International Veterinary and Conservation Medicine
Education Program [IVCMEP]

Building upon generations of collaboration between University of Zambia andHokkaido University for the future of Africa – Japan relations

O ne

•

International Cooperation•

Interdisciplinary Approach•

Cross-cultural Understanding

H e al t h•Environmental Conservation•

Disease Control•

Sustainable Natural Resources

Human Resource Development for Conservation Medicine
The concept of "conservation medicine" is a new academic field that has spread rapidly around the world since thebeginning of the year 2000. Environmental changes caused by human activities and the associated health problems
caused by infectious diseases and pollutants are issues that must be solved worldwide. Conservation medicine is basedon the concept of One Health, which considers health not only of humans, but also of animals, ecosystems, society,and, more broadly, the entire planet. The promotion of conservation medicine requires multidisciplinary collaborationthat transcends the boundaries of the humanities and sciences, including medicine, ecology, veterinary medicine,engineering, agriculture, economics, earth sciences, informatics, literature, and anthropology. We have established acurriculum that allows students from various fields to participate.

Program name & concepts
The acronym "IVCMEP" stands for International Veterinary andConservation Medicine Education Program. IVCMEP reads as "I've comeup". This is based on the concept of a cycle of knowledge in whichhuman resources raised through exchange between the Universityof Zambia (UNZA) and Hokkaido University (HU) return to their homecountries and lead the next generation in their respective countries.
A logo is designed to represent the concept of One Health, in which
various fields are interrelated and the health of the entire planet isconsidered, and the other is shaped in green, the base color of thenational flags of the Republic of Zambia and school emblem of HU.

1

Program Introduction

Cource Outline

Evaluation based on Competency and Rubric
Competency is used as an evaluation index of achievement

R u b r i c s e t f o r I VC M EP 202 3

that specifically indicates the knowledge, skills, and behaviors
that can be summarized in a chart called Rubric when
students achieve each goal. . Students who are evaluated canunderstand "what behavioral characteristics were evaluated"and "which behavioral characteristics were inadequate,” veryclearly when they refer to the assessment sheet. It can greatly
help students with their motivations to study. This year, wehave created and implemented a rubric with five levels asshown in the table.

Sika deer (Cervus nippon )2

Program Introduction

Outline of the Program in 2023
◤ Receiving students from Zambia

Participatns from the University of Zambia

Activities in Hokkaido, Japan
Visiting Hokkaido

Pre-training[June - July]• Online learning on Japaneseculture and language• Preparation for Lab Rotation[Jul. 17 - 29]•

Activity report presentation• Field visit for environmental•

Report writing• Field study at Shiretoko National• Lab rotation follow-up

hazard control

management at a mining sitePark

OUTLINE
International Veterinary and Conservation
Medicine Education Program to foster the
next generation of human resources tobridge between Africa and Japan:
Japanese culture

lJapanese culture & societylQuick language training

Lab Rotation at Hokkaido University
In order to achieve One Health, the ability to identify/solve issues thatare occurring in society today and the ability to communicate acrossdisciplines and cultures are indispensable. Therefore, we set at least
two days during the stay in Japan for students to visit laboratories
at Hokkaido University according to their interests and expertise,and for students to take the initiative in their activities. This year,
students visited laboratories in the School of veterinary Medicine; labof parasitology, toxicology, and hygine. The students coordinated thecontents with the host faculty as a preliminary study, and their visit
to Japan, they trained in field sampling and experimental techniques
during the Lab Rotation period, reported their results in the form ofpresentations on the last day of their stay, and wrote reports after
returning home. Presentation materials and reports are also includedin this booklet.

3[August - October]• Intensive course for chemical• Lab rotationlGeneral guidance to this class

Post-trainingProgram Introduction◤ Sending students to Zambia

Participatns from Hokkaido Univeristy

Activities in Zambia
Pre-training[ June - July]• Academic English• Overseas risk management
seminar• JICA Zambia online seminar• Preparation for self-designed
activities

Visiting Zambia[ Aug. 19 - Sep. 3]• Mosi-Oa-Tunya Naional Park
• JICA office and project visit• Kabwe mining legavy andenvironmental remediation site

• Self-designed activities

Post-training[ September - October]• Activity report presentation（connected to UNZA via virtual
meeting system）• Report submission◤ Online Courses

Number of participants：14
Contents

Students selected three classes (equivalent to eight subjects per class) from a wide range of courses, including chemicalhazard control, infectious disease control, environmental remediation, and took the courses on-demand using an
online plat form provided by the program. After the classes, a Student Interactive Session was held, where students had
a question-and-answer session with the lecturer via an online conference system, and active one-on-one discussions
were exchanged.
【 Example of the classes 】⁃ Chemical Hazard Control•
Field Toxicology & Risk Analysis•
Chemical Analyses•
Comprehensive Studies on Chemical Hazard
Control•
Environmental Remediation and Diagnostic
Techniques•
GIS and satellite remote sensing•
Informatics⁃ Mechanism, Assessment and Remediation ofEnvironmental Pollution⁃ Advanced and Comprehensive Studies on
Zoonosis Control⁃ Advanced Seminar on Conservation Medicine

From the next page, reports from participants start4

Activity Report at Hokkaido

Activity Report at Hokkaido, Japan
Prof. Michito Shimozuru, (Graduate School of Veterinary
Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan) attended

Index
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Pre-learning before travel to Japan

p.5

communication

p.6

GIS practical classes

p.8

Workshop on interdisciplinary
Lecture on Food Toxicology

p.7

Toyoha mine plant, Sapporo

Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan,
Kushirop.9

p.10

Shiretoko National Park, Rausu and Utoro
Special lecture on Medical Anthropology

p.11
p.14

Pre-learning before travel to Japan5and made comments on the presentations. Aftercorrections, the presentations were submitted to IVCMEP
coordinators.
Lectures on Japanese Language, Culture, and Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) & One HealthAs participants in the International Veterinary andConservation Medicine Education Program (IVCMEP),
we engaged in a series of lectures that provided acomprehensive understanding of various facets, including
Japanese Language, Culture, Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), and the One Health concept via Goocus.
The Japanese Language and Culture lecture served as afoundational component of the program, enabling us
to grasp its broader objectives. This lecture emphasized
the pivotal role of cultural understanding in fostering

June - July, 2023

international collaboration between Africa and Japan.

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

It covered a wide range of topics, including recent

Golden Seulu SANDALA

developments in veterinary and conservation medicine,

Pre-travel learning about conservation medicine in Japan

insights from medical anthropology, and the integration

On 8th June, 2023, we had our orientation for theof sustainable development principles.

IVCMEP and information pertaining travel, schedule,

Within this context, the lecture shed light on theaccommodation and related aspects of the exchange

perceptions of Japanese people, who are often

program were discussed. This orientation was conductedcharacterized as diligent, courteous, friendly,

by Rio san and Miyoko san via zoom. Dr. Kaampwecompassionate, creative, and punctual. It further explored

Muzandu (Biomedical Sciences Department, School ofcultural preferences such as an appreciation for peace, theVeterinary Medicine, University of Zambia) was also inchanging seasons, cuisine, clean restroom facilities, andattendance. On 3rd July, 2023, we had presentations

the unique aspect of technologically advanced toilets in

on various topics assigned to us. The Presentation wereJapan, which boast features like seat warming, automatic

done via zoom. Rio san and Miyoko san facilitated theflushing, and bidet functions.

discussions. Each student was tasked to make an 8mins

The discourse on Japanese culture and values introduced

presentation as follows:

us to concepts like “ Wabi-Sabi” (appreciation for

Theme 1: Mining related pollution in Japan – Malifa

beauty in simplicity and imperfection), “Omotenashi”

Mwendelema(wholehearted commitment to hospitality), and “Ichigo-

Theme 2: Ecological features of Hokkaido – Nathan

Ichie” (cherishing each encounter as a unique, once-in-a-

Singanolifetime opportunity).

Theme 3: Characteristics of Shiretoko National Park –The language training component encompassed an

Chantell Bwalya Chileshe

introduction to the three fundamental character sets

Theme 4: Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Hokkaido – Golden

used in the Japanese language—Hiragana, Katakana,

Seulu Sandala

and Kanji—along with explanations of their origins andActivity Report at Hokkaido
functions. Additionally, essential phrases and greetings

Throughout the presentation, the consistent emphasis

designed to show respect when addressing individuals

was placed on the importance of forging partnerships andwere provided.

alliances with diverse stakeholders, including government

Shifting our focus to challenges within Japan, the lectures

agencies, NGOs, local governments, manufacturers, anddelved into economic hurdles, highlighting issues suchacademia. These collaborative efforts were identified as

as a growing relative poverty rate and Japan’s heavy

the cornerstone for achieving the SDGs and effectively

dependence on imported resources for energy and food.

implementing One Health initiatives.

Notably, Japan’s low self-sufficiency rate for energy,

In summary, these lectures provided invaluable insights

standing at a mere 9.6%, was underscored, ranking it low

into Japanese culture, society, language, and theamong OECD countries.

global endeavors aimed at realizing the Sustainable

The SDGs and One Health lecture addressed the global

Development Goals and advancing One Health initiatives.

objectives set for 2030, which encompass economic,

By merging cultural appreciation with sustainable

environmental, and social dimensions. These goals aredevelopment principles, the IVCMEP plays a pivotal

built upon core principles, including the creation of arole in bridging the gap between Africa and Japan,

sustainable and thriving planet, the enhancement ofcontributing to a harmonious and prosperous future.

the well-being of all individuals and communities, theThe lectures underscored the need for global efforts toprovision for present and future generations, ensuring

comprehensively address environmental, animal, andinclusivity, and fostering global peace and security.

human health challenges.

Within the framework of the One Health concept,
the lecture emphasized the interconnectedness ofenvironmental, animal, and human health, highlightingthat addressing health challenges in one sector invariably

Workshop on interdisciplinary
communication

impacts the others. It also stressed the multidisciplinary

July 18th, 2023

approach adopted by One Health, drawing expertise from

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

diverse fields, including ecology, veterinary medicine,

Nathan SINGANO

engineering, agriculture, economics, informatics, and

INTRODUCTION

anthropology.

Conservation medicine is an emerging interdisciplinary

Furthermore, the lectures featured several groundbreaking

academic field that incorporates medicine, ecology,

initiatives that exemplified the application of SDGs andengineering, agriculture, economics, earth science,

the One Health concept. These initiatives included:

informatics and anthropology. The IVCMEP program offers

Fuji Eye Ware: A charitable endeavor donating glasses

a unique and enriching experience that provides valuable

to refugees, enriching lives, enhancing safety, andinsights into various aspects of research and global healthsupporting education.

challenges. I was honoured to represent UNZA as one of

LIXIL: A pioneering venture developing instant sanitation

the students who visited Japan for the program.  

systems for toilets, benefiting 1.7 billion individuals
globally who lack access to basic sanitation. This initiative
also focuses on women’s and children’s security andprovides improved opportunities for girls’ education.
J.FEC: An innovative producer of Ecofeed, crafted fromfood waste from factories and stores, which reduces foodloss, lowers CO2 emissions, and contributes to better pig
health.
Integriculture: An organization revolutionizing artificial
meat production to mitigate the environmental impact oftraditional meat production, thereby reducing greenhousegas emissions, preserving ocean resources, and meetingthe demand for sustainable protein sources.

Fi g .1 I ce b r e a k i n g at t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e wo r k s h o p  

6Activity Report at Hokkaido
WORKSHOP ON COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Lecture on Food Toxicology

One of the first highlights IVCMEP 2023 program wasa hands-on workshop titled “Communication Skills to

July 18th, 2023

Overcome Differences” by Prof. Tetsuya Horikita, from

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

Nihon University, based on case studies and experiences

Malifa MWENDELEMA

from veterinarians and livestock farmers. Aside fromOn the 18th of July,2023, we had a lecture on Foodtechnical skills gained from various backgrounds, theToxicology given by Dr. Collins Nimako (PhD) at Hokkaido

workshop focused on non-technical skills, leadership,

University. During the class, we covered the following

situation monitoring, support and communication.

topics;

The coordinators facilitated exercises designed to1.

Definition of food toxicology

help participants in networking and cross-cultural

2.

Types and sources of food contaminants/toxins

communication. The exercises first focused on active

3.

Risk assessment strategies for food contaminants

listening among pairs, paying attention to nonverbal

4.

Regulatory agencies of food contaminants

cues and emotions expressed. This was followed by

We learned that, food toxicology is the study of any

constructive feedback and a review of the exercise,

substance that, when consumed, may cause harmhighlighting insights and challenges. The second set ofo r a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o n t h e c o n s u m e r. T h e r e f o r e ,exercises focused on teamwork-building by following theunderstanding the entire chain (farm to fork) plays asame pattern of feedback and review. The nine-squarecritical role in minimizing contamination because it canmethod, a strategic tool that provided a bird’s eye view

occur at any point in the value chain.

of activities offered room for improvement and madeWe also learned that it is often unavoidable to eliminate

team coordination efficient and effective. Briefly, the nine-

contaminants because they occur ubiquitously or fromsquare method is a brainstorming technique that centres

natural toxins but it is advisable to minimize or eliminate

the question and lets participants fill up the remaining

potential hazards. Below are some of the food potential

eight squares surrounding the central question. Building

contamination sources;

upon the nine-square method, the KJ method developed1.

by cultural anthropologist Kawakita Jiro, was adopted

the most common causes of foodborne illnesses globally.  

to take creative problem-solving a step further. The KJ

Some of the most prevalent pathogenic microorganisms

method utilizes an induction-based problem-solving

are Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Norwalk virus, etc.

approach where participants begin by writing individual

Zambia has faced a lot of challenges with foodborne

ideas on separate cards. Similar cards are grouped based

diseases like cholera and salmonellosis.

on concepts into smaller groups. These smaller groups are2.

merged into larger groups forming a hierarchical structure

the major causes of food toxicology.   This can resultof ideas and themes. Lines and diagrams are used tofrom heavy metals such as Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, andvisualize the relationship between these groups. This

environmental chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic

approach enabled participants to clarify problems, learnhydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs)and find solutions by themselves.

etc. present in the environment.

As the workshop drew to a close, we shared the cycle of3.

life; moments of joy, sorrow, setbacks, achievements, andwhen cooking lead to carbonization and under thesefuture aspirations. This last exercise not only enhanced

circumstances any organic substance is likely to give risecommunication skills but fostered deep personalto carcinogens hence the need to emphasize the need toconnections.

follow manufacturers’ instructions on food preparations

The workshop was a transformative experience that has

and recommended temperatures.

fortified my communication abilities and prepared me for4.

excellence in interdisciplinary collaboration, embracing

molds such as aflatoxins and patulin result in several

intercultural diversity and tackling real-world problems

diseases. Zambians are at high exposure to mycotoxins

related to conservation medicine.

like aflatoxin because of the high consumption of foods

Microbiological contamination: This is one ofEnvironmental contamination is also among

Changes during cooking; Certain temperatures

Natural toxins; Induced natural toxins fromsuch as Nshima (maize meal) and groundnuts. Therefore,

7

Activity Report at Hokkaido
if storage temperatures, moisture content, storage

by people. They include inorganic and organic substances

environment, etc. are not properly observed, diseases will

and may originate from a wide range of sources suchoccur.

as microbial contamination, environmental and natural

5.

Industrial pollution; Japan and Zambia bothtoxins. Therefore, it is important to consider the sources ofshare a history of mining and other industrial pollution.

contaminants in order to understand their pathway into

Most suspended and abandoned mines cause minefood and water sources for consumption.

pollution such as water pollution. Japan experienced

GIS practical classes

pollution-related health crises such as Itai Itai disease thepast. Zambia is still experiencing water and air pollution
in areas near the old mine sites such as the Kabwe mines

July 19th - 21st, 2023

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

which lead to poor and polluted vegetation.

Golden Seulu SANDALA

We were also taught about the consequences of foodIn the lectures on GIS and remote sensing, were aimed at

toxins, and how risk assessment of the food contaminantsenhancing our skills in these fields. We adopted various

can be quantified; food contaminants may exhibit acutemethods and utilized specific materials to achieve this(short period) or chronic poisoning (long period) that,goal including:causes adverse health effects on humans, and may elicit•

effects such as diarrhea, stomachache, allergies, and evendeath.

on learning.
•

We were taught how health-based guidance value (HBGV)
can be used to establish an exposure level at which there

Practical on-the-job training (OJT) to ensure handsUtilization of software tools such as QGIS,FIELDNAUT, Locus Map, and others.

•

are no health risks.

Access to diverse data sources, including rasterdata like ASTER, Landsat, Sentinel-2, SRTM/DEM,
and vector data like GPS tracking data and pointdata.

Day 1 (19th July):
On the first day, we explored the fundamental concepts of
GIS and remote sensing. We learned how to download
free GIS data and satellite images and explored topics
such as false color composite creation and map
generation. On this day, we also went out in the field tocollect data points to make a trail around Hokkaido
University. Each of us created a map of our track and
Fi g .1 Le c t u re by D r. Co llins w h o is a PhD g r a duate o f H o k k ai d o
Un i ve r si t ymerged it with the satellite image.

Lastly, Dr. Collins mentioned some international
regulatory agencies of food such as EFSA (Europe Food
Safety Authority), Codex Alimentarius Commission
for International Standards, and USFDA to mention afew. Zambia on the other hand also uses international
standards such as the Codex Alimentarius Commission but
differs from other countries, Zambia Bureau of Standards(ZABS) facilitates the development of standards in Zambia.
The limits of the international standards differ due todifferent dietary patterns, environmental conditions, andFi g .1 Fi e l d su r ve y usi n g s m a r t p h o n e A p pnational practices.
In conclusion, food toxicology is a global food safety

Day 2 (20th July):issue. There are many potentially toxic substances in theOn the second day we covered:environment which may contaminate foods consumed•

Raster Calculator operations.

8Activity Report at Hokkaido•••

Hands-on GPS training for field surveys using

was started production in 1914. It was known to produce

smartphone applications.

large volumes of crude ores amounting to 22 million

Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) andtons. This played an important role in Japanese economic

watershed delineation.

development as it was a staple supply of mineral

Proficiency in handling vector data.

resources such as Zinc, Lead, Copper, Silver, and Indium.

Day 3 (21st July):

Unfortunately, Toyaha Mines was closed in 2006 due toOn the final day, we focused on advanced topics:

the depletion of ores.

•

Georeferencing techniques.

After the lecture, we proceeded to Motoyama Water•

Classification methodologies.

Treatment Plant. They use an acid mine drainage•

Real-world applications, particularly ingeneration mechanism to purify the underground water

environmental monitoring.

before it is discharged to the river.

An opportunity to present our achievements

The mine water and waste water treatment process haveduring the course, with each person allocated 3 tothree main stages as follows;

5 minutes for their presentation.

1.

•

Neutralization

The mine has three main tanks; pre neutralization tank,neutralization tank and floc making tank. Undergroundwater is pumped up through six pipe lines (200M deep) to
the tank. We were told the underground water is usuallywarm approximately 42℃. The underground water isacidic with pH ranging 3.5- 4 and contains metal ions.
The first stage is to neutralize the water by the additionof slaked lime (Calcium Hydroxide) which raises the pH to
9.5-10.
2.

Solid-liquid Separation

After the neutralization process, the precipitate flocculate

Fi g . 2 Fi n a l a c h i e ve m e nt r e p o r teach other resulting to low density and some high density

Take home message

sludge. The low density sludge is recycled back to theThroughout the lecture, we acquired a strong foundation

neutralization tank while the high density sludge floats onin remote sensing and GIS. We became adept at

the surface and is later filtered in the precipitation tank.

downloading and working with satellite imagery,georeferencing, classification, and their practicalapplications in environmental monitoring. Furthermore,
we realized the significance of GIS in disease research andenvironmental management, recognizing the pivotal role
played by satellite data in these fields.

Toyoha mine plant, Sapporo

July 21st, 2023

9

Fi g .1(l e f t) N e u t r a l i z at i o n t a n k s
Fi g . 2 (r i g ht) Pr e c i p i t at i o n t a n k

3.

pH Adjustment

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

The pH is then adjusted in the pH adjustment tank by

Malifa MWENDELEMA

diluting the water with sulfuric acid. The pH is adjusted

Outline and systems at Toyoha

to about 7.7 and turbidity (0.88 recommended) is tested

On the 21th of July, we visited the Toyoha plant with

before the water is discharged to Shirai river. They use realother students from South Korea and, we were also

time monitoring for all these processes. About 1.83m/min

accompanied by Dr Emmanuel Temiotan Ogbomida andof water is discharged per day.

our program coordinators. Before we toured the Water

4.

Treatment Plant, we were given a brief history of theLastly, we visited the O shidori-sawa tailing dam. The

Toyoha Mine at the Ex mineral processing plant. The minesludge after dehydration by filter press is transported andDewatered sludge

Activity Report at Hokkaido
piled in Oshidori-sawa tailing dam.

of water capacity holding which contributes to theleveling of river flow and reduces risks of floods anddrought. The mine is making an effort to restore thenatural environment and biodiversity that was destroyed
during the mining operation. While Zambia has continued
to experience SO2 emissions in the air which form acidrain especially in the rain season and this contributes tothe deterioration of the soils which become unfit forfarming and inhibit growth of vegetation.

Fi g . 3 St u d e nt s c h e c k i n g q u a l i t y o f w ate r

Fi g . 6 (l e f t)Ph oto by Ph e e ny Mw a a n g a at K a n koy a i n M u f u l i r aw i t h p o o r ve g e t at i o n
Fi g .7 (r i g ht) Toyo h a M i n i n g p l a nt su r r o u n d i n g a r e a . Ph oto by
M a l i f a Mwe n d e l e m a
Fi g .4 (l e f t) Ch e c k i n g d e w ate r e d s l e d g e
Fi g . 5 (r i g ht) O s h i d o r- s aw a t a i l i n g d a m

4.

Job creation

Toyoha water plant mine has created jobs for local

Lessons Learnt

residents, boosting the local economy while Zambian old

Both Japan and Zambia suffered from mining pollution

mines have been completely closed and left many people

but Japan has put in stringent measures on conservation

unemployed.   

and restoration on the old mining sites. Below are some

In conclusion, mining pollution is a serious environmentalof the comparisons and differences of how the mining

problem that affects many people around the world. Wesites and the management after the closure in Japan andlearned that it requires collective action and responsibility

Zambia.

from governments, corporations, communities and1.

Environmental Conservationindividuals. Therefore, there are so many ways to reduce“Environmental conservation must be managed not

the impact of mining, such as implementing restoration

only during operation period but also after the stopand rehabilitation programs.

of operation’’ (Toyoha Mine Water and Wastewater
treatment module). In Japan, the water is treated before itis discharged to prevent contamination of the surrounding
rivers. While Zambia has continued to experience acid rain

Institute for Raptor Biomedicine
Japan, Kushiro

in areas near the old mining sites.
2.  

July 23rd, 2023

Water pollution

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

Japan has a history of outbreak diseases such as Itai Itai

Golden Seulu SANDALA

disease, that were caused by access to contaminated

There is a worldwide concern on the reduction in thewater from mining operations. Zambia on the other hand

number of raptors. They are among the most rapidly

continues to experience contamination of vegetation

endangered species on the Convention on Internationalgrown in areas near the old mining sites. Japan has a

Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Florawater treatment plant enables access to clean water(CITES) appendex II.

which improves public health by reducing the risk of

On July 23rd 2023, we visited the Institute of Raptor

waterborne diseases and exposure to toxic substances.   

Biomedicine Japan (IRBJ). Upon arrival at the raptor

3.

center, we attended an illuminating lecture highlighting

Environmental restoration

We also learnt the importance of the forest surrounding

the innovative strategies for raptor and ecologicalthe area of the old mining site. The forest has a high level

restoration. The activities covered various aspects of IRBJ’s

10

Activity Report at Hokkaido
conservation efforts, including protection and propagation

According to local knowledge, peasant farmers who

programs, rehabilitation of injured birds, medical careexperience poultry losses due to raptor predation tend

procedures, habitat reintegration, and autopsy processes.

to develop negative perceptions and attitudes toward

The lecture spotlighted three key rapture species; namely,

wildlife conservation. In addition, peasant farmers

Blackiston’s Fish Owl, Stellar Sea Eagle, and White Tailed

associate raptors with them with mystical omens, andEagle.

traditional witchcraft. .In response, they may resort to

The main causes of mortality among raptors were, train

retaliatory actions such as killing raptors and damaging

and car accidents, lead poisoning (from consumption

their habitats using illegal and harmful methods likeof lead bullets used by hunters and also fromanimal poisoning, shooting, and trapping. Consequently,

bioaccumulation of lead from the raptor diet in thethere is an ongoing issue of conflicts between peasantecosystem) and Electrocution from electric power lines.

farmers and raptors.

To mitigate these challenges, the IRBJ has implemented
measures that include; Putting poles or pillars especiallyalong rivers or bridges to prevent raptors from being hit
by vehicles or trains. The institute also conducts training

Shiretoko National Park,
Rausu and Utoro

birds to recognize colored insulated stands (their studies

July 24th-25th, 2023

have shown that raptors avoid yellow, orange and red

School of Education  M2colored rods) and implements the installation of colored

Chantell Bwalya  CHILESHE

insulated stands/rods on powerlines to prevent the

Introduction

electrocution of raptors. The institute also promotes the

Our remarkable student exchange program at Hokkaido

restricting and/or regulation of the use lead bullets for

University provided us with the incredible opportunity

hunting, in attempt to curb the lead posing of raptors.

to explore Shiretoko National Park, a remarkable treasure

Ultimately, the trip to IRBJ deepened our understandingof Japan. Established as Japan’s north-eastern nationalof raptors’ vital role in preserving and harmonizingpark in 1964 and recognized as a World Natural Heritage

ecosystems.

Site in 2005, Shiretoko holds a unique place in the worldof conservation and biodiversity. This report summarizes
our findings and the valuable lessons we learnt during ourvisit.
Ecology and Bio-diversity
Shiretoko National Park is located at the lowest latitude ofall seasonal sea-ice areas in the Northern Hemisphere andthis largely influences its ecosystem. Its vegetation change
can be observed at different altitudes. Low-lying areas
consist of mixed forests of conifers & broad-leaved trees.
In terms of bio-diversity, the Park has many land, marine

11

Fi g .1 S o m e r a p to r s at t h e I ns t i t u te. Ph oto c r e d i t R i o D oy aand plant species. Shiretoko is also a habitat for globally

Comparing the experience at IRBJ to the Zambian set-up,

pelagicus), the white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)

there is need for more conservation efforts for raptors inand other migratory birds. Its Diverse wildlife include theZambia. Zambia is home to a number of raptors including

Hokkaido sika deer, brown bears, and red foxes (Vulpes

Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis and black kites,

vulpes). It is also home to several marine species including:Barn owls, Tyto alba; spotted eagle owls, Bubo africanus;

killer whales (Orcinus orca), dolphins, seals and penguins

pearl spotted owlets, Glaucidium perlatum and giant

as well as fish species include salmon & trout

eagle owls, Bubo lacteus). In Zambia, raptors provide

Brown bears and sika deer in Shiretoko National Park arevaluable ecosystem services, including controlling rodent

integral components of the ecosystem, with their activities

populations, regulating snake numbers, influencing

influencing vegetation, seed dispersal, and providing

cultural beliefs, and contributing to tourist attractions

sustenance for other wildlife. Maintaining a healthyrare sea birds such as the Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus

Activity Report at Hokkaidobalance in their populations is crucial for the park’s overall

increase in deer populations became a serious problem

biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

in Shiretoko. More than 600 deer inhabited the Capehence causing serious damages on vegetation and since2008, the Ministry of the Environment (MoE) has been
controlling deer population in order to ensure the proper
density of deer =about 5/km2. Effective strategies ofcontrolling deer population include aerial counts and theuse of high seats to enhance culling efficiency.
There has also been an increase in Human Bear Conflicts(HBC) due to an increase in human activities (industries,
fisheries & warehouses) at the peninsula. This has led toseveral bear kills with a record of 141 bear kills between

Fi g .1 L e c t u r e by M r. Um e m u r a , Sh i r e to ko Fo u n d at i o n

2017-2021. In an effort to control these conflicts, the Parks
management, established 5 management zones; bear

There are two types of bears (brown and black) in Japan.

priority and human priority zones. The park management

Brown bears are found in Hokkaido only. Bear ecology:

utilizes bear nuisance control such as culling as a way ofBrown bears are omnivores; they eat both plant andwildlife management. This is due to invasion of residential

animal material. Males weight 100-150kg, females 200-

areas, crop damage control, and problem bear control. An

400kg. Their diet varies according to season as theyelectric fence has been implementation and maintained

select the most abundant food item. During spring, thearound residential areas and the use of bear sprays andbrown bear feeds on skunk cabbage, grasses and deer.

repellents is encouraged to chase away bears. The park

During summer their food includes wild cherry fruits,

management also ensures proper waste management

lingonberries, cones of dwarf pine, cicada and ants.  

such as the use of bear-resistant containers and removal

Additionally, during autumn, they eat a lot of fat fromof carcasses to discourage bears from approaching thesalmon in preparation for hibernation. They also eat Oak

residential areas due to food sources. Lectures to locals,

acorns and wild vines during autumn. Bear population invisitors and school as well as community meetings are

Shiretoko is estimated to be about 400-500 (More females

offered by the park’s management. Further, regularthan males) with approximately 29-36 bears per km2.

monitoring and research is done by park authorities.

Shiretoko peninsula has the highest bear density in theForest trekking

world. Estimation based on Hair trap sampling and faecal

During our student exchange program, we had the

DNA analysis is done using the QGIS tool to measure theopportunity to explore both the primary and secondary

density in the areas of intensive genetic sampling doneparts of the forest.

in 2019 and 2020. On the brown bear home range, welearnt that Shiretoko peninsular seems to be small for thebears.   Understanding the relationships between bear
populations and human communities is essential in bear
management. If the brown bear population in Shiretoko
is relatively concentrated on the peninsula, it may have
implications for human-bear interactions. It is therefore
crucial to study the potential for human-bear conflict in
the region, given the proximity of human settlements.
Human and Animal Conflict
Human and animal conflicts at Shiretoko Cape, particularly
involving brown bears and Sika deer, have become a

Fi g . 2 Fi e l d t r e k k i n g w i t h p a r k r a n g e r spressing concern. In an effort to address human andWhile trekking through this natural wonder, weanimal conflict, there has been establishment of the Ezo-

encountered some fascinating wildlife, including the Sika

Sika Deer Management at Shiretoko Cape. The rapid

deer and a striking red fox, locally known as “Akagitsune.”12Activity Report at Hokkaido
We also came across the Mizunara Japanese oak tree,

intricate relationships between avian species, aquaticwhich is known to produce nuts. This tree is not only aecosystems, and the surrounding flora. Our insights

vital part of the forest ecosystem but also plays a role inunderscored the vital importance of these lakes as hubs of

the local culture and economy.

biodiversity and reinforced the significance of continued

We also observed various types of mushrooms during ourresearch and conservation efforts to preserve such

hike, which we learned are a crucial food source for thedelicate ecosystems.

deer inhabiting the forest. This interdependence between

Lessons for Zambia:

flora and fauna highlighted the delicate balance of nature

Our experience in Shiretoko National Park offers valuable

within this ecosystem. Our experience in the forest was

lessons for Zambia’s conservation efforts. Just as Shiretoko

not only a memorable adventure but also a valuable

tries to maintain a delicate balance between naturelesson in ecology and biodiversity, providing us with aand human society, Zambia must also prioritize thedeeper appreciation for the natural world.

coexistence of wildlife and communities. Strategies like

Boat cruise

effective population control, monitoring, and effective

During our visit at Shiretoko National Park, we embarked

conflict resolution can help protect both biodiversity andon a remarkable wildlife adventure with binoculars. We

human interests especially that some national parks here

eagerly scoured the landscape for signs of the magnificent

in Zambia are also inhabited by human communities.

brown bear and graceful Sika deer. we spotted brown

By studying Shiretoko’s successful practices, Zambia canbears and Sika deer while birdwatching, including white-further its commitment to preserving its own natural

tailed sea eagles and ravens. We reached the peninsula’s

heritage as well as endangered species.

tip. This experience deepened our appreciation for nature

In conclusion, our student exchange program exposed us

and biodiversity. During the boat cruise experience, weto the wonders of Shiretoko National Park and the criticalwere reminded of the importance of preserving suchneed for conservation and conflict management inpristine environments and the need for responsible

preserving our planet’s natural treasures. The lessons

conservation efforts.

learned here are invaluable, resonating far beyond theshores of Japan.

Fi g . 3 Fi n d i n g w i l d l i ve s f r o m a b o at

Shiretoko Goko Lakes

13

Fi g .4 E x a m i n i n g e l e c t r i c f e n ce s p r ote c t i n g co m m u n i t y f r o mb r ow n b e a r s

During our visit in Shiretoko, we participated in an

Summary of Activities at Shiretoko National Park

informative lecture at the Shiretoko Goko Field House.

Prior to the forest trekking, we had a lecture at Shiretoko

Following this, we strolled along the elevated wooden

Nature Foundation by Yoshihiro Umemura san on Wildlife

path of the Lakeside observation deck, offering us

Management in Shiretoko National Park and surrounding

breathtaking views of the area. Our exploration

area. We learnt that the Park’s Management is divided in 2

encompassed five exquisite lakes: L. Ichiko, L. Niko, L.

departments namely: Department of General Affairs andSanko, L. Yonko, and L. Goko. While traversing these virgin

Planning and the Department of Wildlife Management.

landscapes, our observation was greatly enhanced by

The later Department deals with the Park Management

the aid of binoculars. This activity unveiled a remarkable

Section; Wildlife Conservation and Nature Restoration

system of ecological interactions, shedding light on the

Section. The lecture emphasized the importance ofActivity Report at Hokkaido
research and collaboration. In Shiretoko, scientific research

lockdowns unintentionally altered urban spaces for

informs wildlife management decisions, and collaboration

animals, leading to amplified sightings of large numberswith local communities and stakeholders is essential forof starving rats.   Such changes call attention to thesuccess. Lesson for Zambia: scientific research should be

adaptability of rats in response to human intervention andmore prioritized in order to inform conservation strategies

environmental shifts.

and actively involve local communities and conservation

Prof Stadler also emphasized the multiple identities oforganizations in wildlife management efforts.

rats, viewed as pets, pests and even subjects of scientific

Further on, the Department of Wildlife Management

research. He further traced the roots and historicalin Shiretoko includes a section dedicated to nature

evolution of the global war against rats. Rats once

restoration. This underscores the significance of restoring

considered mere pests, became associated with theand preserving natural habitats for the long-term healthtransmission of disease in the 19th century. In the 20thof the ecosystem. A lesson for Zambia: Implement

century, they were identified as reservoirs of diseases,

nature restoration programs in areas affected by habitat

leading to widespread efforts to eradicate rats anddegradation, deforestation, or other environmental

separate them from human populations through public

challenges to promote biodiversity and sustainability.

health campaigns.
The lecture delved into rats’ historical role in shaping

Special lecture on

Johannesburg’s racial geography during the pneumonic
and bubonic plagues and the geopolitical implications.

Medical Anthropology

Particularly in South Africa, human rat entanglements
July 26th, 2023

have been more pronounced in impoverished urban

School of Veterinary Medicine M1

spaces, predominantly inhabited by black communities.

Nathan SINGANO

Neglect and limited city service in these areas have often

RAT – HUMAN ENTANGLEMENTS ANTHROPOLOGY

led to rat infestations with residents unfairly shouldering

LECTUREthe blame.

The coordinators invited Prof. Jonathan Stadler from the

These urban rat conflicts were presented as a complex

University of Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa,

issue that goes beyond pest control. Accidental poisonings

who gave a lecture titled “Rat – Human Entanglements insuch as children ingesting rat poisons and intentional dog

Anthropological Perspective”. The lecture shed light on

poisoning were underlined as consequences of the war

the intricate relationships and conflicts that exist between

against rats.

humans and rats, particularly within the unique context ofThe lecture underscored the need for comprehensive

South Africa.

research into how human-rat relations define landscapes,

One of the central themes of the lecture was the post-

especially in impoverished communities where rats

COVID-19 anxieties surrounding transformations in rat

are regarded as the sole problem. Overall, the lecture

populations and physiology. Notable transformations

provided a comprehensive understanding of the intricatethat have raised concerns include increased hunger anddynamics between rats and humans, highlighting thecannibalism, abnormal size, and increased intelligenceneed for a holistic approach to address the multifaceted

leading to rats’ resilience to traditional trapping andchallenges posed by these entanglements in South Africa

poisoning methods.  While necessary for human safety,

and beyond.  

An adult brown bear on the shore, Shiretoko

14

Report on Lab Rotation

Student Report on Lab Rotation

Students visited laboratories of their interest for intensive learning and lab tour
after running a sequence, nanopore sequencing provides
real-time data. Additionally, nanopore sequencing has

Index
•

•

NGS data analysis hands-on training
School of Veterinary Medicine M1
Nathan SINGANO

p.15

Institute for Vaccine Research andDevelopment (IVReD)  

School of Veterinary Medicine M2••

Malifa MWENDELEMA

Risk Analysis using SIR Model
School of Education  M2

Chantell Bwalya CHILESHE

p.16

reading lengths and low instrumental and operationalcosts. This has made whole genome sequencing more
affordable and readily accessible even in resourceconstrained settings. Nanopore sequencing has now
found widespread utilization in space exploration missions
and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Despite
this significant progress, in sequencing technology,
there is a huge pile of biological data with few technical

p.16

Division of Biologics Development

School of Veterinary Medicine M2
Golden Seulus SANDALA

several advantages such as fast sequence runs, longp.17

NGS data analysis hands-on training

expertise to analyse and make sense of it. This is precisely
where the field of bioinformatics plays a vital role, withbioinformaticians stepping in to bridge this critical gap
with expertise in biology and computer science.
A f te r a br i e f i ntr o d u c ti o n to N G S and nanop ore
sequencing, the practice session commenced withinstalling essential software packages, Putty and WinSCP

School of Veterinary Medicine M1

and establishing server access. These initial steps provided

Nathan SINGANO

the necessary resources to engage in hands-on data

Another enriching experience under the IVCMEP program

analysis.  After successfully configuring and synchronizing

was practical laboratory rotations. Before embarking

Putty and WinSCP with the private servers located in theon the journey to Japan, each participant was allowed

International Institute for Zoonosis Control (IIZC),

to choose a research laboratory at Hokkaido University

Hokkaido University, the following phase of the rotationthat closely aligned with their research interests. The

was familiarization with basic Linux commands. This step

IVMCEP coordinators were very helpful in facilitating

was crucial for easy navigation and interaction with thecollaborative relationships with esteemed professors andcommand line interface within the server environment.

their respective laboratories. I had the privilege of gaining
hands-on experience in Bioinformatics and Vaccine
development.
Nanopore Sequence Data Analysis, Department of
Bioinformatics IIZC
The main objective of this session was to equip
participants with the skills and knowledge essential for
proficiency analysis of data generated through nanopore
sequencing technology.   The nanopore sequence
developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd falls
under the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform.
NGS is a high-throughput methodology that enables rapid

15

H a n ds- o n l e s s o n o f N G S a n a l y sis

sequencing of DNA or RNA. Unlike traditional sequencing

The coordinator of this session, Miss Dela, PhD fellow,

platforms, for instance, Sanger, which yields bulk data

gave a brief overview of the data for practice, startingReport on Lab Rotationfrom the collection of bat samples, amplification using

works. IVReD has international collaborations worldwide,

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing using

including Zambia. The Hokkaido University Center fornanopore sequencer Minion which produced a fast5 raw

Zoonosis Control in Zambia (HUCZCZ) is located at thedata file.

University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicines.

The session proceeded with base calling using Guppy, in

After Dr. Sawa’s lecture, we attended another one

layman’s terms, it is the conversion of the fast5 raw data

conducted by Dr. Gabriel. This lecture focused onfrom the sequencer into DNA bases A, T, C and G. The

Bioinformatics in the times of COVID-19. Dr. Gabriel

resulting fastQ files were merged and manipulated into a

provided us with general information on SARS-CoV-2

fastA file. FastQ and fastA are text files that store sequenceand discussed the severity of the virus. We learned about

data. The fastA sequence file was identified using thethe origins of SARS-CoV-2, which is believed to havesequence comparison program, BLAST. The sequence wasoriginated from bats and undergone a recombinationcompared against a reference viral database maintained

process. Dr. Gabriel also explained how they searched forby IIZC. The outcome of the analysis revealed the presence

severity factors, mutation patterns, water surveillance,of a virus in the bat samples that were originally collected.

and SARS-CoV-2 sequencing applications. He presented

Ultimately, the significance of this analysis extends

a sequencing workflow chart using MinION by Oxford

beyond the laboratory, emphasizing the importance of

Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and iSeq 100 by Illumina.

wildlife and public health surveillance. This laboratory

MinION (ONT) is a portable tool that can be utilized inrotation exemplifies the multidisciplinary approach ofvarious fields and is cost-effective compared to otherconservation medicine through the integration of science,

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies. The

public health and veterinary medicine to address criticalinformation obtained from sequencing plays a crucial

issues at the intersection of humans, wildlife and therole in the development of vaccines, diagnostic tests, andenvironment.

much more.

Institute for Vaccine Research andDevelopment (IVReD)

In the afternoon, we had the opportunity to visit the Cryoelectron microscopy facility and the IVReD animal
management facility. The Cryo-electron microscopy wasmesmerizing. Even from the computers, we were able to

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

appreciate its incredible power in visualizing biological

Malifa MWENDELEMA

structures at near-atomic resolution, which is instrumental

On the 27th of July, we visited the Institute for Vaccine

in structural biology for studying three-dimensional (3D)

Research and Development, where we were hosted bybiological structures.

Dr. Hirofumi Sawa and Dr. Gabriel. Dr. Sawa provided
an introduction to the usage of bioinformatics anddiscussed the recent activities of the center. We learned
that IVReD was established on October 4, 2022, as adirect organization under the president of Hokkaido
University, along with SCADA management. We also
learned about how it collaborates with companies andclinical facilities. IVReD boasts a team of the world’s
top 8 researchers, each of whom belongs to a research
implementation division. Among them are 1 University
Professor Dr. Kida and three Distinguished Professors: Drs.
Harashima, Suzuki, and Sawa. Dr. Sawa highlighted how
they have already initiated discussions on simulations ofactual achievements related to emergent events caused
by infectious diseases, in collaboration with Hokkaido

L e a r n i n g a b o u t c r yo - e l e c t r o n m i c r o s co py by D r. Sh i n g a i

Risk Analysis using SIR Model

School of Education  M2

University members. He also showed us some of their

Chantell Bwalya  CHILESHE

research projects and shared some of their published

Based on individual research interests, during the lab

16

Report on Lab Rotation
rotation, I had a lecture on Network analysis and disease

outcomes. The Ministry of Health ought to place more

dynamics using SIR (Susceptible, Infected and Recovered/emphasis on the role of data in decision-making as this isRemoved) model with Isoda sensei. Network analysis

crucial for application in Zambia to combat diseases likeand disease dynamics using SIR model. We covered themalaria and COVID-19. Understanding disease models,description of SIR model which consists of Susceptible,

data analysis with tools like R, and effective parameter

Infected and Recovered/Removed. Further assumptions ofmanipulation can lead to development of early warning

SIR model were also looked at. I learnt that understanding

systems thereby improving public health outcomes.

these assumptions is cardinal for effectively using the

Further on, Zambia can greatly benefit from training its

model in disease dynamics analysis.

researchers and health professionals in R to analyse andPrior to the lecture, I was instructed to download the R

interpret disease data effectively.

programme and install the TinnR package, as well as the[ R EFER EN CE ]J e n n e s s SM , G o o d r e a u SM a n d M o r r is M . Ep i M o d e l: A n R
Pa c k a g e f o r M at h e m at i c a l M o d e l i n g o f I n f e c t i o us D is e a s e
ove r N e t wo r k s . J o u r n a l o f St at is t i c a l S o f t w a r e. 2018; 8 4 (8):1- 47. d o i: 10.18 637/ js s .v 0 8 4. i 0 8 (ht t p s: //d o i . o r g /10.18 637/ js s .
v 0 8 4. i 0 8).

Tinn-R editorial tool, to facilitate editing.  This preliminary
step was essential to acquaint me with the R environment
and its utility in statistical computing and data analysis. I
then learnt about R: we explored how changes in theparameters beta (transmission rate) and gamma (recoveryrate) influence the shape of the model’s output. During

Division of Biologics Development

School of Veterinary Medicine M2

this lecture, I also learnt that, the R Console is the central

Golden Seulu SANDALA

interface for interacting with R, executing commands, andIn the morning, we attended a lecture by Dr. Shingai

managing data, while R Graphics provides the tools andwhere he gave an overview on what vaccines arefunctions needed to create a wide range of data

and further described the activities of the Division ofvisualizations and plots for data exploration and

Biologics and vaccine immunology in pioneering ground-communication of results. This practical exercise during

breaking research in vaccine development, especially

my exchange program at Hokkaido University illuminatedinfluenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. In this lecture we

the intricate dynamics of infectious diseases using the SIR

learnt that influenza viruses have high mutation rates

model. It highlighted the significant impact of beta andresulting from both antigenic drifts and antigenic shifts

gamma on the time at the peak of infection and the total

in the Hemagglutinin (HA) and the Neuraminidase (NA)number of infections within a population. This newfoundproteins. Dr. Shingai discussed how Hemagglutination

knowledge contributes to a deeper understanding of

assays are used to measure how well influenza viruses

disease dynamics and their implications, further enriching

can aggregate or agglutinate red blood cells, giving

my future aspirations to become a data analyst.

important details regarding the virus’s infectiousness andthe potency of its interactions with host cells throughthe viral hemagglutinin proteins. The most common andvirulent influenza strains in the area can be found using
this data, which is important for choosing which strains
to include in the seasonal influenza vaccination. Assays
for hemagglutination inhibition, on the other hand, areessential for evaluating the efficacy of potential vaccine
candidates. Scientists can evaluate the vaccine’s capacity
to induce a protective immune response against certain
influenza strains by assessing how well antibodies

17

Ep i d e m i o l o g y a n d r is k a n a l y sis t r a i n i n g

in those who received the vaccination can suppress

Lessons for Zambia: Zambia can enhance its data

was conducting research to develop and compare Split

collection and analysis infrastructure to inform timely

Virus Vaccine (SV) and Whole-Particle Virus Vaccines (WPV)

responses to disease outbreaks. This includes monitoringin the fight against Influenza viruses.

infection rates, vaccine coverage, and treatment

After the lecture, we had an opportunity perform mockhemagglutination. He also briefed us on how the divisionReport on Lab Rotation
Hemagglutination Assay and Hemagglutination Inhibitioninternational partnerships and knowledge exchange, such

Assay (HA-HIA) using eggs and Phosphate buffer saline

collaborative endeavors stand as a cornerstone in the(PBS). The PBS was representing the influenza vaccine.

pursuit of a safer and healthier world.

In the afternoon, we had a special lecture from Prof.
Hiroshi Kida, on pandemic preparedness with SARS-CoV-2
and Highly Pathogenic avian Influenza virus (HPAIV) beingclassical examples. He highlighted the drivers or causes ofzoonosis to be rapid population growth, deforestation,
global warming and globalization. As part of the
discussion points, Prof. Kida pointed out how
establishment of the International Institute for Zoonosis
Control on April 1, 2021, marked a significant stride
towards enhancing global preparedness for zoonotic
pandemics. The collaboration between the Zoonosis

A f te r t h e s p e c i a l l e c t u r e by Pr o f. K i d a

Research Unit, the International Collaboration Unit, andthe Veterinary Research Unit, all under the auspices of

We ended the day by listening to a presentation from

Hokkaido University, exemplifies the critical role of

Chimuka Handabile, PhD student from Zambia, studying

cooperation in tackling diseases that transcend borders.

at Hokkaido University. She shared her research findings

The lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemicon Influenza vaccines regimens. After her presentation,

underscore the imperative of international synergy in

we had an interactive session with her asking about

addressing zoonoses effectively. Operating in alignment

various subjects ranging from school to life in Japan andwith the One World, One Health concept, this instituteopportunities for studying in Japan.

conducts integrated scientific research and educational

Overall, this was an enriching and mind-opening

initiatives. These efforts are aimed not only at controlling

experience inspiring innovation and desire to learn moreexisting zoonotic diseases but also at fortifying global

and contribute to the well-being of both animals andreadiness for potential future pandemics. By fostering

humans.

Historical farm site at Hokkaido University in summer

18