CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

CarboEastAsia Workshop 2009
"Toward Integration of Field Observations, Remote Sensing,and Modeling"
February 18-19, 2009 in Tsukuba, Japan

1. Workshop Objectives and Topics
This workshop is a progress meeting for:1. [SP2] Networking flux measurements (inter-site comparison)
2. [SP3] Model development, parameterization and validation, up-scaling, andintegration efforts
Topics:x Inter-site comparison of flux observationx Scaling-up from point to area
x Modeling, Remote Sensing, Inversion etc
2. Date and Time
February 18 (Wed) to 20 (Fri), 2009
3. Venue and Accommodation
Hotel Grand Shinonome, Tsukuba, Japan
Address: 488-1 Onozaki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0034, Japan
Phone +81-29-856-2211
http://www.hg-shinonome.co.jp/
http://www.hg-shinonome.co.jp/top/access/4. Organizers
Workshop Host: JapanFlux, Hokkaido University
Sponsor: A3 Foresight Program supported by JSPS, NSFC, and KOSEF
Organizing committee Chair: Kazuhito Ichii
Local organizing committee: Takashi Hirano, Nobuko Saigusa, Ryuichi Hirata, Yoshiyuki
Takahashi, Masahito Ueyama, Naishen Liang, Akiko Ogawa
5. Contact
Akiko Ogawa: (office) 029-850-2971 (cell phone between Feb 17 to 20) 090-3040-0497
Nobuko Saigusa: (office): 029-850-2517
6. About tutorial
To do the tutorial exercise, participants are recommended to bring their own notebook
computers and install software provided by the lecturer in them. Recommended operating
system is Windows (XP or Vista) or Mac OS.

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CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

7. ProgramFebruary 17
PM
Arrival of participants (Hotel Grand Shinonome)
Dinner at the hotel individually (dinner coupon will be provided)
February 18
AM

General Session (Forest room)
9:30-9:40

9:40-10:20

Opening/General Announcement
Opening remark
Welcome address from JapanFlux
Greeting from ChinaFlux delegatesSpecial Talk

10:20-10:30

BreakKazuhito Ichii
Koji Tamai
Guirui Yu
Joon Kim

G01

Session 2. SP-2 Networking flux measurements (Forest room)
10:30-11:45

SP2 Presentations (25 min each)

11:45-13:00

Lunch (Forest room)PM
13:00-13:25

SP2 Presentations (continued)

Chair: Sinkyu Kang
Presenters:
Jinkyu Hong
O01-SP2
Hyojung Kwon
O02-SP2
Naishen Liang
O03-SP2

Presenters:
Nobuko Saigusa
13:25-13:50

SP2 Discussion

13:50-14:00

Break

O04-SP2

Session 3. SP-2 Model development, parameterization and validation,
up-scaling, and integration efforts (Forest room)
14:00-15:40

SP3 Presentations (25 min each)

15:40-16:05

SP3 Discussion

16:05-16:15

Break

Poster Session (Forest room)
16:15-18:00

Poster presentation
Presenters:

2

Chair: Nobuko Saigusa
Presenters:
Weimin Ju
O05-SP3
Kazuhito Ichii
O06-SP3
Sinkyu Kang
O07-SP3
Mei Huang
O08-SP3

CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

Yuling Fu
Ryuichi Hirata
Leiming Zhang
Shaoqiang Wang
Takashi Suzuki
Kazuhito Ichii
Li Zhang
Tomohiro Oda
18:00- 20:00

P01
P03
P05
P07
P09
P11
P13
P15

Jaeill Yoo
Eun hye Lee,
Minseok Kang
Bindu Malla Thakuri
Nayoung Do
Kazuhito Ichii
Jihyeon Jang

P02
P04
P06
P08
P10
P12
P14

Welcome dinner at the hotel (Aoi room)

February 19 (Thu)AM

Session 4. Group Meeting (Forest room, Aoi room)
08:30-11:30

Group Meetings
SP2 Group (Forest room)
SP3 Group (Aoi room)
Break (Coffee and tea are prepared in Forest room)

11:30-11:50

Summary of Group Meetings and Future directions or A3 Program (Forest
room)
Chair: Joon Kim

Closing Session (Forest room)
11:50-12:00

Closing remark

12:00-13:00

Lunch (Forest room)

Kazuhito Ichii

PM

Tutorial (Forest room)
13:00-17:00

Tutorial Session

Lecturer: Kazuhito Ichii

Break
18:00-20:00 Dinner at a restaurant in town
February 20 (Fri)AM
9:00-12:00
PI Meeting
Departure of participants3CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

Oral Presentations
G-01

On Using Flux Data for Model Validation and Algorithm Development: Priorities,
Questions, Execution and Resources*Joon Kim (Yonsei Univ.)

The overview and the summary of the recent Asilomar FLUXNET workshop will be provided.
In this presentation, the following key questions are addressed: (1) How flux data and models
work together to improve knowledge on the carbon cycle, land surface modeling and remotesensing? (2) How FLUXNET data and models can improve knowledge on the energy, water andcarbon cycles at tower, grid, watershed and continental scales? (3) Coupled carbon, water,
ecosystem climate models: reality or overreaching? and (4) What new science can modelers andexperimentalists do together?
O01-SP2

Standardization of Eddy-covariance Data Processing in KoFlux*Jinkyu Hong, Hyojung Kwon, Joon Kim (Yonsei Univ.)

It is inevitable to standardize eddy-covariance data processing in synthesizing and analyzing
huge amount of data observed at many flux stations. End users eventually benefit from thestandardization by clear and open understanding of final products. In this presentation, we
briefly introduce standardized method used in processing data measured at KoFlux sites. Alsopresented are the comparison between the previous approaches and the proposed strategies in
KoFlux.
O02-SP2

Interannual Variability of Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange in a Deciduous Forest
in Korea*Hyojung Kwon, Jinkyu Hong, and Joon Kim (Yonsei Univ.)

Terrestrial ecosystem is an essential component to influence global carbon balance and climatechanges. However, studies on intra- and inter-annual variations in carbon balance on alonger-term basis are in paucity in Asia. In this paper, we examine the eddy covariance CO2
fluxes observed from 2004 to 2008 in a deciduous forest in Korea. The purposes of this study
are to quantify the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (FNEE), ecosystem respiration (FRE), andgross primary production (FGPP), and examine the influence of interannual variations inclimatology and ecohydrology on FNEE, FRE, and FGPP.
O03- SP2

Different Responses of Soil CO2 Efflux to Global Warming among Japanese Forest
Ecosystems*Naishen Liang (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Kentaro Takagi (Hokkaido Univ.),
Sachinobu Ishida (Hirosaki Univ.), Masahiro Takagi (Miyazaki Univ.), Yoshitaka Kakubari (Shizuoka
Univ.), Kaneyuki Nakane (Hiroshima Univ.), Yoshiyuki Takahashi (National Institute for Environmental
Studies), and Hitoshi Mukai (National Institute for Environmental Studies)

Most of the carbon cycle models apply the exponential functions to predict the future global
heterotrophic respiration with a Q10 of 2.0. In their models, global heterotrophic respiration
increases exponentially with climate warms at an average rate of 6.2% per ºC, and resulting that4

CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

the current carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystem will convert to a carbon source after 2050.
IPCC2007 predicted that global mean temperature will increase about 4ºC (ranging 1.1~6.4ºC).
The ultimate objective of this project is to estimate the carbon emission rate of whole Japanese
forest soils under the climate change by using multi-approaches, including the field soil
warming experiment, open-top chamber facility, cross-country soil incubation and model
simulation.
O04- SP2

Impact of Meteorological Anomalies in Summer, 2003 on Gross Primary
Productivity in East Asia
*Nobuko Saigusa (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Ryuichi Hirata (National Institute forAgro-Environmental Sciences), Kazuhito Ichii (Fukushima Univ.), Takahiro Sasai (Nagoya Univ.), Reiko
Ide (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Shao-Fen Tian (Academic Express Co.), Jun Asanuma(Univ. of Tsukuba), Shi-Jie Han (Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences),
Shen-Gong Li (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS), Takeshi Ohta
(Nagoya Univ.), Shao-Qiang Wang (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS), and Guirui Yu (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS)

We examined how forest ecosystems responded to the meteorological anomalies in the 2003
summer based on the dataset collected at flux monitoring sites in Asia. From June to August in
2003, the rainy season was prolonged in an area within latitudinal range of 35-40oN andlongitude range of 80-150oE, an area extending from China, the main island of Japan throughSouth Korea. During the anomaly period, we compared the GPP data obtained from various flux
sites with the meteorological pattern. Our study illustrated that integration of flux data fromwide range of areas can help us gain understandings in ecosystem responses to large-scalemeteorological phenomena.
O05-SP3

Optimization of the Parameters Controlling Biospheric CO2 and Energy Fluxes
over East Asia Using Eddy Covariance Fluxes Measurements and an Ensemble
Kalman Filter Approach*Weimin Ju (Nanjing Univ.), Shaoqiang Wang, and Guirui Yu (Institute of Geographic Sciences andNatural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Parameters controlling CO2 and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and terrestrial
ecosystems were optimized using eddy covariance flux observations over East Asia and an
ensemble Kalman filter approach. We found model that parameters show different seasonality
and interannual variations in different ecosystems. The parameter optimization significantly
improves the simulations of carbon and energy fluxes.
O06- SP3

Multi-model Analysis of Terrestrial Water and Carbon Cycles in Japan:
Japan-MIP*Kazuhito Ichii (Fukushima Univ.), Takashi Suzuki (Fukushima Univ.), Tomomichi Kato (Frontier
Research Center for Global Change), Akihiko Ito (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Frontier
Research Center for Global Change), Takahiro Sasai (Nagoya Univ.), Tomohiro Hajima (Frontier
Research Center for Global Change), Hirofumi Hashimoto (California State Univ., Monterey Bay &NASA Ames Research Center), Masahito Ueyama (Osaka Prefecture Univ.), Ryuichi Hirata (National
Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences), Nobuko Saigusa (National Institute for Environmental
Studies), Yoshikazu Ohtani (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute), and Kentaro Takagi(Hokkaido Univ.)5

CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

We conducted a terrestrial biosphere model intercomparison study in Japan. By running 9
ecosystem models for entire Japan, we found that the original model settings generally
underestimate GPP and RE with large inter-model differences. Model improvement using flux
observations reduces uncertainties among different ecosystem model outputs.
O07-SP3

Scaling of Vegetation Productivity from Plot to Landscape Scales Using RHESSys:
Intercomparison among ASIAFLUX Sites*Sinkyu Kang (Kangwon National Univ.), Nayoung Do (Kangwon National Univ.), Eunsook Kim (Seoul
National Univ.), and Taehee Hwang (Univ. of North Carolina)

An eco-hydrological modeling system, RHESSys, was applied to simulate vegetation
productivity and hydrological process in a complex terrain landscape with heterogeneous
landcover. The modeling efforts include validation of MODIS GPP and ET products, explicit
considerations on paddy field irrigation, and future change of water and carbon fluxes with A1B
climate change scenario. As well, an inter-site RHESSys modeling activity in A3 framework
will be introduced.
O08-SP3

The Responses of Vegetation NPP to East-Asian Monsoon Climate over 1981-2000*Mei Huang (Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences)

In this study, the atmosphere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2) was used tosimulate the vegetation NPP over 1981-2000 in China-wide region and the responses ofvegetation NPP to the variations of East-Asian Monsoon were analyzed. The results
show that the vegetation NPP is highly influenced by the behavior of the East-Asian
Monsoon.

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CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

Poster Presentations
P01

Temperature regulation of ecosystem carbon balance in Northern China*Yuling Fu (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences), Guirui Yu (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese
Academy of Sciences)

The main objectives of this study are to investigate the geographic distribution of ecosystemseasonal switching temperature between carbon source and carbon sink in northern China; tointerpret the biological and environmental controlling mechanism of the difference in theseasonal switching temperature between carbon source and carbon sink for different ecosystems
or vegetations; and to assess the effects the seasonal switching temperature on net ecosystemcarbon budget in northern China.
P02

An Estimation of Carbon Flux in Forest During Non-rainy Season Using an
Aerodynamic Variance Method*Jaeill Yoo, Jinkyu Hong, Hyojung Kwon, and Joon Kim (Yonsei Univ.)

Eddy covariance system is world-widely used to measure carbon flux of ecosystem. But it
suffers from lack of data during rainy events, especially monsoon season, due to poor
performance of open path infrared gas analyzer. An approach of carbon flux measurements
during rainy season using an aerodynamic variance method has been proposed during
CarboEastAsia Workshop in Seoul in 2008. In this presentation, we will estimate carbon flux
using aerodynamic variance method during non-rainy period in Gwangneung KoFlux site before
testing this method in rainy season.
P03

Carbon dioxide exchange at four grassland sites across Japan and influence ofmanure application on ecosystem carbon budget*Ryuichi Hirata (National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences), Akira Miyata, Masayoshi Mano,
Takatoshi Akira, Hiroyoshi Kouda, Mariko Shimizu, Shoji Matsuura, Mitsuhiro Niimi, and Ryusuke
HatanoJapanese stock farming depends on imported stock feed, but compost application is not so
popular in grassland in Japan. Consequently, excrements of domestic animals produce
environmental contamination such as water pollution. Composting grassland is expected toincrease organic carbon stock in the soil although N2O emission possibly increases. The purposeof this study is to clarify the effect of manure application on carbon balance of grassland inJapan.
Grassland at chemical fertilizer plots functions almost carbon neutral ecosystem except forwarm temperate region. Composted grassland ecosystem in cool temperate region stocks carbon
because manure is not easily decomposed. In warm temperate region, however, grassland
ecosystem accumulates carbon because of high plant productivity although manure is relatively
easy to be decomposed.
P04

Measuring of Soil Respiration in Fuji Hokuroku Using AOCC(Automatic Openand Closing Chamber System)*Eun hye LEE, Young ju YOO, and Jae seok LEE (Konkuk Univ.)

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CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

We measured Soil respiration in Fuji Hokuroku flux site during A3 field campaign in 2008. We
used open flow method by automatic open and closing chamber system. The data from Fuji
Hokuroku flux site were compared with those from Gwangneung Koflux site. Specificcharacteristics and variations between two sites were also discussed.
P05

Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Exchange of Forest to East Asian Monsoon
Climate during Summer Period*Leiming Zhang, Guirui Yu, Shenggong Li, Xuefa Wen, and Yuling Fu (Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Using the ecosystem flux measurement from JapanFlux, KoFlux and ChinaFLUX, the responseof ecosystem carbon flux to monsoon climate was evaluated across different forests along theforest transect in East Asia. The results showed that ecosystem carbon budget was mainly
influenced by precipitation during summer period.
P06

Estimation of Soil Evaporation by Low Level Eddy Covariance System in
Deciduous and Coniferous Forests*Minseok Kang, Hyojung Kwon, Jinkyu Hong, and Joon Kim (Yonsei Univ.)

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important indicator of carbon cycle due to its strong link withwater cycle during photosynthetic activity. Evapotranspiration (ET) measured by
eddy-covariance technique above the plant canopy includes not only transpiration but also
evaporation. In order to evaluate the contribution of soil evaporation to ET, we conducted soil
evaporation measurements using low level eddy covariance towers at two different forest types(i.e., deciduous and coniferous forests) in Korea. In the presentation, we will present themagnitudes of soil evaporation and examine the patterns of soil evaporation at the different
forests.
P07

Comparison on the Relationship of Light Use Efficiency and Climatic Factors
among Tpical Forests in East Asia
Weixing Wu, *Shaoqiang Wang, Guirui Yu, and Lei Zhou (Institute of Geographical Sciences andNatural Resources Research)

In this study, we used 15 site-year nearly instantaneously eddy covariance measured carbon
fluxes (mainly gross primary productivity, GPP) and climatic variables to analysis daily andmonthly LUE variability and relevant climatic factors among typical forests in East Asia region.
The effects of air temperature (Ta), and saturation vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on LUE wererevealed by linear or nonlinear fits basing on daily data during the growing seasons. LUE of theinvestigating ecosystems have distinct seasonal dynamics.
P08

Preliminary Study of Energy Balance Closure at Two Different Forest Ecosystems*Bindu Malla Thakuri, Minseok Kang, Hyojung Kwon, Jinkyu Hong, and Joon kim (Yonsei Univ.)

Evaluation of surface energy balance closure is an importance prerequisite in assessing data
quality of carbon and water fluxes. Energy balance components were measured using
eddy-covariance systems at deciduous and coniferous forest ecosystems in Gwangneung, Korea.

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CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

We analyzed the energy balance closure at various temporal scales for each ecosystem. In thisstudy, we will present our findings and discuss potential issues that one should consider in an
examination of the closure of surface energy balance.
P09

Evaluation and Improvements of a Terrestrial Ecosystem Model Included in an
Earth System Model Using Flux Observations.
*Takashi Suzuki, and Kazuhito Ichii (Fukushima Univ.)

We evaluated a terrestrial ecosystem model included in UVic Earth System Climate Modelusing flux observations from Ameriflux, CarboEurope and CarboEastAsia. We found theterrestrial ecosystem model (TRIFFID) is immature and model refinements using flux data
greatly helped to improve the seasonal carbon/water cycle simulations.
P10

Simulating Carbon and Water Fluxes Using A Climate Change Scenario in aComplex Terrain*Nayoung Do, and Sinkyu Kang (Kangwon National Univ.)

We applied a Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys) that can simulate bothvegetation growth and watershed hydrological processes simultaneously. In this simulation,
A1B climate change scenario from 1971 to 2100 was applied as input daily meteorological data.
In this presentation, relationships between changes in forest functions and geographic locations
are carefully investigated in relation with change of climate seasonality for the 130 years.
P11

Simulating Carbon and Water Cycle at Larch Forests in East Asia by the
BIOME-BGC Model with AsiaFlux Data
Masahito Ueyama (Osaka Prefecture Univ.), *Kazuhito Ichii (Fukushima Univ.), Ryuichi Hirata(National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences), Kentaro Takagi (Hokkaido Univ.), Jun Asanuma(Univ. of Tsukuba), Takashi Machimura (Osaka Univ.), Yuichiro Nakai (Forestry and Forest Products
Research Institute), Takeshi Ohta (Nagoya Univ.), Nobuko Saigusa (National Institute for Environmental
Studies), Yoshiyuki Takahashi (National Institute for Environmental Studies), and Takashi Hirano(Hokkaido Univ.)

A process-based terrestrial biosphere model, BIOME-BGC, was tested to larch forests at six
AsiaFlux sites, and used to identify important environmental factors on the carbon and water
cycle in both temporal and spatial scale. The model calibration using the AsiaFlux data
significantly improved the model performance. Simulated annual GPP, RE, NEE, and ET by thecalibrated model were highly consistent with observed ones. The sensitivity study indicatedthat spring warming enhanced the carbon sink, whereas summer warming decreased it acrossthe six sites.
P12

Interannual Variations in Vegetation
Satellite-based Vegetation Indices in Asia

Activities

DetectedbyMultiple

Kazuho Takahashi, Yoshinori Nemoto, Takashi Suzuki (Fukushima Univ.), Masahito Ueyama (Osaka
Prefecture Univ.), and *Kazuhito Ichii (Fukushima Univ.)

We analyzed seasonal and interannual variations in vegetation indices from four satellite-based
products; NOAA/AVHRR, Terra/MODIS, SPOT/VEGEATAION and SEAWIFS. Although9CaroEastAsia Workshop 2009 in Tsukuba

each satellite data products has its own noises, we have successfully detected the reliableinterannual variations by taking four products. We generated 8km Asia satellite data products
and detected anomalies mainly characterized by temperature and precipitations.
P13

Estimation of Carbon Fluxes by Synthesis of Flux Observations and a Terrestrial
Ecosystem Model*Li Zhang (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy
Sciences), Yiqi Luo (Univ. of Oklahoma), Guirui Yu (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy Sciences), and Leiming Zhang (Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy Sciences)

We conducted a Bayesian probabilistic inversion to estimate the key parameter (carbon transfer
coefficient) of a terrestrial ecosystem model (TECO) by using biometric and NEE
measurements, and then estimated carbon flux using the optimized parameters. This method
can be used to improve the forecast of carbon flux and evaluate its uncertainty.
P14

Preliminary Evaluation of TRIFFID-MOSES Coupled Dynamic Global Vegetation
Model Using Eddy-covariance Measurements in a Hilly KoFlux Forest Catchment*Jihyeon Jang, Jinkyu Hong, Hyojung Kwon, and Joon Kim (Yonsei Univ.)

Dynamic global vegetation model can provide useful information on the climate-vegetationinteractions related to future climate changes. The TRIFFID dynamic global vegetation model
was evaluated against eddy-covariance data observed at the Gwangneung forest KoFlux site.
For this evaluation, the TRIFFID model incorporated with MOSES land surface model was
simulated in the off-line mode and the model performance will be discussed in our presentation.
P15

Application of "Top-down" Approach to East Asia for Estimation of CO2
Source/sinkTakashi Machimura (Osaka Univ.), *Tomohiro Oda (National Institute for Environmental Studies), andTakahiro Sasai (Nagoya Univ.)

Estimation of surface CO2 source/sink was performed over East Asia, especially focused onJapan, using “top-down” approach (inverse calculation). Our calculation was performed using
atmospheric CO2 data coming from continuous CO2 monitoring sites and flux tower sites. Our
preliminary result was compared with estimate coming from “bottom-up” (process-based)
model for evaluation. In our poster, some issues associated with application of “top-down”
approach will be discussed and future development will be proposed.

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