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DESCRIPTIVE
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JAPANESE WILD BIRDS USEFULAND'INJURIOUS EXHIBITED
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE.
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PIMM—III ii—ti nil r '' ~-iinr"TTii nr

BLiBRAkV OF iJ A P A N .
Barneg-ie Museum^ . j.
9 m^.sj Accession iNo, 3490
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idUS. COMP. ZOOl

LIBRARY
SEP 101962

THE EXPLANATIOI'HARVARDOF

UNIVERSITYi

THE SPECIMENS OF BIRDS.
I. The beneficial birds of forest and farm.
They are all insectivorous. As they catch and eat injurious insects, they
are beneficial to forests and farms.
(12) Mozu.
(1) Hibari.
(13) Kisekirei.
(2) Komadori.
(14) Segurosekirei.
(3) Jobitald.
(15) Tahibari.
(D Kibitaki.
(5)
(0)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

Oyoshikiri.
Uguisu.
Kikuitadaki.
Higara.
Shijiikara.
Yamagara.
Misosazai.

(16)
(17)
(18)

Tsubame.
Amatsubame.

(19)
(20)

Oakagera.
Akagera.
Kogera.

(21)

Awogera.

II. Birds which are used for food.
As is the case with the aquatic birds such as Kamo, Sagi, Sliigi and others,
or with the gallinaceous birds, the flesh is delicious and can be used as food.
They are called game-birds in common language.
(22)
(28)

Mejiro.
Mukudori.

(35)
(80)

(24)

Magan.
Magamo.
Karugamo.
Kogaino.
Tomoyegamo.
AYsJiigamo.
Onagagamo.
Daisagi.
Shimameguri.
Kosagi.
Segurogoi.

(37)
(88)
(89)

(25)
(20)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(80)
(81)
(82)
(88)
(34)

(40)
(41)
(42)
(48)

Kuina.
Hikuina.
Koban.
Oban.
Keri.
Takeri.

(46)

Ojaku.
Chujaku.
Kojaku.
Kaneshigi.
Kiashishigi.
Kyojoshigi.

(47)

Hashinagasliigi.

(44)
(45)

III.

(48)

Tonen.

(53)

Jishigi.

(49)

Uzurashigi,

(54)

Kiji.

(•'-'>)(51)

Tamashigi.

(55)

Yamadori.

Botoshigi.

(56)

Uzura.

(62)

Yamashigi.

The birds for miscellaneous uses.

They are granivorous or omnivorous and are inot beneficial to forests andfarms.

The flesh is not sold in markets, though it is not uneatalde.

In short,

this group includes the birds which do not belong to the preceeding groups.
(57)

Kijibato.

(04)
(65)

Ikaru.

(68)

Hiyodori.

(59)

Dobato.

Atori.

Tobi.

(00)
(07)

(60)
(61)

Kakesu.

(08)

Hojiro.

(02)

Choma.

(09)

Hoaka.

(63)

Shime.

(70)

Awoji.

Mahiwa.
Suznme.

(1) ALANDA JAPONICA, T. & S.
(HIBAEI.) (SMALL JAPANESE SKY-LARK.)
Passeres.—Alandidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives in plains.
CHARACTERISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.
})e heard at a great distance.
form in flocks.

It sings loudly and can

It builds the nest among bushes and does not

The flight is powerful.

It ascends high in the air, flying roundand round; and when it is tired, it darts down and gets in to bushes.

Thoughit is omnivorous, it feeds mostly upon insects.
UTILITY.
It is kept in the cage and its flesh can be used as food.

(2)

ERITHACUS AKAHIGE, T.

(KOMADORI.) (JAPANESE ROBIN.)
Pas,SERES.—Turdidae.

WHERE FOUND.
This bird lives in Japan in all seasons.
It breeds in mountainous regions in the summer and comes down to theplains in tlie winter.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It is an insectivorous bird like the preceeding species.
dious and high in tone.

The voice is melo¬

The male and female differ a little in color.
UTILITY.

It must be regarded as a beneficial bird because it wanders in forests feed¬
ing upon insects.

It is kept in a cage and is a much beloved songster.

4 —(3) RUTICILLA AUROREA, GM.
(JOBITAKI.) (DAUKIAU EEDSTAET.)
Passeres.—Turdidae.

WHERE FOUND.
This bird is found everywhere in Japan.

It breeds in mountains in thesummer and comes to the plains in the winter.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It is an insectivorous bird of the same size as the last species.
live in bamboo bushes.

The male and female differ in color.

It loves to
The nature isvery dull and the voice is not so sweet as that of the last species.
UTILITY.
As it feeds upon injurious insects, it is a beneficial bird.

The male is fed

on account of its brilliant plumage.

(4) XANTHOPYGIA NARCISSINA, T.
(KIBITAKI.)(NARCISSUS FLYCATCHER.)
Passeres.—Turdidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It breeds in the mountains of Japan and comes to the plains in the winter.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female differ greatly in the color of the plumage.
is very clear.

The voice

It loves to live in forests and is fond of insects.
UTILITY.

It belongs to the group of the beneficial birds of the forest.

The male is

kept in a cage on account of its brilliant j)lumage and sweet voice.

(5) ACROCEPHALUS SORIENTALIS, T. & S.
(OYOSHIKIRI.) (CHINESE GEEAT EEED-WAEBLEE.)
Passeres.—Turdidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is found throughout Japan and loves to live among reeds.

6
CHAEACTERISTICS.
The male aud female differ in the color of the plumage

It has a very

noisy voice aud feeds upon insects.
UTILITY.
As it is an insect-feeder, it is beneficial to farms,

It is domesticated only

as curiosities.

(6) CETTIA CANTANS, T. & S.
(UGUISU.) (LAEGE JAPANESE BUSH-WAEBLEB.)
Passekes.—Sylviidae.

WHEEL FOUNH.
This bird is a native of Japan and builds the nest in bamboo bushes.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.

It is a delightful songster

and surpasses many other birds in the sweetness of its voice.
UTILITY.
It is beneficial to forests and farms.

It is kept in a cage and is so highly

esteemed that often an excellent one will command a price of ten yen.

(7) REGULUS ARIENTALIS, SEED.
(KIKUITADAKI.) (EASTEEN GOLDCEEST.)
Passekes.—Paridae.

WHEEL FOUND.
It is a native of the mountainous region of Japan and comes to the plainsin the autumn.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The male and female differ a little in the color of the plumage.

It is aninsectivorous bird with a low voice and loves to visit the tips of the twigs ofpines and cryptomeria.
UTILITY.
It is a beneficial bird of the forests and is fed by some persons.

—

0

—

(8) PARUS ASTER, L.
(HIGARA.) (EASTERN COLE-TIT.)
Rasseres.—Paridae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is found throughout Japan and comes to the plains in the autumn.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of plumage.

It has a low voice

and feeds mostly upon insects, though it is omnivorous.
UTILITY.
It is a beneficial bird of farms and is sometimes domesticated.

(9) PARUS MINOR, T. & S.
(SHIJUKAKA.) (MANCHUKIAN GREAT-TIT.)
Passeres.—Paridae.

WHERE FOUND.
It lives everywhere in Japan and comes to the plains in the autumn.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the preceeding species in character, but the voice is a little
louder and its nature is stupid.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the beneficial birds of forests and farms.

(10) PARUS VARIUS, T. & S.
(YAMAGAEA.) (JAPANESE TIT.)
Passeres.—Paridae.

WHERE FOUND.
This species is found only in Japan.

It breeds in mountains and comes tothe plains from the beginning of the autumn.

— 7
CHAEACTERISTICS.
It resembles tlie preceediiig species in cluiracter and is readily tamed.
Its voice is not so sweet; it flies with great ease.

It can be trained tovarious kinds of sports.
UTILITY.
It is a beneficial bird of forests and farms and can be domesticated.

(11)

TROGLODYTES FUMIGATUS, T.

(MISOSAZAI.) (JAPANESE WEEN.)PaSSEEES .-PaRID AE.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and comes to tlie plains in the autumn.
CilAEACTEEISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.
brambles and its voice is very low.

It loves to live inIn the skill of making the nest, it is neverexcelled by Enaga, Acredula tridirgata, T. A S.
UTILITY.
It is included in the group of the beneficial birds of farms.

It requires

great skill to keep this bird in a cage.

(12)

LANIUS BUCEPHALUS, T. & S.

(MOZU.) (BULL-HEADED SHEIKE.)
Passeres.—Laniidae.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan.

From August it comes to the plains and in thesevere cold weather it goes to warmer countries.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The male and female differ a little in color.

It is a noisy bird and possesses

the power of imitating the voice of other birds..

It is courageous and resembles

the birds of prey in habits.
lower branches.

It lights usually on the tops of trees, but never on the

During the summer it lives mostly upon insects.

To store up

—

8

—

provisions, it always impales its prey on tlie tliorns of brandies and leaves it
sticking there.

This process in connnon language is called Mozu no Haritsuke(Hanging of Mozu).

In the autumn when the provisions are exhausted it catches

and kills as its prey such small birds as sparrows.

Fighting frequently takes

place among the birds of the same species.
UTILITY.
It is a benehcial bird of farms.

It is fed and used as a decoy in catchingbirds.

(13) MOTACILLA BOARULA, L(KISEKIKEI.) (EASTEEN GKEY WAGTAIL.)
Passeres.—Motacillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan.

It breeds in mountains and comes to the plainsfrom the beginning of the autumn.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female, the old and young differ in the color of plumage.
The voice is low and long.
of insects.

It likes the water’s edge or wet places and is fondIts peculiar habit is that it moves the tail up and down when it

walks, and that it flies in a wave line.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the beneficial birds of farms and is fed in a cage.

il4) MOTACILLA JAPONICA, SW.
(SEGUROSEKIREL) (JAPANESE WAGTAIL.)
Passeres.—Motacillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
This species is only found in Japan and comes to the plains from the begin¬ning of the autumn.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the preceeding species in character.
iiei"borhood of vallevs and mountain streams.
Ot/

It seems to like the9
UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as the last species.

(15)' AUTHUS JAPONICUS, T. & S.
(TAHIBAEI.) (JAPANESE ALPINE PIPIT.)PaSSERES.-]\I0TACILL1DAE.

WHEPE FOUND.
This species is found in Japan only and comes to the plains from October.
CHAPACTEPJSTICS.
The male and female differ in coloring.

As it resembles the Hibari incolor and habits, it receives the name, Tahibari.
It loves to live in dry and paddy fields and near canals.
down in the shy singing and dancing.

It flies up and

It feeds mostly upon insects.

UTILITY.
It is an important species among the beneficial birds of farms.

(16) HIRUNDO GUTTURALIS, SCOP.
(TSUBAME.) (EASTERN CHIIINEY-SWALLOW.)
Passeres.—Hirundinidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of son them countries, and comes to Japan from the end ofMay.

The nest is mostly made on the eaves of houses.
CHARACTERISTICS.

It is a swift and good flyer.

Both sexes are alike in the color of theplumage.
The legs are short and the wings are long.
rarely stops on the ground.

It flies long in the sky and

It lives upon insects.
UTILITY.

It belongs to the group of the beneficial birds of farms.

10

(17)

CHAETURA CANDACUTA, LATH.

(AMATSUBAME.) (NEEDLE-TAILED SWIFT.)
Cypselomorphae.—Cypsetiidae.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives mostly near the sea shore.

The nest ishnilt on rocky cliffs.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It is nearly like swallows in character and feeds mostly upon insects.
As in woodpeckers, the shafts of the tail feathers are well developed andterminate in points enabling the bird to attach itself to rocks and otiier objects.
When the summer comes on, it retires far inland and wanders in fields andgardens.

Particularly when it is going to rain this bird is observed flying inlarge numbers, and from this fact it receives the name Amatsubame (The rainswallow.)

The legs are so extremely short that the bird cannot stand still on

the ground.
UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as swallows.

(18)

PICUS SUBCIRRIS, STENJ.

(OAKAGERA.) (WHITE-BACKED WOOD-PECKER.)
PiCI.-PiClDAE.

WHEEL FOUND.
It is a native of the northern part of Japan and builds the nest in thehollows of old trees in forests.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It has sharp claws and a stout and stiff tail, which enabled it to climb up
the trunks of trees.
retructed at will.

The tongue is extremely long and can be protruded and

It always pecks the trunks of trees and digs holes from which

it picks up the larvae of the Melanauster.
The male and female differ in the color of head.

The voice is high in

tone, but not melodious.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the beneficial birds of forests.

—

11

—

(19) PICUS MAJOR, L(AKAGERA.) (GEEAT SPOTTED-WOODPECKEE.)
PiCI.-PiCIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives in forests in the same manner as the lastspecies.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It resembles the Oakagera in character.
regions, but is found everywhere.

It is not confined to moimtainons

It comes often near human dwellings.
UTILITY.

It is of the same utility as the last species.

(20) YUNGIPICUS SEEBORWI, HARG.
(KOGEEA.) (HAEGITT’S PYGMY WOODPECKEE.)
PiCI.-PiCIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is found throughout Japan and lives always in forests.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It is a small and active bird resembling the last species in character.

The

difference between the sexes in the color of the neck is not so great as in thelast species.
UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as the last species.

(21) GECINUS AWOKERA, T.
(AWOKEEA.) (JAPANESE GEEEN WOODPECKEE.)
PiCI.-PiCIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
This species is oidy found in Japan and lives in forests.

_

12

—

CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in character.

The male anil female differ alittle in the color of the plumage.
UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as the last species.

(22)

ZOSTEROPS JAPONICA, T. & S.

(MEJIRO.) (JAPANESE WHITE-EYE.):^
Passeres .—Crateropodidae ,WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan.

It lives in mountains and comes down to plainsfrom the autumn.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female differ in the color of the plumage.
in tone.

The voice is highIt is a most sociable bird and loves to live in company with others of

its own species.

It is very skilful in making its nest.

It feeds mostly upon

fruits, though it is omnivorous.
UTILITY.
It is of no use but as a cage bird.'(23) STURNUS CINERACEUS, TEM.
(MUKUDOM.) (GEEY STABLING.)
Passeres.— -Sturnidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives in forests and fields.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The old and young differ a little in the color of the plumage.
noisy and it forms large flocks.
garasu in the habit.

Its voice is

It walks with ease and resembles the Hashiboso-

It makes its nest in the hollows of trees.

Though it isomnivorous, it feeds mostly upon fruits.
UTILITY.
The flesh can be used as food, but is not delicious.

It is somewhat esteemed

as a cage bird and some keeps this bird as it is easily tamed.

— 13 —

(24)

AUSER ALBIFROUS, SCOP.

(MAGAN.) (WHITE-FEONTED GOOSE.)
Lamellirostkes.—Auseridae.

WHEEE FOUND.
It breeds in Siberian district, and comes to Japan in the autumn.

It livesin lakes, marshes and other places.
CHAEACTEEISTIOS.
The male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.

The bill is

only hard at the apex and its edge is furnished with a series of horny plates.
lives upon fresh water mollusks and Alisgurnus.

It

When the birds fly, the one

takes the lead at a little distance from the others which follow in a diagonal
procession.

Its coming and departure are always made in company.

When thebirds are feeding in lakes, marshes, paddy fields and other places, one always
keeps watches, standing on the shore or on the ridge of fallows.

The watcher

receives the name of Ganban (The goose sentinel.)
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the birds used for food and its flesh is delicious.

(25)

ANAS BOSCHAS, L.

(MAGAMO.) (MALLARD.)
Lamellirostres.—Anatidae.

WHEEE FOUND.
It breeds in northern countries and comes to Japan at the end of theautumn.

The living places are lakes, marshes and bays.
CHAEACTEEISTIOS.

The male and female differ in the color of the plumage.

It feeds upon

fresh water mollusks and algae.

It loves to live in pairs and the male accom¬

panies the female at all times.

The flight is performed in flocks, but not in so

regular a manner as that of geese.
UTILITY.
It is an important species among the bird used for food and its flesh is very
delicious.

— 14(26) ANAS ZONORHYNCHA, SW.
(KAEUKAMO.) (DUSKY AIALLAED.)L AMELLIROSTKES.-An ATIDAE.
WHEEE FOUND.
It breeds in Japan, and goes to sontlieni countries in the winter.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.

It breeds

near lakes and marshes and does not live in any large flock.
UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food and is noted for its presence in Japan during thesummer.

(27) ANAS CRECCA, L.
(KOGAMO.) (COMMON TEAL.)
Lamellirostees.—Anatidae.

WHEEE FOUND.
It breeds in northern countries and comes to Japan in the winter.
It lives in ponds, marshes and rivers.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The male and female differ in the colour of the plumage.

It lives in flocks

and often changes its habitation at night.
UTILITY.
It is an important species among the birds used for food.

(28) ANAS FORMOSA, GEORG.
(TOMOYEGAMO.) (SPECTACLED TEAL.)
Lamellirostees.—Anatidae.

WHEEE FOUND.
Its native and h\ ing places are similar to those of the last species.
found less abundantly.

It isCHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the Kogamo in character, but it flies more swiftly.
UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food and its flesh is delicious.

(29)

ANAS FALCOTA, GEORG.

(YOSHIGAMO.) (FALCATED TEAL.)
Lamellinostres.—Anatidae,

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of northern countries and comes to Japan from the autumn.
It lives in ponds, marshes and bays.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in character.
UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food and its flesh is not so delicious as that of the lastspecies.

(30)

ANAS [ACUTA, L(ONAGAGAMO.) (PINTAIL.)
Lamellirostres.—Anatidae.

WHERE FOUND.
Its native place is the same as that of the last species.

It comes to Japan

from the winter and lives in pond and marshes.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female differ in the color of the plumage.
and narrow.

The tail is long

It loves to lives in pairs and forms a flock.
UTILITY.

It is of the same utility as the last species and the flesh is delicious.

16

(31)

—

ARDEA ALBA, L.

(DAISAGI.) ^(GEEAT WHITE EGEET.)CiCONIAE.-AkDEIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
There are two kinds of this species, the one comes to Japan in the summer
and the other in the winter.

It lives mostly near the water in marshes

and others.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.

The powder

down feathers on the shoulders attain full development in the breeding season.
It catches and eats fresh water mollusks and fishes.

It does not form any largo

flock.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the birds used for food and is highly esteemed in
the summer time.

l32)

ARDEA INTERMEDIA, WAGL.

(SHIMAMEGUEI.) (PLUMED EGEET.)CiCONIAE.-ArDEIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
It comes to Japan in the summer and it is found abundantly.

Its living

places are similar to those of the proceeding species.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The powder down feathers cluster on the back and breast, especially thoseof the back are long and hang down six or seven inches from the end of
the tril.
It gathers in flocks, and comes to ponds, canals or paddy fields where it in¬jures rice sprouts.
UTILITY.
It is an important species among the birds used for food.
down feathers are used as an ornament and are highly valued.

The powder

17

(33)

ARDEA GARZETTA, L.

(KOSAGI.) (LITTLE EGEET.)CiCONIAE.-AkDEIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is found in the southern part of Japan in all seasons, hut in the northernpart it is not seen during the tv inter.
The living places are similar to those of the last species.

CHAEACTEKISTICS.
It resembles the last species in character.
on the bach and breast.

The powder down feathers growThe head is furnished with two or three filamentous

feathers.

UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as the last species.

(34)

NYCTICORAX GRISENS, L.

(SEGUEOGOI.) (NIGHT HERON.)
CiCONIAE.—AkDEIDAE.

AVHEEE FOUND.
It breeds in Japan and lives near marshes and rivers.

CHAEACTEKISTICS.
The old and young differ in the color.

The body of the young is of agreyish brown colour with white spots.
It comes often to paddy fields or the places where fishes are kept and eats
fishes.

It remains still by day and wanders in search of food at night.

The

voice is loud and is like that of the Kamome, Larnus glaucus, Briinn.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the birds used for food and its flesh is delicious.

—

18

—

(35) RALLUS INDICUS, BLYTH.
(KUINA.) (EASTERN WATER-RAIL.)Gr ALL AE.-R ALLID AE.
WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and breeds near ponds, marshes and small streams.
CHARACTERISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.
very rapidly.

It is active and walks

As the primaries are very short, it cannot fly well.

It cries ina peculiar voice, and is fond of small insects, snails etc.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the birds used for food.

(36) CREX ERYTHROTHORAX, T. & S.
(HIKUINA.) (SIBERIAN RUDDY CRAKE.)
Grallae.—Rallidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and inhabits the neighborhood of marshes.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the preceeding species in character, but the bill is a little
shorter.

AVhen it walks, it constantly moves, the tail.

It is rapid and active

in movement, and feeds upon insects.
UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as the last species.

(37) GALLINULA CHLOROPUS, L(KOBAN.) (WATER-HEN.)
Grallae.—Rallidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives in ponds and marshes or near the water.

CHAEACTEEISTICS.
Tlie male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.
tion of the front is of a yellow color in the young.
near the water.

The red por¬

The nest is bnilt in hushes

It catches and eats land and fresh water mollusks.

The toes are well developed and are connected to one another hy membrane.
By this arrangement the bird is enabled to swim in small streams, etc.
UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food and the flesh is delicious.

(38)

FULICA ATRA, L.

(OBAN.) (COMMON COOT.)
Grallae.—Eallidae,

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan, and inhabits the neighborhood of rivers or sea
shores.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It somewhat resembles koban in character.

The toes are furnished withincised webs, enabling the bird to swim.
UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food and its flesh is inferior to that of the last species
in taste.

•(39)

LOBIVANELLUS CINEREUS, BLYTH.

(KERI.) (GEEY-HEADED WATTLED LAPWING.)
Grallae.—Charadriadae.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives near mountain streams, marshes andlakes.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.
insects and runs very rapidly.

The nest is built near the water.

It feeds upon

—

20 —

UTILITY.
It is a bird for food and its flesli is delicious.

(40) YANELLUS CRISTATUS, WOLF & MEY.
(TAGERI.) (COMMON LAPWING.)'

Grallae.—Charadriadae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives near ponds or marshes.

It comes topaddy fields in search of food.

CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the preceeding species in character.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the birds used for food.

(4i) NUMENIUS ARQUATUS LINEATUS, C.
(OJAKU.) (COMMON CUELOW.)
Grallae.—Numeniidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan.

It inhabits sea shores and comes frequently tomarshes, ponds and other places.

CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of thej plumage.
young differ in the length of the bill.

It feeds mostly upon insects.

The old andSometimes

it comes to ponds or marshes and eats frogs or snails.
It forms in small flocks and its voice is low resembling whistling.

UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food and its flesh is delicious.

(42) NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS VARIEGATOS, SCOP.
(CHUJAKU) (COMAION WHIMBEELL.)
Grallae.—Numeniidae.

WHEEE FOUND.
Ifc native and living places are similar to those of the last species.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the Ojaku in character.
It loves to live in flocks. The flight is swift, and the nature is timid.
UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as the last species.

(43) NUMENIUS MINUTUS, GLD.
(KOJAKU.) (LEAST WHIMBREL.)
Grallae.—Numeniidae.

WHERE FOUND.
Its native and livingi places are similar to those of the last species.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in character.

The old and young differ greatly

the size of the bill.
UTILITY.
It is 5bird for food and its flesh is very delicious.

(44) TOTANUS CALIDRIS, L,(KANESHIGI.) (COMMON REDSHANK.)
Grallae.—Totaniidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives near ponds, marshes or rivers.

CHARACTEEISTICS.
The old and young differ in the color of the plumage.
rapidly, but rarely flies to a great distance.

It walks very

It wanders from place to place insearch of food and never stays at one place.
UTILITY
It is a bird used for food and its flesh is delicious.

(45)

TOTANUS INCANUS, GM.

(KIASHISHIGI.) (ASIATIC WANDERING TATTLER.)
Geallae.—Totaniidae.

WHEEL FOUND.
Its native and living places are similar to those of the preceding species.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It is nearly like the peceeding species in character.
dantly and lives in small flocks.

It is found less abun-

The difference between the old and young in

the color of plumage is not so great as in the preceeding species.
UTILITY.
It is a bird for food^and its flesh is delicious.

(46) STREPSILOS INTERPRES, L.
(KYOJOSHIGI.) (TURUSTONE.)
Geallae.—Totaniidae.

^VHEEE FOUND.
It breeds in northern countries and comes to Japan in the winter.

It in¬

habits sea shores. *CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It resembles Chidori, Aegialites sp. in character.

It always wanders on thesea shore and seeks insect turning over the gravel with its bill.

It is distin¬

guished from the last species by possessing greater power of flight.
UTILITY.
It belongs to the group of the birds used for food, but its flesh is inferior in
quality to that of the last species.

23

(47)

—

TRINGA ALPINA PACIFICA, COUES.

(HASHINAGAStllGI.) (PACIFIC DUNLIN.)
Grallae.—Totaniidae.

WHERE FOUND.
Its native and living places are similar to those of the last species.

It isalso frequently found in lakes, marshes and other places near the sea shore.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It walks with great speed and never stays at one place.

It seeks smallmollusks and insects and eats them.
UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food.

(48)

TRINGA MINUTA, LEISL.

(TONEN.) (LITTLE STINT.)
Grallae.—Totaniidae.

WHERE FOUND.’
Its native and living places are similar to those of the last species.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in character.
UTILITY.
It is a bird of small size the flesh of which is considered a great delicacy.

149)

TRINGA ACUMINATA, HORSF.

(UZUEASHIGI.) (SIBERIAN EECTORAL SANDPIPER.)
Grallae.-—Totaniidae.

WHERE FOUND.
Its native and living places are similar to those of the preceeding species.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in character.
northern districts where it breeds.

It lives in large flocks in the

24
UTILITY.
It is a bird used for food and its flesh is not inferior to that of thelast species.

150)

RHYNCHAEA CAPENSIS, L.

(TAMASHIGI.) (PAINTED SNIPE.)
GeALL.\E.-SCOLOPACIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and inhabits mountains.
CHAKACTEKISTICS.
The male and female differ in the color of the plumage.

In all birds, it is

only with this species that the female is more brilliantly colored than the male.
It feeds always upon insects and mollusks in the neighborhood of lakes, marshes
and small streams.

It is weak in the wings and cannot fly to any great distance.
UTILITY.

It is an important species among the birds used for food and its flesh isdelicious,(51)

SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA, L.

(BOTOSHIGI.) (WOOD-COCK.)GeALLAE.-ScOLOPACIDAE.

WHEEE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and inhabits mountains.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.
weak as that of the last species.

The flight is not so

In the summer it retires to the Hokkaido andfarther northward and returns to the southern part of Japan from the beginningof the autnmn.
It lives mostly in forests and bamboo-bushes, and feeds upon insects, snailsetc.

It avoids the direct rays of the sun and likes shady places near precipices

or in bushes.

It lives in flocks of several tens, or in pairs.

It walks always

slowly and never runs.
UTILITY.
It is an important species among the birds for food and supplies a large(|uantity of delicious meat.

25

•—

(52) SCOLOPAX AUSTRALIS, LATH,(YAMASHIGI.) (LATHAM’S SNIPE.)
GrALLAE.-ScOLOPACIDAE.

WHERE FOUND.
It breeds in Japan, travels to northern countries in the vdnter, and returns
in tlie spring.
CHARACTERISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.
powerful.
fields.

The flight is very

It feeds usually upon insects in forests and comes occasionally to

It does not form any flock and is enabled to light on trees.
UTILITY.

It is a bird used for food and its flesh comes next to that of the last species
in the sapid quality.

(53)

SCOLOPAX GALLINAGO, L.

(JISHIGI.) (COMMON SNIPE.)
GrALLAE.-ScOLOPACTDAE.

■

WHERE FOUND.

It inhabits northern countries and migrates to Japan in the autumn.
It comes near paddy fields, marshes or canals in search of food.
CHARACTERISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.

It flies with a greatstrength and feeds always upon small insects and freshwater mollusks.

In thespring time, it is occasionally found in gardens and other waterless places.
UTILITY.
It is bird much used for food and is largely sold in markets with Magamo,
Kogamc and others.

(54'

PHASIANUS VERSICOLOR, VIEIL.

(Kl.jr.) (.JAPANESE GREEN PHEASANT.)GaLLINACEI.-PlIASIANIDAE.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and inliabits forests and fields.

26—

CHAIUCTEEISTICS.
The male and female differ considerably in the color of the plumage.
is poly gamons.

It

The flight is not powerful, hut the running is very rapid.

The male has a long tail and is brilliantly colored.

The male is courageousand fights well.
UTILITY.
It is fit for food.

As its feathers are used as an ornament, they are exported

in not small amounts.

The government sets a limit to the time of hunting thisbird to protect it from extinction.

(55)

PHASIANUS SCINTILLANS, GLD.

(YAMADOEI.) (COPPEE PHEASANT.)
Gallinacei.—Phasianidae.

wheee;found.
Its native and living places are similar to those of the last species.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
It resembles the last species somewhat in the character.
female differ in the color of the plumage.

The male and

The tail feathers of the male are of

the great length and are twice as long as the body.
UTILITY.
It is of the same utility as the last species.

Its tail feathers excell thoseof the pheasant from an ornamental point of view.

The time of hunting thisspecies is also limited.

(56)

COTURNIX COMMUNIS, BON.

(UZURA.) (COMMON QUAIL.)/

Gallinacei.—Cotuknidae.

WHEEL FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives on the plains.
CHAEACTEEISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.
fo rruiining, and the flight is weak.
It fights well.

It is adapted

It is omnivorous and the voice is loud.

UTILITY.
It is esteemed as food and is occasionally tamed in the cage.

(57) TURTUR ARIENTALIS, LATH.
(KIJIBATO.) (EASTERN TUETI,E-DOVE.)COLUMBINAE.—COLUMBIDAK.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and inhabits mountains and plains,
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female are almost alike in the color of the plumage.
flight is powerful and produces a noise.

Tlie

The bill is horny only at the apex.

It feeds mostly upon corns and fruits, and is often injurious to farm crops.

It

lives in pairs or in flocks.
UTILITY.
It is a bird for food, and its flesh is delicious.

It is sold largely in markets.

(58) HYPSIPETES AMAUROTIS, TEM,.

(HIYODORI.) (BROWN-EARED BULBUL.)
Passekes.—Cratekopodidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and breeds in mountains.
,. i

It comes down to theplains from the beginning of the autumn,=

CHARACTERISTICS.

Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.
it is omnivorous.

The voice is noisy andIn large flocks, it comes often near dwelling houses and eats

fruits in gardens.
UTILITY.
It is fit for food and its flesh is delicious.

(59) COLUMBA DOMESTICA, CM.
(DOBATO.) (DOMESTIC-PIGEON.)
COLUMBINAE.-CoLUMBIDAE.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and builds the nest in temples and towers.

28—

CHAKACTERISTICS.
The original species of this bird is Kawarabato, Columba livia, Briss., which
inhabits sea sheres and builds its nest on rocks.
varieties are produced.

By domestication, many

It loves to live in company and when it is set free, it

forms flocks with others of its own species and builds its nest on the roof of large
temples and tall houses, and breeds there.

But occasionally it -builds its nest in

the vicinity of the sea like the original species.

Its habits resemble those of the

Kijibato, but it is distinguished from the latter by the fact that, as it is a domestic
bird, it is not afraid of man and is easily caught again.
UTILITY.
Its flesh can be used as food, though it is not delicious.

It is kept in thecage as a domestic pet, and the excellent varieties are often highly valued.

(60)

MILOUS MELANOTIS, T. & S.

(TOBI). (SIBERIAN BLACK KITE.)
Raptatores.—Falconidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and inhabits towns, villages and plains near humandwellings.
CHARACTERISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of plumage.

Though it is a. bird of prey,

it is not so fierce as other falcons, because it feeds principally upon carrion.

It

possesses a sharp sight and is able to detect its prey on the ground even from tlieheight of several hundred feet in the air.

The wings are long and large, and it

possesses the great power of flight.
UTILITY.
Its flesh connot be used as food, because it has a disagreeable smell.

Thetail feathers are used as the feathers of arrows, but are not so highly esteemedas those of eagles. It is beneficial to human health, as it removes putrefying
matter from towns.

(61) GARRULUS JAPONICUS, T. & S.
(KAKESU.) (JAPANESE JAY.)
Passeres.—Corvidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan.
plains from the autumn.

It builds its nest in mountains and comes to the29
CHARACTERISTICS.
Both sexes are alike in the color of the plumage.

Its own voice is noisy,

hut it imitates other birds in tone.
The nest is more rudely made than that of Hashibosogarasu, Corvus corone
arientalis, Eversm.

It is omnivorous and is strong.
UTILITY.

It can be kept in the cage.

The beautiful blue feathers of its primaries are

sometimes used as an ornament.

(62) TURDUS FUSCATUS, PALL.
(CHOMA.) (DUSKY OUZEL.)
Passeres.—Turdidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It breeds in Siberian regions and comes to Japan from November; then it
us observed everywhere in mountains and plains.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female do not differ much in the color and lustre.
;is very strong.

The voice

It is fond of insects, especially of the Gryllotalpa.
UTILITY.

It is beneficial to agriculture, as it comes near farms, feeding upon insects.
The flesh is not only eatable but is delicious.

(63)

COCCOTHRAUSTES VULGARIS, PALL.
(SHIME.) (COMMON HAWFINCH.)
Passeres.—Fringillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives in the mountains.

It comes to the plainslate in the autumn.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.
low.
•corns.

It lives in flocks.

The voice is

Its bill is large and strong and it feeds upon fruits and

It is a strong bird and is easily domesticated.

30—

UTILITY.
It is less esteemable as a cage bird.

Tbe flesh is delicious and can be used

as food.

(64) COCCOTHRAUSTES PERSONATUS, T. & S.
(IKAEU.) (JAPANESE HAWFINCH.)
Passeees .—Fkingillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
Its native and living places are similar to those of the last species.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in its character.

Its voice is low, but it singji

well. The domesticated bird often imitates the voice of the quail. It is easily tamed.
UTILITY.
It is a cage bird and can also be used as food.

(65) FRINGILLA SPINUS, L.
(MAHIWA.) (SISKIN.),

Passeres.—Feingillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and in the autumn, it comes down to the plains in¬flocks,CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female differ a little in the color of the plumage.
qamed and sings well.

It is easily

The food consists mainly of .fruits and corns.
UTIIJTY.

It is of no use but as a cage bird.

(66) FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA, L.
(ATOIH.) (BKAMBLING.)
Passeees.—Feingillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It breeds in northern countries.

It migrates to Japan early in the autumn,

and is found everywhere in mountains and plains.

—

31

—

CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female, the old and young differ a little in the color of theplumage.

It often forms in large flocks and feeds principally upon fruits andcorns.
UTILITY.
It is less esteemed as a cage bird, because its voice is not melodious.

As it

is easily caught in large numbers, it is sometimes used as food.

(67)

PASSER MONTANUS, L.

(SUZUME.) (TREE-SPARROW.)
Passekes.—•Feingillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is found in the plains of Japan and lives near human dwellings.
CHARACTERISTICS.
The male and female are alike in the color of the plumage.
noisy.
bushes.

It loves to live in flocks.

In a large number, it gathers often in bamboo

The iiest is built between tiles or in water pipes.

fields and injures cereal crops.

The voice is

It gathers often in

Though it is omnivorous, it feeds mostly uopn

corns.

UTILITY.
It is a small bird for food and its flesh is delicious.

It is of no use but as

food.

(68)

EIVIBERIZA CIOPSIS, BP.

(HO.TIKO.) (BONAPARTE’S JAPANESE BUNTING.)
Passerks.—Feingillidae.

WHERE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan and lives always in plains.
CHxVRACTERISTICS.
The inale and female differ a little in the color of the plumage.
is clear and it siugs well.

It lives in small flocks, comes often near dwellinghouses, and feeds mostly upon corns.
ca light.

The voice

It is weak in the flight and can be easily

UTILITY.
It is a cai^ebird and can also be used as food.
O

(69)

PALL

EMBERIZA FUSCATA,(liOAKA.) (GBEY-HEADED BUNTING.)
Passeees.—Fkingillidae.

WIIEBE FOUND.
It is a native of Japan.

It breeds in mountains, and comes down to theplains in the autumn.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in the character.
that of the last named species.

The voice is not so sweet as

It rarely comes near human dwellings.
UTILITY.

It is used as food and is occasionally kept in the cage.

(70)

EMBERIZA PERSONATA, T. & S.

(AWOJI.) (PEMMINKS JAPANESE BUNTING.)
Passeres,—Fringilltdae.

WHERE FOUND.
Its native and living places are similar to those of the last species.
CHARACTERISTICS.
It resembles the last species in character.

The voice is somewhat sweeter

and the difference in the sexes is not so great as in the last species.
UTILITY
It is a cage bird and can also be used as food.

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