name Noritake has become world famous as acompany that makes highquality porcelain and china tableware. Less wellknown is the fact that the company also
makes industrial and engineering products and ceramic and electronic components. The development of the latter waslargely based on the numerous technologies developed in the production of tableware.
One of the founders of Noritake,
Ichizaemon Morimura founded a trading company with offices in New York in
1876. He was able to do this in the period of the Meiji Restoration when establishing contacts with the West was actively promoted. Some years later, hevisited the World Fair in Paris where hesaw the beautifully decorated fine white
porcelain made in Europe.
He decided to make a similar product inJapan, and sent craftsmen to Europe tolearn the latest techniques. But it was not
until 1914, after much trial and error,that he succeeded in making white porcelain dinner plates. In 1904 Morimura
founded the Nippon Tokei Kaisha Ltd at
Noritake in Aichi Prefecture in order toproduce high quality porcelain in Japan.
Soon after, he began the production ofgrinding wheels for smoothing the bottom of chinaware. In 1939 the production of industrial grinding wheels was
begun, and now, the sales of the grinding
wheels surpass the sales of tableware. The
main offices of the company are in Nagoya.
The Noritake Factory site has a Craft
Centre which is open to visitors. Hereone can see the numerous stages in the
manufacture of the porcelain products.
The raw material for porcelain (namely
quartz, kaolin, feldspar and clay) comesfrom a number of different countries.

The

Bone china, which is particularly durable, contains about 30% of cow boneash. The process of making bone china
was pioneered in England in the
18th century and Noritake was thefirst to perfect it in Japan in 1933.
After the glazing process is complete, the decoration is added.
Most of this decoration is doneby using specially preparedtransfer paper or decal. This isapplied to the cups, plates, andother items, before a further firing takes place to secure the decals. Some of the gilt edging
is painted on by hand. In
one studio at the Craft
Centre a number of highly
skilled artists are employed
hand painting large items likevases.
The company produces arange of china products. Oneof the range is fine white porcelain. Another is soft glaze
white bone china. It also produces stoneware, vases and figurines,
and recently, crystal, glassware andcutlery.
From the earliest days of production, the makers of Noritake products applied “backstamps” to their products todenote the place and year of
manufacture.
The backstamp shown on thefirst dinner service produced
in 1914 shows the patternname to be “Sedan”. Numerous
other backstamps arein current use.
There is now an active
collector’s market for
Noritake porcelain.
The pre-World War II
products are the mostsought after. The backstamps are similar tothe hallmarks of sterling silver, but they seem to be much morevaried, which adds to the interest andchallenge for collectors.

The company makes special designs forcertain customers. The Tokyu Hotelchain is one of these. The Nagoya Tokyu,
one of the conference hotels of the Nagoya Congress has a specially designed
Noritake dinner service for use in its
premier restaurant.
In the 1920s and 30s Noritake produced aline of porcelain ware decorated in the Art
Deco style. This was particularly popularin Europe and the U.S.A. Many people
regard this style as being not as pleasing as
the usual decorations which have come tocharacterise the Noritake products. In
spite of this, the Art Deco pieces aremuch sought after by collectors.
The Noritake company is an important contributor to the corporate life of Nagoya. The craft
centre is open for visitors and it
is highly recommended as aplace for delegates to the Nagoya Congress to visit. On the top
floor of the centre there is amuseum of Noritake products
from the earliest days of the company.
The information for this article was obtained
from booklets from the Noritake Craft Centre
and photographs taken by the author withpermission of the Noritake company and
the Nagoya Tokyu Hotel.

Robin Cooke
Top left of page: A Backstamp of 1911
consists of a simple design taken fromthe chinese character Komaru, meaning difficulty; Left: Backstamp of 1914
and below it one of the modern backstamps; Below: Examples of Art Deco
Noritake products.

which started with an invitation by the
IAP to organise an accompanying meeting at the 24th International Congressof the IAP in Amsterdam in 2002. This
co-operation was announced in the President’s address at the Opening Ceremony of the ESP Congress in Barcelona
and was also mentioned during theGeneral Assembly of the ESP.
The ESP is also happy to inform the IAP
that it now has a new platform for distributing all the news and activities of
the Society among its members. This
new platform, Virchows Archiv, has become the official journal of the ESP andpublishes the Newsletter of the ESP fourtimes per year. Editors of the Newsletterare Professor Niki Agnantis and Professor Sir Colin Berry.
Gunter Kloppel

MEETINGS
Diagnostic Pathology 2000
August 5 - 9, 2000
Philadelphia Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennysylvania
Contact: Ph. 706 733 7550 / Fax 706
733 8033 / Email iap@uscap.usa.com
23rd Annual Update in Clinical Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
March 5 - 10, 2000
Park City, Utah, U.S.A.
The University of Utah, Department of
Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Section of Clinical Microbiology and
Immunology, is pleased to offer this22.5 hour review and update in the areasof clinical immunology, microbiology
and infectious diseases.
For further information contact: Jeannette
Rejali, Department of Pathology, Divisionof Clinical Pathology, University of Utah
School of Medicine, 50 North Medical
Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
Ph 801 581 5873 / Fax 801 585 1265

British Division
Symposium on Infectious Diseases
Antwerp, Belgium, 19 - 20 May, 2000
INTERNATIONAL PATHOLOGY (ISSN 0020-8205)
is published quarterly by International Academy of
Pathology, AFIP, Washington, D.C. 20306.
Periodicals postage at Washington, D.C. andadditional mailing offices.

Right: Nagoya Tokyu Hotel
Above: Noritake Dinner Service with the special designused by this hotel.

POSTMASTER:
Send address changes to:Administrative Officer
International Academy of Pathology
3643 Walton Way Extension
Augusta, Georgia 30909-7550

Symposium on Upper GI Tract
London, 24 - 25 November, 2000
Joint meeting with the PathologicalSociety of Great Britain
Liverpool, July 2001
Contact: Administrative Secretary of the
British Division, Carol Harris, P.O. Box73, Westbury on Trym, Bristol BS9 1RY,
UK. Ph 0117 907 7940 / Fax 0117 907
7941 / Email bdiap@cableinet.co.uk
British Division Website:
http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/pnf1/IAP/iaphome.
htm
Course on Pulmonary Pathology
London, June 20-23, 2000
This course is designed to provide histopathologists and cytopathologists with anopportunity to study diagnostic lung pathology in a comprehensive manner. It
comprises lectures and practical microscopy sessions, the latter making up roughly
half the time and consisting of individual
study of a unique collection of cases.
Further details and application forms areavailable from Professor B. Corrin, Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP.
Email: b.corrin@ic.ac.uk. Fax: 44 20
7351 8293
6th International Symposium on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine.
7 - 10 May, 2000
Caribe Hilton, San Juan, Puerto Rico,
USA
Contact: Dr Jose A Centeno, Chairperson,
Department of Medical Education, American Registry of Pathology, Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC
20306-6000. Ph 202 782 2839. Fax
202 782 9215. Email: centeno@afip.osd.
mil
7th International Surgical Symposium
May 2 - 5, 2000. Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.
Contact: Mayo School of Continuing
Medical Eduction, 200 First St, S.W.
Rochester. MN 55905. Ph 800 323 2688
/ 507 284 2509 / Fax 507 284 0532 /Internet: www.mayo.edu
12th Congress of the International

Academy of Pathology Arab Division
November 19 - 22, 2000, Dubai
Contact: Chairman Organizing Committee, 12th Congress of the I.A.P. ArabDivision. Email: alaal@emirates.net.ae.
Ph/Fax: 00971 4 2223783
APECSA 5th congress
Advances in Pathology
16 - 19 July, 2000. Victoria Falls,
Zimbabwe.
Contact: The Secretariat, APECSA 2000
Conference, University of Zimbabwe
Medical School, Department of Immunology, Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Ph: 263 4 791631 ext 102 / Fax: 263 4
791995 / Email: lzuenah@healthnet.zw
40th Annual Congress of the South
African Society of Pathology
2 - 5 July, 2000, Warmbaths, North
Province under the Auspices of theMedical University of South Africa.
Secretariat : Mrs C Jackson, PO Box 54,
Medunsa 0204. South Africa. Tel: 27 11
521 4627 / 5261 / Fax: 27 11 521
5810. Email: cjackson@medunsa.ac.za
http://www.medunsa.ac.za
Update in Surgical Pathology
Wurzburg, Germany
A Course and Workshop
The Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Pathology, University of
Wurzburg, Germany will conjointly
hold a course entitled “Update in Surgical Pathology II”. The course will beheld at the Institute of Pathology, University of Wurzburg, Germany on 12 16 July 2000. The course will includelectures as well as workshops. Topics
will include pathology of the lung, liver,thymus, thyroid, breast, ovary, endometrium, skin, gastrointestinal tract, headand neck, kidney, bladder, lymph nodes,
heart, and immunohistochemistry.
For further information (for North andSouth America) contact Eugene J. Mark,
M.D., Department of Pathology, 55
Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. Fax
617 726 7474. Email: elchionno@part-

Published four times a year by theInternational Academy of Pathology.
Internet Address: http://www.afip.org/
iap/index.html
PRESIDENT
Anna Kadar
Semmelweis University of Medicine
Budapest, Hungary
SECRETARY
Florabel G. Mullick
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Washington, DC 20306-6000 USA
Fax: 1-202-782-7166
Email: mullick@email.afip.osd.mil
TREASURER
Jack P. Strong
Louisiana State University Medical Center
New Orleans, USA
EDITOR
Robin Cooke
Wesley Medical Centre
Brisbane, Australia
Fax: +61 7 3870 4710
Email: cooker@ozemail.com.au

Periodicals postage paid at
Washington, D.C. and additional
mailing office.
Congress Office:Secretariat of IAP Nagoya 2000
Japan Convention Services Inc.
2-2-1 Uchisaiwai-Cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-0011, Japan
Phone: +81-3-3508-1214
Fax: +81-3-3508-0820
Email: iap@convention.co.jp
http://w3ma.kcom.ne.jp/~jsp/

Vol 41 No 1 2000

International
Congress 2000
in Nagoya, Japan
October 15-20

P

rofessor Rikuo Machinami
and his organising team havecompleted the arrangements for avery interesting Congress. The
Scientific Program should be excellent and there are plenty ofthings to do and see in the city of
Nagoya and its environs.
During the past two years there
have been many articles in theNews Bulletin about Japanese
medicine and some of the attractions in
Nagoya.
The Western influence on medicine inJapan began with Von Siebold who
worked in Nagasaki. It was carried on
sporadically by other Western doctors.
After the Meiji restoration in the late
1800s it became official policy for medicine to be modelled on the traditions ofGerman medicine. This was particularly
so in Tokyo University. As we have seen,
the second major medical school, theJikei University School of Medicine
followed the British tradition. (I must
apologise to my colleagues in this University for the misspelling of the namewhich crept in unnoticed to the featurearticle in News Bulletin 4/1999).
After World War II the American influence became predominant with a strong
inter-relationship between the Pathologists of Japan and the USA. This relationship is traced in articles in the present News Bulletin.
The Japanese Division and the Editor
hope that these articles have been of interest to Pathologists worldwide, and thatthey will give some useful information to
those attending the Congress in Nagoya.
The Organisers of Congress 2000 lookforward to welcoming a large number ofdelegates to Nagoya.

Robin Cooke

A view of the floodlit Nagoya Castle through the floor to ceiling windows of the dining room in the Nagoya Castle Hotel.
This will be the spectacular venue for the formal Congress

THE I.A.P. IN ACTION
Bolivian Division
The latest edition of the Bulletin of the
Bolivian Division of IAP lists the recent
activities of the Division and the First
Semester 2000 schedule of meetings.
Two Annual Meetings were conductedsince the last publication; one at Puno,
Peru, in 1998, and the other at Oruro,
Bolivia in 1999. The 2000 Annual Meeting will take place in Sucre, a city that has
a good number of pathologists and oneof the oldest universities of the continent.

Indian Division
Dr Florabel G. Mullick, Secretary of theInternational Academy of Pathology, andPrincipal Deputy Director, Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, was the Guest
Lecturer at the IAP-Indian Division Annual Meeting which was conducted November 22, 1999 at the Sanjay Gandhi
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Services at Lucknow, India. Dr. Mullick
presented a lecture on the “Hepatotoxicity of Metals” to those in attendance. Her
presentation was received with great enthusiasm, and she was immediately invitcontinued page 3

The Spirit of‘BUSHIDO’in Japanese Pathologists
AbroadNot long ago an intriguing historical tidbit,
not taught in Japanese history textbooks, wasbroadcast on a local radio program in Japan.
The program was about World War II, when Japan
was at war with America. The time was 1945. The
then-President of the US, Franklin D. Roosevelt
passed away. For all axis countries it must have been
considered an incident of fortune.
However, that wasn’t the case in Japan. According to
the radio program, the then-Prime Minister of Japan,
Kantaro Suzuki, insisted upon sending a telegram ofcondolence to the American people despite vigorous
opposition from government and military officials.
He clearly stated that even though countries are on a
war footing, decorum among those countries still exists. Thomas Mann, a famous German writer and aNobel Prize winner, then living in America, expressed
his astonishment at Suzuki’s courage and humanity.
Mann said “Japan is a country of samurai (bushido)”.
In contrast, he regretted his own country’s likely attitude of “hurrah” had the circumstances been reversed.
Since the Meiji revolution when Japan lifted its policyof international isolation and more so after Japan’s
defeat in World War II, many foreign cultures andphilosophies have come into our lives and changed
our lifestyle. However, a strong sense of bushido continues to live in our minds. “Bu-shi-do” literallymeans military-knight-ways. It is a code of conductthat fighting nobles observed not only in their vocation but also in their daily life. In the book, “Bushido- A Soul of Japan”, written a century ago, Inazo Nitobe defines bushido as the precepts of knighthood-thenoblesse oblige of the warrior class.
For Japanese, bushido is a philosophy promoting
simplicity, discipline, purity, fairness, development,
and self-sacrifice. These standards are not the pursuitof your average person. Yet, over the past thirty years,
I feel I have met a number of Japanese pathologists
excelling in the qualities of bushido. Here, I’d like tointroduce you to one such person.
Dr Takuji Hayashi (1934 - 1992) is fondly remembered by his colleagues, students and friends as a diagnostician in surgical pathology, and an electron microscopist par excellence. Though his publications are not
many, his contributions to pathology and medical research have not gone unrecognised. In Hawaii he was a
distinguished pathologist and an important role model.
I was fortunate to meet Dr Hayashi after my graduation from medical school in Japan when I went to
Kuakini Medical Center to take a rotating internship.
Instead of becoming an internist, Dr Hayashi influenced me to become a pathologist. I stayed for a totalof six years in the US, completing my internship andresidency in pathology ; one and a half years in Hawaii
and four and a half years in New York.
Born in Okayama Prefecture in Japan, Dr Hayashi graduated from Okayama Medical School in 1959. After his

Above: Dr Takuji Hayashi

internship at Kuakini Medical Center in Hawaii, he went
to both Kuakini and Queen’s Medical Center to complete
his residency in pathology. He was awarded an MS degree
in medicine from Queen’s University in Kingston Ontario, Canada, where he was a research fellow in neuropathology. In 1966 he returned to Kuakini and remained
there as a staff pathologist until his death.
Throughout his life, Dr Hayashi did not seek recognition through honours or higher positions. His professional career was guided by the pursuit of scientifictruths ; much the way a monk seeks life’s truths. A
maximum of 4 to 5 hours of sleep a day satisfied thisman, who possessed a good sense of humour, loved
mathematics, read volumes of books, and stimulated
the intellectual curiosity of those around him.
It was to his credit that followers often referred to Dr
Hayashi as a walking encyclopedia of medicine. When
asked research ideas, he showed flashes of genius. He wasalways modest and generous and never grudged giving his
ideas. For this reason, many Japanese doctors and investigators visited him on their way to and from the US.
While he wrote a few outstanding scientific articles,
the bulk of his efforts were for his mentor, Dr Grant
N. Stemmermann. Together, they produced a numberof papers that enchanted worldwide researchers in thefield of gastric pathology. In my eyes, Dr Hayashi was
one Japanese, who lived in a foreign country with aspirit of bushido. He relentlessly trained others andsought knowledge himself. He generously passed onthat knowledge to all without demanding credit ; andfinally without regret or bitterness, he served his mentor to the fullest from the depths of his heart.
There are dozens of Japanese scientists, physicians andpathologists who because they have diseases named
after them are still recognised worldwide for theircontributions. These men did their life’s work within
Japan. However, there are Japanese pathologists who
lived in foreign countries, pursued their life’s work inthe spirit of bushido, andare honoured solely in thememories of their followers
as having advanced the fieldof pathology outside Japan.
Toshiaki Manabe,Professor of
Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.

Hashimoto’s Disease
Described First by a Japanese Surgeon
Hashimoto’s Disease or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a progressive
painless enlargement of the thyroid gland occurring chiefly in
middle-aged women, marked by an intense infiltrate of lymphocytes that virtually replace the thyroid parenchyma, and now
known as the archetype of organ-specific autoimmune disease.
The disease is named after Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanesesurgeon, who reported four cases of the disease with the term
Struma lymphomatosa in a German surgical journal in 1912 (1).
In the 1930’s, the concept that this condition was a separate
entity from Riedel’s struma was supported by Western surgeons, using the term Hashimoto’s Disease. Surprisingly,
however, the term Hashimoto’s Disease was not commonlyused in Japan until several years after the close of World War
II in 1945. Dr Akita, a surgeon in the same department as
Hashimoto in the 1950’s, on returning from studying abroad in
Detroit, publicised the fact that the term was commonly usedin Western countries. Dr Akita, now the Professor Emeritus,
Kagoshima University, through his own careful investigations,researched the as
then, not well known
personal history of Dr
Hashimoto(2).
Dr Hashimoto wasborn in 1881, the sonof a general practitioner, in the countryside of the Mie Prefecture, Japan. In
1907 he became oneof the first graduatesfrom the Kyoto Imperial University Fukuoka Medical School,
Hakaru Hashimoto
the predecessor of thepresent Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka. In hiscourse of postgraduate study from 1908 - 1912 at the First
Department of Surgery at the same university, he studied surgically removed thyroid specimens and meticulously described
the clinical and pathological changes in four cases with theparticular lymphoid change which he called Struma lymphomatosa (1). The corresponding patients were all females, their ages
ranging from 40 - 64 years.
After this publication, he studied in Germany for two years,
mainly under Professor Kaufmann, Göttingen, on urologicaltuberculosis. He returned to Kyushu University at the outbreakof World War I. He then returned to his home village in the Mie
Prefecture in order to succeed to his father’s general practice.
For the next twenty years he conducted a very successful
surgical practice. Regrettably, however, in 1934 he unexpectedly died of typhoid fever, presumably transmitted from apatient. He was 52 years old.
A former classmate described him as being reticent, humaneand diligent. In 1973, local business people erected a bust to
his memory in his home town, Iga in the Mie Prefecture.
References: 1. Hashimoto H. Zur
Kenntnis der lymphomatösen
Veränderung der Schilddrùse (Struma
lymphomatosa). Langenbecks Arch Chir
97:219-248, 1912.
2. Akita H. Hashimoto’s disease. Vestigesof the finder. Rinsho-no-Nippon 3:417421, 1957. (In Japanese).

Munetomo Enjoji, Professor
Emeritus, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan. (And a former President of the Japanese
Division of the IAP.)

IAP In Action continued

ed to participate as a Guest Lecturer atseveral Indian institutions and Indian Division courses and seminars. One specificrequest was extended by Dr. Francisco
Couto, Secretary & Treasurer, IAP-ID, for
her to speak at Goa Medical College inPanaji, Goa, India.
The Annual Meeting was held in conjunction with the Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists (IAPM) celebrating the year of the Golden Jubilee of the
IAPM. The Organising Secretary for the
Annual Meeting was Dr. R.K. Gupta, theHead of Department of Pathology at the
Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences.
Dr. Antonio Llombart-Bosch, former President of the IAP from 1991-1992, also was aninvited speaker. Moderators Dr. K.R. Harilalof Kottayam and Dr. Jyotsna Pandey of New
Delhi conducted the other scheduled activities, a Slide Seminar on Dermatopathology,
and a Symposium on “Benign and Preneoplastic Lesions of Prostate and Urinary Bladder”, respectively, prior to the General Body
Meeting at the end of the day.
Dr Mullick stated that, “This was a very
rewarding experience. I was quite surprisedby the response to my presentation.” She islooking forward to attending future functions as her busy schedule permits.
Dr Harilal presenting a gift to Dr Mullick after her lecture. Dr Llombart-Bosch is seated behind Dr Mullick

European Society of Pathology
The European Society of Pathology held avery successful congress at the end of September 1999 in Barcelona. This congress
was organised by Professor Antonio Cardesa and hosted by the Spanish Society of
Pathology.
President of the congress was Professor
Gunter Kloppel from Germany. Before andduring this congress there was an exchangeof thoughts about establishing a closer link
between the International Academy of Pathology and the European Society of Pathology. Eventually, the President of the
IAP, Professor Anna Kadar, and the President of the ESP agreed on a co-operation
IAP In Action continued back pageE

xactly half a century ago, the Second World War had
recently ended and American occupation forces were
stationed throughout Japan. Included among these weremany physicians, including a number of pathologists. Most of
the American pathologists in Japan at that time were stationed
at the 406th Medical General Laboratory, which was located inTokyo, not far from the central rail station.
Diagnostic surgical pathology already existed at that time as asubspecialty in the United States, but there were very few
centers of excellence in this subspecialty. As documented by
Juan Rosai in his recent book, Guiding the Surgeon’s Hand—
The History of American Surgical Pathology (Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, 1997), these were largely limited to (inno particular order) Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied
Diseases and Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York
City, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Barnes Hospital (Washington University) in
St. Louis, the Mayo Clinic, and the Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology (AFIP) in Washington, D.C.
In Japan, there was even less emphasis on diagnostic surgicalpathology, since the Japanese system of medical education had
been adapted from that in Germany
at the end of the 19th century, andadvancement to a Professorship ofPathology depended almost exclusively on experimental research rather than excellence in diagnostic human pathology. Surgical pathology
was usually assigned to the mostjunior members of a department ofpathology, who often found that increasing excellence in this area, andthe lack of achievement in basic science, formed an effective barrier totheir academic advancement.
Into this situation in 1953, a development was inserted which wouldchange the history of diagnostic pathology, certainly in Japan and probably in the United States as well, formany years to come. Major (later tobe Colonel) James Hansen, who was at that time the Chief ofthe 406th Lab, contacted Professor Tomiza Yoshida of Tokyo
University to suggest that the Japanese and American pathologists in the Tokyo area begin meeting on a regular basis topresent unknown cases to one another. This plan was facilitated by Joe Niiya, a California-born American of Japanese descent who had returned to Hiroshima in 1934 at age thirteen
and subsequently graduated from the Jikei University Schoolof Medicine, but never practised medicine because of family
responsibilities after the war, and was employed at the 406th
as the Chief Librarian.
Dr. Niiya did all the “leg work” for the initial slide seminars;
tissue blocks were sent to the 406th Lab, where slides wereprepared and distributed to the interested American and Japanese pathologists. Meetings were held initially on the third
Tuesday of each month, at 5:00 p.m., at the 406th, and weregenerally attended by more than twenty Japanese and American pathologists. After a two-hour professional session, coffeeand doughnuts were served, and, in later years, the participants
usually adjourned to local restaurants and bars.
This continuing professional and social interaction between
American and Japanese pathologists eventually became known
as the Japanese-American Society of Pathologists (JASP or, inJapanese, Nichibei Byoori Gakkai)—a Society with no officers,
no constitution or by-laws, no dues, and no mission except theformation of closer ties between Japanese and American pathologists and the improvement of the diagnostic ability and approach to case material of participants from both countries.
In its early years, the JASP was attended by many pathologists
who subsequently became prominent both in Japan and Amer-ica. In addition to Dr. Hansen (who later became Director of
the AFIP), early American participants included Colonel Joe
Blumberg (later General Blumberg, also an AFIP Director),and Drs. Robert E. Scully and Austin L. Vickery, Jr., both ofwhom later had distinguished careers at the Massachusetts
General Hospital. Early Japanese participants included Dr.
Eisei Ishikawa (later Professor of Pathology at Jikei), Dr.
Noritsugu Mukai (later, a distinguished experimental neuropathologist in Boston at the Retina Foundation and at Harvard), Drs. Yoshida and Sugano of the Cancer Institute in Tokyo, Dr. Tadashi Takeuchi (subsequently Professor at Nihon
University), and Dr. Nobuaki Sasano (later Professor at Tohoku University in Sendai). Many of these and other Japanese
members of JASP were stimulated by their experience to study
in the U.S., thereby gradually changing the emphasis of Japanese pathology from the German to the American system, andfrom experimental pathology alone to a co-existence with diagnostic human pathology.
As time passed, various changes took place in the JASP. Guest
lecturers began to be invited to present talks at the meetings,
and these included some of the most distinguished pathologists in both the U.S. and Japan. In
the late 1950s, the 406th Laboratory
moved to Camp Zama, in Kanagawa
Prefecture, and at that point meetings began to be held only once a
year at the 406th, with the others at
the various university hospitals inTokyo. Around this time, more
American military pathologists wereassigned to other Army, Navy, and
Air Force hospitals, and both attendees and cases from these hospitals began to show up at JASP meetings. After 1967, a meeting was held
every January at the Sanno Hotel (ahotel used by the U.S. military, in
Akasaka in central Tokyo), whichfeatured both a slide conference anda New Year party. Around this time,
the Society was still vigorous, but inthe 1970s the number of American
military pathologists stationed in Japan underwent a rapid
decline, and the JASP formally ended in its 27th year in 1979.
From the perspective of the year 2000, it is amazing how many
American pathologists spent a portion of their careers in Japanand were JASP members. In 1969, Dr. Steven G. Silverberg obtained a list from Colonel James Hansen which included 87
names, and subsequent additions would have swelled that list to
well over 100 pathologists. The number of Japanese pathologists
who participated during the 27-year history of the JASP was evengreater. Since many of both the American and the Japanese pathologists were in the early stages of their careers at the time of
their JASP membership (most of the Americans were Army captains or the equivalent, having recently finished residency or fellowship training), friendships were forged which have lasted
many years past the formal end of the JASP. In the space of thisshort article, it is impossible to list all of the JASP members on
both sides of the Pacific who have gone on to distinguished careers in Pathology, but it can certainly be said that the format, thecontacts, and the encouragement obtained at JASP meetings havebeen a major influence on the careers of us all.

ReminiscencesP

rofessor Leopold G. Koss, Professor and Chairman Emeritus of theMontefiore Medical Center, New
York, met Dr Kunio Oota in 1953/54
when Kunio was a visiting scholar at theMemorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases in New York City and Leo
was a junior member of the staff.
The link between the Montefiore Medical Center and Japan was probably instigated by Harry Zimmerman, the thenHead of the Department of Pathology.
Harry trained numerous neuropathologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons at
the Montefiore Medical Center.

One of these was Asaro Hirano (of Hirano bodies fame). Asaro has been Head of
the Neuropathology Division at theMontefiore Medical Center for many
years. He has spent a considerable portion of his time working in Japan where
he has had a major influence in the development of neuropathology in Japan.
Leo Koss spent the years 1955 - 57 inArmy service in Korea. He visited TokyoJapanese pathologists who were pursuing postgraduate education. One ofthese was Isao Nakanishi who is now
Chairman of the Department of Pathology at Kanazawa University.
many times during this period. By thenProfessor Minoru Suzuki fits well into
Kunio Oota was Chairman of Pathology
the mould of Japanese pathologists
at the Tokyo Cancer Centre. He wasabroad as described by Professor ToshiChairman of the Committee that proaki Manabe. Minoru left Japan
duced the guidelines pertaining toshortly after World War II andthe classification of gastric carwent to work in the Baylor
cinoma in situ and earlyCollege in Houston, Texgastric cancer.
as. He worked there for
Other Pathologists
Leo Koss also knew Proabout twenty years, byalso participated in the
fessor Tomisu Yoshida
which time he had befrom the Tokyo Unicome Professor of Painteraction between Japaversity. He remembers
thology. During thatnese and American Patholohim as a jovial,
time he hosted a numpipe-smoking man ofberof Japanese patholgists after the Second
the world, with a fundogists who were enWorld War...
of knowledge and congaged in postgraduate
versation on an endlesseducation. He was thenrange of topics. Regrettably
invited to become thehe died many years ago of lungFoundation Professor of Pacancer.
thology at the National Defence
MedicalCollege in Saitama Prefecture.
When Leo Koss took over from Harry
Zimmerman as Professor and ChairProfessor Suzuki is a former President ofman of the Department of Pathology at
the Japanese Division of the IAP and amember of the Organising Committee
Montefiore, he in his turn hosted manyfor Nagoya. ?

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FOOTNOTE:This article was based on reminiscencessupplied by Drs. Eisei Ishikawa, Shinichiro Ushigome, Robert E. Scully, andSteven G. Silverberg, and was compiled
by Dr. Silverberg (Staff Pathologist,
U.S. Air Force Hospital Tachikawa,
1966 - 1968). Now Professor and Director of Anatomical Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.

To learn more, contact us at Cytyc Corporation,
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name Noritake has become world famous as acompany that makes highquality porcelain and china tableware. Less wellknown is the fact that the company also
makes industrial and engineering products and ceramic and electronic components. The development of the latter waslargely based on the numerous technologies developed in the production of tableware.
One of the founders of Noritake,
Ichizaemon Morimura founded a trading company with offices in New York in
1876. He was able to do this in the period of the Meiji Restoration when establishing contacts with the West was actively promoted. Some years later, hevisited the World Fair in Paris where hesaw the beautifully decorated fine white
porcelain made in Europe.
He decided to make a similar product inJapan, and sent craftsmen to Europe tolearn the latest techniques. But it was not
until 1914, after much trial and error,that he succeeded in making white porcelain dinner plates. In 1904 Morimura
founded the Nippon Tokei Kaisha Ltd at
Noritake in Aichi Prefecture in order toproduce high quality porcelain in Japan.
Soon after, he began the production ofgrinding wheels for smoothing the bottom of chinaware. In 1939 the production of industrial grinding wheels was
begun, and now, the sales of the grinding
wheels surpass the sales of tableware. The
main offices of the company are in Nagoya.
The Noritake Factory site has a Craft
Centre which is open to visitors. Hereone can see the numerous stages in the
manufacture of the porcelain products.
The raw material for porcelain (namely
quartz, kaolin, feldspar and clay) comesfrom a number of different countries.

The

Bone china, which is particularly durable, contains about 30% of cow boneash. The process of making bone china
was pioneered in England in the
18th century and Noritake was thefirst to perfect it in Japan in 1933.
After the glazing process is complete, the decoration is added.
Most of this decoration is doneby using specially preparedtransfer paper or decal. This isapplied to the cups, plates, andother items, before a further firing takes place to secure the decals. Some of the gilt edging
is painted on by hand. In
one studio at the Craft
Centre a number of highly
skilled artists are employed
hand painting large items likevases.
The company produces arange of china products. Oneof the range is fine white porcelain. Another is soft glaze
white bone china. It also produces stoneware, vases and figurines,
and recently, crystal, glassware andcutlery.
From the earliest days of production, the makers of Noritake products applied “backstamps” to their products todenote the place and year of
manufacture.
The backstamp shown on thefirst dinner service produced
in 1914 shows the patternname to be “Sedan”. Numerous
other backstamps arein current use.
There is now an active
collector’s market for
Noritake porcelain.
The pre-World War II
products are the mostsought after. The backstamps are similar tothe hallmarks of sterling silver, but they seem to be much morevaried, which adds to the interest andchallenge for collectors.

The company makes special designs forcertain customers. The Tokyu Hotelchain is one of these. The Nagoya Tokyu,
one of the conference hotels of the Nagoya Congress has a specially designed
Noritake dinner service for use in its
premier restaurant.
In the 1920s and 30s Noritake produced aline of porcelain ware decorated in the Art
Deco style. This was particularly popularin Europe and the U.S.A. Many people
regard this style as being not as pleasing as
the usual decorations which have come tocharacterise the Noritake products. In
spite of this, the Art Deco pieces aremuch sought after by collectors.
The Noritake company is an important contributor to the corporate life of Nagoya. The craft
centre is open for visitors and it
is highly recommended as aplace for delegates to the Nagoya Congress to visit. On the top
floor of the centre there is amuseum of Noritake products
from the earliest days of the company.
The information for this article was obtained
from booklets from the Noritake Craft Centre
and photographs taken by the author withpermission of the Noritake company and
the Nagoya Tokyu Hotel.

Robin Cooke
Top left of page: A Backstamp of 1911
consists of a simple design taken fromthe chinese character Komaru, meaning difficulty; Left: Backstamp of 1914
and below it one of the modern backstamps; Below: Examples of Art Deco
Noritake products.

which started with an invitation by the
IAP to organise an accompanying meeting at the 24th International Congressof the IAP in Amsterdam in 2002. This
co-operation was announced in the President’s address at the Opening Ceremony of the ESP Congress in Barcelona
and was also mentioned during theGeneral Assembly of the ESP.
The ESP is also happy to inform the IAP
that it now has a new platform for distributing all the news and activities of
the Society among its members. This
new platform, Virchows Archiv, has become the official journal of the ESP andpublishes the Newsletter of the ESP fourtimes per year. Editors of the Newsletterare Professor Niki Agnantis and Professor Sir Colin Berry.
Gunter Kloppel

MEETINGS
Diagnostic Pathology 2000
August 5 - 9, 2000
Philadelphia Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennysylvania
Contact: Ph. 706 733 7550 / Fax 706
733 8033 / Email iap@uscap.usa.com
23rd Annual Update in Clinical Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
March 5 - 10, 2000
Park City, Utah, U.S.A.
The University of Utah, Department of
Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Section of Clinical Microbiology and
Immunology, is pleased to offer this22.5 hour review and update in the areasof clinical immunology, microbiology
and infectious diseases.
For further information contact: Jeannette
Rejali, Department of Pathology, Divisionof Clinical Pathology, University of Utah
School of Medicine, 50 North Medical
Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
Ph 801 581 5873 / Fax 801 585 1265

British Division
Symposium on Infectious Diseases
Antwerp, Belgium, 19 - 20 May, 2000
INTERNATIONAL PATHOLOGY (ISSN 0020-8205)
is published quarterly by International Academy of
Pathology, AFIP, Washington, D.C. 20306.
Periodicals postage at Washington, D.C. andadditional mailing offices.

Right: Nagoya Tokyu Hotel
Above: Noritake Dinner Service with the special designused by this hotel.

POSTMASTER:
Send address changes to:Administrative Officer
International Academy of Pathology
3643 Walton Way Extension
Augusta, Georgia 30909-7550

Symposium on Upper GI Tract
London, 24 - 25 November, 2000
Joint meeting with the PathologicalSociety of Great Britain
Liverpool, July 2001
Contact: Administrative Secretary of the
British Division, Carol Harris, P.O. Box73, Westbury on Trym, Bristol BS9 1RY,
UK. Ph 0117 907 7940 / Fax 0117 907
7941 / Email bdiap@cableinet.co.uk
British Division Website:
http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/pnf1/IAP/iaphome.
htm
Course on Pulmonary Pathology
London, June 20-23, 2000
This course is designed to provide histopathologists and cytopathologists with anopportunity to study diagnostic lung pathology in a comprehensive manner. It
comprises lectures and practical microscopy sessions, the latter making up roughly
half the time and consisting of individual
study of a unique collection of cases.
Further details and application forms areavailable from Professor B. Corrin, Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP.
Email: b.corrin@ic.ac.uk. Fax: 44 20
7351 8293
6th International Symposium on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine.
7 - 10 May, 2000
Caribe Hilton, San Juan, Puerto Rico,
USA
Contact: Dr Jose A Centeno, Chairperson,
Department of Medical Education, American Registry of Pathology, Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC
20306-6000. Ph 202 782 2839. Fax
202 782 9215. Email: centeno@afip.osd.
mil
7th International Surgical Symposium
May 2 - 5, 2000. Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.
Contact: Mayo School of Continuing
Medical Eduction, 200 First St, S.W.
Rochester. MN 55905. Ph 800 323 2688
/ 507 284 2509 / Fax 507 284 0532 /Internet: www.mayo.edu
12th Congress of the International

Academy of Pathology Arab Division
November 19 - 22, 2000, Dubai
Contact: Chairman Organizing Committee, 12th Congress of the I.A.P. ArabDivision. Email: alaal@emirates.net.ae.
Ph/Fax: 00971 4 2223783
APECSA 5th congress
Advances in Pathology
16 - 19 July, 2000. Victoria Falls,
Zimbabwe.
Contact: The Secretariat, APECSA 2000
Conference, University of Zimbabwe
Medical School, Department of Immunology, Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Ph: 263 4 791631 ext 102 / Fax: 263 4
791995 / Email: lzuenah@healthnet.zw
40th Annual Congress of the South
African Society of Pathology
2 - 5 July, 2000, Warmbaths, North
Province under the Auspices of theMedical University of South Africa.
Secretariat : Mrs C Jackson, PO Box 54,
Medunsa 0204. South Africa. Tel: 27 11
521 4627 / 5261 / Fax: 27 11 521
5810. Email: cjackson@medunsa.ac.za
http://www.medunsa.ac.za
Update in Surgical Pathology
Wurzburg, Germany
A Course and Workshop
The Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Pathology, University of
Wurzburg, Germany will conjointly
hold a course entitled “Update in Surgical Pathology II”. The course will beheld at the Institute of Pathology, University of Wurzburg, Germany on 12 16 July 2000. The course will includelectures as well as workshops. Topics
will include pathology of the lung, liver,thymus, thyroid, breast, ovary, endometrium, skin, gastrointestinal tract, headand neck, kidney, bladder, lymph nodes,
heart, and immunohistochemistry.
For further information (for North andSouth America) contact Eugene J. Mark,
M.D., Department of Pathology, 55
Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. Fax
617 726 7474. Email: elchionno@part-

Published four times a year by theInternational Academy of Pathology.
Internet Address: http://www.afip.org/
iap/index.html
PRESIDENT
Anna Kadar
Semmelweis University of Medicine
Budapest, Hungary
SECRETARY
Florabel G. Mullick
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Washington, DC 20306-6000 USA
Fax: 1-202-782-7166
Email: mullick@email.afip.osd.mil
TREASURER
Jack P. Strong
Louisiana State University Medical Center
New Orleans, USA
EDITOR
Robin Cooke
Wesley Medical Centre
Brisbane, Australia
Fax: +61 7 3870 4710
Email: cooker@ozemail.com.au

Periodicals postage paid at
Washington, D.C. and additional
mailing office.
Congress Office:Secretariat of IAP Nagoya 2000
Japan Convention Services Inc.
2-2-1 Uchisaiwai-Cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-0011, Japan
Phone: +81-3-3508-1214
Fax: +81-3-3508-0820
Email: iap@convention.co.jp
http://w3ma.kcom.ne.jp/~jsp/

Vol 41 No 1 2000

International
Congress 2000
in Nagoya, Japan
October 15-20

P

rofessor Rikuo Machinami
and his organising team havecompleted the arrangements for avery interesting Congress. The
Scientific Program should be excellent and there are plenty ofthings to do and see in the city of
Nagoya and its environs.
During the past two years there
have been many articles in theNews Bulletin about Japanese
medicine and some of the attractions in
Nagoya.
The Western influence on medicine inJapan began with Von Siebold who
worked in Nagasaki. It was carried on
sporadically by other Western doctors.
After the Meiji restoration in the late
1800s it became official policy for medicine to be modelled on the traditions ofGerman medicine. This was particularly
so in Tokyo University. As we have seen,
the second major medical school, theJikei University School of Medicine
followed the British tradition. (I must
apologise to my colleagues in this University for the misspelling of the namewhich crept in unnoticed to the featurearticle in News Bulletin 4/1999).
After World War II the American influence became predominant with a strong
inter-relationship between the Pathologists of Japan and the USA. This relationship is traced in articles in the present News Bulletin.
The Japanese Division and the Editor
hope that these articles have been of interest to Pathologists worldwide, and thatthey will give some useful information to
those attending the Congress in Nagoya.
The Organisers of Congress 2000 lookforward to welcoming a large number ofdelegates to Nagoya.

Robin Cooke

A view of the floodlit Nagoya Castle through the floor to ceiling windows of the dining room in the Nagoya Castle Hotel.
This will be the spectacular venue for the formal Congress

THE I.A.P. IN ACTION
Bolivian Division
The latest edition of the Bulletin of the
Bolivian Division of IAP lists the recent
activities of the Division and the First
Semester 2000 schedule of meetings.
Two Annual Meetings were conductedsince the last publication; one at Puno,
Peru, in 1998, and the other at Oruro,
Bolivia in 1999. The 2000 Annual Meeting will take place in Sucre, a city that has
a good number of pathologists and oneof the oldest universities of the continent.

Indian Division
Dr Florabel G. Mullick, Secretary of theInternational Academy of Pathology, andPrincipal Deputy Director, Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, was the Guest
Lecturer at the IAP-Indian Division Annual Meeting which was conducted November 22, 1999 at the Sanjay Gandhi
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Services at Lucknow, India. Dr. Mullick
presented a lecture on the “Hepatotoxicity of Metals” to those in attendance. Her
presentation was received with great enthusiasm, and she was immediately invitcontinued page 3

name Noritake has become world famous as acompany that makes highquality porcelain and china tableware. Less wellknown is the fact that the company also
makes industrial and engineering products and ceramic and electronic components. The development of the latter waslargely based on the numerous technologies developed in the production of tableware.
One of the founders of Noritake,
Ichizaemon Morimura founded a trading company with offices in New York in
1876. He was able to do this in the period of the Meiji Restoration when establishing contacts with the West was actively promoted. Some years later, hevisited the World Fair in Paris where hesaw the beautifully decorated fine white
porcelain made in Europe.
He decided to make a similar product inJapan, and sent craftsmen to Europe tolearn the latest techniques. But it was not
until 1914, after much trial and error,that he succeeded in making white porcelain dinner plates. In 1904 Morimura
founded the Nippon Tokei Kaisha Ltd at
Noritake in Aichi Prefecture in order toproduce high quality porcelain in Japan.
Soon after, he began the production ofgrinding wheels for smoothing the bottom of chinaware. In 1939 the production of industrial grinding wheels was
begun, and now, the sales of the grinding
wheels surpass the sales of tableware. The
main offices of the company are in Nagoya.
The Noritake Factory site has a Craft
Centre which is open to visitors. Hereone can see the numerous stages in the
manufacture of the porcelain products.
The raw material for porcelain (namely
quartz, kaolin, feldspar and clay) comesfrom a number of different countries.

The

Bone china, which is particularly durable, contains about 30% of cow boneash. The process of making bone china
was pioneered in England in the
18th century and Noritake was thefirst to perfect it in Japan in 1933.
After the glazing process is complete, the decoration is added.
Most of this decoration is doneby using specially preparedtransfer paper or decal. This isapplied to the cups, plates, andother items, before a further firing takes place to secure the decals. Some of the gilt edging
is painted on by hand. In
one studio at the Craft
Centre a number of highly
skilled artists are employed
hand painting large items likevases.
The company produces arange of china products. Oneof the range is fine white porcelain. Another is soft glaze
white bone china. It also produces stoneware, vases and figurines,
and recently, crystal, glassware andcutlery.
From the earliest days of production, the makers of Noritake products applied “backstamps” to their products todenote the place and year of
manufacture.
The backstamp shown on thefirst dinner service produced
in 1914 shows the patternname to be “Sedan”. Numerous
other backstamps arein current use.
There is now an active
collector’s market for
Noritake porcelain.
The pre-World War II
products are the mostsought after. The backstamps are similar tothe hallmarks of sterling silver, but they seem to be much morevaried, which adds to the interest andchallenge for collectors.

The company makes special designs forcertain customers. The Tokyu Hotelchain is one of these. The Nagoya Tokyu,
one of the conference hotels of the Nagoya Congress has a specially designed
Noritake dinner service for use in its
premier restaurant.
In the 1920s and 30s Noritake produced aline of porcelain ware decorated in the Art
Deco style. This was particularly popularin Europe and the U.S.A. Many people
regard this style as being not as pleasing as
the usual decorations which have come tocharacterise the Noritake products. In
spite of this, the Art Deco pieces aremuch sought after by collectors.
The Noritake company is an important contributor to the corporate life of Nagoya. The craft
centre is open for visitors and it
is highly recommended as aplace for delegates to the Nagoya Congress to visit. On the top
floor of the centre there is amuseum of Noritake products
from the earliest days of the company.
The information for this article was obtained
from booklets from the Noritake Craft Centre
and photographs taken by the author withpermission of the Noritake company and
the Nagoya Tokyu Hotel.

Robin Cooke
Top left of page: A Backstamp of 1911
consists of a simple design taken fromthe chinese character Komaru, meaning difficulty; Left: Backstamp of 1914
and below it one of the modern backstamps; Below: Examples of Art Deco
Noritake products.

which started with an invitation by the
IAP to organise an accompanying meeting at the 24th International Congressof the IAP in Amsterdam in 2002. This
co-operation was announced in the President’s address at the Opening Ceremony of the ESP Congress in Barcelona
and was also mentioned during theGeneral Assembly of the ESP.
The ESP is also happy to inform the IAP
that it now has a new platform for distributing all the news and activities of
the Society among its members. This
new platform, Virchows Archiv, has become the official journal of the ESP andpublishes the Newsletter of the ESP fourtimes per year. Editors of the Newsletterare Professor Niki Agnantis and Professor Sir Colin Berry.
Gunter Kloppel

MEETINGS
Diagnostic Pathology 2000
August 5 - 9, 2000
Philadelphia Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennysylvania
Contact: Ph. 706 733 7550 / Fax 706
733 8033 / Email iap@uscap.usa.com
23rd Annual Update in Clinical Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
March 5 - 10, 2000
Park City, Utah, U.S.A.
The University of Utah, Department of
Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Section of Clinical Microbiology and
Immunology, is pleased to offer this22.5 hour review and update in the areasof clinical immunology, microbiology
and infectious diseases.
For further information contact: Jeannette
Rejali, Department of Pathology, Divisionof Clinical Pathology, University of Utah
School of Medicine, 50 North Medical
Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
Ph 801 581 5873 / Fax 801 585 1265

British Division
Symposium on Infectious Diseases
Antwerp, Belgium, 19 - 20 May, 2000
INTERNATIONAL PATHOLOGY (ISSN 0020-8205)
is published quarterly by International Academy of
Pathology, AFIP, Washington, D.C. 20306.
Periodicals postage at Washington, D.C. andadditional mailing offices.

Right: Nagoya Tokyu Hotel
Above: Noritake Dinner Service with the special designused by this hotel.

POSTMASTER:
Send address changes to:Administrative Officer
International Academy of Pathology
3643 Walton Way Extension
Augusta, Georgia 30909-7550

Symposium on Upper GI Tract
London, 24 - 25 November, 2000
Joint meeting with the PathologicalSociety of Great Britain
Liverpool, July 2001
Contact: Administrative Secretary of the
British Division, Carol Harris, P.O. Box73, Westbury on Trym, Bristol BS9 1RY,
UK. Ph 0117 907 7940 / Fax 0117 907
7941 / Email bdiap@cableinet.co.uk
British Division Website:
http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/pnf1/IAP/iaphome.
htm
Course on Pulmonary Pathology
London, June 20-23, 2000
This course is designed to provide histopathologists and cytopathologists with anopportunity to study diagnostic lung pathology in a comprehensive manner. It
comprises lectures and practical microscopy sessions, the latter making up roughly
half the time and consisting of individual
study of a unique collection of cases.
Further details and application forms areavailable from Professor B. Corrin, Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP.
Email: b.corrin@ic.ac.uk. Fax: 44 20
7351 8293
6th International Symposium on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine.
7 - 10 May, 2000
Caribe Hilton, San Juan, Puerto Rico,
USA
Contact: Dr Jose A Centeno, Chairperson,
Department of Medical Education, American Registry of Pathology, Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC
20306-6000. Ph 202 782 2839. Fax
202 782 9215. Email: centeno@afip.osd.
mil
7th International Surgical Symposium
May 2 - 5, 2000. Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.
Contact: Mayo School of Continuing
Medical Eduction, 200 First St, S.W.
Rochester. MN 55905. Ph 800 323 2688
/ 507 284 2509 / Fax 507 284 0532 /Internet: www.mayo.edu
12th Congress of the International

Academy of Pathology Arab Division
November 19 - 22, 2000, Dubai
Contact: Chairman Organizing Committee, 12th Congress of the I.A.P. ArabDivision. Email: alaal@emirates.net.ae.
Ph/Fax: 00971 4 2223783
APECSA 5th congress
Advances in Pathology
16 - 19 July, 2000. Victoria Falls,
Zimbabwe.
Contact: The Secretariat, APECSA 2000
Conference, University of Zimbabwe
Medical School, Department of Immunology, Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Ph: 263 4 791631 ext 102 / Fax: 263 4
791995 / Email: lzuenah@healthnet.zw
40th Annual Congress of the South
African Society of Pathology
2 - 5 July, 2000, Warmbaths, North
Province under the Auspices of theMedical University of South Africa.
Secretariat : Mrs C Jackson, PO Box 54,
Medunsa 0204. South Africa. Tel: 27 11
521 4627 / 5261 / Fax: 27 11 521
5810. Email: cjackson@medunsa.ac.za
http://www.medunsa.ac.za
Update in Surgical Pathology
Wurzburg, Germany
A Course and Workshop
The Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Pathology, University of
Wurzburg, Germany will conjointly
hold a course entitled “Update in Surgical Pathology II”. The course will beheld at the Institute of Pathology, University of Wurzburg, Germany on 12 16 July 2000. The course will includelectures as well as workshops. Topics
will include pathology of the lung, liver,thymus, thyroid, breast, ovary, endometrium, skin, gastrointestinal tract, headand neck, kidney, bladder, lymph nodes,
heart, and immunohistochemistry.
For further information (for North andSouth America) contact Eugene J. Mark,
M.D., Department of Pathology, 55
Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. Fax
617 726 7474. Email: elchionno@part-

Published four times a year by theInternational Academy of Pathology.
Internet Address: http://www.afip.org/
iap/index.html
PRESIDENT
Anna Kadar
Semmelweis University of Medicine
Budapest, Hungary
SECRETARY
Florabel G. Mullick
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Washington, DC 20306-6000 USA
Fax: 1-202-782-7166
Email: mullick@email.afip.osd.mil
TREASURER
Jack P. Strong
Louisiana State University Medical Center
New Orleans, USA
EDITOR
Robin Cooke
Wesley Medical Centre
Brisbane, Australia
Fax: +61 7 3870 4710
Email: cooker@ozemail.com.au

Periodicals postage paid at
Washington, D.C. and additional
mailing office.
Congress Office:Secretariat of IAP Nagoya 2000
Japan Convention Services Inc.
2-2-1 Uchisaiwai-Cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-0011, Japan
Phone: +81-3-3508-1214
Fax: +81-3-3508-0820
Email: iap@convention.co.jp
http://w3ma.kcom.ne.jp/~jsp/

Vol 41 No 1 2000

International
Congress 2000
in Nagoya, Japan
October 15-20

P

rofessor Rikuo Machinami
and his organising team havecompleted the arrangements for avery interesting Congress. The
Scientific Program should be excellent and there are plenty ofthings to do and see in the city of
Nagoya and its environs.
During the past two years there
have been many articles in theNews Bulletin about Japanese
medicine and some of the attractions in
Nagoya.
The Western influence on medicine inJapan began with Von Siebold who
worked in Nagasaki. It was carried on
sporadically by other Western doctors.
After the Meiji restoration in the late
1800s it became official policy for medicine to be modelled on the traditions ofGerman medicine. This was particularly
so in Tokyo University. As we have seen,
the second major medical school, theJikei University School of Medicine
followed the British tradition. (I must
apologise to my colleagues in this University for the misspelling of the namewhich crept in unnoticed to the featurearticle in News Bulletin 4/1999).
After World War II the American influence became predominant with a strong
inter-relationship between the Pathologists of Japan and the USA. This relationship is traced in articles in the present News Bulletin.
The Japanese Division and the Editor
hope that these articles have been of interest to Pathologists worldwide, and thatthey will give some useful information to
those attending the Congress in Nagoya.
The Organisers of Congress 2000 lookforward to welcoming a large number ofdelegates to Nagoya.

Robin Cooke

A view of the floodlit Nagoya Castle through the floor to ceiling windows of the dining room in the Nagoya Castle Hotel.
This will be the spectacular venue for the formal Congress

THE I.A.P. IN ACTION
Bolivian Division
The latest edition of the Bulletin of the
Bolivian Division of IAP lists the recent
activities of the Division and the First
Semester 2000 schedule of meetings.
Two Annual Meetings were conductedsince the last publication; one at Puno,
Peru, in 1998, and the other at Oruro,
Bolivia in 1999. The 2000 Annual Meeting will take place in Sucre, a city that has
a good number of pathologists and oneof the oldest universities of the continent.

Indian Division
Dr Florabel G. Mullick, Secretary of theInternational Academy of Pathology, andPrincipal Deputy Director, Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, was the Guest
Lecturer at the IAP-Indian Division Annual Meeting which was conducted November 22, 1999 at the Sanjay Gandhi
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Services at Lucknow, India. Dr. Mullick
presented a lecture on the “Hepatotoxicity of Metals” to those in attendance. Her
presentation was received with great enthusiasm, and she was immediately invitcontinued page 3

The Spirit of‘BUSHIDO’in Japanese Pathologists
AbroadNot long ago an intriguing historical tidbit,
not taught in Japanese history textbooks, wasbroadcast on a local radio program in Japan.
The program was about World War II, when Japan
was at war with America. The time was 1945. The
then-President of the US, Franklin D. Roosevelt
passed away. For all axis countries it must have been
considered an incident of fortune.
However, that wasn’t the case in Japan. According to
the radio program, the then-Prime Minister of Japan,
Kantaro Suzuki, insisted upon sending a telegram ofcondolence to the American people despite vigorous
opposition from government and military officials.
He clearly stated that even though countries are on a
war footing, decorum among those countries still exists. Thomas Mann, a famous German writer and aNobel Prize winner, then living in America, expressed
his astonishment at Suzuki’s courage and humanity.
Mann said “Japan is a country of samurai (bushido)”.
In contrast, he regretted his own country’s likely attitude of “hurrah” had the circumstances been reversed.
Since the Meiji revolution when Japan lifted its policyof international isolation and more so after Japan’s
defeat in World War II, many foreign cultures andphilosophies have come into our lives and changed
our lifestyle. However, a strong sense of bushido continues to live in our minds. “Bu-shi-do” literallymeans military-knight-ways. It is a code of conductthat fighting nobles observed not only in their vocation but also in their daily life. In the book, “Bushido- A Soul of Japan”, written a century ago, Inazo Nitobe defines bushido as the precepts of knighthood-thenoblesse oblige of the warrior class.
For Japanese, bushido is a philosophy promoting
simplicity, discipline, purity, fairness, development,
and self-sacrifice. These standards are not the pursuitof your average person. Yet, over the past thirty years,
I feel I have met a number of Japanese pathologists
excelling in the qualities of bushido. Here, I’d like tointroduce you to one such person.
Dr Takuji Hayashi (1934 - 1992) is fondly remembered by his colleagues, students and friends as a diagnostician in surgical pathology, and an electron microscopist par excellence. Though his publications are not
many, his contributions to pathology and medical research have not gone unrecognised. In Hawaii he was a
distinguished pathologist and an important role model.
I was fortunate to meet Dr Hayashi after my graduation from medical school in Japan when I went to
Kuakini Medical Center to take a rotating internship.
Instead of becoming an internist, Dr Hayashi influenced me to become a pathologist. I stayed for a totalof six years in the US, completing my internship andresidency in pathology ; one and a half years in Hawaii
and four and a half years in New York.
Born in Okayama Prefecture in Japan, Dr Hayashi graduated from Okayama Medical School in 1959. After his

Above: Dr Takuji Hayashi

internship at Kuakini Medical Center in Hawaii, he went
to both Kuakini and Queen’s Medical Center to complete
his residency in pathology. He was awarded an MS degree
in medicine from Queen’s University in Kingston Ontario, Canada, where he was a research fellow in neuropathology. In 1966 he returned to Kuakini and remained
there as a staff pathologist until his death.
Throughout his life, Dr Hayashi did not seek recognition through honours or higher positions. His professional career was guided by the pursuit of scientifictruths ; much the way a monk seeks life’s truths. A
maximum of 4 to 5 hours of sleep a day satisfied thisman, who possessed a good sense of humour, loved
mathematics, read volumes of books, and stimulated
the intellectual curiosity of those around him.
It was to his credit that followers often referred to Dr
Hayashi as a walking encyclopedia of medicine. When
asked research ideas, he showed flashes of genius. He wasalways modest and generous and never grudged giving his
ideas. For this reason, many Japanese doctors and investigators visited him on their way to and from the US.
While he wrote a few outstanding scientific articles,
the bulk of his efforts were for his mentor, Dr Grant
N. Stemmermann. Together, they produced a numberof papers that enchanted worldwide researchers in thefield of gastric pathology. In my eyes, Dr Hayashi was
one Japanese, who lived in a foreign country with aspirit of bushido. He relentlessly trained others andsought knowledge himself. He generously passed onthat knowledge to all without demanding credit ; andfinally without regret or bitterness, he served his mentor to the fullest from the depths of his heart.
There are dozens of Japanese scientists, physicians andpathologists who because they have diseases named
after them are still recognised worldwide for theircontributions. These men did their life’s work within
Japan. However, there are Japanese pathologists who
lived in foreign countries, pursued their life’s work inthe spirit of bushido, andare honoured solely in thememories of their followers
as having advanced the fieldof pathology outside Japan.
Toshiaki Manabe,Professor of
Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.

Hashimoto’s Disease
Described First by a Japanese Surgeon
Hashimoto’s Disease or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a progressive
painless enlargement of the thyroid gland occurring chiefly in
middle-aged women, marked by an intense infiltrate of lymphocytes that virtually replace the thyroid parenchyma, and now
known as the archetype of organ-specific autoimmune disease.
The disease is named after Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanesesurgeon, who reported four cases of the disease with the term
Struma lymphomatosa in a German surgical journal in 1912 (1).
In the 1930’s, the concept that this condition was a separate
entity from Riedel’s struma was supported by Western surgeons, using the term Hashimoto’s Disease. Surprisingly,
however, the term Hashimoto’s Disease was not commonlyused in Japan until several years after the close of World War
II in 1945. Dr Akita, a surgeon in the same department as
Hashimoto in the 1950’s, on returning from studying abroad in
Detroit, publicised the fact that the term was commonly usedin Western countries. Dr Akita, now the Professor Emeritus,
Kagoshima University, through his own careful investigations,researched the as
then, not well known
personal history of Dr
Hashimoto(2).
Dr Hashimoto wasborn in 1881, the sonof a general practitioner, in the countryside of the Mie Prefecture, Japan. In
1907 he became oneof the first graduatesfrom the Kyoto Imperial University Fukuoka Medical School,
Hakaru Hashimoto
the predecessor of thepresent Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka. In hiscourse of postgraduate study from 1908 - 1912 at the First
Department of Surgery at the same university, he studied surgically removed thyroid specimens and meticulously described
the clinical and pathological changes in four cases with theparticular lymphoid change which he called Struma lymphomatosa (1). The corresponding patients were all females, their ages
ranging from 40 - 64 years.
After this publication, he studied in Germany for two years,
mainly under Professor Kaufmann, Göttingen, on urologicaltuberculosis. He returned to Kyushu University at the outbreakof World War I. He then returned to his home village in the Mie
Prefecture in order to succeed to his father’s general practice.
For the next twenty years he conducted a very successful
surgical practice. Regrettably, however, in 1934 he unexpectedly died of typhoid fever, presumably transmitted from apatient. He was 52 years old.
A former classmate described him as being reticent, humaneand diligent. In 1973, local business people erected a bust to
his memory in his home town, Iga in the Mie Prefecture.
References: 1. Hashimoto H. Zur
Kenntnis der lymphomatösen
Veränderung der Schilddrùse (Struma
lymphomatosa). Langenbecks Arch Chir
97:219-248, 1912.
2. Akita H. Hashimoto’s disease. Vestigesof the finder. Rinsho-no-Nippon 3:417421, 1957. (In Japanese).

Munetomo Enjoji, Professor
Emeritus, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan. (And a former President of the Japanese
Division of the IAP.)

IAP In Action continued

ed to participate as a Guest Lecturer atseveral Indian institutions and Indian Division courses and seminars. One specificrequest was extended by Dr. Francisco
Couto, Secretary & Treasurer, IAP-ID, for
her to speak at Goa Medical College inPanaji, Goa, India.
The Annual Meeting was held in conjunction with the Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists (IAPM) celebrating the year of the Golden Jubilee of the
IAPM. The Organising Secretary for the
Annual Meeting was Dr. R.K. Gupta, theHead of Department of Pathology at the
Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences.
Dr. Antonio Llombart-Bosch, former President of the IAP from 1991-1992, also was aninvited speaker. Moderators Dr. K.R. Harilalof Kottayam and Dr. Jyotsna Pandey of New
Delhi conducted the other scheduled activities, a Slide Seminar on Dermatopathology,
and a Symposium on “Benign and Preneoplastic Lesions of Prostate and Urinary Bladder”, respectively, prior to the General Body
Meeting at the end of the day.
Dr Mullick stated that, “This was a very
rewarding experience. I was quite surprisedby the response to my presentation.” She islooking forward to attending future functions as her busy schedule permits.
Dr Harilal presenting a gift to Dr Mullick after her lecture. Dr Llombart-Bosch is seated behind Dr Mullick

European Society of Pathology
The European Society of Pathology held avery successful congress at the end of September 1999 in Barcelona. This congress
was organised by Professor Antonio Cardesa and hosted by the Spanish Society of
Pathology.
President of the congress was Professor
Gunter Kloppel from Germany. Before andduring this congress there was an exchangeof thoughts about establishing a closer link
between the International Academy of Pathology and the European Society of Pathology. Eventually, the President of the
IAP, Professor Anna Kadar, and the President of the ESP agreed on a co-operation
IAP In Action continued back pageE

xactly half a century ago, the Second World War had
recently ended and American occupation forces were
stationed throughout Japan. Included among these weremany physicians, including a number of pathologists. Most of
the American pathologists in Japan at that time were stationed
at the 406th Medical General Laboratory, which was located inTokyo, not far from the central rail station.
Diagnostic surgical pathology already existed at that time as asubspecialty in the United States, but there were very few
centers of excellence in this subspecialty. As documented by
Juan Rosai in his recent book, Guiding the Surgeon’s Hand—
The History of American Surgical Pathology (Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, 1997), these were largely limited to (inno particular order) Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied
Diseases and Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York
City, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Barnes Hospital (Washington University) in
St. Louis, the Mayo Clinic, and the Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology (AFIP) in Washington, D.C.
In Japan, there was even less emphasis on diagnostic surgicalpathology, since the Japanese system of medical education had
been adapted from that in Germany
at the end of the 19th century, andadvancement to a Professorship ofPathology depended almost exclusively on experimental research rather than excellence in diagnostic human pathology. Surgical pathology
was usually assigned to the mostjunior members of a department ofpathology, who often found that increasing excellence in this area, andthe lack of achievement in basic science, formed an effective barrier totheir academic advancement.
Into this situation in 1953, a development was inserted which wouldchange the history of diagnostic pathology, certainly in Japan and probably in the United States as well, formany years to come. Major (later tobe Colonel) James Hansen, who was at that time the Chief ofthe 406th Lab, contacted Professor Tomiza Yoshida of Tokyo
University to suggest that the Japanese and American pathologists in the Tokyo area begin meeting on a regular basis topresent unknown cases to one another. This plan was facilitated by Joe Niiya, a California-born American of Japanese descent who had returned to Hiroshima in 1934 at age thirteen
and subsequently graduated from the Jikei University Schoolof Medicine, but never practised medicine because of family
responsibilities after the war, and was employed at the 406th
as the Chief Librarian.
Dr. Niiya did all the “leg work” for the initial slide seminars;
tissue blocks were sent to the 406th Lab, where slides wereprepared and distributed to the interested American and Japanese pathologists. Meetings were held initially on the third
Tuesday of each month, at 5:00 p.m., at the 406th, and weregenerally attended by more than twenty Japanese and American pathologists. After a two-hour professional session, coffeeand doughnuts were served, and, in later years, the participants
usually adjourned to local restaurants and bars.
This continuing professional and social interaction between
American and Japanese pathologists eventually became known
as the Japanese-American Society of Pathologists (JASP or, inJapanese, Nichibei Byoori Gakkai)—a Society with no officers,
no constitution or by-laws, no dues, and no mission except theformation of closer ties between Japanese and American pathologists and the improvement of the diagnostic ability and approach to case material of participants from both countries.
In its early years, the JASP was attended by many pathologists
who subsequently became prominent both in Japan and Amer-ica. In addition to Dr. Hansen (who later became Director of
the AFIP), early American participants included Colonel Joe
Blumberg (later General Blumberg, also an AFIP Director),and Drs. Robert E. Scully and Austin L. Vickery, Jr., both ofwhom later had distinguished careers at the Massachusetts
General Hospital. Early Japanese participants included Dr.
Eisei Ishikawa (later Professor of Pathology at Jikei), Dr.
Noritsugu Mukai (later, a distinguished experimental neuropathologist in Boston at the Retina Foundation and at Harvard), Drs. Yoshida and Sugano of the Cancer Institute in Tokyo, Dr. Tadashi Takeuchi (subsequently Professor at Nihon
University), and Dr. Nobuaki Sasano (later Professor at Tohoku University in Sendai). Many of these and other Japanese
members of JASP were stimulated by their experience to study
in the U.S., thereby gradually changing the emphasis of Japanese pathology from the German to the American system, andfrom experimental pathology alone to a co-existence with diagnostic human pathology.
As time passed, various changes took place in the JASP. Guest
lecturers began to be invited to present talks at the meetings,
and these included some of the most distinguished pathologists in both the U.S. and Japan. In
the late 1950s, the 406th Laboratory
moved to Camp Zama, in Kanagawa
Prefecture, and at that point meetings began to be held only once a
year at the 406th, with the others at
the various university hospitals inTokyo. Around this time, more
American military pathologists wereassigned to other Army, Navy, and
Air Force hospitals, and both attendees and cases from these hospitals began to show up at JASP meetings. After 1967, a meeting was held
every January at the Sanno Hotel (ahotel used by the U.S. military, in
Akasaka in central Tokyo), whichfeatured both a slide conference anda New Year party. Around this time,
the Society was still vigorous, but inthe 1970s the number of American
military pathologists stationed in Japan underwent a rapid
decline, and the JASP formally ended in its 27th year in 1979.
From the perspective of the year 2000, it is amazing how many
American pathologists spent a portion of their careers in Japanand were JASP members. In 1969, Dr. Steven G. Silverberg obtained a list from Colonel James Hansen which included 87
names, and subsequent additions would have swelled that list to
well over 100 pathologists. The number of Japanese pathologists
who participated during the 27-year history of the JASP was evengreater. Since many of both the American and the Japanese pathologists were in the early stages of their careers at the time of
their JASP membership (most of the Americans were Army captains or the equivalent, having recently finished residency or fellowship training), friendships were forged which have lasted
many years past the formal end of the JASP. In the space of thisshort article, it is impossible to list all of the JASP members on
both sides of the Pacific who have gone on to distinguished careers in Pathology, but it can certainly be said that the format, thecontacts, and the encouragement obtained at JASP meetings havebeen a major influence on the careers of us all.

ReminiscencesP

rofessor Leopold G. Koss, Professor and Chairman Emeritus of theMontefiore Medical Center, New
York, met Dr Kunio Oota in 1953/54
when Kunio was a visiting scholar at theMemorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases in New York City and Leo
was a junior member of the staff.
The link between the Montefiore Medical Center and Japan was probably instigated by Harry Zimmerman, the thenHead of the Department of Pathology.
Harry trained numerous neuropathologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons at
the Montefiore Medical Center.

One of these was Asaro Hirano (of Hirano bodies fame). Asaro has been Head of
the Neuropathology Division at theMontefiore Medical Center for many
years. He has spent a considerable portion of his time working in Japan where
he has had a major influence in the development of neuropathology in Japan.
Leo Koss spent the years 1955 - 57 inArmy service in Korea. He visited TokyoJapanese pathologists who were pursuing postgraduate education. One ofthese was Isao Nakanishi who is now
Chairman of the Department of Pathology at Kanazawa University.
many times during this period. By thenProfessor Minoru Suzuki fits well into
Kunio Oota was Chairman of Pathology
the mould of Japanese pathologists
at the Tokyo Cancer Centre. He wasabroad as described by Professor ToshiChairman of the Committee that proaki Manabe. Minoru left Japan
duced the guidelines pertaining toshortly after World War II andthe classification of gastric carwent to work in the Baylor
cinoma in situ and earlyCollege in Houston, Texgastric cancer.
as. He worked there for
Other Pathologists
Leo Koss also knew Proabout twenty years, byalso participated in the
fessor Tomisu Yoshida
which time he had befrom the Tokyo Unicome Professor of Painteraction between Japaversity. He remembers
thology. During thatnese and American Patholohim as a jovial,
time he hosted a numpipe-smoking man ofberof Japanese patholgists after the Second
the world, with a fundogists who were enWorld War...
of knowledge and congaged in postgraduate
versation on an endlesseducation. He was thenrange of topics. Regrettably
invited to become thehe died many years ago of lungFoundation Professor of Pacancer.
thology at the National Defence
MedicalCollege in Saitama Prefecture.
When Leo Koss took over from Harry
Zimmerman as Professor and ChairProfessor Suzuki is a former President ofman of the Department of Pathology at
the Japanese Division of the IAP and amember of the Organising Committee
Montefiore, he in his turn hosted manyfor Nagoya. ?

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FOOTNOTE:This article was based on reminiscencessupplied by Drs. Eisei Ishikawa, Shinichiro Ushigome, Robert E. Scully, andSteven G. Silverberg, and was compiled
by Dr. Silverberg (Staff Pathologist,
U.S. Air Force Hospital Tachikawa,
1966 - 1968). Now Professor and Director of Anatomical Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.

To learn more, contact us at Cytyc Corporation,
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Part No. Intl 85606-002 Rev. A

The Spirit of‘BUSHIDO’in Japanese Pathologists
AbroadNot long ago an intriguing historical tidbit,
not taught in Japanese history textbooks, wasbroadcast on a local radio program in Japan.
The program was about World War II, when Japan
was at war with America. The time was 1945. The
then-President of the US, Franklin D. Roosevelt
passed away. For all axis countries it must have been
considered an incident of fortune.
However, that wasn’t the case in Japan. According to
the radio program, the then-Prime Minister of Japan,
Kantaro Suzuki, insisted upon sending a telegram ofcondolence to the American people despite vigorous
opposition from government and military officials.
He clearly stated that even though countries are on a
war footing, decorum among those countries still exists. Thomas Mann, a famous German writer and aNobel Prize winner, then living in America, expressed
his astonishment at Suzuki’s courage and humanity.
Mann said “Japan is a country of samurai (bushido)”.
In contrast, he regretted his own country’s likely attitude of “hurrah” had the circumstances been reversed.
Since the Meiji revolution when Japan lifted its policyof international isolation and more so after Japan’s
defeat in World War II, many foreign cultures andphilosophies have come into our lives and changed
our lifestyle. However, a strong sense of bushido continues to live in our minds. “Bu-shi-do” literallymeans military-knight-ways. It is a code of conductthat fighting nobles observed not only in their vocation but also in their daily life. In the book, “Bushido- A Soul of Japan”, written a century ago, Inazo Nitobe defines bushido as the precepts of knighthood-thenoblesse oblige of the warrior class.
For Japanese, bushido is a philosophy promoting
simplicity, discipline, purity, fairness, development,
and self-sacrifice. These standards are not the pursuitof your average person. Yet, over the past thirty years,
I feel I have met a number of Japanese pathologists
excelling in the qualities of bushido. Here, I’d like tointroduce you to one such person.
Dr Takuji Hayashi (1934 - 1992) is fondly remembered by his colleagues, students and friends as a diagnostician in surgical pathology, and an electron microscopist par excellence. Though his publications are not
many, his contributions to pathology and medical research have not gone unrecognised. In Hawaii he was a
distinguished pathologist and an important role model.
I was fortunate to meet Dr Hayashi after my graduation from medical school in Japan when I went to
Kuakini Medical Center to take a rotating internship.
Instead of becoming an internist, Dr Hayashi influenced me to become a pathologist. I stayed for a totalof six years in the US, completing my internship andresidency in pathology ; one and a half years in Hawaii
and four and a half years in New York.
Born in Okayama Prefecture in Japan, Dr Hayashi graduated from Okayama Medical School in 1959. After his

Above: Dr Takuji Hayashi

internship at Kuakini Medical Center in Hawaii, he went
to both Kuakini and Queen’s Medical Center to complete
his residency in pathology. He was awarded an MS degree
in medicine from Queen’s University in Kingston Ontario, Canada, where he was a research fellow in neuropathology. In 1966 he returned to Kuakini and remained
there as a staff pathologist until his death.
Throughout his life, Dr Hayashi did not seek recognition through honours or higher positions. His professional career was guided by the pursuit of scientifictruths ; much the way a monk seeks life’s truths. A
maximum of 4 to 5 hours of sleep a day satisfied thisman, who possessed a good sense of humour, loved
mathematics, read volumes of books, and stimulated
the intellectual curiosity of those around him.
It was to his credit that followers often referred to Dr
Hayashi as a walking encyclopedia of medicine. When
asked research ideas, he showed flashes of genius. He wasalways modest and generous and never grudged giving his
ideas. For this reason, many Japanese doctors and investigators visited him on their way to and from the US.
While he wrote a few outstanding scientific articles,
the bulk of his efforts were for his mentor, Dr Grant
N. Stemmermann. Together, they produced a numberof papers that enchanted worldwide researchers in thefield of gastric pathology. In my eyes, Dr Hayashi was
one Japanese, who lived in a foreign country with aspirit of bushido. He relentlessly trained others andsought knowledge himself. He generously passed onthat knowledge to all without demanding credit ; andfinally without regret or bitterness, he served his mentor to the fullest from the depths of his heart.
There are dozens of Japanese scientists, physicians andpathologists who because they have diseases named
after them are still recognised worldwide for theircontributions. These men did their life’s work within
Japan. However, there are Japanese pathologists who
lived in foreign countries, pursued their life’s work inthe spirit of bushido, andare honoured solely in thememories of their followers
as having advanced the fieldof pathology outside Japan.
Toshiaki Manabe,Professor of
Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.

Hashimoto’s Disease
Described First by a Japanese Surgeon
Hashimoto’s Disease or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a progressive
painless enlargement of the thyroid gland occurring chiefly in
middle-aged women, marked by an intense infiltrate of lymphocytes that virtually replace the thyroid parenchyma, and now
known as the archetype of organ-specific autoimmune disease.
The disease is named after Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanesesurgeon, who reported four cases of the disease with the term
Struma lymphomatosa in a German surgical journal in 1912 (1).
In the 1930’s, the concept that this condition was a separate
entity from Riedel’s struma was supported by Western surgeons, using the term Hashimoto’s Disease. Surprisingly,
however, the term Hashimoto’s Disease was not commonlyused in Japan until several years after the close of World War
II in 1945. Dr Akita, a surgeon in the same department as
Hashimoto in the 1950’s, on returning from studying abroad in
Detroit, publicised the fact that the term was commonly usedin Western countries. Dr Akita, now the Professor Emeritus,
Kagoshima University, through his own careful investigations,researched the as
then, not well known
personal history of Dr
Hashimoto(2).
Dr Hashimoto wasborn in 1881, the sonof a general practitioner, in the countryside of the Mie Prefecture, Japan. In
1907 he became oneof the first graduatesfrom the Kyoto Imperial University Fukuoka Medical School,
Hakaru Hashimoto
the predecessor of thepresent Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka. In hiscourse of postgraduate study from 1908 - 1912 at the First
Department of Surgery at the same university, he studied surgically removed thyroid specimens and meticulously described
the clinical and pathological changes in four cases with theparticular lymphoid change which he called Struma lymphomatosa (1). The corresponding patients were all females, their ages
ranging from 40 - 64 years.
After this publication, he studied in Germany for two years,
mainly under Professor Kaufmann, Göttingen, on urologicaltuberculosis. He returned to Kyushu University at the outbreakof World War I. He then returned to his home village in the Mie
Prefecture in order to succeed to his father’s general practice.
For the next twenty years he conducted a very successful
surgical practice. Regrettably, however, in 1934 he unexpectedly died of typhoid fever, presumably transmitted from apatient. He was 52 years old.
A former classmate described him as being reticent, humaneand diligent. In 1973, local business people erected a bust to
his memory in his home town, Iga in the Mie Prefecture.
References: 1. Hashimoto H. Zur
Kenntnis der lymphomatösen
Veränderung der Schilddrùse (Struma
lymphomatosa). Langenbecks Arch Chir
97:219-248, 1912.
2. Akita H. Hashimoto’s disease. Vestigesof the finder. Rinsho-no-Nippon 3:417421, 1957. (In Japanese).

Munetomo Enjoji, Professor
Emeritus, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan. (And a former President of the Japanese
Division of the IAP.)

IAP In Action continued

ed to participate as a Guest Lecturer atseveral Indian institutions and Indian Division courses and seminars. One specificrequest was extended by Dr. Francisco
Couto, Secretary & Treasurer, IAP-ID, for
her to speak at Goa Medical College inPanaji, Goa, India.
The Annual Meeting was held in conjunction with the Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists (IAPM) celebrating the year of the Golden Jubilee of the
IAPM. The Organising Secretary for the
Annual Meeting was Dr. R.K. Gupta, theHead of Department of Pathology at the
Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences.
Dr. Antonio Llombart-Bosch, former President of the IAP from 1991-1992, also was aninvited speaker. Moderators Dr. K.R. Harilalof Kottayam and Dr. Jyotsna Pandey of New
Delhi conducted the other scheduled activities, a Slide Seminar on Dermatopathology,
and a Symposium on “Benign and Preneoplastic Lesions of Prostate and Urinary Bladder”, respectively, prior to the General Body
Meeting at the end of the day.
Dr Mullick stated that, “This was a very
rewarding experience. I was quite surprisedby the response to my presentation.” She islooking forward to attending future functions as her busy schedule permits.
Dr Harilal presenting a gift to Dr Mullick after her lecture. Dr Llombart-Bosch is seated behind Dr Mullick

European Society of Pathology
The European Society of Pathology held avery successful congress at the end of September 1999 in Barcelona. This congress
was organised by Professor Antonio Cardesa and hosted by the Spanish Society of
Pathology.
President of the congress was Professor
Gunter Kloppel from Germany. Before andduring this congress there was an exchangeof thoughts about establishing a closer link
between the International Academy of Pathology and the European Society of Pathology. Eventually, the President of the
IAP, Professor Anna Kadar, and the President of the ESP agreed on a co-operation
IAP In Action continued back pageE

xactly half a century ago, the Second World War had
recently ended and American occupation forces were
stationed throughout Japan. Included among these weremany physicians, including a number of pathologists. Most of
the American pathologists in Japan at that time were stationed
at the 406th Medical General Laboratory, which was located inTokyo, not far from the central rail station.
Diagnostic surgical pathology already existed at that time as asubspecialty in the United States, but there were very few
centers of excellence in this subspecialty. As documented by
Juan Rosai in his recent book, Guiding the Surgeon’s Hand—
The History of American Surgical Pathology (Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, 1997), these were largely limited to (inno particular order) Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied
Diseases and Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York
City, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Barnes Hospital (Washington University) in
St. Louis, the Mayo Clinic, and the Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology (AFIP) in Washington, D.C.
In Japan, there was even less emphasis on diagnostic surgicalpathology, since the Japanese system of medical education had
been adapted from that in Germany
at the end of the 19th century, andadvancement to a Professorship ofPathology depended almost exclusively on experimental research rather than excellence in diagnostic human pathology. Surgical pathology
was usually assigned to the mostjunior members of a department ofpathology, who often found that increasing excellence in this area, andthe lack of achievement in basic science, formed an effective barrier totheir academic advancement.
Into this situation in 1953, a development was inserted which wouldchange the history of diagnostic pathology, certainly in Japan and probably in the United States as well, formany years to come. Major (later tobe Colonel) James Hansen, who was at that time the Chief ofthe 406th Lab, contacted Professor Tomiza Yoshida of Tokyo
University to suggest that the Japanese and American pathologists in the Tokyo area begin meeting on a regular basis topresent unknown cases to one another. This plan was facilitated by Joe Niiya, a California-born American of Japanese descent who had returned to Hiroshima in 1934 at age thirteen
and subsequently graduated from the Jikei University Schoolof Medicine, but never practised medicine because of family
responsibilities after the war, and was employed at the 406th
as the Chief Librarian.
Dr. Niiya did all the “leg work” for the initial slide seminars;
tissue blocks were sent to the 406th Lab, where slides wereprepared and distributed to the interested American and Japanese pathologists. Meetings were held initially on the third
Tuesday of each month, at 5:00 p.m., at the 406th, and weregenerally attended by more than twenty Japanese and American pathologists. After a two-hour professional session, coffeeand doughnuts were served, and, in later years, the participants
usually adjourned to local restaurants and bars.
This continuing professional and social interaction between
American and Japanese pathologists eventually became known
as the Japanese-American Society of Pathologists (JASP or, inJapanese, Nichibei Byoori Gakkai)—a Society with no officers,
no constitution or by-laws, no dues, and no mission except theformation of closer ties between Japanese and American pathologists and the improvement of the diagnostic ability and approach to case material of participants from both countries.
In its early years, the JASP was attended by many pathologists
who subsequently became prominent both in Japan and Amer-ica. In addition to Dr. Hansen (who later became Director of
the AFIP), early American participants included Colonel Joe
Blumberg (later General Blumberg, also an AFIP Director),and Drs. Robert E. Scully and Austin L. Vickery, Jr., both ofwhom later had distinguished careers at the Massachusetts
General Hospital. Early Japanese participants included Dr.
Eisei Ishikawa (later Professor of Pathology at Jikei), Dr.
Noritsugu Mukai (later, a distinguished experimental neuropathologist in Boston at the Retina Foundation and at Harvard), Drs. Yoshida and Sugano of the Cancer Institute in Tokyo, Dr. Tadashi Takeuchi (subsequently Professor at Nihon
University), and Dr. Nobuaki Sasano (later Professor at Tohoku University in Sendai). Many of these and other Japanese
members of JASP were stimulated by their experience to study
in the U.S., thereby gradually changing the emphasis of Japanese pathology from the German to the American system, andfrom experimental pathology alone to a co-existence with diagnostic human pathology.
As time passed, various changes took place in the JASP. Guest
lecturers began to be invited to present talks at the meetings,
and these included some of the most distinguished pathologists in both the U.S. and Japan. In
the late 1950s, the 406th Laboratory
moved to Camp Zama, in Kanagawa
Prefecture, and at that point meetings began to be held only once a
year at the 406th, with the others at
the various university hospitals inTokyo. Around this time, more
American military pathologists wereassigned to other Army, Navy, and
Air Force hospitals, and both attendees and cases from these hospitals began to show up at JASP meetings. After 1967, a meeting was held
every January at the Sanno Hotel (ahotel used by the U.S. military, in
Akasaka in central Tokyo), whichfeatured both a slide conference anda New Year party. Around this time,
the Society was still vigorous, but inthe 1970s the number of American
military pathologists stationed in Japan underwent a rapid
decline, and the JASP formally ended in its 27th year in 1979.
From the perspective of the year 2000, it is amazing how many
American pathologists spent a portion of their careers in Japanand were JASP members. In 1969, Dr. Steven G. Silverberg obtained a list from Colonel James Hansen which included 87
names, and subsequent additions would have swelled that list to
well over 100 pathologists. The number of Japanese pathologists
who participated during the 27-year history of the JASP was evengreater. Since many of both the American and the Japanese pathologists were in the early stages of their careers at the time of
their JASP membership (most of the Americans were Army captains or the equivalent, having recently finished residency or fellowship training), friendships were forged which have lasted
many years past the formal end of the JASP. In the space of thisshort article, it is impossible to list all of the JASP members on
both sides of the Pacific who have gone on to distinguished careers in Pathology, but it can certainly be said that the format, thecontacts, and the encouragement obtained at JASP meetings havebeen a major influence on the careers of us all.

ReminiscencesP

rofessor Leopold G. Koss, Professor and Chairman Emeritus of theMontefiore Medical Center, New
York, met Dr Kunio Oota in 1953/54
when Kunio was a visiting scholar at theMemorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases in New York City and Leo
was a junior member of the staff.
The link between the Montefiore Medical Center and Japan was probably instigated by Harry Zimmerman, the thenHead of the Department of Pathology.
Harry trained numerous neuropathologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons at
the Montefiore Medical Center.

One of these was Asaro Hirano (of Hirano bodies fame). Asaro has been Head of
the Neuropathology Division at theMontefiore Medical Center for many
years. He has spent a considerable portion of his time working in Japan where
he has had a major influence in the development of neuropathology in Japan.
Leo Koss spent the years 1955 - 57 inArmy service in Korea. He visited TokyoJapanese pathologists who were pursuing postgraduate education. One ofthese was Isao Nakanishi who is now
Chairman of the Department of Pathology at Kanazawa University.
many times during this period. By thenProfessor Minoru Suzuki fits well into
Kunio Oota was Chairman of Pathology
the mould of Japanese pathologists
at the Tokyo Cancer Centre. He wasabroad as described by Professor ToshiChairman of the Committee that proaki Manabe. Minoru left Japan
duced the guidelines pertaining toshortly after World War II andthe classification of gastric carwent to work in the Baylor
cinoma in situ and earlyCollege in Houston, Texgastric cancer.
as. He worked there for
Other Pathologists
Leo Koss also knew Proabout twenty years, byalso participated in the
fessor Tomisu Yoshida
which time he had befrom the Tokyo Unicome Professor of Painteraction between Japaversity. He remembers
thology. During thatnese and American Patholohim as a jovial,
time he hosted a numpipe-smoking man ofberof Japanese patholgists after the Second
the world, with a fundogists who were enWorld War...
of knowledge and congaged in postgraduate
versation on an endlesseducation. He was thenrange of topics. Regrettably
invited to become thehe died many years ago of lungFoundation Professor of Pacancer.
thology at the National Defence
MedicalCollege in Saitama Prefecture.
When Leo Koss took over from Harry
Zimmerman as Professor and ChairProfessor Suzuki is a former President ofman of the Department of Pathology at
the Japanese Division of the IAP and amember of the Organising Committee
Montefiore, he in his turn hosted manyfor Nagoya. ?

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FOOTNOTE:This article was based on reminiscencessupplied by Drs. Eisei Ishikawa, Shinichiro Ushigome, Robert E. Scully, andSteven G. Silverberg, and was compiled
by Dr. Silverberg (Staff Pathologist,
U.S. Air Force Hospital Tachikawa,
1966 - 1968). Now Professor and Director of Anatomical Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.

To learn more, contact us at Cytyc Corporation,
Asia Pacific Headquarters:
PO Box 1971, Macquarie Centre, N.S.W. Australia 2113
Telephone: 61 2 9888 8000 Facsimile: 61 2 9870 7555 E-mail: asiapacific@cytyc.com

Steven SIlverberg©1999, Cytyc Corporation

For Distribution by Cytyc International

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Specimens prepared by the ThinPrep® 2000 Processor.

Part No. Intl 85606-002 Rev. A