CSR Case Study: The World Wildlife Fund
Reconciling Roles as a Vigilante and a Verifier

By: Diana Muratova
Corporate Social Responsibility
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
University of California, Irvine
Winter 2012

	
  

	
  

Table	  of	
  Contents	
  Introduction	
  ...............................................................................................................................	
  1	
  Brief	
  History	
  and	
  Facts	
  ....................................................................................................................	
  1	
  

The	
  CSR	
  Problem	
  ......................................................................................................................	
  4	
  Dimensions	
  for	
  Consideration	
  ......................................................................................................	
  4	
  
1.	
  Audience	
  .........................................................................................................................................................	
  4	
  
2.	
  Governance	
  ...................................................................................................................................................	
  7	
  
3.	
  Money	  Source	
  ...............................................................................................................................................	
  8	
  
4.	
  Autonomy	
  from	  the	
  Target	
  of	
  Monitoring	
  .....................................................................................	
  10	
  
5.	
  Standards	
  vs.	  Monitoring	
  ......................................................................................................................	
  15	
  

WWF	
  vs.	  Greenpeace	
  ............................................................................................................	
  16	
  Brand	  Recognition	  and	
  Reputation	
  .................................................................................	
  18	
  Concluding	  Thoughts	
  ...........................................................................................................	
  19	
  
	
  
	
  

	
  

	
  

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  Introduction:
The question of environmental sustainability has taken center stage during mostpolicy debates of the recent decades. In 2000, United Nations made ensuring
environmental sustainability one of its eight Millennium Development Goals for 20151.
With continuing emphasis on conservation and increasing public awareness about key
environmental issues that face us today, people are turning to well-known organizations,such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), for reliable information and credible means tomake a difference. At first glance, WWF’s noble mission “to conserve nature and reducethe most pressing threats to the diversity of life on Earth2” qualifies the organization as a
benevolent champion of conservation. Though this may be true, in a world of numerous
stakeholders and conflicting interests, virtue is often not enough to earn the trust of adiscerning audience. A more critical observer will look beyond the organization’s
mission statement to evaluate its credibility to key constituents and effectiveness in thefield. This case study aims to navigate through World Wildlife Fund’s publicly available
resources and outside research in efforts to evaluate the organization’s credibility andability to carry out conservation projects given constraints framed by conflicting
stakeholders.

Brief History and Facts:
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is the U.S. affiliate of the World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF Global), the international umbrella organization founded in 1961 andheadquartered in Gland, Switzerland. WWF Global was founded to raise funds for
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
1

“Millennium Challenge Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.” United Nations.
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml
2	
  “Who	
  We	
  Are:	
  About	
  WWF.”	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  environmental projects other NGOs were working on. As its resources increased, theorganization began to implement its own conservation projects and grew in scope toaddress a bigger variety of conservation issues. Although the mother organization was
initially called the World Wildlife Fund as well, it was renamed in 1986 to reflect thegreater diversity of projects it works on, while U.S. and Canada decided to keep theoriginal name. There are a total of 30 international offices, with the U.S. office being oneof the oldest, and their fundraising activities and projects are independent of the Swissmother organization. In addition, there are two offices in Brussels and Washington, DC
that are involved in lobbying activities with the European Union and the U.S. government
respectively3. Currently, WWF runs about 1,300 projects at one time in more than 100
different countries with the help of 5 million supporters and over 5,000 staff members
worldwide4. As the numbers illustrate, the World Wildlife Fund is one of the oldest andbiggest organizations working in conservation and environmental sustainability. Though
it would be interesting to compare operations and governance across independent
affiliates in different countries, this case study mainly focuses on WWF U.S., withoccasional reference points to its partners and the global network.

The CSR Problem:
Studies continue to illustrate the growing power of NGOs. As the name implies,
their official independence from governments and businesses instills more trust among

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  

3	
  “How	
  is	
  WWF	  Run?”	
  WWF	
  Global.	
  http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_quick_facts.cfm#initials	
  4	
  WWF	
  Annual	
  Review	
  2010.	
  WWF	
  Global.	
  http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/int_ar_2010.pdf	
  

	
  

	
  

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  consumers than for any other entity5. But are NGOs truly independent bodies that do notsway under pressures from businesses and governments?
In a chapter from their book Can Standards Improve Under Globalization?, Elliot
and Freedman argued that there are two types of activists – vigilantes and verifiers. Whilevigilantes are more aggressive activists who bring attention to violations and call for
better standards, verifiers are more collaborative in their operations, working with firms
to develop codes of conduct and monitor compliance6. Even though these terms wereused to describe advocates of better labor standards, the dichotomy can be extended toconservation NGOs, such as the World Wildlife Fund. On one hand, the WWF is avigilante that serves as a whistleblower on questionable conservation activities. For
example, in 2006, the WWF published a critique of CSR claims of sustainability by
several British firms titled Truth or Trickery7. On the other hand, the organization takes
pride in its ability to collaborate with businesses by engaging in “innovative andchallenging partnerships with the private sector.8”
The CSR problem is that there appears to be an inherent tension between the two
responsibilities of the organization: it aims to combat business practices that harm theenvironment while engaging in constructive dialogue with those same businesses to reachmutually beneficial conservation goals. The concern with the dual nature of WWF’s
responsibilities raises questions about the organization’s ability to maintain credibility. If
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
5	
  According	
  to	
  the	
  “Edelman	  Trust	  Barometer,”	
  NGOs	  are	  the	
  most	  trusted	
  institution	
  in	
  Europe	
  and	  the	
  United	
  States.	
  In	
  2006,	
  trust	  in	
  NGOs	  grew	
  to	
  54%	  in	
  U.S.,	
  57%	  in	
  Canada,	
  66%	  in	
  Japan.	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  Conroy,	  Michael.	
  “Leveraging	
  the	  Brand:	
  The	
  Essence	
  of	
  Ethical	
  Business	
  Campaigns.”	
  Branded!	
  New	  Society	
  Publishers,	
  2007.	
  pp.	
  55-­‐56.	
  6	
  Elliot,	
  K.	
  and	
  Richard	
  Freeman.	
  “Vigilantes	
  and	  Verifiers.”	
  Can	  Labor	
  Standards	
  Improve	
  Under	  Globalization?	
  Peterson	
  Institute,	
  2003.	
  pp.	
  49-­‐72.	
  7	
  Conroy,	
  Michael.	
  “Birth	
  of	
  It	
  All:	
  Transforming	  the	
  Global	
  Forest	
  Products	
  Industry.”	
  Branded!	
  New	
  Society	
  Publishers,	
  2007.	
  p.	
  74.	  8	
  Changing	
  the	  Nature	
  of	
  Business.	
  WWF	
  Global.	
  http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/businesses/	
  

	
  

	
  

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  it aims to combat activities that are harmful to the environment, such as deforestation andoverfishing, how does it also maintain a working relationship with the same businesses it
is fighting against?

Dimensions for Consideration:
This paper aims to shed light on WWF’s CSR problem by approaching thequestion from several key dimensions:

1. Audience: Who are WWF’s key stakeholders? Who is the organizationaccountable to? Do these stakeholders have conflicting interests?
2. Governance: Who sits on the WWF’s board? What does the board compositiontell us about how decisions are made?
3. Money source: Where does WWF get its funding?
4. Autonomy from target of monitoring: What systems does WWF have in place
to signal independence from target companies?
5. Standards vs. monitoring: Is the monitoring body separate from the standard
setter?

1. Audience:
We live in the age of accountability9, where organizations are not only
responsible for their actions as outlined by their own mission statements, but are also

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
9	
  Savitz,	
  Andrew.	
  “Expecting	
  Corporate	  Kindness.”	
  Boston	  Globe.	
  25	
  July	  2006.	
  http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/07/25/expecting_corp
orate_kindness/	
  

	
  

	
  

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  liable to their communities and investors for the commitments they have made10.
Therefore, before diving into questions of WWF’s credibility, it is important to identify
the organization’s stakeholders, which include:•

Individual donors: WWF receives the biggest portion of its funding from its fivemillion individual donors, who support the organization through direct donations,monthly memberships, and adoptions of endangered species. These individuals
likely support the organization because they care about conservation and trust
WWF to carry out operations that work toward this cause.

•

Private partners: WWF has long-standing partnerships with small businesses
and big corporations, such as Coca Cola, Nike, HP, IKEA, Sony, and HSBC,
whose contributions range from $1,000 per year to millions of dollars toward aparticular project11. These companies are likely to support WWF as a form of
CSR or as means to gain leverage during negotiations for business activities thatconflict with WWF’s conservation projects, such as logging or setting up facilities
on endangered lands.

•

Indigenous communities: Often, the regions that WWF aims to protect fromdeforestation are not only home to wildlife, but also indigenous communities who
are forced to relocate due to business activities on their land, lack of natural
resources or conflict with relocated wildlife.

•

Employees: WWF employs over 5,000 staff worldwide, from positions on thefield to administrative staff in their offices to project directors and executives.

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
10	
  Conroy,	
  Michael.	
  “Refining	
  Corporate	  Social	
  and	  Environmental	
  Accountability.”	
  Branded!	
  New	
  Society	
  Publishers,	
  2007.	
  pp.	
  31-­‐38.	
  11	
  “Partners	
  in	
  Conservation.”	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/how/partners/index.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  Board members: WWF’s board members include business leaders, scientists,
conservationists, and government officials.

•

National Council: A team of scientific, business and political experts that advises
the board on projects and fundraising activities12.

•

Policy makers: Aside from carrying our conservation projects directly inendangered areas, WWF also consults policy makers and affects policy decisions
through lobbying activities in Brussels and Washington, DC.

•

Other NGOs: As one of the oldest conservation NGOs, the WWF is also
accountable to other organizations in the field, such as Greenpeace Internationaland National Geographic Society.

While this study will focus on certain stakeholders more than on others, it is important to
identify the aforementioned members of WWF’s audience, because they often haveconflicting interests, which undermine the organization’s credibility in the eyes of others.
For example, Coca Cola recently made a $2 million dollar donation to WWF’s polar bearconservation efforts. While this generous contribution will surely aid the organization’s
goals to protect the species and its habitat, it also binds WWF to a level of loyalty that iscause for concern in other areas. If Coca Cola decided to open a manufacturing plant on
endangered lands in Congo that would threaten the livelihood of indigenous communities,
how much bargaining leverage would WWF have to prevent this sort of businessventure? In fact, in 2003, a Coca-Cola plant in India was accused of polluting water

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
12	
  National	  Council.	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/council/index.html	
  
	
  

	
  

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  resources in the region as well as local soil with manufacturing waste13. Who guarantees
that this will not happen again? This is a clear example of conflicting interests that
undermine WWF’s credibility towards its indigenous stakeholders. This could also harmthe organization’s image among fellow NGOs who may adopt more aggressive tactics ina similar situation because of minimal dependence on corporate support.

2. Governance
It is important to consider the leadership that steers WWF’s operations, as thissheds light on individual interests and loyalties that affect the organization’scommitments to its stakeholders. The WWF’s board consists of scientists,
conservationists, government officials and business leaders, who are elected for threeyear terms. Business leaders are represented more heavily than other groups, including
the former CEO of the Coca Cola Company, the Senior Vice President for Technical
Infrastructure at Google, and the CEO of Orvis, a high-end fishing, hunting, and sporting
goods retailer that is well known for its conservation campaigns14.
These associations are likely raise red flags about private influences behinddecision-making, so the WWF has a well-defined conflict of interest policy that ensures
independence from outside influence. As noted on the WWF website, the policy aims to“avoid public perceptions and financial consequences detrimental to WWF that could
arise from the misuse, or perception of misuse, of an individual’s position or influence.15”
This opening statement underlines the organization’s concern with issues of credibility
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
13	
  Brown,	
  Paul.	
  “Coca-­‐Cola	  in	
  India	
  accused	
  of	
  leaving	
  farms	
  parched	
  and	
  land	  poisoned.”	
  The	
  Guardian.	
  25	
  July	  2003.	
  http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/jul/25/water.india	
  14	
  Board	  of	
  Directors.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/board/index.html	
  15	
  Conflict	
  of	
  Interest	
  Policy:	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/Governance/conflictofiinterest.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  and its method of addressing them through well-defined procedures that include an
explanation of what constitutes conflict of interest and whom to notify upon its detection.
The policy outline includes specific examples of this occurrence, such as having a“business or financial interest in any third party dealing with WWF…not include[ing]ownership interest of less than 5 percent of outstanding securities of public corporations;hold[ing] office, serv[ing] on the Board, participat[ing] in management, or [being]
employed by any [such] third party; engag[ing] in any outside employment or otheractivity that will materially encroach on such person’s obligations to WWF…16” Each
Board Member is required to sign a Conflict of Interest Policy Disclosure Statement
every year. The conflict of interest policy is an effective internal check against outside
influence on decisions of the board and is one area where the WWF has succeeded inestablishing independence from external interests.

3. Money Source:
A big threat to the credibility of the World Wildlife Fund is its source of funding.
In 2011, the organization experienced an 8% increase in funds, reaching a record high of$238.5 million in operating revenue17 (see Graph 1). The biggest portion (35%) of thisrevenue came from individual donations, while corporate contributions made up 6%, a
1% hike from 201018 (see Graph 2).

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
16	
  Conflict	
  of	
  Interest	
  Policy.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/Governance/conflictofiinterest.html	
  17	
  Annual	
  Report	
  2011.	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/financialinfo/2011AR/WWFBinaryitem26046.pdf	
  18	
  Annual	
  Report	
  2010	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/financialinfo/2010AR/WWFBinaryitem18606.pdf	
  

	
  

	
  

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  Graph	  1	  Graph	  2	  One of the biggest and most notable corporate contributions to the WWF in 2011
was Coca-Cola’s commitment of $3 million (with an initial donation of $2 million over
five years) to the organization’s efforts to conserve the polar bear habitat in the Arctic19.
On one hand, this partnership seems like an appropriate CSR strategy for Coca Cola,
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
19	
  “WWF	  and	  the	  Coca-­‐Cola	  Company	
  Team	  Up	
  to	
  Protect	  the	  Polar	
  Bears.”	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2011/WWFPresitem24592.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  considering the fact that the polar bear is one of its most popular symbols dating back to
the 1920s20. On the other hand, WWF’s relationship with Coca Cola creates a
relationship between the organization and the corporation that implies a certain level ofloyalty to the company that may undermine future conservation efforts. For example, if afuture Coca Cola business activity, such as setting up a new plant in an endangered
region of the world, happens to be in direct conflict with WWF’s conservation efforts,
how does the organization balance its commitment to saving the environment against its
relationship with the corporate giant that is defined by millions of dollars? While this is ahypothetical situation, the absence of a system, such as a donation cap, to prevent suchconflict of interest raises questions about WWF’s ability to carry out its commitments as
a vigilante without compromise. This is one of the inherent CSR problems WWF faces a mission to protect nature, using funds that may come from the same organizations thatthreaten it.

4. Autonomy from Target of Monitoring:
The World Wildlife Fund is involved in a number of conservation projects thatvary in scope and nature, including large-scale global initiatives, such as promoting a
new international climate agreement, and local projects, such as partnering with small
communities in Panama to streamline forest management practices. The most alarming ofthese projects involve corporate partnerships that are explained differently by eachregional affiliate.

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
20	
  Polar	
  Bears	
  –	
  Advertising	
  Case	  History.	
  The	  Coca-­‐Cola	  Company.	
  http://www.thecoca-­‐colacompany.com/heritage/cokelore_polarbears.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  Although the primary focus of this case study is WWF U.S., it is useful to briefly
discuss the reasoning behind these partnerships as stated on the WWF Global website.
The mother organization acknowledges that “many companies rely on natural resources
and their activities can have a significant impact on the environment,” while recognizing
the need for these companies to engage with NGOs to “demonstrate sound environmental
practices and corporate responsibility21.” As WWF aims to bridge this gap by taking
advantage of corporate resources in exchange for collaborating with companies towards
sustainable practices, it compromises autonomy from its target of monitoring,undermining its credibility as a verifier. Although, WWF Global lists “transparency,
measurable results, [and] the right to disagree” as basic principles that guide its corporate
relationships, the latter of these core values seems insufficient in reversing harm to theenvironment caused by these partners. After all, is agreeing to disagree a meaningfulcompromise for an organization that is tackling pressing environmental issues?
On its end, WWF U.S. classifies corporate partnerships into three categories:
philanthropic collaboration, sustainable business collaboration, and cause marketingcollaboration22. Philanthropic collaboration involves corporate funding towards specificWWF projects that are either related to the company’s operations or are meaningful to thedonor in some way. The Coca Cola donation towards conservation efforts of polar bear
habitats would fall under this category. WWF’s gain from this relationship is monetary innature, while a company benefits from its alignment with a well-known NGO towards a
noble cause that its stakeholders can relate to. In fact, Coca Cola brought attention to this
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
21	
  Changing	
  the	  Nature	
  of	
  Business.	
  WWF	
  Global.	
  http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/businesses/	  22	
  Corporate	  Partnerships.	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/partners/corporate/index.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  cause by changing the design of its cans to an image of a polar bear and launching several
halftime ads during the 2012 Superbowl. As previously noted, this type of relationshipcreates potential for indirect conflict of interest based on financial dependence, which
ultimately undermines WWF’s ability to carry out unbiased campaigns independent ofmajor donors.
The second type of corporate partnerships, sustainable business collaboration, isa more active relationship between the NGO and its partner companies. WWF plays therole of a verifier, working with corporations to measure environmental impact and help
shift their operations toward a more sustainable strategy. This is achieved by adopting
one of the following two methods: a “targeted approach… to build sustainability into a
specific area of [a company’s] overall business,” or “a transformational approach” thatinvolves a more holistic shift in the company’s operations23. The organization hopes toachieve “greatly reduced environmental impact” through these partnerships, which must
involve a certain level of bargaining and compromise. In addition, it claims financial
gains from providing its expertise on a number of conservation issues. On their end,
partner companies benefit from WWF’s expertise on environmental issues and establish
credibility in their CSR efforts through a relationship with a reputable and long-standing
NGO. Unfortunately, a collaborative environment also implies dialogue and room forcompromise, bringing into question WWF’s ability to maintain bargaining leverage in thepresence of a financial transaction.
One area of concern is the promotion of indigenous rights who live on lands often
targeted by WWF partner companies. Many logging companies working with WWF are
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
23	
  Corporate	  Partnerships.	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/partners/corporate/index.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  involved in projects that threaten indigenous communities and often force the relocationof such groups as a direct result of deforestation and lack of resources or an indirectconsequence of other species moving into indigenous areas due to habitat loss fromdeforestation. Conflicting interests of indigenous communities and companies place
WWF in a difficult position to balance its responsibilities to both of stakeholders. Since
WWF relations with private entities are bound by official contracts and legal agreements,
the organization’s level of accountability to its corporate stakeholders shifts thebargaining power against the indigenous communities it aims to protect, undermining its
credibility as an autonomous body that protects the underrepresented end of the spectrum.
The third type of private partnership that WWF engages in is cause marketingcollaboration, where it essentially trades in its logo for financial contributions. As
outlined by an official introductory document to potential partners, WWF provides alicense to use the panda logo to organizations that have “compatible values andenvironmental practices” in exchange for “a substantial minimum financial commitment
scaled appropriately for the size and reputation of the company24.” As mentioned in the
document, WWF receives financial gain from this relationship, while the partner
corporation “distinguish[es] its products and services from those of othercompanies…[earning] favorable support from its customer base25.” Unfortunately the
document fails to clarify what constitutes compatibility of values, leaving much room forinterpretation and collaboration with private entities with questionable environmental
standards. Furthermore, WWF does not specify a monitoring system that ensures
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
24	
  Marketing	
  Partnerships.	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/partners/corporate/WWFBinaryitem18010.pdf	
  25	
  Corporate	  Partnerships.	
  WWF.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/partners/corporate/index.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  continuing commitment to these vaguely outlined environmental standards. In otherwords, the organization licenses its logo for a profit, making itself susceptible to threatsof major controversies and loss of credibility, should these companies engage in harmfulenvironmental activities.
In addition to the aforementioned relationships with the private sector, the WWFinternational network has created programs aimed towards specific conservation issues
that involve private stakeholders on yet another level. Through its Global Forest & Trade
Network (GFTN), WWF works with manufacturers, processors and distributors of woodand paper products to ensure sustainable logging and supply chain management through acertification process endorsed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Aside fromenvironmental benefits outlined on its website, WWF Global also mentions “a positive
corporate image” and “strengthened consumer and customer acceptance” as advantagesof participation26. Unfortunately, recent controversies have shed light on shortcomings ofthis initiative, further illustrating the incompatibility between conservation projects withprivate operations.
In 2011, Global Witness published a report that heavily criticized WWF forallowing “its member companies to reap the benefits of association with WWF and its
iconic panda brand while continuing unsustainable logging, conversion of forests toplantations, or trading in illegally sources timber27.” The organization’s credibility as averifier was brought into question through its inability to effectively monitor and verify
compliance, lack transparency in reporting violations, lenient policies for entering the
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
26	
  The	
  Benefits	
  of	
  GFTN	  Participation.	
  WWF	
  Global.	
  http://www.gftn.panda.org/about_gftn/benefits/	  27	
  “Pandering	
  to	
  the	
  Loggers:	
  Why	  WWF’s	
  Global	
  Forest	
  &	
  Trade	
  Network	
  Isn’t	
  Working.”	
  Global	
  Witness.	
  July	  2011.	
  http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Pandering_to_the_loggers.pdf	
  

	
  

	
  

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  partnership and failure to maintain evaluation systems fully independent from funding
partners. The report provided specific examples of violations by partner firms, including
clear-cutting orangutan habitats by Malaysian company Ta Ann Holdings Berhad, illegal
trade of timber by UK firm Jewson, “one of the largest members of the network,” andviolent conflict between Swiss-German company Danzer Group and communities in the
Democratic Republic of Congo over illegally sourced timber and human rights abuses28.
To heighten the impact of its claims, Global Witness featured on the cover page of its
report a controversial photo of a logger sawing a tree while wearing a World Wildlife
Fund t-shirt. This recent study is an example of the types of issues that instill doubt in the
public consciousness and undermine the credibility of conservation efforts carried out by
the organization.

5. Standards vs. Monitoring
Although WWF has a clearly stated conflict of interest policy that addresses
anticipated concerns about board member independence from third-party organizations, itdoes not have a similar system in place to serve as a check against corporate partnerships
the organizations openly pursues. In other words, there is no autonomous affiliate or
branch that works exclusively as a vigilante without blurring the line between a truly
independent NGO and a corporate CSR partner.
In fact, WWF Global promotes further collaboration through multi-stakeholder
initiatives (MSIs), which serve as “roundtables and dialogues” to promote open
communication between multiple stakeholders, including corporations and NGOs, to
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
28	
  “Pandering	
  to	
  the	
  Loggers:	
  Why	  WWF’s	
  Global	
  Forest	
  &	
  Trade	
  Network	
  Isn’t	
  Working.”	
  Global	
  Witness.	
  July	  2011.	
  http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Pandering_to_the_loggers.pdf	
  

	
  

	
  

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  establish “voluntary standards [that] evolve into independent certification schemes29.
While some of the certifiers the organization works with are well-known entities, such as
the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC),
others are mutually agreed upon initiatives that must be reached by consensus of key
players, including the private stakeholders WWF is essentially set up to also target andprevent from harming the environment. Such agreements cannot possibly be credible
sources of monitoring and certification when they are partially influenced by the same
entities that are being monitored and certified. In this aspect, WWF fails to separate its
objectives from those of its targets.

WWF vs. Greenpeace
One way to illustrate the incompatibility of WWF’s dual role as a vigilante and averifier is to compare it against a fellow organization that approaches its mission from aperspective that is more in line with aggressive tactics of vigilantes than those of mildmannered collaborations of verifiers. At around the same time that WWF celebrated its
50th anniversary, Greenpeace turned 40, highlighting the stark difference in the strategiesof the two conservation groups aimed at essentially achieving the same goal –conservation of the environment. The European Union Information Website (EurActiv)
compares WWF to “a silvery 50-year-old” that is often described as a “sell out” that gets
“too cozy with businesses,” while describing Greenpeace as “an angry teenager… likely

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
29	
  Multi-­‐Stakeholder	
  Engagements.	
  WWF	
  Global.	
  http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/businesses/transforming_markets/solutions/me
thodology/multi_stakeholders/	
  

	
  

	
  

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  to be found outside a corporate headquarters protesting30.” During an interview about thisnoted constrast between the organizations, WWF-UK CEO David Nussbaum
acknowledged the effectiveness of the “more combative, aggressive approach ofGreenpeace,” but preferred his organization’s engaging tactics to influence target
companies30.
Greenpeace is likely to be involved in fewer controversies around its cozy
relations with target corporations that may undermine the effectiveness of its campaign.
At the same time, the organization may not prove as successful in convincing powerfulprivate adversaries to change harmful practices if they prefer to steer clear of public
relations scandals by working with an aggressive non-profit partner. In other words,
Greenpeace may achieve more credibility among its conservationist stakeholders who“are really pissed off and want to get out there and stick it to the man”; however, it is also
likely to alienate companies whose resources and cooperation may help it achieve alarger share of its goals. On the other hand, WWF has access to these resources andcollaborative partnerships, but at the expense of its credibility to hard-line
conservationists and smaller communities affected by corporate operations. Whilearguments can be made in favor and against for both organizations, it can be argues thatWWF foregoes more of its credibility as a result of its relationships with target
companies.

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
30	
  Harvey,	
  Fiona.	
  “Greenpeace	
  and	  WWF	
  anniversaries	
  highlight	
  wildly	
  different	
  tactics.”	
  EurActiv.	
  14	
  September	
  2011.	
  http://www.euractiv.com/climate-­‐environment/greenpeace-­‐wwf-­‐
anniversaries-­‐highlight-­‐wildly-­‐differing-­‐tactics-­‐news-­‐507629	
  

	
  
	
  

	
  

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  Brand Recognition and Reputation
Aside from external operations that raise questions about the accountability andcredibility of WWF, the organization also faces internal CSR problems associated withits brand name and reputation. This is particularly relevant to WWF, as the umbrellaorganization and its independent subsidiaries share a name, or at least a set of initials, but
not necessarily fundraising projects and conservation campaigns. As a result, theorganization is susceptible to damage to its image that may stem from either of its 30
independent operators across the globe.
A 2009 controversy surrounding WWF-Brazil brings to light just this dilemma.
To raise awareness about the 2004 Asian tsunami that resulted in thousands of fatalities,
the Brazilian organization commissioned a local agency to create an ad that used “imagesof dozens of planes about to crash into New York City skyscrapers to illustrate the scaleof the lives lost” in the natural disaster31. The text on the upper corner of the image read“[t]he tsunami killed 100 times more people than 9/11,” creating displeasure among U.S.
stakeholders and prompting a timely press release from the CEO of WWF-US that“strongly condemn[ed] the Brazilian ad and apologiz[ed] to 9-11 victims and families32.”
The Brazilian ad controversy brought to light disadvantages associated with theseparation of WWF into independent international bodies, meanwhile they share a
globally recognized brand name that may be adversely affected by actions of any of theaffiliates. While operational and financial independence facilitates more streamlined
decision-making and more specialized projects around areas of interest, it also results in a
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
31	
  Sweney,	  Mark.	
  “WWF:	
  9/11	
  ad	
  ‘should	
  never	  have	  been	  made’.”	
  The	
  Guardian.	
  3	
  September	
  2009.	
  http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/sep/03/wwf-­‐911-­‐tsunami-­‐ad#_	  32	
  Latest	
  News:	
  Updated	
  Statement.	
  WWF.	
  3	
  September	
  2009.	
  http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2009/WWFPresitem13559.html	
  

	
  

	
  

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  lack of oversight over key campaigns that may adversely affect the global brand and allof its affiliates as a result. This controversy illustrates another level of CSR issues that theorganization deals with that is more similar to those of private companies it works with.

Concluding Thoughts
As streamlined technology and information flow grant key stakeholders greater
access to their respective organizations, there is greater demand for transparency andaccountability by all parties involved in a given NGOs operations. As a result,organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund have become more susceptible to claims
against the credibility of their projects and must set in place a well-defined system ofchecks and balances to satisfy the skepticism of discerning stakeholders, which include
the general public, donors, communities they work with and companies that form
relationships with.
It is often difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile contrasting interests of theaforementioned stakeholders, as is evident by the recent controversies around WWF.
While the organization is effective in establishing an acceptable level of credibility insome areas, it is less successful in many others. For example, WWF’s system ofgovernance and conflict of interest policy credibly establish autonomy of its board
members from private interests of third parties the organization works with. On the other
hand, the diversity of WWF’s stakeholders prevents it from meeting the needs of thecommunities and populations it was originally founded to improve. Furthemore, thepotential influence of private funding on its projects takes away from the organization’s
ability to establish itself as a truly independent entity free of outside influence. Lastly,

	
  

	
  

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  WWF’s inability to separate its rule as a standard setter from its duties as a monitoring
body prevents it from fully carrying out either of these tasks.
Therefore, WWF faces a major CSR problem that may prove detrimental to its
operations as individual donors that contribute to the biggest chunk of its funds become
more aware of conflicts of interest through public controversies and improved
information flow. If the organization is to continue to exist for another 50 years, it must
set in place costly signals that communicate to its stakeholders a continuing commitment
to the conservation of the environment which include but are not limited to:•

Establishment of independent monitoring subsidiaries who are not afraid topublicize violations of standards by partner companies;•

Placing a cap on private contributions that do not indebt the organization into
future compromise with a large donor;•

A clear distinction and operational independence between standard-setting andmonitoring branches;•

Less reliance on collaborations with corporations to achieve conservation goals.

Without them, continuing scandals will only alienate key stakeholders and undermine thedesirability of the organization even in the eyes of the corporations that are contributing
to the credibility problem to begin with.