UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset Codebook
Version 19.1
Uppsala Conflict Data Program
Stina Högbladh
Department of Peace and Conflict Research
Uppsala University
When using this data, please always cite:

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2
Definition of Peace Agreement ....................................................................................... 2
Variables in the Peace Agreement Dataset ...................................................................... 2
Missing data ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................. 10
References ................................................................................................................. 11
Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................. 11
Appendix 2: Version name convention .......................................................................... 12
Appendix 3: Gleditsch & Ward System Membership Table .............................................. 13

1

Introduction
This document describes the UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset, a project within the Uppsala
Conflict Data Program (UCDP), at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala
University. This version of the dataset is fully compatible with other UCDP datasets version
19.1. The dataset includes peace agreements for armed conflicts that have been active in the
1975-2018 time period.

Definition of Peace Agreement
Peace agreement
A peace agreement is a formal agreement between at least two opposing primary warring
parties, which addresses the disputed incompatibility, either by settling all or part of it, or byclearly outlining a process for how the warring parties plan to regulate the incompatibility.
Comment
All peace agreements, which concern, manage or regulate the stated incompatibility, areconsidered peace agreements, including peace process agreements. There are various typesof peace agreements: full, partial, and peace process agreements. A full agreement is anagreement where one or several dyads agree to settle the whole incompatibility. A partial
peace agreement is an agreement where one or several dyads agree to settle a part of theincompatibility. A peace process agreement is an agreement where one or several dyads
agree to initiate a process that aims to settle the incompatibility.
The peace agreements are also categorised between comprehensive peace agreements
which include all conflict dyads, and dyadic agreements in which at least one of the warring
parties in the conflict is excluded.

Variables in the Peace Agreement Dataset
Variable nameContent

Type

paid

Peace agreement ID, unique identifier for each peaceagreement

regionThe regional variable specifies the regional location of theconflict:
1. Europe: Geographic definition, including the states in the
Caucasus. (COW numbers 200–395)
2. Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and the states of the Arabian
Peninsula (COW numbers 630–698)
3. Asia: Geographic definition, including Oceania, Australia,
and New Zealand, and excluding states in the Middle East.
(COW numbers 700–990)
4. Africa: Geographic definition, excluding states in the
Middle East (eg. Egypt). (COW numbers 400– 625)
5. Americas: Geographic definition, including states in the
Caribbean. (COW numbers 2–165)

2

gwno

GW numbers/country codes of all locations of the conflict
incompatibility

conflict_id

Unique conflict identifiers for each individual conflicts
related to the dyads signing the peace agreement. For
definition of conflict see appendix 1, same in all UCDP
datasets.

conflict_name

Name of the UCDP conflicts related to the dyads signing
the peace agreement

dyad_id

Unique dyad identifiers for all dyads part of the peaceagreement, same in all UCDP datasets.

dyad_nameName of the conflict dyad creating the event.
A dyad is the pair of two actors engaged in violence (in thecase of one-sided violence, the perpetrator of violence andcivilians).

actor_id

Unique actor identifiers of all actors, warring parties andIGOs, signing the peace agreement, same in all UCDP
datasets.

actor_name

The name of all actors, warring parties and IGOs, signing thepeace agreement

incompatibility

A general coding of the conflict issue for definition see
appendix 1
Values:
1. Territory
2. Government
3. Government/Territory

pa_nameThe official name or the name whereby it is known, if there
is no official name, the peace agreement is given a
temporary name consisting of the place of signature andagreement.

year

Year the peace agreement was concluded

pa_dateThe date of the last signature of the peace agreement.

pa_comment

The comment include information on the type ofagreement, some general information about the agreement,
how the behavior of the parties was regulated, how theincompatibility was regulated and last if the agreement
included other provisions than the above stated.

pa_sign

The warring parties (e.g. a government) and the actual
persons names (e.g. a president) who signed the agreement.

3

Date

c_sign

Comment on signatories of peace agreement. The comment
include where the agreement was signed, and if theagreement was signed by all warring parties(comprehensive) or only some dyads (dyadic).

pa_3rdWhat third party/ies were involved in the peace agreement,
i.e. as mediators and/or signatories. Name of the third
party/ies.

ended

Did the peace agreement end, i.e. did the implementation
fail? The peace agreement is no longer considered fully
implemented if the validity of the agreement is contested by
one or more of the warring parties that signed. A peaceagreement cannot, from the UCDP perspective, survive if
the primary parties are no longer party to it. If a party
officially withdraws from a peace agreement, it is considered
to have ended.
1. Yes0. No

duration

Date when peace agreement ended. For how long did thepeace agreement last? The date when a party states theagreement is annulled or the date when the violence clearlyshows that the parties have left the agreement?

c_duration

Comment on agreement duration:
Comment how and why the agreement ended, e.g. whatparty started using violence again and/or verbally denounced
the validity of the agreement. This field sometimes include
information on the implementation of an ongoing
agreement.

cease

Ceasefire
1. The agreement included provisions for a ceasefire or the
cessation on hostilities
0. The agreement did not include provisions for a ceasefire.

intarmyIntegration in army
1. The agreement provided for the creation of a newnational army or the integration of rebels into the army.
0. The agreement did not provide for rebel integration into
the army.

ddr

1. The agreement included provisions for the disarmamentof the warring parties. Coded as yes even if thedisarmament only concern one of the warring parties.
0. The agreement did not provide for any disarmament of
the warring parties.

withd

Withdrawal of foreign forces
1. The agreement provided of foreign forces. Foreign forces
are counted both if they have been secondary warring
parties in the conflict and other foreign combatants such as
mercenaries.

40. The agreement did not provide for the withdrawal offoreign forces.
mil_prov

1. Any of cease, inarmy, ddr, withd
0. The agreement did not provide for the regulation of theviolent behavior of the parties.

pp

Political Party
1. The agreement provided for the right for the rebel groupto transform into a political party
0. The agreement did not provide for the right for the rebel
group to transform into a political party

intgov

Integration in government
1. The agreement provided for the integration of rebels into
the government.
0. The agreement did not provide for the integration ofrebels into the government.

intciv

Integration in Civil Service
1. The agreement provided for the integration of rebels into
civil service.
0. The agreement did not provide for the integration ofrebels into civil service.

elections

1. The agreement provided for elections or stipulated
electoral reforms.
0. The agreement did not provide for elections or electoral
reforms.

interimInterim government
1. The agreement provided for rebel integration into theinterim government.
0. The agreement did not provide for rebel integration into
interim government.

natalks

National talks
1. The agreement provided for the holding of national talks
to solve incompatibility.
0. The agreement did not provide for the holding of nationaltalks to solve incompatibility.

shagov

Power-sharing in government
1. The agreement included provisions for extensive powersharing in new government.
0. The agreement did not include provisions for extensive
power-sharing in new government.

pol_prov

Political Provisions
1. Any of the above political provisions
0. The agreement did not have any of the political provisions
listed above.

aut

Autonomy5Autonomy is defined as: “An arrangement of selfgovernment which includes control of a specific territory,
the power of primary and secondary legislation, the powerof executive authority and the power of fiscal matters.”??
1. The agreement granted the disputed region autonomy.
0. The agreement did not grant the disputed region
autonomy.
fed

Federalism
1. The agreement provided for a federal state solution.
0. The agreement did provide for a federal state.

ind

Independence
1. The agreement granted the disputed region
independence.
0. The agreement did not grant the disputed region
independence.

refReferendum
1. The agreement provided for the holding of a referendum
on the future status of the disputed region.
0. The agreement did not provide for the holding of areferendum on the future status of the disputed region.

shalocLocal Power-sharing
1. The agreement granted the disputed region powersharing in the local government.
0. The agreement did not grant the disputed region powersharing in the local government.

regdev

Regional Development
1. The agreement granted the disputed region
0. The agreement did not grant the disputed region

cul

Cultural freedoms Language in schools, or flag, anthem
1. The agreement provided for extended cultural freedoms.
0. The agreement did not provide for extended cultural
freedoms.

demarcation

Border demarcation
1. The agreement provided for demarcation of the border.
0. The agreement did not provide for demarcation of theborder.

locgov

Local government
Local self-government includes arrangements for local selfgovernment short of autonomy, or the exercise of power
through municipal arrangements.
1. The agreement granted the disputed region local
governance.
0. The agreement did not grant the disputed region local
governance.

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terr_prov

Territorial provisions
1. Any of the above territorial provisions
0. The agreement did not have any of the territorial
provisions listed above.

amn

Amnesty
1. The agreement provided for an amnesty.
0. The agreement did not provide for amnesty.

pris

Release of Prisoners
1. The agreement provided for the release of prisoners.
0. The agreement did not provide for the release ofprisoners.

recon

National Reconciliation
1. The agreement included the concept of National
Reconciliation.
0. The agreement did not include the concept of National
Reconciliation.

returnReturn of Refugees
1. The agreement provided for the return of refugees.
0. The agreement did not provide for the return of refugees.

justice_prov

1. Any of the above justice provisions
0. The agreement did not have any of the justice provisions
listed above.

reaffirm

Reaffirm earlier agreements
1. The agreement reaffirmed earlier agreements.
0. The agreement did not reaffirm earlier agreements.

reaffirm comment

Comment on the agreement that was reaffirmed

outlinOutlining Peace Process
1. The agreement outlined a negotiating agenda including
negotiations on the incompatibility.
0. The agreement did not outline a negotiating agenda
including negotiations on the incompatibility

pko

Deployment of Peace Keeping Operation
1. The agreement provided for the deployment of a peacekeeping operation.
0. The agreement did not provide for the deployment of apeace-keeping operation.

gendergender inclusion
1. The agreement included any of the below provisions,constituting inclusion of women or gender.
0. The agreement did not include any provisions on women7

or gender.

co_implFor the sake of this dataset, it is accepted that a given
document will refer to people generally, without specifying
gender, or that it will refer to men and male subjects. For
this reason, specific mention of men and boys as well as
male-gendered terms such as “sons, brotherhood,policemen,” etc. or the use of male pronouns are notcoded. To qualify as a gender variable, a provision may
include men and boys, but must include either women,
female pronouns, or reference specifically to gender.
Commission or committee to oversee implementation
1. The agreement provided for the establishment of acommission or committee to over-see implementation of
the agreement
0. The agreement did not provide for the establishment of acommission or committee to oversee implementation of theagreement

active_conflict

Signed in a conflict active year
The peace agreement was signed in an active conflict year
i.e. in a year with more than 25 battle-related deaths
recorded by the UCDP.
1. Yes0. No

termdurNumber of years since last conflict activity
The number of inactive years between end of conflict andsignature of the peace agreement

txt

Full text
Was the agreement available in full text?
1. Yes0. No

linktofulltextagreement
inclusive

Comprehensive/Dyadic
The UCDP peace agreement dataset differentiates between
comprehensive peace agreements, covering all conflict dyads
and dyadic agreements where at least one of the warring
parties in the conflict is excluded.
1. Comprehensive agreement
2. Dyadic agreement

no_dyadNumber of dyads signed PA
Number of conflict dyads active in the Uppsala Conflict
Database that signed the peace agreement.

pa_typeFull/Partial/Peace Process
1. A full agreement is an agreement where one or more
dyad agrees to settle the whole incompatibility.
2. A partial peace agreement is an agreement where one ormore dyad agrees to settle a part of the incompatibility.

83. A peace process agreement is an agreement where one
or more dyad agrees to initiate a process that aims to settle
the incompatibility.
out_iss

Outstanding issues
Are there outstanding issues specified in the agreement?
0. No outstanding issue was spelled out in the agreement
1. The agreement is part of a process that will be finalized in
the last agreement.
2. Outstanding issues were spelled out.
3. A central issue to the incompatibility was delegated to acommission.
4. The agreement provided for new negotiations or nationaltalks.
5. The agreement outlined a negotiating agenda or
provisions in a future peace agreement.

procID

Process ID
A peace process is a formal process in which the warring
parties either has decided to settle the incompatibility in aprocess in which one issue at the time is regulated by anagreement, or where agreements that builds on a previous
peace agreement is signed.

frame

Process/Final/Reaffirming/Follow up
When in the peace process was the peace agreement
signed?
1. Process, the peace agreement was signed in a process andnot as the final agreement in the ongoing peace process.
2. Final, the agreement was signed out side a peace process
as a single agreement or signed as a final agreement ending apeace process.
3. Reaffirming/Follow up, the agreement reaffirmed a final
peace agreement or was signed as a follow-up agreement toa final agreement.

versionThe version number is a combination of a year and anumber. The year refers to when the dataset is updatedwith new observations. If there are changes in the data
between yearly up-dates, or if there are substantial changes
in the structure of the dataset, the number behind the year
is incremented. This dataset corresponds to all other UCDP
datasets with version 19.1

dateintervalstart meta

1975-01-01

Datedateintervalend meta

2018-12-31

Date

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Missing data
The missing data code is -99.

Data Collection Methods
The Peace Agreement Dataset was first created as part of the first Uppsala Conflict Data
Programs Encyclopedia (ucdp.uu.se) that was released in 2004. A wide range of country
specific sources was consulted when writing texts to the Conflict Encyclopedia. In 2006 theprogram studied and compared the peace agreements included in the Conflict Encyclopedia
to better define and differentiate between different types of agreements. In this process
UCDP also consulted full-text agreements provided by for example ACCORD, International
Conflict Research (INCORE) and United States Institute of Peace (USIP). The Peace
Agreements in the Conflict Encyclopedia has been continuously updated each year when
UCDP update other conflict information.
For the 2019 update a number of extra sources were consulted
Factiva, two search strings were used(peace accord or peace agreement or ceasefire or cease fire or cease-fire and governmentand (country name))((“peace accord” or “peace agreement” or “peace treaty”) and (country name))
Language of Peace and UN Peacemaker Database
PA-X Peace Agreement Database
INCORE University of Ulster Transitional Justice Institute
Other sourcesa.
http://www.adh-geneve.ch/RULAC/Peace_treaties.php?id_state=1b.
https://www.constituteproject.org/c.
http://www.un.org/en/documents/index.html
d.
http://escolapau.uab.cat/index.php?lang=ene.
https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/f.
https://www.usip.org/issue-areas/peace-processesg.
http://www.c-r.org/accordh.
http://www.publicinternationallawandpolicygroup.org/
i.
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/j.
http://gis.nacse.org/tfdd/treaties.phpk.
http://www.fides.org/it (Ugandas agreements)l.
http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/research/ceasefire-documentsm.
http://colombiapeace.org/n.
http://www.systemicpeace.org/mission.html

10References
Gleditsch, Kristian S. Skrede & Michael D. Ward (2013) System membership case description
list.
Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard
Strand (2002) Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace Research
39(5): 615–637
Harbom, Lotta, Stina Högbladh and Peter Wallensteen (2006) Armed Conflict and Peace
Agreements. Journal of Peace Research 43(5)Appendix 1
Definition of Armed Conflict:
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) defines an armed conflict as a contested
incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory over which the use of armed
force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, has resulted in
at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year.
The separate elements of this definition are defined as follows.
(a) Incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory. The incompatibility must
concern government and/or territory and it refers to the stated generally
incompatible positions of the parties. An incompatibility that concerns government
refers to the type of political system, the replacement of the central government or
the change of the composition of the current government. An incompatibility thatconcerns territory refers to the status of a territory, for example, the change of thestate in control of a certain territory (interstate conflict), secession or autonomy(intrastate conflict).
(b) Use of armed force. This refers to the use of arms by the military forces of theparties resulting in at least 25 deaths in a year. Arms are defined as any materialmeans of combat, for example, manufactured weapons as well as sticks, stones, fire,
water, and so on.
(c) Party. This refers to the government of a state or an opposition organization oralliance of opposition organizations. The government of a state is the party
controlling the capital of a state. An opposition organization is any non-governmentalgroup which has announced a name for the group and its political goals and has used
armed force to achieve them.
(d) State. A state is an internationally recognized sovereign government controlling a
specified territory or an internationally non-recognized government controlling a
specific territory which is not disputed by an internationally recognized sovereign
government, which previously controlled the same territory.

11

Definition of Incompatibility:
Incompatibility concerning government and/or territory: The incompatibility, as stated by theparties, must concern government and/or territory.
Incompatibility: The stated general incompatible positions.
Incompatibility concerning government: Incompatibility concerning type of politicalsystem, the replacement of the central government, or the change of its
composition.
Incompatibility concerning territory: Incompatibility concerning the status of a territory,e.g. the change of the state in control of a certain territory (interstate conflict),
secession or autonomy (internal conflict).
As a country can experience several simultaneous conflicts, it is essential to differentiate
between them, UCDP collects information on conflicts where the incompatibility, i.e. thegeneral incompatible positions, concerns either government or territory or both. Note thatthe incompatibility expressed in terms of government or a specific territory is crude in thesense that possible underlying incompatibilities are not considered. In other words, thestated incompatibility is what the parties are (or claim to be) fighting over, but it says nothing
about why the parties are fighting. However, classifying incompatibilities as statedmanifestations of possible underlying incompatibilities or goals allows for the intersubjective
compilation of the list of armed conflicts.
While a state can only experience one intrastate conflict over government in a given year,that same state can simultaneously be a primary party to one or more interstate conflicts
over government and/or territory. In the case of intrastate territorial conflicts, multiple
conflicts can be recorded over different territories in a state in a given year.

Appendix 2: Version name convention
In 2017, the version name convention was changed, giving all UCDP datasets the sameversion number across the board. This was done so that users more easily can see which
UCDP dataset corresponds with which.
This codebook corresponds to Version 19.1 of the UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset. We
recommend that whenever this dataset is used, the version number should be cited. The
version number is a combination of a year and a number. The year refers to when thedataset is updated with new observations. If there are changes in the data between yearly
updates, or if there are substantial changes in the structure of the dataset, the number
behind the year is incremented.

12Appendix 3: Gleditsch & Ward System Membership Table
State Number
41
70
90
92
93
100
130
135
200
343
344
345
346
359
369
372
404
432
433
435
436
437
450
451
471
475
482
483
484
490
500
516
517
520
522
530
531
540
541
552
560
581
620
625
626
630

State Name
Haiti
MexicoGuatemala
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
United Kingdom
Macedonia
Croatia
Yugoslavia (Serbia)
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Moldova
UkraineGeorgia
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
SenegalMauritania
Niger
Cote D’Ivoire
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Cameroon
Nigeria
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of (Zaire)
UgandaBurundiRwandaSomalia
Djibouti
Ethiopia
EritreaAngolaMozambique
Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
South Africa
Comoros
Libya
Sudan
South Sudan
Iran

13

645
666
678
680
700
702
750
770
771
790
811
840
850
910

Iraq
IsraelNorth Yemen
South Yemen
Afghanistan
Tajikistan
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Nepal
Cambodia
Philippines
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea

14