1

Heede, Richard (2014) Tracing anthropogenic CO2 and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement
producers, 1854-2010, Climatic Change, vol. 122:229-241; doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y. Hereinafterreferred to as the Heede Carbon Majors Study.
2
See for instance Urgenda Foundation v. The Netherlands [2015] HAZA C/09/00456689 (June 24, 2015);
aff’d (Oct. 9, 2018) [District Court of the Hague, and The Hague Court of Appeal (on appeal)]; Leghari v.
Federation of Pakistan, W.P. No. 25501/201 (2015); and Future Generations v. Colombia Ministry ofEnvironment, No. 11001 22 03 000 2018 00319 00 (2018).
3
See for instance Lliuya v. RWE, Case No. 2 O 285/15 Essen Regional Court (filed 2015); and Native
Village of Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp., Docket No. 4:08-cv-01138 (filed 2008).
4
See for instance City of Oakland v. BP P.L.C., No. C 17-06011 WHA (filed 2017); and City of New Yorkv. British Petroleum (BP), No. 18-2188 (filed 2018).
5
Cf. Abrahams v. Commonwealth Bank of Australia, where shareholders of the Commonwealth Bank ofAustralia (CBA) sued the bank, alleging that it violated the Corporations Act of 2001 with the issuance ofits 2016 annual report, which failed to disclose climate change-related business risks. Before the Federal
Court of Australia could issue a decision, the suit was withdrawn after the bank released a 2017 annual
report that acknowledged the risk of climate change and pledged to undertake climate change scenario
analysis to estimate the risks to CBA's business. (source: http://climatecasechart.com/non-uscase/abrahams-v-commonwealth-bank-australia/ last accessed on 04 December 2010)

1

6

Petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Seeking Relief from Violations Resulting
from Global Warming Caused by Acts and Omissions of the United States, filed in December 2005.
7
Resolution of Petition, No. P-1413-05.

2

8

NDRRMC, 2013, Final Report re Effects of Typhoon “Yolanda” (Haiyan), last accessed on 20
November 2019 at
http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1329/FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_YOLANDA_(HAIYAN)_06-09NOV2013.pdf.

3

91987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIII, Section 18, Paragraphs 1 and 3.

4

5

6

7

8

10

Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions (The Paris Principles), G.A. Res. 48/134, U.N.
Doc. A/RES/48/134 (20 December 1993).
11
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE XVII Section 18 (1).
121987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE XVII Section 18 (6).
131987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE XVII Section 18 (7).
141987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE XVII Section 18 (3).
151987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE XVII Section 18 (2).

9

16Preparation of two Draft International Covenant on Human Rights, G.A. Res. 542 (VI), U.N. Doc.
No.A/RES/543 (VI) (4 February 1952).

10

17

United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 6, 1996, 999 U.N.T.S. 171[ICCPR].
18
H.R. Comm., General Comment No. 36 (2018) on Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights, on the Right to Life, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/36 (Oct. 30, 2018).

11

19

Omnibus Rule of Procedure Rules of Procedure of the Commission of Human Rights Rule 7
PROCEDURES IN THE CONDUCT OF PUBLIC INQUIRY section 22 provides that: “Applicability of the

12

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Rules of Court. —In all matters of procedure not covered by the foregoing rules, the provisions of the
Revised Rules of Court shall apply in a suppletory character.” Matters of Judicial Notice is provided forunder Rule 129 Section 1 of the 2019 amended Rules of Court. It provides that: “Judicial notice, when
mandatory. – A court shall take judicial notice, without the introduction of evidence, of the existence andterritorial extent of states, their political history, forms of government and symbols of nationality, the law ofnations, the admiralty and maritime courts of the world and their seals, the political constitution andhistory of the Philippines, official acts of the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the National
Government of the Philippines, the laws of nature, the measure of time, and the geographical divisions.
(1a)” Furthermore Section 2 provides that: “Judicial notice, when discretionary. – A court may takejudicial notice of matters which are of public knowledge, or are capable of unquestionable demonstration,or ought to be known to judges because of their judicial functions. (2)”20
Province of Batangas, Province of Occidental Mindoro, Province of Oriental Mindoro, Province ofMarinduque, and Province of Romblon.
21
Iligan City, Province of Bukidnon, and Cagayan de Oro City.

13

22
23

This was organized in cooperation with World Connectors and Stand Up for your Rights.
From the original fifty-two (52) initially identified/included by Greenpeace, et al. in their Petition dated 22
September 2015.

14

24

Business and Human Rights Resource Centre’s repository, available at https://www.businesshumanrights.org/en/fossil-fuel-cos-respond-to-petition-with-philippines-human-rights-commission-onhuman-rights-climate-change-impacts (last accessed on 12 September 2019).

15

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

25

Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF) and Global Alliance of National Human
Rights Institutions (GANHRI), Amicus Brief – Human Rights and Climate Change (Submission in
Support of Petitioners), available athttps://www.asiapacificforum.net/media/resource_file/APF_Paper_Amicus_Brief_HR_Climate_Change.
pdf (last accessed on 07 November 2019).
26
Center for International Environmental Law, Opinion of the Center for Environmental International Law
in Support of Petitioners, dated 09 February 2019, available at https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/CHR-NI-20160001%20CIEL%20Opinion%2010.2.17.R.pdf (last accessed on 07 November 2019).
27
ClientEarth, Amicus Curiae Brief, dated 21 November 2016, also available at https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/ClientEarth.pdf (last accessed on 07 November 2019).
28
Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide, Letter to Commission, dated 07 November 2016, also available
at https://www.business-humanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/ELaw.pdf (last accessed on 07
November 2019).
29
James Hansen, Amicus Submission in Support of the Petition, dated 28 August 2017, also available athttps://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/2017.08.28_Jim.Hansen.Amicus_Comm_Human%20Rig
hts_0.pdf (last accessed on 07 November 2019); also see Our Children’s Trust, Amicus Curiae Brief.

16

Č

č

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

30

Olivier De Schutter, Asbjørn Eide, Ashfaq Khalfan, Rolf Künnemann, Jernej Letnar Černič, Marcos A.
Orellana, Ian Seiderman, and Bret Thiele, Amicus Submission, dated 05 December 2016, alsoavailable at https://business-humanrights.org/en/amicus-briefs (last accessed on 07 November 2019).
31
Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice, Letter, dated 04 November 2016, also available athttps://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Mary%20Robinson%20Foundation.pdf (last accessed on
07 November 2019).
32
Our Children’s Trust, Amicus Curiae Brief, dated 06 December 2016, also available athttps://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/OCT%20Amicus%20Submission.pdf (last accessed on
07 November 2019).
33
Timothy Crosland of Plan B, Amicus Curiae Brief, dated 18 October 2016, also available athttps://www.business-humanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Plan%20B.pdf and Plan B,
Supplement to Amicus Curiae Brief, dated 23 November 2016, also available at https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/Submission_Plan%20B%20supplementary%20note.pdf.
34
Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, Submission in Support of the Petitioners,
dated 16 December 2016, also available at https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Wentz-and-Burger-2016-12-Submission-Case-No.-CHRNI-2016-0001.pdf (last accessed on 07 November 2019).
35
Sara Seck, Amicus Submission, dated 12 November 2016, also available at https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Western%20University.pdf (last accessed on 07
November 2019).
36
Kevin E Trenberth, Sc.D, Climate Analysis Section, the National Center for Atmospheric Research
dated 07 November 2016, also available at https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Kevin%20E%20Trenberth.pdf (last accessed on 07
November 2019).
37
Amicus Curiae Brief submitted by UNICEF dated December 2017, also available athttps://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/UNICEF%20Amicus%20Brief_Child%20%20Rights_Clim
ate_%20Philippines_FINAL.pdf (last accessed on 07 November 2019).

17

38

Transcript of Stenographic Notes (TSN) Case No. CHR-NHI-2016-0001 Conference of Parties 11
December 2017.
39
TSN Case No. CHR-NHI-2016-0001 Preliminary Conference 11 December 2017, p. 24.
40
TSN of the Meeting of the Parties dated 11 December 2017.

18

1.
2.
3.
4.

41

Namely: 1) Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines); 2) Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement;
3) Sentro ng mga Nagkakaisa at Progresibong Manggagawa; 4) Dakila; 5) Philippine Alliance of
Human Rights Advocates; 6) Philippine Human Rights Information Center; 7) Mother Earth Foundation;8) Ecowaste Coalition; 9) 350.Org East Asia; 10) Nagkakaisang Ugnayan ng mga Magsasaka at
Manggagawa sa Niyugan; 11) Asian People’s Movement on Debt & Development; 12) Alliance ofYouth Organizations and Students-Bicol; 13) Philippine Movement for Climate Justice; 14) Nuclear
Free Bataan Movement; 15) Von Hernandez; 16) Fr. Edwin Gariguez; 17) Naderev “Yeb” Saño; 18)
Amado Guerrero Saño; 19) Carlos Celdran; 20) Angel Aquino; 21) Juan Manuel “Kokoi” Baldo; 22)
Lidy Nacpil; 23) Benjamin Aceron; 24) Elma Reyes; 25) Laidy Remado; 26) Richard Lopez; 27)
Constancia Lopez; 28) Lerissa Libao; 29) Gloria Cadiz; 30) Ronie Flores; 31) Marinel Ubaldo; 32)
Veronica V. Cabe.
42
Namely: 1) Chevron; 2) Chevron Geo-Local Services Corporation; 3) Chevron Philippines,
Incorporated; 4) Chevron Holdings, Incorporate; 5) Chevron Texaco Malampaya LLC; 6) Chevron
Kalinga Limited; 7) ExxonMobil; 8) BP PLC; 9) Castrol Philippines, Incorporated, formerly BP
Philippines Incorporated; 10) Royal Dutch Shell; 11) ConocoPhillips; 12) Peabody Energy; 13) Total;
14) Consol Energy Incorporated; 14) BHP Billiton; 15) Anglo-American PLC; 16) Anglo-American
Exploration Philippines, Incorporated; 17) RWE Konzern; 18) ENI; 19) Rio Tinto; 20) Arch Coal,
Incorporated; 21) Anadarko Petroleum Corporation; 22) Occidental Oil and Gas Corporation; 23)
Lukoil; 24) Sasol Limited; 25) Repsol; 26) Marathon Petroleum Corporation; 27) Hess Corporation;28) Glencore PLC; 29) Massey Energy, acquired by Alpha Natural Resources, Incorporated; 30)
Alpha Natural Resources, Incorporated; 31) Cyprus Amax, Freeport-McMoRan Incorporated; 32)
EnCana Corporation; 33) Devon Energy; 34) BG Group PLC; 35) Westmoreland Company; 36)
Suncor Energy, Incorporated; 37) Kiewit Mining Incorporated; 38) National American Coal
Corporation; 39) Ruhrkohle AG; 40) Luminant Corporation; 41) LaFarge as merged with Holcim; 42)
Canadian National Resources; 43) Apache Corporation; 44) Talisman; 45) Murray Energy
Corporation; 46) UK Coal Production Limited; 47) Husky Energy, Incorporated; 48) Heidelberg
Cement AG; 49) Cemex; 50) Italcementi as acquired by Heidelberg Cement; 51) Murphy Oil
Corporation; 52) Taiheiyo Cement, Incorporated; 53) OMV Group; 54) Rosneft.
43
Received on 28 April 201744
Received on 03 May 2017 with an indication that they are returning the copies of the Consolidated
Reply.
45
Received on 03 May 2017 with an indication that they are returning the copies of the Consolidated
Reply.
46
Received on 04 May 2017

19

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

1.
2.
3.
4.

47

Received on 16 November 2017
Received on 17 November 2017 with an indication that they have gone away or moved from theaddress indicated in the Petition.
49
Received on 18 November 2017.
50
Received on 18 November 2017.
51
Received on 18 November 2017 with an indication that they have gone away or moved from theaddress indicated in the Petition.
52
Received on 20 November 2017.
53
Received on 22 November 2017.
54
Mail was sent on 19 October 2017 and Devon Energy refused receipt of the same.
55
Received on 26 October 2017.
56
Received on 26 October 2017.
57
Received on 26 October 2017.
58
Received on 03 November 2017 with an indication that Anglo-American Exploration have gone away or
moved from the address indicated in the Petition.
48

20

59

Submitted by the following organizations and individuals: Center for International Environmental Law(CIEL) (Erika Lennon, Carroll Muffett, Sébastien Duyck, Steven Feit & Lisa Hamilton); ClientEarth(Sophie Marjanac); Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (ELAW) (Killian Doherty & Jennifer
Gleason); Maastricht Principles Drafting Group (Kristine Perry); Our Children’s Trust (Elizabeth Brown& Danny Noonan); Plan B (Tim Crosland); Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law
School (Michael Burger & Jessica Wentz); Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions &the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (Dr. Annalisa Savaresi & Dr. Ioana Cismas);
Dr. James E. Hansen (Dan Galpern); and Dr. Kevin E. Trenberth.
60
Received on 8 December 2017

21

61

Ms. Rica Cahilig.
Mr. Felix “Ka Jhun” Pascua, Jr., Ms. Lerissa Libao, and Ms. Elma Reyes.
63
Mr. Ernesto Cruz.
64
Dr. Gerry Bagtasa.
65
Dr. Laura David, Dr. Perry Aliño, Dr. Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone.
66
Dr. Peter Frumhoff.
67
Ms. Rosalina De Guzman.
68
Dr. Victorino Molina.
69
See Exhibit “K,” Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Big Oil Accountable
for the Climate Crisis (Center for International Environmental Law), dated November 2017; Ms. Lisa
Anne Hamilton
70
Mr. Pablo Rosales and Mr. Jonathan Delos Reyes.
71
Mr. Pablo Taon III, Ms. Francia Encinas, Mr. Isagani Molina, Mr. RJ De Ramos, Mr. Manuel “Ka Noli”
Abinales.
72
Mr. Carroll Muffett.
73
Dr. Michael Addo.
74
Dr. Marcos Orellana.
75
Undersecretary Sigfredo Serrano of the Department of Agriculture and Dr. Mudjekeewis Santos.
62

22

76

Ms. Arthur Golong is a transwoman and prefers to be called “Jean.”
Mr. Elicer G. Lauce and Ms. Delia A. Tulagan.
78
Ms. Delia A. Tulagan, Mr. Buucan Hangdaan, Ms. Dalia Nalliw, and Mr. William Mamanglo.
79
Dr. Rosa Perez and Dr. Celine Vicente.
80
Mr. Richard Heede.
81
Dr. Geoffrey Supran.
82
Mr. Carroll Muffett.
83
Dr. Neil Aldrin Mallari.
84
Dr. Jonathan Moses Jadloc.
85
Mr. Glenn Stuart Hodes86
Ms. Sophie Marjanac.
87
Ms. Marinel S. Ubaldo, Ms. Cristina Cocadiz, and Ms. Candice Sering.
88
Ms. Katherine Lofts.
89
Mr. Kert Davies.
77

23

90

Ms. Sharon Eubanks.
Dr. Brenda Ekwurzel.
92
Docket No. 18-36082, 9th Circuit Court.
93
Ms. Mariel Trixie Bacason.
94
Ms. Veronica Cabe.
91

24

95

Director of Ethics and Engagement of the Church of England’s Pensions Board.
An initiative that assesses companies’ preparedness for the transition to a low carbon economy.
(Source: https://lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/tpi, last accessed 13 November 2019)97
Chief of Directorate at the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights,
Economic and Social Issues Section.
98
Focal Point on Climate Change of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
99
Head of Adaptation Research, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment,
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
100
Senior Teaching Fellow, Climate Change Law and Policy, SOAS University of London.
101
Ms. Amalia Bahian, Ms. Monica Piquero-Tan, and Ms. Honeylyn Gonzales.
96

25

26

102

IPCC, 2013: Annex III: Glossary [Planton, S. (ed.)]. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y.
Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA, p. 1450
103
United Nations Treaty Collection, Depositary. Chapter XXVII. United Nation Framework Convention on
Climate Change Art. 1, ¶2, adopted 9 May 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107. Accessed at:https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1994/03/19940321%2004-56%20AM/Ch_XXVII_07p.pdf
104
An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into Government Policy Formulations, Establishing the
Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change, Creating for this Purpose the Climate Change
Commission, and for other Purposes [Climate Change Act of 2009], Republic Act No. 9729, §3 (d)(2009);An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, Providing
for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and Institutionalizing the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for other Purposes[Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010], Republic Act No. 10121, §3 (d) (2010);
An Act Establishing the People’s Survival Fund to Provide Long-term Finance Streams to Enable theGovernment to Effectively Address the Problem of Climate Change, amending for the Purposes Republic
Act No. 9729, otherwise known as the “Climate Change Act of 2009”, and for other Purposes, Republic Act
No. 10174, §2 (2011).

27

105

IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution ofWorking Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[MassonDelmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L.
Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M.
Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B.
Zhou (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press. In Press. Hereinafter referred to as IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM.
106
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
107
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
108
IPCC, AR6, WGI, SPM

28

109

IPCC, 2019: Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a
Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska,
K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–35.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.001. Hereinafter referred to as IPCC SROCC SPM
110
sustained periods of anomalously high near-surface temperatures that can lead to severe andpersistent impacts on marine ecosystems
111
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
112
IPCC SROCC SPM
113
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
114
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM

29

115

IPCC SROCC SPM
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
117
IPCC SROCC SPM
118Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Observations: Cryosphere. In Climate Change
2013 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 317-382). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.012. Hereinafter referred to us IPCC Observations:
Cryosphere
119
IPCC SROCC SPM
120
IPCC SROCC SPM
121
IPCC, 2012: Summary for Policymakers. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to
Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L.
Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A
Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-19.
116

30

122

IPCC, AR6, WG1, SPM
IPCC, AR6, WG1, SPM
124
The IPCC AR5 relied on two (2) metrics for communicating the degree of certainty in key findings: a)confidence in the validity of a finding based on the type, amount, quality and consistency of evidence, andthe degree of agreement; and b) quantified measures of certainty in a finding expressed probabilistically.
The following terms are used to describe the available evidence: limited, medium or robust; and for the
degree of agreement: low, medium or high. A level of confidence is expressed using five (5) qualifiers:
very low, low, medium, high and very high. If uncertainties can be quantified probabilistically, the following
terms are used to indicate the assessed likelihood: virtually certain (99-100% probability), extremely likely(95-100% probability), very likely (90-100% probability), likely (66-100% probability), more likely than not(>50-100% probability), about as likely as not (33-66% probability), unlikely (0-33% probability), very
unlikely (0-10% probability), extremely unlikely (0-5% probability), and exceptionally unlikely (0-1%
probability). (IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F.,
D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p.36)
125
K.S. Kim (2011), Public understanding of the politics of global warming in the news media: the hostile
media approach Public Underst. Sci., 20 (2011), pp. 690-705, 10.1177/0963662510372313; A.M.
McCright & R.E. Dunlap (2010) Anti-reflexivity: the American conservative movement's success inundermining climate science and policy Theory Cult. Soc., 27 (2010), pp. 100-133,
10.1177/0263276409356001
123

31

126

IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
IPCC, AR6, WG1, SPM
128
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
129
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
130
IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM
127

32

131

As remarked by Former High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, now President of the
Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice, during the panel discussion on human rights and climatechange during the 28th session of the Human Rights Council.
132
See UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 12 July 2019:
Human rights and climate change, A/HRC/RES/41/21 (23 July 2019). Some of the previous Council
resolution underlining the wide range of implications of climate change on the effective enjoyment of
human rights include RES/7/23, RES/10/4, RES/18/22, among others; Understanding Human Rights
and Climate Change, Submission of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to the 21stConference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

33

133
134

TSN of the Fourth Inquiry Hearing dated 27-28 September 2018, p.157.
TSN of the Fifth Inquiry Hearing dated 6-7 November 2018, p. 110-111.

34

135

TSN of the Fourth Inquiry Hearing dated 27-28 September 2018, p. 7.
Eckstein, D., Hutfils. M., & Winges, M. (2018) Global Climate Risk Index 2019: Who Suffers Most From
Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2017 and 1998 to 2017. Germanwatch e.V.
Berlin. ISBN 978-3-943704-70-9. (accessed athttps://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202019_2.
pdf)
137
World Bank. (2013) Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines : Executive Report.
Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16525 License:
CC BY 3.0 IGO. Hereinafter referred to as World Bank, Getting a Grip.
136

35

138

UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III).
Hereinafter referred to as UDHR.
139
H.R. Comm., General Comment No. 36 (2018) on Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights, on the Right to Life, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/36 (Oct. 30, 2018) ¶ 62.
140
Burger, M. & Wentz, J. (2015) UNEP: Climate Change and Human Rights. UNON Publishing Services
Section, Nairobi. (last accessed on 20 November 2019 at
http://apps.unep.org/publications/index.php?option=com_pub&task=download&file=011917_en.)
141
DARA and Climate Vulnerable Forum, Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2012: A Guide to the Cold
Calculus of a Hot Planet (Madrid: Fundación DARA Internacional, 2012), cited in the Amicus
Submission in Support of Petitioners by Michael Burger and Jessica Wentz of the Sabin Center for
Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School (16 December 2016).
142
WHO, “Heatwaves.” Accessed at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/heatwaves#tab=tab_1.
143
Statista Research Department, “Urbanization by continent 2020,” (02 December 2020). Accessed athttps://www.statista.com/statistics/270860/urbanization-by-continent/.
144
Zhao, L., Oleson, K., Bou-Zeid, E. et al. (2021) Global multi-model projections of local urban climates.
Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00958-8
145
World Health Organization, Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on
Selected Causes of Death, 2030s and 2050s (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014), cited in the
Amicus Submission in Support of Petitioners by the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law.

36

146

NDRRMC Final Report re Effects of Typhoon “Yolanda” (Haiyan), 2013. (Source:
http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1329/FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_YOLANDA_(HAIYAN)_06-09NOV2013.pdf, last accessed on 11 November 2019).
147
Emilio Oñate, Leyte Fact Finding Mission.
148
Ibid.
149
Exh. CCCCCCCCC, Saysay ni Gng. Amalia Bahian (With English Translation) p. 2.

37

150

TSN of the Sixth Inquiry Hearing dated 11-12 December 2018, p. 49-50.

38

151

UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December
1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, p. 3,( available at:https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36c0.html [accessed 3 May 2022]). Hereinafter referred to as
ICESCR
152
UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,
18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13,( available at:https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3970.html [accessed 3 May 2022]). Hereinafter referred to as
CEDAW
153
UN Commission on Human Rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child., 7 March 1990,
E/CN.4/RES/1990/74, (available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f03d30.html [accessed 3 May2022]). Hereinafter referred to as CRC.
154
Preamble “Constitution of the World Health Organization”, American Journal of Public Health 36, no.
11 (November 1, 1946)
155
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 14: The
Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12 of the Covenant), E/C.12/2000/4 (11 August2000), para. 3.
156
Id. at para. 4.
157
IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral
Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E.
Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S.
MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp. Hereinafter referred to as IPCC, AR5 WGII.
158
WHO, “Heat and Health,” (01 June 2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climatechange-heat-and-health.

39

159

Ibid.
UNOHCHR (2016) Analytical study on the relationship between climate change and the human right ofeveryone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health: Report of
the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/32/23 Hereinafterreferred to as the UNOHCHR 2016 report on climate change and the right to health.
161
WHO, “Heat and Health,” (01 June 2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climatechange-heat-and-health.
162
UNOHCHR 2016 report on climate change and the right to health.
163
WHO, “Heat and Health,” (01 June 2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climatechange-heat-and-health.
164
UNOHCHR (2016) Outcome of the panel discussion on the adverse impact of climate change on
States’ efforts to progressively realize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable
standard of physical and mental health and related policies, lessons learned and good practices:
Summary report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
A/HRC/32/24
165
Ibid.
160

40

166

Exh. JJ to JJ-8, Printed PowerPoint Presentation of Dr. Molina. Victorio B. Molina, PhD, an Associate
Professor at the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health at the
University of the Philippines-Manila.
167
Precipitation value and incidence of dengue have been trending together positively (ADB, 2011,
Accounting for Health Impacts of Climate Change, 2011, Figure 3, p. 5).
168
Anyamba, A., Chretien, J. P., Small, J., Tucker, C. J., & Linthicum, K. J. (2006). Developing global
climate anomalies suggest potential disease risks for 2006–2007. International Journal of Health
Geographics, 5(1), 60.
169
Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Foundation,
Inc. & Climate Change Commission (2017) 2017 Philippine Climate Change Assessment: Impacts,
Vulnerabilities and Adaptation, (last accessed on 20 November 2019 athttps://climate.gov.ph/files/PhilCCA-WG2.pdf. ). Hereinafter referred to as PhilCCA WG2170
TSN of the Third Inquiry Hearing dated 29-30 August 2018, p. 255-256. Dr. Jonathan Moses Jadloc,
the National Chair of the Climate Change Committee of the Philippine College of Physicians (PCP) andthe Foundation of PCP.
171
Focus Group Discussion, Northern Mindanao, p.45
172
Lowell Factor, Case Study: Verde Island Passage, p.30.

41

173

Joy Tomes, Community Dialogue in Tacloban, p.11.
TSN of the Fourth Inquiry Hearing dated 27-28 September 2018, p. 8.
175
Northern Mindanao FGD, p. 25.
176
Ibid.
177
UDHR, Article 25 (1); ICESCR, Article 11 (1).
174

42

178

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 12: The
Right to Adequate Food (Art.11), E/C.12/1999/5 (12 May 1999), para. 6.
179
Elver, H. (2015) Interim report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food A/70/287
180
Ibid.
181
Ibid.
182
Ibid.
183
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018) The State of Food Security andNutrition in the World: Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition. Rome: Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations.
184
Laura T. David, PhD, Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone, PhD, Porfirio Miel Aliño, PhD, Mudjekeewis
D. Santos, PhD, Undersecretary Sigfredo Serrano, and Vincent V. Hilomen, PhD.

43

185

See Exh. UUU to UUU-8, Printed PowerPoint Presentation of Usec. Serrano. Undersecretary Sigfredo
Serrano of the Policy and Planning, Project Development, Research and Regulation of the Departmentof Agriculture.
186
Rica Diamzon Cahilig, Felix “Ka Jhun” Pascua, Jr, Lerissa Libao, Elma Reyes, Pablo Rosales,
Jonathan Delos Reyes, Delia Tulagan, Buucan Hangdan, Dalia Naliw and William Mamanglo,

44

187

TSN of the Third Inquiry Hearing dated 29-30 August 2018, p. 93-94.
The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, G.A. Res. 64/292, U.N. Doc. No.A/RES/64/292 (3 August2010).
189
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water(Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), E/C.12/2002/11 (20 January 2003), para. 1.
190
CESCR, General Comment No. 15, para. 3; CESCR, Statement on the Right to Sanitation,
E/C.12/2010/1 (18 March 2011).
191
Climate Change and the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation, Position Paper (undated)
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/Climate_Change_Right_Water_Sanitation.pdf; The UN
Special Rapporteurs on the rights of persons with disabilities, Ms. Catalina Devandas Aguilar; the issueof human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy, and sustainable
environment, Mr. John H. Knox; extreme poverty and human rights, Mr. Philip Alston; the human rightto safe drinking water and sanitation, Mr. Léo Heller; and the Independent Expert on human rights andinternational solidarity, Ms. Virginia Dandan, The Effects of Climate Change on the Full Enjoyment of
Human Rights (30 April 2015).
192
Climate Change and Human Rights to Water and Sanitation.
188

45

193

NICC CD/ Fact-finding Mission in Verde Island Passage, Batangas, 6-8 June 2018 Documentation
Report,p. 10.
194
TSN of the Third Inquiry Hearing dated 29-30 August 2018, p. 94.
195
Alabat Community Dialogue, p.30.
196
Rolando Jusue, Provincial Gov’t Environment and Natural Resources Office – Marinduque. June 2018,
Key Informant Interview – Verde Island Passage, p.42/
197
NEDA in PhilCCA WG2198
TSN of the Fifth Inquiry Hearing dated 6-7 November 2018, p. 98-99.
199
Ramos RA et al. Rapid health assessments of evacuation centres in areas affected by Typhoon
Haiyan. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal, 2015, 6(Suppl 1):39â€“43.
doi:10.5365/wpsar.2015.6.2.HYN_003.

46

200

ICESCR Art 6, par. 1
1987 Philippine Constitution Article 2 Section 9
202
IPCC, AR5 WGII, 1068.
203
Tolentino, L. L., & Landicho, L. D. (2013). Climate change adaptation strategies of selected
smallholder upland farmers in Southeast Asia: Philippines and Indonesia. APN Science Bulletin (3), 61.
204
Peñalba, L. M., Elazegui, D. D., Amit, M. G. C., Lansigan, F. P., & Faderogao, F. J. G. (2012). Meetingthe challenges to food security and livelihood in a changing climate. Working Paper No. 2012-01.
Laguna: Center for Strategic Planning and Policy Studies.
205
Ma. Lourdes P. Kempis, 15 Dec 2017, Leyte Community Dialogue, p.9
206
Ibid.
201

47

207

Id. at181.
Coral Triangle Initiative. (2011). Region-wide early action plan for climate change adaptation for thenearshore marine and coastal environment and small island ecosystems (REAP-CCA). Jakarta: CTI
Interim Regional Secretariat.
209
Ibid.
210
Ibid.
211
TSN of the Second Inquiry Hearing dated 23-24 May 2018, p. 55-56.
208

48

212

TSN of the First Inquiry Hearing dated 27-28 March 2018, p. 113.
Id. atp. 61.
214
Id. at 163.
215
ICESCR, Article 11 (1).
213

49

216

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural, General Comment No. 4: The Right to Adequate to
Housing (Art 11 (1) of the Covenant), E/1992/23 (13 December 1991).
217
CESCR, General Comment No. 4.
218
IPCC, AR5 WGII.
219
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2009) Report of the Office of the United Nations
High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights.
A/HRC/10/61. Hereinafter referred to as Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights
Report.; also see UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as acomponent of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in thiscontext, A/RES/64/255.
220
Ibid .
221
DENR et al., 1997, Legal and jurisdictional guidebook for coastal resource management in thePhilippines. Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
222
Rolando Jusue, Provincial Gov’t Environment and Natural Resources Office – Marinduque, June 2018,
Key Informant Interview – Verde Island Passage.
223
Ibid.
224
Reynald Pamatian, 7 June 2018, Community Dialogue, Verde Island Passage Fact-finding Mission,
p.13.

50

225

TSN of the Second Inquiry Hearing dated 23-24 May 2018, p. 55-56.
UNHCR, 07 November 2014, Typhoon Haiyan Anniversary: Three generations under one roof in tent
city, last accessed on 20 November 2019 at

226

51

https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/latest/2014/11/545cce276/typhoon-haiyan-anniversary-threegenerations-under-roof-tent-city.html
227
Ibid.
228
ICESCR, Art 15.
229
ICCPR, Art 27.
230
Article XII, Section 5, 1987 Philippine Constitution. See also Article II, Section 22.
231
An Act Creating the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Establishing a National Endowment
Fund for Culture and the Arts, and for Other Purposes [Law Creating the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts] (1992).
232
Id. at Title I, Section 2.

52

233

Bennoune, K. (2020) Report of the UN Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, A/75/298 (10August 2020), 4. Hereinafter referred to as the Report on Cultural Rights
234
Id. at 21.
235
TSN of the Fourth Inquiry Hearing dated 27-28 September 2018, p. 54.
236
Bae Inatlawan, Northern Mindanao Community Dialogue, p. 10.
237
Bae Inatlawan, Focus Group Discussion in Northern Mindanao, p. 40.

53

238

TSN of the Third Inquiry Hearing dated 29-30 August 2018, p. 183-184.
UN General Assembly, Declaration on the Right to Development, A/RES/41/128 (04 December 1986).
240
UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,
A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) (12 August 1992), Principle 1. Hereinafter referred to as Rio Declaration.
241
Rio Declaration, Principle 4.
239

54

242

TSN of the Fifth Inquiry Hearing dated 6-7 November 2018, p. 111.

55

243

TSN of the Second Inquiry Hearing dated 23-24 May 2018, p. 244-245.
IPCC, AR5 WGII; Joint Summary of the Amicus Curiae dated 19 March 2018, p. 28.
245
UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 12 July 2019: Humanrights and climate change, A/HRC/RES/41/21 (23 July 2019); UN Human Rights Council, Human rights
and climate change, HRC/RES/10/4 (25 March 2009). The Human Rights Council also recognizes thatenvironmental damage, not solely due to climate change, is similarly felt most acutely by thosesegments of the population already in vulnerable situation. See Human rights and the environment,
A/HRC/RES/16/11 (12 April 2011).
244

56

246

IPCC, AR5 WGII.
Ibid .
248
Philippine Commission on Women (n.d.) Environment Sector. https://pcw.gov.ph/environment/
249
WMO (2018) Statement of the State of the Global Climate 2017. Geneva: World MeteorologicalOrganization. 31.
250
Philippine Commission on Human Rights (2018) Inputs to the Questionnaire in Relation to the Human
Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/RES/38/4 on Human Rights and Climate Change.
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/GenderResponsive/HRC_Philippines.pdf,
citing Athena Peralta, Gender and climate change finance: A case study from the Philippines, available
at https://us.boell.org/2008/11/01/gender-and-climate-change-finance-case-study-philippines.
247

57

251

Ibid. citing PhilCCA WG2
Ibid. citing Rina Chandran, As wild weather worsens, Philippines migration takes on a female face,
Reuters, available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-migration-philippines-women/as-wild-weatherworsens-philippines-migration-takes-on- a-female-face-idUSKBN1H600J (last accessed Oct. 18, 2018).
253
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), General comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of thechild to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15 (17 April2013).
254
UNICEF (2015) Unless We Act Now: The Impact of Climate Change on Children. New York.
255
IPCC, AR5 WGII.
256
Knox, J. (2018) UN Human Rights Council, Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the issue ofhuman rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable
environment, A/HRC/37/58.
252

58

59

257

TSN of the Fifth Inquiry Hearing dated 6-10 November 2018, p. 4-6.
UNFCCC (2017) Indigenous Empowerment Is Vital for Climate Action.
https://unfccc.int/news/indigenous-empowerment-is-vital-for-climate-action.
259
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs – Indigenous Peoples, n.d., Climate Change:The
effects of climate change on indigenous peoples , last accessed on 11 November 2019 athttps://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/climate-change.html,
258

60

260

UNDP Philippines, “Fast Facts – Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines.” Accessed athttps://www.undp.org/content/dam/philippines/docs/Governance/fastFacts6%20%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20in%20the%20Philippines%20rev%201.5.pdf
261
Norberto Escares, Community Dialogue in Verde Island Passage, June 2018.
262
Bae Priscilla Cariaga, FGD – Northern Mindanao, p.44.
263
Ibid.
264
UN General Assembly, United Nations Principles for Older Persons, A/RES/46/91 (16 December
1991). Hereinafter referred to as UN Principles for Older Persons
265
UN Principles for Older Persons

61

266

ACAPS, Secondary Data Review: Philippines Typhoon Yolanda, available athttps://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/assessments/140111%20SDR%20Yolanda%20Philippines%20final.pdf (last accessed 13 January 2020) citing UNICEF,
Typhoon Haiyan Strategic Response Plan, 10 December 2013, available athttps://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Strategic%20Response%20Plan%20%20Philippines%2010-Dec-2013.pdf (last accessed 13 January 2020). Hereinafter Referred to as
ACAPS Data Review
267
CNN Philippines, Typhoon Ulysses kills at least 13, leaves 15 missing, CNNPHILIPPINES, 12
November 2020, available at https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/12/ulysses-death-toll.html(last accessed 21 July 2021).
268
Community Dialogue in Alabat, Quezon, April 2018. – Constancia Lopez
269
Fact-finding mission in Verde Island Passage.
270
ACAPS Data Review
271
Ibid.

62

272

Fe D. Firmalo, Head of the Office of Senior Citizens Affairs - Odiongan, Romblon, Community
Dialogue, Verde Island Passage.
273
Alston, P. (2019) UN Human Rights Council, Climate Change and poverty: Report of the UN Special
Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. A/HRC/41/39.
274
ADB (n.d.) Poverty Data: Philippines. https://www.adb.org/countries/philippines/poverty.
275
Shikha Jha et al. (2018) Natural Disasters, Public Spending, and Creative Destruction: A Case Studyof the Philippines [Working Paper]. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. (Accessed athttps://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/408351/adbi-wp817.pdf.)

63

276

Wals, B. & Hallegatte, S. (2019) Measuring Natural Risks in the Philippines: Socioeconomic
Resilience and Wellbeing Losses [Policy Research Working Paper]. World Bank Group 2019. (Accessed at http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/482401548966120315/pdf/WPS8723.pdf.)
277
World Bank, Getting a Grip, 24.
278
Exhibit 4G, Mudjekeewis D. Santos, “Impacts of Climate Change to Philippine Fisheries,” May 2018.
279
IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K.
Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the
Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C.
Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,
V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. Hereinafter referred to as
IPCC, AR6, WGII, SPM
280
National Integrated Climate Change Database and Information Exchange System (Climate Change
Commission) (n.d.) “Climate Change Impacts,” http://mpmc.minda.gov.ph/climate-change-impacts

64

281

World Bank, Getting a Grip.
Thuringer, C. (2016) Left Out and Behind: Fully Incorporating Gender Into the Climate Discourse.
(available at https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2016/08/left-behind-fully-incorporating-gender-climatediscourse/)
283
Behal, A. (2021) How Climate Change is Affecting the LGBTQIA+ Community, available at(https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/environment/how-climate-change-is-affecting-the-lgbtqiacommunity-74988)
284
Salaysay ni Arthur S. Golong, Aug. 14, 2018, at 4, available at http://chr.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/11/Exhibit-4L-Salaysay-ni-Arthur-S.-Golong.pdf (last accessed Jul. 30, 2021).
285
Id., at 5.
286
Tabary, Z. (2018) Women, LGBT People ‘Invisible’ Victims of Disasters, THOMSON REUTERSFOUNDATION NEWS. (available at https://news.trust.org/item/20180308114259-otaio/)
282

65

287

UN Human Rights Council (2021) Draft Resolution: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil,
political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. A/HRC/48/L.23.1(accessed at https://undocs.org/a/hrc/48/l.23/rev.1.)
288
Ibid.
289
1987 Philippine Constitution Article II, Section 16,
290
Lowell Factor, Fact-Finding Mission Verde Island Passage, p.32
291
TSN of the Third Inquiry Hearing dated 29-30 August 2018, p. 183.

66

292

Id. at p. 77.
Rio Declaration, Principle 3.
294
Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards Future Generations (Adopted
by the General Conference of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) (12 November1997). Accessed at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000110220.page=75. Article 3.
295
UNFCCC
296
Opposa v Factoran. G.R. No. 101083, 30 July 1993.
297
Summers, J.K. & Smith L.M. (2014) The Role of Social and Intergenerational Equity in Making
Changes in Human Well-Being Sustainable. Ambio. doi: 10.1007/s13280-013-0483-6
293

67

298

UN General Assembly, Protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind,
A/RES/43/53 (06 December 1988).
299
IPCC, AR5 WGII, p. 926.
300
Weiss, E.B. (2008) Climate Change, Intergenerational Equity, and International Law. Georgetown
University Law Center. See Introduction.
301
Ki-moon, B. (2013) UN General Assembly, Intergenerational solidarity and the needs of future: Reportof the UN Secretary-General. A/68/322 (15 August 2013), para. 10.
302
Pope Francis (2015) Laudato Si'. Washington, DC: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops,no.
159. Hereinafter referred to as Laudato Si.

68

303

See the Memorandum for the Petitioners (dated 19 September 2019 and received by the Commission
on the same date) for more narratives and discussion on these rights and vulnerable groups. The
Petitioners also claim that their discussions “do not represent all of the human rights harms. Continued
research and monitoring are necessary to understand the full scope of the climate crisis unfolding in the
country.” (p. 84, para. 8.43)
304
Composed of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, International Convention on Civil andPolitical Rights, and International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
305
de Schutter, O. (2014) International Human Rights Law. Cambridge University Press, 2 nd ed. 279-90.
306
Frederic Megret, ‘Nature of Obligations’ in Daniel Moeckli, Sangeeta Shah and Sandesh Sivakumaran(eds), International Human Rights Law (Oxford Press, 3 rd ed, 2017) Hereinafter referred to as
International Human Rights Law: Nature of Obligations.
307
International Human Rights Law: Nature of Obligations.
308
Krajewski, M. (2018), The State Duty to Protect Against Human Rights Violations Through Transnational
Business Activities. Deakin Law Review, Vol. 23, 2018, 19. Hereinafter Referred to as Krajewski (2018);
See Urgenda Foundation v. The State of the Netherlands, ILDC 2456 (NL 2015), 24 June 2015, par.
5.3.3.

69

309

International Human Rights Law: Nature of Obligations.
Human Rights Committee, ‘General Comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation
Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant’ (2004), CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add. 1326, para.8.
311
United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-Generalon the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises, John
Ruggie, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect,
Respect and Remedy” Framework, Seventeenth Session, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (21 March 2011).
Hereinafter referred to as UNGP.
312
UNGP
310

70

313

Id. atp. 4
UNGP, Commentary on Principle 1
315
UNGP Principle 2
316
UNGP Principle 2 commentary. Principle 3 (d) Encourage, and where appropriate require, businessenterprises to communicate how they address their human rights impacts
314

71

317

UNGP principle 3a
UNGP Principle 5
319
UNGP Principle 15
320
Al-Skeini and Others v. United Kingdom. 7 July 2011. Council of Europe: European Court of Human
Rights. Application no. 55721/07
318

72

321

UNGP Principles, Commentary on Guiding Principle 2
T.R. Subramanya & S.P Sarka (2017) Emergence of Principle of Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum NonLaedes in Environmental Law and Its Endorsement by International and National Courts: An Assessment.
Kathmandu School of Law Review, Volume 5, Issue 2, November 2017
323
Inter-American Court of Human Rights [2017] Advisory Opinion Concerning the Interpretation of Article
1(1), 4(1) and 5(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights. OC-23/17. Hereinafter referred to as
IACHR Advisory Opinion 23/17
324
IACHR Advisory Opinion 23/17
325
Boyd, D. (2019) UN General Assembly, Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the issue of humanrights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment.
A/74/161. Hereinafter referred to as the Safe Climate Report
322

73

326

IACHR Advisory Opinion 23/17
IACHR, Franklin Guillermo Aisalla Molina (Ecuador v. Colombia), Admissibility Report No. 112/10
of 21 October 2011, para. 91, and IACHR, Case of Coard et al. v. United States, Merits Report No. 109/99
of 29 September 1999, para. 37.
328
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) [1996] ICJ Rep 226 [29].
327

74

329

Ian Brownlie in: Principles of Public International Law, 7th ed., 2008, pp.275-285; Patricia Birnie, Alan
Boyle and Catherine Redgwell in: International Law and the Environment, 3rd ed., Oxford 2009, pp.143152.
330
Krajewski (2018)
331
ETO Consortium (2013) Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. ( accessed at https://www.etoconsortium.org/nc/en/mainnavigation/library/maastricht-principles/?tx_drblob_pi1%5BdownloadUid%5D=23.) Hereinafter referred to
as Maastricht Principles.
332
Salomon, M. & Seiderman, I. (2012) Human Rights Norms for a Globalized World: The Maastricht
Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
Global Policy, 3(4), 458-462. Hereinafter referred to as Salomon & Seiderman (2012)
333
Ibid.

75

334

Maastricht Principles, General Principle No. 6
Salomon & Seiderman (2012)
336
However, the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction, according to the Maastricht Principles, is only
proper where the State:a. has effective control over the territory or persons on that foreign territory;
335

b. has brought about foreseeable effects on the exercise of its rights outside of its territory throughits conduct; and1. c. is either under an international obligation or in a position to exercise decisive influence
to actively support the realization of people’s economic, social, and cultural rights outsideof its territory. (Maastricht General Principle 9)337

Maastricht Principles, General Principle No. 3
The OECD is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress andworld trade.
339
The OECD Guidelines are recommendations on responsible business conduct addressed tomultinational enterprises operating in the 49 adhering States. It provides non-binding principles andstandards for responsible business conduct in a global context consistent with applicable laws andinternationally recognized standards. OECD (2011), OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, p.31,
OECD Publishing available at https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/48004323.pdf (last accessed 23 October2021). Hereinafter referred to as OECD Guidelines.
338

76

340

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), General Comment No. 16 (2013) on State Obligations
Regarding the Impact of Business Sector on Children’s Rights, UN Doc CRC/C/GC/16 (17 April 2013).
Hereinafter referred to as CRC General Comment 16; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 24 on State Obligations under the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Context of Business Activities, UN Doc E/C.12/GC/24 (23June 2017) Hereinafter referred to as CESCR General Comment 24.
341
A reasonable link, according to the CRC, exists “when a business enterprise has its center of activity,
is registered or domiciled or has its main place of business or substantial business activities in the State
concerned.”
342
CRC General Comment 16343
CESCR General Comment 24
344
See, inter alia, ECHR, Case of Al-Skeini and Others v. The United Kingdom [GS], No. 55721/07.
Judgment of 7 July 2011, paras. 131 and 133 to 139; ECHR, Case of Ilaşcu and Others v. Republic ofMoldova and Russia [GS], No. 48787/99. Judgment of 8 July 2004, paras. 311 to 319; ECHR, Case of
Catan and Others v. Republic of Moldova and Russia [GS], Nos. 43370/04, 8252/05 and 18454/06.
Judgment of 19 October 2012, para. 105; ECHR, Case of Chiragov and Others v. Armenia, [GS], No.
13216/05. Judgment of 16 June 2015, para. 168, and ECHR, Case of Banković and Others v. Belgium[GS], Decision on admissibility of 12 December 2001, para. 66.
345
United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI, available at:https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html [accessed 28 April 2022]

77

346

ICJ, Case concerning the Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary c. Slovakia). Judgment of 25
September 1997, para. 142.
347
Bernas, J. (2009) Introduction to Public International Law. Rex Publishing. p. 157.
348
Ibid.
349
Office of The High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015) Understanding Human Rights and Climate
Change. Submission of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to the 21st Conference of
the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Hereinafter referred to as
OHCHR CoP 21 Submission.
350
Id. at p. 2.
351
Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights Report.

78

352

Knox, J. (2018) United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on theissue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable
environment,
U.N.
Doc.
No.
A/HRC/37/59(available
athttps://documents-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/017/42/PDF/G1801742.pdf?OpenElement). Hereinafter referred to as
Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment.
353
Safe Climate Report), 17.
354
Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment, p. 6.
355
Ibid.

79

356

Safe Climate Report, 30.

80

357

Safe Climate Report, 18.
Rio Declaration
359
United Nations Treaty Collection, Depositary. Chapter XXVII-13 Convention on Access to Information,
Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. Accessed at:https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20II/Chapter%20XXVII/XXVII-13.en.pdf
360
Sec. 102 of the Restatement of United States Foreign Relations provides that: International
agreements create law for the states parties thereto and may lead to the creation of customaryinternational law when such agreements are intended for adherence by states generally and are in factwidely accepted. (Emphasis added)
358

81

361

Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights Report.
Statement by the Committee on an evaluation of the obligation to take steps to the “maximum ofavailable resources” under an optional protocol to the Covenant (thirty-eighth session; E/2008/22E/C.12/2007/1, annex VIII).
363
Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights Report.
364
Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights Report.
365
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2018) Climate change and theInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Statement by the Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. E/C. 12/2018/1.
366
Safe Climate Report, 19.
362

82

367

Ibid.
Ibid.
369
Erga Omnes Obligations are obligations owed by states to the international community as a whole,intended to protect and promote the basic values and common interests of all. The principle wasrecognized in the Barcelona Traction Case (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 3. Question of admissibility-Capacity of Applicant Government to act.)
370
Cf. Case of the “Mapiripán Massacre” v. Colombia. Judgment of 15 September 2005. Series C No. 134,
para. 111.
368

83

371

Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights Report; United Nations, Charter of the United
Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI.
372
See CESCR General Comments Nos. 12, 13, 14, and 15.
373
UNFCCC, Preamble.
374
Ibid.

84

375

Stavins R., J. Zou, T. Brewer, M. Conte Grand, M. den Elzen, M. Finus, J. Gupta, N. Höhne, M.-K. Lee,
A. Michaelowa, M. Paterson, K. Ramakrishna, G. Wen, J. Wiener, and H. Winkler, 2014: International
Cooperation: Agreements and Instruments. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change.
Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A.
Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T.
Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York,NY, USA, available at https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter13.pdf(last accessed Mar. 18, 2021).
376
Peter Jackson, From Stockholm to Kyoto: A Brief History of Climate Change, UN Chronicle, available athttps://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/stockholm-kyoto-brief-history-climate-change (last accessed Mar.
18, 2021).
377
Expert Group on Global Climate Obligations (2015) Oslo Principles on Global Climate Obligations.
Eleven International Publishing. ISBN 978-94-6236-573-5. Hereinafter referred to as Oslo Principles
378
Oslo Principles, Principle 6.
379
Oslo Principles, Principle 1
380
Oslo Principles.
381
Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 12, 2015,
T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104. Hereinafter referred to as Paris Climate Agreement.

85

382

Paris Climate Agreement, Preamble.
IPCC, AR6, WGII, SPM
384
United Nations General Assembly (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development. United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/1.
385
Target 13b seeks to ” Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-relatedplanning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including
focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities acknowledging that the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum
for negotiating the global response to climate change.” The focus on those most vulnerable to climatechange promotes the goals of climate justice.
386
IPCC, AR6, WGII, SPM
383

86

387

Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights Report
IPCC (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of
1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context ofstrengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts
to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A.
Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I.
Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.
389
IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change.
Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M.
Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001.
Hereinafter referred to as IPCC, AR6, WGIII
388

87

390

See United Nations Economic and Social Council, Statement on the Obligations of States Parties
regarding the Corporate Sector and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/2001/1 (12 July2011).
391
See General comment 24

88

392

UNGP

89

393

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, The Corporate Responsibility to
Respect Human Rights: An Interpretative Guide, at 1, U.N. Doc. HR/PUB/12/01 (2012). Hereinafterreferred to as UNGP Interpretative Guide.
394
Ruggie, J. (2015) Life in the Global Public Domain: Response to Commentaries on the UN Guiding
Principles and the Proposed Treaty on Business and Human Rights. Business and Human Rights
Resource Centre. (available at https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/john-ruggie-calls-for-businesshuman-rights-treaty-negotiations-to-build-on-un-guiding-principles.)395
UDHR, preamble.
396
UNGP, Principle 11.
397
UNGP, Principle 12.

90

398

UNGP, Principle 13.
UNGP, Principle 14.
400
UNGP, Principle 15.
401
UNGP, Principle 17.
402
UNGP, Principle 16.
403
UNGP, Principle 22.
404
UNGP, Principle 18.
405
UNGP, Principle 19.
406
UNGP, Principle 20.
399

91

407

UNGP, Principle 21.
Human Rights Reporting and Assurance Framework Initiative (2017) UN Guiding Principles Reporting
Framework with implementation guidance. Hereinafter referred to as UNGP Reporting Framework.
409
UNGP Reporting Framework.
410
Secretary-General Proposes Global Compact on Human Rights, Labour, Environment, in address toWorld Economic Forum in Davos, U.N. Doc. No. SG/SM/4881, 1 February 1999 available athttps://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990201.sgsm6881.html (last accessed 23 October 2021).
408

92

411

This includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Labour Organization’s
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, the Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, and the United Nations Convention Against Corruption.

93

412
413

OECD Guidelines.
Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment.

94

414

Joint Summary of Amicus Curiae
Financial Stability Board (2015) Proposal for a Disclosure Task Force on Climate-Related Risks. Cited
in Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures. (2017) Recommendations of the Task Forceon Climate-related Financial Disclosure.
416
Michael R. Bloomber, Chair, TCFD, 2020 Status Report, 22 September 2020
415

95

417

Kasemir, B. & Huck-Wettstein, M. (2021) What Is the TCFD and Why Is It Important. Published insustainerv.com accessed at: https://sustainserv.com/en/insights/what-is-the-tcfd-and-why-is-itimportant/
418
Climate Principles for Enterprises, available at https://climateprinciplesforenterprises.org/about/ (lastaccessed 23 October 2021).

96

419

The Equator Principles, July 2020, available at https://equator-principles.com/ (last accessed
Aug. 21, 2021). Hereinafter referred to as The Equator Principles
420
Ibid.
421
Ibid.

97

422

UNGP, Principle 23
IPCC AR5 WG1 at 60 and 869.
424
Id. at 869.
423

98

425

IPCC AR5 WG1, at 11.
Id. at 13.
427
Ibid.
428
Id. at 12.
429
See Exh.VVVV to VVVV-14, Tracing Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions to Fossil
Fuel and Cement Producers, 1854-2010; Exh. UUUU to UUUU-103, Carbon Majors; Accounting for
Carbon and Methane Emissions 1854-2010 Methods and Results Report; Exh. WWWW to WWWW-9,
Supplementary Materials.
430
See Exh. D, Updated Details of Carbon Major Publications; Exh. TTTT to TTTT-1, Climate Accountability
Institute, Press Release on Update of Carbon Majors Project.
431
TSN of the Third Inquiry Hearing dated 29-30 August 2018, pp.53-86; See Exh. QQQQ to QQQQ-11,
Profile and Statement of Richard Heede dated 7 August 2018; Exh. RRRR to RRRR-5, Curriculum Vitae
of Richard Heede; Exh. SSSS to SSSS-11, Printed PowerPoint Presentation of Richard Heede, Climate
Accountability Institutes’ work to quantify the contributions of carbon producers to climate change andclimate change damages.
426

99

432

Exh. R to R-8, Profile and statement of Peter Frumhoff, PhD, dated 16 March 2018, p. 4.
Id. at 5.
434
Ibid.
435
Exh. NN to NN-3, Exxon Research and Engineering Company (Corporate Research Science
Laboratories) dated 2 September 1982; Exh. OO to OO-11, Inter-Office Correspondence dated 31
October 1977 (Re: Environmental Effects of Carbon Dioxide); Exh. FFF to FFF-30, American Petroleum
Institute Medical Advisory Committee 28th Meeting (1959); Exh. GGG to GGG-74, Energy Resources (AReport to the Committee on Natural Resources) dated December 1962; Exh. HHH to HHH-13, Final
Report (Sources, Abundance and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants) prepared for the American
Petroleum Institute (1968); Exh. III to III-40, Supplemental Report (Sources, Abundance, and Fate of
Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants) prepared for the American Petroleum Institute dated June 1969; Exh.
JJJ to JJJ-215, Environmental Conservation (The Oil and Gas Industries/Volume Two) by National
Petroleum Council dated February 1972; Exh. KKK to KKK-16, Exxon Research and Engineering
Company Letter to Mr. Turpin dated 6 June 1978; Exh. LLL to LLL-20, Review of Environmental
Protection Activities for 1978-1979 (Imperial Oild Limited); Exh. MMM to MMM-1, Exxon Research andEngineering Company Letter to Mr. Natkin dated 2 September 1982; Exh. NNN to NNN-45, The
433

100

Greenhouse Effect (Prepared for Shell Environmental Conservation Committee) dated May 1988
(completion of the study on April 1986); Exh. JJJJJ to JJJJJ-5, Accomplishment in Air Pollution Control
by the Petroleum Industry by Dr. Jerry McAfee dated 15 November 1958; Exh. KKKKK to KKKKK-33,
The Greenhouse Effect, J.F. Black, Products Research Division, Exxon Research and Engineering Co.
dated 6 June 1978; Exh. LLLLL to LLLLL-1, CO2 Position Statement dated 15 May 1981 with attached
Preliminary Statement of Exxon’s Position of the Growth of Atmospheric CO2; Exh. AAAAAAA to
AAAAAAA-1, Climate Files Post Index prepared by Climate Investigations Center with links to copies of
the actual documents and See TSN of the Fourth Inquiry Hearing dated 27-28, 2018, pp. 82-84.
436
Exh. K, Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Big Oil Accountable for the
Climate Crisis (Center for International Environmental Law) dated November 2017; Exh. QQ to QQ-28,
The Climate Deception Dossiers (Internal Fossil Fuel Industry Memos Reveal Decades of Corporate
Disinformation) by Union of Concerned Scientists; Exh. IIII to IIII-15, A Crack in the Shell (New Documents
Expose a Hidden Climate History) by the Center for International and Environmental Law dated April
2018.
437
TSN of the First Inquiry Hearing dated 27-28 March 2018, Testimony of Lisa Hamilton pp. 181-217; TSNof the Second Inquiry Hearing dated 23-24 May 2018, Testimony of Carrol Muffett, pp.12-28; TSN of the
Fourth Inquiry Hearing dated 27-18 September 2018, Testimony of Kert Davies, pp. 63-84.
438
Exh. J, Assessing ExxonMobil’s Climate Change Communications (1977-2014) dated 23 August 2017.
439
TSN of the Third Inquiry Hearing dated 29-30 August 2018, Testimony of Geoffrey Supran, pp. 124-145.
440
Exh. UU to UU-21, On the influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground by
Svante Arrhenius dated April 1896; Exh. VV to VV-8, The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its
Influence on Temperature by G.S. Callendar dated 16 February 1938; Exh. WW to WW -9, On the
Coefficients of Absorption of Nitrogen and Oxygen in Distilled Water and Seawater, and of the
Atmospheric Carbonic Acid in Seawater by Charles J.J. Fox dated 27 April 1909; Exh. XX to XX-20, An
Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Period on an Atmospheric Basis by T.C.
Chamberlin dated September-October 1899; Exh. YY to YY-7, Radiocarbon Evidence on the Dilution of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon by Carbon from Fossil Fuels by H.R. Brannon, et. al., dated October
1957; Exh. ZZ to ZZ-5, A Review of the Air Pollution Research Program of the Smoke and Fumes
Committee of the American Petroleum Institute by Charles A. Jones, dated May 1958; Exh. AAA to AAA3, The Petroleum Industry Sponsors Air Pollution Research by Vance N. Jenkins dated February 1954;
441
Exh. BBBBBBBBB to BBBBBBBBB-1, Early Oil Industry Knowledge of CO2 and Global Warming by
Ben Franta dated 19 November 2018.

101

442

THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PANEL PRESIDENT’S SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, RESTORING THE
QUALITY OF OUR ENVIRONMENT, 126-127 (1965) from Exh. AAAAAAA to AAAAAAA-1, Climate Files Post
Index prepared by Climate Investigations Center with links to copies of the actual documents, availableat
http://www.climatefiles.com/climate-change-evidence/presidents-report-atmospher-carbon-dioxide/(last accessed 5 March 2020).

102

443

Ikard, F. (1965) Meeting the Challenges of 1966. 45 [I] American Petroleum Institute Proceedings 1965,
12, 13. available in http://www.climatefiles.com/trade-group/american-petroleum-institute/1965-apipresident-meeting-the-challenges-of-1966/ (last accessed 5 March 2020); See Exh. Exh. BBBBBBBBB
to BBBBBBBBB-1, Early Oil Industry Knowledge of CO2 and Global Warming by Ben Franta dated 19
November 2018.

103

444

Exh. HHH to HHH-13, Final Report (Sources, Abundance and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants)
prepared for the American Petroleum Institute (1968), p. 112.
445
Exh. III to III-40, Supplemental Report (Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric
Pollutants) prepared for the American Petroleum Institute dated June 1969, p. 24.
446
Id. at 25.

104

447

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, REINVENTING ENERGY: MAKING THE RIGHT CHOICES, 2 (1965) from Exh.
AAAAAAA to AAAAAAA-1, Climate Files Post Index prepared by Climate Investigations Center with links
to copies of the actual documents, available at http://www.climatefiles.com/trade-group/americanpetroleum-institute/1996-reinventing-energy/ (last accessed 5 March 2020).
448
Id. at 79.
449
Global Climate Science Communications Action Plan dated 3 April 1998 from Exh. AAAAAAA to
AAAAAAA-1, Climate Files Post Index prepared by Climate Investigations Center with links to copies of105

the actual documents, available at http://www.climatefiles.com/trade-group/american-petroleuminstitute/1998-global-climate-science-communications-team-action-plan/ (last accessed 5 March 2020).
450
Id. at p. 4.
451
Id. at p. 5.
452
Id. at p. 6.
453
Id. at p. 1.
454
Ibid.

106

455

Exh. QQ, The Climate Deception Dossiers (Internal Fossil Fuel Industry Memos Reveal Decades ofCorporate Disinformation) by Union of Concerned Scientists, p. 19.
456
ICE Benchmark Survey from Exh. AAAAAAA to AAAAAAA-1, Climate Files Post Index prepared by
Climate Investigations Center with links to copies of the actual documents, available at
http://www.climatefiles.com/denial-groups/ice-campaign-plan/ (last accessed 5 March 2020).
457
Exh. QQ, The Climate Deception Dossiers (Internal Fossil Fuel Industry Memos Reveal Decades ofCorporate Disinformation) by Union of Concerned Scientists, pp. 16-17.
458
Global Climate Coalition: An Overview, p. 1 from Exh. AAAAAAA to AAAAAAA-1, Climate Files Post
Index prepared by Climate Investigations Center with links to copies of the actual documents, available
at http://www.climatefiles.com/denial-groups/global-climate-coalition-collection/1996-global-climatecoalition-overview/ (last accessed on 5 March 2020).

107

459

Approval Draft, Predicting Future Climate Change: A Primer, p.1 from Exh. AAAAAAA to AAAAAAA-1,
Climate Files Post Index prepared by Climate Investigations Center with links to copies of the actual
documents, available at http://www.climatefiles.com/denial-groups/global-climate-coalitioncollection/global-climate-coalition-draft-primer/ (last accessed on 5 March 2020).
460
Ibid
461
Exh. K, Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Big Oil Accountable for the
Climate Crisis (Center for International Environmental Law) dated November 2017, pp. 16-17.
462
Exh. J, Assessing ExxonMobil’s Climate Change Communications (1977-2014) dated 23 August 2017.

108

463
464

Republic Act No. 386, New Civil Code of the Philippines
Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 569 U.S. 108 (2013)

109

110

465

Brownlie, Ian. (2012). Brownlie's principles of public international law. Oxford :Oxford University Press,636-637 (8th ed.).
466
Boriss Mejoff v. The Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-4254, 26 September 1951.
467
Victor Borovsky v. The Commissioner of Immigration and The Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-4352, 28
September 1951.

111

468

Vadim Chirskoff v. The Commissioner of Immigration and The Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-3803, 26
October 1951.
469
Charles Andreu v. The Commissioner of Immigration and The Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-4253, 31
October 1951.
470
Lao Ichong, in his own behalf and in behalf of other alien residents, corporations and partnerships
adversely affected by Republic Act No. 1180 v. Jaime Hernandes, et. al., G.R. No. L-7995, 31 May 1957.
471
Jose B.L. Reyes, in behalf of the Anti-Bases Coalition (ABC) v. Ramon Bagatsing, as Mayor of Manila,
G.R. No. L-65366, 9 November 1983, footnote no. 34.

112

472

See Amicus Curiae Brief of ClientEarth, November 2016, p. 47-49.
UNGP, Principle 13.
474
UNGP, Principle 15.
475
TSN of the Second Inquiry Hearing dated 23-24 May 2018, p. 157.
476
UNGP Interpretative Guide, p. 8.
473

113

477

Ritchie, H.; Roser, M.; & Rosado, P. (2020) - "Energy". Published online at OurWorldInData.org.
Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/energy' [Online Resource]. Hereinafter referred to as Ritchie,
Roser, & Rosado 2020.

114

478

Glasgow Climate Pact, par 20. The full text of the Glasgow Climate Pact is available here:
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-full-text-of-the-glasgow-climate-pact/ar-AAQFBS4 (Last
accessed on 25 April 2022).

115

479

Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement Revised synthesis report by thesecretariat 12 November 2021, p. 6, par. 15 and p. 29, par. 150. The full text of the report is available
here: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_08r01_E.pdf (Last accessed on 25 April
2022).
480
Mr. António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, COP 26 Speech.
481
Ibid. at p., 4.
482
IPCC, AR6, WGII, SPM - Statement C.5

116

483

UN General Assembly, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 20 January
1994, A/RES/48/189. Article 2, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement also explicitly states that “theAgreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiatedresponsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”484
IPCC, AR6, WGII, SPM, B.2, P. 13
485
IPCC, AR6, WGII, SPM, statement b.1, p. 11486
Laudato Si, no. 170.
487
Mr. Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the UK, COP 26 Speech.
488
Mr. António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, COP 26 Speech.
489
Principles of Climate Justice (Mary Robinson Foundation, 2015), p. 6. Accessed athttps://www.mrfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Principles-of-Climate-Justice.pdf.

117

490

Glasgow Climate Pact, par. 19.
Ibid.

491

118

492

Glasgow Climate pact, par. 36.
Ibid.
494
Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement
495
OHCHR CoP 21 Submission, p. 4, par. 7.
493

119

496

OHCHR CoP 21 Submission, p. 4, par. 8. (Emphasis supplied.)
Ibid. (Emphasis supplied.)
498
Ibid. (Emphasis supplied.)
499
OHCHR CoP 21 Submission, p. 3, par. 3.
500
Estrin, D. & Williams, C. (2018) Unique Legal Obligations of Officers and Directors of Carbon Major
Enterprises and their Investors to Reduce Enterprise Carbon Emissions and Avoid Climate Change
Related Human Rights Impacts to Vulnerable Communities, and Measures these Enterprises and their
Directors should Implement to Act on/Comply with these Obligations: Summary of recommended
measures to Reduce and Potentially Avoid Human Rights Impacts in the Planning, Financing and
497

120

Approval of New or Expanded Carbon Plans and Projects. (Available at: https://ccli.ouce.ox.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2018/10/Recommendations-for-the-Philippines-CHR.pdf)
501
UNGP Principle 3 d502
Mr. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, COP 26 Speech.
503
Findings and Recommendations, no. 162.

121

504

IPCC, AR6, WGII, C.5.6
Behnassi, PhD, Mohamed & Gupta, Himangana & Pollmann, Olaf. (2019). Human and Environmental
Security in the Era of Global Risks Perspectives from Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands: Perspectives
from Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands. 10.1007/978-3-319-92828-9. Hereinafter referred to as Behnassi
Et. Al (2019) (Emphasis supplied.)506
Ibid. (Emphasis supplied.)
505

122

507

OHCHR CoP 21 Submission, p. 4, par 9.
Glasgow Climate Pact, par 95.
509
Mr. Mateusz Morawiecki, Prime Minister of Poland, COP 26 Speeches.
510
Mr. Mateusz Morawiecki, Prime Minister of Poland, COP 26 Speeches.
511
International Labour Organization, Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainableeconomies and societies for all, 2015, pars. 4 and 15 (a).
508

123

512

The 2021 Declaration on Supporting the Conditions for a Just Transition Internationally for COP 26.
(Available at: https://ukcop26.org/supporting-the-conditions-for-a-just-transition-internationally/).
Hereinafter referred to as 2021 Declaration on Just Transition.
513
IPCC, AR6, WGII, D.5.2
514
IPCC, AR6, WGIII, E.5.3
515
IPCC, AR6, WGIII, E.55162021 Declaration on Just Transition.

124

517

OHCHR (2017) OHCHR’s Key Messages on Human Rights, Climate Change and Migration.
(Accessed at: https://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/5a1812a87/ohchrs-key-messages-humanrights-climate-change-migration.html)
518
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, Contributionof Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. (Geneva: IPCC, 2014). Hereinafter Referred to as IPCC SYR 2014, pp. 102 and 106.
519
IPCC, SYR, 2014, p. 102.
520
IPCC, SYR, 2014, p. 106.

125

126

521

Mary Robinson Foundation (2013) Principles of Climate Justice, p. 3. (available at:https://www.mrfcj.org/pdf/Principles-of-Climate-Justice.pdf.)
522
Conference of Parties 26 (2021) Decision-/CP.26 Glasgow work programme on Action for Climate
Empowerment.

127

128

523

Oliver Belcher, Patrick Bigger, Ben Neimark, and Cara Kennelly. “Hidden carbon costs of the‘everywhere war’: Logistics, geopolitical ecology and the carbon boot-print of the US military,”
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 45, no. 1 (June 2019). doi: 10.1111/tran.12319.
524
Conference of Parties 26 (2021). Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use. (available athttps://ukcop26.org/glasgow-leaders-declaration-on-forests-and-land-use/). Hereinafter referred to as
Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use.
525
IPCC, AR6, WGII, c.2.3
526
Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use.
527
IPCC, AR6, WGII, c.2.3

129

130

528

SEI, IISD, ODI, E3G, and UNEP. (2021). The Production Gap Report 2021.

131

529

“The core participants in the finance sector include banks, insurance companies, pension funds,
fund managers, mutual funds, sovereign wealth funds, charities and endowment funds.” See UN
Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), Financial Institutions Taking Action on Climate
Change (2014).
530
Science Based Targets, “Financial Institutions.” https://sciencebasedtargets.org/sectors/financialinstitutions

132

531

The Equator Principles

133

532

Glasgow Climate Pact, par. 19.
See Glasgow Climate Pact, par. 47.
534
See Glasgow Climate Pact, par. 53.
535
Glasgow Climate Pact, par. 64.
533

134

135

536
537

Safe Climate Report, p. 24.
Safe Climate Report, p. 24.

136

538

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, UN Human Rights and NHRIs,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/NHRI/Pages/NHRIMain.aspx
539
The Mérida Declaration, The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in implementing the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development. Herein after referred to as Mérida Declaration. par. 15
540
NATHANIEL ELSEN & NINA ESCHKE, CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN RIGHTS, THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF
NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS. A HANDBOOK (2020 ed.).
541
Mérida Declaration
542
Id.

137

543

Mérida Declaration, par. 11.
Commonwealth Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, St. Julian’s Declaration on Climate
Justice, November 2015, p. 5.
545
Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions, “GANHRI Statement adopted at the GANHRI
Annual Conference on Climate Change: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions” (adopted on
04 December 2020). https://ganhri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/EN_Climate-change-andNHRIs.pdf. Hereinafter referred to as GANHRI Statement.
546
GANHRI Statement, par. 2.
547
GANHRI Statement, par. 3.
544

138

139

548

Nachmany, M.; Fankhauser, S.; Setzer, J.; & Averchenkova, A. (2017) Global trends in climatechange legislation and litigation. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
[Henceforth referred to as Global Trends 2017]
549
Netherlands Hague District Court [2015] HAZA C/09/00456689. Affirmed by Hague Court of Appeals
and Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2018 and 2020, respectively. [Henceforth referred to as
Urgenda v. Netherlands]
550
Philippine Supreme Court [1993] G.R. No. 101083 and Juliana v. United States, 217 F. Supp.3d1224 (D. Or. 2016) (U.S.).
551
Inter-American Court of Human Rights [2017] OC-23/17

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Setzer, J. & Bangalore, J. (2017). ‘Regulating climate change in the courts.’ In: Averchenkova, A.,
Fankhauser, S., Nachmany, M. (eds.). 2017. Trends in Climate Change Legislation, London: Edward
Elgar
553
United States Supreme Court [2007] 549 U.S. 497 (2007)
554
Colombo, Esmeralda. (2017) Enforcing International Climate Change Law in Domestic Courts: A
New Trend of Cases for Boosting Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration? UCLA Journal of Environmental
Law and Policy, 35(1)555Supreme Court of Nepal [2015] 068–WO–0082
556
Markell, D. & Ruhl, J.B. (2012) An Empirical Assessment of Climate Change In The Courts: A New
Jurisprudence Or Business As Usual? 64 FLA. L. REV. 15, 21. P.20. Hereinafter referred to as Markell &Ruhl 2012.
557
Urgenda v. Netherlands: Hermes, John (2019). "Dutch Government Plans CO2 Emissions Levy for
Industrial Firms". Bloomberg Businessweek. Accessed 06 January 2021.; Reuters (2019) "Dutch toclose Amsterdam coal-fired power plant four years early – RTL". Accessed 06 January 2021
558
Averchenkova, A.; Fankhauser, S.; & Finnegan, J. (2020) The impact of strategic climate legislation:evidence from expert interviews on the UK Climate Change Act. Climate Policy

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559

1991 Constitution of Columbia (Revised 2015)2010 Rules Of Procedure For Environmental Cases. A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC
561
Corte Constitutional de Colombia [2016] T-622 of 2016; Supreme Court of the Philippines [2019]
Abogado et. al v. Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
562
Inter-American Court of Human Rights [2017] Advisory Opinion Concerning the Interpretation of
Article 1(1), 4(1) and 5(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights
563
Preston, B. (2014) Characteristics of Successful Environmental Courts and Tribunals. Journal ofEnvironmental Law 365, 387, 388. respectively p. 31
564
Markell & Ruhl 2012 (citing Thomas O. McGarity, Some Thoughts on “Deossifying” the Rulemaking
Process, 41 DUKE L.J. 1385, 1386-87 (1992); Seidenfeld, M. (2009) Why Agencies Act: A Reassessmentof the Ossification Critique of Judicial Review, 70 OHIO ST. L.J. 251, 254; & Yackee, J.W. & Yackee, S.W.
(2012) Testing the Ossification Thesis: An Empirical Examination of Federal Regulatory Volume and Speed,
1950–1990, 80 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 1414, 1414 ).
560

142

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UN Human Rights Council, Elaboration of an international legally binding instrument on transnational
corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights, A/HRC/RES/26/9 (14 July2014). Accessed at https://undocs.org/A/HRC/RES/26/9.
566
Chris Jochnick and Louis Bickford, The Role of Civil Society in Business and Human Rights, in
BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS FROM PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICE 258 (Dorothée Baumann-Pauly and Justine
Nolan eds., 2016).
567
Chief Judge of the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales.

143

568

2.

Preston, B., Implementing a climate conscious approach in daily legal practice, 04 December 2015, p.

569

International Bar Association, Climate Crisis Statement, 05 May 2020. Accessed athttps://www.ibanet.org/Article/NewDetail.aspx?ArticleUid=cac6e15d-ec80-4669-9025-2773e9019519.

144

570

Expert Group on Climate Obligations of Enterprises, Principles on Climate Obligations ofEnterprises, 30.

145

571

Laudato Si par. 53.
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article II, Section 16
573
Presidential Administrative Order No. 220, s. 1991, Creation of an Inter-Agency Committee on
Climate Change
574
Republic Act No. 8749, Clean Air Act of 1999
575
Republic Act No. 9279, Climate Change Act of 2009
572

146

576

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2012. Hereinafter referred to as NFSCC
Section 2.1.
577
NFSCC, Section 2.2.
578
NFSCC, Section 6, para. 4.
579
NFSCC, p. 20
580
NFSCC, Section 6, para. 5.
581
NFSCC, p.27

147

582

Republic of the Philippines Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the
UNFCCC on October 2015, p. 2, available online athttps://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Philippines/1/Philippines%20-%20Final%20INDC%20submission.pdf
583
Philippine DRRM Act of 2010
584
Philippine DRRM Act of 2010, sec. 2 (d)585
Republic Act No. 10174, An Act Establishing the People’s Survival Fund to Provide Long-Term
Finance Streams to Enable the Government to Effectively Address the Problem of Climate Change,
Section. 13.

148

586

Approved Projects, available online at https://climate.gov.ph/our-programs/climate-finance/peoplessurvival-fund
587
House Resolution No. 535
588
Senate Bill 1964, An Act Declaring Climate Change Emergency and Enhancing Resiliency and
Adaptability to The Effects of Climate Change

149

589

Id.
Id.
591
NDCs of the Philippines available at:https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Philippines%20First/Philippines%20%20NDC.pdf. Hereinafter referred to as Philippine NDCs
592
Philippine NDCs
593
Philippine NDCs
590

150

594

Oposa et. al. v Fulgencio S. Factoran, Jr. et. al, G.R. No. 101083 (224 SCRA 792)
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay, G.R. Nos.
171947-48, December 18, 2008, 574 SCRA 661.
596
A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC, effective 29 April 2010.
597
Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases, A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC, Rule 7598
Ibid., Rule 2, Part II, Civil Procedure, Section 5. Citizen suit. — Any Filipino citizen in representationof others, including minors or generations yet unborn, may file an action to enforce rights or obligations
under environmental laws. Upon the filing of a citizen suit, the court shall issue an order which shallcontain a brief description of the cause of action and the reliefs prayed for, requiring all interested
parties to manifest their interest to intervene in the case within fifteen (15) days from notice thereof. The
plaintiff may publish the order once in a newspaper of a general circulation in the Philippines or furnish
all affected barangays copies of said order.
599
Resident Marine Mammals v. Reyes, G.R. No. 180771 April 21, 2015
595

151

600

Section 1, Rule 20, Evidence, Part V, SC AM No. 09-6-8-SC.
Osmena v. Garganera, G. R. No. 231164, 20 March 2018. Hereinafter referred to as Osmena v.
Gargarena
602
Osmeña v. Garganera, citing West Tower Condominium Corporation v. First Philippine Industrial
Corporation, et al., 760 Phil. 304, 339 (2015).
603
See Segovia, et al., v. The Climate Change Commission, G.R. No. 211010, 07 March 2017 cited inOsmeña v. Garganera.
601

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Ubac, Michael Lim. UN lauds Philippines’ climate change laws ‘world’s best’. Philippine Daily
Inquirer. 4 May 2012. Accessed at: https://globalnation.inquirer.net/35695/un-laudsphilippines%E2%80%99-climate-change-laws-%E2%80%98world%E2%80%99s-best%E2%80%99
605
DENR (2020) In the News: Strategic Communication and Initiatives Service. Accessed at:https://www.denr.gov.ph/images/Online_News_Monitoring/DENR_Online_News_Monitoring_07_27_20
20.pdf
606
DOE. (n.d.) Coal Overview. Accessed at: https://www.doe.gov.ph/coal-overview
607
Pia Ranada, Duterte Slams Climate Change Conferences for Accomplishing 'Nothing', May 31,
2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-slams-climate-change-conferences-accomplishingnothing

153

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IPCC, 2019: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification,
land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial
ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C.
Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M.
Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)].
In press.

155

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DOE Sec. Cusi Declares Moratorium on Endorsements for Greenfield Coal Power Plants, October27, 2020 https://www.doe.gov.ph/press-releases/doe-sec-cusi-declares-moratorium-endorsementsgreenfield-coal-power-plants?ckattempt=1

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ADB, Addressing Climate Change in Transport, accessed at:https://www.adb.org/sectors/transport/key-priorities/climate-change

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Trenberth, K., Fasullo, J., & Shepherd, T., (2015), Attribution of climate extreme events. Nature
Climate Change. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2657.

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