Journal of Global Resources

Volume 4 (01)January 2018
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

Page 18-24

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC CONCERNS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE:
ALTERNATE FARMING SOLUTIONS FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION
Rajeev Johari1 and Parvez Ali2
1

Associate Professor, Management, ITS, Ghaziabad, India
Email: rajeevjohari@its.edu.in
2

Assistant Professor, Economics, JNVU, Jodhpur, India
Email: parvezdpr5@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper reviews information on the significance of alternate agriculture today andanalyses its procedural benefits in view of the recognized adverse long-term impacts of traditionalfarming procedures on environment. The promotion of organic farming both for crops and animals
in recent times has gained momentum in tune with the global focus on sustainability. Organic
technologies prove beneficial on counts like augmenting soil organic matter and nitrogen,reduction in fossil energy inputs and conservation of soil moisture and water resources. Ecologicalbalance is maintained through use of cultural, biological pest controls and use of lesser toxic
sprays. In the opinion of experts, developing countries where inexpensive labor is available
constitute a fertile ground for penetration of organic farming as a viable venture and its laborintensive nature ensures employment too. Its thrust on natural conditions, natural growth, naturalvarieties and optimal integration of crop and animal farming prove nature friendly not to forget its
array of ecosystem services. Its long term beneficial feature of sustainability both environment andeconomic offsets its short-term costs. The paper endorses this practice of alternate agriculture asa sustainable solution to current farming problems and associated environmental and economic
woes.
Keywords: Global, Environmental, Economic, Agriculture, Resource Conservation
Introduction
The pace at which natural resources are dwindling necessitates immediate attention anddetermination to adopt a resource efficient economy regime for ensuring climate security, foodsecurity and health of our future generations. Only when our aim for resources is minimizing ofusage and maximizing of recycling process, will we be able to leave food for our posterity thatnever gets exhausted. Towards this the pressing issue is to make our production or agriculturalprocess sustainable. Sustainable agriculture incorporates three main objectives of environmental
health, economic profitability, social and economic equity. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO, 2007), sustainable agriculture “is the successful management of resources for
agriculture to satisfy changing human needs while maintaining or enhancing the quality ofenvironment and conserving natural resources”. Organic farming practices considered as asustainable option are believed to augment soil stability, organic matter and show resilience toclimatic variations. It is known to enrich biodiversity to the tune of almost 30 percent as against
traditional farming leading to flow of ecosystem services ranging from pollination and nutrient
recycling to purifying water and air. In terms of demography agriculture is the largest economic
sector and significantly influences the socioeconomic structure of India. The performance of the
agricultural sector influences the growth of the Indian economy. The share of this sector in GDP
has witnessed a declining trend, but it still plays an important part on account of its employment
potential. Agriculture furnishes raw materials for agro based industries. Unfortunately, rising costsof cultivation and uncertain output prices have rendered unsustainability to modern agriculture
system and pose serious economic threats for our farmers specifically the small-scale ones.
Adoption of alternate forms of agricultural practice becomes an imperative. To aggravate matters
India suffers from poor productivity of soil because of low content of organic matter. The efficiencyof the organic inputs in the promotion of productivity is dependent on the organic contents of thesoil. It is reported that soil under organic farming conditions had lower bulk density, higher water
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holding capacity, higher microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and higher soil respiration
activities compared to the conventional farms, Charyulu & Biswas (2010). Organic agriculture canbe a boon towards resourceful use and recycling of essential nutrient elements, which otherwise
are limited. Organic farming due to non-application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides makes
use of lesser energy. Lower stocking densities and lower feed concentrates further result in better
energy balances. It thus can be seen as a solution to both the environmental and economic
challenges that grip modern agriculture. A comprehensive in-depth analysis of the procedures
involved and ensuing advantages in comparison to traditional agriculture is presented below.
Soil Productivity - Conservation Tillage
Agricultural land or soil is known to suffer due to both water erosion and wind erosion which in turninfluences the productivity. Soil is threatened by a number of anthropogenic factors such as
erosion which means loss of topsoil and humus, nutrient depletion, surface sealing, salinization
meaning presence of huge amounts of sodium, magnesium and calcium, contaminants andcompaction. Eroded soils can be responsible for 15-30 percent lower crop yields as compared touneroded soils (Langdale et al., 1992). In organic agriculture adopting of methods like mulching,planting cover crops and intercropping ensures maintenance of soil cover all through the year.
Direct mulching is also done with crop residues after ensuring that the mulch is fungus free. The
practice of ploughing followed rigorously in conventional farming worsens erosion more so when
the soil remains uncovered for longer periods and when it is low in organic content which impacts
the soil’s structural stability. Organic farming procedures adopt conservation tillage method whichusually consists of direct seeding and fertilizing into the previous crop stubble either no till or
minimum tillage before seeding, which conserves surface residues and disturbs the seedbed soilvery mildly. Lesser tillage prevents compaction of soil and unnecessary oxidation of soil organic
matter. Conservation tillage is known to be effective in reducing runoff and erosion irrespective of
climatic, soil, and cropping conditions. Crop residues contain impact of rain and coupled with arough soil surface, increase infiltration, decrease runoff and sedimentation. Conservation tillage
though may not be sufficient in satisfactory control of erosion especially in cases when crop
residues are limited and or slopes are steep, BD Guide (2005).
Water Conservation
Organic farming operations are known to improve water quality and water holding capacity thus
aiding in water conservation. It facilitates preservation and restoration of water quality, enrichingbiodiversity in aquatic habitats. Organic operations are a strict no to the use of synthetic pesticides
which in turn protects water bodies from pesticide pollution. Though, manure and slurry do causesome water pollution. Crop varieties with varied root structures to a greater extent enhance thestructure of soil which consequently betters water infiltration process. Increased humus content,
for instance, allows the soil to absorb more water during periods of heavy rainfall, reducing therunoff of surface water and soil erosion (Zeiger & Fohrer, 2009). Increased holding capacity
enables soil to provide plants the required water intake in climatic variations or say drought likeconditions. Contouring crop rows reduces soil erosion and excess sedimentation of waterways
while helping to retain moisture in the field, as per BD guide (2005).
Resourceful Management of Phosphorus, Potassium and other Nutrients
Organic farming contributes to sustainable phosphorus and potassium levels by reducing nutrient
inputs and outputs, replenishing stocks of these nutrients through crop rotation, and recycling ofmanure to complete nutrient cycles. These vital elements are naturally found in rock and soil,
where they are transferred across the food chain from plants to animals and humans who intake
them either directly through plants as primary consumers or indirectly by consuming meat or as
secondary consumers. They can then be recycled through the application of animal manure andhuman sewage on the land as fertilizer. Today however there is a growing dependence on mined
phosphate and potassium to produce mineral fertilizers (Ashley, Cordell & Mavinic, 2011). Theseelements are crucial for plant growth and maintaining fertility, productivity and hence the overall
economic viability of a farm. Though there are many issues relating to their use like their loss fromsoils or continuous decline of rock phosphate resource. Poor phosphorus management has aserious negative environmental impact on water quality leading to the eutrophication of aquatic
environments (Sharpley, Richard & Kleinman, 2001).

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There is growing evidence to reinforce that organic farming responds best to the necessityof more efficient use of potassium and phosphorus. Traditional farming is dependent on large
quantities of these elements in the form of mineral fertilizer to replace lost nutrients and increase
productivity. Organic farming offers respite here as it limits external inputs and focuses on
recycling of on farm nutrients. Organic farming observes practices that increase phosphorus
inputs, phosphorus recycling and reduce phosphorus losses. Synthetic phosphorus fertilizers arederived from chemically modified rock phosphates, IFOAM (2011). Organic agricultureemphasizes on organic matter constituted by a complex combination of nutrients that maintains
soil fertility. Organic matter is a good source of many nutrients and improves soil structure, with 95
percent of soil nitrogen to be found in organic matter as per the IFOAM (2011) resource book.
Humus used in organic farming offers no nutrition though it is essential towards maintaining fairly
good soil structure and ensuring nutrient availability to plants. Possibilities of a heavy nutrient
deficiency are much lesser in organic agriculture as compared to traditional agriculture which even
if sets in can be rectified through use of natural fertilizers like rock phosphate for potassium,magnesium rock for fulfilling magnesium requirements or mineral potassium towards meeting
potassium deficiency. Other fertilizing options available in organic farming include guano,
seaweed, bio degradable food by products, feed, oilseed, textile processing, wood and forestry
products, and peat. Green manure or cover crops may not remove or provide phosphorus as it isabsorbed by the plant, but the same is returned to the soil later till the time of plant harvest. Green
manure could be leguminous crops like clover, alfalfa, beans, peas, ground nuts etc. towards
increasing the nitrogen content of the soil. These plants engaging in a symbiotic relation withbacteria trap the air nitrogen and fix it in their cells while directly releasing some of it in the soil,
IFOAM (2011). Green manure plantation between growing seasons is known to provide enoughnitrogen to the soil. They bring in atmospheric nitrogen through fixation, which constitutes forabout 70 percent of the total nitrogen fixed. As an example, clover when used as a winter covercrop can provide nitrogen sufficient for a wheat maize soya rotation not requiring addition offertilizers.
Weed Control
To control weeds between cropping seasons, no till systems apply cover crops in place of theotherwise both water and soil polluting herbicides. Also cover crops grown with the purpose ofcovering the bare ground fix nitrogen into the soil decreasing the requirement for synthetic
fertilizers. These crops are usually grown in orchards and plantations where the gestation periodof tree crops is long. Growing winter cover crops brings about green browse, erosion control andwildlife cover as per the BD guide (2005). Cover crops displace invasive weeds too. Because
herbicides are not used for weed control, cover crop options are not restricted by herbicide
carryover. Crop cover, however face the challenge of sandy soils and warm climates quickly
burning up organic matter or cover crop residues. Most vegetable crops leave little residue which
remains a challenge for organic horticulture. Besides cover crops, weed control is carried out
through initiatives such as crop diversification or grazing of livestock. Crop rotation implies
cultivation of different crops on the same piece of land every year at different time periods.
Rotating crops serve to interrupt pest host cycle and draw natural enemies of agricultural pests. In
organic farming frequent mechanical soil cultivation used for weeding and complex crop rotations
are known to decrease inoculums concentrations. More stable cell walls in the plant tissue
because of lower fertilization levels decrease chances of fungal infections, BD guide (2005). For
controlling weeds organic farmers also use techniques like flame weeding which does not affectthe soil temperature adversely. It is also used to kill some infected crops in order to prevent the
spread of infestations.
Emphasis on Natural Pest Control Techniques
The thrust of organic farming is prevention and not cure. It lays premium on preventive aspects
and takes recourse to natural pesticides only when left with no other choice. Bio control
mechanisms like using releases of predaceous, parasitic insects to reduce pest populations are
adopted, (SEBI, 2010). Natural pesticides degrade fast and thus leave no residues in food stuff.
Botanicals are preferred over synthetic pesticides as they break down fast into common naturalcompounds, synthetic substances on the other hand continue to persist in the environment.
Ecological balance can be maintained through use of cultural and biological pest controls and useof lesser toxic pest sprays in event of any need. Pest control is carried through cultural methods orpractices like application of sustainable crop rotations, biodiversity maintenance, maintenance of20

optimum crop health and making use of resistant varieties. Certain insect species are attracted
towards certain species of flowering plants and these insects control pests too in nearby growing
vegetable crops. Pyrethrin’s for example are natural insecticides produced by somechrysanthemum plant species. They are very less poisonous for mammals as they quickly breakinto inactive forms and are easily removed from the body during excretion. Though pyrethrin’s(SEBI, 2010) are toxic for aquatic life, there are fewer chances of water bodies getting
contaminated due to their extremely low pesticide movement rating as they bind to the soil tightly
and degrade quickly in sunlight both at the soil surface and in water.
Natural Biodiversity Conservation
The invaluable role of biodiversity is widely accepted in that it cleanses air, water, soil andsupports many soil functions like nutrient recycling, provides pollination services resulting in
propagation of crops. Biodiversity however is constantly jeopardized by anthropogenic factors. As
for agriculture, intensification or higher use of inputs and higher stocking densities as is the casewith conventional agriculture is the predominant cause. Other factors include application ofsynthetic fertilizers and pesticides, abandoning of land, climate change, invasive alien species andovergrazing (SEBI, 2010). There is lack of scientific evidence on effect of genetically modified
organisms on health and environment. Organic agriculture adopts a precautionary stance andhence application of genetically modified organisms has no place in organic farming. It banks
mainly on natural biodiversity. However, with increasing use of genetically modified organisms inconventional agriculture and their pollen transmission in the environment, organic agriculture or
product eventually is bound to face the challenge of remaining completely free of them. Protecting
sensitive habitats from degradation or putting them to other uses like agriculture is crucial tobiodiversity conservation or conservation of native species. Restoring degraded riverside habitats
with native species and adapted ecosystems benefits biodiversity along with advantages likewater purification, flood protection and groundwater recharge according to BD Guide (2005).
Bengtsson et al. (2005) analyzed the effects of organic farming on species richness andabundance and found that organic farming usually increases species richness, having on average
30 percent higher species richness than conventional farming systems. Birds, insects and plants
usually showed an increased species richness in organic farming systems. Both long term andshort-term researches have increasingly proved that more species thrive in organic farmlands due
to its features of crop rotation, leaving of buffer strips, nonuse of synthetic pesticides and growingof best adapted or area specific breeds which practices provide an edge over conventionalfarming.
Organic farming simultaneously promotes biodiversity and is dependent on biodiversity as
well in all its levels of gene, species and ecosystem, BD Guide (2005). Genetically speaking
conventional and adapted breeds are taken recourse to as they are more disease resistant andmore climatic stress resilient. As for species, diversity is the adopted rule as variety plant animal
combinations bring about optimal nutrient and energy cycling. For ecosystem level benefits,management of natural zones within and surrounding organic fields and lack of chemicals
naturally enhance suitability of wild life habitats. More use of underutilized species as in rotation
crops towards building soil fertility arrests agro biodiversity erosion, paving way for an enhanced
gene pool. Arrangements offering food and shelter and absence of pesticide bring newer flora andfauna species permanent as well as migratory and organic system friendly organisms likepollinators and pest predators closer to the organic fields. Organic structures provide appropriate
habitats for pollinators, insect predators, birds and bats which play their own purposeful parts.
Invasive species are ruled out from the farm through fully composted material, clean soil
amendments, mulches and clean tractor tools. Invasive weeds are replaced with native perennial
grasses and forbs to control erosion and to attract pollinator, predatory, and parasitic insects.
Nectar and pollen producing native plant like hedgerows attract beneficial insect pollinators,
predators, and parasites, BD guide (2005). Flowering strips of alyssum interspersed withvegetable crops serve to bring pollinator, predator and parasitic insects drawn for nectar, BD guide(2005). New invasive weeds are prevented from settling down in organic operations. Sheep andgoats may be left to graze. Grazing is in tune with habitat needs, including reproduction andmigration of native species and other wildlife.
Beavers play a critical role in biodiversity and many native species are dependent on themto create the favorable habitat associated with their ponds. Building of natural dams by beavers
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helps control flood severity and facilitates recharging in aquifers. Safe foraging and roosting coverfor birds can be ensured by planting wildlife food crops and sheltered resting areas for mammals
during cold winters need to be created. Crop rotations can be planned such that some fields
always provide food or crop leftovers, water, and cover for priority and other wildlife. Making rice
fields flood in off season draws waterfowl and shorebirds, which feed on leftover grain and freshly
hatched aquatic invertebrates suggests the BD guide (2005). The birds trample the rice straw andtheir excreta facilitates breaking down of the crop stubble doing away with the environmental
hazardous practice of burning and applying fertilizer at later stages. In traditional farming organic
matter is wasted when farmers burn crop residues. Needless to mention that stubble burning
constitutes a burning problem in our country each year for the amount of air pollution it causes. In
organic farming organic matter is fed to the soils through methods like mulching. In combined
traditional farming systems, the livestock manure deposited in the sheds or stables is usually not
returned to the cultivated fields and left to decompose.
Air Pollution in Conventional Farming
Burning of rice stubble by farmers on lakhs of acres of land after kharif harvest is a substantial
source of air pollution in our country. Aiyar (2016) proposes an environment friendly way of
converting stubble into goat fodder. Aiyar (2016) suggests that burning stubble destroys a usefulraw material, causes respiratory diseases and worsens the greenhouse gas emissions. Earlier riceused to be manually harvested. But today to avoid labor costs as well as shortage combine
harvesters are used which leave about 12-15 inches of stubble as against only few inches when
done manually. In yesteryears farmers allowed shepherds to graze sheep on the stubble.
Unfortunately, today’s farmers are in a rush to clear the fields and plant a rabi crop within two
weeks of the kharif harvest. Transporting stubble too proves expensive for farmers whoconveniently burn the stubble. Aiyar (2016) focuses on approaches like zero till farming, sowing
wheat seeds without removing the stubble. Cattle, sheep, goats all with four stage stomachs caneasily digest rice and wheat straw. Straw can also be treated with urea, alkalis or molasses for
improving digestibility and calorific value. Forest grazing has the demerit of thwarting regeneration
and Aiyar (2016) mentions that the energy animals spend in grazing uses up to one third of theircalorie intake. He suggests stall feeding as answer to this which method makes animals produce
more milk and meat due to lesser calorie losses.
Livestock Husbandry and Nutrient Recycling
Feeding of livestock proves not to be an expensive affair in organic farming. Crop residues offer
fodder to livestock. Livestock thus has a significant role to play in organic agriculture as animal
manure provides nutrients to crops. According to BD guide (2005) rotation to perennial forage
rests soil after intensive annual crop production. And animal grazing activity controls weeds anddiseases in crops. Nutrient recycling course can be illustrated through the example of pig
husbandry. Pigs by themselves do not produce phosphorus on their own. They excrete the surplus
or unassimilated phosphorus from their phosphorus enriched feed. When pigs were fed with farmgrown food and their excrement is returned as fertilizer to the soil to the same farm, phosphorus
concentrates can never reach out of proportion levels. However, the situation is not the same
when pigs are grown in industrial environments with lack of connectivity between crop and animal
production. Maintaining optimum stocking rates is essential in order to ensure a balance among
animal and crop production. Organic farming totally disregards the idea of making any genetic
changes so as to ensure a sustainable production of pigs. Cattle and other farm animals serve as
nutrient sources for organic farmers. Farm animals concentrate nutrients in a form that is easier tospread in the farm. Animals collect nutrients from pastures while grazing which they process,assimilate and concentrate the undigested parts in feces which are spread on to the crop fields.
This nutrient transfer on the part of farm animals facilitates maintenance of biological soil fertility
and stabilization of soil structure. Applying compost which encourages disease suppressive
qualities of soils and mulch with crop and other crop residues from the farm raises soil fertility andstructure. Unsustainable agricultural practices lead to loss of organic matter in soil and are
detriment to the extent that no application of mineral fertilizers can offset. Two negative factors
come into play here low cation exchange capacity of the soils implying lesser nutrient retention
and limited availability of other nutrients say micronutrients, BD Guide (2005).

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Thrust on Natural Conditions, Natural Growth and Animal Welfare
Organic farming practices are animal friendly as they give paramount importance to maintaining
the health and wellbeing of animals by focusing on balanced organic nutrition; stress free living
conditions and resistant breed selection for diseases, parasites, and infections, BD guide (2005).
Preventive strategies like regular exercise, free access to pasture, open air runs, and adequate
grazing rotations reinforce the natural immune mechanisms of animals. Preventive use ofchemically synthesized medicines and antibiotics is prohibited as routine drug intakes enervate
the immune system and may cause antibiotic resistance. Natural and complementary therapies
including homeopathy, Ayurveda and acupuncture are applied in event of animal disease. Keeping
the environment as natural as possible facilitates a stress-free setting for livestock which in turnboosts their immunity. Sand bath for chickens aids in ridding them of parasites. Exercises andaccess to sunlight curbs the risk of skeletal disease and fertility problems. Rotating the grazing
pastures promotes natural immunity in animal young ones as they receive a steady exposure toboth harmless and pathogenic microorganisms. Natural environment also takes care of selfmedicating mechanisms when animals on reflex cure some of their diseases by in taking nonnutrient substances which heal that particular ailment. Crops grown organically are neverpressurized during the process of growing implying that their growth is slower in comparison to
non-organic crops nevertheless resulting in higher quality yields. The same principle applies toanimal products. Growth of animals in conventional farming usually is hastened by adding certain
hormones to their feeds. This in turn increases the weight of meat produced per calorie of foodintake mainly due to more retention of water in the flesh. The producer fetches more profits asprice is not calorie but weight determined. Organic standards address the issue of animal stressduring transport by keeping it to the minimum possible levels. Better productivity scores of animals
in conventional farming is achieved only at the cost of health and wellbeing of animals. In
traditional farming the thrust is on high productivity at the lowest possible price whereas in organic
farming ensuring the breeds robustness and disease resistance ability are paramount. Growth ratein organic farming encompasses animal longevity, health, and adaptability. Animals may thus takelong to reach adult hood; their productive life however is longer than conventionally brought up
animals.
Impact on Nutritive Value of Foods
Reports suggest organic products to have lower levels of pesticides, veterinary drug residues andnitrate content. Organic plant based food products are generally found to contain higher amountsof antioxidants, vitamins, minerals etc. They usually contain a higher amount of beneficial, healthy
secondary plant compounds which are phytochemicals produced by the plants like vitamins.
Organically processed products lack hydrogenated fats and other harmful additives. Plants grownorganically get enough time to synthesize their vital components. They involve their innate
defense mechanisms fully to counter higher levels of pest pressure and in the process, end up
producing a wide range of secondary plant compounds, BD Guide (2005). Further organic farmers
opt for crop varieties or animal breeds based on their yield characteristics and resistance todisease and pests as well as adaptation to the local conditions. These local varieties may have ahigher nutrient content as against new varieties with better yields.
Challenges and Scope
Organic agriculture as a sustainable agriculture practice is considered to have a lesser impact on
the environment. Organic farming though leads to smaller yields in terms of production per unit
area. Large scale application of organic farming calls for more land clearance and more extractionof water so as come at par with conventional farming yields. It is vital to contain theindustrialization of organic agriculture as has been the case with conventional agriculture for thesimple reason that industrialization proves expensive for climate change and deforestation. In
terms of economic gains organic agriculture has the potential to create robust local economy, selfreliant economy, income security, increase returns, reduced cash investment and involves low
risk. Nevertheless, the pace at which it is being applied is far beyond satisfaction owing to its own
set of weaknesses. These range from initial productivity gaps in cultivation, labor intensive nature,
expensive in comparison to conventional food, dearth of recognized output markets, government
apathy, lack of appropriate organic inputs to little research and development inputs, complexities
in certification process, dearth of necessary infrastructure. Organic farming proves more labor
intensive than conventional farming. Its processes of compost and manure application and antisoil erosion landscaping are labor intensive. This comes as a boon for developing countries like23

ours where these practices are usually undertaken manually or with application of minimum
technologies, all of which make use of a good amount of workforce thus rendering employment
much needed for the developing world. In developing countries inexpensive labor is available
forming a fertile ground for penetration of organic farming as a viable venture.
Conclusion
Given the state of India’s soil, organic agriculture appears to be one potential solution which iscertainly gaining ground though with a lesser momentum. According to Paul (2016), India has
6,50,000 organic producers, which is more than any other country. India also has 4 million
hectares of land certified as organic wild culture, which is third in the world. Through organic
agriculture, promotion of healthy biodiversity, enhanced soil formation is automatically achieved
through the soil building processes of crop rotations, inter cropping, symbiotic associations, covercrops, organic fertilizers and very less tillage. Nutrient and energy cycling is increased and the soil
retentive capacity is also increased offsetting for the nonuse of mineral fertilizers thus reducing soil
erosion. The soil’s vulnerability to factors causing erosion is reduced. Application of organic
fertilizers like compost, animal manure, green manure, better water infiltration and increased
nutrient retentive abilities all contribute to containing groundwater pollution to a lesser or greater
extent. It also lessens the greenhouse effect and thus global warming as carbon is sequestered in
the soil through operations like minimum tillage, applying crop residues to the soil, the use ofcover crops and rotations, and enhanced integration of nitrogen fixing plants like legumes which inturn enhance yields. Organic farming is questioned for being less productive per area basis andthat it needs more land for food production. But this perspective overlooks the broader perspectiveof long term benefits. When it comes to sustainability factor and conservation of natural resources,
organic farming fares better on long term food security parameter. Organic products irrevocably
cause less polluting agricultural systems compensating to some extent for hidden costs ofagriculture to the environment in terms of degradation of natural resources. Environmental andeconomic advantages of organic agriculture can be summed up by stating organic agriculture due
to its preventive and restorative predilection renders agricultural sustainability gradually thoughspread over a long time stretch.
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