Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
1
IR/PS CSR Case #07-26

Pressure on the Paper Production
Industry:
Staples, Inc. & The Forest Stewardship Council

By: Marianne Veach

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND PACIFIC STUDIESUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO
Prepared for Professor Peter Gourevitch
Edited by Jennifer Cheng, MPIA 2008
Corporate Social Responsibility
Fall 2007}

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2

Table of Contents
I. Pressure on Staples............................................................................................................................. 3
A. The Activists .................................................................................................................................... 3
B. The Paper Campaign ....................................................................................................................... 4
C. The Result ....................................................................................................................................... 6
II. Forest Stewardship Council.............................................................................................................. 8
A. What is it? ....................................................................................................................................... 8
B. Organization ................................................................................................................................... 9
C. Standards, Principles and Criteria................................................................................................. 12
D. Global Forest Management Certification ...................................................................................... 13
E. Chain of Custody ........................................................................................................................... 13
F. Accreditation of Certifiers ............................................................................................................. 14
G. FSC and Paper.............................................................................................................................. 16
H. Labeling Requirements & Percentage Certified ............................................................................. 16
I. Staples Paper & the FSC ................................................................................................................ 17
J. Confidence in the Forest Stewardship Council................................................................................ 17
III. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 19
IV. Further Research ........................................................................................................................... 20
V. Discussion Questions ....................................................................................................................... 21
VI. Appendix ........................................................................................................................................ 23}

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3
This paper demonstrates how pressure put on a large retailer can lead all involved(suppliers, buyers, and the retailer themselves) to change. To show this, I focus on the Paper
Campaign against Staples, Inc. and how it forced Staples to begin supplying paper products
certified by the Forest Stewardship Council and how that, in turn, put pressure on pulp producers
and forestry companies. While looking at these pressures I also examine the credibility of theForest Stewardship Council by looking their principles and criteria, organization, accreditation ofcertifiers, and other policies.

I. Pressure on Staples

A. The Activists

ForestEthics is a non-profit environmental organization with staff in Canada, the UnitedStates and Chile. Their mission is to protect endangered forests by exposing corporations that
destroy endangered forests by helping corporations that want to act responsibly and by using
corporate power to permanently protect forests. ForestEthics’ process involves three steps. The
first is to determine which forests are endangered forests. Secondly, they determine which
corporations are buying the products of the destruction. The final step is to implementing a
Corporate Action Plan, which means helping that company implement sound policies when they
are ready to do so.1
“The Dogwood Alliance is the only organization in the South holding corporations
accountable for the impact of their industrial forestry practices on our forest and communities.
1

http://forestethics.org/article.php?list=type&type=9}

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4
Through a combination of persistent grassroots pressure and skillful negotiation, we achieve theresults necessary to create real and lasting protection for Southern Forests.”2 The organization
brings together many individuals, local and regional grassroots organizations, and national andinternational organizations in order to put pressure on companies whose production practices use
old growth forests in the southern United States. They also bring negotiators into corporateboardrooms to pursue solutions to these problems and target market demand for environmentally
preferable paper products by creating financial incentives.3

B. The Paper Campaign

The Paper Campaign was an effort to stop Staples from selling paper produced from old
growth forests. The campaign was a collaboration of non-profit and activist organizations led byForestEthics and The Dogwood Alliance.
In 1999, the Dogwood Alliance and ForestEthics sent a letter to Staples informing them thatthey would launch a campaign unless it started to phase out products originating from old-growthforests and US public lands, increase post-consumer content to 50% on average, and educate its
customers suppliers and employees about the value of recycled paper and protecting forests.4
After 18 months of protests, negotiations between activist groups and Staples, and no response
from Staples, the campaign was launched in November of 2000. The campaign demanded that
Staples-“Immediately phase out of all wood and paper products made from old growth forest fiber2

http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/component/option,com_frontpage/Itemid,1/
http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/content/view/20/37/
4
from the victory newsletter thing FIND THIS
3}

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5-

Immediately phase out of all wood and paper products made from fiber from U.S. public
lands.

-

Commit to achieving 50% post consumer content for all paper products within two years
and begin an immediate phase out of all products that are 100% virgin wood fiber.

-

Stock and aggressively market 100% post consumer copy paper lines as well as paperthat is made from agricultural residue fiber in all stores or other points of sale.

-

Educate employees, customers and suppliers about the benefits of recycled paper,
recycling, the availability of alternative fibers, and the Staples policy and strategy forbecoming part of the paper solution.”

In August of 2002, The Paper Campaign, led by ForestEthics and the Dogwood Alliancepublished a report linking Staples to the production of paper products using old growth forests.
ForestEthics lists copy paper, carbonless paper, thermal paper and fax paper from Xerox,
Windsor, PM Company, Domtar, NCR, and Staples brand as the Staples products that were
promoting the destruction of old growth forests. To illustrate their point they focused on two ofthese paper companies, Xerox and Domtar, which Staples mainly distributed for. The report also
looked at the forests they claimed were being ruined as a result of Staples selling Xerox andDomtar paper: the Canadian Boreal Forest, the interior of British Columbia in Canada, and old
growth forests in Indonesia.
Through fieldwork and site surveys ForestEthics proved that Staples claims that they were
not supplying paper products that came from old growth forests were false. ForestEthics
partnered with Global Forest Watch to collect and evaluate data on old growth forests. Theirconclusions were that Domtar, which is the largest supplier of paper products to Xerox, was a}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
6large part of the rapid destruction of The Canadian Boreal Forest and the interior of British
Columbia. They also partnered with Forest Watch, Indonesia and found that only 10% of pulp
and paper came from plantations and the remaining 90% came from cleared rainforests in the
country.5

C. The Result

On November 12, 2002 Dogwood Alliance and ForestEthics joined Staples to announce
their new paper procurement policy.

Staples procurement policy included the following:-

To achieve an average of 30% post consumer recycled content across all paper products.

-

To phase out purchases of paper products from endangered forests, including key forestsin the Southern United States, United States National Forests and the world’s lastremaining forests such as the Boreal forests of Canada.

-

To report annually to the public on its progress toward reaching these goals.

-

To create an environmental affairs division headed by a senior executive report to Staples
CEO.

5

ForestEthics, The Credibility Gap at Staples, Inc.: Destroying Old Growth Forests, Misleading Customers, August
2002. http://forestethics.org/downloads/report_oldgrowth-1}

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7
Since the announcement of Staples new paper procurement policy, both Dogwood Allianceand ForestEthics have been working closely with Staples on the implementation of and theircommitment to the plan. 6 In Staples last environmental report they claim that they will havemore than 2,200 active paper producers with post consumer recycled content by the end of 2006.
They report that their achievements since their new paper procurement policy are:-

Increasing the average amount of post–consumer recycled content across all paper
products sold by weight from less than 20% in 2003 to 30% by 2006.

-

Launching a new process chlorine–free Staples® brand 100% post–consumer recycledcontent all–purpose paper.

-

Committing to going beyond recycled content to offering paper products composed ofalternative fibers and tree fiber from certified sustainably managed forests where feasible.

-

Requiring vendors bidding to supply large–volume paper products (copy and print paper,
notebook filler paper, etc.) to complete an environmental survey including descriptions of
their forest sources, characteristics of the fiber sourced, and mill–specific information to
help Staples select responsible paper suppliers.

Approximately six months after the announcement of their paper procurement policy, Staples
became a member of the Paper Working Group (PWG), a group of 11 major companies
committed to conserving forests and increasing the availability of environmentally preferable
paper products. Organized and facilitated by the nonprofit organization Metafore, the PWG is

6

Dogwood Alliance, Dogwood Alliance Convinces Staples, Inc. to Protect Southern Forests, Fall 2002,
http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/content/view/52/113/#staplevictory}

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8
developing methods for evaluating the environmental performance of paper suppliers to help
guide sourcing decisions.
Staples is participating with Georgia–Pacific and the Forest Stewardship Council in an
ongoing project to explore achieving certification for small landowners in the southeastern U.S.
We are actively engaged with a diverse group of stakeholders in projects to protect highconservation value forests and encourage sustainable forestry in several other areas globally,
including the Canadian boreal forest and Indonesia.7
Since the end of the campaign Domtar has begun to produce their Earth Choice paper, whichis certified by the Forest Stewardship council. This has alleviated a large amount of thedestruction of Canada’s Adirondack Forest. Since its certification in April of 2005 sales of
Domtar’s EarthChoice paper have tripled. 8, 9

II. Forest Stewardship Council

A. What is it?

The Forest Stewardship Council began in 1993 in response to the 1992 Earth Summit inRio. The FSC was created in order to start a dialogue between organizations, corporations andgovernment and to change the practices of forestry to make it more sustainable. FSC’s purpose isto promote certification of forest management that meets ecological, social and economic
7

Staples, Inc., 2006 Staples Soul Report, http://www.staples.com/sbd/content/about/soul/index.html
Forest Stewardship Council United States, Domtar EarthChoice Office Paper: First FSC-Certified General Use“Copy” paper for the North American Market, July 2006
9
Jamieson, Scott, "Proving stewardship: Domtar has bagged FSC certification for its 42,500-hectare forest in the
Adirondack Mountains, bringing certified fibre to its pulp mill in Cornwall, Ontario. ISO 14001 is the next step".
Canadian Forest Industries. April 2001.
8}

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9
standards, and to provide information to the consumer by labeling certified products from wellmanaged forests. Part of its stakeholder owned system is the idea that a stakeholder can monitor,
question and dispute certification carried about by FSC’s accredited certifiers.10,11 As of 2004
approximately 41.65 million hectares of forests in the world have been certified through the FSC.
Appendix 1 provides an analysis of each country with FSC certified forests. This is up from 5.8
million hectares in 1998. The graph below shows trends of FSC certified forests from 1998 to2004.

FSC Certified Forests, Grasslands, and Drylands
45
40
35
30
25

FSC Certified
Forests,
Grasslands, andDrylands

20
15
10
5
0
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

B. Organization

The Forest Stewardship Council’s organization consists of an international association ofmembers. This association includes representatives from environmental and social group, thetimber trade, and the forestry profession, indigenous people’s organizations, corporations,
10

Forest Stewardship Council, About FSC?, http://www.fsc.org/en/about

11

Greenpeace International. Guide to Monitoring FSC Certifications. August 2000.
}

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10community forestry groups and forest product certification organizations. FSC’s governancestructure includes a general assembly (the highest decision-making body), which has three levelsof decision-making bodies: Social Chamber, Environmental Chamber, and the Economic
Chamber.

Forest Stewardship Council
Organization
General AssemblySocial Chamber

Environmental Chamber

Economic Chamber

Board Of Directors

Exexutive Director

The Social Chamber includes non-profit, non-governmental organizations, indigenous
people’s associations, unions, individuals, and research, academic, and technical institutions thathave an interest in socially beneficial forestry.
The Environmental Chamber includes non-profit, non-governmental organizations,individuals, research, academic, and technical institutions that have an interest inenvironmentally viable forest stewardship.
The Economic Chamber includes organizations and individuals that have a commercial
interest. These groups and individuals include employees, certification bodies, industry and tradeassociations, wholesalers, retailers, consumer associations, and consulting companies. To join}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
11
the economic chamber one needs to demonstrate that they have and have had a commitment toimplementing FSC Principles and Criteria in their operations.
The Board of Directors is accountable to the FSC General Assembly members. There arenine board members who are elected from each of the three chambers for a three-year term.
There are four officers: Chairperson, two Vice Chairpersons and Treasurer and there are fivegeneral board members.12
Roberto Waack is the Chairperson of the Board and works Orsa Florestal, a large pulp
and paper producer in Brazil.13 Eric Palola, a Vice Chairperson of the board is a natural resource
economist and the director of the National Wildlife Federation.14 Jaime Levy, the other Vice
Chairperson of the Board works for ALTROPICO Fundación Alternativas para el Desarrollo
Sostenible en el Tropico (Foundation for Sustainable Development Alternatives in the Tropics),
an organization based in Ecuador with a social mission to empower rural communities.15 Chris
Van Der Goot is the Treasurer of the board and works for the Ecohout Foundation, a non-profit
in The Netherlands promoting the production and distribution of timber from well-managed
forests.16 The general board members come from a variety of backgrounds ranging from a foodsafety company in Sweden to professionals in the forest engineering field.
The Executive Director of the Forest Stewardship Council is Heiko Liedeker. Before
joining FSC, Liedeker, was the head of the European Certification Initiative for the Worldwide
Fund for Nature in Switzerland. Previously he was the WWF’s Senior Forest Policy Advisor,
12

Forest Stewardship Council, What is FSC?: Governance, http://www.fsc.org/en/about/governance
OrsaFlorestal. http://www.orsaflorestal.com.br/web/en/perfil/
14
United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, The interaction of old-growth forest
protection initiatives and national forest policy,
http://energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Testimony&Hearing_ID=553&Witness_ID=1410
October 2001.
15
Fundación ALTROPICO, Misión y Visión, http://www.altropico.org.ec/quienessomos.asp
16Foundation EcoHout. http://www.ecohout.nl/
13}

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12
Forestry Department Head, and European Forest Team Chairman. Before working for the WWF,he served as an Environmental Information Systems Advisor and Technical Advisor togovernment agencies in Saudi Arabia, the Ukraine, and Germany. Liedeker holds a Masters
degree in Forest Ecology from the University of Vermont and a Bachelor of Science degree in
Forestry from Ludwig-Maximillians University in Munich.17

C. Standards, Principles and Criteria

The FSC has three types of standards: global forest management standards, chain ofcustody (CoC) standards, and standards for the accreditation of certifiers. The FSC has ten
principles and fifty-seven criteria that are implemented in their standards, which include:

1. Compliance with laws and FSC principles.
2. Tenure and use rights and responsibilities
3. Indigenous peoples’ rights
4. Community relations and worker’s rights
5. Benefits from the forest
6. Environmental impact
7. Management plan
8. Monitoring and assessment
9. Maintenance of high conservation value forests
17

Ibid.

}

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13
10. Plantations

D. Global Forest Management Certification

Global forest management certification involves an inspection of the forest management
unit by an independent FSC-accredited certification body to check that the forest complies with
the internationally agreed upon FSC Principles of Responsible Forest Management. If the forest
complies with FSC standards, then the FSC accredited certification body issues a certificate forthe operation. Certified forest operations can claim the forest products they produce come from a
responsibly managed forest. Before a certified forest operation can sell their products as FSC
certified, they must also obtain chain of custody certification (FM/COC).

E. Chain of Custody

Chain of custody certification provides a guarantee about the production of FSC-certified
products. Chain-of-custody is the path taken by raw materials from the forest to the consumer,
including all successive stages of processing, transformation, manufacturing and distribution. In
the case of recycled materials, the chain of custody follows the product from the reclamation side
to the consumer including all stages listed above. From a customer perspective, the FSC label
represents a promise that is being made to them. Chain of custody standards is the mechanism}

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14
FSC has to ensure that 'promise' is delivered. Operations that have been independently verified
for FSC chain of custody certification are eligible to label their products with the FSC logo. 18
FSC states that a key objective to their chain of custody standard is to provide
organizations with the ability to enter the FSC program and to increase the proportion of FSC
certified input material to 100%. An FSC Chain of Custody Certificate gives information on theevaluated sites, processes and product groups from which the products originate. It also
references the chain of custody standards used in the accredited certification body’s evaluation.
The chain of custody management system incorporates the following basic elements: quality
management, product scope, material sourcing, material receipt and storage, production control,
sales and delivery, and labeling. 19

F. Accreditation of Certifiers

The Council accredits independent third party organizations that can certify forest
managers and forest product producers to FSC standards. Accreditation Services International(ASI) manages FSC’s accreditation program by evaluating, accrediting and monitoring
certification bodies through the ASI accreditation committee.
FSC accredits for services in the certification of forest management and in chain ofcustody certification. Certification of forest management includes the certification of single
forest owners, groups of forest owners, and of small and low intensity managed forest
operations. The chain of custody certification services includes certifications of single

18

FSC. About Us, Certification. http://www.fsc.org/en/about/about_fsc/certification

19

FSC. International Center. FSC Standard for Chain of Custody Certification. November 2007.
}

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15
operations, of groups of small operation, of multi-site organization with a central control systemand of single projects.
For a certification body to apply for accreditation they can through ASI or FSC withrespect to forest management or chain of custody. In order for a body to be accredited as a forest
management certifier they must also have the chain of custody accreditation.
Accreditations are granted for five years at a time. When an accredited certifier wishes tocontinue providing the service they must resubmit an application. When there is non-conformity
in s certification body they get a “corrective action request” to fix the problem in a certain
amount of time or else they are fined or their accreditation is withdrawn. 20
The diagram below outlines the process to become accredited:20

FSC. Procedures for FSC Accreditation of Certification Bodies. September 2006}

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16
G. FSC and Paper

Any product made of pulp or paper has the potential to be certified as long as the woodused in the product originates from FSC certified sources. Wood is an important material for all
paper manufacturers. The FSC certification system allows these professionals to know they are
doing the right thing, and taking business away from other companies that may still besupporting illegal, unsustainable, unverified logging activities. The intent of the FSC system is
to shift the market to eliminate habitat destruction, water pollution, displacement of indigenous
peoples and violence against people and wildlife that often accompanies logging.
Just like other forest products, in order to use the FSC logo as an "environmental claim"on paper, the product must have flowed through the FSC "chain-of-custody" from the FSCcertified forest, to a paper manufacturer, merchant, and finally printer who have FSC chain-ofcustody certification. 21

H. Labeling Requirements & Percentage Certified

FSC’s stated objective for the Policy for Percentage Based Claims is to allow publicrecognition for products containing less than 100% FSC certified materials. This reduces barriers
to industries that which rely on a large number of uncertified suppliers. FSC certified paper thathas less than 100% must label it with the FSC logo, the percentage, and a description: “"At least
19 % of the wood used in making this product line comes from well- managed forests
independently certified according to the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council".

21

FSC-US. FSC Certified Paper. http://www.fscus.org/paper/}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
17

I. Staples Paper & the FSC

Staples has committed to moving the majority of product tonnage to FSC-certified
content by the end of 2010. Over 10% of the fiber weight in Staples brand products is already
FSC certified which includes 10% of its total products. In 2006, Staples incorporated a 100%
FSC certified Staples brand paper to its supply.
In a report made by ForestEthics and the Dogwood Alliance in September 2007
comparing five different office supply stores (Staples, Office Depot, FedEx Kinko’s, Corporate
Express and Office Max) they stated that “the commitment by Staples to a majority of FSC
certified content by the end of 2010 is, by far, the strongest on this issue among the fivecompanies…The FSC content of Staples brand products – over 10% - is already the highest of
the companies we surveyed, and the company is encouraging more suppliers and forest
landowners to become FSC certified.”22

J. Confidence in the Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council claims that their framework ensures that their policies
and standards development processes are transparent, independent and participatory. They define

22

ForestEthics & Dogwood Alliance. Office Supply Update. September 2007.

}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
18
transparency as their process for policy and standards being clear and accessible. The define
independent in that their standards are developed in a way which balances and interests of all
stakeholders, ensuring that no one interest dominates. Finally, they claim that they areparticipatory in that they strive to involve all interested people and groups in the development of
FSC policies and standards.23
FSC is transparent to an extent. They make public many documents and offer informationon all their certifiers, policies, procedures and standards. FSC’s claim that their process is “clear”
seems to be an overstatement. All of their documents on procedures that are available to the
public seem bureaucratic and convoluted. An example is the diagram (see Appendix 2) that they
offer to explain how their principles and standards apply to certification.
I do believe that FSC is independent and participatory in that they do allow stakeholders
mostly having the three (economic, social, and economic) chambers in their organization. They
involve interested parties in their processes and procedures to an extent. Any individual cancomplain to the FSC about a forest or a certifier.
There are some suspicions that were raised while examining the workings of the FSC.
Firstly, the chairman of the board is the director for Orsa Florestal, a large pulp and paper
company in Brazil. Secondly, some of the certifiers (see Appendix 3 for a complete list) do not
only certify, they provide technical and logistical support for forest management companies.
Both of these suspicions raise conflict of interest issues. In the case of the Chairman, he works
closely with all three chambers in hearing the public’s opinion and making recommendations
about policies procedures within the FSC. As far as the certifiers, the conflict is between

23

FSC. Policy & Standards. http://www.fsc.org/en/about/policy_standards}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
19
certifying and gaining business? Are these certifiers relaxing on certain standards for certain
forestry companies in order to get consulting business?
Another issue I came across while looking at FSC’s policies was with their Percentage
Based Claim. On one hand the FSC has a Chain of Custody Certification Program in order trace
all products back to their original source. They are not clear on how they deal with Chain of
Custody with products that contain less than 100% certified inputs. How does chain of custody
work if they do not know where all the input materials in the product are derived?

III. Conclusion
The Paper Campaign put pressure on Staples. Staples changed by increasing the amountof certified paper products in their stores. Existing suppliers to Staples stopped destroying (asmany) hectares of old growth forests by becoming certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.
This outlines the pressure put on each group to conform, who holds the power to make groups
conform, and what changes take place when these pressures arise.
The reason Staples changed is because the Paper Campaign, an independent pressuregroup was able to alert the consumer enough that it affected business. The effect on business was
the pressure that got companies like Domtar, Inc. to develop their new EarthChoice Paper. The
invention of EarthChoice Paper triggered a pressure on other paper companies and pulp
producers to conform and become certified as well.
I have confidence in the Forest Stewardship Council. My confidence is conditional on myconfidence in activist groups such as ForestEthics and the Dogwood Alliance. These activist}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
20
groups not only hold corporations accountable, but indirectly hold certification bodies, like the
FSC, accountable as well. Considering all the independent parties that monitor each other in thissituation, I may not have confidence in all of them, but enough possible change my buying
decisions the next time I walk in to a Staples store.

IV. Further Research}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
21
1. Identify the stakeholders, organizational structure, operations, revenue streams of ForestEthics
and the Dogwood Alliance.
2. What was the nature of the protests and negotiations during the first 18 months of the Paper
Campaign? Why were these efforts unsuccessful?
3. How did Dogwood Alliance, Forest Ethics finally get Staples to honor its demands? How was
the new paper procurement policy arrived at? Were there negotiations? Protests? What tactics
were employed? Was Staples’s concession merely due to a well-run PR campaign conducted by
the activists?
4. What is the extent of Staple’s involvement with Georgia-Pacific and the Forest StewardshipCouncil? What is Staple’s role in the on-going certification project?

V. Discussion Questions
1. What is (are) the CSR-problem(s) at stake here?

}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
22

2. Why would the activists directly target Staples and not Staples’ suppliers? Would have it been
more effective to do the latter? Do suppliers have more clout in the paper industry? Or does thepower for change lie with box retailers like Staples?
3. After the paper campaign, Staples joined the Paper Working Group (PWG) and became aparticipant of the Georgia-Pacific and the Forest Stewardship Council. Are Staple’s actions acredible signal of its commitment to not supplying paper products from old growth forests?
4. What aspects of the FSC give you confidence in the organization? Which do not?
5. How strong is the FSC’s chain-of-custody process? Are there incentives to “cheat”?
6. How does a Staples-FSC partnership benefit both parties? Does this partnership solve the
CSR-problem of protecting old-growth forests? Are there any cons to this partnership?

}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
23

VI. Appendix
Appendix 1
Forest Stewardship Council Certified Forests, Grasslands, and Drylands
Units: Hectares
1998

1999

2000

2002

2004

Argentina
Austria
BelarusBelgium
BelizeBolivia
BrazilCanadaChile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Czech Rep
Denmark
EcuadorEstonia
FinlandFranceGermany
GuatemalaHonduras
Hungary
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
Japan
LatviaLiechtenstein
Lithuania
Malaysia
MexicoNamibia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
NorwayPanamaPapua New Guinea
Paraguay
Philippines
PolandRomania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Swaziland
SwedenSwitzerland
Thailand
UgandaUkraineUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
ZambiaZimbabwe

0
0
0
0
95800
155466307635
43992
0
0
0
12381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26420
12217
7970
0
0
0
11000
0
0
0
0
55083
82887
0
0
2305
0
0
107
4310
0
0
160506900002084810001694200
2112
0
0
0
9950
1443996
0
0
0
24850

0
0
0
0
95800
520666559272
43992
0
0
0
21338
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94914
97444
13868
0
0
0
11000
0
0
0
0
55083
116700
0
16425
2305
0
0
107
4310
0
0
2218006000068354200037896374252
0009170462247609
0
0
0
72504

0
0
0
4342
95800
884980665558
30046
0
0
0
40538
166861
10441
36
0
0
0
1050
222182100026
19876
0
72278
0
11000
3319
0
0
0
55083
16921554420
69064
362856
0
0
1179
4310
0
14800
2742786
0
32712
0
42912
828128012726
0986708748801
002030009583202859231
0
0
0
91589

0
0
0
4342
95800
9272631182640
197236100085986
372765
10441
372
0
0
0
15363
41767331246113868
0151589
0
11000
6390
0
0
0
67517
51640461130
102522610258
0
0
8383
4310
0
14800
3592160
0215715039402
89822505099
01013031083937
00238000106066738877040001105611309934044
1064005999
104888101294814637184253822376364
940
58444
49346
1988480
10441
372
21341
10635179315325
52453246922637277
18868790240
43800011411
26648916859327372
38553777242
56532761130
127056717027
13157
5100
9991
0
2700
14800
618601831611
139547943659
39402
1496970
1135
16251
17018
10311603
243185921
35000
15235011443863832247
75094
139650983
127285

World

580623127227418

41655955

11585820

20746552

Source: WRI compilation of data from: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 1998, 1999, 2000,
2002, 2004. Forests Certified by FSC-Accredited Certification Bodies. Document 5.3.3.
Oaxaca, Mexico, FSC. Available online at: http://www.fscoax.org/principal.h}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
24

Appendix 2}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
25

Appendix 3
FSC Accredited Certifiers and Brief descriptions:
BM TRADA Certification Ltd (TT)Mr. Alasdair McGregor
Stocking Lane, Hughenden Valley,
High Wycombe, Bucks HP14 4ND
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1494 569700
Fax: + 44 (0) 1494 565487
E-mail: amcgregor@bmtrada.com
Website: www.bmtrada.com
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Chain of Custody certification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-008
Initial Accreditation Date: 19-May2000
Centre Technique du Bois et del'Ameublement (CTBA)(Since 01 June 2007 part of the FCBA
group)
Mr. Philippe Ferro
10, Avenue de Saint-Mandé., Paris
75012
FranceTel: +33 1 40 19 49 19
Fax:+33 1 43 40 85 65
Email: philippe.Ferro@ctba.fr
Website: http://www.ctba.fr
Scope of accreditation: Chain of
Custody certification,
Limited to 32 countries with French as
official language
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-016
Initial Accreditation Date: 25-May2004

BM Trada performs chain of custody certification for the Forest
Stewardship Council.
They list all know companies who falsely use their mark.
BM TRADA Certification is a leading multi-sector certificationbody accredited by UKAS (United Kingdom Accreditation
Service). Originally established to develop quality assurance
schemes in the construction industry, BM TRADA has since
expanded into many other sectors including manufacturing;
distribution; local authorities; paper; printing; software; legal& professional services; agriculture and food, to name but afew.
BM TRADA’s portfolio of services includes certification toquality, environmental, information security, and health &safety management systems, as well as product and personnel
schemes.
The Wood and Furniture Technical Center
CTBA is accredited by FSC to deliver chain of custodycertificates in France and in every francophone country.
CTBA trains and gives technical support to wood and furniturecompanies. What kind of incentives does this give them?

}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
26
Certiquality (CQ)
Mrs. Claudia Gistri
Via G. Giardino, 4, 20123 Milano
Italy
Tel : +39 02 80 691 723
Fax : +39 02 80 691 718
E-mail: c.gistri@certiquality.it
Website: www.certiquality.it
Application: Worldwide for Chain of
Custody certification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-017
Initial Accreditation Date: 13-October2004

Certiquality is a non-profit Body accredited to provide theenterprises with certification services covering Quality,
Environmental and Safety Management Systems, as well as
Product Certification. Certiquality also operates on auditing
Data Security in the EDP systems, on Q-web certification andon Professional Training.

Control Union Certifications B.V. (CU)(former SKAL International)

Mr. Johan Maris
P.O. Box 161, Zwolle AD 8000
The Netherlands
Tel: + 31 38 426 01 00
Fax: + 31 38 423 70 40
E-mail: jmaris@controlunion.com
Website: www.controlunion.com
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-019
Initial Accreditation Date: 13-October2005
Det Norske Veritas Certification AB
Mr. Anders Wingqvist
General Manager, DNV Sweden
Box 6046,
171 06 SOLNA
SwedenTel.: +468 587 942 64
Fax: +468 651 7043
E-Mail: Anders.Wingqvist@dnv.com
Website: www.detnorskeveritas.se
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Chain of Custody certification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-022
Initial Accreditation Date: 15-August2007

examples of written assessments made during inspections (orpublic summaries)
http://www.controlunion.com/certification/default.htm

DNV is a leading international provider of services for
managing risk.

}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
27
Eurocertifor – Bureau Veritas
Certification (BV) (former BVQI)
Mr. Nicolas Barrière
60 avenue du Général de Gaulle Puteaux92046 Paris La Défense Cedex
FranceTel: + 33 1 41 97 02 05
Fax: +33 1 41 97 02 04
Email:
nicolas.barriere@fr.bureauveritas.com
Website:www.certification.bureauveritas.fr/com
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-020
Initial Accreditation Date: 25-July2005
EuroPartner (EP)Mr. Knysh
Zagorodny pr. 12 office 1
St. Petersburg,
Russia 191002
Tel: + 7 (812) 315 8773
Fax: + 7 (812) 336 7267
E-mail: mailbox@europartner.ru
Website: www.europartner.ru
Scope of accreditation: Forest
Management and Chain of Custodycertification for
countries in the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS) (excluding
Small and Low
Intensity Forests (SLIMF))
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-021
Initial Accreditation Date: 27-June2006
Fundación Vida para el Bosque a.c.
(VIBO)
Mr. Walter Bishop VelardePino Suarez 436 A Ote
Zona Centro 34000
Durango Durango

Translated: The Foundation of Forest Life is a non-profit
created in 1999. Its principal objective is the promotion of thenatural protected areas in the Western Sierra Madrescontained in the areas of Durango, with special attention to
Biosphere reserves in Micilia and Mapimi.

}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
28

MéxicoTel: + 52 618 827 5940

Fax: + 52 618 827 5940

Email: bosquevibo@yahoo.com

Website: www.bosquevibo.org.mx
Scope of Accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification

Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-018

I. Sierra Madre Occidental
a. programa de certificación de bosque y aprovechamiento
sustentable. VIBO es una organización acreditada por la Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC) como certificadora de buen manejo
forestal, bajo el numero de acreditación No. FSC-ACC-018.
b. proyectos alternativos del uso del bosque. Exploracion de laQuebrada del Piaxtla.
c. programas de educación ambiental en las poblaciones de lasierra.
d. programa de áreas naturales protegidas.
e. programa corredores biológicos.
f. Talleres de Certificación Forestal y Cadena de Custodia.
II. Bolsón de Mapimi
a. Reintroducción del Berrendo ( Antilocapra americana ).
b. Estudio de la Marginacion de los Habitantes de la Reserva dela Biosfera de Mapimi.
III. Unificación de esfuerzos de Conservación.
a. La instauración de un Consejo Estatal de Medio Ambiente,
conformado por organizaciones que promueven laconservación del medio ambiente.
b. Acercamiento con las Asambleas Ejidales de la Sierra Madre
Occidental para efectos de consultoria en asuntos del medio
ambiente.
c. Acercamiento con las Etnias representativas del Estado paraefectos de consultoria en asuntos de conservación del medio
ambiente.

Initial Accreditation Date: 02December-2004

GFA Consulting Group GmbH (GFA)
Mr. Carsten Huljus
Eulenkrugstrasse 82, Hamburg 22359
Germany
Tel: + 49 40 6030 6140
Fax: + 49 40 6030 6149
E-mail: certification@gfa-group.de
Website: www.gfa-certification.de
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-009
Initial Accreditation Date: 01-June2000
Istituto per la Certificazione e i Servizi
per le Imprese dell' Arredamento e delLegno
Legno (ICILA)

Business consulting group based in Hamburg. In agro-industry
they offer private sector clients investment planning andcertification services}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
29
Ms. Maria Rita Gallozzi
Via Braille 5, Lissone (Milano)
I-20035 Italy
Tel: + 39 039 465239
Fax: + 39 039 465168
E-mail: mariarita.gallozzi@icila.org
Website: www.icila.org
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-014
Institut fu r Marktökologie (IMO)
Mr. Thomas Papp-Vary suspended for
performing new evaluations
Weststr. 51, Weinfelden CH-8570 andissuing new FSC Forest Management
Switzerland certificates in Chile, as of
22nd September 2006
Tel: + 41 71 626 0 628
Fax: + 41 71 626 0 623
E-mail: forest@imo.ch
Website: www.imo.ch
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-006
Initial Accreditation Date: 01-July1998
KPMG Forest Certification Services Inc.
(KF)
Mr. Dave Bebb
Box 10426 777 Dunsmuir Street,
Vancouver BC V7Y 1K3
CanadaTel: + 1 604-691-3495
Fax: + 1 604 691 3031
E-mail: dbebb@kpmg.ca
Website: www.kpmg.ca

IMO offers certification for organic production and handlingaccording the European Regulation (EU) Nr. 2092/91. Also
USDA has accredited us for organic certification according to
the American National Organic Program (NOP). Recently wehave received the reaccredidation by MAFF and offer
certification according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard(JAS) for the Japanese market.
Since more than 20 years, IMO has been active in the field oforganic certification but it is also expert in the sectors ofnatural textiles, sustainable forestry, and social accountability
monitoring.
The forest industry is confronted by intensifying pressure forenvironmental and social responsibility – and rigorous scrutinyof forest stewardship practices by a broad range ofstakeholders: consumers, investors, environmentalists,
government and the general public.
Demonstrating that an organization recognizes the diverse
expectations of today’s stakeholders and has adapted to meetthe challenge is a significant challenge in itself.
Certification of operations under the Forest StewardshipCouncil’s (FSC) principles and Criteria of good forest
stewardship provides a globally recognized method of
demonstrating that an Organization’s forest management
activities reflect the delicate balance between social, economicand environmental expectations.
About KPMG
KPMG Forest Certification Services Inc, is accredited to conduct
forest management certification audits worldwide under the}Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
30
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-010
Initial Accreditation Date: 01December-2002
Scientific Certification Systems (SCS)
Dr. Robert Hrubes
2200 Powell Street, Suite 725,
Emeryville California 94608
United States
Tel: + 1 510 452 8007
Fax: + 1 510 452 8001
E-mail: rhrubes@scscertified.com
Website: www.scscertified.com
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-003
Initial Accreditation Date: 01-July1995

QUALIFOR, SGS South Africa (SGS)

Mr. Gerrit Marais

Unit 5 Mifa Park, 399 George Rd.,
Randjespark, Midrand
P.O. Box 5472, Halfway House 1685,
Johannesburg
South Africa
Tel: +27 11 6521441

FSC Principles and Criteria.
Our team of professional foresters, biologists, andenvironmental management systems assessors has been
actively involved in the evolution of forest practices auditingfor over eight years and brings a wealth of auditing expertiseand common sense to task in conducting each assessment.

SCS is a leading third-party provider of certification, auditing
and testing services, and standards. Our goal is to recognize
the highest levels of performance in food safety and quality,
environmental protection and social responsibility in theprivate and public sectors, and to stimulate continuous
improvement in sustainable development.

ONLY ONE THAT DOES ANYTING WITH PAPER SO FAR: SGS
provides forestry certification, inspection of forest products,
testing of consumer products, and forestry monitoring.
certification : more than 2000 chain of custody and more than
200 forest management certificates covering over 20 million
hectares of forest worldwide.

inspection of forest products: The Forest Product Inspection
Services (FPIS) department of Agricultural Services provides
inspection and testing services for round wood and a range ofprimary processed pulp, timber and paper products. The
products we inspect are in individual logs or bundles, or inbulk. WASTE PAPER: Our services for Waste Paper
include:verification of loading, weight, hold cleanness ofvessels, draft surveysrandom sampling, visual inspections ofbeing free of objectionable materials and prohibited materials(e.g. metals strings, textiles, wood sand, plastic, waxed
paper…)testing for humiditydamage surveys}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
31
Fax: +27 11 6521403
E-mail: Gerrit.Marais@sgs.com
Website: www.qualifor.sgs.com
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-015
Initial Accreditation Date: 26-July2004

SmartWood, Rainforest Alliance (SW)

Mr. Richard Donovan
Goodwin-Baker Building, 65 Millet
Street, Richmond Vermont 05477
United States
Tel: + 1 802 434 5491
Fax: + 1 802 434 3116
E-mail: info@ra.org
Website: www.smartwood.org
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-004
Initial Accreditation Date: 01-July1995

The Rainforest Alliance works to conserve biodiversity andensure sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use
practices, business practices and consumer behavior.
Companies, cooperatives and landowners that participate in
our programs meet rigorous standards that conserve
biodiversity and provide sustainable livelihoods.

Woodmark, Soil Association (SA)Mr. Kevin Jones
Bristol House, 40-56 Victoria Street,
Bristol BSI 6BY
United Kingdom
Tel: + 44 117 914 2435
Fax: + 44 117 925 2504
E-mail: wm@soilassociation.org
Website:www.soilassociation.org/forestry
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code:FSC-ACC-002

Woodmark is the Soil Association’s international forestry andchain of custody certification scheme.
A world leader in forest certification Woodmark was one of thefirst to achieve Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) accreditationin 1996. Woodmark continues to be one of the most highly
respected and innovative forest certification programs.

}

Copyright 2007. No quotation or citation without attribution.
32
Initial Accreditation Date: 01-July1995
Swiss Association for Quality andManagement Systems (SQS)
Mr. Alfred Urfer.
Bernstrasse 103. P.O Box 686,
Zollikofen CH-3052
Switzerland
Tel: +41 31 910 35 35
Fax: +41 31 910 35 45
E-mail: alfred.urfer@sqs.ch
Website: www.sqs.ch
Scope of accreditation: Worldwide for
Forest Management and Chain of
Custodycertification
Accreditation Code: FSC-ACC-013
Initial Accreditation Date: 28December-2002

SQS provides certification and assessment services for all
types of industries and services as well as practice oriented
training in form of workshops and seminars.
COC and FM

Source:http://www.fsc.org/keepout/en/content_areas/32/1/files/5_3_1_2007_08_29_FSC_Accredited_CBs.pdf}