Operation of INDUS-1, India’sFirst Synchrotron Radiation
SourcePradeep Kumar,V Bhatanagar, A A Fakhri, P Fatnani, A D Ghodke, R K Gupta, P R Hannurkar,P.
Kant, M G Karmarkar, S Kotaiah, M Pravin Kumar, Pradeep Kumar, G K Sahoo,
R S Saini, A Sharma, S K Shukla, Gurnam SinghB Singh, H C Soni, D S Thakur, and D K Vats.

INDUS-1
Synchrotron Radiation Facility• 20 MeV Classical Microtron - as Preinjector• Transfer Line -1• 20 - 700 MeV (Max.) Booster Synchrotron• Transfer Line -2• 450 MeV Electron Storage Ring - Indus-1

20 MeV Microtron• The 20MeV microtron is ofclassical type. Its majorcomponents
areanaccelerating cavity and adipole magnet. The directly
heated electron emitter LaB6
has been incorporated insidetheacceleratingcavity
operating at 2.856GHz. The
electrons emitted from thecathode are accelerated to20MeV in 22 orbits using
Type-II injection scheme.

20 MeV Microtron• The microtron wascommissioned towards
the end of 1994. Since
then it is regularly
delivering a 20MeV
beam of pulse current
20mA, pulse length
1µs at a repetition rateof 1Hz.

Transfer Line - 1• Transfer Line -1 transports 20 MeV electrons fromthe microtron to the synchrotron.

20 MeV - 700 MeV Synchrotron

20 - 700 MeV Synchrotron
The synchrotron consists of six superperiods, each having
a bending magnet and a quadrupole doublet. A multiturninjection scheme has been chosen for injecting 20MeV
electrons extracted from the microtron to the synchrotron.
The scheme requires three kickers to produce acompensated bump. These kickers are located in thestraight section S1, S2 and S6. The synchrotron has aharmonic number of 3 and repetition rate of 1Hz. The
accelerated electrons are extracted using fast kicker in S2
and having a rise time of 40-50ns. During the extraction
process one out of the three bunches is lost and only twobunches are extracted out.

Synchrotron
Synchrotron

βxβy
ηx

8

Lattice Functions (m)

76543
2
10-10

123

Path Length (m)45Energy: 450-700MeV
Beam Current: 30mA (11mA)
Circumference: 28.44m
Bending Field (Max.): 1.32T
Tune point: 2.25, 1.22
(operating at): 2.20, 1.44Beam emittance 450MeV: 8.8x10-8m.rad
700MeV: 2.0x10-7m.rad
Revolution Frequency: 10.54MHz
Harmonic number:3
Momentum Compaction factor : 0.151
Bunch length measured 450MeV: 1.4ns

DCCT signal during ramping in synchrotron

Transfer Line - 2
Two bunches out of
three are extracted outof the synchrotron andare transported at 450
MeV to the Storage
Ring
Indus-1
inTransfer Line - 2.

Storage Ring INDUS-1

INDUS-1 Synchrotron Radiation Source showing Beam Lines

The magnetic lattice of the ring has foursuperperiods each consisting of a dipolemagnet with a field index of 0.5 and two
quadrupole doublets. Each superperiod has
a 1.3m long straight section. The injection
septum and RF cavity are installed insection S1 and S3 respectively. The
injection kicker is installed in section S3.
To correct the natural chromaticity a pairof sextupoles are used in each superperiod.

MAIN PARAMETERS OF INDUS -1

EnergyCurrent
Critical wavelength(λ c)Circumference
Bending radiusSuperperiods
Beam emittance (εx)(εy)

450 MeV
100 mA *61.38 Å (BM)30.69 Å (W)
18.966 m
1.0 m
47.3 x 10-8 m.rad
7.3 x 10-10m.rad(1% coupling assumed)

Beam size (σx)(σy)
Photon flux (λc)

Brightness (λc)

0.28 mm0.07 mm(Centre of BM)
11

7.2 x 10 (BM)
7.2 x 1011 (W)Ph/(s.mrad.0.1 % BW)
3.2 x 1012 (BM)
3.0 x 1012 (W)Ph/(s.mm2.mrad2.0.1%BW)

RF frequency
Harmonic number
Beam lifetime*

31.613 MHz
2
2.0 hours **200 mA stored current achieved.
75 minutes at 100 mA achieved
BM : Bending Magnet (1.5 T ) ;W : 3T Wiggler**

INDUS-1

Lattice Functions (m)86βxβyηx4200123Path Length (m)45Indus-1: Source Brightness
INDUS-1

3T Wiggler

10Dipole

121022

Photons/s/mm /mrad 0.1%BW

1311101010910-210-1

10010

110εp(eV)210310410

Indus-1: Spectral Flux
3T Wiggler
Dipole13

Photons/s/mrad Horz. 0.1%BW

10121011101010910810-2

10-1

10010110εp(eV)210310410

TRA1A : Booster Extraction Kicker pulse
TRA2A : Wall Current Monitor at end of TL-2TRA3A : Injection kicker in Storage ring
TRA4A : WCM showing train of pulses in storage ring section 3

Effect of ion clearing electrode in beam lifetime

Filling of Indus-1
0.10

Filling time 12 minutes for 93mA
INDUS-1 : 08.06.1999

Current (A)

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
13.27513.30013.32513.350Time (Hours)

13.37513.400Filling of Indus-1
Injected Current (mA)

Fast filling of 100mA in 39 seconds on 28.02.2001

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
2002133.000

2133.250
Time (9:33:00Pm to 9:33:50PM)

2133.500

Major Shutdowns1. Leakage in Indus RF Cavity
Shutdown for July - August 2001
2. Water Scarcity in Summer
Shutdown from 13.05.2002 to 31.08.2002
During this shutdown, some works including modifications of beam
position indicators, field measurement of synchrotron magnets andoptimisation of the microtron were undertaken. The machine was put
regular operation on 26th of September 2002.
Under performance of Microtron ~ < 10mA and many times changeof CathodeIndus-1 in operation: 18 Nov 2002

Indus-1 in operation: 03 Dec 2002

Indus-1 operation: Beam lifetime in Dec 2002
Beam life time (minutes)

9080

Ion Clearing voltage
1 kV-1.0 kV
Off706050
4010090807060

Beam current (mA)

5040

Indus-1 operation: Vacuum in Dec 2002
Ion Clearing Electrode-9Vacuum (10 mbar)

2520
15+1kV

BAG1
BAG2
BAG3
BAG4-1kV

1050160

14012010080

Beam Current(mA)

6040

Logging of Beam Current

Conclusions

The beam lifetime in Indus-1 is mainly determinedby the vacuum of the ring and particularly that ofthe cavity section (BAG4). The lifetime will
improve further as the ampere-hour operationincreases. The earlier maximum lifetime achieved
is 75 minutes.