JSC Sanitation KnowledgeHub, Japan
Regional Water Knowledge Hub for Sanitation

2ND CONTACT MISSION TO INDONESIA (22-27 FEBRUARY, 2010)
MISSION REPORTJAPAN-INDONESIA SEMINAR ON SEWERAGE AND WATER ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
Jakarta, Tuesday 23 February 2010

SEMINAR OUTLINE
PurposeThe aim of the seminar was to foster good relations between Japan and Indonesia,
exchange information on sewerage and water environment systems, and to support
Indonesia in its efforts to develop the wastewater management sector. For policy
establishment, Japanese organizational, institutional and legal structures were introduced,
as well as the technologies that ensure successful wastewater/night soil and sludge
treatment in Japan.

Organizing Committee
The seminar was jointly organized by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport andTourism (MLIT-Japan), the Ministry of the Environment (MOE-Japan), and was hosted by
the Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia.

Speakers ListJapan
Mr. Yoshiaki Nanami, Director of International Policy Unit, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism (MLIT)
Mr. Kazuhide Sasaki, Director for Watershed Management, Sewerage and Wastewater
Management Department (MLIT)
Mr. Kazuhisa Matsuda, Officer Promotion of Johkasou, Waste Management and Recycling
Department, Ministry of the Environment (MOE)
Mr. Kazushi Hashimoto, Advisor for the Japan Sanitation Consortium (JSC)1

Dr. Xinmi Yang, Member of JSC
Mr. Takehiko Kawai, Director of JSC
Mr. Yoshio Kanto, Japan Global Center for Urban Sanitation (GCUS)
Indonesia
Mr. Ir. Budi Yuwono Prawirosudirdjo, Director General of Human Settlements, Ministry of
Public Works (MPW)Mr. Susmono, Director of Environmental Sanitation Development, Directorate General of
Human Settlements (MPW)
Mr. Abimanyu, FORKALIM (a forum established under PERPAMSI – association of watercompanies – to promote a dialogue among the stakeholders in urban sanitation)

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATIONS
Mr. Susmono, MPW Indonesia
According to Mr. Susmono, urgent challenges to tackle are open defecation, garbage throwninto drainage channels causing clogging problems, untreated industrial wastewater
discharge, washing or bathing into polluted rivers, and illegal sludge dumping into rivers.
Currently, 75 % of rivers are contaminated and 70% of underground water is not available
for drinking. Consequently, every year 50 babies out of 1000 die of diarrhea before reaching
the age of five. Economic loss caused by such conditions is estimated at 5.6 billion US
dollars a year, which corresponds to 2.3% of Indonesia GDP.
The Government of Indonesia is promoting small scale decentralized wastewater
treatment systems through a community-based system called SANIMAS. SANIMAS isoperated and managed by communities and has been implemented in 97 areas in the
country, as of 2009.
The remaining needs for sanitation improvement are listed below:•

Establishment of laws and regulations•

Capacity building•

Promotion of public awareness campaigns•

Choice or combination of wastewater technologies•

Human resources•

Financing

Mr. Abimanyu, FORKALIM Indonesia
The sewerage system in Surakarta city is targeting 23,000 House Connections, which would
serve 22% of the total population by 2015, and would meet the Millennium Development

2

Goals (10,933 houses are currently connected). In Surakarta city, 89% of the wastewater
discharged comes from households, 7% from small-scale buildings and 4% from hospitals
and industries. The wastewater treatment facility is the Semanggi Wastewater Treatment
Plant. Before 2008, this plant had a treatment capacity of 2,600m³/day, which has been
modified since to reach 5,200m³/day. Wastewater treatment is done through anaerobic filter
bed process. The effluent BOD is 31 mg/l (for an influent of 64 mg/l), and the effluent COD is
80 mg/l (for an influent of 198mg/l).

Introduction of Legal System and Technologies from Japan
Mr. Kazuhide Sasaki, MLIT
Mr. Sasaki introduced the legal and financing systems for sewerage management in Japan.
He also explained how is operated the regional sewerage system (owned by prefectures)and the public sewerage connected to the regional sewerage system (owned by cities andtowns). Mr. Sasaki finally detailed a comprehensive countermeasure plan for seweragesystems in the event of floods.

Mr. Kazuhisa Matsuda, MOE
Mr. Matsuda described the history of night soil management and decentralized wastewater
treatment systems in Japan, and also the current situation. He presented the Japanese legal
structure for on-site systems, emphasizing on the Johkasou Law and the Building Standards
Law.

Mr. Kazushi Hashimoto, Advisor of JSC
In his presentation, Mr. Hashimoto explained how Japan tackled environmental pollution
issues, with sanitation improvement and expansion through a variety of types and an
appropriate combination of on-site/off-site wastewater and night soil treatment systems.
Finally, he explained the role of JSC as Water Knowledge Hub for Sanitation.

Dr. Xinmi Yang, Member of JSC
Dr. Yang introduced Japanese technologies (johkasou) for decentralized wastewater
treatment. He detailed the operation and maintenance system, as well as the inspection
procedures done by public agencies. Finally, Dr. Yang highlighted the key points to maintainthe wastewater treatment level of johkasou.

Mr. Takehiko Kawai, Director of JSC
Mr. Kawai presented Japan’s approach to wastewater reclamation/reuse and sludge

3recycling. Applications of wastewater reuse have been introduced, such as water resources
recharge, industrial uses, agricultural irrigation, environmental uses for amenity
enhancement in urban areas, mitigation measures for extreme climate conditions or
disasters, but also the related problems. The advanced treatment technologies and process
required to allow wastewater reclamation have been described as well.
Finally, Mr. Kawai introduced various utilizations of recycled sludge, such ascomposting and as a cement material for industrial purpose.

Q & A SESSION
The following questions were asked during the seminar:
1. How do inhabitants pay the sewerage charge in Indonesia: per month, per person or per
household?
There are many payment systems for sewerage depending on the municipalities.
Generally, each household pay 6,000 to 10,000 rupiah per month and 100,000 rupiah
per month for business institutions, which is about 30% of the charge for water supply.
2. How is the rate of the sewerage charge calculated? Is it based on the income of a typeof community or the payment ability in Indonesia? ... No answer.
3. How is split the sewerage cost between the Central and Local Governments inIndonesia?
Though it is not legally stipulated, the Central Government subsidizes Local
Governments for capital cost.
4. In the sewerage charge billed in Japan, what is the amount paid by municipalities andconsumers?
The Sewerage Law obliges each householder to pay the sewerage charge.
5. What are the possible applications of recycled sludge?
Recycled sludge can be used as compost for agriculture or as a cement material.
6. In Japan, is there a regulation to oblige the replacement of tandoku-shori johkasou(black water treatment only) by gappei-shori johkasou (black and grey water treatment)?
Even if its manufacture and installation are prohibited by the Johkasou Law since 2001,
there is no regulation to accelerate the replacement of existing tandoku-shori johkasou
in Japan.
7. What are the issues to introduce Japanese johkasou technologies in Indonesia?
As Japanese johkasou manufacturers have invested for its technological development,
they own the patents for its production. A license must be obtained to build johkasou inIndonesia.
8. What are the suited areas for johkasou and for sewerage systems implementation?

4

As installation cost refers to the cost per capita, the sewerage system is normallyadvantageous in densely populated areas. Therefore in Japan, density is the main factor
to select centralized (sewerage) or decentralized (johkasou) systems. However, as
Indonesia and Japan have different characteristics, it is difficult to exactly apply inIndonesia what has been done in Japan. Prior assessment in specific areas must be
conducted carefully.
9. Four keys to solve sanitation problems were mentioned, which one is the mostimportant?
There are four keys that have been successful in Japan for sanitation improvement:•high coverage rate of Japan’s sanitation services was obtained by an ideal
combination of on-site and off-site systems;•

central government’s financial support;•

regulations and standards establishment;•

hygiene education.

The most important key is the political determination to implement a sanitation policy.
Japan has been spending almost 1% of its GNP for sanitation by both public and private
sector which is equivalent to Japan’s defense budget.

REQUIREMENTS FOR INDONESIA
Monitoring
Wastewater treatment technologies are closely related to regulations on effluent water
quality. Available data of public water body in Indonesia is limited and monitoring needs tobe regularly carried out. To be valid, data must be collected based on the same criteria. Data
gathering on water quality would enable the definition of new standards for wastewater
treatment, standards that would allow a better protection of water resources.

Items to Consider for Provincial/Municipal Master Plan
Before establishing a program for sanitation improvement, it is essential to define thefollowing items for formulating a Provincial/Municipal Master Plan:•

selection of sewered areas•

establishment of improvement goals•

determination of a sanitation roadmap

Preparation of National Policy for Sanitation
Indonesia needs assistance for establishing of organizing legal and financing systems,
human resources, as well as raising public awareness.

5

JSC ASSISTANCE PROPOSAL
To enable effective investment for sanitation improvement, JSC’s assistance proposal
consists of the four following tasks. To allow revision, updates and enhancement, it isessential to carry out these tasks in a concrete project.

1. Technical Assistance for Water Quality Monitoring
With the experience accumulated in Japan, JSC can provide Indonesian authorities
technical assistance in monitoring system and criteria definition, which would enable thedetermination of appropriate standards for environmental and health protection. This work
could be done in collaboration with academic and research institutions in Indonesia.

2. Technical Assistance for Standard Setting
From monitoring, JSC could also assist the Government of Indonesia in setting
environmental and wastewater discharge standards and provide advice on suitable
technologies to attain these standards.

3. Advice for Technological Improvement of Existing Wastewater and Night
Soil/Sludge Treatment Facilities
JSC could offer ways to upgrade the existing wastewater and night soil/sludge treatment
facilities and to develop SANIMAS system, with for instance the stabilization of wastewater
effluent quality, regardless to the amount of wastewater conveyed before treatment.

4. Capacity Building for Night Soil Collection System and Charge Collection
SystemTo prevent illegal dumping into rivers and promote cost recovery for operation andmaintenance of wastewater treatment facilities, JSC could establish a sustainable system
for night soil and charge collection, which would be both socially and financially acceptablefor communities. To properly do so, JSC wishes to reorganize and involve more the private
sector.

6

DENPASAR SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (DSDP), BALI
Meeting with Mr. Wayan Budiarsa, Chief of DSDP, Bali Public Works Department(Cipta Karya)
Bali Island, Thursday 25 February 2010
BACKGROUND
The sewerage and sanitation facilities are still at a development stage in Indonesia but theIndonesian Government has enhanced, through the Settlement Sanitation Development
Acceleration Program (PPSP) developed in the new National Mid-term Development
Program (RPJMN, 2010-2014), the commitment initiated in the previous five-year plan to
improve sanitation services, public health and environmental conditions. The acceleration ofsanitation development includes the diffusion of off-site sewerage treatment systems inlarge metropolitan areas, moving from eleven (11) cities already equipped with such system
to sixteen (16) by 2014. The Government of Indonesia has planned to invest approximately
6.4 trillion rupiah taken from the National Budget and 1 trillion rupiah taken from the Local
Government Budget to improve the existing sewerage system of cities such as Medan,
Jakarta, Bandung, Cirebon, Jogyakarta, Solo, Denpasar, Banjarmasin and Tangerang. Five(5) cities are targeted for new development of sewerage system: Palembang, Surabaya,
Malang, Makassar and Batam, with allocated funds of an amount of 2 trillion rupiah takenfrom the National Budget, and 248 billion rupiah taken from the Local Government Budget.
The success of this plan strongly depends on the priority given to sanitation and the creationof proper regulations/policy with the enactment of the Wastewater Law (expected for 2011).

SUMMARY OF DENPASAR SEWERAGE SYSTEM, BALI
Description
The Denpasar Sewerage Development Project (DSDP) was established to ameliorate thesanitary environment and water quality (beaches, rivers and groundwater) in Bali Island, andalso improve its image for international tourism. This project includes the construction of thewastewater treatment facilities in Denpasar (residential area), Sanur (half business and half
residential area) and Kuta-Legian-Seminyak (business area) districts. In these areas, theurgency for sewerage development was particularly important, as the tourist industry ishighly developed and the concentration of commercial facilities such as hotels, restaurants,
and stores generates a large quantity of polluted water that was formerly discharged towaterways and the sea, thus becoming a growing environmental concern.
The DSDP Master Plan and Feasibility Study have been conducted in 1992-1993,
in collaboration with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the findings7were used to determine the sewer service area. The loan for the first phase of DSDP wasconcluded in November 1994, with the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). It
covered the implementation of sewer pipes, pumping stations, and wastewater treatment
facilities. House connections have been financed by the Local Government. Construction
has been planned in three (3) phases, with phase I, starting in 2004 and completed in 2007.
After the second JBIC loan agreement in March 2008, phase II implementation started in2009 and is still presently in progress (this project is expected to be completed by April 2012
with house connections achieved by September 2013). The third phase of the DSDP iscurrently under discussion with JICA.

Coverage and Connections
About 10,000 house connections, serving approximately 100,000 consumers, have been
installed during DSDP phase I, for a total coverage area of 1,145 ha and a total sewer lengthof approximately 130 km. About 7,200 house connections targeting 50,000 people areplanned to be serviced during phase II, for a total coverage area of 805 ha and with 90 km ofsewer pipes installed to this day. With more than 300,000 sewered people, the third phase is
expected to involve more connections than both phase I and phase II combined. If DSDP II
and III construction goes as expected, the sewerage development project should service
after completion about half of the population of Denpasar, Kuta-Legian-Seminyak andSanur.
Depending on the area and space available, sewer pipes were installed using theOpen Cut Method or the Pipe Jacking Method (first project using this method in Indonesia).
This last method offered the advantage of low disturbance during pipe implementation,
especially in narrow residential areas.

Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Wastewater treatment facilities combine the Suwung Wastewater Treatment Plant, theSanur and Kuta Pumping Stations, an inflow pumping station, an electrical building and acontrol building inside the wastewater treatment plant. The implementation of DSDP phase
III will require the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant and pumping station in
Denpasar.
Wastewater treatment is done through two (2) aerated lagoons and two (2)sedimentation ponds, with a total capacity of 51,000 m³/day (this facility is currently
underused, as only about 15,000 to 20,000 m³/day seems to receive treatment, but this is
only an estimation as the plant is not equipped with a wastewater flow meter). The expectedeffluent BOD ranges from 30 to 50 mg/l and this facility has been designed to treat an

8

influent BOD up to 180 mg/l. The described treatment process offers the advantages of
being

simpletooperateandmaintain,

and

does

not

requireanysludgetreatment/management within ten (10) to fifteen (15) years. To easy the maintenance forhouses, house connections are equipped with private control box and house inlet.

Project Investment and Source of Funds
The sewerage system in Bali is mainly funded by the Central Government (through thefunds provided by JBIC loans), which finances capital cost, representing about 80% of thewhole project cost with land and equipment acquisition, sewer and building constructions.
The remaining cost (about 20%) is paid by Local Governments from their own budget andmainly involves house connections and the required equipment: pipes for branch and lateralsewer.
The JBIC loan amount granted to the Government of Indonesia for DSDP phase I
was of 5,400 million yen. From this, 66.4 billion rupiah were financed by the Central
Government from the National Budget. Then, the Badung Regency and Denpasar City
provided more than 20 billion rupiah and the Bali Province offered 10 ha for the wastewater
treatment plant area. For DSDP phase II, a second loan package was agreed between JBIC
and the Indonesian Government in 2008, for an amount of 6,004 million yen. Bali Province,
Badung Regency and Denpasar City invested all together more than 10 billion rupiah for thedevelopment of the second phase of this sewerage project.
Future expansion areas have been planned but DSDP III has not materialized yet.

Sewer Connection Charge, Collection System and Management
Willingness to connect with the sewer system among local communities seems to be high(depending on the area, between 70 to 80% in Denpasar and Sanur, and 98% in Kuta). Thiscan be explained by the fact that house connection is free of charge if people connect
immediately and also because of the quick and clean construction process (with the Pipe
Jacking Method), together with the gradual awareness of sewerage benefits, especially after
the successful installation of DSDP phase I.
The sewerage charge varies from the separated distance between the house andthe sewer pipe to be connected with, and the size or type of business institutions. Collected
rates are expected to be as follows (please note that the prices written below were given
during the meeting between Mr. Wayan and JSC staff, and might slightly differ from the ones
listed in the Final Report BPAL Establishment for DSDP):
For households:-

from 6 to 8 m: about 15,000 rupiah/month9-from 8 to 10 m: about 20,000 rupiah/month-from 10 to 12 m: about 25,000 rupiah/month-more than 12 m: about 30,000 rupiah/month

For business institutions:
Hotels:-fixed rate for 3 star hotels and under-for 4/5 star hotel: about 100,000 rupiah/room
Restaurants:-

up to 50 seats: about 27,000 rupiah/month-from 50 to 100 seats: about 47,000 rupiah/month-more than 100 seats: about 100,000 rupiah/month

These rates are planned to be collected in January 2011, once the related
regulation passes at the local parliament and BLU PAL (Badam Layanan Umum Pengelola
Air Limbah: the Sewerage Management Public Service Agency) is legally established.
These rates include operation and maintenance cost (O&M), renewal cost for mechanicaland electrical equipment of the wastewater treatment plant and pumping stations, butneither capital cost recovery or sewer pipe renewal. The sewer collection charge will be paid
to the village-owned financial institutions or Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD), as other bills
like the electricity bill, and authorities are confident that payment is expected to go well, withprobably only 5 to 10% of unpaid invoice.

Management System
BLU PAL will be the institution in charge of the sewerage system management, including
financial management such as the sewer charge collection. “BLU” refers to a public service
agency that should be autonomous both legally and financially. However, the present
organization is not legally transferred to the Local Government and is still currently managedwith budget from the Central Government. After transfer to the Local Government, three (3)years will be given for transition, after which it will be assessed whether this organization
can fully manage its activities as a public agency or if it needs to be managed by the Central
Government again.
The staff currently working for BLU PAL is minimal with, for instance, only four (4)staffs for the Suwung Wastewater Treatment Plant, excluding outsourced security guards
and cleaning workers. Out of the four (4) staffs, two (2) are laboratory staffs. At the pumping
stations, only security guards are staying after 2pm. Eleven (11) staffs, taking care of thesewer network, are provided by Mr. Wayan’s department (Cipta Karya-Bali office of the
Ministry of Public Works).

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General Observations and Challenges
General Observations•

Local communities welcome sewerage system:
Despite negative memories due to the disturbance caused by the installation ofstormwater drainage pipes in Kuta in the past, and probably some concerns toward a
new project, the targeted population in the sewer service area seems to have welcomed
the arrival of the sewerage system. After the success of the first phase of DSDP, people
understood the benefits of the sewerage system and the willingness to connect to the
public sewer was even higher for DSDP II. This was also motivated by the possibility toconnect for free if done immediately and because the DSDP construction work had
limited negative impact on people’s activity;•

Interest from business institutions (hotels, restaurants) but not all are reached by thesewer service area:
To diminish water pollution along the beaches, some hotels, mainly located in the Nusa
Dua area, have built their own wastewater treatment facilities managed by the Bali
Tourism Development Corporation. Unfortunately, due to their distant location theycannot benefit from DSDP;•

Satisfactory wastewater treatment:
Effluent BOD obtained after treatment at the Suwung Wastewater Treatment Plant
seems to be good and below the quality standards in Bali (50 mg/l). This result ispresently enhanced by the low amount of wastewater discharged. Furthermore, thetreatment process offers the advantage of being simple to operate and maintain,
allowing low frequency of desludging operations;•

Positive example for other sewerage system replication in Indonesia:
DSDP is a successful project that could motivate other provinces/regencies to invest for
sewerage and include such plan in their Citywide Sanitation Strategy (CSS);•

DSDP positive development shows the importance of considering sewerage forwastewater treatment in densely populated areas, as one of the available options
compatible with Community-based Sanitation (CBS) for comprehensive wastewater
management planning.

Challenges•

BLU PAL needs to increase staff and capability, through training with international
experts to properly operate, maintain and manage the Denpasar Sewerage System;•

Lack of knowledge and experience in sewerage systems:
In Indonesia, sewerage is at a starting stage. Manpower at professional level is11insufficient in governments, academia and in the private sector. This is particularly truein the public sector as Cipta Karya remains a small organization but now handling an
increasing amount of sanitation projects. The Government of Indonesia is considering
DSDP as a national pilot project for sewerage, but there seems to be an important lackof knowledge and experience, for example regarding sludge management or
wastewater operation and maintenance;•

Needs for integrated water resources management planning, including a properbalance and clear regulations to decide in which areas to implement Centralized andDecentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems;•

Needs for an increase of systems and technologies available for wastewater/night
soil/sludge management, as well as of an increase of treatment facilities;•

Regular electric power cut occurrence from November to January, at a regular intervalof three (3) to four (4) hours, twice a week (regulated from area to area), which requires
management measures for the electrical equipment used for wastewater conveyanceand treatment. Also, in order to save electric power, the blowers in the Suwung
Wastewater Treatment Plant are sometimes switched off which badly affects treatment
quality;•

Needs for behavior change as people throw rubbish into sewerage channels thatcauses clogging and blockages;•

Needs for stormwater/wastewater integrated management system:
Concern with excess rainwater, as people open the manhole in the event of heavy
rainfall, thus overloading with rainwater a system that has only been designed fortreating wastewater from households. A sustainable drainage system is required to
manage stormwater from regular and heavy rainfalls.

NEXT STEP
To improve basic knowledge on wastewater/night soil/sludge management, including
wastewater treatment plant operation and maintenance; and increase manpower, JSC aims
to coordinate its activities with JICA, ADB and other international donor organizations toprovide expert staff training, and organize seminars and workshops for knowledge
dissemination.

12

INDONESIA SANITATION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (ISSDP)
Meeting with Mr. Jan Oomen, ISSDP Team Manager
Jakarta, Tuesday 23 February 2010
BACKGROUND
The Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) was launched in 2006 to
help Indonesian municipalities in developing sanitation according to the National Sanitation
Goals, established by the Government of Indonesia in line with the Millennium Development
Goals. Co-funded by The Netherland Embassy through Indonesia Water and Sanitation
Sector Program (WASAP) and the Swedish Agency for International Development (SIDA),
ISSDP is a partnership between the Government of Indonesia and the World Bank Waterand Sanitation Program (WSP). This program has mainly been motivated by the desire to
tackle the low priority given to urban sanitation and the lack of organized planning to
respond to the Millennium Development Goals. With decentralization in 2001, local
governments inherited the responsibility for their sanitation services, but without any
operational framework, service delivery standard or measures to develop municipal capacity.
The hierarchical relationship between provinces and municipalities has also not been clearly
defined and the absence of government guidelines and regulations has made difficult formunicipalities to access provincial funds.
Rather than providing direct finance or system, ISSDP aims to foster capability formunicipalities to develop sanitation with a focus on planning, capacity building andinstitutional arrangements at city and provincial levels; policy and general strategy atnational level; and awareness-raising in general. It enables collaboration between the
different governmental organizations involved in sanitation at municipal level, and allows theidentification and prioritization of actions to improve sanitation, including sewer connections,and related services within and beyond the municipality.

ISSDP FIRST STEPSThe first phase of ISSDP started in 2006 with the selection of six medium-sized cities for theconception of city-wide sanitation strategies (CSS): Surakarta (Central Java), Jambi (Central
Sumatra), Payakumbuh (West Sumatra), Banjarmasin (capital city of South Kalimantan),
Denpasar (capital city of Bali) and Blitar (East Java). It evolved four (4) components:•

sanitation enabling framework through strengthened policy, regulation, institutions,strategies and action plans;•

coordinating framework for activity and investment in sanitation;•

public awareness campaigns with a focus on the urban poor, including publications and13radio messages;•

local level capacity building and development of citywide sanitation strategies to inform
sector policy and strategy development at national level.
ISSDP phase I was completed in April 2008 with a city-wide sanitation strategy

accepted for all six cities and signed by the head of the City Planning Department(BAPPEDA). Phase II concerned the implementation of developed action plans. ISSDP
proved to be such a successful program that it was adopted by the Central Government as anational policy for sanitation development. In 2009, the Government of Indonesia launched
the accelerated sanitation development program (PPSP) and, in order to move closer toachieving the Millennium Development Goals, wished to extend the citywide strategy
approach to most cities and towns in the country. In 2010, forty (40) cities are going to create
a CSS, fifty (50) the next year and eighty (80) in 2012. To develop PPSP roadmap, 330 cities
are expected to define a citywide sanitation strategy by 2014, and 162 cities are planned to
be implemented by 2014 (forty-one (41) in 2010).This is an important step forward, as thecities that will have shown interest, commitment to improve sanitation services ordemonstrate satisfactory performances of sanitation basic services, and have completed
their CSS, will be entitled of Special Allocation Fund for implementation (Dana Alokasi
Khusus or DAK) from the Central Government. To help municipalities creating their CSS and
improving wastewater treatment, drainage and solid waste management, a booklet was
published in January 2010 by the Technical Team for Sanitation Development (TTPS) and
ISSDP: “Marching Together with a Citywide Sanitation Strategy”.

CSS PROCESS THROUGH ISSDP
A citywide sanitation strategy is a medium-term plan that targets total sanitation services,
including domestic wastewater, solid waste and drainage.
The process consists of five stages:•

establishing a sanitation working group among municipal government agencies, theprivate sector, NGOs, and communities;•

mappingsanitation

understandinganddevelopment

collecting
trends,informationabout

needs,

opportunities,

andsanitation

conditions;

includingtheidentification of priority areas with the highest environmental health risk;•

formulating a sanitation development framework with a vision, mission, goal andstrategic policies;•

preparing a strategy for non-technical aspects: improving awareness and participationof communities, developing institutional capacity, developing policy and regulations,promoting NGO and private sector engagement, financing, monitoring and evaluation.

14

Next steps include the access of funds, the project memorandum for design and theimplementation stage.
One of the CSS goals is to help municipalities finding various sources of funds toincrease their budget (from Central Government, Provincial Governments, communities andprivate sector, households, etc.), and setting for instance appropriate tariffs to at least cover
operations and maintenance costs. One of the important parts recommended by ISSDP isalso to conduct monitoring and evaluation of city sanitation development. Then the last stepis to translate the strategy in annual action plans before it can be implemented in a given
budget year.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND CHALLENGES
General Observations


CSS through ISSDP addressed the long-neglected sanitation issue in Indonesia

and showed at municipal level one positive way to enhance synergy, develop planning
capacity and enable environment for progress in urban sanitation, as well as stimulating
national strategy and policy at national level;
ISSDP success highlighted the importance of attracting media attention to compare

sanitary conditions between cities and use inter-city competition, peer pressure and pride as
motivating factors for sanitation development;

Additionally, publications like “Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia” fromthe World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) have a positive influence to promote
sanitation development in Indonesia;To allow municipalities to develop their CSS, six (6) billion US dollars are required

but even more investment is likely to be needed.
Challenges


Reluctance to take new loans and national trend of reducing all government

borrowing, as some loans from the past still remain unpaid. Consequently, investment insanitation is low and improvement is taking time;

National trend for low cost wastewater management systems like SANIMAS or

improved septic tanks (capital cost for facilities targeting 200 to 600 people: 300 to 600 US
dollars per household without consultancy cost) as these are “affordable” systems withoutloan;The roadmap and strategy for sanitation development is now clear and clearly

wanted but it seems that only 25% of the funds needed for implementation are presently
available;

15



The

GovernmentofIndonesia

iscurrently

promoting

SANIMAS

for

Community-based Sanitation (CBS), and projects are planned to substantially increase in
the near future. However, even if SANIMAS system is an important step to raise awarenessand address sanitation issues in low-income areas, treated effluent BOD with such facilities(ranging around 100 mg/l) indicates that SANIMAS system still contributes to environmental
pollution in Indonesia and requires technological development.

NEXT STEP
With the nationwide development of CSS, the need for facilitators, sanitation experts has
greatly increased and JSC could play an essential role in capacity building, for example
through facilitators’ technical, institutional and managerial training. JSC is also willing toprovide solutions for the sustainability, improvement and future evolution of the existing
facilities, such as connecting SANIMAS and/or the septic tanks once sewerage will beavailable, as well as the construction of night-soil/sludge treatment facilities (construction
and desludging/septage management) or/and SANIMAS.
JSC aims to offer other technological options like johkasou for on-site domestic
wastewater treatment and the expertise developed in Japan in wastewater/night-soil
management through a proper combination of centralized/decentralized systems. JSC
wishes to provide a comprehensive range of feasible, affordable and culturally acceptable
technologies to suit each area’s local characteristics.

16

MEETING WITH MS. YUYUN ISMAWATI (BALIFOKUS) AND FIELD INSPECTION OF
SANIMAS FACILITIESBali Island, Thursday 25-Friday 26 February 2010
INTRODUCTION
During its visit to Bali, JSC team met Ms. Yuyun Ismawati, director of BaliFokus: a NGO that
promotes and implements low-cost decentralized wastewater treatment systems forsmall-scale industries, pig/cow farmers and low-income communities, and is involved insolid-waste management. In cooperation with Local Governments and small-scale
entrepreneurs/farmers, BaliFokus collaborates for the implementation of SANIMAS projects,
funded in cooperation with BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development
Association) – a German NPO which also provides the technology – the Central, Provincial
and Local Governments, local communities, and others.
BalifoKus aims to work closely, consistently, and empower low-income
communities; to improve their life’s quality and work together with multi-stakeholders.
BaliFokus is involved with communities, prior and after the implementation of SANIMAS
projects, and participates to facilitators’ training. This NGO works as a consortium with
BORDA, which collaborates with the Central Government of Indonesia throughmemorandum of understanding (MOU). BaliFokus is partly funded by the German Federal
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

SUMMARY OF THE SANIMAS FACILITIES VISITED IN DENPASAR, BALIThe first visited SANIMAS facility is located in Ubung, Banjar Batur, Southern Gang. This
treatment facility was installed between October 2003 and January 2004 to tackle thepollution caused by the wastewater effluent discharged into the drainage system fromfifty-four (54) Tofu-Soya bean industries and chicken slaughter houses established along
Southern Gang Pucuk Sari. The construction cost was 85 million rupiah financed by
BaliFokus, BORDA and Kelompok Mekarsari Jaya, but operations and maintenance arecovered by the users’ fee (around 20 000 rupiah for each company). The facility features
shallow pipes for wastewater conveyance, a bio-digester of 4.4 m diameter that enables therecovery of methane gas for cooking, an anaerobic baffled reactor with six (6) chambers, afiltration capacity of 54 m³ and a treatment capacity of 20 m³/day. It serves six (Tofu-soya
bean industries which produce between one (1) to two (2) tons of beans per day, activity thatcauses severe water pollution with an influent BOD concentration of 5,000 mg/l. Effluent
BOD concentration is announced between 300 to 500 mg/l but regular monitoring is notconducted. Operation and maintenance is done by an operator, coming four (4) to five (5)17times per month. Maintenance includes desludging operations and filter change (announced
to be done once every five (5) years).
The second visited SANIMAS facility is at close distance from the first one, in
Kecamatan Denpasar Barat, Pucuk Sari Selatan Banjar Batur. The project started in
October 2001 and the construction of the facility in August 2003. It features 467 m of piping
system for thirty-four (34) house connections (simplified sewerage system) and awastewater treatment system with anaerobic baffled reactor, where is treated gray and black
water from about 160 households, and an old public toilet facility or MCK, with a capacity offifteen (15) users/day. It was financed by the local community, the Government of Denpasar,
BaliFokus with BORDA, AusAid and the WORLD BANK for a construction cost of 269 million
rupiah. The treatment capacity is 50 m³/day, but the effluent BOD is not monitored and from
JSC staff visual inspection seemed to be around 100 mg/l before discharge into thedrainage system. This SANIMAS facility was built to eradicate the problem of open
defecation in the community, limit gray and black water discharge into the drainage system,
and also help the previously described SANIMAS facility for wastewater treatment from
Tofu-Soya bean industries. About 5,000 rupiah per month is charged to each household for
operation and maintenance and an operator regularly checks the piping system, controls thetank, does scum cleaning and is also responsible for desludging (every two (2) years). Toilet
facilities and household connections are users’ responsibilities. Regular monitoring isplanned only in case of inappropriate system condition.
The third SANIMAS facility JSC visited was the MCK Jempiring, Banjar Sari,
Ubung. This project was funded by BaliFokus with BORDA and the land owner for 210
million rupiah. It features a public toilet unit, with six (6) toilets and six (6) bathrooms, ashallow sewer system connected to fifty (50) to hundred (100) households, an anaerobic
baffled reactor and a biogas digester. As for the two previous SANIMAS facilities, regularmonitoring is not done and the effluent BOD has not been showed to JSC team. MCK
Jempiring system is managed by BaliFokus. Users pay 500 rupiah per visit, which cover
operations and maintenance, MCK and treatment plant operator, electricity (also provided
by methane gas) and desludging every six (6) years. This SANIMAS facility was built to
reduce open defecation from houses not equipped with bathroom and toilet.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND CHALLENGES
General Observations

SANIMAS is an important step forward in sanitation development for low-income
communities;

Through preparatory work, it raises public awareness on sanitation issues and18

promotes active involvement of communities;Environment for regular operation and maintenance is established;

SANIMAS receives unanimous support from the Government of Indonesia and thenumber of projects has greatly increased throughout Indonesia, as SANIMAS
implementations are expected to reach 1,000 implementations in 2010;



SANIMAS can be quickly installed, is easy to maintain and ensures low energy cost;

As electricity cost is expensive in Indonesia, biogas recovery is valuable;



SANIMAS technology allows room for improvements in the future.
ChallengesDespite important change, effluent quality is still not satisfying enough to prevent from
polluting the environment and further improvement must be considered;

System that does not require huge investment but which can difficultly be replicated indensely populated areas where no space is available for treatment facility installation.
Only a limited number of people is targeted in comparison to the needs;



SANIMAS will be highly replicated in the near future but the lack of available sanitation
experts in Indonesia is a crucial issue for the quality of the preparatory work to be
conducted with communities;

Needs to develop effective and reliable night-soil/sludge treatment facilities andsystems in Indonesia, as maintenance of SANIMAS facilities includes regular
desludging operations;

Concern with the security of the equipment used for Biogas recovery;Concern with the quality of construction and the longevity of SANIMAS facilities;

NEXT STEP
JSC can play an important role in further improving SANIMAS concept, improve
technology and increase available options. JSC could also effectively organize and promote
desludging business in a way that would be both rewarding for desludging operators andend-users. To ensure sustainability, JSC is willing to assess existing facilities, improvemonitoring and find ways to extend longevity.
As well as for CSS, JSC involvement would be positive for the training of facilitators
or/and sanitation experts. For future improvement, SANIMAS facilities could be connected
through a piping system to a nearby wastewater treatment plant, once the sewerage system
is expanded.

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