2011/11/30

Workshop 5, Session 1

Frontiers of Urban sanitation Options

T ECHNOLOGY OPTIONS TO ACHIEVESUSTAINABLE SANITATION IN URBAN AREAS

W ednesday 23 November 2011

Pierre Flamand

OVERVIEWOF
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
centralized systems

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OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:

centralized systems

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS

Trickling Filter

Activated Sludge Process

Rotating Biological Contactor

Oxidation Ditch

Wastewater Stabilization Pond (with Aerated Pond)

OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:

centralized systems

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIESM O D I F I E D A C T I VAT E D S L U D G E P R O C E S S :BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESS
Recirculation

Effluent

Influent
Denitrification
Tank

Nitrification
Tank

Sedimentation
tank

Returned Sludge

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OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:

centralized systems

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES: Membrane Bioreactor

MBR Process
Pump

Influent

Pump
Effluent

BlowerMembraneunit

Aeration Tank

Blower

MBR Tank

OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:

centralized systems

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMSTechnologyProsConsWWT Stabilization
Pond (with orwithout aeration)- Easy O&M- Low energy cost
- Low sludge production- Requires large land area
- Limited WWT treatment performance- Influence of cold weather in treatment

Trickling Filter- Small land required- Easy O&M- Requires constant electricity source- Possible concern with odours and flies

Rotating BiologicalContactor- Low skill required for operation- Low sludge production- Hardly affected by WWT pick flows- Influence of cold weather in treatment- Mechanical parts require frequent
maintenance

Activated Sludge
Process- Most widely used treatment process- Good treatment performance- Flexible scale- Requires constant electricity source- High skill required for O&M

Oxidation Ditch- Low power requirement- Suitable for small scale equipment- Requires constant electricity source- High skill required for O&M

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OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:

centralized systems

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIESTechnologyPros

ConsMembrane
Bioreactor- High quality treatment suitable forwater reclamation- Requires constant electricity source- High skill required for O&M

Modified ActivatedSludge Process- Removal of BOD and Nutrient
substance (N, P )- Requires constant electricity source- High skill required for O&M

centralized systems

WATER RECLAMATION&SLUDGE RECYCLING4

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OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:WATER RECLAMATION

centralized systems
recycling

Shibaura Sewage Treatment Plant
Tokyo, JapanOVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:DISPOSAL – RECYCLING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE

recycling

Landfill

CompostBio Solid Fuel to Power Generation

Bio Gas for Automotive Fuel5

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OVERVIEWOF
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
decentralized systems

OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:
decentralized systems

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS

Septic Tank + Ground Filtration Systems
Septic Tank+Soak Pit

Discharge

Discharge

Oxidation Ditch
Discharge

Septic Tank+Leach Pit
Inlet

Discharge
Discharge
Discharge

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OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:
decentralized systems

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS

Septic Tank + Ground Filtration Systems

Oxidation Ditch

Figure 1: Ground
Treatment Tank Tank
Figure 2: Ground Treatment Tank 2
Sedimentation
Sedimentation Tank

Figure 3: Ground Tank Structure

OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:ADVANCED SYSTEM: JOHKASOUSMALL-SCALE JOHKASOU (FRP)

decentralized systems

Conventional johkasou (FRP-made)Capacity = 5 to 50 users

Membrane johkasou

Effluent quality
BOD <=20 mg/l

Johkasou for BOD, N&P Removal

Effluent quality
BOD <= 5 mg/l
T-N <=10 mg/l
Effluent quality
BOD <=10 mg/l
T-N <=10 mg/l
T-P <= 1 mg/l

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OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS:DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMSTechnologyProsCons

Septic tank

- No electricity required- Additional treatment is highly
recommended (necessary whenwater table is high)- Low sludge production- Limited treatment performance- Rich in pathogen
Johkasou- Environmentally-friendly effluent(can be discharged directly towater bodies)- Requires electricity source- High sludge production- High treatment performance- Pathogen freedecentralized systems

SLUDGE AND NIGHT SOIL COLLECTION & TREATMENT + RECYCLING

recycledispose8

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NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT AND
ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING CENTER

decentralized systems

Night soil and johkasou sludge treatment
treatment process

Gasholder

Organic waste

Mixer
Crushing sorter

Methanefermenter

Generator

Resource recovery process
Dehydrator

Composter

CENTRALIZED & DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATERTREATMENT SYSTEMS IN JAPAN92011/11/30

CONCLUSION
To consider for technology selection:
1. Land availability or affordability
2. Desired quality of treated effluent(depending on regulations/laws, recycling purpose)
3. Availability of water
4. Targeted amount of energy consumption
5. Required system management and level of expertise for O&M
6. Specific requirements: e.g. odours/flies, etc.

p The Japan Sanitation Consortium (JSC) was launched on 16 October 2009
p JSC consists of the 4 main national agencies managing on-site and offsite sanitation in Japan
p JSC aims to utilize Japan’s advanced experience in sanitation and successfulmodels from other countries to solve related issues in the regionl JSC collaborates with ADB andother Donors Agencies, internationalorganizations, NGOs, etc. forregional sanitation improvementl JSC MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS
Off-site Sanitation
Sewerage Business Management Centre
Japan Sewage Works Association
On-site Sanitation
On-site Sanitation
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation
Japan Education Center ofEnvironmental Sanitation

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JSC Sanitation KnowledgeHub, Japan
Regional Water Knowledge Hub for Sanitation
JSC Expertise— Member of a regional network of water specialists, commi tted for sanitation developmentin the Asia-Pacific region— On-site and off-site sanitation specialized organization
JSC Services— Networking, Information Gathering & Sharing, Knowledge Dissemination, Support toInternational Donor Organizations
JSC Partners— ADB, JICA, Japan Water Forum, UNICEF, etc.

Thank you for your attention

e-mail: info@jsanic.org
www.jsanic.org
http://gcus.jp/english/11