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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Table of Contents
The Indo-Pacific: A new horizon of opportunity ...................................................................................................................... 1
Global importance of the Indo-Pacific region ..................................................................................................................... 1
Economic opportunity ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Strategic challenges ................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Sustainable development .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Canada: A Pacific country.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy ............................................................................................................................................... 5
How Canada is engaging in the region ...................................................................................................................................... 6
The People’s Republic of China ................................................................................................................................. 7
India ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
The North Pacific ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
ASEAN......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Strategic objectives and initiatives ............................................................................................................................................ 14
1.

Promoting peace, resilience and security....................................................................................................................... 14

2.

Expanding trade, investment and supply chain resilience ........................................................................................ 16

3.

Investing in and connecting people ................................................................................................................................... 19

4.

Building a sustainable and green future ......................................................................................................................... 21

5.

Canada as an active and engaged partner to the Indo-Pacific ............................................................................... 22

Conclusion: Canada’s Indo-Pacific future ............................................................................................................................... 23

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

The Indo-Pacific: A new horizonof opportunity
Global importance of the Indo-Pacific region
The Indo-Pacific region will play a critical role in shaping Canada’s future over the next half-century.
Encompassing 40 economies, over four billion people and $47.19 trillion in economic activity, it is theworld’s fastest growing-region and home to six of Canada’s top 13 trading partners. The Indo-Pacificregion represents significant opportunities for growing the economy here at home, as well as
opportunities for Canadian workers and businesses for decades to come.

The Indo-Pacific is rapidly becoming the global centre of economic dynamism and strategic challenge.
Every issue that matters to Canadians—including our national security, economic prosperity, respect forinternational law, democratic values, public health, protecting our environment, the rights of women andgirls and human rights—will be shaped by the relationships Canada and its allies and partners have with
Indo-Pacific countries. Our ability to maintain open skies, open trading systems and open societies, aswell as to effectively address climate change, will depend in part on what happens over the next several
decades in the Indo-Pacific region.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Economic opportunity
Today, the Indo-Pacific makes up more than one-third of all global economic activity. Three of theworld’s largest economies—the People’s Republic of China (China), India and Japan—are in this part of
the world. By 2040—less than two decades from now—the region will account for more than half of the
global economy, or more than twice the share of the United States. By 2030, it will be home to twothirds of the global middle class, having lifted millions out of poverty through economic growth.
The region’s economic dynamism and population growth are driving demand for education, healthservices, food, agriculture and fisheries, natural resources and critical minerals, energy, financial
services, advanced manufacturing and green infrastructure. These are all sectors of Canadianstrength, in which Canada has a global reputation for excellence. In the infrastructure sector alone,
there is an estimated $2.1 trillion opportunity for strategic investments and partnerships in the IndoPacific. Seizing these and other strategic opportunities will help safeguard Canada’s economic security,
build our future prosperity and help create good, well-paying jobs.
Our people-to-people ties are a vital part of this opportunity. Canada attracts talented people from the
Indo-Pacific to study in our schools and universities, to work in our communities and to live in andcontribute to our society. In fact, Canada welcomes more international students from India than fromany other country in the world. These ties enrich our social and economic fabric and make us stronger.
Simply put: the rise of the Indo-Pacific can create extraordinary local benefits, as well as increaseprosperity and drive economic growth across Canada.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Strategic challenges
As great power competition deepens in the region, inter-state tensions are on the rise, many withhistorical roots. Regional peace and prosperity are threatened by instability on the Korean Peninsula
as a result of North Korean provocations; rising violence in Myanmar following the recent military coupd’état; clashes on the India-China and India-Pakistan borders; escalating tensions in the South andEast China Seas and across the Taiwan Strait; and severe poverty and inequality. The Indo-Pacific ishome to four states that possess nuclear weapons (China, India, North Korea and Pakistan).
At the heart of this dynamic economic region, China’s rise as a global actor is reshaping the strategic
outlook of every state in the region, including Canada. China has benefitted from the rules-based
international order to grow and prosper, but it is now actively seeking to reinterpret these rules to gain
greater advantage. China’s assertive pursuit of its economic and security interests, advancement of
unilateral claims, foreign interference and increasingly coercive treatment of other countries andeconomies have significant implications in the region, in Canada and around the world. Respect for thesovereignty of other states is a cornerstone of the rules-based international order and ofgovernments’ ability to work together to solve shared problems.
Canada is engaging in the Indo-Pacific in coordination with our partners, which also recognize therising importance of the region. Many of Canada’s closest allies, including the United States, theEuropean Union, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, have increased, or are considering
increasing, their presence in the region, guided by their own interests and strategies and based on
significant investments in diplomacy, in their military presence, in trade promotion and in development
assistance. Within this broader context, Canada has a unique contribution to make based on ourparticular history and relationships in the Indo-Pacific.

Sustainable development
The active participation of Indo-Pacific countries is essential if we are to address global challenges
head on. Progress in the fight against climate change and biodiversity loss can only be realized withthe full participation of Indo-Pacific countries, which have some of the highest and fastest-growing
greenhouse gas emissions in the world; the region accounts for over half of global carbon dioxide
emissions. While Canada is also investing in reducing its own emissions, we must engage with IndoPacific nations to fight climate change together. The region also includes nearly two-thirds of theworld’s oceans and is among the most vulnerable globally to the effects of climate change. South
Asia’s glaciers are melting, and many of the smaller Pacific Island Countries are facing catastrophic
rises in sea levels. And these challenges do not exist in isolation. For example, the South China Sea—
one of the region’s key security hot spots—hosts more than half of the world’s fishing fleets, which
compete for increasingly scarce marine resources. When security, biodiversity loss and climate
challenges overlap, as they do in several cases in the Indo-Pacific, they aggravate and amplify eachother.
Despite several decades of broad economic growth, many parts of the Indo-Pacific region face ongoingdevelopment challenges. Poverty and inequality remain realities for far too many people in the region.
Canada is committed to advancing the Sustainable Development Goals in cooperation with partners
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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

across the region. The benefits of inclusive social, economic and environmental efforts will have amultiplier effect throughout the region and in Canada.

Canada: A Pacific country
Canada is a Pacific country. It shares 25,000 kilometres of Pacific coastline, robust trading
relationships with economies across the region, deep people-to-people ties and a rich history ofcultural exchange.
Indigenous Peoples in Canada have called Pacific coast lands and shorelines home for millennia, andthey have shared Indigenous trade networks that have historically extended to Indigenous Peoples allaround the Pacific.
Waves of people who have come from the region have contributed to Canada’s vitality and prosperity.
Their legacy and descendants continue to enrich Canada from coast to coast to coast. Today, fully halfof new Canadians come from the region, and Canada’s largest diasporas are of Indo-Pacific origin. The
relationship goes both ways, with hundreds of thousands of Canadians living in the region.
Each year, large numbers of tourists travel from Indo-Pacific countries to experience Canada or visit
loved ones. And hundreds of thousands of Canadians travel to the Indo-Pacific to study, experience its
cultures or do business. At heart, our ties to the region are all about people and a shared history.
Canadians and our Indo-Pacific neighbours share a deep appreciation of each other.
As an active, engaged and reliable partner in the Indo-Pacific, Canada will deepen relationships thathave been built through decades of government, private sector, security and civil society cooperation.
The rising influence of the Indo-Pacific region is a once-in-a-generation global shift that requires a
generational Canadian response.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy
The rise of the Indo-Pacific and the profound impacts the region will have on the lives of all Canadiansdemand a comprehensive, whole-of-society strategy to guide Canada’s actions. Canada must invest
resources and build knowledge and capacity to engage. How Canada engages in the region will set thepace for the future and prosperity of our economy, security and stability.
To seize opportunities in the national interest of Canadians, while defending the values they hold dear,
Canada will invest in building capacity to engage with countries across the region, while paying
particular attention to Australia, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, China,
India, Japan, Pacific Island Countries, the Republic of Korea and New Zealand.
The Strategy outlines five interconnected strategic objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Promote peace, resilience and security
Expand trade, investment and supply chain resilience
Invest in and connect people
Build a sustainable and green future
Canada as an active and engaged partner to the Indo-PacificOverall, Canada will defend its national interests. The first objective commits Canada to promoting
peace, resilience and security (Objective 1) in the Indo-Pacific. Stability in this region directly impacts
the safety, prosperity and security of Canadians. Canada will invest in an enhanced military presence,along with intelligence and cyber security, to promote security in the region and ensure the safety ofCanadians. Canada will build on its Women, Peace and Security agenda and its established security
partnerships to reinforce regional capabilities and promote stability.
Canada will also focus on trade, investment and supply chain resilience (Objective 2) to seize economic
opportunities and strengthen and diversify our regional partnerships, building a stronger and moresecure economy at home while strengthening our economic ties across the Indo-Pacific.
Canada will invest in its people-to-people ties with the region (Objective 3) through expanded
education exchanges and bolstered visa-processing capacity and by empowering Canadianorganizations and experts to engage in the region even more. Canada will also increase our feminist
international assistance to address local development challenges, advance collective efforts toward
the Sustainable Development Goals and continue actively engaging in defending human rights in theregion, including women’s rights.
Canada is committed to fighting climate change and ensuring a sustainable and green future (Objective4) for people from the Indo-Pacific and for Canadians. Canada will share expertise in clean technology,
oceans management, energy transition and climate finance, and it will work collaboratively across theregion to reduce emissions and prevent further biodiversity loss. Canada will also work in concert with
G7 partners to help the region meet its growing $2.1 trillion infrastructure funding gap.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Finally, Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy expands and deepens regional partnerships (Objective 5).
Canada will seek to reinforce its influence among partners and allies in the region, offering more
diplomatic, economic, military and technical support and cooperation, and answering the call fromregional partners for deeper engagement.
This is a whole-of-society effort. Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy has implications for all Canadians, andit leverages the efforts of non-governmental organizations, non-profit groups, the private sector,
universities and colleges, Indigenous Peoples and Canadian workers. Canada will support theircommitment and effort, and it aims to position Canadians for success through engagement with thisdynamic, rapidly growing part of the world.

How Canada is engaging in the region
Canada has strong relationships with partners and friends in the Indo-Pacific. We must build on thisfoundation by deepening our existing friendships and seeking new partners. We must show the world
the very best of what Canada has to offer, diversify our diplomatic networks and be a stronger force
for positive change.
There are also countries in the region with whom Canada fundamentally disagrees; we must be cleareyed about the threats and risks they pose. But the collective challenges we face, such as climatechange, biodiversity loss and nuclear proliferation, are too important to tackle in isolation. We mustremain in dialogue with those with whom we do not see eye-to-eye. Where we can, we will pursue
mutually beneficial collaboration, anchored in our commitment to protecting the safety of Canadians
and the strategic interests of Canada.
Canada will build on key multilateral dialogues and forums in the Indo-Pacific, including ASEAN, theASEAN Regional Forum, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Pacific Islands Forum.
Canada’s engagement will also draw upon its existing partnerships with key allies such as the UnitedStates and the European Union and its member states, as well as Australia and New Zealand. Canada
will leverage its ongoing contributions to key global groupings and partnerships such the G7 and Five
Eyes. Canada will continue to engage with Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for TransPacific Partnership (CPTPP) partners on high economic standards and a wide range of partners
including democratic partners on pressing governance issues.
Canada will deliver feminist international assistance programming across the region, responding to theneeds of countries, including Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia and Pacific Island Countries. We will
strengthen cooperation with key countries across the region to support their transition into more
inclusive and prosperous partners.
Canada’s engagement with countries in the Indo-Pacific region will be guided by our interests andconsistent with our values.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

The People’s Republic of China
Canada’s evolving approach to China is a critical part of the Indo-Pacific Strategy.
China is an increasingly disruptive global power. Key regional actors have complex and deeplyintertwined relationships with China. Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy is informed by its clear-eyedunderstanding of this global China, and Canada’s approach is aligned with those of our partners in theregion and around the world.
China’s rise, enabled by the same international rules and norms that it now increasingly disregards,
has had an enormous impact on the Indo-Pacific, and it has ambitions to become the leading power inthe region. China is making large-scale investments to establish its economic influence, diplomatic
impact, offensive military capabilities and advanced technologies. China is looking to shape theinternational order into a more permissive environment for interests and values that increasingly
depart from ours.
This can be seen in China’s disregard for UN rulings on disputes in the South China Sea, and its actions
to further militarize that region and challenge navigation and overflight rights. Canada has
experienced, like others, the impact of coercive diplomacy and non-market trade practices, such as
forced labour. The global community continues to see the effects of lending practices that diverge frominternational standards and create risks for developing economies and their governance. We see
China’s increasing reluctance to comply with the mandates of UN institutions, such as its efforts toblock the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights’ report on the situation of Uyghurs in Xinjiang,
China, from consideration by the UN Human Rights Council. Canada has been compelled to adjust
warnings to Canadians travelling to China, as well as to the business community, to account for thegrowing risk of arbitrary application of Chinese laws. In short, behaviours and policies that erode theexisting rules-based international order undermine Canadian interests, whether they come fromcountries that are big or small—but they are especially challenging when pursued by rising powers
with divergent national values.
At the same time, China’s sheer size and influence makes cooperation necessary to address some of
the world’s existential pressures, such as climate change and biodiversity loss, global health andnuclear proliferation. And China’s economy offers significant opportunities for Canadian exporters.
Canada will, at all times, unapologetically defend our national interest, be it with regard to the global
rules that govern global trade, international human rights or navigation and overflight rights. Our
approach to China is shaped by a realistic and clear-eyed assessment of today’s China.
In areas of profound disagreement, we will challenge China, including when it engages in coercive
behaviour—economic or otherwise—ignores human rights obligations or undermines our national
security interests and those of partners in the region. We must all abide by international rules. We will
work together with regional partners. We will cooperate with China to find solutions to global issues
such as climate change, biodiversity loss, global health and nuclear proliferation.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Our approach to China, which is inseparable from our broader Indo-Pacific Strategy, operates acrossdomestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral spheres:•At the domestic level, Canada will continue to strengthen the defence of our Canadian
infrastructure, democracy and Canadian citizens against foreign interference. This includes
reviewing, modernizing and adding new provisions to the Investment Canada Act that protect our
national interests, as well as acting decisively when investments from state-owned enterprises
and other foreign entities threaten our national security, including our critical minerals supply
chains; further protecting Canadian intellectual property and research; pushing back against any
form of foreign interference on Canadian soil; and strengthening our cyber security systems. At
the same time, we are committing significant resources to enhance Canadian competencies on
China across and beyond government to ensure that we are better able to understand, assess
and respond to the growing impact of China in the region and beyond.

•At the bilateral level, Canada will pursue dialogue with China to advance Canada’s national
interests while remaining true to our values, all the while focusing relentlessly on Canadianpriorities. Canada is reviewing all mechanisms and structures, such as Memorandums ofUnderstanding (MOUs) and Dialogues, across all federal departments to ensure they advance
Canada’s national interests in the 21st century. Canada is also improving Trade Commissioner
Service for Canadian exporters to provide services that ensure commercial opportunities are
consistent with national security. Canada will continue to protect Canadian market access in
China while working with clients to diversify within, and beyond, that market. Canada will continue
to speak up for universal human rights, including those of Uyghurs, Tibetans and other religious
and ethnic minorities. Canada will continue to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with the people ofHong Kong, who are faced with China’s imposition of the National Security Law and, more broadly,
the deterioration of individual and collective freedoms.

•

At the regional level, Canada will balance its approach to China with diversified investments inregional relationships and institutions and a strong vision for the country in the Indo-Pacificregion. Canada will work to deepen a variety of partnerships, influence best practices, advanceinstitution building and support a rules-based approach to a peaceful, prosperous andsustainable Indo-Pacific region. Canada will also continue to work with partners to push backagainst any unilateral actions that threaten the status quo in the Taiwan Strait, as well as the Eastand South China Seas.

•

At the multilateral level, Canada will work closely with its partners to face the complex realities
of China’s global impact and continue to invest in international governance and institutions.
Canada will pursue new solutions to push back against behaviours that undermine international
norms, such as arbitrary detention and economic coercion. Where our interests overlap, Canada
will partner with China multilaterally, as Canada is doing by co-hosting the 15th Conference of theParties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in Montreal.

We are investing in deepening our understanding of how China thinks, operates and plans, and how it
exerts influence in the region and around the world. In this context, Canada will increase our presence,
supporting analysis, consultation, and diplomacy related to China at Canada’s multilateral missions to
the United Nations, the European Union and NATO to anticipate and respond to political, economic, andsecurity risks, complementing previous capacity increases to Canada’s China network.
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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

As we forge ahead with a strong, broad-based approach to China, we must always remember todifferentiate between the actions of the current Chinese government, with whom we have differences,and the Chinese people. The bedrock of our relations remains the people of Canada and China. The
long-standing connections we share and the extraordinary contributions of Canadians of Chinese
heritage to Canada will continue to bring diversity and depth to our relationship for decades to come.
While remaining consistent with our One China Policy, Canada will continue our multifaceted
engagement with Taiwan, which includes collaborating on trade, technology, health, democratic
governance and countering disinformation. Canada will oppose unilateral actions that threaten thestatus quo in the Taiwan Strait.

India
India’s growing strategic, economic and demographic importance in the Indo-Pacific makes it a criticalpartner in Canada’s pursuit of its objectives under this strategy. Canada and India have a shared
tradition of democracy and pluralism, a common commitment to a rules-based international system
and multilateralism, mutual interest in expanding our commercial relationship and extensive andgrowing people-to-people connections.
In its engagement with India, Canada will:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

grow economic ties, including through deeper trade and investment, as well as cooperate onbuilding resilient supply chainsseek to expand market access by concluding an Early Progress Trade Agreement (EPTA) as astep toward a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
create a Canada-India desk within the Trade Commissioner Service to promote implementation of
the EPTA for businesses and investors looking to enter the Indian market, or for those partneringwith Indian businesses
invest in and connect people, including by bolstering Canada’s visa-processing capacity in New
Delhi and Chandigarh
support academic, educational, cultural, youth and research exchanges
accelerate cooperation in the fight against climate change, in protecting the environment and in
deploying green technologies
send enhanced Team Canada trade missions in priority sectors of mutual interest, such as
renewable energy and clean technology

India’s strategic importance and leadership—both across the region and globally—will only increase as
India—the world’s biggest democracy—becomes the most populous country in the world and continues
to grow its economy. Canada will seek new opportunities to partner and engage in dialogue in areas ofcommon interest and values, including security and the promotion of democracy, pluralism and humanrights.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

The North Pacific
The North Pacific is Canada’s neighbourhood, and one of the approaches to the Canadian Arctic.
Canada is part of this important region in the Indo-Pacific and can count on long-standing anddeepening relationships with Japan and the Republic of Korea, as does the United States. With theworld’s third-largest economy, Japan is Canada’s only G7 partner in the region. It is one of Canada’s
most important commercial partners and Canada’s largest source of bilateral Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in Asia. Canada and Japan are the two largest economies in the CPTPP.
The Republic of Korea is Canada’s seventh-largest merchandise export market, and an increasingly
important source of FDI into Canada. Two-way trade continues to grow, facilitated by the CanadaKorea Free Trade Agreement.
The North Pacific faces growing security challenges, notably from North Korea, as its increasingly
frequent and reckless testing of missiles demonstrates. Since the Korean War, when 516 Canadiansmade the ultimate sacrifice, Canada has never left the Korean Peninsula; rather, it has continuously
served, through the UN Command, in support of peace on the peninsula. Today, that includes sustained
and persistent deployments of Canadian Armed Forces planes and frigates that monitor activities thatare in violation of UN sanctions, and which are aimed to deter nuclear proliferation.
As more goods move from Canada to the Indo-Pacific markets, maritime security and the enforcementof the rule of law are becoming increasingly critical. Canada will build upon existing activities—such ascountering illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing through Operation North Pacific Guard—to
deepen our cooperation with Japan and the Republic of Korea in this region.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Beyond Canada’s long-standing and steadfast security commitments on and around the Korean
Peninsula, Canada has much to offer these democratic partners. Emerging security challenges andsupply chain disruptions highlight the need to collaborate on enhancing economic security. Areas ofcollaboration include opportunities in artificial intelligence, cyber security, energy infrastructure andenergy export, critical minerals and electric vehicle battery supply chains, agriculture and agri-foodand trade corridor infrastructure.
As part of its Indo-Pacific Strategy, Canada will:•••

open new opportunities for security cooperation, including through the negotiation of a General
Security of Information Agreement with Japan and, in the future, with the Republic of Korea
strengthen critical minerals, hydrogen and clean energy sources, positioning Canada as a
responsible and reliable energy security partner, by engaging on new opportunities presented by
Japan and the Republic of Korea’s increased demand
work to support and strengthen stability on the Korean Peninsula and, more generally, in the
Indo-PacificJapan is Canada’s only G7 partner in the Indo-Pacific, where we work closely together on trade as thetwo leading economies in the CPTPP, on regional development through the Asian Development Bankand on security through bilateral and multilateral operations and exercises. Shared values andinterests are the foundation of our broader partnership on global challenges and on strengthening therules-based international order. Canada will:
•
•
•
•
•

11

implement the Six Shared Priorities, as agreed to with Japan in 2021, including rule of law,
security, global health, energy, trade and climate
work together with Japan toward sustainable energy and free trade and to address climatechange and environmental protection
conclude the negotiations with Japan for a General Security of Information Agreement between
the two countries and help support both defence procurement and broader national security
objectives
work closely with Japan as it undertakes the G7 presidency in 2023 to support its work as it
shapes its priorities
participate in the 2025 World Expo to be held in Osaka, Japan, to showcase Canadian innovation,
resources, investment and education to Japan and the broader Indo-Pacific region

Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

The Republic of Korea is a strong democratic partner with which we share bilateral and global
strategic interests. Canada and the Republic of Korea are tightly connected through long-standing
trade and cultural ties and a history of mutual support. Canada will:
•
•
•
•
•

12

advance the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership agreed to with the Republic of Korea in
September 2022
launch a high-level Dialogue on Economic Security as part of our Comprehensive StrategicPartnership with the Republic of Korea
work together with the Republic of Korea in support of resilient supply chains, the supply ofcritical minerals and high labour conditions and environmental protections, including thetransition to clean energy
support the Republic of Korea’s efforts to achieve a denuclearized, peaceful and prosperous
Korean Peninsula
establish a new annual Canada–Republic of Korea climate change dialogue

Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

ASEAN
Canada deeply respects the centrality of ASEAN in the region. ASEAN countries include over 660
million people and many of the world’s fastest-growing economies. Canada will work to deepen its
strategic partnership with the organization—which is essential to regional prosperity and stability—andwith ASEAN Member States.
Canada will:

•
•
•
•
•

•
•

13

confirm our relationship with ASEAN at the level of Strategic Partner
seek membership in the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM+) and in the East Asia
Summitaugment our contribution to the ASEAN-Canada Plan of Action Trust Fund, which will direct
funding toward the priorities determined by ASEAN
seek to negotiate and implement a Canada-ASEAN free trade agreement and a Comprehensive
Economic Partnership Agreement with Indonesia
launch a Canadian Trade Gateway in Southeast Asia as a market entry point and catalyst for
Canadian businesses to grow their engagement and presence in the region and enhance Canada’s
profile as a commercial and investment partner. Canada’s Trade Gateway will expand Canadianbusiness and investment networks, linking businesses to existing incubators and acceleratorsand increasing their awareness of Indo-Pacific markets, with an emphasis on sectors andsolutions where Canadian innovation responds to regional demandstrengthen Canadian diplomatic presence in the region and increase security cooperation with
ASEAN and its members
continue to recognize and support ASEAN centrality in the region, including by reinforcing
alignment between Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy and the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-PacificCanada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Strategic objectives and initiatives
1. Promoting peace, resilience and security
Stability in the Indo-Pacific is essential to global stability. The region is home to numerous security
hotspots with potential global repercussions, and Canada must engage as a regional security partner
to protect our national interests and security. Canada’s actions are guided by an unwaveringcommitment to the safety and security of Canadians.
At present, Canadian Armed Forces members contribute to regional stability through stand-alone andmultinational operations, such as supporting the implementation of UN sanctions imposed against
North Korea through Operation NEON. Canada also contributes to upholding the international law of
the sea including the UN convention through forward naval presence operations in the waters of the
Indo-Pacific.
China’s rapid and dramatic modernization of the People’s Liberation Army, including its offensive
technological capabilities and geographic reach, has caught the region’s attention. As China becomes
more assertive and grows in influence, Canada is stepping up as a reliable partner in the region topromote security and stability across the region and at home.
Canada will increase our military engagement and intelligence capacity as a means of mitigating
coercive behaviour and threats to regional security.
Working with partners in the region, Canada will increase its security-based engagement in the IndoPacific. Canada will deploy additional military assets and increase its investments in border and cybersecurity, as well as in intelligence. Canada will continue to build cooperative relationships withcustoms and law enforcement agencies across the region. Working with regional partners, Canada will
help strengthen regional defence architectures and deepen our long-standing commitments to women,
peace, and security. And Canada will work with our partners in the Indo-Pacific to make our societies
more resilient and less vulnerable to the disruptions and shocks that can damage the fabric of oursocieties. Canada’s Defence Policy Update will support Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy and its
implementation.
Like countries around the world, Canada is concerned by the rise of coercive and irresponsible use oftechnology. The spread of disinformation, ransomware and other cyber security threats directly affectCanadians, working to destabilize our democracy and our economy. Canada will take a leadership rolein combatting these threats, investing in expertise and technology to better protect all Canadians.
Canada will work hand-in-hand with ASEAN and its member states to ensure full respect forinternational law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, in the South China
Sea. Canada will work with allies to boost awareness of the region and enhance resilience andpreparedness, as well as to protect against coercive tactics and the theft of sensitive data, technology
and intellectual property from our companies and research organizations. The impact of climatechange on security amplifies the need to work with regional partners to improve resilience to climate14

Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

related disasters. Canada’s military will work with its counterparts and share best practices toimprove climate-related disaster resilience.
As an Arctic nation, Canada is conscious that powers in the Indo-Pacific region are looking to the
Arctic as a region of opportunity. Canada is committed to maintaining the peace and stability of theregion and the safety, health and resilience of Canadian Northern populations and Indigenous Peoples.
At a time of accelerating impact of climate change and rising geopolitical competition, Canada will
advance its standing as an Arctic power and uphold our Arctic sovereignty and the rules-based
international order in our bilateral and multilateral engagement with Indo-Pacific countries on Arctic
and polar affairs. We will do so responsibly and sustainably, together with partners.
Canada’s initiatives aimed at promoting peace, resilience and security in the Indo-Pacific will:

•
•
•
•

make meaningful contributions to the region’s security and defence and enhance our defence
and security relationships with regional partners and allies
bolster Canada’s long-standing collaboration with, and contribution to, the Five Eyes
enhance defence cooperation with ASEAN and North Pacific partners
continue our long-standing contributions to defence cooperation in the Indo-Pacific, including
by supporting the implementation of UN Security Council sanctions against North Korea
through participation in current operations, such as Operation NEON, and working side-byside with our partners to uphold regional security and advocate for North Korea’s
denuclearization

Through investment in military operations, training and capacity building, Canada will:•••

enhance our security and defence contribution by committing additional resources to theregion and increase engagement in international exercises and operations
augment its naval presence, including by increasing the number of frigates deployed on to theregion where it will conduct forward naval presence operations, uphold international law of
the sea including the UN convention, and conduct collaborative deployments with its allies andpartners
expand existing military capacity building initiatives and launch new training programs that
advance joint priorities and interoperability with regional partners, such as Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam, including in the area of Women, Peace andSecurity

Through investment in intelligence and cyber security, Canada will:

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ensure Canada’s national security and law enforcement agencies, including the Canadian
Security Intelligence Service, the Communications Security Establishment, the Canada BorderServices Agency and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, are appropriately tasked andresourced to support the objectives outlined in the strategy and work in a coordinated fashion
to enhance Canada’s public safety and the security of Canadiansincrease resources devoted to protecting Canadians from attempts by foreign states toinfluence them covertly or coercively
bolster Canada’s capacity to collect, develop and provide timely intelligence, analysis andassessment to meet national security needs and provide foresight analysis and early warning
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

••against threats, such as foreign interference, hostile activities by state actors and economicbased national security threats emanating from the regionbuild capacity in the region by dedicating new funding for cooperation, including on borders
and law enforcement, cyber-crime, anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing
detect and respond to increasing cyber security threats originating in the region, including
malicious activity targeting businesses, industry and infrastructure, and threats to democracy
posed by online disinformation campaigns and surveillance technology, including online
attacks targeting civil society and human rights defenders

Through investment in science and research, Canada will:••continue to detect and mitigate risks to protect Canadian post secondary institutions frommalign actors who seek to exploit our open society
increase investment to protect Canada’s innovation and knowledge economy from intellectual
property theft

2. Expanding trade, investment and supply chain resilience
Canada is a trading nation. To grow the economy, create good jobs, and keep our competitive
advantage, Canada must continue to expand into new export markets and create partnerships abroad.
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy will position Canada for long-term growth and prosperity that benefit
all Canadians by enhancing and diversifying our economic relationships with key Indo-Pacificeconomies.
The Indo-Pacific is the world’s fastest-growing economic region, and its importance will only continue
to expand over time. In a world increasingly shaped by tensions, trade is not only an economic but,also, a geopolitical priority. It is also uniquely vulnerable to supply chain disruptions emerging from theregion, as demonstrated during the pandemic. In this context, Canada’s economic network needs to beresilient. Canada’s business sector needs to be able to mitigate risk. To do so, diversification is apriority.
We are also witnessing competition to define the rules for trade and technology in the region and forthe world. In this context, Canada will work hard to promote rules-based trade in the region, expand
trade and digital partnerships and enhance innovation and research. Canada will also increase funding
to support inclusive economic growth and start new partnerships to promote trade and develop
technologies.
This will support good jobs in Canada and ensure we are meeting the needs of countries in the IndoPacific. It is in our national interest to expand trade and investments and to reinforce supply chain
resilience.
Emerging patterns of protectionism and economic coercion are of significant concern to Canada.
Canada is committed to a trade system that is stable and inclusive, and which creates economic
prosperity for everyone. To better position Canada to respond to new geopolitical shocks and bilateral
trade barriers, Canada will strengthen our supply chains through new and existing trade andinvestment agreements; investments in domestic infrastructure that increase trade flows and facilitate
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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

stronger business-to-business relationships. Canada will increase its engagement in regard to theshaping of international standards and norms, particularly in the technology sector. This, in turn, will
create new opportunities for Canadian businesses and ensure a strong economy for years anddecades to come.
To expand Canada’s trade network at home and abroad, Canada will:

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launch a Canadian Trade Gateway in Southeast Asia to expand Canada’s business and investment
engagement, and networks in the region; the gateway will focus on sectors and solutions where
Canadian innovation responds to regional demand and will enhance Canada’s profile as acommercial and investment partner, creating opportunities for Canadian exporters and attracting
foreign investment to Canada
appoint a new Canadian Indo-Pacific Trade Representative to advance Canada’s regional trade
policy, promotion, and economic cooperation objectives in the region
launch a new series of large-scale Team Canada trade missions that involve Canadianbusinesses, provinces and territories and other relevant partners and organizations; Canada will
showcase the capabilities and competitiveness of its exporters and innovators to ensure theirsuccess in the region and facilitate long-term trade and investment opportunities
provide greater support for Canadian small and medium-sized enterprises, innovators andnational industry associations pursuing new trade and investment opportunities in the IndoPacific through an enhanced and tailored CanExport programsupport the economic empowerment of Indigenous Peoples through the implementation of the
Indigenous Peoples Economic and Trade Cooperation Arrangement (IPETCA) in cooperation withexisting partners—Australia, New Zealand and Taiwan—and Indigenous Peoples from thoseparticipating economies
provide enhanced support to women entrepreneurs to maximize opportunities in the Indo-Pacificregion by expanding international partnerships through the Women Entrepreneurship Strategy
open our first Agriculture and Agri-Food Office in the region to help Canadian farmers andproducers to diversify their exports and position Canada as a preferred supplier in key emerging
markets
expand the regional mandate of Canada’s development finance institution, FinDev Canada, to the
Indo-Pacific. Canada’s commitment to the G7 Partnership for Global Infrastructure andInvestment will be done in an approach that looks to amplify, leverage and collaborate with
Canadian private sector and institutions, like pension funds should they choose to, on needed
small to medium infrastructure projects across the region. This will support high-quality,
sustainable infrastructure, and also provides alternative options to developing economies
exploring infrastructure development

To enhance rules-based trade that provides predictability for economies and exporters, Canada will:

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ensure the Trade Commissioner Service provides expert advice on China’s market while
promoting export diversification across the region
strengthen Canadian economic security in reinforcing the Investment Canada Act to defend ournational interests, oversee stronger enforcement and add more precautions to protect
intellectual property and Canadian researchcontinue to work with like-minded partners in the region to counter economic coercion and nonmarket practices
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

••work with partners to develop digital infrastructure, promote interoperability and promotecoherent regulations affecting the Internet, the digital economy and trust and security in the useof information and communications technology; this will enhance cooperation on standards,
norms and regulations that will benefit Canada, the Indo-Pacific region and rules-based trade
provide greater technical assistance to Indo-Pacific trading partners to improve the enforcementof labour provisions, including on forced labour, in current and future free trade agreements with
Canada; this will help protect workers’ rights, ensure companies are respecting human rights intheir supply chains and contribute to levelling the playing field for Canadian workers andemployers

To ensure the resilience of supply chains, Canada will:

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continue to make significant investments in domestic transportation infrastructure projects
through the National Trade Corridors Fund, such as investments in the ports of Vancouver andPrince Rupert, for major upgrades to Canada’s marine, port, airport, road and rail infrastructure,
increasing national trading capacity, fluidity and efficiency
advance shared interests in supply chain resilience with partners, including through greater
Canadian involvement and alignment with regional initiatives, such as the Australia-Japan-India
Supply Chain Resilience Initiative
contribute to global supply chain resilience and sustainability by engaging in technical, policy andhigh-level cooperation through APEC on standards, conformity assessment procedure and bestpractices to enhance trade
position Canada to be a reliable supplier of clean energy in the region—and in a net-zeroemissions economy—including critical minerals and hydrogen, to fight climate change, be anenergy security partner and support global climate goals
expand natural resource ties—related to trade, investment and science, technology andinnovation—with priority Indo-Pacific partners
strengthen Canada’s Science, Technology and Innovation partnerships with key economies,
including Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Singapore and Taiwan, to support international coinnovation projects and commercialization-oriented research and development partnerships for
Canadian small and medium-sized businesses with Indo-Pacific partners

To increase export diversification and free trade access, Canada will:

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work with partners to strengthen and expand the CPTPP and ensure that any form of expansion
will be based on high standards and track records
seek to join and meaningfully contribute to the newly established Indo-Pacific Economic
Framework for Prosperity
improve market access through new comprehensive free trade agreements, such as thosecurrently being negotiated with ASEAN, India and Indonesia, and on new or modernized Foreign
Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements
join the Digital Economic Partnership Agreement with Singapore, New Zealand and Chile while
securing a cultural-industries exception for the Canadian cultural sector

Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

3. Investing in and connecting people
Canada is deeply connected to the Indo-Pacific region through people. Almost 20% of new Canadianscome from the region, close to 18% of Canadians have family ties to the region and 60% of theinternational students coming to Canada hail from the Indo-Pacific. Students come to study in Canada
and often stay to work, to contribute and to join Canadian society. Those who return home forever
carry with them the knowledge and experiences gained in Canada.
Indigenous Peoples from across Canada have established ties with Indigenous communities andorganizations across the Indo-Pacific on issues as diverse as trade, oceans protections and Indigenous
rights. Canada will support Indigenous leaders as they grow and deepen networks in the region across
many areas of collaboration.
Investing in ties between Canadians and people from the region lies at the heart of Canada’s IndoPacific Strategy. For example, Canada will improve its visa-processing capacity to make it easier forfamilies and students to visit. Canada will also continue its investment in cultural diplomacy so thatpeople in the region and Canadians have more opportunities to experience the rich art forms andtraditions that inform each country.
Canada is a steadfast partner and is well positioned to provide assistance that is transparent andresponds to partner needs through the Feminist International Assistance Policy. Our approach leads tostrong partnerships with Indo-Pacific countries and also builds our understanding and expertise.
Canada is expanding our feminist international assistance and will continue to defend human rights
through partnerships with Canadian civil society and partners in the region.
To strengthen people-to-people exchanges, Canada will:

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bolster visa-processing capacities in key locations in the region to ease access for students andfamily members; this initiative will enhance visa-processing capacity within Canada’s centralized
network, as well as abroad in New Delhi and Chandigarh, India; Islamabad, Pakistan; and Manila,
Philippines; these new resources will support ongoing efforts to accommodate the high volume of
temporary resident visa applications (including visas, study permits and work permits) from theregionfacilitate travel to and from the region to strengthen people-to-people ties and bolster tourism byusing different tools, such as the new and modernized Air Transport Agreements, and explore
options to further facilitate travel, making travel to Canada easier, faster and safer for everyone
leverage its reputation as a top education destination by launching over 1,000 scholarship andfellowship opportunities for Canadian students and for students from ASEAN countries
strengthen Canada’s international student program with permanent residence and job
opportunities for students from the Indo-Pacific that could lead to staying in Canada to contributeto Canada’s future; these investments will attract highly skilled workers to Canada to meet theneeds of our economy today and into the future
ensure that under the Indo-Pacific Regional Engagement Initiative, a broad range of Canadian
sector leaders, subject-matter experts, academics and civil society groups will be able to build
new networks in the Indo-Pacific, strengthen the Canadian voice on priority issues and create
partnerships on behalf of Canada
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

•
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invite over 200 Canadian experts to go to the region to support countries that seek to partner with
Canada in tackling challenges where Canada has expertise, such as in governance, energy
transition and oceans management
foster greater inclusion of Canadian diaspora communities of Indo-Pacific heritage throughexpanded cultural initiatives
fight against anti-Asian racism in Canada, in all its forms, through the full implementation of thefederal Anti-Racism Strategy
pursue the path of reconciliation with First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples through enhanced
Indigenous exchanges with regional partners, such as Australia, New Zealand and Taiwan;
support education and skills development for Indigenous youth; continue the implementation of
the IPETCA; and support the implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples
support francophone immigration objectives by expanding our diversification efforts in Cambodia,
Laos and Vietnam—home to 1.3 million French speakers

To strengthen our international assistance, Canada will:

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deepen partnerships in the region by increasing feminist international assistance programming
based on partner needs; Canada will help to protect the most vulnerable populations and support
work to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
support efforts toward democracy, inclusivity, accountable governance and sustained economic
growth, helping key countries in the region
work with development partners in the region to reduce inequality and contribute to theireconomic prosperity
continue to provide critical humanitarian assistance, especially in times of crisis, such as therecent floods in Pakistan
establish our first international assistance program for the Pacific Islands region, supported byour membership in, and support for, the Partners in the Blue Pacificsupport Canadian civil society organizations through targeted initiatives that will enable them topursue human-rights and gender-equality projects in the Indo-Pacific and bolster partnerships
with their regional counterparts
help build demining capacity by establishing standards for landmine clearance and acceleratemine-clearing by sharing expertise to support personnel, especially women, engaged in demining
activities in Laos and Cambodia

To defend and enforce human rights, Canada will:

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strengthen dedicated Canadian funding and advocacy to support human rights across the IndoPacific, including for women and girls, religious minorities, 2SLGBTQI+ persons and persons withdisabilities
leverage Canada’s leadership in multilateral institutions to support regional action on humanrightswork to counter forms of arbitrary detention by hosting a summit on arbitrary detention in 2023
fully implement the next phase of Canada’s Rohingya Strategy
support peacebuilding in Sri Lanka and Myanmar and encourage truth seeking and accountability
for alleged violations of human rights and humanitarian law during the civil conflict in Sri Lanka
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

4. Building a sustainable and green future
Climate change is a global challenge that requires global solutions. As Canada takes historic climate
action at home, it is clear that progress in tackling emissions also requires the full engagement of our
Indo-Pacific partners. The Indo-Pacific produces more than half of global emissions and includes many
rapidly industrializing economies that will have a significant impact on our shared environment. We
need everyone to be part of the solution, and we need to make sure that the move toward a net-zeroemissions economy creates shared economic prosperity.
The same is true in the interconnected work of halting and reversing biodiversity loss, growing
sustainable economies and building communities that are resilient in the face of climate change.
The Indo-Pacific is made up of coastal countries. Canada, with shoreline spanning three oceans, iscommitted to a “blue economy” and has much to share with partners in the region. Canada hassignificant expertise in underwater mapping and in monitoring oceans through advanced sensing andthrough real-time satellite images from space—knowledge that is valuable for preserving the healthand security of our oceans and valuable for partners in the Indo-Pacific region.
Canada will work with its partners on fisheries, funding sustainable infrastructure, biodiversity
protection and conservation, food security and agricultural technology, energy transitions and climate
finance. Canada will also share our expertise on natural disaster resilience and recovery and promoteclean technology to prevent and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Canada and the Indo-Pacificwill face this challenge together.
To support the region in building a sustainable and green future, Canada will:

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expand the capacity for FinDev Canada to support high-quality, sustainable infrastructure in the
Indo-Pacific and also provide alternative options to developing economies exploring
infrastructure development
support oceans management initiatives and expand measures against illegal, unreported andunregulated fishing in the Indo-Pacific, including through our Dark Vessel Detection Program,which uses Canadian technology to find illegal fishing vessels and protect fish stocks
establish a signature initiative in the region on disaster risk and resilience that enables Canada toshare expertise and to help countries adapt to, and be ready for, the impacts of climate-induced
disasters before, during and after disasters strikeboost commercial demonstration of Canadian clean technology in priority Indo-Pacific markets
and help Canada’s clean technology small and medium-sized enterprises with financial support tobreak into markets in the regionbuild on the already allocated $1.26 billion out of the Canada Climate Finance Commitment toward
the Indo-Pacific region to assist partner countries with economic recovery and infrastructureneeds and catalyze inclusive and sustainable development through Canadian capital, technology
and policy expertiseprioritize the Indo-Pacific region as part of the Powering Past Coal Alliance, which is working tohelp partners advance their transition from unabated coal power generation to clean energy;
Canada will collaborate with partners in the region to support a transition to cleaner energy
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

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ensure Canada’s international assistance program will target climate and environment action,with the greatest impact based on needs defined locally and related to climate change, energy
transition, biodiversity and oceans management
work with Indo-Pacific countries to prevent plastic pollution from entering the oceans and theenvironment, reduce plastic waste and better manage existing plastic resources, including by
supporting an ambitious, legally binding global agreement to end plastic pollution that addresses
the full lifecycle of plastics
advance Canada’s Global Carbon Pricing Challenge to share expertise on carbon pollution pricing
as an important tool to fight climate change and drive investment in clean technologies

5. Canada as an active and engaged partner to the Indo-PacificCanada’s overarching priority is to be an active, engaged and reliable partner in the Indo-Pacific.
Canada will build influence among our partners and allies in the region by increasing our diplomatic
engagement, forging connections between like-minded countries and collaborating in common causes.
Through sustained investment and engagement at the highest levels, Canada is increasing anddeepening its political, economic and security partnerships, as well as its sustainable development
assistance and cultural footprint throughout the Indo-Pacific.
Defending the rules-based international order in the Indo-Pacific requires a dynamic approach to
Canadian diplomacy and engagement. Canada will pursue its cooperation as it always has: as a friend
and partner committed to mutual respect; as a proudly diverse country; and as a champion ofmultilateralism motivated by the idea that our future security and prosperity are best served when all
countries—large and small—abide by global and regional rules. Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy
continues our long tradition of global and regional commitments tailored to meet the needs of ourallies and partners in the region.
To become a more active and engaged partner in the Indo-Pacific, Canada will:

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appoint a special envoy for the Indo-Pacific region to coordinate a whole-of-government
approach and manage strategic implementation of the strategy
recognizing ASEAN centrality in the region, confirm and advance our relationship with ASEAN to
the level of Strategic Partner
seek membership in the ADMM+ and in the East Asia Summit
increase Canada’s diplomatic presence and engagement in the region through more frequent
high-level travel, through more diplomatic representation and by deepening engagement inregional groupings
strengthen engagement with the Pacific Island Countries by opening Canada’s first mission to Fiji,committing to increased ministerial-level representation at the meetings of the Pacific Islands
Forum and contributing concretely as a member of the Partners in the Blue Pacific initiative
continue to grow its economic and people-to-people ties with Taiwan while supporting its
resilience
deploy Canada’s first diplomatic position in Hawaii to lead engagement with local U.S. andinternational partners

Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

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bolster the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada’s engagement in the region by opening an office inthe region and through a new range of activities, including seminars, events and research
programming related to the Indo-Pacifichold the inaugural Canada–United States Strategic Dialogue on the Indo-Pacific in 2023
increase Canada’s presence—supporting analysis, consultation and diplomacy related to China—
at Canada’s multilateral missions to the United Nations, the European Union in Brussels andNATO, to anticipate and respond to political, economic and security trends

Conclusion: Canada’s Indo-PacificfutureCanada is a Pacific nation. The Indo-Pacific is our neighbourhood. Canadians from all backgrounds, allregions and all parts of the economy stand to gain from our deepening relationships with partners
around the Indo-Pacific.
The Indo-Pacific will shape the future of our economy, trading relationships, immigration policies,
environment and security.
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy will ensure that Canada plays an active role in shaping this future. It
will position us to take advantage of the growing opportunities the Indo-Pacific presents.
Canada is looking out at the horizon of the Indo-Pacific future with a clear view of the sharedprosperity that lies ahead for Canadians and for people throughout the Indo-Pacific region. By
engaging and investing in partnership, we will secure a better future for all.
We cannot do this without the involvement of Canadians from every sector. This is at the core of
Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy. Together, we can raise our sights, commit to building a better future
and make Canada a reliable and engaged partner in the Indo-Pacific.

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Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy