(2)現場における実践とそれを支えうる技術
Development and Implementation of REDD Activities in the United Republic of Tanzania
Evarist Nashanda (Tanzania Forest Services Minisitry of Natural Resources and Tourism)

This is my presentation outlines.

I know some of you might not know the location of my country,

so I will take you back home and you will see where Tanzania is located, background, and then
REDD+ readiness in Tanzania. I will also talk about institutional structure and coordination ofREDD+ activities; the national REDD+ strategy which is under development. I will talk also
about stakeholders’ consultations and communication, REDD+ pilot projects across Tanzania,
baseline establishment, monitoring, reporting and verification; as well as capacity building program
within the country regarding the REDD+ and climate change in general; the national REDD+
safeguard system that we envisage to put in place; and then identify the challenges so far.

Tanzania is in East Africa. It is bordering about eight countries, including the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania politically is a fairly stable country.

For the past 2 decades, the government has

attempted to curb problem of deforestation and forest degradation by instituting policies that
promote community forest management aiming at producing sufficient amount of forest products
and service to meet both demand and promoting forest contribution to global conservation.

139

Participatory forest management is an overall term for decentralized forest management models; agenuine shift of management over forest resources from government to local communities. There
are two distinct setup of participatory forest management.
One is that we call community-based forest management which takes place in village land. In
Tanzania, we have three categories of land. One is village land. The other one is protected land
where you find most of forest reserves, national parks and game reserves as well as municipalities
and cities. But again, we have a third category of land, which we call general land, is like a freeaccess.

It has no legal protection.

The villagers take full ownership and management

responsibilities. Villagers collect forest royalty from sales of forest products.
The other type of management is called the joint forest management.

This takes place ingovernment forest reserves and is a collaborative management approach; divides managementresponsibility between the government and the communities. The community gets user rights
through signing of formalized management agreements.

As you might know, Tanzania has signed and ratified a number of international agreements andmany conventions including UNFCCC. Under REDD+ mechanisms, developing countries would,
on voluntary basis, aim to reduce the rate at which their forest are being lost compared to baseline.
As you have heard, most speakers have talked about this really and well.

Tanzania seesparticipatory forest management approach as a vehicle or an entry point for the implementation ofREDD+ activities as community-owned forests resources in their village lands.

140

Come into REDD+ readiness in Tanzania; in April 2008, Tanzania and Norway partnership onclimate change and forest, a bilateral agreement was entered through a letter of intent. The area offocus in this partnership is REDD+ policy development processes; public, private and community
piloting REDD mechanisms and action; research, training and education on REDD; institutional
development including MRV system development; development of REDD financing mechanisms
which are performance-based; and about $83 million is earmarked for REDD+ readiness phase andthis includes some pilot activities.

The issue of institutional structure and the coordination of REDD activity in the country; the Vice
President’s Office Division of Environment is responsible for coordinating REDD-related activities.
The apex body is the National Climate Change Steering Committee.

The members are 13ministries, the permanent secretaries of 13 key ministries. Also in place is the National Climate
Change Technical Committee. This is comprised of directors of the key ministries and also they
have representative from NGO and private sectors, as well as some experts.

The National

REDD+ Task Force is guiding the REDD+ Strategy formulation process and is facilitated by theInstitute of Resource Assessment at University of Dar es Salaam.

141

The National REDD+ Task Force was formed in January 2009 and has been broadened toformation of five REDD+ Technical Working Groups. These groups are cross section in natureand comprised of government institutions, central government and local government, as well asprivate sector, academia, civil society organization, forest-dependent communities.

These

Technical Working Groups are focusing on REDD. They are focusing on MRV system. The
other one is focusing on policy, legal, governance, and the REDD+ safeguards.

The othertechnical working group is focusing on financial mechanism for REDD+. The other group isfocusing on energy drivers, as this is the most severe area in Tanzania. And also, they arefocusing on agricultural drivers.
The National Carbon Monitoring Center with the National Carbon Accounting System for Tanzania
will be established soon to coordinate REDD MRV system in Tanzania. In conjunction withNCMC130 establishment, the establishment of Forest Carbon Trust Fund is ongoing. The fundwill ensure equitable and fair distribution of benefits accruing from any carbon trade.

I will talk about the national REDD+ strategy. The strategy development process has undergone
three phases.
Phase I was preliminary analytical phase.

This phase involved scoping studies to identify

potential REDD+ in Tanzania, access capacities of REDD+ implementation, and to identify gaps
and issues to be addressed.
130

National Carbon Monitoring Center142

The second phase is a strategic analysis and piloting. A number of in-depth studies and pilot
projects were commissioned. For example, one which we commissioned was on policy, legal andinstitution framework review for REDD. All our legal frameworks and policy frameworks werein-depth reviewed.
Consolidation phase of the strategy involved stakeholders’ workshops which were done to share thedraft strategy, comments from different groups were incorporated and improve the strategy. Thestrategy which I am talking about has 10 key result areas, activities and indicators. For example,
the first key result area is on how MRV system will be addressed. The last key result area is on
how drivers of deforestation and degradation will be addressed.

On the stakeholders’ consultation and communication, the consultation at national and the local
level and with civil society began in 2009. As a result, National REDD+ Strategy formulation
framework was developed and is being used to develop Draft National REDD+ Strategy. This is abooklet which has guidelines. A plan to follow up on consultation during REDD+ readiness phasehas been developed and adhered to. Tanzania has also developed its REDD website.

It iswww.reddtz.org. All the in-depth studies have been uploaded into this website. If you like, youcan go and look.
The Draft National REDD+ Strategy is ready and will be subjected to both participation of more
stakeholders and social and environmental safeguards. We believe that the consultation has notbeen enough because the country is big.

Therefore, the strategy will also be subjected to more

stakeholders’ participation.

143

On the REDD pilot project across Tanzania, we have nine pilot projects. All these are NGO based.
You have, for example, Jane Goodall Institute in western Tanzania.

You have Tanzania

Traditional Energy Development organization working in central Tanzania.

African Wildlife

Foundation is an American NGO, but is based in southern highlands, Tanzania. You have CARE
Tanzania, Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, etcetera.

These pilot projects are doing some activities.

For example, they are preparing village land use

plans and village forest management plans. You cannot have REDD project without having
boundaries. Preparation of village land use plans is very important. Building capacity towards
understanding of REDD mechanism in view of participating in future carbon trade.

Datacollection for both carbon measurement and socio-economic is focusing on establishing ofbaselines. Awareness raising on free, prior and informed consent of REDD+ activities. You
have piloting REDD+ payment system. Jane Goodall Institute, Tanzania Forest Conservation
Group and TATEDO are piloting some payment system. Development of equitable and effective
communities’ forest management strategy.

Some of the NGOs initiated schemes to reducecharcoal production. Charcoal production is a very big problem as far as Tanzania is concernedand as far as energy is concerned. There is information sharing and networking up to the village
level.

Formation and capacitate institutional framework for REDD+ implementation atcommunity level.
As you can see in the picture; people are discussing how to mark their boundaries, land use plans.
You have, for example, area set for carbon projects, irrigation scheme, forest conservation andothers.

144On baseline establishment, monitoring, reporting, verification; Tanzania has begun to establish
participatory and functional MRV system to monitor deforestation and forest degradation. Also,
the monitoring system will be implemented at the national, sub-national and local level.

Asprevious speakers have said, this is a implementation of monitoring system at different levels. A
total of 850 permanent sample plots have been geo-referenced for future monitoring under National
Forest Resource Monitoring and Assessment Project. The MRV system will also monitor rural
livelihoods, conservation of biodiversity, key governance factors related to REDD implementation,
and assess the impact of REDD Strategy in the forest sector.

The REDD Strategy does not bring on positive impact alone. They will come with negative
impact like grabbing land for poor. I think the safeguard system will check for that. As you cansee, you have sample plot.

The green ones are the permanent and are about 3400 sample clusters

for measuring different aspects of forests.

This is the inventory design.

There are 850

permanent sample clusters and approximately 5000 household interviews in there to get somesocial economic key data.

145

Development of reference scenario; these nine pilot projects and the additional work by thisNAFORMA131, the project that I was talking about, will provide useful information on MRVbaseline data for carbon stock and socio-economic. NAFORMA project is instrumental as far asdevelopment of reference scenarios are concerned in Tanzania. Already, three-quarter of sample
plots have been measured to support development of reference scenario and the monitoring system,
especially the formation of National Carbon Monitoring Center and the National Carbon
Accounting System.

The capacity building; the country has developed the training and research program. It involves
about five Tanzanian institutions and some three Norwegian institutions. They are conducting thiscalled Climate Change Impact Adaptation and Mitigation Program. Up to the end of the project,
15 Ph.D.s will be produced, 15 Master of Science on climate change and REDD-related aspects.
There are ongoing 15 research projects within the program. Also, there is a capacity building for
Tanzania Forest Services staff on many aspects like remote sensing, GIS, mapping and theLiDAR132 technology. Actually, the LiDAR technology will be tested in Tanzania.

131

National Forestry Resources Monitoring and Assessment: http://www.fao.org/forestry/17847/en/tza/

132

Light Detection and Ranging

146

On the national safeguard system for REDD+; although REDD+ is envisaged to bring about
positive impact, it is also potential for negative impact as I said earlier. There is an issue ofownership of land, issue of ownership of carbon, food security and etcetera. According to Cancun
Agreement, each country will craft its own safeguards in conformity with international policy
framework; the national safeguard system to be credible and approved by at international level.
The safeguard built under cross-stakeholder consensus and to be operative. Then, in Tanzania, it
was decided that all our existing national safeguards policy and legal framework will be reviewed
or has been reviewed. Also, we shall review international safeguard; for example UNFCCC
guidelines, SESA133 World Bank, SES134 of CCBA135 and CARE, UN-REDD safeguards.

Allthese will be reviewed and then come up with comprehensive national REDD safeguards. We
have already conducted a training of core groups that will lead the process. We really need to gethold of ownership of the whole process.

There are some challenges.

As you are aware, the REDD has high transaction costs frommeasurement, reporting, whatever. Baselines are difficult to set. They need some technology.
Measuring of carbon is also a problem.

People are waiting for REDD money.

It is not coming

and they keep on asking when will REDD+ take off. We have so many slogans of participatory
forest management. People are somehow losing hope. There is a question of leakage at project
133

Strategic Environment and Social Assessment

134

Social & Environmental Standards: http://www.redd-standards.org/

135

Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance147

level or the national level.

Will REDD benefit outweigh opportunity costs?
of the drivers of the deforestation.

This is a very big question. We have seen some

They are clearing forest, engaging in agriculture, making

charcoal. Charcoal making is a very very big problem.
have people residing the forest.

You have cut in forest reserves. YouYou have illegal transport.

You have people constructing

structures in mangrove forest, so they are clearing.

You have the issue of fire. It is a problem. You have a problem about gold mining in water
sources. It is a very big problem now with the poverty escalating, illegal timber and etcetera.

148

The big issue is that the government stops these people doing those activities. They are cutting
trees so that they can make gainings but we are stopping them without any alternative. But people
in urban areas are very huge. Some REDD strategic option related to fuel wood, improving fuelproduction and the fuel consumption. There is some intervention.

149