2017 年度日本政府(文部科学省)奨学金留学生選考試験
QUALIFYING EXAMINATION FOR APPLICANTS FOR THE JAPANESEGOVERNMENT (MONBUKAGAKUSHO) SCHOLARSHIP 2017

学科試験

問題

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS(学部・研究留学生)
UNDERGRADUATE・RESEARCH STUDENTS

英語

ENGLISH

注意☆試験時間は 60 分。

PLEASE NOTE: THE TEST PERIOD IS 60 MINUTES.

(2017)Nationality

No.

ENGLISH(Please print your full name,underlining your family name)

Marks

Name

Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence

I
1

They were given the task of protecting the man for the (A attack2

No one is (A denied3

B basisC duration) of the trial.
D

error

) to enter the premises while renovations are under way.
B deserved

It would have been (C permittedD

recorded) impossible to make sure all the information wascorrect.

4

5

A alternatively

B exactly

C hopefullyDvirtually

That was () the most spectacular success story in the country.

A arguably

B enthusiastically

C eventuallyDpainstakingly

Those patients shouldn’t be expected to understand medical () orcomplex terminology.
A composure
6

B diabetes

C foundation

D

He was told that the board of directors had decided to (jargon) the meeting

until early next month.
A get along with
7

B put off

New buildings should (C set upDtake aback) the existing environment while utilizing thelatest science and materials.
A construct

B establish

C memorize

E－1

D

preserve

8

Most of Mars’ surface was shaped later by meteorite impacts, volcanic eruptions,and (A adoption

9) by dust and wind.
B erosion

C resilience

Those terror attacks have led to (Dviolence) levels of security in airports inmany countries all over the world.
A dismissible

B transientC unprecedented

10 The researchers found that the system was in (A imminent

B precautiousCD

vibrant) danger of collapse.

presumptuousDrecentⅡ Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1

Sorry, but I feel a little sick. Would you mind (A my laying

2

C for me to lie

Dfor me to lay

Because the project is far behind schedule, I think your boss will demand thatyou (A join3

B my lying) on the sofa?

) it immediately.
B joining

C to join

Dwould join

If you’re not involved in your local community group, there isn’t () you

can do for your town.
A a few
4

A it

D

much

) today.
B one

C someThe philosopher’s main interest is how (A that we say

6

C manyI haven’t been able to find my cell phone for four days, so I decided I’m going to
buy (

5

B eachB to sayD

that) relates to the world.
C should we say

D

To sum up, the point of his argument is that morality is (what we say) than a set ofcultural conventions.
A as equal

B everything lessE－2

C not so muchDnothing more

7This picture, () I paid ten thousand dollars, was painted by a famous

artist who was born in my hometown.
A for that
8

9

B for which

C thatD

which

If you visit the temple, you can see many monks in meditation ().

A for their eyes closed

B for their eyes closing

C with their eyes closed

D

It took a long time, but it seems now she (with their eyes closing) to new situations.

A is used to adjust

B is used to adjusting

C used to adjustDused to adjusting

10 This shampoo includes many special ingredients which (A are smelled sweet

B are smelled sweetly

C smell sweetD).

smell sweetly

Ⅲ In the following paragraphs, one of the underlined parts is grammatically incorrect.
Choose the incorrect part.
1

A Many birds travel in flocks, but the question of how they choose the leader has

long puzzled scientists. B Now a team of researchers from Oxford University
thought they have the answer.

C“Some birds are naturally faster andconsistently get to the front, where they end up doing more of the navigation, D
which means on future flights they know the way better,” said study co-author
Associate Professor Dora Biro.
2

A In the mid-1980s, James Flynn made a groundbreaking discovery on human

intelligence. B The political scientist at the University of Otago in New Zealandfound that over the last century, C in every nation in the developing world whereintelligence-test results are on record, D IQ test scores had significantly risen
from one generation to the next.
3

A Analysis of the neck bones of an extinct member of the giraffe family reveals

how today’s giraffe got its exceptionally long neck. B In a recent study, scientists
E－3describe the neck of a “transitional” or “intermediate” species C that existed sevenmillions of years ago. D The findings are based on analysis of fossil vertebrae of

Samotherium major, a giraffid that roamed parts of Eurasia, including Greece,
South Italy, Turkey, Moldavia, Iran, and China.

4

A Evenif we all ate the same meal, everyone would metabolize it different, B

according to a new study that suggests that there is no such thing as
one-size-fits-all dietary advice. Rather, C diets should be tailored to an individual’s
gut microbiome, or combination of gut bacteria. D “If my response and yourresponse to the same food are opposite, then by definition a similar diet cannot beeffective for both of us,” said co-author Dr. Elan Elinav.
5

A Astronomers have witnessed for the first time a star the size of our sun being

completely ripped apart and destroyed by a supermassive black hole. B The
scientists watched the process unfold as the star was grabbed and ripped to pieces.
C Stellar remnants not swallowed up by the black hole were shot out into space D

at close to speed of the light by powerful magnetic fields forming plasma jets.

6

A Headlines can paint a pretty grim picture of life across our planet. B On bad days,

they can make any of us want to seek shelter in home. C But in fact, doing the
opposite can produce surprisingly curative results. Spin the globe. Pack a bag.
Break bread with strangers. Soak in radical beauty. D In short – travel.
7

A Travelers often visit India to see its many temples and palaces, B but a new trip

provides the chance to explore the country’s lesser-known music and dance
heritage, spanning several thousand years. C The sixteen-day India Dance andMusic Tour concentrates in northern India.

D

Highlights include visiting

workshops that produce and sell Indian musical instruments, attending a recitalduring a sunrise boat cruise, and touring one of the most famous schools of
Hindustani classical music.

E－4

8

A How many miles a week should I run to improve my health? B Surprisingly few,

it seems. C According to a new review of related studies to running and health, D
jogging for as few as five or six miles per week could substantially improvesomeone’s health.

9

A Imagine that: B With a simple flash of light or heat, an unassuming piece of

paper folds itself into a crane C and, as the light or heat pulses, it flaps its paper
wings in flight. D Though the concept is still in its early days, scientists are closer
to making this a reality with the recent unveiling of a graphene-based self-folding
paper.
10 A In the United States, driverless cars are already taking to the street on an
experimental basis. B Manufacturers promise that these marvels of technology
will change our world. C The cars will communicate with one another, allowing
them to move fluidly through the streetscape while reducing traffic congestion,
time spent prowling for parking, and pollution. D With sharper senses and faster
reaction times than people, autonomous vehicles could theoretically makecar-on-car collision a thing of the past.

Ⅳ Choose the most suitable word or phrase from the list to fill each of the numbered
blanks in the passage below.
The word “cool” has been cool for a long time. Originally associated withtemperature, by the 16th century the term had evolved to describe not (

1

) the

atmosphere, but also an internal state of calm, almost icy composure. And by the late
1800s it began to signify style and hipness and some of the other meanings with which
it is associated today. Now, cool is used as a synonym for almost (2) good.

Music can be cool and restaurants can be cool. Every so often even a minivan seems
cool.
But not all words and phrases persist. In the 1940s, dress snappy and someone
might say you looked “spiffy.” In the 1950s, people might say you looked “swell.” Thesedays, teenagers might say you’re “on fleek.” What was (E－5

3) “awesome” is now

“dope.” Tell someone today that they look spiffy and people will think that you arecaught in a time warp.
Language is constantly evolving. Certain words and phrases (4) on andbecome popular while others die out and wither away. So what leads some phrases tobecome more successful than others? Why do some stand the test of time while others
die out?
There is no record of every time someone utters a certain word or phrase, so to
study these questions, a colleague of mine and I turned to the next best thing: books.
For hundreds of years, of course, books (5) the words and phrases used toexpress different ideas. This includes everything from Shakespeare’s sonnets to Jane
Austen’s description of the landed gentry, and many thousands of works by unknown
authors in (6). Books provide a written record of culture, a constantly evolving

collection of snapshots of (7

) things were like across time and space.

Using a searchable database of more than five million books from the last 200
years, we were able to track the popularity of thousands of words and phrases overtime. Interestingly, we (8) that our senses (e.g., sight, smell and touch) have a

big impact on linguistic success.
There are multiple ways to convey the same thing, and phrases with similar
meanings often act as substitutes, competing for usage. A not-so-friendly person, forexample, can be described as unfriendly or cold. (9) student can be describedas smart or bright. For each of these pairs, one of the phrases relates to the senses (i.e.,
cold person or bright student) while its semantic analogue (unfriendly person or smart
student) does not.
While this might seem like (10) difference, it actually has a big impact on

linguistic success. Compared with their semantic equivalents (e.g., unfriendly person
or smart student), we found that phrases that relate to senses in metaphoric ways (e.g.,
cold person or bright student) became more popular over time.
1

A

both

B

eitherC

hardly

D

just

2

A

anythingBeverythingCnothingD

something

3

A

back

B

former

C

once

D

past

4

A

advance

B

catch

C

hold

D

turn

5

A

are documentedB

are documentingC

documentD

have documented

6

A

all

B

between

C

that

D

time

7

A

how

B

what

C

which

E－6

D

why

8

A

discoveredB

invented

C

knew

D

researched

9A

A cheerful

B

A kindC

An amusing

D

An intelligent

10

A

a lot of

B

any

C

a big

D

a minorⅤ PartⅠ: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question
listed below it.
According to the UN, developed countries throw away around 30% to 40% of all
food purchased.

And if food waste was cut by a quarter, world famine could be solved.

In the UK, of the 41 million tons of food that is bought each year, 15 million tons arewasted.
You might think supermarkets are the biggest culprits, but the truth is that mosthave made major strides in recent years.

One UK waste-advisory charity’s best

estimate is that supermarket waste accounts for less than 2% of what gets chucked out
each year.

Part of that is attributable to advances in supply-chain technology.

As

you might guess, fresh food and short shelf-life products account for a lot of what getsthrown away.

But these days good demand-forecasting and inventory-planningsoftware can handle even the trickiest items.
Supermarkets have an interest in avoiding waste because margins on fresh
produce tend to be quite tight.

If you make 25 pence for every £1 ($1.50) of broccoli

sold you have to sell three pieces to make up for the loss from one gone bad.

So if youhave noticed fewer items with reduced stickers, it is because they are getting a grip on
the problem.

What waste remains is at least partly driven by consumers expecting

fresh food items to be constantly available and stacked in attractive displays — bothfactors pushing food retailers to order more than they can sell.
The biggest contributor to Britain’s food-waste shame is household rubbish,
which in the UK accounts for almost half the food thrown away. Many of us make bad
decisions about food, especially when we are hungry, over-ordering in restaurants andover-buying in shops. The most primitive parts of our brains, faced with feast, reactas though famine were just around the corner.
And yet the game seems to be stacked against consumers. Supermarkets may
strive to eliminate spoilage while food is in their supply chain, but once you have paid
for something it is not their problem.

They would argue, not unfairly, that they have

tried to ensure the food you buy is as fresh as possible to give you the best possibleE－7chance to consume it before it goes bad.

Back in 2010, one British supermarket giant

even briefly experimented with a “buy one, get one free later” scheme to help reduce
waste. But for the most part, food retail is structured and incentivised to get us to buy
as much as possible, regardless of whether we actually need it.
In the developing world, anywhere from 6% to 15% of food gets thrown out despite
poorer infrastructure, less reliable logistics, hotter climates, and inferior refrigeration.
Indeed, weight for weight, in places such as sub-Saharan Africa and south andsoutheast Asia, people waste only around a tenth of what the British do.
overwhelming differentiator seems to be the value that we attach to food.

The

Having afull fridge to cater to our every whim and those of our families seems more important
than not having a full rubbish bin.

1 Although some people might think supermarkets are largely responsible for thegreat amount of food waste in the UK, most of them ______________A

have almost solved the problem of world famine.

Bhave been a major influence in educating consumers about this problem.

C

have made great progress in reducing the waste.

D have recently developed faster ways to put the waste into the bin.

2 Food retailers in the UK tend to order more than they can sell because someconsumers ______________A

always try to buy items with reduced stickers to avoid waste.

B

believe attractive displays are necessary to reduce food waste.

C

expect to find fresh produce in plenty on each and every visit.

D prefer food retailers that sell broccoli in packs of three.
3 In the UK, household rubbish accounts for almost half of the food waste, as many
people ______________
A

buy more food than they can actually eat when they are hungry.

Bfear there will be famine in the near future.
E－8

C

feel ashamed of the amount of food waste in their country.

D save almost half of the food they buy.
4 Supermarkets in the UK ______________A

have instituted a program called “buy one, get one free later” in an attempt tohighlight waste.

B

strive to reduce food waste while food is in their shops and also after
consumers have bought it.

C

try to sell as much food as possible only when consumers actually need it.

Dwould maintain they have tried to provide food as fresh as possible to theconsumers.

5 According to the passage, the author thinks ______________
A

differences in the amount of food waste in different countries are
attributable to the value people attach to food.

Bin places like sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, people should beallowed to throw away more waste than they do now.

C

less food should be wasted in developing countries, considering hotter
climates and inferior refrigeration among other factors.

Dpeople in the UK now believe that having a fridge full of food is lessimportant for their families than before.

Ⅴ PartⅡ: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question
listed below it.
Philosophers, psychologists, and scientists have been puzzling over the essential
definition of human uniqueness since the beginning of recorded history. The Harvard
psychologist Daniel Gilbert says that every psychologist must, at some point in his or
her career, write a version of what he calls “The Sentence.” Specifically, The Sentencereads like this:The human being is the only animal that ______.
E－9

The story of humans’ sense of self is, you might say, the story of failed, debunked
versions of The Sentence. Except now it’s not just the animals that we’re worried about.
We once thought humans were unique for using language, but this seems lesscertain each year; we once thought humans were unique for using tools, but this claim
also erodes with ongoing animal-behavior research; we once thought humans wereunique for being able to do mathematics, and now we can barely imagine being able todo what our calculators can.
We might ask ourselves: Is it appropriate to allow our definition of our own
uniqueness to be, in some sense, reactive to the advancing front of technology? And
why is it that we are so compelled to feel unique in the first place?
“Sometimes it seems,” says Douglas Hofstadter, a Pulitzer Prize–winning
cognitive scientist, “as though each new step towards artificial intelligence, rather than
producing something which everyone agrees is real intelligence, merely reveals whatreal intelligence is not.” While at first this seems a consoling position—one that keeps
our unique claim to thought intact—it does bear the uncomfortable appearance of a
gradual retreat, like a medieval army withdrawing from the castle to the keep. But theretreat can’t continue indefinitely. Consider: if everything that we thought hinged on
thinking turns out to not involve it, then … what is thinking? It would seem to reduce
to either an epiphenomenon—a kind of “exhaust” thrown off by the brain—or, worse, anillusion.
Where is the keep of our selfhood?
The story of the 21st century will be, in part, the story of the drawing andredrawing of these battle lines, the story of human beings trying to stake a claim on
shifting ground, flanked by beast and machine, pinned between meat and math.
Is this retreat a good thing or a bad thing? For instance, does the fact thatcomputers are so good at mathematics in some sense take away an arena of humanactivity, or does it free us from having to do a nonhuman activity, liberating us into a
more human life? The latter view seems to be more appealing, but less so when we
begin to imagine a point in the future when the number of “human activities” left for us
to be “liberated” into has grown uncomfortably small.
What then?
1

What is the purpose of “The Sentence”?
A To point out what is distinctively human.
B To catalog unique approaches of psychologists.
E－10

C To list common characteristics of animals.
D To differentiate between living and nonliving things.
2

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way in which humans used to beviewed as unique?
A the capacity to calculate
B the use of implements
C the sense of self
D the ability to communicate

3

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is true?
A

Because of “The Sentence,” we know what real intelligence is not.

B

“The Sentence” was devised by the psychologist Douglas Hofstadter.

C

Daniel Gilbert is mystified by what is termed “The Sentence.”

D No version of “The Sentence” has yet been adequately completed.
45What does “the keep of our selfhood” mean in the passage?
Aa strong wall to divide up our uniquenessB

the means of supporting and protecting our identityC

the final place of refuge for our individuality

D

an impenetrable prison for our soul

Which of the following best reflects the author’s message?
A

The prior century was a time of great struggle and endeavor for psychology.

B

Technology is raising new questions about what it means to be human.

C

Humankind’s comprehension of self will be in part because of “The Sentence.”

D

Researchers should take up the notion that human beings are without equal.

E－11