MANIFESTO
OF THE CARBONCENTURY2010:
Why does humanity have only a quarter of a century to change
its materials usage?

01

TECHNOLOGY'S EARLY HISTORY
About 13 000 years ago humankind moved from collection
to production. The Neolithic Revolution helped our species preserve
itself, compete and survive in the wild.
250 years ago, the Industrial Revolution happened.
Switching to machine production allowed people to increase productivity
by several times, going beyond limit of what humankind could createby hand. Civilization launched the snowballing process of growthof production.02

CIVILIZATION IS TRANSFORMED
Оnly a few decades changed the face of civilization beyond recognition.
Fundamental problems, which humanity had faced for thousands of years,
were now solved in a short period of time. The scientific and technologicalrevolution began quite recently, only in the second half of the twentiethcentury. During this short period, by the standards of history, scientificand technological discoveries and inventions numbered in millions.

Victories over infant mortality and infectious diseases doubled life
expectancy (38 years in 1900 England – 81 years in 2011).

The problem of hunger and food shortages (350 000 people diedin Ireland in 1845-1849 due to potato crop failure) was solved by theuse of fertilizers and pesticides, by breeding high-yielding varietiesof plants and species.

The development of modern transportation made freight moreaccessible and travel became a mass phenomenon. The world wasphysically united.

Finally, the digital revolution solved the problems of communication.
Exchange of information has become universal and instantaneous.
The world had finally become global and unified.

All this happened within a very short timespanof rapid change.

03

Population size,
millions of people

POPULATION GROWTHACCELERATESThe achievements of the post-industrial revolution improved living
conditions, resulting in an accelerated growth rate of the world’s
population, fueling an equally drastic race in the quantity of materials
to service them.
The projected increase in population size from 2011 to 2015 is over 1.0
billion new people.

04

INCREASING PRODUCTION AND
ENERGY GROWTH
This rapid increase in population size and the demand from people
to improve their lives through a variety of products has brought withit a dramatic increase in the production of basic materials.

1980

3 000 000 000
tons of materials

2000

7 500 000 000
tons of materials

WE TAKE FROM THE BIOSPHEREOXYGENCOAL

WOOD FUEL
GAS

billiontonsof oxygen

billiontonsof wood fuel

OIL

Over the past 15 years the productionof materials has doubled. Within the next
25 years, by conservative forecasts,
the production of materials will double
again. By 2040, the world will produce
30 billion tons of materials annually.

billiontonsof coalbilliontonsof gas

billiontonsof oil

04
WE EMIT INTO THE BIOSPHEREIn addition to the increased
production of materials, humanity
also has ever-increasing demands
for Energy, accompanied byunintended side effects such as
CO2 production and releasing ash
into the Biosphere.

ASH

CO₂billion
tons

CO₂

tons

CO₂

2020

kg
ASH

15 000 000 000
tons of materials

2040

30 000 000 000
tons of materials

billiontonsof ash

per capita
annually

05

THE FUNDAMENTAL CONFLICT

Demand for materials
Demand for energy

VSBiosphere destruction
Energy deficit

For the first time in history, human civilization has come to an inner conflict
between our resource usage and the biosphere. The fundamental
demand for materials and energy has given rise to major threats— the irreversible destruction of the biosphere and planet-wide climatechange.
Used at the current rate, the planet’s resources are not sufficient
to ensure all the Earth’s inhabitants can have the benefits of moderncivilization.
In the next 30 years, is it possible to provide 9 billion people with housing,transportation, communication and other benefits of modern civilization
while reducing the production of materials and energy… by two times?

YES
Useful loadof a car

Useful loadof a plane

Useful loadof a bridge

Useful loadof a buildingThis requires improving the weight-related properties of all basic materials
by four times (e.g. strength / weight, conductivity / weight), in turn
reducing the quantity of materials needed to accomplish the same task.

06

THE SOLUTION:
SUPER-COMPOSITES
It is impossible to create a new infrastructure for the production of billions
of tons of material quickly — there is no time and there are not enoughresources available, not to mention political will, knowledge, and moneyto switch to production of new materials for every industry. That is why theinfrastructure of any new materials production should use all the facilities
already available to mankind.
Is it possible to create such a technology?
Yes, by synthesis of super-composites.
Composite?

a material made of at least two components with significantly different
properties, creating a material with new characteristics when combined

REINFORCED CONCRETE

RUBBER MATERIALS

Concrete + steel reinforcement

Rubber substance + carbon black

FIBERGLASS

CFRPGlass fiber + epoxy

Carbon fiber + epoxy

If the components match perfectly, the properties of the end productare the average of the properties of its components in proportion
to their mass fraction.

06

ONE PERCENT OF ONE MATERIAL
MAY INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF
OTHER BY 4 TIMES
If to want to enhance the original material by 4 times, via a hardening
additive of just 1%, the strength of this additive should be 400 times
stronger than the original material.
Conceptually, this approach fits for all properties – strength, durability,
electrical conductivity, etc.

07

THE UNIVERSAL ADDITIVE:REQUIREMENTS
The requirements for such a supermaterial, that can be added as 1% orless to other materials and change the composite to have highly improved
properties, are extremely difficult to obtain. Of all the substances knownby humankind, only carbon nanotubes and the recently discoveredgraphene may serve as such an additive.

••••
••
•

Supermaterial
Extreme strength
Record electrical and thermal
conductivity
Chemical inertness
Ability to form a chemical compounds•••

Very low specific weight
A huge surface area
Thermal stability

with a huge range of substances

Scalable technology
Non-toxic components
Non-toxic wastes
Economically and physically available
raw materials•••

Scalable technology
Minimum energy consumption
Safe technological process

08

SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBESOn October 5, 2010, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery ofgraphene, an incredible substance with very unique properties. But overthe past 20 years another form of graphene has also been highly
researched, called a single wall carbon nanotube. Single wall nanotubes(SWCNT) are sheets of graphene rolled into cylinders, enabling a different
set of equally incredible properties. Tens of thousands of experiments
have been conducted, and over the past ten years more than 10 000patents have been registered.

•••••Thousands of scientific publications have confirmed that nanotubes are:
100 times stronger than steel
One of the best conductors
in the world
The record length to diameter ratio(1 000 000 times)

Large surface area (the surface areaof 1 gram of SWCNT equals
2 basketball courts)
Thermally stable (more than 1000 °С)A huge amount of R&D has already confirmed a crucial fact for ourcivilization: single wall carbon nanotubes are a truly universal additive,
with the ability to greatly improve the properties, from durability toelectrical conductivity, of an incredibly wide range of materials. In turn, alower overall quantity of base materials is necessary, reducing the impact
on the biosphere and humanity’s role in climate change.

08

WHY IS A SUPERMATERIAL
LIKE CARBON NANOTUBES LEFT
UNUSED BY CIVILIZATION?

High price$100 000 per 1 kilo of single wall carbon
nanotubes — is beyond economic viability(aluminum $2/kilo), even at 1% loadings.

Unscalable technology
The global production of 1 ton per year
is far too limited to have an impact
on consumer-scale production and industrial
applications.

Everything will soon change.
Carbon nanotubes will become a new composite base material,
produced industrially at minimal costs and in mass-production
volumes. They will change most materials in the world.
Civilization can overcome its challenges.
The world of materials will change beyond recognition.
Welcome to the age of carbon.

POST SCRIPTUMOCSiAl calls out to all investors, researchers, scientists, inventors,
businesspersons, innovators and manufacturers to join efforts in solving
the materials and energy gap. We invite global industry to create materials
using the unique properties of nanotubes.
We urge you all to realize the importance of this moment and invest alleffort in hastening the start of a new era, the Carbon Era of Civilization.
The era in which carbon, being the cornerstone of life and the biosphere,
will no longer be a threat and become the saving element of new material
production. The era when all materials on the planet have properties
which haven’t been seen before.
Welcome to the carbon revolution.
OCSiAl, since 2010.