Knowledge Sharing System武田英明 Hideaki Takeda
takeda@nii.ac.jp
National Institute of Informatics
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Outline of the lecture
Scope: To learn information and knowledge sharing techniques, such
as Knowledge Representation, Semantic Web and Social Network
Sciencel Category: Artificial Intelligence, Web Informatics
l Learning goal:n Conceptual understanding of recent development of theknowledge sharing technologies
n Theoretical understanding of basic knowledge representation
technologies
n Improvement of modeling and programing skills to use theknowledge representation and sharing technologies
l Prerequisite:n Some experience of programming (python, ruby, perl, etc)
lHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Outline of this course
llTopics:
1. Introduction
2. Information Integration
3. Semantic Web: Introduction
4. Knowledge Representation in AI: Ontology
5. Knowledge Representation in AI: Description Logics and OWL
6. Semantic Web Languages: RDF, RDFS, SPARQL
7. Semantic Web Languages: RDF, RDFS, SPARQL (cont.)
8. Semantic Web Languages: RDF, RDFS, SPARQL (cont.)
9. Linked Open Data
10. Linked Open Data (cont.)
11. Knowledge Graph
12. Knowledge Graph (cont.)
13. PracticeStyle of the lecturen 2-3 talks then some small Assignments (exercise and/or presentation)n Final report
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Outline of this courselInformation sharingn What is the nature of information sharing. We can learn it fromthe history of Information in our society. We realize that
Information sharing is inevitable.
n What is the enabling technology for Information Sharing.
Information Sharing consists of three layers; the informationlayer, the semantics layer and the social network layer.
n In the information layer, we show the basic architecture ofinformation sharing, then pick up some techniques to realize it.
n In the semantics layer, we introduce Semantic Web as a whole,i.e., the basic structure, the theories behind it, the technologies torealize it, and the practice to deploy it.
n In the social network layer, we show some basic techniques toanalyze networks in general.Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

History of Communication- The path to WWW (web) -Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Information CycleShareCollect

PublishUse&CreateHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Information Cyclel

Information can be created only based on existing informationn No information can be created out of nothing
Sharen Collect – Use & Create

Collect

PublishUse&CreateHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Information Cyclel

Value of information is how much it is usedn No value for information without use
Sharen Use & Create – Publish

Collect

PublishUse&CreateHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Information Cycle

Share

Collectl

PublishAccumulation of information is the wealth of societyn Distribution of information is the health of societyn Publish – Share -- CollectUse&Create
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Ancient times
Oral communicationn Coverage: Everyonen Speed of diffusion: very slow
n Style of diffusion: one-to-one
n Quantity: smalll Hand writingn Coverage: very limited
u Aristocracy, monks, bureaucrats, scholars
l c.f. Library of Alexandria (3c BC)n Speed of diffusion: very slow
n Style of diffusion: one-to-somen Quantity: smalllHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Gutenberg Revolution
lLetterpress Printing (活版印刷）1440
n Coverage: split-off between authors and readersu Author: professional writers, scholars
u Reader: many peoplen Speed of diffusion: fastern Style of diffusion: one-to-manyn Quantity: larger

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Communication Revolution
lRapid Growth of communication technology since mid. 19c
n Telegraph (Samuel Morse ca.1836)
n Phonograph (Record Player, Thomas Edison ca. 1877)
n Motion Picture (Cinema, Auguste and Louis Lumière, 1895)n Radio Broadcasting (Reginald Fessenden,1906)
n TV Broadcasting (1928)
Birth of Mass media

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Mass media
lNewspapers, Magazine, Radio broadcasting, TV broadcastingn Coverage:u Author: press, scholars, politician, government, professional
writersu Reader: Almost everyonen Speed of diffusion: from simultaneous to a couple of daysn Style of diffusion: one-to-so-manyn Quantity: much larger

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Two social layers on information cyclewith Mass Media

ShareWriter, Artist, Scholar
Mass media
Government

Collect

PublishUse&Create
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Two social layers on information cyclewith Mass media

ShareWriter, Artist, Scholar
Mass media
Government

Collect
Collect
Ordinary
PeoplePublishUseUse&Create
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Two social layers on information cyclewith Mass Media

ShareWriter, Artist, Scholar
Mass media
Government

Collect
Ordinary
PeoplePublishUse&Create
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Information Cycle with Web

Web

ShareInternetOpen Door to Information Cycle for Ordinary People
Collect
PublishSearch Engine

Web ServerUseWeb Browser&CreateHTML Editor

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Internet - historyll

1969: First interconnection between
UCLA and, SRI
1974: Specification of TCP/IP (IETF
RFC675)nlllllll"Internet" as a single global TCP/IPnetworklll

1974: Unix code released
1970s: Migration of Unix onto
different machines
1976: Apple I released
1981: IBM PC released
1984: Macintosh released
1980mid: Unix workstations widelyused in universities

1983: APRANET switched to TCP/IPl
1984: Domain Name Services startedl
1984: Over 1,000 hosts on Internetl
1980s: Many interconnection amonguniversities
1988: Commercial Internet Providers
started in US.
1989: Over 10,000 hosts, Countriesconnected to NSFNET: au, de, il, it,jp, mx, nl, nz, pr, uk
l 1991: Windows 3.1
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics
1992: Over 100,000 hosts

InternetThe early period:
Infrastructure of personal communicationn Protocol: TCP/IP, uucp
n Usage: Telnet, ftp, email, netnews
n Functions: very slow, narrow, and unstable TCP/IP connection,
no TCP/IP connection (uucp)l The middle period:
Infrastructure of public communicationn Protocol: TCP/IP
networking
n Usage: email, ftp, netnews, WWWstoragen Functions: reliable TCP/IP connectionl Nown Protocol: TCP/IP (http)n Usage: WWW, SNS, youtube, emailn Functions: real-time connection
lHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Web (World Wide Web, WWW)
1980: Tim Berners-Lee (TBL) developed ENQUIRE
l 1989: TBL wrote a proposal “Information Management: A Proposal”
l 1990: TBL open the first WWW page and HTML browser (editor,called “WorldWideWeb”)
l 1991: TBL posted summary of WWW to alt.hypertext newsgroupl 1992: National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the Univ.
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc
Andreessen, developed NCSA Mosaic browser (images can be used)l 1994: TBL founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The
W3C decided that their standards must be based on royalty-freetechnology
l 1996-1998: Commercialization of Web
l 1999-2001: “Dot-com” boom and burstlHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Before WeblAncestor Hypertext Systems
u Memex (V. Bush, 1945)u Hypertext Editing System (A. van Dam, T. Nelson,1969)
u HyperCard (Apple Computer, 1987)

u SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics
http://www.w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

話すTim Berners-Lee (Hyderabad, India, 2011)

踊るTim Berners-Lee (Banff, Canada, 2007)
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Hypertext '91
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Information Management: A Proposal

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

NCSA Mosaic

Web History - Web Architecture and Information Management
Spring 2010 — INFO 190-02 (CCN 42509)
Wilde and Ryan Shaw, UC Berkeley School of Information, 2010-01-25
http://dret.net/lectures/web-spring10/history

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

図2 1996年ごろの研究者のWebページ例

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Web Architecture
Essential technologies
n Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): a system of globally unique
identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewheren HyperText Markup Language (HTML): the publishing language;n Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)l Server-Client Architecture base on URI, HTML, HTTP
n Fully distributed systems
u No center neededu How to access?
l Royalty-free policyn Rapid software development (everyone can develop software)n Rapid software deployment (everyone can use software)l

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

25,000,000,000

Some statistics (but old!)

20,000,000,000

15,000,000,000
系列1lOver 20 billion pages ( google, Yahoo!)n 2006 Feb: Yahoo!

10,000,000,000

5,000,000,000(万台)10800

Hostname
Active9720

2006年1月

2005年1月

2004年1月

2003年1月

2002年1月

2001年1月

2000年1月

Over 80 million servers (80,655,992)
n 2006 Apriln Web Server Survey

1999年1月l

1998年1月

0Top 15 Online
Populations by Country,
Am ong Visitors Age 15+*
March 2006
Unique Visitors (000)Source: com Score World
Metrix

8640
7560
6480

Unique Visitors
(000)

5400

24,645

France23,884l

図１：Webサーバの台数の変化（NetCraft, http://www.netcraft.com)

2007.01

South Korea

2006.01

31,8132005.01

Germany
UnitedKingdom02004.01

52,1002003.011080

2002.01

74,727

Japan
2001.01

China

2000.01

152,0462160

1999.01

United States

1998.01

694,260

3240

1997.01

Worldwide
Total

1996.014320

0.69 billion users (14% of population)n 2006 Marchn comScore http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

30,190

Canada18,996

Italy

16,834

India

16,713

Brazil13,186

Spain

12,452

Netherlands

10,969Russia10,833Australia

9,735

Information Cycle

WebSharel Web accelerate Information Cycle inn Speed

Collectn Quantity

Publishn People

Use&Create
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Why is Web diffused so much?
Opennessl Economicsl EasinesslHideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Why is Web diffused so much? - Opennesslll

Openness:n Open to participate
n Open to relate
Internetn Open to participate
u Open to join the computers to the network
n Open to relateu Open to communicate to any computers
Webn Open to participate
u Open to make web pages
n Open to relateu Open to make links to others

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Why is Web diffused so much? - Economicsl

Cost is not proportional to quantity of informationn Packet communication (TCP/IP)l

Cost is proportional to quantity of information in legacy media
n For people: A really new media that people can use

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Why is Web diffused so much? - Easinessl

The first computer systems for ordinary peoplelInternet is a system for computer professionals (or geeks)n Read manuals, solve problems by yourselfl

TBL designed Web not for computer professionals but forresearchers (physics)n Simplicity
n Robustness

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Information Cycle with WebWebShareInternetCollect

PublishSearch Engine

Web Server

Use
Web Browser&

CreateHTML Editor

Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics

Layers for Information Cycle
Internetl Web
l Semantic Web
l Linked Datal Social Networkl

Share

Collect

PublishUse&CreateLinked Data

Social Network

RDF/RDFS/OWL

Semantic Web

URI/HTML/HTTP

Web

TCP/IPInternet
Hideaki Takeda / National Institute of Informatics