A Weblog Grounded to the Real World
Kosuke Numaa,b, Hideaki Takedab,a, Hiroki Uematsuc,b, Takuichi Nishimurad, Yutaka Matsuod,e,Masahiro Hamasakid, Noriyuki Fujimurad, Keisuke Ishidad, Tom Hoped, Yoshiyuki Nakamurad,
Satoshi Fujiyoshif, Kazuya Sakamotof, Hiroshi Nagatag, Osamu Nakagawag, and Eiji Shinborigac

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), b National Institute of Informatics (NII),
Yokohama National University, d National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,eStanford University, f ALPHA SYSTEMS INC., g Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
numa@grad.nii.ac.jp, takeda@nii.ac.jp

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a Weblog system called ActionLog,
which can associate Weblog entries to real world contexts.
The real world context is not only useful for Weblog authors
themselves, but also beneficial to communication amongpeople, because people with the same or a similar context
can easily find each other. ActionLog collects user actions
from both Web-based and other real-world systems. Weblog
contents are generated automatically from these user actions
with related information. Users can browse and edit these
entries as their personal action records and in addition canpublish them for experience sharing. We built a practicalsystem as an ActionLog application for conference support.
Its main objective is to help people to learn about
presentations and to effectively meet other people in alimited amount of time and the least amount of user
commitment. There are three main features, i.e., integrationof information in the real world and the cyber world,
personalization both in information capturing from users andin information providing to users, and persistent assistancethroughout the conference.

Introduction
Weblog has been widely spread all over the world.
Millions of people write Weblog entries every day. The
uniqueness of Weblog is that it is quite close to our daily
lives in comparison to ordinal Web pages. Many people
write Weblog entries about their life, like what they ate andwhere they went. Weblog can be seen as a gateway fromthe cyber world to the real world and vice versa.
In this paper, we propose a Weblog system called
ActionLog, which can associate Weblog entries to the realworld context. The real world context is not only useful to
Weblog authors, but also beneficial for communication
among people because people with the same or similar
contexts can easily find each other.
ActionLog is the concept for associating the real worldcontext to the Weblog. We are now building two types of
ActionLog applications. One is an application for open
Copyright © 2005 American Association for Artificial Intelligence(www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.

environments in which GPS-equipped mobile phones areused for capturing user context. The other is an application
for conference support. We applied our system to two
academic conferences. In this paper, we mainly report thesystem applied to UbiComp05, which is an academic
conference for ubiquitous computing.
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we
describe the concept of ActionLog. Then the sections
following it will explain the ActionLog system for
UbiComp05.

Basic Idea
As we previously mentioned, many people use Weblog as arecord of their daily life like what they eat, whom they
meet, what they buy and so on. Our system supports such
authoring by adding context.
We model users’ behaviors as actions with real worldcontexts. Action means what they do and the real worldcontext is a set of information for the environment in which
they do so. The real world context includes some physicalsituations like time and place, subjective situations like
intentional objects, and social situations like people nearby.
The system manages to capture actions and contexts byusing sensors and cooperating with other systems. Some
contexts, like time and place can be obtained directly fromsensors, but others should be inferred from sensor
information. For example, we can obtain nearby people byintegrating locational information of multiple users.
Then the system generates an entry for each action withsentences indicating the context of the action as a draft.
Furthermore, the system shows related information, e.g.,
entries by other people with the same or similar contexts.
This is achieved by integrating and calculating contexts.
The ActionLog usage scenario is as follows (Figure 1). The
user walks around and does something with a wearable
device like a mobile phone. They notify the device when
they want to record an action. After they go back home,they browse with a PC a list of drafts, each of whichcorresponds to their actions, and edits and publishes someof them.

capturing users’ actions from systems. Then it integrates
and presents the information.

Action-oriented Experience Sharing Support

Figure 1: ActionLog usage

ActionLog for Conference
In the previous section, we explained the ActionLog in
general. In this section, we focus on an ActionLog tosupport academic conferences.

Supporting Academic Conferences
Finding people with similar interests is an important
activity in event spaces, such as academic conferences.
Presenting information related to participants is helpful forthis purpose. However, because of a time limitation andeffort, it is almost impossible to look through all theinformation. It is also difficult to write and publish one’s
own information for sharing with other participants.
In this research, we help people with the idea of ActionLog.
There are three features in the proposed way of assistance.
One is that it offers integrated services between the realworld and the cyber world. The system can gather andintegrate users' information, like their actions both on siteand on the web. Furthermore, users can access services
either on site or from the Web. The second feature is that it
is fully personalized. It does not simply mean that
information can be selected according to users' profiles butthat users can use the system as an assistant throughout theconference, i.e., they can settle a schedule, specify theiracquaintances, and add their comments or journals with thesystem. The third feature is that it offers persistent services.
Users can start to use the system before the conference andcontinue to use it after the conference without loosing
information.
We built a conference support system called the Ubiquitous
Community Support System (UbiCoSup) and ActionLog fora Conference (ActionLog-C) is one of the component
systems of the UbiCoSup. Its main objective is to help
people to learn about presentations and to effectively meetother people in a limited amount of time and with little user
commitment. The basic functions of the UbiCoSup are: (1)visualizing researchers’ social network, (2) presenting
information about presentations and demonstrations, and(3) sharing experiences by using automatic Weblog
generation from users’ actions. The third one is realized by
ActionLog. The system collects information by mining
from the Web, by following users’ instructions, and by

The purpose of ActionLog-C is not only to support
participants in composing their record of experiences but
also to share experiences among participants. Sharing
opinions or impressions among participants for an event
serves an important role in characterizing the event and incommunicating about it with other participants. We
propose a way to share participants’ experiences using
ActionLog-C to achieve casual sharing of opinions among
participants.
In this research, we assume an experience consists of an
objectively observed action and her subjective thought atthat time. To achieve experience sharing using information
systems, we propose a method to capture user’s actions, togenerate contents from these actions, and sharing thecontents among participants. Based on this method, theassistant agent helps the user to communicate with otherparticipants.

Criteria to Design Communication
To design communication by sharing action-based contents,
the following points should be considered.
What kinds of actions are shared? We especiallyaddress event participants’ interactions with information
systems because they seem to be active and spontaneous
actions for the system user. These interactions are
efficiently collectable by the system and are easily
understandable for participants.
When actions are shared? Meeting the other participants
is an especially important activity in an event space.
Action-based contents should be ready for sharing
immediately after the actions occurred to support
participants in finding participants with identical or similarinterests. Previous works for sharing experiential contents
do not process the experience in real time. PEPYS [12] andComicDiary [14] are also automatic content generation
systems that generate diary-style contents day-by-day.
How actions are shared? It is important to reduce users’
costs of capturing actions, creating contents, and sharing
contents. Wearable computers can record all things the user
sees and hears [5]. Video and audio recordings help users
to review their actions and share those experiences;
nevertheless, using such large-scale equipment engenders
high costs and is difficult to casually achieve. Sharing
videos is also a difficult task for watchers of the contents.
Text-based and/or other easily understandable expressionsof experiences are needed.
With whom actions are shared?
Sharing actions
engenders privacy problems. As for location-based systems,
some solutions, such as an anonymizing approach [6] or an
obfuscation approach [3], are proposed. However, in event
spaces where participants wish to meet people, disclosureof the location and/or actions does not matter. It issufficient for the user to select to publish or hide eachaction using a one-click operation.

Basic Design for Experience Sharing
To involve user’s subjective thoughts to the contents,
personal experience should be described by the user. For
example, we cannot tell what Mr. A is doing when we findthe situation where he is in a restaurant, eating some food,and talking about something with Ms. B. Mr. A might say
he was having dinner, having an important discussion, orjust dating with Ms. B. Therefore, we employ Weblogs as
an infrastructure for contents sharing. People can easily
express their thoughts or opinions with Weblog. In addition,
Weblog offers an infrastructural aid to manage and sharemachine-readable contents [8]The generated and published contents are aggregatedaccording to their context. For example, extracting andlisting the contents about a certain presentation achieves a
topic-centric view [1] on the presentation. However, tocommunicate with others, sharing contents is insufficient.
Allowing users to reply to other contents can produce
discussions.
The architecture of ActionLog-C is shown in Figure 2. The
left-hand side of the figure indicates the action collection
part of ActionLog-C. The system captures the user’s
actions from the other subsystems of the UbiCoSup. We
describe this part in the next section. The center part
indicates the core part of ActionLog-C, which can gather
and accumulate information from other subsystems andoffer it to users with different views. We explain the detailsof this process in Section 4.

Capturing Users’ Actions
OverallActionLog-C collects the user’s action from other
UbiCoSup subsystems. UbiCoSup consists of three Webbased and three on-site subsystems as follows:•

Web-based subsystems:-

Researchers’ social network
Polyphonet Conference)-

Scheduling support system (part of Polyphonet
Conference)•system(partofAction-oriented Weblog system (ActionLog)

On-site subsystems:-

Kiosk PC terminal using RFID card for user
authentication-

Photograph sharing and visualizing system based on an
omni-directional camera and RFID card (Tabletop
Community)-

Presentation annotating system based on mobile
telephone (Information Clip)

Figure 2: System architecture of ActionLog

These subsystems are built for the purpose of supporting
participants in academic conferences. Researchers’
information and their social relations are useful forunderstanding the research community and for contacting
them. The scheduling support system helps participants tocheckpresentations/demonstrations,byshowing
information about them i.e., authors, titles, and abstracts.
Users can add a presentation to her schedule if she likes it.
Participants can access the Web-based subsystems andview the social network using the kiosk PC settled in theconference site. Participants can communicate with otherson the Tabletop Community, viewing their photographs
and their networks. The Information Clip provides ways ofchecking presentations on site, annotating them with amobile telephone. The user scans QR codes or RFID tags
that are attached to panels set close to poster presentations
and demonstrations using camera-enabled mobile
telephones or mobile telephones with RFID tag readers,then the user can add comments on the presentations, andrate them.
User’s action records on these subsystems are captured andintegrated by ActionLog-C. We briefly introduce other
UbiCoSup subsystems and define the actions captured fromthem.

Polyphonet Conference
The Polyphonet Conference is a social network browser
and a conference scheduling system. Polyphonet obtains
attendees' relationships and research topics from web sites.
A user can find what research topic a particular researcher
is doing or whom they are working with. In the schedulingpart, a user can register interesting presentations (papers,
demos, and posters) and get recommended presentations
and other researchers.
Polyphonet has three methods to extract social networks
among participants. The first one is based on Web mining
techniques. A Web mining method is applied to extract asocial network among the participants [11]. Roughly
speaking, our approach is to measure the relevance of two
nodes based on the number of retrieved results obtained bya search engine query, e.g., “Mark Weiser and Alan Kay”.

Figure 3: Tabletop community usage

The second one is based on a user’s operation on the Web
system, and the third one is captured from users’interaction on the conference site.
Two types of actions are captured. One is to add a person
to the acquaintance list (Action 1), and the other is to add apresentation to someone’s own schedule (Action 2).

Kiosk PC
We place kiosk PCs at the conference site. Participants canaccess Web systems. We distribute RFID cards toparticipants. The kiosk uses RFID cards for user
authentication. Each kiosk has three RFID card readers. A
user can log into the Web system by putting her/his card on
one of card readers. In addition, participants can see social
networks among them when two or three participants put
IC cards together. Then the social-tie, “We will meet andobserve social networks together,” is automatically added
to Polyphonet Conference.
The kiosk PC sends a user’s action, i.e., viewing the social
network with other users (Action 3), to ActionLog.

Tabletop Community
The Tabletop Community is a system based on the idea of a
micro-community similar to that created around tables andsituations where people are drinking coffee in a casual way.
Therefore, the environment that the system is targeting issomething similar to corners of conference rooms andplaces for coffee breaks. We have developed the system
shown in Figure 3. An omni-directional camera and RFID
card readers are on the table of the system. Using thesecamera and card readers, when the user puts an RFID card
onto a reader, the system detects the individual’s roughlocation (direction of the user from the camera) andidentification of users in the picture, which is taken by anomni-directional
camera,
every
time
a
user
places/withdraws a personal RFID card.
When two or three participants put IC cards together, they
can see the network of their photographs shown in Figure 3.
The Tabletop Community recognizes the user’s actions
when she took photographs and interacted with otherparticipants (Action 4).

Figure 4: Information Clip usage

Information Clip
Conferences
have
numerous
presentations
anddemonstrations, but participants have difficulty recalling
details and onsite impressions. We provide an environment
for information clipping by applying mobile telephones(Figure 4). By scanning a clip signal, such as a QR codethat is printed on the conference program or RFID tags on aposter, an application user can record an interesting
demonstration and can save pictures or comments as animpression. In addition, users can share their pictures andcomments with presenters.
In the Information Clip, two types of actions are identified,i.e., checking a presentation on a conference program(Action 5) and actually attending a presentation on site
(Action 6).

Designing Users’ Actions
Through the subsections above, we described thesubsystems of UbiCoSup. In the ActionLog system, theparticipant assistant agent captures users’ actions fromthese systems. These six kinds of captured actions are
categorized into two types: actions related to people andactions related to presentations. Actions related to people
represent communication activities. Actions related topresentations
encourage
sharedopinions
about
presentations. Table 1 categorizes the captured actions.

Weblog Content Generation and
Representation
Enhancing communications among participants is a key toachieving an active community. Action-oriented experiencesharing promotes the exchange of opinions. In the system,
user’s actions are captured and collected from otherinformation systems. Based on the context information of
the action, the system generates the Weblog content
associated with the action. The user’s action records areautomatically generated through interactions with othersystems and other people in the event space and on theWeb. The user can edit the generated contents. They are
published on the Weblog and are shared among

Table 1: Types of captured actions
No.

ActionSystemAction Type

Context Information

1

Adding a person to the acquaintance list

Polyphonet Conference

PeopleParticipant ID

2

Bookmarking (adding to schedule) a presentation

Polyphonet Conference

Presentation

Presentation ID, List of Participants who
bookmarked the same presentation

3

Viewing the social network among two or three users

Kiosk PC

PeopleParticipant ID

4

Taking a photograph with other participants

Tabletop Community

PeopleParticipant ID

5

Checking a presentation on a conference program

Information Clip

Presentation

Presentation ID, User’s Comment

6

Attending a presentation

Information Clip

Presentation

Presentation ID, User’s Comment

participants. Exchanging contents among users canenhance communications. Aggregating the contents basedon their context facilitates context-based access to thecontents; responding to others’ contents engenders topicbased discussion.

Collecting Users’ Actions, Generating andPublishing Weblog Contents
Users’ actions are sent by UbiCoSup subsystems for the
ActionLog system via HTTP POST requests. A subsystemsends a request that includes queries, such as (UserID,
Place,
ActionType,
ContextInformation).
ContextInformation depends on its ActionType,which is pre-registered to ActionLog. The ActionLog
system interprets the ContextInformation based on
its ActionType, and then it generates the contents.
The ActionLog system generates a Weblog entry for eachaction sent from a UbiCoSup subsystem, interpreting thecontext information of the actions. Interpretation of thecontext information differs according to the types ofactions. Take a Bookmark action for example. A bookmark
action is sent from Polyphonet Conference and its context
information is a presentation ID. The ActionLog agent
generates a Weblog entry using the following steps.
1.

Fetch the title and the authors’ names associated to thePresentation ID.

2.

Get a list of users who added the presentation as a
bookmark from Polyphonet Conference (scheduler).

3.

Get a list of user’s acquaintances from Polyphonet
Conference (social network).

4.

Make an intersection of these two lists.

5.

Apply the template and generate the content.

An example of the output is shown in Figure 5. These
procedures, the content templates, and the type definitionof the context information are also pre-registered to the
ActionLog system.
Generated contents are inserted to the user’s Weblog. The
context information, e.g. the presentation that was attended,
the place this action occurred, and so on, is attached to thecontents. A user can edit the contents on the editor page

Bookmarked the paper "Paper Title" by Author Name1 (University of X)
and Author Name2 (University of Y). Friend Name1, Friend Name2, andFriend Name3, who are my acquaintances, also bookmarked this paper.

Figure 5: Example of generated content(Figure 6). She can remove or modify the generated
sentences, or add new sentences.
Figure 7 shows a snapshot of the ActionLog system menu
page. On the menu page, the captured actions, i.e., thegenerated contents, are listed in the red box. The user canedit and publish the generated contents. Figure 8 shows theWeblog-style view, which lists the user’s publishedcontents in chronological order.

Aggregating and Sharing Contents
Efficient sharing of published contents is achieved throughcontent aggregation. We provide a context-based
aggregation view of contents.
Kaenampornpan et al. [7] proposed the context model forcontext-aware systems based on Activity Theory [4].
According to the model, contexts are classified to six
elements: User, Tools and their availability, Rules,
Community, Division of Labour, Object, and Time.
In explanation of our proposed system, User is the user
herself. Tools represent each UbiCoSup subsystem. Rules
are the norms and the social rules of the conference, andCommunity includes the people around the user. Division ofLabour is the role in the action, such as the presenter or
attendee. Object is the target of the action, such as thepresentation that the user attended or the person that theuser added to the acquaintance list. Time is the time atwhich the action occurred.
The Weblog-style view is a person-based view of thecontents in chronological order. It includes the User,
Community, and Time items. The Tools and Division ofLabour items are closely related to the type of action. We
provide aggregation views on the types and targets ofactions. We do not target Rules in this system.
The basic idea of aggregation is filtering according tocontext. The system extracts and lists contents related tothe same presentation (Figure 9). This type of aggregation
treats Object contexts. The system also aggregates by typeof action. In this case, Tools and Division of Labour arePresentation Information

Content Edit Form

Aggregated Entries

Related Content List

Figure 6: Editor page of ActionLog

Notifications of Most Recent Contents

User’s Action Records

Figure 9: Paper-based aggregated view of ActionLog

proposed system locates the reply contents using thefollowing reverse links and presentations.
Furthermore, we provide an aggregated content list on theeditor page (Figure 6). Users can edit their own actions
while reviewing other contents that share context with theediting action. This capability promotes users’ acquisitionof new opinions and information about the action or thetarget of the action.

Results
Figure 7: Menu page of ActionLog

Published Entries

Figure 8: Weblog-style view of ActionLog

considered. As we previously mentioned, the personal
Weblog-style view includes User and Community based
aggregation. The user can look through all the contents
related to the context that the user specifies.

Supporting Communications
Only aggregation is insufficient to enhance communication
among users. Sharing experiences is an important factor inunderstanding other people, but after understanding, wemust interact. For this purpose, we provide the “reply”
function. This function allows users to write new content
that includes opinions, impressions, advice, and any othercomment about another’s content.
The user can create a replying content by clicking the“reply” buttons shown at the bottom of each section of thecontent. This function is implemented based on TrackBack[15]. TrackBack is a typical Weblog feature that
automatically creates reverse links among contents. The

We tested our system at the 7th International Conference
on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp2005), which washeld on the 12th-14th of September 2005, in Tokyo. At thisconference, there were 122 presentations and 355 authors(including co-authors). About 500 participants joined theconference.
There were 308 Polyphonet users, 175 users registeredfrom the web system, and 133 users were invited frominformation kiosks in the conference room.
Polyphonet extracted social networks from among theparticipants using three methods. First, the system
extracted them using a Web-mining technique for the initial
data (Web-Mining link). Second, users registered their own
social networks with our system (Know link). And third,
two or three users could register their meeting through theinformation kiosk (Card-Touch link).
Table 2: Number of links
Types of link
Web-Mining link
Know link
Card-Touch link

No. of links
22,332924
726

Table 2 shows the number of links. The number of Mininglinks is much larger than the others. This tendency is good
because our system uses Mining-links as the initial data of
the social networks. It is desirable that every user shouldhave their own initial data.
Regarding ActionLog, 4586 entries were generated. There
were 3918 entry contents from the actions related to people
and 668 entries for presentations contents.
Finally, 105 entries were published. Fifteen entries weregenerated from actions related to people, 64 entries frompresentations, and 26 entries were not generated from actions, i.e.,interactions with others, which included replying entries.

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

0
26
15

Interactions
People3918

Presentations
64
668
Generated
Contens

Published
Contents

Figure 10: Rates of entries for actions

Figure 10 shows the rates of the entries for actions.
Contents related to presentations increased in rate whenpublished. The rate of replying contents also occupied alarge part. These facts show that a topic-centered view
played an important role in sharing contents among users.
Actually, several discussions were made in the ActionLog
system.

RELATED WORK
Several conference support systems have been proposed.
IntelliBadge [2] is an RFID-based academic conference
support system that traces users’ positions and provides
location search services for users. It enhances
communication at conference sites, but does not support
post-conference communication.
Another system, C-MAP [13], is a personal mobile
assistance system for exhibition tours. It is intended as alocation-aware support by sharing experiences andknowledge using mobile terminals like PDAs. It provides
total support in an event space, but does not target
integrative support of independent subsystems in the realworld or on the Web.
Agents supporting real-world activities were proposed overten years ago [10]. The recent development of ubiquitous
computing technologies has enabled the realization of suchagents. LifeLog research, like MyLifeBits [5], is a salient
approach to sharing experiences by recording everythingusers see and hear. However, our approach is to shareusers’ subjective experiences rather than objective records.
SPECTER [9] is a personal journal generation system thatgenerates content based on the users’ action records. Thisapproach closely resembles our approach, but it isspecifically intended to model users’ behaviors and does
not target supporting communications or sharing
experiences.

after they edit generated drafts. The published entries canbe easily aggregated with various aspects because they
have context as metadata.
ActionLog applies to conference support. The ActionLog
Conference worked as an integrator of other conference
support systems. It collects and seamlessly integrates users’
actions from the Web and the real world. The collectedactions are shown in various styles according to their stateof use.
The action-oriented integration is easily extensible. New
subsystems are pluggable through “action”. This meansthat our approach can be applied in various situations.
Future work includes designing a system with moreproactive supports. The tested implementation is a limited
service in terms of time and place. When we utilize thesystem in an open environment, the information that will
become available will be enormous so that a user cannot
manage them.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Polyphonet Conference has been supported by the
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO) as the 04A11502a project ID. The
cellular phones with RFID tag readers for the conference
were courtesy of KDDI Corporation. The IC card reader
system and technology are supported by Synergymedia
Corporation.

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CONCLUSION
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