OctaSpace White Paper
OctaSpace Team
June 11, 2023

Contents
1 Introduction

3

2 Architecture
2.1 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Layer 1 network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Layer 2 network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Blockchain gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 OCTA CORE and Application Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Resource Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 API and UI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3 Nodes
3.1 Hardware and software requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4 Services
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4.1 GPU marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3 HashCache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4 Distributed Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5 Instant File Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Monetary Policy

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6 Staking13
6.1 Reward distribution scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1

Abstract
OctaSpace is a decentralized cloud computing platform built on blockchain technology.
It allows individuals and businesses to rent out their unused computing resources in exchange for cryptocurrency payments, creating a more cost-effective and sustainable alternative to traditional cloud computing services.
OctaSpace’s unique reward system incentivizes node owners to provide reliable services and maintain the
network, while also providing benefits to OCTA coin holders. The platform’s staking mechanism allows coinholders to earn additional rewards by locking their coins and participating in network validation.
OctaSpace aims to disrupt the cloud computing industry by providing a secure, transparent, and decentralized solution that benefits both users and providers.

21Introduction

The backbone of the internet infrastructure is controlled by cloud compute providers that process and store
essentially the entire world’s data.
With a handful of providers gaining more share each year, the cost of compute will only continue to rise, reducing
the number of services that can operate.
To address this, OctaSpace takes a distinct approach by utilizing spare unused compute across the globe tobuild a scalable distributed compute system that presents itself to users as a unified entity.
With centralization, the need for redundancies also spreads, which increases costs and resources. These weaknesses can be avoided by utilizing spare unused compute across the globe.
It’s essential to have the system with unified interfaces and coherent behavior, providing a single entry point
for the end-users’ interactions similar to how cloud providers operate today.
With OctaSpace, you can harness the power of CPU, GPU, storage, and traffic resources from Octa nodes
across the world to tackle compute-heavy tasks.
By utilizing your spare hardware, it’s possible to generate income by acting as a host and renting out your
CPU/GPU or traffic.
The hardware required for this can range from basic, low-performance devices or inexpensive VPS to advanced
mining rigs and carrier-grade servers located within data centers.
OctaSpace’s features and goals:• Utilize a powerful of Hybrid 51% attack proof blockchain to increase transparency.
• Provide easy-to-use interface for describing nodes and executing tasks and marketplace for renting computer focusing on GPU instances• Provide infrastructure to deploy applications and databases mostly close to end-users• Implement a VPN marketplace using popular VPN technologies• Implement distributed data storage and use it as a backbone for CDN service• Increase OctaSpace accessibility globally
OctaSpace’s focus:• Machine Learning• CGI rendering• Digital image processing• Scientific modeling• Data storing and distributing• VPN technologies• Other tasks/fields which require massive computation power to get be solved

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2

Architecture

The following picture shows the core components and interfaces

Figure 1: High Level Architecture

2.1

Blockchain

OctaSpace employs a multi-layered blockchain system to provide a secure and efficient platform for users.
At its core is a Layer 1 PoW blockchain, secured using the pirl 51% guard technique, which provides robust protection against network attacks. In addition, OctaSpace uses a Layer 2 PoA blockchain, based on validators, tospeed up transactions for billing operations without compromising the security of the Layer 1 blockchain.
By using this Layer 2 PoA blockchain, OctaSpace can process a high volume of transactions quickly andefficiently for billing operations such as charging users for the services they have used.
The platform’s innovative blockchain architecture demonstrates its commitment to providing a secure and stable
platform for its users, while ensuring fast and efficient billing transactions. Overall, OctaSpace’s blockchain
infrastructure is a testament to its focus on security and efficiency, providing a reliable and scalable solution for
distributed computing.

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2.2

Layer 1 network

OctaSpace’s Layer 1 network is Proof-of-Work (PoW[8]) blockchain used for frontend user financial operations
using the native coin OCTA.
Network based on go-ethereum[4] codebase with the following specification:• Block time is 15 seconds• Total supply is 48 000 000 coins• Block reward and halving implemented according to Monenary policy• PirlGuard is used as protection mechanism from 51% attack• Transaction fee is 21 Gwei
To ensure a fair and transparent network without any premine or presale, OctaSpace designed its network withan equitable distribution of rewards. The genesis difficulty was set at 100Gh, preventing the instant allocationof rewards

2.3

Layer 2 network

OctaSpace employs a Layer 2 PoA network that serves as a side chain for the Layer 1 network.
This PoA network is used for internal transactions related to the node services and is supported by a set ofvalidators.
The Layer 2 network is designed to handle high-frequency, high-usage operations with lightning-fast performanceand seamless operation. This translates to reduced operational costs, speedy transactions, and a massive boost
in charging operations throughput for OctaSpace.
By utilizing this Layer 2 PoA network, OctaSpace can ensure fast and efficient processing of internal transactions,allowing for a smoother user experience and improved overall platform performance.

2.4

Blockchain gateways

OctaSpace Blockchain Gateways provide a unified API for the OCTA CORE layer to work with both blockchain
networks.
The gateways’ API is private and not accessible from outside the OctaSpace platform.

2.5

OCTA CORE and Application Layer

The OCTA CORE and Application Layer serves as the engine of the system, seamlessly handling all requests forcompute rentals and providing an interface for creating services on top of resources provided by nodes.
It communicates with the nodes and user applications, making it effortless for users to access and use theresources.
Other core engine operations of the OCTA CORE and Application Layer include:• Communicating with nodes, monitoring and low-level interaction• Handle requests for computing resources• Provide interface for creating services on a top of resources provided by nodes• Services usage charging and billing operations• Provide API for automation or integration with third party systems• Implementing fraud control• Generating statistics and telemetry of system usage

2.6

Resource Layer

OCTA Chain is a powerful blockchain network, but the primary goal of the project is to provide practicalapplications and to bridge the gap between those who have computational resources and those who need them.
This is where Octa nodes come in.

5This layer consist of hardware(nodes) connected to the OctaSpace cloud.
These hardware nodes are connected to the OctaSpace cloud and form the foundation of our compute andservices marketplace, providing the necessary computational power to meet the demands of various tasks andservices.
The nodes are equipped with a blend of CPUs, GPUs, memory, and disk space that allows them to handle distributed workloads with ease. OctaSpace seamlessly connects these nodes together to deliver optimal
performance and efficiency.
Machines with powerful GPUs can perform AI/ML tasks, while common machines can act as VPN gateways
or provide disk storage for services like file sharing or host applications deployed by users.

2.7

API and UIThe following interfaces are available for interacting with the system:• Web applicaton with user-friendly interface accessible at https://cube.octa.space• RESTful API• An octactl command-line utility that provide user friendly interface to RESTful API

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3

Nodes

A node is a Linux machine with special software installed, called ORC, which enables OCTA CORE to establish
a secure communication channel with the node.
The communication between OCTA CORE and ORC is done in an RPC[9]-like manner, and a secure channel
is implemented using the HTTPS[5] protocol, with each request being validated using a security token.

Figure 2: Secure communication channel
ORC is responsible for the following activities:• Detecting installed hardware suchas CPU, GPUs, RAM, volume of disk storage• Collecting metrics about hardware usage, suhc as free/used disk/ram space, CPU and GPU load, temperature and fans speed• Manage Docker[2] containers and Firecracker[3] microVMs
There are two types of nodes: blockchain and service
The blockchain node supports the OCTA Layer 1 blockchain by running network node software, which makes
the network more stable, distributed, more latency fair, and speeds up synchronization.
The service node provides resources that are used to implement services for end-users.

3.1

Hardware and software requirements

To cover a wide range of supported hardware, node software can be installed on any machine with x86 64[11]or ARM[1] architecture.
In order to run the node, the hardware must meet the minimum system requirements, which are as follows: 1
CPU, 1 Gb of RAM, and 10Gb of free disk space.
However, the requirements for hardware may vary depending on the intended purpose of the node. For instance,a node that provides only VPN services may only need to meet the minimum requirements. Conversely, nodes
that are designed to perform AI/ML tasks will require powerful GPUs connected with a high bandwidth PCIeinterface, as well as ample disk storage.
It’s worth noting that both NVIDIA and AMD GPUs are supported by the system.
To determine the performance of a node, the following measurements are taken:• Network upload/download speed• Disk write speed• GPU performance using AI benchmark (only for NVIDIA)
These performance metrics help users to choose the hardware they need for their tasks.
The node software can be installed on any Linux distribution; however, we primarily focus on Ubuntu LTS or
Debian as the recommended operating systems.
Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) has limited support.

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3.2

Security

Security is of utmost importance to us, and we take various measures to eliminate possible security risks forusers running our software ORC on their machines.
We follow a set of rules and guidelines to ensure the security of our system, which includes:• Open-sourcing ORC, which allows for audits by other people to ensure that the software does not haveany malicious code
• Keeping code base of ORC as small as possible for ease of auditing• Running node software under a non-privileged user and not granting any permissions that are not needed
for its operation• Regular software updates to ensure that the latest security patches are applied. Along with comprehensive
testing of software to detect and address any potential security issues
These measures are in place to ensure that our users can have peace of mind when using our system, and theirdata and resources are secure.
We take the security of our users very seriously and are continuously working to improve our system’s security
features.

3.3

Verification

Verification is critical to ensuring that the node infrastructure operates smoothly and reliably, which is essential
for providing high-quality services to end-users. Every new node that joins the OctaSpace cloud must be verified
and confirmed to meet the necessary requirements to provide services.
Periodic re-verification checks are conducted on verified nodes. It is therefore essential to monitor the status ofyour nodes to avoid them being changed to an unverified status.
The checks performed to ensure that the node is properly configured may include, but are not limited to:• Meeting minimum hardware requirements• Synchronized system clock• All necessary network ports are open
• Correct installation of the GPU driver
The list of checks will be expanding in the future to ensure even greater accuracy and reliability.
The following restrictions are applied for the unverified nodes:• Unable to provide services• Unable to participate in staking staking

84Services

At OctaSpace, we are committed to providing innovative and practical services to address the needs of endusers. Our range of services includes solutions for everyday problems, from simple file sharing between friends
to performing complex calculations, and more. Our team is continually striving to bring new and cutting-edge
services to our users, and we are excited to share some of our existing and upcoming services with you.
Our services have been designed with end-users in mind, and we believe they will have significant practicalapplications in their daily lives. We are constantly improving and evolving our offerings to meet the changing
needs of our users. Our goal is to provide our users with an exceptional experience and to offer services thatmake their lives easier and more efficient.

4.1

GPU marketplace

OctaSpace offers a unique GPU marketplace where users can rent or rent out GPU compute power. Our GPU
rental service provides users with the ability to leverage powerful GPUs for tasks in AI/ML, CGI rendering, andother fields that require high-performance computing. Our support for both NVIDIA and AMD GPUs expands
the range of tasks that can be tackled.
Users can securely access their rented GPU instances through the SSH protocol, and also have the optionof using Jupyter[6]and LiveBook[7] systems for interactive access. By combining rented GPU instances into acluster, users can develop and execute distributed programs. For instance, users can use TensorFlow or PyTorchfor distributed training of ML models.
Our aim is to empower users with the resources they need to solve complex problems and accelerate theirprojects by providing powerful and flexible GPU rental options.

4.2

VPN

OCTA VPN[10] offers a variety of key benefits to its users. One of the main advantages is its ease of setup,
which is made possible by utilizing non-modified and open-source software that is compatible with a wide rangeof platforms.
Additionally, users have the flexibility to choose from a variety of VPN technologies to suit their needs, including:• WireGuard• ShadowSocks• OpenVPN
There are also no limitations on the number of devices that can be connected simultaneously.
To add to that, the billing model is pay-as-you-go, which means you are billed only for the amount of data you
use. This gives you complete control over your usage and costs.
Service don’t any logging of the user traffic or DNS requests.
In the future more VPN types will be added, including some to bypass China’s golden shield (Great Firewallof China).
With OCTA VPN, we aim to provide users with a reliable, flexible, and cost-effective VPN solution that meets
their specific needs and preferences.

4.3

HashCache

HashCache is a powerful password recovery service that can perform cracking operations on a large scale. The
system utilizes multiple nodes that work together in a coordinated way to speed up the cracking process. By
dividing the cracking workload among the nodes, HashCache can efficiently crack passwords and perform otherrelated operations much faster than a single machine ever could.
HashCache is highly configurable and can be optimized for different types of cracking operations, including
dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and others. This flexibility enables users to tailor the service to their
specific needs, making it an excellent tool for both security professionals and individuals who want to recover
lost or forgotten passwords.

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Overall, HashCache provides a powerful and efficient solution for password cracking that can help users savetime and effort. By harnessing the power of multiple nodes working together, HashCache provides a highly
scalable and customizable service that can meet the needs of a wide range of users.

4.4

Distributed Rendering

OctaSpace offers a distributed rendering service that enables content creators and studios to render massive
video edits quickly and economically. This service utilizes the power of multiple nodes working together in acoordinated manner to accelerate the rendering process. By dividing the workload among the nodes, they canwork in parallel on different parts of the rendering task, significantly reducing the time and cost required tocomplete the process.
Our distributed rendering service is highly configurable and optimized for different types of rendering tasks,
whether it is video editing or CGI rendering. Our team continually strives to improve the service to meet thechanging needs of our users. With OctaSpace’s distributed rendering service, content creators and studios can
produce high-quality content faster and more cost-effectively.

4.5

Instant File Sharing

OctaSpace offers a secure and convenient solution for file sharing through its Instant Secure File Sharing service.
This service provides a user-friendly interface for uploading files and generating a short link that can be easily
shared with others.
Once the file is downloaded, it is completely deleted, ensuring the confidentiality of your data.
Key benefits of our Instant Secure File Sharing service include:• Encryption of all files to protect the confidentiality of your data
• The ability to set an expiration date, after which the file will be automatically deleted to ensure your dataremains secure• Simple RESTful API for seamless integration with your existing systems
With our Instant Secure File Sharing service, you can easily and securely share files with others, withoutworrying about the privacy and security of your data.

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5

Monetary Policy

OCTA is the primary payment instrument and the currency used to pay for the services provided by OctaSpace,
as well as rewards to node owners and dividend payments for OCTA holders.
In order to maintain stable inflation levels, OctaSpace implements a finite monetary policy.
The policy consists of a series of eras, each with a set duration and total coin supply. The block reward for each
era is gradually reduced, as shown in Table 1, to decrease inflation and ensure a controlled supply of OCTA
tokens.
In summary, the finite monetary policy ensures that the supply of OCTA tokens remains stable and controlled,
while also providing rewards to those who contribute to the network through mining and staking. The gradualreduction of block rewards in each era helps to decrease inflation and maintain a healthy token economy for the
long-term benefit of the OctaSpace community.
Era

Start block

Total

Miner

Staking

Dev

Octa
Arcturus
Oldenburg
Zagami
Springwater
PolarisMahasim
Dnepr
BlackeyeVega
Triangulum1
650 000
1 000 000
1 500 000
2 000 000
2 500 000
3 000 000
4 000 000
6 000 000
8 000 000
10 000 000

8
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5
4
2.5
2.25
2

6.5
5
4
3.5
3
2.8
2.3
1.85
1.2
1.10
1

0
1.5
2
2.5
3
2.8
2.3
1.75
1
0.85
0.7

1.5
1.5
1.5
1
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3

Table 1: Reward distribution according to era
This policy should decrease inflation by changing amount of block reward dependents of era.

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Era

Start dateEnd date

Total coins

Duration

Octa
Arcturus
Oldenburg
Zagami
Springwater
PolarisMahasim
Dnepr
BlackeyeVega
Triangulum

Jun 19 2022
Sep 26 2022
Nov 18 2022
Feb 01 2023
Apr 16 2023
Jun 29 2023
Sep 12 2023
Feb 08 2024
Dec 03 2024
Sep 27 2025
Jul 23 2026

Sep 26 2022
Nov 11 2022
Feb 01 2023
Apr 16 2023
Jun 29 2023
Sep 12 2023
Feb 08 2024
Dec 03 2024
Sep 27 2025
Jul 23 2026
May 18 2027

5 200 000
2 800 000
3 750 000
3 500 000
3 250 000
3 000 000,
5 000 000
8 000 000
5 000 000
4 500 000
4 000 000

≈69 days≈53 days≈75 days≈74 days≈74 days≈74 days≈149 days≈298 days≈298 days≈298 days≈298 days

Table 2: Approximate calculation of era timeline and reward distribution

Figure 3: Supply and Daily emissions

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6

Staking

OctaSpace introduces a staking mechanism to incentivize holding of the OCTA currency. This mechanism allows
users to lock a certain amount of coins and run a node to receive rewards. To activate staking, the following
requirements must be met:
• Collateral - 100 000 OCTA
• Node reliability for the last 30 days ≥ 75%• Node must be verified
To begin staking, you need an address wallet with sufficient funds and link it to an existing node. Rewards will
be sent to the provided wallet. However, if the system detects a balance lower than the collateral, staking will
be disabled for that wallet-node pair for several rounds.
By staking, users help secure the network and promote its stability. Additionally, stakers have the potential toearn passive income through rewards and dividends.

6.1

Reward distribution scheme

The project’s billing period lasts for one week, or seven days.
Assuming that block time is always 15 seconds, the amount of blocks mined would be:• 1 minute - 4• 1 hour - 240• 1 day - 5760
• 7 days - 40320• 30 days - 172800
We will use the reward amount for the Arcturus and Oldenburg eras to calculate; 1.5 OCTA from each block
goes to the staking fund.
In total, 60480 OCTA will be mined in 1 week.
Let’s say 10 nodes are in operation; the 60480 OCTA will be shared between them in the following proportion:• 60% (base reward) - 36240 OCTA, 3624 for each node
• 20% (gpu reward) - 12080 OCTA, 1208 for each node which provide renting service with GPU• 10% (vpn reward) - 6040 OCTA, 604 for each node which provide VPN service• 10% (rent reward) - 6040 OCTA, 604 for each node which provide renting service
If there are no nodes to which 40% of coins (except for the base reward) can be distributed, the coins willremain in the staking fund for the next round.
The most profitable scenario is to have a node with a GPU that provides both services. Such a node will receive
6040 OCTA per week, as well as additional payments for service usage.
Using the current scheme, we can calculate a minimal monthly return on investment (ROI) as follows:
ROI =M
M onthReward/Collateral ∗ 100
=
∗ 60
N
100

Where MonthReward is 172800 blocks multiply by staking reward according to current era.
N is amount of nodes participated in staking, for example 10.
Therefore the minimal ROI for Arcturus and Oldenburg eras will be:
ROI =172800/100000 ∗ 100
17.28=∗ 60 = 10.36%
10
100

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References[1] ARM architecture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family.
[2] Docker. https://www.docker.com.
[3] Firecracker. https://firecracker-microvm.github.io.
[4] Go implementation of the Ethereum protocol. https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum.
[5] HTTP Over TLS. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2818.
[6] JupyterLab. https://jupyter.org.
[7] LiveBook. https://livebook.dev.
[8] Proof of Work. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work.
[9] Remote Procedure Call. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_procedure_call.
[10] Virtual Private Network. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network.
[11] x86-64 architecture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64.

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