find a resolution satisfying all people in theregion, we should also look to understand the narrow minded, ignorant andbigoted attitudes and beliefs which foster the development of such powder
kegs in the first place.
McCollum's column displays such attitudes, and though his column holds nonational import, will sway no opinions, it still must be unearthed and shown
for all to see, so we can in more enlightened times appreciate an uninformed
and destructive point of view in the full glare of daylight.
Reader Comments:

S2000 - Knowledge
Ken Stratford, Commissioner for the Greater Victoria Economic
Development Corporation, manages and promotes a website called
CITISmart - CITI stands for Community Information Technology Institute.
It's a project similar to MuniMall, but with some important differences.
Ken Stratford, Commissioner for the Greater Victoria Economic
Development Corporation, manages and promotes a website called
CITISmart (http://www.citismart.net/ ) – CITI stands for Community
Information Technology Institute. It's a project similar to MuniMall, but withsome important differences. I'll comment on that later.
Stratford had as his topic the application of knowledge management in smart
communities, and he has an intuitive understanding of the concept.
Knowledge management, to Stratford, may be likened to grabbing chunks of
information from other sources and using them to develop an argument.
Of course, there are forms of human reason other than argument (and to beprecise, three other forms of reason: explanation, description, anddefinition), but the concept applies equally well elsewhere. Need ataxonomy? Grabs chunks of existing taxonomy from elsewhere and create
your own (this ensures that your taxonomy will be interoperable with theothers).
Knowledge management techniques, asserts Stratford, will be used in smart
communities. This means that – to Stratford – the development of smart
communities will resemble architecture and engineering much more than it
does, say, art and design.
He didn't say this, but Stratford is probably thinking of the informationtheoretic approach to knowledge management and database design, concepts
covered by, say, Jan Harrington in Relational Database Design. He is
probably also thinking of the principles of RAD – Rapid Application Design– as applied in the computer software industry. And so far as that goes, he isright to do so. So far as that goes.
Stratford's CITI project is built according to those principles. The CITI
project is intended to be a resource for municipal administrators and civic
officials. Stratford identified a four-step development process:1. Build project files around 'best (and worst) practices)
2. Obtain 'citizen information' through, say, needs analysis
3. Identify 'communities of practice'a.

"harvest" the knowledge of the communityb. adopt that knowledge, adapt it to your needs,
innovate, and sharec. For example: Industry Canada's Information Resource
Exchange
4. Adopt what KPMG calls a "rapid release" strategy – release a small but
impressive body of knowledge bank and make a commitment to grow anddevelop from that base
CITI may contain an impressive collection of resources; Stratford assertsthat he is aggressively collecting information. People at Smart 2000, forexample, are being asked to contribute to CITISmart.
CITI may contain an impressive collection of information, but I don't know.
You have to be a member to view this information. Membership (sold at theinstitutional level) costs $2000.
You can see Stratford's point of view. CITISmart costs money to maintainand expand. But then again, it is possible to build comprehensive sites like,say, Jurist (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/ ) and make it available to all. It depends
on your funding model.
But my question is this: of what benefit is it to anyone to gather all thisinformation, store it in one place, and to lock the door? What incentive, what
motivation is there for people to contribute? Stratford argues that therelinquishing of information should be based on selfish interests. Yet there is
no upside to providing – for free – a valuable resource to Stratford's
copyright domain.
The fact is this: information about any domain is distributed throughout thatdomain. Information about municipal governance, for example, is distributed
throughout the 400 odd municipalities in Alberta, throughout its universities
and colleges, throughout similar sites around the world. A centralized
collections system will not work. Too much information is missed; too few
people get to see it.

The Human Genome
The decoding of the human genome is one of humanity's greatest
achievements, a crown jewel in the history of knowledge, an
accomplishment so full of promise and potential it is impossible at this timeeven to grasp all of the implications.
The decoding of the human genome is one of humanity's greatest
achievements, a crown jewel in the history of knowledge, an
accomplishment so full of promise and potential it is impossible at this timeeven to grasp all of the implications.
In a riveting lecture, Dr. Lap-Chee Tsui of the Hospital for Sick Children
described the research process and unravelled for the audience the manylayers of the human genome.
He had two major messages:
1. The human genome is complex and unbelievably difficult to decode,and2. The human genome project was – and could only have been – aninternational effort requiring the cooperation of teams of scientists
around the world
He didn't say it, but I will: such an accomplishment is only possible in anenvironment of global communication and information sharing. Such anaccomplishment can only be accomplished by a society as a whole. It must
be one of those "social visions" described by d'Aquino and Stanley.
And he didn't say this, but I will: who owns the human genome?
This is not an idle question; large segments of the human genome project
were accomplished by private companies who feel they have a proprietaryinterest in the outcome of the research. But what government will stand andsay that the secrets of life itself belong to a particular individual or business?
On the other hand, Harvard was allowed to patent a mouse.
This question becomes more difficult when we look at actually
implementing the knowledge from the human genome project. Consider, forexample, the Physiome Project, the objectives of which are to add physicalfunctionality to the genome by modeling and adding logic to observed
physiological processes.
For example, Oxford professor Dennis Noble described how he modeled ahuman heart from the cellular level. When looked at from the genome level,
the biological system is like a self-assembling computer. Understand how
the computer works and you can understand – at any level of understanding– how different drugs interact with the body, how different character traits
develop, and more.
This produces enormous savings in health care and physiological research –if the results are shared.
It is one thing to say blithely that we must foster a gift culture when it comesto giving dollars to the homeless; it is quite another to say the same thing
when it comes to giving the secrets of human physiology to society at large.
But… what's good for the goose…
And remember: the people who benefit from information sharing willcontrol the political processes that could bring it about. Though the transition
will probably not proceed smoothly; we could easily envision a 'Seattle' overthe issue of a genome monopoly. Or – more likely – long legal battles over a
DNA-Napster in which the secrets of genetic manipulation are shared worldwide like a piece of music or the latest shareware software.
And once people are able to manipulate genetic material with their home
PCs (and have no doubt about it, they will have this capacity), the issues ofgenetic copyright take on a whole new meaning.
The lesson here is that information comes in many forms, and if the mantrathat information will be shared is true in one place, it is true everywhere.
Moreover, not only do we know that this is the case, we know how is going
to be accomplished.
Tsui, Noble and other eminent academics in the field are working against
what is often called the "Tower of Babel" problem: many different
vocabularies are being used to express the same concepts. The University ofAlberta might have one set of terminology, Oxford another and Stanford yet
another.
But because of the need for global collaboration and data sharing, they are
working toward a common terminology. And because large projects – likethe human genome project – require work from people in many disciplines,
it is important that the terminologies be machine readable.
Noble's simulations, for example, require thousands of differential equations
to be solved every second. In order to implement this in a computer, hewould have to become an expert computer programmer. But instead, using amachine-readable language, he works in an environment which simulates
these mathematical computations. What this means is that he and a computer
programmer share the same language for expressing mathematical
calculations. The programmer worries about how the computer will actually
compute the value, and Noble worries about which calculations he wants to
use at a certain time.
Thus, the Human Genome project and the Physiome project are moving
toward a series of machine readable languages: MathML, CellML, AnatML,
BSML, GEML, SBML and more (see http://www.cellml.org ). These markup languages are all flavours of XML and all interact with each other.
A similar development is occurring in other fields. Online learning, forexample, has the Dublin Core, IMS and SCORM, all vocabularies andprotocols expressed in XML. Newspaper publishers have NewsML and
RSS. The same process will in time spread to all areas of endeavour,
including government. We can envision, for example, By-LawML,
electionML, or PRML for press releases.
Citizens, using software which understands these languages, will be able toknow exactly what information a government should have, how it should be
expressed, and where to find it. It will be a hard-pressed government which
does not share.

Knowledge Base Integration
Some thoughts on how to use knowledge bases effectively in an online
learning environment.
This article is the result of some reflections on an online learning portalbeing set up by the good people at Duncans MindLeaders On-Line Learning.
My reaction isn't so much a response to their effort as it is a wider reflection
on what it takes to use knowledge bases effectively.
Categories
I notice they place links into categories, though I couldn't find a portal-link
page where the categories are displayed. But that said...
I've been wrangling with categories for some time now. I used to set myknowledge base such that each link was associated with a category (it was
actually a field in the link table). Then I wanted links to fit into multiple
categories so I created a 'lookup' table (or 'link list').
When I submitted a link, I would also select a category for it (from a dropdown list). This ceased to be practical once I got up to about 250 categories.
I tried various ways to generate category selection and finally settled on'automatic' categorization, whereby the contents of the submission would bescanned for a regular expression and the category (categories) based onmatches.
I've concluded after several years of this that none of this is worth the effort.
Categories are too fluid - something that was a subcategory last year ought
to be a category this year, and all that really depends on your point of view
anyways. Also, any meaningful categorization schema is going to havehundreds - even thousands - of entries, and so it's as hard to find the category
you want as it is to find the actual entry.
So: I redefined what I mean by a category. Now, what I think of as acategory is a 'pre-defined search'. This allows me to add, delete, amend,
reconfigure, etc., categories as much as I want without worrying about the
integrity of the entire system. Cross categorization, which used to be a big
headache, is now simple. And I never worry about assigning an entry to acategory.
Redundancy
When I looked at their KB I followed their suggestions and saw the link,
attributed to me, that you had placed into the system. Which led me to thequestion: how did it get there?
I ask this question from a technical point of view, not a content point of view(you can use any of my links that you wish). The short story is, there's twoways it could get there: manually (via e.g. cut and paste from the newsletter)or automatically (via., e.g., one of my data feeds, such as the RSS version of
the newsletter).
My Knowledge Base runs on a custom-built relational database authored in
Perl (I didn't like what was out there so I wrote my own relational DB
software). It runs on standard RDB principles so in theory your DB could
read my DB produces and vice versa. Indeed, that's the whole point of
having multiple versions of the link DB, and especially the XML version(currently only an RSS feed, but planned to be many more).
My KB also has a subroutine I call 'grasshopper' that is essentially what
people call a 'scaper' or 'aggregator' - it contacts external sites, reads theHTML or RSS, brings back the data, formats it, filters it (according towhether it matches any of my categories, where categories are, recall, predefined searches) and tosses it into (a preview area of) my KB.
Seems to me that this is a lot easier than cut-and-paste, and indeed, if you set
up a 'what's new' view of your knowledge base, I will scan it regularly andpull the info. Even better if you provide an RSS view.
Distributed DBs
Now we can actually take this even a step further and ask: why is my link intheir KB at all? Again, this is a purely technical question.
I actually have several instances of my KB software running for different
projects. I am trying to set it up so that you can define searches across these
independently maintained KBs. Thus, e.g., If I search for 'LCMS', it willscan my KB, then yours, then any of a number of related KBs to retrieve thedata.
Then there's no need for you to input my entry into your KB at all. You only
need a means of accessing it. Only if you want to do something over andabove what I do (e.g., add the rating system) would you want to store it on
your own system.
Value-Add
When I looked at their version of the entry I 'contributed' what I saw was aword-for-word replication of what I had written. Now that is probably anartifact of your demo for me, but it raised some questions.
When I say 'value-add' what I mean is the addition of reflection andcontextualization. Thus, for example, when I add an item to my KB I will
provide an assessment of the resource (is it 'light'? 'detailed'?
'authoritative'?). But more, I will discuss what role this resource plays in alarger picture. Does it contribute to the ongoing DCMA debate, forexample? Does it add to our understanding of LCMS theory? And finally, I
often indicate whether or not I agree or disagree with the content of theresource, whether I have a quibble, whether I think they've made some pointthat needs highlighting or refuting.
This is the 'value-add' and I think it provides much more information than asimple ranking. But also: because my search works over the contents of thelisting (as opposed to the contents of the resource being listed), it creates
better search results. Thus if I say a certain resource that talks about how towrite good code can also be used to evaluate good instructional design, theresource will show up in a search for 'instructional design' even though it
never actually talks about it. Thus my search is, itself, a form of value-add.
Integration
Their KB looks like most KBs in that it is a stand-alone project. At least,
that's how it appears. But I think that people don't go to KBs to do searches or more accurately, there are many more useful ways to use a KB than tohave people go to it and search.
My own KB engine extracts and integrates lists of resources (or even single
resources) into web pages, for example. Now this is no great invention Cold Fusion and ASP have done that for years. But it is an important use: itmeans you can create a relevant up-to-date list of resources on any web
page.
I use this to create my newsletter. My newsletter page is simply a command
to extract all the links from a give project that have been submitted in thelast 20 hours (my weekly newsletter is exactly the same except that it's all
the links from the last 120 hours).
The big weakness of Cold Fusion and ASP, though, is that these lists ofresources can only be placed on a page sitting on the same server as the
database (or that has direct access to it, in the case of a networked server
environment). I could not, for example, place your resources on my homepage.
But you could place my resources on your home page. You could specify

exactly what you want to see ('the last 5 resources that mention the word
'grasshopper', say). The idea here is that my KB can be used by any person
on any page. It could thus be, for example, integrated into an online coursethat uses WebCT.
The key idea here is to move the information from the KB to the remotelocation where it is actually needed. People should (almost) never have to go
to the KB - the KB goes to them.
Conversation
I haven't built this in yet but I'm going to. It seems to me that any resource
ought to be able to spawn a 'conversation'. People should be able tocomment on the resource; these comments in turn become resources in theirown right, feeding back to the original resource.

Resources and References
UMBC KQML Web
A Proposal for a new KQML (Knowledge Query and Markup Language, avariant of KIF) Specification, Yannis Labrou and Tim Finin, TR CS-97-03,
February 1997, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department,
University of Maryland.
http://www.cs.umbc.edu/kqml/
Teachers as Facilitators in a Computer-supported Learning En
This paper argues that teachers in this technology-rich era have a new role toplay in their classrooms. As a knowledge facilitator, rather than a knowledgepresenter, the job of the teacher is to create a computer- supported learning
environment where learners are encouraged to think critically and creatively
and to develop personal ownership and appreciation of the knowledge
constructed. By Kwok-Wing Lai.
http://rice.edn.deakin.edu.au/Archives/JITTE/j222.htm
Sites Relevant to Ontologies and Knowledge Sharing
Comprehensive index of sites discussing ontologies, as used in RDF andXML schemas, knowledge representation, and more. Based at Stanford.
http://ksl-web.stanford.edu/kst/ontology-sources.html
Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF)
KIF draft proposed American National Standard (dpANS), April, 1998.
http://logic.stanford.edu/kif/dpans.html

Some Ongoing KBS/Ontology Projects and Groups
Large list of efforts in knowledge management, conferences, and online
proceedings.
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mfkb/related.html
Enhancing Professional Education through Virtual Knowledge Networks
This is a good article which ties in the concept of knowledge managementwith online learning, arguing that universities should look to the corporatemodel of continuous and collaborative learning. By Charles Morrissey,
Technology Source, July/August 1999.
http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/commentary/1999-07.asp
ServiceSoft
Designed to support synchronous customer service support functions.
Includes interactivity by email, messaging or audio, and knowledge basetools.
http://www.servicesoft.com/
AdKnowledge
A web advertising and marketing company, AdKnowledge sells software
which supports ad campaign planning and management, automated banneradvertising, and reports.
http://www.adknowledge.com
Data Warehousing Glossary of Terms
Data mining and knowledge management glossary of terms, fromMicroStrategy.
http://www.microstrategy.com/dwf/glossary/glossary_a-c.htm
Relational OLAP: An Enterprise-Wide Data Delivery Architecture
Comprehensive architecture for knowledge management, data mining andretrieval.
http://www.microstrategy.com/dwf/WhitePapers/EntrprseWide/execsumm.HTM
AdKnowledge - Focalink
Software and service for web banner advertising campaigns.
http://www.focalink.com/
Ontobroker: Or How to Enable Intelligent Access to the WWW
In their own words: "Ontobroker [has] three core elements: a query interface
for formulating queries, an inference engine used to derive answers, and a
webcrawler used to collect the required knowledge from the web. We
provide a representation language for formulating ontologies. A subset of it

is used to formulate queries, i.e. to define the query language. A formal
semantics is defined to enable automatic reasoning by the inference engine.
An annotation language is offered to enable knowledge providers to enrich
web documents with ontological information. The strength of our approachis the tight coupling of informal, semiformal and formal information andknowledge. This supports their maintenance and provides a service that canbe used more generally for the purpose of knowledge management and for
integrating knowledge-based reasoning and semiformal representation of
documents."
http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/broker/ontobroker.html
E-Knowledge: New Ways to Build the New Economy
The E-Knowledge Industry The increasing value of human capital in the
New Economy has created a need for more and better forms of education.
The intersection of technology and education will help satisfy this need andbe an immensely powerful trend for the foreseeable future. The e-knowledge
industry capturing an increasing share of the education market, as
technology and the Internet encroach on one of the world's oldest and largest
industries. WIT Report, August 11, 1999
http://www.witcapital.com/research/reports/rr_eknow_990811.html
Beyond the Information Revolution
Really good article comparing the information revolution to the industrial
revolution, and e-commerce to the railroad. Note also what it says on page
three about knowledge professionals and cognitive disciplines. By Peter F.
Drucker, Atlantic Monthly, October 1999.
http://www.theatlantic.com/cgi-bin/o/issues/99oct/9910drucker.htm
Natural Human Computing
Researchers have developed a computer algorithm that imitates a fundamental
characteristic of human knowledge and information processing - the ability to
distinguish patterns within large amounts of data, text, or images. By Lindsey
Arent, Wired News, October 27, 1999.
http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,32093,00.html?tw=wn19991027
Government on the Net
The theme for GovNet 99 is intended to reflect the Government of Canada's
progressive agenda to use the Internet to improve Canadians access to
information on federal programs and services, and foster a knowledge-based
economy.
http://www.nrc.ca/forum/govnet99/
Organized data boosts corporate IQ
Quite a good article about how companies should handle their knowledgemanagement needs, including a step-by-step process. By Scott Steinacher,
For InfoWorld Test Center, November 8, 1999.
http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayTC.pl?/991108tcap.htm
What's behind one of the most-misunderstood IT strategies
Interesting and detailed article debunking a series of myths about knowledge
management. By Rick Whiting, Information Week, November 22, 1999.
http://www.informationweek.com/762/know.htm
Word on the Web
Good index of content management software for online knowledge
distribution, publications and the like.
http://www.thestandard.com/article/display/0,1151,7880,00.html
Wireless Networking
An authoritative and complete description of the technology behind wirelessinternet access. Strongly recommended.
http://www.vicomsoft.com/knowledge/reference/wireless1.html
xDSL
An authoritative and detailed description of Digital Subscriber Line (e.g.,
ADSL) technology. Very complete but very easy to read. Strongly
recommended.
http://www.vicomsoft.com/knowledge/reference/xdsl1.html
Cable Modems
Complete and detailed information about cable modem technology. Strongly
recommended.
http://www.vicomsoft.com/knowledge/reference/cable.modems.html
Tacit Knowledge Systems
Produces Knowledgemail Desktop and Knowledgemail Portal, twoknowledge management products designed to use data mining techniques toextract and distribute explicit and tacit knowledge in a company's email.
Fascinating concept.
http://www.tacit.com/
Evaluating Dewey Concepts as a Knowledge Base for Automatic Subject
Assignment
This article presents the results of an exploration of the Dewey DecimalClassification (Dewey) as a concept definition source for the Scorpion
project. Particularly, Dewey demonstrates a high degree of class integrity
and thus is a good knowledge base for an automatic subject assignment tool.

Roger Thompson, Keith Shafer, Diane Vizine-Goetz OCLC Online
Computer Library Center, Inc., 1997
http://orc.rsch.oclc.org:6109/eval_dc.html
Text-mining Reaches New Heights
Text-mining is similar to data-mining, except that the former focuses on
nonrelational data. Most companies are now storing their own information in
their own databases, but what about all that unstructured, but tantalisingly
relevant, outside information?
http://www.nuaknowledgenews.com/?f=VS&art_id=61&rel=true
Anticipating the Big Bang and the Knowledge Economy
A re-appraisal of the role of universities and projections to future models,with an emphasis on learning facilitation, knowledge generation andcredentials. By Greg J. Baroni, NACUBO Business Officer, July, 1998.
http://www.nacubo.org/website/members/bomag/9807/baroni.html
KM Resources
An outstanding collection of information and resources covering all aspectsof knowledge management. By Fred Nickols.
http://home.att.net/~discon/KM/KM_Home.htm
SmartMoney Markep Map
An excellent visual representation of the corporate landscape. A must-see
presentation. A brilliant example of knowledge management.
http://www.smartmoney.com/marketmap/
Core Competencies in Content Management
Patricia Seybold discusses the key skills companies need to learn to engage
in enterprise wide content and knowledge management. A good short read.
Patricia Seybold Group's Customers.com Service - November 19, 1999
http://www.psgroup.com/doc/products/1999/11/PSGP11-19-99CC/PSGP1119-99CC.asp
What is Knowledge Management?
Useful collection of links and commentary by Karl-Erik Sveiby.
http://www.sveiby.com.au/KnowledgeManagement.html
Integral Performance Group
Useful and informative discussion of knowledge management and related
concepts by Verna Allee.
http://www.vernaallee.com/

Designing and Implementing Corporate Portals
Slide show of a useful presentation outlining the creation of a corporate
portal for knowledge management applications. Includes costs! By David
Goldstein, Knowledge Management Associates., October 20, 1999.
http://www.knowledge-management.com/TechnetPresentation/sld001.htm
A Practical guide on Copyright Clearance for Multimedia Producers
Developed by Department of Canadian Heritage Interactive Multimedia
Producers Association of Canada (IMPAC), this guide is intended to
remedy, at least in part, any lack of knowledge of copyright provisions andother applicable rules or of associated business practices in the multimedia
field.
http://www.pch.gc.ca/culture/cult_ind/copymm_e.htm
Models, Processes, and Techniques for Information Design
Descriptions, summaries, worksheets and case studies focusing on this new
field in communications and knowledge management.
http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/scarliner/id/index.html
KnowledgePlanet
Business-to-business online learning portal.
http://www.knowledgeplanet.com
NameKeeper
OK, this is pretty cool - NameKeeper turns your personal computer into a
web server by taking note of your dynamically changing address andattaching it to a permanent URL. A great tool for knowledge managementand desktop publishing.
http://www.name-keeper.com
FathomOnline learning community with access to online course materials andknowledge products (aka learning objects), discussion and more.
http://www.fathom.com/
A Portrait of Learning Portals
Good overview article with some good insights, especially regarding the roleand function of online learning portals and their connection to knowledge
management. By Tom Barron, Learning Circuits, May, 2000.
http://www.learningcircuits.com/may2000/barron.html
Knowledge Representation
gives readers an intuitive understanding of RSS and RDF

http://robustai.net/ai/symknow.htm
knowledge management
and business intelligence
http://www.brint.com/members/online/20080108/intelligence/
Shared Knowledge and Common Purpose
Twelve principles for building we communities. Good set of powerpoint
slides outlining the essentials of online communities. By James Taylor,
RealCommunities, Inc., September, 2000.
http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/sfc/RC_files/v3_document.htm
Communities of PracticeThe key to knowledge strategy. How online communities help a communityof practise add to its knowledge base. Slide show presentation. Etienne
Wenger, Ph.D., September, 2000.
http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/sfc/CoPs_files/v3_document.htm
Measuring a Community's SuccessLessons from e-business. Slide show about online community evaluation
metrics. By Joe Cothrel Vice President of Research Participate.com,
September, 2000.
http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/sfc/participate_files/v3_document.htm
RealCommunities' White Paper
Shared Knowledge and a Common Purpose: Using the 12 Principles ofCivilization to Build Online Communities
http://www.realcommunities.com/products/whitepaperdownload.htm
Basic Concepts of Knowledge Management
This paper provides an introductory conceptual framework for knowledge
management. It treats the concepts of Knowledge Management System,
Knowledge Base, Knowledge, Knowledge Process, and Knowledge
Management in the abstract. It then develops corresponding definitions at
the slightly lower level of abstraction of human organizations. By Joseph M.
Firestone, Ph.D. White Paper No. Nine June 24, 1998
http://www.dkms.com/KMBASIC.html
ELearning is not Knowledge Management
By Verna Allee, LineZine, Fall, 2000. The dissenting view, sort of.
Description of how online learning is different from knowledge
management. But note:
http://www.linezine.com/2.1/features/vaenkm.htm

The convergence of e-learning and knowledge management
By Harvi Singh, E-Learning Magazine, November 22, 2000. Good
description of the cross-over between online learning and knowledge
management with some excellent diagrams and comparison charts.
http://www.elearningmag.com/issues/dec00/converge.htm
A Smarter Frankenstein: The Merging of E-Learning and Knowledge
Management
By Tom Barron, learning Circuits, August, 2000. Good overview of how
online learning and knowledge management work together.
http://www.learningcircuits.org/aug2000/barron.html
Knowing What Your Company KnowsA knowledge audit is a necessary precursor to a new knowledge
management initiative. By Larry Stevens, Knowledge Management
Magazine, December, 2000.
http://www.destinationcrm.com/km/dcrm_km_article.asp?id=475
Knowledge Management 101
Really good point by point overview of the essentials of knowledge
management, with some good reference links. By Wally Bock, December 4,
2000, Intranet Design Magazine.
http://idm.internet.com/articles/200011/ic_11_29_00a.html