Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol. 24 (issue 8), Art 227, pp. 2049 - 2056, August 2024
online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES

Original Article
Petanque athletes' shooting skills:
Hand eye coordination, concentration and arm length
ZULBAHRI1, RULLY EFFENDI2, NURUL IHSAN3, ARDO OKILANDA4, ALDO NAZA PUTRA5, DONALSYAFRIANTO6
1.3.5
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang,
INDONESIA
2.6
Department of Health & Recreation, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang,
INDONESIA
4
Department of Sport Coaching, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA
Published online: August 31, 2024
Accepted for publication : August 15, 2024
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2024.08227
Abstract
Problem Formulation and Objectives. Petanque is one of the sports that has become number 1 among thesurrounding community, especially for young and adult athletes, even athletes who are just starting to pursue this
sport. However, petanque has two important procedures that are difficult to master, namely the basic shooting
strategy. This basic shooting method includes eye-hand coordination, concentration, and anthropometricstructure as a precise distance. The core of this study is to discuss whether there is a crucial relationship between
dexterity, focus, and adjustable distance to the capacity of basic shooting procedures in the game of petanque.
Method. A total of twenty adult athletes were selected as the total sample for this associative quantitative study.
The procedures and instruments of this study collected all variable data. Shooting ability (Y) data was obtainedusing the game station shooting test ability with the recorded result being point 1 of the ball throw, according to
the points on the game station shooting resistance with score units. Next, data was obtained for hand eye
coordination (X1) using the tennis ball throwing and catching test. The assessment is determined based on thenumber of balls that can be thrown with the right hand and then caught with the left hand or vice versa according
to the participant's habits for 30 seconds but as many assessment units.. Next, for concentration (X2), data is
obtained using the Grid Concentration Test, the sample value is how many numbers can be connectedsequentially within a predetermined time with a score unit. Next, arm length (X3) was measured using ananthropometer test tool. Assessment of arm length measurements using units of measurement in centimeters(cm). The data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results. Research findings
show that hand eye coordination, concentration and arm length influence the shooting ability of petanqueathletes (p<0.05) with a simultaneous influence of 52.50%. The influence of hand eye coordination is 37.29%,
concentration is 4.02%, and arm length of 13.37%. Of these three factors, hand eye coordination is the dominantfactor that influences an athlete's shooting ability without ignoring other factors (concentration and arm length).
Conclusion. Good hand eye coordination, good concentration and optimal arm length have an impact on theshooting ability of petanque athletes. This examination is supposed to be helpful for mentors, sports educatorsand competitors to assess the significance of these variables to acquire ideal shooting results.
Keywords: Petanque Shooting Skills, Hand Eye Coordination, Concentration, Arm Length
Introduction
Sport is a medium that unites the nation, this activity is an important part that can improve the quality ofhuman life. The competency of young athletes generally comes from structured and targeted coaching (Susantoet al., 2023). In sports, talent is a superior ability that a person has, which is genetic and is largely determined by
the environment in the process of development until it reaches the optimal stage (Bakhtiar et al., 2023).
Socialization and coaching in early childhood to introduce talent development is important (Tonkin & Whitaker,
2021). Petanque is a sport that is able to compete and improve its achievements in every competition (Saputra etal., 2019). Petanque tends to require precision and concentration and does not look at how old the players are,requiring equality and opportunity for each player in every game and competition (Kurniawan et al., 2022). The
competition numbers in the sport of petanque are single, double, triple and team for men, women and evenmixed (Rizal et al., 2021). Excellent physical condition is very important for optimal performance (Zanada et al.,2023). In the sport of petanque, there are two basic techniques that must be truly mastered, namely shooting andpointing (Soemardiawan & Yundarwati, 2024). The pointing technique is an attempt to deliver the ball to thetarget (Setiakarnawijaya et al., 2021) & (Nurhasan et al., 2024), while the shooting technique is an effort to keep
the opponent's ball away from the target (Rizal et al., 2021), this shooting technique is done while standing(Saddle et al., 2021). However, the fact is that not all athletes are able to do this shooting technique.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1049
Corresponding Author: ZULBAHRI, E-mail: zulbahri@fik.unp.ac.id

ZULBAHRI, RULLY EFFENDI, NURUL IHSAN, ARDO OKILANDA, ALDO NAZA PUTRA,DONAL SYAFRIANTO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Experience, number of throws, and composure are factors that influence accuracy in shooting(Przyborowski, 2023). Coordination and concentration are the main elements in carrying out shooting techniques(Phytanza et al., 2022). Therefore, it requires calm, focus and coordination of all body segments (FA Irawan etal., 2024). Human movement is influenced by biomechanical factors, namely knowing the ideal body angle andtorque (Derrick et al., 2020). The magnitude of the angle and torque when throwing and shooting should also
receive more intensive attention, because they are closely related to improving performance and preventing
injury. Concentration focuses all energy on the target (Van Durme et al., 2021), so taking the right picture
requires high concentration. Athletes' anthropometry must also be taken into account, such as arm length(Bonilla et al., 2022). Based on the throwing mechanics in petanque, the main goal is to produce accuracy inthrowing and shooting (Helmi et al., 2024).
This research is necessary because the basic techniques in the sport of petanque are very importantbecause the importance of the basic shooting technique in the sport of petanque is to keep the opponent's boule
away from the jack as far as possible to get a score (Yanti, 2024). Apart from keeping the opponent's ball away,
this basic shooting technique can also be used as pointing if the ball we shoot stops right at the target (FA Irawan
et al., 2022). Furthermore, basic shooting techniques can also be used to set attack or defense patterns (Saddle etal., 2021). Good basic shooting techniques can be a strong foundation for a team to win matches (Lubis et al.,2023).
The solution provided in this research is to see or measure what factors influence basic shooting
techniques in order to get optimal results. For example, coordination, coordination that can be taken or related toshooting, namely hand-eye coordination. Next is concentration, because concentration is the main element in the
success of this shooting technique. Next is anthropometry, in this study the power taken in anthropometry is thelength of the athlete's arm.
Therefore, researchers are interested in conducting this research with the aim of analyzing how much
hand eye coordination, concentration and arm length have a relationship with the basic shooting techniqueabilities of petanque athletes. These findings are important for instructors, coaches, practitioners and athletes in
improving agility.
MethodStudy Design
This study is quantitative and aims to show the relationship between at least two factors. The
relationship used is a causal relationship, consisting of hand-eye coordination (X1), focus/concentration (X2),and arm length/anthropometry (X3) as independent factors and shooting skills (Y) as dependent variables.
Participant
Total sampling was used to collect 20 petanque athletes as samples for this study. The samples for thisstudy were classified as adolescent to adult or senior athletes, the samples were male (n=12) and female (n=8).
They have stated their capacity to follow the standards during the test and participate consciously throughwritten understanding.
Procedures and Instruments
Shooting Ability
Shooting ability is measured using a test shooting game station. This test aims to measure athletes'shooting abilities. The result recorded is point 1 of the ball thrown, according to the point on the shooting gamestation obstacle. (Figure 1)

Figure 1. Points on the shooting game station obstacles
Atelier is a discipline or station. Carreu, specifically the ball goes into the goal, the goal ball appears
and gets 5 points. Reussi is the ball goes into the goal and the goal ball appears and gets 3 points. Well played isthe ball only touches the goal ball and gets 1 point. Manque, which is not hitting the target and gets no points.
The following is the classification of shooting test game stations. (Table 1)

1050---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JPES ® www.efsupit.roZULBAHRI, RULLY EFFENDI, NURUL IHSAN, ARDO OKILANDA, ALDO NAZA PUTRA,DONAL SYAFRIANTO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table 1. Classification of test shooting game stations
Category
Very good
Good
EnoughNot EnoughLess than once

Category
Mean + 1.5 SD More
Mean + 0.5 SD to Mean + 1.5 SD
Mean - 0.5 SD sd Mean + 0.5 SD
Mean - 1.5 SD sd Mean - 0.5 SD
Mean - 1.5 SD not enoughNote: “Score” Unit Results
Hand Eye Coordination
The test instrument used to measure hand eye coordination uses a tennis ball throw and catch test and acircular field with a diameter of 30 cm. The aim is to measure hand-eye coordination. (Figure 2)

Figure 2. Hand Eye Coordination Test
The score is calculated based on the number of balls that can be thrown with the right hand and thencaught with the left hand or vice versa, according to the participant's habits for as many times as possible in 30
seconds. The following is a classification of hand eye coordination tests. (Table 2)
Table 2. Classification of Hand Eye Coordination Tests
Category
Very good
Good
EnoughNot EnoughLess than onceMan
>35
30 – 35
25 – 29
20 – 24
<20

Woman
>30
25 – 30
20 – 24
15 – 19<15

Note: “Score” Unit Results
Concentration
The instrument used to obtain athlete concentration data was carried out using the Grid Concentration
Test. Grid Concentration Test is a form of measuring tool to determine concentration levels using numbers. This
test has a validity of 0.87 and a reliability of 0.96. This test contains the number 100 with 2 digits consisting of
the numbers 00 to 99 which are placed randomly in 10 rows x 10 columns. The sample is given a time of 1
minute or 60 seconds. The sample value is how many numbers can be connected sequentially within thespecified time. Following is the classificationGrid Concentration Test. (Table 3)
Table 3. Classification of Grid Concentration Test
No
1
2

Criteria
21 and above
16 – 20

Information
Very goodGood

3

11 – 15

Enough4

6 – 10Not Enough5

5 and below

Less than once

Note: “Score” Unit Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1051
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Collecting arm length data is done using an anthropometer or meter test tool which aims to measure arm
length. The validity used is content validity, by calibrating measuring instruments with the Meterological
Agency. The assessment of arm length measurements uses units of measurement in centimeters (cm).
Statistic analysis
Information were investigated utilizing expressive insights to decide the characterization level of eachexamination variable. Connection and relapse examination are then used to demonstrate the connection between
factors. All stages were examined utilizing IBM SPSS variant 24.
Results
The description of information aims to describe the quality of testing and estimation of each variable.
With the aim that the level/order is known. Table 4 shows the average and standard deviation of shooting ability
scores of17.17 ± 2.98for male athletes and female athletes17.00 ± 2.67. Hand eye coordination in maleathletes19.83 ± 0.58 and in female athletes it is equal to19.88 ± 1.13. Concentration for male athletes was 11.33 ±0.89 while for female athletes it was 12.13 ± 0.64. Furthermore, arm length for male athletes is 72.25 ± 1.86 andfor female athletes it is 73.00 ± 1.07.
Figure 3 shows that the mean score of women is higher than that of men, as far as hand-eye
coordination capacity, concentration, and arm length are concerned but not regarding shooting skills. The
consequences of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov regularity test and the Linearity Test also show that each variable has
an average and direct delivery (p>0.05) (Table 5). Investigation of connections and relapses were used todetermine the relationship between these factors.
Table 6 shows that hand eye coordination, concentration and arm length have a significant relationshipwith shooting ability both partially and simultaneously (p<0.05). The correlation between hand eye coordinationand shooting ability is 0.598 and the contribution is 37.29%. The correlation between concentration and shooting
ability is 0.557 and the contribution is 4.02%. The correlation between arm length and shooting ability is 0.300
and the contribution is 13.37%. Furthermore, the correlation between eye-hand coordination, concentration andarm length is 0.725 and the contribution is 52.50%.
Figure 4 shows a graphic plot forming a line pattern from bottom left to top right. Therefore, eachvariable has a linear and significant relationship with shooting ability (Y = 2.0956 + 24.498 X1; Y = 0.6392 +
24,546 X2; and Y = 0.6353 + 63.194 X3). Meanwhile, simultaneously obtained the Regression model Y =26.120 + 2.087X1+ 0.262X2+ 0.653X3
Table 4. Descriptive Statistics
GenderMan

Woman

Variable
Shooting (scoring)
Hand Eye Coordination (score)
Concentration (score)
Sleeve Length (cm)Shooting (scoring)
Hand Eye Coordination (score)
Concentration (score)
Sleeve Length (cm)

N
12

8

Minimal
13
18
10
70
12
18
11

Maximum
20
20
13
75
20
22
13

Mean
17,17
19.83
11.33
72.25
17.00
19.88
12,13

Standard Deviation
2.98
0.58
0.89
1.86
2.67
1.13
0.64

72

75

73.00

1.07

Figure 3. Differences in Average Scores Between Men and Women
1052---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JPES ® www.efsupit.roZULBAHRI, RULLY EFFENDI, NURUL IHSAN, ARDO OKILANDA, ALDO NAZA PUTRA,DONAL SYAFRIANTO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table 5. Normality and Linearity Test
Variable

Normality Test (p*)

Linearity Test (p*)

YX1

0.169

0.487

YX2

0.275

0.197

YX3

0.380

0.078

*Data is normally and linearly distributed (p>0.05)
Table 6. Multiple Analysis and Correlation
Variable
Hand Eye Coordination

B
2.0956R

Rsquare

Q

P

0.598

0.3729

3,487

0.003

0.557

0.0402

0.471

0.004

0.300

0.1337

2,175

0.045

0.725

0.525

24,498
Concentration

0.6392
24,546

Sleeve Length

0.635363,194
26,120

Simultaneous

2,087
0.262

0.007

0.653

Note: The dependent variable is abilityshooting, significance (p<0.05). “B” is the regression model; “R” is themagnitude of the relationship; “RSquare” is the contribution amount; “T” is the importance of the relationship;“P” is regression significance.

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Figure 4. Linearity curve, (a) hand eye coordination with shooting ability, (b) concentration with shooting
ability, (c) arm length with shooting ability.
Discussion
These findings show that eye-hand coordination, concentration and arm length affect the shooting
ability of petanque athletes (simultaneous influence of 52.50%). Hand eye coordination has an influence of
37.29%, concentration is 4.02% and arm length is 13.37%. Of these three factors, hand eye coordination is thedominant factor that influences shooting ability, without ignoring other factors (concentration and arm length).
The results of this study are consistent with previous research, reporting that hand eye coordination is very
important for accuracy sports (R. Irawan et al., 2024) And (Haryanto & Amra, 2020).
Previous research also confirmed that, for all sports that involve accuracy, you must have good eyehand coordination (Ellison et al., 2020), good concentration (Purnomo, 2020) and have good anthropometry(Bonilla et al., 2022). Not only that, physical condition also influences the success of accuracy sports (Rogowska
et al., 2022), good motor skills and good balance can also influence the success of accuracy sports (Aminudin etal., 2020) and motivation, both internal and external, can also influence the success of accuracy sports(Rogowska et al., 2022) and (Komaini et al., 2024), as well as good muscle strength (Welis et al., 2024).
Basic shooting technique skills in the sport of petanque are very important (Abdurrahman et al., 2024),
because shooting ability is a determining factor in victory (Canossa et al., 2020), apart from that, shooting
abilities can be used to set attack strategies (Pawarrangan et al., 2024). Shooting ability is also availablebecomespointing if the ball we shoot stops right at the target (Branet et al., nd). The main goal of shooting ability is tokeep the opponent's boule away from the jack as far as possible (Yanti, 2024).
Not only does hand-eye coordination have an influence, concentration also has an influence, although
not as much as hand-eye coordination. This is in line with previous research which states that accuracy sports
such as petanque, archery and shooting really require good concentration to support optimal performance(Uludaug et al., 2021) and (Komarudin et al., 2021). Apart from hand eye coordination and concentration,
previous research also stated that anthropometry, such as the length of an athlete's arms, is also a determining
factor for athletes to achieve optimal performance in accuracy sports (Lima-Borges et al., 2022).
Based on information obtained in the field, the ideal shooting skills of petanque athletes are influenced
by several variables, including hand-eye coordination, concentration, and proper arm length/anthropometry.
However, there are several obstacles that need to be considered in further research. The examples used are still
not uniform, from teenagers to adults so that more varied, more in-depth, and more in-depth examples areneeded. The variables used are still limited, namely hand-eye coordination, concentration, and proper arm
length/anthropometry. Therefore, it is necessary to add several factors that influence the shooting skills of
petanque athletes. Of the three factors, hand-eye coordination is the most dominant factor influencing theshooting ability of petanque athletes, without ignoring other factors (concentration and arm length). This showsthat the shooting ability of petanque athletes is influenced by hand-eye coordination, concentration, and optimalarm length.
Conclusion
Based on these findings we conclude that hand eye coordination, concentration and arm length
influence the shooting ability of petanque athletes (simultaneous effect 52.50%) with significance (p<0,05).
Hand eye coordination has an influence of 37.29%, concentration is 4.02% and arm length is 13.37%.Good handeye coordination, good concentration and optimal arm length have an impact on the shooting ability of petanqueathletes. This research is expected to be useful for coaches, sports instructors and athletes to evaluate theimportance of these factors to obtain optimal shooting ability results.
1054---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JPES ® www.efsupit.roZULBAHRI, RULLY EFFENDI, NURUL IHSAN, ARDO OKILANDA, ALDO NAZA PUTRA,DONAL SYAFRIANTO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Conflict of interest
The authors disclose that there is no conflict of interest.
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