੕ହ໪঩জ६঒ॹ‫ॱش‬भਯ৶ੰෲ‫؟‬ஷ்ঔॹঝपेॊ॔উট‫ॳش‬೉ি ඘叞য়୵ைপ৾৶ੵ৾৖ਃ༊ੵ৾ఐᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠺◊✲⪅ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᐇ㦂タィࡸィ⤖ᯝࡢゎᯒ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡢࡀ㐺ษ࠿ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡢࡣᝎࡲࡋ࠸ၥ㢟࠿࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡣࠊᢳ㇟໬ࡉࢀࡓ᣺ືయࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽࠊࡼࡾ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞㑇ఏᏊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣔࢹࣝࡲ࡛ከᵝ࡞✀㢮ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࠊ㛗ᡤ࡜▷ᡤࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᢳ㇟ࣔࢹࣝࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋ఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡣࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡᛶࡢᑡ࡞࠸ࠊ୍⯡ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊಶయࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿ࡽࠊ⤌⧊ࠊ⣽⬊࡜ᖜᗈ࠸ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢၥ㢟࡟ᛂ⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ≉࡟ࠊࠕᙉ࠸᣺ືయ࡜ᙅ࠸᣺ືయࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ⮬ᚊ᣺ື࡜ῶ⾶᣺ືࠖ࡟╔┠ࡋࡘࡘࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡢᇶ♏࡜ᛂ⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤂௓ࡋࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡀࠊᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒⣔ࡢᐇ㦂ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡍࡿ᭷ຊ࡞ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ᴫ᪥᫬ィ◊✲ࢆᨭ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋᐇ㦂ᢏ⾡ࡀ㧗ᗘ໬ࡋࠊ」1729 ᖺࡢ࢜ࢪࢠࢯ࢘ࡢᑵ╀㐠ືࡢほᐹ࡟➃ࢆⓎࡍ㞧࡛ゎ㔘ࡢᅔ㞴࡞ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡶ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡿ⌧ᅾࠊᐇ㦂ࢹࡿᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒◊✲ࡣࠊ㌿෗ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣮ࣝࣉࡢⓎ࣮ࢱࡢᩘ⌮ゎᯒࡀࠊ⏕≀᫬ィ◊✲ࡢ᥎㐍࡟ࡣ㔜せ࡜࡞ぢ 1 ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ㑇ఏᏊᨵኚᢏ⾡ࠊ⣽⬊ィ࣭ไᚚᢏ⾡ࠊࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㦂ᐙࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊከᵝ࡞せ⣲ࢆྵᢏ⾡࡞࡝ࡢ㐍Ṍ࡛ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡴᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺ࡿࠋ࡜ࡶࡍࡿ࡜ᐇ㦂ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ୰ᚰ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡀ࡞ᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡢࡀ㐺ษ࠿ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡢࡣࡕ࡞ᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡶ㔜ᖖ࡟ᝎࡲࡋ࠸ၥ㢟࠿࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ

せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋPittendrigh 2,3 ࡟ࡼࡿ఩┦ࡃศࡅࡿ࡜ࠊࠕᢳ㇟໬ࡉࢀࡓ᣺ືయࣔࢹࣝࠖ࡜ࠕࡼࡾᛂ⟅᭤⥺ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ᣺ື⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᐇ㦂ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞㑇ఏᏊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣔࢹࣝࠖ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋゎ㔘ࡍࡿᅵྎࢆ⠏ࡁࠊWinfree ࡢ᣺ືయࡢ㞟ᅋࣔࢹࣝࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ㛗ᡤ࡜▷ᡤࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞

4 ࡣࠊ᫬ィ⣽⬊ࡀⓎぢࡉࢀࡿ௨๓࠿ࡽࠊ᫬ィ㞟ᅋࡢ༠ࡿࠋศᏊィാ⌧㇟ࡢࢥࣥࢭࣉࢺࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋGoodwin 5 ࡟ࡼࡿ㌿෗⩻ヂࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣮ࣝࣉࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ᫬ィ㑇ఏᏊࡢᢳ㇟໬ࣔࢹࣝ㸸Ⓨぢ࡟ඛ㥑ࡅ࡚ࠊ㑇ఏᏊไᚚᶵᵓࢆணࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ౫Ꮡᛶࡶᑡ࡞ࡃࠊ୍⯡ᛶࡢ㧗࠸㆟ㄽࡀྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍⯡ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᣺ືᏊࡸ᣺ືᏊ㞟ᅋࡢ⌮ㄽ 6-10 ࡶࠊ༢⣧࡛ࠊཝᐦ࡞ゎᯒࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡢᑐᛂࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡛࡞ࡃࠊゎ㔘ࡀ୍ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᫬ィࡢᘬ㎸ࡳࡸ⣽⬊㛫ྠᮇࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࿘ᮇධຊࢆཷࡅࡿ⮬ᚊ᣺ືࡢᘬ㑇ఏᏊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣔࢹࣝ㸸 ⌧ᐇࡢ㑇ఏᏊ➼࡜ࡢᑐࡁ㎸ࡳ≉ᛶࢆ⾲ࡍࠕ࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢ⯉ 㸦ヲ⣽ࡣ 2 ⠇ࢆᛂࡀྲྀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊゎ㔘ࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ḟඖཧ↷㸧
ࠖ7,8 ࡣࠊᴫ᪥᫬ィࡢ⎔ቃᅉᏊ࡬ࡢྠㄪࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡀ㧗ࡃࠊཝᐦ࡞ゎᯒࡣ㞴ࡋࡃࠊᩘ್ィ⟬࡟㢗ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡿᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⶶᮏࣔࢹࣝ 6,9 ࡣࠊ᫬ィ㞟ᅋࡢྠࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓィᮇ⌧㇟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᙉຊ࡞ゎᯒᡭἲࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅾࡋࠊᐇ㦂ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ྜࢃࡏࡿ࡟ࡣ෕㛗ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ୍⯡ࡢ᣺ືᏊ⌮ㄽ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓ᫬ィ㑇ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡬ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ㐣㐺ྜࡢࡓࡵࠊỗ໬ᛶࡀపࡃ

ఏᏊࢆ⥙⨶ⓗ࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࡳࠊヲ⣽ࡢ⏕໬Ꮫ཯ᛂࢆ⪃៖࡟࡞ࡿ༴㝤ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ࠕ㐣㐺ྜࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕỗ໬ᛶࠖࡣᶵᲔධࢀࡓ኱つᶍ࡞㑇ఏᏊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣔࢹࣝࡶࠊᐇ㦂ࢆᏛ⩦ࡢ⏝ㄒ࡛ࠊ⌧᭷ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ㐣ᗘ࡟㐺ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ά⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 11-13ࠋྜࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜ࠊィࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᐇ㦂࡜⌮ㄽࡣ஫࠸ࢆ⿵᏶ࡋྜ࠸࡞ࡀࡽ୙ྍ⬟࡞ከᩘࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀᏑࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㒊ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㐺ྜࡀᝏࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᮍ▱ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢணᛶ⬟ࡀୗࡀࡿࡇ‫ݩ‬isao@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ䚷㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻜࡜࿧ࡪࠋᦤື࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣑ࣜࢵࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࠿ࡽᘬࡁ㞳ࡉࢀࡓ㌶㐨ࡣࠊ⦆࿴⋡ ǌ ࡛࣑ࣜࢵࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟ᡠࡉࢀࡿࠋ⦆࿴⋡ ǌ ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ࠊ᣺ືࡣ๛┤㸦rigid㸧࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⦆࿴⋡ ǌ ࢆୗࡆࡿ࡜ࠊᘱ⦆ⓗ㸦sloppy㸧࡞᣺ື࡟࡞ࡿ 20,21ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ≉ᚩࢆỴࡵࡿ୺せ࡞ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛ
ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᣺ᖜ A ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋ᣺ᖜࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡯࡝ࠊࠕᙉ࠸᣺ືయࠖ
㸦ᅗ 1 ᕥ㸧࡜࡞ࡾࠊእⓗᅉᏊ࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡟ࡃࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ୰ᯡ᫬ィ㸦ど஺ཫୖ᰾㸧ᅗ 1 ᣺ᖜ r ࡜఩┦ȭࡢᴟᗙᶆ࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿ఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࠋ
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ᣺ᖜ Aࠊ࿘ᮇȫࡢ࣑ࣜࢵࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟཰᮰ࡍࡿࠋ
᣺ᖜ A = 0.4 ࡢሙྜࢆࠕᙉ࠸᣺ືయࠖࠊ᣺ᖜ A = 0.2 ࡢሙྜࢆࠕᙅ࠸᣺ືయࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡸࠊ㔝⏕ᆺࡢಶయࣜࢬ࣒ࠊEM ᣺ືయ࡞࡝ࡀᙉ࠸᣺ື
యࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ᣺ᖜ A ࡀᑠࡉ࠸࡜ࠊࠕᙅ࠸᣺ືయࠖ㸦ᅗ 1 ྑ㸧࡜࡞ࡾࠊᮎᲈ᫬ィࡸ᫬ィ㑇ఏᏊኚ␗యࠊ༢⣽⬊⏕≀࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊእⓗᅉᏊ࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ᫆ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊA = 0.4 ࡜タᐃࡋࡓሙྜࢆ

࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋᙉ࠸᣺ືయࠊA = 0.2 ࡜タᐃࡋࡓሙྜࢆᙅ࠸᣺ືయ࡜≧ἣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࢆୖᡭࡃ౑࠸ศࡅࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣే⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⫢せ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡣ⌮ㄽࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ஧ࡘࡢ◊✲࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᢳ㇟ࣔࢹࣝࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡸᛂ⏝౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋᢳ㇟ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ᭱ࡶࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ࡢࡣ఩┦ࡢ୍ኚᩘࡢࡳ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ఩┦ࣔࢹࣝ 4,6 ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚᣺ᖜࢆຍ࠼ࡓࡶࡢࡀࠊ఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒◊✲࡛ࡶ㯪᫂ᮇ࠿ࡽ┒ࢇ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 14-18ࠋ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ༢୍⣽⬊࠿ࡽࠊ⤌⧊ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧಶయࣞ࣋ࣝࡲ࡛ࡢᖜᗈ࠸ࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝࡳࡽࢀࡿࣜࢬ࣒࡟ᛂ⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊỗ⏝ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ≉࡟ࠊࠕᙉ࠸᣺ືయ࡜ᙅ࠸᣺ືయࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ⮬ᚊ᣺ື࡜ῶ⾶᣺ືࠖ࡟╔┠ࡋࡘࡘࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡢᇶ♏࡜ᛂ⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤂௓ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
2.

఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡢᇶ♏
఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡣ⥺ᙧࣔࢹࣝࠊ࣏࢔ࣥ࢝ࣞ᣺ືᏊࠊ࣍ࢵࣉ᣺ືᏊ࡞࡝ఱ✀㢮 19 ࠿Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞௨ୗࡢ⥺ᙧࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ 7,20,21:ௗ௥ௗ௧ௗఝௗ௧= ߣ(‫ ܣ‬െ ‫)ݎ‬,

㸦1㸧࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࠊྠㄪᅉᏊ L㸦t㸧ࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢᘬࡁ㎸ࡳ≉ᛶࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ
[ᴟᗙᶆᙧᘧࢆ㸦xࠊy㸧ᗙᶆ࡟ኚ᥮ࡋࠊྠㄪᅉᏊ‫ࢆ)ݐ(ܮ‬ຍ࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ‫ݔ‬ሶ = െߣ‫ ܣ(ݔ‬െ ‫ )ݎ‬െ ߱‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ࠊܮ‬‫ݕ‬ሶ = െߣ‫ ܣ(ݕ‬െ ‫ )ݎ‬+ ߱‫ = ݎࠊݔ‬ඥ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ࡜࡞ࡿ]ࠋ⡆༢ࡢࡓࡵࠊ⎔ቃࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ㛗ࢆ T = 24 h ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊṇᘻ㛵ᩘᆺࡢྠㄪᅉᏊ‫ ܫ = )ݐ(ܮ‬sin (2ߨ‫ݐ‬/ܶ) 㸦I = 0.01㸧 ࡜ࡋࡓሙྜࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢ≉ᛶࢆᅗ 2A ࡟♧ࡍࠋᶓ㍈ࡣෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ߬ࠊ ⦪㍈ࡣ᣺ື᣺ᖜ A ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ㡿ᇦࡢෆഃࡀࠊྠㄪ⠊ᅖ㸦range of entrainment㸧ࢆ⾲ࡋࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊᙉ࠸᣺ືయ㸦A = 0.4㸧ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ23 ᫬㛫࠿ࡽ 25.2 ᫬㛫ࡢෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ߬ࢆᣢࡘಶయࡀ⎔ቃࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟ᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᙅ࠸᣺ືయ㸦A = 0.2㸧ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ21.9 ᫬㛫࠿ࡽ 26.5 ᫬㛫ࡢࡼࡾᖜᗈ࠸⠊ᅖࡢෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ߬ࢆᣢࡘಶయࡀᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿ㸦ᅗࡢ୧➃࡛ྠㄪ⠊ᅖࢆ⾲ࡍ᭤⥺ࡀ㏵ษࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊィ⟬ࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡛ࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ᗈࡀࡾࢆᣢࡘ㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᙅ࠸᣺ືయࡢ᪉ࡀࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ࡜㝸ࡓࡗࡓ⎔ቃࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ㛗࡟ࠊࡼࡾྠㄪࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᗎㄽ࡛ゐࢀࡓࠕ࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢ⯉ࠖࡣࠊ᣺ືయࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆᅛᐃࡋࠊྠㄪᅉᏊࡢ࿘ᮇܶ࠾ࡼࡧ᣺ᖜ‫ࢆܫ‬ኚືࡉࡏࡓ㝿࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡿྠㄪ⠊ᅖࢆᣦࡍࡀࠊᐃᛶⓗ࡟ࡣᅗ=ଶగఛ.

㸦2㸧

2A ࡜ྠᵝࡢ㏫୕ゅᙧࡢᙧ≧ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸦ྡ๓ࡣࠊ㏫
୕ゅᙧࡀ⯉࡟ఝ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋ

ᅗ 1 ࡢᴟᗙᶆ࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ᣺ᖜ r ࡜ᙉ࠸᣺ືయ㸦A = 0.4㸧ࡢྠㄪ⠊ᅖࡢ୧➃ B ࠾ࡼࡧ఩┦߮ࢆືⓗ࡞ኚᩘ࡟ᣢࡘࠋAࠊ ߬ࠊ ߣࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ᣺

D ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡀ߬ = 23 ᫬㛫࡜߬ = 25 ᫬㛫ࡢᖜࡢ኱ࡁࡉࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࠊ⦆࿴⋡ࢆ⾲ࡍࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡛

ሙྜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢಶయࡢ᣺ືࡢᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠶ࡿࠋ⡆༢࡞ィ⟬࠿ࡽࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ᣺ᖜ Aࠊ࿘ᮇ߬ࡢ

ࡶࡢࡀᅗ 2B,D ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶓ㍈ࡀ᫬㛫 tࠊ⦪㍈ࡀάືࣞ࿘ᮇゎ㸦‫߮ = ߮ ࠊܣ = ݎ‬଴ + 2ߨ‫ݐ‬/߬㸧࡟཰᮰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࣋ࣝࢆ⾲ࡍኚᩘ‫ࡀ࣮ࣂࡢୖࠊࡋ♧ࢆ)ݐ(ݔ‬᫂ᬯࢧ࢖ࢡࣝศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࿘ᮇゎࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࠊࠕ࣑ࣜࢵࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࠖࢆ♧ࡍࠋᅗ 2B ࡛ࡣ᪥ἐࡢ 18 ᫬࡟άືࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡀ⌧᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ㻌㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻝ᅗ  ⎔ቃࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡬ࡢྠㄪࠋ$ ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡀ⎔ቃࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ㛗 T K ࡟ྠㄪࡍࡿ⠊ᅖࢆ♧ࡋࡓࢢࣛࣇࠋᶓ㍈ࡣෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ
߬ࠊ⦪㍈ࡣ᣺ື᣺ᖜ A ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ%' άືࣞ࣋ࣝࢆ⾲ࡍἼᙧ ᶓ㍈㸸᫬㛫 tࠊ⦪㍈㸸x t  ࠋୖࡢࣂ࣮ࡣ᫂ᬯࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆ♧ࡍࠋ%࡛ࡣࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ߬   ᫬㛫ࠊ' ࡛ࡣࠊ߬   ᫬㛫ࠋ& ྠㄪ఩┦ࡢෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡᛶࠋᐇ⥺ࡀᙉ࠸᣺ືయࠊⅬ⥺ࡀᙅ࠸᣺ືయࢆ♧ࡍࠋࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ 2D ࡛ࡣ᪥᪼ࡢ 6 ᫬࡟ࣆ࣮ࢡࡀ⌧ࡢ఩┦ࡣെ5.5᫬㛫࡜ࠊ୧➃࡛ 11 ᫬㛫ࡢࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࢀࠊ஧ࡘࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ⣙ 12 ᫬㛫ࡢ఩┦࡟ࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ᙅ࠸᣺ືయ㸦A = 0.2㸧࡟ᑐࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢ▷࠸ಶయࡢ᪉

ࡋ࡚ࡶྠㄪ఩┦ࢆࡀࠊᬯᮇࡢጞࡲࡿ๓࠿ࡽάືࣞ࣋ࣝࢆୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟

6 ᫬㛫࠿ࡽെ6.4᫬㛫࡜ࠊ⣙ 12 ᫬㛫ࡢࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࿘ᮇࡢ㛗࠸ಶయࡣ㐜ࢀ࡚άືࡀጞࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ

࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ୧➃࡛࡯ࡰ 12 ᫬㛫ࡢ఩┦ព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢ▷࠸ಶయ࡯࡝ࠊ

ࡢࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᣺ᖜ࡟౫ࡽ࡞࠸᣺ືయࡢ୍⯡άືࣆ࣮ࢡࡀ᪩ࡲࡿᛶ㉁ࡣࠊᴫ᪥᫬ィࡢ୍⯡ⓗᛶ㉁࡜

ⓗ࡞ຊᏛⓗᛶ㉁࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 21ࠋᴫ᪥ࣜࡋ࡚ࡶ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ 22ࠊࢡࣟࣀࢱ࢖ࣉࡢせᅉ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࢬ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊྠㄪ㝈⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ఩┦ᕪ࡟ 12 ᫬

ࡽࢀࡿ 23-25ࠋෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡀഹ࠿ 2 ᫬㛫␗࡞ࡿࡔࡅ࡛⣙㛫㸦180 ᗘ㸧ࡢࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊAschoff ࡀ᪤࡟12 ᫬㛫ࡢ఩┦ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㦫ࡁ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ

㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 26,27ࠋ

ࡿ࡜ࠊྠㄪ㝈⏺ࡢ୧➃࡛ࡢ఩┦ࡣࠊ୧➃࡛ࡣྠᮇࡢ㝈⏺࡟㏆௜ࡁࠊ᣺ືయࡀࣇ࣮ࣜࣛࣥࢆ㠃ⓑ࠸ࡢࡣࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢᕪ␗࡟ࡼࡿྠㄪ఩┦ࡢឤጞࡵࡿ┤๓࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊ఩┦ࡀ኱ࡁࡃኚື

ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 2C ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿᵝ࡟ࠊᙉ࠸᣺ືయ࡛ࡣࠊ

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ᛮ㆟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྠㄪ఩┦ྠㄪ㝈⏺ᖜࡢ 2.2 ᫬㛫࡛ྠㄪ఩┦ࡀ⣙ 12 ᫬㛫ኚືࡋ㸦phase of entrainment㸧ࡣࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢ 24 ᫬㛫ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡀ 1 ᫬㛫ࡎࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ఩┦ࡀ࠿ࡽࡢࢬࣞ࡜ࠊྠㄪᅉᏊ࡜఩┦ᛂ⟅᭤⥺ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ

12/2.2 = 5.5 ᫬㛫ኚືࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ᙅ࠸᣺

࡛Ỵࡲࡿࠋືయ࡛ࡣࠊྠㄪ㝈⏺ᖜࡢ 4.6 ᫬㛫࡛ྠㄪ఩┦ࡀ⣙ 12ḟ࡟ࠊ᫂ᬯࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡜ࡢάືࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㛫ࡢ఩┦㛵ಀࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊྠㄪ఩┦ࢆࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

᫬㛫ኚືࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡀ 1 ᫬㛫ࡎࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ఩┦ࡀ 12/4.6 = 2.6 ᫬㛫ኚືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ

‫ = ݐ‬0 ࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊάືࣆ࣮ࢡࡢ᫬้㸦๓᪉ࢆṇ࡜ࡇࢀࡣࠊᙉ࠸᣺ືయ࡯࡝ࠊྠㄪ఩┦ࡀ࿘ᮇ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㗦ࡍࡿ㸧ࢆྠㄪ఩┦࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᅗ 2B ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩄ࡟ኚືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⬨᳝ື≀ࠊ᪻⹸ࠊ᳜άືࣆ࣮ࢡࡢ఩┦ࡣ 5.2 ᫬㛫࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᅗ 2D≀ࡢᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒࡛ࡶࠊಶయኚື࡟࠾࠸࡚ྠᵝࡢ≉ᚩࡀ᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ䚷㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻞ࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊಶయࡢ⾜ືࣜࢬ࣒ࢆࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢺࡋࡓ౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋ≉࡟᣺ᖜࡢ኱ࡁࡉࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙉ࠸᣺ືయ࡜ᙅ࠸᣺ືయࡢ≉ᚩࢆ෌⌧࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒ಶయ࡛ࡳࡽࢀࡿྠㄪ⠊ᅖࡸྠㄪ఩┦ࡣࠊ᣺ືయࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛༑ศ࡟⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋᐇ⏝㠃࡛ࡣࠊ3 ࡘࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮㸦ෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ߬ࠊ᣺ᖜ Aࠊ⦆࿴⋡ߣ㸧ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟タᐃࡍࡿ࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࿘ᮇ߬࡟ࡣಶయ࡛ィࡉࢀࡓࣇ࣮ࣜࣛࣥ࿘ᮇࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࠋ᣺ᖜ A ࡣࠊྠㄪᅉᏊࡢᙉࡉ࡜ࡢ┦ᑐ㛵ಀ࡟౫ᏑࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊྠㄪᅉᏊࡢᙉᗘ‫ࢆܫ‬ᅛᐃࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ᫬ᕪ࣎ࢣᅇ᚟ᮇ➼ࡀᐇ㦂⣔࡟㏆ࡃ
࡞ࡿᵝ࡟᣺ᖜ A ࢆỴࡵࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸ࠋ⦆࿴⋡ࡣߣ =ln 2Τοܶ 㸦οܶࡣᦤືࡀ༙ῶࡍࡿࡢ࡟せࡍࡿ᫬㛫㸧ࢆ┠Ᏻ࡟タᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᛶ㉁ࢆィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊಶయࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞ᛶ㉁ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ
఩┦ᛂ⟅᭤⥺ࡢ᣺ᖜࠊ᫬ᕪ࣎ࢣᅇ᚟ᮇ㛫ࠊྠㄪ఩┦ࡢኚື㔞࡞࡝ࢆᣦᶆ࡟ࠊࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ⮬ື᭱㐺໬ࡍࡿᢏἲࡶᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 30ࠋᅗ  ᫂ᬯࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟ᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ᣺ືయ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ ᪥┠࡟  ᫬㛫఩┦ࢆ๓㐍ࡉࡏࡓ࢔ࢡࢺࢢ࣒ࣛࠊ$ ࡣᙉ࠸
᣺ືయࠊ% ࡣᙅ࠸᣺ືయࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ ⣽⬊ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡬ࡢᛂ⏝๓⠇࡛ࡣࠊಶయࣜࢬ࣒࡬ࡢᛂ⏝ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࡀࠊ␗࡞
ࡿࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡶ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡣ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ

ぢࡽࢀࡿ

26,27 ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ⬨᳝ື≀࡛ࡣࠊࢬ࢔࢜࢔ࢺ࡛ࣜࡣࠊど஺ཫୖ᰾࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᫬ィ⣽⬊ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒ࡟ࠊ㸦Fringilla coelebs㸧ࡸ࣋ࢽࣄ࣡㸦Acanthis cabaret㸧᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ౛ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋど஺ཫୖ᰾࡛ࡣ

࡛ࠊྠㄪᅉᏊ࡟ 2 ᫬㛫ࡢ࿘ᮇᕪࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ⣙ᅛ᭷ࡢᴫ᪥࿘ᮇࢆࡶࡘ⣙ 20,000 ࡢ⚄⤒⣽⬊ࡀ㞟ᅋ

12 ᫬㛫ࡢ఩┦ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 26,27ࠋྠᮇࡋࠊᏳᐃࡋࡓᴫ᪥࿘ᮇࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⣽⬊㞟ᅋ᭱㏆ࡢࣄࢺࡢ◊✲࡛ࡶࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢศᕸᖜࡣ 1 ᫬㛫ࡢ้ࡴྠᮇࣜࢬ࣒ࡣ㧗⢭ᗘ㸦ㄗᕪᩘ%௨ෆ㸧࡛ࠊ࠿ࡘ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ఩┦࡟ࡣ 8 ᫬㛫ࡢࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌ᫬ᕪ࣎ࢣࡸ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 25ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ

㏿ࡸ࠿࡟㐺ᛂྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡯࡝ከᩘࡢ᣺ືయ㞟ᅋࡢഹ࠿࡞㐪࠸ࡀࠊ఩┦࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢࡣࡀࠊ᫬ᕪ࣎ࢣ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿ⬺ྠㄪ࠿ࡽᩘࢧ࢖ࢡ࡛ࣝ෌ྠ㠃ⓑ࠸≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ㄪࡋࠊࣜࢬ࣒ࢆᅇ᚟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣຊᏛⓗ࡟ࡣ୙ᛮ㆟࡞⌧ᗘኚ໬࡞࡝ࡢእⓗ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚

᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊᙉ࠸᣺ືయ࡜ᙅ࠸᣺ືయࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᫬㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊእⓗᅉᏊ࡟ᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡸࡍ࠸ῶ

ᕪ࣎ࢣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⤂௓ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋᅗ 3 ࡟♧ࡍ࢔ࢡࢺࢢࣛ

⾶᣺ື ࡀ୍ᐃࡢ๭ྜ࡛ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡀᏑ

࣒ࡣࠊ12:12 LD ࡢ᫂ᬯࢧ࢖ࢡ࡛ࣝᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ

ᅾࡍࡿ 31,32ࠋ

᣺ືయ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ10 ᪥┠࡟ 6 ᫬㛫఩┦ࢆ๓㐍ࡉࡏࡓࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞␲ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙉ࠸᣺ືయ㸦ᅗ 3A㸧ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ᫬ィ⣽⬊ࡀ⮬ᚊ᣺ືయ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣῶ⾶᣺᫬ᕪ࣎ࢣ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ᚟࡟ 10 ᪥⛬ᗘࡢᮇ㛫ࢆせࡋ࡚࠸ࡿື࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆุᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ 33ࠋࡇࡢ࢔ࣉࣟ

ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᙅ࠸᣺ືయ㸦ᅗ 3C㸧࡛ࡣࠊ5ࠊ6 ᪥࡛᫬

࣮ࢳ࡛ࡣࠊ
㸦1㸧ࠊ
㸦2㸧ᘧ࡟࢞࢘ࢫᆺⓑⰍࣀ࢖ࢬࢆຍ࠼

ᕪ࣎ࢣ࠿ࡽ㏿ࡸ࠿࡟ᅇ᚟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࢀ

࡚ࣀ࢖ࢬࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊ3 ࡘࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮㸦ෆᅉࡣࠊᙅ࠸᣺ືయࡀ᫂ᬯࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟ᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡓ

ᛶ࿘ᮇ߬ࠊ᣺ᖜ Aࠊࠊ⦆࿴⋡ߣ㸧࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࣀ࢖ࢬࡢᙉᗘࡵ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ᫬ィ㑇ఏᏊኚ␗య࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㏿ࡸ࠿ߜࡶ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࠋὀ┠ࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ್ࡣࠊኚືಀᩘ‫ ߜ = ܸܥ‬Τ‫ܣ‬࡞᫬ᕪ࣎ࢣ࠿ࡽࡢᅇ᚟ࡀ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ

࡛࠶ࡿࠋኚືಀᩘࡣࠊ࣑ࣜࢵࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ᣺ືࡢ᣺ᖜࡢ

28,29ࠊࡑࡢせᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᣺ືయࡀᙅࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ

኱ࡁࡉ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣀ࢖ࢬᙉᗘࡢẚ⋡ࢆ⾲ࡋࠊ‫ ࡀܸܥ‬1 ࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸࡜ࠊࣀ࢖ࢬࡼࡾࡶ᣺ືᡂศࡢ᪉ࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊ

᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ䚷㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻟ືಀᩘ‫ < ܸܥࠋࡍ♧ࢆܸܥ‬1ࡢᙉ࠸⮬ᚊ᣺ືࢆ♧ࡍ⣽⬊ࡣ 39 %࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋṧࡾ 6 ๭ࡢ⣽⬊ࡣࣀ࢖ࢪ࣮࡛ࠊᙅ࠸⮬ᚊ᣺ືయࡀࣀ࢖ࢬ࡟ᇙࡶࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊῶ⾶᣺ືࡀࣀ࢖ࢬ࡛㥑ືࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ༊ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶࠊど஺ཫୖ᰾࡛ࡣࠊ඲࡚ࡢ⣽⬊ࡀᙉ࠸⮬ᚊ᣺ືࢆ⾜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡸࡍ࠸ᙅ࠸᣺ືయࡀ୍ᐃᩘྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊࢩ࢔ࣀࣂࢡࢸࣜ࢔ࡢ᫬ィ㑇ఏᏊ࡟࠾ࡅࡿῶ⾶᣺ືࡢᐃ㔞໬࡟ࡶᛂ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 35ࠋ
4.

࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ᮏゎㄝ࡛ࡣࠊ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒⣔ࡢᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㥑ࡅ㊊࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡣࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡᛶࡢᑡ࡞࠸ࠊ୍⯡ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊಶయࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿ࡽࠊ⤌⧊ࠊ⣽⬊࡜ᖜᗈ࠸ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢၥ㢟࡟ᛂ⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶయࣜࢬ࣒ࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊྠㄪ⠊ᅖࡸྠㄪ఩┦ࡀ᣺ືయࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞
ᛶ㉁࡟㉳ᅉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࠊᙉ࠸᣺ືయ࡜ᙅ࠸
ᅗ4SCN ศᩓᇵ㣴ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࠋA: 74 ಶࡢ⣽⬊ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓ࿘ᮇȫ(ᶓ㍈)࡜ኚືಀᩘ CV(⦪㍈)ࠋⅬ⥺(CV = 1)௨ୗࡀ⮬ᚊ᣺ືࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋBC:ᐇ㦂࡛ィ ࡉࢀࡓ 2 ౛ࡢἼᙧ (PER2::LUC ࣐࢘ࢫ) ࠋDE㸸᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡾ෌⌧ࡉࢀࡓἼᙧࠋ᣺ືయ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ⣽⬊ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢゎᯒ࡛ࡣࠊど஺ཫୖ᰾ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕧ኱࡞⣽⬊㞟ᅋ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊῶ⾶≉ᛶࢆᣢࡘᙅ࠸᣺ືయࡀ୍ᐃࡢ๭ྜ࡛ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋ᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒⣔ࡢᐇ㦂ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆㄝ᫂ࡍ⮬ᚊ᣺ືᛶࡀᙉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ୍᪉࡛ ‫ ࡀܸܥ‬1 ࡼࡾࡶࡿᙉຊ࡞ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡼࡾヲ⣽ࡢ㑇ఏᏊࢿࢵࢺ࣡኱ࡁ࠸࡜ࠊ᣺ືᡂศ௨ୖ࡟ࣀ࢖ࢬࡀᙉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡋࠊ࣮ࢡࡸ⏕໬Ꮫࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊῶ⾶᣺ື࡟ࣀ࢖ࢬࡀຍࢃࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓ࿘ᮇኚᩘࡢᑐᛂࡀ௜࠿࡞࠸࡞࡝ࡢ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛶ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊ⮬ᚊ᣺ື࠿ࢆ༊ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࡼࡾໟᣓⓗ࡞ࠊ኱つᶍ㑇ఏᏊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣝࢩࣇ࢙࣮ࣛࢮ㑇ఏᏊࢆᑟධࡋࡓ࣐࢘ࢫ

ࣔࢹࣝ 11-13 ࡜ే⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇ㊶ⓗ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᗎㄽ

㸦PER2::LUC ࣐࢘ࢫ㸧࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠊSCN ศᩓᇵ㣴ࢹ࣮

࡛㏙࡭ࡓ㏻ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ኱つᶍ࡞ᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊࢱࢆศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍ 34ࠋᅗ 4B ࡣẚ㍑ⓗ࿘ᮇᛶࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃࠊᮍ▱ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀከᩘྵࡲࢀࡿⅬ࡟᫂☜࡞ࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ♧ࡍ⣽⬊ࡢ౛࡛ࠊ࿘ᮇ߬ = 23.5 ᫬㛫ࠊ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㢮ఝࡋࡓ㑇ఏᏊ⩌ࢆࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮໬ 36 ࡋࠊࢱࣥኚືಀᩘ‫ = ܸܥ‬0.87࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⣽⬊ࡀ⮬ࣃࢡ⏕ᡂ㐣⛬ࢆ㐜ᘏ㸦ࢱࣥࣃࢡࡢⓎ⌧㔞ࢆࠊmRNA ࡢᚊ᣺ືᛶࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 4D ࡛᣺ᖜࣔࢹⓎ⌧㔞ࢆ୍ᐃ᫬㛫㐜ࡽࡏࡓኚᩘ࡛௦⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸧37 ࡛ࣝ࡟ࡼࡾ෌⌧ࡉࢀࡓἼᙧ࡛ࡣࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢᛶ㉁࠿ࡽඖࠎ

⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ≧ែኚᩘࡸࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ๐

ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ㗦࠸ࢫࣃ࢖ࢡࡣ⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ῶࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡶ㐍ᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࠸ࡀࠊ࿘ᮇ࡞࡝ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᐃᛶⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ෌⌧ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ⌮ㄽ࡟⯆࿡ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᩜᒃࡀ㧗࠸࡜ឤࡌࡽ

༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᅗ 4C ࡟♧ࡍูࡢ⣽ࢀࡿᐇ㦂⣔◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࡶከ࠸࠿࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛⬊ࡢ౛࡛ࡣࠊࣀ࢖ࢬᡂศࡀᙉࡃࠊ୙つ๎࡞Ἴᙧࡀぢ࠼⌮ㄽ◊✲⪅ࡣࠊࣔࢹࣝᑐ㇟ࢆ᥈ࡋồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣࠊ࿘ᮇ߬ = 25.5 ᫬㛫ࠊ᭱᪂ࡢᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡢゎ㔘࡟⾜ࡁワࡲࡿࡢࡀᖖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୧ኚືಀᩘ‫ = ܸܥ‬4.6࡛࠶ࡾࠊῶ⾶᣺ືࡀࣀ࢖ࢬ࡛㥑ືࡉ⪅ࡀẼ㍍࡟㆟ㄽࡋࠊᐇ㦂࡜⌮ㄽࡢඹྠ◊✲ࡀࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࡀ᥎ࡉࢀࡿࠋᅗ 4E ࡛᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡶ┈ࠎάᛶ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♳ᛕࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡾ෌⌧ࡉࢀࡓἼᙧࡣࠊඖࠎࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ୙つ๎ᛶࢆ෌⌧ฟ᮶࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

5.

ㅰ㎡

᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ74 ಶࡢ⣽⬊ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆᮏ✏ࡣࠊᮏ㛫◊୍ඛ⏕ࠊᮏ㛫ࡉ࡜ඛ⏕ࠊᑠ㔝኱㍜ඛࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡢࡀᅗ 4A ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶓ㍈ࡀ࿘ᮇ߬ࠊ⦪㍈ࡀኚ⏕ࠊ୰ᮧ΅ඛ⏕ࠊ୰ᮧᏕ༤ඛ⏕ࠊHanspeter Herzel ඛ᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ㻌㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻠⏕ࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿඹྠ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎ࡜ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸

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biological models. In Cold Spring Harbor⏕࡟ࡣࠊPER2::LUC ࣐࢘ࢫࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡈᥦ౪࠸ࡓࡔSymposia on Quantitative Biology Vol. 25 (ed.

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H. Damped circadian oscillation in the absenceㄪ⠊ᅖࡣࡉࡽ࡟ᗈࡀࡾࡲࡍࠋᮏᩥ࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟⿵㊊of KaiA in Synechococcus. Nat. Commun. 11,

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᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ䚷㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻢

Q3. ࣐࢖ࢼ࣮Ⅼ -ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ࡢࠕ࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢ⯉ࠖࠋࡇ

Q2-2.

ࢀࡔࡅࡔ࡜ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸦඲ဨࢃ࠿ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ⌮ゎࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ࡞࡟࠿┤ឤⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡿ㸽㸧ࠊㄝ᫂ࢆຍ࠼ࡓ᪉ࡀⰋ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋྍ⬟࡞ຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ

࿘ᮇࡢ஧᫬㛫ࡢᕪ࡛࡝࠺ࡋ࡚㏫఩┦࡟࡞ࡽᅗ 2A ࢆ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚ࡶⰋ࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࠋ
A2-2. ᫬㛫ࡢ⠊ᅖࡢ୧➃࡛ࡣྠᮇࡢ㝈⏺࡟㏆௜
A3. ࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢ⯉ࡣ☜࠿࡟≉Ṧ࡛ࡋࡓࠋಟṇཎ✏࡛࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ୧➃ࡢእࡣࠊᅗ 2A ࡢㄝ᫂⟠ᡤ࡛ࠊ࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢ⯉࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆഃ࡛ࡣྠᮇࡀእࢀࠊᕥ➃࡛ࡣ᣺ືయࡀ LD ࢧ࢖ࢡ⿵㊊ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ

ࣝࢆ㏣࠸㉺ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ≧ἣࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡲࡍࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊྑ➃࡛ࡣࠊ᣺ືయࡀ LD ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࠿ࡽ㐜ࢀ⥆ࡅࡿ≧ἣࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᣺ືయࡀ཯ᑐ᪉ྥ࡟ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛࣥࡍࡿ┤๓ࡢ≧ἣ࡜⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊྠㄪᰝㄞ⪅㸰㸦ᮏᩥ㸧௨ୗࡀ఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝࢆ⾲ࡍᚤศ᪉⛬ᘧ࡛࠶఩┦࡟ 180 ᗘࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢࡶ᝿ീࡋࡸ

ࡿ 7,18,19: Q1. ࡇࢀࡣ࣑ࣜࢵࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡢ୍౛࡛ࡋࡻࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ(ᩘᏛⓗ࡟ࡶ⥺ᙧ᣺࠺࠿㸦୍౛࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠋ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡢ࠿?㸧㸽ືᏊࡢඹ᣺⌧㇟࡛ 180 ᗘࡢ఩┦ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ࡜ࡶࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ(ከࡃࡢ)࣑ࣜࢵࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆࡘࡃ

ࡀཝᐦ࡟♧ࡏࡲࡍ)ࠋ Aschoff 26,27 ࡶࠊ⬨᳝ື≀ࡿᚤศ᪉⛬ᘧࡣࠊ⦰⣙࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡢᙧ࡟ⴠࡕࡿ࡜⪃࠼࠿ࡽ᳜≀ࠊ᪻⹸ࡲ࡛ࡢከᵝ࡞✀ࡢᐇࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡼࢁࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸽࡚ࠊ ࡇࡢ 180 ᗘࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋᙼࡢ⏝࠸ࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡣ ෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇA1. ఩┦᣺ᖜࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡣఱ✀㢮࠿ࡢ㛵ᩘࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ᭱ࡶ

ࡢኚື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྠㄪᅉᏊࡢ࿘ᮇኚື࡟

ᇶᮏ࡜࡞ࡿᙧᘧ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊGUGW ǌ $-U   GUGW ǌU $-ᑐࡋ࡚఩┦ࡢኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ≧ἣࡣྠࡌU   GUGW ǌU $-r2)ࡢ㸱✀㢮ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ᭱ึ࡛ࡍࠋ⬨᳝ື≀ࡢ౛࡛ࡣࠊࢬ࢔࢜࢔ࢺࣜ㸦Fringillaࡢᘧࡀ⥺ᙧࣔࢹࣝࠊ஧␒┠ࡀ࣏࢔ࣥ࢝ࣞ᣺ືᏊࠊ୕␒

coelebs㸧ࡸ࣋ࢽࣄ࣡(Acanthis cabaret)࡛ࠊྠㄪ

┠ࡀ࣍ࢵࣉ᣺ືᏊ(ಟṇࣇ࢓࣭ࣥࢹ࣭ࣝ ࣏࣮ࣝ᣺ືᏊ)ᅉᏊ࡟ 2 ᫬㛫ࡢ࿘ᮇᕪࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ12࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊr ࡢḟᩘࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ᣺ᖜᛂ⟅᫬㛫ࡢ఩┦ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ≉ᛶࡀᑡࡋ␗࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ᣺ᖜ A ࡢ࣑ࣜࢵෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢศᕸᖜࡣ
᭱㏆ࡢࣄࢺࡢ◊✲ 25 ࡛ࡶࠊࢺࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆ⏕ᡂࡋࡲࡍࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞⥺

1 ᫬㛫⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ ఩┦ࡣ 8 ᫬㛫ࡢᙧࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋಟṇཎ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽ୕✀㢮ࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⡆༢࡟ゝཬࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ

ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇ(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྠㄪᅉᏊࡢ࿘ᮇ)ࡢഹ࠿࡞㐪࠸ࡀࠊ఩┦࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ

Q2. 㸦ᮏᩥ㸧ࠕᙉ࠸᣺ືయ(A=0.4)ࡢྠㄪ⠊ᅖࡢ୧➃ Bࡣ㠃ⓑ࠸≉ᚩ࡛ࡍࠋ ಟṇཎ✏࡛ࡣࡼࡾ≧ἣࡀఏ࠾ࡼࡧ D ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡀ=23 ᫬㛫࡜=25 ᫬ࢃࡿᵝ࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⤂௓ࢆຍ࠼㛫ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢಶయࡢ᣺ືࡢᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ 2BD ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶓ㍈ࡀ᫬㛫 t㸪⦪㍈ࡀάືࣞ࣋ࣝࢆ⾲ࡍኚᩘ x(t) ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ୖࡢࣂ࣮ࡀ᫂ᬯࢧ࢖

Q3. ࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ࿘ᮇࡢ␗࡞ࡿ᣺ືᏊࡣ LDࠊDL ࡢࢡࣝࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ᅗ 2B ࡛ࡣ᪥ἐࡢ 18 ᫬࡟άືࡢࣆ࣮ࢡ

transition ࢆ࡜ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡲࡍࠋࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᅗ 2D ࡛ࡣ᪥᪼ࡢ 6 ᫬࡟ࣆ࣮ࡓゎ㔘࡛ࡼࢁࡋ࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊtransition ࢆࢡࡀ⌧ࢀ㸪஧ࡘࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ⣙ 12 ᫬㛫 ࡢ఩┦࡟ࢬࣞࡀ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ᮅ᫬ィࠊኤ᫬ィࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿ㸬ࠖ ࡇࡢᩥ❶ࡢ⌮ゎࡀᅔ㞴࡛࡛ࡋࡻ ࠺࠿ࠋࡋࡓࠋ௨ୗࡢ␲ၥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྍ⬟࡞ࡽゎㄝ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓࡃ
A3. Ἴᙧࡢᅗ࡛ࡣࠊ᫂ᬯࡢᖏ࡛ LD ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆ⾲ࡋᏑࡌࡲࡍࠋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡢධຊࡣṇᘻ㛵ᩘࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
Q2-1.

L ࡀගධຊࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࡢ

࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ

LD ࡢ㑄⛣ࡣ⁥ࡽ࠿࡛ࡍࠋ࡛ࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ᣺ືయࡣ LD ࡢษࡾ᭰࠼ࡢᛴ⃭࡞ኚ໬࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿヂ࡛ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ఩┦ࢆỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊྠㄪᅉᏊ࡜఩

A2-1. ࡑࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛ࡍࠋ┦ᛂ⟅᭤⥺ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡀࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢ 24 ᫬㛫࠿ࡽࡢࢬࣞࢆ⿵ࡗࡓ≧ἣ࡛ࡍࠋ ಟṇཎ✏࡛ࡣࠊࠕྠㄪ఩᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ䚷㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻣┦ࡣ㸪ෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢ 24 ᫬㛫࠿ࡽࡢࢬࣞ࡜㸪ྠㄪᅉᏊࡅࡿ࡜࠶ࡾࡀࡓ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ࡜఩┦ᛂ⟅᭤⥺ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡛Ỵࡲࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆὀ㔘ࡋ
ࡲࡋࡓࠋ

A4.

ࡑࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛ࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢ▷࠸ಶయࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤ6 ᫬࡜࠸࠺᪩࠸᫬㛫࡟఩┦ࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡀ⌧ࢀࠊෆᅉᛶ࿘
Q4. 㸦ᮏᩥ㸧ࠕࡇࢀࡣ㸪ෆᅉᛶ࿘ᮇࡢ▷࠸ಶయࡢ᪉ࡀ㸪ᮇࡢ㛗࠸ಶయࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤ 18 ᫬࡜࠸࠺㐜࠸᫬㛫࡟఩┦ᬯᮇࡢጞࡲࡿ๓࠿ࡽάືࣞ࣋ࣝࢆୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐ

ࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡀ⌧ࢀࡲࡍ(12 ᫬㛫ࡢᕪࡀࠊ180 ᗘࡢ఩┦ᕪࡋ࡚㸪࿘ᮇࡢ㛗࠸ಶయࡣ㐜ࢀ࡚άືࡀጞࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡲࡍ)ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ᮅᆺ࡜ኪᆺ㐪࠸ࡀฟ࿡ࡍࡿ㸬ࠖ ࡇࡢࢭࣥࢸࣥࢫࡣ࿘ᮇࡢ␗࡞ࡿ᣺ືᏊࡀᘬ࡚ࡁࡲࡍࠋࣄࢺࡢሙྜࡶࠊయෆ࿘ᮇࡢ▷࠸ேࡀᮅᆺࠊ

ࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿሙྜࡣࠊ6 ᫬࡜ 18 ᫬࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟㏫఩యෆ࿘ᮇࡢ㛗࠸ேࡀኪᆺ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸࡛┦࡛ᘬࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋゎㄝ࠸ࡓࡔࡍࡀࠊࡇࡢ⪃࠼࡜୍⮴ࡋࡲࡍࠋ᫬㛫⏕≀Ꮫ䚷㼂㼛㼘㻚㻌㻞㻢㻘㻌㻺㼛㻚㻌㻞㻌㻔㻞㻜㻞㻜㻕㻌㻝㻜㻤