Gary Dendo

America in Motion
アメリカの過去・現在・未来を読む

Edited with notes
byMasako Dendo

Foreword
This textbook was written with the aim of introducing a unique cross sectionof people that helped make the United States the nation it is, and topics thatdeal with the diverse character of American society. The people presented in
the chapters range from the unknown to the instantly recognizable. There isthe courageous woman who risked her life again and again to help black slaves
escape to freedom, the illegal alien who overcame unbelievable odds to become arespected brain surgeon, and the man who seemingly came out of nowhere to become the first black president of the United States. In addition, several chaptersdeal with the experiences and contributions of immigrants who brought theirown unique cultures to America. Finally, this textbook will also present fresh
insights on long debated issues as well as the latest information on recent socialtrends. With each chapter completed, students will come away with a broadened
and deeper understanding of the mosaic that is American society.
The second goal of this textbook is to expose students to authentic languagethat they would encounter in the real world. A broad range of vocabulary andover 100 commonly used idioms, phrasal verbs and English sayings appear in
the readings, and are reviewed in the exercises and review quizzes. It is written to help develop a working knowledge of vocabulary and phrases that appear
in examinations, textbooks, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. The
comprehension questions, vocabulary and useful phrase exercises also provide
excellent TOEFL and TOEIC practice.
Some of the words and phrases that appear in the Notes are reviewed in theExercises at the end of each chapter. They include expressions which frequently
appear in daily usage and reading materials. The Exercises consist of multiple
choice comprehension questions, a summary and vocabulary exercise, and a useful phrase exercise. Review Quizzes are also provided to further reinforce comprehension, vocabulary and expressions.
The people and topics presented in this textbook represent just a small crosssection of American society. It is hoped this textbook will inspire students tofurther explore the variety and depth of American culture on their own.
Finally, this textbook would not have been possible without the expertise of
Seibido’s Toshiko Kobayashi and Kenji Suzuki. Their invaluable assistance isdeeply appreciated.
3はしがき
このテキストは、アメリカの多様性に富んだ社会の断面を反映する人々と現在アメリカが直面するトピックを読者に紹介することを目的としています。本書で取り上げている人々は無名の人から誰もが知っている有名人にまで及びます。何度も自分の命を危険にさらして黒人奴隷たちを自由へと導いた勇気ある女性、想像を絶するような苦難を乗り越えて有名な脳外科医にまでなった不法滞在者、そして突然どこからともなく現れてアメリカ初の黒人大統領になった男性。さらに、アメリカにそれぞれ独自の文化を持ち込んだ移民たちの体験や彼らのアメリカに対する貢献についてもいくつかの章で触れています。また、このテキストでは長く議論されてきた問題に関する新たな見識を提示し、最近の社会的な流行情報についても紹介しています。各章を終えるごとに、学生はモザイクのようなアメリカ社会に関する知識が更に幅広く深くなっていくことでしょう。
本書の第二の目的は、実社会で遭遇することになる本物の言葉を学生たちに体験してもらうことです。広範囲に及ぶ語彙に 100 以上のよく使われる慣用語句、句動詞と英語のことわざが本文に登場し、練習問題と復習テストで内容を振り返ります。また本書には、試験、テキスト、新聞、雑誌によく使われている語彙や熟語をふんだんに織り込み、実用的な知識を身につけられるよう工夫を凝らしています。理解力を問う質問や、語彙と役に立つフレーズの練習問題は、TOEFL や TOEIC 対策に有効なものになっています。
Notes で取り上げた単語や熟語の中には、各章の終わりにある練習問題に関連しているものがあります。日常生活や新聞・雑誌などの読み物で頻繁に使われる表現などです。
練習問題は多肢選択式の理解力に関する問題、要約と語彙に関する問題、そして役に立つ言い回しの問題で構成されています。また、理解力、語彙力そして表現力を更に強化するための復習テストも用意されています。
本書で紹介している人々やトピックはアメリカ社会の断面の一部に過ぎません。本書がきっかけで学生たちが各自、アメリカ文化の多様性と奥深さに対する更なる探求を試みることを願っています。
また、最後になりましたが、本書出版にあたり、成美堂編集部の小林トシ子氏と鈴木賢司氏の専門的知識に基づいた助言をいただき、大変お世話になりました。お２人の多大なご協力に心より御礼申し上げます。

4ContentsChapters
1

Pursuing the American Dream 

72

America’s Immigrant Roots

123The Trail of Tears

174Harriet Tubman: An American Heroine22

5Jews and American Culture27

6

The Japanese American Internment

32

7

The Illegal Immigration Problem

38

8The American “Gun Society”

43

9Barack Obama: Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling 

48

10Envy, Greed and Financial Collapse

53

11The Tradition of American Philanthropy

58

12American Megachurches63

13Interracial Marriages – Then and Now68

14

Fast Food vs. the Sustainable Food Movement

73

15

Helicopter Parents

78

16“Intellidating” – The Attraction of the Mind 

83

17

The Same-Sex Marriage Battle

88

18

America’s Favorite Sport 

94

19

An American Who Refused to Quit 

99

20

The Future of American Society

104

Census Regions of the United States

109

U.S. History Timeline

110Chapter 1

Pursuing the American Dream
Think before you read...
1. What was the most difficult experience you had while growing up?
2. What is your image of illegal immigrants?

1 - 2, 3, 4, 5

What do a top American brain surgeon and an American Olympic gold
medalist have in common? The answer may surprise you. One was an illegal
Mexican immigrant and the other was the child of illegal immigrants, and both
overcame unbelievable odds.
Here are their stories.

5

The date was January 2,
1987. It was Alfredo Quinones’
19th birthday, but there was nobirthday party for him. Instead,he was climbing over a fence at10

the U.S. border trying to illegallyenter the United States. Shortly
after he climbed the fence, he was
Dr. Quinones and his medical studentscaught by the U.S. Border Patrol

and immediately returned to Mexico. Undeterred, Alfredo climbed the fence

15

again that same night. This time there was no border patrol.
Alfredo was the oldest of five children in his family. His father had a gas
station where Alfredo began to work at the age of five. Then in 1976, the Mexican
economy collapsed and the Quinones family lost almost everything they had.
Alfredo remembers seeing his father crying behind their house. All the children
did what they could to earn some money for the family. Times were hard, but
Alfredo’s father did not let him quit school. At age 14, Alfredo was accepted into
NOTES illegal immigrant「不法滞在者」have in common「共通するもの」overcome
unbelievable odds「信じられないような逆境に打ち勝つ」Alfredo Quinones [æ'lfreídoukiñounéz] U.S. Border Patrol「アメリカ合衆国国境警備隊」これは18,000人以上の職員を抱えるアメリカ政府の行政機関であり、テロリストや不法滞在者、また薬物のアメリカへの侵入を防ぐことを目的としている。undeterred「懲りずに」 collapse「崩壊する」

720

a special program for training elementary school teachers. He woke up at 4:30
in the morning to catch a bus to school. There was no bus to take him home, so
he had to walk or hitchhike home in the desert heat. Despite this hardship, hefinished the course with excellent grades and was given a teaching job. However,5

he was sent to a very remote part of Mexico and became disenchanted withhis job. Hoping for a better opportunity, he decided to illegally enter the UnitedStates.
Alfredo found work on large farms in California picking tomatoes, cauliflower,broccoli, corn and grapes. For one year he lived in a small camper truck and10spent very little money on food. He ate the vegetables and fruit he was picking
in the fields. He wore the same pair of jeans every day. Making very low wages,
he somehow managed to save $8,000. During all this time, Alfredo always had
a dictionary in his pocket and studied whenever he had a spare moment.
With the money that he saved, he moved to a nearby city and started working

15

in a railway yard. He also enrolled in night school at the local college. Thework at the railway yard was hard and dirty. However, he taught himself newskills and was promoted to foreman in a year. He also received a work permit,
so he was no longer in the country illegally. After a year, Alfredo became a fulltime student. In one of his classes, he met a young woman who would later20

become his wife.
Then, in 1991, Alfredo applied to one of the most prestigious universities
in California, the University of California, Berkeley. He was accepted, butattending this university was very expensive. To support himself, Alfredo worked
as a teacher’s assistant in three different departments and also had a part-time

25

job at a men’s clothing store. Alfredo excelled in science and mathematics, andgraduated in 1993. His advisor then suggested an idea that seemed crazy at thetime – apply to Harvard Medical School, one of the elite medical schools in
disenchanted「幻滅した」manage to do ~「～を何とかやり遂げる」railway yard「鉄道操車場」enroll「入学する」foreman「監督」work permit「就労許可証」法律上、不法滞在者は就労許可証を得られないはずだが、アメリカの多くの大都市、とりわけたくさんの不法滞在者が雇われている所では、これは曖昧な部分とされ、不法滞在者の中には就労許可証を入手している人もいる。apply「申し込む」prestigious「有名な」the University of California, Berkeley「カリフォルニア大学・バークレー校」サンフランシスコ湾の東岸に1868年に創立され、10あるカリフォルニア大学の中でも最も歴史があり、かつ、最も有名な大学である。同大学には300以上の大学院と大学の学生向けプログラムがある。Harvard Medical School「ハーバード大学医学部」2004年には165名の定員に対して約5,000名の入学志望者がいて、その合格率は約3%で、アメリカ国内のあらゆる学校の中でも最も難関なところである。

8

Chapter 1 Pursuing the American Dreamthe United States. To his amazement, he was accepted and began his medical
studies in the fall of 1994. Two years later, Alfredo got married and then became
a U.S. citizen a year after that. Just ten years had passed since he climbed thefence and entered the United States as an illegal immigrant.
After graduating from Harvard Medical School, Alfredo undertook the5

toughest challenge of his life. He started training to become a brain surgeon
at the University of California, San Francisco. During his residency, heworked 130 hours a week and sometimes felt like quitting. Was it possible for anillegal farm worker to become an elite brain surgeon? Could he do it?
Today, Dr. Alfredo Quinones is a respected brain surgeon at a top hospital

10in Baltimore, Maryland. Twenty years ago he was picking tomatoes with hishands; today he uses those same hands to perform delicate surgery.
Next is the story of an Olympic freestyle wrestling gold medal winner,
Henry Cejudo, and his mother, Nelly Rico. Henry was born in Los Angeles in
1987, the same year Alfredo Quinones climbed the fence into the United States.

15His parents were poor illegal immigrants from Mexico. Henry, because he wasborn in the United States, had U.S. citizenship. However, Henry’s father hadtrouble with the law and was frequently in jail. His mother decided that theywould be better off away from her husband and moved to New Mexico with her
six children. Henry was four years old at the time. In their new surroundings,

20

the family often had to share a living space with other poor families. Fourchildren often slept in a single bed. Henry’s mother worked hard at two jobs
in order to feed her family. Throughout
these hard times, she always told herchildren to believe in themselves and to25

never give up.
Later, the family moved to Arizona
and Henry took up wrestling in highschool. He became a two-time Arizona
Henry Cejudo

state champion in his weight class. He

undertake「取り組む」the University of California, San Francisco「カリフォルニア大学・サンフランシスコ校」その優秀な指導者陣と最新鋭の設備によりアメリカ国内でトップ・クラスの医学部とされている。residency「専門医学研修期間」Baltimore「ボルティモア」メリー
ランド州最大の都市であり、数多くの大学や有名病院の他、プロ野球球団やフットボールチームを持つ主要港町である。Maryland「mérlnd」Henry Cejudo [hénri səhú:dóu] Nelly Rico[néli rikou] citizenship「市民権」be better off「～するほうがよい」take up「始める」

930

was then invited by USA Wrestling to attend a special wrestling program todevelop young wrestlers. It was the first time Henry slept alone in his own bed.
Henry worked unbelievably hard in this program and qualified for the U.S.
national team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. At the Olympics, he dramatically5

came from behind many times to become America’s youngest Olympic freestyle
wrestling champion.

After his final match, with tears in his eyes, Henry

credited his mother for giving him the will to achieve his dream.
America is currently building fences on the U.S.-Mexico border. Looking atthe lives of these two men, one cannot help but think that America should be10building doors, not fences.
USA Wrestling「アメリカ・レスリング」将来有望な若いレスラーを国際大会に備えて育成する組織である。qualify for ~「〜の参加資格を得る」come from behind「逆転する」credit「賞賛する」achieve「成し遂げる」 one cannot help but think「～と思わずにはいられない」

I. Comprehension Questions (Multiple Choice)
Choose the best answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT a reason Alfredo was able to save $8,000
working on a farm?
A. He lived in a small camper truck.
B. He ate the vegetables he picked.
C. He wore the same clothes everyday.
D. He made very low wages.
2. How long did it take Alfredo to become a U.S. citizen?
A. A year
B. 130 hours
C. 10 years
D. Two years
3. Why did Henry’s mother move to New Mexico?
A. She was a poor, illegal immigrant from Mexico.
B. Henry had U.S. citizenship.
C. She left her husband, who had trouble with the law.
D. She had two jobs to feed her family.
4. What is the main idea of this article?
A. Illegal immigration is a big problem in the United States.
B. There are many poor people in Mexico.
C. Illegal immigrants and their children can contribute to American society.
D. America should not build a fence on its border with Mexico.

10

Chapter 1 Pursuing the American Dream
II. Vocabulary and Summary
Choose a word from the list and fill in the blanks.

Alfredo Quinones and Henry Cejudo both (1)able odds to (2)unbeliev-the American dream. The Quinones family

lost everything they had when the Mexican economy (3).

Alfredo decided to illegally enter the United States when he was 19, hoping fora better opportunity. He failed on his first try, but, (4), heclimbed the fence again and was successful. He worked hard, saved his money and(5)at the local college. In 1991, Alfredo (6)to one of the most (7)universities in California. After gradu-

ating from Harvard Medical School, Alfredo (8)the toughest

challenge of his life when he started training at the University of California,
San Francisco, to become a brain surgeon. Today, Dr. Alfredo Quinones is a
respected brain surgeon at a top hospital.
Henry Cejudo was the son of illegal immigrants, but had U.S.
(9)

because he was born in the United States. He(10)for the U.S. National Wrestling Team and won a gold

medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
undeterred

appliedprestigious

citizenshipundertook

overcamecollapsed

qualifiedachieveenrolled

III. Useful Phrases
Fill in the blank with the correct phrase. Change the form if necessary.

1. What do you and your best friend
2. I think you would?
if you bought a new com-puter instead of fixing the old one.
3. The runnerto dramatically win the race.

4. Somehow I

finish all the work by 6:00.

5. Sheswimming at the age of five.

be better off 			take upmanage tohave in common
come from behind11