第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略➨ 3 ❶ ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟࡜⡿ᅜࡢᑐእᡓ␎ᱵᮏ ဴஓࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ᅜຊఙ㛗ࡢⴭࡋ࠸୰ᅜࡣᾏὒ㐍ฟࢆᛴ࠸࡛࠾ࡾࠊᮾࢩࢼᾏࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡛ࡣ௚ࡢἢᓊᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ᦶ᧿ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿἢᓊᅜ㛫ࡢ⣮㆟࡟↔Ⅼࢆ⤠ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ⡿ᅜࡢᑐእᡓ␎࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ᥈ࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ⠇࡛༡ࢩࢼᾏ
ࢆᕠࡿ⣮㆟ࡢἢ㠉ࢆ㏙࡭ࠊ➨ 2 ⠇࡛㏆ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡑࡢᒎ㛤ࢆ㎺ࡿࠋ➨ 3 ⠇࡛⡿ᅜࡢබᘧែᗘࢆ
グ㏙ࡋࡓᚋࠊ➨ 4 ⠇࡛⡿ᅜࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᅜ┈ࢆྠᐃࡋࠊࡑࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟ࡢព⩏ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ㸯㸬༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟̿̿ἢ㠉 ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡣఱࡼࡾࡶ㏻ၟ㊰࡜ࡋ࡚ᯡせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᾏୖ㍺㏦ࡉࢀࡿၟᴗ≀㈨ࡣࠊ⥲ࢺࣥᩘ࡟ࡋ࡚⣙༙ศࠊ㈌ᖯ౯್࡟ࡋ࡚⣙ 3 ศࡢ 1 ࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ୰ᮾ᪉㠃࠿ࡽ୰ᅜࡸ
᪥ᮏࠊ㡑ᅜ࡟౪⤥ࡉࢀࡿ▼Ἔࡢ኱༙ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡢ⤒῭≧ἣࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࢆྵࡴୡ⏺඲యࡢ⤒῭࡟㔜኱࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡀୡ⏺⤒῭ࡢࠕᆅ⌮ⓗ୰ᚰࠖ࡜ࡶ⛠ࡏࡽࢀࡿᡤ௨࡛࠶ࡿ1ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡣ▼Ἔཬࡧኳ↛࢞ࢫ࡟ᐩࡴ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ▼Ἔࡢᇙⶶ㔞ࡣ 280 ൨ࣂࣞࣝ஀⮳ 1050
൨ࣂࣞࣝ࡜ぢࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀ2ࠊ୰ᅜ࡟ࡣ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ 1300 ൨ࣂࣞࣝ௨ୖࡢ⏕⏘ࡀྍ⬟࡜࠸࠺᥎ィࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆࠕ➨ 2 ࡢ࣌ࣝࢩࣕ‴ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ⪅ࡉ࠼࠸ࡿ3ࠋࡲࡓࠊኳ↛࢞ࢫࡢ᥎ᐃᇙⶶ㔞࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࡣࠊ900 ඙❧᪉ࣇ࢕࣮ࢺ࡜࠸࠺ᩘᏐࡶᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ4ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡣ⁺ᴗ㈨※࡟ࡶᜨࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈᥭࡆࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢ⁺⋓㔞ࡢ⣙ 1 ๭ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ5ࠋ ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᓥᕋࠊᒾ♋➼ࡢ㡿᭷ᶒ࡟⧳ࢃࡿἢᓊㅖᅜࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊ1960 ᖺ௦ᮎ㡭࡟⾲㠃໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜࠊྎ‴ࠊ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࡀࣃࣛࢭࣝ㸦すἋ㸧ㅖᓥཬࡧࢫࣉࣛࢺ࣮ࣜ㸦༡Ἃ㸧ㅖᓥࡢ඲య࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㡿᭷ᶒࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௚ࠊࢫࣉࣛࢺ࣮ࣜㅖᓥࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࣈࣝࢿ࢖ࠊ࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔ࠊࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࡶ㡿᭷ᶒࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࣉࣛࢱࢫ㸦ᮾἋ㸧ㅖᓥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ୰
ᅜཬࡧྎ‴ࡀ㡿᭷ᶒࢆ୺ᙇࡋࠊ࣐ࢵࢡࣝࢬࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻሁ㸦୰Ἃㅖᓥ㸧࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ୰ᅜࠊࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࠊཬࡧྎ‴࡟ࡼࡿ㡿᭷ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࡀ஺㘒ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᓥᕋࡢ㡿᭷ᶒࢆᕠࡿಀதࡣࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㈨※ࡸỈ⏘㈨※ࡢ⟶㎄ᶒࢆᕠࡿゅ㏲࡟┤⤖ࡍࡿࠋᅜ㐃ᾏὒἲ᮲⣙࡟ࡼࡾࠊྛᅜࡢ㡿᭷ࡍࡿᓥᕋࡣࠊࡑࡢ࿘ᅖ࡟ 200 ᾏ㔛࡟ཬࡪ᤼௚ⓗ⤒῭Ỉᇦ㸦EEZ㸧ࢆタᐃࡍࡿᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ 200 ᾏ㔛ࢆ㉸࠼࡚኱㝣Ჴࡢᘏఙࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡾᚓࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔ࡣᕋ♋ࡢ㡿᭷ᶒࡣ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ
ྠᅜࡢ୺ᙇࡍࡿ EEZ ࡟ࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡀ⟶㎄ᶒࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿᾏᇦ࡜㔜࡞ࡿ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿ6ࠋ ୰ᅜࡣ 㡿᭷ ᶒࡢ୺ ᙇ࡟ 㝿ࡋ࡚ ࠊṔྐ ୖࡢ ᰿ᣐ ࡜ࡉࢀ ࡿࡶࡢ ࡟ゝ ཬࡍ ࡿ௚ ࠊࠕ஑ ẁ⥺ࠖ㸦nine-dashed line㸧ࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ஑ẁ⥺ࠖࡣ 1947 ᖺ࡟ᅜẸᨻᗓࡢබᘧᆅᅗ࡟ึࡵ
࡚⌧ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢ⣙ 9 ๭ࢆᅖ࠸㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࠊ
ࠕ஑ẁ⥺ࠖࡢព࿡ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢෆഃࡣࡍ࡭࡚୰ᅜࡢ୺ᶒࡀཬࡪ㡿ᅵཬࡧ㡿ᾏ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ❧ሙࡀ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡣ୰ᅜࡢ㡿᭷ࡍࡿ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢᓥᕋ࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡍࡿ㡿ᾏࠊEEZࠊཬࡧ኱㝣Ჴࡢእ⦕ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡶ࠶ࡿ7ࠋ－ 57 －

第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略 ࡲࡓࠊ୰ᅜࡣ EEZ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⟶㎄ᶒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᅜ㐃ᾏὒἲ᮲⣙࡟⊂⮬ࡢゎ㔘ࢆ᪋ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋἢᓊᅜࡣ㈨※ࡢ᥈ᰝࡸ㛤Ⓨ࡟ಀࡿᶒ฼ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊእᅜࡢ㌷஦άື࡟つไࢆཬࡰࡍᶒ฼ࢆࡶ᭷
ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ8ࠋ2001 ᖺ࡟㉳ࡇࡗࡓ⡿㟁Ꮚഄᐹᶵ࡜୰ᅜᡓ㜚ᶵ࡜ࡢ⾪✺஦௳࡟ࡣࠊEEZୖ✵࡛ࡢእᅜ㌷࡟ࡼࡿ᝟ሗ཰㞟ࡸカ⦎ࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺୰ᅜࡢ❧ሙࡀ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿἢᓊᅜࡢ⣮㆟ࡣࠊ᫬࡟㌷஦ຊࡢⓎື࡟⧅ࡀࡗࡓࠋ୰ᅜࡣ 1974 ᖺࠊ༡࣋ࢺࢼ࣒㌷࡜஺ᡓࡋ࡚ࣃࣛࢭࣝㅖᓥ඲యࢆ༨㡿ࡋࠊ1988 ᖺ࡟ࡣ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒㌷ࢆᨷᧁࡋ࡚ࢫࣉࣛࢺ࣮ࣜ
ㅖᓥࡢࢪࣙࣥࢯࣥ㸦㉥⎩㸧♋ࢆ༨ᣐࡋࡓࠋࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࡀ㡿᭷ᶒࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࢫࣉࣛࢺ࣮ࣜㅖᓥࡢ࣑ࢫࢳ࣮ࣇ㸦⨾῭㸧♋ࡶࠊ1995 ᖺ࡟୰ᅜࡢᨭ㓄ୗ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡣ 1998 ᖺ࡟࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔ࠊ1999 ᖺ࡟࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀಀத୰ࡢᕋ♋ࢆ༨㡿ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽ࡟ฟࡓ9ࠋ ࣑ࢫࢳ࣮ࣇ♋஦௳ࡣ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟࡛ᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ㐃ྜ㸦ASEAN㸧ࡀ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࢆྲྀࡿࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ2002 ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ୰ᅜ࡜ ASEAN ㅖᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࠕ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㛵ಀᅜࡢ⾜ື࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐉゝࠖࡀ⨫ྡࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࠕ⾜ືᐉゝࠖࡣࠕ⯟⾜ཬࡧୖ✵㣕⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢಖ㞀ࠊᖹ࿴ⓗᡭẁ࡟ࡼࡿ㡿᭷ᶒၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࠊ↓ேᓥᕋࡢ᭷ே໬⮬ไࠊἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠕ⾜ືつ⠊ࠖࡢ᥇ᢥ࡟ྥࡅࡓ༠ຊ➼ࢆㅻࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ10ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୰ᅜࡣࡑࡢᚋࡶ⣮㆟ࢆከᅜ㛫࡛ฎ⌮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㞴Ⰽࢆ♧ࡋࠊࠕ⾜ືつ⠊ࠖࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟ࡶᐜ᫆࡟ྠㄪࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㸰㸬༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟̿̿㏆ᖺࡢືྥ ࠕ⾜ືᐉゝࠖࡢྜព࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㙠㟼ࡋࡓ࠿࡟ぢ࠼ࡓ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⣮㆟ࡣࠊ2007 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽ෌ࡧ῝้࡜࡞ࡗࡓ11ࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊἢᓊྛᅜࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟క࠺▼Ἔ࣭࢞ࢫ㟂せࡢቑ኱࡜᥇᥀ᢏ⾡ࡢྥୖࠊୡ⏺ⓗ࡞㨶㢮㟂せࡢቑ኱ཬࡧἢᓊᇦࡢ㈨※ᯤῬ࡟ࡼࡿ⁺ᴗ⪅㛫ࡢ➇த⃭໬ࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡜୪⾜ࡋ࡚㉳ࡇࡗࡓἢᓊྛᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ᪘୺⩏ࡢ᪸ᥭ࡜࠸ࡗࡓⅬࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ12ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ኱㝣Ჴᘏఙࡢ⏦ㄳᮇ㝈ࡀ 2009 ᖺ 5 ᭶࡟タᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊἢᓊྛᅜࡣ஫࠸࡟௚ᅜ࡟ࡼ
ࡿ㡿᭷ᶒࠊ⟶㎄ᶒࡢ୺ᙇ࡟␗㆟ࢆၐ࠼ࡿᙉ࠸ㄏᅉࢆᢪ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ13ࠋ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୰࡛ࠊ≉࡟୰ᅜࡢᶒ฼୺ᙇࡀᙉ◳࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ୰ᅜࡣ௚ࡢἢᓊᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛⟶㎄ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࡀ㔜࡞ࡿᾏᇦ࡟ᾏୖἲᇳ⾜ᶵ㛵ࡢ┘ど⯪ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡋࠊእᅜ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ▼Ἔ࣭࢞ࢫࡢ᥈ᰝࡸእᅜ⁺⯪ࡢ᧯ᴗࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿጼໃࢆᙉࡵࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ୰ᅜࡢືྥࡣࠊ୰ᅜᾏ㌷ࡢ඲⯡ⓗ࡞⬟ຊቑ኱ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㐲⯟カ⦎ࡢάⓎ໬ࡸᾏ༡ᓥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᆅᘓタࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ༡ࢩࢼᾏ
࡛ࡢᐇᅾ㸦ࣉࣞࢮࣥࢫ㸧ᣑ኱࡜ࡶ┦ಗࡗ࡚ࠊ௚ࡢἢᓊᅜ࡟Ṇࡲࡽࡎࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿከࡃࡢᅜࠎ࡟ᠱᛕࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ୰ᅜࡣ⡿ᅜࡑࡢ௚እᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ୰ᅜ࡜ࡢྲྀᘬ࡟ᝏᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࡃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒࡜ᥦᦠࡋ࡚ࡢ᥈㖔సᴗࢆ୰Ṇࡍࡿࡼ࠺せồࡋጞࡵࡓ14ࠋ୰ᅜᙜᒁ࡟ࡼࡿእᅜ⁺⯪㸦୺࡜ࡋ࡚࣋ࢺࢼ࣒⁺⯪㸧ࡢᣡᤕࡣࠊ2008 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ⴭࡋࡃቑຍࡋࡓ15ࠋ2009 ᖺ 3 ᭶࡟ࡣࠊᾏ༡ᓥἈ࡛⡿ᾏ㌷ࡢ㡢㡪ほⰄࠕ࢖ࣥ࣌ࢵ࢝ࣈࣝࠖࡢ⾜ືࢆ୰ᅜ⯪ 5 㞘ࡀጉᐖࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦௳

ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊEEZ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿእᅜ㌷ࡢάືࢆつไࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆᕠࡿ⡿୰ࡢ┦㐪ࡀᨵࡵ࡚ᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔ࡀᐇຠᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࢫ࣮࣡ࣟ㸦ᙎ୸㸧♋௜㏆࡛ࠊ୰ᅜࡢ┘ど⯪࡜࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔㌷ࡢⰄ⯪࣭⯟✵ᶵ࡜ࡀᑐᓖࡋࡓࡢࡣ 2010 ᖺ 4 ᭶࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୰ᅜࡢ┘ど⯪ࡣ 2011 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠊࣇ࢕ࣜࣆ
ࣥ㏆ᾏࡢ࣮ࣜࢻሁ࡛ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࡢ㈨※ㄪᰝ⯪ࢆ⌧ሙ࠿ࡽ㏣࠸㐵ࡾࠊ5 ᭶࡟ࡣ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒Ἀ࡛࣋ࢺ
ࢼ࣒㈨※ㄪᰝ⯪ࡢ᥈ᰝࢣ࣮ࣈࣝࢆษ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ ୰ᅜࠊࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࠊྎ‴ࠊ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࡢྛᅜࡣ 2012 ᖺࠊࣃࣛࢭࣝㅖᓥཬࡧࢫࣉࣛࢺ࣮ࣜㅖᓥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㡿᭷ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿᥐ⨨ࢆྲྀࡗࡓ16ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣐ࢵࢡࣝࢬࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻሁ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ

－ 58 －

第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略ࢫ࣮࢝࣎ࣟ♋㸦㯤ᒾᓥ㸧࡛ࡣࠊ2012 ᖺ 4 ᭶௨㝆ࠊ୰ᅜ࡜ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࡢⰄ⯪ࡀᑐᓖࢆ⥆ࡅࡓࡀࠊ6 ᭶࡟ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥ⯪ࡀ᧔཰ࡋࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ୰ᅜ⯪ࡣ᧔཰ࢆᣄࢇࡔࠋࢫ࣮࢝࣎ࣟ♋࡛ࡢ╮ࡳྜ࠸ࡣࠊ୰ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ㡿᭷ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࡀᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚑ᮶ࠊ୰ᅜࡣࢫ࣮࢝࣎ࣟ♋㏆㎶࡛ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞ᐇᅾࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨㝆ࡣ୰ᅜࡢⰄ⯪ࡀ᩿⥆ⓗ࡞ᐇᅾࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ17ࠋ 2012 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࠊ୰ᅜࡣࢫࣉࣛࢺ࣮ࣜㅖᓥࠊࣃࣛࢭࣝㅖᓥࠊཬࡧ࣐ࢵࢡࣝࢬࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻሁࡢᓥᕋ
ࢆ⟶㎄ࡍࡿࠕ୕Ἃᕷࠖࡢタ⨨ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 7 ᭶࡟ࡣࠊ୕Ἃᕷ࡟㔜せᣐⅬࡢ㜵⾨ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿࠕ㆙ഛ༊ࠖࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿィ⏬ࡀᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ୰ᅜࡢᅜ᭷௻ᴗࡣࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢಀதᾏᇦ࡛ࡣ▼Ἔࡢ᥇᥀ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿
ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ2012 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࠊ୰ᅜᾏὒ▼Ἔ⥲බྖ㸦CNOOC㸧ࡣࠊ⟶㎄ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࡀ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒࡜
㔜࡞ࡿᾏᇦࡢ㖔༊ࢆእᅜ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢඹྠ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜Ⓨ⾲ࡋࠊ8 ᭶࡟ࡣࣃࣛࢭࣝㅖᓥ㏆ഐࡢ㖔༊ࢆ➇தධᮐ࡟᥃ࡅࡓࠋ୰ᅜ௻ᴗࡣ㐲࠿ࡽࡎ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢ୰㒊ࠊ༡㒊࡛ࡢヨ᥀࡟ࡶ஌ࡾฟࡍ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀࡎࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡑࢀࡣ୰ᅜᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ㡿᭷ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࢆ⿵ᙉࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ
ࡼ࠺ࠋ2012 ᖺ 5 ᭶ࠊCNOOC ࡢ఍㛗ࡣࠊ᥀㛓⿦⨨ࢆࠕ⛣ືᘧ㡿ᅵࠖ㸦mobile national territory㸧ࠊࠕᡓ␎ⓗᡭẁࠖ㸦strategic instrument㸧࡜࿧ࢇࡔ࡜ఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣮ࣜࢻሁ௜㏆ࡢᾏᗏ࡟ࡣከ㔞ࡢኳ↛࢞ࢫࡀ╀ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࢀࢆᕠࡗ࡚୰ᅜ࡜ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥ࡜ࡢத࠸ࡀ⏕ࡎࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿ18ࠋ㸱㸬⡿ᅜࡢබᘧែᗘ ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࡢබᘧែᗘࡣࠊ㸦1㸧㡿᭷ᶒࡢத࠸࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣఱࢀࡢἢᓊᅜࢆࡶᨭᣢࡏࡎࠊ୰❧ࢆሀᣢࡍࡿࠊ㸦2㸧⣮㆟ࡢᖹ࿴ⓗ࡞ゎỴࢆ୺ᙇࡋࠊከᅜ㛫࡛ࡢฎ⌮ࢆዡບࡍࡿࠊ㸦3㸧ࠕ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖཬࡧ EEZ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㌷஦άືࡢᶒ฼ࢆ᧦ㆤࡍࡿ̿̿࡜࠸࠺ලྜ࡟せ⣙ࡋᚓࡿࠋ2010 ᖺ 7 ᭶ࠊࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥᅜົ㛗ᐁࡣ ASEAN ᆅᇦࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ㸦ARF㸧ฟᖍࡢࡓࡵゼࢀࡓࣁࣀ࢖࡛グ⪅఍ぢࡋࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࠊࠕᾏὒඹ᭷ᆅࠖ㸦maritime commons㸧ࡢ⮬⏤࡞฼⏝ࠊཬࡧࠕᅜ㝿ἲࡢᑛ㔜ࠖࢆࠕᅜ┈ࠖ࡜┳೴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᪨ࢆ᫂ゝࡋࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ㝣ᆅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ➇ྜࡍࡿ㡿᭷ᶒㄽ㆟࡟࠾࠸࡚ఱࢀࡢ⫪ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡶࡋ࡞࠸୍ࠖ᪉࡛ࠊ㡿᭷ᶒ࡟ಀࡿ
⣮㆟ࢆࠕᙉせ࡞ࡋ࡟ࠖゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᙜ஦ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ༠ㄪⓗ࡞እ஺㐣⛬ࠖࢆᨭᣢࡋࠊዴఱ࡞ࡿᙜ஦ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿࠕṊຊࡢ⾜౑ࡲࡓࡣጾᄐࠖ࡟ࡶ཯ᑐࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊASEAN ཬࡧ୰ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ 2002ᖺࡢࠕ⾜ືᐉゝࠖࢆᨭᣢࡋࠊᙜ஦ᅜࡀࠕ⾜ືつ⠊࡛ࠖྜពࡍࡿࡼ࠺ዡບࡍࡿ̿̿࡜ࡢ❧ሙࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ19ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢜ࣂ࣐ᨻᶒࡢጼໃࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡶ୍㈏ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍౛ࢆᣲࡆࢀࡤࠊ2012 ᖺ 7᭶࡟ࣉࣀ࡛ࣥ࣌ࣥ㛤࠿ࢀࡓ ARF ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥᅜົ㛗ᐁࡣࠕ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࠊࠕᖹ࿴࡜Ᏻᐃࡢ⥔ᣢࠖࠊࠕᅜ㝿ἲࡢᑛ㔜ࠖࠊࠕ㞀ᐖ࡞ࡁྜἲ㏻ၟࠖࢆࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⡿ᅜࡢࠕᅜ┈ࠖ࡜⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡶ⡿ᅜࡀࠕ㝣ᆅ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ➇ྜࡍࡿ㡿᭷ᶒ୺ᙇ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠝ≉ᐃࡢࠞ❧ሙࢆྲྀࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓᙜ஦ᅜࡣ⣮㆟ࢆࠕᙉせ࡞ࡋ࡟ࠖࠊࠕጾᄐ࡞ࡋ࡟ࠖ
ࠊࠕ⬣㏕࡞ࡋ࡟ࠖࠊࠕṊຊ⾜౑࡞ࡋ࡟ࠖゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵࠕ༠ㄪⓗࠖୟࡘࠕእ஺ⓗࠖ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥࡣࠕ⾜ືᐉゝࠖࡢ⢭⚄ཬࡧලయⓗෆᐜࡢ㑂Ᏺࢆッ࠼ࠊᣊ᮰ຊ࠶ࡿࠕ⾜ືつ⠊ࠖࡢ⟇ᐃࢆಁࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ20ࠋࠕ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖཬࡧ EEZ ࡢᛶ᱁࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ≉࡟୰ᅜࡢᶒ฼୺ᙇ࡟␲ၥࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࣐࣮ࢩ࢙ࣝᅜົḟᐁ⿵௦⌮ࡣ 2009 ᖺ 5 ᭶ࡢ㆟఍ドゝ࡛ࠊࠕ㡿ᅵ࡛࠶ࡿ㝣ᆅ࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡋ࡞࠸“㡿－ 59 －第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略

ᾏ”ࡲࡓࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢᾏὒ༊ᇦࡢ୺ᙇࠖ࡟ࠕᠱᛕࢆᢪ࠸࡚ࠖ࠸ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࠊ࠿࠿ࡿ୺ᙇࡣࠕᅜ㝿ἲ࡟ྜ⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜᩿ࡌࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕ࢖ࣥ࣌ࢵ࢝ࣈࣝࠖ஦௳࡛๓㠃࡟ฟࡓࠊ⮬ᅜࡢ EEZ ෆ࡛እᅜ㌷ࡢάືࢆไ㝈ࡋᚓࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ୰ᅜࡢぢゎࡣࠊࠕᅜ㝿ἲ࡟⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ㄽᐃࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࣐࣮ࢩ࢙ࣝ࡟ゝࢃࡏࢀࡤࠊ୰ᅜࡢᶒ฼୺ᙇ࡟ࡣࠕከ኱ࡢ᭕᫕ࡉࠖࡀకࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿᾏᇦࡢ⢭☜࡞ቃ⏺ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀᾏᇦ඲యࢆ㡿ᾏ࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊᡈ࠸ࡣ㣬ࡃࡲ࡛㝣ᆅ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㡿ᾏࡢ୺ᙇ࡞ࡢ࠿ࡍࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ21ࠋࡲࡓࠊྠࡌࡃ 2009 ᖺ 5 ᭶࡟㆟఍࡛ࢩ࢙࣮࢔ᅜ㜵ḟᐁ⿵௦⌮ࡀドゝࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᅜ㐃ᾏὒἲ᮲⣙࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࡓ័⩦ᅜ㝿ἲࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ EEZ ෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⯟⾜ཬࡧୖ✵㣕⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆಖドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜ㐃ᾏὒἲ᮲⣙ࡀ᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓ 1982 ᖺ௨᮶ࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ࠕEEZෆ࡛㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⯟⾜ࡢᶒ฼ཬࡧ⮬⏤ࡣࠊእὒ࡟࠾࠸࡚㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿᶒ฼ཬࡧ⮬⏤࡜㉁ⓗཬࡧ㔞ⓗ࡟ྠ୍࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺❧ሙࢆྲྀࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ22ࠋࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥᅜົ㛗ᐁࡀୖグࣁࣀ࢖࡛ࡢⓎゝ࡛ࠊᙜ஦ᅜࡣ㡿᭷ᶒࠊ⟶㎄ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࢆᅜ㐃ᾏὒἲ᮲⣙࡟๎ࡗ࡚㏣ồࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ័⩦ᅜ㝿ἲ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊᾏᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕṇᙜ࡞ࠝ⟶㎄ᶒࡢࠞ୺ᙇࠖࡣࠊ㝣ᆅ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕṇᙜ࡞ࠝ㡿᭷ᶒࡢࠞ୺ᙇࠖ࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡍࡿ࡜㔥ࢆ่ࡋ
ࡓࡢ࡟ࡣ23ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᙉ◳ࡉࢆቑࡍ୰ᅜࡢᶒ฼୺ᙇ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡢ㆙ᡄࡣࠊ2012 ᖺ 8 ᭶࡟᪂ࡓ࡞ẁ㝵࡟㐩ࡋࡓࠋᅜົ┬ࡀ๪ሗ㐨ᐁ௦⾜ྡ࡛ኌ᫂ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊࠕ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⥭ᙇࡢቑຍࠖ࡟ࠕᠱᛕࠖࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ≉࡟୕Ἃᕷࡢ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᪼᱁ཬࡧಀத༊ᇦࢆ⟶㎄ࡍࡿࠕ᪂㥔ᒡᆅࠖࡢタ⨨࡟ゝཬࡋࠊࠕ┦㐪ࢆゎỴࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ༠ㄪⓗ࡞እ஺ດຊ࡟㏫⾜ࡋࠊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⥭ᙇࢆࡉࡽ࡟ቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡜ㄽホࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ24ࠋ⡿ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟ࡢᙜ஦ᅜࡢ୰ࠊ1 ᅜࢆྡᣦࡋࡋ࡚ᢈุࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡇࢀࡀึࡵ࡚࡛࠶ࡗࡓ25ࠋ ࡑࡢ㛫ࠊ⡿ᅜࡣእ஺࣭Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀ᨻ⟇ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ࠕ᪕ᅇࠖ㸦pivot㸧ࢆᡴࡕୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ2012 ᖺ 1᭶࡟⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜ㜵ᡓ␎ᣦ㔪࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⡿㌷ᒎ㛤ࡢ㔜ᚰࢆࠕ࢔ࢪ࢔ኴᖹὒᆅᇦ࡟ྥࡅ࡚෌ㄪᩚࡍࡿࠖ᪨ࡀ⾲᫂ࡉࢀࡓ26ࠋᾏර㝲ࡀ㇦ᕞ໭㒊࡟ᚠ⎔ᐇᅾࡋࠊࡲࡓࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝ࡟ࡣἢᓊᡓ㜚Ⰴࡀᚠ⎔ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ㐠ࡧ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࠊࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥ➼࡜ࡢ㜵⾨༠ຊࡶ㐍ᒎࢆぢࡏ࡚ࡁࡓ27ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜࡢᨻ⟇ᒎ㛤࡟ࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୰ᅜࡢືྥࢆ≌ไࡍࡿ≺࠸ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ⓑ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸲㸬⡿ᅜࡢᑐእᡓ␎࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ ᭱㏆࡟⮳ࡾࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆᕠࡿ୰ᅜࡢືྥ࡟⚄⤒ࢆᑤࡽࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡟⮬ࡽࡢᑐእᡓ␎࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㔜኱࡞ᣮᡓࡀ₯ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┳ྲྀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ⡿ᅜࡢእ஺࣭Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀ᨻ⟇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᩛᛶࡢᅜᐙࡸࡑࡢ㐃ྜ࡟ࡼࡿḢᕞࡑࡢ௚ᮾ༙⌫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せᆅᇦࡢᨭ㓄ࢆ㜼ࡴࡇ࡜ࡀᯡせ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋḢள኱㝣ࡀᩛᑐ㝕Ⴀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไࡏࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ஦ែࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓሙྜࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ㔜どࡍࡿᅜ㝿⤒῭ࡢ㛤ᨺᛶࡀ༴ᶵ࡟ℜࡍࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ⮬ࡽࡼࡾࡶேཱྀࠊ㈨※࡟࠾࠸࡚㐶࠿࡟ඃ㉺ࡍࡿ┦ᡭ࡜ྥࡁྜ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉ
ࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ28ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ➨ 2 ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋࡢ⡿ᅜࡣࠊḢள኱㝣ࡢ⦕㎶࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿㅖᅜ࡜ྠ┕᮲⣙ࢆ⥾⤖ࡋࠊྠ┕ᅜ࡟᰾ᡓຊ࡟ࡼࡿࠕᣑ኱ᢚṆࠖࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ⡿㌷ࢆ኱つᶍ࡟ࠕ๓᪉ᒎ㛤ࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࢔ࢪ࢔࣭ኴᖹὒ࡟ど㔝ࢆ㝈ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗ㸦∗㸧ᨻᶒࡢ࣮࣮࣋࢝ᅜົ㛗ᐁࡀ㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
⡿ᅜࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ᅜ┈ࡣ̿̿ࠕၟᴗୖࡢᶒ฼ࢆಖᣢࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡜୪ࢇ࡛̿̿ࠕ⡿ᅜ୪ࡧ࡟ࡑࡢྠ

－ 60 －

第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略┕ᅜཬࡧ཭ዲᅜ࡟ᩛᑐⓗ࡞ዴఱ࡞ࡿ༢୍ࡢぞᶒⓗ࡞ᅜᐙࡲࡓࡣࠝᅜᐙࡢࠞ㐃ྜࡢฟ⌧ࢆࡶ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡜つᐃࡋᚓࡓ29ࠋ⡿ᅜࡣ᪥ᮏࠊ㡑ᅜࠊࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࠊ㇦ᕞࠊཬࡧࢱ࢖࡜ࡢྠ┕㛵ಀࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢᅜࠎ࡜ࡢᥦᦠ㛵ಀࠊࡑࡋ࡚୰ᅜ࡬ࡢ㛵୚ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢᇦෆᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᆅᇦぞᶒࡢ㏣ồࢆࡶᢚ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡀᑐእᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞฼┈࡜᝿ᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢከࡃࡣࠊ➨㸰ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋࡢ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ㸦ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ㸧࡞ᅜ㝿⛛ᗎࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿㅖ✀ࡢつ๎ࠊつ⠊࡟⧊ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᅜ㐃ᾏὒἲ᮲⣙࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀࡓࠕ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢಖ㞀ࡣࠊ㛤ᨺⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿⤒῭ࡢ⥔ᣢࡸḢள኱㝣࡬ࡢ㌷஦ⓗ࡞㛵୚࡟ᚲ㡲࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜ㐃᠇❶࡟┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡓṊຊ⾜౑ࡸࡑࡢጾᄐࡢཎ๎⚗Ṇࡣࠊ㔜せᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿໃຊᆒ⾮࡬ࡢᣮᡓࢆᢚไࡍࡿຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡼ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
㸨࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୰ᅜࡢᶒ฼୺ᙇ࡟ࡣࠊ୰ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᆅᇦぞᶒࡢ☜❧࡟⧅ࡀࡿせ⣲ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ୰ᅜ㸦ࡢ୺ᙇࡍࡿ㸧EEZ ෆ࡛᝟ሗ཰㞟ࡀฟ᮶࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ୰ᅜࡢ㌷஦ືྥࢆ┘どࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࡢ⬟ຊࡣῶ㏥ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸30ࠋࡲࡓࠊ๓᪉ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ⡿㌷࡟ࡼࡿ̿̿ᡈ࠸ࡣᆅᇦࡢྠ┕ᅜࠊᥦᦠᅜ࡜ඹྠࡋ࡚ࡢ̿̿カ⦎ࡶ῝้࡞ไ⣙ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୰ᅜᾏ㌷ࡀ̿̿ࠕ❧ධ㜼ᐖࠖ㸦anti-access㸧⬟ຊࡢ☜❧ࢆ୺║࡜ࡋ࡚̿̿ᣑ඘ࢆ⥆ࡅࡿ୰࡛ࠊ
௬࡟⡿ᅜࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ែࢆ⏑ཷࡍࡿ㸦࡜ཷࡅྲྀࡽࢀࡿ㸧ࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊྠ┕ᅜࠊᥦᦠᅜࡢ㜵⾨࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࡢ⣙᮰࡟ࡣಙ㢗ࡀᢪࡅ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ≉࡟ᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡣࠕࣇ࢕ࣥࣛ
ࣥࢻ໬ࠖࡢ㐨ࢆ㎺ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸31ࠋ୰ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟ぞࢆၐ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㈨※ࢆྵࡵࠊࡑࡇࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ≀㈨࡟
኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡍࡿ᪥ᮏࡸ㡑ᅜࢆᙉせࡋࠊᡈ࠸ࡣࡑࡢᏙ❧ࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡜ࡶヨࡳࡽࢀࡼ࠺32ࠋ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟
࠾ࡅࡿᆅᇦぞᶒࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡓ୰ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡣ⡿ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢࠕᣑ኱࢝ࣜࣈᾏࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ➻࡛࠶ࡾ33ࠊࡑ࠺࡞ࡗࡓᬡ࡟ࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡣ௚ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ⮬ࡽࡢࠕໃຊᅪࠖ࡬ࡢ⤒῭㐍ฟࢆࡶ㜼ࡶ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ୰ᅜ∧ࠕ࣮ࣔࣥࣟ୺⩏ࠖࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸34ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡀ⌧ᐇࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࠊୡ⏺඲యࡢໃຊᆒ⾮࡟ࡶ⤯኱࡞ᙳ㡪ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡎࠊ㏻ၟ㊰࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟㚷ࡳࢀࡤࠊࡇࡇ࡟ᨭ㓄ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡣࠊୡ⏺⤒῭ࡢ㤳᰿ࡗࡇࢆᢲࡉ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟➼ࡋ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢไᅽࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢻ࿘㎶࡟୍㐃ࡢᣐⅬࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠕ┿⌔ࡢ㤳㣭ࡾࠖᡓ␎࡜┦ಗࡗ࡚ࠊ୰ᅜᾏ㌷ࡢ࢖ࣥࢻὒ㐍ฟ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࠕᣑ኱࢝ࣜࣈᾏࠖࡢไぞࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚す༙⌫ࡢᨭ㓄ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓࡢ࡜ぢࡽࢀࡿ35ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡸࡀ࡚ࡣᮾ༙⌫࡟࠾ࡅࡿໃຊศᕸࢆᕥྑࡍࡿຊࢆࡶ୚࠼ࡓࡀࠊ୰ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆࠕໃຊᅪࠖ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡜㢮ఝࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ36ࠋణࡋࠊ୰ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢᨭ㓄ࡀ࢔ࢪ࢔ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓໃຊศᕸ࡟୚࠼ࡿ⾪ᧁ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ␃ಖࡀ௜ࡅࡽࢀᚓࡿࠋ୰ᅜࡀᆅᇦぞᶒࡢ☜❧࡟㏆࡙࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊḢᕞࠊ୰ᮾࠊ᪥ᮏࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࠊཬࡧࣟࢩ࢔ࡀ⊂❧ࡋࡓຊࡢ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࠊࡲࡓࡣ⡿ᅜࡢᙳ㡪ୗ࡟Ṇࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡀ̿̿෭ᡓᮇࡢࢯ㐃ࡢࡼ࠺࡟̿̿Ḣள኱㝣ࡢໃຊᆒ⾮ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸37ࠋࡲࡓࠊ୰ᅜࡣෆ㝣࡟࠾ࡅࡿ₯ᅾⓗ࡞ᩛᑐᅜࢆព㆑ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓࡎࠊᾏὒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㌷஦ຊࢆᢞᑕࡍࡿែໃࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡣከ኱ࡢᅔ㞴ࡀక࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺38ࠋࡓࡔࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ␃ಖࡢ୺ᙇࡶࠊ⡿ᅜࡀᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ̿̿≉࡟᪥ᮏ࡜ࡢ̿̿ྠ┕㛵ಀࢆሀᣢࡋࠊࡲࡓ๓᪉ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ⡿㌷ࡢᡓຊࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡿ
࡜࠸࠺๓ᥦࡢୗ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸨 ୰ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᆅᇦぞᶒࡢ㏣ồ࡟ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢྠ┕ᅜ࡟ᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ᰾රჾ࡟ࡼࡿᣑ኱ᢚ

－ 61 －

第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略Ṇࢆ࡝ࡇ࠿ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛᥀ࡾᔂࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓḟඖࢆࡶᏎࢇࡔࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡬ࡢ㐍ฟࢆᅗࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᰾ᨷᧁࡢ⬟ຊࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛ࡶ
࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜࡣ᫴⣭㸦094 ᆺ㸧ࡢᙎ㐨࣑ࢧ࢖ࣝᦚ㍕ཎᏊຊ₯ỈⰄ㸦SSBN㸧࡟ᦚ㍕ࡍࡿᕧᾉ㸰ྕ㸦JL-2㸧࡜࠸࠺₯ỈⰄⓎᑕᙎ㐨࣑ࢧ࢖ࣝ㸦SLBM㸧ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ᰾ᢚṆຊࡢ୺ᰕࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊSLBM ᡓຊࡀ௵ົࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊSSBN ࢆᾏୖࠊ✵୰࠿ࡽࡢᨷᧁ
࠿ࡽᏲࡿࡇ࡜ࡢฟ᮶ࡿࠕ⪷ᇦࠖࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ JL-2 ࡣࠕ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࠿ࡽࣟࢧࣥࢮࣝࢫ࡟฿㐩ࡋᚓ࡞࠸ࠖࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ39ࠊSSBN ࡟እὒ࡬ࡢฟཱྀࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲௳ࢆ඘ࡓࡋࠊୟࡘእὒ࠿ࡽヨࡳࡽࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⡿ᅜࡢࠕ㜼Ṇࠖ㸦interdiction㸧άື࡟⬤ᙅ࡛࡞࠸ሙᡤࡣࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏ௨እ࡟࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ40ࠋᾏ༡ᓥࡢᾏ㌷ᇶᆅᣑᙇࡢࠕ୺せ࡞⌮⏤ࠖ࡟ࠊࠕ㸦SSBN ࡢᇶᆅ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸧୰ᅜࡢ᰾ᢚṆຊࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖࡀྵ
ࡲࢀࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿᡤ௨࡛࠶ࡿ41ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ほⅬ࡟❧ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ୰ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡣࠊࢯ㐃࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢࠕ࣮࢜࣍ࢶࢡᾏࠖࠋ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ㸦ࡲࡓࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡣࠕ໭ி†ࠖ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡶ࠶ࡿ42㸧ᡭ୰࡟཰ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࢀࡤࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᑐ₯ỈⰄᡓຊ࡟ጉࡆࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࠊኴᖹὒࡸ࢖ࣥࢻὒ࡟㐍ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᮇᚅࡉࢀᚓࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୰ᅜࡀ㏻ᖖᡓຊࡸᡓᇦ᰾ᡓຊࡢ㏆௦໬ࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿഐࡽࠊ⡿ᮏᅵࢆ᰾ᨷᧁࡍࡿ☜ᐇ࡞⬟ຊࢆቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᥦ౪ࡍࡿᣑ኱ᢚṆࡢಙ៰ᛶࡣືᦂࢆ᮶ࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏ➼࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㏻ᖖරჾࡸᡓᇦ᰾රჾ࡛ᨷᧁࢆ௙᥃ࡅ࡚ࡶࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ඲㠃᰾ᡓத࡬ࡢ⣮தつᶍᣑ኱ࢆᚰ
㓄ࡍࡿవࡾࠊ᰾ሗ᚟ࡢጾᄐࢆᐇ⾜࡟⛣ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ㌋㌉ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸̿̿࡜୰ᅜࡀ⪃࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࡜᝿ീࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࠊ⡿ᅜ࡜ࢯ㐃㸭ࣟࢩ࢔࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࠊ஫࠸࡟᰾ሗ᚟ࡢࡓࡵࡢᡓຊࢆ඘ศ࡟ഛ࠼ࡓ≧ែࠊࡘࡲࡾࠕ┦஫☜ド◚ቯࠖ㸦mutual assured destruction㸧≧ἣࡢಖ඲ࢆࠕᡓ␎ⓗᏳᐃࠖࡢ♏▼࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࢜ࣂ࣐ᨻᶒࡀ⡿ᅜࡢ࣑ࢧ࢖ࣝ㜵⾨య⣔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕࣟࢩ࢔࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢᡓ␎ࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡢࡶ43ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࡢ⾲ࢀ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡀ୰ᅜࡢᙉຊ࡞᰾ሗ᚟ࡢ⬟ຊࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓࠕᡓ␎ⓗᏳᐃࠖࢆᵓ᝿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿
࡝࠺࠿ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶศ࡛᫂࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜෆ࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ୰ᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࡶࠊ཮᪉ࡢ᰾ಖ᭷
̿̿⾜ࡁ╔ࡃ࡜ࡇࢁࠕ┦஫☜ド◚ቯࠖ≧ἣࡢᡂ❧̿̿ࡀ㛵ಀࡢᏳᐃ࡟㈨ࡍࡿ࡜ࡢពぢࡶ⪺࠿ࢀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ᰾ᡓຊࢆ኱つᶍࠊ㠀⬤ᙅ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ୰ᅜࡢດຊࢆጉࡆࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡢ㆟ㄽࡶᐤࡏࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ44ࠋ⡿୰ࡀࠕ┦஫☜ド◚ቯࠖ≧ἣ࡟᥋㏆ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ᣑ኱ᢚṆࡀ↓ຠ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୰࡛୰ᅜࡢᆅᇦぞᶒࢆᢲࡋṆࡵࡼ࠺࡜ᛮ࠼ࡤࠊ⡿ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿྠ┕㛵ಀࠊᥦᦠ㛵ಀࢆᨻ἞ⓗࠊ㌷஦ⓗ࡟⿵ᙉࡍࡿᡭ❧࡚ࢆㅮࡎࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୍ᒙ⥭せ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ␲࠸࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㸨 ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆᕠࡿ୰ᅜࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸࡟㐺ษ࡟ᑐฎࡋᚓ࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆయ⌧ࡋࡓᅜ㝿つ๎࣭つ⠊ࡢ㔜せ࡞㒊ศࡀ༴⫾࡟ℜࡍࡿᜍࢀ࡞ࡋ࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ ≉࡟ࠊ⮬ᅜ EEZ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶒ฼࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୰ᅜࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⡿㌷ࡢάື࡟ไ㝈ࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊEEZ ࡢ඲⯡ⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋࠕ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࢆ๓㠃࡟ᢲࡋฟࡍ⡿ᅜࡢ❧ሙࡣࠊᅜ㐃ᾏὒἲ᮲⣙⥾⣙ᅜࡢ኱༙࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ45ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୰ᅜࡢゎ㔘－ 62 －

第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略࡟ࡣ࢖ࣥࢻࡸࣈࣛࢪࣝࡶྠㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௚46ࠊ୰ᅜ௨እࡢ༡ࢩࢼᾏἢᓊㅖᅜࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࣞࢩ
࢔ࡸ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࡀ EEZ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௚ᅜࡢ㌷஦άືࢆఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ࡛つไࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ47ࠋୡ⏺ࡢᾏὒࡢࠕ4 ๭㏆ࡃࠖࡀἢᓊ࠿ࡽ 200 ᾏ㔛௨ෆࡢᾏᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ48ࠊ୰ᅜ࡬ࡢᨭᣢࡀᗈࡀࡗ
࡚ᾏὒἲࡢゎ㔘࡟ኚ᭦ࡀ᪋ࡉࢀࠊከᩘࡢἢᓊᅜࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓつไࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ஦ែࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓሙྜࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ๓᪉ᒎ㛤ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓྠ┕㛵ಀࠊᥦᦠ㛵ಀࡢ⥔ᣢࡣࠊୡ⏺୰࡛኱ࡁ࡞ไ⣙ࢆㄢࡏࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࠊEEZ ࢆᕠࡿ୰ᅜࡢᶒ฼୺ᙇࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠕ᭱
኱ࡢᠱᛕࠖࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ49ࠋ ణࡋࠊ୰ᅜᾏ㌷ࡀᑗ᮶ࠊᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟እὒ࡟㐍ฟࡋࡓᬡ࡟ࡣࠊᾏὒἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୰ᅜࡢどᗙࡶࠊ௚ᅜ㌷࡟ࡼࡿࠕ❧ධࠖࡢ㜼Ṇ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ᅜ㌷࡟ࡼࡿࠕ❧ධࠖࡢ☜ಖ࡟㔜ࡁࢆ⨨ࡃࡶࡢ࡬࡜ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ㌷஦άື࡬ࡢつไࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿゎ㔘ࡣࠊࠕάື⠊ᅖࡢ㐲ᾏ࡬ࡢᣑ኱ࢆ┠ㄽࡴ୰ᅜᾏ㌷࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ୧ลࡢ๢࡜࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ぢࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ50ࠋ
 ࡲࡓࠊ௬࡟୰ᅜࡀṊຊࡢ⾜౑ࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢጾᄐࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚༡ࢩࢼᾏࡢᨭ㓄ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣ̿̿༢࡟ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊཬࡧᆅᇦࢆ㉸࠼ࡓໃຊศᕸࡢኚ໬࡟Ṇࡲࡽࡎ̿̿⌧⾜ࡢᅜ㝿⛛ᗎࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ᰿ᗏ࠿ࡽᦂࡿࡀࡋ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ⡿ᅜࡀᾏὒἲ࡟๎ࡋࡓᶒ฼୺ᙇࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊࢆᖏࡧࡓࠕ⾜ືつ⠊ࠖࡢ⟇ᐃࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡶࠊࠕつ๎࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓࠖ
㸦rules-based㸧⛛ᗎࡢᵓ⠏ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞┠ᶆࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸51ࠋ⡿ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟࡛ࠕᘬࡁୗࡀࡿࠖ㸦blink㸧࡜ཷࡅྲྀࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ጼໃࢆぢࡏࡓሙྜࠊ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿⛛ᗎࡀᙅయ໬ࡋࠊつ๎ࠊつ⠊ࡀᆅᇦⓗ࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀࡿࠕ㌿᥮Ⅼࠖࡢ฿᮶ࡀ᪩ࡲࡿ࡜ࡢ㆙࿌ࡀⓎࡏࡽࢀࡿᡤ௨࡛࠶ࡿ52ࠋࡴࡍࡧ࡟࠿࠼࡚ ༡ࢩࢼᾏ̿̿ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᮾࢩࢼᾏ̿̿࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୰ᅜࡢゝືࡣࠊᕋ♋ࡢ㡿᭷ᶒࡸࠕ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊࠕ୰ᅜࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜᐙ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࠖ
㸦what sort of power China will become㸧ࢆ༨࠺ヨ㔠▼࡜࡞ࡾᚓࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ53ࠋ᧺㢌ࡍࡿ୰ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜ୺ᑟ࡛ᙧᡂࠊ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᅜ㝿つ๎࣭つ⠊ࢆᇶᮏⓗ࡟ཷࡅධࢀࡿࠕ⌧≧⥔ᣢࠖᚿྥࠊࡇࢀࢆᢤᮏⓗ࡟ᨵኚࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠕ⌧≧ᡴ◚ࠖᚿྥࡢఱࢀࡀඃໃ࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⡿ᅜࡀ࡝࠺⌮ゎࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᑐእᡓ␎࡟࡝࠺ྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࡀࠊᅜ㝿㛵ಀࡢᑗ᮶ࢆỴᐃⓗ࡟つᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ̿ ὀ ̿
1Patrick M. Cronin and Robert D. Kaplan, “Cooperation from Strength: U.S. Strategy and the South ChinaSea,” in Cronin, ed., Cooperation From Strength: The United States, China, and the South China Sea,
Center for a New American Security, January 2012, p. 7.
2U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2012 Report to Congress [௨ୗࠊUSCC2012 ࡜␎], p. 234.
3Cronin and Kaplan, “Cooperation from Strength,” p. 9.
4
Cronin and Kaplan, “Cooperation from Strength,” p. 9.
5
USCC2012, p. 229.
6ἢᓊྛᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ㡿᭷ᶒཬࡧ⟶㎄ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊUSCC2012, pp. 215, 217-218 ཬࡧ M. Taylor Fravel,“Maritime Security in the South China Sea and the Competition over Maritime Rights,” in Cronin, ed.,Cooperation from Strength, p. 34 ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᴫほࡋᚓࡿࠋ7
USCC2012, pp. 219-220; Cronin and Kaplan, “Cooperation from Strength,” p. 14.
8㜵⾨┬㜵⾨◊✲ᡤࠗ୰ᅜᏳ඲ಖ㞀࣏࣮ࣞࢺ 2011࠘㸦ᖹᡂ 24 ᖺ 12 ᭶㸧21㸫22 㡫ࠋEEZ ࡢἲⓗᛶ᱁－ 63 －第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㭯⏣㡰ࠕ᤼௚ⓗ⤒῭Ỉᇦ㸦EEZ㸧ࠖࠗእ஺࠘➨ 12 ྕ㸦ᖹᡂ 24 ᖺ 3 ᭶㸧ࡀཧ⪃࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
Fravel, “Maritime Security,” p. 34.
10㜵⾨┬㜵⾨◊✲ᡤ⦅ࠗᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ᡓ␎ᴫほ 2012࠘㸦ᖹᡂ 24 ᖺ 3 ᭶㸧131 㡫ࠋ
11࢟ࣕࣥ࣋ࣝ⡿ᅜົḟᐁ⿵ࡣࠊࠕᆅᇦࡀ⥭ᙇቑ኱ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞᫬ᮇ࡟ධࡗࡓࠖࡢࡣࠊṇ࡟ࠕ2007 ᖺࠖ ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKurt Campbell, “Testimony,” U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations,Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Maritime Territorial Disputes and Sovereignty Issues inAsia (hearings), September 20, 2012, p. 3.
12Robert Scher, “Testimony,” U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on East Asianand Pacific Affairs [௨ୗࠊMaritime Issues hearings ࡜␎], p. 2; Campbell, “Testimony,” p. 3.
13
Fravel, “Maritime Security,” pp. 36-37.
14࣐࣮ࢩ࢙ࣝ⡿ᅜົḟᐁ⿵௦⌮࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡀ⌧ࢀࡓࡢࡣࠕ2007 ᖺኟࠖࡔࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋ
Scot Marciel, “Testimony,” Maritime Issues hearings, p. 4. ᐇ㝿ࠊ୰ᅜࡣ 2007 ᖺཬࡧ 2008 ᖺࠊ࢚ࢡࢯ࣭࣮ࣥࣔࣅࣝཬࡧ BP ࡟ࡼࡿヨ᥀ࢆ೵ṆࡉࡏࡓࠋRichard P. Cronin, “Testimony,” Maritime Issues
hearings, p. 4.
15ణࡋࠊ௚ࡢἢᓊᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ୰ᅜ⁺⯪ࡢᣡᤕࡶ㢖⦾ࡔ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋFravel, “Maritime Security,” p. 38.
16
USCC2012, pp. 217-218.
17
ࢫ࣮࢝࣎ࣟ♋࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⥭ᙇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㜵⾨┬㜵⾨◊✲ᡤࠗ୰ᅜᏳ඲ಖ㞀࣏࣮ࣞࢺ 2012࠘㸦ᖹᡂ
24 ᖺ 12 ᭶㸧18㸫20 㡫ཬࡧ USCC2012, pp. 231-233 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ18
USCC2012, pp. 234-235.
19
Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Remarks at Press Availability,” National Convention Center, Hanoi, Vietnam,
July 23, 2010.
20
Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Remarks to the ASEAN Regional Forum,” Phnom Penh, Cambodia, July 12,2012. ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥࡣࠊ㡿᭷ᶒၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸༊ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㈨※ࡢࠕඹྠ᥈ᰝ࣭㛤Ⓨࠖ࡟ಀࡿ༠ᐃࢆྵࡴ᪂ࡋ࠸༠ຊⓗ࡞ྲྀࡾỴࡵࡢ᥈ồ࡟ࡶゝཬࡋࡓࠋ
21
Marciel, “Testimony,” pp. 3-4, 6-7.
22
Scher, “Testimony,” pp. 3-4.
23
Clinton, “Remarks at Press Availability.”24
Patrick Ventrell, “South China Sea,” U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesperson, August 3,
2012, <http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov>.
25
USCC2012, p. 238.
26
Leon E. Panetta, Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense, January 2012, p.
2.
27ࡓࡔࠊ⡿ẚ㛫ࡢ┦஫㜵⾨᮲⣙࡜༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⣮㆟࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆᕠࡿ⡿ᅜࡢ❧ሙࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅜົ┬ࡢἲᚊ㢳ၥࡣྠ᮲⣙ࡀ㡿ᅵ⣮த࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ゝࢆ㑊ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
USCC2012, p. 233.
28
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊNicholas John Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics:
The United States and the Balance of Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1942) ࡀྂ඾ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ29James A. Baker, III, “America in Asia: Emerging Architecture for a Pacific Century,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.
70, No. 5 (Winter 1991/92), pp. 3-4.
30
Sarah Raine, “Beijing’s South China Sea Debate,” Survival, Vol. 53, No. 5 (October-November 2011) ࡣࠊᾏ༡ᓥࡢᾏ㌷ᇶᆅࢆᕠࡿ≧ἣࢆྵࡵࠊ୰ᅜࡢ㌷஦ែໃࢆ┘どࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺⡿ᅜࡢḧồ̿̿ཬࡧ୰ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿࡑࡢᣄྰ̿̿ࢆࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⥭ᙇቑ኱ࡢせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦pp. 70-71㸧ࠋ31ࠕࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ໬ࠖ࡬ࡢゝཬࡣࠊCronin and Kaplan, “Cooperation from Strength,” pp. 7, 17 ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ32
Blumenthal, “Testimony,” p. 5.
33
Cronin and Kaplan, “Cooperation from Strength,” p. 14.
34
Blumenthal, “Testimony,” p. 5.
35Blumenthal, “Testimony,” p. 5. ణࡋࠊ୰ᅜࡣ̿̿ྎ‴ࡢేྜ࡟ᡂຌࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾ̿̿࢖ࣥࢻὒ࡟ᾏ㌷ຊࢆᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟ᢞᑕࡋᚓࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡲ࡛࡟㛗ᮇࢆせࡍࡿ࡜ண ࡉࢀࡿࠋMichael J. Green andAndrew Shearer, “Defining U.S. Indian Ocean Strategy,” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Spring2012), pp. 179-181.
36
Cronin and Kaplan, “Cooperation from Strength,” p. 14.
37
Robert J. Art, “The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul,” in Robert S.
Ross and Zhu Feng, eds., China’s Ascent: Power, Security, and the Future of International Politics (Ithaca,9－ 64 －第3章

南シナ海問題と米国の対外戦略

NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), p. 272.
Robert S. Ross, “China’s Naval Nationalism: Sources, Prospects, and the U.S. Response,” InternationalSecurity, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Fall 2009). ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ୰ᅜᾏ㌷ࡢቑᙉࡣࠕ⡿ᅜࡢᾏὒᏳ඲ಖ㞀࡟ᑐࡍࡿᣮᡓ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜᩿ゝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦p. 75㸧ࠋ39
Tetsuo Kotani, “Why China Wants South China Sea,” The Diplomat, July 18, 2011.
40
Leszek Buszynski, “The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.-China Strategic Rivalry,”
Washington Quarterly, 35-2 (Spring 2012), p. 146.
41
Fravel, “Maritime Security,” p. 40.
42
Shinzo Abe, “Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond,” December 27, 2012, <www.project-syndicate.org>.
43
Robert M. Gates, Nuclear Posture Review Report, April 2010, p. x.
44౛࠼ࡤࠊArt, “The United States and the Rise of China,” pp. 274-275, 283ࠊCharles Glaser, “Will China’sRise Lead to War?: Why Realism Does Not Mean Pessimism,” Foreign Affairs, 90-2 (March/April 2011),p. 83 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
45
Peter Dutton, “Testimony,” Maritime Issues hearings ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⥾⣙ᅜࠕ157 ࠿ᅜ୰⣙ 140 ࠿ᅜࠖࡀ⡿ᅜ࡟ྠពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦p. 6㸧
ࠋ
46
Fravel, “Maritime Security,” p. 35.
47
ࡲࡓࠊබᘧ࡟ࡣ⡿ᅜࡢ❧ሙࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔➼ࡶࠊỈ㠃ୗ࡛ࡣ୰ᅜࡢどᗙ࡬ࡢඹឤࢆ⾲᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋDutton, “Testimony,” pp. 6-7.
48
Scher, “Testimony,” p. 4.
49
USCC2012, p. 239.
50
Dutton, “Testimony,” p. 6ࠊ
ࠗ୰ᅜᏳ඲ಖ㞀࣏࣮ࣞࢺ 2011࠘21 㡫㸦ᘬ⏝ࡣᚋ⪅ࡼࡾ㸧ࠋ
51
Campbell, “Testimony,” p. 5.
52Michael Auslin, “Tipping Point in the Indo-Pacific,” American Interest, March/April 2011.
53
Raine, “Beijing’s South China Sea Debate,” p. 83.
38－ 65 －