Wall thinckess

1 atomSpecific surface area of 1 g

2≥ 300 mThermal conductivity
compared with diamond

3 times more

Length ≥ 5 μm
G/Dratio>90Amountpcs in 1 g1017

1 gram of TUBALL™ nanotubes
contains enough to stretch fromthe earth to the sun and back2

Human existence is shaped by the materials we use. More than 50%
of all basic materials can be improved by introducing a universal
additive – graphene nanotubes. These tiny tubes provide us witha rare opportunity to create nanoaugmented materials that haveextraordinary properties.
Graphene nanotubes (GNTs) can be described as a one-atom-thick graphene sheet
rolled in a tube more than 5 µm length. This material is also commonly called single
wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs).

Rangeof outer diameters1.6±0.4 nm

GRAPHENE NANOTUBESUNIQUE PROPERTIES OF GNTs
With these unique properties of graphene nanotubes, many characteristics ofmaterials are improved.
The pre-eminence of these nanotubes is related to their exceptional properties,
such as superior conductivity, high temperature resistance, ultralow weight, record
strength and high flexibility.

Excellent
conductor

Strongerthan steel

Thermalstability

Lengthto diameter
ratioand 5 times
lighter thancopper

up to100 times

up to1,600°C
in a vacuum

about
3,000 times
3GNTs — THE FIRST UNIVERSALADDITIVE FOR MATERIALSElectrochemical
Electrochemical
Rubber Rubbermaterials
materials
Adhesives
Adhesives
power sources
power sources

Composites
Composites

4Concrete
Concrete

Ceramics
Ceramics

Owing to their extraordinary electrical conductivity andtheir mechanical properties and thermal stability, GNTs findapplications as additives in an extremely wide range ofstructural materials.

PlasticsPlastics

Copper Copper semiconductors
PaintsPaintssemiconductor

GlassAluminium
Aluminium

GlassSensorsSensors

5WHY GNTs LEFT UNUSED BY CIVILIZATION BEFORE?
60In 2014 GNTs
became available
to the massindustry

TUBALL™ is the brand name of single wall carbon
nanotubes, or graphene nanotubes, produced by OCSiAl
6

2014

2024E
7

FIRST

MASS-PRODUCEDGNTs

TUBALL™
While the huge potential of GNTs has been recognised for manyyears, until recently their wide application in industry was notpossible because of the absence of technology for their mass
production, their high price and the lack of methods for introducing
them into materials.
TUBALL™ nanotubes are the first GNTs to be available for commercial applications
in a wide range of industries. OCSiAl’s breakthrough is low-cost mass-production
technology has made the widespread use of nanotubes economically viable whilestill preserving their high quality.

FEATURES• High-quality nanotubes (G/D ratio > 90)• Gains traction starting from ultralow concentrations• Adds uniform, permanent and stable electrical conductivity• Enhances mechanical properties• Maintains color, elasticity, durability and other key propertiesof improved materials• Versatile for an extremely wide range of applications

500500nm
nm

11TECHNICAL INFO
UNIT OFMEASUREVALUEMETHOD OF
EVALUATION

CNT content

wt.%

≥ 80

OCSiAl internal method:
ash residue

Length of CNT

μm>5AFMCNT outer mean diameternm

1.6 ± 0.4

Optical absorption:
ISO/TS 10868:2017 (E)Specific surface area

m²/g

≥ 300

BET method: ISO 9277:2010 (E)Metal impurities

wt.%

≤ 15

OCSiAl internal method:
ash residueMoisturewt.%<5OCSiAl internal method:
infrared thermogravimetry

RAMAN SPECTRUM
Raman spectrum

TGA CURVESTGA curves

Weight, %Weight, %Intensity, arb/units

1.10.55

0Raman shift, cm -101210 nm

100200300

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

200 nm13

PRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF GNTs
OCSiAl is the first company to commercialize breakthroughtechnology for synthesis of high-quality graphene nanotubes at acommercially viable price.
OCSiAl launched large-scale production and delivered the firstcommercially viable graphene nanotubes to the market under thebrand name TUBALL™.
Serbian plant will be the main EU region production hub for
TUBALL™ synthesis until the launch of the plant in Luxembourg in2027. First synthesis unit is in the process of being assembled,launch in 2024Е.

The only technology to achieve all three parameters atthe same time:
up to99%
GNTIndustrial
scale

High purity

Сommerciallyviable
17

PLANT IN SERBIA 2024

PLANT IN LUXEMBOURG 2027

Capacities, up to t/yStara Pazova

Up to20060

700 t/yTUBALL™ MATRIX
2024

TUBALL™
2024

TUBALL™ capacity

3,500

120

KEY APPROVALS

Suspensions
2024

TUBALL™
2026

ReceivedLuxembourg

INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONSHOW IT WORKSCOMPARISON OF ADDITIVES THRESHOLD OF CHANGE

TUBALL™ provides significant improvements in material
properties upon the addition of ultralow loadings, starting fromas little as 0.01%.

Microparticles

Nanofibers

CARBON BLACK
20–40%METAL FILLERS
15–35%CARBON FIBERS
3–12%

ML GRAPHENE*
1–6%

MWCNTs
0.5–5%

GNTs
GNTs
0.01–0,1%
0.01
–0.1%

GNTs

The same concentration of particles (~0.1%) in the same volume

Unlike conventional additives such as multi wall carbon nanotubes,carbon fibers and most types of carbon black, which all disperse
unevenly throughout the material’s matrix, GNTs create a uniform 3D
reinforcing and conductive network.

* Graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, etc.
2223

TUBALL™
PROTOTYPINGCENTER

electrochemical powersourcescoatings

analysis and quality
control of graphene
nanotubes

thermoplastics

elastomers

thermosets… and others

TUBALL™ APPLICIATIONS: ONE ADDITIVEFOR THOUSANDS OF MATERIALS

26

TUBALL™ nanotubes can dramatically improve the properties of the majority ofmaterials used in industry. This wonder-material is just at the beginning of its journey.
OCSiAl is taking the lead in the developing of numerous dispersion technologies
that allow customers to integrate TUBALL™ into their products without changes inmanufacturing technology or formulation.

27

TUBALL™
DISPERSIONSTUBALL™ BATTTUBALL™ BATT is a ready-to-use dispersion designed to easily incorporate TUBALL™ into
electrode formulations during the battery manufacturing process.
TUBALL™ BATT provides a complete or partial substitute for carbon black in battery
electrodes and can replace several percent of carbon black with 0.02–0.1% of TUBALL™.
TUBALL™ forms conductive 3D networks between active material particles at very
low concentrations. The nanotubes reinforce the electrode structure and improve its
mechanical stability during cycling. TUBALL™ improves adhesion by establishing strong
ties between the particles, reducing the amount of binder required.

H2O

NMP

For high-energy
Si-based anodes

For high-energy
cathodesBENEFITSBENEFITS

Solves the Si-anode degradation
problem

Boosted energy density

Cycle life that meets the targetsof the modern EV industry

Higher discharge power

Record high energy density
achievable

Higher safety

Fast-charging ability unlocked

Improved adhesion

31

TUBALL™ LATEXTUBALL™ LATEX is a water-based suspension for manufacturing latex gloves andlatex products with anti-static properties, while retaining mechanical properties andminimally impacting the host matrix.
TUBALL™ LATEX makes it possible to attain permanent and humidity-independent
conductivity that is fully compliant with the most demanding applications, including
the new European standard EN 16350:2014 (EN 1149) for anti-static properties insafety wear.

BENEFITS
Standard dipping process
Retain color
Maintain or improve mechanicalproperties
Electrical resistivity of < 10⁸ ΩMaterial is ready to use“as produced”

33

TUBALL™ COAT_E
TUBALL™ COAT_E is an easy-to-use single wall carbon nanotube suspension in waterthat provides permanent anti-static properties to waterborne paints and coatings withminimal impact on their color and mechanical properties.
TUBALL™ COAT_E is suitable for production of anti-static waterborne paints andcoatings intended for the following applications:• UV coating• Packaging for electronics

BENEFITSComplying with strict ESD
standards
Choice of colors
Choice of various thickness
Permanent conductivity
Easy-to-use

35

TUBALL™ MATRIXCONCENTRATESTUBALL™ MATRIX in a polymer

TUBALL™ MATRIXOCSiAl has taken the lead in the creation of technologies for introducing
nanotubes into material matrixes.
In 2016 OCSiAl presented TUBALL™ MATRIX – a line of graphene nanotubebased concentrates that provide materials with uniform and permanentelectrical conductivity without compromising the original color or mechanicalproperties of the product. OCSiAl has now developed concentrates for most ofthe widely used industry-standard formulations.

BENEFITS

Ultralow
concentrationfrom 0.1%

Retention ofwide range ofcolors

Maintained oreven increased
mechanicalstrength

Permanentand uniform
conductivity
without“hot spots”

Minimum
impact on
viscosity anddensity

39

FOR NUMEROUS INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

201 202 203 207

Epoxy, polyurethane

208 209 301
202

Phenolic

204

Polyester, vinylester,
acrylic, melamine

302

Acrylic

601 602 605
610
808 814

LSR, RTV and HCR silicones

Rubbers

Thermoplastics...and many more to come41

CERTIFICATIONAND EHSENVIRONMENT, HEALTH & SAFETY
OCSiAl is the first company to be authorised to start large volumecommercial shipments of SWCNTs to customers in Europe, North
America and other key global markets.
REACH

Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictionof Chemicals• With the tonnage band upgrade, which is compliant
with REACH Annex VIII, as of April 2020, its allowecommercialization volumes in Europe up to 100 tonnesof nanotubes annually• TUBALL™ is registered under the number
01-2120130006-75-0000• First and only SWCNT completed (September 2016)

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency• Since December 2019 TUBALL™ nanotubes can besupplied and sold in the US without any limitations.
• PMN4 number P-17-0257

45

ECOTOXICITY TESTS RESULTTUBALL™ itself has no eco-toxicity effect verified by:• Daphina magna, Acure Immobilization eco-toxicity test according OECD 202• Freshwater Alga Growth inhibition eco-toxicity test according OECD 201
PARTICLES RELEASE
When TUBALL™ is used as a reinforcing material in polymer composites, it no longer
displays nano-particle characteristics. And even in cases where such composite material
is grinded, cut, or otherwise mechanically degraded, pure TUBALL™ typically does notrelease, but is only release as part of highly aggregated, polymer-bound particles.

75

Particle number concentration, pt/cm3

For instance, VITO and INERIS, two of the leading European independent researchcenters, supported OCSiAl in several studies and testing programs, including incinerationand combustion tests, nano ecotoxicity, and various mechanical degrading studies toinvestigate and measure possible aerosol release to find out whether nano- and microsized particles were released from the different TUBALL™-containing composite materials.

Particle number concentration, pt/cm3

OCSiAl invests in EHS-related research projects that are conducted by independentlaboratories

2520151050Blank
epoxy

5060

Particle number concentration, pt/cm3

INDEPENDENT NANOSAFETY TESTINGS

50
4030
200.01%TUBALL™
epoxy

10045
4035302520
155Blank
PE0.2%TUBALL™
PE0Blankelastomer

0.2%
TUBALL™
elastomer

Graphics from original report from VITO

• No protruding nor free-standing TUBALL™ nanotubes were found• As a result of the strength and cohesion improvement, nanotube-formulatedmaterials release fewer nano-sized particles compared with the neat material

Exposure of TUBALL™ is extremely limited and not considered of posing
any hazards to consumers, neither by inhalation, dermal or oral exposure.

4647

OCSiAl ENABLES PEOPLE TO BENEFIT FROMADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES WITHOUT DAMAGING
THE PLANET
Materials – at all stages of their life cycle from extraction to recovery – contribute to one of
the largest inputs of greenhouse gas emissions. And the production of materials to meetthe needs of the increasing population will double in the next 40 years.
Additionally, materials and products are often used only partially to their full potential.
Useful load of:<40%

15-30%

20%

office building

aircraftpassenger car

To reduce global materials consumption, we need to make materials more energy
efficient, stronger and more durable.

GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTION
Graphene nanotubes have a significant
impact on reducing the carbon footprint
thanks to two effects:
strengthening and increasing
the durability of material and,as a result, reducing the needfor the production of newmaterials.
increasing the energy
efficiency of many physicalsystems.

* https://www.ev-volumes.com/news/global-evsales-for-2022/

For example: a car as a system
can become more energy efficientby increasing energy capacity ofthe battery and reducing rolling
resistance.
About 81 million cars* were delivered
globally in 2022. 10.5 mln of themwere BEVs and PHEVs, while 70.5 mln
were ICEs and HEVs.
If all of them had used graphene
nanotubes in batteries and tires, theworld would additionally have savedup to an additional

62 mln tonnesof CO₂ equivalentGraphene nanotubes can improve the properties of most materials existing on Earth.
As a result, less materials can be used to achieve the same result. Enhanced products
demonstrate higher energy efficiency and longer cycle life, decreasing the need for
new products and thus the CO₂ emissions from their manufacturing.

4849

COMPANYOCSiAlOCSiAl is the world’s largest manufacturer of graphene nanotubes, owning the only
scalable technology capable of synthesizing them in industrial volumes.
A graphene nanotube, also known as a single wall carbon
nanotube, is a rolled-up sheet of graphene possessing
exceptional properties, such as high electrical andthermal conductivity, strength, and flexibility. These
unique characteristics make graphene nanotubes a
versatile additive with potential applications across up
to 50% of global materials markets. When integrated intomaterials, they form a 3D reinforcing conductive network,providing a new set of properties to the final product.
Advanced high-performance batteries, composites,plastics, coatings, and other materials additionally enable
companies to contribute to reductions in CO₂ emissions
at all stages of manufacturing and during usage of newproducts, stimulating global efforts to achieve carbon
neutrality.
OCSiAl produces high-purity graphene nanotubes
under the brand name TUBALL™ and accelerates thetransformation process of nanotubes from the laboratory
to being an industrial-scale material by simplifying
their handling. The company has developed TUBALL™formulated technologies for various applications.
TUBALL™ BATT, an ultrafine dispersion of graphene
nanotubes in liquid carriers, is a ready-to-use solution
designed for high-energy anodes and cathodes.
OCSiAl nanotubes create long, robust electrical
networks between active material particles, improving
key battery characteristics, including cycle life, DCR(reduced resistance), C-rate performance, and cohesion
between active battery material particles, making thebattery electrodes more durable. Graphene nanotubes
unlock new battery technologies, including high-siliconcontent anodes, thick LFP cathodes, fast-charging
graphite anodes, and more. They can be applied in88both conventional and emerging battery tech, such as a
dry battery electrode coating process, and in solid-statebatteries.
The TUBALL™ MATRIX nanotube concentrate productline is specifically designed for various elastomers,thermosets, and thermoplastics. It is widely used as aconductive filler to impart anti-static and ESD properties.
Depending on the specific requirements, the working
dosage is in the range of 0.1–1 wt.% in the final compound.
TUBALL™ MATRIX is also increasingly being used as areinforcing additive in various types of materials, enabling
the production of lightweight, strong, smart, conductive,and colored products.
The company’s technical support centers are located in
Luxembourg, China, and Serbia. They are designed to becapable of completing the full development chain: frominitial research to the fine-tuning of the application ofTUBALL™ in pilot industrial lines.
TUBALL™ graphene nanotubes are authorized for use
across a wide range of industries. They comply withEU-REACH and US Environmental Protection Agency
regulations, allowing the commercialization of up to 100
tonnes of single wall carbon nanotubes annually in Europe
and an unlimited tonnage band in the US.
Headquartered in Luxembourg, OCSiAl is represented
throughout Europe, the US, South Korea, China, HongKong, Canada, Mexico, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan, India,and Serbia. OCSiAl collaborates with more than 1,500
companies in over 50 countries worldwide and enjoys a
network of 20+ distributors.

250+ PEOPLE
20+ SCIENTISTS
1 DREAMWARRANTIES AND DISCLAIMERCONTACT YOUR LOCAL DISTRIBUTOR TO ORDER A SAMPLEAND OBTAIN TECHNICAL/SAFETY DATA SHEETS

The information provided by OCSiAl in this Brochure is for general
informational purposes only and under no circumstances does it
constitute an offer to enter into a binding agreement with OCSiAl.

ASIA
KOREA
11F, 254-8 Gongdeok-dong,
Mapo-gu, Seoul
04212, Korea+82 32 260 0407
asiapacific@ocsial.com

OCSiAl makes every reasonable effort to ensure that all information in this Brochure iscorrect. However, OCSiAl makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether
express or implied, regarding the accuracy, completeness, appropriateness, orsuitability of the information contained therein.

HONG KONG
Room 1102, 11/F, Lippo Sun
Plaza, 28, Canton Road,
Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon,
Hong Kong+852 3575 3946

OCSiAl will not be liable for damages of any kind arising from the use of any information
contained in this Brochure, including, but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental,punitive or consequential damages, unless otherwise specified in writing.

CHINA
Room 1509, Pengrunda
Commercial Plaza, No.
3368 Houhaibin Road,
Nanshan District, Shenzhen,
Guangdong, China+86 755 867 00059
Ground floor, Unit 4,
Building 7, No.160, BashengRoad, Pudong district,
Shanghai, China+86 135 9012 5295

JAPANTokyo, Japan
070-1421-0331
japan@ocsial.com
INDIA
Shivam centrium, Sahar road,
Koldongri, Andheri East,
Mumbai, 400 069, India+91 22 6288 4200
india@ocsial.comNORTH & SOUTH AMERICAUSA
950 Taylor Station Road,
Suite #W, Gahanna,
OH 43230, USA+1 415 906 5271
usa@ocsial.com

EUROPELUXEMBOURG
1 Rue de la Poudrerie,
L-3364, Leudelange,
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg+352 27990373
europe@ocsial.com
SERBIA
Balkanska 21, Belgrade, Serbia+381 692083170
balkan@ocsial.com

240808china@ocsial.com

5455

tuball.com