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Japan-Asia CCUS Forum

Issues for commercialization of CCS- Long-term responsibility Oct. 6th, 2020
Japan NUS Co., Ltd.

Kishimoto, Yukio

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CCS required in the future
IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 ; Actions are needed to bridge the gap
between “Stated Policy Scenario” and “Sustainable Development Scenario“.

[IEA World Energy Outlook 2019]

In 2050, CCS is expected to reduce 2.8 billion t-CO2 globally toachieve the “Sustainable Development Scenario”.
Oct. 6th, 2020

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CCS required in the future
In 1.5 oC-scenario in the IPCC Special Report,

Total CO2 emission reduction by CCS until 2100 : 348 Gt-CO2

4.4 billion t-CO2/year on average from 2020
Required CO2 emission reduction by CCS in the future

2.8 - 4.4 billion t-CO2/year

Large Amount !
Japan : 100 million t-CO2/year ???
Oct. 6th, 2020

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Who implements CCS ?
CCS should be implemented
commercially by the private sector
to achieve billions tons of emission reduction.

There are two big issues for privatecompanies to implement CCS; Financial incentives (e.g. Carbon Pricing) Reasonable and realistic long-term responsibility
Oct. 6th, 2020

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What is ‘Long-term responsibility’ ?
Site (reservoir) management after CO2 injection
to ensure storing CO2 underground safely and completely

 By whom?

Until when?

 Private companies would not implement any CCS
project if everlasting responsibility for stored CO2

is required.

 It is rational and realistic to manage the storage site
only for a specific period.

Specific period… How long in other countries?
Oct. 6th, 2020

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5Long-term responsibility（Liability）
Overviews

Country / Region

USA

At least 50 years in principle. However, if there is sufficientevidence that the project no longer poses an endangerment tounderground drinking water sources, the site can be closed even
before 50 years (End of management responsibility)
No shorter than 20 years in principle

EU

Financial obligations ; The operator should provide the country with anamount to cover the monitoring costs for at least 30 years
The long-term responsibility of the operator is approximately 20

Australiayears (The competent minister will issue a site closure certificate
within 5 years after the completion of injection, and, the federal
government will monitor for at least 15 years after closure)
Oct. 6th, 2020

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Long-term responsibility（Liability）
Two major issues on CCS projects in Japan

1. No law or regulation for onshore CCS in Japan;

It does not mean onshore CCS projects could be implemented without
regulation, but onshore CCS projects are impossible due to lack of regulation.

2. Offshore CCS (storage under the seabed) ;Operators are required to take everlasting responsibility forstored CO2.

What is a regulatory framework in closure ofwaste disposal sites in Japan?
Oct. 6th, 2020

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Long-term responsibility（Liability）
In the case of final disposal sites (wastelandfill) in Japan, operators could close afinal disposal site and be exempted fromresponsibility for managing the site only
when it is confirmed that monitoring results
meet the technical standards in the law.

This means････
Oct. 6th, 2020

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8Long-term responsibility（Liability）
No need to keep site management if:→ no risk on conservation of living environments without any regular
maintenance at the site.
→ no adverse effect of leachate and gas from the site on the environment.

Technical standards;

Soils of the reclaimed land is regarded as chemically and physically stable if:(1)The quality of retained water in the land meets the standards.
(2)The amount of gas from the land is very little.
(3)The underground temperature of the land is not high.

 This regulation is based on the idea that reclaimed wastes return tonatural soil and then the site can be used as a new land.
 The governor keeps the records on the location of the waste landfill
site.
Oct. 6th, 2020

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9Long-term responsibility（Liability）
Some of technical standards for final disposal site closure(In the case of controlled landfill sites for domestic and industrial wastes)
1) The final disposal site meets the structural standards.
… 2)Offensive odor, 3)Fire, 4)Insect pest

5) The monitoring results of groundwater, etc. meet the water quality standards,
and no tendency is shown that they will not meet the standards in the future.
6) By the water quality monitoring of the following items for 2 years or more, it isconfirmed that the retained water meets the effluent water standards, etc.
(1) Runoff water quality etc. (at least once every 6 months)(2) Hydrogen ion concentration(pH), biochemical oxygen demand(BOD),
chemical oxygen demand(COD), suspended solid(SS). (at least once every
3 months)…7)Gas generation, 8)Internal temperature, 9) Closing the opening, 10) Cover

11) There is no obstacle to conserve living environments at the time.

Oct. 6th, 2020

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Long-term responsibility（Liability）
Finally, Private companies cannot take a risk if eternal responsibility
for stored CO2 is imposed after injection.
＝ It is difficult to implement CCS project as a business.
 In other advanced countries, the period for managing thestorage site is about 20 to 50 years.
 Even final waste disposal sites, which may have a larger
impact on the environment than CCS, can be closed by meetingthe standards in Japan.

In order to commercialize domestic CCS projects after2030, it is necessary to discuss immediately the issue of
long-term responsibility for stored CO2.
Oct. 6th, 2020

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thank you for your attention.

Oct. 6th, 2020

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