ThreeBond Technical News
Issued July 1, 201178

Eco-friendly adhesives
Introduction ________________________________________________
Many countries and industries worldwide have set environmental regulations that affect the use ofchemical substances. ThreeBond pursues its various activities as a company for whom handlingchemical substances is a central mission.
This issue mainly focuses on ThreeBond activities in areas related to topics of substances ofenvironmental concern. It also describes ThreeBond’s past activities in this area, how evaluations andanalyses are performed, and future plans and other points.
ThreeBond pursues its manufacturing activities based on the keyword of “eco-friendly.” It carefully
monitors regulations applicable within each country and industry. This issue summarizes some ofThreeBond’s ideas as a global enterprise.
We hope this issue will help readers as a reference in their corporative activities.
ThreeBond is abbreviated TB hereafter.

Contents
Introduction .................................................................1
1. Background............................................................2
2. Substances of environmental concern ...................2
3. Regulations on substances of environmental
concern ..................................................................3
3-1 RoHS Directive...............................................3

3-2 REACH Regulation (SVHC)........................... 4
3-3 European Commission Decision
No. 2009/425/EC (tin regulation) ................... 5
3-4 Halogen regulations ....................................... 5
3-5 Reducing volatile organic compounds(VOCs) ........................................................... 7
Summary .................................................................... 81

1.

Background2.

Substances of environmental
concern

Recent years have seen growing public interest inenvironmental issues. Protecting the environment is
one of several key topics of corporate activity. With
the globalization of economic activity, overseas
regulations restricting substances of environmental
concern are also beginning to affect Japanesecompanies.
ThreeBond is no exception. It currently strives todevelop eco-friendly products and merchandise freeof substances of environmental concern.

“Substances of environmental concern” is a
generic term for substances that adversely affect the
global environment or human health. Hundreds ofthousands of chemical substances are currently
produced industrially and sold worldwide; somehave raised concerns regarding their potential
impact on the environment and on health.
Above all, Europe (EU) has traditionallydemonstrated high awareness of environmental
issues and recycling. Various environmental
standards recently established have repercussions
not just for the EU, but in other countries around theworld, including Japan.
In response to regulations governing substancesof environmental concern, many manufacturers in
the electrical and electronic industries and theautomotive industry have taken various measures,
including establishing standards even more rigorous
than those imposed under the EU standards or
requiring the manufacturers of the materials andcomponents to provide certificates or guarantees
demonstrating that their products are entirely free ofor contain less than the regulated levels of
hazardous substances. These measures are known as“green procurement,” “green purchasing,” or “green
partnering.” ThreeBond pursues manufacturing andprocurement that minimize environmental impact,
including its ThreeBond green procurement
activities. With the support of its suppliers,
ThreeBond monitors, investigates, and analyzes
substanceswithpotential
environmental
repercussions based on the ThreeBond GroupManagement Criteria of Environmental Impoacts(Table 1).
The next section describes various regulations
that apply to substances of environmental concern.
It also addresses ThreeBond’s evaluation methods
and activities in response to regulations.

Table 1: Regulations on substances of environmental concern and user/self regulations

User/self
regulations

Regulations on substances of environmental concern

Name

*1
*2
*3
*4
*5
*6

2

Target products

Requirement summary

Restricted substances (ThreeBond monitoring substance)
and threshold values

Evaluation method

ELV*1

Automobile

 Hazardous substances
may not be used.
 End-of-life vehicle
collection
 Recycling(1) Lead (Pb)
(2) Mercury (Hg)(3) Hexavalent chromium (Cr)

1,000 ppm or
less(4) Cadmium (Cd)100 ppm or less

WEEE*2

Electrical andelectronicequipment Collecting and recycling
used products

Restrictions under the RoHS Directive

RoHS*3

Electrical andelectronicequipment Hazardous substances
may not be used.

(1) Lead (Pb)
(2) Mercury (Hg)(3) Hexavalent chromium (Cr)(4) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)(5) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDE)

1,000 ppm or
less(6) Cadmium (Cd)100 ppm or less

REACH*4 (Substancesof Very High Concern,
SVHC: 46 substances)

Substances
manufactured orimported Unregistered chemical
substances may not besold (provided)commercially.
 Content at or above thethreshold value requires
the provision of
information.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
n-Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP)

0.1 wt% or less

GC-MS

European Commission
Decision
No. 2009/425/EC

Substances
manufactured orimported Hazardous substances
may not be used.

Dibutyltin compounds (DBT)
Di-n-octyltin compounds (DOT)

0.1 wt% or less*6

GC-MS

Halogen regulation

Substances
manufactured

User regulations

Chlorine (Cl)Bromine (Br)
Chlorine (Cl) + bromine (Br)0.09 wt% or less0.09 wt% or less0.15 wt% or lessIon chromatography

VOC*5 reduction self
regulation

Substances
manufactured

Self regulation

Organic solvent
TolueneMethanol, etc.

ReductionGC

End of Life Vehicles Directive
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals
Volatile organic compounds
By weight of tin

XRF

XRF
ICP-MS

3.

Regulations on substances ofenvironmental concern

3-1 RoHS Directive
 Overview
Recent regulations in Europe (EU) concerning
substances of environmental concern include thefollowing measures:(1) The ELV Directive (July 2003) promotes therecycling of automobiles and prohibits the useof hazardous substances in automobiles.
(2) The WEEE Directive (August, 2005) requires
the collection and recycling of electrical andelectronic equipment.
(3) The RoHS Directive (July 2006) prohibits theuse of hazardous substances in electrical andelectronic equipment.
These directives specify the restricted (hazardous)
substances and their threshold values (See Table 1).
Above all, the electrical and electronic industries
require proof, and analysis results that show that
products are entirely free of or contain less than theregulated levels of RoHS-restricted substances.
 Evaluation methods
The methods for verifying ThreeBond productswith respect to RoHS Directive requirements can beclassified roughly into two categories. One involves
screening analysis based on X-ray fluorescenceanalysis (XRF)*7 (Figure 1). XRF enables simple
measurements regardless of sample form;ThreeBond uses it mainly for product inspections at
plants.
*7 X-ray fluorescence analysis

Figure 1: X-ray fluorescence analyzer (XRF)
The other is a precise measurement with an
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer(ICP-MS)*8 or an atomic absorption photometer(AA)*9 (Figures 2 and 3). Precise quantitative
analysis can be performed through elemental
analysis of lead, mercury, cadmium, and total*8 Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer*9 Atomic absorption

chromium in samples thermally decomposed in astrong acid. Here, hexavalent chromium can beverified with a UV-VIS photometer(diphenylcarbazide absorption photometry).

Figure 2: Inductively coupled plasma-mass
spectrometer (ICP-MS)

Figure 3: Atomic absorption photometer (AA)
Although polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) andpolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) can eachbe verified with a gas chromatography mass
spectrometer (GC-MS), the lower limit of detection
differs depending on the number of bromine atoms,
rendering quantitative analysis difficult. ThreeBondstarts by verifying that no other bromine
compounds are present, then performs a quantitative
analysis of total bromine by XRF or ion
chromatography, combined with an automatic
sample combustion system (described later) for the
judgment.
 Activities
ThreeBond has specified six RoHS-restricted
substances as banned substances and confirms theuse or presence of these substances in materials
with the cooperation of suppliers. Verified materials
are registered in the in-house database, which isthen used as a reference when ThreeBond develops
products. In addition, from the development stage topost-commercialization,
ThreeBond
performs
in-house and third-party analyses for any required
verification.

3

3-2 REACH Regulation (SVHC) Overview
To protect human health and the environment
from the hazards posed by chemical substances, theRegulation concerning the Registration, Evaluation,
Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals(REACH) went into force in Europe (EU) on June 1,
2007. Toxic substances of very high concern suchas carcinogens, mutagens, and reproductive
toxicants have serious impact on the environmentand human health; 46 are specified in the
Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)
candidate list, as of 2010.
Among the SVHC candidates, phthalates—usedin various resin products—are regarded to havesignificant impact on the environment and on health.
Phthalates are used mainly as plasticizers in plastics.
Significant amounts are used to add flexibility tovinyl chlorides. They are also used in adhesives andsealants to add flexibility to cured materials.
 Evaluation method
Phthalates can be analyzed with a double-shot
pyrolyzer GC-MS (Figure 4).
After the sample is heated to 150°C to 300°C in
the pyrolyzer, the gasified sample is introduced into
the GC-MS. The mass chromatogram obtained isused for qualitative analysis of phthalates. A
standard sample containing 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm
is prepared, and quantitative analysis is performedby the calibration curve method.

every effort to achieve their complete abolition.

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)

Figure 5: Phthalates used in adhesives
Described below are two examples ofThreeBond’s countermeasures:(1) Anaerobic sealants
ThreeBond offers a wide range of anaerobic
sealants, from low strength sealants to high strengthsealants. However, since the major component ofanaerobic sealants is acrylic resin, it is difficult todesign a low strength product that allows removal.
For this reason, the DEHP plasticizer was added to
low-strength anaerobic sealants to adjust the
breakdown torque to a low value. As a result ofefforts to develop DEHP-free products, we canachieve low strength without DEHP (Table 2).
Table 2:

Evaluation and comparison ofphthalate countermeasure productProduct name
Major
component

Figure 4: Pyrolyzer GC-MS Activities
As discussed earlier, the list of REACH SVHC
candidates has been increased to 46 substances. Of
the 15 substances specified in June 2008 when thelist was first published, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are regarded
to have reproductive toxicity (Figure 5). Since thesetwo phthalates are also listed among ThreeBondbanned substances, ThreeBond is currently making

4Countermeasureproduct
TB1342H

Conventional
product TB1342

Acrylate (Methacrylate) resin

Torque control
lubricant

Substance notapplicable

DEHP

Viscosity

150 mPas

150 mPas

2-h breakdown
torque8.7 Nm

8.0Nm24-h breakdown
torque15.7Nm

14.5Nm(2) Chassis coating material
Plasticizers are used to soften a cured body. One
example involves chassis coating materials. One
type of conventional chassis coating material
contains bitumen (natural asphalt) as a major
component.
This bitumen forms a high-gross coating film
when applied to a surface. However, bitumen is
extremely hard, and the coating film is fragile andfriable. Without treatment, it cannot follow thedeformation of the adherend or exhibit its inherent
durable coating performance. Adding a plasticizer
here softens the coating film and increases adhesion
to the substrate. Conventionally, DEHP has been
added. Thanks to efforts to develop DEHP-free
products, we can now achieve the same
performance with a plasticizer that complies withapplicable regulations (Table 3).
Table 3:

Evaluation and comparison of DEHP
countermeasure productProduct nameCountermeasureproduct TB6101B

Conventional
product TB6101

Plasticizer

Substance notapplicable

DEHP

Flexibility

No peeling

No peelingShockresistanceNo cracking

No cracking

3-3European Commission Decision
No. 2009/425/EC (tin regulation)
 Overview“Organotin compounds” is a generic term forcompounds containing tin-bonded alkyl or arylgroups. Their reproductive toxicity is an issue ofconcern.
European Commission regulations ban the use or
marketing of dibutyltin (DBT) compounds inmember nations after January 1, 2012, whether in
mixtures, molded articles, or components to besupplied to the general public, when concentrations
exceed 0.1% by weight of tin. One-partmoisture-curable adhesives are excluded until
January 1, 2015. Similarly, dioctyltin (DOT)compounds cannot be used or marketed in member
nations after January 1, 2012, in molded articles andtheir components, for supply to or use by thegeneral public, in applications intended for contact
with skin, of concentrations exceed 0.1% by weightof tin.
 Evaluation method
Tin content at or greater than 0.01 wt% can bedetected by qualitative analysis with XRF screening.
Concentrations at or less than 0.01 wt% are
analyzed by ICP-MS after acid decomposition
pretreatment of the sample. However, quantitative
analysis can be extremely difficult, due to problems
associated with the stability of tin.
 Activities
A small amount of DBT is added to one-partmoisture-curable adhesives as a curing catalyst.
Although TB1530 series products are used forvarious purposes as one-part moisture-curable
adhesives, since they contain DBT, ThreeBond isdeveloping an alternative product that is free of
DBT (Table4).

Table 4:

Evaluation and comparison of DBT
countermeasure productPrototype/product
nameMajor component
External
appearance
Viscosity
Tack-freeHardness
Tensile strength
Elongation
percentage

Countermeasure
Conventional
product 15X-200
product TB1530
Special polymer containing silylgroups
White

White

100 Pas
7 min
A49
5.6 Mpa

100 Pas
7 min
A44
5.9 Mpa

255%

280%

3-4 Halogen regulations
 Overview
Customers in the electrical and electronic
industries have recently begun to demand
halogen-free measures for ThreeBond products.
Each customer has a slightly different definition of
halogen-free and the corresponding threshold values.
However, the target halogens in the halogen-freemeasures for the electrical and electronic industries
are generally two elements: bromine and chlorine.
The definition of halogen-free here means that theamount of halogen is at or below the thresholdvalues and is not used deliberately. Although thishalogen-free requirement does not set universal test
methods or standards, the test methods andthreshold values defined in the JPCA-ES01
standard for copper-clad laminates generally apply.
The JPCA-ES01 standard specifies the following
maximum acceptable concentrations as thresholdvalues:Chlorine (Cl) content rate: 0.09 wt% (900 ppm)
or less
Bromine (Br) content rate: 0.09 wt% (900 ppm)
or less
Total chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br) content
rate: 0.15 wt% (1,500 ppm) or less
 Evaluation method
ThreeBond analyzes the total halogen content
based on the JPCA “Test Method for Halogen-Free
Materials.”
SampleAbsorbingO2 gassolution (H2O2)
IgnitionIon chromatography

Figure 6: Combustion flask method5This analysis first uses a method known as the
combustion flask method (Figure 6) to burn, gasify,
and dissolve the sample into the absorbing solution.
It then measures the absorbing solution via ion
chromatography.
Procedures
involvingacombustion flask require considerable skill.
ThreeBond has introduced an automatic sample
combustion system and an ion chromatographysystem (Figure 7) to perform high-precision
analysis for halogen-free measures.

impurities including chlorine have been removed. In
addition, most powder latent hardeners used in
one-part epoxy resins are produced by the reactionof liquid hardener and the epoxy monomer. Someeven contain chlorine atoms in their structures. All
this means that the selection of the hardener is also
a key factor.
Table 5:

Evaluation and comparison of
halogen (Cl) countermeasureproduct (TB2200 series)

Product nameFigure 7: Automatic sample combustion/ion
chromatography system
 Activities(1) Chlorine (Cl) countermeasures
Chlorine is a significant problem for ThreeBondadhesives used in electrical and electronic fields.
Chlorine appears in conventional epoxy adhesive
without halogen countermeasures and in certain
acrylic adhesives.
Epoxy resin uses epichlorohydrin, a chlorinecompound, in the monomer manufacturing process.
This means the epoxy monomer contains chlorine
as an impurity (Figure 8).
Classification

Glycidyl
ether type

ManufacturingmethodPhenolEpoxy monomer
structure

Epichlorohydrin

Alcohol

Glycidyl
ester type
Glycidylamine type

Carboxylic acid

Amine

Figure 8: Manufacturing methods for epoxy
monomers
This is an indispensable process in the
manufacture of epoxy monomers. To reduce
chlorine originating from the monomer, one must
use the distilled epoxy monomer, from which

6Countermeasureproduct
TB2217P< 900
ND*< 900 ppm

Cl content
Br content
Cl + Br
Halogen
guarantee
Curing condition
120C  10 min
Hardness
D85
Tensile shear
22.8 MPabond strength
Usage
HDD, SMT* ND: Detection limit or less

Conventional
product
TB2217H
700 to 1000 ppm
ND
700 to 1000 ppm
120C  10 min
D89
25.7 MPa
SMT

Acrylic monomers are materials used for
anaerobic sealants and ultraviolet curable resins.
Some also contain chlorine. Generally, this type ofmonomer is called an epoxy acrylate. Made fromthe epoxy monomer, it contains chlorine originatingfrom the epoxy monomer (Figure 9).

Epoxy monomer

Acrylic (methacrylic) acid

Epoxy acrylate

Figure 9: Manufacturing method for epoxy
acrylate
In particular, the acrylic adhesives used in theelectrical and electronic fields must meet a wide
range of requirements. These requirements are often
met by combining various types of monomers,
including epoxy acrylate in certain cases (Table 6).
Table 6: Evaluation and comparison of halogen(Cl) countermeasure product(TB1300 series)
Product nameCl content
Br content
Cl + Br
Halogenguarantee
Viscosity
Set time
2-h strength
Usage

Countermeasureproduct TB1354< 900 ppm
ND
< 900 ppm

Conventional
product TB1353
700 to 1000 ppm
ND
700 to 1000 ppm



1000 mPas
650 mPas
2 min
1.5 min
36 Mpa26 MPaTo fasten HDD motor sleeves

(2) Bromine (Br) countermeasures
To reduce the risk of fire due to external or
spontaneous ignition, automotive parts, building
materials, and electric appliances often incorporate
inflammable materials.
Traditionally, halogen (bromine or chlorine)
flame retardants have been widely used to makeorganic materials inflammable. However, since theysometimes generate toxic substances during
combustion, restrictions on their use are being
imposed in accordance with several regulations,
including the RoHS Directive.
ThreeBond has developed adhesives certified by
the UL94 V-0 flame retardant standard, without
using halogen flame retardants. It sells the TB1537
series (Table 7).
Table 7: Features of TB1537 series
Product nameCuring mode
Major component
External appearance

TB1537

TB1537B
TB1537D
One-part moisture curable
Special polymer containing silyl groups
White
Black
Gray

Viscosity
Hardness

A72

55 Pas
A74

A71

Tensile strength

5.0 MPa

3.9 MPa

4.3 MPa

2.0%

2.2%

2.3%

Cure shrinkage rate
Volume resistivity rate
TensileAluminum
shear
Stainless steel
bondGlass epoxy
strength
Flame resistance1010

1.9  10 m 2  10 m 2.7  1010 m
4.3 MPa

4.3 MPa

4.3 MPa

3.5 MPa

3.3 MPa

3.5 MPa

4.7 MPa

4.5 MPa

4.7 MPaUL94 V-0 certified, UL File No. E148575

3-5

Reducing volatile organic compounds(VOCs) Overview“Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)” is a
generic term for organic compounds that havevolatility and gasify in ordinary atmospheres. They
include diverse substances such as toluene, xylene,
and ethyl acetate. They are widely used in paints,
adhesives, solvents, inks, and other materials.
VOCs are considered to generate photochemical
oxidants*10 and suspended particulate matter (SPM)*11,
which adversely influence respiratory organs.
To suppress the emission of VOCs, the Air
Pollution Control Act was amended in May 2004,
the Order for Enforcement of the Air Pollution
Control Act (government ordinance) was amended
in May 2005, the Ordinance for Enforcement of the
Air Pollution Control Act (ministerial ordinance)
was amended in June 2005, and the VOC emission
control started in April 2006.
 Activities
Many traditional adhesives and coating materials*10 Generic term for oxidizing substances (Ox) generated
in photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides
and hydrocarbons. Examples include ozone andperoxyacyl nitrate. Photochemical oxidants cause
photochemical smog.
*11 Suspended particulate matterwork their cure as organic solvents (VOCs)
evaporate. To reduce VOCs, these adhesives arebeing replaced by non-solvent (reactive) materials
and water-based materials, which use water as thedispersion medium. However, in certain
applications, they cannot be replaced due toperformance or cost, and many VOCs continue tobe used. Described below are water-based materials
currently being developed by ThreeBond.
(1) Water-based precoat bolts
Precoat bolts are functional parts in whichmicroencapsulated reactive resin or speciallyblended synthetic resin is applied to the threads ofscrews, bolts, and plugs to provide the threads
themselves with sealing, locking, adjusting, andlubricating qualities.
In the coating process, in which the precoat bolt
process solution is applied to the bolts or othermaterials, the process solution generally contains
organic solvent as a diluent solvent. This diluent
solvent is released into the atmosphere in the drying
process.
ThreeBond has developed water-based processsolutions and has sold bolts treated with thissolution as water-based precoat bolts to replace
conventional solvent-type products. Although it is
only at ThreeBond Group plants that process
precoat bolts that the VOC has been reduced,
Article 17-15 of the Air Pollution Control Act states,“All persons . . . must seek to promote thesuppression of emissions or scattering of volatileorganic compounds by selecting products that use
smaller amounts of volatile organic compounds
when purchasing products.” Technical News No.64
describes the details of the water-based precoatbolts.
(2) Water-based moisture-proof coating materials
Today, various electric appliances and transportmachinery, including automobiles, are equippedwith electronic substrates. Depending on the usage
environment, the electronic substrates must be
protected from moisture and water. Conventional
substratecoating
materials
containsolvent-vaporizing components, which generate
VOCs. ThreeBond has developed a water-based
moisture-proof coating material to replace them
(Table 8).
Table 8: Evaluation and comparison of VOC
countermeasure products
Prototype name
Major component
External appearance
Heating residue
pH
Surface resistivity
Adhesion test
(cross-cut test)

15X-168-1
15X-168-2
Aqueous emulsion
Black
Clear, colorless
42%
8.1
1.0  1011Ω
Copper board, no peeling
Glass epoxy, no peeling7(3) Easy-peeling water-based pressure sensitiveadhesive
Prototype 15X-195 does not contain VOCs, iscapable of curing at room temperature, and has
better removable adhesion performance thanconventional
water-basedpressure-sensitiveadhesives across a wide temperature range, fromroom temperature to high temperatures. As a
low-viscosity product, it can also be sprayed,increasing its range of applications (Table 9).
Table 9:Evaluation results of VOC
countermeasure productPrototype name15X-195

Major component

Aqueous emulsion

External appearanceWhite

Viscosity

150 mPas

Heating residue

54%

pH

8.4

180° peeling adhesivestrength (Al/Al)

25 C

3.3 kN/m

80 C

0.9 kN/m

100 C

0.7 kN/m(4) Water-based chassis coating materials
ThreeBond markets chassis coating materials thatprevent rusting in the underbody of automobiles.
This category of products includes solvent-based
and water-based chassis coating materials, with thelatter gradually displacing the former. Once,water-based coating materials contained a small
amount of methanol to adjust freezing temperatures.

Since methanol content is kept to levels at which itdoes not fall into the category of organic solvent
specified in the Ordinance on the Prevention ofOrganic Solvent Poisoning, its effects on the work
environment are minor. Nevertheless, to help reduce
VOCs, users ask for products entirely free of
methanol. In addition, the introduction of GHS*12
now requires GHS indications on labels of products
containing methanol exceeding a specified value, afactor promoting the methanol-free movement.
ThreeBond’s methanol-free product provides
functional properties equivalent to the conventional
product (Table 10).
Table 10: Evaluation and comparison of
methanol countermeasure productProduct nameCountermeasureproduct TB6161

Conventional
product TB6161

External
appearance(undiluted
solution)

Black

Black
200 mPas

Viscosity

190mPas

Heating residue

28%

24%

Tack free time

30 min30 minFlex resistance

3 mm passed

3 mm passed

Salt spray test

Rust width: 2 mmor less

Rust width: 2mm or less

*12 Globally Harmonized System of Classification andLabeling of Chemicals

Summary

With economic growth in emerging countries like China and India, the environmental regulations set by eachcountry are expected to increase the number of target substances of environmental concern, resulting in more
rigorous regulatory conditions not just in the EU, but in Asia as well.
To become a company that regards issues related to the global environment even more seriously, ThreeBond
will work on product development and ensure product distribution channels while monitoring trends in global
environmental legislation related to chemical substances and ThreeBond products and strengthening its
information gathering networks.
ThreeBond will continue to strive to provide products that create environments friendly to its customers and to
the world.
Akihiko Okamura
Atsushi Ishizaka
Kuniaki Nakajima
Naoto Ichikawa
Aki Kusuyama
Technical Division
Headquarters and R&D Laboratory
ThreeBond Co., Ltd.

1456 Hazama-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 193-8533, Japan
Tel: 81-426-61-1333

8