アフリカと日本の架け橋となる次世代の人材を育成する
国際獣医学・保全医学教育プログラム [IVCMEP]〜ザンビア - 北大の頭脳循環成果を基盤として〜

International Veterinary and Conservation Medicine Education Program

On

•

国際協力

•

異分野融合

•

異文化理解

e H e al t h•

環境・野生動物保全

•

感染症対策

•

持続可能な資源開発

保全医学に資する人材育成
保全医学（conservation medicine）の概念は 2000 年に入り急速に世界に広まった新しい学問分野です。人間の活動に伴う環境の変化とそれに付随する感染症や汚染物質による健康問題は世界的に解決しなければならない課題です。保全
医学は、「健康」について、人間だけではなく、動物や生態系、社会、そして広くは地球全体の健康問題として捉える
One Health の概念の下で進められます。保全医学の推進のためには医学、生態学、獣医学、工学、農学、経済学、地球科学、情報学、文学、人類学など、文系理系の枠を超えた多分野間の連携が必要です。IVCMEP では多分野の学生が参加できるようカリキュラムを構築し、北海道大学のどの学院／研究院からでも応募できます。

ザンビア大学との「知の循環」
IVCMEP はアフリカの中でもこれまで約 40 年間にわたって交流を続けてきたザンビア大学と連携したプログラムです。
ザンビア大学には北海道大学で学位を取得したザンビア人教員が多く在籍しており、感染症や環境・資源分野など、保全医学に関して大学間で組織だった教育交流が可能となっています。本事業では、日本で育ったザンビア人教員や在学
生、過年度の参加者が日本の大学院生を教育する頭脳循環のグッドプラクティスとなる取り組みを実施しています。

1

プログラム概要

コースの構成*2023 年度は大学院共通授業科目（3 単位分）として開講

コンピテンシー評価
コンピテンシー評価とは、学習における到達目標の内容

202 3 年度 ルーブリック

を詳細に定義した上で学習効果を評価するものです。コンピテンシーは日本語で行動特性と訳されることも多く、学生が各目標を達成した場合に表に現すことができる知
識、技能、行動を具体的に示した到達度の評価指標として利用されます。従来の評価と比べ評価者の主観ではな
く、具体的な行動とベースとした評価手法のため客観的で公正な評価に結びつきやすいことで近年注目を集めています。評価される学生側も「どのような行動特性を評価されたのか」「どの行動特性については、不十分だったのか」が理解できるため、結果としてモチベーションの向上にもつながります。今年度は① One Health に関する知識 ②
異分野融合 ③異文化理解 ④課題解決能力 ⑤語学力の 5 つの観点ごとに 5 段階でコンピテンシーを設定した表（ルーブリッ
ク）を作成・運用しました。

IVCMEP 名称とロゴについてInternational Veterinary and Conservation Medicine
Education Program の頭文字をとって ”IVCMEP”、読み方は ”I’ve come up” です。北海道大学とザンビア大学の交流の中で育った人材がそれぞれ自国に戻り、互いの国の次の世代を導くという頭脳循環のコンセプトが込められています。ロゴは様々な分野が関わり合い地球全体の健康を考える One Health の概念を表したものと、北海道大学とザン
ビア共和国の国旗のベースカラーとなる緑色でロゴを形どった 2 種類があります。

2

プログラム概要

2023 年度実施概要◤ 学生派遣北海道大学参加学生人数：8 名

活動内容
事前学習

[6〜7月]

ザンビア渡航[ 8 月 18 〜 9 月 4 日 ]• アカデミックイングリッシュ• JICA ザンビア事務所• 活動報告会• JICA ザンビア事務所オンラインセ• 農業技術開発センター• レポート作成• 海外リスクマネジメントセミナー
ミナー• 課題探求活動企画／調整• 重金属汚染環境修復サイト• Mosi-Oa-Tunya 国立公園
• 課題探求活動 (SDA)「課題探求活動 (Self-Designed Activity; SDA)」とは？
保全医学の実現には今まさに起きている社会課題の抽出 / 解決能力と専門分野や文化を超えたコミュニケーション能力が必須となります。そこ

で、滞在中の原則 3 日間はフリーデザインとし、学生が主体的に活動する期間としました。参加学生はまず、事前学習の一環として各自の関心に沿って One Health/ 保全医学に関するテーマを設定します。テーマは大学院の専攻内容に準じたものである必要はなく、卒業後のキャリアまで見据えた上でザンビア特有の課題を抽出し一人一人企画書を作成します。IVCMEP 事務局の仲介によりザンビア大学の研究者や JICA 職員、およびその関係団体にカウンターパートを依頼し、そのあとは学生が直接カウンターパートと活動内容や詳細なスケジュールの調整を行いました。
実際にザンビアに渡航してからは、フリーデザインの日程でフィールド
計測やインタビューなどをカウンターパートとともに実施し、帰国後にはプレゼンテーション形式の報告会の開催とレポートの作成を行いました。最終成果物となったレポートは本冊子にも掲載しています。

3

事後学習

[ 9 〜 10 月 ]（ザンビア大学とオンライン接続）

プログラム概要◤ 学生受入ザンビア大学参加学生人数：4 名

活動内容
事前学習

北海道渡航

[6 〜 7 月 ]• 日本文化と言語のオンライン学習• ラボローテーション企画[7 月 16 〜 7 月 29 日 ]

事後学習[9 〜 10 月 ]• ケミカルハザード専門家講習• 活動報告 / 交流会• 知床生態系フィールド演習• ラボローテーション• 豊羽鉱山フィールド演習• ラボローテーション• レポート作成

フォローアップOUTLINE
lGeneral guidance to this classInternational Veterinary and Conservation
Medicine Education Program to foster the
next generation of human resources tobridge between Africa and Japan:
Japanese culture

lJapanese culture & societylQuick language training◤ オンライン受講

参加学生人数：14 名
開講内容

ケミカルハザード対策、感染症対策，環境修復など幅広いラインナップから 3 授業分（1 コースあたり 8 科目相当）を学生自ら選択しオンデマンド形式にて受講しました。受講後に講師とオンライン会議システムで質疑応答などを行う Student Interactive Session が開催され、１対 1 での活発なディスカッションが交わされました。
【 Example of the classes 】⁃ Chemical Hazard Control•
Field Toxicology & Risk Analysis•
Chemical Analyses•
Comprehensive Studies on Chemical Hazard
Control•
Environmental Remediation and Diagnostic
Techniques•
GIS and satellite remote sensing•
Informatics⁃ Mechanism, Assessment and Remediation ofEnvironmental Pollution⁃ Advanced and Comprehensive Studies on
Zoonosis Control⁃ Advanced Seminar on Conservation Medicine

次のページより派遣学生の訪問先及び課題探求活動のレポートを掲載しています
受入学生のレポートは逆開きの英語版をご覧ください4訪問先レポート

参加者による訪問先レポート
that the cultural similarity with Japanese in terms of our

目次
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

在ザンビア日本国大使館
JICA ザンビア事務所
Kabwe 鉱山跡 / 精錬施設
Kabwe 環境修繕事業
GART 農業開発トラスト
Livingstone 概略
Mosi-Oa-Tunya 国立公園
Mukuni 村
ヴィクトリアの滝

style to go with the slow. One of the coordinators of

p.5
p.6
p.7
p.9
p.9
p.10
p.12
p.13
p.14

IVCMEP mentioned her insight to Zambians that they aregood at finding the customs and following them. I felt thiskind of custom gives Zambia a peaceful atmosphere.
Japanese in Zambia
  Next year, 2024, will mark the 60th anniversary of theestablishment of diplomatic relations between Zambia
and Japan. The main part of the cooperation is engaged
by JICA, and the projects of various fields help thedevelopment of capacity building.

在ザンビア日本国大使館

   For example, the veterinary in UNZA was one of the

Embassy of Japan in the Republic of Zambiaof African countries, the system of the license of veterinary

2023 年 8 月 21 日

国際食資源学院

M2

石毛奈央

Graduate School of Global Food Resources

projects from the Japanese ODA. Before the independence
followed suzerain. Therefore, it was necessary to develop
an education hub to support livestock management, andM2

the relationship between the University of Zambia andNao ISHIGE

Hokkaido University is valuable to establish the baseline

Backgroundof Zambian livestock production. Because of the success   We visited a Japanese embassy as our first activity inof the cooperation, “Zambeef” became one of the leading

Zambia on the 21st of August. We were welcomed kindly

meat companies in Africa.

by the Ambassador, H.E. Mr.Takeuchi, and discussed

  The other presence of Japan in Zambia is the industrial

the inspiration from Zambia. Even though He arrived in

section. When we see vehicles on the road, there must be

December last year in Zambia, the points of view of see

Japanese Logos like Toyota, Suzuki, etc. I was surprised

relationship with Japan were remarkable. This page is thewhen I saw some buses with Japanese like “ ○ ○ 幼 稚 園summary of what we discussed with him about Zambia.

（○○ kindergarten）”, and “ 老人ホーム（facilities for the

The beacon of hope in Africaaged）”. Actually, the market size of used cars in Africa has

  This word is from the message of the Ambassador on

doubled in this decade, and the population explosion

the website of the Japanese embassy to show Zambia.

must accelerate the demands.

According to history, Zambia has been one of therelatively stable countries in Africa because there has
been no civil war since the colonial era of Great Britain.
When we passed out a road to go to a lodge from theairport, there was a big gate with the slogan “One Zambia,
One Nation”. It was given by the first president of Zambia,
Kenneth Kaunda. It is said that there are 73 languages andmore tribes. So, the multiracial nation makes this a uniquesituation.
   When we discussed the impression of Zambian
accordion to our stay, many of us mentioned “kindness”
and “hospitality”. The Ambassador agreed and he added

5

Fi g .1 R e us e d Ja p a n e s e c a r a s a p u b l i c b us

訪問先レポート
    On the other hand, we discussed the presence of China.

1987, and the relationship is continuing. The total number

Recently, the population of China has been getting higher,of volunteers (JOCV) was over 1600 (in 2020), and 13 main

and we can see many buildings and factories in Lusaka.

projects are in progress now.

Of course, collaboration must be necessary with other  We visited a JICA office on the 21st of August and had acountries.

briefing about “what is international cooperation” from

Future Vision of Zambia

the head officer Mr. Yonebayashi, and we discussed the   When we talk about the economy in Zambia, there

future of Zambia. One of the impressive things in his

is no doubt that copper is the key. On the other hand,

opinion was about chance and luck. As I mentioned on thethis situation is a so-called “resource curse” in economic

Japanese embassy’s part, the presence of Japan is limited

words.  After independence, the management of copperin Zambia because of the budget of ODA. It is decreasing

was the most important social issue, and the economic

due to the Japanese governmental policy, but hestate was highly dependent on the world market (thementioned that general business change can happen inworld recession in the 1980s, the plan for the revolution

time. For example, the usage of smartphones in Zambia isof copper export in the 1990s, and the high demand forincreasing dramatically. Therefore, if Japanese companies

resources in the 2000s).

realized the future demand, there would be a chance of   The ambassador pointed out that the Zambiana high presence not only of cars. Of course, there is a risk,

government is always trying to see new ways of

but investment is a thing like that. Therefore, the capacity

developing and he wants to work on the promotion ofbuilding by the international corporation JICA can be a

tourism for Japan. Though the consciousness of Africa

support to find the new chance for interactive benefits. In

from a business aspect is getting high, the Japanese

this report, I picked up some projects which we learned.

interest in tourism is still low. During our stay in Zambia,

National KAIZEN Project (Phase2)

we visited some national parks and enjoyed the game  “KAIZEN” is JICA’s worldwide program to enhance thesafari tour. Moreover, Victoria Falls is one of the mostquality and productivity control capacity. One of thefamous tourist sites, and it is a resource the tourism.

engines to pushed the Japanese economic growth was

However, the reasons why Zambia is not a popular site

the engineering technology with high speed after the WW

for vacation are the distance and lack of information. I

Ⅱ . The word “KAIZEN” shows not only the techniques tostrongly felt the possibility of the demand for the wildarchive such a development but also the independence,nature of Africa, and it will be a nice chance to see thecreativity, and education style. Therefore, this project is anpossibility.

outcome of the proud “Made in Japan” style, and many

[ R e f e r e n ce]
１．在ザンビ ア日本 国大使 館 H P ht t p s: // w w w. z m . e m b - j a p a n .
g o. j p/ i t p r to p _ j a / i n d e x . ht m l (202 3/10/ 2)
２．島田 周平・大山 修 一 編 著 (2020) ザンビ アを知るための 55 章 ,明 石書店

other countries are interested in such knowledge. Zambia

JICA ザンビア事務所

is one of the countries to follow this concept and utilized
it for two projects. One is the planning of the classes andthe other is the support for private sectors. A national
staff mentioned that the KAIZEN program worked well tocheer the worker’s motivation and enhancement to get a

JICA Zambia Officemaster’s and Ph.D.
2023 年 8 月 21 日〜 22 日

国際食資源学院

M2

石毛奈央

Graduate School of Global Food Resources

  The other good point of this project is that the goal isinfinite. If someone gives money or resources just to raiseM2

the income, it can work for a short time. However, theNao ISHIGE“KAIZEN” project is different from such support because

Background

JICA doesn’t give them money but knowledge and   Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is anexperience.

independent administrative agency that works on human

Assistant for the former refugees

security and quality growth in developing regions from  Zambia is one of the politically safe countries in Africa,

various fields. In Zambia, the first project of  JICA started

and there are many refugees from other regions likein 1970, and the kickstart was the volunteer program ofAngola, etc. However, the support from the United

Judo. Then, the technical support program was started in

Nations is limited because of the international definition

6

訪問先レポートof  “refugee”, and JICA is now doing a support program

contaminated water and air, then the lives of scavengers.

for the former refugees who don’t have the certification of

I asked her about the proximity of the housing site to the

refugee anymore. First, I thought that this project seemed

Chunga landfill. She pointed out the other social issues

like NGOs or NPO. However, the project is run by national

about illegal states because of the rapidly increasing

staff in the JICA Zambia office and she is proud of working

population, especially in Lusaka. Originally, it was illegal toon protecting humanity and peace building. I learned thatbuild the residents around the landfill due to the negative

JICA is working not only on technical support but also

effect on the people’s health. However, it is now ignored

society.

because of the lack of land, and there is no conflict

Clean-up project in Lusaka

between the landfill and the residents.

    On the 22nd of August, we visited a project site and   In the future, we can’t miss the improvement of thissaw the situation of the dumping site and garbage

situation; otherwise, the environmental damage cancollecting management. The common reasons for the badbe a more crucial issue conclusion. Personally, the sitemanagement system of garbage in developing regions

visit made me mixed feelings. I’ve read and seen about

are below.

the people who live with income from the government.

1.

Insufficient budget and system of

garbage

However, it was the first time to visited the real site,management service

and I was amazed at the situation there and the lives

Informal sector’s activity like scavengers atthere. During our stay in Zambia, normally we didn’t

dumping sites

separate garbage because of the single hole in the

Risk for infection disease due to harmful waste

trash box. However, I felt that kind of daily habitat is the   According to the governmental policy, 80% of thepossibility to educate the people and raise awareness of

garbage can be collected and transported to the proper

waste management. In the future, I’m planning to be asite by 2030. Due to this project, the Lusaka city officeprofessional engineer of agriculture to solve the issues

established a “Lusaka Integrated Solid Waste Management

in developing regions. Therefore, I felt the necessity

Company (LISWMC)” to manage the garbage around theof professional insight to tackle the problems, and thegovernment

knowledge and experience are necessary to build my  When we crossed the road in Lusaka (Not only Lusaka

capacity as well.

but other cities as well), the scattered trash beside the[ R e f e r e n ce s]
1. ザンビ ア国ルサカ市きれいな街プロジェクト (ht t p s: // w w w2. j i c a .
g o. j p/ j a /a n n o u n ce /p d f/ 202 2070 6 _ 2 2 5275 _1_ 01. p d f ) L a s t
v i e w 202 3/10/05

2.
3.

road made my feelings uncomfortable because of thesmell and the scenery. JICA is now supporting to buildingof the basic capacity to manage the projects, and the firstmonitoring phase was completed and is now in thesecond phase.

2. 島田 周平・大山 修 一 編 著 (2020) ザンビ アを知るための 55 章 ,明 石書店
3. J I C A ザンビ ア事 業 概 要 (ht t p s: // w w w. j i c a . g o. j p/ R e s o u rce /z a m b i a / k u57p q 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 g2k- at t / b usi n e s s _ su m m a r y. p d f )L a s t v i e w 202 3/10/9

Kabwe 鉱山跡
Black Mountain，Kabwe
2023 年 8 月 23 日
工学院

D1

中野佑美

Faculty of Engineering  D1 Yumi

NAKANO

Sable Zinc is strategically positioned approximately
2 kilometers south of the central hub of Kabwe in the
Republic of Zambia’s central province, and about 150

7

Fi g1. t h e p r o j e c t si te i n Ch u n g a l a n d f i l lkilometers north of Lusaka, stands as a pivotal copper

We were explained by a local staff who is engaging

and cobalt processing facility. Established to handle thein managing dumping sites. We learned that theconcentrated output from Ruashi and various other ore

environmental damage to surrounding areas like

suppliers, Sable Zinc Kabwe boasts a sulfuric acid plant訪問先レポートdedicated to fulfilling its operational requirements.

Kabwe Zambia. Kabwe is one of the copper-rich cities

Notably, any excess production is channeled to meet theand supports the inductors of Zambia. Copper is now

needs of other producers in the Zambian Copperbelt, andused in all over the world because it has some features;the Democratic Republic of the Congo engaged in oxide

highly ductile semi- precious, high thermal and electricalcopper production.

conductivity, and excellent corrosion. Copper is used for

The Kabwe mine, a cornerstone of Zambia’s mining

electricity transmission and distribution.

legacy, has been in continuous development for overThis metal group get this Sable refinery system fromseven decades, evolving into one of the nation’s largest

Glencore in 2019 and the capacity of producing Copper

copper mining entities. While its historical contributions

Cathode is 14,000 tones per year. Copper Cathodeto economic growth are undeniable, the encompassingmeans Raw copper sheet product with a purity of 99.96%

region has garnered global attention for being among theor higher with a rough surface refined by electrolysis

most environmentally compromised areas, courtesy of soil

(cathodic deposition). The company, Jubilee is now

contamination stemming from residual heavy metals.

setting a target to expand its access to refining capacity,

As the demand for copper experiences an upswing into achieve a targeted 25,000 tons of copper units per year.

Zambia, propelled by burgeoning markets in China andThey are now working on following projects mainly.

India, a paradoxical trend has emerged – a decline in the
country’s overall copper production. This anomaly serves
as a catalyst for a nuanced exploration of the trajectory of
the copper industry, a linchpin in Zambia’s economic
framework. It also prompts a comparative analysis,
scrutinizing the disparities between Zambia and its
neighboring African countries with analogous social
structures, unraveling the intricacies of their respective
copper sectors. In essence, this situation presents a unique
opportunity to delve into the complexities of Zambia’s
copper industry and its distinctive positioning amidst
regional counterparts, shedding light on the dynamic
interplay of economic forces and market dynamics.

Fi g .1 V i e w o f co p p e r r e f i n a r y at K a b we

Project RoanThis project is a new concentrator processing both ROM
copper ore and tailings to produce copper concentration
for refining at Sable and this production is 10,000 tones
per year. Hence,they have done this project and madetheir copper production efficient.
Project Lechwe
This project is a copper refinery using electric refining and
150 million tons of copper containing surface tailings has
been secured. Project Lechwe targets to reach a
production level of 7500 copper units per annum at a

Kabwe 精錬施設

dedicated newly constructed copper concentrator for
further refining at the targeted Northern Refinery at Kitwe

Metal industry in Kabwe
2023 年 8 月 24 日
総合化学院

M2

高見亮佑

Graduate School of Chemistry and Engineering M2
Ryosuke TAKAMI
Introduction
We visited Jubilee Metal Group which is located in

Fi g2-1, 2. L e a r n i n g a n d f r i e n ds h i p

8訪問先レポート.

encompasses a concerted effort to enhance job prospects

Kabwe 市での環境修繕事業

Zambia Mining and Environmental
Remediation and Improvement Project(ZMERIP), Kabwe

2023 年 8 月 24 日

工学院

D1

中野佑美

Faculty of Engineering  D1 Yumi

NAKANOThe ZMERIP aims to strengthen the capacity of nationaland state level institutions, improved enforcement forpollution prevention and address the environmental
health impacts associated with poor mining practices. The

within the affected communities, with a particularemphasis on fostering opportunities for women andsegments within the mining-polluted regions. In essence,the comprehensive strategy aspires not only to rectify
environmental imbalances but also to catalyze positivesocio-economic transformations at the grassroots level.

GART 農業開発トラスト
Golden Valley Agriculture Trust

overall objective of the project is to reduce environmental

2022 年 8 月 24 日

health risks to the local population associated with themining sector in critically polluted areas in Kabwe and国際感染症学院

D1

紀田泉

Graduate school of Infectious Diseases D1 Izumi KIDA

Copperbelt provinces through improved capacity of theIntroduction

key institutions.

The Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART) was

The overarching goal of this initiative is to effectively

created in 1993 as a Public Private Sector Partnership

mitigate the environmental health hazards faced by

between the Government of the Republic of Zambia

the indigenous populace residing in the Kabwe andand the Farmers of Zambia through the Zambia National

Copperbelt provinces, emanating from the mining sector’s

Farmers Union (ZNFU). It consists of two core science

adverse impact in areas characterized by critical pollution.

and technology programs; Research and Development

This formidable objective is envisaged to be realizedof Climate-Smart Conservation Agriculture Technologies,

through the enhancement of the operational capabilities

and Research and Development of Smallholder Livestockof pivotal institutions.

Systems. They conduct Applied and Adaptive Research,

The multifaceted strategy to attain these objectives

Contract Research, Technology Dissemination, andencompasses various key components, prominently

Commercial Production and Smart Marketing. The aim

including the meticulous remediation and rehabilitation

at conducting public trials is to provide solutions to theof sites contaminated by mining activities. Additionally, achallenges that farmers face.

pivotal facet of the approach involves fortifying theAgriculture

regulatory framework and augmenting the monitoring

They produce a wide variety of plants, including not only

and institutional prowess of crucial entities such as thecrops like maize and wheat but also fruits like dwarf

Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development, Zambia

mangoes and oranges, as well as trees like moringa. Dwarf

Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), Mines Safety

mangoes are cost-effective because of their fast growth

Department (MSD), Radiation Protection Agency (RPA),

and quick fruit production.  

and Municipal Councils.

Fi g .1 W h e at
Fi g .1 (l e f t)L e a d l e ve ls a s f u n c t i o n o f d e p t h
Fi g . 2 (r i g ht)Po p u l at i o n s c r e e n e d f o r l e a d

Fi g . 2 D w a r f m a n g o e s

They have also developed a method for cultivating
mushrooms, which are typically harvested during the rainy

9

Furthermore, the holistic vision extends beyond mere

season, to increase farmers’ income in the dry season.

regulatory measures, extending a proactive hand towards

There are several farm animals, chickens, pigs, and aquaticthe amelioration of local socio-economic dynamics. This

animals. In chicken farm, they have several varieties of訪問先レポート
chickens to crossbreed and create F1 which has highgrowth performance, feed efficiency and egg production
by natural selection. Also, they verified the effective
minimum dose of vaccine such as Newcastle disease to

Livingstone 概略
Introduction of Livingstone Area

2023 年 8 月 27 日〜 9 月 1 日

reduce the cost. In the aquatic farm, there are several
ponds for growing and nursery. The pig farm was located

文学院

M2

伊藤彩乃

Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences

near the ponds because their excreta can increase

M2

Ayano ITO

phytoplankton production in the ponds which are natural

Introduction

foods for the fish. Instead of pigs, chickens can also be

The group of us had a three-day trip to Livingstone fromused because some people don’t consume pork forAugust 28th to August 29th. Additionally, for my Self-

religious reasons. They measured factors like water pH

Design Activity (SDA), I stayed on extra days from August

and create guidelines for water change frequency,

30th to September 1st, totaling six days. In this report, I

providing instructions to the farmers.

will offer an overview and share my thoughts on the townof Livingstone.
Livingstone(1) About Livingstone
Livingstone, situated in southern Zambia, is approximately
a 6 to 7-hour drive from the nation’s capital, Lusaka.

Fi g . 3 M us h r o o m

Fi g .4 Po n ds f o r a q u at i cc u l t u r e w i t h c h i c ke n f a r m

The town was founded in 1905 and holds historicalsignificance as it was named after the renowned Victorian-

When the water quality in the ponds become worse, it isera British missionary and explorer, Dr. David Livingstone.

drained into an independent sedimentation pond. ThisIn 1911, Livingstone was designated as the capital ofdrained water contains a lot of nutrients hence they use it

Northern Rhodesia, which was the former name of Zambia

to irrigate a vegetable garden. By providing nutrient richduring the British colonial era. However, in 1935, thewater, it also helps in conserving fertilizers for the fields.

capital was moved to Lusaka.

This system is highly cost-effective and sustainable, withIn Livingstone, there is a national park named Mosi-Oa-

minimal waste.

Tunya National Park, which translates to “the smoke thatthunders” in the local language It ranks as the second
smallest among Zambia’s 20 national parks, covering an
area of 66 square kilometers. What sets it apart is its close
proximity to the borders of three neighboring countries:
Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe.

Fi g . 5 Pi g g e r y l o c ate d n e a r t h e p o n ds to co l l e c t e xc r e t a

In veterinary school in Japan, we don’t have theopportunity to learn about aquatic animals, so I wasvery impressed to discover the collaboration between
agriculture and farm animals including aquatic animals,

Fi g .1 T h e m a p o f Z a m b i a (t a ke n i n t h e L i v i n gs to n e M us e u m)

and their sustainable strategies. Furthermore, I would likeDue to the presence of a national park, Livingstone is a

to visit farmers who accept their strategies and to know

unique area where the proximity between wildlife andhow it works on site.

people is exceptionally close. This is also because there isno buffer zone between Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park andthe communities where local residents live. In fact, during

10

訪問先レポート
our stay, we witnessed several occasions when wild

our surprise, a large hippopotamus had entered the hotelanimals such as elephants, zebras, and hippos appeared in

premises. The hippo confidently walked through the hotel

areas where people reside. I would like to share one

grounds, then exited the hotel and disappeared.

particularly memorable episode.

I still remember the feeling of fear and being frozen inplace, partly because hippos are considered the world’s
most dangerous animals. The fact that such a “dangerous”
creature was casually strolling through theaccommodations where tourists stay was shocking
enough. However, what astonished us even more wasthat the hotel cleaning staff who were present at the same
location as us seemed unperturbed as they calmly
observed the hippo. When we asked one of the cleaning
staff members about this, they explained that the hippo
we saw in the morning is a daily visitor to the hotel’s

Fi g . 2 El e p h a nt s c r o s si n g t h e r a i l w ay. D u r i n g t h e o n e - m o nt h
p e r i o d l e a d i n g u p to o u r s t ay, t h r e e p e o p l e we r e k i l l e d bye l e p h a nt s

premises, and it’s something they are used to, so they
don’t think much of it.

(2) A hippo in the hotel
During the first two days of our arrival in Livingstone, we
stayed at Chrismar Hotels, located just in front of the gateof Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park. I’d like to share asurprising incident related to the proximity between
wildlife and people that occurred here.

Fi g .4 A h i p p o l e isu r e l y s t r o l l i n g w i t h i n t h e h ote l g r o u n ds

(3) Reflecting on Human-Wildlife Relations in Livingstone:
Insights from the Hippo Incursion Incident on Hotel
Grounds
According to the hotel cleaning staff, this hippo was adaily visitor to the hotel premises. However, there were
no warnings or notices from the hotel regarding this11

Fi g . 3 T h e f e n ce s e p a r at i n g t h e h ote l a n d t h e n at i o n a l p a r k .
Yo u c a n s e e t h e h ote l f a ce s t h e n at i o n a l p a r k .

matter. Considering the potential danger and the risk of

On the second morning of our hotel stay, my friend and I

was a situation where accidents could have occurred due

decided to do some wildlife observation before breakfast

to people unintentionally getting too close. Therefore,

since the hotel was adjacent to the national park. We

I believe the hotel should have undertaken some risk

strolled within the hotel premises toward the boundary

management in this regard. In fact, during our stay, I

fence with the national park. It was during this walk whileheard there was an incident where tourists approachedrealizing that we had forgotten our binoculars and were

elephants too closely, and a potential accident was

about to return to our room, that an unexpected event

narrowly avoided.

took place. As we were casually conversing and walking,Staying in Livingstone, I couldn’t help but think ofsuddenly, we heard shouts from behind. Startled, weShiretoko. Shiretoko is also known for its proximity

turned around to see a person near a building diagonally

between wildlife and humans, especially with brownbehind us, shouting at something moving. We gazedbears. In Shiretoko, there are explanatory signs in various

attentively, trying to understand what was happening. To

facilities that provide information about how to maintainencounters between uninformed tourists and the hippo, it訪問先レポートa safe distance from brown bears and the issues related tofor park management, particularly in preventing poachingfeeding them. In Livingstone, I believe it’s becoming

and mitigating human-wildlife conflicts.

increasingly important not only for the safety of tourists
but also for the local residents and wildlife to educate
visitors about how to interact with wildlife and maintain aproper distance．

Fi g .1 W i l d l i f e a b u n d a n ce i n t h e M o si - o a -Tu ny a N at i o n a l Pa r k

Poaching Prevention
Given the park’s relatively small size of 23.4 km², poachers
seldom use firearms and instead opt for snares. ParkFi g . 5 Up o n a r r i v i n g at o u r d e s t i n at i o n i n L i v i n gs to n e, we
we r e g r e e te d by a h e r d o f e l e p h a nt s . I n f r o nt o f us , t h e r e w a s
a w i l d l i f e r a n g e r ’s o f f i ce a n d a b us t l i n g r o a d , to o

Mosi-Oa-Tunya 国立公園

Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park

rangers are tasked with patrolling the territory andregularly removing these snares, often collaborating withstaff from non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The
rangers are also actively involved in law enforcement andthe capture of poachers, relying on information provided
by local residents and by conducting an active
investigations.

2023 年 8 月 27 日〜 28 日
獣医学研究院

D2

アナスタシアコウヴァ

Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine D2
Anastasiia KOVBA
Introduction
During our three-day visit to Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park,
we had the opportunity to explore its unique attributes
and challenges. After traveling from Lusaka to Livingstone,
we were introduced to Mr. Chikanya, the principal rangerof the park, who provided us with valuable insights into its
history and current management practices.

Fi g . 2 W h i te r h i n o s i n M o si - o a -Tu ny a N at i o n a l Pa r k

Park Origins and Location
Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park was a zoological garden
before being transformed into a national park. Thistransformation explains its proximity to Lusaka city andthe absence of a buffer zone. Additionally, the park’s
location near the borders of Namibia, Botswana, andZimbabwe allows wildlife to move freely between thesecountries, particularly between Zimbabwe and Zambia.
Also, a few ancient wildlife migration routes lay throughthe Livingstone town area and Mosi-oa-Tunya National

Fi g . 3 R a n g e r s p r ote c t t h e r h i n o s a n d ot h e r w i l d l i f e 24 h o u r s ad ay

Park resulting in the rich abundance of wild animals andA critical role of the rangers in Mosi-oa-Tunya is thenotable presence of elephants during the dry months.

conservation of White Rhinos. White Rhinos were once

These geographical features pose significant challenges

locally extinct in Zambia, prompting the reintroduction of12

訪問先レポートa few individuals into Mosi-oa-Tunya. The park now plays

addition, the village was founded in the 13th century.

a pivotal role in rhino conservation, serving as a breeding

Many traditional houses like the one in the photo below

ground for rhinos.

were built in the village. Mr. Brave showed us around aConsequently, rangers provide constant protection to allpart of the village. In this section, I would like to presentrhinos within the park.

three aspects of the human-wildlife conflict, health care,

Human-Wildlife Conflicts

and economic situation in Mukuni Village.

The park has witnessed an increase in human-wildlife
conflicts, primarily due to the growing elephantpopulation. Elephants, which are present in Livingstone
for several months each year, frequently cause damage tocrops and sometimes lead to confrontations resulting inhuman fatalities.
Other animals, including hippopotamuses, zebras,

Fi g .1(l e f t) A h o us e m a d e f r o m n at u r a l m ate r i a ls
Fi g . 2 (r i g ht) M a r ke t i n t h e v i l l a g e

giraffes, crocodiles, and baboons, also contribute to

Human-wildlife conflict

conflicts that are challenging to control. Despite theseIn this village, elephants, buffaloes, and baboons havechallenges, local residents maintain a positive attitude

conflicts with humans although there is no damage

towards wildlife protection and do not hold the animals

from hippos because the river is far away. In particular,

responsible for the conflicts. However, they do suffer theelephants are the most dangerous. They destroy crops

consequences in the absence of governmental supportand even kill humans. Actually, one woman had diedafter crop damage or loss of life.

two weeks just before our visit. The striking story was

Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park boasts numerous uniquethat when someone was killed, the emotions weren’t

features that make it an intriguing place to study wildlife

channeled into hatred towards uncontrollable animals,conservation and management strategies.

but rather, they primarily focused on the profoundsadness directed at the individual who lost their life.
Countermeasures for elephants are challenging. It isfinancially difficult to enclose fields with electric fences,
etc. Therefore, when elephants come, people notify
everyone, make noise to drive them away, and contact
national park staff.
Health care
Several buildings of medical facilities were clustered in
the village. We were able to hear about health care fromFi g .4 El e p h a nt s co m i n g c l o s e to t h e M o si - o a -Tu ny a m a n a g e r s ’
o f f i cein this village is AIDS. There are 640 HIV-infected people
in this village. Especially a British NGO is assisting in thehealth care of this village.

Mukuni 村

In addition to maternity assistance, all woman who are
pregnant and wish to use these facilities have to agree to

Mukuni Village Community

be tested for HIV and will receive education on how to2023 年 8 月 28 日
獣医学研究院

13

Miss. Brenda, a nurse there. The most problematic disease

D1

prevent mother to child transmission. Also, in case of a中村汐里

positive result, medication will be provided. Here,

Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine D1

pregnancy is considered a woman’s responsibility, and it

Shiori NAKAMURA

is common for women to take responsibility for family

Introduction

planning and ask men to wear condoms. Other common

On August 28, our second day in Livingston, we visitedillnesses include tuberculosis and hypertension. In

Mukuni village. The village has more than 7,000 human

response to the Covid-19 pandemic, symptomatic

residents and is located 9.6 km southeast of Livingston. In

treatment was provided, and information about

訪問先レポートprevention measures was disseminated.

ヴィクトリアの滝
Victoria Falls

2023 年 8 月 29 日
環境科学院

M2

今川知美

Graduate School of Environmental Science M2

Fi g . 3 a n d 4 M e d i c a l f a c i l i t i e s

Satomi IMAGAWA

Economic situation

Basic information

The soil is relatively infertile and wildlife damages crops,

Victoria Falls lies on the international boundary of Zambia

so they cannot rely on agriculture. Therefore, they haveand Zimbabwe between the towns of Livingstone andshifted their focus to tourism. The men in the village

Victoria Falls. The width is estimated to be around 1,700m

create intricate crafts and sell them on the market. Thisand the height is about 100m. The upper stream is

becomes their primary source of income. Mukuni Village

relatively loose but the downer site is rapid and this flow

has transformed into a popular tourist destination,is eroding the george like zig-zag shape.  

offering visitors a chance to experience the local culture

The local name “Mosi-oa-tunya” means “smoke thatand purchase intricate wood carvings or crafts and so on.

thunders” in Lozi. The waterfall is located at a 1,300m

Conclusion

point from the origin of the Zambezi River which has a

I had the opportunity to walk through the village andtotal of 2,740km. The peak flow in April is 500 million liters

witness the way of life there during my visit. Even in the

per minute; in November, when it is lowest, it’s about one

limited time I spent, I could see that there are manytenth of the peak season. During the rainy season, achallenges in agriculture and healthcare. Additionally,

stream of water covering the entire surface of the cliff canthere is an issue with education accessibility due to abe seen, and it is known as the largest curtain of waterfalls

shortage of schools, often located far away. While there isin the world. The water falls at a speed of 150km/h,

already NGO support in the healthcare sector, it seems

entraining the air around the gorge, and downdrafts arethat international assistance will continue to be crucial ingenerated. In ordinary waterfalls, the water fall wind

many aspects. Furthermore, I strongly felt that it isdescends and spreads, but in Victoria Falls, because it’s

important not only to provide temporary economic aid,

located in a rift in the earth, it bounces off the cliff

but also to spread knowledge of disease prevention andopposite the falls and turns into an updraft, creating theencourage the residents to take continuous action. Finally,plum of water. These gorges continue along the river

we express our deep gratitude to Mr. Brave and Miss.

below a distance of about 150 km. Today, the Zambezi

Brenda, as well as to all those who warmly welcomed usRiver originates in the highlands of northwestern Zambia

and took the time to teach us various aspects of theand flows eastward, following the borders of Zambia andvillage.

Zimbabwe before emptying into the Indian Ocean at
Mozambique.

Fi g . 5 O n e o f t h e p l a ce s w h e r e wo o d c a r v i n gs we r e m a d e

Fi g .1 Z i g -z a g s h a p e d g o r g e o f t h e Fa l ls

Reputation
Historically the waterfall was discovered by the British

14訪問先レポート
explorer Dr. David Livingstone and he named the falls

the land (Zambezi River). The river preferentially eroded

after the queen’s name in 1855. The name has remained

sedimentary and limestone rocks that dissolve easily inpervasive after the colony’s liberation, partly because of its

water, finally forming the first waterfall 200,000 years ago.

international marketing significance and partly because

Biological importanceZambians hold him in high esteem for his work against

There are many creatures that live using the water fromslave oppression in Central Africa. In 1989, it was

the river Zambezi. It’s also famous that the waterfalls makeregistered as a World Natural Heritage by UNESCO. The

the habitat for the migration birds and for somesite’s unique combination of social and natural features

endangered species. According to the guide, the birds try

were evaluated. The geological features formed by

to fly into the waterfalls to catch the water insects in thechanges in the location of the falls over geological time

dry season. Rock Pratincole, a small brownish bird withscales are also focused on. For its provision of rare habitats

longish wings extending beyond its tail and noticeable

for the ecosystems, and for the discovery of weapons,

white collar on the back of its neck is one example. And byornaments, and mining tools that indicate the presence ofthe humidity of the waterfalls, the rainforest is seen inside

an ancient civilization. Especially for the upstream is aof the waterfalls’ splash zone. They enable the birds tospectacular series of riverine islands formed by ongoing

capture food, so over 500 species of birds inhabit the area.

geological and geomorphological processes. The land is

One of the most common species is Red-winged starlingcharacterized by banded basalt, Kalahari sandstone, andchalcedony from ancient lava flows, from which 3-million-

birds (Onychognathus morio ).

year-old Homo habilis stone tools, Middle Stone Agestone tools, and Late Stone Age weapons, ornaments, anddigging tools that indicate hunter-gatherer occupation
have been recovered.

Fi g . 3 O nyc h o g n at h us m o r i o (w i k i m e d i a)

For the fish, there are similar kinds of species foundaround waterfalls as well Zambezi River. Many fish can beseen around the Zambezi River, including Zambezi bream
and tilapia, but fishing is prohibited during the Breeding
Fi g . 2 Is l a n ds b e i n g s e e n u p s t r e a m o f t h e f a l ls

waterfall to migrate upstream.

Geological features and their formation

Vegetation

0.2 million years ago, the first waterfall was formed. The

Vegetation in this region is loosely defined as  a ”Mixed

place was 8km lower than today. The main geology is theDeciduous Woodland” which reflects the relatively dry

basalt rock which is originally from the volcanic eruption.

climate of this area. The main trees are hardly species such

The African continent was formed 180 million years
ago. During the era, many cracks were formed by thecooldown and flood basalt erupted. As the magma cooled,it cracked and opened countless fissures. After that, thebasalt land sank to the bottom of the lake once, so thedead organisms and mud accumulated in the cracks.
Then the land rose again. The sediments accumulated
in the cracks were transformed into limestone andsandstone. A river that formed next to the land changed
its course 2.5 million years ago and began to flow across15

season. It’s also said that some fish use the steps of theas the white syringa (Kirkia acumnata ); the remarkablelarge-leafed star-chestnut (Sterculia quinqueloba ) with

its tall, ghostly-white and straight tree trunks; and various
corkwood (Commiphora ) species. The sparse woodlands

give way to denser, mixed Combretum woodland on the
mid-slopes which in turn grade into near pure stands ofopen mopane woodland woodland (Colophospermum

mopane ) with tall perennial grasses along   the valley
floors. This distinct downslope difference reflects thepresence of deeper clay-rich soils and greater water訪問先レポートretention on the basal slopes.

Tourism started after 1876 and arrivals were boosted in

Relationships with Human Life

1904 when the first trains were able to reach. The Victoria

For humans, waterfalls provide water not only for

Falls Bridge, which connects the two countries, has long

domestic use but also for power generation. In Zambia,

been used for trade. The bridge was built in 1905 and it’shydroelectric power generation accounts for about 90%

as much more than a means of the World Heritage Site asof the country’s electricity. And 72% of Zambia’s electricity

are the trees of the RainForest.

generation is supported by hydropower from the Zambezi

Beliefs of Nyaminyami

River.

Around the Zambezi river, some local people believe
Nyaminyami. His head is thought to be a fish, coveredfrom the neck down with serpent scales, and is sometimes
worshiped as a dragon god or a snake god. It’s thoughtof as the gold which is the guardian deity. So, residents
prayed for a good harvest and no disasters for a long time.
In 1960, Kariba Dam which lies over the Kariba gorge
from Lake Kariba; one of the World’s largest man-madelakes, was constructed. After that, they thought the maleNyaminyami is living in the upper stream of the dam,
Fi g .4 V i c to r i a Fa l ls B r i d g e

In addition to serving agriculture and fisheries, this water
also serves as a tourist resource as the land is scenic.

while the female one is living downstream of the dam.
[ R e f e r e n ce]
R o b B u r r e t t & Cl a r e M ate ke. Sh o n g we: T h e R I CH H ER I TAG E O F
L I V IN G S TO N E A N D V I C TO R IA FA L L S, K h a m i Pr e s s , 2018 , 16 0 p.

ゾウの糞から食性を学ぶ [Mosi-Oa Tunya 国立公園，リビングストン ]16

課題探求活動レポート

課題探求活動 (SDA) レポート

参加学生が事前学習で作成した initial proposal（企画書）と事後学習で作成した実施報告書を合わせて掲載しています（一部抜粋）

Effects of COVID-19 lockdown

目次•

and its lifting on the wildlife

Effects of COVID-19 lockdown and its

lifting on the wildlife conservation efforts

conservation efforts and wildlife

and wildlife perception in Zambia
獣医学研究院

•

•

•

•

•

D2

アナスタシアコウヴァ

Hippopotamuses in Zambia

D1 中村汐里•

p.20

Seroepidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2
infection in animals in Zambia
国際感染症学院

D1 紀田泉p.24

Investigation on Indoor Air Quality in
Housing in Zambia
工学院

D1

中野佑美

p.27

Survey of stakeholders’ intentions for the
management of Victoria Falls
環境科学院

M2 今川知美

p.29

The future market of weeds compost andthe possibility of “agribusiness” in Zambia
国際食資源学院•

p.17

Conservation and Management of
獣医学研究院

M2

石毛奈央

p.35

The Relationship Between People andNature -in Livingstone, Zambia文学院

M2

伊藤彩乃

p.38

M2

p.41

Prevention of poaching
総合化学院

perception in Zambia

高見亮佑

獣医学研究院◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書
1)

D2

アナスタシアコウヴァ

Activities theme/title

Effects of COVID-19 lockdown and its lifting on the
wildlife conservation efforts and wildlife perception in
Zambia2)

BackgroundI have studied Veterinary Medicine in the
Undergraduate degree and Virology in Masters. Now
I continue combining my knowledge to investigate
infectious diseases transmission between humans
and wildlife. In collaboration with researchers from
Hokkaido University and International Institutefor Zoonosis Control, the National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, local government, andbusinesses, I am conducting research on zoonotic
infectious diseases, including COVID-19, in urban
wildlife in Hokkaido.
COVID-19 transmission to wildlife may cause the riskof virus circulation in wildlife, and for this reason I
conduct my current research. However, infectious
diseases spread may have an indirect effect on thewild animal health and conservation. The lockdown
due to COVID-19 had the tremendous effects on
wildlife conservation in Africa (Lindsey et al. 2020).
Still, it remains unclear how the lockdown lifting of
COVID-19 restrictions can affect conservation efforts
restoration and how does the local people perceive
the interaction and coexistence with the wildlife. As astudent conducting research on COVID-19 in wildlifein Japan, I believe that the research on COVID-19
effects on wildlife in Zambia will greatly contribute
to my current research activities and enhance my17

課題探求活動レポート
knowledge of infectious diseases effects on wildlife and

5. Expenses for writing materials, questionnaires

conservation.

copies3)

Specific targets and goals of the research

The specific targets can be divided into 3 groups:
1. Investigate lockdown effect on the wildlife◤ 実施後報告書
Introduction

conservation efforts in National parks in Zambia

The COVID-19 pandemic has had tremendous effects on(increase/decrease of poaching, wild animals

human livelihood and health across the globe, especiallyintrusion in the buffer zones, number of staff before

in the vulnerable communities of low income countries.

and during the lockdown, change in the number ofDespite the expectations, the restriction lifting did

visitors)

not lead to complete and speedy recovery from the

2. Lockdown lifting effects and conservation

pandemic. The pandemic also had damaged the wildlife

efforts restoration (changes in number of visitorsconservation efforts in Africa, as highlighted by Lindsey

and staff compare to before and during theet al. (2020). However, the impact of the pandemic varies

lockdown, poaching, strategies to prevent the loss

across countries. Although some reports are present, it

in conservation efforts for the next big epidemic/

remains to be elucidated how the pandemic affected

pandemic)

wildlife conservation and local population health and

3. Changes in perceptions of the wildlife andlivelihood in Zambia.  

infectious diseases (whether people are more/less

As in many countries, in Zambia, the tourism industry wasprone to interact with wildlife, awareness of theheavily affected by the COVID-19 lock down (Fig.1).

infectious diseases transmission routes, perceptionof wild animals approaching the human living
areas)
4)

Means to achieve the goals above
The research will be conducted by the followingmeans:
1. Interview with National Park staff and local
people living in the areas close to National Parks(buffer zones)
2. Interview with the researchers in the Universityof Zambia

Fi g .1 I nte r n at i o n a l to u r is m d e c l i n e i n Z a m b i a at t h e
b e g i n n i n g o f COV ID -19 (Dat a s o u rce - Wo r l d B a n k Dat a)

3. C o l l e c t i o n o f t h e d a t a o n t h e p o a c h i n g

5)events and wildlife intrusion (local government,This raised concern of the decline in wildlife conservation

researchers, media or directly from the Nationale f f o r t s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y. F o r t u n a t e l y, Z a m b i a

Parks)

government recognized that wildlife conservation,

4. Review of the data available online on theespecially law enforcement as an essential service, so theoverall trends of the conservation efforts after

conservation of wildlife continued during COVID-19, but

COVID-19 lockdown lifting in various parts of thefinancial support decreased, forcing the National parks toworld

look for support from international NGOs. With the lifting

Necessary resources, facilities and preparationof COVID-19 restrictions, it is crucial to assess the extent to

1. Prepare the interview questions beforehand

which conservation efforts have been strengthened and2. Send the questionnaires to the University of

how local perceptions of wildlife and infectious diseases

Zambia for preliminary check and approval

have changed.

3. Contact in advance the staff in the National

I aimed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on

Parks of choice and receive approval for theconservation efforts in Zambia, including changes

interview and data collection

following the lifting of lockdown measures, remaining

4. Expenses for the National Parks visits (entry pay,

challenges, and the local population’s perception of

hotel stay)wildlife and zoonotic diseases.

18

課題探求活動レポート
The research activities involved data collection in Mosi-oa-

All respondents were 30-50 years old males.

Tunya National Park, both before and after the lifting of

The results can be summarized in the next points:

COVID-19 travel restrictions. Interviews with National Park•

rangers and local people to understand the challenges
they faced during and after the lockdown.

one of them experienced the COVID-19 disease•

During these activities I faced many difficulties, suchas difficulty to assemble an official data and recruit

All participants knew how the infection spread andAll participants felt stress and anxiety during
pandemic, as well as worry about their families•

Most of them suffered financially, had to search forparticipants. Despite those challenges, I received andifferent income sources, although the situation

opportunity to speak to some of the local people andwas better in participants with governmental jobs

observe their lifestyle, learn about conservation and law•

There were no much difficulties in accessing

enforcement strategies, deepened my understanding

healthcare, although it was difficult to reach aof the challenges faced by the wildlife conservation

doctor, when the respiratory infection signs weremanagers, especially importance of mitigating thepresent

human-wildlife conflicts.

•

All believed that COVID-19 originated in lab and

COVID-19 effects on wildlife conservation in Mosi-oa-

most of them did not feel any concern about

Tunya National Park

infectious diseases spread from wildlife, while they

As no official data were available, I spoke to the principal

do worry about future pandemic risk

ranger of Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park to get some image•

Most of them were satisfied with the governmentof the conservation efforts and wildlife protection in the

response to COVID-19 and support they received

park. Below I add the overall trend of the poaching in the(education, sanitization, masks etc.)park before, during and after the pandemic.

•

Some of participants were vaccinated, some not,but all of them were concerned about side effects

Although only few people were interviewed, from thecommunication with them I learned that locals seem tobelieve in the artificial nature of COVID-19 and do notthink that the wildlife is dangerous to them, althoughsome of them did worry that wild animals such as batsand primates may transfer the virus causing COVID-19
to the villages. All participants were heavily affected
emotionally and financially by the pandemic restrictions,Fi g . 2 Po a c h i n g e ve nt s i n M o si - o a -Tu ny a N at i o n a l Pa r kthey worry about future pandemics and other disasters
that may occur, so they try to prepare for such events byInterestingly, opposite to the expectations, poaching did

implementing cautiousness to spending and maintaining

not increase, but rather decreased during the pandemic,

sanitation habits they acquired during COVID-19.

which may be caused by the difficulty to detect the

COVID-19 restriction lifting effects on wildlife perception

poaching during the pandemic restrictions, but more

and livelihood in Zambia

probably caused by the lockdown of the internationaltransportation (causing difficulty in bushmeat andivory transportations) and increased financial support
from NGOs that resulted in increased efforts for wildlife
protection in the park during the pandemic.
COVID-19 effects on wildlife perception and livelihood in
ZambiaThe interviews included 20 questions on the effects of
COVID-19 and restriction liftings. During two days of SDA
activities, I interviewed 6 people in total: 2 rangers in
Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, 2 local guides and 2 drivers.

19

Fi g . 3 I nte r v i e w w i t h a l o c a l g u i d e

課題探求活動レポート
During the interview I also inquired about the restriction

preparation of the program, for research support fromlifting and the summary of results is next:

Prof. Kon and my counterpart in Zambia without whose••

Mostly participants were satisfied with the timing

supported this SDA would not be possible. I also want tofor restriction lifting

express my gratitude to the WISE office, DX Fellowship

The life improved after lockdown lifting in all

and my laboratory for their continuous support of myparticipants, but it is not yet back to pre-COVID-19

research and extracurricular activities.

state
•

Most participants did not feel any changes in thehuman-wildlife interactions after restriction lifting,while some mentioned an increase fear of someanimal species (primates, bats, dogs)•

Tourism activities increased after lock-down andmost of the local people seems to not worry about
COVID-19 spread, although the tourism did notrecover completely yet

The restriction lifting greatly improved the lives and[ R e f e r e n ce s]
1.
L i n ds e y P, A l l a n J, e t a l . Co ns e r v i n g Af r i c a’s w i l d l i f e
a n d w i l d l a n ds t h r o u g h t h e COV ID -19 c r isis a n d b e yo n d . N at
Eco l Evo l . 2020 ;4 (10):130 0 -1310.
2.
B u x to n R T, B e r g m a n J N , e t a l . T h r e e l e s s o ns
co ns e r v at i o n s c i e n ce c a n l e a r n f r o m t h e COV ID -19 p a n d e m i c .
Co ns e r v B i o l . 2020 ; 3 4 (6):1331-1332.
3.
M a n d a S . I nsi d e Z a m b i a’s ‘n e w n o r m a l: ’ COV ID -19
p o l i c y r e s p o ns e s a n d i m p l i c at i o ns f o r p e r i - u r b a n f o o ds e c u r i t y a n d l i ve l i h o o ds [ p u b l is h e d o n l i n e a h e a d o f p r i nt ,202 2 N ov 28]. J I nt D e v. 202 2;10.10 02 / j i d . 3720.
4.
W W F ht t p s: // w w w.wo r l d w i l d l i f e. o r g /m a g a z i n e /is su e s / f a l l -202 2 /a r t i c l e s /a n - o n l i n e - to o l - c h a r t s- t h e - r e cove r y o f- a f r i c a - s- to u r is m - f r o m - t h e - p a n d e m i c
5.
Wo r l d B a n k Dat a ht t p s: //d at a .wo r l d b a n k . o r g /i n d i c ato r/S T. IN T. A R V L?l o c at i o ns =Z M

livelihood of local people, but the tourism activities did

Conservation and Management of

not yet recover, which is caused not by the fear of wildlife,
but rather the overall economically difficult situation in

Hippopotamuses in Zambia

countries from which tourists used to come.
Summary
Due to the limited time and resources I spoke to only

◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書
1)

獣医学研究院

D1 中村汐里

Activities theme/title

Conservation and Management of Hippopotamuses inZambia2)

BackgroundI decided to participate in this program because I
wanted to acquire an international perspective on
conservation medicine and learn in depth about
wildlife management, which differs from country to
Fi g .4 Cl o s e e l e p h a nt e n co u nte r i n M o si - o a -Tu ny a N at i o n a l
Pa r kcountry. Since elementary school, I have wanted to
be involved in wildlife conservation and managementwith a global approach in mind, and in high school I

a few local residents, but despite this limitation, theactively participated in nature-related field training.

interview was conducted with the open-end questions,

At university, I belonged to the Laboratory of Wildlife

giving participants the opportunity to share their opinions

Biology and Medicine in the Faculty of Veterinary

freely. All of the participants mentioned that they learned

Medicine, which emphasizes conservation medicine,from pandemic the importance of savings and disasterand I experienced many approaches to wildlife that

preparedness, as well as the importance of hygiene andare unique to the field of veterinary medicine. I havesanitization.

also gained experience in full-scale field research,

It was a great opportunity for me to learn about local

and have acquired a wide range of skills necessary

people lifestyle, their experience of the pandemic andfor practical wildlife research. However, I have neverconservation of wildlife in Zambia.

had the opportunity to actually go abroad. Therefore,
I would like to learn about the conservation andAcknowledgments

management of wildlife in Zambia, where many wild

I would like to thank IVCMEP office for management andanimals inhabit, as well as the local situation. Through20

課題探求活動レポート
this, I hope to gain the ability to implement better

opinions both in favor and against it. I would like towildlife conservation and management in Japan andunderstand how a consensus was reached on thisthe world, and ultimately, to apply this knowledge tomatter and the subsequent implementation of the

One Health.

measures.

In my undergraduate thesis research, I developed

Additionally, while the population dynamics ofa novel age estimation method based on DNA

hippos in Luangwa have been studied, I was unable

methylation of blood in brown bears, and my main

to find available data on their abundance in othertopic in the PhD program is the elucidation of therivers, such as the Zambezi River. Hippos are known

ecology of bears using epigenetics. Although theto inhabit Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park and Lower

themes are different from those of the activities

Zambezi National Park along the Zambezi River. It

conducted in this program, they share the same

would be valuable to know how these hippos are

aspiration to contribute to wildlife conservation

managed and whether any monitoring or otherand management. Indeed, age information is very

research is being conducted.

important for wildlife ecological research and3. Conservation of hippos

conservation and management.

In recent years, I have heard that hippos, like

I am interested in learning about conservation andelephants, are sometimes poached for their tusks.

management of hippopotamuses in Zambia. I chose

Also, anthrax caused mass deaths in 2011. I would

this animal as a target because it shares similarities

like to know what measures should be taken towith bears, which I have worked with for a long time inprotect hippos.

my university career, in that it is considered an animal

4. Translocationthat should be protected but also has conflicts with

Although translocation may not be done very

local people and needs to be managed. Hippos are anoften with hippos, this section is one of the things I

important member of the African riparian ecosystem,

would like to implement if possible.

but they are also dangerous animals that cause human

In Japan, when it comes to managing wild animal

accidents and are sometimes culled because of the

populations, the primary approaches used todamage they cause to crops. Learning management

increase their numbers involve protecting themmethods for hippos in Zambia, a treasure trove of

within their natural habitats or in conservation

wildlife, and comparing them with management

centers and zoos located both within and outside

for bears and other animals in Japan, will broaden

their habitats. On the other hand, population

my knowledge and may lead to new approaches of

reduction is often achieved through culling. I

management that can be applied and coordinatedwould like to know why the translocation method

beyond national borders.

is used, and how animals is followed to adapt

3)

to the new location and how the problem ofSpecific targets and goals of the research
1. Conflicts between hippos and people

genetic disturbance is dealt with, with a view to

Hippos are sometimes responsible for agricultural

the possibility of implementing such a method indamage and pose a risk of personal injury. I

Japan.

would like to ask how the hippopotamus has

21

4)

Means to achieve the goals above

actually harmed people, how people feel about

1. Conflicts between hippos and people

hippopotamus, and what policies people hope theI will conduct interviews with citizens who live

government will implement.

close to hippos and have suffered damage to their

2. Culling of hippos

crops.

The Zambian government made a decision in 2016

2. Culling of hippos and ３．Conservation of

to cull up to 2,000 hippos over a 5-year period

hipposin Luangwa Valley. The Department of National

I am planning to observe the approaches taken inParks and Wildlife (DNPW) had approved this to

areas with abundant hippopotamus populations,prevent the future spread of anthrax among wildsuch as the Lunsemfwa and Zambezi Rivers,

animals. This decision likely generated a range ofregarding their management through culling課題探求活動レポート

5)or protection. Specifically, I am interested inthat there were no other ecology or wildlife biologists

gathering insights from researchers who specialize

available in Lusaka. Despite Ms. Doya’s efforts to find ain studying hippos in Zambia, such as Dr. Chansa

replacement, we were unable to locate anyone else we

Chomba, as well as members of local conservation

could rely on. Therefore, I realized the need for significant

and management organizations. I am keen to learn

revisions to the SDA plan. On the evening before the start

about their experiences and hear their perspectivesof SDA, I decided to conduct a survey at UNZA to gauge

on policies concerning hippos.

the general attitudes of the people of Zambia towards

4. Translocation

wildlife as a whole, rather than solely focusing on hippos.

I will conduct interviews with local ecologists andOn August 30, the first day of the SDA, I conducted thewildlife conservancies. If possible, I would like toquestionnaire survey with the support of Mr. Madalitso

visit translocation sites.

Tembo, whom Ms. Ogishima introduced to me. He was

Necessary resources, facilities and preparation

one of last year’s IVCMEP participants. Additionally, I

I am planning to read articles and papers about

received assistance from Ms. Thadze, Ms. Sehera, andhippos in Zambia to gain an understanding of their

Ms. Vital, who are students in the School of Veterinary

current situation. Based on that, I will create content

Medicine. Thanks to their cooperation, I was able tofor interviews with both citizens and researchers.

have many students on the university campus respondFurthermore, I will reach out to potential interviewees

to the survey. Furthermore, on the same evening, I had

in advance to schedule appointments and obtain

the opportunity to listen to Dr. Musso speak online. I was

permission to visit the management site of the hippos.

able to hear many valuable insights, including measures◤ 実施後報告書

against hippos and zoonosis that have become a concern
in Zambia.

Changes from the initial proposal

On August 31st, I managed to arrange to visit Maambo’s

Before going to Zambia, I had planned to focus myvillage for a talk. This was made possible because Ms.

studies on the conservation and management of wildlife,

Doya and Ms. Ogishima reached out to Mr. Maambo

especially hippos. Initially, I was considering Dr. Chansa

Bhagoos, a participant of last year’s IVCMEP, for their

Chomba, who had authored many research papers on

collaboration. This village is Mr. Maambo’s hometown, andhippos in Zambia, as a counterpart.

it was frequently affected by hippos due to its proximity

The IVCMEP staff, including Ms. Doya and Ms. Ogishima,

to a river. Additionally, the village engaged in farming andrecommended and contacted Prof. Musso Munyene of the

livestock operations, leading to conflicts with other wild

University of Zambia (hereafter UNZA) as a counterpart,

animals. Consequently, it provided a valuable opportunity

along with Dr. Chomba, a specialist in hippos whom I

to hear the villagers’ stories from a unique perspective,

had mentioned in my initial proposal. As a result, it was

distinct from that of university students.

decided shortly before the trip that I would be under theThus, there were significant changes from the initiallycare of Dr. Musso, and I began communicating on August

anticipated activities in the SDA. However, I was able to14th. Then, on the evening of August 20, it was decided

address the topic of human-wildlife conflict, which is ofthat we could meet in person the next morning.

personal interest to me. From this experience, I deeply

However, a significant issue arose at this point. On therealized the importance of building connections withnight of the 20th, I suddenly fell ill. Due to the severity ofpeople in international activities. Since I didn’t have

my condition, I had no choice but to cancel the meeting.

acquaintances in Zambia, I was greatly assisted by the

Furthermore, as a result of testing, it was determined that

network that the IVCMEP staff had cultivated. I believe

I had infected with Covid-19. From that point until Augustthat if I had friends or connections in my research field

25th, I had to stay in a hotel to recuperate.

in Zambia, I could have planned my research more

After recovering, I once again contacted Dr. Musso, but

proactively. Additionally, when collaborating with

the next problem emerged. It became clear on August

individuals overseas, I learned that it is crucial to be less26th that he would be unavailable until September 1st

concerned about Japanese customs and conventions, anddue to field surveys and meetings. While the SDA dates

instead, actively initiate communication. I found that, if

were set for August 30 to September 1, it appeared

possible, making phone calls rather than relying on emails

22課題探求活動レポート
or text messages is valuable.

20s to 60s.

Questionnaire about wildlife and people’s feelingIn this section, I will report the findings from thequestionnaire survey.
1.

Implementation sites

University of Zambia (UNZA): It consists of 13 faculties(Agricultural Sciences, Education, Engineering, Graduate
School of Business, Health Sciences, Humanities and Social
Sciences, Law, Medicine, Mines, Natural Sciences, Nursing
Sciences, Public Health, Veterinary Medicine).
Maambo’s village: It is a village headed by Mr. Maambo’s
father. Residents grow maize, sugarcane, beans, cotton,
sunflower, and so on, and keep cattle, goats, chickens, Niletilapia. Kafue river is located nearby, and some farmers
had been harmed by the hippos.
Fi g .4 Q u e s t i o n co nte nt s

Fi g .1(l e f t) Un i ve r si t y o f Z a m b i a
Fi g . 2 (r i g ht) M a a m b o ’s V i l l a g e

2.

Methods

The questionnaire was administered orally. I preparedsheets of paper containing questions and answer choices
and asked the participants to respond to 10 questions.
Basically, the participants were instructed to choose theiranswers from the provided choices, and depending on
the situation, I further explored their responses withadditional questions.

Fi g . 5 R e su l t s o f Q u e s t i o ns 3 to 8

At both locations, over 90% of the people were interested
in the wildlife. Surprisingly, all participants at UNZA
expressed the view that wildlife conservation is very
important. Species perceived to have notable conflicts
with humans included elephants, crocodiles, and hippos.
Fi g . 3 Co n d u c t i n g t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e at M a a m b o ’s v i l l a g e

3.

23

Results and Fidings

Elephants, in particular, attracted high attention and were
frequently featured in the news. As for the crocodiles,
human accidents sometimes occur when fishing. Other

Participants at UNZA (male: 22, female: 18) were mostly

species mentioned included lions and snakes. While

university students, with the majority being in their 20s,

few people at UNZA had experienced harm from wild

particularly from the veterinary medicine department. In

animals, those from rural areas or with family-owned

the village, I had the opportunity to converse with six

farms had encountered such incidents. The harms werefarmers (all male) spanning a diverse age range from theircaused by a variety of animals, and hippos, crocodiles,

課題探求活動レポート
and baboons were the main attackers. Interestingly, manyculling initiative targeting up to 2,000 hippos over a 5-year

people perceive wildlife as both tourism assets and foodperiod in Luangwa Valley. The primary objective is toresources. In addition, despite various conflicts, they had

proactively prevent the potential future spread of anthrax

desire to coexist with wildlife, including farmers. One

among the wildlife population. To achieve effective

UNZA student said that wildlife is a natural resource likeoutcomes, it is important to conduct comprehensive

trees and rivers. This sentiment left a strong impression on

surveys of hippo habitats, densities, distribution,

me. Almost all individuals believed that the government

ecology, and vegetation. In other words, scientific basis isshould take more measures to address conflicts with

important, not just culling. The culling hippos in areas withwildlife. Regarding measures to handle wildlife, fewer

high densities could reduce contamination of grass andpeople than expected expressed a preference for killingsoil with anthrax spores, thereby contributing to a more

problematic animals. The farmers also wanted tools totargeted and strategic approach to disease prevention.

drive away animals. Currently, they drive away hippos by

Acknowledgement

making noise.

The valuable experiences and insights gained in Zambia

In Japan, similar to Zambia, there is crop damage by

have become highly significant to me. Understanding

wild animals such as deer, boars, and bears. The primary

the differences in approaches and perspectives towards

countermeasure is often population reduction throughwildlife between Japan and Zambia was a crucial step forculling. However, in Zambia, many individuals, including

my future growth in my field of expertise. I intend to keep

affected farmers, expressed a reluctance to resort to

the insights gained from these experiences in my mind

killing these animals. This surprised me, as I had taken

and apply them to address future challenges. Moving

for granted that problematic animals would typicallyforward, I aim to broaden my international perspective

be culled. The significant reason for this difference may

and strive to become a person who can contribute tobe Zambia’s richness in natural beauty and wildlife. The

local communities. Finally, I would like to express mycountry’s numerous national parks and safaris serve as aheartfelt gratitude to Ms. Doya and Ms. Ogishima, whoessential source of income. Furthermore, according to Mr.

greatly contributed to the realization of this SDA, Dr.

Tembo, in Zambia, children start learning about wildlife as

Musso, who generously shared valuable insights during

part of social sciences from elementary school. Differences

our conversations, Mr. Tembo, Ms. Thadze, Ms. Sehera,in education like this might also be influencing theand Ms. Vital, for their assistance in conducting the survey,

perspectives.

Mr. Maambo, who not only invited us to the village but

Wildlife issues from a wildlife medical perspective inalso kindly provided translation in Tonga, and to his

Zambiawelcoming family and the villagers. I extend my sincere

In this section, I will describe some of the information I

appreciation to everyone who cooperated in the survey.

have heard from Dr. Musso, an expert in zoonosis andSeroepidemiological study ofwildlife management.
Currently, Zambia faces several challenges in terms

SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals inof zoonosis, with anthrax being the most concerning,

Zambiaalthough African sleeping sickness and rabies also posesignificant threats.   Anthrax infects both animals andhumans and is a dangerous disease with a notably highmortality rate and infectivity. Hippos often die in large◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書

国際感染症学院

D1 紀田泉numbers due to anthrax. In case where there is a carcass of

1)

Activities theme/title

an animal suspected of having anthrax, it is crucial not toSeroepidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2 infection inopen it. Instead, prompt communication with managers

animals

is essential. While established protocols exist for handling2)such carcasses, there is a risk of citizens may open them

I worked as a veterinarian in small animal hospital after

without proper knowledge, or sometimes driven by thegraduating from university. During that time, I became

need for protein, potentially leading to infections.

interested in feline coronavirus infections and wanted

In 2016, the Zambian government decided to undertake ato learn more about infectious disease. Therefore, I

Background24

課題探求活動レポート
have decided to conduct a seroepidemiological study

and Development, Hokkaido University, to refer me toon SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the same coronavirus

Dr. Chambaro. He is a graduate of Division of Molecularfamily as feline coronaviruses, in animals.

Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control,

3)

Hokkaido University and currently working as a researcher

Specific targets and goals of the research

I will conduct a seroepidemiological study of SARS-

at CVRI.

CoV-2 in animals such as dogs and cats, as well as

Research activity

pangolins, which are known to have SARS-CoV-2

I contacted Dr. Chambaro two months before departure.

related viruses.

He was kind enough to accept my visit and arrange

4)5)

・Estimating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in

my schedule for three days. My initial schedule was asanimals.

follows: day1-day2; Visiting to CVRI, day3; Visiting to・Learning the testing method, sample collection

Pangolin sanctuary. Unfortunately, I could not visit thefrom pangolins.

sanctuary because of the trouble (A burglar broke into・Field research on pangolin conservation.

the sanctuary), however, I had the opportunity to talk to a

Means to achieve the goals above
・Sample collection

On my first day, Ms. Angela, who is a chief technician,・Conducting ELISA

took me to laboratory rotation. They are divided into・Field research in pangolin sanctuary

many sections; bacteriology, parasitology, biochemistry,

Necessary resources, facilities and preparation

Facilities

25

woman who takes care of pangolins.

pathology, biotechnology, vaccine development, virology.
I learned that what they are doing and problems they are

・Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI) in

facing in each section.

LusakaFirstly, I would like to start parasitology section because

・Pangolin sanctuarywhen I was an undergraduate in faculty of veterinary

Preparetion

medicine, I belonged to the laboratory of parasitology. I

・Asking counterpart candidates to join their

am familiar with some pathogens’ name but don’t know

project of seroepidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2

the details about diseases of livestock. There are tick-in animals.

borne diseases such as Theileria, Babesia and Anaplasma◤ 実施後報告書

important disease in cattles, known as East Coast Fever. To

in Zambia. Among them, Theileria parva causes the mostIntroduction

my embarrassment, I have never heard about the name

My professional background is a veterinarian specializingof the disease before. It is usually characterized by highin small animals, particularly dogs and cats. I am currently

fever, swelling of the lymph nodes, dyspnea, and highdoing my Ph.D. at Graduate school of Infectious Diseases,

mortality. It is a serious problem in east and southern

Hokkaido University. My research focuses on Molecular

Africa. A therapeutic drug, buparvaquone, is available

mechanism of feline infectious peritonitis pathogenesis.

to treat the disease, but it is expensive, and control of

I am interested in both animal diseases and humanthe disease usually involves either prevention of tickdiseases.

infestation or vaccination. The government is providing

Infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis,

financial assistance for vaccination and supporting

COVID-19, and others are still prevalent in Zambia. These

farmers, but some farmers don’t adopt it because of thediseases can significantly contribute to leading causes

cost. A similar situation is also a concern for viral andof death in humans, presenting a situation markedly

bacterial diseases that can be prevented with vaccines.

different from that of Japan. Infectious diseases in animals

Despite organizing workshops and other educational

are also prevalent, so I would like to learn about methods

opportunities for farmers about the importance ofof diagnosis, countermeasures and the challenges faced.

vaccines, the vaccination rate does not improve. There are

I have heard about the project for seroepidemiologicalfew occasions to think about infectious diseases in daily

study of SARS-CoV-2 in animals at Central Veterinary

life in Japan. On the other hand, I propose that infectious

Research Institute (CVRI) in Lusaka, so I asked Professor

diseases are prevalent among both humans and animals

Sawa, who belongs to Institute for Vaccine Researchin Zambia, and farmers don’t pay much attention to them,課題探求活動レポート
resulting in low vaccination rates. Although I didn’t havehumans. The expected cause is the rabies vaccine.

the opportunity to meet with farmers this time, if given

Previously, vaccines were manufactured at CVRI. However,the chance, I would like to inquire about their opinions on

due to ethical concerns regarding the manufacturing

vaccines. Furthermore, I have heard that even if infectious

process, imported vaccines are currently available.

diseases can be controlled with vaccines, there can still

Surveillance is ongoing, but there is a possibility that thebe illegal transportation of animals across borders frommost likely cause could be insufficient antibody titer. I’mother countries. I realized that the challenges of infectious

really curious about the results of the surveillance.

disease control differ significantly between Japan, an
island nation, and other countries.
In biochemistry section, they conduct examinations formeat, water, milk, and other contaminated materials,
such as Aflatoxins in Maize. Antibiotic resistance andcontamination of lead and copper in food have become
concerns. I had not been aware of food contamination
previously, but I had a bacterial infection from chicken
liver two days before departing Zambia. Therefore, as aveterinarian, I have to remain vigilant and continue toenhance my knowledge about this concern. I would liketo provide an overview of all of the sections; nevertheless,

Fi g . 2 Lu n c h at t h e c a nte e n; ns h i m a (t h e b e s t ns h i m a i n
Z a m b i a f o r m e !), b e e f, ve g e t a b l e s

due to space constraints, I am required to skip theIn virology section, they also conduct to identify animal

remaining sections.

(host) DNA in samples, such as meat, to protect wildlife. It

After laboratory rotation, I joined virology section. I

is essential to secure and manage evidence from discovery

planned to conduct ELISA, but I couldn’t because of theat the crime scene until it is presented in the courtroom.

power/water outage. We had lunch at the canteen and

It also enables to differentiating of beef from buffalo

concluded the first day’s activities..

meat and provides support for uncovering poachers.
I knew about the identification method of host DNA
using PCR, but never considered its application in wildlife
conservation.
On my last day, I was unable to visit the pangolinsanctuary. Fortunately, I had the chance to learn about
pangolins from the lady who takes care of them. She cameto University of Zambia for her job and kindly made time
to talk with me. She showed many pictures of pangolins
and told me about their rehabilitation-rescue to release.
There are numerous challenges, including difficulties in

Fi g .1 L a b o r ato r y i n v i r o l o g y s e c t i o n  On the second day, I conducted ELISA for detection of

conducting examinations, administering medication andhandling itself.

SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid in dog sera. I was able to learn
about the testing method and was surprised to find that
more dogs were seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 than I
expected. In the virology section, it’s important tohighlight that in addition to SARS-CoV-2, there are otherviral diseases that present significant challenges. These
include Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in cloven-hoofed
livestock, particularly cattle, rabies in dogs, and Newcastle
Disease in poultry. I was very surprised to learn that there
are still many cases of rabies not only in dogs but also in
Fi g . 3 C a m p a i g n p o s te r (C i te d f r o m Pr ote c t t h e Pa n g o l i ns)

26

課題探求活動レポート
When they rescue pangolins, the first step is to administer

estimated that this causes 2.8 million deaths eachanesthesia, followed by taking a blood sample andyear, 90% of which are in developing countries. I haveassessing their overall condition. I am very surprised

been mainly studying the indoor environment in cold

to hear that there are reference ranges for theirregions of developed countries, but I would like to gain

hematological test, including cortisol. Her dedication toknowledge of the actual indoor environment in warm

working with pangolins inspired me, and I’ve decided toregions of developing countries, which is the exact

learn more about pangolin veterinary care before my next

opposite, and increase my experience in improving

visit to Zambia so that I can contribute when I visit theindoor environments around the world.

sanctuary.  

3)

Specific targets and goals of the research

Acknowledgment

・Indoor air quality condition of the house

I would like to thank my counterpart, Dr. Chambaro（Temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide

and the entire team at CVRI for providing me with thisconcentration, particulate matter）.

opportunity. Their support helped me to understand・Relationship between indoor environment andinfectious diseases in Zambia and gain valuable

occupants’ health and lifestyle.

experience in my field. I am deeply grateful for IVCMEP’s・Target households are family households andsupport and the opportunity they have provided me.

single households, minimum 5 households.

[ R e f e r e n ce s]
1.
CD C i n Z a m b i a . (S e p te m b e r 6, 202 3) G l o b a l H e a l t h
H o m e.
ht t p s: // w w w. cd c . g ov/g l o b a l h e a l t h /co u nt r i e c /z a m b i a /d e f a u l t .
ht m2.
M SD M A NUA L Ve te r i n a r y M a n u a l . (S e p te m b e r 6,
202 3) T h e i l e r i o sis i n A n i m a ls .
ht t p s: // w w w. ms d ve t m a n u a l . co m /c i rc u l ato r y - s y s te m / b l o o d p a r a si te s / t h e i l e r i o sis- i n - a n i m a ls
3.
A f r i c a n W i l d l i f e Fo r e nsi c s N e t wo r k . (S e p te m b e r 7,
202 3) Ac t i v i t i e s .
ht t p s: //a f r i c a nw i l d l i f e f o r e nsi c s . o r g /e n /a b o u t
4.
Pr ote c t t h e Pa n g o l i ns . H o m e. Fa ce b o o k . (S e p te m b e r
7, 202 3)
ht t p s: // w w w. f a ce b o o k . co m /p r ote c t t h e p a n g o l i ns /Investigation on Indoor Air Quality
in Housing in Zambia◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書
1)

工学院

4)

Means to achieve the goals above
・Questionnaire survey on indoor environment（Indoor environment, health conditions, roomlayouts, and building materials, life style etc.）
・Indoor measurement(Temperature, humidity,
carbon dioxide concentration, particulate matter)

5)

Necessary resources, facilities and preparation
・Questionnaire paper・Indoor measurement instrument(thermo-hygrometer, CO 2 censer , Particle
measuring censer )◤ 実施後報告書

Activity overview
This study investigated air quality pollution indoors in

D1

中野佑美

Activities theme/title

Zambia. The performance of buildings in developing
countries is said to be lower than in developed countries,
and building structures and materials are relatively simple.
In addition to this, in rural cities in Zambia, road are not

Research on Indoor Air Quality in Zambia Housing

usually paved nd soil dust can easily enter indoors, which

2)

Backgroundis a health hazard for the occupants. This study aims to

My academic backgroundextract data on air quality in buildings in Zambia using air

Thesis topic in master’s degree (2019-2022): “Research

quality sensors and to analyze the actual state of air

on Actual State of Living Environment in Winter Season

quality.

Using Deprivation Indices in Snowy Cold Region“.
Research topic doctoral degree（2023 ～）: “ Researchon Improving Indoor Environment as Solution of
Poverty in Cold Regions”.
Reason of my research theme in this program
According to a WHO report, indoor air pollution fromcombustion emissions from cooking and heating isa very serious problem in developing countries. It is27

Fi g .1 Env i r o n m e nt ce ns o r

課題探求活動レポート
Finding counterpartsand food interventions were provided based on the

The IVCMEP Office introduced me to Innovation forresults.

Poverty Action (IPA), an organization working as an

In the afternoon, we visited UNZA to install environmental

international NGO in Zambia, and we were put in direct

sensors in two classrooms to measure air quality. In

contact with Ms Tamara, the senior manager for policy

addition to this, students living in the UNZA student

and programs. We also learnt that a research team fromresidence were also given environmental sensors to help

the Faculty of Economics at Hokkaido University would bethem measure the indoor air quality.

conducting a household survey during our stay in Zambia,

Results of air quality measurements（Small class room inand we were given the opportunity to accompany themUNZA）

on short notice.

Air quality measurements were carried out for two days.

Activity Day 1 in Kabwe (21st August)This room is an uncrowded classroom. The temperatureWith the help of a research team from the Faculty ofand humidity results show that the daytime temperature

Economics at Hokkaido University, we joined a household

is around 25

survey in Kabwe district. We visited about six households

comfortable room temperature environment. The VOC

per day and interviewed each household for about one

values are below the permissible standard value of 400

hour. Interviewes were conducted by local researchers.

µg/m3. On the other hand, PM2.5 values exceeded the

The experience provided an opportunity to observe theenvironmental standard of 35 µg/m3 in many placescondition of the local buildings and the indoor

during the day.

°C, which is not too hot and provides aenvironment. Most of the buildings were single-story andmade of concrete.  All the homes had electricity, and there
were electric lights, TVs and kitchen stoves in the rooms.
On the day of the survey, the outside temperature washot, but the interior was cool and airy.

Windows werealways covered with lace and there were few doors
between rooms, making the space airy.

Fi g . 5 Sm a l l c l a s s r o o m

Results of air quality measurements（Student dormitory
in UNZA）
Air quality measurements were carried out for two days.
The temperature and humidity results show that thedaytime temperature is around 25°C, which is not too hot
and provides a comfortable room temperatureenvironment. The VOC values are below the permissible
Fi g . 2 (u p p e r l e f t) E x te r i o r o f t h e b u i l d i n g
Fi g . 3 (u p p e r r i g ht) G a l v a n is e d s te e l r o o f
Fi g .4 (l owe r)A i r ve nt i l at i o nstandard value of 400 µg/m3. M2.5 value is below thestandard value of about 24 µg/m3 , but higher than typicalindoor PM2.5 values.

Activity Day 2 in Lusaka (30th, August)In the morning, we met Ms. Tamara from IPA and went
to the Lusaka compound for the ZamCharts projectwith IPA researchers. It was a follow-up on parent-childhouseholds interviewed in 2021. In the initial household,cognitive tests, physical measurements, and blood tests
were conducted using children’s toys. The 2021 growth
chart poster with guidance on ideal weight, height, and anutritious diet was still displayed. Nutritional supplements
Fi g . 6 St u d e nt d o r m i to r y28

課題探求活動レポート

Fi g .7 Te m p e r at u r e a n d h u m i d t y i n s m a l l c l a s s r o o m

Fi g .9 Te m p e r at u r e a n d h u m i d t y i n s t u d e nt d o r m i to r y

Fi g . 8 PM 2 . 5 a n d VO C i n s m a l l c l a s s r o o m

Fi g .10 PM 2 . 5 a n d VO C i n s t u d e nt d o r m i to r y

Activity Day 3 in Lusaka (31th, August)I w o u l d l i k e to thank al l the I V CM E P st a ff, m y

We visited a hospital near Lusaka, where an IPA

counterpart IPA staff, all those who helped me with theresearcher showed us around the pediatric ophthalmology

field measurements and the local households who hosted

facilities on the premises. The actual consultation process

me during the field survey.

and the equipment used during the consultation were

Survey of stakeholders’ intentions

explained. As the consultation results are used for research
purposes, there is no charge for the consultation, which

for the management ofis borne by the patient, and a small gratuity is paid to theVictoria Falls

patient.
Changes in activities and points to note
The difficulty in carrying out the SDA was to conduct asurvey of the actual indoor air quality in the local area. The

29◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書

環境科学院

M2

今川知美

actual measurement involves entering the homes of local

1)

Activities theme/title

households and taking actual measurements, which may

Outreach activities at tourist Victoria Waterfall

cause privacy issues. The collaborating local households

using 3D terrain models and measurement of their

may also be reluctant to place measurement equipment

effectivenessin their rooms. It is important to obtain a clear explanation2)of the measurement and permission from the collaborator

There are differences in understanding and awarenesswhen taking actual measurements in the local building.

of the environment in tourist destinations among

Acknowledgment

management entities, local residents, and tourists. For

Background課題探求活動レポート
local residents, it is one of the resources that support

local stakeholders have about the management of

their daily lives as tourism income, and for tourists, it iswaterfalls and parks in Zambia.

a different world where they can experience something

・To confirm the local guiding and displaying

extraordinary. I am interested in how this gap inmethods, and investigate their challenges andawareness affects environmental conservation andpotential areas for improvement.

sustainable management plans. I am also interested

・To explain the academic value of the site using a

in outreach, having taken a teaching course in the

3D model, and investigate its effectiveness.

past and having learned that practical educational

Stakeholders under consideration as survey targets

development is required in Japanese educational(survey approach)settings. Therefore, I was interested in how ecotourism/

・Government agencies: (preliminary researchgeotourism could be developed in Zambia, a country

mainly through literature, interviews if possible

blessed with abundant nature. I also wanted to thinkwith rangers in the field)

about what kind of more effective ways to enjoy it could

Government agencies and local government

be implemented. Currently, I belong to a laboratory in

officials related to waterfall management andthe field of environmental geography, and I thought

protection, such as Ministry of Environment andthat my background in geomorphological analysis andMinistry of Tourism.

knowledge in the field of ecology would be applicable

National Parks Administration and managers ofto this project. Since my supervisor is a researcher who

protected areas.

is familiar with waterfalls, I wanted to conduct a field

・Local people: (Questionnaire)

project in the southern border area of Zambia based

Local people and communities living around theon my insights into the geomorphological conditions

waterfalls.

created by waterfalls and the related ecological field.

Local tourism operators and guides.

3)

・Tourism providers: (Questionnaire, interviews if

Specific targets and goals of the research

The target area for the survey is Victoria Falls inpossible)southern Zambia. (If it is difficult to conduct the survey

Hotel and resort owners and staff.

due to accessibility and/or accommodation issues,

Travel agents and tour operators.

we will consider changing to activities in the Lusaka

・Academic researchers: (questionnaire andNational Park area or to visit local school.)interviews, 8/20)

Goals to be achieved

Researchers and scholars in geology, environmental

・To understand the management plan and local

science, ecology, etc. University and researchissues around the waterfalls in Zambia/Zimbabwe.

institute personnel.

・To confirm the level of understanding of the・Non-profit organizations and NGOs:

waterfalls and their surrounding environment,(Questionnaire if contacted)

including their academic value (geology, ecology).

Groups and organizations interested in

I would like to confirm whether there are

e nvi r o nme ntal pr o te c ti o n and su staina b ledifferences in understanding and preferencesdevelopment. Organizations that support nature

among tourists based on their nationalities

conservation and community development.

(including differences in awareness between

・Tourists: ( questionnaire on site)

tourists, local residents, and stakeholders).

Tourists and travelers visiting Victoria Falls.

・Consideration and proposal of better guiding

4)

methods, if possible, and management plans

The method under consideration is to conduct a

compatible with ecosystem conservation

pre-survey, an explanation using a model, and a

Details of the survey

Means to achieve the goals above

post-survey to determine the effectiveness of the・To compare how waterfalls and parks should be

explanation among tourists and local residents. I

managed in Zambia’s management plan and how

would like to confirm the local residents’ impressions

they are actually managed.

of the waterfall and their understanding of the・To find out in advance what kind of awarenessecosystem and environmental creation through this30

課題探求活動レポート
survey. I would also like to conduct a similar survey ofmanaged by the Zambian National Heritage Conservation

tourists to determine the purpose of their visit, their

Commission by getting advice from UNESCO or IUCN andunderstanding of the waterfalls, and the effectivenesscollaborating with the Zimbabwe side. From thisof exhibits and explanations. Before departure, if

background, I had questions about how they sustain thewe can establish a good relationship, I would like toplace collectively and what can be the issue to achieve

conduct an interview survey with local stakeholders

sustainable tourism. Additionally, this place has a unique

via Zoom or other means. During our stay in the area,value in terms of the geological value, so I was interested

I would like to conduct environmental education

in how the visitors understand the importance of such a(mainly geology and ecology) using 3D models andspecialty and what can be done to make the exhibition

confirm its effectiveness. At present, we would like tomore meaningful.

collaborate with local tour guides and management
entities to use the 3D models during tours to explain
the geology and ecology of places that appear to be
nearby but are inaccessible. I would like to evaluate
the effectiveness of the tour by using a google form
questionnaire. Since it is expected that there will bea difference in awareness between those who do notparticipate in the tour and those who do, I would like toconduct a similar explanation near the lookout points
to confirm and compare the effectiveness of the tour.

Fi g .1 Si g n e x p l a i n i n g t h e r e ce s si o n o f t h e f a l ls

After returning to Japan, I would like to examine andIn 1972, the zoological park was redesigned as part of the

propose effective guiding methods based on the data

expanded Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park which is managed

obtained. If necessary, after returning to Japan, weby the Zambian Department of National Parks andwould like to continue to conduct on-site surveys in

Wildlife. The National Heritage Conservation Commission

cooperation with partner organizations to verify the

manages the Falls and its immediate surroundings, as wellsuperiority of our proposals.

as all historic and cultural sites within the National Park.

5)

Planning

Necessary resources, facilities and preparation
・Establish relationships with stakeholders

The first plan was to conduct an outreach activity that(management entities, geotour guides) and plan

focused on spreading the geological value to the visitors

for collaboration. Considering to contact via email

and finding out about their understanding by using theand the use of Zoom.

3D model.

・Prepare a place to stay if staying for 3 daysaround waterfall and transportation to the meetup location.
・Preparation of 3D models and maps to be usedduring explanations
・Formulate questionnaire items, create google
form and prepare paper version’s too◤ 実施後報告書
Background

In Zambia, the tourism industry is one of the biggest
income generators. Especially for Victoria Falls, more than

31

3D Fa l ls m o d e l i n c l u d i n g t h e b a si n o f Z a m b e z i R i ve r
(m a d e by D r. H ay a k aw a , s o u rce: AW 3D, 3D m o d e l: <ht t p s: //s ke tc h f a b. co m / 3d - m o d e ls / v i c to r i a - f a l ls- a n d - su r r o u n d i n gs1c 2 381f a9 c 21457e 9 4 0 cc 6 8 43 4 c 61820>)

one million tourists visited the place before the pandemic

At the same time, I was thinking of askinga the touristsof the COVID. The place is famous as the World Natural

around the waterfall about the reasons for their visit, andHeritage site for its unique landscape including the

how much they were interested in and understood theecosystem surrounding the waterfalls. This place isgeological perspective. However, there were difficulties

課題探求活動レポート
in gathering the information and finding the places for
conducting it previously. So, I changed the plan to extend
the questionnaire to the manager of the heritage. For
the place of the activity, I set up the Livingstone Museumwith the introduction of my collaborator Chibamba.
Before the visitation, we tried to contact the ecologist
who is researching near the waterfalls, because I wasinterested in the interaction between waterfalls andsurrounding environments, especially expected learning
about relationships between ecological function andtopographic features. However, he was so busy for his
field works and we couldn’t make good contact with theplanned counterparts. Then, I tried to find collaborators

Fi g . 3 Sto n e s l i n e d u p to p r e ve nt p e o p l e f r o m e nte r i n g
3D m o d e l: <ht t p s: //s k f b. l y/o N PIR >through the introduction from my lab mate who iscoming from Zambia. Fortunately, he introduced me afriend, Chibamba who is from Livingstone and familiar
with tourism in Zambia. This decision was made on thebus leaving Lusaka for Livingstone, just two days before I
was supposed to work on SDA.
Methodology
To understand the mindset of the stakeholders, I used
the questionnaire on the Google form. I prepared several
sections to find how their different backgrounds affectthe formation of their impressions on tourism and future
visions to realize sustainable tourism. Although I brought
paper questionnaires, only those in electronic format

Fi g .4 Pot h o l e s (d i a m e te r s a r e a r o u n d 10 to 50 c m)
3D m o d e l: <ht t p s: //s k f b. l y/o N X Xw >using QR codes were collected. Actually, the main activity

2. Livingstone Museum

became interviews with the people involved in the

In Livingstone, there is a Zambia’s oldest museum which

management.

has collections related to the archaeology and natural

Details of the activity

history of southern Africa. They display not only African

1. Victoria Falls visitation guided by the manager fromprehistorical and historical artifacts but also creatures

National Heritage Conservation Commission

found around the waterfalls. Thanks to Chibamba’sFirstly, I went to Victoria Falls to ask for detailed

arrangement, I was able to talk with entomologist

information about Victoria Falls from the field staff of the

Chabwera, who is also a cultural anthropologist andNational Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC).

museum guides.

NHCC has the function to preserve, protect, and manage

3. Zambia Tourism Agency

Zambia’s natural and cultural (i.e., the prehistoric, historic,On the museum grounds, there is Zambia Tourism Agency.

and contemporary monuments and relics) heritage

They’re introducing tourists the sight to see around but(NHCC, 2018). With the help of Charles who is the staff ofthe officer helped me to grasp the entire situation for thethe NHCC, I managed to interview for more detailed

tourism, especially in Livingstone.

information about the falls. He guided me around theFindings

upper part of the falls and explained the topography and

1. Victoria Falls visitation

vegetation in more detail. Additionally, I asked Richard

Along the river, spiky stones were lined up to warn people

Mbewe and Musawa Hamusonde, who is the chief at theto stay away from the river. I was told that it also served to

NHCC office about the general situation of heritage

keep elephants from coming near the waterfall. Charles

management.

also explained that elephants come more frequently
during the dry season because food is more limited. Many

32

課題探求活動レポート
potholes formed when stones were rotated by water flow

cultural historian, historically local people have the mind

and eroded. It was the dry season and access to the upper

to respect nature or animals by naming the family’s name.

part of the falls had only been granted a few days before

Although Zambians’ perception of Zambians these days

our visit.

is strongly influenced by Western education, the Western

Otherwise, some trees lose their leaves with drying, there

people also dealt with plants and animals, and it is said

are water hyacinths and salvinia can be seen where therethat the vestiges of this tradition still take root in Zambia.  

is water flow. Water hyacinth is an invasive species andEven before colonization, there was a strong respect forhas been spreading at a very fast rate in the Maramba

nature, requiring permission from the village head to cut

River which meets above the waterfall.

down a single tree, and cutting trees in such a way as

Regarding heritage conservation, there is an integrated

to leave the roots intact. In the eastern part of Zambia,

management plan between Zambia and Zimbabwe forsuch as around the Luangwa valley, there is a culture of

tourism around the falls. Musawa Hamusonde, who iseating elephants, and it seems that dried elephants are

the chief at the NHCC office said that what is requiredalso eaten. The Tongan people are one of the tribes with afor the future of tourism is to create awareness. Whatlong-established sense of symbiosis with animals.   

the future of tourism needs is creating an awareness,Moreover, they celebrate by holding ceremonies, thewhich includes promoting the sensitivity and value

significance of natural cycles, past military glories, or age-of nature and heritage, explaining what not to do for

old traditions. The ceremonies they perform express

conservation, and developing a cooperative system andgratitude for fruits grown from the soil and benefits oflearning environment to promote the need for researchwaterfalls, respect for waterfalls and animals, and religious

and its ecological value and function to people. Regarding

belief in gods. Sometimes, they mimic animals in theirconflicts between wildlife and local people, the chief said

movements. Even in the COVID-19 time, they prayed inthat the problems of poaching and hunting of rhinos havetheir rituals for the suppression of the epidemic. Thus, thealready been improved. However, there are still problems

country’s ethnic diversity resulting in over 30 traditionalwith elephants and bamboos. She also explained that

ceremonies taking place annually in different parts of thebamboos eat and destroy, but monkeys don’t destroy

country. In the exhibition, we found a 3D model of the city

so much, and that the behavior of elephants changeof Livingston, including the area around the waterfall at

depending on where they move for. By this, the buffer

the entrance of the museum. This was clearer than thezone is working well. She also explained that Zambia’s 8

one placed around the falls and covered a wider area ofnational policies include investment in tourism recently.

the land. However, there was no direct explanation of the

And the social sector has been changed to economic

geomorphic changes involved in the formation process ofsector including tourism part in the policy. It seems

the waterfalls, a detailed explanation of their formation,that the whole country is trying to expand the tourism

nor their relationships with the ecosystem. Nevertheless,industry.

the display of these spectacular waterfalls together with

2. Livingstone Museum

the horizontal spread of the city made comparisons

According to Chabwera, bird surveys have beenpossible, which was an effective way to understand the

conducted in Zambia for more than 30 years, withmagnificence of the actual waterfalls.

monitoring begun in 1994. This was contrary to our
expectations, as we had difficulty obtaining a local bird
book. Although there are many illustrated books on South
African animals, there were not so many books specialized
about Zambian Animals. But we were introduced a bookcalled “Birds of Zambia” in the museum. And the plant
species are also being included from the perspective ofconservation and sensitization specimens. In addition,
they are also focusing on outreach activities by visiting
schools and villages in the neighborhood to explain theneed for conservation. According to the curator who is a

33

Fi g . 5 A 3D m o d e l o f V i c to r i a Fa l ls e x h i b i te d i n t h e m us e u m
3D m o d e l: <ht t p s: //s k f b. l y/o N X Zv >

課題探求活動レポート
3. Zambia Tourism Agency

that their purpose of the visit was to enjoy the beauty

They had discussed sustainable tourism at the touristof nature. And 66.7% of the answers were one-day trip

information center just a few days before our visit and had

visitations for the falls. Over 90% of the respondents

left a note about the stakeholders they had considered.

answered that they have interests in natural or social

They were trying to build a sustainable tourism system bysciences, and over half of them are especially interested

including not only managers like the NHCC or Nationalin earth science. However, it seemed that understanding

parks but also residents including socially vulnerable

academic information or specialized topics was not sopeople like street children or village people. According toeasy for them. Visitors to the falls were asked to identify

the manager, there is no conflict of opinion between

topographical features, but many of them only indicatedZambia and Zimbabwe regarding the management of thethat it was located on the border. There is room forwaterfalls. And the government is preparing a document

improvement in the way visitors enjoy insight into theto realize sustainable tourism. In the document, they haveformation and value of the land. And for the question

considered the gender base balance, too. I asked what isto the residents “What initiatives do you think should

needed for the future development of tourism, problems

be taken by residents to achieve sustainable tourism?

are how to improve tourists’ understanding of wildlife and“there were two answers. One is about the accessibility

the large amount of garbage generated by tourists. To

to the museum from the Falls. Another was to make theimprove the situation, insurance, and public

system learn more about the marketing of the falls totransportation or assessment over roads are needed tomake it effective. And there was one suggestion fromensure some stability. And to achieve the coexistence ofthe researcher to the question, in order to improve inwildlife and tourism. They are trying to promote tourism

conducting surveys related to waterfalls. It’s about theand merchandising in the city and corporations with

implementation of a platform to share data in real time on

Zambia environmental agency and wildlife management.

the findings of local residents and tourists visiting the falls.
The goal is to create a system that will allow researchers
to access the latest data on ecosystem changes. At
the same time, it has the potential to deepen tourists’understanding of the ecosystem.
Summary
Interviews with curators, tourist information center staff,
and NHCC officials revealed that a plan for sustainable
tourism was developed including town residents
and other stakeholders, more so than I had imagined
before the trip. Outreach efforts are being developed
to deepen the understanding of residents. And tourism

Fi g . 6 Po s te r o f t h e L is t o f t h e ce r e m o n i e s h e l d i n Z a m b i a

industry workers on how to create a town that coexists

4. Results of the questionnaires

with wildlife. The awareness of residents regarding

I received 15 answers thanks to the corporation of theconservation has been improving as a result of thesecurator of the museum. From the results, most people

activities, and the challenge for the future is to sharevisit the museum in combination with the waterfalls.

this awareness with tourists and people engaged in the

Visitors tend to expect the history part about Zambia, andtourism industry. Words are not necessary to convey tothen about falls for the exhibit. But they weren’t thinking

tourists the beauty of the area in terms of enjoying theabout fauna and flora so much. It seems that many people

geomorphological value of the falls. However, it’s clear

were sufficient the information which were got aroundfrom the survey that there is still room for improvement

the waterfalls and the museum. But from the results, there

in promoting the waterfall’s function to the higher

is a possibility that there are not enough displays andecosystem and its unique existence. The Livingston

explanations around the falls, although the number ofMuseum is the best museum that exhibits these materials,

responses is small. And many tend to be unfamiliar with

but it is located a little far from the falls. One way to

the geological features of the falls. 12 people answered

symbolize the reception of functional value would be to34

課題探求活動レポート
promote exhibits that share stories, such as the meaning

is still dependent on mining development.

of ceremonies held in neighboring villages, or the

In my theme, I would like to focus on the gap between

coexistence of animals and plants that the artist reflected

the momentum building and the current state of thein their works. The proposed mechanism to facilitate thestart-up ecosystem, especially in the environmentally

sharing of findings from tourists with researchers is a way

friendly agricultural sector.

to improve the functionality of the city, speed up the(1) The environment surrounding entrepreneurs

intervention of experts in case of emergency, and facilitate

and their supporters (in relation to foreign capital)

the realization of proper management.

(2) Building relationships with stakeholders to

Acknowledgments

establish business models

I appreciate staffs from NHCC, Livingstone Museum, and(a)

Zambia Tourism Agency, who helped me a lot to realize(South Africa)

this self-designed activity. I could have learned many(b)

Diffusion of the aquaculture industry

aspects of Victoria Falls and ecological values by hearing(c)Zambeef (not sure)the actual voice in the field. Thank you.

4)

products, including JICA’s NINJA project(2) Visits to sites where the new services which are
given by the startup are used

The future market of weeds(3) Entrepreneurship education at universities orhigh schools

compost and the possibility of◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書
1)

国際食資源学院 M2(a)

I myself have had the opportunity

to think about business possibilities after
石毛奈央

participating in a program on entrepreneurship(DEMOLA; https://demola-hokudai.jp/)
offered by Hokkaido University’s Cooperative

Activities theme/title

Organization for Business and Academia.

Current Situation of Start-up Support of Agriculture x(b)Environmental section in Zambia

generation to find out what their expectations

2)

are or observe and discuss the program.

BackgroundI would like to interview the younger

My master’s research is focused on evaluating the5)effects of land-use change on soil physicochemical

The survey is basically interview-based, so no supplies

properties in cacao plantations in Ecuador. During

are needed. Since we only have 3 days, I would like tomy actual five-month stay and sampling in the field,

conduct interviews including online meetings etc. prior

I became interested in the value chain of agriculturalto the trip. How to interact with entrepreneurial people

crops. Cacao is a cash crop, and the higher the flavor,(I am not going to pitch anything myself, so I wonder

the higher the market value and the higher the price.

what would be beneficial to them as well)On the other hand, farmers need to understand such amarket price and are sometimes sold off at a discount,no matter how high the quality is. This situation could

35

Means to achieve the goals above(1) Interviews with managers who actually have

[ R e f e r e n ce s]
N H CC . ”Ch a p te r 173 – L aw s o f Z a m b i a” <ht t p: //n h cc . o r g .
z m /n h cc- a c t /c h a p te r-173 - l aw s- o f-z a m b i a /> (l a s t v isi t :202 3/11/ 27 )“agribusiness” in Zambia

Capital for large-scale agriculture

Necessary resources, facilities, and preparation◤ 実施後報告書
Summary

be solved through technology and the creation of new    My research concerns the possibility of new agribusinessbusinesses.

(agriculture x business). In Zambia, the rapid increase3)

in population and the environmental issues due toSpecific targets and goals of the research

The potential for agribusiness, which is second only

agricultural activity are now getting social consciousness.

to finance in size, will continue to rise. According

I conducted a few interviews to learn about the difficulties

to the JICAs report (https://www.jica.go.jp/zambia/

of agriculture and business in Zambia. In conclusion,

ku57pq0000046g2k-att/jcap.pdf), despite the fact thatthe networking of stakeholders is necessary to enhance

70% of Zambia’s population is engaged, the economy

agribusiness in the future, and a workshop or symposium課題探求活動レポート
to share knowledge might be effective in achieving the

It is reported that chemical fertilizer can ruin soil quality

objective.

and cause eutrophication easily even if it enhances the

Backgroundyield.

  Zambia is one of the remarkable developing markets in

Now the Zambian government has implemented

Africa. According to the World Bank report, the population

machines to get over the problem, but it’s not enoughgrowth rate is 2.7% per year, and it is said that the young

to solve the issues. Then I got some contacts from Dr.

generation can be pressured by the national budget to

Ikabongo who is working at GART as an R&D manager,

support the community. However, I feel that start-up

and did some interviews.

businesses especially those focusing on agriculture must
be game changers in the future.

So, the purpose of this study is to  The motivation to set the theme of my activity is I saw①  Find the solution to crucial social issues

the same situation during my stay in Ecuador for my② Think about the possibility of collaborating with newmaster’s research. The capacity and potential for new

businesses.

technology in agriculture are high enough, but people

Interview1 ~scientist~

don’t have much chance to collaborate with otherFirst, I interviewed a Ph.D. student at Wageningen

institutions because of the lack of education. So I set the

University (Netherlands) on the first day. He is working on

goal to find the possibility of new agribusiness (agriculturecomposting with weeds (water hyacinth and hippoglass)x business) during my stay in Zambia.

The benefit of composting from weeds

Communication with counterpart●

Lower price

When I first set the theme for the self-designed activity,●

High nutrient

I didn’t have any specific topic to focus on. Therefore, I●

High demand from smallholder farmers

decided to collaborate the environmental consciousness●

Familiar with locals

and the chance to implement it as a business in the
future. I attempted to contact about 10 people and was
eventually able to interview four, Three were in person
and one was online, to know the stakeholders’ situations.
The Environmental Issue
Victoria Falls is one of the popular tourist sites in Zambia,
and it is located in the Zambezi River basin which covers
most of the major rivers in Zambia without the north-east
part. Even when visiting was a dry season, we could findthat Zambia is full of agricultural resources from this kindof rich water resources. However, high land-use changes
are now creating social issues by leaching out the

Fi g . 2 (l e f t) I nv a si o n o f t h e w ate r hy a c i nt h a n d h i p p o g r a s s at
K a f u e R i ve r
Fi g . 3 (r i g ht) M r.C i n d i w h o is wo r k i n g o n t h e we e ds co m p o s t
project

In the morning, I visited his office and he told me about

nutrients from the farmland. It is called “Eutrophication”

the progress of his study. The technology is alreadyand the mechanism is below.

developed, and GART will assist in implementing it in thefield from the academic aspect. Mr. Cindi found a strong
effect of the compost on weeds when he applied them toonion fields. For example, in Zambia, it is difficult to makethe big size onions though the consumption is high dueto the soil type. However, the field with weeds compost
was quite fertile and it was enough to see the positiveeffect. According to several former reports, it’s alreadybeen found that weeds’ fertilizer can promote the growthof plants significantly, and he is now proving that it ispossible in Zambia.

Fi g .1 T h e m e c h a n is m o f e u t r o p h i c at i o n

  Then, in the afternoon, we went to Kafue Bridge which

36課題探求活動レポート
is located 60km away from UNZA to collect the weed

I felt the farmers’ expectations are high for international

samples to make the compost. He employed somecooperation, and it will be beneficial for the support

fisheries who work around the area and they collectedagency as well.

a weed for one week. As I mentioned before, the  On the other hand, I found that the women in the village

government has already installed a machine to collectcontrol their gardening farm with organic manure. The

the weeds, but he asked them because it can control thereason is only the price, but it looks managed nicely.

amount of weeds and a truck to pick up the sample was

The World Bank is now working on a project to support

full finally.

women’s livelihoods through entrepreneurship. The

  I couldn’t see the way to process the weeds, but he isprogram can also collaborate to promote awareness of

now working with the students from the soil science

the use of weed compost in the future.

laboratory (Fig.4).

Interview 3 ~ Start-up ~He thinks that it is a

On the final day morning, I interviewed Dr. Eugene, whochance to start a newis engaging in the start-up business with chicken manurebusiness with the weeds

online. First, I asked about the start point of his business.

fertilizer, but the results will

When he took the Ph.D. course at Hokkaido University,

be turned out next year.

he was working on animal health research. Then, he

Then, collaboration withwanted to connect his study to change the current

some national institute orsocial problems and started the project with a technicalacademic association is thepartner (Dr. Ikabongo) because of the business awards

closest way to implementthat he won. He realized that the market chance with theas soon as possible. Then,the campaign to use
organic fertilizer can be

37

Fi g .4 T h e co m p o s t i n g p r o ce s s
w i t h t h e s t u d e nt s( p h oto by M r.
C i n d i)huge population of small-scale farmers in Zambia. The
estimated number of farmers in Zambia is over 70%, andonly 84% of the land is still unutilized as a farm. Therefore,

one of the options to promote his activity in the future.

he emphasized that he can encourage the motivation ofInterview 2 ~Farmer~

smallholder farmers by fertilizing the soil at a lower cost

On the second day, I went to a Mammbo village farm andthan usual.

interviewed farmers. It is because one of the members ofHowever, the investment from the other side is necessary

the IVCMEP project last year is working on his farm now,

to implement his facilities. He concluded that theand we had an opportunity to visit there.

investment is the power to innovate something new.

First, I asked the farmers about the effects of climate

And there is the possibility to solve the poverty issues inchange and the other problems they have right now. They

Zambia as well.

mentioned the crucial issues on their farm like soil acidity,Interview 4 ~Education~

irregular patterns, and soil degradation. They usually use

On the final day at noon, I met Ms.Mirriam, who ischemical fertilizer, and they don’t trust the effect of theworking in entrepreneur support. “Entrepreneur” is acompost from the weeds, because it is normal to use

training program for starting a new business. The ranking

organic material as the soil amendments (just for the soilof the innovation score which is calculated by various

microbes). However, the quality of the water of the river isparameters like human capital and technology output,

important for their future and they have seminars that areof Zambia is 117 out of 128 countries. The bubble chart

given by NGOs sometimes.

(Fig.5) below shows the relationship between income

Now, they are relying on imported fertilizer and theylevels (GDP per capita) and innovation performance (GIImentioned the possibility of alternative materials because

score), and the red point shows Zambia. The classificationof the high price. Then, they mentioned the consciousness

level is “performing below expectations for the level offor support is irrigation rather than fertilizer currently.

development”.

Irrigation can support resilience and productivity in rain-

She doesn’t have her own business, but arranging the

fed farming systems. Before, JICA’s project was run tointernship and the chance to do new business for thepromote building a small-scale irrigation system. The

younger generation can be effective in getting out of

feedback was good enough to move on to the next stage.

poverty. She feels the access is open for everyone, but it’s

課題探求活動レポート
still limited to getting contact with the people who don’t

which is related to my research as well. I appreciate thehave money to have higher education.

help a lot, thank you very much for all. Zikomo.

Therefore, supporting start-up businesses especiallythose related to agriculture is an indirect way to raise thepeople’s capacity in rural areas.

[ R e f e r e n ce s]
1. Z amb ia: Su p p o r tin g WSME s ’ Acce ss to Finan ce an d C ap a ci t y
B u i l d i n g (ht t p s: // we - f i . o r g /p r o j e c t /z a m b i a - su p p o r t i n g w s m e s- a cce s s- to - f i n a n ce - a n d - c a p a c i t y - b u i l d i n g / ) L a s t v i e w ;202 3/10/9
2. Si n g h , J. , & K a l a m d h a d , A . S . (2012). Co n ce nt r at i o n
a n d s p e c i at i o n o f h e av y m e t a ls d u r i n g w ate r hy a c i nt h
co m p o s t i n g . B i o r e s o u rce Te c h n o l o g y, 124, 169 –179. ht t p s: //d o i . o r g /10.1016/ j . b i o r te c h . 2012. 0 8 . 0 43
3. 小規 模 農 民のための灌 漑 開 発プロジェクト（ht t p s: // w w w. j i c a .
g o. j p/o d a /p r o j e c t /1102919/ i n d e x . ht m l）L a s t v i e w 202 3/10/9
4.G l o b a l i n n ov at i o n i n d e x 202 2 (ht t p s: // w w w.w i p o. i nt /e d o c s /p u b d o c s /e n / w i p o _ p u b _ 20 0 0 _ 202 2 /z m . p d f ) L a s t v i e w
202 3/10/9

The Relationship Between People

and Nature -in Livingstone, Zambia-

Fi g . 5 T h e p o si t i ve r e l at i o ns h i p b e t we e n i n n ov at i o n a n dd e ve l o p m e nt

The potential of agribusiness in Zambia
In conclusion, the technology is enough to solve the◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書

文学院

M2

伊藤彩乃

environmental issues from the weeds, but the demand

1)

Activities theme/title

and support system are not enough. According to the

The research of the current state of wildlife

farmer’s interview, they have a high motivation to solve

conservation and management activities with local

the environmental issues that they have on their farm.

people in Zambia.

However, the information is not about the weeds and they2)

don’t believe in the effect of the new organic fertilizer

As part of my life’s work, I want to contribute toas an alternative. Therefore, having a seminar or somebuilding communities where people and wildlife can

education course is needed to enhance the awareness oflive in harmony.

environmental issues. One of the candidate solutions for

In my own research, I am exploring a better future

this situation is a start-up ecosystem. As Dr. Eugene andrelationship between people and brown bears

Ms. Mirriam are doing, some of the people already realized

through interviews with the local residents. I am also

the potential of the new business. It is beneficial not only

considering approaches that can be linked to local

for the founder of an institution or new business but also

issues other than conflict with brown bears (e.g.,

for the people who may use the service or products to

declining birth rate, ageing population, weakening

know the current issues as a stakeholder.

community ties, tsunami disaster prevention, etc.).

The keyword to think about my theme is “networking”

I believe that my activities to learn more about thewith each other. I hope the stakeholder’s network can be

relationship between wildlife and humans in Zambia

enhanced and the many collaborations will be realized.

will be a valuable experience that I can apply to my

For example, a workshop to share knowledge with

own study topics, such as the above, and to human-

farmers is effective, When I went to the village, the farmers

wildlife issues throughout my life.

said that they expected some opportunities to learn

3)knowledge and skills from NGOs, etc. Therefore, it can be

I would like to explore the actual situation of wildlife

useful to share ideas to raise awareness toward organic

conservation activities in Zambia.

fertilizer usage.

Firstly, I would like to participate in and observe the

Acknowledgment

activities of NGOs, JICA and other organizations and

My research was supported by many interviewees.

individuals working with local people on wildlife

Especially, Dr. Ikabongo introduced me to the all members

conservation and community support activities. I

who have any specialty in agriculture and business. And,

would like to have the opportunity to learn what kind

the JICA office in Zambia tried to connect with some NPOof communication and relationship-building is actually

Background

Specific targets and goals of the research38

課題探求活動レポート
carried out between support groups and local people.
Next, I would like to conduct interviews with thesupport groups and local residents I have observed. Theinterviews will explore in more detail how each actor

・Do you like wildlife?

◤ 実施後報告書
Backgroundinteracts with each other and conducts conservation

I am currently conducting research on human-wildlife

activities in the region. Furthermore, we would like

conflicts at Hokkaido University’s graduate school.

to explore the ways in which sustainable wildlife

Specifically, I am investigating the perspectives of local

conservation activities can be carried out in regions

residents regarding the coexistence of brown bears

by clarifying the challenges and future prospects inand humans. I employ methods such as interviews andcarrying out conservation activities.

participant observation for my research. Furthermore, as

4)part of my lifelong commitment, I aspire to contribute toMeans to achieve the goals above

Participant observation and interviews.

the establishment of communities where both people and5)wildlife can coexist harmoniously.

Necessary resources, facilities and preparation

Preparation of interview survey items.

In pursuit of this goal, during my Self-Design Activity★ Information to be researched as a preliminary step(SDA), I explored the human-wildlife conflicts that exist in・Specific activities and objectives of the target

the wildlife-rich country of Zambia. I aimed to uncover theNGOvarious challenges and activities related to these conflicts

・The main occupations, sources of income, size ofand their resolution. My intention was to find a key tothe community, location, culture and livelihoods ofbuilding a better relationship with wildlife and nature,

the local people.

which inspired the plan for this SDA.

・What kind of animals inhabit the area and their

About my counterpart

relationship with the local people (what kind of

During my SDA, I had the privilege of working together

damage they do).

w i t h ‘ N J O V U A f r i c a n W i l d l i f e C o n s e r v a t i o n ,’ a n・Historical evolution of the target area (whetherorganization established in 2020. The term ‘NJOVU’

it was originally inhabited or not, who manages it,

translates to ‘elephant’ in the local Nyanja language.

who uses it)

However, their conservation efforts go beyond elephants

・Availability of relevant research papers

to encompass a variety of other wildlife species.

★ List of questions

Furthermore, their work covers a broad spectrum of(NGO)

activities, including animal rescue, environmental

・What are the goals of your activities?

education, and snare sweeps. While the representative of・What do you pay attention to when working withNJOVU is Spanish, they collaborate with numerous local

local people?

staff members to execute these initiatives. NJOVU places a・What are the challenges you face in the course ofstrong emphasis on community engagement, and I

your activities?

discovered that many of the local staff members

・What kind of activities do you want to carry out insupporting NJOVU’s projects have personal connections

the future?

with NJOVU staff, which enhances their cooperation.

・What are the challenges you face when working
with local communities?
(Local people (if possible))
・Are there any negative impacts of wildlife?
・Are there any benefits from wildlife?
・Are there any improvements that have been
made in working with NGOs? Are there any goodthings?
・Are there any challenges in working with NGOs?
・Are there any animals you don’t like (or findtroublesome)? Are there any animals you like?

39

Fi g .1 N J OV U o f f i ce

課題探求活動レポート
SDA Schedule

Numerous local young residents actively participatedDuring the 3-day SDA, I engaged in the following

as volunteers in the snare sweep. Upon speaking withactivities. On the first day, there was an Introductionsome of them, it became evident that their motivation

to NJOVU. On the second day, I participated in a Snareto engage in these activities stemmed from their deep

Sweep in the morning alongside local staff and joined anlove for wildlife. One of the volunteers shared that his

Evening Safari in the afternoon. Lastly, on the third day, I

passion for wildlife began at the age of 16 when he had

visited the Livingstone Museum and the local market tothe opportunity to witness the beauty of wildlife during alearn about the region’s history and culture. I also received

safari.

a lecture on the local trees and an animal rescue lecture. I(2) Tree Lecture

will now provide more details about the two activities that

During my SDA, I learned about not only the relationshipparticularly relate to the relationship between humans,

between people and wildlife but also about thenature, and wildlife, namely, (1) the Snare Sweep and (2)relationship between people wildlife and plants. Accacia

the tree lecture.

albida is one of the important trees for both people(1) Snare Sweep

and wildlife. Local people use them for medicine, snake

To start, I will provide information about snares and therepellent, energizing livestock and so on.

situation related to them in Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park.
This park faces a significant issue with illegal snares, manyof which are set by local residents in order to captureThis Accacia albida tree and wildlife, especially elephants,

are closely connected to each other. Accacia albida is aunique tree with a distinct phenology of shedding its

animals for meat consumption or sale. These snares areleaves during the rainy season and leafing out abundantly

primarily designed to catch animals like buffalos andduring the dry season, making it a crucial food resource

impalas. Regrettably, these snares not only ensnare

and a refuge for elephants during the dry season. On the

animals but also cause severe injuries, sometimes

other hand, the seeds of Accacia albida don’t germinate

resulting in their death. In response to this problem,

simply by falling to the ground. They require heat to

NJOVU, along with local staff, conducts weekly snare

initiate germination. Therefore, they can only sprout after

sweeps.

being consumed by elephants, warmed within the

In the morning, we spentelephant’s digestive system, and subsequently excreted.

about two hours walking
through the bush in MosiOa-Tunya National Park insearch of snares. Snares are
difficult to spot because they
blend in with the natural
colour of the branches. On
that day, we found a total of
29 snares.

Fi g . 2 A b o n e o f w i l d l i f e
c a u g ht i n a s n a r e

Fi g . 5 A p p l e r i n g: t h e f r u i t s o f Acc a c i a a l b i d

Summary
Through my SDA, I gained valuable insights into thesubtle relationship between people and nature. I
discovered both similarities and differences compared to
Hokkaido. To be honest, during this short stay, I cannot
claim to have found a definitive key to building a better
relationship with wildlife and nature. However, throughFI g . 3 (l e f t) R e m ove s n a r e s usi n g yo u r h a n ds o r p l i e r s
Fi g .4 (r i g ht) We f o u n d a tot a l o f 29 s n a r e s i n a d ay

this SDA experience, I’ve reaffirmed my commitment tocarefully examine the circumstances, relationships, and40

課題探求活動レポート
connections that exist in that place and to share andInterview tocollaborate on a global scale. It’s through these efforts

・people who are engaged in Wildlife protection,that I believe we can open up a future full of possibilities.

・Scholars who are doing research about poaching

Acknowledgements

5)

I’d like to express my gratitude to everyone who made my

No need to acquire specific items, however, I needstay in Zambia, including myto search on poaching prior to onsite self-designed

SDA, safe and enriching.

Firstly, I want to thank the entire NJOVU community,
especially Dr. Jaime and the dedicated local staff, for theirwarm welcome and support. Your hospitality made mystay memorable. A big thanks to our skilled drivers for

Necessary resources, facilities and preparation

activity.

◤ 実施後報告書
Introduction

ensuring our safety and comfort during our journey in

In Africa, there are social problems related to resources(

Zambia. I’m also grateful for the friendships formed withoil, diamond and rare metal). These problems are not only

my counterparts and fellow travellers, adding depth to mysocial problems in Africa, but also related to developed

learning. Lastly, a shout-out to Doya-san and Ogishima-countries. In this report, I focused on one of the social

san for their wonderful coordination, ensuring a smoothproblems, which is called poaching.

and secure exploration of Zambia.

In developed countries, demands for poached items

Thank you to all who contributed to this unforgettable(Ivory, python, and horn ) are enormous. One example is,journey. This concludes my SDA report.

in China, Ivory is considered as a luxury item and somePrevention of poaching◤ Initial Proposal / 企画書
1)

総合化学院

people use it as a medicine. Also in Japan, Ivory is used tomake “Hanko “which is used for signature.
M2

高見亮佑

Activities theme/title

Poaching Types
In poaching, there are two types of poaching. One is
Domestic poaching, and the other is Commercial
poaching. The purpose of domestic poaching is to get

Why poaching occurs?

food for their own consumption and sell game meats for2)

living. This type of poaching is related to poverty, The

Background

Poaching is a serious problem in Africa. However, forother poaching which is called commercial poaching

Japanese people, we just know poaching is a crucial

means selling poached items (Ivory, python skins andproblem. We don’t know why poaching is a serious

horns) for business. This type of method is not only related

problem and why it is occurred. To understandto Zambia but also related to foreign countries indirectly.

poaching problem further, we may need to look

The demand of poached items in foreign countries is quite

into the social structure of Africa and find out otherhigh. For example, Ivory is considered as luxury items andunderlying problems that are connected to  poaching.

medicine. Python skin is also considered as luxury item

Also, learning about poaching allows one to gain someand used for martial of luxury bag.

understand of current situation of Africa. We can clarify
how Japan and Africa cooperate each other.
3)

Specific targets and goals of the research

Goal : Understand why poaching is occurring? from theview point of a social structure.
1. Relationship between poverty and poaching

Fi g .1(l e f t) I vo r y
Fi g . 2 (r i g ht) P y t h o n s k i n

2. What kind of poaching is conducted? (Ivory,
leather, etc…)

4)41

3. Relationship between Poaching in Africa andPoaching method

foreign countries

As I described in section 2, Domestic poaching and(Ivory demand in foreign countries for luxury

Commercial poaching exist. There is also difference of

items)

poaching method between domestic and commercial

Means to achieve the goals above

poaching.

課題探求活動レポート
In domestic poaching, poachers use home made snares,

Ranger police equipment

hunting dog and homemade gun

As poachers’ equipment are evolving and to prevent(Fig. 3, 4 ). These methods are quite simple, and cost is notpoaching more, rangers needs more supplies. I didhigh because they can make these items from daily items

interview with rangers and got lots of answers what theyOn the contrary, the situation of commercial poaching isreally need. First, Patrol equipment is needed. GPS helps

completely different. Poachers use high-caliber bullets tothem identifying where they are patrolling.

hunt animals. High-caliber round has huge stopping

Also, Drones can see an overview of national park andpower for hunting the animals. In addition, there are somethey can observe 24/7. Second, they need more gear.

poachers using suppressor to conceal muzzle flash andThey said the number of combat uniforms is small andsound. The method of commercial poaching is getting

they need to deploy patrol more. In addition, they needevolved and the ranger police is struggling to deal withbulletproof vests like plate carrier. If they face criminals,

these problems.

there is a risk of being shot. To defend life, they needplate career because it is easy to move, high heat release,and proof for high caliber Third, they need rations andfuel when they patrol a long time. Also, food supplies areimportant.
If there are many rations, they can deploy long patrols

Fi g . 3(l e f t)  Sn a r e s
Fi g .4 (r i g ht) H o m e m a d e g u n

more. Also, there is a restriction on using oil per week inranger patrol, they said they need more oil. The last one
is manpower. In Zambia, young people who apply to theConceal Carryranger police is increasing. However, there is a limitation

After poaching, poachers are trying to carry poachedof budget and employment. To patrol the vast national

items outside of the country. The method of concealingpark, rangers feel they need more manpower.

are getting gradually intimate( Fig. 5, 6). However, ranger

Due to budget and employment limitations, this problem

police has long experiences and intelligence, they can

has not yet be solved.

detect hidden items.

Conclusion
There are two types of poaching, domestic poaching andcommercial poaching. Contrary to domestic poaching, themethod of commercial poaching is getting evolved, andthe rangers are struggling to deal with these problems.
Also, the rangers need more equipment to make their

Fi g . 5(l e f t) Co n ce a l e d c a r r y
Fi g . 6 (r i g ht) I nsi d e t h e c a r r ypatrol efficient. Commercial poaching is related to foreigncountries indirectly, and we can cooperate each other todeal with poaching problem by sending equipment which
the rangers really need.

世界遺産管理官へのインタビュー [Victoria Falls，リビングストン ]42