UCDP Dyadic Dataset
Codebook
Version 1-2013

Lotta Themnér
Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)
Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala
University

When using the data, please cite Harbom, Lotta, Erik Melander & Peter
Wallensteen (2008) Dyadic Dimensions of Armed Conflict, 1946-2007.
Journal of Peace Research 45(5): 697-710, the latest article presenting thedata (Themnér & Wallensteen 2013), and (when appropriate) this codebook.
Please always include the version number in analyses using the dataset.
When referring to the dataset, make sure to use the correct name: the UCDP
Dyadic Dataset.

1

Introduction

This document describes the UCDP Dyadic Dataset, a project within the Uppsala Conflict
Data Program (UCDP), at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala
University. The dataset was first presented in Harbom, Melander and Wallensteen (2008)
andisavailablefordownloadfrom
http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/data_and_publications/datasets.htm.
The UCDP Dyadic dataset builds on the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict dataset, but goesbeyond the conflict level and focuses on dyads within each conflict. As such, it constitutes
a disaggregated version of the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict dataset. It is compatible with arange of other datasets, both provided by UCDP and by PRIO (International Peace
Research Institute, Oslo).
Version 1-2013 is updated in accordance to the changes listed in Themnér & Wallensteen(2013), and the 2012 conflicts have been added to the dataset. We refer the reader to our
Version History document for details of other changes and revisions to the dataset. The
dataset will continue to be updated annually and made available simultaneously with theupdated version of the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset.

2

Definition of conflict and dyad

The definition of an armed conflict is fundamental to UCDP’s data collection exercise andthe dyad is a key component of that definition. The main unit in this dataset is a “ConflictDyad” as defined by UCDP.1 This definition is presented unabridged in section 2.2. Eachconflict dyad is listed in the database and given a unique ID code.

2.1

Armed Conflict

UCDP defines armed conflict as: “a contested incompatibility that concerns government
and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is
the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year”.
For an in-depth discussion of all elements of this definition, see the codebook for the
UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset.

1

For a more in-depth discussion on definitions, see http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/definitions/.

2.2

Conflict Dyad

A conflict dyad is two conflicting primary parties of which at least one is the governmentof a state. In interstate conflicts, both primary parties are state governments. In conflictdyads in intrastate and extrasystemic conflicts the non-governmental primary party is anorganised opposition organisation.
The separate elements of the definition are operationalized as follows:
1) Primary parties: The parties that form the incompatibility by stating incompatible
positions. The incompatibility (i.e. the conflict issue) must concern governmental
power (type of political system, the replacement of the central government or thechange of its composition), territory (the status of a territory, e.g. the change of thestate in control of a certain territory - interstate conflict - secession or autonomy internal conflict) or both.
2) Government: The party controlling the capital of a state.
3) State: A state is an internationally recognised sovereign government controlling a
specific territory or an internationally unrecognised government controlling a
specified territory whose sovereignty is not disputed by another internationallyrecognized sovereign government previously controlling the same territory. See
section 4 for details on the sample of countries covered by this definition.
4) Opposition organization: Any non-governmental group of people having
announced a name for their group and using armed force to influence the outcomeof the stated incompatibility. The UCDP only deals with formally organized
opposition. The focus is on armed conflict involving consciously conducted andplanned political campaigns rather than spontaneous violence.
To differentiate between dyads is at times problematic. When is a dyad completely new
and when is it simply a continuation of an already registered dyad, only slightly altered?
The key difficulty here is to distinguish between opposition organisations, as the otherprimary party in the dyad – the government of a state – never changes.2 Some oppositiongroups tend to be fractious, splitting into different sub-groups while others join larger
coalitions or umbrella groups. UCDP follows four main rules:● However many times a group changes its name, it still retains the same DyadID (forexceptions, see below).
● When a group splits, the splinter group is considered a completely new opposition
organisation, and if it continues opposing the government and all other criteria are
fulfilled, it constitutes part of a new dyad in the dataset, with a new DyadID.

2

By this we mean that while the party in control of the government may change it is still viewed as one and thesame party in the dataset.

Comment: It is sometimes difficult to determine which of the groups should beviewed as the splinter and which should be seen as the original group, as both
fractions tend to claim to be the “real” rebel group. UCDP deals with this bytracing the main part (i.e. the most numerous) of the group, which is then coded as
the original one. Should this be problematic to determine, a second option is totrace the original leader of the group in order to identify the original opposition
organisation.
● When two or more already registered groups join together under a new name in atight coalition with joint military operations, the new coalition is regarded as a new
opposition organisation. If it continues to oppose the government and if all othercriteria are fulfilled, it is included as part of a new dyad in the dataset, and given a
new DyadID.
● When an already registered group is joined by another group that has previously
not been coded as active in the dataset, the opposition organisation is viewed as acontinuation of the former. This applies even when the name of the group ischanged.
Comment: It should be noted that while this rule is applied in most cases in thedataset conventional logic made it necessary to make some exceptions. Whereas therule works well in e.g. the case of NRA in Uganda, which was originally called PRA,
but changed its name when it was joined by the much smaller and militarily
insignificant UFF, the logic is less clear in the case of e.g. the Independent Nasserist
Organisation in Lebanon (a.k.a. al-Mourabitoun), which was active in fighting thegovernment of Lebanon in 1958 and also resurfaced as part of the Lebanese
National Movement in 1975. In this case it is intuitively and factually incorrect tocharacterise the LNM as being a simple continuation of al-Mourabitoun, and the
dyad is thus characterised as being an entirely new one

2.3

Missing data problems

The missing data code is -99. However, the dataset does not include unclear conflicts
where information on key variables to the definition of conflict and dyad is uncertain or
missing. Key variables are those related to the incompatibility, actors and intensity. In
addition, a number of events have been identified as potentially in accordance with thecriteria for inclusion. These events include possible new dyads and additional years for
active conflicts. Consult the list of unclear cases for further information.
The information also varies with regard to the level of precision. For the start datevariables, the precision level is indicated in a separate variable, see 3.14 and 3.16. Apartfrom that, the dataset only includes information when we are quite confident that it iscorrect. The bias produced by this approach is against the inclusion of conflicts in theearlier decades and in the less-developed world. An armed conflict in a developed country
in the 1990s is more likely to be recorded than a conflict in a less developed country in
the 1950s.

2.4 Version name convention
This codebook corresponds to version 1-2013 of the UCDP Dyadic Dataset. For every new
release, substantial changes will be documented in a separate document. This should be
helpful to researchers trying to replicate a particular study. We recommend thatwhenever this dataset is used, the version number should be cited.

3

The main conflict table

The observation (or unit) in the Main Conflict table is the dyad-year. Each dyad is listed
in all years where fighting caused at least 25 battle-related deaths.
The calendar year is the basic unit of every observation. Thus, if fighting in a dyad during
the period June–September results in 30 casualties, the dyad will be considered active andwill thus be included in the dataset However, if the same number of casualties occurred in
the period November–February and fighting in the dyad failed to reach the threshold of
25 battle-related deaths in either calendar year, the dyad will not be coded as active ineither year. This has a number of consequences that will be discussed below. Start dates
frequently refer to years prior to the first calendar year of dyad activity, as the start of aconflict might be in a year with less than 25 casualties. Certain observations might bebased on a single event, such as the Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland in 1998, which
exceeded the minimum threshold for armed conflict.
Table 1. Definition of variables in the main conflict table

Variable
DyadIDID

Label
Dyad identifier
Conflict identifier

Location

Country name(s)SideACountry name(s)SideA2nd

Description
The unique identifier of all dyads
Identifies which conflict in the
UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset
any given dyad is a part of.
The name(s) of the country/countries
whose government(s) have a primary
claim to the issue in dispute.

Identifying the country/countries of side
A in a conflict. Always the governmentside in internal conflicts. Note that thisis a primary party to the conflict.
Name of state(s)Identifying the country/countries
supporting side A with supporting side A in the conflict.
troops.

Variable
SideB

Label
Country name(s) or
Opposition actor

SideBID

IncompTerr

Identifier of actor onside B
Name of state(s)supporting side B withtroopsDyad incompatibility
Name of territory

Year
Int

Year of observation
Intensity level

Type

Conflict typeStartdate

Date of conflict
initiation
Precision of startdate

SideB2nd

Startprec
Startdate2

Date of fatality
thresholdStartprec2

Precision of startdate2

GWNoA

GW number(s) of sideA
GW number(s) ofstates supporting sideA

GWNoA2nd

Description
Identifying the opposition actor orcountry/ countries of side B in theconflict. In an internal conflict, thisincludes a military opposition
organization. Note that this is a primary
party to the conflict.
The unique identifier of the actor on side
B.
Identifying the country/countries
supporting side B in the conflict.
A general coding of the conflict issue
The name of the territory over which
the conflict is fought, provided that theincompatibility is territory.
The intensity level in the dyad per
calendar year. Two different intensity
levels are coded: minor armed conflicts
and wars. See Section 3.11 fordefinitions of the two categories.
The type of conflict that the dyad is
active in. Four different types ofconflict: extrasystemic, interstate,internal and internationalized internal.
See Section 3.12 for definitions of thefour types.
The date, as precise as possible, of thefirst battle-related death in the dyad.
The level of precision for the initialstartdate.
The date, as precise as possible, of whenfighting in the dyad for the first timereached 25 battle-related deaths in acalendar year.
The level of precision for startdate2.
GW numbers of all countries on side A,
separated by semicolons.
GW numbers of all countries supportingside A with troops.

Variable
GWNoB

RegionLabel
GW number(s) of sideB
GW number(s) ofstates supporting sideB
GW number(s) of
locationsRegion of location

VersionVersion number

GWNoB2nd

GWNoLoc

3.1

Description
GW numbers of all countries on side B,
separated by semicolons.
GW numbers of all countries supportingside B with troops.
GW numbers of all location countries,
separated by semicolons.
Identifying the region of the location.
See Section 3.22 for the definition of theregions.
The current version of the dataset. See
Section 2.3.

DyadID

Dyad identifier.

3.2

ID

Conflict identifier.

3.3

Location

Location is defined as the government side in a dyad, and should not be interpreted as thegeographical location of the conflict.
-

-

-

3

For dyads in internal and internationalized internal conflicts (see 3.12 fordefinition), only one country name is listed. This is the country whose government
is disputed.
In most interstate conflicts only one dyad, i.e. two states, is active and both theseprimary parties are listed in the Location filed. Even when several governments are
involved in a conflict, these are all included as the same dyad in this version of thedataset.3 Subsequently, in these few cases all parties are listed in the location filed.
For dyads in extrasystemic conflicts, Location is set to be the disputed area, not the
government of the colonial power. Thus, in these conflicts the Location filed bydefault does not indicate members of the international system.

There are three cases in the dataset where there are more than two primary parties active in a conflict between
states. These are the Arab-Israeli war of 1948-49, the Suez war of 1956 and the war in Iraq in 2003.

Location is a string variable, listing the names of the countries involved. These might befighting together or against each other. The string is split in two ways, hyphen (‘-‘) splits
the different sides in an interstate war, and comma (‘,’) splits different countries fighting
together on the same side.

3.4

SideA

Side A is by definition always a primary party to the conflict. In internal conflicts, side A
is always the government side, it is one of the sides in interstate conflicts and the colonialstate in extrasystemic conflicts.
Side A is a string variable, and in the few cases where there are more than one primary
party on side A (see section 3.3), these are separated by a comma (‘,’).

3.5

SideA2ndSide A Secondary lists all states that enter a conflict with troops to actively support side A
in the dyad. By definition, only independent states can be a secondary party in conflict. A
secondary party on side A shares the position in the incompatibility with Side A in theconflict. Side A Secondary does not need to meet the 25 battle-related deaths criterion to
be included in the dataset; an active troop participation is enough.
Side A Secondary is a string variable, where the different names are separated by a comma(‘,’).

3.6

SideB

Like Side A, Side B is by definition a primary party to the conflict. Side B is the oppositionside of all internal and extrasystemic conflicts and the second side in an interstate conflict.
Thus, side B can include both states and non-governmental opposition groups, dependingon the type of conflict. When the primary party listed on Side B is an opposition group,
the column lists the group name in abbreviated form. Even if the group changes its nameduring the course of the conflict we record them under the same name for all years. Thus,
instead of recording PRA (Popular Resistance Army) for Uganda 1982, we have recorded
NRA (National Resistance Army) for all years (1982-86), even though the group onlychanged its name from PRA to NRA in 1983. We refer to the conflict list and the UCDP
Actor dataset (available at <http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/ data_and_publications/datasets.htm>) for the full name and name history of opposition groups.

Side B is a string variable, where the different names (in the few relevant cases, see 3.3)
are separated by a comma (‘,’).

3.7

SideBID

Side B ID is the unique identifier of the actor on side B in the conflict. For government
actors, the Gleditsch & Ward (2007) country codes are used. For non-state actors, the ID istaken from the UCDP Actor Dataset (http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/).
IDs for the state(s) on side A, as well as on side A secondary and side B secondary arefound in GWNOA, GWNOA2nd and GWNOB2nd (see 3.18, 3.19 and 3.21).

3.8

SideB2ndSide B Secondary lists all states that enter a conflict with troops to actively support side B
in the dyad. Only states are included as Side B Secondary. Furthermore, the states listed
share the position in the incompatibility with Side B in the conflict. Side B Secondary
does not need to meet the 25 battle-related deaths criterion to be included in the dataset;
active troop participation is enough.
Side B Secondary is a string variable, where the different names are separated by a comma(‘,’).

3.9

Incomp

As a country can experience several simultaneous conflicts, it is essential to differentiate
between them. As described in Section 2.1, UCDP collects information on conflicts where
the incompatibility, i.e. the general incompatible positions, concerns either government,
territory or both. The incompatibility is coded in three categories:

1 Territory
2 Government
3 Government and Territory
Note that the incompatibility expressed in terms of government or a specific territory is
crude in the sense that possible underlying incompatibilities are not considered. In otherwords, the stated incompatibility is what the parties are (or claim to be) fighting over, but
it says nothing about why the parties are fighting.
While a state can only experience one intrastate conflict over government in a given year,that same state can simultaneously be a primary party to one or more interstate conflicts

over government and/or territory. In the case of intrastate territorial conflicts, multiple
conflicts can be recorded over different territories in a state in a given year. Furthermore,as each conflict can involve more than one dyad, the state can simultaneously be involved
in several dyads in extrasystemic- as well as intrastate conflicts.

3.10 Terr
If the incompatibility is territory, the disputed territory will be listed here. In case the twosides use different names for the disputed territory, the name listed is the one used by the
opposition organisation. One reason for this is that this is most often the name that thegeneral public recognises. Another reason is that there are cases where the disputed
territories do not have an official name. This is the case in e.g. DyadID 313, active in
conflict ID 227, a territorial conflict in north-eastern India. The rebel organisation NDFB
is fighting for independence for a territory that is a part of the Assam region, and does nothave an official, separate name. Thus, we use the rebels’ name for the territory: Bodoland.

3.11 YearThe year of observation.

3.12 Int
The intensity variable is coded in two categories:

1 (Minor): Between 25 and 999 battle-related deaths in a given year.
2 (War): 1000 or more battle-related deaths in a given year.

3.13 TypeA dyad can be active in four different types of conflict:12

Extrasystemic armed conflict occurs between a state and a non-state group outside
its own territory. (In the COW project, extrasystemic war is subdivided intocolonial war and imperial war, but this distinction is not used here.) These conflicts
are by definition territorial, since the government side is fighting to retain control
of a territory outside the state system.
Interstate armed conflict occurs between two or more states.

34Internal armed conflict occurs between the government of a state and one or moreinternal opposition group(s) without intervention from other states.
Internationalized internal armed conflict occurs between the government of a stateand one or more internal opposition group(s) with intervention from other states(secondary parties) on one or both sides.

3.14 Startdate
The date of the first battle-related death recorded in the dyad is coded as the Startdate in
the dataset. The date is set after the dyad fulfils all criteria required in the definition of anarmed dyad, except for the number of deaths. In some cases, the initial fatality occurs in ayear prior to the first year of activity. For instance, in the conflict in Ethiopia over the
territory Eritrea (conflict ID 78), the first battle-related deaths occurred in September
1961. During the remaining months of 1961, the conflict did not reach the required 25
battle-related deaths threshold and the conflict is thus coded as inactive in 1961. 25 battlerelated deaths were not recorded until three years later.

3.15 Startprec
The Startdate is coded as precisely as possible. For certain conflicts we can pinpoint thestart of the armed conflict down to a single event, taking place on a specific day. For otherconflicts, this is not possible, due to lack of precise information.
The Startprec (start precision) is coded to highlight the level of certainty for the date set in
the Startdate variable.
1. Day, month and year are precisely coded; we have good information on the event.
2. Day is assigned; month and year are precisely coded. The assigned date can either be
one of several events that can be classified as the first; it can be the last day in aperiod when several fatalities have been reported jointly or it can be an event thatdifferent sources claim occurred on different dates.
3. Day is unknown; month and year are precisely coded. The day is known to be in agiven month, but we are missing information on an exact date. Day is then set to thelast day of the month.
4. Month is assigned; year is coded precisely. Day is set as the last day of the assigned
month.
5. Day and month are unknown, year is coded precisely. Day and month are set as the
31 December of the coded year.
6. Year is assigned. There is a wide disagreement between different sources, so that noteven year can be coded precisely. The start year is assigned based on subjective
judgment. Day and month are set as the 31 December of the coded year.

7. Year is missing. No information on the start date is available; Startdate is set to 31
December of the first year recorded in the conflict.

3.16 Startdate2
The first time the dyad reaches 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year. Startdate2
thus indicates the date that the dyad fulfils all criteria required in the definition of anarmed dyad for the first time. In case precise information is lacking, Startdate2 is bydefault set to 1 January (or identical to StartDate if the first fatality occurred later in theyear).

3.17 Startprec2
In cases where Startdate and Startdate2 indicate the same year, the precision codes forStartdate2, Startprec2, follows the same logic as for Startprec. However, if Startdate andStartdate2 represent different years, values 11–17 are assigned. This ensures that
information on both the precision for the date given for Startdate 2 and its relation with
Startdate are provided. For instance, a Startprec2 of 11 indicates that the precision score is
1 and that the start date 1 was in a previous year. A Startprec2 of 12 means that the
precision score is 2 and that the start date 1 was in a previous year, etc. See 3.15. forexplanations on the precision scores. Note: If the dyad was active (i.e. fulfilled all
inclusion criteria) before 1946, Startdate2 is set to 1 January of 1946 and Startprec2 isgiven the precision score 17.

3.18 GWNoA
To facilitate analytical use of the dataset, country codes for the active state(s) on side A are
listed in this field. The country codes are taken from Gleditsch & Ward (1999). In linewith 3.4, in internal conflicts GWNoA lists the country code of the government; ininterstate conflicts it arbitrarily lists one of the states and in extrasystemic conflicts it lists
the code for the colonial state.
GWNo A is a string variable, where the numbers are separated by a comma (‘,’).

3.19 GWNoA2nd
GWNo A Secondary lists the country codes for the states coded in Side A Secondary (3.5).
GWNo A Secondary is a string variable, where the numbers are separated by a comma (‘,’).

3.20 GWNoB
GWNoB lists the country codes for states coded in Side B. GWNoB is only coded ininterstate dyads, since that is the only time a state is active on side B. (see 3.4-3.8)
GWNoB is a string variable, where the numbers are separated by a comma (‘,’).

3.21 GWNoB2nd
GWNoB2nd lists the country codes for the states coded in Side B Secondary (3.8).
GWNo2nd is a string variable, where the numbers are separated by a comma (‘,’).

3.22 GWNoLoc
This field contains the country code(s) for the state(s) listed in the Location variable. Thus,
it lists the country codes for the primary party/parties in the conflict.
GWNoloc is a string variable, where the numbers are separated by a comma (‘,’).

3.23 Region
Region of location
Region
1
2
3
4
5

Name
EuropeMiddle East
Asia
AfricaAmericas3.24 Version
See 2.3.

StartGWNo
200
630
700
400
2

EndGWNo
395
698
990
625
165

4

System Membership description

The definition of a state is crucial to the UCDP/PRIO conflict list, and subsequently also
for the dyadic dataset. State: A state is(a) an internationally recognized sovereign government controlling a specified territory,or(b) an internationally unrecognized government controlling a specified territory whosesovereignty is not disputed by another internationally recognized sovereign government
previously controlling the same territory.
The conflict definition, and hence also the dyad definition, is based upon participating
governmental actors of independent states, and the classification of a given conflict restsheavily upon the status of the different actors. In order to define the total population ofstates we use the Gleditsch & Ward (1999) systems membership definition, which is basedon the Correlates of War project. Gleditsch & Ward include countries with a populationof more than 250,000 that have ‘a relatively autonomous administration over someterritory’, and is ‘considered a distinct entity by local actors or the state it is dependent on’(Gleditsch & Ward, 1999: 398).
The Gleditsch & Ward definition differs from our original definition in two main ways.
First, for Gleditsch & Ward a state is considered to be a new entity if it is ‘considered a
distinct entity by local actors’ while the conflict definition only recognizes it as a newentity when the ‘sovereignty is not disputed by another internationally recognizedsovereign government previously controlling the same territory’. Second, the Gleditsch &Ward states all have a population of more than 250,000 while our conflict definition does
not prescribe a specific size of the population. In a few cases, countries with less than
250,000 inhabitants experience conflict or are active as secondary parties in a conflict. In
those cases we use the Gleditsch & Ward tentative list of microstates. For example, themicrostate Tonga was part of the multinational coalition fighting in Iraq in 2004.
The UCDP/PRIO dataset includes one political entity that lacks a country code (GWNoA
is set at -99) as it is excluded from both the Gleditsch & Ward system membership table
and the tentative list of microstates: Hyderabad (Hyderabad vs. CPI and Hyderabad vs.
India). In 1947 when England granted India independence, a cabinet memorandum
declared that the Princely States were free to decide to either join India or Pakistan before
August 1947 - or devise their own sovereign political system for self-governance.
Hyderabad declared itself independent on 15 August 1947. The state was populated byapproximately 15,000,000 inhabitants. The system membership ended when Hyderabad
was annexed by India in September 1948, after Winston Churchill had proposed to theUnited Nations to consider it as an independent state.
In a couple of cases, the dataset has a different sovereignty date for some countries thathave experienced conflict:

Croatia
Gleditsch & Ward: 25 June 1991 (declares independence)
UCDP/PRIO: 27 April 1992 (the new constitution of Yugoslavia)

Georgia:
Gleditsch & Ward: 6 September 1991 (the USSR’s recognition of Georgia’s
declaration of independence, on 9 April 1991)
UCDP/PRIO: 21 December 1991 (USSR formally ceased to exist)
Comment: While Gleditsch & Ward claim that the USSR recognised Georgia’s
independence on 6 September, this seems to be incorrect. On 6 September theSoviet Union recognized the Baltic States’ independence, but not Georgia’s. Instead,the Soviet Union in early September 1991 refused to discuss recognition of thedeclaration of independence.

Gleditsch & Ward use a slightly modified version of the COW numbering system. The
table below presents the system membership table that we base our data tables on. These
data are based on Glelditsch & Ward’s 2013 version of the list of independent state, which
is update through 31 December 2012.

Table 1 List of System Members Since 1946

StateNum

StateAb StateName

StartYear EndYear

2
20
31
40
41
42
51
52
53
70
80
90
91
92
93
94
95
100

USA
CAN
BHM
CUB
HAI
DOM
JAM
TRI
BAR
MEX
BLZ
GUA
HON
SAL
NIC
COS
PAN
COL

1946
1946
1973
1946
1946
1946
1962
1962
1966
1946
1981
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946

United States of America
CanadaBahamasCuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago
Barbados
MexicoBelizeGuatemalaHonduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
PanamaColombia

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

StateNum

StateAb StateName

StartYear EndYear

101
110
115
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
200
205
210
211
212
220
225
230
235
260
265
290
305
310
315
316
317
325
338
339
340
341
343
344
345
346
347
349
350
352
355
359
360

VEN
GUY
SUR
ECU
PER
BRA
BOL
PAR
CHL
ARG
URU
UKG
IRE
NTH
BEL
LUX
FRN
SWZ
SPN
POR
GFR
GDR
POL
AUS
HUN
CZE
CZR
SLO
ITA
MLT
ALB
SER
MNG
MAC
CRO
YUG
BOS
KOS
SLV
GRC
CYP
BUL
MLD
RUM

1946
1966
1975
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1949
1949
1946
1946
1946
1946
1993
1993
1946
1964
1946
2006
2006
1991
1991
1946
1992
2008
1992
1946
1960
1946
1991
1946

Venezuela
GuyanaSurinamEcuador
Peru
BrazilBoliviaParaguay
Chile
Argentina
Uruguay
United Kingdom
IrelandNetherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
FranceSwitzerland
Spain
Portugal
German Federal Republic
German Democratic Republic
PolandAustria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Italy/Sardinia
Malta
Albania
SerbiaMontenegro
Macedonia (FRY)
Croatia
Yugoslavia (Serbia)
Bosnia-Herzegovina
KosovoSlovenia
GreeceCyprusBulgaria
Moldova
Rumania

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
1990
2012
2012
2012
1992
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2006
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

StateNum

StateAb StateName

365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
375
380
385
390
395
402
404
411
420
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
450
451
452
461
471
475
481
482
483
484
490

RUS
EST
LAT
LIT
UKR
BLR
ARM
GRG
AZE
FIN
SWD
NOR
DEN
ICE
CAP
GNB
EQG
GAM
MLI
SEN
BEN
MAA
NIR
CDI
GUI
BFO
LBR
SIE
GHA
TOG
CAO
NIG
GAB
CEN
CHA
CON
DRC

500
501
510
511
516
517

UGA
KEN
TAZ
ZAN
BUI
RWA

Russia (Soviet Union)
Estonia
LatviaLithuania
UkraineBelarus (Byelorussia)
Armenia
Georgia
Azerbaijan
FinlandSwedenNorwayDenmark
IcelandCape Verde
Guinea-Bissau
Equatorial Guinea
GambiaMali
SenegalBenin
Mauritania
Niger
Cote D’Ivoire
GuineaBurkina Faso (Upper Volta)
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Togo
Cameroon
Nigeria
Gabon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic(Zaire)UgandaKenya
Tanzania/Tanganyika
ZanzibarBurundiRwandaStartYear EndYear
1946
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1975
1974
1968
1965
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1958
1960
1946
1961
1957
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
of 1960

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

1962
1963
1961
1963
1962
1962

2012
2012
2012
1964
2012
2012

StateNum

StateAb StateName

StartYear EndYear

520
522
530
531
540
541
551
552
553
560
565
570
571
572
580
581
590
600
615
616
620
625
626
630
640
645
651
652
660
663
666
670
678
680
690
692
694
696
698
700
701
702
703
704

SOM
DJI
ETH
ERI
ANG
MZM
ZAM
ZIM
MAW
SAF
NAM
LES
BOT
SWA
MAG
COM
MAS
MOR
ALG
TUN
LIB
SUD
SSD
IRN
TUR
IRQ
EGY
SYR
LEB
JOR
ISR
SAU
YEM
YPR
KUW
BAH
QAT
UAE
OMA
AFG
TKM
TAJ
KYR
UZB

1960
1977
1946
1993
1975
1975
1964
1965
1964
1946
1990
1966
1966
1968
1960
1975
1968
1956
1962
1956
1951
1956
2011
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1948
1946
1946
1967
1961
1971
1971
1971
1946
1946
1991
1991
1991
1991

Somalia
Djibouti
Ethiopia
EritreaAngolaMozambiqueZambiaZimbabwe (Rhodesia)
MalawiSouth Africa
Namibia
LesothoBotswana
Swaziland
Madagascar (Malagasy)
Comoros
Mauritius
MoroccoAlgeria
Tunisia
Libya
Sudan
South Sudan
Iran (Persia)
Turkey/Ottoman Empire
Iraq
Egypt
Syria
LebanonJordanIsraelSaudi Arabia
Yemen (Arab Republic of Yemen)
Yemen, People's Republic of
KuwaitBahrain
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Oman
Afghanistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Uzbekistan

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
1990
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

StateNum

StateAb StateName

StartYear EndYear

705
710
711
712
713
731
732
740
750
760
770
771
775
780
781
790
800
811
812
816
817
820
830
835
840
850
860
900
910
920
940
950

KZK
CHN
TBT
MON
TAW
PRK
ROK
JPN
IND
BHU
PAK
BNG
MYA
SRI
MAD
NEP
THI
CAM
LAO
DRV
RVN
MAL
SIN
BRU
PHI
INS
ETM
AUL
PNG
NEW
SOL
FJI

1991
1946
1946
1946
1949
1948
1948
1946
1947
1949
1947
1971
1948
1948
1965
1946
1946
1953
1954
1954
1954
1957
1965
1984
1946
1946
2002
1946
1975
1946
1978
1970

5

Kazakhstan
China
Tibet
Mongolia
Taiwan
North Korea
South Korea
Japan
India
BhutanPakistan
Bangladesh
Myanmar (Burma)
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Nepal
ThailandCambodia (Kampuchea)
Laos
Vietnam, Democratic Republic ofVietnam, Republic of
Malaysia
Singapore
Brunei
Philippines
Indonesia
East Timor
Australia
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
Solomon Islands
Fiji

2012
2012
1950
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
1975
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

References

Gleditsch, Kristian S. & Michael D. Ward (1999) Interstate System Membership: A
Revised List of the Independent States since 1816. International Interactions 25:
393–413.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg &Håvard Strand (2002) Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace
Research 39(5): 615–637.
Gleditsch, Kristian S. Skrede & Michael D. Ward (2007) System membership casedescription list.
Harbom, Lotta, Erik Melander & Peter Wallensteen (2008) Dyadic Dimensions of Armed
Conflict, 1946-2007. Journal of Peace Research 45(5): 697-710
Held, Birger (1993) Armed Conflicts over Government and Territory 1989–91 in Heldt,
Birger, Armed Conflict 1990–91. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
Kreutz, Joakim (2010) How and When Armed Conflicts End: Introducing the UCDP
Conflict Termination Dataset. Journal of Peace Research 47(2):243-250.
Themnér, Lotta & Peter Wallensteen (2013) Armed Conflict, 1946-2012 Journal of Peace
Research 50(4)