Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol. 24 (issue 8), Art 207, pp. 1868 - 1874, August 2024
online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES

Original Article
Cardiorespiratory and anthropometric parameters in athletes
across various sports
ELENA ROMANOVA1, ANTON VOROZHEIKIN2, ANTON METALNIKOV3, ANDREY GRYAZNYKH4,SAULE MAUKAYEVA5, INNA ZOLOTUKHINA6, LARISA RYZHKOVA7, TATIANA VRACHINSKAYA8,SVETOSLAV GAROV9, ALEXANDER BOLOTIN10, EVGENY PRONIN11, MAXIM ANISIMOV12, DENISKONOVALOV13, MAXIM TKACHENKO14
1
Altai State University, Barnaul, RUSSIA
2
Kaliningrad Institute of Management, Kaliningrad, RUSSIA
3
Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, RUSSIA
4
Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk, RUSSIA
5
Semey Medical University, NCJSC, Semey, KAZAKHSTAN
6
Altai State Pedagogical University, Barnaul, RUSSIA
7The Russian University of Sport "GTSOLIFK", Moscow, RUSSIA
8Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, RUSSIA
9
Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BULGARIA
10Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA
11,12
St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA
13
Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA
14
Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA
Published online: August 31, 2024
Accepted for publication : August 15, 2024
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2024.08207
Abstract:
Current scientific literature does not adequately address the relationship between cardiorespiratory characteristics
and strength capabilities in athletes from different sports disciplines, limiting the full potential of physicalactivity. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the cardiorespiratory system parameters and strength capabilitiesof students involved in both team and cyclic sports. Material and methods: The study involved 31 students intheir 1st to 3rd years at a medical university in Russia. Anthropometric indicators were assessed using floor
scales with a height meter and body mass index calculations. The vegetative balance was studied by recording a
cardiointervalogram lasting at least 5 minutes, for which the hardware and software complex "NS-PolyspectrumNeurosoft" was used. Measurement of lung volumes was carried out using a hardware and software complex
with a pneumotachometric sensor "PC Spirometry Schiller Computer Spirometry System". The following
parameters were analyzed: body length and weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure,muscle strength of both hands, accuracy of muscle efforts of both hands, heart rate variability parameters, andpulmonary ventilation parameters. Results. It was found that students involved in game and cyclic sports havemultidirectional changes in the parameters of muscle effort accuracy, autonomic reactivity, and pulmonary
ventilation. There are differences in the accuracy of muscle efforts for the left hand, which may be due to thespecificity of the game sport. In addition, among representatives of game sports, there is a relative tension ofregulatory mechanisms, accompanied by a predominance of innervation of the sympathetic division of theautonomic nervous system and a decrease in parasympathetic regulation. Representatives of game sports also
have increased activity of the central mechanism of cardiac regulation. This is manifested by differences in theparameters pNN50, MxDMn, SDNN, RMSSD, SI, and LF/HF. Changes in pulmonary ventilation, which are
expressed by shifts in the vital capacity of the lungs and respiratory volume, cause a more intensive increase in
the elasticity of the lungs among representatives of cyclic sports. The study of correlation dependencies between
the studied indicators demonstrated some features in groups of different sports. Conclusions. The specificity ofthe sport can affect the dynamics of changes in the indicators of dynamometry, vegetative balance andpulmonary ventilation. The identified features must be taken into account when organizing the educational andtraining process, which will increase its effectiveness.
Key Words: sports training, anthropometric parameters, vegetative balance, game sports, cyclic sports
Introduction
Human sports activity is a specific type of motor activity that is associated with the activation of the
body's reserve and adaptive capabilities (Venevtseva et al., 2023). The influence of training and competitive
loads causes shifts in homeostasis and specific adaptive changes in physiological functions (Djaoui et al., 2017;
Tiwari et al., 2021; Kolokoltsev et al., 2021). It is known that motor activity, first of all, causes changes in the
1868---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Corresponding Author: ELENA ROMANOVA, E-mail: romanovaev.2007@mail.ru

ELENA ROMANOVA, ANTON VOROZHEIKIN, ANTON METALNIKOV, ANDREY GRYAZNYKH, SAULE
MAUKAYEVA, INNA ZOLOTUKHINA, LARISA RYZHKOVA, TATIANA VRACHINSKAYA, SVETOSLAVGAROV, ALEXANDER BOLOTIN, EVGENY PRONIN, MAXIM ANISIMOV, DENIS KONOVALOV,MAXIM TKACHENKO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This is manifested by a change in the autonomic
response of the heart rate, pulmonary and tissue gas exchange (Stark et al., 2011; Allado et al., 2022; Klawitter etal., 2023). These changes in functional characteristics are manifested not only during training, but also during therecovery period and relative rest (Fullagar et al., 2017; Bocharin et al., 2021; Scheer et al., 2022). With regular
exposure to physical activity, a cascade of reactions of the physiological systems of the body occurs, which ismanifested in the expansion of their functional reserves of the body (Marasingha-Arachchige et al., 2020;
Lefaucheur, 2023). Consequently, one of the main factors of successful training and competitive activity of an
athlete is the implementation of periodic monitoring of the functional state of the body and its leading systems,
which ensure optimal adaptive reactions during physical work and recovery (Sikora et al., 2024). The simplest
and most accessible method of monitoring physical activity is the analysis of the dynamics of heart rate
(Christiani et al., 2021).
The fundamental principle of successful physical work is the harmony of functional interactions of thephysiological systems of the body to achieve a certain result. The main life support system of the body is the
cardiorespiratory system, which is considered as an indicator of a certain reactivity of the body (Vitale et al.,2019; Mejia-Mejia et al., 2020; Bocharin et al., 2022) and the state of training of the athlete. For example, shifts
in the parameters of heart rate variability can be considered as a marker of the activity of the autonomic nervous
system, which ensures the functioning of many functional systems of the body (Kataev et al., 2023). The
established disturbances in the autonomic innervation of the heart allow the researcher to characterize the earlysigns of a decrease in the reserve capacity of the body to unfavorable factors of the external or internal
environment (Li Volsi, et al., 2023). Registration of autonomic regulation disorders can diagnose early
cardiovascular pathology (Uhlig et al., 2020), which continues to be a pressing issue in human sports activities
due to severe complications. Analysis of the balance between the parts of the autonomic nervous system can be adiagnostic tool in managing the training process and helps prevent the development of pathological processes inthe body that are associated with physical activity (Flatt et al., 2020). Assessing the level of functional state, as
an integral component of human physical health, can be considered an important part of a comprehensive
assessment of his motor culture (Snezhitsky et al., 2022).
A timely response to a stress factor in the form of physical activity is manifested in a change in theactivity of the autonomic regulation and respiratory system, which is ensured by changes in regulatory
mechanisms (Maffiuletti et al., 2016). Studies of autonomic reactivity and pulmonary ventilation indicators arenecessary to study the adequacy of the proposed physical activity, monitor compensatory reactions andfunctional changes in the body of the athlete. At the same time, in the training process, it is important to monitor
the strength capabilities of the body, which can be realized using the dynamometry procedure (Pronin et al.,2023). In our opinion, insufficient coverage in the scientific literature of the relationship between
cardiorespiratory characteristics and strength abilities of athletes in various areas of sports activity does not allow
the full use of the potential of training loads. We believe that the definition of correlation relationships between
these indicators can allow us to more deeply reveal the mechanisms of the total effect of regulatory effects for
personalization of the training process and monitoring adequate functional changes in the body during physicalwork.
Purpose. To evaluate the characteristics of the parameters of the cardiorespiratory system and strength
capabilities of students involved in game and cyclic sports.
Material & methods
31 students of the Medical University of Altai region (Russia) took part in the study. The average age ofthe young men was 18.8±1.7 years. The participants in the experiment had sports training in the chosen sport andwere members of the university's national sports teams. According to their health status, they had the main group(I functional group) for physical education and sports. The observed young men were divided into 2 groups:
students - athletes of game sports (n=19) and students - athletes of cyclic sports (n=12).
Before participating in the study, all volunteers signed an informed voluntary consent and could refuse
to continue participating in the experiment at any time. The study does not contradict the ethical principles of the2008 Helsinki Declaration, which apply to medical and biological experiments involving humans.
All observed athletes were determined for length (BL, cm) and body weight (BW, kg), body mass index(BMI, kg / m2), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP, mm Hg), muscle strength of the right and left
hands (kg), accuracy of muscle efforts for the right and left hands (AME, points). To calculate anthropometricindicators, floor scales with a height meter and the ability to calculate the body mass index VMEN-200-50 / 100ST-A (Russia) were used. To determine the strength of the hand muscles, an electronic hand dynamometer
DMER-120-0.5-D (Russia) was used. The calculation of the accuracy of muscle efforts was carried out using theformula: AME = (MU1: 2 – MU2) x 100%, where AME is the accuracy of muscle efforts, ML1 is the firstmuscle load, ML2 is the second muscle load. The results were assessed using a five-point scale (Mandrikov, &Mitsulina 2006). The vegetative balance of cardiac activity was studied based on the results of recording
cardiointervalograms of athletes lasting at least 5 minutes. The hardware and software complex "NS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1869
JPES ® www.efsupit.roELENA ROMANOVA, ANTON VOROZHEIKIN, ANTON METALNIKOV, ANDREY GRYAZNYKH, SAULE
MAUKAYEVA, INNA ZOLOTUKHINA, LARISA RYZHKOVA, TATIANA VRACHINSKAYA, SVETOSLAVGAROV, ALEXANDER BOLOTIN, EVGENY PRONIN, MAXIM ANISIMOV, DENIS KONOVALOV,MAXIM TKACHENKO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Polyspectrum-Neurosoft" (Russia) was used. The ECG signal was recorded in the second standard lead, in thesupine position. The study was conducted in a quiet room, in the complete absence of extraneous stimuli, thesubject was in a state of relative physiological rest. The lung volumes were measured using a hardware andsoftware complex with a pneumotachometric sensor "PC Spirometry Schiller Computer Spirometry System"(Switzerland).
The heart rate variability indices were assessed using the following parameters: pNN50 (%), SDNN(ms), RMSSD (ms), MxDMn (ms), SI (con. un.), LF/HF (con. un.), as well as the pulmonary ventilation
parameters: inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes (IRV, ERV, liter), vital capacity of the lungs (SVC, liter)
and tidal volume (TV, liter).
Statistical processing was performed using Excel tables and the Statistica program. The arithmetic mean(M) was determined, and the standard error of the mean (m) was calculated. The normality of the sample
distribution was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk criteria. Due to the lack ofnormality in the distribution of the sample in this study, the reliability of differences between different observed
groups was tested using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The analysis of relationships between the characteristics
under study was performed using the nonparametric Spearman correlation test. Differences were considered
statistically significant at p<0.05.
Results
At the initial stage of the study, the main anthropometric indicators, features of strength characteristics
and accuracy of muscle efforts, as well as indicators of autonomic reactivity and pulmonary ventilation inathletes of different training orientations were analyzed, Table 1.
Analysis of anthropometric parameters did not reveal statistically significant differences in the values ofbody length and weight indicators, as well as body mass index between athletes of both groups (p> 0.05).
Table 1. Values of anthropometric indicators, accuracy of muscle efforts, heart rate variability
parameters and pulmonary capacity in students involved in game and cyclic sports, M±m
Type of sport
Indicator
Body length, cm
Body weight, kg
Body mass index, kg/m2
SBP, millimeters of mercury
DBP, millimeters of mercury
Right hand strength, hLeft hand strength, h
The accuracy of muscle effort of the right hand, %The accuracy of muscle effort of the left hand, %pNN50, %HR, beats/min
SDNN, ms
RMSSD, ms
MxDMn, ms
SI, con. un.
LF/HF, con. un.
IRV, lERV,lSVC, lTV, lGame(n=19)
179.4±7.7
77.6±8.723.2±2.9
132.2±13.2
73.8±10.751.4±6.7
50.8±7.1
0.12±0.03
0.12±0.03
25.2±21.5
86.8±18.1
43.4±15.045.3±18.2
208.2±56.9
188.4±137.8
1.7±0.7
1.7±0.8
1.6±1.2
4.4±0.9
1.1±0.5

Cyclic(n=12)
181.4±3.7
80.2±13.0
24.4±3.5
134.5±15.3
75.8±7.850.5±10.0
29.3±12.5*
0.11±0.04
0.12±0.03
41.2±23.7*
77.8±12.4*
51.5±13.1*
56.0±21.8*
423.8±144.2*
138.9±72.6
1.5±0.6*
1.7±0.7
1.6±0.75.2±1.6*
1.7±0.5*

Note: * - the reliability of differences between indicators is statistically significant, p<0.05 (Mann-Whitney test)
The strength of the muscles of the right hand is uniform among representatives of both groups (51.4±6.7
h for game players and 50.5±10.0 h for cyclic sports, p>0.05). However, statistically significant differences arenoted for the left hand. In students involved in game sports, the strength of the left hand exceeds similar
characteristics in those involved in cyclic sports by 73.4% (p<0.05). This may be due to the specifics of gamesports, in particular basketball, where an athlete must have equal control over both upper limbs to achieve an
optimal result in a game situation. It is noteworthy that no statistically significant differences were found interms of the accuracy of muscle effort. Athletes from both groups showed results at the level of the maximum
score (the range of relative values among young men from 0 to 6.6%).
When analyzing the results of the study of the vegetative balance using the registration of heart ratevariability, it was found that among representatives of team sports, a tendency was recorded for the
1870---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JPES ® www.efsupit.roELENA ROMANOVA, ANTON VOROZHEIKIN, ANTON METALNIKOV, ANDREY GRYAZNYKH, SAULE
MAUKAYEVA, INNA ZOLOTUKHINA, LARISA RYZHKOVA, TATIANA VRACHINSKAYA, SVETOSLAVGAROV, ALEXANDER BOLOTIN, EVGENY PRONIN, MAXIM ANISIMOV, DENIS KONOVALOV,MAXIM TKACHENKO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------predominance of central regulatory mechanisms relative to students involved in cyclic sports. Thus, the value ofthe pNN50 indicator (the percentage of intervals differing from the average value by 50 ms or more) among
gamers was statistically significantly lower relative to the second group of athletes by 38.8% (p<0.05). In thevariation range of the cardiointerval (MxDMn), a decrease of 50.8% in the value of the indicator is also notedamong representatives of game sports compared to athletes of cyclic sports (208.2±56.9 ms and 423.8±144.2 ms,
respectively, p<0.05).
An increase of 35.6% in the SI index (an integral parameter of the presence or absence of a stress state)
was found in team sports athletes relative to track and field athletes and orienteers (p<0.05). This indicates atendency toward an increase in the degree of stress in the regulatory systems.
The ratio of the values of the low and high frequency spectrum power indicators (LF/HF) differed.
Among basketball players and football players, this ratio was statistically significantly higher than among trackand field athletes and orienteers (1.7±0.7 and 1.5±0.6 con. un, respectively, p<0.05). In addition, the decrease in
the activity of parasympathetic regulation is reflected by the SDNN and RMSSD indicators. Among
representatives of team sports, the SDNN parameter is set at the lower limit of the standard (43.4±15.0 ms), andamong representatives of cyclic sports it is higher and amounted to 51.5±13.1 ms (p<0.05). The RMSSD
indicator value in the group of basketball players and football players was 23.6% lower than in the other groupof subjects. Thus, the structure of heart rate variability indicates an increase in the tension of the regulatory
systems in the group of game-oriented athletes, an increase in sympathetic and neurohumoral regulation, which
may be due to the specifics of the sport and the focus of the training process.
The study of pulmonary ventilation parameters showed multidirectional changes in the parameters of
this functional system. It was found that in athletes of cyclic sports, the value of the vital capacity of the lungs
was 18.2% higher, the respiratory volume was 54.5% higher compared to athletes involved in sports games, p <0.05. In the values of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume indicators, statistically significant differences
between the groups were not found.
At the next stage of the study, correlation relationships were determined between the studied indicators
in each group of student-athletes. In the group of athletes of game sports (Figure 1), positive correlations ofmoderate strength are noted between BMI and systolic blood pressure, accuracy of left hand muscle efforts andrespiratory volume, heart rate-tidal volume-low-to-high frequency power spectrum ratio of the heart rate, SI andrespiratory volume, vital capacity of the lungs and LF/HF, p<0.05.

BL

BW

BMI SBPDBP

LF/HF IRV

ERV

BL

1.00

0.09

-0.19 -0.42

-0.47

0.16

0.16

-0.37

-0.19

-0.06

0.14

-0.04

-0.07

-0.11

0.10

0.05

0.13

0.27

0.44

-0.16

BW

0.09

1.00

0.75

0.29

0.17

0.35

0.13

-0.13

-0.02

0.08

-0.08

-0.01

-0.24

-0.03

0.01

0.37

-0.06

0.07

-0.28

0.54

Right hand strength
Left hand strength
The accuracyTheof accuracy
muscle pNN50
effortof musclerightHRhandeffortSDNN
left hand
RMSSDMxDMnSISVC TV

BMI

-0.19

0.75

1.00

0.59

0.14

-0.08

0.10

0.17

-0.10

0.13

-0.09

0.17

0.14

0.08

-0.27

-0.18 0.34

-0.28

-0.24 -0.17

SBP

-0.42

0.54

0.59

1.00

0.73

-0.21

-0.11

0.03

-0.09

-0.03

0.01

0.07

0.01

0.12

-0.19

0.05

0.20

-0.16

-0.12 -0.20

DBP

-0.47

0.29

0.14

0.73

1.00

-0.25

-0.20

0.34

0.25

-0.14

0.12

-0.15

-0.12

-0.05

0.04

0.23

0.08

-0.01

0.01

Right hand strength

0.16

0.17

-0.08 -0.21

-0.25

1.00

0.83

-0.13

-0.53

0.24

-0.38

0.06

0.26

-0.01

-0.14

-0.08 0.22

0.01

0.04

-0.29

Left hand strength

0.16

0.35

0.10 -0.11

-0.20

0.83

1.00

0.05

-0.49

0.31

-0.20

0.04

0.29

-0.02

0.01

-0.08 0.05

0.16

0.02

-0.35

The accuracy of muscle-0.37
effort right
0.13hand
0.17

-0.08

0.03

0.34

-0.13

0.05

1.00

0.59

0.33

-0.30

0.19

0.29

0.15

-0.13

-0.28 -0.16 -0.17

-0.47

0.06

The accuracy of muscle-0.19
effort left
-0.13
hand-0.10 -0.09

0.25

-0.53

-0.49

0.59

1.00

-0.08

0.06

0.01

-0.12

-0.05

0.08

-0.04 -0.16 -0.28

-0.34

0.52

pNN50

-0.06

-0.02

0.13 -0.03

-0.14

0.24

0.31

0.33

-0.08

1.00

-0.71

0.90

0.99

0.81

-0.75

-0.84 0.15

-0.13

-0.37 -0.41

HR

0.14

0.08

-0.09 0.01

0.12

-0.38

-0.20

-0.30

0.06

-0.71

1.00

-0.68

-0.75

-0.59

0.75

0.65 -0.30

0.37

0.47

SDNN

-0.04

-0.08

0.17

0.07

-0.15

0.06

0.04

0.19

0.01

0.90

-0.68

1.00

0.92

0.92

-0.88

-0.91 0.11

-0.14

-0.37 -0.39

RMSSD

-0.07

-0.01

0.14

0.01

-0.12

0.26

0.29

0.29

-0.12

0.99

-0.75

0.92

1.00

0.84

-0.82

-0.86 0.17

-0.15

-0.38 -0.46

MxDMn

-0.11

-0.24

0.08

0.12

-0.05

-0.01

-0.02

0.15

-0.05

0.81

-0.59

0.92

0.84

1.00

-0.84

-0.79 -0.11 -0.03-0.39 -0.41

SI

0.10

-0.03 -0.27 -0.19

0.04

-0.14

0.01

-0.13

0.08

-0.75

0.75

-0.88

-0.82

-0.84

1.00

0.86 -0.21

0.20

0.38

0.49

LF/HF

0.05

0.01

-0.18 0.05

0.23

-0.08

-0.08

-0.28

-0.04

-0.84

0.65

-0.91

-0.86

-0.79

0.86

1.00 -0.11

0.22

0.46

0.33

IRV

0.13

0.37

0.34

0.20

0.08

0.22

0.05

-0.16

-0.16

0.15

-0.30

0.11

0.17

-0.11

-0.21

-0.11 1.00

-0.52

0.10

-0.02

ERV

0.27

-0.06 -0.28 -0.16

-0.01

0.01

0.16

-0.17

-0.28

-0.13

0.37

-0.14

-0.15

-0.03

0.20

0.22 -0.52

1.00

0.71

-0.58

SVC

0.44

0.07

-0.24 -0.12

0.01

0.04

0.02

-0.47

-0.34

-0.37

0.47

-0.37

-0.38

-0.39

0.38

0.46

0.71

1.00

-0.35

TV

-0.16

-0.28 -0.17 -0.20

-0.08

-0.29

-0.35

0.06

0.52

-0.41

0.33

-0.39

-0.46

-0.41

0.49

0.33 -0.02 -0.58

-0.35

1.00

0.10

0.33

Fig. 1. Correlation matrix of relationships between weight-height parameters, accuracy of muscle efforts,
heart rate variability parameters and lung capacity among students involved in team sports
Positive strong dependencies were recorded between the parameters of body weight and body massindex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the results of dynamometry of the right and left hand, pNN50SDNN-RMSSD-MxDMn indicators, heart rate-SI-LF/HF, expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity of thelungs, p<0.05. Negative correlations of medium strength were found between the dynamometry indicators of thestrength of the hand of the right and left hand - the accuracy of muscle efforts for the left hand, vital capacity of
the lungs and the accuracy of muscle efforts for the right hand, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume,
expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume (p<0.05). Negative correlations of high strength were recorded
between pNN50-HR-SI-LF/HF, SDNN-SI-LF/HF, RMSSD-HR-SI-LF/HF, MxDMn-RMSSD-SDNN (p<0.05).
The results of the correlation analysis in the group of cyclic sports are presented in Figure 2.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1871
JPES ® www.efsupit.roELENA ROMANOVA, ANTON VOROZHEIKIN, ANTON METALNIKOV, ANDREY GRYAZNYKH, SAULE
MAUKAYEVA, INNA ZOLOTUKHINA, LARISA RYZHKOVA, TATIANA VRACHINSKAYA, SVETOSLAVGAROV, ALEXANDER BOLOTIN, EVGENY PRONIN, MAXIM ANISIMOV, DENIS KONOVALOV,MAXIM TKACHENKO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BL

BW

BMI

SBP

DBP

ERV

SVC

TV

BL

1.00

0.57

0.38

0.31

-0.14

Right hand
Leftstrength
handThestrengthaccuracy
The accuracyof muscle
pNN50
ofeffort
muscleHR right
effortSDNN
handleft hand
RMSSD MxDMn SI
0.09

-0.26

-0.32

-0.40

-0.01

0.21

0.06

-0.25

-0.15

-0.23

LF/HF
-0.12

IRV
0.10

0.31

0.47

-0.07

BW

0.57

1.00

0.98

0.21

-0.07

0.70

0.25

-0.07

-0.71

-0.30

0.05

0.11

-0.33

0.09

-0.17

0.00

0.47

0.29

0.65

0.20

BMI

0.38

0.98

1.00

0.16

-0.05

0.76

0.34

0.00

-0.69

-0.33

0.01

0.13

-0.29

0.15

-0.14

0.02

0.50

0.24

0.61

0.23

SBP

0.31

0.21

0.16

1.00

0.41

-0.25

-0.39

-0.33

-0.30

-0.34

0.43

-0.21

-0.59

-0.25

0.26

0.06

0.27

-0.47

0.06

0.38

DBP

-0.14

-0.07

-0.05

0.41

1.00

0.19

0.32

0.28

0.17

-0.02

-0.18

-0.08

-0.10

-0.56

0.08

-0.09

0.33

-0.27

-0.44

0.48

Right hand strength

0.09

0.70

0.76

-0.25

0.19

1.00

0.61

0.18

-0.43

-0.17

-0.21

0.04

-0.08

0.00

-0.08

0.16

0.56

0.26

0.24

0.25

Left hand strength

-0.26

0.25

0.34

-0.39

0.32

0.61

1.00

0.88

0.26

-0.10

-0.64

0.10

0.08

0.17

-0.20

-0.07

0.25

0.27

0.10

0.21

The accuracy of muscle effort-0.32 right-0.07
hand0.00

-0.33

0.28

0.18

0.88

1.00

0.56

-0.02

-0.65

0.14

0.16

0.22

-0.23

-0.22

-0.01

0.17

-0.01

0.05

The accuracy of muscle effort-0.40 left-0.71
hand -0.69

-0.30

0.17

-0.43

0.26

0.56

1.00

0.12

-0.37

-0.07

0.25

0.03

-0.18

-0.11

-0.09

-0.10

-0.27

-0.18

pNN50

-0.01

-0.30

-0.33

-0.34

-0.02

-0.17

-0.10

-0.02

0.12

1.00

-0.53

0.74

0.89

-0.04

-0.54

-0.67

-0.38

0.50

-0.08

-0.65

HR

0.21

0.05

0.01

0.43

-0.18

-0.21

-0.64

-0.65

-0.37

-0.53

1.00

-0.50

-0.55

0.07

0.40

0.48

0.06

-0.69

-0.26

0.20

SDNN

0.06

0.11

0.13

-0.21

-0.08

0.04

0.10

0.14

-0.07

0.74

-0.50

1.00

0.78

0.08

-0.69

-0.92

-0.25

0.40

0.30

-0.66

RMSSD

-0.25

-0.33

-0.29

-0.59

-0.10

-0.08

0.08

0.16

0.25

0.89

-0.55

0.78

1.00

0.04

-0.60

-0.72

-0.39

0.43

-0.12

-0.69

MxDMn

-0.15

0.09

0.15

-0.25

-0.56

0.00

0.17

0.22

0.03

-0.04

0.07

0.08

0.04

1.00

-0.24

0.13

0.06

-0.05

0.19

-0.38

SI

-0.23

-0.17

-0.14

0.26

0.08

-0.08

-0.20

-0.23

-0.18

-0.54

0.40

-0.69

-0.60

-0.24

1.00

0.68

-0.02

-0.44

-0.35

0.46

LF/HF

-0.12

0.00

0.02

0.06

-0.09

0.16

-0.07

-0.22

-0.11

-0.67

0.48

-0.92

-0.72

0.13

0.68

1.00

0.33

-0.34

-0.21

0.54

IRV

0.10

0.47

0.50

0.27

0.33

0.56

0.25

-0.01

-0.09

-0.38

0.06

-0.25

-0.39

0.06

-0.02

0.33

1.00

-0.21

0.25

0.21

ERV

0.31

0.29

0.24

-0.47

-0.27

0.26

0.27

0.17

-0.10

0.50

-0.69

0.40

0.43

-0.05

-0.44

-0.34

-0.21

1.00

0.51

-0.19

SVC

0.47

0.65

0.61

0.06

-0.44

0.24

0.10

-0.01

-0.27

-0.08

-0.26

0.30

-0.12

0.19

-0.35

-0.21

0.25

0.51

1.00

-0.16

TV

-0.07 0.20 0.23 0.38 0.48

0.25

0.21

0.05

-0.18

-0.65 0.20

-0.66

-0.69

-0.38

0.46

0.54

0.21

-0.19 -0.16 1.00

Fig. 2. Correlation matrix of relationships between weight-height parameters, accuracy of muscle efforts,
heart rate variability parameters and lung capacities among students involved in cyclic sports
Positive correlations of moderate strength are present between the parameters of body length andweight, body weight-inspiratory reserve volume-vital capacity of the lungs, BMI-inspiratory reserve volumevital capacity of the lungs, HR-systolic blood pressure, dynamometry of the strength of the right and left hand,accuracy of muscle efforts of the right and left hand, HR-LF/HF, pNN50-expiratory reserve volume-RMSSD,
SI-LF/HF-tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume-vital capacity of the lungs (p<0.05). High-strength
relationships were found between body weight-BMI, BMI-right hand muscle strength, left hand muscle strengthright hand muscle effort accuracy, pNN50-RMSSD, SDNN-RMSSD (p<0.05).
Negative medium-strength correlations were observed between body length-left hand muscle effort
accuracy, systolic blood pressure-RMSSD, diastolic blood pressure-MxDMn, HR-left hand muscle strength-righthand muscle effort accuracy, pNN50-LF/HF, HR-expiratory reserve volume, SDNN-HR, SDNN-SI, SDNN-tidal
volume, pNN50-RMSSD, pNN50-tidal volume (p<0.05). Inverse relationships of high strength are noted
between the parameters of body mass-accuracy of muscular efforts of the left hand, SDNN-LF/HF, RMSSDLF/HF (p<0.05).
Dicussion
A constant increase in the volume and intensity of training loads requires the creation of functional
characteristics of individuals involved in sports, depending on their sports specialization (Fernández-Lázaro D etal., 2021). Adaptive reactions of the body during physical work are provided by compensatory shifts, primarily
among the indicators of the cardiorespiratory system (Vitale et al., 2019; Mejia-Mejia et al., 2020). The physicalperformance of the body of a person involved in sports is associated with structural changes and improvement ofregulatory mechanisms at all levels of functioning (Stark et al., 2011; Allado et al., 2022; Klawitter et al., 2023).
Disturbances in the functioning of the circulatory system, respiratory system and autonomic regulation can leadto a decrease in performance and the emergence of pre-clinical and premorbid conditions. This is indicated by
the studies of a number of authors (Flatt et al., 2020; Vorozheikin et al., 2020). Thus, there is a need to search for
information on the patterns of restructuring of the autonomic regulation and the respiratory system during theimpact of training loads of various directions, depending on the period and stage of the training and competitive
processes, which necessitates research in this area. It has been established that students involved in game andcyclic sports have multidirectional changes in the indicators of the accuracy of muscle efforts, autonomic
reactivity and pulmonary ventilation. There are differences in the accuracy of muscle efforts for the left hand,which may be due to the specificity of a certain type of motor activity in various sports. In addition, among
representatives of game sports, there is a relative tension of regulatory mechanisms, accompanied by an increasein the tone of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and a decrease in parasympathetic
regulation, as well as an increase in the activity of the central circuit of heart rate regulation. This is manifested
by differences in the values of the pNN50, MxDMn, SDNN, RMSSD, SI and LF/HF indicators.
Our results of the analysis of heart rate variability parameters in student-athletes are consistent with thefindings of other researchers, who indicate that in cases of disturbances in cardiac activity, its regulation throughcentral control mechanisms increases and autonomy decreases (Hayano et al., 2019). At the same time, the more
centralized the neurohumoral mechanism of cardiac activity control, the more difficult it is for a person to adapt
to physical activity. This condition occurs in an athlete in case of overexertion or overtraining of the body
(Jiménez Morgan, & Molina Mora, 2017). The importance of monitoring cardiac activity and the features of its
1872---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JPES ® www.efsupit.roELENA ROMANOVA, ANTON VOROZHEIKIN, ANTON METALNIKOV, ANDREY GRYAZNYKH, SAULE
MAUKAYEVA, INNA ZOLOTUKHINA, LARISA RYZHKOVA, TATIANA VRACHINSKAYA, SVETOSLAVGAROV, ALEXANDER BOLOTIN, EVGENY PRONIN, MAXIM ANISIMOV, DENIS KONOVALOV,MAXIM TKACHENKO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------regulation is very important for student-athletes who experience not only significant physical exertion during
sports, but also the impact of the educational process. We believe that the results of this study allow us toindividualize the training process, which helps maintain the health of athletes.
The changes in pulmonary ventilation revealed during the study, which are expressed by shifts in thevital capacity of the lungs and tidal volume, cause a more intensive increase in the elasticity of the lungs among
representatives of cyclic sports. It should be noted that sports that are associated with the formation of the motor
quality of endurance are accompanied by increased pulmonary ventilation. This leads to an increase in theelasticity of the lung tissue and contributes to an increase in the strength of the respiratory muscles of the chestand diaphragm under the influence of regular training (Baranova, & Kapilevich, 2013). These data are consistent
with the results of our study of pulmonary gas exchange. Representatives of sports associated with the formationof endurance have a higher value of VC and tidal volume of the lungs, which may be associated with a more
intensive increase in the elasticity of the lungs and the strength of the respiratory muscles due to cyclic loads insuch athletes. The study of correlation dependencies between the studied indicators of the cardiorespiratory
system, strength abilities demonstrated some features in groups of students who practice different sports. The
identified features of the relationship between the parameters studied allow the coaching staff to carry out moreindividualized educational and training work taking into account the type of sport and the state of the
cardiorespiratory system, strength abilities, precision of muscle effort and other indicators.
Conclusions
It was found that student-athletes of team sports are characterized by a more stable distribution ofmuscle strength in the upper limbs, compared to representatives of cyclic sports, where the muscle strength ofthe left arm was recorded at a lower value of the dynamometry indicator, p < 0.05.
Analysis of the results of the study of the vegetative balance of the heart rhythm demonstrated thepresence of relative tension of the regulatory systems, increased sympathetic activity and neurohumoral
regulation, as well as a decrease in the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system in athletes of team sports
compared to representatives of cyclic sports. This may be due to the specificity of the sport and thecharacteristics of the training process.
In the group of student-athletes of cyclic sports, higher values of the external respiration system were
established. This indicates a more intensive increase in the elasticity of the lung tissue, the strength of therespiratory muscles due to the impact of the specificity of the training process in this group of examined studentathletes. The identified features of the cardiorespiratory system and anthropometric indicators must be taken into
account when organizing the training process for athletes of various sports specializations, which will improve
its effectiveness.
Conflicts of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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