Violife 100% veganalternative to cheesevs. dairy cheese inEurope, UK, US,
Canada and Japan.
Life Cycle Assessment
Technical Summary

April 2022

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................... 3
METHOD ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
CRITICAL REVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 3
FUNCTIONAL UNIT......................................................................................................................................... 3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT INDICATORS CONSIDERED.................................................................................. 3
FROM CRADLE-TO-GRAVE ............................................................................................................................. 3
DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING ............................................................................................................ 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 5
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS .......................................................................................................................... 5
LAND OCCUPATION ....................................................................................................................................... 7
WATER CONSUMPTION ................................................................................................................................. 8
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ...................................................................................................................... 9
EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 9
CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENCIES ................................................................................................................ 9
ABOUT QUANTIS ......................................................................................................................................... 10
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 10

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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VIOLIFE 100% VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS. DAIRY CHEESE. LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Violife is a world leading vegan brand, owned by Upfield, which offers a range of versatile products including alternatives
to dairy cheese which can be used for cooking or eating on their own. In 2022, Quantis was commissioned to conduct aLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) of certain Violife vegan alternatives to cheese products (“Violife Product”) sold in Europe,
the UK, the United States, Canada, and Japan, compared to dairy (cow and sheep) cheese sold in the same markets. The
study included 33 Violife Products (a “product” refers to a recipe / packaging / market combination). This document
provides a summary of the study scope, functional unit and system boundaries, method and data sources, climate
impacts and land occupation results, and equivalencies used for comparative claims for the Violife products.

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a metric-based methodology used to assess environmental impacts resulting from a
product or service, for example, greenhouse gas emissions, waste production, water, land, and energy use.
Environmental impacts are calculated over the life cycle of a product, from extraction of raw materials to the end-oflife.

METHOD
This study followed the regionalized LCA methodology described by Liao et al. (2020) to compare the environmental
impacts of 1 kg of Violife Products to the same amount of dairy cheese sold in Europe, UK, Canada, United States, andJapan. Data was collected with a cradle-to-grave approach for the product recipe, key ingredients sourcing countries,
production factory, energy mixes, packaging designs, transportation, and end-of-life scenarios. Spatially differentiatedagricultural life cycle inventory data were generated (archetypes), as well as land use change (LUC) emissions for Violife
Products to dairy cheese using an attributional approach as per PAS 2050 (BSI, 2012), aligned with the latest
international standards for dairy products, published by the International Dairy Federation (IDF, 2015) and the European
Dairy Association (EDA, 2016).

CRITICAL REVIEWThe LCA respects ISO 14040 and 14044 standards for public disclosure of results. The study has been peer reviewed bya panel of three independent experts on topics such as LCA, agronomy and dairy production.

FUNCTIONAL UNIT
The functional unit (FU) is a reference unit for which all results are calculated and presented. For Violife Products anddairy cheese, the functional unit (FU) was to provide the function of 1 kg of cheese or cheese alternative, packaged, forthe relevant consumer (domestic or professional).

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT INDICATORS CONSIDERED
The assessment includes a total of 16 indicators: 14 environmental impact indicators from the European Commission
Environmental Footprint (EF) 3.0 method and two additional indicators: land occupation (m2.y), which reflects the total
area of land used over one year and is a proxy for biodiversity and ecosystem services (Nemecek et al. 2011, Milà i Canals
et al. 2012), and water consumption (m3), the total amount of fresh water consumed (ISO 14046), which includes, forexample, evapotranspiration of irrigation water.

FROM CRADLE-TO-GRAVE
The LCA considers all identifiable activities across the product life cycle (cradle-to-grave) for certain Violife Products in
Europe, UK, Canada, United States, and Japan (see Figure 1).

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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The study includes impacts from:- Farming (crop production or milk production)- Product manufacturing of Violife Products or dairy cheese- Packaging manufacturing of Violife Products or dairy cheese- Distribution- Retail- Consumer use- Packaging end-of-life

Figure 1. Schematic of the systems evaluated

The study does not include impacts from:-

Capital goods at the distribution centre and at the point of retail.
Labour, commuting of workers, administrative work, cattle insemination, and disease control processes.
Food loss and food waste during distribution, at retail point and at the consumer’s home.

DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING---

Violife Products: primary data for the recipes and ingredient sourcing for Violife Products, as well as theirproduct and packaging manufacturing and distribution, were provided by Violife.
Dairy cheese for Europe: Default data representative of European averages and published by the European
Dairy Association and the European Commission were used to model dairy processing and distribution.
Dairy cheese for UK: Data representative of UK dairy practices were used to model dairy processing. Data
representative of European averages and published by the European Dairy Association and the European
Commission were used to model distribution.
Dairy cheese for Canada and United States: Default data representative of Canada and US averages andpublished by the USDA were used. Canadian milk modelling was updated with the latest available data from
Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC, 2018).
Dairy cheese for Japan: Default data representative of Europe, US, Australia and New Zealand were used forthe percentage of cheese that is imported to Japan (86%). For cheese produced in Japan (14%), default data
representative for New Zealand was used as a proxy.

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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All data has been assessed to ensure that it meets the quality standards required to make comparative assertions. Data
was compiled for different product recipes, key ingredient sourcing countries, production factory locations, energy
mixes, packaging designs, transportation, and end-of-life scenarios. Spatially differentiated agricultural life cycle
inventory data were generated (archetypes), as well as LUC emissions for agricultural ingredients in all markets relevant
to each system’s supply chain. The LCA modelling tool SimaPro version 9.3 was used to model individual datasets (suchas oilseeds and packaging) required for 100% plant-based products and for the life cycle of dairy products.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
Table 1 shows that all Violife Products assessed have lower climate impacts than dairy cheese. The climate impacts of 1
kg Violife Products vary between 2.2 and 4.2 kg CO2-eq per kg of product depending on recipe and market, whereas theimpacts for dairy cheese vary between 6.1 and 13.5 kg CO2-eq per kg dairy cheese.
Climate impacts(kg CO2eq/kg product)
PRODUCTS COMPARED (Violife / dairy cheese)
EUROPE
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 200 g (old doypack), EU
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, block, 2.5 kg, EU
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), EU
Original / Cheddar, grated, 200 g (old doypack), EU
Original / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), EU
Mature cheddar fl. / Cheddar, block, 200 g, EU
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, EU
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, EU
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, EU
UK
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, block, 2.5 kg, UK
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 500 g (refi), UK
Original / Cheddar, grated, 200 g (old doypack), UK
Original / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), UK
Epic mature / Cheddar, block, 200 g, UK
Epic mature / Cheddar, grated, 150 g (old doypack), UK
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, UK
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, UK
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, UK
CANADA
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 227 g, CA
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g, CA
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, CA
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, CA
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, CA
US
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 227 g, US
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g, US
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 751 g, US
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, US
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, US
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, US

Calculated savings

ViolifeDairy

kg CO2eq/kg

%

2.6
2.2
2.9
2.6
2.9
2.3
3.1
2.6
2.6

10.6
10.2
11.8
11.6
11.8
11.3
13.3
6.5
6.4

8.0
8.0
8.9
9.0
8.9
9.0
10.2
3.9
3.8

-75%
-79%
-75%
-77%
-76%
-80%
-77%
-60%
-59%

2.2
2.5
2.7
3.0
2.6
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.7

10.3
11.5
11.7
11.9
11.5
11.7
13.4
6.5
6.4

8.1
9.0
9.0
8.9
8.9
9.0
10.3
3.9
3.7

-79%
-78%
-77%
-75%
-78%
-77%
-77%
-60%
-58%

3.1
3.1
3.6
2.9
3.0

9.5
10.3
11.8
6.1
7.1

6.5
7.2
8.2
3.1
4.1

-68%
-70%
-70%
-51%
-58%

4.2
2.9
3.3
3.4
2.8
2.8

10.6
11.1
10.9
12.8
6.5
7.2

6.4
8.2
7.6
9.4
3.7
4.4

-60%
-74%
-70%
-74%
-57%
-61%

2.8
2.2
2.8
2.3

12.5
12.9
13.5
7.8

9.7
10.7
10.7
5.5

-78%
-83%
-79%
-71%

JAPAN
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, sliced, 140 g, JP
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, grated, 200 g, JP
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 140 g, JP
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 150 g, JP

Table 1. Climate change impacts for Violife Products in Europe, UK, Canada, US, and Japan, and dairy cheese in the same
markets. Results are expressed in kg CO2-eq per kg of product

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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Figure 2 shows that the main drivers of climate impacts for Violife Products are the farm / ingredients stage (coconut
farming and associated LUC emissions), as well as the distribution stage, which can vary significantly depending on
distances travelled to consumer markets.

Figure 2. Average climate change results per life cycle stage for 1 kg of product in Europe, UK, US, Canada and Japan.

There are opportunities for further reducing the environmental impacts of 100% plant-based cheese alternatives byreducing the transportation distances by refrigerated transportation and optimizing the distribution, improving andreducing the packaging of products sold in Japan, avoiding land use change related climate risks and implementing
regenerative agricultural practices. Meanwhile, it is important to consider potential constraints, such as the choice ofoils based on consumer preferences (taste, nutritional benefits, and product function).

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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LAND OCCUPATIONIn terms of land occupation, all Violife Products have lower results compared to dairy cheese (Table 2). The land
occupation of 1 kg Violife Products varies between 1.5 and 2.2 m2.y per kg of product depending on recipe and market,
whereas that of dairy cheese varies between 5.2 and 14 m2.y per kg of dairy cheese.

PRODUCTS COMPARED (Violife/ dairy cheese)
EUROPE
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 200 g (old doypack), EU
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, block, 2.5 kg, EU
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), EU
Original / Cheddar, grated, 200 g (old doypack), EU
Original / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), EU
Mature cheddar fl. / Cheddar, block, 200 g, EU
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, EU
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, EU
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, EU

Land occupation(m2.y /kg product)
Violife
Dairy

Calculated savings
m2.y /kg

%

1.8
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.5
2.2
1.5
1.9

10.1
10.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
10.9
13.1
5.7
11.6

8.3
8.4
9.3
9.2
9.3
9.4
10.9
4.2
9.7

-83%
-84%
-84%
-84%
-84%
-86%
-83%
-73%
-84%

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.5
1.9

9.1
10.0
10.1
10.1
10.0
10.1
12.0
5.2
11.6

7.5
8.3
8.3
8.4
7.9
8.2
9.8
3.7
9.7

-82%
-83%
-83%
-83%
-79%
-81%
-82%
-71%
-84%

1.8
1.9
2.2
1.5
1.9

10.4
11.5
13.4
5.9
11.7

8.6
9.6
11.2
4.4
9.8

-83%
-84%
-84%
-74%
-84%

1.8
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.5
1.9

10.9
12.0
11.8
14.0
6.1
11.7

9.0
10.1
10.1
11.8
4.6
9.8

-83%
-84%
-85%
-84%
-75%
-84%

1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5

12.2
13.4
13.3
6.9

10.5
11.7
11.6
5.4

-86%
-87%
-87%
-78%

UK
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, block, 2.5 kg, UK
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 500 g (refi), UK
Original / Cheddar, grated, 200 g (old doypack), UK
Original / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), UK
Epic mature / Cheddar, block, 200 g, UK
Epic mature / Cheddar, grated, 150 g (old doypack), UK
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, UK
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, UK
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, UK

CANADA
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 227 g, CA
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g, CA
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, CA
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, CA
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, CA

US
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 227 g, US
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g, US
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 751 g, US
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, US
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, US
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, USJAPAN
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, sliced, 140 g, JP
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, grated, 200 g, JP
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 140 g, JP
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 150 g, JP

Table 2. Land occupation for Violife Products in Europe, UK, Canada, US, and Japan, and dairy cheese in
the same market. Results are expressed in m2·year per kg of product.

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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WATER CONSUMPTIONLCA results show that for 11 out of 33 (27%) Violife Products, water consumption is significantly lower compared to its
dairy counterpart; for the other 22 products noted with an asterisk (*) in Table 3, water savings are not consideredsignificantly better.
The quality of water consumption data in LCA databases is not robust enough to support external communications andcomparative claims.

PRODUCTS COMPARED (Violife/ dairy cheese)
EUROPE
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 200 g (old doypack), EU
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, block, 2.5 kg, EU
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), EU
Original / Cheddar, grated, 200 g (old doypack), EU
Original / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), EU
Mature cheddar fl. / Cheddar, block, 200 g, EU
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, EU
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, EU
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, EU
UK
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, block, 2.5 kg, UK
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 500 g (refi), UK
Original / Cheddar, grated, 200 g (old doypack), UK
Original / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g (hard tray), UK
Epic mature / Cheddar, block, 200 g, UK
Epic mature / Cheddar, grated, 150 g (old doypack), UK
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, UK
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, UK
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, UK
CANADA
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 227 g, CA
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g, CA
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, CA
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, CA
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, CA
US
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, grated, 227 g, US
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 200 g, US
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 751 g, US
Prosociano / Parmesan, wedge, 200 g, US
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 200 g, US
Feta flavour / Feta, block, 200 g, US

Water consumption(m3 /kg product)
Violife
Dairy

m3/kg

%

0.030
0.026
0.039
0.030
0.039
0.027
0.145
0.024
0.026

0.058
0.054
0.067
0.063
0.067
0.061
0.073
0.039
0.024

0.028
0.028
0.029
0.033
0.029
0.034
-0.0720.015-0.002-48% *-52%-42% *-52%-43% *-55%98% *-39% *
9% *

0.026
0.033
0.030
0.039
0.029
0.031
0.145
0.024
0.026

0.054
0.063
0.064
0.068
0.061
0.064
0.073
0.039
0.024

0.029
0.029
0.034
0.029
0.031
0.032
-0.071
0.015-0.002-53%-47% *-53%-43% *
-52%
-51%
97% *
-40% *
9% *

0.029
0.036
0.145
0.024
0.026

0.081
0.092
0.103
0.053
0.030

0.052
0.056
-0.041
0.029
0.004

-64%
-61%
40% *
-55%
-12% *

0.037
0.036
0.028
0.145
0.024
0.026

0.067
0.070
0.065
0.078
0.041
0.024

0.031
0.034
0.037
-0.0670.018-0.002-46% *-48% *-57%
86% *-43% *
9% *

0.037
0.033
0.041
0.025

0.065
0.062
0.070
0.042

0.028
0.029
0.029
0.016

-43% *-46% *-41% *-39% *

Calculated savingsJAPAN
Mozzarella flavour / Mozzarella, sliced, 140 g, JP
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, grated, 200 g, JP
Cheddar flavour / Cheddar, sliced, 140 g, JP
Creamy original / Cream cheese, tub, 150 g, JP

Table 3. Water consumption for Violife Products in Europe, UK, US, Canada, and Japan, anddairy cheese in the same market. Results are expressed in m3 per kg of product

CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKThis study shows that Violife Products have at least 50% lower climate impacts and occupy at least 30% less land thandairy cheese. The climate impacts of Violife Products are dominated by coconut oil production and distribution to
consumer markets. When moving towards transparency of sustainable supply chains and developing potential
mitigation strategies, producers can only understand the impacts of their products and look for opportunities to reducethese impacts if they thoroughly assess their product supply chains. When moving towards more sustainable 100%VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

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vegan alternatives to cheese, a key factor would be to reduce impacts related to the product distribution and theembodied environmental impacts from coconut oil through better understanding and improvements in supply chain
sourcing, farm level agricultural practices, and product recipe design.

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS
For this study, 33 representative products in the five main markets were selected. For external communications andclaims a conservative approach was used since Violife’s entire product portfolio was not assessed. For comparative
claims communicating on product categories, the lowest climate change savings of all products evaluated globally andin each market is used.
Reduction percentages are rounded conservatively so that they are easy to understand by the general public and to
avoid overclaiming (e.g., 58% savings is rounded to 55% savings), therefore claims percentages may be different thanthe calculated percentages in Table 2. A conservative approach avoids misleading communication and greenwashing.

CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENCIES
Equivalencies are used to put into perspective the climate and land occupation results of Violife Products and dairy
cheeses to render the information more meaningful and understandable for a larger audience. The equivalencies were
calculated based on the CO2-eq savings when comparing Violife Products and dairy cheese, by converting the savings
amount into equivalencies of different daily activities such as CO2-eq emissions of charging a smartphone over night ordriving a car. Table 4 and 5 presents the data sources and units used for the equivalencies calculated.
EQUIVALENCIES FOR RETAIL PRODUCTS
Equivalency

Equivalency unit

Charging a phone overnight (EU/UK)
Charging a phone overnight (CA)Charging a phone overnight (US)Charging a phone overnight (JP)Driving a car (petrol car EURO 5)
Flying by plane
Equivalency
Average size of a parking spot

Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
1 km
1 km
Equivalency unitm2

Average pizza size (14 in / 35 cm)
m2
EQUIVALENCIES FOR PROFESSIONAL PRODUCTS

Climate change(kg CO2eq)
0.008

SourcePEFCR Retail and ecoinvent

0.004
0.011

PEFCR Retail and ecoinvent
PEFCR Retail and ecoinvent

0.013
0.35
0.22
Land Occupation(m2.y)
17.7

PEFCR Retail and ecoinvent
ecoinventecoinvent

0.10

Internet various sources

Equivalency

Equivalency unit

3 combi oven

Daily

Climate change(kg CO2eq)
15

Commercial fridge

Daily

19.5

Industrial dishwasher

Daily

5

Kitchen aid

Hourly0.2

Equivalency

Equivalency unit

Cucumbers fields

1 hectareLand Occupation(m2.y)
10,000

Average size restaurant kitchens

1 restaurant98

SourceInternet various sources

Sourcehttps://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctt068
https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasingenergy-efficient-commercial-refrigerators-andfreezers
https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasingenergy-efficient-commercial-dishwashers
https://www.kasa.cz/document/9/8/4/doc_218248
9.pdf
Sourcehttps://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/nationalaverage-size-restaurant-kitchen-29446.html

Table 4. Equivalencies units and sources

VIOLIFE VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE VS DAIRY CHEESE – LCA TECHNICAL SUMMARY

9Per capita consumption of dairy cheese
EuropeUnited Kingdom
CanadaUnited StatesJapan

SourceStatista - https://www.statista.com/statistics/527195/consumption-of-cheese-percapita-worldwide-country/
Statista - https://www.statista.com/statistics/281114/household-consumption-ofcheese-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/
https://www.clal.it/en/?section=tabs_consumi_procapite
Statista - https://www.statista.com/statistics/183785/per-capita-consumption-ofcheese-in-the-us-since-2000/
https://www.clal.it/en/?section=tabs_consumi_procapite

Table 5. Per capita consumption of dairy cheese in Europe, UK, Canada, US and Japan.

For further information, please contact ESGinquiries@upfield.com for vegan alternative to cheese information.

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