2016 年度日本政府(文部科学省)奨学金留学生選考試験
QUALIFYING EXAMINATION FOR APPLICANTS FOR THE JAPANESEGOVERNMENT (MONBUKAGAKUSHŌ) SCHOLARSHIP 2016

学科試験

問題

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS(学部・研究留学生)
UNDERGRADUATE・RESEARCH STUDENTS

英語

ENGLISH

注意☆試験時間は 60 分。

PLEASE NOTE: THE TEST PERIOD IS 60 MINUTES.

(2016)
Nationality

No.

ENGLISH(Please print your full name,underlining your family name)

Marks

Name

Ⅰ Choose the word that best completes each sentence.
1

Although Paul and his brother did not show () hostility towards eachother, their friends could tell they were on bad terms.
A
2

clean

B mischievous

C

overt

D

preventive

After finishing the splendid dinner, we spent the () of the evening

talking to each other.
A latest
3

B other

C reminder

Some local people were (

D

rest

) by the harmful chemicals which werereleased into the river.
A addicted
4

B

affected

C dispatchedD

When we got on the train, all the seats were (trapped), so we had to stand

until we reached the next station.
A consumed
5

B

managedC notified

D

occupied

Their daughters are truly interested in one of the rare species that ()

those islands.
A
6inhabit

B

live

C

localizeD

If Alice had known Doug’s flight was going to be (risk
) so long, she would

have come to the airport much later.
A delayedB

delivered

C

E－1

late

D

waited7

A suspicious-looking man had been seen in the () of the bank shortly

before it was robbed yesterday.
A
8clearance

B facultyChindranceDvicinity

The famous nonfiction writer also wrote several novels under a (), butonly her family and her editor knew it.
A journalism
9

B pseudonym

C synonymDvandalism

Her colleagues believe that if the sales division () market research on

it more thoroughly, the new product will sell much better than the previous one.
A conductsBfinishes

C reliesDtreats10 Some critics say the 1990s saw what could be () a computer revolution.

By the mid 1990s the number of people buying personal computers increased
significantly.
AchangedB coined

C termedDviewedChoose the word or phrase that best completes each sentenceⅡ

1. A () number of people are involved in this project.

A considerable

B considerate

C consideration

2. It was so unfortunate that we missed the last train (
A at

B by

C in

D

D

considering) a few seconds.

on

3. I was driving on the beach this morning, so my car needs (A to have washed B to wash C washed
4. (

D

).

washing) having taught English in high school for 18 years, she returned tograduate school to develop her teaching skills.
A After

B Before C While

D

Since

5. If I have a few days off next week, I want to visit (A in which

B to where C where
E－2

D

which

) my father was born.

6. His marketing team works (A harder than

) any other team in the company.

B hardest of

C hardly as

7. He didn’t manage to pass the exam, (Dless harder to) the fact that he worked very hard

all semester.
A although

B despite

C in spiteD

however

8. If we had started studying Spanish three years ago, we () much more

fluent in it now.
A were

B will be

C would be

9. These old photos (A remainedD

would have been

) me of the happy days we spent there.
B remembered

C reminded

10. The main issue we will discuss today is (A it

B thatC thisDD

removed) of urban poverty.

which

Ⅲ In the following paragraphs, one of the underlined parts is grammatically incorrect.

Choose the incorrect part.
1.

A A new research paper argues that the desire for personal happiness, though very

important in American history and culture, is valued less by other cultures.
B There are many parts of the world that are more suspicious of personalhappiness, C which are defined in the paper as experiencing pleasure, positive
emotion, or success. D Now empirical research is catching up with these culturalbeliefs.
2.

A “Feeling really lucky,” Donald Johanson wrote in his diary on the morning ofNovember 24, 1974, while staying at a remote camp in northern Ethiopia’s Afarregion. B Hours later he discovered the 3.2-million-year-old remains of asmall-bodied early human, possibly on the lineage that gave rise to Homo sapiens.
C He and his collaborators named it Australopithecus afarensis, and D the skeleton

become known to the world as Lucy.

E－3

3.

A Many people believe that innovation happens when a solo genius has “aha”

moment, but that is usually not the way. In fact, B most innovations happen
through collaboration, with many false starts and mistakes along the way. Often, Cinnovations result from combinations of many ideas, D even old ideas beingcombined in new ways or being applied to new circumstances, notes Linda A. Hillof Harvard Business School.
4.

While A there is no denying that exceptional players can put points on the board
and enhance team success, B new research by Roderick Swaab and his colleagues
suggest that there is a limit to the benefit that top talents bring to a team. C Swaaband his colleagues compared the amount of individual talent on teams with theteams’ success, and D they found striking examples of more talent hurting the
team.

5.

A librarian has discovered a rare copy of William Shakespeare’s First Folio in
France. A The 400-year-old book, one of the most valuable in the English language,
was found by the librarian in Saint-Omer B while preparing books for an exhibition
about links between the region and England. C An expert has been confirmed that
it is a copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio, D a find that delighted historians andlibrarians.

6.

The world’s thinnest, strongest material—graphene—was identified a decade ago,
but A the single-atom-thick sheet of carbon is still turns up surprises. Thought tobe an impermeable barrier, B research reported this week shows that graphene infact allows protons to pass through it, C which opens up the possibility of its use asa membrane in fuel cells. Meanwhile, D a separate report reveals that graphene
outperforms steel in its ability to withstand projectiles.

7.

A The world of haute couture fashion has descended on Australia’s state museums.
B Across the country, fashion lovers are being treated to fabulous exhibitions. At

the National Gallery of Victoria, viewers can experience The Fashion World ofJean Paul Gaultier. The Queensland Art Gallery is currently showing Thirty Yearsof Japanese Fashion and the Art Gallery of South Australia is hosting
Masterpieces from Paris. C As fashion takes hold of the country’s major museums,
a question is being raised: D Should fashion be classified to art?

E－4

8.

A A new species of ant has been discovered on the Spanish island of Mallorca, B but

it is already on the verge of extinction. C Lasius balearicus is the first ant known tobe restricted to a specific island in the Mediterranean. However, D there are notmany of them, they are confined to a small area, and it is low genetic diversity. As
a result, their discoverer Gerard Talavera of the Institute of Evolutionary Biology
in Barcelona, Spain, thinks the species has a “low probability” for survival.
9.

A The finale of Gustav Mahler’s Second Symphony came from a “lightning bolt” ofinspiration while attending the funeral of a colleague— B such inspired was
Mahler that he rushed straight home C and wrote down the final movement of his
symphony that had so far eluded him. D Nice story, but not true, says Chris Walton,
author of a new book called: Lies and Epiphanies: Composers and Their

Inspiration from Wagner to Berg.
10. A More than 50 green sea turtles were released onto the Gulf of Mexico off the
Texas coast on Friday B after recovering from cold-stunning, or hypothermia,
brought on by a drastic drop in water temperature. C As with other reptiles, sea
turtles rely on their external environment to regulate body temperature. D
Cold-stunning occurs in sea turtles when water temperatures drop below 10
degrees Celsius. Symptoms include decreased heart rate and inactivity, which
increases the risks for sea turtles of injury or death by predators and boats.

Ⅳ Choose the most suitable word or phrase from the list to fill each of the numbered

blanks in the passage below.
In 6,000 B.C.E., Earth’s entire human population (1

million people. It took about 8,000 years to reach the one billion () between 5 and 20
2), yet just 100

years more to reach two billion in 1930. Eighty-five years later, that figure has morethan tripled, to about 7.3 billion people today.
This massive expansion has been fueled not by an increasing birth rate, (3)

by a gradual extension of life expectancy and a huge reduction in infant mortality.
By 2025, the United Nations projects that our global population could (4)

8.3 billion. Ninety percent of this growth will be concentrated in the poorest countries.
The most dramatic increases will take place in sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility
rates have remained high.
E－5

Population shifts are often driven by economic forces. In the late 15th and(5) 16th centuries, Europe’s conquest of the sea spurred trade, exploration andsettlements across the globe. The temperate zones of the Americas were especiallywell-suited to their crops and livestock. Between the 16th and mid-19th centuries,
millions of black Africans were brought to the Americas (6) their will by the

Atlantic slave trade, victims of the New World’s voracious need for labor.
In the (7) nations of Europe, Japan, Canada and the United States, thetrend is towards zero population growth. Birth rates have also fallen in India andChina, yet 17 percent of the world’s people live in India, and 19 percent live in China.
In some countries, aggressive educational programs are (old-fashioned beliefs, which held childbirth (98) to change) a woman’s duty, and viewed large

families as proof of wealth, fortification against hardship and security for aging
parents.
(

10)

of the factors which could limit population growth are so wellplanned. In the end, the environmental pressures created by the rapidly expanding
population may deplete the very resources necessary for survival.

1

A

laid

B

rated

C

sat

D stood2

A

countsB

mark

C

number

D standards

3

A

also

B

as well asCbut

D even4

A

achieveB

exceedCget

D reach at

5

AadvancingB

beginning

C

early

D overdue

6

A

againstB

contraryC

oppositeD upon7AindustrializeB

industrializedC

industrially

D industry

8

A

helpingBmakingC

seeingD wanted

9

A as

B at

C to

D

10

A

B

C

D Not every

All not

Every notNot allon

Ⅴ Part I: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question listed

below it.

I hate to be a cynic, but I suppose it was inevitable: With consumers today
increasingly willing to pay a premium for local and/or organic food, it was only a matterE－6

of time before the scam artists of the world exploited shoppers’ good intentions.
Just in the last couple of weeks, two separate investigations uncovered cases oforganic food fraud, or at least misrepresentation.
A Los Angeles television network exposed farmers’ market vendors, who werelying about where and how their food was grown. Reporters bought produce at farmers’markets across Southern California, and then made surprise visits to farms where theitems were supposedly grown.
Most were truthful, but a few weren’t: the reporters found weeds or dirt where
vegetables were supposed to be growing. In one case, a vendor admitted—after thereporters followed his truck to the wholesale warehouses in downtown Los
Angeles—that he sold some items he had bought wholesale as his own, including
avocados

fromMexico. The

investigation

also

found

produceadvertisedaspesticide-free that tested positive for pesticides.
This sort of dishonesty isn’t confined to big cities like Los Angeles. Even in myrural area, which has some good farm stands and farmers’ markets, there are people
who set up tables by the roadside and sell produce that couldn’t possibly have beengrown locally. (Plump, red tomatoes in June? Not around here.) As far as I know, they
don’t claim that they are selling locally grown produce. But they are taking advantageof the assumption of most people—especially tourists—that vegetables sold by the sideof the road in a rural area are grown by a local farmer.
The other investigation was conducted by an independent research institute thatsays it promotes “economic justice for family-scale farming.” The group rated organic
egg producers according to their animal welfare and environmental practices, andfound that some looked more like factory farms, at least by the research institute’s
standards.
In this case, part of the problem lies in the varied interpretations of “organic.” As
the report explains:

All organic egg producers claim to be following national organic standards,
but with different working definitions and viewpoints of what the standards
mean. For most consumers and many producers, organic farming means
E－7respecting underlying principles of the organic farming movement…. For
others, especially industrial-scale producers, “organic” appears to benothing more than a profitable marketing term that they apply to theagro-industrial production system—simply substituting organic feed intheir production model and eliminating harmful synthetic inputs, such as
pesticides and antibiotics.

The latter interpretation, even if it doesn’t match consumers’ expectations,doesn’t necessarily equate to fraud. But in several cases, the independent researchgroup found, farms were clearly misrepresenting their operations in their marketing.

1 What does “to pay a premium” mean in the passage?
A.

to pay part of a larger orderB.

to pay more for higher quality

C.

to pay now for additional items

D. to pay for goods in great demand

2 What can be inferred about food production from this passage?
A.

Dishonest practices affect rural areas and cities alike.

B.

Agricultural manufacturing is decreasing in urban areas.

C.

Farming brings benefits with few complications.

D. Misrepresentation does not occur in rural communities.

3 Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following
statements is true?
A.

Reporters criticized the independent institute’s claims.

B.

Reporters questioned the author about food fraud in Los Angeles.

C.

Reporters paid unexpected visits to some vendors’ farms.

D. Reporters were deceitful about organic produce from Mexico.

E－8

4 Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following
statements is NOT true?
A.

Tomatoes grown locally in the author’s rural area are not ripe in June.

B.

Shoppers take advantage of scam artists when it comes to organic produce.

C.

A few farms were not accurately representing their operations in theirmarketing.

D. Industrial-scale producers and consumers interpret the term “organic”
differently.

5 Which of the following statements best describes the author’s point of view?
A.

He or she sees no need for economic justice.

B.

He or she has contempt for farmers.

C.

He or she is concerned for consumers.

D. He or she feels no pessimism.

Ⅴ Part II: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question

listed below it.
In these days of go-anywhere adventure travel, it is possible to fly to the South
Pole or crunch your way to the North Pole in an icebreaker.

Our ambition, more polar

bear than polar cap, took us 71 degrees north to a remote land that lies astride the180-degree meridian in the Chukchi Sea off the northeast coast of Siberia.
Wrangel Island is one of the new destinations made possible by the rapid melt of
the polar icecap.
possible.

Just 10 years ago, our voyage to this island would not have been

In 2001, the mean summer, ice-free period was 92 days; by 2010 this had

increased to 135 days; by the time we arrived there at the end of August, 2011,
Wrangel was completely ice free.
Some scientists project that if the melt continues at the same rate as in the past
10 years, polar bears could be extinct in this region by the mid-21st century.

Put

another way, if you want to experience these creatures in their natural habitat, you
should go sooner rather than later.

E－9

So this summer we set off on the long flight east via Moscow to Anadyr.

We

stepped off the plane into the relief of fresh air, bright sunlight and a warm day.

After

a walk round the town, 50 passengers and staff transferred to the ship, the Spirit ofEnderby, in several inflatable boats.
Our wildlife encounters started immediately: in the strong currents of theestuary we could see the bobbing heads of spotted seals, and the flashing white bodies
of beluga whales.
For the next five days, as the Spirit of Enderby progressed towards Wrangel, we
settled into a happy routine of morning and afternoon boat rides, shore landings andtundra walks, only twice prohibited by rough seas and wind conditions.
Passing through the Bering Strait, the 80km wide channel between eastern
Russia and Alaska, we continued on to anchor at Uelen, a native Chukchi village.
The Chukchi are a tough people who resisted colonization by the Russians formore than 50 years and whose antecedents were among those who crossed to populate
the Americas, when the two continents were joined by an ice bridge.
We enjoyed seeing exquisite walrus tusk carvings, which illustrate their way oflife, and examples of clothing made from skins and fur.

We were entertained by agroup performing traditional dances and were made very welcome.
We learned how they still hunt a subsistence quota of whales and walruses insmall boats and how the inland Chukchi herd reindeer.

As we waved to them on ourway back to the ship, a grey whale broke the surface nearby and gave us a great tailfluke display.
We sailed through the night to anchor off Kolyuchin Island and awoke to thepromising augurs of calm seas and patchy blue skies.

The bridge announced

dramatically that there were polar bears in sight on land off the port side.
We clambered quickly to the top deck and watched for the next hour as a bear
entertained us by ambling along the brow of a distant hill, going into a derelict woodenbuilding and reappearing to sit on the porch before strolling off into the distance.
1 In 2001, it was not possible for tourists to visit Wrangel Island ______________A because Wrangel Island was completely ice free.
B because polar bears were in danger of extinction.
C because the ice-free period in that region was too short.
D because the remote island lay astride the 180-degree meridian.

E－10

2

According to some scientists, if the polar icecap keeps melting at the same pace asin the past
10 years ______________
A

polar bears on the Earth could be extinct by the mid-21st century.

B

it will be possible for tourists to experience polar bears only in this region.

C you will need to go to Anadyr in order to see polar bears in the mid-21st
century.
D

you will not be able to see any polar bears on Wrangel Island in the mid-21st
century.

3 Soon after the ship set off from Anadyr, ______________
A

it had a problem relating to the anchor.

B

passengers started seeing some wildlife in the sea.

C

it encountered strong currents and had to head back to the town.

D

passengers were forced to use inflatable boats to evacuate the ship.

4 The Chukchi took a stand against colonization by the Russians for a long time and______________
A

some of their ancestors moved to settle in the American continents.

B

some of their antecedents were popular among the American people.

C

some of their ancestors helped construct an ice bridge between the twocontinents.

Dsome of their antecedents used to hunt a subsistence quota of whales andwalruses in small boats.

5 While the ship was off Kolyuchin Island, passengers ______________A

entertained themselves by walking with a polar bear on the hill.

Bwere able to enjoy watching a polar bear strolling in the distance.

Cwent to bed, having been assured that they would see a polar bear the nextmorning.

Dwent into an abandoned wooden building on land and reappeared to see apolar bear.

E－11