APWS3 Parallel Session“Improving Sanitation and Wastewater Management”

Institutional Framework
for Sewerage Systems in Japan
11 December 2017, Yangon, Myanmar

Seiichiro OKAMOTO
Director for Watershed Management
Sewerage and Wastewater Management Department
Water and Disaster Management Bureau

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Japan
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Water Pollution in Japan in 1960’s

Kita-kyushu
CityDohkai Bay, Kitakhushu City

Tama river, Tokyo*Tokyo1

Pollution Diet in 1970
Pollution Session of Diet (1970)
 Discussed intensively on the pollution
issues and developed the frameworkof environment/sanitation policies

Pollution Diet in 1970

Major achievements of the Pollution Session
 Water Pollution Control Law
 Amendment of Sewerage Law

2

Enactment of Water Pollution Control Law
Basic law for environmental pollution control (1967)※Replaced by the Basic Environment Law in 1993

 Establishment of Environmental Quality Standard (EQS)– EQS for the protection of human health（Health Item）– EQS for the conservation of the living environment (Living Environment Item)

Water Pollution Control Law (1970)
 Nationwide effluent regulations on factories or commercial facilities
 Water Quality Monitoring at Public Water Area
 Domestic Wastewater Control
 Total pollutant load control in enclosed coastal seas3

Sewerage Law (Some Key Points)
Obligation to formulate a sewerage master plan to
improve the water quality of public water bodies
Project implementation bodies (i.e. Local governments)

Structural standards and effluent quality standards
National government subsidies for construction
Charge from individuals for the use of seweragesystems4

Sharing Responsibility between national & local governments

Roles of National and Local Governments
National Government

Local GovernmentVision

Sewerage Master plan

Technology Standards

Ordinance

Law/Regulation

Construction, Operationand Managementof sewerage facility

National Subsidy

5

Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS)The organization of sewerage technical experts, supporting
improvement of sewage works upon the requests from local
governments
Contributed to rapid development of sewerage systems in Japan
About two third of Wastewater
Treatment plant in Japan has
been constructed by JS

JS has:6

Financial system of sewage works in Japan
Sewage works are implemented by national expenditures, local
expenditures and user charge appropriately
SubsidiaryprojectConstruction

510

Non-Subsidiary
project

Government
Subsidy
Municipal
Bond

4.5
10

Municipal
Bond

0.5
10

Payment by beneficially, etc.

Operation &MaintenanceRainwater

Public Expenditures(tax, etc)

Rainwater

Wastewater

Public Expenditures(tax, etc)

UserCharge

Repay

Wastewater

User charge
7Technology Standards
National Government develops Technology Standards incollaboration with local governments, Japan Sewage Works
Association and Japan Sewage Works Agency
・Design guideline
・Maintenance guideline
Design guideline・Standards for estimation
・Others
Standards for estimation

Technology Standards helps local governments to conduct sewage works properly.
8Regional Initiatives for Sewerage Development
In Kitakyushu-City, and many other municipalities, 3 points were very important toinitiate the development of sewerage.
1. Leadership as“Toilet Mayor”

2. Public Officials’
leadership3. Community leaders
Junior Chamber
Invited slum residents tocharity campaign

Civil group
Created movies to clean
the river

Mayor Tani was elected as“Toilet Mayor” to drive
whole sewage campaign
and policy of sewage
development.

Restaurants/Bars
Meeting to explain to local
residents by public officials toimplement mayor’s decisionand policy

Fund raising activities

Decision Making to proceed
Clean the River Campaign → Construction of Sewerage System
9Transition of percentage of sewered population
 The percentage of sewered population is steadily rising.
100(86.9)

90

The Diffusion rate (%)

80

普及率（％）

7060(89.9 )

80.9

Percentage of
汚水処理人口普及率
Sanitary waste water
population
Percentage of
下水道処理人口普及率
sewered population

71.4(75.1)

61.8(77.8 )Wastewater
TreatedPopulation as
end of fiscalyear 201669.3

 Sewerage:
5078.3%54.0
 Rural40
44.0
Sewerage:
36.0
30
2.7%
30.0
 Johkasou:
20
23.0
9.2%
16.0
10
 Communit
8.00
y system:
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
S40
S45
S50
S55
S60
H2H7H12H17H22
H270.2%Year*The diffusion rate from 2010 are reference figures because some 年
municipalities(cities, towns, and villages) couldn’t survey
度 Total:due to Great East Japan Earthquake.
※平成22度末以降の普及率は、東日本大震災の影響で調査不能な市町村があるため参考値。
(The figure at the end of FY 2010 includes the data of 44 prefectures. (excluding Iwate prefecture, Miyagi prefecture,
90.4%（平成22年度末は、岩手県、宮城県、福島県の３県を除いた４４都道府県の数値）
Fukushimaprefecture))
62.0（平成23年度末は、岩手県、福島県の２県を除いた４５都道府県の数値）(Thefigure at the end of FY 2011 includes the data of 45 prefectures. (excluding Iwate prefecture, Fukushima prefecture))（平成24、25、26年度末は、福島県を除いた４６都道府県の数値）(The
figure at the end of FY 2012, 2013, 2014 includes the data of 46 prefectures. (excluding Fukushima prefecture))（平成27年度末は、相馬市、南相馬市、広野町、楢葉町、富岡町、川内村、大熊町、双葉町、浪江町、葛尾町、飯館村を除いた数値）(Thefigure at the end of FY 2015 doesn’t include the data of Souma city, Minamisouma city, Hirono town, Naraha town,
Tomioka town, kawauchi village, Ohkuma town, Futaba town, Namie town, Katsurao village, Iidate village. )10

Recovery of water environment by sewerage works

Sunago waterway, Kadoma-city, Osaka

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Sumida River, Tokyo(Firework display)Conclusion: In Japanese case, we implemented following policies;• Legal System• Institutional and Management Arrangements
Financial System for Sanitation• Technology Options; Manuals• Public Relation and Citizen’s Participation
 Establishment of institutional framework (as above)
plays a crucial role for the improvement of water
environment in Japan Water environment improvement brings not only
environmental but also economic effect12

Proposal; The Asia Wastewater Management
Partnership (AWaP)
Each country is necessary …
•To approach its own policies depending on its
conditions•To exchange each country’s experience/knowledge on
sewerage works
MLIT, Japan would like to propose …
•Establishment of the Asia Wastewater Management
Partnership to enhance government capacity by
sharing information.

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Thank you for your attention!