THE GLOSSARY OF PROSTHODONTIC TERMS
Ninth Edition
GPT-9
The Academy of Prosthodontics
The Academy of Prosthodontics Foundation

Editorial Staff
Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms Committee of the Academy of Prosthodontics
Keith J. Ferro, Editor and Chairman, Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms Committee
Steven M. Morgano, Copy Editor
Carl F. Driscoll, Martin A. Freilich, Albert D. Guckes, Kent L. Knoernschild and Thomas J. McGarry,Members, Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms Committee

PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION“The difference between the right word and the almost right
word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.”dMark Twain
I live down the street from Samuel Clemens’ (aka Mark Twain)
home in Hartford, Connecticut. I refer to his quotation because heis a notable author who wrote with familiarity about our spoken
language. Sometimes these spoken words are objectionable andmore appropriate words have evolved over time. The editors of theninth edition of the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms ensured that the
spoken vernacular is represented, although it may be nonstandard
in formal circumstances. I hope that authors, poster presenters, andlecturers will use this edition as a guide for the “right word”.
This ninth edition of the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms upholds thesame objectives and standards as it did when it was ﬁrst authoredby the Academy of Denture Prosthetics in 1956. Throughout theworld of prosthodontics, it has been valued as a reference for“uniform terminology [that] would permit authors to discuss theirconcepts and techniques and be sure that these would be understood by those who would read the articles, regardless of thegeographic location or the specialty of the reader.”1 The generationof new terms and the modiﬁcation of the old deﬁnitions, signiﬁcantas much today as they were a century ago, are a resounding hallmark in the collective advancements of new knowledge in our
specialty.
The Fellows of the Academy of Prosthodontics, with the leadershipof the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms Committee, have strived tofaithfully execute the duties of lexicographers. It holds true
throughout these several decades that we should continue theimprovement of this document with contributions by many

Cover photo
Heat by Naoki Aiba, CDT.
© Naoki Aiba Photography.

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

prosthodontic organizations regardless of geographic location orpolitical afﬁliations. Acknowledgments are recognized by many of
the Academy fellowship, too many to name individually, withwhom we have consulted for expert opinion. Also recognized areGary Goldstein, Charles Goodacre, Albert Guckes, Steven Morgano, Stephen Rosenstiel, Clifford VanBlarcom, and Jonathan
Wiens for their contributions to the Glossary, which have spanned
many decades. We thank them for guiding us in this monumental
project and teaching us the objectiveness and the standards forevidence-based dentistry to be passed on to the next generation ofdentists.
Keith J. Ferro, DMD
Committee Chairman, Committee of the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms,
Edition Nine
Academy of Prosthodontics
1

Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition One, J Prosthet Dent 1956;1-34

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
This Glossary is a collection of words and terms and their special
connotations in the art and science of prosthodontics. It is in thenature of a progress report in a tremendous effort to standardize
the nomenclature used in this ﬁeld. The advantages to the dental
profession of a successful effort in this direction are manifold. The
most important of these is that the use of a uniform terminology
would permit authors to discuss their concepts and techniques andbe sure that these would be understood by those who would readthe articles, regardless of the geographic location or the specialty of
the reader.
The need for a glossary of terms used in prosthodontics has beenrecognized for many years. In 1923, Ottofy stated, “It is to be hopedthat members of the profession and specialists through theirorganizations will reach an agreement as to the terms to be given
preference or to be used exclusively.” He called particular notice tothe confused state of the prosthodontic terminology of that time, and
it is even worse now because of the progress in the art and science of
prosthodontics. Many new terms and words intended to describe or
explain modern philosophies or procedures have been added to the

e1

e2

literature. Authors, clinicians, and teachers have ascribed manydifferent interpretations and meanings to the same terms and words.
Many “old” terms have been given “new” deﬁnitions by contemporary authors. Many “old” terms have been redeﬁned in the light of
the increased knowledge of the problems of prosthodontics.
Through the years, individuals, specialty groups, and the Bureau of
Library and Indexing of the American Dental Association havemade many sincere attempts to develop a standard and acceptablenomenclature in dentistry. The major obstacle has been the difﬁculty in obtaining universal acceptance of proposed interpretations.
The Academy of Denture Prosthetics has studied the problem
throughout its existence and, until recently, has reached unanimous
agreement on very few terms. This was in spite of sincere andvaliant efforts on the part of the nomenclature committees, and it
was due to the wide differences of opinion and background among
those who considered the committees’ recommendations. This lackof progress was most discouraging, but three years ago it wasagreed by the Fellowship of the Academy that this Glossary would
be prepared, and that the majority opinion would be adopted. Thisdecision made possible real progress toward the ultimate goalda
universal terminology for prosthodontics.
The “workshop” technique was used in the course of two meetingsof the Academy for the study of nearly 1000 words or terms. The
Nomenclature Committee of the Academy restudied the results ofthese “workshop” sessions. At least sixteen outstanding prosthodontists have given serious study to each term included in thisGlossary. The deﬁnitions represent a composite of their understanding of the terms. The Fellows of the Academy of Denture
Prosthetics have combined their efforts to serve as lexicographers.
The chief role of a lexicographer is to record the current usage ofwords. The chief function of words in science is to convey meaning.
The lexicographer has a duty to lead as well as to follow. Where
clearness demands it, he should place such restrictions as arenecessary to avoid ambiguity. That is, he must narrow down somedeﬁnitions so they will not carry too much generality. Where voids
exist, he should ﬁll them in. Where more than one term is used toexpress the same idea or concept, he should indicate the preference
on the basis of logic and other considerations.
Many instances could be cited in the Glossary where the Academy
and its Nomenclature Committee have performed these various“duties” of the lexicographer. Certain terms were determined to be
objectionable for some reason and are marked (Obj).1 Some newterms have been added which seem to express the desired idea or
meanings more accurately than the corresponding terms in current
usage. Where more than one term which carries the same connotation was found, the preferred term is listed ﬁrst. Likewise, whenmore than one deﬁnition was assigned to the same term, thepreferred deﬁnition is listed ﬁrst. These decisions were made on thebasis of majority opinion. It is hoped that eventually obsolete or
objectionable terms and terms which tend to mislead and confuse
will be eliminated entirely.
This, the ﬁrst edition of the Glossary, is offered to the dental profession for its consideration. Since it is recognized that there aresome terms that have not been included and that some other terms
and deﬁnitions that may be objectionable to some authorities havebeen included, revisions will be necessary from time to time.
Constructive suggestions are invited, and these will be given
thorough consideration in future editions. In its present form, thisGlossary can serve as a good temporary standard.

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Volume 117 Issue 5S

It is impossible to give due credit here to all that have worked tomake this Glossary possible. The Fellows of the Academy of
Denture Prosthetics have supplied the fundamental informationand have made the necessary decisions. The Editorial Council of
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY, and The C. V.
Mosby Company, its publisher, have provided encouragement andtechnical assistance in its development. Special acknowledgment isdue to Dr George B. Denton of the Bureau of Library and Indexingof the American Dental Association, for his advice and counsel, andto Mrs. Marice K. Musgrove and Miss Barbara Eichhorn for thetremendous amount of secretarial work which was necessary.
Acknowledgment is made, also, to certain dictionaries and textbooks from which the deﬁnitions for some of the terms have beentaken. These are: Dorland, W. A. Newman, The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary, ed. 22, Philadelphia, 1951, W. B. Saunders Company (Dor.); Dunning, William B., and Davenport, S.
Ellsworth, Jr., A Dictionary of Dental Science and Art, Philadelphia,
1936, P. Blakiston’s Son & Company, Inc. (D. & D.); Swenson,
Merrill G., and Terkla, Louis G., Partial Dentures, St. Louis, 1955,
The C. V. Mosby Company (S.); Blakiston’s New Gould Medical
Dictionary, ed. 1, Philadelphia, 1949, The Blakiston Company(Gould). To all of these, the Nomenclature Committee expresses its
gratitude.
THE NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEEACADEMY OF DENTURE PROSTHETICS
1

The recent edition designates an objectionable (obj in previous
editions) term as slang and nonstandard.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NINTH EDITION OF THE
GLOSSARY OF PROSTHODONTIC TERMS WEREREQUESTED FROM THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS:The Academy of Prosthodontics
The American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
The American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics
The American Academy of Implant Dentistry
The American Academy of Maxillofacial Prosthetics
The American Academy of Restorative Dentistry
The American Board of Prosthodontics
The American College of Prosthodontists
The American Dental Education Association
The American Equilibration Society
The American Prosthodontic Society
The Association of Prosthodontists of Canada
The Australian Prosthodontic Society
The British Society for the Study of Prosthetic Dentistry
The Greater New York Academy of Prosthodontics
The Indian Prosthodontic Society
The International Academy of Gnathology-American Section
The International Journal of Prosthodontics
The Iranian Prosthodontic Journal
The Italian Academy of Prosthetic Dentistry
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
The Journal of Prosthodontics
The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
The Northeastern Gnathological Society
The Paciﬁc Coast Society for Prosthodontics
The Swiss Society of Reconstructive Dentistry
The Turkish Prosthodontics and Implantology Association

May 2017

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Entries
Main entries
Any boldface letter or combination of letters that is set ﬂush withthe left-hand margin of each page constitutes a main entry or
main-entry word. Such main entries may consist of letters, letters
joined by hyphens, or letters separated by one or more spaces:
glare . vb
glass-ceramics . ngold foil . n
The subsequent explanation in lightface type that follows each main
entry on the same line and, as necessary, on succeeding indentedlines explains its inclusion in the glossary. Variations in compoundwords are frequent and widespread. Generally, although several
acceptable variations may occur, one single style for any compound
word has been chosen, usually on the basis of its frequency ofoccurrence, because that usually is its predominant form.

Order of main entries
All main entries are listed in their alphabetic order, letter by letter,without regard to intervening spaces or hyphens; that is, iatrogenic
follows I-bar clasp. Generally accepted abbreviations have beenspelled out in the alphabetic order. Full words come before parts ofwords made with the same letters.

Homographs
Some main entries have precisely the same written form. Two or
more similarly spelled words are distinguished by superscript
numerals that precede each word:1lute . n 1 articulate . vb
2lute . vt 2 articulate . adj
Homographs are generally entered in order of their ﬁrst use in the
English language.

Guide words
Pairs of words, termed guide words, are printed at the top of each page.
All main entries that fall alphabetically between the guide words arefound on that page. The ﬁrst guide word is alphabetically the ﬁrst
entry on the page, and the second guide word is the last entry:
agenesis  alveolar resorption

Variants
If a main entry is followed by another variation of the word withanother spelling, the two spellings are equal variants. Both may be
assumed to be standard, and either one may be used according topersonal inclination:color or colour

Run-on entries
A main entry may be followed by one or more derivatives or by ahomograph with a different functional label. These constitute runon entries. Each is introduced by a lightface dash and each has afunctional label. They are, however, not deﬁned because their
meanings are readily derived from the root word’s meaning:
2
curve . vb . -curved . -curving . vi

FUNCTIONAL LABELS
An italic label indicating a part of speech or some other functionalclassiﬁcation follows the main entry. The eight standard parts ofspeech are:e3

adjective . adj
adverb . adv
conjunction . conj
interjection . interj
noun . n
preposition . prep
pronoun . pron
verb . vb
If a verb is transitive and intransitive, the functional labels vt and vi
introduce the subdivisions. Other italicized labels used to indicate
functional classiﬁcations that are not traditional parts of speech are:-preﬁx-sufﬁx-trademark

CAPITALIZATION
Most main entries in this glossary begin with a lowercase letter.
Some, however, begin with an uppercase letter, which indicatesthat the word is usually capitalized:
myocentric
Myo-monitor
The capitalization of entries that are open or hyphenated compounds is indicated by the form of the entry:
Dolder bar .
curve of Spee .
Davis crown .
GPT terms related to the main entry are capitalized and placed after
the deﬁnition. Non-GPT related terms are in lowercase, italicized,
and placed after the deﬁnition.

ETYMOLOGY
All material in square brackets preceding the deﬁnition constitutes
the etymology. Etymology traces a vocabulary entry as far back as
possible in English, and, where possible, its origins.

DATES
Some main entries will have a date enclosed in parentheses
immediately preceding the boldface colon that introduces the ﬁrst
sense or sense number when one is present. This represents thedate of earliest recorded use, in English, as far as could be determined. Many prosthodontic terms have evolved without priordating. As such, few dates appear in this glossary.

USAGE

Usage notes
Only one status label (temporal) is used in this glossary to denotethat a word, the sense of a word, or a phrase is not part of thestandard vocabulary of prosthodontics. The label obs for “obsolete”
means that there is no evidence to support its use in current
literature:balancing side . obs . syn, NONWORKING-SIDE
The label obs is a comment by the editorial staff on the word being
deﬁned. An appropriate deﬁnition is provided where no current
term is available or, alternatively, current acceptable terminology issuggested.
The stylistic label slang is used with words or senses that areespecially inappropriate or in contexts of extreme informality.
There is no satisfactory objective test for slang. Many arecomposed of shortened forms or extravagant or ﬁctitious ﬁgures ofspeech:THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYe4

bite registration . n . slang . syn, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
suck-down . n . slang . syn, VACUUM THERMOMOLDThe stylistic label nonstand for “nonstandard” is used for words orsenses that conform to a widespread pattern of usage in informalitythat differs in choice of word or expression from that of the general
prosthodontic community language standard. In fact, many words,
invariably nonstandard, are in our spoken vernacular:
black triangle . nonstand . syn, INTERDENTAL GINGIVAL
SPACEpink porcelain . nonstand . syn, GINGIVAL PORCELAIN

Usage paragraphs
Brief usage notes or paragraphs, labeled Editorial note for usage, havebeen placed in several entries for words or phrases that areconsidered to present special problems in terms of confused or
disputed usage. A usage paragraph typically summarizes the historic background of the issue and its associated body of opinion,
compares these with available evidence of current usage, and often
adds comment for the use of the inquirer.

DEFINITIONSDivision of senses
A boldface colon is used in this glossary to introduce a deﬁnition:
1
abrasive n (1853): a substance used for abrading, smoothing, or
polishing

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Boldface Arabic numerals separate the senses of a word that has
more than one sense:
equilibrium n (1608): 1. a state of even adjustment between
opposing forces; 2. the state or condition of a body in which any
forces acting upon it are so arranged that their product at every
point is zero; 3. a balance between active forces and negative
resistance
The system of separating the various senses of a word by
numerals is strictly a lexical convenience. It tends to reﬂect
something of the semantic relationship, but it may establish ahierarchy of importance within them. Sometimes a particular
relationship between senses is suggested by use of an italicized
sense divider: comp (for compare). A brief statement that discriminates words of closely associated meaning has been placedin some entries. They are signaled by an italic: syn (for synonym).
Italicized sense dividers are followed by the all CAPITALIZED
glossary term or an italicized term if it is not in the glossary. With
respect to the hierarchy of the use of a term, the primary term is
deﬁned.

Omission of a sense
Occasionally the glossary user, having turned to an entry, may not
ﬁnd an expected or hoped for particular sense. This usually meansthat the editors judged the sense insufﬁciently common or otherwise unimportant to include in the glossary. Because our language
is dynamic, revision by future editors may reﬂect changes in thesense of a word not found in this edition.

May 2017

e5

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORKPRONUNCIATION KEY

abbr . abbreviation
adj . adjective
adv . adverb
c . century
ca . circa
contr . contraction
comp . compare
GPT-1 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 1, J Prosthet Dent
1956 (March); Appendix No. 2 inserted supplemental between
1:286 and 1:287
GPT-2 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 2, J Prosthet Dent
1960;10(6); Part Two, inserted supplemental after page 1200 of
volume 10
GPT-3 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 3, J Prosthet Dent
1968;20:443-80
GPT-4 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 4, J Prosthet Dent
1977;38:66-109
GPT-5 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 5, J Prosthet Dent
1987;58:713-62
GPT-6 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 6, J Prosthet Dent
1994;71:41-111
GPT-7 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 7, J Prosthet Dent
1999;81:41-110
GPT-8 . Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, Edition 8, J Prosthet Dent
2005;94:1-92
n . noun
nonstand . nonstandard or informal
obs . obsolete
orig . original, originallypl . pluralpron . pronounslang . inappropriate
syn . synonym
vb . verb
vi . verb intransitive
vt . verb transitive

Spellings
gag
face
spar
bone
chew
deep, milledpegsee, fieldform, photon
gag
hard
whitingpinfine, byveneerjig
key, cone
metal, lug
mandible
nasal, pain
polishingpontic
open
pawl
foil
took, neurogenous
lute, boot, rouge
outpapillarodsluiceshell
template, stopped
thermalthiscufffirm, word, cervical
value
wire
yield
zero, xenogenic
occlusion

Pronunciation Key used in the Glossary
a
a
ä
b
ch
d
ĕ

e
f
g
h
hw
ĭ
ı
îr
j
k
l
m
n
ng
ŏ

o
ô
oi
ŏŏ
o

o
ou
p
r
s
sh
t
th
th

u
ûr
v
w
y
z
zh

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e6

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Abbe ﬂap  acrylic resin veneerA 0 e ﬂap\ : eponym for a lip switch operation; a trianAbbe ﬂap \Abgular, full-thickness ﬂap from the mandibular lip used to ﬁll in adeﬁcit in the maxillary lip; speciﬁcally applied to the midportion of
the maxillary or mandibular lip; orig, Robert Abbe, surgeon, New
York, NY, 1851-1928; syn, LIP SWITCH OPERATION, ESTLANDER’S
OPERATION
Abbe R. A new plastic operation for the relief of deformity due todouble harelip. Med Rec 1898;53:477
abduct \ab d
ukt0 \ vt (1834): to draw away from the median plane;comp, ADDUCT
aberrant \a-bĕr0 ant\ adj (ca. 1798): 1. a deviation from the normal orusual course, form, or location; 2. straying from the normal way
abfraction \ab frak΄shun\ n (1991): the pathologic loss of hard tooth
substance caused by biomechanical loading forces; such loss isthought to be the result of ﬂexure and chemical fatigue degradationof enamel and/or dentin at some location distant from the actual
point of loading; syn, NONCARIOUS CERVICAL LESION; comp,
ABLATION, ABRASION, and EROSION
ablation \a-bla΄shun\ n (15c): 1. separation or detachment; extirpation; eradication; 2. removal of a part, especially by cutting; comp,
ABFRACTION, EROSION, NONCARIOUS CERVICAL LESION
abrade \uh-brad΄\ vt (1677): to rub away the external covering or
layer of a part; comp ATTRITION, EROSION
abrasion \a-bra shun\ n (1656): 1. the wearing away of a substanceor structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or
abnormal mechanical process; 2. an abnormal wearing away of the
tooth substance by causes other than mastication; comp, ATTRITION,EROSION1abrasive \uh-bra siv, -ziv\ n (1853): a substance used for abrading,smoothing, or polishing2
abrasive \uh-bra siv, -ziv\ adj (1875): 1. tending to abrade; 2.
causing irritation; abrasively adv; abrasiveness n
abrasivity \uh-bra΄siv-ĭ-t
e, -ziv-ĭ-t
e\ n (1998): the property of one
material to wear away another material by means of frictional
contact
abscopal effect: occurs when the localized radiotherapy of a primary tumor results in the regression of distant secondary metastatic
cancers\: the amount of energy fromabsorbed dose \ab-sôrbd΄,-zôrbd΄ doionizing radiation absorbed per unit mass of matter, expressed inGray units; comp, GRAY, RADabutment alignment device: any device used for positioning adental implant abutment on the dental implant body; syn, abutmentalignment coping, ABUTMENT CLAMP
abutment analog (2005): a replica of the superior portion of adental implant; usually used to provide an exact form of the dental
implant abutment within the dental laboratory during fabrication ofa prosthesis supported in part or whole by the dental implant
abutment clamp \a-b
ut΄ment klamp\ (1998): syn, ABUTMENTALIGNMENT DEVICE
abutment driver (2005): any hand instrument usually speciﬁcallymade to assist in insertion and securing of a dental implant abutment to the superior portion of a dental implant
abutment healing cap (2005): syn, ABUTMENT HEALING SCREW
abutment healing screw n: any temporary cover used to provide aseal over the superior portion of a dental implant; most such covers
are metallic and are intended for interim use following exposure of
the dental implant’s superior surface
abutment post n (2005): the component of a dental implant
abutment that extends into the internal structure of a dental
implant and is used to provide retention and/or stability to thedental implant abutment
abutment screw n (1998): that component which secures thedental implant abutment to the dental implant body; comp,
ATTACHMENT SCREW
accelerant \ak-sĕl΄a-rant΄\ n (1916): a substance used to accelerate aprocess (as in enhancing the speed of a chemical reaction)
accelerator \ak-sĕl΄a-ra΄ter\ n (1611): 1. a substance that speeds achemical reaction; 2. in physiology, a nerve, muscle, or substancethat quickens movement or response΄shun\ n (1615): 1. the process of enlargement or
accretion \a-kre
growth by a gradual buildup; 2. in periodontics, the accumulationon teeth or dental implants of foreign material such as plaque,calculus, and materia alba
achromatic \ak΄ra-mat΄ĭk\ adj (1766): 1. lacking in hue and saturation, therefore, falling into a series of colors that varies only inlightness or brightness; 2. possessing no hue; being or involving
black, gray, or white΄ma-tŏp΄zhe
-a\ n: 1. Monochromatism; 2. aachromatopsia \a-kro
type of monochromatism in which all colors are perceived as achromatic; syn, achromatism, total color perception deﬁciency
acid-etched bonded splint: syn, RESIN-BONDED SPLINT
acid-etched bridge nonstand: syn, RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
ﬁxed

absorptance \ab-sôrp΄tans, -zôrp΄tans\ n (ca. 1931): the ratio of theradiant energy absorbed by a body to that incident upon it

acid-etched
PROSTHESIS

absorption \ab-sôrp΄shun, -zôrp΄-\ n (1741): 1. the uptake of substances into or through tissues, e.g., mucosa, skin, and intestine; 2. inradiology, the uptake of energy by matter with which the radiationinteracts; comp, ABSORPTION OF RADIATION, ADSORPTION
-a΄shun\: collisionv ra΄deabsorption of radiation \ab-sôrp΄shun ulike interactions between the individual particulate or quantum
components of a beam of radiation and the subatomic parts ofmatter that occur at random during irradiation; each interaction
may result in partial or complete transfer of energy

acquire \a-kwır΄\ vt (15c): 1. to obtain as one’s own; to come to haveas a new or additional trait, characteristic, or capability; 2. attainedwith time; acquired, acquiringo΄zal paacquired occlusal position nonstand \a-kwırd΄ a-klo
zish΄an\: syn, MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITIONut΄ment\ n (1634): 1. that part of a structure that
abutment \a-b
directly receives thrust or pressure; an anchorage; 2. a tooth, aportion of a tooth, or that portion of a dental implant that serves tosupport and/or retain a prosthesis; comp, ANGULATED ABUTMENT,HEALING ABUTMENT, DENTAL IMPLANT ABUTMENT, INTERMEDIATEABUTMENT, one-piece abutment, STANDARD ABUTMENT, two-pieceabutment

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

partialdenture:syn,

RESIN-BONDED

acquired occlusion nonstand: syn, MAXIMAL INTERCUSPALPOSITION
acrylic resin \a-krĭl΄ĭk rĕz΄ĭn\: 1. pertaining to polymers of acrylicacid, methacrylic acid, or acrylonitrile; 2. any of a group of thermoplastic resins made by polymerizing esters of acrylic or methylmethacrylate acids
acrylic resin base \a-krĭl΄ĭk rĕz΄ĭn bas\: a denture base made ofacrylic resin
acrylic resin veneer: usually referring to a crown or ﬁxed partial
denture or removable partial denture; the veneering or lamination

May 2017

e7

acrylic resin veneer  age atrophyof the facial surfaces of a crown or dental prosthesis by using acrylic
resin; the intention of such veneering is to provide a natural toothappearance to the viewable portions of the restoration

adhesive failure \ad-h
e΄siv,-ziv fal΄yur\ (1998): bond failure at aninterface between two materials because of tensile or shearing
force; comp, COHESIVE FAILURE

activator \ak΄tĭ-va΄ tôr\ n: a removable orthodontic prosthesis
intended to stimulate perioral muscles
2
activator \ak΄tĭ-va΄ tôr\ n (1998): 1. a source of energy that promotes the initiator to begin a chemical reaction; 2. a substance usedin small proportions to increase the effectiveness of an accelerator
chemical; comp, INITIATORt΄ klacute closed lock \a-ky
ooozd lŏk\: a form of temporomandibular joint dysfunction characterized by sudden onset, short-term
limitation in jaw movement caused by anterior displacement of
the intra-articular disc and associated with pain, limitation of jaw
opening to 25 to 30 mm (as measured in the incisor area) and, with
jaw opening, a deﬂection of the mandible toward the affected joint

adhesive resin: any resin material with incorporated adhesive
chemicals such as 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihidrogen phosphate(MDP), an organophosphate, or 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate
anhydride (4-META) and related carboxyl-modiﬁed acrylic resins; indentistry, to describe adhesive agents used for the luting of ﬁxed
dental prostheses and veneering resin to metal alloy
-a do cho kĭ ne΄zha\ n: inability to perform
adiadochokinesia \ad΄erapid alternating movements, such as opening and closing the jaws
or lips, raising and lowering the eyebrows, or tapping the ﬁnger
e\: reduction of fatty tissue
adipose atrophy \ad΄ĭ-pos΄ at΄ra-f

1

acute pain: pain having a brief and relatively severe course
adaptation \ad΄ap-ta΄shun\ n (1610): 1. the act or process ofadapting; the state of being adapted; 2. the act of purposefully
adapting two surfaces to provide intimate contact; 3. the progressive adjustive changes in sensitivity that regularly accompany
continuous sensory stimulation or lack of stimulation; 4. in dentistry,(a) the degree of ﬁt between a prosthesis and supporting structures,(b) the degree of proximity of a restorative material to a toothpreparation, (c) the adjustment of orthodontic bands to teethm΄\: a syndrome
adaptation syndrome \ad΄ap-ta΄shun sĭn΄drocharacterized by alterations in response as an accommodation to
the environment
adaptive occlusion: syn, MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
additive color mixture \ad΄ ĭ-tĭv kul΄ur mĭks΄chur\: the perceived
color that results when the same area of the retina of the eye isilluminated by lights of different spectral distribution such as by twocolored lights; comp, SUBTRACTIVE COLOR SYSTEM
additive manufacturing ﬁle: acronym is AMF; data format proposed by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM); thisﬁle is used in additive manufacturing of any three-dimensional (3D)
object to be fabricated on any 3D printer; AMF has shape andcomposition for color, materials, and texture
adduct \a-d
ukt΄,-a-\ vt (1836): to draw toward the median plane or
toward the axial line; comp, ABDUCT
adherence \ad-hîr΄ens, -enz\ n (1531): the act, quality, or action ofadhering; persistent attachment
adhesion \ad-he΄zhun\ n (1624): 1. the property of remaining inclose proximity, as that resulting from the physical attraction ofmolecules to a substance or molecular attraction existing between
the surfaces of bodies in contact; 2. the stable joining of parts toeach other, which may occur abnormally; 3. a ﬁbrous band or
structure by which parts abnormally adhere; comp, CAPSULAR
FIBROSIS, FIBROUS ADHESION, INTRACAPSULAR ADHESION, MYOFIBROTIC CAPSULAR CONTRACTURE
1adhesive \ad-he΄siv, -ziv\ adj (1670): sticky or tenacious

adhesive \ad-he΄siv, -ziv\ n (1912): 1. any substance that createsclose adherence to or on adjoining surfaces; 2. a luting agent; comp,
DENTURE ADHESIVE, MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETIC ADHESIVE΄siv,-ziv kap΄sul-ı΄tis\: within the tempoadhesive capsulitis \ad-he
romandibular joint, any situation in which the disc is in its normal
position, the joint space volume is decreased, and motion isrestricted2

adjustable anterior guidance \a-j
ust΄a΄bul an-tîr΄e-or gıd΄ns\: ananterior guide on an articulator whose surface may be altered toprovide desired guidance of the articulator’s movement mechanism;
the guide may be programmed (calibrated) to accept eccentricinterocclusal records
adjustable articulator \a-j
ust΄a΄bul är-tĭk΄ya-la΄tor\: an articulator
that allows some limited adjustment in the sagittal and horizontal
planes to simulate recorded mandibular movements; comp,ARTICULATOR
adjustable axis facebow: syn, AVERAGE AXIS FACEBOW, FACEBOW
adjustment \a-j
ust΄mant\ n (1644): 1. the act or process of modifying physical parts; 2. in dentistry, a modiﬁcation made on a dental
prosthesis or natural tooth to enhance ﬁt, function, or acceptance by
the patient; comp, OCCLUSAL ADJUSTMENT, OCCLUSAL RESHAPING,
ESTHETIC RESHAPING
adsorption \ad-sôrp΄shun, -zôrp΄-\ n (1882): the adhesion, in an
extremely thin layer, of molecules to the surfaces of liquids or solids
with which they are in contact; comp ABSORPTIONch ad prŏs-the΄sĭs\: aadult speech aid prosthesis \a-d
ult΄ spedeﬁnitive maxillofacial prosthesis that can improve speech in adultcleft palate patients either by obturating (sealing off) a palatal cleft
or ﬁstula, or occasionally by assisting an incompetent soft palate;both mechanisms are necessary to achieve palatopharyngeal
closure; Editorial note for usage: generally this prosthesis is fabricated when no further growth is anticipated and the objective is toachieve long-term use, hence, more precise materials and techniques are used; occasionally such procedures are accomplished inconjunction with precision attachments in ﬁxed dental prostheses
undertaken on some or all maxillary teeth to achieve improved
esthetics; syn, PROSTHETIC SPEECH AID, SPEECH AID, SPEECH AIDPROSTHESIS, SPEECH BULB
afterimage \af΄ter ĭm΄ĭj\ n (1874): in visual acuity, a prolongation or
renewal of a visual sensory experience, ascribable to residual excitation after external stimuli have ceased to operated΄ing tĕk-nek΄\: in therapeutic
afterloading technique \af΄ter-lo
radiology, the use of applicators for brachytherapy so designed thatthey may be quickly loaded with radioactive sources after placement within the patientagar \a΄gar΄, ä΄gar΄\ n (1889): a complex sulfated polymer ofgalactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria
confervoides, and related red algae; it is a mucilaginous substancethat melts at approximately 100 C and solidiﬁes into a gel atapproximately 40 C; it is not digested by most bacteria and is used
as a gelation agent in dental impression materials and a solid
culture media for microorganisms
age atrophy \aj at΄ra-f
e\: a wasting away; the normal diminution of
all tissues as a result of advanced age

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e8

Volume 117 Issue 5S

agenesis  alveolar resorption
agenesis \a-jĕn΄ĭ-sĭs\ n (ca. 1879): absence, failure of formation, or
imperfect development of any body part; comp, CONDYLAR
AGENESIS

allograft \al΄a-graft΄\ n (1964): a graft of tissue between geneticallydissimilar members of the same species; syn, ALLOGENEIC GRAFT,HOMOGRAFT

agnathia \ag-na΄the-a\ n: a developmental anomaly characterized
by absence of the mandible΄zha\ n (ca. 1900): diminution or loss of the ability toagnosia \ag-no
recognize the import of sensory stimuli; the varieties correspondwith the senses and are distinguished as auditory, gustatory,
olfactory, tactile, and visual

alloplast \al΄a plast΄\ n: 1. an inert foreign body used for implantation
within tissue; 2. a material originating from a nonliving source thatsurgically replaces missing tissue or augments that which remains

agonist \ag΄a-nĭst\ n (ca. 1626): 1. in physiology, a muscle that iscontrolled by the action of an antagonist with which it is paired; 2.
in anatomy, a prime mover; 3. in pharmacology, a drug that has an
afﬁnity for and stimulates physiologic activity in cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances
air abrasion: syn, AIRBORNE-PARTICLE ABRASIONn΄ gap\: in audiology, the difference in patient
air-bone gap \âr΄boacuity to sound transmitted though air and through bone that reﬂects hearing loss as a result of middle ear dysfunction or pathology
air chamber: syn, RELIEF AREA
air conduction \âr kon-d
uk΄shun\: the normal process of conducting sound waves through the ear canal to the tympanic
membranes\: in therapeutic radiology, the amount of energy
air dose \âr doabsorbed per unit mass of tissue at a given site, in air
airborne-particle abrasion \âr΄bôrn΄ pär΄tĭ-kal a-bra΄zhun\: theprocess of altering the surface of a material through the use ofabrasive particles propelled by compressed air or other gases

Akers clasp \A΄kerz
klasp\: eponym for a cast circumferential clasp;this cast clasp improved and standardized the one-piece casting
method for fabricating gold alloy removable partial denture
frameworks in the early 1920s; orig, Polk E. Akers, dentist, Chicago,
IL, U.S.A.; comp, COMBINATION CLASP, SUPRABULGE CLASP,WROUGHT WIRE CLASP
Akers PE. Partial dentures. J Am Dent Assoc 1928;15:717-22
ala \a΄la\ n (1738): a wing or a wing-like anatomic part or process;alae \a΄le\ pl; alar adj
ala nasi \ä΄la nas΄e\ n: in anatomy, the cartilaginous processes
forming the wing-like ﬂare of each naris
ala-tragus line \a΄lah tra΄g
us lın\: a line running from the inferiorborder of the ala of the nose to the superior border on the tragus of
the ear; it is frequently used, with a third point on the opposing
tragus, for the purpose of establishing the ala-tragus plane; ideallythe ala-tragus plane is considered to be parallel to the occlusal
plane; the occlusal plane is at an angle of approximately 10 degrees
relative to the Frankfort horizontal plane, when viewed in the midsagittal plane; syn, CAMPER’S LINE
alginate n (ca. 1909): syn, IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
all-ceramic restoration: syn, CERAMIC RESTORATION
all-polymer prosthesis: a ﬁxed partial denture fabricated from nonmetallic or ceramic components typically composed of an internal
glass ﬁber-reinforced composite framework covered by a particulatecomposite resin; syn, FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE RESIN FIXEDPARTIAL DENTURE (FRC-FPD) deen΄ya\ n: pain resulting from a non-noxious
allodynia \al ostimulus to normal skin or mucosa
allogeneic \al a jn΄ĭk\ adj (1963): in transplantation biology,
denoting individuals (or tissues) that are of the same species however antigenically distinct; syn, homologous
allogeneic graft: syn, HOMOGRAFT

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

alloplastic graft \al΄a-plas΄tĭk graft\: a graft consisting of an inert
material-al\: any non-biologic
alloplastic material \al΄a-plas΄tĭk ma-tîr΄ematerial suitable for implantation as an alloplast
alloy \al΄oi΄, a-loi΄\ n (14c): a mixture of two or more metals or
metalloids that are mutually soluble in the molten state; distinguished as binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., depending on thenumber of metals within the mixture; alloying elements are added
to alter the hardness, strength, and toughness of a metallic element,
thus obtaining properties not found in a pure metal; alloys may also
be classiﬁed on the basis of their behavior when solidiﬁed; comp,
BASE METAL, HIGH NOBLE ALLOY, NOBLE METAL ALLOY
alloying element \a-loi΄ĭng ĕl΄a-ment\ (1998): metallic or nonmetallic elements added to or retained by a pure metal for the
purpose of giving that metal special properties
alpha particle \al΄fa par΄tĭ-kal\ n (1903): a positively charged nuclear
particle identical with the nucleus of a helium atom that consists of
two protons and two neutrons and is ejected at high speed incertain radioactive transformations
altered cast \ôl΄terd kast\: a ﬁnal cast that is revised in part before
processing a denture base; syn, CORRECTED CAST, MODIFIED CAST
altered cast removable partial denture impression \ôl΄terd kastpär΄shal dĕn΄cher ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: a negative likeness of a portion or
portions of the edentulous denture bearing area made independentof and after the initial impression of the natural teeth; this techniqueuses an impression tray(s) attached to the framework of theremovable partial denture, or its likenesso΄mi-nus pôr΄si-lin, por΄-\: a ceramicaluminous porcelain \a-lomaterial composed of a glass matrix phase with 35% or more ofaluminum oxide, by volume
o΄mi-num ŏk΄sıd΄\: 1. a metallic oxide conaluminum oxide \a-lo
stituent of dental porcelain that increases hardness and viscosity; 2.
a high-strength ceramic crystal dispersed throughout a glassy phase
to increase its strength as in aluminous dental porcelain used tofabricate aluminous porcelain crowns; 3. a ﬁnely ground ceramicparticle (frequently 50 um) often used in conjunction with airborneparticle abrasion of metal castings before the application of porcelain as with metal ceramic restorations; syn, alumina
alveolar \al-v
e΄a-ler\ adj (1799): the type of the jaw bone thatretains the teeth
΄a-ler ôg΄mĕn-ta΄shun\: any surgicalalveolar augmentation \al-ve
procedure used to alter the contour of the residual alveolar ridge΄a-ler bo
n\: the bony portion of the mandible oralveolar bone \al-ve
maxillae in which the roots of the teeth are held by ﬁbers of theperiodontal ligament; syn, ALVEOLUS, dental alveolus
alveolar crest: syn, RESIDUAL RIDGE CREST
-k
alveolar mucosa \al-v
e΄a-ler my
ooo΄sa\: the lining mucosal
covering of the alveolar process, loosely attached to the bonealveolar process \al-v
e΄a-ler pro-sĕs΄\: the cancellous and compact
bony structure that surrounds and supports the teeth
΄a-ler re΄kon-str
alveolar reconstruction \al-ve
uk΄shun\: any surgicalprocedure used to recreate an edentulous ridge where there is aseverely resorbed residual alveolar ridge
alveolar resorption: syn, RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION

May 2017e9

alveolar ridge  Angle’s classiﬁcation of occlusion
alveolar ridge: syn, RESIDUAL RIDGE
alveolectomy n: comp, OSTECTOMY
alveoloplasty n: comp, OSTEOTOMY
alveolus \al-ve΄a-lus,\ n (ca. 1706): one of the cavities or sockets
within the alveolar process of the maxillae or mandible in which theattachment complex held the root of a tooth that was removed;
alveoli \al-ve΄a-le\ plamalgam n: dental amalgam is an alloy of mercury, silver, copper,
and tin, which may also contain palladium, zinc, and other elements
to improve handling characteristics and clinical performance; syn,silver amalgam

anatomy \a-nat΄a-m
e\ n (14c): 1. a branch of morphology that involves the structures of organs; 2. the structural makeup esp. of anorgan or any of its parts; -mies pl; anatomic \an΄a-tŏm΄ĭk\ oranatomical \an΄a-tŏm΄ĭ-kal\ adj
ANB angle \A N B ang΄gl\: in cephalometric analysis, the angle
formed between the nasion point A line and the nasion point B line
anchorage area \ang΄ker-ĭj âr΄e-a\: that area which, by its situation,
conﬁguration, and/or preparation, is suitable for the retention of a
prosthesis
anchorage component nonstand: syn, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT

ambient \AM-bee-unt\ adj: existing or present on all sides;
encompassing

anchorage element nonstand: syn, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
ABUTMENT ELEMENT(S)AMF: acronym for ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING FILEr΄fus\ n: without crystalline structure; having
amorphous \a-mo
random arrangement of atoms in space
analgesia \an΄al-je ze-a,-zha\ n (ca. 1706): absence of perception ofpain, designating particularly the relief of pain without loss of
consciousness; a term denoting a “total absence of all sensibility,”
written by Oliver Wendell Holmes for William T. G. Morton (1846)
1
analgesic \an΄al-je΄ zĭk, -sĭk\ adj: relieving pain

ancillary device: syn, DEVICE

2
analgesic \an΄al-je΄zĭk, -sĭk\ n: an agent that alleviates pain withoutcausing loss of consciousness; comp, ANALGESIC BLOCKING AGENT,ANALGESIC DIAGNOSTIC BLOCK΄zĭk blŏk΄ing a΄jent\: any analanalgesic blocking agent \an΄al-je
gesic that blocks or prohibits sensory perception΄zĭk dı΄ag-nŏs΄tĭk blŏk\: theanalgesic diagnostic block \an΄al-je
selective use of a local anesthetic injection or application of a topicalanesthetic to identify a pain source
analog \an΄a-lôg, -lŏg\ n (1826): 1. in dentistry, something that is
analogous, in part or whole, to something else; i.e., a replica of a
portion of an implant abutment made of brass, aluminum, stainlesssteel, or plastic; 2. an organ similar in function to an organ of anotheranimal or plant but with different structure and origin; analogueanamnesis \an΄am-ne΄sĭs\ n (ca. 1593): 1. a recalling to mind; areminiscence; 2. the past history of disease or injury based on thepatient’s memory or recall at the time of interview and examination;
3. a preliminary past medical history of a medical or psychiatricpatient; -neses planatomic crown \an΄a-tŏm΄ĭk kroun\: the portion of a natural tooththat extends coronal from the cemento-enamel junction; syn,anatomical crownanatomic landmark \an΄a-tŏm΄ĭk land΄mark\: a recognizable
anatomic structure used as a point of referenceo΄zhun\: an occlusal
anatomic occlusion \an΄a-tŏm΄ĭk a-klo
arrangement for dental prostheses wherein the posterior artiﬁcial
teeth have masticatory surfaces that closely resemble those of thenatural healthy dentition and articulate with similar natural or artiﬁcial surfaces; syn, anatomical occlusion
anatomic teeth \an΄a-tŏm΄ĭk t
eth\: 1. artiﬁcial teeth that duplicate
the anatomic forms of natural teeth; 2. teeth that have prominent
cusps on the masticating surfaces and that are designed to articulate with the teeth of the opposing natural or prosthetic dentition;
3. anatomic teeth with cuspal inclinations greater than 0 degrees
that tend to replicate natural tooth anatomy; Editorial note for usage:
cusped teeth (30 to 45 degrees) are considered anatomic teeth.
Modiﬁed occlusal forms are those with a 20-degree or less cuspal
inclination; comp, SEMI-ANATOMICAL ARTIFICIAL TEETH
Boucher CO. Occlusion in prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent
1953;3:633-56

Anderson splint: eponym for a skeletal traction splint with pins
inserted into proximal and distal ends of a fractured bone. Reduction is obtained by an external plate attached to the pins; orig, Roger
Anderson, orthopedic surgeon, U.S.A., 1891-1971; syn, BYPHASICSPLINT
Anderson R. Ambulatory method of treating fractures of the shaft of
the femur. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1936;62:865os brĭj\: eponym for the combination of aAndrews bridge \An΄droﬁxed partial denture incorporating a connecting bar with aremovable partial denture that replaces teeth within the bar area,
usually used for edentulous anterior spaces; the vertical walls of thebar may provide retention for the removable component; orig,
James Andrews, dentist, U.S.A
Amite LA, Everhart RJ, Cavazos E. Jr. Evaluation of a ﬁxed removablepartial denture: Andrews Bridge System. J Prosthet Dent
1983;50(2):180-84
anesthesia \an΄ĭs-th
e΄zha\ n (ca. 1721): loss of feeling or sensation;anaesthesia΄zha do΄la-ro΄sa\: pain within an area
anesthesia dolorosa \an΄ĭs-theor region that is anesthetized1
anesthetic \an΄ĭs-thĕt΄ĭk\ adj (1846): 1. capable of producing
anesthesia; 2. lacking awareness or sensitivity
2
anesthetic \an΄ĭs-thĕt΄ĭk\ n (1848): 1. a substance that produces
anesthesia; 2. something that brings relief
v jĭn΄ji-val, -jĭn-jı΄- kunangle of gingival convergence \ang΄gl uvûr΄jens\: the angle of gingival convergence is located apical to theheight of contour on the abutment tooth; it can be identiﬁed byviewing the angle formed by the tooth surface gingival to thesurvey line and the analyzing rod or undercut gauge of a surveyor as
it contacts the height of contour
Schneider RL. Signiﬁcance of abutment tooth angle of gingival
convergence on removable partial denture retention. J Prosthet
Dent 1987;58:194-96
v ĭn΄sĭ-dens\: the angle formed beangle of incidence \ang΄gl u
tween the axis of a light beam and a perpendicular to the object’s
surfacev rĭ-ﬂĕk΄shun\: the angle formed beangle of reﬂection \ang΄gl u
tween the axis of a reﬂected light beam and a perpendicular to theobject’s surface
angled abutment: syn, ANGULATED DENTAL IMPLANT ABUTMENT
angled implant: syn, ANGULATED DENTAL IMPLANTv aAngle’s classiﬁcation of occlusion \Ang΄gulz
klas΄a-fĭ-ka΄shun uo΄shun\: eponym for a classiﬁcation system of occlusion based on
klo
the intercuspation of the ﬁrst molar teeth originally described byAngle as four major groups depending on the anteroposterior jaw

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e10

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Angle’s classiﬁcation of occlusion  anterior nasal spine
relationship; Class I (normal occlusion or NEUTRO-OCCLUSION): thedental relationship in which there is normal anteroposterior relationship of the jaws, as indicated by intercuspal position of maxillary
and mandibular molars, but with crowding and rotation of teeth
elsewhere, i.e., a dental dysplasia or arch length deﬁciency; Class II(DISTO-OCCLUSION): the dental relationship in which the mandibular dental arch is posterior to the maxillary dental arch in one orboth lateral segments; the mandibular ﬁrst molar is distal to themaxillary ﬁrst molar; Class II can be further subdivided into two
divisions; Division 1: bilateral distal retrusion with a narrow maxillaryarch and protruding maxillary incisors. Subdivisions include right orleft (unilaterally distal with other characteristics being the same);
Division 2: bilateral distal with a normal or square-shaped maxillaryarch, retruded maxillary central incisors, labially malposed maxillary
lateral incisors, and an excessive vertical overlap. Subdivisions
include right or left (unilaterally distal with other characteristics thesame); Class III (MESIO-OCCLUSION): the dental relationship in which
the mandibular arch is anterior to the maxillary arch in one or bothlateral segments; the mandibular ﬁrst molar is mesial to the maxillary ﬁrst molar; the mandibular incisors are usually in anterior
reverse articulation; subdivisions include right or left (unilaterally
mesial with other characteristics the same); Class IV: the dental
relationship in which the occlusal relations of the dental arches
present the peculiar condition of being in distal occlusion in one
lateral half and in mesial occlusion in the other (Class IV is no longer
in use); orig, Edward Harley Angle, orthodontist, U.S.A., 1855-1930;
Angle EM. Classiﬁcation
1899;41:248-64, 350-57

ofmalocclusion.

DentalCosmosangular cheilitis \ang΄gya-ler kı-lı΄tĭs\: inﬂammation in the area ofthe modiolus causing redness and the production of ﬁssures; syn,perlecheangulated dental implant: a dental implant placed in the bonesuch that its long axis of inclination varies considerably from aperpendicular relationship with the occlusal plane; syn, ANGLED
IMPLANT; TILTED IMPLANT
angulated dental implant abutment \ang΄gya-lat΄ĭd a-but΄ment\(1998): any endosteal dental implant abutment that alters the longaxis angulation between the dental implant and the dental implant
abutment; syn, ANGLED ABUTMENT
ankyloglossia \ang΄kĭ-lo-glos’e-ah, -glo-sha\ n: the binding of the
tip of the tongue to the ﬂoor of the mouth or the alveolar ridge as aresult of abnormal attachment of the lingual frenum. This often
restricts movement of the tongue, often because of the position of
the lingual frenulum, resulting in speech impediments; may becomplete or partial; syn, adherent tongue, lingua frenata, tongue-tie΄sĭs\ n (1713): immobility and consolidation of aankylosis \ang΄ki-lo
joint or tooth as a result of injury, disease, or a surgical procedure;-loses pl; comp, BONY ANKYLOSIS, EXTRACAPSULAR ANKYLOSIS,FIBROUS ANKYLOSIS, INTRACAPSULAR ANKYLOSIS; syn, anchylosis
anneal \a-nel΄\ vt (1580): 1. to heat a material, such as metal or
glass, followed by controlled cooling to remove internal stresses andcreate a desired degree of toughness, temper, or softness to amaterial; 2. to heat a material, such as gold foil, to volatilize anddrive off impurities from its surface, thus increasing its cohesive
properties; this process is termed degassing; 3. to homogenize an
amalgam alloy by heating in an ovenannular \an΄ya-ler\ n (1571): a term used to describe a ring-likeanatomic structure
anodontia \an΄
o-dŏn΄sh
e-a\ n: a rare dental condition characterizedby congenital absence of all teeth (both deciduous and permanent);
comp, HYPODONTIA, OLIGODONTIA
anodontism n: syn, ANODONTIATHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

-mat΄ĭk vĭzanomalous trichromatic vision \a-nŏm΄a-lus trı΄kro
h΄un\: a form of defective color vision in which three stimuli are
required for color matching, but the proportions in which they arematched differ signiﬁcantly from those required by the normal
trichromat. There are three forms of anomalous trichromatic vision:
protanomalous, deuteranomalous, and tritanomalous\ n (1664): 1. something different, abnormal,
anomaly \a-nŏm΄a-lepeculiar, or not easily classiﬁed; 2. an aberration or deviation fromnormal anatomic growth, development, or function; 3. marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result of congenital
defects; anomalies \a-nŏm΄a-l
ez\ plANS: acronym for ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE; the outline of the anterior nasal spine as seen on the lateral cephalometric radiograph;used as a cephalometric landmark
antagonist \an-tag΄a-nĭst\ n (1599): 1. a tooth in one jaw that articulates with a tooth in the other jaw; syn, dental antagonist; 2. asubstance that tends to nullify the actions of another, as a drug thatbinds to cell receptors without eliciting a biologic response; 3. amuscle whose action is the direct opposite of another muscle
Ante’s Law: eponym, in ﬁxed prosthodontics, for the observationthat the combined pericemental area of all abutment teeth supporting a ﬁxed partial denture should be equal to or greater inpericemental area compared with the tooth or teeth to be replaced;as formulated for removable dental prosthodontics, the combined
pericemental area of the abutment teeth plus the mucosal area ofthe denture base should be equal to or greater than the pericemental area of the missing teeth; orig, Irwin H. Ante, dentist,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Ante IH. The fundamental principles, design and construction ofcrown and bridge prosthesis. Dent Item Int 1928;50:215-32
-or\ adj (1541): 1. situated in front of or the front
anterior \an-tîr΄epart; 2. the forward or ventral position; 3. a term used to denote theincisor or canine teeth or the forward region of the mouth
-or de pro΄gram’ĭng dĭanterior deprogramming device \an-tîr΄evıs΄\: an individually fabricated anterior guide table that allows
mandibular motion without the inﬂuence of tooth contacts andfacilitates the recording of maxillomandibular relationships; syn,
LUCIA JIG
anterior disc displacement: syn, DISC DISPLACEMENT
-or gıd΄ns\: 1. the inﬂuence of the conanterior guidance \an-tîr΄etacting surfaces of anterior teeth, limiting mandibular movements;
2. the inﬂuence of the contacting surfaces of the guide pin andanterior guide table on articulator movements; comp, ANTERIORGUIDE TABLE; 3. the fabrication of a relationship of the anterior
teeth preventing posterior tooth contact in all eccentric mandibular
movements; comp, ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATION, GROUPFUNCTION, MUTUALLY PROTECTED ARTICULATION
anterior guide: syn, ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
anterior guide pin \an-tîr΄e-or gıd pĭn\: that component of anarticulator, generally a rigid rod attached to one member, contacting the anterior guide table on the opposing member. It is used forthe purpose of maintaining the established vertical separation. The
anterior guide pin and table, together with the condylar elements,
direct the movements of the articulator’s separate members
-or gıd ta΄bl\: that component of ananterior guide table \an-tîr΄earticulator on which the anterior guide pin rests to maintain theocclusal vertical dimension and inﬂuence articulator movements;
the guide table inﬂuences the degree of separation of the casts in all
relationships; comp, CUSTOM GUIDE TABLE
-or na΄zal spın\: acronym is ANS; aanterior nasal spine \an-tîr΄esharp median bony process, adjacent to the inferior margin of theMay 2017

e11

anterior nasal spine  arrow point tracer
anterior aperture of the nose and formed by the forward prolongation of the two maxillae
anterior open bite obs, nonstand: syn, ANTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSALRELATIONSHIP
-or o΄pen a-klo
o΄zal rĭanterior open occlusal relationship \an-tîr΄ela΄shen-shĭp΄\: the lack of anterior tooth contact in any occluding
position of the posterior teeth; comp, APERTOGNATHIA
-or pro-tĕk΄tĭd är-tĭk΄yaanterior protected articulation \an-tîr΄ela΄shun\: a form of mutually protected articulation in which thevertical and horizontal overlap of the anterior teeth disengage theposterior teeth in all mandibular excursive movements; syn, CANINEPROTECTED ARTICULATION
-or rĕf΄er-ens, rĕf΄rens point\: any
anterior reference point \an-tîr΄epoint located on the midface that, together with two posterior
reference points, establishes a reference planeth\: the maxillary and mandibular inanterior teeth \an-tîr΄e-or tecisors and caninesth a-ranj’ment\: theanterior tooth arrangement \an-tîr΄e-or toopositioning of the anterior teeth for esthetics and phonetics
th form\: the outline form as
anterior tooth form \an-tîr΄e-or tooviewed in any selected plane and/or other contours of an anterior
toothanteroposterior curve \an-ter-o-pŏ-stîr΄e-or kûrv\: the anatomic
curve established by the occlusal alignment of the teeth, as projected onto the median plane, beginning with the cusp tip of themandibular canine and following the buccal cusp tips of the premolar and molar teeth, continuing through the anterior border ofthe mandibular ramus, ending with the anterior most portion of themandibular condyle; orig, Ferdinand Graf Spee, anatomist, Germany,
1890; syn, CURVE OF SPEE
anti-Monson curve: syn, REVERSE CURVE; comp, PLEASURE CURVE,
CURVE OF PLEASURE
-ta΄shun\ (1998): a structural feature of someanti-rotation \an΄te-roendosteal dental implant components that prevents relative rotation of fastened parts; this feature may exist between a dental
implant body and the dental implant abutment, and/or the dental
implant abutment and dental implant abutment element(s)antiﬂux \an΄te-ﬂ
uks΄\ n: materials that prevent or conﬁne solder
attachment or ﬂow
antimetabolite \an΄te-ma-tab΄a-lıt\ n (1945): a substance thatcompetes with, replaces, or antagonizes a particular metabolite
antineoplastic \an΄te-ne΄a-plas΄tĭk\ adj (1969): 1. inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms; inhibiting the maturationand proliferation of malignant cells; 2. an agent having suchproperties
antineoplastic drug \an΄t
e-n
e΄a-plas΄tĭk dr
ug\: an agent used intreatment or palliation of the symptoms of cancer
antitragus \an΄tĭ-tra΄g
us\ n: a projection of the cartilage of theauricle in front of the cauda helicis, just above the lobule andposterior to the tragus, from which it is separated by the intertragalnotch; antitragi \an΄te-tra΄je\ plapatite \ap΄a-tıt΄\ n (1803): calcium phosphate of the composition
Ca5(PO4)3OH; one of the mineral constituents of teeth and bones(with CaCO3)
apertognathia n: a condition in which the anterior or posterior
teeth are not in contact; syn, OPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP
aperture \ap΄er-chur\ n (15c): an opening or open space; a holeapex \a΄pĕks΄\ n (1601): 1. the uppermost point; the vertex; 2. indentistry, the anatomic end of a tooth root; apexes or apices pl\a΄pĭ-sez΄, ap΄ĭ-\aphagia \a fa΄j
e-a, -ja\ n: inability to swallow; abstention from eatingaphasia \a-fa΄zha\ n (1867): defect or loss of the power of expression by writing, speech or signs, or of comprehending written or
spoken language as a result of disease of or injury to the brain΄ne-a\ n (1778): loss or absence of voice as a result ofaphonia \a-fo
the failure of the vocal cords to vibrate properly
apical \ap΄ĭ-kal, -a΄pĭ-\ adj (1828): relating to or pertaining to the top
or apex; apically adv
aplasia \a-pla΄zha, -zh
e-\ n: defective development or congenital
absence of an organ or tissue
aplastic \a-plas΄tĭk\ adj: devoid of form; without development
Applegate’s Rules: eponym for rules of modiﬁcation spaces thatgovern application of the Kennedy systemappliance n, slang, obs (1561): syn, DEVICE, PROSTHESIS
apposition \ap0 a-zĭsh0 un\ n (15c): the condition of being placed or
ﬁtted together; in juxtaposition or coadaptation
approximation \a-prŏk0 si-ma0 shun\ n (15c): 1. the process ofdrawing together; 2. the quality of being close or near; approximative \a-prŏk΄sĭ-ma΄tĭv\ adj
apraxia \a-prak΄s
e-a\ n (1888): the loss of ability to carry out familiar,
purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or other sensory
or motor impairment, especially the inability to make proper use ofan objectapron n, obs, slang: syn, LINGUAL PLATE
arbitrary facebow: syn, AVERAGE AXIS FACEBOW΄zhur\: the circular or elliptic arc created by
v kloarc of closure \ark u
closure of the mandible, most often viewed in the mid-sagittal
plane, in relation to a reference point on the mandible (frequently
the mesial incisal edge of either mandibular central incisor’s mesial
incisal edge)
arc therapy \ark thĕr΄a-p
e\: in therapeutic radiology, external beam
radiation in which the source of radiation is moved about the patient on an arc during treatment. Multiple arcs may be used. In somecases the beam is stationary and the patient is rotated in a verticalplane; comp, INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY (IMRT)
arch bar \ärch bär\: a rigid bar and/or wire used for maxillomandibular ﬁxation in the treatment of fractures of the maxillae
and mandible and/or stabilization of injured teeth, generally
attached to the remaining natural dentition and/or occlusal splints
arch form \ärch form\: the geometric shape of the dental arch whenviewed in the horizontal plane (square, tapering, ovoid, etc.)
\: thearch length discrepancy \ärch lĕngkth dĭ-skrĕp΄ens-se
abnormal relationship between the size of the mandible and/or
maxillae and their component teeth, especially as viewed andanalyzed in the occlusal planearch wire \ärch-wır\ n: an orthodontic wire placed intraorally for theapplication of force
arcon \ar΄kon\ n: contr, ARTICULATOR and CONDYLE; used todescribe an articulator containing the condylar path elements
within its upper member and the condylar elements within thelower member; comp, NONARCON
arcon articulator \ar’kon är-tĭk΄ya-la΄tor\: an articulator that applies
the arcon design; this instrument maintains anatomic guidelines by
the use of condylar analogs in the mandibular element and fossae
assemblies within the maxillary element
 point tra΄ser\: 1. a mechanical device usedarrow point tracer \ar΄oto trace a pattern of mandibular movement in a selected plane,usually parallel to the occlusal plane; 2. a mechanical device with amarking point attached to one jaw and a graph plate or tracing

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYe12

Volume 117 Issue 5S

arrow point tracer  attachment
plane attached to the other jaw, it is used to record the direction
and range of movements of the mandible; Editorial note for usage:
EXTRAORAL TRACER (ING), INTRAORAL TRACER (ING), and TRACING
DEVICE are the primary terms; comp, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
DEVICE, CEPHALOMETRIC TRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL
TRACER, GOTHIC ARCH TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING, MANDIBULAR
TRACER, NEEDLE POINT TRACING, PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING, STYLUS
TRACING, TRACING DEVICE
arrow point tracing: syn, STYLUS TRACING
-a\ n (ca. 1848): pain in a joint or joints
arthralgia \ar-thral΄ja, -jearthritis \är-thrı΄tis\ n (14c): inﬂammation of a joint or joints
arthrodial joint \är-thr
o΄de al joint\: a joint that allows gliding
motion of the surfaces΄de al moov΄ment\: gliding joint
arthrodial movement \är-thromovement
arthrography \är-thrŏp΄a-th
e\ n: 1. roentgenography of a joint after
injection of an opaque contrast material; 2. in dentistry, a diagnostic
technique that entails ﬁlling the lower, upper, or both joint spaces of
the temporomandibular joint with a contrast agent to enableradiographic evaluation of the joint and surrounding structures;
used to diagnose or conﬁrm disc displacements and perforations
arthropathy n (ca. 1860): a disease of a joint
e\ n: the surgical formation or reformaarthroplasty \är-thro΄plas-ttion of a joint΄sĭs\ n (1634): 1. a joint or articulation; 2. aarthrosis \är-throdegenerative disease of a joint
articular \är tĭk΄ya-ler\ adj (15c): of or relating to a joint
articular capsule \är tĭk΄ya-ler kap’sel\: the ﬁbrous ligament that
encloses a joint and limits its motion; it is lined with the synovial
membrane
articular cartilage \är tĭk΄ya-ler kär΄tl-ĭj\: a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage located on the joint surfaces of some bones; not found on
the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joints, that arecovered with an avascular ﬁbrous tissue
articular disc: a ring of ﬁbrocartilage that separates the articularsurfaces of a joint. Relative to the temporomandibular joint, thearticular disc is a ﬁbrous connective tissue disc located between thearticulating surfaces of the mandibular condyle and temporal bone;comp, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ARTICULAR DISC
1
articulate \är-tĭk΄ya-lat΄\ vb (1691): 1. to join together as a joint; 2.
the relating of contacting surfaces of the teeth or their artiﬁcial
replicas in the maxillae to those in the mandible2
articulate \är-tĭk΄ya-lat΄ (1586): in speech, to enunciate clearly or beclearly spoken; -lĭt\ adj
articulating paper \är-tĭk΄ya-lat΄ing pa΄per\: ink-coated paper strips
used to locate and mark occlusal contacts
articulation \är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\ n (15c): 1. the place of union orjunction between two or more bones of the skeleton; comp, CRANIOMANDIBULAR ARTICULATION, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATION; 2. in speech, the enunciation of words and sentences; syn,
SPEECH ARTICULATION; 3. in dentistry, the static and dynamic
contact relationship between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth
during function; comp, ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATION,BALANCED ARTICULATION, DENTAL ARTICULATION, FUNCTIONAL
ARTICULATION, MONOPLANE ARTICULATION, MUTUALLY PROTECTED ARTICULATION
articulator \är-tĭk΄ya-la΄tor\ n: a mechanical instrument that represents the temporomandibular joints and jaws, to which maxillary
and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all
mandibular movements; Editorial note for usage: articulators are

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

divisible into four classes; Class I articulator: a simple holding instrument capable of accepting a single static registration; verticalmotion is possible; syn, NONADJUSTABLE ARTICULATOR; Class II
articulator: an instrument that permits horizontal as well as verticalmotion but does not orient the motion to the temporomandibular
joints; Class III articulator: an instrument that simulates condylar
pathways by using averages or mechanical equivalents for all or partof the motion; these instruments allow for orientation of the casts
relative to the joints and may be arcon or nonarcon instruments;
syn, SEMIADJUSTABLE ARTICULATOR; Class IV articulator: an instrument that will accept 3D dynamic registrations; these instrumentsallow for orientation of the casts to the temporomandibular joints
and simulation of mandibular movements; syn, FULLY ADJUSTABLE
ARTICULATOR, FULLY ADJUSTABLE GNATHOLOGIC ARTICULATOR
artifact \är΄ti-fakt΄\ n (1821): 1. any characteristic product of humanactivity, i.e., any handmade object that could represent a particular
culture or stage in its technologic development; 2. a product of an
artiﬁcial character caused by an extraneous agency; used in medicine to signify details or conditions that are misleading or unnatural
because of imperfect materials or techniques
artiﬁcial crown \är΄ti-ﬁsh΄al kroun\: a restoration that restores
missing tooth structure of three or more axial surfaces and theocclusal surface or incisal edge of a tooth with a material such as
cast metal alloy, ceramics, resin, or a combination of materials;
comp, COMPLETE CROWN, PARTIAL-COVERAGE CROWN, PARTIALCOVERAGE RETAINER
artiﬁcial stone: syn, DENTAL STONE
asepsis \a-sĕp΄sĭs, a-\ n (1892): 1. free from infection; 2. the prevention of contact with microorganisms
aseptic \a-sĕp΄tĭk, a-\ adj (ca. 1859): free of infection or septic material; sterile; free from pathogenic microorganisms; aseptically \asep 0 ti ka0 le\ adv
ASTM Committee F42: acronym for American Society of Testing
Materials; the committee responsible for the development of standards in additive manufacturing
asymmetrical \a΄sĭ-mĕt΄rĭ-kal\ adj (1690): characterized by or pertaining to asymmetry
\ n (1690): absence or lack of symmetry orasymmetry \a-sĭm΄ĭ-trebalance; dissimilarity in corresponding parts or organs on opposite
sides of the bodyov΄mant\: the condi v mo
asymmetry of movement \a-sĭm΄ĭ-tr
eution observed when mandibular movement has a lateral component
on opening and closing, especially when viewed in the frontal plane uv the man΄di-bul\: theasymmetry of the mandible \a-sĭm΄ĭ-tre
condition that exists when the right and left sides of the mandible
are not mirror images of each otheratrophic fracture \a trŏf΄ĭk frak΄cher\: spontaneous fracture as aresult of atrophy\ n (1601): 1. a wasting away; 2. a diminution inatrophy \at΄ra-fe
size of a cell, tissue, organ or part; -phies pl \-f
ez\ atrophic adj;
atrophy \at΄r-f
e\ vb; comp, ADIPOSE ATROPHY, AGE ATROPHY,
BONE ATROPHY, DISUSE ATROPHY, MUSCULAR ATROPHY, POSTMENOPAUSAL ATROPHY, SENILE ATROPHY
attached gingiva \a-tachd΄ jĭn΄ja-va \: the portion of the gingiva
that is ﬁrm, dense, stippled, and tightly bound to the underlying
periosteum, bone, and tooth
attachment \a-tach΄ment\ n (15c): 1. a mechanical device for theﬁxation, retention, and stabilization of a prosthesis; 2. a retainer
consisting of a metal receptacle and a closely ﬁtting part; the former(matrix component) is usually contained within the normal or
expanded contours of the crown of the abutment tooth and theMay 2017e13

attachment  axial inclination
latter (patrix component), is attached to a pontic or the denture
framework; comp, FRICTIONAL ATTACHMENT, EXTRACORONALATTACHMENT, INTERNAL ATTACHMENT, KEYWAY ATTACHMENT,PARALLEL ATTACHMENT, PRECISION ATTACHMENT, RESILIENTATTACHMENT, SLOTTED ATTACHMENT
attachment apparatus \a-tach΄ment ap΄a-ra΄tus, -rat΄us\: in periodontics, a general term used to designate the cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
attachment screw: any component used to secure a ﬁxed dental
prosthesis; comp, ABUTMENT SCREWo-a΄shun uv ra΄dattenuation of radiation \a-tĕn΄yoe-a΄shun\: thereduction in intensity of radiation as a result of scattering and absorption of radiation; attenuation of electron beams always lowers
the average beam energy
attrition \a-trĭsh΄un\ n (14c): 1. the act of wearing or grinding downby friction; 2. the mechanical wear resulting from mastication orparafunction, limited to contacting surfaces of the teeth; compABRASION, EROSION, ABFRACTION
atypical facial pain \a-tĭp΄ĭ-kul fa΄shul pan\: a painful syndrome
characterized by dull aching or throbbing, rather than paroxysms ofpain, such as seen in trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, or postherpetic
neuralgia, occurring in areas supplied by various nerve groups,
including the ﬁfth and ninth cranial nerves and the second and third
cervical nerves; however, the distribution of atypical facial pain does
not follow the established pathways of innervation of the major
sensory nerves (i.e., trigeminal neuralgia); attacks last from a few
days to several months and often occur after dental care or sinus
manipulation, but examination of the teeth, nose, sinuses, ears, andtemporomandibular joints seldom reveals any abnormalities; apsychogenic or vascular etiology has been suggested; this isbelieved by some to not be a speciﬁc disease entity but rather asymptom, the etiology of which has not been determined; syn,atypical facial neuralgia, facial causalgia
audiogram \ô΄de-o-gram\ n (1927): a record of the thresholds ofhearing of an individual over various sound frequencies
audiology \ô΄de-ŏl-a-je\ n (1946): the study of the entire ﬁeld ofhearing, including the anatomy and function of the ear, impairmentof hearing, and the education or reeducation of the person withhearing loss
audiometer \ô΄de-ŏm΄ĭ-ter\ n (1879): an instrument used to assesshearing at various intensity levels and frequencies
audition \ô-dĭsh΄un\ n (1599): the power or sense of hearing
, -tor΄e
- dĭ-skrĭm΄a-na΄shun\:auditory discrimination \ô΄dĭ-tôr΄eability to discriminate between sounds of different frequency, intensity, and pressure pattern components; ability to distinguish one
speech sound from anotheraugment \ôg-mĕnt΄\ vb (15c): to make greater, more numerous,
larger, or more intense
augmentation \ôg΄mĕn-ta΄shun\ n (14c): to increase in size beyond
the existing size. In alveolar ridge augmentation, bone grafts oralloplastic materials are used to increase the size of an atrophic
alveolar ridge
auricle: the appendage of soft tissue and cartilage that is lateral tothe external auditory meatus; the ear΄fĕkt΄, dĭ-fĕkt΄\: absence or partial
auricular defect \ô-rĭk΄ya-lar deabsence of the external ear΄sĭs\: a removable maxilauricular prosthesis \ô-rĭk΄ya-ler prŏs-thelofacial prosthesis that artiﬁcially restores part of or the entire natural ear; syn, artiﬁcial ear, ear prosthesis

-tĕm΄pral sĭn΄drom\:auriculotemporal syndrome \ô-rĭ-k
u-lo
sweating and ﬂushing in the preauricular and temporal areas whencertain foods are eaten
auscultation \ô΄skal-ta΄shun\ n (ca. 1828): the process of determining the condition of various parts of the body by listening to thesounds they emit
autogenous \ô-tŏj΄a-nus\ adj (1846): originating or derived fromsources within the same individual; self-produced; self-generated;
autologous
autogenous graft \ô-tŏj΄a-nus graft\: a graft taken from the patient’s own body; syn, AUTOGRAFT
autoglaze vb: the production of a glazed surface by raising thetemperature of a ceramic material to create surface ﬂow; comp,
OVERGLAZE
autograft \ô΄ta-graft\ n (ca. 1913): a graft of tissue derived fromanother site in or on the body of the organism receiving it; syn,autochthonous graft, AUTOGENOUS GRAFT, autologous graft,
autoplast-g
autologous \ô-tŏl΄ous\ adj (ca. 1921): related to self; designatingproducts or components of the same individual organism; syn,
AUTOGENOUS
autonomic nervous system \ô΄ta-nŏm΄ĭk nûr΄vus sĭs΄tam\: the partof the nervous system that innervates the cardiovascular, digestive,
reproductive, and respiratory organs; it operates outside of consciousness and controls basic life-sustaining functions, such as heartrate, digestion, and breathing; it includes the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system-pŏl΄a-mer\ n: a material that polymerizes by
autopolymer \ô΄tochemical reaction without external heat as a result of the addition ofan activator and a catalyst
-pŏl΄a-mĕr-za΄shun\ n: in resins, theautopolymerization \ô΄tochemical reaction of smaller molecular chain molecules with anactivator to form a larger molecular chain; e.g., a tertiary amine
activates the benzoyl peroxide, an initiator, which will react with themethylmethacrylate monomer to form polymethylmethacrylate; syn,CHEMICALLY-ACTIVATED POLYMERIZATION, POLYMERIZATION
-pŏl-a-mĕr-ı΄zing rĕz΄ĭn\: a resin
autopolymerizing resin \ô΄toformed when polymerization occurs as a result of a chemical
activator\: a device used toaverage axis facebow \av΄er-ĭj, av΄rĭj ak΄sĭs fas bo
relate the maxillary cast to the condylar elements of an articulator
by using average anatomic landmarks to estimate the position of
the transverse horizontal axis; comp, ARBITRARY FACEBOW, KINEMATIC FACEBOW
average axis facebow record: the registration of average anatomic
landmarks to estimate the position of the transverse horizontal axis;
syn, FACEBOW RECORD är-tĭk΄ya-la΄ter\: an articuoo
average value articulator \av΄rĭj val΄ylator that is fabricated to permit motion based on mean mandibular
movements; syn, Class III articulator
avulsion \a-v
ul΄shun\ n (1622): a forcible separation or detachment,
as in a tearing away of a body part surgically or accidentally
avulsion fracture \a-v
ul΄shun frak΄cher\: a tearing away or traumatic separation of a part of a boneaxial contour: the shape of a body that is in its long axis
-al ĭn΄kla na΄shun\: 1. the relationship of theaxial inclination \ak΄selong axis of a body to a designated plane; 2. in dentistry, thealignment of the long axis of a tooth to a selected plane, often thehorizontal plane

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e14

Volume 117 Issue 5S

axial loading  bees’ wax΄dĭng\: the force down the long axis of theaxial loading \ak΄se-al lo
tooth, dental implant, or other object being describedaxial reduction: the amount of tooth removal (alteration, preparation) along its long axis; comp, INCISAL REDUCTION, OCCLUSAL
REDUCTION
axial surface: the exterior of a body that is oriented in its long axis
axial wall: 1. the side of a body that is in its long axis; 2. in dentistry,
the surface of a tooth preparation that is in its long axis
axis \ak΄sĭs\ n (14c): a line around which a body may rotate or about
which a structure would turn if it could revolve; axes pl \ak΄sĕz\;comp, CONDYLAR AXIS, SAGITTAL AXIS, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL
AXIS, VERTICAL AXIS
v prĕp΄a-ra΄shun\: the planned line oraxis of preparation \ak΄sĭs upath of placement and removal for a dental restoration
axis orbital plane \ak΄sĭs ôr΄bĭ tal plan\: the horizontal planeestablished by the transverse horizontal axis of the mandible with apoint on the inferior border of the right or left bony orbit (orbitale);this plane can be used as a horizontal reference pointBback pressure porosity \bak prĕsh΄er pa-rŏs΄ĭ-t
e\: porosity produced in dental castings thought to be the result of the inability ofgases in the mold to escape during the casting procedure; syn,OCCLUDED GAS POROSITY, SHRINK-SPOT POROSITY, SOLIDIFICATION POROSITY, SUCK-BACK POROSITY
backing \bak΄ĭng\ n (1793): a metal support that attaches a veneer
to a prosthesisbackscatter
RADIATION

orbackscatteringn(1940):syn,

SCATTERED

balanced articulation \bal ansd är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: the bilateral,simultaneous occlusal contact of the anterior and posterior teeth inexcursive movements; comp, CROSS-ARCH BALANCED ARTICULATION, CROSS-TOOTH BALANCED ARTICULATION
balanced bite slang: syn, BALANCED ARTICULATION
balanced occlusal contact: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE OCCLUSALCONTACTbalanced occlusion: syn, BALANCED ARTICULATION
balancing condyle obs: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE CONDYLE
balancing contact: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
balancing interference \bal΄ans ĭng ĭn΄ter-fear΄ans\ obs: syn,
MEDIOTRUSIVEOCCLUSALCONTACT;NONWORKING-SIDEOCCLUSAL CONTACT
balancing occlusal contact: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE OCCLUSALCONTACTo΄zal sûr΄fas es\: thebalancing occlusal surfaces \bal΄ans ĭng a klo
working-side occlusal contacts (anteroposteriorly or laterally); thesecontacts with reciprocating nonworking-side occlusal contacts aredeveloped for the purpose of stabilizing dentures (GPT-4); syn,
LATEROTRUSIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT; comp, MEDIOTRUSIVEOCCLUSAL CONTACT

bar clasp arm: syn, BAR CLASP
bar connector \bar ka-nĕk΄tor\: a metal component of greater
length than width that serves to connect the parts of a removable
complete denture, removable partial denture, or ﬁxed dental prosthesis; comp, LABIAL BAR CONNECTOR, LINGUAL BAR CONNECTOR,
MAJOR CONNECTOR, MESOSTRUCTURE, PALATAL BAR CONNECTOR,
IMPLANT-SUPPORTED BAR CONNECTOR
bar retainer \bar rĭ-ta΄ner\ obs: a metal bar usually resting on lingualsurfaces of teeth to aid in their stabilization and to act as indirect
retainer (GPT-4); syn, BAR CONNECTOR
basal \ba΄sal, -zal\ adj (1828): pertaining to or situated near the basen\: the osseous tissue of the mandible andbasal bone \ba΄sak bo
maxillae exclusive of the alveolar processbasal seat obs: syn, DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
basal surface obs: syn, DENTURE BASE
base \bas\ vt (1587): the act of placing a lining material under adental restoration

1

2
base \bas\ n (14c): any substance placed under a restoration thatblocks out undercuts in the preparation, acts as a thermal orchemical barrier to the pulp, and/or controls the thickness of theoverlying restoration; syn, BASE MATERIAL; Editorial note for usage:
adjectives such as insulating base or therapeutic base may also beused3base \bas\ n (19c): the portion of a denture that supports theartiﬁcial dentition and replaces the deﬁcient alveolar anatomy andgingival tissues; comp, DENTURE BASE

base material \bas ma-tîr΄
e-al\ obs: any substance of which a
denture base may be made, such as acrylic resin, vulcanite, polystyrene, or metal (GPT-4)
base metal \bas mĕt΄l\: any metallic element that does not resist
tarnish and corrosion; comp, HIGH NOBLE METAL ALLOY, NOBLEMETAL ALLOY
base metal alloy \bas mĕt΄l al΄oi΄\: an alloy composed of metals
that are not noble; comp, HIGH NOBLE METAL ALLOY, NOBLE METAL
ALLOY
baseplate \bas΄plat\ n: a rigid, relatively thin layer of wax, shellac, orthermoplastic (heat-, chemically-, or light-activated) polymer
adapted over edentulous surfaces of a deﬁnitive cast to form a basewhich, together with an attached occlusion rim made of wax orsimilar material, serves as the record base; syn, RECORD BASE
baseplate wax \bas΄plat waks\: a hard wax used for making
occlusion rims, waxing dentures, and other dental proceduresel΄ dĕn΄tl ĭmbasket endosteal dental implant \bas΄kĭt ĕn΄da-st
plant\: a perforated, cylindric, endosteal dental implant, the implant
body of which is designed in the form of single, double, and/or
triple contiguous cylinder(s)balancing side obs: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE

bead-brush technique: a method of applying an auto polymerizing
resin mix to a surface whereby a brush tip is ﬁrst dipped in liquidmonomer and then polymer powder forming a small bead that isincrementally applied to form the desired shapebar \bär\ n (12c): a straight or curvilinear piece of metal that islonger than it is wide. It may have several uses including a lever,barrier, fastener, handle, or support. In prosthodontics, it serves toconnect two or more parts of a removable partial denture or ﬁxed
partial denture; syn, BAR CONNECTOR
bar clasp \bär klasp\: a clasp retainer whose body extends from amajor connector or denture base, passing adjacent to the soft tissues and approaching the tooth from a gingivo-occlusal direction

beading \b
e΄dĭng\ n: creating an irregular surface by means ofstipples, dots, speckles, or the like; bead vb \be΄d\m\ n, obs: a term once used instead of bar with speciﬁcbeam \bereference to the bar connector; comp, CANTILEVER, CONTINUOUS
BEAM, simple beam (GPT-4)
z waks΄\ n (1676): a low-melting wax obtained frombees’ wax \behoneycomb and used as an ingredient of many dental impression
waxes

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYMay 2017e15

Beilby layer  Bis-GMA
Beilby layer: eponym for the molecular disorganized surface layer ofa highly polished metal; a relatively scratch-free microcrystalline
surface produced by a series of abrasives of decreasing coarseness;orig, Sir George Thomas Beilby, chemist, United Kingdom,1850-1924
Beilby GT. Aggregation and ﬂow of solids; London Macmillan andCo., 1921
bench set \bĕnch sĕt\: 1. the time necessary for casting investment
to crystallize; 2. a stage of resin processing that allows a chemical
reaction to occur under the conditions present in the ambientenvironment; 3. to describe the continuing polymerization ofimpression materials beyond the manufacture’s stated set time
Bennett angle \Bĕn΄ĕt ang΄gal\: eponym for the angle formed between the sagittal plane and the average path of the advancing
nonworking-side condyle as viewed in the horizontal plane duringlateral mandibular movements (GPT-4); orig, Sir Norman Godfrey
Bennett, dental surgeon, United Kingdom, 1870-1947
Bennett movement: orig, Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, dental
surgeon, United Kingdom, 1870-1947; syn, LATEROTRUSION
Bennett NG. A contribution to the study of the movements of themandible. Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section)
Bennett side shift: orig, Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, dental surgeon, United Kingdom,1870-1947; syn, MANDIBULAR LATERALTRANSLATION
Bennett NG. A contribution to the study of the movements of themandible. Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section)
1

Boos RH. Intermaxillary relation established by biting power. J Am
Dent Assoc 1940;27:1192
bio-col technique: the atraumatic extraction of a tooth and themultitude of techniques for the preservation of the residual ridge;org, Anthony G. Sclar, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Florida, U.S.A.,
1999
o-ak-sĕp΄ta-bĭl΄ĭ-te΄\ n (1998): the quality ofbioacceptability \bı΄
compatibility in a living environment in spite of adverse or unwanted side effects
bioactivity n: reactive potential of implant material that allows
interaction and bond formation with living tissues; active potential
depends on material composition, topography, and chemical or
physical surface variations
bioadhesion n: a chemical reactivity that results in attachment
between biologic and other materials
biocompatible \bı΄
o-kom-pat΄a-bal\ adj: capable of existing inharmony with the surrounding biologic environment
biofeedback \bı΄o-f
ed΄bak΄\ n (1971): 1. the process of furnishing an
individual information, usually in an auditory or visual mode, on thestate of one or more physiologic variables such as blood pressure,skin temperature, muscle tonus, or heart rate; this procedure often
enables an individual to gain some voluntary control over the variable being sampled; 2. the instrumental process or technique oflearning voluntary control over automatically regulated bodyfunctionsbevel \bĕv΄al\ n (1611): a slanting edge

biofunctional orthopedics: syn, FUNCTIONAL JAW ORTHOPEDICS

bevel \bĕv΄al\ vt: the process of slanting the ﬁnish line and curve of
a tooth preparation

biologic width \bı΄a-lŏj΄ĭ-kal\: the combined width of connective
tissue and junctional epithelial attachment formed adjacent to a
tooth and superior to the crestal bone. Garguilo described a“physiologic dentogingival junction” that he identiﬁed as being
composed of an epithelial attachment that averaged 0.97 mm and asupracrestal connective tissue attachment that averaged 1.07 mm,creating an average total dimension of 2.04 mm; orig, D. Walter
Cohen, periodontist, U.S.A.

2

beveled shoulder ﬁnish line: a shoulder ﬁnish line with the cavosurface angle modiﬁed with a bevel; comp, FINISH LINE
Bezold-Brücke effect: the apparent change in hue that accompanies a change in luminance; orig, Hermann Helmholtz, physician/physicist, Germany, 1867
BID: acronym for L. Bis In Di’e, twice a day
biﬁd condyle \bı΄fĭd kŏn΄dıl΄\: a condylar anomaly where an exaggerated central depression exists
bifurcation \bı΄fur-ka΄shu\ n (1615): 1. division into two branches; 2.
the site where a single structure divides into two parts, as in tworoots of a toothbilaminar zone: syn, RETRODISCAL TISSUE
bilateral \bı-lat΄er-al\ adj (1775): having or pertaining to two sides
bilateral balanced articulation: the bilateral, simultaneous posterior occlusal contact of teeth in maximal intercuspal position andeccentric positions; syn, BALANCED ARTICULATION
bilateral distal-extension removable partial denture \bı-lat΄er-alo΄va-bal pär΄shal dĕn΄chur\: a removabledĭs΄tal ĭk-stĕn΄shun rĭ-mo
partial denture replacing the distal most tooth or teeth on each sideof one arch of the mouth; syn, Kennedy Class I RPD; comp, KENNEDY
CLASSIFICATION OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES
bimanual manipulation technique: a method for manipulation of
the mandible by using both thumbs on the chin and the ﬁngers on
the inferior border of the mandible to guide the jaw into centric
relation
 pro
-tro
o
΄zhen\: a simultabimaxillary protrusion \bı-mak΄sa-lĕr΄eneous dental or skeletal protrusion of both the maxillary andmandibular jaws and/or teeth
bimeter \bı-me΄ter\ n (20c): a gnathodynamometer equipped with acentral bearing plate of adjustable height; orig, Ralph H. Boos,dentist, U.S.A.; syn, GNATHODYNAMOMETER

Gargiulo AW, Wentz FM, Orban B, (posthumous). Dimensions andrelations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol
1961;32:261-67
The term “biologic width” was originated by D. W. Cohen in a lectureat Walter Reed Army Medical Center, June 3, 1962
-ma-tîr΄e-al\ n (1966): any substance other than abiomaterial \bı΄odrug that can be used for any period of time as part of a system thattreats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of thebody
-mĭ-kan΄iks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr (1933): 1.
biomechanics \bı΄othe application of mechanical laws to living structures, speciﬁcallythe locomotor systems of the body; 2. the study of biology from thefunctional viewpoint; 3. an application of the principles of engineering design as implemented in living organisms; syn, DENTAL
BIOMECHANICS
\ n (1831): the science of the application of
biometry \bı-ŏm΄ĭ-tre
statistical methods to biologic facts, as the mathematical analysis of
biologic data
\ n (1895): the removal of tissue for histologic
biopsy \bı΄ŏp΄se
examination and diagnosis; -sies \-s
ez\ pl-sta-tĭs΄tĭks\ n, pl but sing in constr (1950): thebiostatistics \bı΄oscience of the application of statistical methods to biologic facts, as
the mathematical analysis of biologic data; comp, BIOMETRY
-faz΄ĭk pĭn fĭk-sa΄shun\: the use of
biphasic pin ﬁxation \bı΄oexternal pin ﬁxation in the treatment of bone fractures
Bis-GMA: acronym for BISPHENOL-A GLYCIDYL DIMETHACRYLATETHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e16

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate  Bonwill triangle
Bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate: a high molecular weightresin constituent of most dental composite resins; orig, Rafael L.
Bowen, inventor, U.S.A., 1959
bisque bake \bĭsk bak\: a series of stages of maturation in the ﬁringof ceramic materials relating to the degree of pyro chemical reaction
and sintering shrinkage occurring before vitriﬁcation (glazing); syn,biscuit bakebite \bıt\ vb: the act of incising or crushing between the teeth;
Editorial note for usage: Because bite refers to incising, it would beslang if used to relate to occlusion or occlusion registration records
bite analysis slang: syn, OCCLUSAL ANALYSIS
bite block slang: syn, OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
bite closing
DIMENSION

slang:

syn,

DECREASEDOCCLUSALVERTICAL

bite guard slang: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
bite opening slang: syn, OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
bite plane slang: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
bite plate slang: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
bite raising slang: syn, OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
bite registration slang: MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
RECORD
bite rim slang: syn, OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
bite splint slang: OCCLUSAL DEVICE
biting force: nonstand, OCCLUSAL FORCE
biting pressure: nonstand, OCCLUSAL FORCE
biting strength: nonstand, OCCLUSAL FORCE
bitmap: syn, RASTER GRAPHICS IMAGE
black triangle nonstand: syn, INTERDENTAL GINGIVAL SPACE΄al dĕn΄tl ĭmblade endosteal dental implant \blad ĕn-dŏs-teplant\: a faciolingually narrowed, wedge-shaped dental implant
body with openings or vents through which tissue may growblade implant: syn, BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
block-out \blŏk out\: 1. elimination of undesirable undercuts on acast; 2. the process of applying wax or another similar temporary
substance to undercut portions of a cast so as to leave only thoseundercuts essential to the planned construction of a prosthesis; ablocked out cast may also include other surface modiﬁcations
needed relative to the construction of the prosthesis΄out frak΄chur\ slang: expression for a fracture
blowout fracture \bloof the orbital ﬂoor caused by a sudden increase in intraorbitalpressure due to traumatic force
board-certiﬁed prosthodontist \bôrd-sûr΄ta-fıd prŏs΄tha-dŏn΄tĭst\:in the United States, as deﬁned by the American Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist who has passed the certifying examination administered by the American Board of Prosthodontics
board-eligible prosthodontist \bôrd-ĕl΄ĭ-ja-bal prŏs΄tha-dŏn΄tĭst\:in the United States, as deﬁned by the American Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist whose application for examination forcertiﬁcation is current and has been accepted for examination by
the American Board of Prosthodontics
body porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the bulk of a ceramic
restoration; comp INCISAL PORCELAIN, GINGIVAL PORCELAIN,SHOULDER PORCELAIN
boil out: syn, WAX ELIMINATION
Boley gauge: a caliper-type sliding gauge used for measuring
thickness and linear dimension

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY΄lus\ n (1562): a rounded mass, as a large pill or soft massbolus \boof chewed foodbond \bŏnd\ n (12c): 1. the linkage between two atoms or radicals
of a chemical compound; 2. the force that holds two or more unitsof matter together; comp, SECONDARY BONDS, VAN DER WAALS
BOND
bond strength \bŏnd strĕngkth, strĕngth\: the force required tobreak a bonded assembly with failure occurring in or near theadhesive/adherent interface
bonded bridge slang: syn, MARYLAND BRIDGE, RESIN-BONDED
PROSTHESIS
bonding \bŏn΄dĭng\ n (1955): 1. joining together securely with anadhesive substance such as cement or glue; 2. an adhesive techniquein dentistry involving the acid etching of tooth enamel and/or dentin
so as to create tags of resin within the tooth structure that results inmechanical retention of the restorative material; comp, ADHESION
Buonocore MG. Simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic
ﬁlling materials to enamel surfaces. J Dent Res 1955;34:849-53
bonding agent \bŏn΄dĭng a΄jent\: a material used to promoteadhesion or cohesion between two different substances, or between a material and natural tooth structures; comp, ADHESIVE,ADHESIVE RESIN
n\ n (bef. 12c): the hard portion of the connective tissuebone \bothat constitutes the majority of the skeleton; it consists of an inorganic or mineral component and an organic component (the matrix
and cells); the matrix is composed of collagenous ﬁbers and isimpregnated with minerals, chieﬂy calcium phosphate (approx.
85%) and calcium carbonate (approx. 10%), thus imparting thequality of rigidity; syn, osseous tissue; comp ALVEOLAR BONE, BASAL
BONE, CANCELLOUS BONE, COMPACT BONE, CORTICAL BONE
bone atrophy \bon a-tr
o΄f
e\: bone resorption noted internally by adecrease in density and externally by a reduction in dimensionbone augmentation: syn, AUGMENTATIONn kun-dbone conduction \bouk΄shun\: the conduction of sound to
the inner ear through the bones of the skull; syn, cranial conduction,
osteotympanic conduction, and tissue conduction
n kyoor΄ĭ-tazh\: the surgical shaving orbone curettage \bosmoothing of the bone’s external surface
n ik-span΄shun\: manipulation of a bony ridgebone expansion \bo
by placement of an osteotome to split the cortical ridge and hence
enhance bone widthn fak΄tor\: relative response of alveolar bone tobone factor \bo
stimulation or irritation; the ratio of osteogenesis to osteolysis
bone graft: in prosthodontics, the augmentation or replacement of
the portion of the maxillary or mandibular bone with an osteogenic
materialn mar΄o\: the soft vascular tissue that ﬁlls bonebone marrow \bocavities and cancellous bone spaces, which consists primarily of fat
cells, hematopoietic cells, and osteogenetic reticular cells
bone sounding: a procedure to determine the location of underlying bone by inserting a needle or sharp caliper through theanesthetized tissues until it contacts the bone
Bonwill triangle \Bŏn΄wĭl trı΄ang΄gl\: eponym for a 4-inch equilateraltriangle bounded by lines connecting the contact points of themandibular central incisor’s incisal edge (or the midline of themandibular residual ridge) to each condyle (usually its midpoint)
and from one condyle to the other; orig, William Gibson Arlington
Bonwill, dentist, U.S.A., 1833-1899; ﬁrst used by Bonwill in 1858
while introducing his Anatomical Articulator

May 2017e17

Bonwill triangle  butt
Bonwill WGA. Scientiﬁc articulation of the human teeth as founded
on geometrical, mathematical and mechanical laws. Dent Items Int
1899;21:617-56, 873-80
bony ankylosis \bo΄ne ang΄ka-lo΄sĭs\: the bony union of the components of a joint resulting in complete immobility

intersecting arcs with a four-inch radius; centers of rotation arelocated at the canine cusp tip and the distobuccal cusp tip of thesecond molar; the point of bisection of the arcs that are scribed on
the Broadrich analyzer determines the center of rotation for the arc
with a four inch radius that determines the occlusal planeboolean adj: as related to literature database searches, a computerbinary logic that can recognize a search relationship of word associations; orig, George Boole, mathematician, Ireland, 1815-1864

bruxism \br
uk-sĭz΄em\ n (ca. 1940): 1. the parafunctional grinding ofteeth; 2. an oral habit consisting of involuntary rhythmic or spasmodic
nonfunctional gnashing, grinding, or clenching of teeth, in other thanchewing movements of the mandible, which may lead to occlusal
trauma; comp, nocturnal bruxism, occlusal neurosis, tooth grinding

border \bôr΄der\ n (14c): the circumferential margin, edge or surface; a bounding line, edge, or surface; comp, DENTURE BORDERl΄ding\: 1. the shaping of impression
border molding \bôr΄der momaterial along the border areas of an impression tray by functionalor manual manipulation of the soft tissue adjacent to the borders to
duplicate the contour and size of the vestibule; 2. determining theextension of a prosthesis by using tissue function or manual
manipulation of the tissues to shape the border areas of animpression materialov΄ment\: mandibular movement atborder movement \bôr΄der mothe limits dictated by anatomic structures, as viewed in a given
planeborder position: syn, POSTERIOR BORDER MOVEMENT
border seal \bôr΄der s
el\: the contact of the denture border withthe underlying or adjacent tissues to prevent the passage of air orother substanceso\: the action of theborder tissue movements \bôr΄der tish΄omuscles and other tissues adjacent to the borders of a dentureboxing an impression \bŏk΄sing an ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: the enclosure(box) of an impression to produce the desired size and form of thebase of the cast and to preserve desired details
boxing wax \bŏk΄sing waks\: wax used for boxing an impression
bracing \bra΄sĭng\ adj: the resistance to horizontal components ofmasticatory force
bracing arm nonstand: syn, RECIPROCAL CLASP
bracket \brak΄ĭt\ n: an orthodontic device attached to an individual
tooth to hold arch wires
braze \braz\ vt (1677): to join with a nonferrous alloy that melts at alower temperature than that of the metals being joined; syn,SOLDER
brazing investment \bra΄zing ĭn-vĕst΄ment\: an investment having a binding system consisting of acidic phosphate, such as
monoammonium phosphate, and a basic oxide, such as magnesium oxide
-al\: an alloy suitable for use as a
brazing material \bra΄zing ma-tîr΄eﬁller material in operations with which dental alloy(s) is/are joined toform a dental restoration
breakdown potential \brak΄doun΄ pa-tĕn΄shul\: the last noble potential where pitting and/or crevice corrosion will initiate andpropagate
bridge n, slang: syn, FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
bridgework slang: syn, FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS, FIXED PARTIAL
DENTURE
brittle \brĭt΄l\ adj: 1. easily broken or shattered; fragile or crisp; 2.
prone to fracture or failure; the fracture that occurs when the proportional limit of a material is exceeded
Broadrick occlusal plane analyzer: eponym for a ﬂag-like component attached superiorly to the upper member of an articulator;
the technique incorporates Monson’s spherical theory of occlusion
to develop the occlusal plane; a compass is used to scribe two

bruxomania \br
uks-o-ma΄n
e-a, -man΄ya\ vb, obs: the grinding ofteeth occurring as a neurotic habit during the waking state (GPT-4);
syn, BRUXISM
buccal \b
uk΄al\ adj (ca. 1771): pertaining to or adjacent to the cheekuk΄al ﬂanj\: the portion of the ﬂange of a denture
buccal ﬂange \bthat occupies the buccal vestibule of the mouthol\: the portion of the oral cavity
buccal vestibule \buk΄al vĕs΄ti-byothat is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge(in the edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the lateral sideby the cheek posterior to the buccal frenulabucco-occlusal contrabevel: a tooth preparation feature that follows the buccal cusp ridge contour of a partial-veneer preparation,connecting the mesial and distal boxes or grooves
buccolingual relationship \buk΄o-lĭng΄gwal rĭ-la΄shun-shĭp\: any
position of reference relative to the tongue and cheeks-vûr΄shun\ n: a deviation toward the cheekbuccoversion \buk΄kobulb \b
ulb\ n, slang: syn, OBTURATOR, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
bulimia n: an eating disorder typiﬁed by binge eating and selfinduced vomiting or laxative use; this life-threatening disorder can
result in severe dental erosion, which may be the ﬁrst sign of thedisorder
BULL: acronym for Buccal of the Upper, Lingual of the Lower (cusps);
applies to Clyde H. Schuyler’s rules for occlusal adjustment of anormally related dentition in which those cusps contacting in
maximal intercuspal position (mandibular buccal and maxillary
lingual) are favored by adjustment of those cusps that are not in
occlusal contact in maximal intercuspal position (maxillary buccal
and mandibular lingual); syn,bull rulebur \bûr\ n (14c): a steel or tungsten carbide rotary cutting
instrument
bur head \bûr hĕd\ n (2005): the cutting portion of a dental bur
bur head length \bûr hĕd lĕngkth, lĕngth\ (2005): the axial
dimension of the bur headbur head shape \bûr hĕd shap\ (2005): the geometrical outline
form of the cutting surface edges, usually described successively byproximity from the shank to the tip end
bur shank \bûr shangk\ n (2005): that component of a dental burthat ﬁts into the hand piece; the shaft section of the dental bur that
may be friction gripping or latch-type in form
burn out \burn out\ n: syn, WAX ELIMINATION
burnish \bûr΄nĭsh\ vt (14c): to make shiny or lustrous by rubbing;also to facilitate marginal adaptation of restorations by rubbing themargin with an instrument
\ n: the ease with which a material
burnishability \bûr΄nĭsh-a-bĭl΄ĭ-tecan be burnishedbutt \b
ut\ vb (14c) obs: to bring any two ﬂat-ended surfaces into
contact without overlapping, as in a butt joint; comp, SHOULDERFINISH LINETHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e18

Volume 117 Issue 5S

butt margin  case series
butt margin nonstand: syn, PORCELAIN MARGIN

canine guidance: syn, CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION

button implant obs: syn, MUCOSAL INSERT

canine protected articulation \ka΄nın pra-tĕk΄tid är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\:a form of mutually protected articulation in which the vertical andhorizontal overlap of the canine teeth disclude the posterior teeth in
the excursive movements of the mandible; syn, ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATIONC
Ca: abbr for CArcinoma or CAncer
CAD-CAM: acronym for COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN-COMPUTER-AIDEDMANUFACTURING (or Computer-Assisted Machining): the Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) subtractive fabrication of a 3D object; indentistry, it is a CAD-CAM technology used to produce different typesof prostheses, including crowns, veneers, inlays, onlays, ﬁxed dental
prostheses, removable dental prostheses, dental implant prostheses,
and orthodontic and other devices; comp, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
calcium hydroxide \kal΄se-um hı-drŏk΄sıd\: an odorless white
powder that is slightly soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol;
aqueous and non-aqueous suspensions of calcium hydroxide areoften used as cavity liners to protect the dental pulp from the irritant action of restorative materials and as an antibacterial agent(Bystrom,1985); also it has regenerative effects in pulp capping,
pulpotomy, and apexiﬁcation procedures
calcium sulfate \kal΄se-um s
ul΄fat΄\: a product obtained by calcination of gypsum under steam pressure, the alpha form iscomposed of regularly shaped grains, with low porosity, andrequiring little water for a satisfactory mix; forms include alpha,alpha-modiﬁed, and beta
calculus n: in dentistry, a chalky or dark deposit attached to tooth
structure, essentially made of mineralized microbial plaque; foundon tooth structure in a supragingival and/or a subgingival location
CAMBRA (2003): acronym for caries management by risk assessment; guidelines for evidence-based caries management by using
risk assessment protocols for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
 sûr΄fas\: the viewable portion of acameo surface \kam΄e-oremovable denture prosthesis; the portion of the surface of a denture that extends in an occlusal direction from the border of thedenture and includes the facial, lingual, and palatal surface; it is thepart of the denture base that is usually polished, and includes the
buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth (GPT-7); syn, DENTURE
POLISHED SURFACE, POLISHED DENTURE SURFACE
Camper’s line: syn, ALA-TRAGUS LINE
Camper’s plane \kam΄perz plan\: 1. a plane established by theinferior border of the ala of the nose (or the average between thetwo) and the superior border of the tragus of each ear; 2. a planepassing from the acanthion to the center of each bony external
auditory meatus; also called acanthion-external auditory meatus
plane; syn, ALA-TRAGUS LINE
camphoroquinone n: a visible-light-sensitive chemical responsiblefor initiating free-radical polymerization
n\ (1836): the reticular,
cancellous bone \kan-sĕl΄us, kan΄se-lus bospongy or lattice-like portion of the bone; the spongy bone tissue
located in the medulla of the bone; this bone is composed of avariable trabecular network containing interstitial tissue that may behematopoietic
candle \kan΄dl\ n (12c): a unit of luminous intensity, equal to 1/60 of
the luminous intensity of a square centimeter of a black bodyheated to the temperature of the solidiﬁcation of platinum (1773 C)
candle power \kan΄dl pou΄er\: luminous intensity expressed incandlescanine eminence \ka΄nın΄ ĕm΄i-nans\: the labial prominence on the
maxillary alveolar process corresponding to the position of the rootof the canine tooth

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

canine protection: syn, CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cantilever \kan΄tl-e΄ver\ n (1667): a projecting beam or member
supported on one end
cantilever bridge
PROSTHESIS

slang:syn,

CANTILEVER

FIXEDDENTAL

cantilever ﬁxed dental prosthesis \kan΄tl-e΄ver fĭkst dĕn΄tl prŏsthe΄sis\: a ﬁxed complete or partial denture in which the pontic iscantilevered and retained and supported by one or more abutments
cap splint \kap splĭnt\: a plastic or metallic device used in thetreatment of maxillary or mandibular fractures and designed tocover the clinical crowns of the teeth and usually luted to themcapillary attraction \kap΄a-lĕr΄
e a-trak΄shun\: that quality or state
which, because of surface tension, causes elevation or depression of
the surface of a liquid that is in contact with the solid walls of avesselcapsular \kap΄su-ler\ adj (ca. 1730): pertaining to a capsule
capsular contracture: syn, CAPSULAR FIBROSIS
capsular ﬁbrosis \kap΄su-ler fı-bro΄sĭs\: ﬁbrotic contracture of thecapsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint
capsular ligament \kap΄su-ler lĭg΄a-ment\: as it relates to thetemporomandibular joint, a ﬁbrous structure that separately encapsulates the superior and inferior synovial cavities of thetemporomandibular articulation; a ﬁbrous structure that surrounds
the temporomandibular joint, attaching to the temporal bone, thearticular disc, and the neck of the condyle of the mandible.
l\ n (1693): a ﬁbrous sac or ligament that enocapsule \kap΄sal,-so
closes a joint and limits its motion. It is lined with synovial
membrane
capsulitis \kap΄sa-lı΄tĭs\ n: the inﬂammation of a capsule, as that of
the joint, lens, liver, or labyrinth
carat \kar΄at\ n (15c): a standard of gold ﬁneness; the percentage ofgold in an alloy, stated in parts per 24; pure gold is designated 24
carat
carbide bur: a rotary cutting instrument made from tungsten
carbidecarbon ﬁber: ﬁlaments made by high temperature carbonizing ofacrylic ﬁber; used in the production of high strength composite
materials
caries n, singular: a dental disease causing the destruction ofenamel, dentin, and/or cementum; the etiology is generally ascribedto acid-producing bacteria
cartilage \kär΄tl-ĭj\ n (15c): a derivative of connective tissue arisingfrom the mesenchyme; typically, hyaline cartilage is a ﬂexible, rather
elastic material with a semitransparent glass-like appearance; itsground substance is a complex protein through which there is
distributed a large network of connective tissue ﬁbers
case \kas\ n, nonstand, chieﬂy dialect (13c): 1. the dental patient; 2. aparticular instance of a disease, as a case of diphtheria; sometimes
used incorrectly to designate the patient with the disease processcase history nonstand: syn, PATIENT HISTORY
case series nonstand: syn, PATIENT SERIESMay 2017e19

case study  centric jaw recordcase study nonstand: syn, PATIENT STUDY
1
cast \kast\ vb (13c): to produce a desired form by pouring or
injecting a molten liquid or plastic material into a mold2
cast \kast\ n (14c): a life-size likeness of some desired form; it isformed from a material poured into a matrix or impression or from a
CAM printed replica; comp, DENTAL CAST, DIAGNOSTIC CAST, FINAL
CAST, PRELIMINARY CAST, REFRACTORY CAST, REMOUNT CAST
cast clasp: a removable partial denture clasp fabricated by the lostwax casting process
cast connector: a cast metal union between the retainer(s) and/or
between retainers and pontic(s) in a ﬁxed partial denture
cast metal core: the foundation restoration made of a metal alloy
for a ﬁxed dental prosthesis that is laboratory fabricated by lost-wax
casting
cast post-and-core: a one-piece foundation restoration for an
endodontically treated tooth that comprises a post within the root
canal and a core replacing missing coronal structure to form thetooth preparation
cast relator \kast rĭ-la΄tor\: a mechanical device that orients
opposing casts to each other without reference to anatomic landmarks; comp, ARTICULATOR
castable \kast΄a-bl\ adj (1998): any ﬂowable material that can besolidiﬁed after it is poured or injected into a refractory moldcastable ceramic \kast΄a-bl se-ram΄ik\: for dental applications, aglass-ceramic material that combines the properties of a restorative
material for function with the capability to be cast using the lostwax process1
casting \kas΄tĭng\ n (14c): something that has been cast in a mold;an object formed by the solidiﬁcation of a ﬂuid that has been castinto a refractory moldcasting \kas΄tĭng\ vt: the action of pouring or injecting a ﬂowablematerial into a refractory mold; comp, VACUUM CASTING
casting ﬂask \kas΄tĭng ﬂask\: syn, CASTING RING

2

casting ring \kas΄tĭng rĭng\: a metal or silicone tube in which arefractory mold is made for casting dental restorations
casting wax \kas΄tĭng waks\: a composition containing various
waxes with desired properties for making wax patterns to be formed
into metal castings
CAT: acronym for Computerized
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

Axial

Tomography;

comp,catalyst \kat΄l-ĭst\ n (1902): a substance that accelerates a chemical
reaction without affecting the properties of the materials involved
cathode \kath΄
od\ n (1834): the negative pole in electrolysis
cautery \kô΄te-re\ n (15c): the application of a caustic substance, hot
instrument, electric current, or other agent used to burn, scar, or
destroy tissue; -teries \-ter-r
ez\ pl
cavity varnish \kav΄ĭ-te\: a combination of copal resin or othersynthetic resins dissolved in an organic solvent such as chloroform
or ethercavosurface angle: the angle formed by the junction of preparedand unprepared tooth surface
CBCT: acronym for CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
CD: acronym for COMPLETE DENTURE
CDA: acronym for Certiﬁed Dental Assistant
CDL: acronym for CERTIFIED DENTAL LABORATORY
CDT: acronym for CERTIFIED DENTAL TECHNICIAN
cellulitis \sĕl΄ya-lı΄tĭs\ n (1861): diffuse and especially subcutaneous
inﬂammation of connective tissue

cellulose acetate: an ester of acetic acid; used as clear prefabricatedcrown forms for making interim restorations
cement \sĭ-mĕnt\ n (14c): 1. a binding agent used to ﬁrmly unite
two approximating objects; 2. a material that, on hardening, will ﬁlla space or bind adjacent objects; comp, LUTING AGENT, ADHESIVE
RESIN

1

cement \sĭ-mĕnt\ vt (15c): to unite or make ﬁrm by or as if bycement; to lute2

cementation \sĕ΄mĕn-ta΄shun\: 1. the process of attaching parts bymeans of cement; 2. attaching a restoration to natural teeth bymeans of a cement (GPT-4)
cemented pin \sĭ-mĕn΄tĭd\: a small metal rod luted into a hole
drilled into dentin to enhance retention
 dĕn΄tĭ-nal j
cemento-dentinal junction \sĕ΄mĕn-toungk΄shun\: thearea of union of the dentin and cementum
 ĭ-nam΄al j
cemento-enamel junction \sĕ΄mĕn-toungk΄shun\: thatarea where the enamel and cementum meet at the cervical regionof a tooth
cementoid \sĭ-mĕn΄toid΄\ n: the uncalciﬁed surface layer of
cementum including incorporated connective tissue ﬁbers
cementum \sĭ-mĕn΄tum\ n (1842): the thin calciﬁed tissue of ectomesenchymal origin that covers the root of a tooth
cementum fracture \sĭ-mĕn΄tum frak΄chur\: the tearing of fragments of the cementum from the tooth rootv th
center of the ridge \sĕn΄ter ue rĭj\: the faciolingual or buccolingual midline of the residual ridge
center of rotation: syn, ROTATION CENTER
central bearing \sĕn΄tral bâr΄ĭng\ obs: the application of forces
between the maxillae and mandible (by means of a central bearing
tracing device) at a single point that is located as near as possible tothe center of the supporting areas of the maxillary and mandibular
jaws; it is used for the purpose of distributing closing forces evenly
throughout the areas of the supporting structures during theregistration and recording of maxillomandibular relations and during the correction of occlusal errors (GPT-4)
central bearing point \sĕn΄tral bâr΄ing point\ obs: the contact pointof a central bearing device (GPT-4)
central bearing tracing \sĕn΄tral bâr΄ing tras΄ing\: the pattern obtained on the horizontal plate used with a central bearing tracing
devicecentral bearing tracing device \sĕn΄tral bâr΄ing tras΄ing dĭ-vıs\: adevice that provides a central point of bearing or support between
the maxillary and mandibular dental arches; it consists of a contacting point that is attached to one dental arch and a plateattached to the opposing dental arch; the plate provides the surface
on which the bearing point rests or moves and on which the tracingof the mandibular movement is recorded; it may be used to
distribute occlusal forces evenly during the recording of maxillomandibular relationships and/or for the correction of disharmonious occlusal contacts; orig, Alfred Gysi, prosthodontist,
Switzerland, 1910; Editorial note for usage: EXTRAORAL TRACER(ING), INTRAORAL TRACER (ING), and TRACING DEVICE are the primary terms; comp, ARROW POINT TRACER, CEPHALOMETRICTRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL TRACER, GOTHIC ARCH
TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING, MANDIBULAR TRACER, NEEDLE
POINT TRACING, PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING, STYLUS TRACING,TRACING DEVICE
centric check bite slang: syn, CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric interocclusal record: syn, CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric jaw record: syn, CENTRIC RELATION RECORD

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e20

Volume 117 Issue 5S

centric jaw relation  chemically-activated polymerization
centric jaw relation: syn, CENTRIC RELATIONo΄zhen\: the occlusion of opposing
centric occlusion \sĕn΄trĭk a-klo
teeth when the mandible is in centric relation; this may or may notcoincide with the maximal intercuspal position; comp, MAXIMALINTERCUSPAL POSITION
centric position \sĕn΄trĭk pa-zish΄en\ obs: the position of themandible when the jaws are in centric relation (GPT-1)
centric record: syn, CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric relation \sĕn΄trĭk rĭ-la΄shun\: acronym is CR; a maxillomandibular relationship, independent of tooth contact, in which
the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against theposterior slopes of the articular eminences; in this position, themandible is restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic, maxillomandibular relationship, the patient
can make vertical, lateral or protrusive movements; it is a clinicallyuseful, repeatable reference position
centric relation interocclusal record: syn, CENTRIC RELATION RECORD; comp, JAW RELATION RECORD
centric relation occlusion: syn, CENTRIC OCCLUSION
centric relation position: syn, CENTRIC RELATION
rd\: a registration ofcentric relation record \sĕn΄trĭk rĭ-la΄shun rĭ-ko
the relationship of the maxillae to the mandible when the mandibleis in centric relation. The registration may be obtained either
intraorally or extraorally
centric slide \sĕn΄trĭk slıd\ obs: the movement of the mandible
while in centric relation, from the initial occlusal contact into
maximal intercuspal position (GPT-4)
centric stop \sĕn΄trĭk stŏp\: opposing cuspal/fossae contacts thatmaintain the occlusal vertical dimension between the opposing
archescephalogram n: syn, CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPH
cephalometer \sĕf΄a-lom΄a-ter\ n: an instrument for measuring thehead or skull; an orienting device for positioning the head forradiographic examination and measurement

ceramic inlay: a ceramic intracoronal restoration
ceramics \sa-ram΄iks\ n (1859): 1. compounds of one or moremetals with a nonmetallic element, usually oxygen; they are formedof chemical and biochemically stable substances that are strong,
hard, brittle, and inert nonconductors of thermal and electrical energy; 2. the art of making porcelain dental restorations; syn, ceramic
restorations
ceramist \sa-ram΄ist\ or ceramicist \sa-ram΄ĭ-sist΄\ n (1855): one who
has proﬁciency in ceramics
ceramometal restoration: syn, METAL-CERAMIC RESTORATION
cermet \sûr΄mĕt\ (1998): fused glass powder with silver particles
formed through high temperature sintering of a mixture of the twomineralsCertiﬁed Dental Laboratory: acronym is CDL; in the United States,
a dental laboratory that has met established speciﬁc standards for
personnel skills, laboratory facilities, and infection control and iscertiﬁed by the National Board for Certiﬁcation of Dental
Laboratories
Certiﬁed Dental Technician: acronym is CDT; in the United States, adental technician who has met established speciﬁc standards and iscertiﬁed by the National Board for Certiﬁcation of Dental
Laboratories
cervical \sûr΄vĭ-kel\ adj (1681): 1. in anatomy, pertaining to thecervix or neck; 2. in dentistry, pertaining to the region at or near the
cemento-enamel junction
cervix \sûr΄viks\ n (15c): 1. the neck; 2. a constricted portion of apart or organ; cervices \sûr΄vĭ-sis\ plchamfer \cham΄fer\ n: 1. a ﬁnish line design for tooth preparationin which the gingival aspect meets the external axial surface at an
obtuse angle; 2. a small groove or furrow; 3. the surface found by
cutting away the angle of intersection of two faces of a piece ofmaterial; a beveled edge; chamfers pl

1

cephalometric radiograph \sĕf΄a-lo-mĕt΄rĭk ra΄de-
o-graf΄\: a standardized radiograph of the skull

2
chamfer \cham΄fer\ vb: 1. to prepare a furrow in; 2. to make achamfer on; to prepare or reduce to a chamfer; bevel; 3. generally
thought of as producing a curve from the axial wall to the cavosurface; chamfered; chamfering vt

cephalometric tracing \sĕf΄a-lo-mĕt΄rĭk tra΄sing\: a line drawing ofstructural outlines of craniofacial landmarks and facial bones, madedirectly from a cephalometric radiographchamfer angle \cham΄fer ang΄gel\ n: the angle between a chamfered surface and one of the original surfaces from which thechamfer is prepared; syn, CAVOSURFACE ANGLE

cephalometry \sĕf΄a-lam΄a tr
e΄\ n: 1. the science of measurement of
the dimensions of the head; 2. in dentistry, certain combinations ofangular and linear measurements developed from tracing frontal
and lateral radiographic head ﬁlms used to assess craniofacial
growth and development on a longitudinal basis and to determine
the nature of orthodontic treatment response; cephalometric\sĕf΄a-lo-mĕt΄rĭk\ adjcharacterization n: the application of unique markings, indentations, coloration, and similar custom means of delineation on atooth or dental prosthesis, thus enhancing natural appearance

cephalostat \sĕf΄a-lo-stat\ n: an instrument used to position thehead to produce spatially oriented, reproducible radiographs orphotographs
ceram \sa-ram\ vb: to apply a heat treatment process that converts a
specially formulated glass into a ﬁne-grained glass-ceramic material

characterize \kar΄ak-ta-rız\: to distinguish, individualize, mark,qualify, singularize, or differentiate something
characterized denture base \kar΄ak-ter΄ızd dĕn΄chur bas\: a denture base with coloring that simulates the color and shading of
natural oral tissues; syn, TINTED DENTURE BASE; comp,
DENTOGENICS
check bite slang: syn, INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
cheilitis \kı-lı΄tĭs\: inﬂammation of the lip in the area of the modiolus

ceramic \sa-ram΄ik\ adj (1850): of or relating to the manufacture ofany product made essentially from minerals by ﬁring at a hightemperaturecheiloplasty: plastic surgery of the lip

ceramic \sa-ram΄ik\ n (1859): syn, CERAMICS΄sĭs\: a ﬁssured condition of the lips and angles of thecheilosis \kı-lomouth; often associated with riboﬂavin deﬁciency

1

2

ceramic crown \sa-ram΄ik kroun\: a ceramic ﬁxed dental prosthesisthat restores a clinical crown without a supporting metal frameworkceramic ﬂux \sa-ram΄ĭk ﬂ
uks\: a glass modiﬁer; metallic ions, such as
calcium, potassium, or sodium, usually as carbonates, which interrupt the oxygen/silica bond, thus enhancing ﬂuidity

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

cheilorrhaphy: surgical correction of the cleft lip deformity
cheiloschisis (1927): congenital cleft lip

chemically-activated polymerization: a chemical reaction inwhich a tertiary amine activates an initiator, such as benzoyl
peroxide, which will react with the methylmethacrylate monomer toform polymethylmethacrylate; syn, AUTOPOLYMERIZATIONMay 2017e21

chew-in record  clinicalchew-in record nonstand: syn, FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED PATH,
STEREOGRAPHIC RECORD
chewing cycle: syn, MASTICATORY CYCLE
chewing force: syn, MASTICATORY FORCE
Christensen phenomenon \Krĭs΄chen-senz fĭ-nŏm΄a-nŏn΄, -nen\:eponym for the space that occurs between opposing posterior
occlusal surfaces during mandibular protrusion; orig, Carl Christensen, dentist/professor, Denmark;Christensen C. The problem of the bite. D Cosmos 1905;47:1184-95
chroma \kro΄ma\ n (1889): 1. the purity of a color, or its departurefrom white or gray; 2. the intensity of a distinctive hue; saturation ofa hue; 3. chroma describes the strength or saturation of the hue(color); comp, SATURATION
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore, MD: Munsell Color Co.;
1975:14-17
chromatic stimulus \kro-mat΄ik stĭm΄ya-lus\: a stimulus that underprevailing conditions of adaptation gives rise to a perceived chromatic color
΄ma-tĭs΄ĭ-t-ôr΄dĭ-nĭtz\: the twochromaticity coordinates \kroe kodimensions of any color order system that exclude the lightness
dimension and describe the chromaticity. Unless otherwise speciﬁed, the term refers to the CIE coordinates x, y, and z for Illuminant C
and 2 degrees (1931) Standard Observer; syn, color coordinates΄ma-tĭs΄ĭ-tchromaticity diagram \kroe dı΄a-gram\: a plane diagram
in which each point represents a different combination of dominant
wavelength and purity and which is usually constructed in someform of a triangle with colorimetric primaries represented at thecorners; the CIE standard chromaticity diagram is essentially a rightangle triangle representing hypothetical primaries and the complete chromaticity gamut of the CIE standard observer
΄mat΄ĭk-nĕs\ n: the intensity of hue as expressedchromaticness \kroin the Natural Color System΄ma-tŏp΄zha\ n: an abnormal state of vision inchromatopsia \krowhich colorless objects appear colored; a visual defect in whichcolored objects appear unnaturally colored and colorless objects
appear color tinged
chronic \krŏn΄ik\ adj (1601): marked by long duration or frequent
recurrence; not acute; always present; chronically adj, chronicity nzd lŏk\: with respect to thechronic closed lock \krŏn΄ik klo
temporomandibular joint, a restriction in motion of the joint causedby an anteriorly displaced intra-articular disc and usually characterized by pain, especially during function
chronic pain \krŏn΄ik pan\: pain marked by long duration or
frequent recurrence
CIE: acronym for Commission Internationale d’Eclairage
CIELab system \C I E Lab sĭs΄tem\: CIE LAB relates the tristimulus
values to a color space; this scale accounts for the illuminant and theobserver; by establishing a uniform color scale, color measurements
can be compared and movements in color space deﬁnedo΄ma-nent\: the illuCIE standard illuminant \C I E stan΄dard ĭ-lo
minants A, B, C, D65 and other illuminants, deﬁned by the CIE in
terms of relative spectral power distributions; A = Planckion radiation (a theoretical body that absorbs all incident optical radiantenergy) a temperature of about 2856 K; B = direct solar radiation,
48,000 K; C = average daylight; D65 = daylight, including the ultraviolet region, 6500 K
cineﬂuoroscopy \sĭn e΄ﬂo rah ska΄ko p
e\ n: dynamic ﬂuoroscopic
images recorded as a movie ﬁle-gra΄fcineradiography \sĭn΄a-ra΄de-oe\ n: the making of a movie ﬁleof successive radiographs with contrast medium in a ﬂuoroscopic
image appearing on a monitor

cingulum \sĭng΄gya-lum\ n (1845): the lingual convexity of many
anterior teeth; a convex protuberance at the lingual cervical one
third of the anterior tooth’s anatomic crown; cingula plcingulum rest \sĭng΄gya-lum rĕst\: a portion of a removable partial
denture that contacts the prepared recess in the cingulum of the
tooth or artiﬁcial crown; comp, REST SEAT
circumferential clasp \ser-k
um-fa-rĕn΄shal klasp\: a retainer that
encircles a tooth by more than 180 degrees, including opposite
angles, and which generally contacts the tooth throughout the extent
of the clasp, with at least one terminal located in an undercut area
circumferential clasp arm: syn, CIRCUMFERENTIAL CLASP
clamping force: the compressive force that a fastener exerts on abolted joint. The stability of a bolted joint depends on the maintenance of the clamping force; syn, PRELOAD, comp, EMBEDMENTRELAXATION
clasp \klasp\ n (14c): the component of the clasp assembly thatengages a portion of the tooth surface and either enters an undercut for retention or remains entirely above the height of contour
to act as a reciprocating element; generally it is used to stabilize andretain a removable partial denture; syn, AKERS CLASP, BAR CLASP,CIRCUMFERENTIAL CLASP, COMBINATION CLASP, CONTINUOUS
CLASP, INFRABULGE CLASP, SUPRABULGE CLASP, WROUGHT WIRE
CLASP
clasp arm: syn, CLASP
clasp assembly \klasp a-sĕm΄bl
e\: the part of a removable partial
denture that acts as a direct retainer and/or stabilizer for a prosthesis by partially encompassing or contacting an abutment tooth;
Editorial note for usage: components of the clasp assembly include
the RETENTIVE CLASP, RECIPROCAL CLASP, CINGULUM, INCISAL or
OCCLUSAL REST, and MINOR CONNECTOR
clasp guideline: syn, SURVEY LINE
classiﬁcation system: syn, PROSTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTIC INDEX
clearance \klîr΄ens\ n (1563): a condition in which bodies may passeach other without hindrance. Also, the distance between bodies(GPT-4)1cleft \klĕft\ n: 1. a space or opening made through splitting; 2. ahollow between ridges or protuberances2

cleft \klĕft\ adj: partially split or divided

cleft palate \klĕft pal΄ĭt\ n (1841): 1. a congenital ﬁssure or elongated opening in the soft and/or hard palate; 2. an opening in thehard and/or soft palate as a result of improper union of the maxillary
process and the median nasal process during the second month of
intrauterine development; syn, PALATAL CLEFT; comp, COMPLETE
CLEFT PALATE, OCCULT CLEFT PALATE
cleft palate prosthesis: syn, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
cleft palate speech aid prosthesis: syn, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
clenching \klĕn΄chĭng\ vt (13c): the pressing and clamping of thejaws and teeth together frequently associated with acute nervous
tension or physical effort
click \klĭk\ n: a brief, sharp sound, such as the snapping, cracking, ornoise evident on excursions or opening of the mandible; a distinct
snapping sound or sensation, usually audible (or by stethoscope) oron palpation, which emanates from the temporomandibular joint(s)during jaw movement; it may or may not be associated with internal
derangements of the temporomandibular joint; clicking \klĭ΄kĭng\ n;comp, EARLY CLOSING CLICK, EARLY OPENING CLICK, LATE CLOSINGCLICK, LATE OPENING CLICK, MID OPENING CLICK, RECIPROCAL
CLICK
clinical \klĭn΄ĭ-kel\ adj (ca. 1755): 1. of or related to or conducted inor as if within a clinic; 2. analytical or detached; clinically adv

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e22

Volume 117 Issue 5S

clinical crown  color difference equations
clinical crown \klĭn΄ĭ-kel kroun\: the portion of a tooth that extends
from the occlusal table or incisal edge to the free gingival margin
clinical remount: syn, REMOUNT PROCEDURE
clinometer n (1811): a device for measuring angles of elevation,
inclination or declination; clinometric adj; clinometry nclip \klĭp\ n: 1. any of numerous devices used to grip, clasp, or hook;
2. a device used to retain a removable dental prosthesis or amaxillofacial prosthesis to a ﬁxed tooth- or implant-supported
restoration, i.e., a bar connector, coping, or other retainer
closed bite slang: syn, DECREASED OCCLUSAL VERTICALDIMENSIONzd lŏk\: an internal derangement of the temporoclosed lock \klomandibular joint in which the disc is dislocated anteriorly andusually medial to the condyle; displacement or dislocation of thedisc without spontaneous reduction on mouth opening; comp,
ACUTE CLOSED LOCK, CHRONIC CLOSED LOCK, DISC DISPLACEMENTWITHOUT REDUCTIONzd rĭ-dv a frak΄chur\:closed reduction of a fracture \klouk΄shun u
reduction (repositioning) and ﬁxation of fractured bones without
making a surgical opening to the fracture site
closest speaking space \klo΄sĕst sp
e΄king spas\: the space between
the anterior teeth when the patient is speaking; according to Dr Earl
Pound, the space should not be more or less than 1 to 2 mm ofclearance between the incisal edges of the teeth when the patient is
unconsciously repeating the letter “S.” Dr Meyer M. Silverman
termed this speaking centric, which was deﬁned as the closest
relationship of the occlusal surfaces and incisal edges of themandibular teeth to the maxillary teeth during function and rapid
speech; this was later called closest speaking level by Dr Silverman
and ﬁnally the closest speaking space
Silverman MM. Speaking centric. Dent Digest 1950;55:106-11
Silverman MM. Accurate measurement of vertical dimension byphonetics and speaking centric space. Dent Digest 1951;57:261-65
Silverman MM. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 1953;3:193-99
Pound E. Esthetics and phonetics in full denture construction. J Calif
Dent Assoc 1950;20:179-85
Pound E. The mandibular movements of speech and their seven
related values. J Prosthet Dent 1966;16:835-43
Pound E. The vertical dimension of speech, the pilot of occlusion. J
Calif Dent Assoc 1975;6:42-47
Pound E. Let /s/ be your guide. J Prosthet Dent1977;38:482-89
clutch \kluch\ n: a device placed in both the maxillary andmandibular arches for the purpose of supporting components used
to record mandibular movement
-a-dap΄tĭd\ adj (1836): 1. mutually adapted, especiallycoadapted \ko
by natural selection; 2. in medicine, the proper realignment of displaced parts; coadaptation ncobalt chromium alloy: abbr, CoCr; a low-density, large-grainedbase metal dental casting alloy with prominent dendritic structure,composed from 60% to 75% Cobalt and up to 30% Chromium withtrace elements that may include small amounts of Mo, Mn, Si, and N;
chromium, by its passivation effect, ensures corrosion resistance of
the alloy; orig, Elwood Hayes, metallurgist, industrialist, 1900
coblation therapy: contr, cold ablation; passing a radiofrequency
bipolar electrical current through saline with the production of aplasma ﬁeld of sodium ions; this resultant ion ﬁeld can separate
intracellular bonds at a low temperature (60 C); a therapy applied intreating obstructive sleep apnea and tonsillectomy
Coble balancer \Ko΄bel bal΄an-ser\: eponym for 1. an intraoralbalancing device used to determine centric relation and obtain the

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

centric relation record; 2. used to equilibrate ﬁxed or removable
complete dentures intraorally; orig, Lucian G. Coble, dentist, North
Carolina, U.S.A.; comp, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE, TRACING
DEVICE
Coble LG. Correct centric position must be established for good
denture ﬁt and function. Dent Survey 1951;27:1391-93
Coble LG. A complete denture technique for selecting and setting
up teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1960;10:455-8.
-h
cohesion \koe΄zhun\ n (1660): 1. the act or state of sticking
together tightly; 2. the force whereby molecules of matter adhere to
one another; the attraction of aggregation; 3. molecular attraction
by which the particles of a body are united throughout their mass-h
cohesive failure \koe΄sĭv fal΄yur\: bond failure within a dental
material as a result of a tensile or shearing force; comp, ADHESIVEFAILURE
cold curing resin nonstand: syn, AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
collarless metal ceramic restoration \kŏl΄er-lĕs mĕ΄l sa-ram΄ĭkrĕs΄ta-ra΄shun\: a metal ceramic restoration with the extension ofceramic material onto the ﬁnish line of the preparation without
visible metal substructure in the marginal area; porcelain crownmargin is directly in contact with the prepared ﬁnish line; comp,
PORCELAIN MARGIN
collateral ligaments \ka-lat΄er-al\: two or more ligaments paired toa single joint for the speciﬁc purpose of restricting extension andﬂexion within one plane only. Relative to the temporomandibular
joint, there are two collateral (discal) ligaments, medial and lateral,
which attach the articular disc to the medial and lateral poles of thecondyle of the mandible. These ligaments have also been termedpolar ligaments
colloid \kŏl΄oid\ n: a material in which is suspended a constituent ina ﬁnely divided state that is invisible to the eye but capable ofscattering light
colloidal silica: submicroscopic fumed silica frequently used as asuspension in a liquid and mixed with many phosphate-bonded
casting investments to improve casting smoothness and control
expansioncolor \kul΄or\ n (13c): 1. a phenomenon of light or visual perceptionthat enables one to differentiate otherwise identical objects; 2. thequality of an object or substance with respect to light reﬂected ortransmitted by it. Color is usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and luminous reﬂectance of the reﬂected
light; 3. a visual response to light consisting of the three dimensionsof hue, value, and chroma; comp, PERCEIVED COLOR, PSYCHOPHYSICAL COLOR
color blindness \kul΄or blınd΄nĭs\: abnormal color vision or theinability to discriminate certain colors, most commonly along the
red-green axis
\: relative independence ofcolor constancy \kul΄or kŏn΄stan-se
perceived color to changes in color of the light source
color deﬁciency \kul΄or dĭ-fĭsh΄en-s
e\: a general term for all forms ofcolor vision that yield chromaticity discrimination below normal
limits, such as monochromatism, dichromatism, and anomalous
trichromatism
color difference \kul΄or dĭf΄er-ens\: magnitude and character of thedifference between two colors under speciﬁed conditions; referred
to as DEcolor difference equations \kul΄or dĭf΄er-ens ĭ-kwa΄zhanz, -shanz\:
equations that transform Commission Internationals d’Eclairage(CIE) coordinates into a more uniform matrix such that a speciﬁed
distance between two colors is more nearly proportional to themagnitude of an observed difference between them regardless of
their hue

May 2017e23

color notation  compomer
-ta΄shun\: the use of symbols in somecolor notation \kul΄or noorderly fashion by which the attributes of color may be deﬁned or
may be set down in written formula
color rendering index \k
ul΄or rĕn΄der-ing ĭn΄dĕks\: a number from
1 to 100 given to a light source to indicate its relative equivalence topure white light, which has a color rendering index (CRI) of 100. The
closer the number is to 100, the more it resembles pure white lightcolor scale \kul΄or skal\: an orderly arrangement of colors showing
graduated change in some attribute or attributes of color as a value
scale
color solid \kul΄or sŏl΄ĭd\: a symbolic ﬁgure in three dimensions that
represents the relations of all possible colors with respect to theirprimary attributes of hue, value, and chroma. Usually, value appears
as the vertical axis of the ﬁgure with hue and chroma represented inpolar coordinates about the value axis, chroma being radial. The
boundaries of the solid are actually irregular, but it is sometimes
represented as a cylinder, a sphere, or a cube
color standard \kul΄or stan΄dard\: a color whose psychophysicaldimensions have been accurately measured and speciﬁed
color stimulus \kul΄or stĭm΄yu-lus\: visible radiation entering the eyeand producing a sensation of color, either chromatic or achromaticor΄, tĕm΄pra-\: the temul΄or tĕm΄per-a-cho
color temperature \kperature in degrees Kelvin (Celsius plus 273 ) of a totally absorbingor black body (object) that produces colors as the temperaturechanges; the range is from a dull red to yellow to white to blue; thisterm is sometimes used incorrectly to describe the color of “white”
light sources; the correct term to describe the color of light sources
is correlated color temperaturecolorimeter \kul΄a-rĭm΄ĭ-ter\ n (ca. 1863): a device that analyzes
color by measuring it in terms of a standard color, scale of colors, or
certain primary colors; an instrument used to measure lightreﬂected or transmitted by a specimen
coloring \kul΄or-ĭng\ n (14c): 1. the act of applying colors; 2.
something that produces color or color effects; 3. the effect produced by applying or combining colors; comp, EXTRINSIC COLORING, INTRINSIC COLORING
combination clasp \kŏm΄bi-na΄shun klasp\: a circumferential
retainer for a removable partial denture that has a cast reciprocal
arm and a wrought wire retentive clasp
combination syndrome \kŏm΄bi-na΄shun sĭn΄drom\: the characteristic features that occur when an edentulous maxillae is opposedby natural mandibular anterior teeth and a mandibular bilateralextension-base removable partial denture, including loss of bonefrom the anterior portion of the maxillary ridge, hyperplasia of the
tuberosities, papillary hyperplasia of the hard palate’s mucosa,
supraeruption of the mandibular anterior teeth, and loss of alveolarbone and ridge height beneath the mandibular removable partial
denture bases; syn, anterior hyperfunction syndrome
Kelly E. Changes caused by a mandibular removable partial denture
opposing a maxillary complete denture. J Prosthet Dent
1972;27:140-50
t\ (1626): to reduce food into small partsoocomminute \kŏm΄a-no΄shun\ n(GPT-4); -nuted; -nuting vt; comminution \kŏm΄a-no
comminuted fracture \kŏm΄a-noo΄tĭd frak΄chur\: a fracture in which
the bone is broken in several places in the same region; a fracture inwhich the bone is crushed and splinteredor\ n (15c): a point of union or junction
commissure \kŏm΄a-sho
especially between two anatomic parts, i.e., corner of the mouth;
commissural \kŏm΄ĭz-ur΄l\ adj; syn, MODIOLUS
r splĭnt\: a device placed between
commissure splint \kŏm΄a-shoo
the lips that assists in achieving increased opening between the lips;

use of such devices enhances opening where surgical, chemical, or
electrical alterations of the lips has resulted in severe restriction orcontractures; syn, lip splint; comp, interocclusal expansion device,
OCCLUSAL DEVICE
n\: any osseous substance that iscompact bone \kŏm΄pakt΄ bodense or hard; syn, CORTICAL BONE
compensation curve \kŏm΄pen-sa΄shun kûrv\: 1. the anteroposterior curving (in the median plane) and the mediolateralcurving (in the frontal plane) within the alignment of the occluding
surfaces and incisal edges of artiﬁcial teeth that is used to developbalanced occlusion; 2. the arc introduced in the construction ofcomplete removable dental prostheses to compensate for the
opening inﬂuences produced by the condylar and incisal guidance’s
during lateral and protrusive mandibular eccentric movements; syn,compensating curvature, compensating curve
complementary colors \kom΄pla-mĕn΄ta-r
e, -tre k
ul΄orz\: 1. twocolors that, when mixed together in proper proportions, result in aneutral color; colored lights that are complementary when mixed in
an additive manner form white light and follow the laws of additive
color mixture; colorants that are complementary when mixed
together form black or gray and follow the laws of subtractive
colorant mixture; 2. colors located in directly opposite positions on
the color wheel
complete arch subperiosteal implant \kŏm-plet΄ ärch s
ub-pĕr΄eŏs-t
el ĭm-plant\: a device placed under the periosteum on the residual ridge to provide abutments for supporting a removable orﬁxed complete denture in a fully edentulous arch; Editorial note forusage: such implants should be described by means of their relationship to their bases of support, the alveolar bone; as such, atplacement, the implant is described as an eposteal dental implant;
comp, EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANTt΄ klĕft pal΄ĭt \: an opening
complete cleft palate \kŏm-ple
extending through the anterior alveolar ridge, and primary andsecondary palates; syn, PALATAL CLEFT
complete crown \kŏm-pl
et kroun\: syn, ARTIFICIAL CROWN
complete denture \kŏm-pl
et dĕn΄chur\: a ﬁxed or removabledental prosthesis that replaces the entire dentition and associatedstructures of the maxillae or mandible; syn, FIXED COMPLETE DENTURE, REMOVABLE COMPLETE DENTURE
t dĕn΄chur prŏs-thĕt΄iks\
complete denture prosthetics \kŏm-ple
obs: 1. the replacement of the natural teeth in the arch and theirassociated parts by artiﬁcial substitutes; 2. the art and science of therestoration of an edentulous mouth (GPT-4); syn, COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
complete denture prosthodontics \kŏm-pl
et dĕn΄chur prŏs΄thodŏn΄tĭks\: refers to that body of knowledge and skills pertaining to
the restoration of the edentulous arch with a complete denture;
Editorial note for usage: complete denture prosthodontics generally
refers to the complete ﬁxed and complete removable denturet fa΄shal moo-läzh\: an imprescomplete facial moulage \kŏm-ple
sion procedure used to record the soft tissue contours of the wholeface
complete mouth rehabilitation n: this term applies to the restoration of teeth, with or without dental implants, with ﬁxed dental
protheses in the maxillae and mandible
completed denture base: syn, DEFINITIVE DENTURE BASE
complicated fracture \kŏm΄plĭ-ka΄tĭd frak΄chur\: a fracture withsigniﬁcant injury to adjacent soft tissues (i.e., neurovascular injury)
-mĕr\ n (1998): a poly-acid modiﬁed composite
compomer \kŏm΄poresin, composed of non-reactive glass ﬁller, acid-modiﬁed dimethacrylate resin, and an initiator; compomers do not have the

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e24

Volume 117 Issue 5Scompomer  condylarthrosis
capacity to chemically bond to tooth surfaces, therefore, they needprimer/bonding resin agents for tooth bonding applications; comp,
GLASS IONOMER, RESIN-MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER
components of mastication \kŏm-po΄nentz uv mas΄tĭ-ka΄shun\:those factors of food manipulation and comminution that precededeglutition΄zhun\: thecomponents of occlusion \kŏm-po΄nentz uv a-kl
oovarious elements that are involved in occlusion, such as the
temporomandibular joints, the associated musculature, the teeth,
their contacting surfaces and investing tissues, and/or the dental
supporting structures; syn, DETERMINANTS OF MANDIBULAR
MOVEMENT
composite resin: a highly cross-linked polymeric material reinforced by a dispersion of amorphous silica, glass, crystalline, ororganic resin ﬁller particles and/or short ﬁbers bonded to the matrix
by a coupling agent; comp, FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE
composite resin laminate veneer: a thin, bonded composite resin
restoration that restores the facial, incisal, and part of the proximal
surfaces of teeth requiring esthetic restoration; comp, FACING
composite resin veneer: laboratory fabrication of a prosthesis withlayered composite resin bonded to a framework; comp, FACING
compound n, slang (19c): syn, IMPRESSION COMPOUND, MODELING
PLASTIC IMPRESSION COMPOUND
compound joint \kŏm-pound΄ joint\: a joint involving three or morebonesl΄ding\: the act ofcompression molding \kom-prĕs΄shun mopressing or squeezing together to form a shape within a mold; theadaptation, under pressure, of a plastic material into a moldcompression of tissue: syn, TISSUE DISPLACEMENT
compressive stress \kŏm-prĕs΄ĭv strĕs\: the internal induced force
that opposes the shortening of a material in a direction parallel tothe direction of the stresses; any induced force per unit area that
resists deformation caused by a load that tends to compress or
shorten a bodycomputer-aided engineering: acronym is CAE; incorporates
mathematical algorithms to control and assist the design andmanufacturing of dental prostheses; comp, COMPUTER-AIDEDDESIGN
computer numerical control: acronym is CNC; a seamless integration of computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing programs for making 3D objects; this could be
subtractive or additive techniquecomputer tomography guided surgery: a surgical procedure thatuses a device (surgical guide) that was printed from a digital ﬁle ofthe cone beam computed tomography (CBCT); comp, STEREOTACTIC SURGERY, SURGICAL GUIDE΄ta-rızd t
computerized tomography \kom-py
ooo-mŏg΄ra-fe\:acronym is CT; the technique by which multidirectional x-raytransmission data through a body is mathematically reconstructedby a computer to form an electrical cross-sectional representation ofa patient’s anatomy; CT is used as an acronym to designate any
technical ﬁeld associated with these techniques; comp, CBCT
concrescence \kon-krĕs΄ens\ n: the union of roots of approximating
teeth via deposition of cementum
concretion \kon-kre΄shun\ n: any inorganic mass in a natural cavity
or organcondensation n: 1. amalgam condensation: the compaction ofdental amalgam by using force to remove excess mercury andensure continuity of the matrix phase; 2. porcelain condensation:

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

the process of increasing the density of dental porcelains during
processing by removing excess water with vibration and blotting
condensation reaction \kŏn΄dĕn-sa΄shun r
e-ak΄shun\: any chemical
reaction between two molecules to form a larger molecule, with theelimination of a smaller moleculeconditional color match \kon-dĭsh΄a-nal kul΄or mach\: a pair ofcolors that appear to match only under limited conditions, such as aparticular light source and a particular observer; a metameric matchcondylar agenesis \kŏn΄da-lar a-jĕn΄ĭ-sĭs\: a developmental abnormality characterized by the absence of the condyle
condylar articulator \kŏn΄da-lar är-tĭk΄ya-la-tôr\: an articulator withthe condylar path components as part of the upper member andwhose condylar replica components are part of the lower member;syn, ARCON ARTICULATOR; comp, NONARCON ARTICULATOR
condylar axis \kŏn΄da-lar ak΄sĭs\: a hypothetical line through themandibular condyles around which the mandible may rotate
-ka΄shun\: a non-selfcondylar dislocation \kŏn΄da-lar dĭs΄lo
reducing displacement of the mandibular condyle usually forwardof the articular eminence
condylar displacement: positioning of the condyle out of its
normal location in the glenoid fossa
1
condylar guidance \kŏn΄da-lar gıd΄ns\ vt: mandibular guidance
generated by the condyle and articular disc traversing the contourof the articular eminence

condylar guidance \kŏn΄da-lar gıd΄ns\ n: the mechanical form
located in the posterior region of an articulator that controls
movement of its mobile member\: the compocondylar guide assembly \kŏn΄da-lar gıd a-sĕm΄blenents of an articulator that guide movement of the condylar
analogues
condylar guide inclination \kŏn΄da-lar gıd ĭn΄kla-na΄shun\: theangle formed by the inclination of a condylar guide control surface
of an articulator and a speciﬁed reference plane; comp, LATERALCONDYLAR INCLINATION

2

condylar hinge position \kŏn΄da-lar hĭnj pa-zĭsh΄an\ obs: the position of the condyles of the mandible in the glenoid fossae at which
hinge axis movement is possible (GPT-4)
condylar inclination \kŏn΄da-lar ĭn΄kla-na΄shun\: the direction of
the condyle path (GPT-4)
condylar path \kŏn΄da-lar path\: that path traveled by themandibular condyle in the temporomandibular joint during various
mandibular movements
condylar path element \kŏn΄da-lar path ĕl΄a-ment\: the member ofa dental articulator that controls the direction of condylar
movement
condylar path tracing \kŏn΄da-lar path tra΄sĭng\: a graphic registration of the movement of the condyle; syn, MANDIBULAR TRACING
condylar slant nonstand: syn, CONDYLAR PATH, LATERALCONDYLAR PATH
condylar subluxation \kŏn΄da-lar s
ub΄l
uk-sa΄shun\: a self-reducing
incomplete or partial dislocation of the condyle΄sĭs\ n: an ellipsoidal articulation; acondylarthrosis \kŏn΄da-lar-thro
modiﬁcation of the ball/socket type of synovial joint in which thearticular joint surfaces are ellipsoid rather than spheroid; owing to
the arrangement of the muscles and ligaments around the joint, all
movements are permitted except rotation about a vertical axis; syn,articulation ellipsoidea, condylar articulation, condylar joint, condyloid
joint, or ellipsoidal jointMay 2017e25

condyle  coordination
condyle \kŏn΄dıl, -dl\ n (1634): an articular prominence of a bone,i.e., in the mandible; an ellipsoidal projection of bone that articulateswith the articular eminence of the temporal bone, having a
mediolateral dimension that is greater than its anteroposterior
dimension; condylar adj; comp, CONDYLAR PATH, LATERALCONDYLAR PATH, MANDIBULAR CONDYLE, NECK OF THE CONDYLE
condyle chord: syn, CONDYLAR AXIS
condyle head: syn, CONDYLE
condyle path: syn, CONDYLAR PATH
condylectomy: surgical removal of the condyle
condylotomy: surgical cut through the neck of the condyloid process; also refers to surgical removal of a portion of the articulating
surface of the mandibular condyle (called a condylar shave)cone \kon\ n (1562): one of the receptors of color vision found in
the retinal layer of the eye and concentrated in the macula lutea
cone beam computed tomography (CBCT): a dispersion of x-rays
in a divergent pattern and captured for a digital volumetric data orvoxels for anatomic imaging
conﬂuent defect of the sinus: an oronasal or oroantral communication as a result of an anatomic defect of the maxillae
conformer: the portion of a maxillofacial prosthesis that serves toﬁll a defect as a part of the prosthesis; syn, SECTION
congenital \kon-jĕn΄ĭ-tl\ adj (1796): existing at, and usually before,
birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, irrespective of
their causation
connecting bar: syn, BAR CONNECTOR; comp, MAJOR CONNECTORo\: a tissue of mesodermal
connective tissue \ka-nĕk΄tĭv tĭsh΄oorigin rich in interlacing processes that supports or binds together
other tissues
1connector \ka-nĕk΄tor\ n (15c): in removable prosthodontics, theportion of a removable partial denture that unites its components;comp, BAR CONNECTOR, CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR, MAJOR
CONNECTOR, MINOR CONNECTOR

connector \ka-nĕk΄tor\ n: in ﬁxed prosthodontics, the portion of aﬁxed partial denture that unites the retainer(s) and pontic(s); comp,
INTERNAL
CONNECTOR,NONRIGIDCONNECTOR,RIGID
CONNECTOR, SUBOCCLUSAL CONNECTOR

2connector bar: syn, BAR CONNECTOR
consultation \kŏn-sul΄ta΄shun\ n (15c): a deliberation between
those who render health care regarding patient diagnosis and/or
their treatment
1
contact \kŏn΄takt\ n (1626): the union or junction of surfaces; theapparent touching or tangency of bodies; comp, PROXIMALCONTACT2
contact \kŏn΄takt\ vi (1834): to make contact; to bring into contact;
to enter or be in contact with; comp, BALANCING OCCLUSAL CONTACT, DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT, INITIAL OCCLUSAL CONTACT, OCCLUSAL CONTACT
contact angle: the angle formed by a tangent to the drop of liquid
and the solid surface; a measure of WETTABILITY
contact area \kŏn΄takt âr΄e-a\: the region on the proximal surface ofa tooth that touches an adjacent tooth; syn, INTERPROXIMAL CONTACT AREA
contact scanner: a 3D-scanner acquisition of the surfaces of an
object by mechanical contact and by using line tracings; comp,coordinate measuring machine-us bär ka-nĕk΄tor\: a metal
continuous bar connector \kon-tĭn΄yoobar usually resting on the lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior

teeth to aid in their stabilization and act as an indirect retainer in an
extension-base removable partial denture
continuous bar indirect retainer: syn, CONTINUOUS BAR
CONNECTOR
continuous bar retainer: syn, CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR;
comp, INDIRECT RETAINER
o-us klasp\: 1. in removable prosthocontinuous clasp \kon-tĭn΄yodontics, a circumferential retainer (clasp) whose body emanatesfrom an occlusal rest and extends across the buccal or lingual surface of more than one tooth (hence, continuing on) before
engaging an undercut on the proximal wall farthest from theocclusal rest; 2. any one of several early 20th-century designs forclasping natural teeth to retain a removable partial denture
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn, NY: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing; 1928:377-90
op wır klasp\ obs: thiso-us lo
continuous loop wire clasp \kon-tĭn΄yoclasp assembly was used to completely encircle a tooth, particularly“a straight sided” tooth, by means of one wire. If the retainer was notcontinuous, it was described as an open loop wire clasp; orig, J.
Wright Beach, dentist, Toronto, Canada
Roach FE. Partial dentures. The Dental Summary 1915:35:203-10
o-us spek΄trum\: a spectrum orcontinuous spectrum \kon-tĭn΄yosection of the spectrum in which radiations of all wavelengths arepresent; opposed to line spectra or band spectra1or\ n (1662): an outline, especially of a curving or
contour \kŏn΄toirregular ﬁgure: the line representing this outline; the general formor structure of something; comp, HEIGHT OF CONTOUR, TRANSITIONAL CONTOUR
2
r\ adj (1844): following contour lines or forming
contour \kŏn΄toofurrows or ridges along them; made to ﬁt the contour of something3or\ vt (1871): to shape the contour of; to shape so
contour \kŏn΄to
as to ﬁt contours; to construct in conformity to a contour
contour graft: syn, ONLAY GRAFT
contrabevel \kŏn΄tra-bĕv΄el\ n (20c): 1. an external bevel arisingfrom the occlusal surface or edge of a tooth preparation and placedat an angle that opposes or contrasts the angle of the surface fromwhich it arises; 2. an external bevel arising from the occlusal surface
or edge of a preparation; syn, BEVEL
contraction \kon-trak΄shun\ n (15c): in muscle physiology, thedevelopment of tension in a muscle in response to a stimulus; comp,ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION, ISOTONIC CONTRACTION, POSTURALCONTRACTION
contracture \kon-trak΄chur\ n (1658): a permanent shortening of amuscle; syn, MUSCLE CONTRACTURE, MYOFIBROTIC CAPSULARCONTRACTURE, MYOSTATIC CONTRACTURE
contralateral \kŏn΄tra-lat΄er-al\ adj (1882): occurring on or acting in
conjunction with similar parts on an opposite side
contralateral condyle: comp, NONWORKING-SIDE CONDYLE
convergence angle \kon-vûr΄jens ang΄gel\: the angle, measured indegrees as viewed in a given plane, formed by the axial walls whena tooth or machined surface on a metal or ceramic material isprepared for a ﬁxed dental prosthesis; Editorial note for usage: theterm total occlusal convergence applies to the angle formed between
two opposing axial walls; the term taper applies to the angle formed
between an axial wall and the path of placement onto the tooth ormachined surfaces of a metal or ceramic material; syn, angle ofconvergence, TOTAL OCCLUSAL CONVERGENCE; comp, TAPER-ôr΄dn-a΄shun\ n (1643): smooth, controlled symcoordination \kometrical movement

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e26

Volume 117 Issue 5S

coordination  craniomandibular articulation1p\ n (bef.12c): the upper half of any ﬂask used in casting;cope \kothe upper or cavity side of a denture ﬂask used in conjunction withthe drag or lower half of the ﬂask; comp, DRAG
2cope \kop\ vb: to dress, cover, or furnish with a cope; to cover, as if
with a cope or coping΄pĭng\ n (ca. 1909): a thin covering or crown made of
coping \kometal alloy or ceramic that is luted to an abutment supporting an
overdenture, ﬁxed partial denture, or ﬁxed complete denture;
Editorial note for usage: the metal casting for a metal-ceramic crownor ﬁxed partial denture is referred to as a FRAMEWORK; comp,
COPING IMPRESSION, FRAMEWORK, TRANSFER COPING΄pĭng ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: an impression, usuallycoping impression \koencompassing an entire dental arch, that uses metal or resin copings placed on prepared teeth. The copings are repositioned before
the pouring of a working cast; comp, PICK-UP IMPRESSION

coping pick-up impression: syn, COPING IMPRESSION; comp, PICKUP IMPRESSION
coping prosthesis obs: syn, OVERDENTURE
-pŏl΄a-mer\: polymers formed from more thancopolymer resin \ko
one type of molecular repeat unit
copper band \kŏp΄er band\: a copper cylinder used as a matrix formaking an impression
copy milling: also termed computer numeric controlled (CNC)milling; computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) without computeraided design (CAD) by using the direct scan of an object
coralliform \kŏr΄al-ĭ΄fŏrm\ adj: having the form of coral; branchedlike a coral; often with reference to certain types of hydroxylapatite
implant materials
r\ n (14c): 1. the center or base of a structure, 2. thecore \kôr, ko
foundation restoration which restores sufﬁcient coronal anatomy ofa vital or endodontically treated toothr΄-, ka-ro΄nal\ adj (15c): 1. of or relating to acoronal \kôr΄a-nal, ko
corona or crown; 2. relating to any longitudinal plane or section thatpasses through a body at right angles to the median plane; 3.
pertaining to the crown of a tooth-nal plan\: lying in the direction of the coronalcoronal plane \ka-ro
suture, of or relating to the frontal plane, which passes through thelong axis of a bodycoronectomy: resection of the crown of a tooth while intentionallyretaining the root in the alveolar bone; syn, DECORONATION spas\: thecoronoid maxillary space \kôr΄a-noid΄, kŏr΄- mak΄sa-lĕr΄eregion between the medial aspect of the coronoid process of themandible and the buccal aspect of the tuberosity of the maxillae,bounded anteriorly by the zygomatic archcoronoid process \kôr΄a-noid΄, kŏr΄- pro-sĕs\: the thin triangularrounded eminence originating from the anterosuperior surface ofthe ramus of the mandible; comp, HYPERPLASIA OF THE CORONOID
PROCESS
coronoidectomy: surgical removal of the coronoid process-plas΄tcoronoplasty \kŏr΄a-no
e\ n (20c): syn, OCCLUSAL RESHAPING,
ESTHETIC RESHAPING

produces the chromaticity; it is measured in degrees Kelvin, towhich a black body must be raised to provide the closest match, inchromaticity, to a particular light sourced\ vt (15c): 1. deterioration of a metal as a result of ancorrode \ka-ro
electrochemical reaction within its environment; 2. to eat away bydegrees as if by gnawing; 3. to wear away gradually usually bychemical action
corrosion \ka-ro΄zhen\ n (15c): the action, process, or effect ofcorroding; a product of corroding; the loss of elemental constituentsto the adjacent environment
corrosive \ka-r
o΄sĭv\ adj (14c): tending or having the power tocorrodecortical bone \kôr΄tĭ-kal\: the peripheral layer of compact osseous
tissueCosten’s syndrome: eponym for TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS; orig, James Bray Costen, physician/otolaryngologist, U.S.A.,
1895-1962
Costen JB. A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms dependent upon
disturbed functions of the temporomandibular joint. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1934;43:1-15
coupling \k
up΄lĭng\ n: a device that serves to link or connect theends of adjacent parts or objects
coupling agent: chemical agent enhancing surface covalentbonding between organic and inorganic components; related todental ceramics and nanoparticles in composite resins; silane iscommonly used in dentistry for this purpose
coupling lug \k
up΄lĭng lug\: a small projecting part of a larger
member; a projection or a casting to which a bolt or other part may
be attached-va΄lĕnt bŏnd\ n (1939): a chemical bond becovalent bond \ko
tween two atoms or radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (singlebond), two pairs (double bond), or three pairs (triple bond) ofelectrons; syn, primary bondcover screw: syn, HEALING SCREW
Craddock mounting: eponym for a technique for articulating dental
casts by using Bonwill’s four-inch equilateral triangle, such that
equal distances exist between the condylar elements and the
mandibular incisors at the occlusal vertical dimension (OVD)
Craddock FW, Symmons HF. Evaluation of facebow. J Prosthet Dent
1952:633
cranial base \kra΄ne-al bas\: the inferior part of the skull that isthought to be relatively stable throughout life and is used incephalometrics as a landmark from which to measure changes as aresult of growth, time, or treatment
-sĭs\: a biocompatible,-al prŏs-the
cranial prosthesis \kra΄nepermanently implanted replacement (maxillofacial prosthesis) for a
portion of the skull bones; an artiﬁcial replacement for a portion of
the skull bones; comp, cranial implant, cranioplasty prosthesis, skull
platecorrected cast: syn, ALTERED CAST

craniofacial defects \kra΄n
e-
o-fa΄shal de΄fĕkts, dĭ΄fĕkts\: malformations associated with the head and face as a result of congenital,acquired, traumatic injury.

corrective wax: syn, DENTAL IMPRESSION WAXor\:correlated color temperature \kôr΄a-la΄tid kul΄er tĕm΄per-a-cho
the term describing the color of white light sources; speciﬁcally, it is
the temperature of the Planckion (black body) light source that-man-dĭb΄ya-lar är-tĭk΄yacraniomandibular articulation \kra΄n
e-ola΄shun\: both temporomandibular joints functioning together as abilateral sliding hinge joint connecting the mandible to the cranium;
comp, ARTHRODIAL JOINT, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTSTHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYMay 2017e27

crater  curve of Monson
crater n: in periodontics, a saucer-shaped defect of soft tissue orbone
1craze \kraz\ vb (14c): to produce minute cracks on the surface; todevelop a mesh of ﬁne cracks; crazed \krazd\; crazing \kra΄zĭng\ vt
2craze \kraz\ n (1534): a crack in a surface or coating (as of glaze orenamel)1
creep \krep\ vi (12c): to slip or gradually shift position; to change
shape permanently as a result of prolonged stress or exposure tohigh temperature; crept \krĕpt\; creeping \kr
ep΄ĭng\2
creep \krep\ n (1818): the slow change in dimensions of an object
as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperature or stresscrepitation \krĕp΄ĭ-ta΄shun\ n: a crackling or grating noise in a joint
during movement; the noise made by rubbing together the ends ofa fracture
crepitus n: syn, CREPITATION, JOINT CREPITUS
crest \krĕst\ n (14c): a ridge or prominence on a part of a body; indentistry, the most coronal portion of the alveolar process
v tha rĭj\: the most prominent continuous
crest of the ridge \krĕst u
surface of the residual ridge; not necessarily coincident with thecenter of the ridge; syn, RESIDUAL RIDGE CREST; comp, RESIDUAL
RIDGE
΄lar ĕp΄a-th
crevicular epithelium \krĕ΄vĭ-kyooe΄l
e-um\ nonstand:syn, SULCULAR EPITHELIUMo΄lar ﬂoo
΄id\: syn, GINGIVAL CREVICULAR
crevicular ﬂuid \krĕ΄vĭ-cyo
FLUID
cribriform plate \krĭb΄ra-fôrm\ obs: in dentistry, the alveolar boneproper-ba΄lıt\ n: an allotropic form of crystalline silica
cristobalite \krĭs΄toused in dental casting investments
cross-arch balance: syn, CROSS-ARCH BALANCED ARTICULATION
cross-arch balanced articulation \krôs, krŏs ärch bal΄ansd är-tĭk΄
ya-la΄shun\: the simultaneous contact of the buccal (excluding
buccal cusp contact in LINGUALIZED OCCLUSION) and lingual cuspsof the working-side maxillary denture teeth with the opposing
buccal and lingual cusps of the mandibular teeth, concurrent with
denture tooth contact of the nonworking-side maxillary lingual
cusps with the mandibular buccal cusps in excursive movements
cross-arch stabilization \krŏs, krôs ärch sta΄ba-lı΄za-shun\: resistance against dislodging or rotational forces obtained by using aﬁxed or removable partial denture design that uses natural teeth on
the opposite side of the dental arch from the edentulous space toassist in stabilization
cross bite: syn, REVERSE ARTICULATION
cross-bite occlusion: syn, REVERSE ARTICULATION
cross-bite teeth: syn, REVERSE ARTICULATION TEETH
cross-mounting: the interchangable mounting on an articulator of
two or more maxillary and mandibular cast relationships
cross pinning \krôs, krŏs pĭn΄ing\: the augmentation achieved inretention of a cast restoration by the placement of a pin through theaxial wall of a dental casting into tooth dentin
cross-tooth balance: comp, BALANCED ARTICULATION, CROSSTOOTH BALANCED ARTICULATIONth bal΄ansd ärcross-tooth balanced articulation \krôs, krŏs tootĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: the harmonious contact of opposing working-side
buccal and lingual cusps with simultaneous denture tooth contact
on the nonworking-side in excursive movements
1crown \kroun\ n (12c): 1. the highest part, as the topmost part ofthe skull, head, or tooth; the summit; that portion of a tooth occlusal
to the cementoenamel junction or an artiﬁcial substitute for this;

2. an artiﬁcial replacement that restores missing tooth structure bysurrounding part or all of the remaining structure with a material
such as cast metal alloy, metal-ceramics, ceramics, resin, or a combination of materials
2crown \kroun\ vt (12c): to place on the head, as to place a crownon a tooth, dental implant, or tooth substitute; Editorial note forusage: implies fabrication of a restoration for a natural tooth, dental
implant, and/or dental implant abutment
crown ﬂask \kroun ﬂask\: a sectional, box-like case in which a
sectional mold is made of artiﬁcial stone or plaster for the purposeof processing dentures or other resinous restorations
crown fracture \kroun frak΄chur\: micro- or macroscopic cleavage inthe coronal portion of a toothcrown-implant ratio: the physical relationship between the portionof the implant-supported restoration not within alveolar bonecompared with the portion of the implant within alveolar bone,frequently determined by radiographic examination
crown lengthening: a surgical procedure designed to increase
the extent of supragingival tooth structure for restorative or
esthetic purposes; syn, apical repositioning surgery, LENGTHENING
OF CLINICAL CROWNot ra΄sho, ra΄sh΄\: the physical relacrown-root ratio \kroun-roe-otionship between the portion of the tooth not within the alveolarbone, as determined by a radiograph, compared with the portion of
the tooth within alveolar bonecrown slitter or splitter \kroun slĭt΄er\: a mechanical device used todebond the luting agent at the axial surface of an artiﬁcial crown tofacilitate its removal (GPT-4)o΄sa-bal\ n (15c): a vessel or container made of any
crucible \krorefractory material (frequently ceramics) used for melting or
calcining any substance that requires a high degree of heat΄sa-bal fôr΄mer\: the base to which a sprue
ocrucible former \kroformer is attached while the wax pattern is being invested in refractory investment; a convex rubber, plastic, or metal base that
forms a concave depression or crucible in the refractory investment
crypt \krĭpt\ n (1789): 1. a chamber wholly or partly underground; 2.
in anatomy, a pit, depression, or simple tubular gland
CT: acronym for COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
cuff \k
uf\ n (14c): something that encircles; a band about any body
cul-de-sac \kul-dĭ-sak\ n (1738): a blind pouch or tubular cavity
closed at one endom΄ya-la΄tĭv, -ya-la-tĭv dos\: the total accucumulative dose \kyomulated dose resulting from a single or repeated exposure to radiation of the same region or of the whole body; if used in area
monitoring, it represents the accumulated radiation exposure over agiven period of time
cure vb (14c) slang: syn, POLYMERIZE
curve \kûrv\ vb (1594): to take a turn, change, or deviation from astraight line or planar surface without angularity or sharp breaks; a
non-angular deviation from a straight line or surface; curved \kûrvd\adj; curving \kûrv΄ing\ vi; comp, REVERSE CURVEv Mŏn-son\: eponym for a proposed ideal
curve of Monson \kûrv u
curve of occlusion in which each cusp and incisal edge touches orconforms to a segment of the surface of a sphere 8 inches indiameter with its center in the region of the glabella; orig, George S.
Monson, dentist, Minnesota, U.S.A., 1869-1933
Monson GS. Occlusion as applied to crown and bridgework. J Nat
Dent Assoc 1920;7:399-417
Monson GS. Some important factors which inﬂuence occlusion. J
Nat Dent Assoc 1922;9:498-503

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e28

Volume 117 Issue 5S

curve of occlusion  deﬁnitive casto
΄shun\: the average curvev a-klo
curve of occlusion \kûrv uestablished by the incisal edges and occlusal surfaces of the anterior
and posterior teeth in either arch
v Plĕzh΄er\: 1. eponym for a helicoid curve
curve of Pleasure \kûrv uof occlusion that, when viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a
mediolaterally convex curve in which the lingual surfaces of theteeth are more coronal to the buccal surfaces, except for the lastmolars, which reverse that pattern; 2. in excessive wear of the teeth,
the obliteration of the cusps and formation of either ﬂat or cuppedout occlusal surfaces, associated with reversal of the occlusal planeof the premolar, ﬁrst and second molar teeth (the third molars being
generally unaffected), whereby the occlusal surfaces of themandibular teeth slope facially instead of lingually and those of themaxillary teeth incline lingually; orig, Max A. Pleasure, dentist, New
York, U.S.A., 1903-1965; syn, ANTIMONSON CURVE, REVERSE CURVE
Pleasure MA. Prosthetic occlusionda problem in mechanics. J Am
Dent Assoc and Dent Cosmos 1937;24:1330-38
Pleasure MA. Practical full denture occlusion. J Am Dent Assoc and
Dent Cosmos 1938;25:1606-17
curve of Spee: eponym for ANTEROPOSTERIOR CURVE; orig, Ferdinand Graf Spee, Prosector of Anatomy, Kiel, Germany, 1855-1937
Spee FG. Die Verschiebrangsbahn des Unterkiefers am Schadell.
Arch Anat Physiol (Leipz) 1890;16:285-94
curve of Wilson: 1. eponym for the MEDIOLATERAL CURVE; 2. in thetheory that occlusion should be spherical, the curvature of the cusps
as projected on the frontal plane expressed in both arches; thecurve in the mandibular arch being concave and the one in the
maxillary arch being convex; orig, George H. Wilson, dentist, Ohio,
U.S. A., 1855-1922
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. Philadelphia Lea &Febiger, 1911:22-37
curvilinear \kûr΄va-lĭn΄e-er\ adj (1710): consisting of or bounded bycurved lines; represented by a curved line
cusp n: cone-shaped protuberance on the crown of a tooth
cusp angle \k
usp ang΄gal\: the angle made by the average slope ofa cusp with the cusp plane measured mesiodistally or
buccolinguallycusp-fossa articulation scheme: an occlusal arrangement where
the maxillary and mandibular centric cusps articulate with the
opposing fossae in maximal intercuspal position
cusp height \k
usp hıt\: the perpendicular distance between the tipof a cusp and its base planecusp-marginal ridge articulation scheme: an occlusal arrangement where the mandibular second premolar buccal cusp andmandibular molar mesiobuccal cusp articulate with the opposing
occlusal embrasures in maximal intercuspal position
cusp plane \k
usp plan\: the plane determined by the two buccal
cusp tips and the highest lingual cusp of a molar
cusp plane angle \k
usp plan ang΄gal\: the incline of the cusp plane
in relation to the plane of occlusion
cuspal interference: syn, DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
cuspid nonstand: comp, cuspid guidance, cuspid lift, cuspid lifted
articulation, cuspid protected occlusion, cuspid rise, cuspid rise articulation; Editorial note for usage: refers to terms relating to CANINE
cuspless teeth \k
usp΄les t
eth\: teeth designed without cusp height;
syn, NONANATOMIC TEETH, ZERO-DEGREE TEETH
custom anterior guide table: used for transferring to an articulator
the contacts of anterior teeth when determining their inﬂuence onborder movements of the mandible. Acrylic resin is molded by using

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

the articulator pin to record and preserve this information; comp,
MECHANICAL ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE, ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
Hobo S. Twin-tables technique for occlusal rehabilitation. Part IIClinical procedures. J Prosthet Dent 1991;66:471-77
custom dental implant abutment: syn, DENTAL IMPLANT ABUTMENT, comp, UCLA CROWN
custom tray \kus΄tum tra\: an individualized impression tray madefrom a cast recovered from a preliminary impression; it is used in
making a ﬁnal impression
custom tray relief: an agent applied onto a preliminary cast in
fabrication of a custom tray to aid in reduction or elimination ofundesirable pressure or force from a speciﬁc region while making adeﬁnitive impression; comp, RELIEF
custom tray spacer: an agent applied onto a preliminary cast in
fabrication of a custom tray to provide space for the impression
material in order to make a deﬁnitive impression; comp, CUSTOM
TRAY RELIEF
cyanoacrylate \sı΄a-n
o-ak΄ra-lat\ n (20c): a single component,
moisture-activated, thermoplastic group of adhesives characterized
by rapid polymerization and excellent bond strength; mildly cytotoxic and absorbs water in wet environment

D
Davis crown obs: eponym for a dental restoration supported by apost in the root canal over which was cemented a porcelain artiﬁcial
crown in direct contact with the root face of the tooth; a later
modiﬁcation involved a gold casting that improved the ﬁt between
the root and artiﬁcial tooth; orig, Wallace Clyde Davis, dentist,
Nebraska, U.S. A.,1866-1950
Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 1st ed. Lincoln, NE:
Author; 1911
Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby;
1916
d-mäN΄, dĭ-bred΄ment\ n (ca. 1842): thedebridement \da΄breremoval of inﬂamed, devitalized, contaminated tissue or foreignmaterial from or adjacent to a lesion
deciduous dentition: syn, PRIMARY DENTITION
decoronation: syn, CORONECTOMY
-kôr΄tĭ-ka΄shun\ n (ca. 1623): 1. a process of
decortication \deremoving the outer covering (as in enamel, bark, husks, etc.) fromsomething; 2. surgical removal of the cortex of an organ, anenveloping membrane or ﬁbrinous covering; decorticate \d
e-kôr΄tĭkat\ vt; decorticator \de-kôr΄tĭ-ka΄tor\ n΄sal vûr΄tĭdecreased occlusal vertical dimension \dĭ-kr
esd a-kl
ookal dĭ-mĕn΄shun\: a reduction in the distance measured between
two anatomic points when the teeth are in occlusal contact
deep bite nonstand: excessive vertical overlap; comp, VERTICALOVERLAP
deep heat therapy: syn, DIATHERMY
defective color vision \dĭ-fĕk΄tĭv kul΄er vĭzh΄un\: the condition inwhich color discrimination is signiﬁcantly reduced in comparison
with the normal trichromat; the forms of color defective vision canbe divided into three main groups: dichromatic vision, anomalous
trichromatic vision, and monochromatic vision; comp, COLOR
BLINDNESS, COLOR DEFICIENCYo΄sal kŏn΄takt΄\ obs: syn,defective occlusal contact \dĭ-fĕk΄tĭv a-klo
DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
deﬁnitive cast \dĭ-fĭn΄ĭ-tĭv kast\: a replica of the tooth surfaces, residual ridge areas, and/or other parts of the dental arch and/or facial

May 2017

e29

deﬁnitive cast  dental implantstructures used to fabricate a dental restoration or prosthesis; syn,ﬁnal cast, MASTER CAST
deﬁnitive denture base: refers to the polymerized removable basethat will be incorporated into the deﬁnitive prosthesis (removable
complete denture, removable partial denture, obturator); it covers
the oral mucosa of the maxillae and/or mandible; it can be used torecord jaw relations and allow try-in of artiﬁcial teeth, which will be
attached by means of a second processing; syn, COMPLETED DENTURE BASE, PROCESSED DENTURE BASE
deﬁnitive obturator \dĭ-fĭn΄ĭ-tĭv ŏb΄ta-ra΄ter\: a maxillofacial prosthesis that replaces a portion or all of one or both maxillae andassociated anatomy as a result of surgery or trauma; a deﬁnitive
obturator is made when tissue changes or recurrence of tumor are
unlikely and a more long-term prosthetic rehabilitation can beachieved
deﬁnitive palatal lift prosthesis: syn, PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS
deﬁnitive prosthesis \dĭ-fĭn΄ĭ-tĭv prŏs-the΄sĭs\: any dental or maxillofacial prosthesis designed for long-term use
deﬁnitive speech aid prosthesis: syn, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
deﬂection \dĭ-ﬂĕk΄shun\ n (1605): 1. a turning aside or off course; 2.
a continuing eccentric displacement of the mandibular midline
incisal path symptomatic of restriction in movemento΄sal kŏn΄takt\: a condeﬂective occlusal contact \dĭ-ﬂĕk΄tĭv a-klo
tact that displaces a tooth, diverts the mandible from its intended
movement or displaces a removable denture from its basal seat;comp, OCCLUSAL DISHARMONY, OCCLUSAL INTERFERENCE,OCCLUSAL PREMATURITY
deformation \de΄fôr-ma΄shun, dĕf΄-er-\ n (15c): the change of formor shape of an object
degas \de-gas΄\ vt (1920): 1. to remove gas from an object or
substance; 2. the name commonly used to denote the ﬁrst heat
cycle (oxidation cycle) in fabrication of a metal ceramic restorationthat removes surface impurities from the metallic component andproduces surface oxides prior to the application of opaque porcelain; degassed \de-gasd΄\; degassing \de-gas΄ing\
degenerative arthritis: syn, OSTEOARTHRITIS
degenerative joint disease: syn, OSTEOARTHRITIS
-tĭsh΄un\ n (1650): the coordination of volundeglutition \de΄gl
ootary and involuntary muscle contractions at the initiation of digestion; the act of swallowing
dehisce \dĭ-hĭs΄\ vt (1658): to split or peel down along a natural line;
to discharge the contents by so splitting; dehisced \dĭ-hĭsd\;dehiscing \dĭ-hĭs΄sing\dehiscence \dĭ-hĭs΄sens\ n (ca. 1828): an act or instance ofdehiscing, i.e., separation of wound margins
delayed dentition \dĭ-lad΄ dĕn-tĭsh΄en\: the eruption of the ﬁrst
teeth of the primary dentition or the permanent dentition considerably later than the normally expected time (after the 13th monthof life for the primary dentition and after the 7th year of life for thepermanent dentition in humans)delayed dis-occlusion nonstand: syn, DELAYED DISCLUSIONo΄shun\: deferred separation ofdelayed disclusion \dĭ-lad΄ dĭs-klo
the posterior teeth as a result of the anterior guidance
delivery nonstand: syn, INSERTION, PLACEMENT
delta E (DE) \dĕl΄ta E\: total color difference computed by use of acolor difference equation; it is generally calculated as the squareroot of the sums of the squares of the chromaticity difference andthe lightness difference; it signiﬁes the difference between a specimen and standard

demineralization \de-mĭn΄er-a-lı-za΄shun\ n (ca. 1903): 1. loss ofminerals (as salts of calcium) from the body; 2. in dentistry, decalciﬁcation, usually related to the dental caries process
denasality \de-na-zal΄ĭ-t
e\ n: the quality of the voice when the nasal
passages are obstructed to prevent adequate nasal resonanceduring speech; syn, HYPONASALITY
denervation \de-nûr-va΄shun\ n (1905): resection of or removal of
the nerves to an organ or part
dental \dĕn΄tl\ adj (1594): of or pertaining to the teeth
dental arch \dĕn΄tl arch\: the composite structure of the natural
teeth and alveolar bonedental articulation \dĕn΄tl är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: the contact relationships of maxillary and mandibular teeth as they move against eachother; Editorial term for usage: this is a dynamic process
-mĭ-kan΄iks\: the relationship bedental biomechanics \dĕn΄tl bı΄otween the biologic behavior of oral structures and the physical inﬂuence of a dental restoration; syn, dental biophysics
dental cast \dĕn΄tl kast\: a positive life-size reproduction of a part orparts of the oral cavity; syn, CAST
dental casting investment \dĕn΄tl kas΄tĭng ĭn-vĕst΄ment\: a material consisting principally of an allotrope of silica and a bonding
agent; the bonding substance may be gypsum (for use in lower
casting temperatures) or phosphates and silica (for use in higher
casting temperatures)
dental dysfunction \dĕn΄tl dĭs-f
ungk΄shun\: abnormal functioningof dental structures; partial disturbance or functional impairment ofa dental organ
dental engineering \dĕn΄tl ĕn΄ja-nîr΄ing\ obs: 1. the application ofphysical, mechanical, and mathematical principles to dentistry; 2.
the application of engineering principles to dentistry (GPT-4)
dental esthetics \dĕn΄tl ĕs-thĕt΄ĭks, ĭs\: the application of theprinciples of esthetics to the natural or artiﬁcial teeth andrestorations
dental geriatrics \dĕn΄tl jĕr΄e-at΄rĭks\: 1. the branch of dental careinvolving problems peculiar to advanced age and aging; 2. dentistry
for the aged patient; syn, geriatric dentistry, GERODONTICS,
GERODONTOLOGY
dental implant \dĕn΄tl ĭm-plant\: 1. a prosthetic device made ofalloplastic material(s) implanted into the oral tissues beneath themucosal and/or periosteal layer and on or within the bone to provide retention and support for a ﬁxed or removable dental prosthesis; a substance that is placed into and/or on the jaw bone tosupport a ﬁxed or removable dental prosthesis; 2. the portion of an
implant that provides support for the dental implant abutment(s)through adaptation on (eposteal), within (endosteal), or through(transosteal) the bone; Editorial note for usage: although dental implants may be classiﬁed by their silhouette or geometrical form (i.e.,
ﬁn, screw, cylinder, blade, basket, root form, etc.) generally dental
implants are classiﬁed based on their anchorage component as it
relates to the bone that provides support and stability. Thus, there
are three basic types of dental implants: eposteal dental implants,
endosteal dental implants, and transosteal dental implants. Some
dental implants possess both eposteal and endosteal components(by design or subsequent anchorage change); the decision as towhat anchorage system provides the most support at initial placement determines which category is used to best describe the dental
implant; the dental implant(s) provide bony support via the dental
implant attachment while the dental implant abutment(s) connect
the dental implant to the ﬁxed or removable dental prosthesis; syn,
ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT,
TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT; comp, MUCOSAL INSERTTHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e30

Volume 117 Issue 5S

dental implant abutment  denture borderdental implant abutment \ĭm΄plant΄ a-but΄ment\: the supplemental component of a dental implant that is used to support and/or retain any ﬁxed or removable dental prosthesis; Editorial note forusage: an interim dental implant abutment (syn, healing abutment,
temporary abutment), used with endosteal dental implants, ischanged to alter abutment design before a deﬁnitive dental prosthesis is fabricated; a deﬁnitive dental implant abutment (syn, custom
abutment, prefabricated abutment, stock abutment) is used to support and/or retain the deﬁnitive prosthesis; dental implant abutments are frequently described by their form (i.e., cylindrical, withdiameter and height speciﬁcations), material (i.e., ceramic, titanium,
zirconia ceramic), or special design factors (i.e., internal hex lock,
external hex lock, spline)
dental implant abutment analog: a replica of the dental implant
abutment platform, not intended for patient intraoral procedures
dental implant analog: a replica of the entire dental implant, notintended for human implantation
dental implant attachment \ĭm΄plant΄ a-tach΄ment\: 1. thebiochemical/mechanical interconnection between the dental
implant and the connective tissue complex to which it is attached;
2. the biochemical/mechanical interconnection between the dental
implant and the bone to which it is attached; 3. expression
describing the mechanism for the retention of the dental implant
abutment to the dental implantdental implant loading: the process of placing axial ortangential force on a dental implant usually associated with theintentional exposure of the dental implant either at the time ofinitial surgical placement of the dental implant or subsequent tosurgical exposure; such forces may come from any of a variety ofsources including intentional and/or unintentional occlusal
loading, unintentional forces from the tongue or other oral tissues, food bolus, as well as alveolar/osseous deformation;
generally application of intentional occlusal forces may betermed immediate loading, progressive loading, or delayed loading;comp, AXIAL LOADING
dental implant system \ĭm΄plant sĭs΄tem\ (1993): dental implantcomponents that are designed to connect mechanically; an implantsystem can represent a speciﬁc concept, inventor, or patent; itconsists of the necessary parts and instruments to complete theimplant placement and abutment components
dental impression \dĕn΄tl ĭm-prĕsh΄en\: a negative imprint or apositive digital image display of intraoral anatomy; used to cast or
print a 3D replica of the anatomic structure that is to be used as apermanent record or in the production of a dental restoration or
prosthesis; syn IMPRESSION
dental impression wax \dĕn΄tl ĭm-prĕsh΄en waks\: any thermoplastic wax used to make impressions for dental use
dental midline: the reference to a vertical line drawn through the
tip of the incisal embrasure between the two maxillary central incisors and parallel to the vertical lines of the esthetic frame of theface; comp, FACIAL MIDLINE
dental pellicle: a ﬁlm of salivary proteins that covers enamel soonafter a tooth surface is cleaned; it is a component in diffusion ofenamel minerals and in the attachment of primary bacterialcolonizers
dental plaster \dĕn΄tl plas΄ter\: the beta-form of calcium sulfate
hemihydrate; a ﬁbrous aggregate of ﬁne crystals with capillary poresthat are irregular in shape and porous in character
dental prosthesis \dĕn΄tl prŏs-the΄sis\: an artiﬁcial replacement(prosthesis) of one or more teeth (up to the entire dentition in eitherarch) and associated dental/alveolar structures; dental prostheses
usually are subcategorized as either ﬁxed dental prostheses or

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

removable dental prostheses; syn, FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS,REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS; comp, MAXILLOFACIALPROSTHESIS
dental prosthetic laboratory procedures \dĕn΄tl prŏs-thĕt΄iklab΄ra-tôr΄e pra-s
e΄jerz\: the steps in the fabrication of a dental
prosthesis without the presence of the patient for their completion
dental senescence \dĕn΄tl sĭ-nĕs΄enz\: that condition of the teeth
and associated structures in which there is deterioration as a resultof aging or premature aging processes
dental shade selection: syn, TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
n\: the alpha-form of calcium sulfate
dental stone \dĕn΄tl sto
hemihydrate with physical properties superior to the beta-form(dental plaster); the alpha-form, a-calcium sulfate hemihydrate, iscreated when the dihydrate of gypsum is heated under steampressure resulting in the formation of dense rods or prisms, and is,therefore, more dense than the b-calcium sulfate hemihydrate(dental plaster); syn, GYPSUM
dentate \dĕn΄tat΄\adj (1760): having teeth or pointed conical,
anatomic projections of multi-layered, hard tissues; syn, DENTULOUS
dentin \dĕn΄tĭn\ n (1840): a calcareous material similar to but harderand denser than bone that comprises the principle mass of the
tooth; dentinal \dĕn-t
e΄nal\ adj; also spelled dentine \dĕn΄t
en\dentin porcelain obs: syn, BODY PORCELAIN; comp, GINGIVALPORCELAIN, INCISAL PORCELAIN, SHOULDER PORCELAIN
dentition \dĕn-tĭsh΄on\ n (1615): the teeth in the dental arch
dentofacial orthopedics \dĕn΄t
o-fa΄shal ôr΄tha-pe΄dĭks\: the branchof dentistry that treats abnormal jaw and tooth relationships
dentoform \dĕn΄t
o-fôrm\: having the likeness of a tooth; a toothlike substitutedentogenics: a concept of using gender, personality, and age asfactors in denture tooth arrangement and anatomy; orig, John (Jack)
Pollard Frush and Roland D. Fisher, dentists, U.S.A.; comp, SMILE
DESIGN
Frush JP, Fisher RD. How dentogenics interprets the personality
factor. J Prosthet Dent 1956;6:441; “over characterization is artistically necessary because we are forced to use artiﬁcial media tocreate the illusion of reality”
dentulous \dĕn΄cha-lus\ adj (1926): a condition in which natural
teeth are present in the mouth; syn, DENTATE
denture \dĕn΄chur\ n (1874): an artiﬁcial substitute for missing
natural teeth and adjacent tissues; comp, COMPLETE DENTURE,
DIAGNOSTIC DENTURE, DUPLICATE DENTURE, EXTENSION-BASEREMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE, FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE, IMMEDIATE DENTURE, INTERIM DENTURE, OVERDENTURE, PARTIAL DENTURE, PROVISIONAL DENTURE, ROTATIONAL PATH REMOVABLE
PARTIAL DENTURE, TRANSITIONAL DENTURE, TREATMENT DENTURE,
TRIAL DENTURE΄sĭv\: a material used to adhere adenture adhesive \dĕn΄chur ad-he
denture to the oral mucosa
denture basal surface: syn, INTAGLIO; comp, DENTURE BASE
denture base \dĕn΄chur bas\: the part of a denture that rests on thefoundation tissues and to which teeth are attached; comp, CHARACTERIZED DENTURE BASE, DEFINITIVE DENTURE BASE, TINTEDDENTURE BASEe-al\: any substance ofdenture base material \dĕn΄chur bas ma-tîr΄which a denture base may be madedenture bearing area: syn, DENTURE FOUNDATION
denture border \dĕn΄chur bôr΄der\: 1. the margin of the denturebase at the junction of the cameo surface and the intaglio surface;May 2017e31

denture border  deviation
2. the peripheral border of a denture base at the facial, lingual, andposterior limits
denture characterization \dĕn΄chur kar΄ak-ter-ĭ-za΄shun\: modiﬁcation of the form and color of the denture base and teeth toproduce a more lifelike appearanceor΄ing\ nonstand: syn, DENTURE
denture curing \dĕn΄chur kyo
PROCESSING; comp, POLYMERIZATION

denture stability \dĕn΄chur sta-bĭl΄ĭ-te\: 1. the resistance of adenture to movement on its tissue foundation, especially to lateral(horizontal) forces as opposed to vertical displacement (termed
denture retention); 2. a quality of a denture that permits it tomaintain a state of equilibrium in relation to its tissue foundation
and/or abutment teeth; comp, DENTURE RETENTION

denture design \dĕn΄chur dĭ-zın\ obs: a planned visualization of theform and extent of a dental prosthesis arrived at after study of all
factors involved (GPT-4)

denture supporting structures \dĕn΄chur sa-pôr΄tĭng struk΄churz\
obs: the tissues (teeth and/or residual ridges) that serve as thefoundation for removable partial or complete dentures (GPT-4)

denture esthetics \dĕn΄chur ĕs-thĕt΄ĭks\: the effect produced by adental prosthesis that affects the beauty and attractiveness of theperson; syn, DENTOGENICS
denture ﬂange \dĕn΄chur ﬂanj\: the part of the denture base that
extends from the cervical ends of the teeth to the denture borderdenture surfaces: syn, DENTURE POLISHED SURFACE, POLISHEDDENTURE SURFACE; comp, CAMEO SURFACE, INTAGLIO SURFACE

denture ﬂask: a metal or ﬁberglass vessel to support the gypsum
mold used in the polymerization of a denture; comp, CASTINGFLASK, COPE, CROWN FLASK, DRAG
denture foundation \dĕn΄chur foun-da΄shun\: the oral anatomy
available to support a dentureo΄sal sûr΄fas\: the portion
denture occlusal surface \dĕn΄chur a-kloof the surface of a denture that makes contact with its antagonist
denture packing \dĕn΄chur pak΄ing\ nonstand: the act of pressing adenture base material into a refractory mold within a ﬂask; syn,DENTURE RESIN PACKING
denture placement: syn, INSERTION, PLACEMENT
denture polished surface \dĕn΄chur pŏl΄ĭsht\ obs: syn, CAMEOSURFACEdenture processing \dĕn΄chur pro-sĕs΄ing\: 1. the means by which
the denture base materials are polymerized to the form of a denture; 2. the conversion of the wax pattern of a denture or a portionof a denture into resin or other material
denture prognosis \dĕn΄chur prŏg-no΄sĭs\: an opinion or judgment
given in advance of treatment for the prospects for success in the
fabrication of dentures and for their usefulness (GPT-4)
denture prosthetics \dĕn΄chur prŏs-thĕt΄iks\ obs : 1. the replacement of the natural teeth in the arch and their associated parts by
artiﬁcial substitutes; 2. the art and science of the restoration of anedentulous
mouth(GPT-4);syn,
COMPLETE
DENTUREPROSTHODONTICS
denture reline: syn, RELINE; comp, TISSUE CONDITIONING
denture resin packing \dĕn΄chur rĕz΄ĭn pak΄ing\: ﬁlling andpressing a denture base material into a mold within a refractory
ﬂask
denture retention \dĕn΄chur rĭ-tĕn΄shun\: 1. the resistance in the
movement of a denture away from its tissue foundation especially ina vertical direction; 2. a quality of a denture that holds it to thetissue foundation and/or abutment teeth; comp, DENTURESTABILITY
denture service \dĕn΄chur sûr΄vĭs\: the procedures that are
involved in the diagnosis and subsequent fabrication and maintenance of artiﬁcial substitutes for missing natural teeth and associated structures
denture space \dĕn΄chur spas\: 1. the portion of the oral cavity thatis or may be occupied by the maxillary and/or mandibular denture(s); 2. the space between and around the residual ridges that isavailable for dentures; 3. the area occupied by dentures where
formerly the teeth, alveolar bone, and surrounding soft and hardtissues were locateddenture supporting area: syn, DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA

denture tooth: a term commonly referring to an artiﬁcial toothused in the fabrication of a resin base prosthesis
denturism \dĕn΄chur-izum\ n: the fabrication and delivery of
removable dentures by non-dentists
denturist \dĕn΄chur-ist\ n (1965): anyone without an accrediteddental school degree who makes, ﬁts, and repairs removable dentures directly for the public
depassivation \de-pas΄sĭ-va΄shun\ n: loss of corrosion protection asa result of damage or removal of the protective oxide surface ﬁlm
on a passivated metal
-pro΄gram΄er\ n: various types of devices ordeprogrammer \dematerials used to alter the proprioceptive mechanism during
mandibular closure
determinants of mandibular movement \dĭ-tûr΄ma-nent\: thoseanatomic structures that dictate or limit the movements of themandible; the anterior determinant of mandibular movement is thedental articulation; the posterior determinants of mandibular
movement are the temporomandibular articulations and theirassociated structureso΄shun\ n: downward movement of the mandibdetrusion \de-tro
ular condyleo΄ter-a-nŏm΄a-lus, dyoo΄-ter-a-nŏm΄adeuteranomalous vision \dolus vĭzh΄on\: a form of anomalous trichromatism in which the viewer
requires more green in a mixture of red and green to match spectral
yellow than does a normal trichromat; the relative spectral visual
sensitivity does not differ noticeably from normal; hue discrimination is poor in the red to green region of the spectrum΄ter-a-n΄-\ n (ca. 1901): green color
deuteranopia \dooo΄pe-a, dyooblindnessdevelopmental anomaly \dĭ-vĕl΄op-mĕn΄tl a-nŏm΄a-l
e\: unusual
sequelae of development; a deviation from normal shape or size
-a\:developmental dysmorphia \dĭ-vĕl΄op-mĕn΄tl dĭs΄môr΄feanomaly of growth seemingly related to extrinsic interference fromcontiguous or adjacent structures-a\: anydevelopmental dysplasia \dĭ-vĕl΄op-mĕn΄tl dĭs-pla΄zha,-se
abnormality of growth or disharmony between parts as a result ofgrowthdevelopmental hyperplasia \dĭ-vĕl΄op-mĕn΄tl hı΄per-pla΄zha\:
excessive growth development
-pla΄zha\: dimidevelopmental hypoplasia \dĭ-vĕl΄op-mĕn΄tl hı΄ponution in growth development
devest \dĭ-vĕst\ vb: the retrieval of a casting or prosthesis from an
investing medium
deviation \de΄v
e-a΄shun\ n (15c): with respect to movement of themandible, a lateral path of movement that ends in the centeredposition

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e32

Volume 117 Issue 5S

device  direct metal laser sintering
device \dĭ-vıs\ n: something developed by the application of ideas
or principles that are designed to serve a special purpose or performa special function; most devices are intended for short term or
special use; comp, CARRIER, CONFORMER, GUIDE, SPLINT, STENT
devitriﬁcation \de-vĭt΄ra-fĭ-ka΄shun\ n (1832): to eliminate vitreous
characteristics partly or wholly; to crystallize
diagnosis \dı΄ag-n
o΄sis\ n (ca. 1861): the determination of the na΄sez\ plture of a disease; diagnoses \dı΄ag-no1

diagnostic \dı΄ag-nŏs΄tik\ n (1625): the practice of diagnosis

diagnostic \dı΄ag-nŏs΄tik\ adj (1625): relating to or used indiagnosis
diagnostic cast \dı΄ag-nŏs΄tik kast\: a life-size reproduction of a partor parts of the oral cavity and/or facial structures for the purpose of
study and treatment planning2

diagnostic denture \dı΄ag-nŏs΄tik dĕn΄chur\: an interim removabledental prosthesis placed for the purpose of evaluation and planninglater therapy
diagnostic denture wax-up: syn, TOOTH ARRANGEMENT, TRIALDENTURE, WAX TRY-IN, WAXING, WAX TRIAL DENTURE
diagnostic index: syn, PROSTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTIC INDEX
diagnostic mounting: syn, MOUNTING
diagnostic occlusal adjustment: an evaluation of the process andimplications of subtractive tooth preparation on articulatormounted casts for the determination of the beneﬁts and consequences of an occlusal adjustment
diagnostic prosthesis: a removable complete or partial denture,
overdenture, or occlusal device, usually made of acrylic resin that
may include an overlay of the occlusal surfaces designed to evaluatea patient’s response to extensive restorative intervention; syn,DIAGNOSTIC DENTURE, OCCLUSAL DEVICE-a΄shun\: the use of radiagnostic radiation \dı΄ag-nŏs΄tik ra΄dediographs for the determination of the nature of a diseasediagnostic setups slang: syn, TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
diagnostic splint: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
diagnostic study cast: syn, DIAGNOSTIC CAST, PRELIMINARY CAST,PREOPERATIVE CAST
diagnostic tooth preparation: preparations on dental casts performed to evaluate and optimize deﬁnitive tooth preparations
diagnostic waxing: a waxing of intended restorative contours on
dental casts for the purpose of evaluation and planning restorations;a wax replica of a proposed treatment plan; syn, WAX-UP; comp,
TRIAL DENTURE
-de-al\: a freely moving joint
diarthrodial joint \dı΄är-thro΄sĭs\ n (1578): a specialized articulation
diarthrosis \dı΄är-thropermitting more or less free movement; a synovial joint
diastema \dı΄a-ste΄ma\ n (1854): a space between two adjacent
teeth in the same dental arch; -mata \-ma-ta\ pldiathermy \dı΄a-thûr΄m
e\ n (1909): tissue resistance-generated heat
resulting from high-frequency electric current
diatoric \dı΄a-tôr΄ik\ adj: a channel placed in the ridge lap surface ofdenture teeth to serve as a mechanical means of retaining the teeth
in a chemically dissimilar denture base material
-mat΄ĭk vĭzh΄en\: defective color vision
dichromatic vision \dı΄krocharacterized by the absence of one of three cone pigments
dichromatism \dı-kr
o΄ma-tĭz΄um\ n (1884): a form of defective color
vision in which the spectrum is seen as comprising only two regionsof different hues separated by an achromatic band; a color blindness with the perception of only two out of the three primary colors;

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

it can be subdivided into three types: protanopia, deuteranopia, andtritanopia
DICOM: acronym for DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATIONS IN
MEDICINE
die \dı\ n (14c): the positive reproduction of the form of a prepared
tooth in any suitable substancedie relief: an agent applied to a die to provide space for the luting
agent in the ﬁnished casting; syn, DIE SPACER
die spacer \dı spas΄er\: syn, DIE RELIEF΄sĭs\: the process ofdifferential diagnosis \dĭf΄a-rĕn΄shal dı΄ag-no
identifying a condition by comparing the signs and symptoms of all
pathologic processes that may produce similar signs and symptoms
differential treatment planning: the process of evaluating dentistbased and patient-based considerations in determining the mostappropriate treatment from the ﬁeld of alternatives, given theriskebeneﬁt estimation for the patient
digital denture nonstand: commonly refers to a removable complete denture created with automation by using CAD, CAM, and CAE
in lieu of conventional processes; a removable partial denture may
also be digitally fabricated; Editorial note for usage: a denture is not adigital device; syn, DIGITALLY FABRICATED DENTURE, comp, PROSTHESIS, REMOVABLE COMPLETE DENTURE, REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURE
digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM): a
standard for storage and distribution of medical images. It includes
a compressible ﬁle format deﬁnition for communication of images
over networks; DICOM enables the archiving system
digital impression slang: Editorial note for usage: a digital impression is not a negative likeness or copy in reverse of the surface of an
object; syn, DIGITAL SCAN
digital scan: 1. capturing the computer numerical format of raster
images (bitmap) of a geometric object that can be viewed on amonitor screen (two-dimensional [2D]) or hologram (3D); 2. indentistry, capturing the optical image directly of the patient’s
anatomy or indirectly of a deﬁnitive cast of the anatomy
digitally fabricated denture: a removable complete or partial
denture created with automation by using CAD, CAM, and CAE inlieu of conventional processes; comp, PROSTHESIS, REMOVABLECOMPLETE DENTURE, REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
dilaceration \dĭl-as΄a-ra΄shun\: 1. a tearing apart; 2. in dentistry, acondition resulting from injury to a tooth during its development
and characterized by a band or crease at the junction of the crown
and root, or alternatively, by tortuous roots with abnormal
curvatures
dimensional stability \dĭ-mĕn΄shun-l sta-bĭl΄ĭ-t
e\: the ability of amaterial to retain its size and formv k
dimensions of color \dĭ-mĕn΄shunz uul΄er\: terms used todescribe the three dimensional nature of color; in the Munsell color
order system, the dimensions are named hue, value, and chroma,
which are used to describe the color family (hue), the lightness/darkness (value), and the saturation (chroma)n ĭm-prĕsh΄on\: a negative
direct bone impression \dĭ-rĕkt, dı- bo
likeness of bone from which overlying tissues have been reﬂected
direct lift technique: a means of fabricating porcelain labial margins whereby porcelain is condensed directly onto the die; comp,
PORCELAIN WAX TECHNIQUE
direct metal laser sintering: acronym is DMLS; an additive CAM
technique which uses a sintering of metal alloy powder to develop
3D objects; comp, SELECTIVE LASER MELTING, SELECTIVE LASERSINTERING

May 2017e33

direct pulp capping  dovetail
direct pulp capping \dĭ-rĕkt, dı- p
ulp kap΄ing\: application of amaterial to exposed vital pulpal tissue to protect it and promotehealing
direct retainer \dĭ-rĕkt, dı- rĭ-ta΄ner\: that component of a removable partial denture used to retain and prevent dislodgment, consisting of a clasp assembly or precision attachment
direct retention \dĭ-rĕkt, dı- rĭ-tĕn΄shun\: retention obtained in aremovable partial denture by the use of clasps or attachments that
resist removal from the abutment teeth
disarticulation \dĭs΄är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\ n: separation of joint parts
disc \dĭsk\ n (1664): with respect to the temporomandibular joint,
the avascular intra-articular tissue
disc-condyle complex \dĭsk-kŏn΄dıl, -dl kŏm΄plĕks΄\: the condyleand its disc articulation that functions as a simple hinge joint
disc degeneration \dĭsk dĭ-jĕn΄a-ra΄shun\: degenerative changes inthe temporomandibular joint articular disc
disc derangement \dĭsk dĭ-ranj΄ment\: syn, TEMPOROMANDIBULARJOINT DERANGEMENT
disc detachment: a peripheral separation of the disc from its
capsular, ligamentous, or osseous attachments
disc dislocation: syn, DISC DERANGEMENT
disc displacement: syn, DISC DERANGEMENT
disc displacement with reduction \dĭsk dĭs-plas΄ment wĭth rĭduk΄shun\: disc displacement in which the temporomandibular joint
disc is displaced at rest (usually in an anterior-medial direction) but
resumes a normal position on mandibular movement, usuallyaccompanied by a clicking sounddisc displacement without reduction \dĭsk dĭs-plas΄ment wĭth-out
rĭ-d
uk΄shun\: disc displacement in which the temporomandibular
joint disc is displaced at rest and does not resume a normal position
on mandibular movement ; syn, CLOSED LOCK
disc interference \dĭsk ĭn΄ter-fîr΄ens\: interference with mandibular
movement because of disc-related pathosis and/or dysfunction
disc locking \dĭsk lŏk΄ing\: disc derangement that will not reduce orrestore to its normal place or relationshipdisc perforation \dĭsk pûr΄fa-ra΄shun\: a circumscribed tear in thearticular disc, generally as the result of degenerative thinning in thecentral portion, usually with long-standing increased compressive
forces, permitting communication between the superior and inferior
joint spaces; there is no disruption at the peripheral attachments tothe capsule, ligaments, or bone-laps\: rotation of the disc forward on thedisc prolapse \dĭsk pro
condyledisc space \dĭsk spas\: the radiolucent area on a temporomandibular joint radiograph between the mandibular condyle and thearticular fossa
disc thinning \dĭsk thĭn΄ing\: degenerative decrease in disc thickness, usually as the result of long-standing increased compressive
forcesdiscal ligaments: relative to the temporomandibular joint, there are
two discal ligaments, medial and lateral, which attach the articular
disc to the medial and lateral poles of the condyle of the mandible;
these ligaments have also been termed polar ligaments; syn,COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS
discectomy n: excision of the intra-articular disc
d\ vb: to separate the opposing teeth during
disclude \dĭs΄ kl
ooeccentric movements of the mandibleo΄zhen\ n: the separation of opposing teeth
disclusion \dĭs΄ klo
during eccentric movements of the mandible; syn, DISOCCLUSION

disjunctor \dĭs-j
ungk΄tor\ n: any component of a prosthesis thatserves to allow movement between two or more parts
-ka΄tĭd frak΄chur\: a fracture of a bonedislocated fracture \dĭs΄lonear an articulation, with displacement of the condyloid process outof the articular fossa
-ka΄shun\ n (15c): the state or act of being disdislocation \dĭs΄lolocated, as displacement of one or more bones at a joint; comp,CONDYLAR DISLOCATION, FUNCTIONAL DISLOCATION, MANDIBULAR DISLOCATION, PARTIAL DISLOCATION
d\ vb: syn, DISCLUDE
disocclude \dĭs΄a-kl
ooo΄zhen\ n, nonstand: comp, DELAYED DISdisocclusion \dĭs΄a-klo
OCCLUSION, DISCLUSION, IMMEDIATE DISOCCLUSION
v tha man΄da-bl\:displacement of the mandible \dĭs-plas΄ment u
any abnormal relationship of the mandible when at rest
distal \dĭs΄tal\ adj (1808): remote; farther from the point of reference; away from the median sagittal plane of the face following thecurvature of the dental arch
distal-extension partial denture: syn, EXTENSION-BASE REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
disto-occlusion: comp, ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
-vûr΄zhun\ n: a deviation toward the distal
distoversion \dĭs΄tov tha kŏn΄dıl, -dl\:
distraction of the condyle \dĭ-strak΄shun u
displacement of the condyle in an inferior direction
distraction osteogenesis: a procedure whereby a segment of thejaw is sectioned by osteotomy and gradually displaced by acontrolled movement to increase the height of an edentulous ridge
distributed mandibular lateral translation: syn, PROGRESSIVE
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATIONs΄ at΄ra-f
disuse atrophy \dĭs-yooe\: diminution in the size of a cell,tissue, organ, or part as a result of inactivity
divergence \dĭ-vûr΄jens, dı-\ n (1656): 1. a drawing apart as a surface
extends away from a common point; 2. the reverse taper of walls ofa preparation for a restoration
divergence angle \dĭ-vûr΄jens ang΄gl\ (1998): the sum of the anglesof taper of opposing walls of a tooth preparation that diverge awayfrom each otherdocking device: syn, RADIATION CONE LOCATOR
Dolder bar: eponym for one of many bar attachments that splint
teeth or dental implants together while acting as an abutment forremovable partial and complete dentures; the bar is straight with around top; the sleeve or clip that ﬁts over the bar gains retention by
friction only; the bar may be of variable size and is pear-shaped incross section, as is its accompanying sleeve; this clip allows for somemeasure of rotational movement about the bar and, therefore, is a
resilient anchor attachment; orig, Eugene J. Dolder, prosthodontist,
Switzerland
Dolder EJ. The bar joint mandibular denture. J Prosthet Dent
1961;11:689-707
donor site \do΄ner sıt\: an area of the body from which a graft istaken
dopant: contr of doping agent; an element incorporated into a
dental material to alter its mechanical properties; e.g., yttria incorporated in a small amount into zirconia, resulting in stabilization
double lip: hyperplasia of the mucosa of the upper lip producing afold of tissue that gives the appearance of duplication of the lip
double wire clasp \d
ub΄al wır klasp\ obs: a back-to-back wire
circumferential clasp
dovetail \d
uv΄tal΄\ n (1565): a widened portion of a prepared cavity
used to increase retention and/or resistance

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e34

Volume 117 Issue 5S

dowel  edentulous
dowel \dou΄al\ n, obs, nonstand (13c): syn, POST
dowel core crown n, obs, nonstand: syn, RICHMOND CROWN
dowel crown n, obs, nonstand: syn, DAVIS CROWN, RICHMOND
CROWN
dowel pin \dou΄al pĭn\: a metal pin used in stone casts to remove
die sections and replace them accurately in the original position
drag \drag\ n: the lower or cast side of a refractory ﬂask to which
the cope is ﬁtted
draw \drô\ vt, slang (bef. 12c): the taper or convergence of walls of apreparation for a restoration; syn, path of draw, PATH OF INSERTION,
PATH OF WITHDRAWAL, PATH OF PLACEMENT, TOTAL OCCLUSALCONVERGENCE
dross \drŏs, drôs\ n: 1. the solid scum formed on the surface of ametal when molten or melted, often formed from oxides of various
metals but sometimes arising from impurities and waste materials;
2. waste matter; refuse
ductility \duk-tĭl΄ĭ-te\ n (14c): the ability of a material to withstandpermanent deformation under a tensile load without rupture; abilityof a material to be plastically strained in tension; a material is brittle
if it does not have appreciable plastic deformation in tension before
ruptureo΄plĭ-kĭt dĕn΄chur\: a second denture intenduplicate denture \doded to be a replica of the ﬁrst
o
΄rŏm-ĭ-ter\ n: an instrument for measuring hardness
durometer \doof elastic materials (i.e., polymers, biological tissues); measured byscales A (softer) to D (harder) with each scale value of 0 (softest) to100 (hardest); ASTM D2240; syn, Shore Hardness Scale orig, Albert F.
Shore, inventor, U.S.A., 1908
dwt: abbr [denarius + weight] pennyweight; a measurement ofweight in the troy system equal to 24 grains, or 0.05 ounce; its
metric equivalent is 1.555 gramsdye \dı\ n: a colorant that does not scatter light but absorbs certain
wavelengths and transmits others
dynamic bite opener slang: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
dynamic relations \dı-nam΄ĭk rĭ-la΄shunz\ obs: relations of two objects involving the element of relative movement of one object toanother, as the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae (GPT-4)
dynamic splint: syn, INTERARCH EXPANSION DEVICE, OCCLUSAL
DEVICE-a, ĭs-\ n: an unpleasant abnormal
dysesthesia \dĭs-ĕs-the΄zha, -zhesensation
dysfunction \dĭs-f
ungk΄shun\ n (ca. 1916): the presence of functional disharmony between the morphologic form (teeth, occlusion,bones, joints) and function (muscles, nerves) that may result inpathologic changes in the tissues or produce a functional
disturbance΄zha, -zh
dysgeusia \dĭs-gy
ooe-a\ n: any disturbance in the sense oftaste
-a\ n (ca. 1706): impairment of the
dyskinesia \dĭs-kĭn΄ĭs-zha, -ahepower of voluntary movement resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movement; comp, INCOORDINATION
dyslalia \dĭs-la΄le-a\ n: defective articulation as a result of faulty
learning or abnormality of the external speech organs and not
because of lesions of the central nervous systemdysmasesis \dĭs-mas΄ĭ-sĭs\ n: difﬁculty in mastication
dysostosis \dĭs-ŏs΄ta-sĭs\ n: imperfect ossiﬁcation
dysphagia \dĭs-pla΄zha\ n: dysfunction in swallowing΄ne-a\ n (ca. 1706): impairment in the voice; difdysphonia \dĭs-fo
ﬁculty in creating sound and phonation with the vocal cords

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

dysplasia \dĭs-pla΄zha\ n (ca. 1923): abnormality of development; comp, MANDIBULAR DYSPLASIA, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
DYSPLASIA
dystonia \dĭs-t
on΄ya\ n: acute irregular tonic muscular spasms, oftenwith contortions of the tongue, jaw, eyes, neck, and sometimes theentire bodyE\ n (20c): a type of facebow that indexes to theearbow \îr-bo
external auditory meatus and registers the relation of the maxillarydental arch to the external auditory meatus and a horizontal reference plane; this instrument is used to transfer the maxillary cast to
the articulator; it provides an average anatomic dimension between
the external auditory meatus and the horizontal axis of themandible; syn, FACEBOW
s΄ing klĭk\: a click emanating from theearly closing click \ûr΄le klo
temporomandibular joint that occurs at the initiation of retrusivetranslation
 man-dĭb΄ya-lar\: theearly mandibular lateral translation \ûr΄letranslatory portion of lateral movement in which the greatest
portion occurs early in the forward movement of the nonworkingside condyle as it leaves centric relation; comp, IMMEDIATEMANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION, MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION,
PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION΄pen-ing klĭk\: a temporomandibular
early opening click \ûr΄le ojoint click that occurs at initiation of the translation of the condyle(s)EBA cement: acronym for ethoxybenzoic acid cement; reinforced
zinc oxide-eugenol cement with part of the eugenol replaced by 2ethoxybenzoic acideccentric \ĭk-sĕn΄trĭk\ adj (14c): 1. not having the same center; 2.
deviating from a circular path; 3. located elsewhere than at thegeometric center; 4. any position of the mandible other than thatwhich is its normal position
eccentric checkbite nonstand: syn, ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORDo΄sal rĕk΄erd\:
eccentric interocclusal record \ĭk-sĕn΄trĭk ĭn΄ter-a-klo
a registration of any maxillomandibular position other than centric
relation
eccentric jaw record: syn, ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
eccentric jaw relation \ĭk-sĕn΄trĭk jô rĭ-la΄shun\ obs: any relationshipof the mandible to the maxillae other than centric relation (GPT-4)o΄shun\: an occlusion othereccentric occlusion \ĭk-sĕn΄trĭk a-klo
than maximal intercuspal position
eccentric position: syn, ECCENTRIC RELATION
eccentric record: syn, ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
eccentric relation \ĭk-sĕn΄trik rĭ-la΄shun\ n: any relationship of themandible to the maxillae other than centric relation; comp,MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
ectopic \ĕk-tŏp΄ĭk\ adj (1873): occurring in an abnormal position orin an unusual manner or form; ectopically \ĕk-tŏ΄pĭk-l
e\ advectopic eruption \ĕk-tŏp΄ik ĭ-rup΄shun\: eruption of a tooth out of
its normal place or position
΄ma\ n (15c): abnormal accumulation of ﬂuid in theedema \ĭ-detissues-dĕn΄cha-lat\ vb: to remove all teeth
edentulate \eedentulism \e-dĕn΄cha-lĭz-um\ (1998): the state of being edentulous; without natural teeth
-dĕn΄cha-lus\ adj (1782): without teeth, lacking
edentulous \eteethMay 2017e35

edge-to-edge articulation  enamelo ĕj är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: articulationedge-to-edge articulation \ĕj toin which the opposing anterior teeth meet along their incisal edges
when the teeth are in maximal intercuspal positionedge-to-edge bite nonstand: syn, EDGE-TO-EDGE ARTICULATION
edge-to-edge occlusion: syn, EDGE-TO-EDGE ARTICULATION
educationally qualiﬁed prosthodontist \ĕj΄a-ka΄shun-a-l
e kwŏl΄afıd prŏs΄tha-dŏn΄tĭs\: in the United States as deﬁned by the American Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist who has successfullycompleted an advanced educational program accredited by theCommission on Dental Accreditation and is eligible to apply for
examination by the American Board of Prosthodontics
elastic \ĭ-las΄tĭk\ adj (1653): susceptible to being stretched, compressed, or distorted and then tending to resume the original shapeelastic limit \ĭ-las΄tĭk lĭm΄it\: the greatest stress to which a material
may be subjected and still be capable of returning to its original
dimensions when such forces are released
elastic modulus \ĭ-las΄tĭk mŏj΄a-lus\: the stiffness or ﬂexibility of amaterial within the elastic range; within the elastic range, the material deforms in direct proportion to the force applied as represented by Hooke’s law
elasticity \ĭ-la-stĭs΄ĭ-te\ n (1664): the quality that allows a structure ormaterial to return to its original form on removal of an external
force; comp, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
elastomer \ĭ-las΄ta-mer\ n (ca. 1934): a polymer that has a glasstransition temperature that is below its service temperature (usually
room temperature); these materials are characterized by low stiffness and extremely large elastic strains; elastomeric adj
elastomeric impression material: a group of ﬂexible chemical
polymers that are either chemically or physically cross-linked;
generally, they can be easily stretched and rapidly recover their
original dimensions when applied stresses are released
electrical discharge machining \ĭ-lĕk΄trĭ-kal dĭs-chärj mashen΄ing\: 1. the process by which metal(s) is (are) altered in form byusing electrical current through conductive objects brought into
physical contact with the metal surface; 2. a precision metal removal
process using an accurately controlled electrical discharge (a spark)to erode metal, usually performed in a liquid dielectric medium; syn,SPARK EROSION
electrode \ĭ-lĕk΄tr
od\ n (1834): 1. a medium used between an
electric conductor and the object to which it is to be applied; 2. an
x-ray tube component from which electrons emanate or to which
they are attracted; the positive electrode is the anode; the negativeelectrode is the cathode-mag-nĕt΄ĭk spĕk΄trelectromagnetic spectrum \ĭ-lĕk΄troum\: therange of energy waves that extend from gamma rays to radio
waves; the eye is sensitive to a very narrow band of wavelengths
between about 380 and 760 nm
electromagnetic wave \ĭ-lĕk΄tro-mag-nĕt΄ĭk wav\: a disturbancethat propagates outward from any electric charge that oscillates oris accelerated; far from the charge, it consists of vibrating electricand magnetic ﬁelds that move at the speed of light and are at rightangles to each other and to the direction of motion
-mı-o΄gra-fĭk bı΄oelectromyographic biofeedback \ĭ-lĕk-tro
fed΄bak\: an instrumental process that helps patients learn control
over muscle tension levels previously under automatic control
-mı-ŏg΄ra-fe\ n (1948): the graphic
electromyography \ĭ-lĕk΄tro
recording of the electrical potential of muscle; comp, NOCTURNAL
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
electron \ĭ-lĕk΄trŏn\ n (1891): the elemental unit of electricity; astable elementary particle that is the negatively charged constituentof ordinary matter, having a mass of approximately 9.11 × 10-28 g(equivalent to 0.511 MeV) and a charge of approximately e1.602 ×
10-19 Coulomb; comp, negative electron, negatronelectron accelerator \ĭ-lĕk΄trŏn ak-sĕl΄a-ra΄ter\: a device used inradiation treatment that accelerates electrons to high energies
m thĕr΄a-pe
\: treatment byelectron beam therapy \ĭ-lĕk΄trǒn beelectrons accelerated to high energies by a machine such as thebetatronlt\: abbr, eV; a unit of energy equal to theelectron volt \ĭ-lĕk΄trŏn vo
energy acquired by an electron when it passes through a potential
difference of 1 volt in a vacuum; it is equal to (1.602192 +0.000007) × 10-19 volt
electroplating \ĭ-lĕk΄tro-pla΄tĭng\ vt (ca. 1864): the process ofcovering the surface of an object with a thin coating of metal bymeans of electrolysis
electropolishing \ĭ-lĕk΄tro-pŏl΄ĭsh-ĭng\ vt: the electrolytic removal ofa thin layer of metal to produce a bright surface
elements \ĕl΄a-ment\ n (1993): when used in reference to dental
implants, component parts of a dental implant structure, such as thedental implant, dental implant abutment, and abutment screw
elevator muscle \ĕl΄a-va΄ter mus΄el\: one of the muscles that, on
contracting, elevates or closes the mandible
elongation \ĭ-lông΄ga΄shun\ n (14c): 1. deformation as a result of
tensile force application; 2. the degree to which a material will
stretch before breaking; 3. the overeruption of a toothembedment \ĕm-bĕd-ment\ n (1794): 1. the process of using aceramic powder mixed with water to surround a glass-ceramic
casting; the purpose of the procedure is to prevent distortion andlimit the shrinkage of the casting; 2. with reference to the physics ofthreaded unions, localized plastic deformation that occurs in screw
threads or the mated components when applying preload; comp,
EMBEDMENT RELAXATION; INVEST
embedment relaxation: the settling effect on a screw connection
as microscopic rough spots on the threads begin to ﬂatten causing a
reduction in the preload-sh
r\ n (1760): the position and use of theembouchure \äm΄b
oooolips, tongue, and teeth in playing a wind instrument
embrasure \ĕm-bra΄zher\ n (1702): 1. the space formed when
adjacent surfaces ﬂair away from one another; 2. in dentistry, thespace deﬁned by surfaces of two adjacent teeth; there are four
embrasure spaces associated with each proximal contact area:
occlusal or incisal, mesial, distal, and gingival
emergence angle \ĭ-mûr΄jens ang΄gel\ (1993): the angle between
the average tangent of the transitional contour relative to the longaxis of a tooth, dental implant, or dental implant abutment; comp,
EMERGENCE PROFILE΄fıl\: the contour of a tooth or
emergence proﬁle \ĭ-mûr΄jens pro
restoration, such as the crown on a natural tooth, dental implant, or
dental implant abutment, as it relates to the emergence from circumscribed soft tissues; syn, translational contour; comp, PINK SCORE
EMG: acronym for ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
eminence \ĕm΄i-nens\ n (15c): an anatomic prominence or projection, especially one on the surface of a bone; comp, CANINEEMINENCE, ARTICULAR EMINENCE
v΄ment\: voluntary
empty mouth movement \ĕmp΄t
e mouth m
ooor reﬂex movements of the mandible when not engaged in incisionor mastication
enamel \ĭ-nam΄el\ n (15c): in dentistry, the hard, thin, translucent
layer of calciﬁed substance that envelopes and protects the dentinof the coronal aspect of the tooth; it is the hardest substance in thebody; syn, adamantine layer

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e36

Volume 117 Issue 5S

enamel projection  equilibrate
enamel projection \ĭ-nam΄el pro-jĕk΄shun\: an apical extension ofenamel, usually toward a furcation in the roots.

entrance port \ĕn-trans port\: the area of the surface of a patienton which a radiation beam is incident

enameloplasty n: syn OCCLUSAL RESHAPING, ESTHETIC RESHAPING
΄sĭs\ n (1634): joints characterized with a ballenarthrosis \ĕn΄är-throand socket anatomy (e.g., hip)enucleation n: The surgical removal of the eye globe after severing
the optic muscles and optic nerve
p u
v f
ungk΄shun\: the 3D spaceenvelope of function \ĕn΄va-lo
contained within the envelope of motion that deﬁnes mandibular
movement during masticatory function and/or phonation; comp,
ENVELOPE OF MOTION, POSSELT’S ENVELOPE OF MOTIONp u΄shun\: the 3D space cirv mo
envelope of motion \ĕn΄va-lo
cumscribed by mandibular border movements within which all
unstrained mandibular movement occurs; ENVELOPE OF MOTION is
known as Posselt’s Envelope of Motion, orig, Ulf Posselt who ﬁrst
demonstrated this 3D space, Denmark, 1952

endodontic-endosteal dental implant \ĕn΄do-dŏn΄tĭks ĕn-dŏs΄t
e-ldĕn΄tl ĭm-plant΄\ obs: a smooth and/or threaded pin implant that
extends through the root canal of a tooth into periapical bone and isused to stabilize a mobile tooth; syn, endodontic stabilizer
endodontic implants obs: syn, ENDODONTIC-ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT-dŏn΄tĭk pĭn\ obs: syn, ENDODONTICendodontic pin \ĕn΄do
ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
endodontic stabilizer obs: syn, ENDODONTIC-ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT

Posselt U. Studies in the mobility of the Human mandible, Acta
Odontol Scand, 1952:10:19-160

endogenous \ĕn-dŏj΄a-nus\ adj (1830): developing or originating
within the organism

Pouselt U. Movement areas of the mandible. J Prosthet Dent
1957;7:375-85

endoscope \ĕn΄da-sk
op\ n (1861): a ﬂexible or rigid thin tube used
for examining the interior of a structure

Posselt U. Physiology of occlusion and rehabilitation. Philadelphia,
PA: Davis; 1962

endosseous blade implant: syn, BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT

epithelial attachment: syn, JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
epithelial cuff \ĕp΄a-th
e΄le-al kuf\: a term used to describe therelationship between the mucosa and the dental implant and/or
dental implant abutment; the use of this term implies a close
adherence, but not necessarily a biochemical attachment, between
the implant and mucosa

endosseous implant: syn, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
endosteal dental implant \ĕn-dŏs΄t
e-l dĕn΄tl ĭm-plant΄\: a device
placed into the alveolar and/or basal bone of the mandible ormaxillae and transecting only one cortical plate; the endosteal
dental implant is composed of an anchorage component, termed
the endosteal dental implant, which, ideally, is within the bone, and aretentive component, termed the endosteal dental implant abutment; the dental implant abutment connects to the dental implant(by means of screws, thread/screw interfacing, compression/luting
agent, etc., which can be termed elements), passes through the oral
mucosa, and serves to support and/or retain the prosthesis (ﬁxed
prosthesis, removable prosthesis, maxillofacial prosthesis); descriptions of the dental implant and/or the dental implant abutmentthat use silhouette or geometric forms, such as cylinder, conical, preangled, angled, blade, basket, or endodontic, may be used as adjectives to enhance understanding of the geometry of any endosteal dental implant; descriptive adjectives may be used to delineate
the materials from which they are made, such as, a ceramic dental
implant abutment. Interim or deﬁnitive dental implant abutments
may be composed of one or more individual component parts, eachof which is termed an element; the dental implant abutment element(s) usually is (are) described by means of their geometric form,
function or means of adaptation, such as, screw, coping, cylinder,
lug, friction ﬁtting, press-ﬁt; hence, multiple adjectives may be used
to describe both the endosteal dental implant and abutment; comp,BASKET ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT, DENTAL IMPLANT, ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT, EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, SCREW ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT, TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
endosteal dental implant abutment \ĕn-dŏs΄t
e-l dĕn΄tl ĭm-plant΄a-b
ut΄ment\ (1998): that element of the dental implant that passes
through the oral mucosa and provides connection between theendosteal dental implant body and the prosthesis; the dental
implant abutment may be for interim or deﬁnitive application; comp,interim abutment, deﬁnitive abutment
-l dĕnendosteal dental implant abutment element(s) \ĕn-dŏs΄tetl ĭm-plant a-but΄ment ĕl΄a-ment\ (1998): any component used tosecure either the dental implant abutment to the dental implant or
the prosthesis to the dental implant abutment; comp, ELEMENTS
engram: synaptic maps in the motor cortex for skilled, somatic
movement patterns; orig, John Hughlings Jackson, 1884

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

epithelium \ĕp΄a-th
e΄-l
e-um\ n (1748): the mucosal tissue serving as
the lining of the intraoral surfaces. It extends into the gingival
ecrevice and adheres to the tooth at the base of the crevice; elia \-l
a\ pl; comp, JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM, SULCULAR EPITHELIUM΄lĭ-za΄shun\ n (ca. 1934): the process ofepithelization \ĕp΄a-the
becoming covered with or converted to epithelium; epithelize\ĕp΄a-the΄lız\ vt
-al dĕn΄tl ĭm-plant΄\: any
eposteal dental implant \ĕp΄ŏs΄tedental implant that receives its primary support by means ofresting upon the bone; Editorial note for usage: a subperiosteal
dental implant that conforms to the superior surface of anedentulous area of alveolar bone is an eposteal dental implant;
any retaining screws or other elements that may secure theeposteal framework to the alveolar bone and pass through thebone represent endosteal dental implant components; should
the eposteal framework penetrate the alveolar bone, technically,
the framework becomes an endosteal dental implant; an eposteal
dental implant’s support system has, heretofore, been termed
the implant frame, implant framework, or implant substructure;
this is an integral component of that dental implant’s form andis not subservient to any other component; comp, ENDOSTEALDENTAL IMPLANT, SUBPERIOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
epoxy resin \ĕp΄ŏk΄s
e, ĭ-pŏk΄- rĕz΄ĭn\: a resin characterized by thereactive epoxy or ethyloxyline groups that possess unique characteristics in terms of adhesion to metals, woods, and glasses
, ĭ-pŏk΄- rĕz΄ĭn dı\: the reproduction in theepoxy resin die \ĕp΄ŏk΄seform of epoxy resin of the prepared surfaces of a tooth or dental
implant abutment
epulis ﬁssuratum: overgrowth of intraoral tissue resulting fromchronic irritation
v prĕsh΄ur\: the act ofequalization of pressure \ĭ-kwĭl΄a-za΄shun uequalizing or uniformly distributing pressure
equilibrate \ĭ-kwĭl΄a-brat\ vb (1635): to bring or to place in equilibrium; -brated \-bra΄tĭd\ ; -brating \-bra΄tĭng\ vt

May 2017

e37

equilibration  extension
equilibration \ĭ-kwĭl΄a-bra΄shun\ n (1635): 1. the act or acts ofplacing a body in a state of equilibrium; 2. the state or condition of
being in equilibrium; comp, MANDIBULAR EQUILIBRATION,OCCLUSAL EQUILIBRATION
equilibrator \ĭ-kwĭl΄a-bra΄tor\ n (19c) obs: an instrument or device
used in achieving or helping maintain a state of equilibrium (GPT-4)

tooth enamel, dentin, metal, or porcelain through the use of acids orother chemical agents (etchants) to create a retentive surface
ethylene oxide \ĕth΄a-l
en ŏk΄sıd΄\: a bactericidal agent occurring as
a colorless gas with a pleasant ethereal odor; the chemical in gas
sterilization systems used for many items that cannot be sterilized ina high heat system

equilibrium \e΄kwa-lĭb΄r
e-um, ĕk΄wa-\ n (1608): 1. a state of evenadjustment between opposing forces; 2. that state or condition of abody in which any forces acting on it are so arranged that theirproduct at every point is zero; 3. a balance between active forces
and negative resistance΄zhun\ n (1541): 1. an eating away; a type of ulceration;
erosion \ĭ-ro
2. in dentistry, the progressive loss of tooth substance by chemical
processes that do not involve bacterial action, producing defects
that are wedge-shaped depressions often in occlusal, facial andcervical areas; comp, ABFRACTION, ABRASION, ATTRITION, NONCARIOUS CERVICAL LESION

etiologic factors \e΄te-o-lŏj΄ĭk fak΄tors\: the elements or inﬂuencesthat can be assigned as the cause or reason for a disease; comp,
LOCAL ETIOLOGIC FACTORS, SYSTEMIC ETIOLOGIC FACTORS

Essig splint: eponym for a stainless steel wire passed labially andlingually around a segment of the dental arch and held in position
by individual ligature wires around the contact areas of the teeth; it
is used to stabilize fractured or repositioned teeth and the involved
alveolar bone; variously ascribed to V. H. Jackson, dentist, NY, U.S.A.,
C. J. Essig and N. S. Essig, dentists, PA, U.S.A., or W. H. Atkinson,
dentistetiology \e΄t
e-ŏl΄a-j
e\ n (1555): 1. the factors implicated in the cause
or origin of a disease or disorder; 2. the study or theory of thefactors causing diseaseevidence-based dentistry: acronym is EBD; an approach to oral
healthcare that requires the judicious integration of systematic
assessments of clinically relevant scientiﬁc evidence, relating to thepatient’s oral and medical condition and history, with the dentist’s
clinical expertise and the patient’s treatment needs and preferences;
American Dental Association, 2001
evisceration \ĭ-vĭs΄a-ra΄shun\ n: 1. removal of the viscera or contents of a cavity; 2. in ophthalmology, the removal of the contentsof the eye globe, but leaving the sclera
evulsion \ĭ-v
ul΄shun\ n (1611): extraction; removed, usually of asudden nature

Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia, PA: Lea Brothers; 1896:187, 208

examination \ĭg-zam΄a-na΄shun\ n (14c): scrutiny or investigation
for the purpose of making a diagnosis or assessment

Essig NS. Prosthetic dentistry. Brooklyn, NY: Dental Items of Interest
Publishing; 1937

excoriation\: a scratch or abrasion of the skinesthetic \ĕs-thĕt΄ĭk\ adj: 1. pertaining to the study of beauty
and the sense of beautiful; descriptive of a speciﬁc creation that
results from such study; objectiﬁes beauty and attractiveness,and elicits pleasure; 2. pertaining to sensation; esthetically adj;
syn, aesthetic
esthetic frame of the face: the area on the human face, within
which items of esthetic interest such as midlines, cants, and smile
parameters are sensitively perceptible and objectively veriﬁable
esthetic reshaping \ĕs-thĕt΄ĭk r
e-shap΄ĭng\: the physical modiﬁcation of the surfaces of teeth to improve appearance; comp, AXIALREDUCTION, OCCLUSAL REDUCTION
esthetics \ĕs-thĕt΄ĭks\ n (1798): 1. the branch of philosophy dealing
with beauty; 2. in dentistry, the theory and philosophy that deal
with beauty and the beautiful, especially with respect to theappearance of a dental restoration, as achieved through its form
and/or color; those subjective and objective elements and principles
underlying the beauty and attractiveness of an object, design, or
principle; comp, DENTAL ESTHETICS, DENTOGENICS, DENTURE
ESTHETICS
Estlander’s operation: eponym for a lip switch operation; a triangular ﬂap of tissue taken from the lower lip is transferred to theupper lateral lip; orig, Jakob August Estlander, surgeon, Finland,
1831-18811etch \ĕch\ vb,vt (1634): 1. to produce a retentive surface; indentistry on tooth enamel, glass or metal; ad modem corrosive
action of an acid (etchant) to create a retentive surface; 2. todelineate or impress clearly2

etch \ĕch\ n (1896): the effect or action of an etching acid on asurfaceetchant \ĕch΄ant\ n: a chemical agent that is capable of selective
dissolution of a surface
etching \ĕch΄ing\ vt (1632): 1. the act or process of selective
dissolution; 2. in dentistry, the selective dissolution of the surface of

excoriate \ex-skor-ee-ayt\ vb: to wear off the skin; to abradeexcursion \ĭk-skûr΄shun\ n (1577): 1. a movement outward and backor from a mean position or axis; also, the distance traversed; 2. indentistry, the movement occurring when the mandible moves awayfrom maximal intercuspal position
excursive \ĭk-skûr΄sĭv\ adj (1673): constituting a digression; characterized by digression
v΄ment\: movement occurexcursive movement \ĭk-skûr΄sĭv mooring when the mandible moves away from maximal intercuspal
position
exenteration \ĭk-zĕn΄ta-ra΄shun\ n: 1. removal of an organ; 2. usedin connection with the eye, an orbital exenteration denotes theremoval of the entire eye globe and surrounding structures; comp,
EVISCERATION
exostosis n: bony projection extending beyond the normal contourof a bony surface
expansion prosthesis \ĭk-span΄shun prŏth΄ĭ-sĭs\: a maxillofacial
prosthesis used to expand the lateral segment of the maxillae in a
unilateral or bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palates and alveolar
processes; comp, NASOALVEOLAR MOLDING
explant vb: to extract a dental implant΄zher\ n (1606): 1. the act of laying open, as a
exposure \ĭk-spo
surgical or dental exposure; 2. in radiology, a measure of theroentgen rays or gamma radiation at a certain place based on its
ability to cause ionization; the unit of exposure is the roentgen (R) ;comp, RADextension \ĭk-stĕn΄shun\ n (15c): 1. the movement by which thetwo elements of any jointed part are drawn away from each other,
the process of increasing the angle between two skeletal levers
having end-to-end articulation with each other; the opposite of
ﬂexion; 2. in maxillofacial prosthetics, that portion of a prosthesis
added to ﬁll a defect or provide a function not inherent in a dental
restoration, e.g., palatal extension, pharyngeal extension; comp,
CONFORMER, SECTION

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e38

Volume 117 Issue 5S

extension-base removable partial denture  facial prosthesis
extension-base removable partial denture \ĭk-stĕn΄shun bas
΄va-bal pär΄shal dĕn΄chur\: a removable partial denpär΄shal rĭ-m
ooture that is supported and retained by natural teeth anterior to thedenture base and in which a portion of the functional force vector of
the base is carried by the residual ridge; syn, REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURE
extension bridge
PROSTHESIS

slang:syn,

CANTILEVER

FIXEDDENTALextension outline \ĭk-stĕn΄shun out΄lın\ obs: 1. the outline of thearea of the entire basal seat of a denture; 2. the outline on thesurface of a cast or mucous membrane that includes the entire area
to be covered by a denture (GPT-1)
-bl
external oblique ridge \ĭk-stûr΄nal oek΄ rĭj\: a smooth ridge on
the buccal surface of the body of the mandible that extends fromthe anterior border of the ramus, with diminishing prominence,
downward and forward to the region of the mental foremen; thisridge changes very little in size and direction throughout life
extirpate \ĕk΄stir-pat΄\ vt (1539): 1. to pull up or out, to destroy
completely; 2. to cut out by surgery; extirpation \ĕk΄stir-pa΄shun\ n,-pated \-pa΄tĭd\; -pating \-pa΄tĭng\΄sĭs\: ankylosis
extracapsular ankylosis \ĕk΄stra-kap΄sa-lar ang΄ka-lo
because of rigidity of any structure external to the joint capsuleextracapsular disorder \ĕk΄stra-kap΄sa-lar dĭs-ôr΄der\: a problem
associated with the masticatory system in which the etiologicalfactors are located outside of the temporomandibular joint
capsule΄nal\ adj: that which is
extracoronal \ĕk΄stra-kôr΄a-nal, kŏr΄-, ka-ro
outside or external to the crown portion of a natural tooth
extracoronal attachment: any prefabricated attachment for support and retention of a removable dental prosthesis; the retentive
components (the matrix and patrix components or clasp) are positioned outside the normal contour of the abutment tooth; comp,INTRACORONAL ATTACHMENT, PRECISION ATTACHMENT΄nal rĭ-ta΄ner\:
extracoronal retainer \ĕk΄stra-kôr΄a-nal, kŏr΄-, ka-rothat part of a ﬁxed or removable partial denture uniting the abutment to the other elements of a prosthesis that surrounds all or partof the prepared crownr΄- tra΄sĭng\: a tracing of mandibextraoral tracing \ĕk΄stra-ôr΄al, oular movements made by means of devices that extend outside theoral cavity; a tracing made outside the oral cavity; Editorial note forusage: extraoral tracer (ing), intraoral tracer (ing), and tracing device
are the primary terms
extrinsic \ĭk-strĭn΄sĭk\ adj (1613): external, extraneous, as originatingfrom or on the outside; extrinsically adv
extrinsic coloring \ĭk-strĭn΄sĭk k
ul΄or-ĭng\: coloring from without;applying color to the external surface of a prosthesis΄zhun\ n (1540): the movement of teeth beyond
extrusion \ĭk-str
oo
the natural occlusal plane that occurs without accompanied
movement of their supporting tissues
-dat΄\ n: 1. exuded molten material; 2. any ﬂuidooexudate \ĕks΄ythat gradually passes through tissues; inﬂammatory exudate is a ﬂuid
with a high content of serum proteins and leukocytes, formed as areaction to tissue injury.

Ffabrication \fab΄rĭ-ka΄shun\ n (1670): the building, making, or constructing of a restoration
face form \fas form\ obs: 1. the outline form of the face; 2. theoutline form of the face from an anterior view, sometimes describedgeometrically as square, tapering, ovoid, or by various combinations

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

of these basic forms (GPT-4); syn, ESTHETIC FRAME OF THE FACE,
FACIAL FORM; comp, FACIAL MIDLINE\: an instrument used to record the spatial relafacebow \fas bo
tionship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic reference point orpoints and then transfer this relationship to an articulator; it orientsthe dental cast in the same relationship to the opening axis of thearticulator; customarily the anatomic references are the mandibulartransverse horizontal axis and one other selected anterior reference
point; syn, EARBOW, HINGE BOW, KINEMATIC FACEBOW, AVERAGE
AXIS FACEBOW, STEREOTACTIC FACEBOW
facebow fork \fas b
o fork\: that component of the facebow used toattach the occlusion rim and/or natural teeth to the facebow
facebow preservation: the maxillary occlusal registration record
afﬁxed to the mandibular member of an articulator useful in facilitating subsequent transfers of other maxillary casts or prostheses tothe articulator; syn, REMOUNT RECORD INDEX rĕk΄erd\: the registration obtained by
facebow record \fas bomeans of a facebow; AVERAGE AXIS FACEBOW RECORD, KINEMATICFACEBOW RECORD, STEREOTACTIC FACEBOW RECORD
facebow transfer: the process of transferring the facebow record of
the spatial relationship of the maxillary arch and related anatomic
reference point or points to an articulator
facet \fas΄ĭt\ n (1625): a small, planar surface on any hard body;
Editorial note for usage: the French spelling of facet, facette, hascontinued to confuse the profession regarding pronunciation; syn,
WEAR FACET
facial \fa΄shal\ adj: the surface of a tooth or other oral structure
approximating the face (either the lips or the cheek); comp, BUCCAL,LABIALfacial augmentation implant prosthesis \fa΄shal ôg΄mĕn-ta΄shun
ĭm-plant prŏth΄ĭ-sĭ\: 1. a maxillofacial prosthesis made of implantable biocompatible material generally onlayed on an existing bonyarea beneath the skin tissue to ﬁll in or selectively raise portions of
the overlaying facial skin tissues to create acceptable contours;
although some forms are pre-made, the facial augmentation
implant prosthesis is usually custom made for surgical implantationfor each individual patient because of the irregular or extensive
nature of the facial deﬁcit; 2. an implantable biocompatible material
generally laid on an existing bony area beneath the skin tissues toﬁll in or selectively raise portions of the overlaying facial skin tissues
to create acceptable contours (GPT-7); syn, facial implantfacial form \fa΄shal form\: the outline form of the face from ananterior view; syn, FACE FORM
facial midline: the vertical line bisecting a horizontal line originating at the exocanthion of one eye and meeting the exocanthionof the other eye; the facial midline is the midline of the esthetic
frame of the face
Bidra AS, Uribe F, Taylor TD, Agar JR, Rungruanganunt P, Neace WP.
The relationship of facial anatomic landmarks with midlines of theface and mouth. J Prosthet Dent 2009;102:94-103o-läzh\: a negative reproduction
facial moulage \fa΄shal mo(impression) of the face that records soft tissue and bony contoursof the face; used for diagnostic purposes or to fabricate a prosthesis;
comp, COMPLETE FACIAL MOULAGE, MOULAGE, SECTIONAL FACIAL
MOULAGE΄fıl\: the outline form of the face from afacial proﬁle \fa΄shal pro
lateral viewfacial prosthesis \fa΄shal prŏth΄ĭ-sĭs\: a maxillofacial prosthesis that
artiﬁcially replaces a deﬁcient anatomy of the face as a result ofsurgery, trauma, or congenital absence; syn, EXTRAORALPROSTHESISMay 2017

e39

facial prosthetic adhesive  ﬁnenessfacial prosthetic adhesive \fa΄shal prŏs-thĕt΄ĭk ad-he΄sĭv\: a material used to adhere a facial prosthesis to the skinfacing \fa΄sĭng\ n (1566): a veneer of any restorative material used
on a natural tooth or prosthesis as a restoration to simulate a natural
tooth; comp, COMPOSITE RESIN LAMINATE VENEER, COMPOSITERESIN VENEER, PORCELAIN LAMINATE VENEER, PORCELAIN VENEER
failure \fa-teg΄ fal΄yer\ n: in dental materials, fracture of any
physical material as a result of cyclic loading and unloading
characterized by fracture below its ultimate tensile strength; inprosthodontics, the inability of a prosthesis to produce the expected desired outcome
Farrar appliance: syn, FARRAR DEVICE
Farrar WB. A clinical outline of temporomandibular joint diagnosis
and treatment. 7th ed. Montgomery, AL: Walker Printing; 1983
Farrar device: eponym for a type of occlusal device used to position
the mandible anteriorly; used in the treatment of some types of
temporomandibular joint disc disorders; C. L. Goddard includes
descriptions and illustrations of several devices used to retract teethand “ . for many other purposes”; orig, William B. Farrar, dentist,
Alabama, U.S.A., who also is credited with various “push- and pulljacks” for tooth movement, and devices for orthodontic tooth
movement
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. 1st ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Lea Brothers; 1986:153-209
fatigue \fa-teg΄\: vb 1. to break or fracture a material caused byrepeated cyclic or applied loads below the yield limit; n 2. usuallyviewed initially as minute cracks followed by tearing and rupture;also termed brittle failure or fracture; comp, FAILURE,
FRACTOGRAPHY
feather-edge ﬁnish line: the demarcation between prepared andunprepared tooth structure created by minimal tooth preparation
without a deﬁned visible line of reference for the cavosurface ﬁnish
line such as a shoulder or chamfer ﬁnish line; comp, KNIFE-EDGE
FINISH LINE
feeding aid \fe΄dĭng ad\ obs: a medically prescribed prosthesis thatcloses the oronasal cavity defect, thus enhancing sucking andswallowing, and maintains the right and left maxillary segments ofinfants with cleft palates in their proper orientation until surgery is
performed to repair the cleft; syn, FEEDING PROSTHESIS
feeding appliance obs, nonstand: syn, FEEDING AID, FEEDINGPROSTHESIS
feeding prosthesis \fe΄dĭng prŏs-the΄sĭs\ obs: a prosthesis indicatedfor newborns with cleft palates to permit normal sucking andfeeding; syn, FEEDING AID
Feldkamp-Davis-Kress algorithm: a back-projection algorithm for
CT reconstruction
feldspar \fĕld΄spär, fĕl΄-\ n (1757): 1. any one of a group of minerals,
principally aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium, or barium,
which are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks; 2. acrystalline mineral of aluminum silicate with sodium, potassium,
barium, and/or calcium; a major constituent of some dental
porcelains
feldspathic \fĕld-spath΄ĭk, fĕl΄-\ adj (ca. 1828): related to or containing feldspar; used especially with reference to porcelain glaze
feldspathic porcelain: porcelain fabricated from the natural mineral group feldspar; the material is composed of compounds ofoxygen with lighter metals and nonmetals and is predominantly anamorphous (non-crystalline) matrix with one or more crystalline
phases (such as leucite K2O∙Al2O3∙4SiO2)
ferroelastic domain switching: toughening mechanism forzirconium

ferrule \fĕr΄al\ n (15c): 1. a band or ring used to encompass the rootor crown of a tooth; 2. any short tube or bushing for making a tightjoint
1
n\ n (1630): 1. any decorative chain or strip
festoon \fĕ-stoohanging between two points; 2. in dentistry, carvings in the basematerial of a denture that simulate the contours of the natural tissues that are being replaced by the denture2on\ vt (1800): to shape into festoons
festoon \fĕ-sto
FGP: acronym for FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED PATH
ﬁber-reinforced composite resin: acronym is FRC; composite resin
impregnated with glass, carbon, or polyethylene ﬁber; ﬁbers may becomposite resin impregnated by the provider or pre-impregnatedby the manufacturer; dental application includes resin-bonded
prostheses and posts; comp, COMPOSITE RESIN
Goldberg AJ, Burstone CJ. The use of continuous ﬁber reinforcement. Dental Mater 1992;8(3):197-202
ﬁber-reinforced composite resin post: acronym is FRC post;composite resin-impregnated glass, carbon, or polyethylene ﬁber
posts; these ﬁbers may be composite resin impregnated by theprovider or pre-impregnated by the manufacturer; comp, POST
ﬁber-reinforced composite resin prosthesis: syn, RESIN-BONDED
PROSTHESIS
ﬁbrointegration \fı΄bro-ĭn΄tĭ-gra΄shun\ n (1982): syn, FIBROUS
INTEGRATION
ﬁbroosseous integration obs: syn, FIBROUS INTEGRATION΄sĭs\ n (1873): the formation of ﬁbrous tissue; ﬁbroidﬁbrosis \fı-bro
or ﬁbrous degenerationﬁbrous \fı΄brus\ adj (1626): composed of or containing ﬁbers
΄zhun\: a ﬁbrous band or structureﬁbrous adhesion \fı΄brus ad-he
by which parts abnormally adhere΄sĭs\: reduced mobility of a joint
ﬁbrous ankylosis \fı΄brus ang΄ka-lo
as a result of proliferation of ﬁbrous tissue
ﬁbrous integration \fı΄brus ĭn΄tĭ-gra΄shun\: the presence of a layerof intervening ﬁbrous connective tissue between a dental implant
and the adjacent bone indicative of failed osseointegration
ﬁbula free graft: an autogenous composite graft that can include
bone, muscle, connective tissue, and skin for the reconstruction of themaxillae or mandible; objectives include a microvascular free tissuetransfer of the ﬁbula and blood supply, which does not need to bestaged like previous bone grafting procedures of this magnitude
ﬁducial marker registration: an object placed into an image andused as a reference; in radiology, a marker placed in a CBCT scanﬁeld \f
eld\ n (bef. 12c): 1. an area or open space, as an operativeﬁeld or visual ﬁeld; 2. a range of specialization or knowledge, study,or occupation
ﬁlter \fĭl΄ter\ n (1563): in radiology, a solid screen insert, usually ofvarying thicknesses and different metals (aluminum, copper, tin)placed to ﬁlter out photons of longer wavelengths
΄zher\: the last closure of a dental
ﬁnal ﬂask closure \fı΄nal ﬂask klo
ﬂask before polymerizing and after trial packing of the mold with arestorative material
ﬁnal impression \fı΄nal ĭm-prĕsh΄on\: the impression that represents the completion of the registration of the surface or object
ﬁne \fın\ adj (13c): 1. free from impurities; 2. of a metal, having astated proportion of pure metal in its composition, expressed inparts per thousandﬁneness \fın΄nĕs΄\ n: the proportion of pure gold in a gold alloy; theparts per 1000 of gold; e.g., a gold coin may have a ﬁneness of
0.9265

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e40

Volume 117 Issue 5S

ﬁnish  ﬂoss threader
ﬁnish \fĭn΄ĭsh\ n (1779): to put a ﬁnal coat or surface on; thereﬁnement of form prior to polishingﬁnish line \fĭn΄ĭsh lın\ n (1899): 1. a line of demarcation determinedby two points; 2. in dentistry, the junction of prepared and unprepared tooth structure with the margin of a restorative material; 3.
the planned junction of different materials; syn, MARGIN; comp,
BEVELED SHOULDER FINISH LINE, CHAMFER FINISH LINE , FEATHEREDGE, SHOULDER FINISH LINE, KNIFE-EDGE FINISH LINEﬁring \fır΄ĭng\: the process of porcelain fusion; in dentistry, specifically to produce porcelain restorations
\:ﬁrst stage dental implant surgery \fûrst dĕn΄tal ĭm-plant sûr΄ja-rethe initial surgical procedure in dental implant placement; comp,SECOND STAGE DENTAL IMPLANT SURGERY
Fischer’s angle: eponym for the angle formed by the intersection of the protrusive and nonworking-side condylar paths asviewed in the sagittal plane when a recording of mandibular
movement is made by using a device located lateral to thetemporomandibular joints; however, Lundeen determined thatwhen the nonworking and protrusive movements are recordedat the condyles, the nonworking and protrusive movements
share the same opening and closing course during most of the
movements, indicating there is no Fischer’s angle present at the
condylar level from a sagittal view; orig, Rudolf Fischer, dentist,
Zurich, Switzerland
Fischer R. Beziehungen zwischen den Kieferbewegungen und der
Kauﬂachenform der Zuhne. Schweizerische Monataschrift fur
Zahnheilkunde Zurich; 1926:74
Fischer R. Die Offnungsbewegungen des Unterkiefers und ibre
Wiedergabe am Artikulator. Schweizerische Monateschrift fur
Zahnheilkunde 1935;45:867-99
Lundeen HC, Gibbs CH. The function of teeth. The physiology ofmandibular function related to occlusal form and esthetics. L and G
Publishers, Earleton, FL, U.S.A.; 2005:40-75
ﬁssure \fĭsh΄ur\ n (15c): any cleft or groove, normally present orotherwise; a non-coalesced groove in the surface of a tooth, usually
because of imperfect fusion of adjoining enamel lobes; distinguished from a groove or sulcus; syn, enamel ﬁssure
ﬁssured fracture \fĭsh΄urd frak΄shur\: a fracture that extends
partially through a bone with displacement of the bony fragments
ﬁstula \fĭs΄cha-la\ n (14c): a pathologic or abnormal passage
resulting from incomplete healing; a communication between two
internal organs or one that leads from an internal organ to thesurface of a body; usually designated according to the parts that itea\ plcommunicates with, as oronasal ﬁstula; elas \-las\ or elea \l
ﬁt \fĭt\ vb (1586): 1. to be suitable or to be in harmony; 2. toconform correctly to the shape or size by means of inserting andadjusting until correctly in place; to adapt one structure to another,as the adaptation of any dental restoration to its site, in the mouth;
ﬁtted \fĭt΄ĭd\, also ﬁt \fĭt\; ﬁtting \fĭt΄ĭng\ vt
ﬁx \fĭks\ vt (14c): to make ﬁrm, stable, or stationery, to attach toanother object so that separation of the parts cannot be accomplished without breaking of the mechanical and/or chemical bondsthat hold the parts in spatial relationship with each other; to repair
ﬁxed \fĭkst\ adj (14c): securely placed or fastened; stationary; notsubject to change; immobile
ﬁxed bridge obs, slang: syn, FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
ﬁxed complete denture: a ﬁxed dental prosthesis that replaces theentire dentition and associated structures of the maxillae or
mandible; it cannot be removed by the patient; descriptive terminology (modiﬁers) expressed as adjectives to each ﬁxed dental

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

prosthesis may include such items as the method of retention,
composition, nature of support, design characteristics, and/or form ofanchorage
Simon H, Yanase RT. Terminology for implant prostheses. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:539-43΄sĭs\: the general term
ﬁxed dental prosthesis \fĭkst dĕn΄tl prŏs-thefor any prosthesis that is securely ﬁxed to a natural tooth or teeth, orto one or more dental implants/implant abutments; it cannot be
removed by the patient; syn, ARTIFICIAL CROWN, FIXED COMPLETE
DENTURE, FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE, splinted crowns΄sĭs rĭ-ta΄ner\:
ﬁxed dental prosthesis retainer \fĭkst dĕn΄tl prŏs-thethe part of a ﬁxed partial denture or ﬁxed complete denture thatunites the abutment(s) to the remainder of the restoration
ﬁxed partial denture \fĭkst pär΄shal dĕn΄chur\: any dental prosthesis that is luted, screwed, or mechanically attached or otherwise
securely retained to natural teeth, tooth roots, and/or dental
implants/abutments that furnish the primary support for the dental
prosthesis and restoring teeth in a partially edentulous arch; itcannot be removed by the patient
ﬁxed prosthodontics \fĭkst prŏs΄tha-dŏn΄tĭks\: the branch of prosthodontics concerned with the replacement and/or restoration ofteeth by artiﬁcial substitutes that cannot be removed from themouth by the patient
1
ﬁxture \fĭks΄chur\ n: something that is ﬁxed or attached, as astructural part or a permanent appendage

ﬁxture \fĭks΄chur\ nonstand (1982): an endosteal dental implant;
syn, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, DENTAL IMPLANT
2

ﬁxture cover \fĭks΄chur kuv΄er\ nonstand (1982): syn, HEALING
SCREW tĭsh΄oo\ obs: excessive, movable tissue (GPT-4)
ﬂabby tissue \ﬂab΄e1ﬂange \ﬂanj\ n (ca 1688): a rib or rim used for strength, for guiding
or attachment of another object; comp, BUCCAL FLANGE, DENTURE
FLANGE, LABIAL FLANGE
2
ﬂange \ﬂanj\ vt (ca 1864): to furnish with a ﬂange; ﬂanged \ﬂanjd\;
ﬂanging \ﬂanj΄ing\
or\ obs: the design of the ﬂange of aﬂange contour \ﬂanj kŏn΄todenture (GPT-4)
1
ﬂask \ﬂask\ n: a metal case or tube used in investing procedures;comp, CASTING FLASK, CROWN FLASK
2
ﬂask \ﬂask\ vb: to ﬂask or surround; to invest΄zher\: the procedure of bringing two halves,
ﬂask closure \ﬂask klo
or parts, of a ﬂask together; comp, FINAL FLASK CLOSURE, TRIALFLASK CLOSURE
ﬂasking \ﬂask΄ing\ n (20c): 1. the act of investing in a ﬂask; 2. theprocess of investing the cast and a wax replica of the desired form ina ﬂask preparatory to molding the restorative material into thedesired product; comp, PROCESS
ﬂexible resin removable partial denture: a metal-free removablepartial denture constructed by using one or more thermoplastic
resins classiﬁed according to ISO 1567 including acetal resins, polycarbonates (polyesters), acrylic resins, and polyamides (nylons) andpolyaryletherketones, including polyetheretherketone; comp,REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
ﬂipper slang: syn, REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE; comp, INTERIM
DENTURE, INTERIM PROSTHESIS, interim removable partial denture,
PROVISIONAL PROSTHESIS, PROVISIONAL RESTORATION
ﬂoss threader: a ﬂexible, polymer needle-like device for threading
dental ﬂoss under a ﬁxed partial denture or between splinted
restorations

May 2017e41

ﬂowable composite resin  frenum΄a΄bel kŏm-pŏz΄ĭt rĕz΄ĭn\ (1998):
ﬂowable composite resin \ﬂocomposite resin that is less highly ﬁlled than conventional composite resin and has improved wettability
ﬂuorescence \ﬂŏŏ-rĕs΄ens\ n (1852): a process by which a material
absorbs radiant energy and emits it in the form of radiant energy ofa different wavelength band, all or most of whose wavelengths
exceed that of the absorbed energy; ﬂuorescence, as distinguishedfrom phosphorescence, does not persist for an appreciable timeafter the termination of the excitation process
ﬂuorescent \ﬂŏŏ-rĕsent\ adj (1853): having or relating to
ﬂuorescenceﬂuoride applicator nonstand: syn, FLUORIDE GEL CARRIER
-er\ (20c): a device that covers
ﬂuoride gel carrier \ﬂŏŏr΄ıd jĕl kar΄ethe teeth in either dental arch and is used to apply topical ﬂuoride
in close proximity to tooth enamel and dentin for several minutes
daily; generally considered essential for all patients with any naturaldentition who undergo oral radiation therapy to assist in preventionof extensive dental caries; syn, FLUORIDE APPLICATOR, FLUORIDE
TRAY
ﬂuoride tray nonstand: syn, FLUORIDE GEL CARRIER
ﬂux \ﬂuks\ n (14c): 1. in physics, the rate of ﬂow of a liquid, particles,
or energy; 2. in ceramics, an agent that lowers the fusion temperature of porcelain; 3. in metallurgy, a substance used to increase
ﬂuidity and to prevent or reduce oxidation of a molten metal; 4. any
substance applied to surfaces to be joined by brazing, soldering or
welding to clean and free them from oxides and promote union
FMA: acronym for FRANKFORT MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
foil \foil\ n (14c): an extremely thin, pliable sheet of metal, usually ofvariable thickness; comp, GOLD FOIL, PLATINUM FOIL, TINFOIL
force \fôrs\ n (14c): an agency or inﬂuence that, when exerted on abody, tends to set the body into motion or to alter its present stateof motion; force applied to any material causing deformation of thatmaterial; comp, MASTICATORY FORCE, OCCLUSAL FORCEv mas΄tĭ-ka΄shun\: the motive force
forces of mastication \fôrs-es ucreated by the dynamic action of the muscles during the physiologic act of mastication (GPT-4)
1

form \form\ n (13c): the shape or conﬁguration of anything, asdistinguished from its material2

form \form\ vt (13c): to give shape, to mold, to adapt

fornix \fôr΄nĭks\ n (1681): an anatomical arch or fold; fornices\fôr΄nĭ-sĕz\ pls΄a\ n (1771): an anatomical pit, groove, or depression;
fossa \fos΄e΄\ plfossae \fofoundation restoration \foun-da΄shun rĕs΄ta-ra΄shun\: the corebuildup portion of a tooth that is prepared for an artiﬁcial crownfoveae palatinae \fo΄ve-e΄ pal΄a-tın-
e\: two small pits or depressions
in the posterior aspect of the palatal mucosa, one on each side of
the midline, near the attachment of the soft palate to the hardpalatefractography: the study of fracture mechanics of brittle materials
fracture \frak΄chur\ n (15c): the process or act of breaking; state ofbeing broken; comp, AVULSION FRACTURE, BLOWOUT FRACTURE,
CEMENTUM FRACTURE, CLOSED REDUCTION OF A FRACTURE,
COMMINUTED FRACTURE, COMPLICATED FRACTURE, DISLOCATEDFRACTURE, FISSURED FRACTURE, GREENSTICK FRACTURE, GUERIN’SFRACTURE, IMPACTED FRACTURE, INDIRECT FRACTURE, INTRACAPSULAR FRACTURE, MIDFACIAL FRACTURE, OPEN FRACTURE,
PYRAMIDAL FRACTURE, ROOT FRACTURE, SECONDARY FRACTURE,
SIMPLE FRACTURE, SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE, SUBCONDYLAR
FRACTURE, SUBPERIOSTEAL FRACTURE

1fracture \frak΄chur\ vb (1612): to cause a fracture in; to break,rupture, or tear; fractured \frak΄churd\; fracturing \frak΄chur-ĭng\ vt
fracture strength \frak΄chur strĕngkth\: stress required for material
failure; represented by a line plotted on a stress-versus-strain graph;this strain may be less than the ultimate strength; i.e., the maximal
strain on a sample prior to material failure2

fracture toughness (K1C): a mechanical characteristic of a material
with cracks as a measure of the resistance and the amount of energy
required for fracture; ASTM E1820-08a standard test for measuring
fracture toughness
framework \fram΄wûrk\ n (1644): 1. an interior or imbedded
latticework or structural frame used to support some other object orobjects; 2. the skeletal portion of a prosthesis (usually metal,
sometimes ceramic) around which and to which are attached theremaining portions of the prosthesis to produce a ﬁnished restoration; Editorial note for usage: for dental prostheses, the framework
may be any metal or combination of metals or ceramic material,with various forms including designed slots, incorporated corrective
angulation patterns, etc., which provide rigidity to a dental prosthesis; such a framework can be made in whole or made ofcomponent parts; frequently used to anchor or support a prosthesis
to natural teeth or dental implant abutments or bothFrankfort horizontal plane \Frangk΄fort hôr΄ĭ-zŏn΄tl plan\: 1.
eponym for a plane established by the lowest point on the margin of
the right or left bony orbit and the highest point on the margin of
the right or left bony auditory meatus; 2. a horizontal plane represented in proﬁle by a line between the lowest point on the marginof the orbit to the highest point on the margin of the auditory
meatus; adopted at the 13th General Congress of German Anthropologists (the “Frankfort Agreement”) in Frankfort in 1882, andﬁnally by the International Agreement for the Uniﬁcation of Craniometric and Cephalometric Measurements in Monaco in 1906; syn,auriculo-orbital plane, eye-ear plane, Frankfort horizontal (FH),
Frankfort horizontal lineFrankfort mandibular plane angle \Frangk΄fort man΄dĭ-bu΄lar planang΄gal\: acronym is FMA; eponym for the angle formed by theintersection of the Frankfort horizontal plane with the mandibular
plane
Frankfort plane: syn, FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL PLANE jĭn΄ja-va\: the part of the gingiva that surrounds
free gingiva \frethe tooth and is not directly attached to the tooth surface
free gingival groove: the line demarcating the junction between
free and attached gingival tissue
free gingival margin \fre jĭn΄ja-val mär΄jĭn\: the unattached gingiva
surrounding the teeth in a collar-like fashion and demarcated fromthe attached gingiva by a shallow linear depression, termed the
FREE GINGIVAL GROOVE man-dĭb΄ya-lar moov΄ment\: 1.
free mandibular movement \freany mandibular movement made without interference; 2. any uninhibited movement of the mandible
freedom in intercuspal position: syn, INTERCUSPAL CONTACT
AREA
freeway space obs, slang: syn, INTEROCCLUSAL REST DISTANCE,INTEROCCLUSAL REST SPACE
fremitus \frĕm΄ĭ-tus\ n (1879): a vibration perceptible on palpation;
in dentistry, a vibration palpable when the teeth come into contact
frenectomy: surgical excision of a frenum
frenulum \frĕn΄ya-lem\ n (1706): a connecting fold of membrane
serving to support or retain a part; ela \la\ plfrenum \fr
e΄num\ n: frenums \fr
e΄numz\ or frena pl; syn,FRENULUM

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e42

Volume 117 Issue 5Sfrictional attachment  geriatrics
frictional attachment \frĭk΄shun-al a-tach΄ment\: a precision or
semiprecision attachment that achieves retention by metal to metal
contact, without springs, clips, or other mechanical means ofretention; syn, PRECISION ATTACHMENT
friction retained pin \frĭk΄shun rĭ-tand pĭn\: a metal rod driven intoa hole drilled into dentin to enhance retention; retained solely bydentinal elasticity
1frit \frĭt\ n (1662): 1. the calcined or partly fused matter of whichglass is made; 2. a mass of fused porcelain obtained by ﬁring thebasic constituents and plunging them into water while hot; the frit isground to make porcelain powders
2

frit \frĭt\ vt (1805): 1. to prepare substances for glass by heating; tofuse; 2. to convert into a frit; fritted \frĭ-tĭd\; friting \frĭ΄tĭng\frontal plane \fr
un΄tl\: any plane parallel with the long axis of the
body and at right angles to the median plane, thus dividing the
body into front and back parts; so called because this plane roughly
parallels the frontal suture of the skull
fulcrum line \fŏŏl΄krum lın\: 1. a theoretical line passing throughthe point around which a lever functions and at right angles to its
path of movement; 2. an imaginary line, connecting occlusal rests,
around which a removable partial denture tends to rotate undermasticatory forces; the determinants for the fulcrum line are usually
the cross-arch occlusal rests on the most distally located abutments;comp, FULCRUM LINE OF A REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE,
RETENTIVE FULCRUM LINEv a rĭfulcrum line of a removable partial denture \fŏŏl΄krum lın uov΄va-bal pär΄shal dĕn΄chur\: a theoretical line around which amoremovable partial denture tends to rotate
full denture obs: syn, FIXED COMPLETE DENTURE, REMOVABLECOMPLETE DENTURE
full denture prosthetics \fŏŏl dĕn΄chur prŏs-thĕt΄ĭks\ obs: syn,COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
full-thickness graft \fŏŏl thĭk-nes\: a transplant of epithelium
consisting of skin or mucous membrane with a minimum of subcutaneous tissue
full veneer crown: syn, COMPLETE CROWN a-j
fully adjustable articulator \fŏŏl΄e
ust-a΄bal är-tĭk΄ya-la΄tor\: anarticulator that allows replication of 3D movement of recorded
mandibular motion; syn Class IV articulator
 a-j
fully adjustable gnathologic articulator \fŏŏl΄e
ust-a΄bal nath΄olŏj΄ik är-tĭk΄ya-la΄tor\: an articulator that allows replication of 3D
movement plus timing of recorded mandibular motion; syn, CLASSIV ARTICULATOR
functional articulation \f
ungk΄sha-nal är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: theocclusal contacts of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during
mastication and deglutition
-ĭn rĕk΄ord\ obs: aoofunctional chew-in record \f
ungk΄sha-nal ch
record of the movements of the mandible made on the occluding
surface of the opposing occlusion rim by teeth or scribing studs andproduced by simulated chewing movements (GPT-4); syn, FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED PATH
-ka΄shun\: dislocation offunctional dislocation \f
ungk΄sha-nal dĭs΄lo
the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint as a result of aseriously impaired disc-condyle complex function
functional jaw orthopedics \f
ungk΄sha-nal jô ôr΄tha-pe΄dĭks\: useof orthodontic prostheses that rely on the patient’s own musculature for force application and that attempt to alter the skeletal
structure of the face
functional mandibular movements \f
ungk΄sha-nal man-dĭb΄u-larov΄ments\: all normal, proper, or characteristic movements of themo

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

mandible made during speech, mastication, yawning, swallowing,
and other associated movementso΄sal här΄ma-nfunctional occlusal harmony \f
ungk΄sha-nal a-kloe\obs: the occlusal relationship of opposing teeth in all functional
ranges and movements that will provide the greatest masticatory
efﬁciency without causing undue strain or trauma on the supporting
tissues (GPT-4)o΄sal splĭnt\ nonfunctional occlusal splint \f
ungk΄sha-nal a-klo
stand: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE΄shun\ obs: the contacts
functional occlusion \f
ungk΄sha-nal a-kl
ooof the maxillary and mandibular teeth during mastication anddeglutition (GPT-4)
functional record \f
ungk΄sha-nal rĕk΄ord\: a record of lateral andprotrusive movements of the mandible made on the surfaces of an
occlusion rim or other recording surfacefunctional wax: syn, DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
 jĕn΄a-rat΄ĭd path\: afunctionally generated path \f
ungk΄sha-na-leregistration of the paths of movement of the occlusal surfaces ofteeth or occlusion rims of one dental arch in plastic, wax, or othermedium attached to the teeth or occlusal rims of the opposing archfunctioning condyle: syn, WORKING-SIDE CONDYLE
furcation \fûr΄ka΄shun\ n: the anatomic region of a multi-rooted
tooth where the roots diverge
fused-deposition modeling: acronym is FDM; a computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) by additive modeling using a layering of athermoplastic materialG
gag \gag\ n (1553): 1. an involuntary contraction of the muscles ofthe soft palate or pharynx that results in retching; 2. a surgicaldevice for holding the mouth open
galvanic skin response \gal-van΄ĭk\: the change in the electricalresistance of the skin in response to diverse stimuli
galvanic stimulation \gal-van΄ik stĭm΄ya-la΄shun\: stimulation ofmuscles through the application of varying amplitudes and pulsations of electrical current; used in the treatment of muscle disorders;comp, TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NEURAL STIMULATION
galvanism \gal΄va-nĭz΄um\ n (1797): accelerated corrosion of ametal as a result of electrical contact with a more noble metal in a
corrosive electrolyte; the resulting current ﬂow can produce nerve
stimulation, unpleasant tastes, and other physiological reactions
commonly associated with this term
gavage \ga-väzh΄\ n (1889): forced feeding especially through atube passed into the stomach
generated occlusal path: syn, FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED PATH
genial \jĭ-nĭ΄al\ adj (1566): an anatomic term in reference to the chin-\: mental spines;o΄ber-kalz, tyo
ogenial tubercles \jĭ-nĭ΄al torounded elevations (usually bilateral) clustered around the midline
on the lingual surface of the lower portion of the mandibularsymphysis; these tubercles serve as attachments for the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
-plas΄te\ n: 1. a surgical procedure performed togenioplasty \jĭ-nĭ΄oalter the contour of the mandibular symphysis; 2. plastic surgery of
the chin-at΄r΄ks\ n, pl but sing in constr (1909): the branch ofgeriatrics \jĕr΄emedicine that treats all problems peculiar to the aging patient,including the clinical problems of senescence and senility; comp,
DENTALGERIATRICS,
geriatric
dentistry,
GERODONTICS,
GERODONTOLOGYMay 2017

e43

gerodontics  Golden Proportion
gerodontics \jĕr΄a-dŏn΄tĭks\ n, pl but sing in constr: the treatment ofdental problems of aging persons; also spelled geriodontics
gerodontology \jĕr΄a-dŏn-tŏl΄a-j
e\ n: the study of the dentition anddental problems in aged or aging persons
Gillett bridge obs: eponym for a removable partial denture using a
Gillett clasp system, which was composed of an occlusal rest
notched deeply into the occlusal-axial surface with a gingivallyplaced groove and a circumferential clasp for retention. The occlusal
rest was custom made in a cast restoration; orig, Henry W. Gillett,dentist, New York, U.S.A.
Gillett, HW. Device for extension crowns. Dental Digest 1904;10:
977-82Kennedy E. The techniques of Gillett clasps in partial denture construction. Brooklyn, NY: Dental Items of Interest Publishing;
1928:292-317
Cohn LA. The physiologic basis for tooth ﬁxation in precisionattached partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1956;6:220-44
gingiva \jĭn΄ja-va, jĭn-jĭ-\ n: the ﬁbrous investing tissue, covered byepithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguouswith its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of themouth; evae \-ve΄\ pl; comp, ATTACHED GINGIVA, FREE GINGIVA,MARGINAL GINGIVA
gingival crevice \jĭn΄ja-val krĕv΄ĭs\: syn, GINGIVAL SULCUS
gingival crevicular ﬂuid: the ﬂuid that seeps through the junctional epithelium; this is usually increased in the presence ofinﬂammationor\: the form
gingival denture contour \jĭn΄ja-val dĕn΄chur kŏn΄toof the denture base or other material around the cervical regions of
prosthetic teeth
gingival displacement \jĭn΄ja-val dĭs-plas΄ment\: the deﬂection of
the marginal gingiva away from a tooth
gingival embrasure: the space between adjacent teeth that is
cervical to the proximal contact area; syn, INTERDENTAL GINGIVAL
SPACE
gingival mask: a polymeric material that overlays a gypsum diesimulating the contour of the gingiva; syn, gingival replica
gingival porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the shaping of thegingiva and papillae of a ceramic restoration; comp, BODY PORCELAIN, INCISAL PORCELAIN, PORCELAIN MARGIN, SHOULDERPORCELAIN
gingival retraction: syn, GINGIVAL DISPLACEMENT
gingival sulcus: a shallow ﬁssure between the marginal gingiva andthe enamel or cementum; it is bounded by the tooth surface on one
side, the sulcular epithelium on the other, and the junctional
epithelium at its most apical point
gingival trigone: the most gingival point of curvature along thefree gingival margin of a tooth; syn, GINGIVAL ZENITH
gingival veneer prosthesis: a removable resin or elastomericveneer covering the gingiva adjacent to natural teeth for theaugmentation of interproximal and facial gingival tissues for
esthetics and phonetics; comp, GINGIVAL MASK
gingival zenith: syn; GINGIVAL TRIGONE
ginglymoarthrodial joint: any joint, such as the temporomandibular joint, capable of both hinging and gliding articulation
ginglymus joint \jĭn΄gla-m
us joint\ n: a type of synovial joint thatallows movement in one plane only; -mi pl; -moid adj; syn, hinge
jointglare \glâr\ n (13c): the disturbance of the sensitivity of the eye
experienced when portions of the ﬁeld of view have a brightness

or intensity greatly in excess of that of the average for the ﬁeld ofview
glass-ceramic \glas sa-ram΄ik\: a solid material, crystalline and partly
glassy, formed by controlled crystallization of a glass΄mer\ (1998): a cement, luting, or
glass ionomer \glas ı΄a-no
restorative agent composed of an acid-soluble glass, polyacrylicacid, and water that sets via an acid-base reaction
1
glaze \glaz\ vb (14c): 1. to cover with a glossy, smooth, reﬂective
surface or coating; 2. the ﬁnal ﬁring of porcelain in which the surface
is vitriﬁed until a high gloss and surface compression state areachieved; glazed \glazd\, glazing \gla΄zĭng\ vt
2glaze: a ceramic veneer on a dental porcelain restoration after it
has been ﬁred, producing a nonporous, glossy or semi-glossy surface;; comp, NATURAL GLAZE, OVERGLAZE, GLOSS
glenoid fossa: the concavity in the posterior-inferior aspect of thezygomatic process of the temporal bone that receives themandibular condyle΄zhun\ obs: used in the sense ofgliding occlusion \glı΄dĭng a-kl
oodesignating contacts of teeth in motion (GPT-4); comp, ARTICULATION, TRANSLATION
gloss: a speciﬁc light intensity reﬂectance on a surface with theincident angle equal and opposite to the reﬂectance angle;
measured in gloss units (GU) by a gloss meter; amount of reﬂectanceat a speciﬁc angle on black glass as a standard (100 GU) compared
to a matte surface (0 GU); ISO 2813 and ASTM D523 are examples ofstandard tests; CIE entities of gloss include: (1) specular, (2) contrast,(3) reﬂection haze, (4) sheen; comp, GLOSS METER
gloss meter n: an instrument to measure the reﬂectance of light ona surface; measured in gloss units (GU)glossalgia \glô΄sal-ja\ n: pain in the tongue\ n: partial or total resection of theglossectomy \glô΄sĕk΄ta-me
tongueglossodynia n: syn, GLOSSOPYROSIS
glossoplasty \glô΄sa-plas-t
e\ n: plastic surgery of the tongue
-pĭn΄ya\ n: painful or burning tongue
glossopynia \glô΄so΄sĭs\ n: a form of paresthesia characterglossopyrosis \glô΄sa-pĭ-roized by pain, burning, itching, and stinging of the mucosa of the
tongue, without noticeable lesions; syn, burning tongue,
GLOSSODYNIA
gnathic \nath΄ĭk\ adj (1882): of or pertaining to the jaw or cheekgnathion \nath΄
eon\ n: the lowest bony point, in the median planeof the mandible
gnathodynamometer \nath΄a-dın-a-mŏm΄a-ter\ n: 1. an instrument
for measuring the force exerted in closing the jaws; 2. an instrumentused for measuring occlusal pressure
gnathology \nath΄ŏl-a-g
e\ n: a general term for the study of thebiology of the masticatory mechanism and the kinematic recording ofmandibular position; orig, Beverly B. McCollum, Harvey Stallard,Charles Stuart, dentists, U.S.A., 1925-1949; comp, McCollum Gnathograph, McCollum Gnathoscope, organic occlusion, Stuart articulator
Goddard’s linear occlusion: orig, William H. Goddard, dentist,
Kentucky, U.S.A., 1808-1883; syn, LINEAR OCCLUSION
ld\: 1. pure gold rolled into extremely thin sheets
gold foil \go(0.127 mm); 2. a precious metal foil used in restoration of carious or
fractured teeth
Golden Proportion: the ratio between succeeding terms in amathematical progression; called the Fibonacci series; each number
is the sum of the two immediately preceding it (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, 55, 89, 144, and so on; the ratio converges on approximately

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e44

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Golden Proportion  Hader bar
1.618 to 1; claims have been made that the Golden Proportion exists
in natural dentitions in the ratio of the widths of incisors and canines as seen from the facial view; orig, Leonardo Pisano: nickname
Fibonacci, mathematician, Italy, c1170-c1240
gothic arch tracer \gŏth΄ik arch tra΄ser\ obs: the device that produces a tracing that resembles an arrowhead or a gothic arch; thedevice is attached to the opposing arches; the shape of the tracing
depends on the relative location of the marking point and the
tracing table; the apex of a properly made tracing is considered toindicate centric relation (GPT-4); Editorial note for usage: extraoral
tracer (ing), intraoral tracer (ing), and tracing device are the primaryterms; comp, ARROW POINT TRACER, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
DEVICE, CEPHALOMETRIC TRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL
TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING, MANDIBULAR TRACER, NEEDLE
POINT TRACING, TRACING DEVICE
gothic arch tracing: comp, GOTHIC ARCH TRACER, TRACING DEVICE
graft \graft\ n (14c): a tissue or material used to repair a defect ordeﬁciency; comp, ALLOGRAFT, ALLOPLASTIC GRAFT, AUTOGENOUS
GRAFT, AUTOGRAFT, FULL-THICKNESS GRAFT, HETEROGRAFT, HOMOGRAFT, ISOGRAFT, SPLIT-THICKNESS GRAFT, XENOGENIC GRAFT
Grassman’s laws: eponym for three empirical laws that describe thecolor-matching properties of additive mixtures of color stimuli; 1. tospecify a color match, three independent variables are necessary
and sufﬁcient; 2. for an additive mixture of color stimuli, only theirtristimulus values are relevant, not their spectral compositions; 3. inan additive mixture of color stimuli, if one or more components ofthe mixture are gradually changed, the resulting tristimulus values
also change gradually (laws do not hold for all observing conditions); orig, unknown author
Grasso clasp: eponym for a removable partial denture clasp
assembly in which the horizontal retentive arm, originating from thelatticework, is parallel to the occlusal plane, and the vertical reciprocal component, originating from the major connector, makesimultaneous contact during placement; the occlusal rest originatesfrom the distal guiding plate minor connector; orig, Dr Joseph E.
Grasso, prosthodontist, CT, U.S.A.
Grasso JE. A new removable partial denture clasp assembly. J
Prosthet Dent 1980;43:618-21
GRAY \gra\: abbr, Gy; a physical measuring unit of absorbed
ionizing radiation dose equal to 100 RADS; absorption of one jouleof radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; comp, RAD, SIEVERT
green stage: a physical state of glass-ceramics in pre-crystallized
stage
en-stĭk\ n (1885): a fracture in which thegreenstick fracture \grbreak in the bone is not complete; the bone appears to be bent on
one side while the other side of the bone is broken
Grifﬁth ﬂaws: eponym for a theory for brittle materials that theobserved fracture strength is lower than the theoretical cohesive
forces; the incremental crack extension’s contribution to change instress energy; orig, Alan Arnold Grifﬁth, engineer, United Kingdom,
1893-1963; syn, MICROCRACK
grinding-in \grın΄dĭng-ĭn\ obs: a term used to denote the act ofcorrecting occlusal disharmonies by grinding the natural or artiﬁcial
teeth (GPT-1); syn, OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
ov\ n: a long narrow channel or depression, such as thegroove \groindentation between tooth cusps or the retentive features placed on
tooth surfaces to augment the retentive characteristics of crown
preparations
p f
group function \groo
ungk΄shun\: multiple contact relations between the maxillary and mandibular teeth in lateral movements on
the working-side whereby simultaneous contact of several teeth
acts as a group to distribute occlusal forces

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Guerin’s fracture: eponym for LE FORT I FRACTURE; orig, AlphonseFrancois Marie Guerin, surgeon, France, 1816-1895
guidance \gıd΄ns\ n (1590): 1. providing regulation or direction to
movement; a guide; 2. the inﬂuence on mandibular movements by
the contacting surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular anterior
teeth; 3. mechanical forms on the lower anterior portion of anarticulator that guide movements of its upper member; comp,
ADJUSTABLE ANTERIOR GUIDANCE, ANTERIOR GUIDANCE,CONDYLAR GUIDANCE
guide pin \gıd pĭn\: the component of a dental implant system thatis placed within the surgically prepared osseous site for an endosteal implant; it assists in determination of location and angulation of
the site relative to soft tissue, bony landmarks, or other dental
implants
guide plane \gıd plan\ obs: a plane that guides movement (GPT-4);
syn, GUIDING PLANE
guide table \gıd ta΄bal\: the anterior element of an articulator onwhich the incisal pin rests. It may be custom contoured or mechanically adjusted; comp, ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE; CUSTOM GUIDETABLEo rĭ-jĕn΄a-ra΄shun\: any
guided tissue regeneration \gı΄dĭd tĭsh΄oprocedure that attempts to regenerate lost periodontal structures or
alveolar process through differential tissue responses; barrier techniques, by using synthetic materials that may or may not resorb, to
exclude epithelial ingrowth (periodontal regeneration) or connective
tissue ingrowth (alveolar process regeneration) that is believed tointerfere with regenerationo΄shun\ obs: used in the sense of
guiding occlusion \gı΄dĭng a-klo
designating contacts of teeth in motion (GPT-4)
guiding planes \gı΄dĭng planz\: two or more vertically parallel surfaces on abutment teeth and/or ﬁxed dental prostheses oriented so
as to contribute to the direction of the path of placement andremoval of a removable partial denture, maxillofacial prosthesis, andoverdenture
guiding surfaces: syn, GUIDING PLANES
Gunning’s splint: eponym for a device fabricated from casts ofedentulous maxillary and mandibular arches to aid in reduction andﬁxation of a fracture; Gunning’s initial work described four types of
splints used in treating jaw fractures (1866-1867), which allowed
openings for saliva ﬂow, nourishment, and speech; orig, Thomas
Brian Gunning, dentist, U.S.A., born in United Kingdom, 1813-1889;
syn, OCCLUSAL SPLINT, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
Fraser-Moodie W. Mr. Gunning and his splint. Br J Oral Surg
1969;7:112-15
gustation \g
u-sta΄shun\ n (1599): the act of perceiving taste
gypsum \jĭp΄sum\ n (14c): the natural hydrated form of calcium
sulfate, CaSO4  2H2O; gypsum dihydrate; comp, DENTAL STONE
gypsum-bonded investment: any casting investment with gypsum
as a binder, also containing cristobalite or quartz as a refractorymaterial; cristobalite and quartz are responsible for the thermal
expansion of the mold during wax elimination; because gypsum is
not chemically stable at temperatures exceeding 650 C (1200 F),
these investments are typically restricted to castings of conventional
Type II, III, and IV gold alloys

H
habitual centric nonstand: syn, MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
habitual occlusion
POSITION

nonstand:syn,

MAXIMAL

INTERCUSPAL

Hader bar: eponym for a rigid bar connector with two or more
abutments, which, when viewed in cross section, resembles a

May 2017e45

Hader bar  House classiﬁcation
keyhole, consisting of a rectangular bar with a rounded occlusal
ridge that creates a retentive undercut for the matrix clip within theremovable prosthesis; orig, Helmut Hader, tool and die technician,
Switzerland
Breim SL, Renner RP. An overview of tissue bars. Gen Dent
1982;406-15
hamular notch: syn, PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH
Hanau’s Quint (1926): rules for balanced denture articulation
including incisal guidance, condylar guidance, cusp length, theplane of occlusion, and the compensating curve; orig, Rudolph L.
Hanau, engineer, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A., born Capetown, South
Africa, 1881-1930
Hanau R. Articulation deﬁned, analyzed, and formulated. J Am Dent
Assoc 1926;13:1694-709
haptic technology: a technology providing tactile, vibration, or
motion feedback relative to a digital presentation
hard palate \hard pal΄ĭt\: the bony portion of the roof of the mouth
healing abutment: any dental implant abutment used for a limited
time to assist in healing or modiﬁcation of the adjacent tissues; syn,
INTERIM IMPLANT ABUTMENT; comp, HEALING SCREW
healing component: syn, INTERIM IMPLANT ABUTMENT
\: the component of an endosteal
healing screw \he΄lĭng skroodental implant system used to seal, usually on an interim basis, thedental implant during the healing phase after surgical placement;
the purpose of the healing screw is to maintain patency of the internal threaded section for subsequent attachment of the abutment
during the second stage surgery or until restored; comp, HEALINGABUTMENT
heat-activated polymerization: in resins, a thermal activationof smaller molecular chain molecules to form a larger molecular
chain; heat activates the benzoyl peroxide, an initiator, which willreact with the methylmethacrylate monomer to form polymethylmethacrylate; syn, POLYMERIZATION
heat cured slang:
POLYMERIZATIONsyn,HEAT-ACTIVATEDPOLYMERIZATION,

heat-pressed ceramics: a ceramic material used to cast, in a molten
phase, into a refractory moldheel n, slang: comp, DISTALv kŏn΄tŏŏr΄\: a line encircling a tooth andheight of contour \hıt udesignating its greatest circumference at a selected axial position
determined by a dental surveyor; a line encircling a body designating its greatest circumference in a speciﬁed plane; syn, SURVEY
LINE
HEMA: acronym for hydroxyethyl methacrylate; with the addition of
glutaraldehyde, it is one of the agents used in dentin-bonding;polymerizes to form the polymer polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate\ n: resection of one side ofhemiglossectomy \hĕm΄ĭ-glô-sĕk΄ta-me
the tongue

high fusing ceramics: a ceramic material with a maturation or
fusion range of 1315 to 1370 C (2350 to 2500 F)
high fusing solder: any soldering alloy formulated to melt at
approximately 1100 C (2012 F) used to form connectors before
ceramic applicationhigh lip line \hı lĭp lın\: the greatest height to which the inferiorborder of the upper lip is capable of being raised by muscle function
high noble metal alloy: as classiﬁed by the American Dental
Association (1984), any dental casting alloy with at least 60% noble
metal (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os) by weight with at least 40% gold;comp, NOBLE METAL ALLOY
American Dental Association: Classiﬁcation system for cast alloys. J
Am Dent Assoc 1984;109:766
hinge axis: syn, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
hinge axis of the mandible: syn, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
hinge axis point: syn, POSTERIOR REFERENCE POINTS
hinge bow: syn, KINEMATIC FACEBOW
hinge joint \hĭnj joint\: a ginglymus joint; a joint that allows motion
in one axis
hinge movement: rotation around a transverse axis; comp,
TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
hinge position \hĭnj pa-zĭsh΄an\ obs: the orientation of parts in amanner permitting hinge movement between them (GPT-4)
΄ma-graft΄\ n (1923): a graft taken from one humanhomograft \ho
and transplanted to another; syn, ALLOGRAFT
horizontal axis of the mandible: syn, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL
AXIS
horizontal condylar inclination: acronym is HCI; syn, SAGITTALCONDYLAR INCLINATION΄ver-lap΄\: the projection ofhorizontal overlap \hôr΄ĭ-zŏn-tl, hŏr΄- oteeth beyond their antagonists in the horizontal plane
horizontal plane \hôr΄ĭ-zŏn΄tl, hŏr- plan\: any plane passing
through the body at right angles to both the median and frontal
planes, thus dividing the body into upper and lower parts; indentistry, the plane passing through a tooth at right angles to its
long axis
v rĕf΄er-ans,horizontal plane of reference \hôr΄ĭ-zŏn-tl, hŏr΄- plan urĕf΄rans\: a horizontal plane established on the face of the patient
by one anterior reference point and two posterior reference points
from which measurements of the posterior anatomic determinantsof occlusion and mandibular motion are madehorizontal reference plane: syn, HORIZONTAL PLANE OF
REFERENCEo, hôrsh΄- plat\ obs, slang: a U-shaped
horseshoe plate \hôrs΄shomajor connector for a removable prosthesis
host site: syn, RECIPIENT SITE

hemisection \hĕm΄ĭ-sĕk΄shun\ n: the surgical separation of a multirooted tooth, especially a mandibular molar, through the furcationin such a way that a root and the associated portion of the crown
may be removed or the roots restored as individual crowns

Hounsﬁeld scale: a linear radiodensity scale range in Hounsﬁeld
units (HU) represented by water (0 HU) and air (1000 HU); used inCT, but not CBCT; orig, Godfrey N Hounsﬁeld, electrical engineer,
United Kingdom, 1975

hemostatic agent: any chemical, such as aluminum chloride or
ferric sulfate, that acts to control soft-tissue hemorrhage during
impression making and restoration placement

House classiﬁcation: the classiﬁcation of a patient’s personality into
four categories: hysterical, exacting, indifferent, and philosophical;
orig, Dr Ewell Neil, dentist, U.S.A.

heterograft \hĕt΄a-r
o-graft΄\ n: a graft taken from a donor ofanother specie; syn, XENOGRAFT
heterotopic pain \hĕt΄er-a-tä΄pĭk pan\: a general term designating
pain felt in an area other than the true originating site

Neil E. Full Denture Practice. Marshall & Bruce, Nashville, TN 1932;
1-5
House MM. Prepared from the notes of Study Club by Conley FJ,
Dunn AL, Quesnell AJ, and Rogers RM, No. 1; 1950

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e46

Volume 117 Issue 5S

House classiﬁcation  imbrication lines
Winkler S. House mental classiﬁcation system of denture patients:
The contribution of Milus M. House. J Oral Implantol 2005;31:
301-303
\ n: often referred to as the basic color, hue is the quality
hue \hyooof sensation according to which an observer is aware of the varying
wavelengths of radiant energy; the dimension of color dictated by
the wavelength of the stimulus that is used to distinguish one familyof color from anotherdas red, green, blue, etc; the attribute of color
by means of which a color is perceived to be red, yellow, green,
blue, purple, etc. White, black, and grays possess no hue
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore, MD: Munsell Color Co.;
1975:14-16
hybrid \hı΄brĭd\ n: 1. anything of mixed origin; 2. offspring of twoplants or animals of different genus or species
hybrid denture \hı΄brĭd dĕn΄chur\ slang: used to describe aremovable or ﬁxed denture that is composed of different materials,
types of denture teeth (porcelain, plastic, composite resin), variable
acrylic denture resins, differing metals or design, etc.; comp, FIXEDCOMPLETE DENTURE΄mĕr\: a conventional glass ionomer
hybrid ionomer \hı΄brĭd ı΄a-nothat has been modiﬁed to include methacrylate groups in the liquidcomponent; may contain light-activated initiators; setting is by anacid-base reaction with light and dual polymerization; syn, RESINMODIFIED GLASS IONOMER; comp, GLASS IONOMER
hybrid prosthesis \hı΄brĭd prŏs-the΄sĭs\ slang: a nonspeciﬁc term
applied to any prosthesis that does not follow conventional design;
frequently used to describe a dental prosthesis that is composed ofdifferent materials, types of denture teeth (porcelain, plastic, composite resin), variable acrylic denture resins, differing metals ordesign, etc; may refer to a ﬁxed dental prostheses, removable dental
prostheses, or maxillofacial prostheses
hydrocolloid \hı΄dra-kŏl΄oid\ n (1916): a colloid system in whichwater is the dispersion medium; those materials described as acolloid sol with water that are used in dentistry as elastic impression
materials; comp, IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID, REVERSIBLE
HYDROCOLLOID
-ap΄a-tıt sa-ram΄ĭk\: a compohydroxyapatite ceramics \hı-drŏk΄sesition of calcium and phosphate in physiologic ratios to provide adense, non-resorbable, biocompatible ceramic material used for
dental implants and residual ridge augmentation
hygienic pontic \hı΄je-ĕn΄ĭk, hı-jĕn΄- pŏn΄tĭk\: a pontic that is easier
to clean because it has a convex-shaped cervical form and does
not overlap the edentulous ridge as a concave-shaped cervicalform
hygroscopic expansion \hı΄gra-skŏp΄ĭk ĭk-span΄shun\: expansion asa result of the absorption of moisturehypalgesia \hı΄pal-ge-a\ n: diminished sensitivity to pain
hyperactivity \hı΄per-ak΄tĭv΄ĭ-t
e\ n (1867): excessive motor activity;
frequently, but not necessarily, associated with internal tension or aneurologic disorder; usually the movements are more rapid thancustomary for the person
hyperalgesia \hı΄per-al-g
e΄s
e-a\ n: increased sensitivity or sensibility
to pain; comp, PRIMARY HYPERALGESIA
hyperbaric chamber \hı΄per-bar΄ĭk\: an enclosed area in which apatient may be subjected to pressure of ambient gases greater than
1 atmosphere
hyperbaric oxygenation \hı΄per-bar΄ĭk ŏk΄sĭ-ja-na΄shun\: theadministration of oxygen under greater than atmospheric pressure;syn, hyperbaric oxygen therapy΄sĭs\ n: an excessive deposition
hypercementosis \hı΄per-sĭ-mĕn΄toof cementum

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

hyperesthesia \hı΄per-ĭs-th
e΄zha\ n (1849): increased sensitivity tostimulation
hypernasality \hı΄per-na-zal΄ĭ-t
e\ n: a perceived voice quality inwhich the nasal cavity acts as a resonating cavity for non-nasal
sounds; generally associated with palatopharyngeal inadequacy-a\ n: abnormally increased sensitivity tohyperosmia \hı΄per-ŏz΄meodors
hyperplasia \hı΄per-pla΄zha\ n (1861): the abnormal multiplication
or increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in
a tissuehyperplasia of the coronoid process: pathologic growth of thecoronoid process of the mandible after normal growth has ended;syn, OSTEOMA OF THE CORONOIDo\: excessive tissue prolifhyperplastic tissue \hı΄per-plas΄tik tĭsh΄oeration, usually as a response to chronic irritation
hypertrophy \hı-pûr΄tra-f
e\ n (1834): an enlargement or overgrowthof an organ or tissue beyond that considered normal as a result of
an increase in the size of its constituent cells and in the absence oftumor formation
hypodontia \hı΄pa-dŏn΄zha\ n: congenital absence of one or more,
but not all, of the normal complement of teeth
-ĭs-the΄zha\ n: diminished sensitivity tohypoesthesia \hı΄postimulation΄us-e΄a\ n: diminished acuteness of the sense
hypogeusia \hı΄pa-je
of taste; syn, HYPOGEUSESTHESIA
-na-zal΄ĭ-thyponasality \hı΄poe\ n: reduced nasal resonance usuallyfrom obstruction in the nasopharynx or nasal passages resulting inan alteration of m, n, and -ng sounds
-pla΄zha\ n (1889): defective or incomplete
hypoplasia \hı΄podevelopment of an organ or tissue
hysteresis n: the lagging or delay in the effect of a system’s change;
in dentistry, the effect of cooling and reheating of a casting investment can cause casting inaccuracy because the refractory andbinder will not revert to their original forms

I
I-bar clasp: an infrabulge retentive clasp that resembles an “I” as it
approaches perpendicular to the facial height of contour; comp,
CLASP
iatrogenic \ı-at΄ra-jĕn΄ĭk\ adj (1924): resulting from the activity of
the clinician; applied to disorders induced in the patient by theclinicianidiopathic \ĭd΄e-o-path΄ĭk\ adj (1669): self-originated; of unknown
causation΄ma-nans\ n (ca. 1938): 1. density of luminous ﬂux
illuminance \ĭ-loo
on a surface; 2. luminous ﬂux incident per unit area of a surfaceo΄ma-nant\ adj (15c): mathematical description ofilluminant \ĭ-lo
the relative spectral power distribution of a real or imaginary lightsource; i.e., the relative energy emitted by a source at each wave
length in its emission spectrum; comp, CIE STANDARD ILLUMINANT
image registration: conforming different images or sources into
one coordinate system
image scaling: changing the size of a digital image
imbibition n: the act or process of imbibing or absorbing; indentistry, an example is the absorption of water in hydrocolloid
impression materials when stored in water and the resultant
dimensional change that occurs
imbrication lines: lines in the dentin caused by changes inmineralization during formation; syn, incremental lines of Von

May 2017e47

imbrication lines  impression compound
Ebner; orig, Anton Gilbert Victor von Ebner, histologist, Austria,
1842-1925
immediate denture \ĭ-me΄de-ĭt dĕn΄chur\: any ﬁxed or removabledental prosthesis fabricated for placement immediately following
the removal of a natural tooth/teeth΄de-ĭt dĭs΄ kloo΄shun\: instantaneous
immediate disclusion \ĭ-meseparation of the posterior teeth as a result of the anterior guidance΄de-ĭt dĭs΄a-klo
o΄shun\ nonstand: syn,immediate disocclusion \ĭ-me
IMMEDIATE DISCLUSION
immediate insertion denture: syn, IMMEDIATE DENTURE
immediate lateral translation: syn, IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION΄de-ĭt man-dĭb΄yaimmediate mandibular lateral translation \ĭ-me
lar lat΄ar-al trans-la΄shun\: acronym is IMLT; the translatory portion oflateral movement in which the nonworking-side condyle appears tomove essentially in a straight line and medially, on a 2D tracing, as itleaves the centric relation position; comp, EARLY MANDIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION; PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LATERALTRANSLATION
immediate obturator: syn, SURGICAL OBTURATOR
immediate replacement denture: syn, IMMEDIATE DENTURE
immediate side shift substand: syn, IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION
immediate temporary obturator: syn, INTERIM OBTURATOR,SURGICAL OBTURATOR
impacted fracture \ĭm-pak΄tĭd\: a fracture in which one fragment isdriven into another portion of the same or an adjacent bone1
implant \ĭm-plant΄\ vt (1890): to graft or insert a material such as
an alloplastic substance, an encapsulated drug, or tissue into thebody of a recipient2
implant \ĭm-plant΄\ n (1809): any object or material, such as analloplastic substance or other tissue, which is partially or completely
inserted or grafted into the body for therapeutic, diagnostic, prosthetic, or experimental purposes; syn, DENTAL IMPLANT
implant connecting bar slang: Editorial note for usage: a connecting
bar is not an implantable device; syn, BAR CONNECTOR; comp,
FRAMEWORK, MESOSTRUCTURE
implant crown \ĭm΄plant΄ kroun\ slang: Editorial note for usage: acrown is not an implantable device; syn, CROWN, IMPLANTSUPPORTED CROWN
implant dentistry \ĭm΄plant΄ dĕn΄tĭ-str
e\: comp, IMPLANT
PROSTHODONTICS
implant denture \ĭm΄plant΄ dĕn΄chur\ slang: Editorial note for usage:a denture is not an implantable device; syn, PROSTHESIS
implant ﬁxture slang, obs: syn, DENTAL IMPLANT
implant index cast: a gypsum cast with dental implant replicas thatis useful in facilitating subsequent transfers and veriﬁcation of
implant-to-implant relationship; Editorial note for usage: an index
cast may be a deﬁnitive or master cast if it replicates anatomy of thepatient; it is an index cast (not a deﬁnitive or master cast) without the
replication of anatomy; syn, VERIFICATION CAST
implant indexing device: used to make a registration record, or
index, of dental implant positioning useful in facilitating subsequenttransfers and veriﬁcation of implant-to-implant relationship
implant interface \ĭm΄plant΄ ĭn΄ter-fas\: the junction of the surface
of a dental implant and the surrounding host tissues; syn,OSSEOINTEGRATION΄sĭs\ slang: syn, IMPLANTimplant prosthesis \ĭm΄plant΄ prŏs-the
SUPPORTED PROSTHESIS, PROSTHESIS

implant prosthodontics \ĭm΄plant΄ prŏs΄tha-dŏn΄tĭks\: the selection, planning, development, placement, replacement of missing
teeth and/or associated structures, and maintenance of restoration(s) with dental implants
implant stability quotient: acronym is ISQ; the result of a radiofrequency analysis that measures the stability of an implant at one
point in time on a scale between 0 and 100
ub΄struk΄chur\ slang: the metal
implant substructure \ĭm΄plant΄ simplantable component of an eposteal dental implant that isembedded beneath the soft tissues, in contact with the bone, andstabilized by means of endosteal screws; the periosteal tissues retain
the framework to the bone; the framework supports the prosthesis,
frequently by means of dental implant abutments and other superstructure components; syn, SUBPERIOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
SUBSTRUCTURE; comp, SUBPERIOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
SUPERSTRUCTURE
implant-supported bar connector: a bar connector that receives
support and stability from the dental implants through the dental
implant abutments; syn, BAR CONNECTOR, MESOSTRUCTURE; comp,
FRAMEWORK
implant-supported crown \ĭm΄plant΄ kroun\: an artiﬁcial crown thatreceives support and stability from a dental implant; syn, ARTIFICIALCROWN, DENTAL PROSTHESIS
implant-supported denture \ĭm΄plant΄ dĕn΄chur\: dental prosthesis, such as ﬁxed complete denture, ﬁxed partial denture,
removable complete overdenture, removable partial overdenture, as
well as maxillofacial prostheses, which can be supported andretained in part or whole by dental implants΄sĭs\: dental
implant-supported prosthesis \ĭm΄plant΄ prŏs-theprosthesis, such as artiﬁcial crown, ﬁxed complete denture, ﬁxed
partial denture, removable complete overdenture, removablepartial overdenture, as well as maxillofacial prothesis, which aresupported and retained in part or whole by dental implants;
Editorial note for usage: terminology to assist in understanding themeans of retention and support should be limited to concatenation of three and no more than four adjectives to provide clarity;
descriptive terminology may include the method of retention,
composition, nature of support, design characteristics, and form ofanchorage
Simon H, Yanase RT. Terminology for implant prostheses. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:539-43
implant surgery \ĭm΄plant΄ sûr΄ja-r
e\ (1993): the phase of implantdentistry concerning the selection, planning, and placement of theimplant body and abutment
implantology \ĭm΄plan-tŏl΄a-g
e\ obs: a term historically conceived
as the study or science of placing and restoring dental implants;
comp, IMPLANT DENTISTRY, IMPLANT SURGERY, IMPLANT
PROSTHODONTICS
implement n: syn, DEVICE
impression \ĭm-prĕsh΄an\ n (14c): a negative likeness or copy inreverse of the surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth andadjacent structures for use in dentistry; comp, ALTERED CAST PARTIAL DENTURE IMPRESSION, COPING IMPRESSION, DENTAL
IMPRESSION, DIRECT BONE IMPRESSION, IMPRESSION AREA,
IMPRESSION MATERIAL, IMPRESSION TRAY, MASTER IMPRESSION,PARTIAL DENTURE IMPRESSION, PICK-UP IMPRESSION, PRELIMINARY
IMPRESSION, SECTIONAL IMPRESSION, TUBE IMPRESSION
impression area \ĭm-prĕsh΄an âr΄e-a\: the surface that is recorded
in an impression
impression compound slang: syn, MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSIONCOMPOUND

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e48

Volume 117 Issue 5S

impression material  initiator
impression material \ĭm-prĕsh΄an ma-tîr΄
e-al\: any substance or
combination of substances used for making an impression or
negative reproduction
impression post: used to facilitate transfer of the intraoral locationof an implant or abutment to the relative position on a laboratory
cast; it may screw into the dental implant or the dental abutment
and is customarily subdivided into implant or abutment types; syn,
IMPRESSION TRANSFER COPING; comp, impression cap, IMPRESSION
COPING, transfer aid, TRANSFER COPING
impression surface \ĭm-prĕsh΄an sûr΄fas\ obs: the portion of thedenture surface that has its contour determined by the impression(GPT-4); syn, IMPRESSION AREA, INTAGLIO SURFACE
impression technique \ĭm-prĕsh΄an tĕk΄nek\: a method andmanner used in making a negative likeness (GPT-4)
΄pĭng\ (1998): that
impression transfer coping \ĭm-prĕsh΄an ko
component of a tooth or dental implant system used to provide aspatial relationship of a tooth or endosteal dental implant to thealveolar ridge and adjacent dentition or other structures; open tray
impression transfer copings can be retained in the impression; closed
tray impression transfer copings require detachment from the implants intraorally and replacement into the impression after
attaching the analogs or replicas; syn, impression cap, impression
element, IMPRESSION POST; comp, COPING PICK-UP IMPRESSION,
IMPLANT INDEXING DEVICE, PICK-UP IMPRESSION
impression tray \ĭm-orĕsh΄an tra\: 1. a receptacle into which suitable impression material is placed to make a negative likeness; 2. adevice that is used to carry, conﬁne, and control impression material
while making an impression
impression wax: syn, DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
IMRT: acronym for INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY
incisal guidance \ĭn-sĭ΄zal gıd΄ans\: 1. the inﬂuence of the contacting surfaces of the mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth on
mandibular movements; 2. the inﬂuences of the contacting surfacesof the guide pin and guide table on articulator movements
incisal guide \ĭn-sĭ΄zal gıd\ obs: the part of an articulator thatmaintains the incisal guide angle (GPT-4) syn, ANTERIOR GUIDETABLE, CUSTOM GUIDE TABLE
incisal guide angle \ĭn-sĭ΄zal gıd ang΄gal\: 1. anatomically, the angle
formed by the intersection of the plane of occlusion and a line
within the sagittal plane determined by the incisal edges of themaxillary and mandibular central incisors when the teeth are in
maximal intercuspal position; 2. on an articulator, that angle formed,
in the sagittal plane, between the plane of reference and the slopeof the anterior guide table, as viewed in the sagittal plane
incisal guide pin: syn, ANTERIOR GUIDE PIN
incisal guide table: syn, ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
incisal porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the incisal portion of aceramic crown restoration; comp, BODY PORCELAIN, GINGIVALPORCELAIN, SHOULDER PORCELAIN
incisal reduction: the amount of tooth structure removed at theincisal edge as a result of tooth preparation; comp, AXIAL REDUCTION, ESTHETIC RESHAPING, OCCLUSAL REDUCTION, OCCLUSALRESHAPING
incisal rest \ĭn-sĭ΄zal rĕst\: a rigid extension of a removable partial
denture that contacts a tooth at the incisal edge
incisal restoration \ĭn-sĭ΄zal rĕs΄ta-ra΄shun\: any restoration
extending along the incisal edge of a toothincisive foramen \ĭn-sı΄sĭv fôr΄man\: a foramen located in the
midline on the anterior of the hard palate; it transmits the nasopalatine nerves and vessels; syn, NASOPALATINE FORAMEN

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

incisive papilla \ĭn-sı΄sĭv pa-pĭl΄a\: the elevation of soft tissue
covering the foramen of the incisive or nasopalatine canalincisor: anterior tooth located mesial to the canines that is adapted
for cutting
inclined plane \ĭn-klınd plan\: any of the inclined cuspal surfaces ofa tooth΄tĭd klĕft pal΄ĭt\: a cleft involving
incomplete cleft palate \ĭn΄kam-ple
only a part of the hard and/or soft palateo-ôr΄dn-a΄shun\ n (1876): inability to move in a
incoordination \ĭn-k
smooth, controlled, symmetrical movement
index \ĭn΄dĕks΄\ n (1571): a core or mold used to record or maintainthe relative position of dental implants or teeth, to a cast, or to someother structure; comp, IMPLANT INDEXING DEVICE, RECORD
indirect fracture \ĭn΄dĭ-rĕkt΄, -dı-\: a fracture at a point distant fromthe primary site of injury as a result of secondary forces; comp,
FRACTOGRAPHY
indirect pulp capping \ĭn΄dĭ-rĕkt΄, -dı- p
ulp kap΄ĭng\: a procedurethat seeks to stimulate formation of reparative dentin by placing amaterial over sound or carious dentin
indirect retainer \ĭn΄dĭ-rĕkt΄, -dı- rĭ-ta΄ner\: the component of aremovable partial denture that assists the direct retainer(s) in preventing displacement of the distal-extension denture base byfunctioning through lever action on the opposite side of the fulcrum
line when the denture base attempts to move away from the tissues
in pure rotation around the fulcrum line
indirect retention \ĭn΄dĭ-rĕkt΄, -dı- rĭ-tĕn΄shun\: the effect achievedby one or more indirect retainers of a removable partial denture that
reduces the tendency for a denture base to move in an occlusal
direction or in a rotational path about the fulcrum line
indurate \ĭn΄da-rat\ vb (1538): to harden; -rated \ra΄tĭd\; -rating\ra΄tĭng\; induration \ĭn΄da-ra΄shun\ n; indurative \ĭn΄da-ra΄tĭv\ adj
indurated \ĭn΄da-ra΄tĭd\ adj (1604): having become ﬁrm or hard,
especially by an increase in ﬁbrous elements
infrabulge \ĭn΄fra-b
ulj\ n: that portion of the crown of a tooth apicalto the survey line
infrabulge clasp \ĭn΄fra-b
ulj klasp\: a removable partial denture
retentive clasp that approaches the retentive undercut from a cervical or infrabulge direction
infraeruption \ĭn΄fra-ĭ-r
up΄shun\ n: failure in eruption of a tooth tothe established plane of occlusiono΄shun\ n: malocclusion in which theinfraocclusion \ĭn΄fra-a-klo
occluding surfaces of teeth are below the normal plane of occlusion
and lacking occlusal contact area
infrared radiation \ĭn΄fra-rĕd\: electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths between 760 nm and 1000 nm
infrared soldering: joining the components of a ﬁxed dental
prosthesis (between retainers or retainer and pontic) with a speciallydesigned unit that uses infrared light as its heat source; comp, OVENSOLDERING
infrastructure \ĭn΄fra-str
uk΄chur\ n: a metal or ceramic framework
onto which a second framework or prosthesis will be placed
ingot \ĭng΄gat\ n: 1. a mold in which metal is cast; 2. a mass of metal
cast into a shape convenient for storage and measure that can beremelted for later casting΄sal kŏn΄takt\: during closure
initial occlusal contact \ĭ-nĭsh΄al a-kl
ooof the mandible, the ﬁrst or initial contact of opposing teeth
between the arches
initiator: in polymerization, it is a molecule that is activated by light,
heat, or a chemical that reacts to produce a chemical chain reaction;

May 2017e49

initiator  intermaxillary record
camphoroquinone is a light-activated initiator, benzoyl peroxide is aheat-activated initiator, and tertiary amine is the chemical activator
for the initiation of benzoyl peroxide to undergo a chemicallyactivated atom transfer radical addition polymerization (ATRAP)l΄dĭng\: the adaptation of a
injection molding \ĭn-jĕk΄shun moplastic material to the negative form of a closed mold by forcing thematerial into the mold through appropriate gateways; comp,
COMPRESSION MOLDING, injection denture, pour denture
inlay \ĭn-la΄, ĭn΄la΄\ n (250 BCE-900 CE Mayan culture): a ﬁxed
intracoronal restoration; a dental restoration made outside of atooth to correspond to the form of the prepared cavity, which isthen luted into the tooth
inlay wax: syn, CASTING WAX
insertion n: syn, PLACEMENTv r
instantaneous axis of rotation \ĭn΄stan-ta΄n
e-as ak΄sĭs uo-ta΄shun\:
the hypothetical center of rotation of a moving body, viewed in agiven plane, at any point in time; for any body that has planar motion,
there exists, at any instant, some points that have zero velocity andwill be ﬁxed at a given instant; the line joining these points is theinstantaneous axis of rotation; the intersection of this line with theplane of motion is called the instantaneous center of rotation
instrument \ĭn΄stra-ment\ n: a tool or implement, especially one
used for delicate work or for artistic or scientiﬁc purposes; syn,
DEVICE, -täl΄-\ n (1644): 1. an incised or engraved ﬁgure inintaglio \ĭn-tal΄yostone or any hard material depressed below the surface of thematerial such that an impression from the design would yield an
image in relief; 2. something carved in intaglio, -ios \-y
os\ pl, täl΄- sûr΄fas\: the portion of the denture
intaglio surface \ĭn-tal΄yoor other restoration surface that has its contour determined by theimpression; the interior or reversal surface of an object
integration: comp; FIBROUS INTEGRATION, OSSEOINTEGRATION,
TISSUE INTEGRATION
intensity-modulated radiation therapy: acronym is IMRT; computer optimized, precision delivery of radiation therapy; comp, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)interalveolar space: syn, INTERARCH DISTANCE
interarch distance \ĭn΄ter-ärch\: the interridge distance; the verticaldistance between the maxillary and mandibular dentate or edentulous arches under speciﬁed conditions; comp, REDUCED INTERARCH DISTANCE
interarch expansion device slang: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE

interdental gingival space: any interproximal soft tissue loss as aresult of periodontal disease, traumatic, mechanical or chemical
preparation or crown lengthening procedures; syn, GINGIVALEMBRASURE
interdental papilla \ĭn΄ter-dĕn΄tl pa-pĭl΄a\: a projection of thegingiva ﬁlling the space apical to the proximal contact area of two
adjacent teeth
interdental space: comp, DIASTEMA, INTERARCH DISTANCE,INTERDENTAL GINGIVAL SPACE, INTERPROXIMAL SPACE
interdental splint \ĭn΄ter-dĕn΄tl splĭnt\: a splint for treatment of
fractures and consisting of a metal or acrylic resin device that is
wired to the teeth in the maxillae and mandible and joined to keep
the segments immobile; syn, GUNNING’S SPLINT
interdigitated occlusion n, slang : Editorial note for usage: teeth do
not interdigitate, but are intercuspated, ﬁngers are interdigitated;comp, MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
interference \ĭn΄ter-fîr΄ans\ n (1783): in dentistry, any tooth contactthat interferes with or hinders harmonious mandibular movement;
an undesirable tooth contact
interim denture: syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS
interim obturator \ĭn΄ter-ĭm ŏb΄ta-ra΄tor\: a maxillofacial prosthesis,
which is made following completion of initial healing from thesurgical resection of a portion or all of one or both maxillae; thisprosthesis replaces the surgical obturator, which is usually inserted
at or immediately following the resection; generally, an interim
obturator is made to facilitate closure of the resultant defect after
initial healing has been completed; Editorial note for usage: unlike
the surgical obturator, which usually is made prior to surgery andfrequently revised in the operating room during surgery, the interim
obturator is made when the defect margins are clearly deﬁned andfurther surgical revisions are not planned; it is a provisional prosthesis; also, it frequently must be revised (termed an obturator
prosthesis modiﬁcation) during subsequent dental procedures (i.e.,
restorations, gingival surgery, etc.) as well as to compensate forfurther tissue shrinkage before a deﬁnitive obturator prosthesis is
made; comp, OBTURATOR PROSTHESIS MODIFICATION, SURGICALOBTURATOR
interim ocular prosthesis \ĭn΄ter-ĭm ŏk΄ya-lar prŏs-the΄sĭs\: aninterim replacement generally made of clear acrylic resin for an eye
lost as a result of surgery or trauma; no attempt is made to reestablish esthetics; syn, CONFORMER, OCULAR CONFORMER, SECTION
interim palatal lift prosthesis: syn, PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS

intercondylar distance \ĭn΄ter-kŏn΄da-lar dĭs΄tans\: the distance
between the rotational centers of two condyles or their analogues

interim prosthesis \ĭn΄ter-ĭ prŏs-the΄sĭs\: a ﬁxed or removabledental prosthesis, or maxillofacial prosthesis, designed to enhanceesthetics, stabilization, and/or function for a limited period oftime, after which it is to be replaced by a deﬁnitive dental or
maxillofacial prosthesis; often such prostheses are used to assist
in determination of the therapeutic effectiveness of a speciﬁc
treatment plan or the form and function of the planned fordeﬁnitive prosthesis; syn, PROVISIONAL PROSTHESIS, PROVISIONALRESTORATION

intercuspal contact \ĭn΄ter-k
us΄pal kŏn΄takt\: the contact between
the cusps of opposing teeth

interlock \ĭn΄ter-lŏk\ n (1874): a device connecting a ﬁxed unit or aremovable dental prosthesis to another ﬁxed unit

intercuspal contact area \ĭn΄ter-k
us΄pal kŏn΄takt âr΄e-a\: the rangeof tooth contacts in maximal intercuspal positioninterlocking cast core: a foundation restoration for an endodontically treated, multi-rooted tooth that comprises multiple castings
to engage divergent roots

interceptive occlusal contact slang: syn, DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSALCONTACT
intercondylar \ĭn΄ter-kŏn΄da-lar\ adj: situated between two
condylesintercondylar axis: syn, CONDYLAR AXIS

intercuspal occlusion: syn, MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
intercuspal position: syn, MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
intercuspation \ĭn΄ter-k
us-pa΄shun\ n: the proximity of cusps of
opposing teeth
interdental \ĭn΄ter-dĕn΄tl\ adj: between the proximal surfaces of theteeth within the same arch

intermaxillary ﬁxation: acronym is IMF; syn, MAXILLOMANDIBULARFIXATION
intermaxillary record slang, obs : Editorial note for usage: this is nota relationship record between maxillae; syn, JAW RELATION RECORD,
MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e50

Volume 117 Issue 5S

intermaxillary relation  irreversible hydrocolloid
intermaxillary relation slang: syn, JAW RELATION RECORD, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIPov΄ment\
intermediary jaw movement \ĭn΄ter-me΄de-ĕr΄
e jô moobs, nonstand: all movements between the extremes of mandibular
excursions (GPT-3); comp, ECCENTRIC OCCLUSION, MAXIMALINTERCUSPAL POSITION
intermediate abutment \ĭn΄ter-m
e΄de-ĭt a-b
ut΄ment\: a natural
tooth or implant abutment that is located between terminal abutments that serve to support a ﬁxed or removable dental prosthesis
internal attachment: comp, PRECISION ATTACHMENT, SEMIPRECISION ATTACHMENT
internal connector \ĭn-tûr΄nal ka-nĕk΄tor\: a nonrigid connector ofvarying geometric designs that uses a matrix to unite the membersof a ﬁxed partial dentureinternal derangement \ĭn-tûr΄nal dĭ-ranj΄ment\: syn, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DERANGEMENT
internal rest: comp, PRECISION REST, SEMIPRECISION RESTo
΄sal\ adj: between the occlusal surfaces
interocclusal \ĭn΄ter-a-kloof opposing teetho΄sal klîr΄ans\: the amount ofinterocclusal clearance \ĭn΄ter-a-klo
reduction achieved during tooth preparation to provide for anadequate thickness of restorative material; comp, INTEROCCLUSALDISTANCEo΄sal dĭs΄tans\: the distance beinterocclusal distance \ĭn΄ter-a-klo
tween the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth
when the mandible is in a speciﬁed position; comp, INTEROCCLUSALREST DISTANCE
interocclusal gap obs: syn, INTEROCCLUSAL REST SPACEo΄sal rĕk΄ard\: a registration ofinterocclusal record \ĭn΄ter-a-klo
the positional relationship of the opposing teeth or arches; arecord of the positional relationship of the teeth or jaws to each
otherinterocclusal rest distance: the difference between the rest verticaldimension and the occlusal vertical dimension; syn, INTEROCCLUSALREST SPACE; comp, INTEROCCLUSAL DISTANCE΄sal rĕst spas\: syn, INTERinterocclusal rest space \ĭn΄ter-a-kl
oo
OCCLUSAL REST DISTANCE
interpenetrating phase composite: the penetration of a porous
ceramic material by melted glass or by a polymer that can render atougher dental materialinterproximal contact area\ĭn΄ter-prŏk΄sa-mal kŏn΄takt\: the areaof a tooth that is in close association, connection, or contact with anadjacent tooth in the same arch; syn, CONTACT AREA
interproximal space \ĭn΄ter-prŏk΄sa-mal spas\: the space between
adjacent teeth in a dental arch. It is divided into the embrasurespace, occlusal to the contact point, and the septal space, gingival tothe contact point; comp, GINGIVAL EMBRASURE, OCCLUSALEMBRASURE
interradicular space: the space between roots of adjacent teeth ina dental arch
interridge distance: syn, INTERARCH DISTANCE
intracapsular adhesion \ĭn΄tra-kap΄sa-lar ad-he΄zhen\: adhesions
occurring within the joint capsule, resulting in reduced mobility΄sĭs\: diminishedintracapsular ankylosis \ĭn΄tra-kap΄sa-lar ang΄ka-lo
joint motion as a result of disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
within a joint capsule
intracapsular disorder \ĭn΄tra-kap΄sa-lar dĭs-ôr΄der\: a problem
associated with the masticatory system in which the etiologicalfactors are located within the temporomandibular joint capsule

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

intracapsular fracture \ĭn΄tra-kap΄sa-lar frak΄chur\: a fracture of thecondyle of the mandible occurring within the conﬁnes of thecapsule of the temporomandibular joint; syn, intra-articular fracture
intracondylar \ĭn΄tra-kŏn΄dĭ΄lar\ adj: within the condyle
intracoronal \ĭn΄tra-kôr-a-nal\ adj: 1. within the conﬁnes of thecusps and normal proximal/axial contours of a tooth; 2. within thenormal contours of the clinical crown of a tooth
intracoronal attachment: any prefabricated or custom-madeattachment for support and retention of a ﬁxed or removabledental prosthesis; the patrix and matrix components are positioned
within the normal contours of the abutment tooth; comp, EXTRACORONAL ATTACHMENT, PRECISION ATTACHMENTo-ko΄sal\ adj: situated, formed by, or
intramucosal \ĭn΄tra-myo
occurring within the mucosa
intramucosal implant: syn, MUCOSAL INSERT
intramucosal insert: syn, MUCOSAL INSERT
intraoral \ĭn΄tra-ôr΄al\ adj: within the mouth
intraoral tracing \ĭn΄tra-ôr΄al tra΄sĭng\: a tracing made within theoral cavity; Editorial note for usage: extraoral tracer (ing), intraoral
tracer (ing), and tracing device are the primary terms; comp, ARROW
POINT TRACER, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE, CEPHALOMETRIC TRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL TRACER, GOTHIC
ARCH TRACER, MANDIBULAR TRACER, NEEDLE POINT TRACING,
PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING, STYLUS TRACING, TRACING DEVICE
-us\ n: within bone
intraosseous \ĭn΄tra-ŏs΄eintrinsic coloring \ĭn-trĭn΄zĭk, -sĭk k
ul΄ar-ĭng\: coloring from within;
the incorporation of a colorant within the material of a prosthesis or
restorationo΄zhen\ n: movement of a tooth in an apicalintrusion \ĭn-tro
direction
-ant kinvariant color match \ĭn-vâr΄eul΄ar mach\: a perfect color
match under all light conditions
th\ obs: a nonanatomic
inverted cusp tooth \ĭn-v
ur΄tĭd k
usp t
ooposterior porcelain denture tooth that had circular indentations
where cusps would normally be locatedinvest \ĭn-vĕst΄\ vb: to surround, envelop, or embed in an investment material; comp, VACUUM INVESTING
investing \ĭn-vĕs΄tĭng\ n: the process of covering or enveloping,wholly or in part, an object such as a denture, tooth, wax form,crown, etc., with a suitable investment material before processing,soldering, or casting
investment n: comp, DENTAL CASTING INVESTMENT, REFRACTORYINVESTMENT
investment cast \ĭn-vĕst΄ment kast\: a cast made of a material thatwill withstand high temperature without disintegration; syn, REFRACTORY CAST
ion exchange strengthening \ı΄an, ı΄ŏn΄ ĭks-chanj΄ strĕngk΄thanĭng\: the chemical process whereby the surface of a glass is placedin compression by the replacement of a small ion by a larger one
while maintaining chemical neutrality
ionizing radiation \ı΄a-nı΄zĭng ra΄d
e-a-shun\: any radiation capableof displacing electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby producing
ions
iridescent \ĭr΄ĭ-dĕs΄ant\ adj (1796): colors produced by interference,
refraction, or diffraction
irreversible hydrocolloid \ĭr΄ĭ-vûr΄sa-bal hı΄dra-kŏl΄oid΄\: a hydrocolloid consisting of a sol of alginic acid having a physical state thatis changed by an irreversible chemical reaction forming insoluble
calcium alginate; syn, ALGINATE, DENTAL ALGINATEMay 2017e51

ischemia  keyway
ischemia \ĭ-ske΄me-a\ n (ca. 1860): local and temporary deﬁciency ofblood, chieﬂy resulting from the contraction of a blood vessel
isodose lines: a graphic curve when points of equal radiation
therapy dosage are connected to form a line; an isodose chart ismade with several isodose curves
isograft \ı΄sa-graft\ n (1909): a graft from one individual to anotherwith the same genetic basis, as in identical twins; syn, isogeneic graft,
syngraftisometric contraction \ı΄sa-mĕt΄rĭk kon-trak΄shun\: muscular
contraction in which there is no change in the length of the muscle
during contraction
isotonic contraction \ı΄sa-tŏn΄ĭk kon-trak΄shun\: muscular contraction in which there is a shortening of the length of the muscle while
the muscle maintains a constant tension

joint photographic experts group (1992): acronym is JPEG; acommon image ﬁling format used in digital JPEG photography; JPEG
2000 offers improved image quality in better compression formats
as compared with the standard JPEG
jump case slang: comp, REBASE, RELINE
junctional epithelium \j
ungk΄shun-al ĕp΄a-the΄l
e-um\: a single ormulti-layer of non-keratinizing cells adhering to the tooth surface atthe base of the gingival sulcus; attachment with hemidesmosomes
and internal basal lamina; syn, EPITHELIAL ATTACHMENTK
kaolin \ka΄a-lĭn\ n (1727): ﬁne, usually white, clay that is used in
ceramics and refractory materials as a ﬁller or extender

ISQ: acronym for IMPLANT STABILITY QUOTIENT

keeper \ke΄par\ n (14c): any one of various devices used for keeping
something in position; Editorial note for usage: in dentistry, this is
usually construed to mean an alloy attached to one element of a
restoration to which a magnet may adhere

iterative reconstruction: non-linear inverse algorithms to create 3D
images with incomplete data points; e.g., it is used in CBCT images

Kelly’s syndrome: orig, Ellsworth Kelly, prosthodontist, U.S.A.; syn,COMBINATION SYNDROME

J

Kelly E. Changes caused by a mandibular removable partial denture
opposing a maxillary complete denture. J Prosthet Dent
1972;27:140-50

isotope \ı΄sa-t
op΄\ n (ca 1913): a chemical element having the sameatomic number as another but possessing a different atomic mass

jacket crown obs, slang: syn , CERAMIC CROWN, RESIN CROWN
Jackson crib clasp obs: a one-piece clasp bent to engage the mesial
and distal interproximal undercuts in adjacent natural teeth; usually
it was made by hand bending of a straight wire of appropriate
dimensions; orig, V. H. Jackson, dentist, New York, NY, U.S.A.
Kennedy E. The Jackson crib clasp technique in partial denture
construction. Brooklyn, NY: Dental Items of Interest Publishing; 1928
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co., 1896:185-87
Jackson magnet: eponym for permanent magnetic alloy magnets
using rare earth metals adapted for oral use; orig, Thomas R. Jackson, dentist, U.S.A.
Jackson TR. New rare earth magnetic technology: The Jacksonsolid-state attachment system. Trends Tech Contemp Dent Lab
1986;5:31-39
jaw \jô\ n (14c): the structure bearing the teeth; syn, MANDIBLE,MAXILLAE
jaw malposition \jô mal΄pa-zĭsh΄an\ obs: any abnormal position of
the mandible (GPT-3)
jaw movement: syn, MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
jaw record: syn, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD
jaw relation: syn, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
jaw relation record: syn, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
RECORD; comp, CENTRIC RELATION RECORD, CENTRIC RELATIONINTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
jaw repositioning: syn, MANDIBULAR REPOSITIONING
jig \jĭg\: a device used to maintain mechanically a positional relationship between a piece of work and a tool or between components during assembly or alteration; syn, INDEX, RECORD
joint \joint\ n (13c): the place of union of two or more bones; comp,ARTHRODIAL JOINT, COMPOUND JOINT, DIARTHRODIAL JOINT,GINGLYMUS JOINT, SIMPLE JOINT, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
joint crepitus \joint krĕp΄ĭ-tus\: the grating sensation caused by therubbing together of the bony surfaces of joints; syn, articular crepitus
joint
derangement:
DERANGEMENTsyn,

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR

JOINT

Kelvin temperature: absolute temperature indicated by the symbol
K; zero Kelvin = minus 273 C; orig, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin),
mathematician/physicist, Irish born/Scotland, United Kingdom,
1824-1907
Kennedy bar: orig, Edward Kennedy, dentist, U.S.A.; syn, CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn, NY: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing; 1928
Kennedy bar connector: orig, Edward Kennedy, dentist, U.S.A.; syn,CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn, NY: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing; 1928
Kennedy classiﬁcation of removable partial dentures: a classiﬁcation of partially edentulous arches divisible into four classes. Class
I: bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the remaining
natural teeth; Class II: a unilateral edentulous area located posterior
to the remaining natural teeth; Class III: a unilateral edentulous areawith natural teeth located both anterior and posterior to it; Class IV:a single bilateral edentulous area located anterior to the remaining
natural teeth; edentulous areas, in addition to those determining
the main types, were designated as modiﬁcation spaces; orig, Edward
Kennedy, dentist, U.S.A., variably dated 1923, 1925, and 1928; O. C.
Applegate’s Rules govern application of the Kennedy system
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn, NY: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing; 1928
keratin \kĕr΄a-tĭn\ n (1847): a protein present in all cuticular (corniﬁed) structures of the body, such as hair, epidermis, horns, and theorganic matrix of the enamel of the teeth
keratinization \kĕr΄a-tĭn-ĭ-za-shun\ n: the process of maturation of
keratinocytes; the formation of a protein layer (keratin) on the surface of some epithelia
keratinized gingiva \kĕr΄a-tĭ-nızd jĭn΄ja-va\: the oral surface of thegingiva extending from the mucogingival junction to the gingival
margin; the pattern of keratinization may be ortho- or parakeyway \ke΄wa΄\ n, slang: an interlock with a matrix and patrix
between the units of a ﬁxed partial denture; it may serve twofunctions: (1) to hold the pontic in the proper relationship to the

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e52

Volume 117 Issue 5S

keyway  lateral checkbite
edentulous ridge and the opposing teeth during occlusal adjustment on the working cast (during application of any veneering
material) and (2) to reinforce the connector after soldering; syn,
ATTACHMENT
kinematic axis \kĭn΄a-mat΄ĭk ak΄sĭs\: the transverse horizontal axis
connecting the rotational centers of the right and left condyles
kinematic facebow \kĭn΄a-mat΄ĭk fas-b
o\ (1924): a facebow withadjustable caliper ends used to locate the transverse horizontal axisof the mandible; orig, Beverly B. McCollum, dentist, U.S.A., 1921
kinematic facebow record: a registration obtained that relates the
maxillary cast to the condylar elements of an articulator by using thetransverse horizontal axis reference points; syn, FACEBOW RECORD
kinematics \kĭn΄a-mat΄ĭks\: the phase of mechanics that deals withthe possible motions of a material bodyKingsley splint \Kĭngz΄le΄ splĭnt\ obs: eponym for a maxillary splintused to apply traction to reduce and immobilize maxillary fractures
through wings attached to a head device by elastics; C. L. Goddard
cites Dr Kingsley as ﬁrst using “the occipital appliance” in 1866; orig;
Norman William Kingsley, dentist, U.S.A., 1829-1913
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers; 1896:204
Kingsley NW. Oral deformities. 1866:134
knife-edge ﬁnish line: a clearly deﬁned junction of prepared andunprepared tooth structure that lacks a concavity at the gingival
termination; comp, BEVELED SHOULDER FINISH LINE, CHAMFERFINISH LINE , FEATHER-EDGE, SHOULDER FINISH LINE
Knoop hardness number: acronym is KHN; an eponym for a measure of hardness obtained with a diamond pyramid indenter andrhombic base with included angles of 172.5 and 130 degrees; KHN isthe ratio of the applied load to the area of the indentation
F Knoop, CG Peters, WB Emerson. A sensitive pyramidal-diamond
tool for indentation measurements. J Res Natl Bur Stands (U.S.)
1939;23:39-61
Knoop hardness tests: eponym for a surface hardness test that uses
a diamond stylus; used for harder materials and characterized by the
diamond- or rhomboid-shaped indentation; the indentation microhardness test uses a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter;the long diagonal of the resulting indentation is measured todetermine the hardness; this test is suitable for most classes ofmaterials including brittle and elastomeric; orig, Frederick Knoop,
engineer, U.S.A.
Knoop F, Peters CG, Emerson WB. A sensitive pyramidal diamond
tool for indentation measurements. J Res Nat Bur Stand 1939;12:39-45
Kubelka-Munk scattering coefﬁcient: eponym for the multiple(diffuse) scattering coefﬁcient for a unit of thickness and concentration of scattering material in a medium of a different refractive
index as used in the Kubelka-Munk equation; it is the rate of increase of reﬂectance of a layer over black, as thickness is increased;
hence, the assumption is made that the entire scattering is in the
backward or reverse direction from that of the incident diffuse light;
orig, P. Kubelka, 1948
Kubelka P. New contributions to the optics of intensely light scattering materials. Part 1. J Opt Soc Am 1948;38:448-57
Kubelka-Munk theory: eponym for a theory describing the opticalbehavior of materials containing small particles that scatter andabsorb radiant energy; it is widely used for color matching
Kubelka P, Munk F. Ein Beitrag zur Optik der farbenstriche. Z Tech
Phys 1931;12:593-601

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

L
labial \la΄b
e-al\ adj (1594): 1. of or pertaining to the lip; 2. toward
the lip; comp, BUCCAL, FACIAL
labial bar: syn, LABIAL BAR CONNECTOR
labial bar connector \la΄b
e-al bär ka-nĕk΄tor\: a major connector
located labial to the dental arch-al ﬂanj\: the portion of the ﬂange of a denture
labial ﬂange \la΄bethat occupies the labial vestibule of the mouth
-al splĭnt\: a device of plastic, metal, or both,labial splint \la΄bemade to conform to the outer aspect of the dental arch and used in
the management of jaw and facial injuries
-al vĕs΄ta-byo
ol\: the portion of the oral cavity
labial vestibule \la΄bethat is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge(in the edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the other by
the lips anterior to the buccal frenula
labioversion \la΄b
e-
o-vûr΄shun\ n: labial position of a tooth beyond
the normal arch form
laboratory prescription slang: syn, LABORATORY WORK AUTHORIZATION, WORK AUTHORIZATION
laboratory work authorization: a signed written order provided by
the dentist to the dental laboratory detailing the work to be performed; a component of the patient’s dental record specifying thedesign and materials to be used; syn, WORK AUTHORIZATION
lamina dura \lam΄a-na dur΄a\: the layer of compact bone forming
the wall of a tooth alveolus
land area \land âr΄e-a\: the portion of a dental cast that extends
beyond the impression’s replica surface laterally that deﬁnes thearea between the end of the replica’s surface and the cast baselap \lap\ vb (14c): 1. to fold over or around something; to wind
about; to envelop entirely; 2. to fold over in successive layers; 3. toplace over and cover a part of another; 4. to dress smooth or topolish to a high degree by working two surfaces together with orwithout abrasives until a very close ﬁt is achieved; lapped \(lapd\;
lapping \la΄pĭng\ vt
lapping device \la΄per\ n: a device used to dress smooth or polishby working two surfaces together
laser \la΄zer\ n (1957): acronym for light ampliﬁcation by stimulated
emission of radiation; a device that transforms light of various frequencies into an intense, small, and nearly non-divergent beam ofmonochromatic radiation, within the visible range
laser scanner: a 3D scanner measuring the distance to an object
surface by triangulation mechanism
laser sintering: syn, SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
\: the use of laser energy in thelaser therapy \la΄zer thĕr΄a-petreatment of tissue pathosis
laser welding \la΄zer wĕl΄dĭng\: the joining of metal components
through the use of heat generated with a laser beamlate closing click \lat klo΄zĭng klĭk\: the sound emanating from thetemporomandibular joint that occurs just prior to termination ofclosure in some patients with anteriorly displaced discs
΄pa-nĭng klĭk\: the sound emanating fromlate opening click \lat o
the temporomandibular joint that occurs just prior to termination of
opening in some patients with anteriorly displaced discs
lateral \lat΄ar-al\ adj (15c): 1. positions either right or left of themidsagittal plane; 2. denotes a position farther from the medianplane or midline of the body or structure
lateral checkbite slang: syn, LATERAL INTEROCCLUSAL RECORDMay 2017

e53

lateral condylar inclination  lingual bar
lateral condylar inclination \lat΄ar-al kŏn΄da-lar ĭn΄kla-na΄shun\:
the angle formed by the path of the moving condyle within thehorizontal plane compared with the median plane (anteriorposterior movement) and within the frontal plane when comparedwith the horizontal plane (superior-inferior movement); comp,
LATEROTRUSION
lateral condylar path \lat΄ar-al kŏn΄da-lar path\: the path of
movement of the nonworking condyle-disc assembly in the joint
cavity when a lateral mandibular movement is madelateral incisor \lat΄ar-al ĭn-sı΄zor\: the second incisor
o΄sal rĕk΄ard΄\: alateral interocclusal record \lat΄ar-al ĭn΄ter-a-klo
registration of the positional relationship of opposing teeth orarches made in either a right or left lateral position of the mandible
lateral mandibular movement: syn, MANDIBULAR LATERALTRANSLATION
lateral mandibular relation \lat΄ar-al man-dĭb΄ya-lar rĭ-la΄shun\: therelationship of the mandible to the maxillae in a position to the leftor right of the midsagittal planeov΄ment\ obs: a movement fromlateral movement \lat΄ar-al moeither right or left of the midsagittal plane (GPT-4)

leaf gauge \l
ef gaj\: a set of blades or leaves of increasing thickness
used to measure the distance between two points or to provide
metered separation; orig, James Hart Long, prosthodontist, Daytona
Beach, Florida, U.S.A.
Long JH. Locating centric relation with a leaf gauge. J Prosthet Dent
1973;29:608-10
v tha klĭn΄ĭ-kal
lengthening of the clinical crown \lĕngk΄tha-nĭng u
kroun\: a surgical procedure designed to increase the extent ofsupragingival tooth structure for restorative or esthetic purposes;
syn, CROWN LENGTHENING
LET: acronym for linear energy transfer; the energy dissipation ofionizing radiation over a given linear distance; highly penetratingradiations such as gamma rays cause low ion concentration andthus have a relatively low LET, x-rays and beta particles exhibit intermediate LET, and alpha particles have a high LET
leucite n: a potassium alumino-silicate crystal with a high thermal
expansion coefﬁcient; contributes to ﬂexural strength in ceramics
light \lıt\ n (bef. 12c): the aspect of electromagnetic radiation ofwhich the human observer is aware through the visual sensations
that arise from the stimulation of the retina of the eyelateral protrusion: syn, LATEROPROTRUSION
lateral relation \lat΄ar-al rĭ-la΄shun\ obs: the relation of the mandible
to the maxillae when the lower jaw is in a position to either side ofcentric relation (GPT-4)

light-activated polymerization n: a chemical reaction wherein
photons activate an initiator, such as camphoroquinone, which willreact in the presence of an aliphatic amine with the urethane
dimethacrylate oligomer and an acrylic copolymer; syn,
POLYMERIZATION

lateral side shift substand: syn, MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
-de-troo΄zhun\ n: lateral and downward
laterodetrusion \lat΄ar-omovement of the condyle on the working-side; comp,
LATEROTRUSION-troo΄zhun\ n: a protrusive movelateroprotrusion \lat΄ar-al-pro
ment of the mandibular condyle in which there is a lateralcomponent; comp, LATEROTRUSION
-rĭ-troo΄shun\ n: lateral and backward
lateroretrusion \lat-ar-o
movement of the condyle on the working-side; comp,
LATEROTRUSION
-sûr-troo΄shun\ n: lateral and upward movelaterosurtrusion \lat-ar-oment of the condyle on the working-side; comp, LATEROTRUSION
-troo΄shun\ n: condylar movement on thelaterotrusion \lat-ar-oworking-side in the horizontal plane; this term may be used in
combination with terms describing condylar movement in otherplanes; comp, LATERODETRUSION, LATEROPROTRUSION, LATERORETRUSION, LATEROSURTRUSION

light-cured slang, obs : syn, LIGHT-ACTIVATED POLYMERIZATION
light source \lıt sors\: an object that emits light or radiant energy towhich the human eye is sensitive; the emission of a light source canbe described by the relative amount of energy emitted at eachwavelength in the visible spectrum; the emission may be describedin terms of its correlated color temperaturelatticework: the cast metal alloy minor connector extension for aremovable partial denture or maxillofacial prosthesis designed forthe retention of a polymerized resin base; syn, open lattice, mesh,meshwork, bead, or nailhead
Le Fort fracture: eponym for a midfacial fracture, classiﬁed into
three categories (I, II, III); orig; Leon Clement Le Fort, surgeon, France,
1829-1893
Le Fort I fracture: eponym for a horizontal segmented fracture of
the alveolar process of the maxillae, in which the teeth are usuallycontained within the detached portion
Le Fort II fracture: eponym for a pyramidal fracture of the midfacialskeleton with the principal fracture lines meeting at an apex at ornear the superior aspect of the nasal bones
Le Fort III fracture: eponym for a craniofacial dysjunction fracture inwhich the entire maxillae and one or more facial bones arecompletely separated from the craniofacial skeleton

lightness \lıt΄nĭs\ n (bef. 12c): 1. achromatic dimension necessary
to describe the 3D nature of color, the others being hue andsaturation; the lightness dimension may also be called brightness;in the Munsell color order system, the lightness dimension is calledvalue; 2. perception by which white objects are distinguished fromgray and light objects from dark ones; equivalent to shading in
grays
limbus \lĭm΄bas\ n: a border or interface especially if marked by adifference in color or structure between adjoining partsline angle \lın ang΄gal\: the point of convergence of two planes in a
tooth preparation or on a tooth surfaceo΄shun\: the alignment of thev a-kloline of occlusion \lın u
occluding surfaces of the teeth as viewed in the horizontal plane;
syn, OCCLUSAL PLANE
linear coefﬁcient of thermal expansion: the fractional change inlength of a given material per degree change in temperature-ar a-klo
o΄shun\ obs: the occlusal arrangelinear occlusion \lĭn΄ement of artiﬁcial teeth, as viewed in the horizontal plane, wherein
the masticatory surfaces of the mandibular posterior artiﬁcial teeth
have a straight, long, narrow occlusal form resembling that of a line,
usually articulating with opposing monoplane teeth
Frush JP. Linear occlusion. Ill Dent J 1966;35:788-94
lingual \lĭng΄gwal\ adj (15c): pertaining to the tongue; next to or
toward the tongue
lingual apron slang: syn, LINGUAL PLATE
lingual bar: syn, LINGUAL BAR CONNECTOR

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e54

Volume 117 Issue 5S

lingual bar connector  malleable
lingual bar connector \lĭng΄gwal bär ka-nĕk΄tor\: a mandibular
major connector of a removable partial denture located lingual tothe dental arch
lingual blanket slang: syn, LINGUAL PLATE
lingual ﬂange \lĭng΄gwal ﬂanj\: the portion of the ﬂange of amandibular denture that occupies the alveololingual sulcus
lingual inclination \lĭng΄gwal ĭn-kla-na΄shun\: deviation of
the coronal portion of a tooth from the vertical plane toward the
tonguelingual plate \lĭng΄gwal plat\: the portion of the major connector ofa removable partial denture contacting the lingual surfaces of thenatural teeth; syn, linguoplatelingual rest \lĭng΄gwal rĕst\: a metallic extension of a removablepartial denture framework that ﬁts into a prepared depression
within an abutment tooth’s lingual surface
lingual rest seat \lĭng΄gwal rĕst s
et\: the depression prepared on
the lingual surface of an abutment tooth to accept the metal rest ofa removable partial denture (the lingual rest)
lingual splint \lĭng΄gwal splĭnt\: a dental splint conforming to theinner aspect of the dental arch
lingual strap slang, obs: syn, LINGUAL PLATE΄shun\: orig, this concept
lingualized occlusion \lĭng΄gwa-lızd a-kl
oo
was ﬁrst described by S. Howard Payne, prosthodontist, U.S.A., 1941;
this form of denture occlusion articulates the maxillary lingual cusps
with the mandibular occlusal surfaces in centric occlusion, working
and nonworking mandibular positions; orig, the term originatedfrom Earl Pound, prosthodontist, U.S.A.
Payne SH. A posterior set-up to meet individual requirements. Dent
Digest 1941;47:20-22
Pound E. Utilizing speech to simplify a personalized denture service.
J Prosthet Dent 1970;24:586-600
o΄shun\ n: an occlusion in which alinguocclusion \lĭng΄gwa-a-klo
tooth or group of teeth is located lingual to its normal position
linguoversion \lĭng΄gwa-vûr΄zhun, -shun\ n: lingual or palatal
position of a tooth beyond the normal arch form
lip line: comp, HIGH LIP LINE, LOW LIP LINE
lip switch operation \lĭp swĭch ŏp΄a-ra΄shun\: tissues borrowed
from one lip and transferred to the other; also used to describe a
modiﬁed vestibuloplasty procedure; comp, ABBE FLAP, ESTLANDER’S
OPERATION
Kiethley JL, Gamble JW. The lip switch: a modiﬁcation of Kazanjian’s
labial vestibuloplasty. J Oral Surg 1978;36:701-705
lithium ceramics: a class of ceramic characterized by lithium silicate
crystal nuclei in a network of silica glass
lithium disilicate: a medium-strength glass-ceramic characterized
by a network of SiO4 tetrahedra surrounding primarily lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) crystals
loading: comp, IMMEDIATE LOADING, PROGRESSIVE LOADINGb\ n (1525): a curved or rounded projection or division,
lobe \loespecially of a body organ or part΄kal e΄te
-a-lŏj΄ĭk fak΄tarz\: the environlocal etiologic factors \lomental inﬂuences that may be implicated in the causation, modiﬁcation, and/or perpetuation of a disease entity΄ka-lĭ-za΄shun fĭlm\: a radiograph made withlocalization ﬁlm \loradiopaque markers to localize the position of a body (i.e., a tumor)
relative to external landmarks
long axis \lŏng ak΄sĭs\: a theoretical line passing lengthwise throughthe center of a body

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

long centric articulation nonstand: syn, INTERCUSPAL CONTACT
AREA
longitudinal axis: syn, SAGITTAL AXIS
lost-wax casting technique: the casting of metal alloy or ceramics
into a mold produced by surrounding (investing) an expendable(wax) pattern with a refractory slurry that sets at room temperature,
after which the pattern is removed through the use of heat; comp,
INVESTMENT CAST
 lĭp lın\: 1. the lowest position of the inferior border
low lip line \loof the upper lip when it is at rest; 2. the lowest position of thesuperior border of the lower lip during smiling or voluntary
retraction
΄ar ĭm-prĕsh΄an\ slang: an impression of thelower impression \lomandibular jaw or dental structures (GPT-4); syn, MANDIBULAR
IMPRESSION
lower ridge slope \lo΄ar rĭj sl
op\ obs: 1. the slope of themandibular residual ridge in the second and third molar region as
seen from the buccal side (GPT-1); 2. the portion of the lower residual ridge, either lingual, labial, or buccal, between the crest of
the ridge and the mucobuccal fold or ﬂexion line of the peripheral
tissues (GPT-1)
Lucia jig: eponym for ANTERIOR DEPROGRAMMING DEVICE; orig,
Victor O. Lucia, prosthodontist, New Jersey and New York, U.S.A.
Lucia VO. A technique for recording centric relation. J Prosthet Dent
1964;14:492-505
lug \lug\ n: something that projects away from an object and isgenerally used as a support or for connection to a body΄ma-nans\ n (1880): the intensity of light per unit
luminance \l
oo
area
1
o
t\ n (15c): a substance, such as cement or clay, used forlute \loplacing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious toliquid or gas; syn, CEMENT2
t\ vt: to fasten, attach, or seal; luted \l΄tĭd\; luting
lute \loooo΄tĭng\; syn, CEMENT\looluting agent: any material used to attach or cement indirect restorations to prepared teeth
luxation n (1552): an abnormal anterior displacement of themandibular condyle away from the glenoid fossa that is selfreducing; traumatic displacement of a tooth away from the socketM-glŏ΄zha\ n: excessive size of the tongue
macroglossia \mak΄romacula \mak΄ya-la\ n (1863): a patch of tissue that is altered in color
but usually not elevated; usually characteristic of various diseases;
maculae plmagnetic ﬂux density: abbr, T for Tesla; a measure of the strengthof a magnetic ﬁeld (abbr, G for Gauss) at a given distance through apermeable medium
maintenance dose \man΄ta-nans d
os\: the quantity of a drug
necessary to maintain a normal physiologic state or a desired bloodor tissue level of drug
major connector \ma΄jar ka-nĕk΄tor\: the part of a removable partial denture that joins the components on one side of the arch tothose on the opposite sidemalalignment: inappropriately positioned, comp, MALOCCLUSION
malleable \mal΄
e-a-bal\ adj (14c): capable of being extended or
shaped with a hammer or with the pressure of rollers

May 2017

e55

malocclusion  marginal gingiva
o΄shun\ n (1888): 1. any deviation from amalocclusion \mal΄a-klo
physiologically acceptable contact between the opposing dental
arches; 2. any deviation from a normal occlusion; comp, ANGLE’S
CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
mamelon \mam΄a-lŏn\ n: one of three tubercles sometimes foundon the incisal edges of incisor teeth; mamelonated \mam΄a-lana΄tĭd\ adj, mamelonation \mam΄a-la-na΄shun\ nmandible \man΄da-bal\ n (15c): the lower jawbone

mandibular relationship record \man-dĭb΄ya-lar rĭ-la΄shun-shĭp\:any registration of the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae

mandibular \man-dĭb΄ya-lar\ adj: of or pertaining to the mandible

mandibular resection prosthesis \man-dĭb΄ya-lar rĭ -sĕk΄shun prŏsthe΄sĭs\: a maxillofacial prosthesis used to maintain a functional
position for the jaws (maxillae and mandible), improve speech anddeglutition following trauma and/or surgery to the mandible and/or
adjacent structures; syn, MANDIBULAR GUIDE PLANE PROSTHESIS,MANDIBULAR RESECTION PROSTHESIS WITH GUIDE, MANDIBULARRESECTION PROSTHESIS WITHOUT GUIDE, RESECTION PROSTHESIS

mandibular anteroposterior ridge slope \man-dĭb΄ya-lar an΄terp\: the slope of the crest of the mandibular residual
pŏ-stîr΄e-ar rĭj slo
ridge from the third molar region to its most anterior aspect inrelation to the lower border of the mandible as viewed in proﬁlemandibular axis: comp, SAGITTAL AXIS, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL
AXIS, VERTICAL AXIS
mandibular condyle: the articular process of the mandible; syn,CONDYLE, head of the mandible-ka΄shun\: a non-selfmandibular dislocation \man-dĭb΄ya-lar dĭs΄lo
reducing displacement of the mandibular condyle out of the
glenoid fossa
mandibular dysplasia \man-dĭb΄ya-lar dĭs-pla΄zha\: disharmony insize or form between the right and left halves of the mandible΄kwa-lĭb΄re-a΄shun\: 1.
mandibular equilibration \man-dib΄ya-lar e
the act or acts performed to place the mandible in equilibrium; 2. acondition in which all of the forces acting on the mandible areneutralized
mandibular glide \man-dib΄ya-lar glıd\ obs: the side to side, protrusive, and intermediate movement of the mandible occurring
when the teeth or other occluding surfaces are in contact (GPT-4)
mandibular guide plane prosthesis obs: syn, MANDIBULARRESECTION PROSTHESIS
mandibular hinge position \man-dĭb΄ya-lar hĭnj pa-zish΄an\ obs: theposition of the mandible in relation to the maxillae at which opening
and closing movements can be made on the hinge axis (GPT-4)
mandibular impression \man-dĭb΄ya-lar ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: an impression of the mandibular jaw or dental structures
mandibular lateral translation: syn, MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
mandibular micrognathia \man-dĭb΄ya-lar mı΄kr
o-na΄the΄a\: anabnormally small mandible with associated recession of the chinov΄ment\: any movemandibular movement \man-dĭb΄ya-lar moment of the lower jaw
mandibular nerve \man-dĭb΄ya-lar nûrv\: the third division of thetrigeminal nerve that leaves the skull through the foremen ovale
and provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, tothe tensor veli palatini muscle, the tensor tympani muscle, theanterior belly of the digastric muscle, and the mylohyoid muscle; italso provides the general sensory innervation to the mandibular
teeth and gingivae, the ﬂoor of the mouth, the epithelium of theanterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the skin of the lower portionof the facemandibular orthopedic repositioning device \man-dĭb΄ya-larôr΄tha-pe΄dĭk re΄pa-zĭsh΄a-nĭng dĭ-vıs\: a removable device that creates a different, yet temporary, dental occlusal position that guides
the mandible to close into a predetermined and altered position
mandibular plane \man-dĭb΄ya-lar plan\: in cephalometrics, a planethat passes through the inferior border of the mandible΄trak΄shun, pra-\: a typemandibular protraction \man-dĭb΄ya-lar proof facial anomaly in which the gnathion lies anterior to the orbital
plane; comp, ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION΄pa-zĭsh΄a-nĭng\:mandibular repositioning \man-dĭb΄ya-lar reguidance of the mandible to cause closure in a predetermined,
altered position
mandibular resection \man-dĭb΄ya-lar rĭ-sĕk΄shun\: the surgicalremoval of a portion or all of the mandible and the related soft
tissues; syn, MANDIBULECTOMY

mandibular rest position: syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION,VERTICAL DIMENSION OF REST
mandibular retraction \man-dĭb΄ya-lar rĭ-trak΄shun\: a type of facial
anomaly in which gnathion lies posterior to the orbital plane; comp,
ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
mandibular side-shift substand: syn, MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
mandibular staple \man-dĭb΄ya-lar sta΄pal\ obs: a transosteal dental
implant placed from the inferior border of the mandible with posts(abutments) that extend through the mucosa into the oral cavity inthe mandibular anterior region; syn, transmandibular implant,
TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
mandibular tracing \man-dĭb΄ya-lar tra΄sĭng\: a graphic representation or record of the movements of the mandible within a given
plane; Editorial note for usage: extraoral tracer (ing), intraoral tracer(ing), and tracing device are the primary terms; comp, ARROW POINT
TRACER, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE, CEPHALOMETRICTRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL TRACER, GOTHIC ARCH
TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING, NEEDLE POINT TRACING, PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING, STYLUS TRACING, TRACING DEVICE
mandibular translation \man-dĭb΄ya-lar trans-la΄shun\: the translatory (medio-lateral) movement of the mandible when viewed in
the frontal plane; while this has not been demonstrated to occur as
an immediate horizontal movement when viewed in the frontal
plane, it could theoretically occur in an essentially pure translatory
form in the early part of the motion or in combination with rotation in the latter part of the motion or both; comp, EARLY
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION, IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION, PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LATERALTRANSLATION
mandibular trismus \man-dĭb΄ya-lar trĭz΄mas\: reduced mobility ofthe mandible resulting from tonic contracture of the elevator
muscles of the mandible
mandibulectomy \man-dĭb΄u-lĕk΄ta-m
e\ n: the removal of part orthe entire mandible
mandrel \man΄dral\ n (1790): 1. usually a tapered or cylindrical axle,
spindle, or arbor placed in a hole to support it during machining; 2.
a metal bar that serves as a core about which material may be cast,molded, compressed, forged, bent, or shaped; 3. the shaft andbearings on which a tool is mounted
margin \mär΄jĭn\ n (14c): the outer edge of a crown, inlay, onlay, orother restoration; a boundary surface of a tooth preparation istermed the ﬁnish line or ﬁnish curve; comp, FINISH LINE
marginal gingiva \mär΄ja-nal jĭn΄ja-va\: the most coronal portion of
the gingiva; often used to refer to the free gingiva that forms thewall of the gingival crevice in health

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e56

Volume 117 Issue 5S

marginal ridge  mean foundation planemarginal ridge \mär΄ja-nal rĭj\: a component of the tooth structure
forming the occlusal proximal margin of a premolar or molar andlingual proximal margin of anterior teeth
Maryland bridge nonstand: syn, RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
Livaditis GJ, Thompson VP. Etched castings: an improved retentive
mechanism for resin-bonded retainers J Prosthet Dent
1982;47(1):52-58
masking \mas΄kĭng\ n: the process of applying an opaque covering
to camouﬂage the metal component of a prosthesis
master cast: syn, DEFINITIVE CAST
master impression \mas΄tar ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: the negative likenessmade for the purpose of fabricating a prosthesis
masticating cycles \mas΄tĭ-ka΄tĭng sı΄kalz\ obs: the patterns ofmandibular movements formed during the chewing of food (GPT-1)
mastication \mas΄tĭ-ka΄shun\ n (1649): the process of chewing foodfor swallowing and digestion
masticatory apparatus: syn, MASTICATORY SYSTEM
masticatory cycle \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄e, -tor΄
e sı΄kal\: a 3D representationof mandibular movement produced during the chewing of foodr΄masticatory efﬁciency \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄e, -toe ĭ-fĭsh΄an-se\: the effort
required to achieve a standard degree of comminution of food fôrs, fors\: the force applied bymasticatory force \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄ethe muscles of mastication during chewing
 moov΄mentz\: mandibmasticatory movements \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄eular movements used for chewing food; syn, MASTICATORY CYCLE
masticatory mucosa: ﬁrmly attached, keratinized oral mucosa witha lamina propria that is fused to the underlying periosteum; comp,
MUCOSA mmasticatory muscle \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄eus΄al\: any of the muscles
that elevate the mandible to close the mouth (temporalis muscle,superﬁcial and deep masseter muscle, medial pterygoid muscles);syn, ELEVATOR MUSCLE, muscle of mastication
 pan\: discomfort about the facemasticatory pain \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄eand mouth induced by chewing or other use of the jaws but independent of local disease involving the teeth and mouth par-fôr΄mans\: a meamasticatory performance \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄esure of the comminution of food attainable under standardized
testing conditions sĭs΄tam\: the organs andmasticatory system \mas΄tĭ-ka-tôr΄estructures primarily functioning in mastication; these include theteeth with their supporting structures, craniomandibular articulations, mandible, positioning and accessory musculature, tongue,
lips, cheeks, oral mucosa, and the associated neurologic complex
matrix \ma΄trĭks\ n (15c): 1. a mold or impression in which something is formed; 2. the portion of an attachment system that receives the patrix; matrices \ma΄trĭ-sĕz΄\ plmaxilla \mak-sĭl΄a\ n (15c): the irregularly shaped bone that, with its
contralateral maxilla, forms the upper jaw; it assists in the formationof the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the hard palate; it contains the
maxillary teeth; maxillae \mak-sĭl΄e\ plmaxillary impression \mak΄sa-lĕr΄
e\: an impression of the maxillary
jaw or dental structures mı΄kro
-na-the΄a\: abnormallymaxillary micrognathia \mak΄sa-lĕr΄esmall maxillae with associated retraction of the middle third of the
face
 pro
-trak΄shun, pra-\: a type ofmaxillary protraction \mak΄sa-lĕr΄efacial anomaly in which subnasion lies anterior to the orbital plane rĭ-sĕk΄shun\: the surgical removal
maxillary resection \mak΄sa-lĕr΄eof a part or all of the maxillae; syn, MAXILLECTOMY

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYe sı΄nas\: the anatomic space locatedmaxillary sinus \mak΄sa-lĕr΄superior to the posterior maxillary alveoluso΄ba-rŏs΄ĭ-t
maxillary tuberosity \mak΄sa-lĕr΄e toe\: the most distal
portion of the maxillary alveolar ridge
\ n: the removal of part or all of themaxillectomy \mak΄sa-lĕk΄ta-me
maxillae; syn, MAXILLARY RESECTION
maxillofacial \mak΄sa-la-fa΄shul\ adj: pertaining to the dental
arches, the face, head, and neck structures
maxillofacial prosthesis \mak΄sa-la-fa΄shul prŏs-the΄sĭs\: any
prosthesis used to replace part or all of any stomatognathic
and/or craniofacial structures. Editorial note for usage: the taxonomy for maxillofacial prostheses may include modiﬁers (adjectives) to provide descriptive evidence of the nature of theprosthesis including anatomic location, retention, support, time,
materials, and form; frequently, the means of retention is used,
and may encompass descriptive adjectives, such as the adjacenttissue, teeth, dental/craniofacial implants, or a combination ofsuch, thus appropriate terminology can include tissue-retained
MP, tooth-retained MP, implant-retained MP, tissue/implantretained MP; descriptive terminology may also be included todelineate time utilization for the prosthesis, such as surgical,
interim, and deﬁnitive.
maxillofacial prosthetic adhesive \mak΄sa-la-fa΄shul prŏs-thĕt΄ĭkad-he΄sĭv\: a material used to adhere external maxillofacial prostheses to skin and associated structures around the periphery of an
external anatomic defectmaxillofacial prosthetics \mak΄sa-la-fa΄shul prŏs-thĕt΄iks\: thebranch of prosthodontics concerned with the restoration and/or
replacement of stomatognathic and craniofacial structures withprostheses that may or may not be removed on a regular or elective
basismaxillomandibular dysplasia \mak΄sa-la-man-dĭb΄ya-lar dĭse-a\: disharmony between the maxillae and the mandiblepla΄zha,-zh
maxillomandibular ﬁxation: fastening together of the maxillary
and mandibular teeth, as for immobilization of a mandibular fracture; syn, INTERMAXILLARY FIXATION
maxillomandibular record: syn, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD
maxillomandibular registration:
RELATIONSHIP RECORD

syn,

MAXILLOMANDIBULAR

maxillomandibular
RELATIONSHIPsyn,

MAXILLOMANDIBULAR

relation:maxillomandibular relationship \mak΄sa-la-man-dĭb΄ya-lar rĭla΄shun-shĭp΄\: any spatial relationship of the maxillae to themandible; any one of the inﬁnite relationships of the mandible tothe maxillae
maxillomandibular relationship record \mak΄sa-la-man-dĭb΄ya-lar
rĭ-la΄shun-shĭp΄ rĕk΄ard΄\: a registration of any positional relationshipof the mandible relative to the maxillae; these records may be madeat any vertical, horizontal, or lateral orientation; syn, JAW RELATION
RECORD
maximal intercuspal contacts \mak΄sa-mal ĭn΄ter-k
us΄pal΄kŏn΄takts΄\: tooth contact in the maximal intercuspal position
maximal intercuspal position \mak΄sa-mal ĭn΄ter-k
us΄pal΄ pazĭsh΄an\: acronym is MIP; the complete intercuspation of the
opposing teeth independent of condylar position, sometimes
referred to as the best ﬁt of the teeth regardless of the condylar
position; comp, CENTRIC OCCLUSION
mean foundation plane \m
en foun-da΄shun plan\ obs: the mean ofthe various irregularities in form and inclination of the basal seat
(GPT-4)

May 2017e57

meatus  MIE theory
meatus \me-a΄tus\ n (1665): a natural body passage; a generalterm for any opening or passageway in the body; meatuses ormeati plmetal collar: a narrow band of highly polished metal immediately
adjacent to the margin on a metal-ceramic restoration; comp,
PORCELAIN MARGIN

mechanical anterior guidance table: an adjustable articulator
component that guides the movement of the incisal pin of thearticulator to simulate lateral and anterior guidance during
mandibular movement; comp, CUSTOM ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE,
ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE bal΄ansd amechanically balanced occlusion \mĭ-kan΄ĭ-ka΄leo΄shun\ obs: a balanced occlusion without reference to physioklo
logic considerations, as on an articulator (GPT-4)
median line \me΄de-an lın\: the centerline dividing a body into theright and left΄de-an man-dĭb΄a-lar point\ obs: a
median mandibular point \mepoint on the anteroposterior center of the mandibular ridge in the
median sagittal plane (GPT-4)
median plane \me΄de-an plan\: an imaginary plane passing longitudinally through the body, from front to back, and dividing it intoleft and right halves-lat΄ar-al kûrv\: in the mandibular arch,e-omediolateral curve \me΄dthat curve (viewed in the frontal plane), which is concave andcontacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the mandibular molars;in the maxillary arch, that curve (viewed in the frontal plane), whichis convex and contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of themaxillary molars.
-troo΄shun\ n: a movement of the condyle
mediotrusion \me΄de-omedially; syn, nonworking-side movement

metal insert teeth \mĕt΄l ĭn-sûrt t
eth\: denture teeth containing
metal cutting edges; teeth designed to contain metal cutting edges
in the occlusal surface; comp, Hardy cutters, Sosin blades

mediotrusive occlusal contact: syn, NONWORKING-SIDEOCCLUSAL CONTACT
membrane \mĕm΄bran\ n (15c): 1. a thin soft pliable sheet or layer,
especially of plant or animal origin; 2. a thin layer of tissue that lines
a cavity, envelops a vessel or part, or separates a space or organ; 3. abarrier used in guided tissue and bone regeneration surgicalprocedures
meniscectomy: excision of the intra-articular disc; syn, DISCECTOMY
meniscus \ma-nĭs΄kas\ n: menisci \ma-nĭs΄ı\ pl; syn, DISC
mesial \me΄ze-al\ adj (1803): near or toward the centerline of thedental arch; toward the median sagittal plane of the face, following
the curvature of the dental arch
mesial drift \me΄ze-al drĭft\: movement of teeth toward the midline
mesio-occlusion n: any occlusion in which the mandibular teeth
articulate with the maxillary teeth in a position anterior to neutroocclusion; comp, ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
-vûr΄zhun, -shun\: with reference to a tooth,mesioversion \me΄ze-onearer than normal in its position toward the median line of the face1

metal \mĕt΄l\ n (13c): any strong and relatively ductile substancethat provides electropositive ions to a corrosive environment andthat can be polished to a high luster; characterized by metallic
atomic bonding2

metal \mĕt΄l\ vt (1610): to cover or furnish with metal; -aled or-alled; -aling or -alling
metal base \mĕt΄l bas\: the metallic portion of a denture baseforming a part or the entire basal surface of the denture; it serves asa base for the attachment of the resin portion of the denture baseand the teeth
metal-ceramic restoration \mĕt΄l sa-ram΄ĭk rĕs-ta-ra΄shun\: anartiﬁcial crown or ﬁxed complete or partial denture that uses a metal
substructure and porcelain veneer; syn, PORCELAIN-FUSED-TOMETAL RESTORATION

metal saddle \mĕt΄l sad΄l\ obs, slang: a metal denture base (GPT-4)
metamer \mĕt΄a-mer΄\ n: one of a pair of objects whose colors
match when viewed under particular viewing conditions, but do notmatch under all viewing conditions
metameric pair \mĕt΄a-mer΄ik pâr\: a pair of objects whose colors
match when viewed under particular viewing conditions, but do notmatch if the viewing conditions are changed; thus a metameric pairof samples exhibit the same tristimulus values for a described set ofviewing conditions (observer, light source, geometry of the illumination, and viewing arrangement) but have different spectral distributions; hence, they exhibit a match that is conditional
metamerism \ma-tam΄a-rĭz΄um\ n (1877): pairs of objects that havedifferent spectral curves but appear to match when viewed in agiven hue; metamerism should not be confused with the terms ﬂair
or color constancy, which applies to apparent color change exhibitedby a single color when the spectral distribution of the light source ischanged or when the angle of illumination or viewing is changed
methyl methacrylate resin \mĕth΄al mĕth-ak΄ra-lat rĕz΄ĭn\: a transparent, thermoplastic acrylic resin that is used in dentistry by mixing
liquid methyl methacrylate monomer with the polymer powder; theresultant mixture forms a pliable plastic mass termed dough, which ispacked into a mold prior to initiation of polymerization
micro-computed tomography: abbr, micro-CT; a radiological
technique at ranges of 40 to 50 microns
microcrack \mı΄kr
o-krak\ n: in porcelain, one of the numerous
surface ﬂaws that contribute to stress concentrations and result inmaterial strengths below those theoretically possible; syn, GRIFFITH
FLAWS
-glô΄zha\ n: presence of a small tongue
microglossia \mı΄kro
micrognathia \mı΄kr
o-na΄th
e-a\ n: a congenital or acquired condition characterized by an abnormally small jaw; syn, MANDIBULARMICROGNATHIA, MAXILLARY MICROGNATHIA
micromaxillae n: syn, MAXILLARY MICROGNATHIA
-stôm΄ya\ n: an abnormally small oral oriﬁce
microstomia \mı΄kro
-sha\ n: a developmental anomaly characterized by
microtia \mı΄krohypoplasia or aplasia of the pinna of the ear, associated with animpatent or absent external auditory meatus΄pa-nĭng klĭk\: the abnormal soundmid-opening click \mĭd-oemanating from the temporomandibular joint that occurs during
mid protrusive translation of the condyles
midfacial deﬁciency \mĭd-fa΄shul dĭ-fĭsh΄an-s
e\: failure of the midthird of the face, including the maxillae, to grow in proportion to
the upper and lower thirds
midfacial fracture \mĭd-fa΄shul frak΄chur\: fractures of the zygomatic, maxillary, nasal, and associated bones
MIE theory: the theory that relates the scattering of a single
spherical particle in a medium to the diameter of the particle, thedifference in refractive index between the particle and the medium,and the wavelength of radiant energy in the medium that is incident on the particle; this theory relates to the direct observation of
the scattering of a single particle as compared with the KubelkaMunk theory and also takes into account the absorption that theparticle may also exhibit

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e58

Volume 117 Issue 5S

MIE theory  mounting plate1
mill \mĭl\ n: a machine or device used for working or forming
materials into a desired form, to blend materials, or to perform othermechanical operations
2mill \mĭl\ vt (1570): 1. to subject to an operation or process in amill; to grind; 2. to shape or dress by means of instruments; comp,MILLINGmill in \mĭl ĭn\ vb: 1. the procedure of reﬁning occluding surfaces
through the use of abrasive materials; 2. the machining of boxes orother forms in cast restorations to be used as retainers for ﬁxed or
removable prostheses
milled ceramics n: a desired form made by subtractive CAM of ahomogeneous ceramic block
milled in curve obs: syn, MILLED IN PATH
milled in path \mĭld ĭn path\: a contour pattern carved into the
occlusal surface of an occlusion rim during various mandibular
movements by teeth or studs placed in the opposing arch
milling \mĭl΄ĭng\ vb: the machining of proximal boxes, recesses, orother forms on cast restorations to be used as retainers for ﬁxed or
removable prostheses
milling in \mĭl΄ĭng ĭn\: the procedure of reﬁning or perfecting theocclusion of teeth by the use of abrasives between their occluding
surfaces while the dentures are rubbed together in the mouth or on
the articulator (GPT-3); syn, MILL IN
mini implant: a dental implant that is fabricated with a reduced
diameter (less than 3.0 mm) and shorter in length with the same
biocompatible material as compared with standard dental implants;
syn, temporary implants, provisional implants, orthodontic implants,
small diameter implant
minor connector \mı΄nar ka-nĕk΄tor\: the connecting link between
the major connector or base of a removable partial denture and theother units of the prosthesis, such as the clasp assembly, indirect
retainers, occlusal rests, or cingulum rests
mixed dentition \mĭkst dĕn-tĭsh΄an\: a stage of development during which the primary and permanent teeth function together in themouth syn, TRANSITIONAL DENTITION
MMF: acronym for MAXILLOMANDIBULAR FIXATION
mobile \mo΄bal, -bel, -bıl\ adj (15c): capable of moving or being
moved; movablemodel \mŏd΄l\ n (1575): a facsimile used for display purposes; aminiature representation of something; an example for imitation oremulation; comp, CAST
modeling composition obs: syn, MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSIONCOMPOUND
modeling compound obs: syn, MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSIONCOMPOUND
modeling plastic:
COMPOUND

syn,

MODELING

PLASTICIMPRESSION

modeling plastic impression compound \mŏd΄lĭng plas΄tĭk ĭmprĕsh΄an kŏm-pound΄\: a thermoplastic dental impression material
composed of wax, rosin, resins, and colorants; syn, IMPRESSIONCOMPOUND, modeling compoundmodeling wax \mŏd΄lĭng waks\: a wax suitable for making patterns
in the fabrication of restorations
dz u
v a-pîr΄ans\: various manners inmodes of appearance \mowhich colors can be perceived, depending on spatial distributions
and temporal variations of the light causing the sensation
modiﬁed cast: syn, ALTERED CAST
modiﬁed ridge lap \mŏd΄a-fıd΄ rĭj lap\: a ridge lap surface of apontic that is adapted only to the facial aspect of the residual ridge

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

modiﬁer \mŏd΄a-fı΄ar\ n: a substance that alters or changes thecolor or properties of a substance-dı΄a-las\ n: the area near the corner of the mouth
modiolus \mowhere eight muscles converge; it functionally separates the labial
vestibule from the buccal vestibule
v ĭ-la-stĭs΄ĭ-tmodulus of elasticity \mŏj΄a-las ue, e-la-\: in metallurgy,
the coefﬁcient found by dividing the unit stress, at any point up to
the proportional limit, by its corresponding unit of elongation(tension) or strain; a ratio of stress to strain; as the modulus ofelasticity rises, the material becomes more rigid
v rĭ-zĭl-yans\: the work or energy
modulus of resilience \mŏj΄a-las urequired to stress a cubic inch of material (in one direction only)
from zero up to the proportional limit of the material, measured by
the ability of the material to withstand the momentary effect of an
impact load while stresses remain within the proportional limit
molar n: a posterior tooth adapted for grinding and having asomewhat quadrilateral-shaped crown with four or ﬁve cusps
-mat΄ĭk vĭsh΄an\: vision in which
monochromatic vision \mŏn΄a-kro
there is no color discriminationmonolithic adj: an object with the same chemical and physicalproperties throughout its thickness
monomer \mŏn΄a-mar\ n (1914): a chemical compound that canundergo polymerization; any molecule that can be bound to asimilar molecule to form a polymer
monoplane \mŏn΄a-plan\ adj: an arrangement of denture teeth in asingle plane that is medio-laterally and antero-posteriorly ﬂatmonoplane articulation \mŏn΄a-plan är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: thearrangement of teeth by which they are positioned in a ﬂat plane΄shun\: an occlusaloomonoplane occlusion \mŏn΄a-plan a-kl
arrangement wherein the posterior teeth have masticatory surfacesthat lack any cuspal height
Monson curve: syn, CURVE OF MONSON
MORA device: acronym for mandibular orthopedic repositioning
appliance; a type of removable device with a modiﬁcation to the
occlusal surfaces used with the goal of repositioning the mandible
to improve neuromuscular balance and jaw relationship; syn,
MANDIBULAR ORTHOPEDIC REPOSITIONING DEVICE
Gelb H. Clinical management of head, neck and TMJ pain anddysfunction. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1977:314
-läzh΄\ n (1902): 1. the negative impression of a bodymoulage \moostructure; 2. an impression or cast made for use, especially as evidence in a criminal investigation; 3. impression of an anatomic partthat produces a gypsum cast or a positive replicald\ n (13c): 1. a cavity in which a substance is shaped, as
mould \moa matrix for casting metal or plastics; a negative form in which an
object is cast or shaped; 2. the size and shape of an artiﬁcial tooth orteeth; syn, mold
ld chart\: an illustration of the manufacturer’s
mould chart \moshapes and sizes of denture teeth; syn, mold chartld gıd\: a selection of denture teeth demonmould guide \mostrating the moulds offered by a manufacturer; syn, mold guide1

mounting \moun΄tĭng\ vb: the laboratory procedure of attaching acast to an articulator or cast relater

2
mounting \moun΄tĭng\ n: the relationship of dental casts to eachother and the instrument to which they are attached; comp, SPLITCAST MOUNTING

mounting plate \moun΄tĭng plat\: a removable metal or resin
device that attaches to the superior and inferior members of anarticulator, and is used to attach casts to the articulator

May 2017

e59

mounting ring  mylohyoid fossa
mounting ring: syn, MOUNTING PLATE
mouth guard \mouth gard\: a removable occlusal device that isuseful in reducing mouth injuries and protecting the teeth andsurrounding structures from injury; syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
mouth rehabilitation \mouth r
e΄ha-bĭl΄ĭ-ta΄shun\ obs: restoration of
the form and function of the masticatory apparatus to as nearnormal as possible (GPT-4); comp; COMPLETE MOUTH
REHABILITATION
mouth stick \mouth stĭk\: a device held in the mouth by a disabled
person that aids in performing certain functions
MRI: acronym for MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; syn, NUCLEARMAGNETIC RESONANCE΄kmucobuccal fold \myooo-b
uk΄al fold\: the line of ﬂexure of themucous membrane as it passes to the cheekmucogingival adj: pertaining to intraoral specialized soft tissue, thealveolar mucosa and gingivao΄ko-jĭn΄ja-val, jĭn΄jı-\: the junction of
mucogingival junction \myogingiva and alveolar mucosa
΄ko-la΄boe-al\: the line of ﬂexure of the oral
mucolabial fold \myomucous membrane as it passes from the maxillary or mandibularalveolar process or residual alveolar ridge to the lipo΄ko-pĕr΄e-ŏs΄te-am\ n: a term synonymous
mucoperiosteum \myowith a full-thickness ﬂap implying the inclusion of both mucosa andperiosteum during ﬂap elevationo-ko΄sa\ n (1880): a mucous membrane comprised of
mucosa \myoepithelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria; syn, ALVEOLAR MUCOSA, ORAL MUCOSA
mucosal implant nonstand: syn, MUCOSAL INSERTo-ko΄sal ĭn-sûrt\: any metal form attached tomucosal insert \myo
the intaglio of a removable dental prosthesis that mechanicallyengages undercuts in a surgically prepared mucosal site; Editorial
note for usage: mucosal inserts are not indwelling and are notconsidered dental implants; comp, button implant, intramucosal
insert, MUCOSAL IMPLANT
-sı΄tĭs\ n: inﬂammation of the mucous
o΄komucositis \myomembrane΄kmucostatic \myooo-stat΄ĭk\ adj: the state of the oral mucosa when
not displaced by external forces
mufﬂe \muf΄al\ n: the portion of a furnace, usually removable orreplaceable, in which material may be placed for processing without
direct exposure to a heating element
Munsell chroma: eponym for the Munsell color system chroma,
which is that quality by which a strong color is distinguished from
one that is weak; the intensity of a distinctive hue color intensity;orig, Alfred H. Munsell, artist/teacher, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,
1858-1918; syn, SATURATION
Munsell color order system: eponym for a color order system,
developed in 1905, which places colors in an orderly arrangement
encompassing the three attributes of hue, value, and chroma; orig,
Alfred H. Munsell, artist/teacher, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,1858-1918
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore, MD: Munsell Color Co.;
1975:14-16(low value); in the Munsell color system; the value of a color isdetermined by which gray on the value scale it matches in lightness/darkness (black is assigned a value of zero; white a value of 10); orig,
Alfred H. Munsell, artist/teacher, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1858-1918
muscle \mus΄al\ n (14c): an organ that by contraction produces
movements of an animal; a tissue composed of contractile cells or
ﬁbers that effect movement of an organ or part of the bodymuscle contraction \m
us΄al kan-trak΄shun\: the shortening anddevelopment of tension in a muscle in response to stimulation;isometric muscle contraction relates to tension in the muscle withoutchanging the length
muscle contracture \mus΄al kan-trak΄chur\: a condition of highresistance to passive stretching of a muscle resulting from ﬁbrosis of
the tissues supporting the muscle or the joint; sustained increased
resistance to passive stretch with reduced muscle length
muscle hyperalgesia \mus΄al hı΄par-al-g
e΄sha\: increased sensitivity
to pain in a muscle evoked by stimulation at the site of pain in themusclemuscle hypertenseness \mus΄al hı΄par-tĕns΄nĕs\ obs: increased
muscular tension that is not easily released but that does not prevent normal lengthening of the muscles involved (GPT-4)
muscle hypertonicity: increased contractile activity in some motor
units driven by reﬂex arcs from receptors in the muscle and/or alphamotor neurons of the spinal cord
muscle marking slang: syn, BORDER MOLDING
muscle relaxant \mus΄al rĭ-lak΄sant\: a drug or therapy thatdiminishes muscle tension
muscle spasm \mus΄al spaz΄am\: a sudden involuntary contractionof a muscle or group of muscles attended by pain and interferencewith function; it differs from muscle splinting in that the contraction
is sustained even when the muscle is at rest and the pain/
dysfunction is present with passive and active movements of theaffected part; syn, MYOSPASM
\: increased muscular tension
muscle spasticity \mus΄al spa-zĭs΄ĭ-teof antagonists preventing normal movement and caused by aninability to relax (a loss of reciprocal inhibition)muscle splinting \mus΄al-splĭnt΄ĭng\: involuntary contraction(rigidity) of muscles occurring as a means of avoiding the pain
caused by movement of the part (resistance to passive stretch);
the involved muscle(s) relaxes at rest; syn, protective muscle
co-contraction
muscle trimming slang: syn, BORDER MOLDING
\: a wasting of muscular
muscular atrophy \mus-kya΄lar at΄ra-fe
tissue resulting from the lack of use
-skĕl΄ĭ-tl pan\: deep, somatic pain
musculoskeletal pain \m
us΄kya-lothat originates in skeletal muscles, facial sheaths, and tendons(myogenous pain), bone and periosteum (osseous pain), joint, joint
capsules, and ligaments (arthralgic pain), and in soft connective
tissueso΄choo-al-le pra-tĕk΄tĭd ärmutually protected articulation \myotĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: an occlusal scheme in which the posterior teeth
prevent excessive contact of the anterior teeth in maximal intercuspal position, and the anterior teeth disengage the posterior teeth
in all mandibular excursive movements.

Munsell hue: eponym for that quality by which one color family
is distinguished from another, as red from yellow, and green
from blue or purple; the dimension of color determined bywavelength; orig, Alfred H. Munsell, artist/teacher, Massachusetts,
U.S.A., 1858-1918

mutually protected occlusion: syn, MUTUALLY PROTECTEDARTICULATION
-a\ n (1860): pain in a muscle or muscles
myalgia \mı-al΄je

Munsell value: eponym for the relative brightness of a color; thequality of grayness in comparison to white (high value) and black,

mylohyoid fossa\mı΄la-hoid kŏn-kav΄ĭ-t
e\: the concavity in themandible inferior to the mylohyoid line in the molar region΄tĭk\ n: pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi
mycotic \mı-ko

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e60

Volume 117 Issue 5S

mylohyoid groove or canal  needle point tracingov ôr ka-nal΄\: themylohyoid groove or canal \mı΄la-hoid grogroove in the mandible running downward and forward toward thesubmandibular fossa, which contains the mylohyoid muscle, nerve,
and vessels΄jan\ obs: the region on the lingual
mylohyoid region \mı΄la-hoid resurface of the mandible marked by the mylohyoid ridge and theattachment of the mylohyoid muscle (GPT-4)
mylohyoid ridge \mı΄la-hoid rĭj\: an oblique ridge on the lingualsurface of the mandible that extends from the level of the roots of
the last molar teeth and that serves as a bony attachment for the
mylohyoid muscles forming the ﬂoor of the mouth
-mon΄e tĕr\: a digital electronic pulse generator
myo-monitor \mı΄ospeciﬁcally optimized for bilateral transcutaneous electrical neuralstimulation of the stomatognathic system; an electrical device
introduced in 1969 by Bernard Jankelson, DDS as a means ofapplying muscle relaxation as a prerequisite to obtain an occlusal
position that would sustain a relaxed musculature
Jankelson B, Sparks S. Crane PF, Radke JC. Neural conduction of the
Myo-monitor stimulus: a quantitative analysis. J Prosthet Dent
1975;34:245-53
 sĕn΄trĭk\ adj: that terminal point in space inmyocentric \mı΄owhich, with the mandible in the rest position, subsequent clonicmuscle contraction will raise the mandible through the interocclusal
space along the myocentric (muscle balanced) trajectory; also
described as the initial occlusal contact along the myocentric trajectory (isotonic closure of the mandible from rest position)Jankelson B. Dent Clin North Am 1979;23:157-68
Jankelson BR, Polley ML. Electromyography in clinical dentistry.
Seattle: Myotronica Research; 1984:52
myofascial trigger point \mı΄a-fash΄al trĭg΄ar point\: a hyperirritable spot, usually within a skeletal muscle or in the muscle fascia
that is painful on compression and can give rise to characteristic
referred pain, tenderness (secondary hyperalgesia), and autonomic
phenomena
myoﬁbrotic capsular contracture \mı΄a-fı-bra΄tĭk kap΄sa-lar kantrak΄chur\: muscle contracture resulting from the formation ofexcessive ﬁbrous tissue within the muscle or its sheath
myofunctional \mı΄a-f
ungk΄sha-nal\: relating to the function ofmuscles; in dentistry, the role of muscle function in the cause orcorrection of muscle related problems
\: the use of
myofunctional therapy \mı΄a-f
ungk΄sha-nal thĕr΄a-pe
exercises to improve the action of a group of muscles used as an
adjunct to orthodontic or craniomandibular dysfunction treatment
n΄
myogenous pain \mı΄a-jeus\: deep somatic musculoskeletal pain
originating in skeletal muscles, fascial sheaths, or tendons
myositis \mı΄a-sı-tĭs\ n (ca. 1819): inﬂammation of muscle tissue
myospasm n: syn, MUSCLE SPASM
myostatic contracture \mı΄a-stat΄ĭk kan-trak΄chur\: muscle
contracture resulting from reduced muscle stimulation΄ne-a\ n (1896): increased muscular irritability andmyotonia \mı΄a-tocontractility with decreased power of relaxation; tonic muscle
spasmsN
NA: acronym for NAsion; a cephalometric landmark located where
the intranasal and nasofrontal sutures meet
NAM: acronym for NASOALVEOLAR MOLDING
nanometer \nan΄a-me΄tar\ n (1963): unit of length used to measure
the wavelength of light. It is equivalent to 1 × 10-9 m or 10 angstroms; 1 nm = 1/1,000,000 mm

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

narrative report \nar΄a-tĭv\: a complete description of the clinicalﬁndings, diagnosis, and treatment rendered for a given patient
nasal grimace \na΄zal grĭm΄ĭs, grĭ-mas΄\: movements in the tissue ofthe nares reﬂecting the attempts of the oronasal system tocompensate for palatopharyngeal insufﬁciency΄sĭs\: a removable maxillofacial
nasal prosthesis \na΄zal prŏs-theprosthesis that artiﬁcially restores the nose, partially or in its entirety;
nonstand/syn, artiﬁcial nose΄sĭs\: a maxillofacial
nasal septal prosthesis \na΄zal sĕp΄tal prŏs-theprosthesis used to occlude (obturate) a hole within the nasal septal
wall; nonstand/syn, septal button, septal plugnasal spine \na΄zal spın\: a sharp bony protuberance of the lower
margin of the anterior aperture of the nares formed by the forward
prolongation of the two maxillae
nasal stent \na΄zal stĕnt\: a removable intranasal maxillofacial
prosthesis used to support the form of the nose
nasal turbulence \na΄zal tûr΄bya-lans\: the excessive “noise” or air
passing over resistance in the nasal passages
\ n (1656): the quality of speech sounds when
nasality \na-zal΄ĭ-tethe nasal cavity is used as a resonatornasion \na΄zhun\ n: a bony cephalometric landmark at which thenasofrontal suture is bisected by the midsagittal planenasion relator: an adjustable average value facebow component
that engages the outer point of intersection between the nasionsella line and the soft tissue proﬁle to stabilize the facebow while
recording the position of the maxillary teeth
nasoalveolar molding: acronym is NAM; a medically prescribed
device with the objective of molding the maxillae at the oronasal
cavity defect, thus enhancing suckling and swallowing; approximating lip and the right and left maxillary segments of infants withcleft palates in their proper orientation until surgery is performed to
repair the cleft; Editorial note for usage: this could be considered adevice and a prosthesis because it also replaces anatomy; comp,presurgical infant orthopedic (PSIO) device, presurgical nasoalveolar
molding (PNAM) device; orig, C. K. McNeil, U.S.A., 1950
-far΄ĭngks\ n (1877): the part of the pharynx
nasopharynx \na΄zosituated above the soft palate
natural color system \nach΄ar-al, nach΄ral kul΄ar sĭs΄tam\ (1976): acolor order system that deﬁnes six color perceptions by using theconcept of percentage for localizing nuances within the three-partsystem; the six perceptions are white, black, red, green, yellow,
and blue; orig, Anders Hard et al., Sweden
natural dentition \nach΄ar-al, nach΄ral dĕn-tĭsh΄an\: the natural
teeth, as considered collectively, in the dental arch, which may be
deciduous, permanent, or mixed
natural glaze \nach-ar-al, nach΄ral glaz\: the production of a glazed
surface by the vitriﬁcation of the material itself and without additionof other ﬂuxes or glasses
v tha kŏn΄dah lĕr prŏ sĕs\: theneck of the condylar process \nĕk uconstricted inferior portion of the mandibular condylar process that iscontinuous with the ramus of the mandible; that portion of thecondylar process that connects the mandibular ramus to the condyle
necrosis \na-kr
o΄sĭs, nĕ-\ n (1665): localized death of living tissue;
necroses \s
ez\ plneedle point tracing: Editorial note for usage: extraoral tracer (ing),
intraoral tracer (ing), and tracing device are the primary terms; comp,
ARROW POINT TRACER, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE,
CEPHALOMETRIC TRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL TRACER,GOTHIC ARCH TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING, MANDIBULAR TRACER,
PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING, STYLUS TRACING, TRACING DEVICEMay 2017

e61

Nesbit prosthesis  nonworking-side occlusal contact
Nesbit prosthesis: eponym for a unilateral removable partial denture that restores missing teeth on one side of the arch only,
without a cross-arch major connector; orig, Dr Norman Nesbit,
dentist, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1915
neuralgia \nŏŏ-ral΄ja\ n (ca. 1822): neurogenous pain felt along theperipheral distribution of a nerve trunk
neuritis \nŏŏ-rĭ΄tĭs\ n (1840): inﬂammation of a nerve
neurogenous pain \nŏŏ-rŏj΄a-n
us pan\: pain that is generated
within the nervous system as a result of some abnormality of neural
structuresneuromuscular dysfunction: a collective term for muscle disorders of the masticatory system with two observable major symptoms: pain and dysfunction; common observations include muscle
fatigue, muscle tightness, myalgia, spasm, headaches, decreased
range of motion and acute malocclusion; the ﬁve types of masticatory muscle disorders include protective co-contraction (muscle
splinting), local muscle soreness (noninﬂammatory myalgia),
myofascial pain (trigger point myalgia), myospasm (tonic contraction myalgia), and chronic centrally mediated myalgia (chronic
myositis)Okeson JP. Management of temporomandibular disorders andocclusion. 4th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby; 1997:180-82
\ n (1857): a general term used toneuropathy \nŏŏ΄rŏp-a-thedesignate an abnormality or pathologic change in a peripheralnerveo΄- zon\: the potential space between
o΄tral, nyo
neutral zone \nothe lips and cheeks on one side and the tongue on the other; thatarea or position where the forces between the tongue and cheeks or
lips are equal
neutro-occlusion: comp, ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
nickel-chromium alloy: a low-density, large-grained base metal
dental casting alloy with prominent dendritic structure, composedof up to 30% Cr and 70% Ni with trace elements that may include
small amounts of Mo, Mn, Si, C, and Al; chromium, by its passivation effect, ensures corrosion resistance of the alloy; increased
nickel content tends to result in reduced strength, hardness,
modulus of elasticity, and fusion temperature while ductility may
increasenidus \nı΄das\ n (1742): a place or substance in an animal or plant
where bacteria or other organisms lodge and multiply; nidi \dı΄\ orniduses plnight guard nonstand: any removable device, usually made of hardpolymethylmethacrylate, which covers the occlusal and incisal surfaces of all the teeth in one arch and maintains precise occlusal
contact with the opposing teeth; syn, bite guard, OCCLUSAL DEVICE,
occlusal appliance, occlusal splint; comp, DEVICE
NMR: acronym for nuclear magnetic resonance; a radiologic procedure that gives images in any plane without radiation or any
biologic aftereffect by measuring the radiofrequency from resonating hydrogen nuclei; syn,magnetic resonance imaging
noble metal \no΄bal mĕt΄l\: those metal elements that resist
oxidation, tarnish, and corrosion during heating, casting, or soldering and when used intraorally; examples include gold and platinum;
comp, BASE METAL
noble metal alloy: as classiﬁed by the American Dental Association(1984), any dental casting alloy containing a minimum of 25% byweight of Au, Pt, and/or Pd; comp, HIGH NOBLE METAL ALLOY
American Dental Association: Classiﬁcation system for cast alloys. J
Am Dent Assoc 1984;109:766
nociceptive \na-sĭ-sĕp΄tĭv\ adj (1904): applicable to a neuron
receptive to painful sensationsnociceptive pathway \na-sĭ-sĕp΄tĭv path΄wa΄, päth΄-\: an afferent
neural pathway that mediates pain impulses
nociceptor \na-sĭ-sĕp΄tor\ n: a sensory receptor preferentially sensitive to noxious or potentially noxious stimuli
-mı-ŏg΄ra-fe\:nocturnal electromyography \nŏk-tûr΄nal ĭ-lĕk΄tro
electromyographic registrations made during sleep
nonadjustable articulator \nŏn-a-j
ust΄a-bal är-tĭk΄ya-la΄tor\: anarticulator that does not allow adjustment to replicate mandibular
movements; comp, CAST RELATOR΄tŏm-ĭk teth\: artiﬁcial teeth withnonanatomic teeth \nŏn-a-no
occlusal surfaces that are not anatomically formed; the term
nonanatomic as applied to artiﬁcial posterior teeth, and especially
their occlusal forms, means that such teeth are designed in accordance with mechanical principles rather than from the viewpoint ofanatomic replication; I. R. Hardy, DDS, ﬁrst introduced nonanatomic
teeth with ﬂat occlusal surfaces set to a ﬂat occlusal plane
Hardy IR. Technique for use of nonanatomic acrylic posterior teeth.
Dent Digest 1942;48:562-66
Sears VH. Thirty years of nonanatomic teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1953;
3:596-617
nonarcon articulator: any articulator design in which the condylar
element (analog) is part of the upper member of the articulator andmay be used to simulate the 3D motions of the left and rightcondylar compartments; comp, ARCON, ARCON ARTICULATOR
noncarious cervical lesion: the pathologic loss of hard tooth substance caused by biomechanical loading forces; such loss is thought
to be the result of ﬂexure and chemical fatigue degradation ofenamel and/or dentin at some location distant from the actual pointof loading; syn, ABFRACTION; comp ABLATION, ABRASION, ATTRITION, and EROSION
nonfunctional cusp bevel: a feature of a crown preparation, prepared at an angle to the path of placement, which ensures provisionof adequate restorative material thickness; on the axial surface of anon-centric cusp; in normal occlusion, this refers to the lingual cuspof mandibular teeth and buccal cusp of maxillary teeth
nonfunctioning
CONDYLE

condylenonstand:syn,

NONWORKING-SIDE

nonpivoting condyle obs, nonstand: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE
CONDYLE
nonprecious metal: syn, BASE METAL
nonresorbable \nŏn-r
e-sŏrb΄a-bal\ adj: the property exhibited bysubstances that demonstrate relatively limited in-vivo degradation
nonrigid connector \nŏn-rĭj΄ĭd ka-nĕk΄tor\: any connector that
permits limited movement between otherwise independent members of a ﬁxed partial denture
nonworking-side \nŏn-wûr΄kĭng sıd\: that side of the mandible thatmoves toward the medial line in a lateral excursion; the condyle onthat side is referred to as the NONWORKING-SIDE CONDYLE
nonworking-side condyle \nŏn-wûr΄kĭng sıd kŏn΄dĭl\: the condyleon the nonworking-side
nonworking-side condyle path \nŏn-wûr΄kĭng sıd kŏn΄dĭl path\:the path the condyle traverses on the nonworking-side when themandible moves in a lateral excursion, which may be viewed in thethree reference planes of the body
nonworking-side interference \nŏn-wûr΄kĭng sıd ĭn΄tar-fîr΄ans\:
comp, NONWORKING-SIDE OCCLUSAL CONTACTo΄salnonworking-side occlusal contact \nŏn-wûr΄kĭng sıd a-klo
kŏn΄takt΄\: contact of the teeth on the side opposite to the directionof laterotrusion of the mandible; an undesirable contact of opposing
occlusal surfaces on the nonworking-side when it interferes withTHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e62

Volume 117 Issue 5S

nonworking-side occlusal contact  occlusal pathnotch n: syn, PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCHo΄zal, -sal a-j
ust΄mant\: syn, OCCLUSAL
occlusal adjustment \a-klo
RESHAPING; comp, ESTHETIC RESHAPING
o΄zal,-sal a-nal΄ĭ-sĭs\: a systematic examinaocclusal analysis \a-klo
tion of the occlusion with special consideration to the interocclusal
relations of mounted casts

noxious stimulus \nŏk΄shas stĭm΄ya-las\: a tissue-damaging
stimuluso-äns΄, nyo
o-, noo΄äns΄, nyoo΄-\ n (1781): 1. a subtle
nuance \nodistinction or variation, such as in tone or color; 2. a subtle quality; 3.
delicate shading; nuanced adj

occlusal appliance slang: syn, DEVICE, OCCLUSAL DEVICEo΄zal, -sal bal΄ans\: a condition in which
occlusal balance \a-klo
there are simultaneous contacts of opposing teeth or tooth analogues on both sides of the opposing dental arches during eccentric
movements within the functional range

anterior guidance or group function on the working-side;
nonworking-side contacts are desirable with removable complete
dentures when establishing balanced articulation; syn, MEDIOTRUSIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT

null detector \n
ul dĭ-tĕk΄tor\: a detector of the point at which there
is no color difference between two samples; the human eye is an
excellent null detector; it is considerably less trustworthy in estimating how large a given difference is

O
OBJ: abbr for OBJECT FILE FORMAT
object ﬁle format: a simple data-format that stores code for imagesby using 3D geometry
-blek΄, a-blek΄ rĭj\: the elevation in the enamel thatoblique ridge \oruns obliquely across the occlusal surface of a maxillary molar
obtundent \ŏb-t
un΄dant\ n: an agent or remedy that lessens orrelieves pain or sensibility
obturator \ŏb΄ta-ra΄tar\ n (ca. 1727): 1. a maxillofacial prosthesis
used to close a congenital or acquired tissue opening, primarily ofthe hard palate and/or contiguous alveolar/soft tissue structures(GPT-7); 2. that component of a prosthesis that ﬁts into and closes a
defect within the oral cavity or other body defect; 3. a maxillofacial
prosthesis used to close, cover, or maintain the integrity of the oral
and nasal compartments resulting from a congenital, acquired, ordevelopmental disease process, such as cancer, cleft palate,osteoradionecrosis of the palate; the prosthesis facilitates speechand deglutition by replacing those tissues lost because of the disease process and can, as a result, reduce nasal regurgitation andhypernasal speech, improve articulation, deglutition, and mastication; an obturator prosthesis is classiﬁed as surgical, interim, ordeﬁnitive and reﬂects the intervention time period used in the
maxillofacial rehabilitation of the patient; prosthodontic restorationof a defect often includes use of a surgical obturator, interim
obturator, and deﬁnitive obturator; comp, DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR,INTERIM OBTURATOR, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS, SURGICALOBTURATOR΄sĭs
obturator prosthesis modiﬁcation \ŏb΄ta-ra΄tar prŏs-themŏd΄a-fĭ-ka΄shun\: revision or alteration of an existing obturator(surgical, interim, or deﬁnitive); possible revisions include the reliefof the denture base to alleviate tissue compression and for theaugmentation of the seal or border regions to affect adequate
sealing or separation between the nasal and oral cavitiesod΄\ vb (1597): 1. to bring together; to shut; 2. toocclude \a-klo
bring or close the mandibular teeth into contact with the maxillaryteeth; occluded; occluding vt
΄dĭd gas pa-rŏs΄ĭ-t
occluded gas porosity \a-kl
ooe\: porosity produced in a casting as a result of the inability of gasses in the mold toescape; syn, BACK PRESSURE POROSITY, SHRINK-SPOT POROSITY,
SOLIDIFICATION POROSITY, SUCK-BACK POROSITYod΄ĭng fram\ obs: a name given to a device
occluding frame \a-klo
for relating casts to each other for the purpose of arranging teeth(GPT-1)o΄zal, -sal\ adj (1897): pertaining to the masticatory
occlusal \a-klo
surfaces of the posterior teeth, prostheses, or occlusion rims

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

occlusal clearance nonstand: syn, INTEROCCLUSAL CLEARANCEo΄zal, -sal kŏn΄takt΄\: 1. the touching ofocclusal contact \a-klo
opposing teeth on elevation of the mandible; 2. any contact relationof opposing teeth; comp, DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT, INITIALOCCLUSAL CONTACT
occlusal correction: syn, OCCLUSAL ADJUSTMENT, OCCLUSALRESHAPINGo΄zal, -sal kûr΄va-choor΄, -char\: the curve
occlusal curvature \a-kloof the dentition in which the occlusal surfaces lie, when viewed in
the frontal and sagittal planeso΄zal, -sal dĭ-vıs΄\: any removable artiﬁcial
occlusal device \a-klo
occlusal surface affecting the relationship of the mandible to themaxillae used for diagnosis or therapy; uses of this device may
include, but are not limited to, occlusal stabilization for treatment of
temporomandibular disorders, diagnostic overlay prior to extensive
intervention, radiation therapy, occlusal positioning, and preventionof wear of the dentition or damage to brittle restorative materials
such as dental porcelain; comp, bite guard, DEVICE, guard, MOUTH
GUARD, occlusal appliance, OCCLUSAL SPLINT, ORTHOTIC DEVICE,
STENT, SURGICAL SPLINTo΄zal, -sal dĭs-har΄ma-ne
\: a phenomeocclusal disharmony \a-klo
non in which contacts of opposing occlusal surfaces are not in
harmony with other tooth contacts and/or the anatomic andphysiologic components of the craniomandibular complexo΄zal, -sal dĭs-the΄zha\: unusual sensory
occlusal dysesthesia \a-klo
perceptions during occlusal contacto΄zal, -sal ĕm-bra΄zhar\: the interdental
occlusal embrasure \a-klo
space that is coronal to the contact areao
΄zal, -sal ĭ-kwĭl΄a-bra΄shun\: theocclusal equilibration \a-klo
modiﬁcation of the occlusal form of the teeth with the intent ofequalizing occlusal stress, producing simultaneous occlusal contacts
or harmonizing cuspal relations
occlusal facet: syn, WEAR FACETo΄zal, -sal fôrs, fors\: the result of muscular force
occlusal force \a-klo
applied on opposing teeth; the force created by the dynamic actionof the muscles during the physiologic act of mastication; the resultof muscular activity applied to opposing teetho΄zal, -sal form\: the form the occlusal surface ofocclusal form \a-klo
a tooth or a row of teeth (GPT-4)o΄zal, -sal här΄ma-ne
\ obs: a condition in
occlusal harmony \a-klo
maximal intercuspal position and eccentric jaw relation in which
there are no interceptive or deﬂective contacts of occluding surfaces(GPT-4)o΄zal, -sal ĭn΄tur-fîr΄ans\: 1. any tooth
occlusal interference \a-klo
contact that inhibits the remaining occluding surfaces fromachieving stable and harmonious contacts; 2. any undesirable
occlusal contacto΄zal, -sal path, path\ obs: 1. a gliding occlusal
occlusal path \a-klo
contact; 2. the path of movement of an occlusal surface (GPT-4)

May 2017

e63

occlusal pattern  opaque porcelaino΄zal, -sal pat΄arn\: the form or design of theocclusal pattern \a-klo
masticatory surfaces of a tooth or teeth based on natural, modiﬁed
anatomic or nonanatomic teeth΄zal,-sal plan\: 1. the average plane estabocclusal plane \a-kl
oolished by the incisal and occlusal surfaces of the teeth; generally, it is
not a plane but represents the planar mean of the curvature of thesesurfaces; 2. the surface of wax occlusion rims contoured to guide in
the arrangement of denture teeth; 3. a ﬂat or curved template usedin arranging denture teeth; comp, CURVE OF OCCLUSIONo΄zal, -sal pa-zĭsh΄an\ obs: the relationship of
occlusal position \a-klo
the mandible and maxillae when the jaw is closed and the teeth arein maximal intercuspal position; this position may or may notcoincide with centric occlusion (GPT-4)o΄zal pre΄ma-tyoor΄ĭ-te\: syn, DEFLECocclusal prematurity \a-klo
TIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT΄zal, -sal prĕsh΄ar\ obs: any force exerted
occlusal pressure \a-kl
ooon the occlusal surfaces of teeth (GPT-4)
occlusal reduction: the quantity (usually measured in millimeters)of tooth structure that is removed to establish adequate space for a
restorative material between the occlusal aspect of the toothpreparation and the opposing dentitiono΄zal, -sal r
occlusal reshaping \a-klo
e-shap΄ĭng\: any change in theocclusion intended to alter the occlusal surfaces of the teeth orrestorations to change their form; syn, OCCLUSAL ADJUSTMENT,
SELECTIVE GRINDING; comp, ESTHETIC RESHAPING, INCISALREDUCTION, OCCLUSAL REDUCTIONo΄zal, -sal rĕst\: a rigid extension of a removable
occlusal rest \a-klo
partial denture that contacts the occlusal surface of a tooth orrestoration, the occlusal surface of which is commonly prepared toreceive this rest; comp, REST SEAT΄zal, -sal rĕst ärm\ obs: a minor connector
occlusal rest arm \a-kl
ooused to attach an occlusal rest to a major part of a removable partial
denture (GPT-1)
occlusal rim: syn, OCCLUSION RIM
occlusal splint: syn, OCCLUSAL DEVICEo΄zal, -sal sta-bĭl΄ĭ-t
occlusal stability \a-klo
e\: the equalization ofcontacts that prevents tooth movement
occlusal stop slang: syn, OCCLUSAL REST
occlusal strength nonstand: syn, MASTICATORY FORCEo΄zal, -sal sûr΄fas\: a surface of a posterior
occlusal surface \a-klo
tooth or occlusion rim that is intended to make contact with an
opposing occlusal surface (GPT-1)o΄zal, -sal sĭs΄tam\ obs: the form or design andocclusal system \a-klo
arrangement of the occlusal and incisal units of a dentition or theteeth on a denture (GPT-4)o΄zal, -sal ta΄bal\: the portion of the occlusal
occlusal table \a-klo
surfaces of posterior teeth that lies within the perimeter of the cusp
tips and marginal ridges; the functional portion(s) of the occlusal
surface(s) of a posterior tooth or teetho΄zal, -sal trou΄ma, trô΄-\: trauma to the
occlusal trauma \a-klo
periodontium from functional or parafunctional forces causing
damage to the attachment apparatus of the periodontium byexceeding its adaptive and reparative capacities; it may be selflimiting or progressive; comp, PRIMARY OCCLUSAL TRAUMA, SECONDARY OCCLUSAL TRAUMAo΄zal, -sal vûr΄tĭ-kal dĭ-mĕn΄shun\:occlusal vertical dimension \a-klo
the distance between two selected anatomic or marked points(usually one on the tip of the nose and the other on the chin) whenin maximal intercuspal position; syn, VERTICAL DIMENSION OF
OCCLUSIONo΄zal, -sal wâr\: loss of substance on opposing
occlusal wear \a-klo
occlusal units or surfaces as the result of attrition or abrasiono΄shun\ n (1645): 1. the act or process of closure or
occlusion \a-klo
of being closed or shut off; 2. the static relationship between theincising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teethor tooth analogues; comp, ARTICULATION, CENTRIC OCCLUSION,COMPONENTS OF OCCLUSION, ECCENTRIC OCCLUSION, LINE OFOCCLUSION, LINEAR OCCLUSION, MONOPLANE OCCLUSION,PATHOGENIC OCCLUSION, SPHERICAL FORM OF OCCLUSIONo΄shun a-nal΄ĭ-sĭs\ obs: syn, OCCLUSAL
occlusion analysis \a-klo
ANALYSISo΄shun rĕk΄ard\ obs: a registration of
occlusion record \a-klo
opposing occluding surfaces made at any maxillomandibular relationship (GPT-4)o΄shun rĭm\: occluding surfaces fabricated on
occlusion rim \a-klo
interim or ﬁnal denture bases for the purpose of making maxillomandibular relation records and arranging teeth; syn, RECORD
RIM, OCCLUSAL RIMk΄occult cleft palate \a-k
ult΄, ŏ-k
ult΄, oult΄ klĕft pal΄ĭt\: a separationof muscle in the soft palate with mucous membrane covering thedefect; this is often characterized by a notch in the hard palate,bifurcation of the uvula, displaced musculature, and an attenuatedraphe; syn, SUBMUCOUS CLEFT PALATE
ocular prosthesis \ŏk΄ya-lar prŏs-the΄sĭs\: a maxillofacial prosthesisthat artiﬁcially replaces an eye missing as a result of trauma, surgery,or congenital absence; the prosthesis does not replace missing
eyelids or adjacent skin, mucosa or muscle; slang, artiﬁcial eye, glass
eye; comp, INTERIM OCULAR PROSTHESIS, ORBITAL PROSTHESIS
-dŏn΄tal-ja\ n: toothache; pain in a toothodontalgia \oodontogenous pain \o-dŏn-taj΄a-nus pan\: deep somatic pain
originating in the dental pulp and/or periodontal ligament-dŏn΄ta-graf\ n: a device used to demonstrateodontograph \oirregularities occurring in the surface of tooth enamel
-dŏn΄ta-plas-te
\ n: the reshaping of a portion of aodontoplasty \otooth-dŏn΄cha\ n: the formation of less than a fulloligodontia \ŏl΄ĭ-gocomplement of teeth; many such teeth are smaller than normal
onlay \ŏn΄la, ôn΄-\ n: a partial-coverage restoration that restores one
or more cusps and adjoining occlusal surfaces or the entire occlusal
surface and is retained by mechanical or adhesive means; comp,PARTIAL-COVERAGE CROWN
onlay graft \ŏn΄la, ôn- graft\ (1998): augmentation of the height orwidth of the alveolar ridge with autologous bone or bone substitutes placed beneath the periosteum
-pas΄ĭ-te\ n (1611): the quality or state of a body that
opacity \omakes it impervious to light-pak΄\ adj (1641): the property of a material that absorbs
opaque \o
and/or reﬂects all light and prevents any transmission of light
opaque dentin: modiﬁed body porcelain with increased opacity,used where fewer translucencies are required, such as in thegingival area of a pontic or incisal mamelon to mimic existing
anatomic features of adjacent natural teeth
opaque modiﬁer: colored dental porcelain formulated to be
selectively mixed with opaque porcelain to increase the saturationof the desired pigment
opaque porcelain: the ﬁrst porcelain layer applied in the metalceramic technique to the underlying metal framework to establish
the bond between the porcelain and metal while simultaneously
masking the dark color of the metallic oxide layer; opaque porcelain
provides the primary source of color for the completed restoration

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e64

Volume 117 Issue 5S

open bite  overbite
open bite slang: syn, OPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP;
APERTOGNATHIA΄pan frak΄chur\: any fracture in which there is an
open fracture \oexternal wound leading to a break in the bone; syn, compound
fracture΄pan a-klo
o΄zal, -sal rĭ-la΄shun-shĭp΄\:
open occlusal relationship \othe lack of tooth contact in an occluding position; comp, ANTERIOROPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP, APERTOGNATHIA, POSTERIOROPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP
open-source software: software that is licensed for unrestricted use
and access to source codes
opening movement \o΄pa-nĭng\: movement of the mandible
executed during jaw separation (GPT-1); syn, ENVELOPE OF MOTIONr΄- ﬂor΄a\: the various bacterial and otheroral ﬂora \ôr΄al,- ﬂôr΄a, omicrobiota inhabiting the oral cavity
r΄- mĕk΄a-nĭz΄um\: the functioning strucoral mechanism \ôr΄al, otures of the oral cavity
r΄- myoo-ko΄sa\: the lining of the oral cavity
oral mucosa \ôr΄al, or΄- ôr΄a-fĭs, ŏr΄-\: the longitudinal opening of theoral oriﬁce \ôr΄al, omouth between the lips that provides the entrance to the oral cavity
r΄- ôr΄tha-pe΄dĭks\: 1. a concept inoral orthopedics \ôr΄al, odentistry concerned with postural relationships of the jaws, bothnormal and abnormal; 2. analysis of the harmful effects of an
improper relationship of the mandible and the maxillae on dental
and other related structures; 3. the diagnosis and correction of suchunfavorable relationships and the treatment and/or prevention of
the resulting discontinuities between the mandible and maxillae
orbital prosthesis \ôr΄bĭ-tal prŏs-the΄sĭs\: a maxillofacial prosthesisthat artiﬁcially restores the eye, eyelids, and adjacent hard and soft
tissues; comp, OCULAR PROSTHESIS
orbiting condyle: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE CONDYLE
v mas΄tĭ-ka΄shun\: the combination
organ of mastication \ôr΄gan uof all the structures involved in the reception, mastication, anddeglutition of food; syn; MASTICATORY SYSTEM
organic occlusion obs: syn, ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATIONr΄-\ n (15c): an opening into a body cavity
oriﬁce \ôr΄a-fĭs, o
ORMOCER: acronym for ORganically MOdiﬁed CERamic; a threedimensionally cross-linked copolymer with polymerizing side
chains resulting in low volumetric polymerization shrinkage and lessresidual monomer
oronasal ﬁstula \ôr΄a-na΄zal fĭs΄cha-la\: a pathologic opening between the oral and nasal cavities; syn; CONFLUENT DEFECT OF THE
SINUS, oroantral communication
oropharynx \ôr΄a-far΄ĭngks\ n (1887): the part of the pharynx lying
between the soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottis; syn,
ORAL PHARYNX, PARS ORALIS PHARYNGIS, PHARYNGO ORAL CAVITY, VESTIBULE OF THE PHARYNX
orthodontic band \ôr΄tha-dŏn΄tĭk\: a metal orthodontic device that
holds a bracket or tube and encircles a toothorthognathic surgery: surgical repositioning of all or part of themaxillae or mandible
orthognathous \ŏr΄thŏg-nath΄ĭk\ adj: pertaining to or characterized
by minimal protrusion of the mandible or minimal prognathism

orthotic device \ôr-thŏ΄tĭk dĭ-vıs΄\: a device designed to brace,
activate, or supplement a weakened limb; in dentistry, any removable artiﬁcial occlusal surface affecting the relationship of themandible to the maxillae used for diagnosis or therapy; syn,OCCLUSAL DEVICE, orthopedic repositioning appliance; comp, DEVICE
osseointegration n: 1. the apparent direct attachment or connection of osseous tissue to an inert, alloplastic material without
intervening ﬁbrous connective tissue; 2. the process and resultant
apparent direct connection of an exogenous material’s surface andthe host bone tissues, without intervening ﬁbrous connective tissuepresent; 3. the interface between alloplastic materials and bone;orig, Per-Ingvar Branemark, physician/professor/surgeon, Sweden,
1982
osseous \ŏs΄
e-as\ adj (1707): bonyosseous graft: syn, BONE GRAFT
ossiﬁcation \ŏs΄a-fĭ-ka΄shun\ n (1697): 1. the natural process ofbone formation; the hardening into a bony substance; 2. a mass of
ossiﬁed tissue
ostectomy \ŏs-tĕk΄t
o-m
e\ n: the excision of bone or a portion of abone, usually by means of a saw or chisel, for the removal of asequestrum, the correction of a deformity, or any other purpose
osteitis \ŏs΄te-ı΄tĭs\ n (ca. 1839): inﬂammation of bone
-är-thrı΄tĭs\ n (1878): chronic degeneration
osteoarthritis \ŏs΄t
e-o
and destruction of the articular cartilage and/or ﬁbrous connective tissue linings of the joint components and discs, leading tobony spurs, pain, stiffness, limitation of movement, and changes
in bone morphology; advanced conditions may involve erosions
and disc degeneration with crepitus; syn, DEGENERATIVE JOINTDISEASEosteoconduction: the process whereby bone grows on a surface oron a scaffolding that is conductive to bone deposition; this is apassive process; comp, OSTEOINDUCTION
osteoconductive graft: a graft material that serves as a scaffold for
new bone growth; this is a passive process
-o-jĕn΄ĭ-sĭs\ n: development of bone; formation
osteogenesis \ŏs΄teof bone-o-ĭn-dosteoinduction \ŏs΄teuk΄shun\ n: the capability of chemicals
or procedures to induce bone formation through the differentiation
and recruitment of osteoblasts; phenotypic conversion of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts; comp, OSTEOCONDUCTION
osteoporosis \ŏs΄t
e-
o-pa-ro΄sĭs\ n (1846): a medical condition
characterized by a decrease in bone mass with diminished density
and concurrent enlargement of bone spaces, which produces΄sĕz\ pl; osteoporotic adj
porosity and fragility of bone; -roses \-ro-o-to
m\ n: a chisel for use in cutting boneosteotome \ŏs΄teosteotomy \ŏs΄t
e-ŏt΄a-m
e\ n: the surgical cutting of a bone;frequently used to also describe smoothing, leveling, or alteringexternal contours of the bone; comp, ALVEOLECTOMY,ALVEOPLASTY
outline form: the shape of the area of a tooth preparation that isincluded within the cavosurface margins

PANORAMIC

ovate pontic: a pontic that is elliptically shaped on its tissue surface
in two dimensions, typically partially submerged in a surgically
prepared, soft-tissue depression to enhance the illusion that a natural tooth is emerging from the soft tissues΄dĭk\ (1998): a
orthopedic craniofacial prosthesis \ôr-tha-pe
dynamic orthopedic maxillofacial prosthesis used to maintain or
position the craniofacial osseous segments that are malaligned as aresult of trauma or craniofacial anomalies

oven soldering: any soldering procedure that uses heat from afurnace to melt and fuse the solder as opposed to using a gas-air
torch, gas-oxygen torch, or laser as the heat source; comp, LASERWELDING, SOLDER
΄var-bıt΄\ n, slang: syn, VERTICAL OVERLAP
overbite \oOrthopantomogram
RADIOGRAPH

adj,

trade

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

name:

syn,

May 2017e65

overclosure  palatopharyngeal closure΄var-klo΄zhar\ n: an occluding vertical dimension at aoverclosure \oreduced interarch distance; an occluding vertical dimension that
results in excessive interocclusal distance when the mandible is in
the rest position; it results in a reduced interridge distance when theteeth are in contact
΄var-dĕn΄chur\ n: any removable dental prosthesis
overdenture \othat covers and rests on one or more remaining natural teeth, theroots of natural teeth, and/or dental implants; a dental prosthesisthat covers and is partially supported by natural teeth, natural toothroots, and/or dental implants; nonstand/syn, OVERLAY DENTURE,
OVERLAY PROSTHESIS΄var-glaz\ adj (1879): the production of a glazed surface
overglaze \oby the addition of a ﬂuxed glass that usually vitriﬁes at a lower
temperature΄var-hang\ n (1864): excess restorative material prooverhang \ojecting beyond a cavity or preparation margin
overjet n substand: syn, HORIZONTAL OVERLAP
overlap n substand (1726): comp, HORIZONTAL OVERLAP, VERTICALOVERLAPoverlay denture nonstand: syn, OVERDENTURE
overlay prosthesis nonstand: syn, OVERDENTURE

P
1pack \pak\ vt (14c): 1. to make into a compact form; 2. tocompletely ﬁll; 3. to crowd together; 4. to compress; packability\pak΄a-bĭl΄ĭ-te\ n; packable \pak΄a-bal\ adj
pack \pak\ n: any material used to protect tissue, ﬁll space or
prevent hemorrhage
2

packing \pak΄ĭng\ vt: the act of ﬁlling a mold; comp, DENTURE
PACKING
PACS: acronym for PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATIONPAEK: acronym for POLYARYLETHERKETONE; comprising a family ofsemi-crystalline thermoplastic polymers exhibiting high strengthand shape stability over a wide range of temperatures; comp, PEEK
pain \pan\ n (13c): a subjective unpleasant sensory (afferent) andemotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue
damage or described in terms of such damage; comp, ACUTE PAIN,CHRONIC PAIN, HETEROTOPIC PAIN, MASTICATORY PAIN, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, MYOGENOUS PAIN, NEUROGENOUS PAIN,ODONTOGENOUS PAIN, PRIMARY PAIN, PROJECTED PAIN, SECONDARY PAIN, VASCULAR PAIN, VISCERAL PAIN
palatal augmentation prosthesis \pal΄a-tal ôg΄mĕn-ta΄shun prŏsthe΄sĭs\: a removable maxillofacial prosthesis that alters the hard
and/or soft palate’s topographical form adjacent to the tongue; itallows reshaping of the hard palate to improve tongue/palate
contact during speech and swallowing to compensate for impaired
tongue mobility as a result of surgery, trauma, or neurological or
motor deﬁcits
palatal bar: syn, PALATAL BAR CONNECTOR
r\: a major connector
palatal bar connector \pal΄a-tal bär ka-nĕk΄toof a maxillary removable partial denture that crosses the palate andhas a characteristic shape that is half-oval anteroposteriorly with its
thickest portion at the center of the bar connector
palatal cleft \pal΄a-tal klĕft\: 1. an opening in the roof of the mouth
and/or in the functional soft palate; a deformity of the palate from
improper union of the maxillary processes with the median nasal
process during the second month of intrauterine development; 2. acleft in the palate between the two palatal processes; if both thehard and soft palate are involved, it is termed URANOSTAPHYLOSCHISIS; if only the soft palate is divided, it is termed URANOSCHISIS;

syn, CLEFT PALATE, COMPLETE CLEFT PALATE, OCCULT CLEFT
PALATE
palatal drop prosthesis slang: syn, PALATAL AUGMENTATIONPROSTHESIS
palatal expansion \pal΄a-tal ĭk-span΄shun\: in orthodontics, thelateral movement of the maxillae to increase palatal width
palatal incompetence \pal΄a-tal ĭn-kŏm΄pĭ-tans\: the inability of an
anatomically intact soft palate to contribute to a functional palatopharyngeal sphincter usually because of disease or trauma of aneurogenic or muscular nature; lack of effective closure between
the soft palate and one or more of the pharyngeal walls affecting
swallowing or speech sounds that require high intraoral pressure;nasal reﬂux of ﬂuids, escape of air during speech or hypernasality
may result; syn, PALATOPHARYGNEAL INCOMPETENCE, VELOPHARYNGEAL DEFICIENCY
palatal insufﬁciency \pal΄a-tal ĭn΄sa-fĭsh΄an-s
e\: an acquired orcongenital anatomic inadequacy of the soft palate that makes thepalatopharyngeal sphincter incomplete; lack of effective closure
between the soft palate affecting swallowing or speech sounds that
require high intraoral pressure; nasal reﬂux of ﬂuids, escape of air
during speech or hypernasality may result; syn, PALATOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY, VELOPHARYNGEAL DEFICIENCYe΄sĭs\: a maxillofacial
palatal lift prosthesis \pal΄a-tal lĭft prŏs-th
prosthesis that elevates the soft palate superiorly and aids inrestoration of soft palate functions that may be lost because of an
acquired, congenital or developmental defect; a deﬁnitive palatal lift
prosthesis is usually made for patients whose experience with adiagnostic palatal lift has been successful, especially if surgicalalterations are deemed unwarranted; an interim palatal lift prosthesis
is usually made as a diagnostic aid to assess the level of possible
improvement in speech intelligibility; some clinicians believe use ofa palatal lift prosthesis may stimulate an otherwise ﬂaccid soft
palate to increase functional activity, subsequently lessening its
need΄sĭs\:
palatal lift prosthesis modiﬁcation \pal΄a-tal lĭft prŏs-thealterations in the adaptation, contour, form, or function of an
existing palatal lift prosthesis necessitated to correct tissue
impingement, lack of function, poor clasp adaptation, or the likepalatal plate \pal΄a-tal plat\: a major connector of a removablepartial denture that covers a signiﬁcant portion of the palatal surface
palatal seal: syn, POSTPALATAL SEAL
palatal stent: syn, SURGICAL STENT
palatal strap \pal΄a-tal strap\: a major connector of a maxillary
removable partial denture having an anterioposterior dimension notless than 8 mm that directly or obliquely traverses the palate; it isgenerally located in the area of the second premolar and ﬁrst molar;
comp, PALATAL BAR CONNECTOR, PALATAL PLATE
palatal vault \pal΄a-tal volt\: 1. the deepest and most superior partof the palate; 2. the curvature of the palate; comp, SPACE OF
DONDERS
palate \pal΄ĭt\ n (14c): comp, HARD PALATE, SOFT PALATE
palatogram \pa-lĭt΄a-gram\ n: a graphic representation of the areaof the palate contacted by the tongue during a speciﬁed activity,
usually speech
-al, -jal, -far΄ĭn-je΄alpalatopharyngeal closure \pa-lĭt΄a-fa-rĭn΄je΄zhur\: a sphincteric action sealing the oral cavity from the nasal
klocavity during swallowing and phonation by the synchronous
movement of the middle third of the soft palate in a superior andposterior direction, the lateral pharyngeal wall medially, and theposterior walls of the pharynx anteriorly; syn, VELOPHARYNGEAL
CLOSURETHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e66

Volume 117 Issue 5S

palatopharyngeal inadequacy  partial-veneer crownpalatopharyngeal inadequacy \pa-lĭt΄a-fa-rĭn΄je-al, -jal, -far΄ĭn-je΄alĭn-ad΄ĭ-kwa-se\: a condition where there is lack of effective closure
between the soft palate and one or more of the pharyngeal walls
during swallowing or speech sounds that require high intraoralpressure; nasal reﬂux escape of air during speech or hypernasality
may result; this lack of closure may be the result of palatal incompetence, palatal insufﬁciency, or from lack of movement of thepharyngeal walls; comp, PALATAL INCOMPETENCE, PALATALINSUFFICIENCY΄al ĭn-kŏm΄pĭpalatopharyngeal incompetence \pa-lĭt΄a-fa-rĭn΄jetans\: syn, PALATAL INCOMPETENCE; comp, PALATAL INSUFFICIENCY΄al ĭn΄sa-fĭsh΄anpalatopharyngeal insufﬁciency \pa-lĭt΄a-fa-rĭn΄jese\: syn, PALATAL INSUFFICIENCY; comp, PALATAL INCOMPETENCE΄al sfĭngk΄tar\: thepalatopharyngeal sphincter \pa-lĭt΄a-fa-rĭn΄-jefunctional sphincter that separates the nasopharynx andoropharynx during swallowing and phonation, formed by the posterior and superior movement of the middle third of the soft palate,the anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall, and the
medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls; comp, PALATOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE; syn, VELOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER

parallax \par΄a-laks΄\ n: a difference in the perceived location of an
object when observed from two different points not on a straightline with the object

palatorrhaphy: surgical repair of a cleft palate

partial-coverage restoration n: syn, ONLAY, PARTIAL-COVERAGECROWN, PARTIAL-COVERAGE RETAINER, THREE-QUARTER CROWN

palliative \pal΄e-a΄tĭv\ adj (1543): affording relief but not a curepalpate \pal΄pat΄\ vb (1849): to examine by touch; palpated \palpa΄tĭd\; palpating \pal-pa΄tĭng\ vt, palpation \pal-pa΄shun\ n-o-graf΄\: a tomogram ofpanoramic radiograph \pan΄a-ram΄ĭk ra΄dethe maxillae and mandible taken with a specialized machine;
designed to present a panoramic view of the full circumferential
lengths of the maxillae and mandible on a single ﬁlm
-ŏg΄ra-fe\: a method of
panoramic radiography \pan΄a-ram΄ĭk ra΄deradiography by which a continuous radiograph of the maxillary andmandibular dental arches and their associated structures may beobtained
Panorex adj, trade name (1966): syn, PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH
pantogram n: syn, PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING
pantograph \pan΄ta-gräf΄\ n (1723): 1. an instrument used forcopying a planar ﬁgure to any desired scale; 2. in dentistry, an
instrument used to graphically record, in one or more planes, thepaths of mandibular movement and to provide information for the
programming of an articulator; Editorial note for usage: extraoral
tracer (ing), intraoral tracer (ing), and tracing device are the primaryterms; comp, ARROW POINT TRACER, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
DEVICE, CEPHALOMETRIC TRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL
TRACER, GOTHIC ARCH TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING MANDIBULAR
TRACER, NEEDLE POINT TRACING, PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING, STYLUS
TRACING, TRACING DEVICE
pantographic tracing \pan΄ta-gräf΄ĭk tra΄sĭng\: a graphic record ofmandibular movement usually recorded in the horizontal andsagittal planes as registered by styli on the recording tables of apantograph or by means of electronic sensors
papilla \pa-pĭl΄a\ n, (1713): any small, sessile or pedunculated tissueelevation; papillae \-pĭl΄e\ pl; comp, INCISIVE PAPILLA, INTERDENTALPAPILLA
papillary index: a visual analog score that uses a reference line
bisecting a line between the gingival zenith of the teeth adjacent to
the papilla and the tooth contact area; score values range from0 (absent papilla), 1, 2, 3, 4 (hyperplasia); orig, Torsten Jemt, prosthodontist, Sweden, 1997; comp, PINK ESTHETIC SCORE
parafunction \par΄a-f
ungk΄shun\ adj: disordered or pervertedfunction

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

parallel attachment: syn, PRECISION ATTACHMENT
parallelometer \par΄a-lĕ-lŏm΄ĭ-tar\ n: 1. an instrument used for
determining the exact parallel relationships of lines, structures, andsurfaces in dental casts and prostheses; 2. an apparatus used formaking one object parallel with another object, as in parallelingattachments and abutments for ﬁxed dental prostheses or precisionattachments for removable dental prostheses; syn, SURVEYOR
paralysis \pa-ral΄ĭ-sĭs\ n (1525): loss or impairment of motor function
as the result of a trauma or pathosis΄zha\ n: lacking normal afferent sensation,paresthesia \par΄ĭs-thesuch as tingling or burning
partial-coverage crown: an artiﬁcial replacement that restores
missing tooth structure by surrounding part of the remaining
structure with a material such as cast metal alloy, ceramics, or resin;
it is retained by mechanical or adhesive means; syn, ONLAY, THREEQUARTER CROWN

partial-coverage retainer: the component for a ﬁxed partial denture that is an artiﬁcial replacement that restores missing tooth
structure by surrounding part of the remaining structure with amaterial such as cast metal alloy, ceramics, or resin; it is retained bymechanical or adhesive means
partial denture \pär΄shal dĕn΄chur\: a removable partial denture ora ﬁxed partial denture that restores a partially edentulous arch;
Editorial note for usage: a partial denture can be described as aremovable partial denture or a ﬁxed partial denture based on thepatient’s capability to remove or not remove the prosthesis,
respectively; adjectives (modiﬁers) may be added to the clinicaldescription of the partial denture, if needed, to designate the meansof mechanical retention, such as, a screw retained ﬁxed partial
denture; any such prosthesis luted to dental implants (in the samemanner as luting a ﬁxed partial denture to natural teeth) needs no
additional designation as to its means of retention; comp, BILATERALDISTAL-EXTENSION REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE, FIXED PARTIAL
DENTURE, NESBIT, REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE, PROSTHESIS
uk΄shun\partial denture construction \pär΄shal dĕn΄chur kon-str
obs: the science and techniques of designing and constructing
partial dentures (GPT-4)
partial denture impression \pär΄shal dĕn΄chur ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: anegative likeness of all supporting teeth and/or dental implants andtissues of a partially edentulous arch
partial denture rest \pär΄shal dĕn΄chur rĕst\: a rigid extension of aﬁxed or removable partial denture that prevents movement toward
the mucosa and transmits functional forces to the teeth or dental
implant
partial denture retention \pär΄shal dĕn΄chur rĭ-tĕn΄shun\: theability of a removable partial denture to resist movement away fromits foundation area and/or abutments
-ka΄shun\: displacement of thepartial dislocation \pär΄shal dĭs΄lo
articular disc resulting in a seriously impaired disc-condyle complex
function
partial-veneer crown \pär΄shal va-nîr΄ kroun\ n, nonstand: Editorial
note for usage: this is a nonspeciﬁc term that does not distinguishbetween the partial-coverage crown restoration of the tooth andthe partial veneering of an artiﬁcial crown; syn, PARTIAL-COVERAGECROWN, PARTIAL-COVERAGE RETAINER

May 2017e67

partitive color mixing  periosteum
partitive color mixing \pär΄tĭ-tĭv\: color mixing in which both additive and subtractive principles are involved; the eye interprets tiny
dots of subtractive color too small to be individually resolved at theviewing distance; the resultant color will be the average of thecolors used
Passavant’s pad: syn, PASSAVANT’S RIDGE
Passavant’s ridge: eponym for a prominence on the posterior wallof the nasal pharynx formed by contraction of the superior
constrictor muscle of the pharynx during swallowing; contraction
occurs at the level of the plane of the hard palate; orig, Philip Gustav
Passavant, physician/surgeon, Germany, 1815-1893; syn, passavant’s
cushion, PASSAVANT’S PAD
Passavant PG. Uber die Verschliesung des Schlunmdes beim Sprechen. Virchows Archiv Pathol Anat (Berlin) 1869;1-31
passivate \pas΄ĭ-vat\ vb (1913): 1. to render inactive or less reactive;
2. to protect against contamination by coating or surface treating;-ated; -ating vt
passivation \pas΄ĭ-va΄shun\ n: a process whereby metals and alloys
are made more corrosion resistant through surface treatment; thisprocess produces a thin and stable inert oxide layer on the externalsurfaces
passive \pas΄ĭv\ adj (14c): 1. not active or in operation; inert; latent;
2. resistant to corrosion; 3. existing or occurring without being
active, direct, or open
passivity \pa-sĭv΄ĭ-te\ n (14c): the quality or condition of inactivity or
rest assumed by the teeth, tissues, and denture when a removablepartial prosthesis is in place but not under masticatory pressure
path of insertion: the speciﬁc direction in which a prosthesis isplaced on the residual alveolar ridge, abutment teeth, dental
implant abutment(s), or attachments; syn, PATH OF PLACEMENT
v plas΄mant\: the speciﬁc direction
path of placement \path, path u
in which a prosthesis is placed on the residual alveolar ridge,
abutment teeth, dental implant abutment(s), or attachments; syn,PATH OF INSERTION
path of withdrawal: syn, PATH OF INSERTION, PATH OF
PLACEMENT
pathogenic occlusion \path΄a-jĕn΄ĭk\: an occlusal relationshipcapable of producing pathologic changes in the stomatognathic
systempatient history: the collected data about an individual, family,
environmental factors (including medical and dental history), andany other information that may be useful in analyzing and diagnosing conditions or for instructional purposespatient series: a collection of common diagnostic ﬁndings ortreatment modalities within a group of patientspatient study: presentation of the diagnostic ﬁndings and treatment for a patient
patrix \pa-trĭks\ n: the extension of a dental attachment system thatﬁts into the recessed extension of the attachment, the matrix;
patrices \pa-tre΄sĭz\ plpattern \pat΄urn\ n (14c): a form that is used to make a mold; amodel for making a mold; comp, OCCLUSAL PATTERN
pear-shaped area: syn; PEAR-SHAPED PAD
pear-shaped pad \pâr-shapd pad\: the most distal extension of
attached keratinized mucosa overlying the mandibular ridge crest
formed by the scarring pattern after extraction of the most posterior
molar; it should be differentiated from the retromolar pad΄de-at΄rĭk spech ad prŏspediatric speech aid prosthesis \pethe΄sĭs\: a temporary or interim maxillofacial prosthesis used to closea defect in the hard and/or soft palate of an infant or child; it may

replace tissue lost as a result of developmental or surgical alterations. It is necessary for the production of intelligible speech;
normal lateral growth of the palatal bones necessitates replacementof this prosthesis occasionally; intermittent revisions of the obturator section can assist in maintenance of palatal pharyngeal closure(termed a SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS MODIFICATION); frequently,
such prostheses are not fabricated before the deciduous dentition is
fully erupted because clasp retention is often essential; comp, BULB,
CLEFT PALATE APPLIANCE, NASOPHARYNGEAL OBTURATOR,OBTURATOR, PROSTHETIC SPEECH AID, SPEECH AID
pedicle graft: an autogenous skin ﬂap sustained by a bloodcarrying stem from the donor site during transfer; in periodontal
surgery, a ﬂap used to increase the width of attached gingiva, or tocover a root surface, by moving the attached gingiva, which remains
joined at one side with intact blood supply and then suturing thefree end to an adjacent position
PEEK: acronym for POLY(ETHERETHERKETONE); poly (oxy-1,4phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene); a member of
the PAEK family; a highly ordered, ﬂexible, resilient, shape-stable,
biocompatible polymer machined to ﬁnal shape, used for removable partial denture frameworks and implant components; comp,
PAEK
peg lateral incisor \pĕg lat΄ar-al\: an undersized, tapered maxillary
lateral incisoro΄sĭd\ adj: reﬂecting light evenly from all surfaces
pellucid \pa-lo
without diffusion or distortion
pennyweight n: abbr, dwt (from Latin denarius, a small silver coin +weight); abbr, pwt is also sometimes seen in publications; a unit ofmass in the troy system used to measure precious metals andequivalent to 1.555 grams. Deﬁned also as 24 grains in a pennyweight and 20 pennyweights in the troy ouncevd΄ k
perceived color \par-seul΄ar\: attribute of visual perceptionthat can be described by color names: white, gray, black, yellow,
orange, brown, red, green, blue, purple, etc., or by a combination ofnames
percussion \pur-kush΄an\ n (1544): 1. the act of striking a part withsharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition of the underlying
parts by means of the sound obtained; 2. in dentistry, striking a partwith short, sharp blows as a diagnostic aid in evaluation of a toothor dental implant by the sound obtained
peri-implantitis \pĕr΄ĭ-ĭm-plan-tı΄tĭs\: a term used to describe
inﬂammation around a dental implant, or the dental implant
abutment
periapical \pĕr΄ĭ-ap΄ĭ-kal, a΄pĭ-\ adj: relating to tissues surrounding
the apex of a tooth, including the alveolar bone and periodontal
ligament
perikymata: small transverse ridges on the surface of the enamel ofpermanent teeth that represent overlapping prism groups within
the enamel
perimolysis \pĕr΄ĭ-mŏl΄ĭ-sĭs\ (1998): acidic erosion of the teeth as aresult of chronic gastric regurgitation.
House RC, Grisius R, Biziotes MM, Licht JH. Perimolysis: unveiling thesurreptitious vomiter. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1981;51(2):152-55
periodontal \pĕr΄
e-
o-dŏn΄tl\ adj: pertaining to or occurring arounda tooth-o-dŏn΄tŏm΄ĭ-tre\ n: the measurement of
periodontometry \pĕr΄etooth mobility
periosteum \pĕr΄e-ŏs΄te-am\ n (1597): the membrane of connective
tissue that closely invests all bones except at articular surfaces; etea\t
e-a\ plTHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e68

Volume 117 Issue 5S

peripheral seal  pink esthetic scoreperipheral seal: syn, BORDER SEAL
periphery n (1571): -eries pl; syn, DENTURE BORDER
-lar\ adj: around or surrounding aperiradicular \pĕr΄ĭ-rad΄ĭ-ky
ootooth root
permanent dentition \pûr΄ma-nant dĕn-tĭsh΄an\: the teeth that
erupt after the primary dentition that do not shed under normal
conditions
-al, -jal, far΄ĭn-je΄al\: tissue elevated frompharyngeal ﬂap \fa-rĭn΄je
the posterior pharyngeal wall and inserted into the soft palate tocorrect palatopharyngeal inadequacy
pharyngeal speech aid prosthesis: comp, DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR,INTERIM OBTURATOR, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS, SURGICALOBTURATOR
pharyngeal walls \fa-rĭn΄je-al, -jal, far΄ĭn-j
e-al\: posterior and lateralwalls of the naso- and oropharynx
pharynx \far΄ingks\ n (ca. 1693): an oriﬁce of muscle and tissue
between the mouth, nares, and the esophagus, which is the common pathway for food and air; the nasopharynx is above the level ofthe soft palate; the oropharynx lies between the upper edge of theepiglottis and the soft palate, whereas the laryngopharynx lies
below the upper edge of the epiglottis and the openings into theesophagus and larynx; pharynges \fa-rĭn΄jĕz\ plphase transformation toughening: an increase in the fracture
toughness of partially stabilized zirconia as a result of the transformation of the zirconia crystals in the vicinity of the tip of a
propagating crack from the tetragonal phase to the monoclinic
phase; this transformation does not prevent the crack from propagating, but makes it more difﬁcult for the crack to advance; comp,stress-induced transformation toughening
phosphate-bonded investment: any casting investment with abinder formed from magnesium oxide and mono-ammonium
phosphate; the resulting colloidal multimolecular material(NH4MgPO4∙6H2O)n coagulates around MgO and ﬁllers; this iscombined with silica in the form of quartz, cristobalite or both in aconcentration of approximately 80%; upon heating, the binder undergoes several changes believed to be responsible for increased
strength at higher temperatures; these investments exhibit considerable thermal expansion and can be used when casting higher
fusing metal-ceramic alloys and partial denture frameworks
phosphorescence \fŏs΄fa-rĕs΄ans\ n (1796): a form of photoluminescence based on the properties of certain molecules toabsorb energy (either near ultraviolet or visible) and emit it in theform of visible radiation at a higher wavelength; distinguished fromﬂuorescence in that light continues to be emitted for some timeafter the exciting energy has ceased; comp, FLUORESCENCE,
LUMINANCE
photoactivation n: syn, LIGHT-ACTIVATED POLYMERIZATION΄to-ak΄tĭv\ adj: reacting chemically to visible light orphotoactive \foultraviolet radiation
photometer \fo-tŏm΄ĭ-ter\ n (1884): an instrument for the measurement of emitted, reﬂected, or transmitted light; for the measurement of luminous intensity, a visual receptor element (the eye)
may be used as the measuring device, or a physical receptor
element may be used that can be related to the calculated responseof a standard observer; comp, PHYSICAL PHOTOMETER, VISUAL
PHOTOMETER΄tŏn\ n (ca. 1922): a massless particle, the quantum of thephoton \foelectromagnetic ﬁeld, carrying energy, momentum, and angularmomentum; syn, light quantum
-tŏp΄ĭk vĭzh΄an\: vision as it occurs under illuphotopic vision \fomination sufﬁcient to permit the full discrimination of colors; it is the

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

function of the retinal cones and is not dependent on the retinal
rods; also called daylight vision as contrasted with twilight or scotopic
vision΄to-rĭ-sĕp΄tar prŏs΄ĕs΄, pro΄sĕs΄\: thatphotoreceptor process \fospeciﬁc process that is set in motion in a visual sensory end organ orother photic receptor by the incidence of its adequate stimulus, i.e.,light-tŏm΄ĭ-ter\: a photometer in which
physical photometer \fĭz΄ĭ-kal fo
the measurement is made by some physical or chemical effectinstead of by visual methods
-a-lŏj΄ĭk\ adj (1814): 1. characteristic of or conphysiologic \fĭz΄eforming to the innate function of a tissue or organ; 2. pertaining toorganic processes or to functions in an organism or in any of its
parts; 3. the opposite of pathologic; syn, physiological \fĭz΄
e-a-lŏj΄ĭkal\ adj
-a-lŏj΄ik a-klo
o΄zhun\: occlusion in harphysiologic occlusion \fĭz΄emony with the functions of the masticatory system (GPT-4)
-a-lŏj΄ĭk rĕst pa-zĭsh΄un\: syn, REST
physiologic rest position \fĭz΄΄e
VERTICAL DIMENSION, VERTICAL DIMENSION OF REST
physiologically balanced occlusion \fĭz΄
e-a-lŏj΄ĭ-ka-l
e bal΄ansd ao΄zhun\ obs: a balanced occlusion that is in harmony with theklotemporomandibular joints and the neuromuscular system (GPT-4)
pick-up impression n: an impression that incorporates a prosthesis,
framework, copings, or attachments for the purpose of making acast as a relationship record within the arch; comp, COPING PICK-UP
IMPRESSION, transfer impression
1

pickle \pĭk΄al\ n (15c): a solution or bath for preserving or cleaning;
any of various baths used in cleaning or processing
2

pickle \pĭk΄al\ vt (1552): to treat, preserve, or clean in or with anagent; pickled \pĭk΄ald\, pickling \pĭk΄lĭng
picture archiving and communication system: acronym is PACS; amedical imaging system for consolidating images originating frommany sourcespier abutment: syn, INTERMEDIATE ABUTMENT
pigment \pĭg΄mant\ n (14c): ﬁnely ground, natural or synthetic,
inorganic or organic, insoluble dispersed particles (powder), which,when dispersed in a liquid vehicle, may provide, in addition to color,many other essential properties such as opacity, hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance; the term is used to include anextender, white or colored pigments; the distinction between
powders that are pigments and those that are dyes is generally
considered on the basis of solubility; pigments are insoluble anddispersed in the material, and dyes are soluble or in solution as usedpin \pĭn\ n (bef. 12c): a small cylindrical piece of metal; comp,
ANTERIOR GUIDE PIN, CEMENTED PIN, FRICTION RETAINED PIN,
SELF-THREADING PIN, STEINMANN’S PIN
pin-retained cast metal core: a cemented cast foundation restoration for an extensively damaged vital tooth, retained by casttapered pins that are incorporated into the core and insert into
corresponding pinholes prepared in the tooth; an extracoronal
restoration is subsequently placed over the corepin-retained restoration: a restoration for an extensively damaged
tooth that in part relies on threaded or cemented pins placed in thedentin for its retention and resistance form
pinhole n: a feature of a tooth preparation used to provide retention and resistance to displacement; typically a 1-2 mm hole isprepared into the dentin
pink esthetic score: a visual analog scale applied to the esthetics ofgingiva; the seven parameters include: presence of a mesial papilla,presence of a distal papilla, curvature of the buccal tissues, level ofthe buccal mucosa, buccal convexity, color, texture; a value ofMay 2017e69

pink esthetic score  pontic
1

0 (disapproved), 1, or 2 (approve) is assigned to each parameter incomparison to a control; Rudolf Furhauser, prosthodontist, Austria,
2005; comp, PAPILLARY INDEX

polish \pŏl΄ĭsh\ vb (14c): to make smooth and glossy, usually by
friction; giving luster; the act or process of making a denture or
casting smooth and glossy

pink porcelain nonstand: a term for the porcelain that replaces
gingival tissues; syn, GINGIVAL PORCELAIN

2pinledge \pĭn΄lĕj\ n (1998): a partial-coverage crown or retainer thatincorporates pins that insert into corresponding pinholes preparedin the tooth
placement \plas΄mant\ vb: the process of directing a prosthesis to adesired location; the introduction of a prosthesis into a patient’s
mouth; syn, DELIVERY, INSERTION, DENTURE PLACEMENT, PROSTHESIS PLACEMENT
plane \plan\ n (1570): a ﬂat surface deﬁned by three points; comp,
AXIS ORBITAL PLANE, CAMPER’S PLANE, CORONAL PLANE, CUSPPLANE, FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL PLANE, FRONTAL PLANE, HORIZONTAL PLANE, INCLINED PLANE, MANDIBULAR PLANE, MEDIANPLANE, OCCLUSAL PLANE, SAGITTAL PLANE΄shun\: 1. motion that is a combination ofplane motion \plan morotation and translation in a given plane; the motion is described byinstantaneous centers of rotation; 2. the combined motions oftranslation and rotation of a rigid body within a given plane
plane of occlusion: syn, OCCLUSAL PLANE
v rĕf΄ar-ans\: any plane with deﬁned
plane of reference \plan ulandmarks from which measurements can be made; syn, HORIZONTAL PLANE OF REFERENCE
plaster \plas΄tar\ n: in dentistry, the term “plaster” applies to a
mixture consisting of water and b-calcium sulfate hemihydrate(CaSo4・½ H2O); b-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (dental plaster)
crystals are irregular and porous, created by dry heating the gypsum
dihydrate under atmospheric conditions; dental stone is physicallysuperior to dental plaster; obs, dental plaster of Paris
1
plastic \plas΄tĭk\ adj (1632): 1. capable of being shaped or formed;
2. pertaining to the alteration or reformation of living tissues
2plastic \plas΄tĭk\ n (ca. 1909): any of numerous organic synthetic orprocessed materials that generally are thermoplastic or thermosetting
polymers, usually of high molecular weight; they can be cast, extruded,
molded, drawn, or laminated into ﬁlms, ﬁlaments, and objects
plastic base \plas΄tĭk bas\ obs: a denture or record base made of aplastic material (GPT-4)
platform switching: a concept of using a dental implant abutmentof smaller diameter than the dental implant; longitudinal radiographic observation has demonstrated decreased vertical bone
resorption
platinum foil \plat΄n-um foil\: a precious-metal foil with a highfusing point that makes it suitable as a matrix for various soldering
procedures, as well as to provide an internal form for porcelain
restorations during their fabrication
Pleasure curve: eponym for a type of curve of occlusion; orig, Max
Pleasure, dentist, U.S.A., 1903-1965; syn, CURVE OF PLEASURE
plunger cusp \pl
un΄jer k
usp\: a cusp that tends to force food into
interproximal areas
pogonion \pa-g
on΄yun\ n: the most anterior point on the mandible a bony landmark representing the deepest point
point A \point A\:of the premaxillary concavity between the anterior nasal spine andprosthion as viewed on a lateral cephalometric radiographpoint angle \point ang΄gal\: in the development of a cavity preparation, that place of convergence of three planes or surfaces; comp,LINE ANGLE
point B: syn, SUPRAMENTALE

polish \pŏl΄ĭsh\ n (1704): a smooth, glossy surface; having luster

polished denture surface \pŏl΄ĭsht dĕn΄chur sûr΄fas\ obs: syn,CAMEO SURFACE
polished layer: syn, BEILBY LAYER
polishing \pŏl΄ĭsh-ĭng\ vb: 1. to make smooth and glossy, usually by
friction; to give luster to (GPT-1); 2. the act or process of making adenture or casting smooth and glossy (GPT-1)
polishing agent \pŏl΄ĭsh-ĭng a΄jants\: any material used to impartluster to a surface
poly(aryletherketone): acronym is PAEK; a family of semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers exhibiting high strength andshape stability over a wide range of temperatures; comp, PEEK, POLY(ETHERETHERKETONE), poly(etherketoneketone)
polycarboxylate cement: syn, ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE CEMENT
polyether \pŏl΄e-e΄thar\ n: an elastomeric impression material of
ethylene oxide and tetra-hydroﬂuro copolymers that polymerizes
under the inﬂuence of an aromatic esterpoly(etheretherketone): acronym is PEEK; a member of the PAEK
family; a highly ordered, ﬂexible, strong, shape-stable, biocompatible polymer machined to ﬁnal shape, used for removable partial
denture frameworks and dental implant components; comp,
POLY(ARYLETHERKETONE), poly(etherketoneketone)
polymer \pŏl΄a-mar\ n (1866): a chemical compound consisting oflarge organic molecules built by repetition of smaller monomericunits
polymerization \pa-lĭ΄ar-ı-za΄shun\ n (1872): the forming of acompound by the joining together of molecules of small molecularweight into a compound of large molecular weight; the reactionuses chemical, heat, or light activation; comp, AUTOPOLYMERIZATION, CHEMICALLY-ACTIVATED POLYMERIZATION, HEAT-ACTIVATEDPOLYMERIZATION, LIGHT-ACTIVATED POLYMERIZATION
polymerize \pŏl΄a-ma-rız΄, pa-lĭm΄a-\ vb: to affect a chemical reaction by joining together individual molecules to form large molecules made up of many repeated units
poly(methylmethacrylate) n: a stable, hard transparent resin of
marked clarity with a Knoop hardness number ranging from 18-20, a
tensile strength of approximately 60 MPa, a density of 1.19 and a
modulus of elasticity of approximately 2.4 GPapoly(oxymethylene): a thermoplastic polyaldehyde exhibiting
ﬂexibility, toughness, and clinically acceptable shape stability. The
ﬂexural modulus of these acetal resins exceeds that of all otherthermoplastic, thermoformed ﬂexible resins; syn, acetal resin\ n: the all-night recording ofpolysomnography \pŏl΄ĭ-sŏm-ŏg΄ra-fe
a variety of physiologic parameters (e g., brain waves, eye movements, muscle tonus, respiration, heart rate) as an aid in the diagnosis of sleep related disorders
-s
polysulﬁde \pŏl΄eul΄fıd\ n (1849): an elastomeric impression material of polysulﬁde polymer (mercaptan) that cross-links under theinﬂuence of oxidizing agents such as lead peroxide
-vı΄nal sı-lŏks΄an΄\ n: an addition reaction
poly(vinyl siloxane) \pŏl΄esilicone elastomeric impression material of silicone polymers having
terminal vinyl groups that cross-link with silanes on activation by aplatinum or palladium salt catalyst.
pontic \pŏn΄tĭk\ n: an artiﬁcial tooth on a ﬁxed partial denture that
replaces a missing natural tooth, restores its function, and usually
restores the space previously occupied by the clinical crown

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e70

Volume 117 Issue 5S

porcelain  postsurgical maxillary prosthesisr΄-\ n (known in France, ca. 1540): a ceramic
porcelain \pôr΄sa-lĭn, po
material formed of infusible elements joined by lower fusing materials; most dental porcelains are glasses and are used in the
fabrication of artiﬁcial teeth for dentures, pontics and facings, metalceramic restorations, including ﬁxed dental prostheses, as well as allceramic restorations such as crowns, laminate veneers, inlays,
onlays, and other restorations
porcelain butt margin nonstand: syn, PORCELAIN MARGIN
porcelain-fused-to-metal
RESTORATION
porcelain-fused-to-zirconia
RESTORATION

restoration:

syn,restoration:

METAL-CERAMICcomp,

ZIRCONIA

porcelain jacket crown obs, nonstand: syn, CERAMIC CROWNr΄- la΄b
porcelain margin \pôr΄sa-lĬn, poe-al mär΄jĭn\: the extensionof ceramic material to the ﬁnish line of the preparation without
visible metal substructure in the marginal area; syn, COLLARLESSMETAL-CERAMIC CROWN, PORCELAIN BUTT MARGIN, SHOULDERPORCELAIN; comp, SHOULDER FINISH LINE
porcelain laminate veneer: a thin, bonded ceramic restoration that
restores the facial, incisal, and part of the proximal surfaces of teeth
requiring esthetic restoration; comp, FACING
porcelain release agent: any coating that facilitates separation of
unﬁred porcelain from a die
porcelain veneer: layered porcelain that is bonded to a framework;comp, FACING, METAL-CERAMIC RESTORATION
porcelain wax technique: application of a mixture of body porcelain and wax (approximately 6:1 ratio by weight) to the die toachieve optimal adaptation of a porcelain margin of a metal-ceramic
restoration
porosity \pa-rŏs΄ĭ-te, pô-\ n (14c): 1. the presence of voids or pores
within a structure; 2. the state or quality of having minute pores,
openings, or interstices; -ties pl; comp, BACK PRESSURE POROSITY,
OCCLUDED GAS POROSITY, SHRINK-SPOT POROSITY, SOLIDIFICATION POROSITY
positional record \pa-zĭsh΄a-nal rĕk΄ard\ nonstand: syn; JAW RELATION RECORD, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATION RECORD
post: a post usually made of metal or ﬁber-reinforced composite
resin that is ﬁtted into a prepared root canal of a natural tooth;yttria-stabilized zirconia is also used as a post material; whencombined with a core, it provides retention and resistance for an
artiﬁcial crown; it is also used as a platform for retentive attachment
systems and for a non-retentive overdenture post-coping
post-and-coping: a post with an incorporated coping; the coping
encompasses the tooth root and functions as an abutment for an
overdenture, ﬁxed partial denture, or ﬁxed complete denture; obs/
nonstand/syn, POST-AND-DOME; syn, post-coping
post-and-core: a post with incorporated core; it provides retention
and resistance for an artiﬁcial crown; it is also used as a platform forretentive attachment systems and non-retentive overdenture
abutments
post-and-core crown \p
ost-kôr,kor kroun\: syn, RICHMOND CROWN
post-and-dome obs, nonstand: syn, POST-AND-COPING
post-ceramic solder: 1. a soldering procedure to join metal-ceramic
restorations after ﬁnal shaping and glazing of the ceramic veneer;
also used to join Type III or Type IV gold castings to metal-ceramic
units; 2. an alloy formulated for post-ceramic soldering

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

post dam: syn, POSTPALATAL SEAL
post dam area: syn, POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA
-\ adj (1534): 1. situated behind or in backposterior \pŏ-stîr΄e-ar, poof; caudal; 2. in human anatomy, dorsal
posterior bite collapse slang: syn, POSTERIOR OVERCLOSURE
- bôr΄dar moov΄mant\:
posterior border movement \pŏ-stîr΄e-ar, pomovements of the mandible along the posterior limit of the envelope of motion; comp, ENVELOPE OF MOTION, POSSELT’S ENVELOPE
OF MOTION
-ar,posterior determinants of mandibular movement \pŏ-stîr΄e
- dĭ-tûr΄ma-nant uov΄mant\: the temporov man΄dĭb-pou-lar momandibular articulations and associated structures; syn, DETERMINANTS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
posterior determinants of occlusion: syn, DETERMINANTS OF
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
posterior open bite slang: syn, POSTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSALRELATIONSHIP, comp, APERTOGNATHIA
-ar o΄pan a-klo
o΄zal
posterior open occlusal relationship \pŏ-stîr΄e
rĭ-la΄shun-shĭp\: lack of posterior tooth contact in any occluding
position of the anterior teeth; comp, APERTOGNATHIA΄pa-nĭng moov΄mant\
posterior opening movement \pŏ-stîr΄e-ar oobs: the opening movement of the mandible about the terminal
hinge axis (GPT-4)
-ar o΄var-klo΄zher\: the loss ofposterior overclosure \pŏ-stîr΄eoccluding vertical dimension as a result of the loss or drifting of
posterior teeth
posterior palatal seal: that portion of the intaglio surface of amaxillary removable complete denture, located at its posteriorborder, which places pressure, within physiologic limits, on theposterior palatal seal area of the soft palate; this seal ensures intimate contact of the denture base to the soft palate and improves
retention of the denture; syn, postpalatal seal
posterior palatal seal area: the soft tissue area limited posteriorly
by the distal demarcation of the movable and nonmovable tissuesof the soft palate and anteriorly by the junction of the hard and soft
palates on which pressure, within physiologic limits, can be placed;
this seal can be applied by a removable complete denture to aid in
its retention syn, POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA
-ar rĕf΄ar-ans points\: twoposterior reference points \pŏ-stĭr΄epoints, located one on each side of the face in the area of thetransverse horizontal axis, which, together with an anterior reference point, establish the HORIZONTAL PLANE OF REFERENCE
th form\: the distinguishingposterior tooth form \pŏ-stĭr΄e-ar toocontours of the posterior teethl âr΄e-a\ : syn, POSTERIOR
st-pal΄a-tal sepostpalatal seal area \po
PALATAL SEAL AREA
postsurgical mandibular prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis
used to optimize intraoral/extraoral contours to improve speech anddeglutition after mandibular or contiguous soft tissue surgery
because of a tumor ablation or the reconstruction of acquired orcongenital defects where mandibular continuity is maintained orreestablishedpostsurgical maxillary prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis used
to optimize maxillary contours to improve speech and deglutition
after a maxillary resection as a result of a tumor or the reconstruction of acquired or congenital defects of the maxillae where there isno oroantral or oronasal communication

May 2017

e71

postsurgical prosthesis  primary hyperalgesia
postsurgical prosthesis: comp, DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR, INTERIM
OBTURATOR, POSTSURGICAL MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS, POSTSURGICAL MAXILLARY PROSTHESIS
postural contraction \pŏs΄chur-al kan-trak΄shun\: that minimal
tonic muscle activity necessary to resist the forces of gravity andthus maintain posture; maintenance of muscle tension (usuallyisometric) sufﬁcient to maintain posture, dependent on muscle tone
postural position \pŏs΄chur-al pa-zĭsh΄an\: any mandibular relationship occurring during minimal muscle contraction
Pound’s triangle: eponym for a triangle that extends from themesial proximal contact of the mandibular canine to the buccal andlingual aspects of the retromolar pad; this triangle is used as a guidefor the positioning of mandibular artiﬁcial teeth; the lingual surfacesof the posterior teeth should be within this triangle, close to the
lingual line
Pound E. Esthetic dentures and their phonetic values. J Prosthet
Dent 1951;1:98-111
 r hol\ obs: an aperture in investment or any otherpour hole \pôr, po
mold material leading to the prosthesis space into which prosthetic
material is poured (GPT-4)
pre-ceramic soldering: a soldering procedure joining framework
components of a metal-ceramic prosthesis prior to application of
the ceramic veneer
pre-extraction cast: comp, DIAGNOSTIC CAST, PRELIMINARY CASTS
precious metal \\prĕsh΄as mĕt΄l\: a metal containing primarily
elements of the platinum group, gold, and silver
precious metal alloy \prĕsh΄as mĕt΄l al΄oi΄, a-loi΄\: an alloy predominantly composed of elements considered precious, such as
gold, the six metals of the platinum group (platinum, osmium,
iridium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium), and silver
precision attachment \prĭ-sĭzh΄un a-tach΄mant\: 1. a retainer consisting of a metal receptacle (matrix) and a closely ﬁtting part
(patrix); the matrix is usually contained within the normal or
expanded contours of the crown on the abutment tooth/dental
implant and the patrix is attached to a pontic or a removable partial
denture; 2. an interlocking device, one component of which is ﬁxed
to an abutment or abutments, and the other is integrated into aremovable partial denture to stabilize and/or retain it; syn,
ATTACHMENT
precision rest \prĭ-sĭzh΄un rĕst\: a prefabricated, rigid metallic patrix
in a ﬁxed or removable partial denture that ﬁts intimately into thematrix portion of a precision attachment in a restoration
\: a cast formed from a preliminary
preliminary cast \prĭ-lĭm΄a-nĕr΄e
impression for use in diagnosis and/or the fabrication of a custom
impression tray; syn, DIAGNOSTIC CAST, PREOPERATIVE CAST,STUDY CAST
preliminary impression \prĭ-lĭm΄a-nĕr΄e ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: a negative
likeness made for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment planning,
and/or the fabrication of a custom impression tray
preload n: the tension created in a screw, especially the threadings,
when tightened; an engineering term used in dentistry to describe
the degree of tightness or clamping force of a screw, usually in
implant prosthodontics; comp, EMBEDMENT RELAXATION
premature contact: syn, DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
prematurity n, obs: syn, DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
premolar n: a tooth that replaces a deciduous molar and is locateddistal to the canine and mesial to the permanent molar teeth;
premolars have two or three cusps
preoperative cast \pre-ŏp΄ar-a-tĭv, -ŏp΄ra-, -ŏp΄a-ra- kast\: a positive
likeness of a part or parts of the oral cavity for the purpose ofdiagnosis and treatment planning; syn, DIAGNOSTIC CAST, PRELIMINARY CAST, STUDY CAST
preoperative record \pre-ŏp΄ar-a-tĭv, -ŏp΄ra-, -ŏp΄a-ra- rĕk΄ard\ obs:
any record made for the purpose of study or treatment planning(GPT-4)preoperative wax try-in: a dental diagnostic procedure in whichplanned restorations are developed in wax on a diagnostic cast to
determine optimal clinical and laboratory procedures necessary toachieve the desired esthetics and function; syn, DIAGNOSTIC DENTURE WAX-UP, SETUP, WAX TRY-IN
-prŏs-thĕt΄ĭk sûr΄ja-re\: surgical procedpreprosthetic surgery \preures designed to facilitate fabrication of a prosthesis or to improve
the prognosis of prosthodontic carepresolder nonstand: syn, PRE-CERAMIC SOLDERING
pressed ceramics n: a technique designed to produce a desired
form by injecting a molten homogeneous ceramic material into amoldpressed-on-metal ceramics: a technique designed to produce adesired form by injecting a molten homogeneous ceramic material
into a mold containing a metal framework that is veneered with
opaque porcelain; comp, METAL-CERAMIC RESTORATION
pressed-on-zirconia ceramics: a technique designed to produce adesired form by injecting a molten homogeneous ceramic material
into a mold containing a zirconia framework that may be veneered
with porcelain; comp, ZIRCONIA RESTORATION
pressure area \prĕsh΄ar\: a region of mucosa that is being subjected to excessive pressure from a dental prosthesispressure indicating paste \prĕsh΄ar ĭn΄dĭ-ka-tĭng past\: acronym is
PIP; any substance applied to a dental prosthesis that when seatedon a structure, demonstrates the adaptation of the prosthesis to thestructure it opposespressure relief \prĕsh΄ar rĭ-l
ef΄\ obs: alteration of the denturebearing surface of a denture to reduce force on the underlying
tissues (GPT-4)
pressure welding \prĕsh΄ar wĕl΄dĭng\: bonding of two metals
together by sufﬁciently large force applied perpendicular to thesurfaces; such force must be of magnitude to produce permanentdistortions that expose a ﬁlm-free metal contact
-tret΄mant rĕk΄ardz\: any records madepretreatment records \prefor the purpose of diagnosis, recording of the patient history, or
treatment planning in advance of therapy
e, -ma-r
e kul΄erz\: three basic colors used toprimary colors \prı΄mĕr΄make most other colors by mixture, either additive mixture of lights
or subtractive mixture of colorants
, -ma-re k
primary colors (additive) \prı΄mĕr΄eul΄erz ad΄ĭ-tĭv\: threecolored lights from which all other colors can be produced by additive mixture; the three must be selected so that no one of themcan be produced by mixture of the other two; generally, red, green,
and blue are used; additive primaries are the complements of thesubtractive primaries
primary colors (subtractive) \prı΄mĕr΄
e, -ma-r
e kul΄erz sab-trak΄tĭv\:colors of three colorants or colored materials which, when mixed
together subtract from one another, resulting in black or a very dark
neutral color; subtractive primaries are generally cyan, magenta, andyellow
primary dentition \prı΄mĕr΄e dĕn-tĭsh΄an\: the teeth that erupt ﬁrst
and are normally shed and replaced by permanent (succedaneous)teeth; syn, DECIDUOUS DENTITIONe hı΄par-al-g
e΄zha\: stimulation
primary hyperalgesia \prı΄mĕr΄evoked primary pain as a result of lowered pain threshold

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e72

Volume 117 Issue 5Sprimary impression  prosthodontic diagnostic index
primary impression nonstand: syn, PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION a-kloo΄al trou΄ma\: the effects
primary occlusal trauma \prı΄mĕr΄e
induced by abnormal or excessive occlusal forces acting on teeth
with normal periodontal support
primary pain \prı΄mĕr΄e pan\: pain that identiﬁes the true source of
nociceptive input
primary stability: contributing factors of mechanical stabilization ofa dental implant during the healing phaseprocess \prŏs΄ĕs, pro΄sĕs΄\ n (14c): 1. in anatomy, a prominence or
projection of bone; 2. in dentistry, any technical procedure thatincorporates a number of steps; 3. the procedure of bringing about
polymerization of dental resins for prostheses or bases; processes
pl; syn, DENTURE PROCESSING2΄sĕs΄\ vb (14c): in dentistry, to perform any
process \prŏs΄ĕs, pro
technical procedure to polymerize dental resins for prostheses;
comp, DENTURE PROCESSING, REBASE, RELINE, reveneer
processed denture base \prŏ΄sĕsd dĕn΄chur bas\: syn, DEFINITIVEDENTURE BASE
΄fıl΄\ n (ca. 1656): an outline or contour, especially one
proﬁle \prorepresenting a side view of a human head΄fıl rĕk΄ard\: a registration or record of the facial
proﬁle record \proproﬁle of a patient; comp, EMERGENCE PROFILE
prognathic \prŏg-nath΄ĭk, -na΄thĭk\ n: a protruded position of themandible in relation to the maxillae; obs, caput progeneum, exognathia, progenia, prognathia

Prosthesis
Fixed Complete Denture

progressive mandibular lateral translation \pra-grĕs΄ĭv mandĭb΄ya-lar lat΄ar-al trans-la΄shun\: acronym is PMLT; the translatory
portion of mandibular movement as viewed in a speciﬁc body planethat occurs at a rate or amount that is directly proportional to theforward movement of the nonworking-side condyle; syn, MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION; comp, EARLY IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR
TRANSLATION, IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION,
MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
progressive side shift: syn, MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION, PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION
projected pain \pra-jĕk΄tĭd pan\: heterotopic pain felt in the
anatomical peripheral distribution of the same nerve that mediates
the primary pain
proportional limit \pra-pôr΄sha-nal lĭm΄ĭt\: that unit of stresses
beyond which deformation is no longer proportional to the applied
load
΄pr
-sĕp΄shun\ n (1906): the reception of
proprioception \proe-o
stimulation of sensory nerve terminals within the tissues of the bodythat give information concerning movements and the position of
the body; perception mediated by proprioceptors
prosthesis \prŏs-the΄sĭs\ n (1900) [ﬁgure 1]: an artiﬁcial replacementof part of the human anatomy restoring form, function, and esthetics; eses \-sĕz΄\ pl; comp, DEFINITIVE PROSTHESIS, DENTAL
PROSTHESIS, INTERIM PROSTHESIS, MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHESIS,PROVISIONAL PROSTHESIS, SURGICAL PROSTHESISTHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Maxillofacial Prosthesis

cement retained

tissue supported

auricular

screw retained

tooth (implant) and tissue
supported (removable
complete overdenture)

cranialimplant supported

mandibular resection

1

prognathism \prŏg-na-thĭz΄um\ n (ca. 1864): an overgrowth of themandible in an anteroposterior direction; a protrusion of themandible in relation to the maxillae΄sĭs\ n (1655): a forecast as to the probable result
prognosis \prŏg-noof a disease or a course of therapy΄dĭng\ (1998): the gradualprogressive loading \pra-grĕs΄ĭv lo
increase in the application of force on a dental implant whether
intentionally applied with a dental prosthesis or unintentionallyapplied with forces placed by adjacent anatomic structures or parafunctional loading

Removable Complete
DentureFixed Partial Denture

Removable Partial Denture nasal

cement retained

tooth (implant) and tissue
supported (removablepartial denture)

obturator

screw retained

tooth (implant) and tissue
supported (removablepartial overdenture)ocularorbitalpa la ta laugmentation/speech aid
palatal lift

Figure 1.

prosthesis placement: syn, PLACEMENT
prosthetic \prŏs-thĕt΄ĭk\ adj (ca. 1890): relating to a prosthesis or
prosthetics; prosthetically \prŏs-thĕt΄ĭ-ka-l
e\ advprosthetic dentistry: syn, PROSTHODONTICS
prosthetic dressing: a maxillofacial interim prosthesis veneered
with a gauze-like dressing that artiﬁcially replaces a deﬁcient anatomy of the face as a result of surgery, trauma, or congenital absence
prosthetic restoration \prŏs-thĕt΄ĭk\ obs: an artiﬁcial replacement
for an absent part of the human body (GPT-4)
prosthetic speech aid: syn, ADULT SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS,PEDIATRIC SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
prosthetics \prŏs-thĕt΄ĭks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr (ca. 1894): theart and science of supplying artiﬁcial replacements for missing partsof the human body; comp, MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETICS
prosthetist \prŏs΄thĭ-tĭst\ n: a person involved in the construction ofan artiﬁcial replacement for any part of the human body
prosthodontia n, obs: syn, PROSTHODONTICS
prosthodontic diagnostic index: a clinical diagnostic index classiﬁcation for (1) the edentulous patient, (2) the partially edentulous patient, and (3) the completely dentate patient; (refer
to Appendix B, C and D) the classiﬁcations use speciﬁc diagnostic
criteria to delineate treatment complexity into four classes:
Class I (minimally compromised), Class II (moderately compromised), Class III (substantially compromised), or Class IV (severelycompromised); copyrighted, American College of Prosthodontists ©
(2004)
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH.
Classiﬁcation system for complete edentulism. American College of
Prosthodontists. J Prosthodont 1999 Mar;8(1):27-39
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH,
Arbree NS. Classiﬁcation system for partial edentulism. J Prosthodont 2002 Sep;11(3):181-93
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH,
Guichet GN; American College of Prosthodontists. Classiﬁcation
system for the completely dentate patient. J Prosthodont 2004
Jun;13(2):73-82

May 2017

e73

prosthodontics  pulpotomy
prosthodontics \prŏs΄tha-dŏn΄tĭks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr(1947): prosthodontics is the dental specialty pertaining to thediagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation, and maintenance ofthe oral function, comfort, appearance, and health of patients withclinical conditions associated with missing or deﬁcient teeth and/or
maxillofacial tissues by using biocompatible substitutes; comp,
FIXED PROSTHODONTICS, IMPLANT PROSTHODONTICS, MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETICS, REMOVABLE PROSTHODONTICS
prosthodontist \prŏs΄tha-dŏn-tĭst\ n (1917): 1. a specialist in prosthodontics; 2. a dentist who has successfully completed anadvanced education program in prosthodontics that is accreditedby the appropriate accrediting body; in the United States, that
authoritative body is the Commission on Dental Accreditation of theAmerican Dental Association; comp, BOARD-CERTIFIED PROSTHODONTIST, BOARD-ELIGIBLE PROSTHODONTIST, EDUCATIONALLYQUALIFIED PROSTHODONTIST
protanomalous vision \pro΄ta-nŏm΄a-l
us vĭzh΄un\: a form of colordeﬁcient vision in which the ability to perceive blue and yellow isretained; hue discrimination is poor in the red to green region of thespectrum΄ta-no΄pprotanopia \proe-a\: a form of dichromatism in which red
and blue-green stimuli are confused΄zhan\ n (1646): a position of the mandible
protrusion \pro-tr
ooanterior to centric relation without lateral deviation; comp,
LATEROPROTRUSION΄sĭv, -zĭv\ adj (1676): thrusting forward; adjecprotrusive \pr
o-tr
oo
-tro
o
΄sĭv-ltive denoting protrusion; protrusively \proe\ adv; pro-troo΄sĭv-nĕs\ ntrusiveness \proprotrusive checkbite slang: syn, PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
protrusive condylar inclination: the angle formed by the path ofthe moving condyles within the sagittal plane compared with thehorizontal plane (anterior-posterior movement); syn, SAGITTALCONDYLAR INCLINATION-troo΄sĭv kŏn΄dıl΄, -dl path\: the path
protrusive condylar path \prothe condyle travels when the mandible is moved forward from its
initial position΄sĭv dĭ-ﬂĕk΄shun\: a continuing
-trooprotrusive deﬂection \proeccentric displacement of the midline incisal path on protrusion,
symptomatic of a restriction of movement-troo΄sĭv de΄ve-a΄shun\: discursive moveprotrusive deviation \proment on protrusion that ends in the centered position and isindicative of interference during movement-troo΄sĭv ĭn΄tar-a-klo
o΄zal
protrusive interocclusal record \prorĕk΄ard\: a registration of the mandible in relation to the maxillae
when both condyles are advanced in the glenoid fossa
-troo΄sĭv jô rĭ-la΄shun\ obs: a jaw relaprotrusive jaw relation \protion resulting from a protrusion of the mandible (GPT-4)
protrusive movement: mandibular movement anterior to centric
relation; comp, ECCENTRIC POSITION-troo΄sĭv a-klo
o΄zhun\: an occlusion of the
protrusive occlusion \proteeth when the mandible is protruded (GPT-4)
protrusive record: syn, PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD-troo΄sĭv rĭ-la΄shun\: the relation of the
protrusive relation \promandible to the maxillae when the mandible is thrust forward(GPT-4)
provisional cementation: cementation of an interim or deﬁnitive
restoration with a luting agent that has weak retentive properties toallow the planned future removal of the restoration

provisional denture: syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS, PROVISIONALPROSTHESIS
provisional prosthesis: a ﬁxed or removable dental prosthesis, or
maxillofacial prosthesis designed to enhance esthetics, stabilization,
and/or function for a limited period of time, after which it is to be
replaced by a deﬁnitive dental or maxillofacial prosthesis; often suchprostheses are used to assist in determination of the therapeutic
effectiveness of a speciﬁc treatment plan or the form and functionof the planned deﬁnitive prosthesis; syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS
provisional restoration: syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS, PROVISIONALPROSTHESIS
provisional splint \pra-vĭzh΄a-nal splĭnt\: an interim device
designed to stabilize teeth during diagnosis or therapy; syn, INTERIMSPLINT
provisionalization nonstand: syn, TEMPORIZATION
proximal \prŏk΄sa-mal\ adj (1727): 1. situated close to; 2. next to ornearest the point of attachment or origin, a central point especially,
located toward the center of a body; comp DISTAL; proximally adj
proximal contact: syn, INTERPROXIMAL CONTACTo΄do-ı΄sa-kro
-mat΄ĭk k
pseudoisochromatic color tests \sou΄lartĕsts\: tests for detecting color vision deﬁciency; the charts are
made up of colored spots that yield a legible pattern (number, letter,
ﬁgure, etc.,) for a normal observer but yield no legible pattern forobservers with anomalous types of color vision-fĭz΄ĭ-kal\ adj (1847): used to describe thepsychophysical \sı΄kosector of color science that deals with the relationship between
physical description or speciﬁcation of stimuli and the sensory
perception arising from them-fĭz΄ĭ-kal k
psychophysical color \sı΄kou΄lar\: a speciﬁcation of color
stimulus in terms of operationally deﬁned values, such as threetristimulus values
pterygoid implant: an endosseous implant placed through themaxillary tuberosity and engaging the pterygoid plate; indicated forretention of a dental prosthesis or maxillofacial prosthesis in the
maxillaepterygoid notch: syn, PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH
pterygoid plates \tĕr΄ĭ-goid΄ platz\: broad, thin, wing-shaped processes of the sphenoid bone separated by the pterygoid fossa. The
inferior end of the medial plate terminates in a long curved process
or hook for the tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle. The lateralplate gives attachment to the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles nŏch\: the palpable
pterygomaxillary notch \tĕr΄ĭ-ga-mak΄sa-lĕr΄enotch formed by the junction of the maxilla and the pterygoid
hamulus of the sphenoid bone; syn, HAMULAR NOTCH, PTERYGOID
NOTCHpulp \p
ulp\ n: the richly vascularized connective tissue of mesodermal origin with much innervation contained in the central cavityof the tooth
pulp capping \p
ulp kap΄ĭng\: application of a material to protect
the pulp from external inﬂuences and promote healing, done either
directly or indirectly
pulpectomy \p
ulp-ĕk΄t
o-m
e\ n: the complete removal of the dental
pulp
pulpitis \p
ul΄pĭ-tĭs\ n: inﬂammation of the dental pulp
\ n: surgical amputation of the coronal
pulpotomy \p
ul-pa-ta΄meportion of the dental pulp
1

pumice \pum΄ĭs\ n (15c): 1. a type of volcanic glass used as anabrasive. It is prepared in various grits and used for ﬁnishing and

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e74

Volume 117 Issue 5S

pulpotomy  reciprocal clickpolishing; 2. a polishing agent, in powdered form, used for natural
teeth and ﬁxed and removable restorations
2
pumice \pum΄ĭs\ vt (15c): to ﬁnish or dress with pumice; pumiced\p
um΄isd\ pumicing \pum΄ĭ-sĭng\PVAc-PE: acronym for vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers; used inthermomolding
pyramidal fracture \pĭr΄a-mĭd frak΄chur\: a fracture of the midfacialbones, with the principal fracture lines meeting at an apex in thearea of the nasion; syn, LE FORT II FRACTURE

Q
QD: acronym for L. Qad’que Di’e, every day
QID: acronym for L. Qua’ter In Di’e, four times a day
QL: acronym for L. Quan’tum Li’bet, as much as desired
QQH: acronym for L. Qua’que Qua’ta Ho’ra, every 4 hours; commonly
noted as Q4H
quadrant \kwŏd΄rant\ n (15c): 1. any of the four quarters into whichsomething is divided by two real or imaginary lines that intersect
each other at right angles; 2. in dentistry, one of the four sections of
the dental arches, divided at the midline; comp, SEXTANT
quartz \kwôrts\ n (ca. 1631): an allotropic form of silica; the mineral
SiO2 consisting of hexagonal crystals of colorless, transparent silicon
dioxideRESIN;R
rad obs (1953): acronym for radiation absorbed dose, a unit ofmeasurement of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation; the biologic effect of one rad varies with the type of radiation to which
tissue is exposed; comp, GRAY, SIEVERT
radiation \ra΄de-a΄shun\ n (1570): the emission of electromagnetic
waves, such as light, short wave, radio, ultraviolet, or x-rays, orparticulate rays such as alpha, beta, and gamma
radiation carrier \ra΄de-a΄shun kar΄
e-ar\: device used to administer
radiation to conﬁned areas by means of capsules, beads, or needlesof radiation-emitting materials such as radium or cesium; its function is to hold the radiation source securely in the same location
during the entire period of treatment; radiation oncologists occasionally request these devices to achieve a close approximation andcontrolled application of radiation to a tumor deemed amiable toeradication; syn, carrier prosthesis, intracavity applicator, intracavity
carrier, radiation applicator, radium carrier, radiotherapy device
-a΄shun ko
 n lo΄katar\: a device used toradiation cone locator \ra΄dedirect and reduplicate the path of radiation to an oral tumor during
a split course of irradiation; syn, DEVICE, DOCKING DEVICEld\: a intraoral device designed toradiation shield \ra΄de-a΄shun she
shield adjacent tissues from radiation during orthovoltage treatment of malignant lesions of the head and neck region; syn, DEVICE,
lead shield, RADIATION STENT, tongue protector
-a΄shun she
ld/pa-zĭsh΄nar\: aradiation shield positioner \ra΄decustom-made device to direct, align, and protect adjacent tissues
during irradiation; the shield/positioner will prevent radiation
damage to tissues that are unaffected by a tumor; syn, DEVICE-a΄shun sôrs, sors dĭ-vıs΄\: customradiation source device \ra΄demade device designed to align a radiation source to a speciﬁc
anatomic site; syn, DEVICE
radiation stent: syn, DEVICE, RADIATION SHIELD

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

radiograph \ra΄de-
o-graf΄\ n (1880): an image produced on any
detector, either photographic (emulsion coated acetate) or amorphous silicon photodiode (digital), by means of electromagnetic
radiation other than light2
-o-graf΄\ vt (1896): to make a radiograph ofradiograph \ra΄de
1

-lo
o
΄sant\: permitting the passage of radiantradiolucent \ra΄d
e-oenergy with relatively little attenuation by absorption
-o-pak΄\ (1917): a structure that strongly inhibits
radiopaque \ra΄dethe passage of radiant energy
ramus endosteal implant \ra΄mas ĕn-dŏs΄te-al ĭm-plant΄\: anendosteal dental implant that is attached, in part, to the ramus of
the mandible

QH: acronym for L. Qua’que Ho’ra, every hour

quick-cure resin slang: syn, AUTOPOLYMERIZINGCHEMICALLY-ACTIVATED POLYMERIZATIONo΄lar\ adj (1830): pertaining to the root of a toothradicular \ra-dĭ-kyoradiogram n: syn, RADIOGRAPH

ramus frame endosteal implant \ra΄mas fram ĕn-dŏs΄te-al ĭmplant΄\: a dental implant design that consists of a horizontal
intraoral supragingival abutment in the form of a bar and endosteal implant body segments that are placed into the rami andsymphysis areas as one section (implants fabricated from one pieceof metal), or two sections (implants of anterior and horizontal
segments that are connected at the time of placement), or ﬁve
sections (an implant consisting of ﬁve sections in which theendosteal implant body segments are independently placed andconnected with ﬁtted components); orig, Frank H Skinner, 1915;
Harold D. Roberts, 1972΄shun\: the range, measured in dev mo
range of motion \ranj u
grees of a circle, through which a joint can be extended or ﬂexed.
The range of the opening, lateral, and protrusive excursions of thetemporomandibular joint\ n (1753): 1. line of union of symmetrical parts; 2. inraphe \ra΄fedentistry, the pterygomandibular raphe represents the tendinous
union of the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
rapid prototyping: a general term used for several additive layer
manufacturing techniques; syn, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY; comp, fused
deposition modeling, selective deposition modeling, SELECTIVE LASERMELTING, SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
raster graphics image: format of an image of a spatial grid of
pixels; examples are BMP, TIFF, GIF, and JPEG; syn, BITMAP
reattachment \r
e-a-tach΄mant\ n: in periodontics, the reunion ofepithelial and connective tissues with root surfaces and bone suchas occurs after incision or injury
rebase \re-bas΄\ n: the laboratory process of replacing the entire
denture base material on an existing prosthesis
receptor sites \rĭ-sĕp΄tar sıtz\: speciﬁc sites at which molecularbinding occurs that results in speciﬁc biologic responses
-ant sıt\: the site into or onto which a graft orrecipient site \rĭ-sĭp΄etransplant material is placed
reciprocal \rĭ-sĭp΄ra-kal\ adj: the manner in which one part of a
prosthesis is made to counter the effect created by another part
(GPT-1)
reciprocal arm: syn,BRACING ARM, RECIPROCAL CLASP
reciprocal clasp \rĭ-sĭp΄ra-kal klasp\: a component of the clasp
assembly speciﬁcally designed to provide reciprocation by engaging
a reciprocal guiding plane; it counteracts the action of the clasp
during removal and insertion of a removable partial denture; syn,
BRACING ARM, RECIPROCAL ARM
reciprocal click \rĭ-sĭp΄ra-kal klĭk\: clicks emanating from thetemporomandibular joint, one of which occurs during opening
movement and the other during closing movement

May 2017e75

reciprocation  removable die system
reciprocation \rĭ-sĭp΄ra-ka΄shun\ n (1561): 1. the mechanism bywhich lateral forces generated by a retentive clasp passing over aheight of contour are counterbalanced by a reciprocal clasp passing
along a reciprocal guiding plane; 2. a mutual exchange; 3. analternating motion; reciprocative \rĭ-sĭp΄ra-ka΄tĭv\ adj
1
rd\ vb (14c): 1. to register data relating to speciﬁcrecord \rĭ-ko
conditions that exist currently or previously; 2. to register permanently by mechanical means, such as jaw relationship; comp, INDEX
2
rd\ n (14c): 1. an ofﬁcial document; 2. a body ofrecord \rĭ-ko
known or recorded facts about someone or something; 3. a registration of jaw position; comp, CENTRIC RELATION RECORD, ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD, INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD,
OCCLUDING JAW RECORD, TERMINAL JAW RELATION RECORD
record base \rĕk΄ard bas\: an interim denture base used to support
the record rim material for recording maxillomandibular records
record rim \rĕk΄ard rĭm\: the occlusal surfaces fabricated on arecord base for the purpose of making maxillomandibular
relationship records and/or arranging teeth; syn, OCCLUSION RIMosd΄ ĭn΄tar-ärch\: an occluding
reduced interarch distance \rĭ-dovertical dimension that results in an excessive interocclusal rest
distance when the mandible is in the rest position and in a reduced
inter-ridge distance when the teeth are in contact; syn,
OVERCLOSURE
reduction \rĭ-d
uk΄shun\ n (1546): 1. the correction of a fracture or
dislocation; the restoration by surgical or manipulative proceduresof a part to its normal anatomic location; 2. the removal of tooth
structure to allow adequate thickness of a restorative material΄ka΄tar\: a device
reference plane locator \rĕf΄ar-ans, rĕf΄rans plan loused to facilitate location of the horizontal reference plane on theface of a patient
reﬂectance \rĭ-ﬂĕk΄tans\ n (1926): the ratio of the intensity of
reﬂected radiant ﬂux to that of the incident ﬂux. In popular usage,
it is considered as the ratio of the intensity of reﬂected radiant ﬂux
to that reﬂected from a deﬁned reference standard; specular
reﬂection is the angle of reﬂection equal to the angle of incidence;
surface reﬂection is associated with objects having opticallysmooth surfaces; these objects are usually termed glossy; comp,
GLOSS

refractory prosthodontic patient: a patient unable to achieve
treatment expectations despite the thoroughness or frequency of
the treatment provided
regeneration \rĭ-jĕn΄a-ra΄shun\ n (14c): renewal or restoration of abody or bodily part after injury or as a normal process; syn, GUIDEDTISSUE REGENERATION
registration \rĕj΄ĭ-stra΄shun\ n (1566): 1. the making of a record of
the jaw relationships present, or those desired, thus allowing theirtransfer to an articulator to assist in the fabrication of a dental
prosthesis; 2. a record made of the desired maxillomandibular
relationship and used to relate casts to an articulator; syn, JAW
RELATION RECORD, MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD,
RECORD-ĭm-plan-ta΄shun\ n: the act of replacing a tooth
reimplantation \rein the same alveolar socket from which it had been removed, either
surgically or as a result of trauma
relief \rĭ-l
ef΄\ n: 1. the reduction or elimination of undesirable pressure or force from a speciﬁc region under a denture base, artiﬁcial
crown, or coping; 2. the creation of space in an impression tray for
impression material; 3. coating of a die with a pain-on material toproduce an oversized die dimension that allows for the ﬂow of luting
agent during cementation and eliminates any undesirable binding at
the intaglio surface; comp, CUSTOM TRAY RELIEF
relief area \rĭ-l
ef΄ âr΄
e-a\: that portion of the dental prosthesis that is
reduced to eliminate excessive pressure; that portion of a die that isrelieved with a paint-on material
relief chamber: syn, RELIEF AREA
-lın΄\ vt (1851): the procedures used to resurface thereline \reintaglio of a removable dental prosthesis with new base material,
thus producing an accurate adaptation to the denture foundation
area; comp, REBASE
-mŏd΄l\ vt: the morphologic change in bone as an
remodel \readaptive response to altered environmental demands. The bone will
progressively remodel where there is a proliferation of tissue withregressive remodeling when osteoclastic resorption is evident
remount cast \r
e-mount΄\: a cast formed inside the intaglio of a
prosthesis for the purpose of mounting the prosthesis on anarticulator

reﬂection \rĭ-ﬂĕk΄shun\ (14c) n: 1. the elevation and folding back of
all or part of the mucosa to expose underlying structures; 2. thereturn of light or sound waves from a surface

remount procedure \r
e-mount΄ pra-s
e΄jur\: any method used torelate restorations to an articulator for analysis and/or to assist in
development of a plan for occlusal equilibration or reshaping

refraction \rĭ-frak΄shun\ n (1603): the deﬂection of light or energy
waves from a straight path that occurs when passing obliquely fromone medium into another in which its velocity is different

remount record index \r
e-mount΄ rĕk΄ard ĭn΄dĕks΄\: a record ofmaxillary structures afﬁxed to the mandibular member of an articulator useful in facilitating subsequent transfers; syn, FACEBOWPRESERVATION

refractory \rĭ-frak΄ta-or
e\ adj (1606): difﬁcult to fuse or corrode;capable of enduring high temperatures kast\: a cast made of a material that will
refractory cast \rĭ-frak΄ta-re
withstand high temperatures without disintegrating; syn, INVESTMENT CAST
refractory die: any die material that is capable of enduring the hightemperatures that occur during ﬁring or casting procedures; the dieis an integral part of the mold; the restoration is directly cast,molded, or ﬁred onto the refractory die
refractory ﬂask: syn, CASTING FLASK ĭn-vĕst΄mant\: an investment
refractory investment \rĭ-frak΄ta-rematerial that can withstand the high temperatures used in solderingor castingrefractory mold \rĭ-frak΄ta-r
e m
old\: a refractory cavity into which asubstance is shaped or castremovable appliance slang: syn, REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS
removable bridge slang: syn, REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS
removable complete denture: a removable dental prosthesis that
replaces the entire dentition and associated anatomy of the maxillae
or mandible; the removable complete denture can be readily
inserted and removed from the mouth by the patient; comp,COMPLETE DENTUREo΄va-bal prŏs-the΄sĭs\: aremovable dental prosthesis \rĭ-moremovable complete or partial denture, overdenture, or maxillofacial
prosthesis that replaces some or all missing teeth; the dental
prosthesis can be readily inserted and removed by the patient.
removable die system: a segmented deﬁnitive cast system that
permits accurate removal and replacement of dies of individually
prepared teeth and partially edentulous areas

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e76

Volume 117 Issue 5S

removable partial denture  rest seato
΄va-bal par΄shal dĕn΄chur\: aremovable partial denture \rĭ-moremovable denture that replaces some teeth in a partially edentulous arch; the removable partial denture can be readily inserted andremoved from the mouth by the patiento΄va-bal prŏs-tha-dŏn΄tĭks\: theremovable prosthodontics \rĭ-mobranch of prosthodontics concerned with the replacement of teeth
and contiguous structures for edentulous or partially edentulous
patients by artiﬁcial substitutes that are readily removable from themouth by the patient

resin luting agent passed to achieve a mechanical lock; subsequently, use of acid etching of the metal partial-coverage retainer(MARYLAND BRIDGE or RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS) eliminated theneed for perforations; recently, ADHESIVE RESINS that bond to themetallic oxides of non-acid etched alloy or to the triborosilicatecoated alloy have been used; also recently, the resin impregnatedﬁber-reinforced composite resin (FRC) retainer and framework has
eliminated the metal alloy; glass, polyethylene, and carbon ﬁbers areused in resin-bonded prostheses

replica \rĕp΄lĭ-ka\ n (1852): 1. a reproduction or facsimile of an
original; 2. a copy or duplicate, such as, a duplicate of the surface ofa component of a dental implant used to process a restoration

Rochette AL. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior
teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1973;30:418-23

repositioning \re-pa-zĭsh΄a-nĭng\ n adj: the changing of any relative
position of the mandible to the maxillae, usually by altering theocclusion of the natural or artiﬁcial teeth
repositioning splint \r
e-pa-zĭsh΄a-nĭng splĭnt\ nonstand, n: syn,OCCLUSAL DEVICEo-al bon\: that component of maxillary or
residual bone \rĭ-zĭj΄omandibular bone that remains after the teeth are losto-al rĭj\: the portion of the residual bone andresidual ridge \rĭ-zĭj΄oits soft tissue covering that remains after the removal of teeth
o-al rĭj krĕst\: the most prominent
residual ridge crest \rĭ-zĭj΄ocontinuous surface of the residual ridge, not necessarily coincident
with the center of the ridge; syn, CREST OF RIDGE; comp, RESIDUALRIDGEo-al rĭj re-sôrb΄shun, -zôrb΄-\: a term
residual ridge resorption \rĭ-zĭj΄oused for the diminishing quantity and quality of the residual ridge
after the teeth are extracted
Atwood DA. Some clinical factors related to rate of resorption ofresidual ridges. J Prosthet Dent 1962;12:441-50.
Ortman HR. Factors of bone resorption of the residual ridge. J
Prosthet Dent 1962;12:429-40
resilient \rĭ-zĭl΄yant\ adj (1674): characterized or noted by resilience,as (1) capable of withstanding shock without permanent deformation or rupture or (2) tending to recover from or easily adjust tochange; resiliently adv; syn, ELASTIC
resilient attachment \rĭ-zl΄yant a-tach΄mant\ (1998): an attachment
designed to give a tooth-, soft tissue-, or implant-borne removabledental prosthesis sufﬁcient mechanical ﬂexion to withstand thevariations in seating of the prosthesis as a result of deformations of
the mucosa and underlying tissues to avoid placing excessive stresson the abutments
resilient denture liner: an interim (ethyl methacrylate withphthalate plasticizers) or deﬁnitive (processed silicone) liner of theintaglio surface of a removable complete denture, removable partial
denture, or intraoral maxillofacial prosthesis
resin \rĕz΄ĭn\ n (14c): 1. any of various solid or semisolid amorphousnatural organic substances that usually are transparent or translucent and brown to yellow; usually formed in plant secretions; aresoluble in organic solvents but not water; are used chieﬂy in varnishes, inks, plastics, and medicine; and are found in many dental
impression materials; 2. a broad term used to describe natural orsynthetic substances that form plastic materials after polymerization; they are named according to their chemical composition,
physical structure, and means for activation of polymerization;
comp, AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN, COPOLYMER RESIN
resin-bonded prosthesis \rĕz΄ĭn-bŏn΄dĭd prŏs-the΄sĭs\: a ﬁxed partial denture that is luted to tooth structures, primarily enamel, which
has been etched to provide micro mechanical retention for the resin
luting agent; early designs incorporated perforations on the lingual
partial-coverage retainer (ROCHETTE BRIDGE) through which the

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Livaditis GJ, Thompson VP. Etched castings: an improved retentive
mechanism for resin-bonded retainers. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47-52
Goldberg AJ, Burstone CJ. The use of continuous ﬁber reinforcement. Dent Mater 1992;8(3):197-202
resin-bonded splint \rĕz΄ĭn bŏn΄dĭd splĭnt\: a ﬁxed splint made ofheavy wire, ﬁbrous resin materials, and/or cast metal that is bonded
to the labial or lingual surfaces of natural teeth with an acid-etch
technique; it is used to stabilize traumatically displaced or periodontally compromised teeth
resin crown \rĕz΄ĭn kroun\: a resin restoration that restores a clinicalcrown without a metal substructure
resin-modiﬁed ceramics: a porous ceramic material interpenetrated by a polymer that can render a tougher dental material;
comp, INTERPENETRATING PHASE COMPOSITE, resin matrix ceramics
resin-modiﬁed glass ionomer: a modiﬁed glass ionomer cementthat incorporates polymerizing resin monomer and a cross-linking
agent; this type of cement has a longer working time and is lesssensitive to water contamination than conventional glass ionomer
cements; syn, HYBRID IONOMER CEMENT; comp, GLASS IONOMER
resin-retained prosthesis: syn, RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
resin-veneered restoration: a ﬁxed restoration that uses a metalframework on which an esthetic resin veneer is applied
resistance form \rĭ-zĭs΄tans form\: the features of a tooth preparation that enhance the stability of a restoration and resists dislodgment along an axis other than the path of placement
resorption \r
e-sôrp΄shun, zôrp΄-\ n (1818): the loss of tissue substance by physiologic or pathologic processes; syn, ALVEOLARRESORPTION
rest \rĕst\ n (15c): 1. a projection or attachment, usually on the sideof an object; 2. a rigid extension of a removable partial denture that
contacts the occlusal, incisal, cingulum, or lingual surface of a toothor restoration, the surface of which is commonly prepared to receiveit; comp, CINGULUM REST, INCISAL REST, LINGUAL REST, OCCLUSAL
REST, PARTIAL DENTURE REST, PRECISION REST, SEMIPRECISION
REST
rest area: syn, REST SEAT
rest bite slang: syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest jaw relation \rĕst jô rĭ-la΄shun\ obs: the postural jaw relation
when the patient is resting comfortably in an upright position andthe condyles are in a neutral, unstrained position in the glenoid
fossae (GPT-4); syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION, VERTICALDIMENSION OF REST
rest occlusion: syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest position: syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest relation: syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest seat \rĕst s
et\: the prepared recess in a tooth or restoration
developed to receive the occlusal, incisal, cingulum, or lingual rest;
syn, rest preparation, REST AREA

May 2017e77

rest vertical dimension  ridge lap
rest vertical dimension \rĕst vûr΄tĭ-kal dĭ-mĕn΄shun\: the postural
position of the mandible when an individual is resting comfortably
in an upright position and the associated muscles are in a state ofminimal contractual activity syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION,VERTICAL DIMENSION OF REST
restoration \rĕs΄ta-ra΄shun\ n (1660): a broad term applied to any
material or prosthesis that restores or replaces lost tooth structure,
teeth, or oral tissues
retainer \rĭ-ta΄nar\ n (1540): any type of device used for the stabilization or retention of a prosthesis; comp, DIRECT RETAINER, FIXEDPARTIAL DENTURE RETAINER, INDIRECT RETAINER
retention \rĭ-tĕn΄shun\ n (15c): that quality inherent in the dental
prosthesis acting to resist the forces of dislodgment along the pathof placement; comp, DIRECT RETENTION, INDIRECT RETENTION
retention arm \rĭ-tĕn΄shun ärm\: syn, RETENTIVE CLASP
retention form \rĭ-tĕn΄shun form\: the feature of a tooth preparation that resists dislodgment of a crown in a vertical direction oralong the path of placement; syn, retentive form
v the dĕn΄chur\: the resisretention of the denture \rĭ-tĕn΄shun utance of a denture to dislodgment (GPT-4)
retentive circumferential clasp \rĭ-tĕn΄tĭv sur-kum΄fa-rĕn΄shal
klasp\: a circumferential clasp arm that is ﬂexible and engages theinfrabulge area of the abutment tooth at the terminal end of thearmretentive clasp \rĭ-tĕn΄tĭv klasp\: 1. a clasp speciﬁcally designed toprovide retention by engaging an undercut; 2. a ﬂexible segment ofa removable partial denture that engages an undercut on an
abutment and that is designed to retain the prosthesis
retentive fulcrum line \rĭ-tĕn΄tĭv ful΄krum lın\: 1. an imaginary line
connecting the retentive points of clasp arms on retaining teeth
adjacent to mucosa-borne denture bases; 2. an imaginary line,
connecting the retentive points of clasp arms, around which theremovable partial denture tends to rotate when subjected to dislodging forces΄ve
-a\: a small elliptical-shaped depression
retinal fovea \rĕt΄n-al fo
in the central region of the retina somewhat less than a degree ofvisual angle in maximal diameter and characterized by the sharpest
cone vision; the fovea centralis is the normal center for visual ﬁxation and attention
\: a mass of loose, highly
retrodiscal tissue \rĕt΄ro-dĭs΄kal tĭsh΄oovascular and highly innervated, connective tissue attached to theposterior band of the articular disc and extending to and ﬁlling theloose folds of the posterior capsule of the temporomandibular
joint; it contains collagen ﬁbers, elastic ﬁbers, fat cells, numerous
blood and lymph vessels, and nerves; this zone of tissue has been
described by using multiple names such as posterior attachment,
bilaminar zone, and retrodiscal pad; this retrodiscal tissue has asuperior and an inferior lamina (layer) of connective tissue
with many elastic ﬁbers in the superior lamina, hence the namebilaminar zone
-na΄thĭk\ adj: a retruded position of theretrognathic \rĕt΄ro
mandible in relation to the maxillae΄lar pad\: a mass of tissue comprised ofretromolar pad \rĕt΄ra-mo
non-keratinized mucosa located posterior to the retromolar papillaand overlying loose glandular connective tissue; this freely movablearea should be differentiated from the pear-shaped pad-mı΄lo
- hyoid âr-e
-a\: syn, RETROretromylohyoid area \rĕt΄ro
MYLOHYOID SPACE
-mı΄lo
-hyoid spas\: an anatomic area
retromylohyoid space \rĕt΄roin the alveololingual sulcus just lingual to the retromolar padbounded anteriorly by the mylohyoid ridge, posteriorly by theretromylohyoid curtain, inferiorly by the ﬂoor of the alveololingual
sulcus, and lingually by the anterior tonsillary pillar when the tongue
is in a relaxed position; retromylohyoid fossa
retromolar trigone: triangular area of mucosa with the base posterior to the mandibular third molar, superior apex posterior tomaxillary third molar, laterally limited to lateral buccal sulcus,
medially limited to anterior tonsillar pillar; underlying anatomy includes the buccinator muscle, and superior pharyngeal constrictor
muscle, the tendinous pterygomandibular raphe, and the deep
tendon of the temporalis muscle΄dĭd kŏn΄takt\: contact of a tooth or teeth
retruded contact \rĭ-tr
ooalong the retruded path of closure; initial contact of a tooth or teeth
during closure around a transverse horizontal axis; comp, CENTRICOCCLUSION΄shun\ vb: movement toward the posterior
retrusion \rĭ-trooo΄sĭv\ adj: denotes a posterior location
retrusive \rĭ-tro
reverse articulation \rĭ-vûrs΄ är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: an occlusal relationship in which the mandibular teeth are located facial to the
opposing maxillary teeth; the maxillary buccal cusps are positioned
in the central fossae of the mandibular teeth
eth\: posterior
reverse articulation teeth \rĭ-vûrs΄ är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun tteeth designed to accommodate the buccal cusps of the maxillaryteeth positioned in the fossae of the mandibular teeth
reverse curve \rĭ-vûrs΄ kurv\: a helicoid curve of occlusion that,when viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a curve in which the
lingual surfaces of the teeth are more coronal to the buccal surfaces;
in excessive wear of the teeth, the obliteration of the cusps andformation of either ﬂat or cupped-out occlusal surfaces, associatedwith reversal of the occlusal plane of the premolar, ﬁrst and second
molar teeth (the third molars being generally unaffected), whereby
the occlusal surfaces of the mandibular teeth slope facially insteadof lingually and those of the maxillary teeth incline lingually; anteroposterior curve slopes inferiorly; comp, CURVE OF PLEASURE,CURVE OF SPEE
reverse occlusal curve: syn, REVERSE CURVE
reverse swallow: syn, TONGUE THRUSTING
reversible hydrocolloid \rĭ-vûr΄sa-bal hı΄dra-kŏl΄oid΄\: colloidal gelsin which the gelation is brought about by cooling and can be
returned to the sol condition when the temperature is sufﬁciently
increased
reversible splint \rĭ-vûr΄sa-bal splĭnt\: any means of stabilizing teeth
that does not irreversibly alter the structure of the teeth
Richmond crown obs: 1. eponym for a post-retained crown madefor an endodontically treated tooth that uses a porcelain facing; 2.
an artiﬁcial crown with an attached metal post that ﬁts the preparednatural tooth and inserts into the endodontically treated root canal;
orig, C. M. Richmond, dentist, U.S.A., 1835-1902; obs, porcelain-faced
dowel crown
Richmond CM. New method of attaching gold crowns to naturalroots of teeth. Am J Dent Sci 1878;79:425
ridge \rĭj\ n (bef. 12c): an elevated body part; a long, narrow, raised
crest; comp, ALVEOLAR RIDGE, CENTER OF THE RIDGE, CREST OF THE
RIDGE, RESIDUAL RIDGE
ridge augmentation \rĭj ôg΄mĕn-ta΄shun\: any procedure designed
to enlarge or increase the size, extent, or quality of a deformed
residual ridge
ridge crest \rĭj krĕst\: the highest continuous surface of the residual
ridge not necessarily coincident with the center of the ridge
ridge lap \rĭj lap\: the surface of a pontic for a ﬁxed partial denturethat has been shaped to accommodate the residual ridge; the tissue

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e78

Volume 117 Issue 5S

ridge lap  saturation
surface of a ridge lap design is concave and envelops both the
buccal and lingual surfaces of the residual ridge
ridge relation: syn, RIDGE RELATIONSHIP
ridge relationship \rĭj rĭ-la΄shun-shĭp\: the positional relationship ofthe mandibular residual ridge to the maxillary residual ridge
ridge resorption: syn, RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION
p\ obs: the slope of the crest of the mandibularridge slope \rĭj slo
residual ridge from the third molar region to its most anterior aspect
in relation to the inferior border of the mandible as viewed in proﬁle(GPT-4)
rigid connector \rĭj΄ĭd ka-nĕk΄tar\: a cast, soldered, or fused union
between the retainer(s) and pontic(s) or splinted crowns
ringless investment technique: an investing technique that uses aremovable cylindrical outer form permitting unrestricted expansion of the investment by comparison to the use of a steel castingring
Roach clasp: eponym for INFRABULGE CLASP; orig, Finnis Ewing(Frank) Roach, prosthodontist, U.S.A., 1865-1960
Roach FE. Principles and essentials of bar clasp partial dentures.
J Am Dent Assoc 1930;17:124-38
Rochette Bridge: a resin-bonded ﬁxed partial denture incorporating holes within the metal framework that lutes to the lingual
aspect of teeth adjacent to an edentulous space and replaces one ormore teeth; orig, Alain L. Rochette, physician/dentist, France; syn,RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
Rochette AL. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior
teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1973;30:418-23
Rockwell hardness number: acronym is RHN; a hardness measurement obtained from the depth of an indentation after use ofeither a steel ball or conical diamond point; the Rockwell hardness
number is designated to the particular indenter and load usedrod \rŏd\ n (bef. 12c): the photoreceptor in the retina that contains
a light-sensitive pigment capable of initiating the process of
scotopic vision; i.e., low intensity for achromatic sensations only1

roentgen \rĕnt΄gan, -jan, r
unt΄-\ adj: relating to x-rays; orig, W. C.
Roentgen, physicist, Germany, 1845-1923
2roentgen \rĕnt΄gan, -jan, r
unt΄-\ n (ca. 1929): the international unitof measurement of x or gamma radiation in air; abb r or R
roentgen ray \rĕnt΄gan, -jan, r
unt΄- ra\ n, often cap 1st R (1898): 1.
the electromagnetic radiation [greater than 100eV] emitted from ahighly evacuated tube, excited by the bombardment of the target
anode with a stream of electrons from a heated cathode; 2. electromagnetic radiation produced by the excitation of the inner
orbital electron of an atomroentgenogram \rĕnt΄gan-a-gram, -jan-, r
unt΄-\ n (1904) obs: aphotograph made with x-rays
roentgenograph \rĕnt΄gan-a-graf, -jan-, r
unt΄-\ n (ca. 1905) obs: ashadow image record made on a sensitized ﬁlm or plate by roentgen rays
roentgenographic interpretation \rĕnt΄gan-a-graf΄ĭk ĭn-tûr΄prĭta΄shun\ obs: an opinion formed from the study of a roentgenograph (GPT-1)
t, rŏŏt\ n (bef. 12c): the portion of the tooth apical to theroot \roocemento-enamel junction that is normally covered by cementum
and is attached to the periodontal ligament and hence to the
supporting boneo
t frak΄chur\: a microscopic or macroscopic
root fracture \rocleavage of the root in any direction
rotating condyle obs: syn, WORKING-SIDE CONDYLE

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

-ta΄shun\ n (1555): 1. the action or process of rotatingrotation \roon a mechanical center or on an axis; 2. the movement of a rigid
body in which the parts move in circular paths with their centers on
a ﬁxed line called the axis of rotation; the plane of the circle in which
the body moves is perpendicular to the axis of rotation
-ta΄shun sĕn΄tur\: a point around which all
rotational center \roother points in a body moverotational line obs: syn, FULCRUM LINE-ta΄shun-al path r
rotational path removable partial denture \roev΄a-bal pär΄shal dĕn΄chur\: a removable partial denture thatm
ooincorporates a curved, arcuate, or variable path of placement
allowing one or more of the rigid components of the framework to
gain access to and engage an undercut areaozh\ n (1753): a compound composed of ferric oxide androuge \robinders used for imparting a high luster to a polished surface ofglass, metal, or gems
RPD: acronym for REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
RPI: acronym for rest, proximal plate, and I-BAR; the clasp components of one type of removable partial denture clasp assembly
Kratochvil FJ. Inﬂuence of occlusal rest position and clasp design on
movement of abutment teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1963;13:114-12
Krol AJ. Clasp design for extension-base removable partial dentures.
J Prosthet Dent 1973;29:408-15
o΄ga\ n, pl ,gae \-gĕ΄, -gı\ (ca. 1775): an anatomic fold or
rugae \rowrinkledusually used in the plural sense; the irregular ﬁbrous connective tissue ridges located in the anterior third of the hard palaterugae area: syn, RUGAE
rugae zone: syn, RUGAE

S
saddle n, obs, slang: syn, DENTURE BASE
saddle pontic obs, slang: syn, RIDGE LAP
sagittal \saj΄ĭ-tl\ adj (1541): situated in the plane of the cranial
sagittal suture or parallel to that plane; syn, SAGITTAL PLANE
sagittal axis \saj΄ĭ-tl ak΄sĭs\: an imaginary anteroposterior line
around which the mandible may rotate when viewed in the frontal
planesagittal axis of the mandible: syn, SAGITTAL AXIS
sagittal condylar inclination: acronym is SCI; the angle formed by
the path of the moving condyles within the sagittal plane comparedwith the horizontal plane (anterior-posterior movement); syn, HORIZONTAL CONDYLAR INCLINATION
sagittal plane \saj΄ĭ-tl plan\: any vertical plane or section parallel tothe median plane of the body that divides a body into right and left
portions
sand-blasting nonstand: syn, AIR ABRASION, AIRBORNE-PARTICLEABRASION
sandwich technique: a restorative technique when applying a glassionomer to dentin and then overlaying it with composite resin; thesynergy of the two materials provides a physiomechanical andesthetic property; orig, John McLean, dentist, United Kingdom, 1985
sanitary bridge obs: syn, HYGIENIC PONTIC
sanitary pontic obs: a trade name originally designed as a manufactured convex blank with a slotted back; the name was used
occasionaly as a synonym for a hygienic pontic, wherein the pontic
does not contact the residual ridge; syn, HYGIENIC PONTIC
saturation \sach΄a-ra΄shun\ n (1554): the attribute of color perception that expresses the degree of color (hue) intensity; syn, CHROMA

May 2017e79

scaffold  semiprecision rest
scaffold \skaf΄ald\ n (14c): a supporting surface, either natural or
prosthetic, which maintains the contour of tissue; a supporting
framework
1

scallop \skŏl΄ap\ n (15c): one of a continuous series of circles

scallop \skŏl΄ap\ vt (1737): to shape, cut, or ﬁnish in scallops;
segments or angular projections forming a border2

scanner: a device for the 3D acquisition of the surfaces of an object
by mechanical contact, laser, or photographic image; comp, coordinate measuring machine, CONTACT SCANNER, LASER SCANNER,
WHITE LIGHT SCANNER
scanning electron micrograph: acronym SEM; a micrograph of
specimens that are coated with heavy metal and then scanned byan electron beam; the image is built up on a monitor screen (in thesame way as the raster builds a conventional television image); theresolution is less than transmission electron microscopy, but the
preparation is easier (often by ﬁxation followed by critical point
drying); the depth of focus is relatively large allowing signiﬁcantmagniﬁcation and observation of the specimen’s surface
scattered radiation \skat΄ard ra΄de-a΄shun\: radiation that during
passage through a substance has been deviated in direction; it may
also have been modiﬁed by an increase in wavelengths. It is one
form of secondary radiation

section \sĕk΄shun\ n: the portion of a maxillofacial prosthesis thatserves to ﬁll a defect as a part of the prosthesis; syn, CONFORMER
sectional facial moulage impression: a procedure used to record
the soft tissue contours of a portion of the face; occasionally several
separate sectional impressions are made, and then reassembled toprovide a full facial contour cast; the impression is used to create apartial facial moulage and generally is not reusable
sectional impression \sĕk΄shun-al ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: a negative likenessthat is made in sections
segment \sĕg΄mant\ n (1570): any of the parts into which a bodynaturally separates or is divided either actually or by an imaginaryline or plane
Seibert classiﬁcation: eponym for the classiﬁcation of residual
alveolar ridge form into three categories identiﬁed as class I, II, andIII. Class I defectsdfaciolingual loss of tissue width with normal ridge
height; Class II defectsdloss of ridge height with normal ridge width;
Class III defectsda combination of loss in both dimensions
Seibert JS. Reconstruction of deformed, partially edentulous ridges,
using full-thickness onlay grafts. Part I. Technique and woundhealing. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1983;4:437-53
selective grinding: syn, OCCLUSAL RESHAPING

scattering \skat-a-rĭng\ n (14c): diffusion or redirection of radiantenergy encountering particles of a different refractive index; scattering occurs at any such interface, at the surface, or inside a medium containing particles

selective laser melting: acronym is SLM; an additive CAM continuous layering buildup process in which elemental metal or alloy
powder deposition is closely followed by laser melting to create aﬁnished shape under computer control

΄ĭ-fĭsh΄ant\: single scattering
scattering coefﬁcient \skat΄ar-ĭng ko
coefﬁcient of a particle in a medium with a different refractive index,
expressed as a ratio between scattering cross section and geometriccross section of the particle; it should properly be called scattering
efﬁciency, but in popular use, called scattering coefﬁcient΄pĭk vĭ΄shun\: vision that occurs in faint lightscotopic vision \ska-to
or dark adaptation and is attributable to the retinal rods; themaximum of the relative spectral visual sensitivity is shifted to 510
nm and the spectrum is seen uncolored

selective laser sintering: acronym is SLS; an additive CAM technique by sintering plastics, glass, or ceramics into 3D structures;comp, DIRECT METAL LASER SINTERING

scribe \skrıb\ vt (1678): to write, trace, or mark by making a line orlines with a pointed instrument; scribed \skrıbd\, scribing\skrı΄bĭng\second-stage dental implant surgery \sĕk΄and staj dĕn΄tl ĭm-plant
sûr΄ja-re\: 1. for eposteal dental implant surgery, the term refers to
the procedure involving placement of the eposteal framework
fabricated after the ﬁrst stage implant surgery; 2. for endosteal
dental implant surgery, after surgical reﬂection, the occlusal aspectof the dental implant is exposed, the healing screw is removed, andeither the interim or deﬁnitive dental implant abutment is placed;
after these procedures, the investing tissues are (when needed)sutured bŏndz\: weak interatomic bonds
secondary bonds \sĕk΄an-dĕr-earising from dipoles within atoms or molecules
secondary crown: syn, TELESCOPIC CROWN
secondary dentition: syn, PERMANENT DENTITION
\: a fracture occurring as asecondary fracture \sĕk΄an-dĕr-econsequence of infection, necrosis, or some other disease of theboneo΄zal\: the effects
secondary occlusal trauma \sĕk΄an-dĕr-
e a-kloinduced by normal occlusal force acting on teeth with decreased
periodontal support
secondary pain \sĕk΄an-dĕr-e pan\: heterotopic pain and/or
secondary hyperalgesia induced by deep somatic pain as a central
excitatory effectself-curing resin slang: syn, AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
self-etching primer: a solution composed of acidic resin and volatile ingredients that simultaneously etches and primes dentin prior
to the restorative composite resin bonding
self-separating plaster \sĕlf-sĕp΄a-rat΄ĭng plas΄tar\ obs: an impression plaster that disintegrates in hot water (GPT-4)
self-threading pin \sĕlf-thrĕd΄ĭng pĭn\: a pin screwed into a holeprepared in dentin to enhance retention
sella turcica \sĕl-la t
ur-s
e΄ka\: a cephalometric landmark in thegeometric center of the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone; a bony
anatomic landmark
-a-j
semi-adjustable articulator \sĕm΄e
ust΄a-bal är-tĭk΄ya-la-tor\: anarticulator that allows adjustment to simulate mandibular movements; syn, Class III articulator
semi-anatomical teeth: modiﬁed denture tooth occlusal forms witha 20-degree or less cuspal incline
-prĕsh΄as mĕt΄l al΄oi΄, a-loi΄\ nonsemiprecious metal alloy \sĕm΄estand: an alloy composed of precious and base metals; there is no
distinct ratio of components separating semiprecious alloys fromanother group. Editorial note for usage: the preferred terminology to
be used with dental alloys is HIGH NOBLE ALLOY, NOBLE ALLOY, andBASE METAL
semiprecision attachment: a laboratory fabricated rigid metallic
patrix of a ﬁxed or removable partial denture that ﬁts into a matrix
in a cast restoration, allowing some movement between the components; attachments with plastic components are often called
semiprecision attachments even if prefabricated (not laboratory
fabricated); comp, PRECISION ATTACHMENT-prĭ-sĭzh΄an rĕst\: a rigid metallic extensemiprecision rest \sĕm΄esion of a ﬁxed or removable partial denture that ﬁts into an intracoronal preparation in a cast restoration

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e80

Volume 117 Issue 5S

separating medium  soft splint
separating medium \sĕp΄a-rat΄ĭng me΄de-am\: 1. a coating applied
to a surface and serving to prevent a second surface from adheringto the ﬁrst; 2. a material, usually applied on an impression, tofacilitate removal of the cast; comp, TIN FOIL SUBSTITUTE
septum \sĕp΄tum\ n (1726): a dividing wall or membrane, especiallybetween bodily spaces or masses; septa \sĕp΄ta\ plsequestrectomy: surgical removal of a sequestrum

silica-bonded investment: a casting investment with ethyl silicate
or a silica gel as a binder, the latter reverting to silica upon heating;this is combined with cristobalite or quartz as the refractory material; such investments exhibit considerable thermal expansion andcan be used when casting higher fusing chromium alloys
simple fracture \sĭm΄pl frak΄chur\: a linear bony fracture that is notin communication with the exterior
simple joint \sĭm΄pul joint\: a joint in which only two bones
articulatesequestrum: a portion of devitalized bone entirely separated fromthe adjacent vital bonesetting expansion \sĕt΄tĭng ĭk-span΄shun\: the dimensional increasethat occurs concurrent with the hardening of various materials, suchas dental stone, die stone, and dental casting investment

simulation ﬁlm \sĭm΄ya-la΄shun fĭlm\: radiographs made with thesame ﬁeld size, source-to-skin distance, and orientation for thevisualization of a therapeutic beam

setup n, obs: syn, DIAGNOSTIC DENTURE WAX-UP, TOOTH
ARRANGEMENT, TRIAL PLACEMENT, TRIAL DENTURE

1sinter \sĭn΄tar\ n (1780): a deposit formed by evaporation of lake orspring watersextant \sekstənt\ n, New Latin sextant-, sextans, from Latin, sixthpart of anything, from sextus sixth +-ant-, -ans, -ant: 1. the sixth partof a circle; 2. in dentistry, a subdivision of the dental arch by adjacent tooth grouping; the maxillary and mandibular arches may be
divided into a total of 6 areas each termed a SEXTANT; in the
maxillae, the right posterior sextant extends from third molar to ﬁrst
premolar, the anterior maxillary sextant extends from canine tocanine, and the left posterior maxillary sextant extends from ﬁrst
premolar to third molar; the mandibular arch may be divided into
three similar sextants
shade \shad\ n: 1. a term used to describe a particular hue, orvariation of a primary hue, such as a greenish shade of yellow; 2. aterm used to describe a mixture with black (or gray) as opposed to atint that is a mixture with white; comp, TOOTH COLOR SELECTION

2
sinter \sĭn΄tar\ vt (1871): to cause to become a coherent mass byheating without melting; comp, SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING

shade selection: syn, TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
shearing stress \shîr΄ĭng strĕs\: the internal induced force that
opposes the sliding of one plane on an adjacent plane or the force
that resists a twisting action
shell crown \shĕl kroun\ obs: 1. an artiﬁcial crown swaged from a
metal plate; 2. an artiﬁcial crown that is adapted like a shell or cap
over the remaining clinical crown of a tooth; the space between thecrown and the shell is ﬁlled with cement
shellac base \sha-lak΄ bas\ obs: a record base constructed by using
a shellac-based wafer that has been adapted to the cast with heat
(GPT-4)shim stock n: a thin (8-12 micrometer) strip of polyester ﬁlm used to
identify the presence or absence of occlusal or proximal contacts
shoulder ﬁnish line \shŏl΄dar fĭn΄ĭsh lın\ n: a ﬁnish line design for atooth preparation in which the gingival ﬂoor meets the external
axial surfaces at approximately a right angle
shoulder porcelain: a low-shrinkage porcelain applied for an artiﬁcial crown margin design for a PORCELAIN MARGIN; comp, BODY
PORCELAIN, INCISAL PORCELAIN, GINGIVAL PORCELAIN
shrink-spot porosity \shrĭngk-spŏt pa-rŏs΄ĭ-t
e\ nonstand: syn, BACKPRESSURE POROSITY, OCCLUDED GAS POROSITY, SOLIDIFICATIONPOROSITY, SUCK-BACK POROSITY

sinus tract: an abnormal passage from a pathological process to an
external surface
skiagraph \skı΄a-graf΄, -gräf΄\ n, obs (1801): 1. a ﬁgure formed byshading in the outline of a shadow; 2. a radiograph; syn, skiagram(GPT-1)
SLA: acronym for STEREOLITHOGRAPHY΄par\ slang: any dental implant body not used for supsleeper \sle
port and stabilization of a dental prosthesis
sliding movement: syn, TRANSLATION
slip-cast ceramics: a ﬁne-grain ceramic material that is partiallysintered to form a porous substructure; the ceramic material canbe either aluminum oxide, magnesium aluminum oxide, or a combination of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide; the porous substructure is subsequently infused with a molten glass to form astrong framework for a ﬁxed dental prosthesis
slotted attachment nonstand: syn, PRECISION ATTACHMENTSLS: acronym for SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING1
s\ n (14c): an artiﬁcial passage for water ﬁtted with asluice \sloovalve or gate for stopping or regulating the ﬂow
2os\ vb (1593): 1. to draw off by or via a sluice; 2. to washsluice \slowith or in water through or from a sluice; 3. to drench with a suddenosd\; sluicing \sloo
΄sĭng\ vt
ﬂow; sluiced \slosmile design: a contemporary term for DENTOGENICS; a concept ofusing gender, personality, and age as factors in tooth arrangement
and anatomy by means of waxing of casts, interim composite resinon teeth, or digital image enhancements; syn, DENTOGENICS
SNA angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-A point; in cephalometrics, anangle measuring the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary
basal arch to the anterior cranial base; it relates to the degree ofmaxillary prognathism
snap impression obs: syn, PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION

side-shift: syn, MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION

SNB angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-B point; in cephalometrics, anangle showing the anterior limit of the mandibular basal arch inrelation to the anterior cranial base

Sievert: abbr, Sv; a unit of radiation therapy relating health effects
using the International System of Units (SI); comp, GRAY

socket \sŏk΄ĭt\ (15c): any opening or hollow that forms a holder forsomething, e.g., a toothsilent period \sı΄lant pĭr΄
e-ad\: a momentary electromyographic
decrease in elevator muscle activity on initial tooth contact presumably as the result of the inhibitory effect of stimulated periodontal ligament receptors

soft palate \soft, sŏft pal΄ĭt\: the displaceable part of the palatal
anatomy posterior to the hard palate

sialorrhea: excessive ﬂow of saliva

silica \sĭl΄ĭ-ka\ n (ca. 1301): silicon dioxide occurring in crystalline,
amorphous, and usually impure forms (as quartz, opal, and sand)

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

soft palate obturator: syn, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
soft splint \soft, sŏft splĭnt\: a resilient device covering either the
maxillary or the mandibular teeth for the purpose of preventing
trauma to the dentition or acting as a deprogrammer

May 2017e81

soft splint  split-cast method1solder \sŏd΄ar\ n (15c): a fusible metal alloy, distinguishable between the two uniting metals, used to unite the edges or surfaces of
two pieces of metal; something that unites or cements

solder \sŏd΄ar\ vb: to unite, bring into, or restore to a ﬁrm union;
the act of uniting two pieces of metal by the proper alloy ofmetals; syn, BRAZE; soldered \sŏd΄ard\; soldering \sŏd΄ar-ĭng\;solderability \sŏd΄ar-a-bĭl΄ĭ-t
e\ n; solderer \sŏd΄ar-er\ n2soldering antiﬂux: a material, such as iron oxide (rouge) dissolvedin a suitable solvent, such as turpentine, placed on a metal surface
to conﬁne the ﬂow of molten solder
soldering ﬂux: a material such as borax glass (Na2B4O7) applied to ametal surface to remove oxides or prevent their formation to facilitate the ﬂow of solder
soldering index: 1. a mold used to record the relative position ofmultiple cast restorations prior to investing for a soldering procedure; 2. a rigid resin connection between multiple cast restorations
ﬁxing their relative position prior to a soldering proceduresolidiﬁcation porosity \sa-lĭd΄a-fĭ-ka΄shun pa-rŏs΄ĭ-t
e\: an area ofporosity in cast metal that is caused by shrinkage of a portion of themetal as it solidiﬁes from the molten state without ﬂow of additional
molten metal from surrounding areas; syn, BACK PRESSURE
POROSITY, OCCLUDED GAS POROSITY, SHRINK-SPOT POROSITY,
SUCK-BACK POROSITY
sonicate \sŏn΄ĭ-kat\ vt (1961): to disrupt (i.e., bacterial membranes
or surface particle contaminants) by means of application of highfrequency sound waves; ecated \-ka΄tĭd\; -cating \-ka΄tĭng\; sonication \sŏn΄ĭ-ka΄shun\ nspace \spas\ n (14c): a delimited, 3D region; physical space independent of what occupies it; comp, DENTURE SPACE, INTERDENTALGINGIVAL SPACE, INTEROCCLUSAL REST SPACE, INTERPROXIMALSPACE, INTERRADICULAR SPACE, RETROMYLOHYOID SPACE, SPACEOF DONDERS
space analysis n: treatment planning for the prosthesis dimensions
necessary for restorative materials relative to supporting anatomy;
this applies to, but is not limited to, dental implant components,
tooth or implant overdentures, extracoronal attachments, pontic
design, and smile design; comp, PREOPERATIVE RECORD, VIRTUALSURGICAL PLANNING

objects having optically smooth (glossy) surfaces; syn, mirrored
reﬂection
-fo
-tŏm΄ĭ-tar\ n: a photometry device
spectrophotometer \spĕk΄tro
for the measurement of spectral transmissions, reﬂectance, or relative emissions; spectrophotometers are normally equipped withdispersion optics (prism or grating) to give a continuous spectral
curve
-fo
-ta-mĕt΄rĭk kûrv\: a curve
spectrophotometric curve \spĕk΄tromeasured on a spectrophotometer, hence, a graph of relative
reﬂectance or transmittance (or absorption) as the ordinate, plottedversus wavelengths or frequency as the abscissa; the most common
curves in the visible region use wavelength units of a nanometer,with the short wavelength to the left of the scale; the word spectralis frequently used in place of the longer spectrophotometric, but they
are not necessarily synonymous
spectrum \spĕk΄trum\ n: 1. band of colors produced when sunlightis passed through a prism; 2. spatial arrangements of componentsof radiant energy in order of their wavelengths, wave numbers, or
frequency; spectral adj
speech aid \sp
ech ad\: any therapy or any instrument, apparatus, or
device used to improve speech qualitych ad prŏs-the΄sĭs\: a removable maxilspeech aid prosthesis \spelofacial prosthesis used to restore an acquired or congenital defectof the soft palate with a portion extending into the pharynx toseparate the oropharynx and nasopharynx during phonation anddeglutition, thereby completing the palatopharyngeal sphincter;comp, ADULT SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS, PEDIATRIC SPEECH AIDPROSTHESIS, PHARYNGEAL SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS, CLEFT PALATEPROSTHESIS
speech aid prosthesis modiﬁcation \sp
ech ad prŏs-the΄sĭs mŏd΄afĭ-ka΄shun\: any revision of a pediatric or adult speech aid prosthesis
not necessitating its replacement
ch är-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: 1. the phonation of
speech articulation \spesounds in connected discourse; 2. the movement and placement
during speech of the organs that serve to interrupt or modify thevoiced or unvoiced air stream into meaningful sounds; 3. the speech
function performed largely through the movements of the lower
jaw, lips, tongue, and soft palate
speech bulb: syn, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS

space of Donders: eponym for the space that lies above the dorsumof the tongue and below the hard and soft palates when themandible and tongue are in the rest position; orig, F.C. Donders
Donders FC. Ueber den Mechanismus des Saugens. Pﬂugers Archiv
fur die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere
1875;10:91-94

speech prosthesis: syn, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS

span length \span lĕngkth\: the length of a beam between two
supports

sphincter \sfĭngk΄ter\ n (1578): a ringlike band of muscle ﬁbers that
constricts to close an oriﬁce or passage

spatula \spach΄a-la\ n (1525): a ﬂat-bladed instrument used for
mixing or spreading materials

1
splint \splĭnt\ n (14c): 1. a rigid or ﬂexible device that maintains inposition a displaced or movable part; also used to keep in place andprotect an injured part; 2. a rigid or ﬂexible material used to protect,
immobilize, or restrict motion in a part; comp, ANDERSON SPLINT,CAP SPLINT, ESSIG SPLINT, FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL SPLINT, GUNNING’S SPLINT, INTERDENTAL SPLINT, KINGSLEY SPLINT, LABIALSPLINT, LINGUAL SPLINT, PROVISIONAL SPLINT, RESIN-BONDEDSPLINT, SOFT SPLINT, SURGICAL SPLINT, WIRE SPLINT

1

spatulate \spach΄a-lĭt\ adj (1760): shaped like a spatula
spatulate \spach΄a-lĭt\ vt: to work or treat with a spatula; -ed/ing/-s
spatulation \spach΄a-la΄shun\ n: the manipulation of material with aspatula to produce a homogenous mass
speaking space \spe΄kĭng spas\: the space that occurs between theincisal and/or occlusal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular
teeth during speech2spectral curve: syn, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CURVE
spectral reﬂection \spĕk΄tral rĭ-ﬂĕk΄shun\: reﬂection in which theangle of reﬂection is equal to the angle of incidence; associated witho
΄shun\v a-klo
spherical form of occlusion \sfîr΄ĭ-kal, sfĕr΄- form u
obs: an arrangement of teeth that places their occlusal surfaces on
the surface of an imaginary sphere (usually 8 inches in diameter)with its center above the level of the teeth (GPT-4); syn, CURVE OFMONSON2

splint \splĭnt\ vb (1543): to immobilize, support, or brace

splinting \splĭn΄tĭng\ n: 1. in dentistry, the joining of two or moreteeth into a rigid unit by means of ﬁxed or removable restorations ordevices; 2. in physiology, prolonged muscle contraction that inhibitsor prevents movement
split-cast method \splĭt-kast mĕth΄ad\: syn, SPLIT CAST MOUNTING

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e82

Volume 117 Issue 5S

split-cast mounting  stereolithography
split-cast mounting \splĭt-kast moun΄tĭng\: 1. a procedure for
placing indexed casts on an articulator to facilitate their removal
and replacement on the instrument; 2. the procedure for verifying
the accuracy of the maxillomandibular relation record
Needles JW. Mandibular movements and articulator design. J Am
Dent Assoc 1923;10:927-35
split-dowel crown \splĭt-dou΄al kroun\ obs: an artiﬁcial crownsupported and retained by a post that was split longitudinally in an
attempt to use spring retention in an undersized post space; syn,
DAVIS CROWN
split-thickness graft \splĭt-thĭk΄nĭs graft\: a transplant of skin or
mucous membrane consisting of epithelium and a portion of thedermis (skin) or lamina propria (mucous membrane)
spontaneous
DISLOCATION

anterior

dislocation:syn,

MANDIBULAR

rts dĕn΄tĭ-str
sports dentistry \sports, spo
e\: all aspects of dentistry,either preventive or therapeutic, directly or indirectly involved withsports and recreation
spot grinding:
RESHAPINGsyn,OCCLUSALADJUSTMENT,OCCLUSALo\ n (1880): 1. the channel or hole through which plastic
sprue \sproor metal is poured or cast into a gate or reservoir and then into amold; 2. the cast metal or plastic that connects a casting to theresidual sprue button
o b
sprue button \sprout΄n\: the excess material remaining at thebase of the mold after a dental castingo fôr΄mar\: a wax, plastic, or metal pattern usedsprue former \spro
to form the channel or channels allowing molten metal to ﬂow intoa mold to make a casting
sprue pin: syn, SPRUE FORMER
stability \sta-bĭl΄ĭ-te\ n (15c): 1. that quality of maintaining a constant character or position in the presence of forces that threaten to
disturb it; the quality of being stable; to stand or endure; 2. thequality of a complete or removable partial denture to be ﬁrm,
steady, or constant, to resist displacement by functional horizontal
or rotational stresses; 3. resistance to horizontal displacement of a
prosthesis; comp, DENTURE STABILITY, DIMENSIONAL STABILITY,OCCLUSAL STABILITY
stabilization \sta΄ba-lĭ-za΄shun\ n, obs: the seating of a ﬁxed or
removable denture so that it will not tilt or be displaced underpressure (GPT-1)
stabilize \sta΄ba-lız΄\ vb (1861): 1. to make ﬁrm, steadfast, stable; 2.
to hold steady, as to maintain the stability of any object by means ofa stabilizer; -lized \lızd\; -lizing \lı-zĭng\ vt, stabilization \sta΄ba-lĭza΄shun\ nstabilized record base \sta΄ba-lızd rĕk΄ard bas\ obs: a record baselined with a material to improve its ﬁt and adaptation to the underlying supporting tissues; syn, RECORD BASE; comp, DEFINITIVEDENTURE BASE
stabilizing circumferential clasp \sta΄ba-lı΄zĭng sar-kum΄fa-rĕn΄shul
klasp\: a circumferential clasp that is relatively rigid and contacts theheight of contour of the tooth without retentive force
1
stain \stan\ n (1583): 1. a soiled or discolored spot; a spot of color
in contrast to the surrounding area; 2. a preparation used in staining; 3. in dentistry, the discoloration of a tooth surface or surfaces asa result of ingested materials, bacterial action, tobacco, and/or othersubstances; this may be intrinsic, extrinsic, acquired, or developmental; syn, characterization
stain \stan\ vb (14c): 1. to suffuse with color; 2. to color by processes affecting chemically or otherwise the material itself; 3. in
2

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

dentistry, to intentionally alter restorations through the applicationof intrinsic or extrinsic colorants to achieve a desired effect; syn, tocharacterize a restoration
stanch \staw nch\ vb: 1. to check or stop the ﬂow of; to stop theﬂow of blood from (a wound); 2. to stop or check in its course; 3. tomake watertightstandard abutment: dental implant abutment with screw specifically referring to the original Branemark design; DENTAL IMPLANT
ABUTMENTo΄ma-nant\: the illuminants A, B,
standard illuminant \stan΄dard ĭ-lo
C, D, (and others) deﬁned by the CIE in terms of their relative power
distribution curves. “A” is an illuminant with a Planckion temperature of approximately 2854 K. It is intended to represent a common
tungsten ﬁlament source. “B” approximates solar radiationd 4870
Kdand is obsolete. “C” is average daylight, 6740 K. “D” is daylightwith the near ultraviolet source included
standard light source \stan΄dard lıt sôrs, s
ors\: a reference lightsource whose spectral power distribution is known
standard observer \stan΄dard ob-zûr΄vur\: a hypothetical observerwith a visual response mechanism possessing the calorimetricproperties deﬁned by the CIE in 1931 as representative of the human population having normal color vision
standard of care: the level of care that reasonably prudent
healthcare providers in the same or a similar locality would provide
under similar circumstances
standard tessellation language (STL): a digital ﬁle used in stereolithographic display and printing; the 3D image surface is interpreted by a series of triangles
staphyloschisis: a biﬁd uvula with or without cleft palate
static \stat΄ĭk\ adj: related to bodies at rest or forces in equilibriumg\: the delayed failure of glass andstatic fatigue \stat΄ĭk fa-te
ceramic materials resulting from stress-enhanced reactions aided bywater vapor acting on surface cracks; analogous to stress corrosion
occurring in metals
static relation \stat΄ĭk rĭ-la΄shun\: the relationship between two
parts that are not in motion
steam cleaning: the process of debris removal from a restoration,framework, or dental prosthesis through use of pressurized steam
Steinmann’s pin: eponym for a ﬁrm metal pin that is sharpened on
one end; used for the internal ﬁxation of fractures; orig, Fritz
Steinmann, surgeon, Switzerland, 1872-1932
΄sĭs\ n (ca. 1860): a narrowing or constriction in the
stenosis \sta-no
diameter of a passage or oriﬁce; -noses pl; stenotic \sta-nŏt΄ĭk\ adj
stent \stĕnt\ n: eponym for any supplementary device used inconjunction with a surgical procedure to keep a skin graft in place;often modiﬁed with acrylic resin or dental modeling plastic
impression compound that was previously termed Stent’s mass; also
refers to any device or mold used to hold a skin graft in place orprovide support for anastomosed structures; orig, Charles R. Stent,
dentist, United Kingdom, 1845-1901; syn, SURGICAL STENT; comp,
NASAL STENT
Stephan curve: a line graph representing the decreasing pH of
dental plaques relative to time following a sugar or carbohydrate
exposure
stereograph \stĕr΄
e-o-graf΄, stĭr΄-\ n (1859): syn, PANTOGRAPH
stereolithography: acronym is SLA; a computer numerical control(CNC) additive fabrication of an object; in dentistry, it relates to thelaser initiation of light-reactive resin layering to make replicas of casts
and devices; alternative to processes of casting, injection molding

May 2017e83

stereolithography  subocclusal connector
and vacuum thermoforming; orig, the photo sculpturing principle iscredited to Francois Willeme, 1860; the term and manufacturing
process is credited to Charles Hull,1986; comp, fused deposition
modeling, RAPID PROTOTYPING, SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
stereotactic facebow record: the maxillary occlusal registration
record obtained by means of a radiographic image and viewed in araster graphic image
stereotactic surgery: surgery guided with the use of endoscope orradiologic imaging; comp, robotic surgery, stereotactic body radiation
therapy (SBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery; orig, Sir Victor Horsley,neurosurgeon, United Kingdom and Robert H. Clark, physiologist,
United Kingdom, 1908
sterile \stĕr΄al\ adj (1558): free from living microorganisms; aseptic
k΄\: a standard surgical technique insterile technique \stĕr΄al tĕk-newhich an aseptic area is established and maintained, including
proper sterilization of instruments, drapes, gowns, gloves, and thesurgical area; with respect to dental implant placement, the systematic maintenance of asepsis with special emphasis on noncontamination of instruments and implant elements throughout
an implant placement proceduresterilization \stĕr΄a-lı-za΄shun\ n: the process of completely eliminating microbial viability
stipple \stĭp΄al\ vt (1760): 1. to make small pointed indentations thattogether produce an even or softly graded shadow; 2. to speckle or
ﬂeck; stippled \stĭ΄puld\ stippling \stĭp΄lĭng\ stippler \stĭp΄lar\ n
STL: acronym for STANDARD TESSELLATION LANGUAGE
stock tray coll: a metal or plastic prefabricated impression tray
typically available in various sizes and used principally for preliminary impressions; comp, CUSTOM TRAY΄ma\ n (ca. 1684): 1. any simple bodily opening; 2. anstoma \stoartiﬁcial permanent opening usually made surgically; stomata΄ma-ta\ pl, also stomas \sto΄mäs\\sto
-mat΄a-na΄thĭk\ n: denoting the jaws andstomatognathic \stomouth collectively
-mat΄a-na΄thĭk sĭs΄tum\: the combinastomatognathic system \stotion of structures involved in speech, receiving food, mastication,and deglutition as well as parafunctional actions; syn, MASTICATORYSYSTEMe\ n: the study of the structures, funcstomatology \sto΄ma-tŏl΄a-j
tions, and diseases of the mouthstone n: syn, DENTAL STONE; GYPSUM
stone die: a replica of a prepared tooth in dental stone used in the
fabrication of a dental restoration; comp, MODEL, REPLICA
strain \stran\ n: change in length per unit length when stress isapplied; the change in length/original length; the deformation
caused in a body by an external force
stress \strĕs\ n (14c): force per unit area; a force exerted on one
body that presses on, pulls on, pushes against, or tends to invest or
compress another body; an internal force that resists an externallyapplied load or force; it is normally deﬁned in terms of mechanicalstress, which is the force divided by the perpendicular crosssectional area over which the force is applied; comp, COMPRESSIVESTRESS, SHEARING STRESS, TENSILE STRESS

stress concentration: an area or point of signiﬁcantly higher stressassociated with a structural discontinuity such as a crack or porestress director \strĕs dĭ-rĕk΄tar, dı-\: a device or system that relieves
speciﬁc dental structures of part or all of the occlusal forces andredirects those forces to other load bearing structures or regions
stress distribution n: avoiding stress concentration; allowing
stresses to be dispersed; comp, STRESS
stress-strain curve: the graphic representation of the tensile orcompressive stress and associated strain of a material
study cast obs: syn, DIAGNOSTIC CAST, PRELIMINARY CAST, PREOPERATIVE CAST
stumpf shade: blunt or dull; in dentistry, a term referring to thetooth’s dentin shade; syn, stump shadestylus tracing \stı΄lus tra΄sĭng\: a planar tracing that resembles anarrowhead or gothic arch made by means of a device attached tothe opposing arches; the shape of the tracing depends on thelocation of the marking point relative to the tracing table, i.e., in theincisal region as opposed to posteriorly; the apex of a properly madeanterior tracing is considered to indicate the centric relation position; Editorial note for usage: extraoral tracer (ing), intraoral tracer(ing), and tracing device are the primary terms; comp, ARROW POINT
TRACER, CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE, CEPHALOMETRICTRACER, COBLE BALANCER, EXTRAORAL TRACER, GOTHIC ARCH
TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING, MANDIBULAR TRACER, NEEDLE
POINT TRACING, PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING, TRACING DEVICE
sub-antral augmentation \s
ub΄an-tral ôg΄mĕn-ta΄shun\: augmentation of the antral ﬂoor with autologous bone or bone substitutes
to provide a host site for dental implants; syn, sinus lift, antralplasty
subcondylar fracture \s
ub-kŏn΄dĭ-lar frak΄chur\: a fracture beneaththe condylar head and within the condylar necksubgingival ﬁnish line: the tooth preparation ﬁnish line that is
located apical to the crest of the free gingival margin; syn, intracrevicular ﬁnish line
subgingival margin: the restoration margin that is located apical tothe crest of the free gingival margin; syn, intracrevicular margin
sublingual \s
ub΄lĭng΄gwal\ adj (1661): pertaining to the region or
structures located beneath the tongue
sublingual crescent \s
ub΄lĭng΄gwal krĕs΄ant\: the crescent-shaped
area at the anterior ﬂoor of the mouth formed by the lingual wallof the mandible and the adjacent sublingual fold. It is the area of theanterior alveolingual sulcus
sublingual fold \s
ub΄lĭng΄gwal f
old\: the crescent-shaped area at
the ﬂoor of the mouth following the inner wall of the mandible andtapering toward the molar region; formed by the sublingual glandand submandibular ducts
sublingual fossa \s
ub΄lĭng΄gwal fŏs΄a\: a smooth depression on the
lingual surface of the body of the mandible near the midline, above
the mylohyoid line and below the alveolus; this fossa accommodates part of the sublingual glandsubluxation \s
ub΄l
uk-sa΄shun\ n (ca. 1688): an incomplete or partial
dislocation that is self-reducing; comp, CONDYLAR SUBLUXATION
submersible endosteal implant obj: syn, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT

stress-bearing area: syn, STRESS-BEARING REGION

submersible implant obj: syn, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT

stress-bearing region \strĕs-bâr΄ĭng\: 1. the surfaces of oral structures that resist forces, strains, or pressures brought on them duringfunction; 2. the portion of the mouth capable of providing support
for a denture; syn, DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA

submucosal insert: syn, MUCOSAL IMPLANT

stress breaker: syn, STRESS DIRECTOR

submucous cleft palate: syn, OCCULT CLEFT PALATE΄zal ka-nĕk΄tar\: an interproximal
subocclusal connector \s
ub΄a-kloononrigid connector positioned apical to and not in communication
with the occlusal plane

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e84

Volume 117 Issue 5S

subperiosteal dental implant  surgical obturator
subperiosteal dental implant \s
ub-pĕr΄
e-ŏs΄te-al dĕn΄tl ĭm-plant΄\:an eposteal dental implant that is placed beneath the periosteum
while overlying the bony cortex; orig, G.S. Dahl, dentist, Sweden
Dahl GS. Om mojlighenten for implantation, kaken av metall skelett
som bas eller retention for fasta eller avatagbara protesor. Odontol
Foren Tidskr 1943;51:440
Goldberg NI, Gershkoff A. The implant lower denture. Dent Digest
1945;55:490
Linkow LI. Evolutionary design trends in the mandibular subperiosteal implant. J Oral Implant 1984;11:402-38
-ŏs΄te-al dĕn΄tl
subperiosteal dental implant abutment \s
ub-pĕr΄eĭm-plant a-but΄mant\: that portion of the implant that protrudes
through the mucosa into the oral cavity for the retention or support
of a crown, a ﬁxed partial denture, or an overdenture; syn,
ABUTMENT
-ŏs-te-al ĭmsubperiosteal dental implant substructure \s
ub-pĕr΄eplant s
ub΄struk΄chur\: a cast metal framework of an eposteal dental
implant that is embedded on the residual ridge beneath the periosteum and provides support for a dental prosthesis by means ofabutments or other mechanisms protruding through the mucosa;
syn, SUBPERIOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
subperiosteal dental implant superstructure \s
ub-pĕr΄
e-ŏs-te-alo΄par-strdĕn΄tl ĭm-plant΄ souk΄chur\ nonstand: the metal frameworkof an eposteal dental implant; usually within a removable overdenture that ﬁts onto the dental implant abutment(s) or bar
connector and provides retention for artiﬁcial teeth and the denturebase material of the prosthesis; syn, COMPLETE OVERDENTURE,
PARTIAL OVERDENTURE; comp, BAR CONNECTOR
-ŏs-te-al frak΄chur\: a bony fracsubperiosteal fracture \s
ub-pĕr΄eture occurring beneath the periosteum, without displacement
subtractive color system \sub-trak΄tĭv ku΄lar sĭs΄tum\: the system
whereby light is removed by ﬁltration or absorption from a whitesource; the primary colors of the subtractive system are magenta,
cyan, and yellow; syn, pigment mixture color system
, -ma-re\: thesubtractive primary colors \sub-trak΄tĭv prı΄mĕr΄e
primary colorant substances for pigment and ﬁltering mixtures
typically evoking responses of cyan (blue-green), magenta (redblue), and yellow (red-green); the complementary colors of thesubtractive primary colors are red, green, and blue; magenta is a
mixture of red and blue and is the complement of green; cyan is a
mixture of blue and green and is the complement of red; yellow is a
mixture of red and green and is the complement of blue
suck-back porosity coll: a shrinkage void in a solidiﬁed casting
opposite the location of the sprue attachment, resulting from a heatswell and localized lingering of molten metal after the casting, as awhole, has solidiﬁed; syn, BACK PRESSURE POROSITY, OCCLUDEDGAS POROSITY, SHRINK-SPOT POROSITY, SOLIDIFICATION POROSITY,
SUCK-BACK POROSITY
suck-down n, slang: syn, VACUUM THERMOMOLD
suction chamber \s
uk΄shun cham΄bar\ obs: relief provided in the
midline palatal area of a maxillary denture in an attempt to obtain
additional retention by means of the theoretical vacuum created(GPT-4)
sulcular epithelium: the non-keratinized epithelium of the gingival
sulcus that makes the transition between the junctional epithelium
and the gingival epithelium
sulcus n: syn, GINGIVAL CREVICE
superjacent \soo-per-JAY-sunt\ adj: lying above or upon; overlying΄par-str
superstructure \soouk΄chur\ n, obs, nonstand: a ﬁxed or
removable dental prosthesis retained by a bar connector; syn,
OVERDENTURE

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

1
rt\ n (14c): the foundation area on which a
support \sa-pôrt, -po
dental prosthesis rests; with respect to dental prostheses, theresistance to forces directed toward the basal tissue or underlying
structures2
support \sa-pôrt, -p
ort\ vt (14c): to hold up, serve as a foundation,or propsupporting area \sa-pôrt΄ĭng âr-e΄a\: 1. the surface of the mouth
available for support of a denture (GPT-1); 2. those areas of themaxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges that are considered
best suited to carry the forces of mastication when the dentures arein function (GPT-1)
supporting cusps \sa-pôrt΄ĭng k
usps\: those cusps of teeth that
contact in and support maximal intercuspal position; usually facial
cusps of the mandibular posterior teeth and the maxillary palatalcuspso΄pra-b
suprabulge \soulj\ adj: that portion of a tooth or crown thatconverges toward the occlusal surface, i.e., above the height ofcontouro΄pra-b
suprabulge clasp \soulj klasp\: any removable partial denture retentive clasp that approaches the retentive undercut from an
occlusal or suprabulge directiono΄pra-ĭ-r
supraeruption \soup΄shun\ n: movement of a tooth orteeth, along with the tooth-supporting structures, in discontinuity
with the normal occlusal planeo΄pra-jĭn΄ja-val\ adj: 1. located above the gingiva;
supragingival \so
2. that portion of a natural or artiﬁcial tooth that is coronal to thegingival cresto΄pra-mĕn΄tal\ n: a landmark representing the
supramentale \sodeepest point of the symphyseal cavity between infradentale andpogoniono΄pra-a-klo
o΄zhun\ n: malocclusion in which thesupraocclusion \sooccluding surfaces of teeth extend beyond the normal occlusal
plane; syn, SUPRAERUPTION
surface tension \sûr΄fas tĕn΄shun\: a property of liquids in which
the exposed surface tends to contract to the smallest possible area,
as in the spherical formation of drops; a phenomenon attributed tothe attractive forces, or cohesion, between the molecules of theliquidsurfactant n: a surface active substance (as a detergent) applied toa substrate to facilitate its wetting by another material
surgical baseplate nonstand: syn, SURGICAL OBTURATOR
surgical guide : 1. any device used as a guide for surgically shaping
the alveolar process or positioning of gingival tissues; 2. a guideused to assist in proper surgical placement and angulation of dental
implants; 3. a guide used to assist in establishing the desired occlusion during orthognathic or grafting surgery; syn, SURGICALTEMPLATE; comp, SURGICAL STENT
-mansurgical maxillomandibular relation \sûr΄jĭ-kal mak-sĭl΄odĭb΄ya-lar rĭ-la΄shun\: the establishing and recording of the verticaldimension and centric relation between a surgically exposed bone
surface and opposite arch at the time of making a surgical bone
impression
surgical obturator \sûr΄jĭ-kal ŏb΄ta-ra΄tor\: a temporary maxillofacial
prosthesis inserted during or immediately following surgical ortraumatic loss of a portion or all of one or both maxillae andcontiguous alveolar structures (i.e., gingival tissue, teeth); frequent
revisions of surgical obturators are necessary during the ensuinghealing phase (approximately six months); further surgical revisions
may require fabrication of another interim obturator (i.e., an initiallyplanned small defect may be surgically revised and greatly enlarged

May 2017e85

surgical obturator  telescopic denture
after the ﬁnal pathologic report indicates margins are not free ofcancer); comp, INTERIM OBTURATOR
surgical prosthesis \sûr΄jĭ-kal prŏs-the΄sĭs\: any interim prosthesis
prepared for insertion during a surgical procedure and intended forshort-term use
surgical splint \sûr΄jĭ-kal splĭnt\: any device designed to use existing
teeth and/or alveolar processes as points of anchorage to assist in
stabilization and immobilization of broken bones during healing; itis used to re-establish, as much as possible, normal occlusal relationships, during the process of immobilization; frequently, an
existing prosthesis (i.e., a patient’s removable complete denture) canbe modiﬁed to serve as a surgical splint; frequently surgical splints
have arch bars added to facilitate intermaxillary ﬁxation. Rubber
elastics may be used to assist in this process; circummandibular
eyelet hooks can be used for enhanced stabilization with wiring to
adjacent bone; comp, CAST METAL SPLINT, FENESTRATED SPLINT,GUNNING SPLINT, KINGSLEY SPLINT, LABIOLINGUAL SPLINT, MODIFIED GUNNING SPLINT
surgical stay plate nonstand, slang: syn, SURGICAL OBTURATOR
surgical stent \sûr΄jĭ-kal stĕnt\: eponym for a device used to applypressure to soft tissues to facilitate healing and prevent cicatrizationor collapse; orig, Charles R. Stent, dentist, United Kingdom, 18071885; syn, STENT; comp, columellar stent, periodontal stent, skin graft
stent, SURGICAL GUIDE, SURGICAL TEMPLATE
surgical template \sûr΄jĭ-kal tĕm΄plĭt\ nonstand: syn, SURGICALGUIDE; comp, SURGICAL STENT
survey \sur-va΄, sûr΄va΄\ vb: 1. to examine as to condition, value, or
situation; to appraise; 2. to determine the form and position of agiven entity by means of taking linear and angular measurements;
3. to inspect or scrutinize; 4. the procedure of locating and delineating the contour and position of the abutment teeth and associated structures before designing a removable partial denture(GPT-1); surveyed, surveying
survey line \sûr΄va΄ lın\: a line produced on a cast by a surveyor
marking the greatest prominence of contour in relation to theplanned path of placement of a restoration; syn, HEIGHT OF
CONTOUR
surveyed diagnostic cast for ﬁxed partial denture: a diagnostic
cast after tooth preparations with the essential survey for diagnosis
and treatment planning for a ﬁxed partial denture; the cast iscommonly used to ensure an acceptable path of placement andmay be used to evaluate locations of precision attachments
surveyed diagnostic cast for removable partial denture: adiagnostic cast before tooth preparations with essential survey for
diagnosis and treatment planning for a removable partial denture;
the cast is used to determine an acceptable path of placement,
guiding planes, location and measurement of retentive undercuts
indicative with clasp ﬂexibility, location of tooth and bony interferences, a favorable design relative to aesthetics, charting ofexisting foundation restorations relative to design, location of
occlusal contacts relative to design, location of horizontal height ofcontours, and placement of tripodal marks; comp, DEFINITIVE CAST,DIAGNOSTIC CAST
surveyed deﬁnitive cast for removable partial denture: a mastercast after tooth preparations with survey for blockout and duplication or optical scan for a removable partial denture; this cast is used
to determine an acceptable path of placement, guiding planes,
location and measurement of retentive undercuts indicative withclasp ﬂexibility, location of tooth and bony undercuts, location of
occlusal contacts relative to design, location of horizontal height ofcontours, and placement of tripodal marks; comp, DIAGNOSTIC
CAST, MASTER CAST

surveying \sur-va΄ĭng\ n: an analysis and comparison of theprominence of intraoral contours associated with the fabrication ofa dental prosthesis
surveyor \sur-va΄or\ n (15c): a paralleling instrument used in making
a dental prosthesis to locate and delineate the contours and relative
positions of abutment teeth and associated structures; syn,
PARALLELOMETERo΄chur-ĭng\ vt (1777): the process of uniting the tissues
suturing \so
separated by either a traumatic or a surgical wound in a speciﬁcmanner by using an appropriate material
1
swage \swaj\ n (ca. 1812): any tool used for shaping metal by
striking with a hammer or sledgehammer
2
swage \swaj\ vt (1881): to shape a material by hammering or
adapting it onto a die with a swage instrument; swaged \swajd\;
swaging \swaj΄ĭng\-ĭng thrĕsh΄old\: the critical moment
swallowing threshold \swŏl΄oof reﬂex action initiated by sufﬁcient stimulation before the act ofdeglutition
sympathetic nervous system \sĭm΄pa-thĕt΄ĭk nûr΄vas sĭs΄tum\: thepart of the autonomic nervous system that responds to dangerous
or threatening situations by preparing a person physiologically for“ﬁght or ﬂight”; comp, PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
symphysis \sĭm΄fĭ-sĭs\ n (ca. 1578): 1. a type of cartilaginous joint inwhich the opposed bony surfaces are ﬁrmly united by a plate ofﬁbrocartilage; 2. the immovable dense midline articulation of theright and left halves of the adult mandible; -physes pl
symptom \sĭm΄tum, sĭmp-\ n (14c): subjective evidence of a diseaseor physical disturbance; something that indicates the presence of abodily disorderm΄\ n (1541): a group of signs and/or symptoms
syndrome \sĭn΄drothat occur together
syneresis n: the separation of water from its component base, forexample, a gel or impression material΄ve-al ﬂoo΄ĭd\: a viscid ﬂuid contained in joint
synovial ﬂuid \sĭ-no
cavities and secreted by the synovial membrane
synovial membrane: the articular membrane composed of
specialized endothelial cells capable of producing synovial ﬂuid
ﬁlling the joint cavity surrounded by the membrane΄te-o-lŏj΄ĭk fak΄turs\: genersystemic etiologic factors \sĭ-stĕm΄ĭk ealized biologic factors that are implicated in the causation, modiﬁcation, and/or perpetuation of a disease entity

Ttable \ta΄bal\ n (bef. 12c): a ﬂat surface; a raised horizontal surface;comp, GUIDE TABLE, OCCLUSAL TABLE
taper: in dentistry, the angle, measured in degrees as viewed in agiven plane, formed between an external wall and the path ofplacement of a tooth preparation or machined surfaces on a metal or
ceramic material when prepared for ﬁxed dental prosthesis; comp,
CONVERGENCE ANGLE, TOTAL OCCLUSAL CONVERGENCE ANGLEk΄\ n (1817): a body of technical methods; atechnique \tĕk-ne
method of accomplishing a desired end; the method or procedureand its details
telescopic coping: syn, COPING
telescopic crown \tĕl΄a-skŏp΄ĭk kroun\: an artiﬁcial crown (framework) constructed to ﬁt over a coping, another crown, a bar
connector or any other suitable rigid support for the dental prosthesis; comp, COPING
telescopic denture nonstand: syn, OVERDENTURE

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e86

Volume 117 Issue 5S

template  tinners’ joint 1.
template \tĕm΄plĭt\ n (1877): 1. a pattern, mold, or gauge used as a
guide; 2. a curved or ﬂat surface pattern that is used as an aid invisualizing anatomic form; syn, SURGICAL GUIDE, DEVICE
temporary base: syn, RECORD BASE
temporary denture: syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporary prosthesis: syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporary restoration: syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporization: to establish esthetics, occlusal stability, and function for a limited time in preparation for the deﬁnitive prosthesis; toverify therapeutic outcome and patient acceptance before thedeﬁnitive prostheses; syn, PROVISIONALIZATION
temporomandibular articulation: syn, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
JOINT΄man-dĭb΄ya-lar dĭstemporomandibular disorders \tĕm΄pa-roôr΄derz\: acronym is TMD; 1. conditions producing abnormal,
incomplete, or impaired function of the temporomandibular joint(s)and/or the muscles of mastication; 2. (obs) a collection of symptoms
frequently observed in various combinations ﬁrst described by
Costen (1934, 1937), which he claimed to be reﬂexes because of
irritation of the auriculotemporal and/or chorda tympanic nerves as
they emerged from the tympanic plate caused by altered anatomic
relations and derangements of the temporomandibular joint associated with loss of occlusal vertical dimension, loss of posterior tooth
support, and/or other malocclusions; the symptoms can include
headache about the vertex and occiput, tinnitus, pain about the ear,
impaired hearing, and pain about the tongue
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome: syn, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS΄man-dĭb΄ya-lar joint\: 1. thetemporomandibular joint \tĕm΄pa-ro
articulation between the temporal bone and the mandible. It is abilateral diarthrodial, bilateral ginglymoid joint; 2. the articulation of
the condylar process of the mandible and the intra-articular discwith the mandibular fossa of the squamous portion of the temporalbone; a diarthrodial, sliding hinge (ginglymus) joint; movement in
the upper joint compartment is mostly translational, whereas that in
the lower joint compartment is mostly rotational; the joint connects
the mandibular condyle to the articular fossa of the temporal bonewith the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ARTICULAR DISC interposed
temporomandibular joint articular disc: relative to the temporomandibular joint, the articular disc is a ﬁbrous connective tissue disclocated between the articulating surfaces of the mandibular condyleand the temporal bone; syn, ARTICULAR DISC, DISC
temporomandibular joint derangement: a deviation in position orform of the tissues within the capsule of the temporomandibular
joint; an abnormal relationship of the articular disc to the condyle,fossa, and/or articular eminence; syn, INTERNAL DERANGEMENT,JOINT DERANGEMENT΄man-dĭb΄yatemporomandibular joint hypermobility \tĕm΄pa-ro΄bĭl΄ĭ-t
lar joint hı΄par-mo
e\: excessive mobility of the temporomandibular joint
temporomandibular joint remodeling: syn, REMODEL
temporomandibular joint syndrome: syn, TEMPOROMANDIBULARDISORDERSTENS: acronym for TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NEURALSTIMULATION
tensile stress \tĕn΄sal, -sĭl strĕs\: the internal induced force that
resists the elongation of a material in a direction parallel to thedirection of the stresses
tension \tĕn΄shun\ n (1533): the state of being stretched, strained,or extended

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

terminal hinge axis: syn, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
terminal hinge position: syn, CENTRIC RELATION
terminal jaw relation record \tûr΄ma-nal jô rĭ-la΄shun rĕk΄ard\: syn,CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
thermal expansion \thûr΄mal ĭk-span΄shun\: expansion of a material caused by heat
thermal tempering: creating a differential in cooling rate between
the external and interior of a glass-ceramic resulting in a surface
compressive layer and increased ﬂexural strength
thermomolding: heat transfer to a sheet of vinyl acetate-ethylene
copolymer (PVAc-PE) material without a chemical change. Softened PVAc-PE, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (glycol)
can be adapted to the surface of a refractory cast by using vacuum,
air, or mechanical pressure (sponge or putty); syn, VACUUM
THERMOMOLDING
thermoplastic \thûr΄ma-plas΄tĭk\ adj (1883): a characteristic orproperty of a material that allows it to be softened by heating andthen return to the hardened state on cooling; thermoplasticity nthread \’thred\ n (before 12c): 1. a ﬁlament, a group of ﬁlaments
grouped together, or a ﬁlamentous length formed by spinning andtwisting short ﬁbers into a continuous strand; 2. a projecting helicalrib (as on a pipe) by which parts can be screwed together; a screw
threadthread crest: the top part of the thread; for external threads, thethread crest is the region of the thread, which is on its outer surface,whereas for internal threads, it is the region that forms the innerdiameterthread ﬂank: the thread ﬂanks join the thread roots to the crest of ascrew
thread root: the bottom of the thread where it meets the shaft ofthe screw
thread run out: that portion at the end of a threaded shank that is
not cut or rolled to full depth, but which provides a transition
between full depth threads and the fastener shankthreaded post: any post used for the restoration of endodonticallytreated teeth that has a screw thread to engage radicular dentin
three-dimensional (3D) printing: syn, RAPID PROTOTYPING,
SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
three-quarter crown: syn, PARTIAL-COVERAGE CROWN, PARTIALCOVERAGE RETAINER
tic \tĭk\ n (ca. 1822): an intermittent, involuntary, spasmodic
movement of a group of muscles, often without a demonstrable
external stimulus
TID: acronym for L. Ter In Di’e, three times a day
tilted dental implant nonstand: syn, ANGULATED DENTAL IMPLANT
tinfoil \tĭn΄foil΄\ n (15c): 1. paper thin metal sheeting usually of a tinlead alloy or aluminum (a misnomer); 2. a base-metal foil used as aseparating material between the cast and denture base material
during ﬂasking and polymerizing
tinfoil substitute: sodium alginate with ammonia, glycerine in asoluble form that will react with the calcium in the gypsum cast toform calcium alginate, the insoluble salt of alginic acid; the insoluble
salt acts as a barrier between the polymerizing resin and the
moisture and salts of the gypsum; orig, George R. Dickson and Irl C.
Schooner, inventors, U.S.A., 1942; comp, SEPARATING MEDIUM
tinners’ joint: 1. an overlapping folded joint between two abutting
sheets of metal of uneven length in which the longer portion is ﬁrst
folded over the shorter after which the combined layers are folded
over once more resulting in a quadruple layer of material; originally

May 2017e87

tinners’ joint 1.  torus
used by tinsmiths to join sheets of tin; 2. in dentistry, it is used tosecure a thin platinum matrix that is applied to a die of a prepared
tooth to support dental porcelain during ﬁring
tinnitus \tĭn΄ĭtus\ n (1843): a noise in the ears, often described as
ringing or roaring
tinted denture base \tĭnt΄ĭd dĕn΄chur bas\: syn, CHARACTERIZEDDENTURE BASEo
\ n (1771): 1. the various cellular combinations thattissue \tĭsh΄omake up the body; 2. an aggregation of phenotypically similar cells
united in the performance of a particular function; comp, HYPERPLASTIC TISSUE

while the images of structures that lie above and below that plane
are blurred; also, the term body-section radiography has been
applied to the procedure, although the several ways of accomplishing it have been given distinguishing names
tongue habit \t
ung hab΄ĭt\: conscious or unconscious movementsof the tongue that are not related to purposeful functions; such
habits may produce malocclusion or injuries to tissues of the tongueor the attachment apparatus of the teeth

tissue conditioner: 1. a resilient denture liner resin placed into aremovable prosthesis for a short duration to allow time for tissue
healing; 2. used in functional removable relining procedures toevaluate denture function and patient acceptance prior to laboratory reline processing

tongue thrusting \t
ung thr
ust-ĭng\: the infantile pattern of suckleswallow in which the tongue is placed between the incisor teeth oralveolar ridges during the initial stages of deglutition, resulting
sometimes in an anterior open occlusion, deformation of the jaws,
and/or abnormal function
oth\ n (bef. 12c): any hard calciﬁed structure in the alveolar
tooth \toprocesses of the maxillae or mandible used for the mastication of
eth\ pl; comp, ANATOMIC TOOTH, CUSPLESS TOOTH,
food; teeth \t
METAL INSERT TOOTH, NONANATOMIC TOOTH, REVERSE ARTICULATION TOOTH, TUBE TOOTH, ZERO-DEGREE TOOTH

tissue conditioning: a procedure in prosthodontics usually performed by relining a removable complete denture, removable partial denture, or a maxillofacial prosthesis with a resilient resin andallowing a short duration of time for the patient’s soft tissue to healo
th a-ranj΄mant\: 1. the placement of teeth
tooth arrangement \toon a denture with deﬁnite objectives in mind; 2. the placement ofteeth on trial bases; syn, ANTERIOR TOOTH ARRANGEMENT, TOOTH
PLACEMENT, WAX TRIAL DENTURE, WAX TRY-IN, WAXING dĭs-plas΄a-bĭl΄ĭ-ttissue displaceability \tĭsh΄
ooe\: 1. the quality oforal tissues that permits them to be placed in other than a relaxed
position; 2. the degree to which tissues permit displacement dĭs-plas΄mant\: the change in the formootissue displacement \tĭsh΄
or position of tissues as a result of pressure; frequently used todescribe gingival tissue placement prior to impression making.

tooth bleaching: syn, TOOTH WHITENING

tissue-bearing area: syn, DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA

tissue engineering: a ﬁeld of research for the growth of tissues ororgans used as therapeutic placement in the human bodytissue-integrated prosthesis: any dental implant-supported ﬁxed
complete or partial denture supported by osseointegrated dental
implants; orig, P-I. Branemark, physician/professor/surgeon, Sweden,
1929-2014; syn, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED CROWN, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
DENTURE, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED PROSTHESISo ĭn΄tĭ-gra΄shun\: as clinically observed, thetissue integration \tĭsh΄oapparent direct and healthy attachment of living tissue to an alloplastic material, i.e., a dental implant; syn, OSSEOINTEGRATION
tissue molding: syn, BORDER MOLDINGo re-ak΄shun\: the response of tissues to atissue reaction \tĭsh΄ocondition rĕj΄ĭ-stra΄shun\ obs 1. the accurate
tissue registration \tĭsh΄ooregistration of the shape of tissues under any condition by means ofa suitable material (GPT-1); 2. an impression (GPT-1)
tissue trimming: syn, BORDER MOLDING
titanium: abbr, Ti; the 22nd element in the periodic table; indentistry, titanium is used for non-cast prosthodontic restorations
and endosseous dental implants; it is a biocompatible surface,promoting cell growth on the titanium oxide surface; cell activity on
the surface is dependent on cell type, sterilization protocol, surface
cleaning, and surface topography; physical property advantages
include high yield strength and noncorrosiveness
TMD: acronym for TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS
tomogram \tŏm΄a-gram\ n (1940): a radiograph made by using a
tomograph
tomograph \tŏm΄a-graf\ n: a radiograph produced from a machinethat has the source of radiation moving in one direction and the ﬁlm
moving in the opposite direction
-mŏg΄ra-fe\ n: a general term for a technique that
tomography \toprovides a distinct image of any selected plane through the body,

tooth borne: syn, TOOTH SUPPORTED
oth k
tooth color selection \toul΄ar sĭ-lĕk΄shun\: the determinationof the color and other attributes of appearance of an artiﬁcial toothor set of teeth for a given individual; syn, SHADE SELECTIONoth form\: the characteristics of the curves, lines,
tooth form \toangles, and contours of various teeth that permit their identiﬁcationand differentiation; comp, ANTERIOR TOOTH FORM, POSTERIORTOOTH FORM
tooth placement: syn, ANTERIOR TOOTH ARRANGEMENT, TOOTH
ARRANGEMENT, TRIAL DENTURE, TRIAL PLACEMENT, WAX TRY-IN,
WAXING
tooth preparation: 1. the process of removal of diseased and/or
healthy enamel and dentin and cementum to shape a tooth toreceive a restoration; 2. the resulting prepared toothth sĭ-lĕk΄shun\: the selection of a tooth or teeth
tooth selection \tooof a shape, size, and color to harmonize with the individual characteristics of a patient; comp, DENTOGENICS
oth sız dĭ-skrĕp΄an-se\: abnormally sized
tooth size discrepancy \toteeth or groups of teeth
th sa-pôr΄tĭd\: a term used to describe a
tooth-supported \toodental prosthesis or part of a prosthesis that depends entirely on thenatural teeth for supportth-sa-pôr΄tĭd bas\: a removable dental
tooth-supported base \tooprosthesis base that restores an edentulous region that has abutment teeth at each end for support. The tissue that it covers is not
used for primary support
tooth-supported denture: syn, OVERDENTURE
tooth whitening: the application of an agent (a form of carbamide
peroxide) or abrasive to the surface of the tooth for beautifying(stain removal), enhancing esthetics, or altering the appearance;
comp, TOOTH BLEACHING
torque \tôrk\ n (ca. 1884): a twisting or rotary force; the movementof a system of forces producing rotation
torus \tôr΄us\ n (1563): 1. a smooth rounded anatomical protuberance; 2. in dentistry, a bony prominence sometimes seen on the
lingual surface of the mandible and the midline of the hard palate;tori \tôr΄ı, tor΄ı\ pl

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e88

Volume 117 Issue 5S

total elasticity of muscle  trial baset΄l\ obs: the combined effect of
total elasticity of muscle \tophysical and physiologic elasticity of muscle (GPT-4)
total occlusal convergence: the total angle of convergence,measured in degrees as viewed in a given plane, formed by
opposing axial walls when a tooth or machined surfaces of a metal
or ceramic material is prepared for a ﬁxed dental prosthesis; comp,
CONVERGENCE ANGLE, TAPER
toughness \t
uf΄nĕs\ n: the ability of a material to withstand stresses
and strains without breaking; resistance to fracture
toxic dose \tŏk΄sĭk\: the amount of a drug that causes untoward
symptoms in most persons
toxicity \tŏk-sĭs΄ĭ-te\ n: the adverse reactions (dose-response-time
relationships) of tissues to selected foreign substances resulting inunacceptable in vivo interactions; the toxicity can be at the local orsystemic level depending on the amount, rate of release, and speciﬁc type of substance available to the tissues
tracer n (ca. 1552): syn, TRACING DEVICE
tracing \tra΄sĭng\ n (15c): 1. a line or lines scribed by a pointed
instrument; 2. a traced copy of a drawing, photograph, radiograph,or similar entity; comp, TRACING DEVICE
tracing device \tra΄sĭng dĭ΄vıs\: a device that provides a central
point of bearing, or support, between maxillary and mandibular
occlusion rims or dentures, it consists of a contacting point that is
attached to one occlusion rim or denture and a plate attached tothe opposing occlusion rim or denture that provides the surface on
which the bearing point rests or moves; Editorial note for usage:
extraoral tracer (ing), intraoral tracer (ing), and tracing device are theprimary terms; comp, ARROW POINT TRACER, CENTRAL BEARINGTRACING DEVICE, CEPHALOMETRIC TRACER, COBLE BALANCER,
EXTRAORAL TRACER, GOTHIC ARCH TRACER, INTRAORAL TRACING
MANDIBULAR TRACER, NEEDLE POINT TRACING, PANTOGRAPHICTRACING, STYLUS TRACING
-al o-blek΄, a-blek΄
transcranial oblique radiograph \trans-kra΄nera΄de-o-graf΄\: a ﬂat radiographic projection in which the central
beam travels across the cranium and through the temporomandibular joint on the opposite side showing an oblique lateral view of
the condyleo-ta΄ne-ustranscutaneous electrical neural stimulation \trans-kyo
or΄al stĭm΄yu-la΄shun\: acronym is TENS; application of
ĭ-lĕk΄trĭ-kal nolow-voltage electrical stimulation through the skin to nerves tointerfere with the sensation of pain in the brain and increase blood
ﬂow to the regione΄l
e-al\ adj: penetrating or passing
transepithelial \trans-ĕp΄a-th
through the epithelium, as in a dental implanttransepithelial abutment \trans-ĕp΄a-th
e΄le-al a-b
ut΄mant\ slang:syn, DENTAL IMPLANT ABUTMENT΄pĭng\: a metallic, acrylictransfer coping \trans-fûr΄, trans΄fur ko
resin, or other covering or cap used to position a die in an
impression; comp, IMPLANT TRANSFER COPING
s\: a measure of the primary radiationtransit dose \tran΄sĭt, -zĭt dotransmitted through the patient and measured at a point on thecentral ray at some point beyond the patienttransitional denture\tran-zĭsh΄an-al dĕn΄chur\: a removable partial
denture serving as an interim prosthesis to which artiﬁcial teeth will
be added as natural teeth are lost and that will be replaced after
post-extraction tissue changes have occurred; a removable transitional denture may become an interim complete removable prosthesis when all of the natural teeth in the dental arch have been
extracted (or used as overdenture abutments); syn, INTERIMPROSTHESIStransitional prosthesis: syn, INTERIM PROSTHESISTHE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

translating condyle: syn, NONWORKING-SIDE CONDYLE
translation \tran-zĭsh΄an, -sĭsh΄-\ n (14c): that motion of a rigid bodyin which a straight line passing through any two points always remains parallel to its initial position; the motion may be described asa sliding or gliding motion
r-e
\ obs: the motion of a body attranslatory movement \trans-la΄toany instant when all points within the body are moving at the same
velocity and in the same direction (GPT-1); syn, TRANSLATIONo΄san-se
\ n (1611): having the appearance
translucency \trans΄lobetween complete opacity and complete transparency; partiallyopaquetranslucency parameters: optical coefﬁcient measurements oftranslucent dental materials taking into account the edge effecto-ko΄sal\ adj: passing through the gingiva
transmucosal \trans-myoor oral mucosa
transosteal \trans-ŏs΄te-al\ adj: the penetration of both the internaland external cortical plates of a bonee-al dĕn΄tl ĭm-plant΄\: 1. atransosteal dental implant \trans΄ŏs-t
dental implant that penetrates both cortical plates and passes
through the full-thickness of the alveolar and basal bone; 2. adental implant composed of a metal plate with retentive pins tohold it against the inferior border of the mandible that supports
transosteal pins that penetrate through the full thickness of themandible and pass into the mouth in the parasymphyseal region;
syn, staple bone implant, mandibular staple implant, transmandibular implanttransverse axis: syn, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
transverse facial fracture: syn, LE FORTE III FRACTURE, MIDFACIALFRACTURE
transverse horizontal axis \trans-vûrs΄, tranz-, trans΄vûrs΄, tranz΄-\:an imaginary line around which the mandible may rotate within thesagittal planetransversion \trans-vûr΄shun\ n: displacement of a tooth from its
usual position or proper numerical position in the jaw
trauma \trou΄ma, trô΄-\ n (1693): an injury or wound, whether
physical or psychic; traumata \trou΄ma-ta\ pl or traumas \trou΄mas\e\ adv
pl; traumatic \trou΄mat-ĭk\ adj; traumatically \trou΄mat-ĭ-ka-l
trauma from occlusion: syn, OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
traumatic occlusion: syn, OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
traumatogenic \trou΄ma-ta-jĕn΄ĭk\ adj: capable of producing awound or injury
o΄zhun\ obs: antraumatogenic occlusion \trou΄ma-ta-jĕn΄ĭk a-klo
occluding of the teeth that is capable of producing injury to oral
structures (GPT-4)
t΄mant dĕn΄chur\: 1. a removable denture
treatment denture \treused for the purpose of treating or conditioning the tissues that are
called on to support and retain it; 2. a denture that is placed in
preparation for future therapy; syn, INTERIM PROSTHESIS
t-mant plan\: the sequence of procedures
treatment plan \treplanned for the treatment of a patient after diagnosis; syn, DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT PLANNING
treatment position: a treatment position of maximal intercuspal
position (MIP) if it differs from the preoperative position
trephine n: a hollow rotary instrument (resembling a hole saw) used
to make circular cuts. Used in dentistry to create a trough aroundpins or posts in a natural tooth prior to their removal or for removalof a dental implant from bonetrial base \trı΄al bas\: an interim material or device representing thebase of a removable denture or maxillofacial prosthesis; used forMay 2017e89

trial base  uranoschisis
making maxillomandibular relationship records and for the waxingof the trial denture; comp, DEFINITIVE DENTURE BASE
trial denture \trı΄al dĕn΄chur\: a preliminary arrangement of artiﬁcial teeth that has been prepared for placement into the patient’s
mouth to evaluate esthetics, phonetics, and maxillomandibular relationships; comp, DEFINITIVE DENTURE BASE
trial ﬂask closure \trı΄al ﬂask klo΄zhar\: any preliminary closure
made for the purpose of eliminating excess material and ensuringthat the mold is completely ﬁlled
trial placement \trı΄al plas΄mant\: the process of placing a trial
denture in the patient’s mouth for evaluation; syn, TRIAL DENTURE,
WAX TRY-IN
tribochemical silica airborne-particle abrasion: a method toactivate a metal surface with airborne-particle abrasion to form aresin bonding surface; syn, cold silicatization
tribology: the science of surface interactions that result in abrasion
and weartricalcium phosphate \trı-kal΄se-um fŏs΄fat\: an inorganic particulate or solid form of relatively biodegradable ceramic material that isused as a scaffold for bone regeneration; it may be used as a matrix
for new bone growthtrichromatic system \trı-kr
o-mat΄ĭk sĭs΄tam\: a system for specifying
color stimuli in terms of the tristimulus value based on matchingcolors by additive mixtures of three primary colored lights
΄ma-tĭz΄um\ n: a type of vision in which thetrichromatism \trı-kro
colors seen require, in general, three independently adjustable primaries (such as red, green, and blue) for their duplication by
mixture; trichromatism may be either anomalous trichromatism or
normal vision
trigger area: syn, TRIGGER POINT
trigger point \trĭg΄ur point\: a focus of hyperirritability in tissue thatwhen palpated, is locally tender and gives rise to heterotopic pain
trigger spot: syn, TRIGGER POINT
trigger zone: syn, TRIGGER POINT
trigone: syn, GINGIVAL TRIGONE, GINGIVAL ZENITH
tripod markings \trĭg΄ur mär΄kĭng\: those marks or lines drawn on acast in a single plane perpendicular to the survey rod to assist withrepositioning the cast on a dental surveyor in a previously deﬁned
orientation; comp, SURVEY, SURVEYED DIAGNOSTIC CAST FOR
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE, SURVEYED DEFINITIVE CAST FOR
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE, tripodal markings
tripodization \trĭp΄a-dĭ-za΄shun\ n: an occlusal scheme characterized by a cusp to fossa relationship in which there are three pointsof contact about the cusp and opposing fossa with no contact on
the cusp tip
trismus n (ca. 1693): syn, MANDIBULAR TRISMUS
trismus appliance \trĭz΄mus a-plı΄ans\ n, slang: comp, DYNAMIC
BITE OPENER, OCCLUSAL DEVICE\: (R, G, B: X, Y, Z, etc.)
tristimulus value \trı-stĭm΄ya-lus val΄yooamounts of the three reference color stimuli, in a given trichromatic
system, required to match the color of the stimulus consideredtritanopia \trı-ta΄no-pe΄a\ n: form of dichromatism in which reddish
blue and greenish yellow stimuli are confused; a common result of
retinal disease but may be inherited; syn, blue blindness, tritanope
try-in: syn, TRIAL PLACEMENTob, tyoob ĭm-prĕsh΄an\: 1. a cylinder used as atube impression \totray to conﬁne and direct impression material to make an

impression of a single tooth; 2. the impression resulting from thisprocedure; syn, copper-band impression
ob ttube teeth \to
eth\: artiﬁcial teeth with an internal, vertical,
cylindrical aperture extending from the center of the base upward
into the body of the tooth, into which a pin may be placed or castfor the attachment of the tooth to a ﬁxed or removable denturebaseo-bûr΄kyo
ol\ n (1578): a small bony prominence or
tubercule \toexcrescence; a nodule
tuberosity n (ca. 1611): -ties pl; syn, MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY
tunnel dissection \t
un΄ul\: a dissection of the periosteum frombone through a small incision, in a tunnel-like fashion
turgid \tûr΄jĭd\ adj (1620): being on a state of distention; swollen
-dĕnt\: a replica of the natural dentition and alvetypodont \tı΄poolar mucosa, set to average condylar motions, used in training
students in dental care; syn, typodent, dentoform

U
UCLA abutment nonstand: a colloquial term used to describe adental abutment that is attached directly to the implant body bymeans of a screw; syn, CUSTOM DENTAL IMPLANT ABUTMENT,
DENTAL IMPLANT ABUTMENTUCLA crown: a dental crown that is attached directly to the implant
body by means of a screw without an intervening abutment
ultimate strength \ul΄ta-mĭt\: the greatest stress that may be
induced in a material at the point of rupture; syn, ultimate tensile
strengthultraviolet \ul΄tra-vı΄a-lĭt\: radiant energy of wavelengths shorter
than extreme violet and lying beyond the ordinarily visible spectrum; usually assigned to wavelengths shorter than 380 nm
1

undercut \un΄dur-k
ut\ n (1859): 1. the portion of the surface of an
object that is below the height of contour in relationship to the pathof placement; 2. the contour of a cross-sectional portion of aresidual ridge or dental arch that prevents the insertion of a dental
prosthesis; 3. any irregularity in the wall of a prepared tooth thatprevents the withdrawal or seating of a wax pattern or indirect
restoration
2

undercut \un΄dur-k
ut\ vb (ca. 1598): to create areas that provide
mechanical retention for dental materials placement
΄na-fôrm k
uniform color space \yooul΄ar spas\: color space in whichequal distances are intended to represent threshold or above
threshold perceived color differences of equal size΄na-lat΄ur-al\ adj (1802): relating to one side; oneunilateral \yoosided
unilateral partial denture: a removable partial denture that restores lost or missing teeth on only one side of the arch and withouta cross-arch major connector; Editorial note for usage: this term isincorrectly used for a Kennedy class II or III removable partial denture that has a cross-arch major connector; syn, NESBIT PROSTHESISo΄na-lat-ur-al s-ŏs΄teunilateral subperiosteal implant \youb-pĕr΄eal ĭm-plant΄\: an eposteal dental implant that provides abutments
for support of a removable or ﬁxed partial denture in a partiallyedentulous arch
upper impression slang: syn, MAXILLARY IMPRESSIONup΄rıt\ adj: the movement of a tooth into an erect or
upright \normal position
uranoschisis n (1927): congenital hard palate cleft; comp, PALATAL
CLEFT

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e90

Volume 117 Issue 5S

uranostaphyloschisis  virtual surgical planning staf a lǒsk ĭsĭs/ n: cleft of the harduranostaphyloschisis /yur a noand soft palate; comp, PALATAL CLEFTVo-um kast΄ĭng\: the casting of a material
vacuum casting \väk΄yo(i.e., metal, plastic) in the presence of a partial vacuum
-um ĭn-vĕst΄ĭng\: the process of investvacuum investing \väk΄yooing a pattern within a partial vacuum
-um mĭks΄ĭng\: a method of mixing avacuum mixing \väk΄yoomaterial, such as dental stone or casting investment, below atmospheric pressure
vacuum thermomold: a polymeric material formed by vacuum
thermomolding; a polymer matrix; syn, MATRIX, vacuum moldvacuum thermomolding: primary term for making a vacuum
thermomold; heat transfer to a sheet of vinyl acetate-ethylene
copolymer (PVAc-PE) material; softened PVAc-PE can be adapted
to the surface of a refractory cast by using vacuum, air, or
mechanical pressure (sponge or putty)o\ n (14c): the quality by which a light color is distinvalue \val΄yoguished from a dark color, the dimension of a color that denotes
relative blackness or whiteness (grayness, brightness); value is the
only dimension of color that may exist alone; comp, MUNSELL
VALUE
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore, MD: Munsell Color Co.;
1975:14-17
van der Waals bond (ca. 1926): eponym for a bond that involves
weak interatomic attractions such as variation in physical mass or
location of electrical charge; e.g., molecular polarization, electrical
dipoles, and dispersion effectsdhydrogen bridges; orig, Johannes D.
van der Waals, physicist, Netherlands; syn, SECONDARY BONDS
vascular pain \vas΄kya-lur pan\: a type of deep somatic pain ofvisceral origin that emanates from the afferent nerves that innervate
blood vessels
velopharyngeal closure: syn, PALATOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE
velopharyngeal deﬁciencies: comp, PALATAL INCOMPETENCE,
PALATAL INSUFFICIENCY
velum \vĕl΄um\ n (1771): a covering; a general term for a veil-likestructure; comp, SOFT PALATE
veneer \va-nîr΄\ n (1702): 1. a thin sheet of material usually used as aﬁnish; 2. a protective or ornamental facing; 3. a superﬁcial or
attractive display in multiple layers, frequently termed a laminate
veneer1

vent n: 1. a small auxiliary sprue to aid and improve casting procedures; 2. a small perforation placed in a cast restoration to facilitate complete cementation by minimizing hydraulic pressure
2vent vb: 1. to place an auxiliary sprue; 2. to place a perforation;
venting p.pr

veriﬁcation cast substand : syn, IMPLANT INDEX CAST
vertical axis: syn, VERTICAL AXIS OF THE MANDIBLE
v tha man΄dĭ-bal\:vertical axis of the mandible \vûr΄tĭ-kul ak΄sĭs uan imaginary line around which the mandible may rotate throughthe horizontal planevertical dimension \vûr΄tĭ-kal dĭ-mĕn΄shun\: the distance between
two selected anatomic or marked points (usually one on the tip ofthe nose and the other on the chin), one on a ﬁxed and one on a
movable member; comp, OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION, REST
VERTICAL DIMENSION, VERTICAL DIMENSION OF REST, VERTICALDIMENSION OF OCCLUSION, VERTICAL DIMENSION OF SPEECH

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

s\:vertical dimension decrease \vûr΄tĭ-kal dĭ-mĕn΄shun dĭ-kre
decreasing the vertical distance between the mandible and themaxillae by modiﬁcations of teeth, the positions of teeth or occlusion rims, or through alveolar or residual ridge resorption (GPT-1);
comp, OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
vertical dimension increase \vûr΄tĭ-kal dĭ-mĕn΄shun\: increasing
the vertical distance between the mandible and the maxillae by
modiﬁcations of teeth, the positions of teeth, or occlusion rims (GPT1); comp, OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
vertical dimension of occlusion: the distance between two
selected anatomic or marked points (usually one on the tip of thenose and the other on the chin) when in maximal intercuspal position; syn, OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
vertical dimension of rest: syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION, REST
VERTICAL DIMENSION
v sp
vertical dimension of speech \vûr΄tĭ-kal dĭ-mĕn΄shun uech\:that distance measured between two selected points when theoccluding members are in their closest proximity during speech
vertical opening: syn, VERTICAL DIMENSION΄var-lap\: 1. the distance teeth lap oververtical overlap \vûr΄tĭ-kal otheir antagonists as measured vertically; especially the distance themaxillary incisal edges extend below those of the mandibular teeth;
it may also be used to describe the vertical relations of opposing
cusps; 2. the vertical relationship of the incisal edges of the maxillary
incisors to the mandibular incisors when the teeth are in maximal
intercuspal position
-sĕn΄trĭk\ n: a record used in removable comverticentric \vûr΄teplete denture fabrication; it involves the simultaneous recording of
the vertical dimension of occlusion with the jaws in centric relation;orig, Earl Pound, prosthodontist, U.S.A., 1901-1986
l\ n (ca. 1728): 1. any of various bony cavities,
vestibule \vĕs΄ta-by
ooespecially when serving as or resembling an entrance to another; 2.
the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on the medial side by
the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge or the residual ridge, and on
the lateral side by the lips and cheeks; syn, BUCCAL VESTIBULE,LABIAL VESTIBULE
u-lo-plas-t
e\ n: a surgical procedure
vestibuloplasty \vĕ-stĭb΄
designed to increase the effective residual ridge height by loweringmuscles attaching to the buccal, labial, and lingual aspects of the jaws
vibrating line \vı΄bra-tĭng lın\: an imaginary line across the posterior
part of the soft palate marking the division between the movableand immovable tissues; this line can be identiﬁed when the
movable tissues are functioning
Vickers hardness number: acronym is VHN; a measure of hardness
obtained with a diamond pyramidal indenter with a square baseand an angle of 136 degrees; VHN is proportional to the ratio of theapplied load to the area of the indentation; orig, by engineers at
Vickers, Ltd. in the United Kingdom, 1920s
΄a-rŏs΄ka-p
-rŏs΄-\ n: dynamic
videoﬂuoroscopy \vĭd΄
e-
o΄ﬂ
oo
e, ﬂ
oo
x-rays recorded on videotape΄ĭng kun-dĭsh΄unz\: various conditions
viewing conditions \vyoounder which visual observation is made including the size of thestimulus, characteristics of the surrounding area, nature of the illuminant, angle of viewing, area of the retina, etc.
virtual reality modeling language (1995): acronym is VRML; theﬁrst web-based 3D format
virtual surgical planning: pre-surgical manipulation of 3D imagesof an anatomic site for the purpose of measuring outcomes and todesign devices, grafts, and techniques; comp, SPACE ANALYSISMay 2017e91

visceral pain  working bite relation
visceral pain \vĭs΄ur-al pan\: deep somatic pain originating in
visceral structures, such as mucosal linings, walls of hollow
viscera, parenchyma of organs, glands, dental pulps, and vascular
structures
visible-light polymerization: syn, LIGHT-ACTIVATED POLYMERIZATION, PHOTOINITIATOR, POLYMERIZATION
visible spectrum \vĭz΄a-bal spĕk΄trum\: the section of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye; it ranges from
380 nm to 760 nm
-al ad΄äp-ta΄shun\: adjustive change invisual adaptation \vĭzh΄oovisual sensitivity as a result of continued visual stimulation or lack ofstimulation; three recognized types are (1) scotopic or dark adaptation, (2) photopic or light adaptation, and (3) chromatic or color
adaptation
o-al fo-tŏm΄ĭ-tre
\: the measurement ofvisual photometry \vĭzh΄oluminous radiation based on its effect on the visual receptors
vitriﬁcation n: in ceramics, the progressive fusing of porcelain athigh temperatures into an amorphous, more glassy material; comp;SINTERphonetics; syn, TOOTH ARRANGEMENT, TRIAL DENTURE, TRIAL
PLACEMENT
wax-up n: syn, DIAGNOSTIC WAXING
waxing \waks΄ĭng\ vb: the contouring of a wax pattern or the wax
base of a trial denture into the desired form (GPT-1); comp, DIAGNOSTIC DENTURE WAX-UP, DIAGNOSTIC WAXING, TOOTH
ARRANGEMENT, TRIAL DENTURE
wear facet \wâr fas΄ĭt\: any wear line or plane on a tooth surface
caused by attrition; syn, OCCLUSAL FACET
Weber-Fergusson incision: eponym for a facial incision used in
exposing the maxillary bone in a maxillectomy procedure; orig, Sir E.
S. Fergusson, surgeon, Scotland, United Kingdom, dates vary: 18081877 or 1871-1944
Zange J. Operationen im Bereich der nase und ibver nebenholen. In:
Theil R, ed. Opthalmologische, Operationslehre. Leipzig: Vebthieme;
1950
Weibull modulus: eponym for a parameter in the distribution formula relating the tensile strength of brittle materials; orig, Waloddi
Weibull, engineer/mathematician, Sweden, 1939

voxel: contr of Volume and piXEL; a volumetric digital image in a 3D
grid

1

VRML: acronym for VIRTUAL REALITY MODELING LANGUAGE

2vulcanite \v
ul΄ka-nıt\ n: an obsolete denture base material that is acombination of caoutchouc and sulfur; these harden in the presenceof suitable heat and application of pressure
vulcanize \v
ul΄ka-nız΄\ vb (1846): to produce ﬂexible or hard rubber,
as desired, by subjecting caoutchouc, in the presence of sulfur, toheat and high steam pressure in a processing unit, termed avulcanizer, made for that purpose; -nized; -nizing vt

Wwarp \wôrp\ vt (13c): torsional change of shape or outline; to turn or
twist out of shape
wash impression slang: syn, FINAL IMPRESSION
wave length \wav lĕngkth\: the distance at any instant between
two adjacent crests (or identical phases) of two series of waves thatare advancing through a uniform medium; the wavelength varies
inversely with the vibration rate or number of waves passing any
given point per unit period of time
wax \waks\ n (bef. 12c): one of several esters of fatty acids withhigher alcohols, usually monohydric alcohols; dental waxes are
combinations of various types of waxes compounded to provide
desired physical properties; comp, BASEPLATE WAX, BOXING WAX,CASTING WAX, DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX, MODELING WAX
wax addition technique: the process used to develop a wax
pattern through organized sequential addition of wax to shape theindividual components of the desired anatomic form
wax elimination \waks ĭ-lĭm΄a-na΄shun\: the removal of wax from amold, usually by heatwax expansion \waks ĭk-span΄shun\: a method of expanding a wax
pattern to compensate for the shrinkage of gold during the castingprocess
wax model denture: syn, TRIAL DENTURE
wax pattern \waks pat΄urn\: a wax form that is the positive likenessof an object to be fabricated
wax trial denture: syn, TRIAL DENTURE; comp, DIAGNOSTIC DENTURE WAX-UP
wax try-in: the placement of a wax trial denture or diagnostic
waxing in the mouth for the purpose of evaluating aesthetics andweld \wĕld\ n (1831): a welded joint; the state or condition of
being welded
weld \wĕld\ vb: to unite or fuse two pieces by hammering,
compression, or by rendering soft by heat with the addition of afusible material
wettability: syn, CONTACT ANGLE
white esthetic score: a visual analog scale applied to esthetics ofdental implant-supported crowns; parameters include tooth form,
outline/volume, color (hue/value), surface texture, translucency/
characterization; score values range is 0 (disapprove), 1, or 2
(approve); orig, Urs Belzer prosthodontist, Switzerland, 2009
white light scanner: a 3D digital scanner of objects that uses
coherence interferometry; peak wavelength fringes interpret surface
height on the interferogram; comp, SCANNER
whitening: syn, TOOTH WHITENING
whitening gel carrier: a device that covers the teeth in either
dental arch and is used to apply tooth whitening agent in close
proximity to tooth enamelwhitening tray: syn, WHITENING GEL CARRIER
whiting \hwı΄tĭng, wı΄-\ n: pure white chalk (calcium carbonate) thathas been ground and washed; used for polishing dental materials
wire splint \wır splĭnt\: a device used to stabilize teeth in the
maxillae or mandible loosened by an accident or by a compromised
periodontium; a device to reduce and stabilize maxillary or
mandibular fractures by application to both arches and connection
with intermaxillary wires or elastic bands

Wolff’s Law: eponym for the principle that a bone, either normal or
abnormal, will develop the structure most suited to resist thoseforces acting on it; orig, Julius Wolff, anatomist, Germany, 1836-1902
work \work\ n (bef. 12c): the product of a force acting on a bodyand the distance through which the point of application of the force
moves
work authorization: a signed written order provided by the dentist
to the dental laboratory detailing the work to be performed; acomponent of the patient’s dental record specifying the design andmaterials to be used; syn, LABORATORY WORK AUTHORIZATION
working articulation \wûr΄kĭng ar-tĭk΄ya-la΄shun\: the occlusal
contacts of teeth on the side toward which the mandible is moved
working bite slang: syn, WORKING ARTICULATION
working bite relation slang: syn, WORKING ARTICULATION

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e92

Volume 117 Issue 5Sworking cast  zygomatic implantworking cast nonstand: syn, DEFINITIVE CAST, FINAL CAST, MASTER
CAST
working condyle: syn, WORKING-SIDE CONDYLE
working contacts \wûr΄kĭng kŏn΄takts\ obs: contacts of teeth madeon the side of the occlusion toward which the mandible has been
moved (GPT-1); syn, WORKING-SIDE CONTACTS
working model nonstand: syn, CAST
΄zal sûr΄fas\ obs: theworking occlusal surface \wûr΄kĭng a-kl
oosurface or surfaces of teeth on which mastication can occur (GPT-1)o΄zhun\ obs: the occlusal conworking occlusion \wûr΄kĭng a-klo
tacts of teeth on the side to which the mandible is moved (GPT-1)
working-side \wûr΄kĭng sıd\: the side toward which the mandible
moves in a lateral excursion; syn, LATEROTRUSION
working-side condyle \wûr΄kĭng sıd kŏn΄dıl\: the condyle on thelaterotrusive sideworking-side condylar path \wûr΄kĭng sıd kŏn΄dıl path\: the paththe condyle travels on the working-side when the mandible moves
in laterotrusion
working-side contacts \wûr΄kĭng sıd kŏn΄takts\: contact of teeth
made on the side of the articulation toward which the mandible is
moved during working movements
wrought \rôt\ adj (13c): worked into shape; formed, hammered
wrought wire clasp: a suprabulge or infrabulge retainer for aremovable partial denture or maxillofacial prosthesis that has awrought wire retentive clasp with reciprocating arm or plate; it hascomparatively more ﬂexibility and adjustability than a cast clasp;comp, AKERS CLASP, COMBINATION CLASP

X
1

x-ray \ĕks΄ra\ vt (1896): the process of exposing objects to roentgen rays and projecting their shadow on sensitized surfaces
2
x-ray \ĕks΄ra\ n (1900): syn, ROENTGEN RAY
x-ray picture: syn, ROENTGENOGRAM
xenogenic graft \zĕn΄a-jĕn΄ĭk\: a graft from one species to anotherspecies; syn, heterologous graft΄me-a\ n: dryness of the mouth from lack ofxerostomia \zîr΄a-sto
normal secretions

Yyield strength \yeld strĕngkth\: the strength at which a small
amount of permanent (plastic) strain occurs, usually 0.1% or 0.2%,
and most frequently measured in MPa or psi

established by the horizontal occlusal surface of the tooth; syn, zerodegree nonanatomic teeth, NONANATOMIC TEETH
zinc oxide eugenol cement: a cement or luting agent resulting
from mixing zinc oxide with eugenol (oil of cloves), typicallydispensed in the form of a powder and liquid or sometimes twopastes. ANSI/ADA Type I or Type II zinc oxide and eugenol cements
are respectively designated for provisional or permanent cementation of restorations fabricated outside of the mouth; syn, EBA
CEMENT
zinc phosphate cement: a cement or luting agent resulting frommixing zinc oxide (powder component) with phosphoric acid, water,
aluminum phosphate, and zinc phosphate (liquid component);
magnesium oxide is often used as the principal modiﬁerzinc polycarboxylate cement: a cement or luting agent resulting
from mixing zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and sometimes stannous
oxide (powder component) with an aqueous solution of polyacrylicacid and copolymers
zirconia: abbr, ZrO2; an oxide of zirconium; a phase of monoclinic(room temperature), tetragonal (above 1170 C), and cubic (above
2370 C); this transformation between phases is often stabilizedwith addition of a small amount of yttria; cold-pressed (CP) zirconia
requires sintering after milling and is not as dimensionally stable as
hot isostatically pressed (HIP) zirconia, which doesn’t need sinteringand is more dimensionally stable; comp, DOPANT, PHASE TRANSFORMATION TOUGHENING
zirconia ceramic post: a ceramic post used in the restoration ofendodontically treated teeth, especially when a metal post may
compromise esthetics; typically used with composite resin orpressed-on-ceramics to form the core
zirconia restoration: a prosthesis fabricated from a zirconia
framework; the types of restorations include monolithic zirconia or
porcelain-veneered zirconia (a zirconia framework enhanced withveneering porcelain or pressed-on-ceramics); comp, PORCELAINFUSED-TO-ZIRCONIA, PRESSED-ON-ZIRCONIA CERAMICS
zirconium: abbr, Zr; a metal element with atomic number 40΄ma\ n (ca. 1684): the area formed by the union of thezygoma \zĭ-gozygomatic bone with the zygomatic processes of the temporal andmaxillary bones
zygomatic implant: a long (4.4 x 30 to 45 mm), angled, endosseous
implant placed into the zygoma as an augmentation procedure forthe severely atrophic maxillae

STANDARD REFERENCES

COLOR

yttria-stabilized zirconia: acronym is Y-TZP; a dopant-stabilized
zirconia ceramic; syn, ZIRCONIA

Agoston GA. Color theory and its applications in art and design.
2nd ed. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 1987.

Young’s modulus: eponym for the constant of proportionality
expressed in the stressestrain plot as the slope in the elastic region
where elastic recovery occurs upon release of the stress inducing
the strain; usually given the symbol E. A higher modulus (GPa, psi)
denotes a greater stiffness or material rigidity; orig, Thomas Young,physician/physicist, United Kingdom, 1773-1829; syn, MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY

Kelly KL, Judd DB. Color: universal language and dictionary ofnames. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards, December 1976. Spec. publication no. 440.

Y-TZP ceramics: acronym for yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia
polycrystalline ceramics

Billmeyer FW Jr, Saltzman M. Principles of color technology. New
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.

Z

Wyazecki G, Stiles WA. Color science: concepts and methods,
quantitative data and formulae. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley andSons, 1982.

zenith: syn, GINGIVAL ZENITH, GINGIVAL TRIGONE
-dĭ-gre΄, ze΄ro΄- teth\: posterior denturezero-degree teeth \zĭr΄oteeth having 0-degree cuspal angles in relation to the plane

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Nassan K. The physics and chemistry of color: the ﬁfteen causes ofcolor. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983.
MacAdam DL. Color measurement: theme and variations. 2nd ed.
Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag, 1985.

Hunt RWG. Measuring colour. Chichester: John Wiley andSons, 1987.

May 2017

e93

Hunter RS, Harold RW. The measurement of appearance. 2nd ed.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987.

COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
Goddard PB. The anatomy, physiology and pathology of the humanteeth: with the most approved methods of treatment; including
operations, and the method of making and setting artiﬁcial teeth.
With thirty plates. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1844.

The Dentists’ Supply Co. Trubyte teeth for vulcanite plates: as
designed by J. Leon Williams and Alfred Gysi together with aformulation of the law of harmony between faces and teeth and a
description of the Trubyte system of classifying face forms. New
York: The Dentists’ Supply Co., 1917.
Liberthal RH. Advanced impression taking. Scientiﬁc and correct
method based upon principles founded by Drs. Greene. New York:
Professional Publishing Co., 1918.

Harbert SC. A practical treatise on the operations of surgical andmechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Barrett & Jones, 1847.

Clapp GW, Tench RW. Professional denture service. New York: The
Dentists’ Supply Co., 1918.

Tomes J. Instruction in the use and management of artiﬁcial teeth.
Middlesex: Private printing, 1851.

Leger Derez H. Traite de prosthese dentaire. Paris: C. Ash and Sons
Co., 1920.

Delabarre AFA. De la gutta percha et de son application aux dentures artiﬁciales en remplacement des plaques metalliques et dessubstances osseuses corruptibles. Paris: V. Masson, 1852.

Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:
Lea & Febiger, 1920.

Richardson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1860.
Wildman, E. Instructions in the manipulation of hard rubber, or
vulcanite. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1865.
Evans TW. On the discovery of vulcanized caoutchouc: and theproperty of its application to dental purposes. Private printing, 1867.
Celluloid Manufacturing Co. Celluloid as a base for artiﬁcial teeth:
instructions for manipulating the celluloid base, with testimonials
from parties using it, and other information. Celluloid
Manufacturing Co., 1878.
Maloney JA, Brightwell OH. The Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Co.,
O.H. Brightwell. Washington: Gibson Publishing Co., 1878.
Balkwill FH. Mechanical dentistry in gold and vulcanite. London:
Churchill and Co., 1880.
White JW. The teeth: natural and artiﬁcial. Philadelphia: SS White
Dental Manufacturing Co., 1880.
Shefﬁeld LT. A new system of prosthetic dentistry. New York:Private printing, 1884.
Land, CH. The scientiﬁc adaptation of artiﬁcial dentures. Philadelphia: Private printing, 1885.
Andrieu E. Traite de prosthese buccale et de mecanique dentaire.
Paris: D. Doin, 1887.
White JW. Taking impressions of the mouth. Philadelphia: SS
White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1891.
Gartrell JH. Continuous gum work: a description of new apparatus
and methods for manipulating continuous gum and porcelaincrowns. London: Dental Engineering Co., 1896.
Samsioe CA.
printing, 1898.

A

treatiseonplatelessdentures.

PrivateClapp GW. Mechanical side of anatomical articulation. New York:The Dental Digest, 1910.
Greene JW. Greene brothers’ clinical course in dental prosthesis inthree printed lectures. New and advanced test methods in impressions, articulation, occlusion, rooﬂess dentures, reﬁts andrenewals. Chillicothe, MO: Private press, 1910.

Clapp GW, Tench RW. Professional denture service. Vol. 2. New
York: The Dentists’ Supply Co., 1921.
The Dentists’ Supply Co. Principles of selection and articulation.
New York: The Dentists’ Supply Co., 1921.
Cummer WE. The Rupert Hall method for entire upper and lower
dentures. Bulletin no. 2, Hamilton, Ontario, Canadian Dental
Research Foundation, 1921.
Gabell DP. Prosthetic dentistry. A textbook on the chairside workfor producing plate dentures. London: H. Froude; Hodder &Stoughton, 1921.
Rupp FW. The mathematics of dental prosthetics, showing thenecessity for the use of various other instruments of precision inorder to obtain satisfactory dentures from the use of anatomicalarticulators of any brand. London: J. Bale Sons & Danielsson, 1921.
Berthold AHR. Engineering applied to dentistry. Modern retentionof artiﬁcial dentures from an engineering standpoint. Chicago:International Dental Manufacturing Co., 1922.
Ash C. Ash’s all porcelain teeth: dowel crowns and non platinum
tube teeth for vulcanite dentures and for all classes of crown andbridge work. London: Ash, Julius, 1923.
Campbell DD. Full denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1924.
Goodhugh T.
Bailliere, 1924.

The

art

of

prosthetic

dentistry,

London:Hanau RH. Full denture prosthesis. Intraoral technique for Hanau
Articulator model H. Buffalo: (Dental engineering), 1926.
Hanua RH. Hanau intraoral method vs Gysi extraoral method.
Buffalo: Private press, 1927.
Gysi A. Practical conclusions from scientiﬁc research in denture
construction. New York: Dentists’ Supply Co., 1929.
Sears VH. Full denture procedure. New York: Macmillan Co., 1929.
Bunce EW. The Bunce Kanouse full denture technic. Chicago: CoeLaboratories, Inc., 1929.
Sears VH. Full denture procedure. New York: Macmillan Co., 1929.
Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry, an encyclopedia of full and partial
denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1930.

Haskell LP. Harkell’s manual of plate work or handbook for thedental laboratory. Chicago: Private press, 1910.

Swenson MG. Outline of full denture prosthesis. New York: University Press, 1932.

Clapp GW. Prosthetic articulation. New York: The Dentists’ Supply
Co., 1914.

Fish EW. Principles of full denture prosthesis. London: John Bale
Sons and Danielsson Ltd., 1933.

Girdwood J. Tube teeth and porcelain rods. Private printing, 1914.

Lott FM. The problem of facsimile reproduction of anterior esthetics
in full denture prosthesis. Bulletin no. 17. Toronto: Canadian
Dental Research Foundation, 1933.

Wilson GH. Dental prosthetics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea &Fabiger, 1914.

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYe94

Frahm FW. The principles and technics of full denture construction.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1934.
Williams JL. Trubyte teeth for denture restorations. New York:
Dentists’ Supply Co., 1935.
Lott FM. Glass as a denture base. Bulletin no. 23. Toronto: Canadian Dental Research Foundation, 1936.
Sears VH. Prosthetic papers. Minneapolis: Private press, 1936.
Doxtater LW. Full and partial denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental
Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936.
Sears VH. Prosthetic papers. Minneapolis: Dental Library, Bureau
of Engraving, Inc., 1936.
Essig NS. Prosthetic dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
Publishing Co., 1937.

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Lochhead Laboratories. The porcelain jacket crown. A treatise
containing interesting and authentic information regarding thetechnique, preparation and ﬁeld of application of porcelain jacket
crowns in an everyday practice. New York: Private printing, 1918.
Thompson GA. Porcelain technic. Private printing, 1918.
Collett HA. Gold shell crowns and how to make them. The solutionof problems in dental mechanics. New York: Private printing, 1922.
Ash C. Ash’s all porcelain teeth: dowel crowns and non platinum
tube teeth for vulcanite dentures and for all classes of crown andbridgework. London: Ash, Julius, 1923.
LeGro AL. Ceramics in dentistry. Brooklyn Dental Items of Interest
Publishing Co., 1925.
Stern MN. Enameloid acrylics in dentistry. Forest Hills, NY: The
Credo Publishing Co., 1942.

House MM. Full denture technique. Whittier, CA: Private
printing, 1937.

Engle F. Three quarter crowns; how to construct and apply them.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1946.

House MM, Loop JL. Form and color harmony in the dental art.
Whittier, CA: Private printing, 1939.

Levy, IR. Acrylic inlays, crowns and bridges. Philadelphia: Lea &Febiger, 1950.

Schlosser RO. Complete denture prosthesis. Philadelphia: W B
Saunders Co., 1939.

Brecker SC. The porcelain jacket crown. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1951.

Swenson MG. Complete dentures. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1940.

DENTAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Neil E. The upper and the lower. A simpliﬁed full denture
impression procedure. Chicago: The CAL Technical Library, 1941.

Haskell LP. The student’s manual and handbook for the dentallaboratory. Philadelphia: Welch Dental Co., 1887.

Miller RG. Synopsis of full and partial dentures. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1942.

Chupein TF. The dental laboratory; a manual of gold and silver
plate work for dental substitutes, crowns, etc. Philadelphia: Johnson& Lund, 1889.

Adams CW. Selection and articulation of artiﬁcial teeth. New York:
Dentists’ Supply Co., 1943.
Hirsekorn H. Denture base readjustment. Baltimore: Williams andWilkins Co., 1943.
Hunter C, Samson E. Mechanical dentistry; a practical treatise on
the construction of the various kinds of artiﬁcial dentures. London:
The Technical Press Ltd., 1945.

Abonyi J. Compendium der Zahutechnik fur studirende und Krste.
Stuttgart: F. Enke, 1892.
Chasman C. Manual of mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Private
printing, 1932.
Schwartz JR. Practical prosthetic procedure. Philadelphia: Universal
Dental Co., 1934.

Schwartz MM. You can be happy with dental plates. Private
printing, 1945.

Salzman JA. Manual for dental technicians. New York: Pitman
Publishing Corp., 1938.

Tuckﬁeld W. Full denture technique. 2nd ed. Melbourne: AustralianCollege of Dentistry, 1945.

Chappelle WF. Partial denture technics. Buffalo: Williams GoldReﬁning Co., 1941.

Landa JS. Practical full denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing Co., 1947.

Wells AS, Reynolds GW. Laboratory manual for crown and bridge
technique. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, Inc. Lithoprinters, 1944.

Hordes S. Full denture construction. Albany: University of the State
of New York Press, 1949.

Boucher CO. Dental prosthetic laboratory manual. St. Louis: The C
V Mosby Co., 1947.

Sears VH. New teeth for old. Salt Lake City: University of Utah
Press, 1949.

DENTAL MATERIALS SCIENCE

Sears VH. Principles and techniques for complete denture construction. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1949.
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical dental prosthetics.
London: Staples Press, 1953.
Landy C. Full dentures. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1958.

CROWNS
Goslee HJ. Principles and practice of crown and bridgework. A
practical, systematic modern treatise upon the requirements andtechnique of artiﬁcial crown work including some incidental reference to bridgework. 4th ed. New York: Consolidated Dental
Manufacturing Co., 1903.
Land CH. Porcelain dental art. Private printing, 1904.
Chayes HES. The application of the Davis crown in prosthetic
dentistry. New York: Private printing, 1912.

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Flagg JF. Plastics and plastic ﬁllings: as pertaining to the ﬁlling of allcavities of decay in teeth below medium in structure. Philadelphia:
P. Blakiston, 1881.
Essig CJ. Manual of dental metallurgy. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers
and Co., 1882.
Gilbert SE. Vulcanite and celluloid: instruction in their practicalworking for dental purposes. Philadelphia: SS White Dental
Manufacturing Co., 1884.
Warren GW. A manual of mechanical dentistry and metallurgy.
Philadelphia: Private printing, 1905.
Hughes CN. Questions and answers on prosthetic dentistry andmetallurgy. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1914.
Hepburn WB. Notes on dental metallurgy for the use of dental
students and practitioners. 2nd ed. New York: W. Wood andCo., 1915.

May 2017e95

Capon WA. Porcelain dental restorations. Philadelphia: Lea &Febiger, 1920.

Peeso FA. Crown and bridgework for students and practitioners.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1916.

Hovestad JF. Practical dental porcelains. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1924.

Krummnow F. Lehrbuch der kronen brucken und porzellantechnick. Berlin: Halensee Zahntechmischer Verlag, 1920.

LeGro AL. Ceramics in dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
Publishing Co., 1925.

Chayes HES. Movable removable bridgework. With a detailed,illustrated technique for the construction of a unilateral compound
movable removable partial bridge, and a description of the instruments and attachments employed. New York: Chayes System
Laboratories, 1922.

Ray KW. Metallurgy for dental students. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 1931.
Felcher FR. The art of porcelain in dentistry. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1932.
Skinner EW. The science of dental materials. Philadelphia: W B
Saunders Co., 1936.

Columbus Dental Manufacturing Co. Steele’s interchangeable
tooth: illustrated: showing technical detail of construction andmanipulation, embracing all features of their application. Columbus: Columbus Dental Manufacturing Co., 1924.

Felcher FR. Porcelain in dentistry. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1932.

Haupl K, Reichborn Kjemerud I. Moderne zahnartzliche krown und
brucken arbeiten. Berlin: H. Mausser, 1929.

Salzmann JA. Manual for dental technicians: vulcanite. New York:Private printing, 1938.

Doxtater LW. Procedures in modern crown and bridgework. The
principles and technique of stationary and removable bridges.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing; 1931.

Salzman JA. Manual for dental technicians: with a supplement onacrylics. 1938.
Cohen M. Ceramics in dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1940.
Stern MN. Enameloid acrylics in dentistry. Forest Hills, NY: The
Credo Publishing Co., 1942.
Orlowski HJ. Dental porcelain. Columbus: College of Engineering,
Ohio State University Press, 1944.

Knapp KW. Manual of ﬁxed bridgework. New York: NY University
Press Book Store, 1935.
Schwartz JR. Cavity preparation and abutment construction inbridgework. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest PublishingCo., 1936.

Osborne J. Acrylic resins in dentistry. Oxford: Blackwell, 1944.

Hildebrand GY. Studies in dental prosthodontics. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Fahlerantz, 1937.

Tylman SD, Peyton FA. Acrylics and other synthetic resins used in
dentistry. Philadelphia: J B Lippincott Co., 1946.

Knapp KW. Inlays and ﬁxed bridgework. Buffalo: Williams GoldReﬁning Co., 1939.

Osborne J. Acrylic resins in dentistry. Springﬁeld: C. C. ThomasCo., 1948.

Tylman SD. Theory and practice of crown and bridge prosthesis. St.
Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1940.

FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS

Coelho DH. A complete ﬁxed bridge procedure. St. Louis: The CV
Mosby Co., 1949.

Clifford IE, Clifford RE. Crown, bar and bridgework: new methodsof permanently adjusting artiﬁcial teeth without plates. London,
Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1885.
Evans G. Practical treatise on artiﬁcial crown and bridge work.
Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1888.
Brown P. A treatise on crown and bridge work, or the adjustment ofteeth without plates. Philadelphia: Private printing, 1892.
Reigner H. Kronen und bracken arbeitem, sin lehrbuch. Leipzig: A
Felix, 1895.
Shefﬁeld LT. An easy account of crown work and bridgework in
dentistry. New York: Private printing, 1895.
Mason Detachable Tooth Co. Mason detachable porcelains forcrown and bridge work: with instructions in the method ofmounting. Mason Detachable Tooth Co., Red Bank N.J.; New York:
Press of Andrew Kellogg, 1900.

Ewing JE. Fixed
Febiger, 1954.

partialprosthesis.

Philadelphia:

Lea&

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Kissane JM, ed. Anderson’s pathology. 9th ed. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1990.
Myers EN, Suen JY. Cancer of the head and neck. 2nd ed. New
York: Churchill Livingstone, Inc., 1989.
Guepp DR, ed. Pathology of the head and neck. New York:
Churchill Livingstone, Inc.

GENERAL PROSTHODONTICS
Fauchard P. Le Chirurgien Dentiste ou Traute des Dents [twovolumes]. Paris: 1728. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements in
Vol. 2.)

Goslee HJ. Principles and practice of crown and bridgework. A
practical, systematic modern treatise upon the requirements andtechnique of artiﬁcial crown work including some incidental reference to bridgework. 4th ed. New York: Consolidated Dental
Manufacturing Co., 1903.

Mouton C. Essai d’Odontotechnique, ou Dissertation sur les Dents
Artiﬁcielles. Paris: Private printing, 1746. (First complete book on
artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)

Roussel GA. Traite theorique et practique des couronnes artiﬁcielles
et du bridge work. Paris: D. Doin, 1906.

Wooffendale R. Practical observations on the human teeth. London: J. Johnson, 1783. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)

Chance PR. Ash’s tube teeth in aesthetic crown and bridgework.
London: Private printing, 1907.

Dubois de Lhemant N. A dissertation on artiﬁcial teeth: evincing
the advantages of teeth made of mineral paste, over every
denomination of animal substance: to which is added, advise tomothers and nurses on the prevention and cure of those diseases

Havestadt JF. Principles and techniques of crowns and bridges.
Boston: Kitter and Flebee, 1915.

Hunter J. The natural history of the human teeth. London: J.
Johnson, 1755. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e96

Volume 117 Issue 5S

which attend the ﬁrst dentition. 1797 (Section on artiﬁcial tooth
replacements.)

Burnot G. Contribution a l’etude de la graffe dentaire. Paris: J.B.
Balilliere, 1886.

Fox J. The history and treatment of the diseases of the teeth, thegums, and the alveolar processes, with the operations which they
respectively require. To which are added, observations on otherdiseases of the mouth, and on the mode of ﬁxing artiﬁcial teeth.
London: Thomas Cox, 1806. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth
replacements.)

Cigrand BJ. The rise, fall and revival of dental prosthesis. Chicago:
Periodical Publishing Co., 1892.

James B. A treatise on the management of the teeth. Philadelphia:
Private printing, 1814. (First illustrated United States dental workwith a section on artiﬁcial teeth.)

Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. In
contributions by eminent authorities. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers
and Co., 1896.

Delabarre CF. Traite de la partie mecanique de l’art du chiru dentiste [two volumes]. Paris: Private printing, 1820. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)

Richarson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Sons and Co., 1903.

Jobson DW. Outlines of the anatomy and physiology of the teeth&c. Their diseases and treatment. With practical observations on
artiﬁcial teeth. Edinburgh: William Tait, 1834. (Section on artiﬁcial
tooth replacements.)
Koecker L. An essay on artiﬁcial teeth, obturators, & plates, withthe principles for their construction and application, illustrated by
26 cases and 21 plates. London: for S. Highley, 1835. (Section on
artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)
Saunders E. Mineral teeth: their merits & manufacture: withobservations on those cases in which they are or are not applicable:
and on the best means of preserving artiﬁcial teeth. Philadelphia:
Private printing, 1841. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)
Arthur R. A popular treatise on the diseases of the teeth: including adescription of their structure and modes of treatment; together withthe usual mode of inserting artiﬁcial teeth. Philadelphia: Lindsay &Blakiston, 1845. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)
Harbert SC. A practical treatise on the operations of surgical andmechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Barrett & Jones, 1847.
Howard T. On the IOBB of teeth; and on the best means ofrestoring them. London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1857. (Section on
artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)
Lukyn E. Dental surgery and mechanism. A popular treatise on thepreservation, management, and surgical treatment of the teeth andgums: with the most modern and improved modes of supplying thelobs of teeth. London: Savill and Edwards, 1859. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)

Parreidt J. Handbuch der Zahnersatakunde. Leipzig: A. Felix, 1893.
Cingrand BJ. A compendium of dental prosthesis arranged inquestions and answers. Chicago: Periodical Publishing Co., 1894.

Cigrand BJ. The lower third of the face or the dental domain; astudy of art in dentistry. Chicago: Blakely Printing Co., 1904.
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. Philadelphia: Lea &Febiger, 1911.
Prothero JH. Prosthetic dentistry. 2nd ed. Chicago: Medico Dental
Publishing Co., 1916.
Bodee CA, Rabell UL. Text book on prosthetic dentistry. New York:Private printing, 1921.
Martinier P, Villian G. Prothese. Paris: J.B. Bailliere and ﬁls, 1922.
Clapp GW. The life and work of James Leon Williams. New York:The Dental Digest, 1925.
Logan JD. Dental prosthetics. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone, 1926.
Shaw DM. Dental prosthetic mechanics. London: Edward Arnold
and Co., 1927.
Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry. An encyclopedia of full and partial
denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1930.
Logan JD. Dental prosthetics. New York: Private printing, 1934.
Boyle HH. Principles and practice of applied dental aesthetics.
London: H. Kimpton, 1936.
Hildebrand GT. Studies in dental prosthetics. Stockholm: A.B.
Fahlerants, 1937.
Osborne J. Dental mechanics for students. London: Trinity Press
Ltd., 1939.
Schwartz, JR. Modern methods of tooth replacement. Brooklyn:
Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1942.

Allen J. Teeth: an improved method of constructing artiﬁcial
dentures: combining ﬁve important points not heretofore
attained: together with directions for the development and subsequent preservation of the natural teeth. Philadelphia: Private
printing, 1860.

Sears, VH. Basic principles of dentistry. New York: Pitman Publishing Corp., 1942.

Mosely E. Teeth, their natural history: with the physiology of thehuman mouth, in regard to artiﬁcial teeth. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1862. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)

Schweitzer JM. Restorative dentistry; a clinical photographic presentation. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1947.

Eskell FA. A new system for treating and ﬁxing artiﬁcial teeth: theart to prevent the loss of the teeth: the instructions calculated toenable heads of families to adopt the author’s practice of treating
and preserving the teeth. Private printing, 1862.
Coles JO. On deformities of the mouth, congenital and acquires,with their mechanical treatment. Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1870. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacements.)

Craddock FW. Prosthetic dentistry: a clinical outline. St. Louis: TheC V Mosby Co., 1945.

Weinmann JP, Sicher H. Bone and bones. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1947.

MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTICS
Koecker L. An essay on artiﬁcial teeth, obturators, & plates, withthe principles for the construction and application, illustrated by 26
cases and 21 plates. London: for S. Highley, 1935.

Coles JO. A manual of dental mechanics. 2nd ed. London: J & A
Churchill, 1876. (Section on artiﬁcial tooth replacement.)

Ramsay R, Coles JO. The mechanical treatment of deformities ofthe mouth, congenital and accidental. London: J. Churchill andSons, 1868.

Dejardin A Jr. Restaurations prosthetiques faites dans les hopitauxde Paris, precede de l’hygiene de la bouche. Paris: E.
Bicheron, 1877.

Case CS. A practical treatise on the techniques and principles ofdental orthopedia and prosthetic correction of cleft palate. Chicago:
CS Case private press, 1921.

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYMay 2017e97

Fritsch C. Zahnartzliche sowie zahnarztlich chirurgische prothetik.
Leipzig: G. Thieme, 1925.

Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry. An encyclopedia of full and partial
denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1930.

Walker DG. The construction of vulcanite applicators for applying
radium to lesions of the buccal cavity, lips, orbit and antrum.
London: Private printing, 1938.

Doxtater LW. Full and partial denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental
Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936.

Beder OK. Surgical and maxillofacial prosthetics. Seattle: King’s
Crown Press, 1949.

MEDICAL ACRONYMS
Hamilton B, Guides B. Medical acronyms, symbols and abbreviations. 2nd ed. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers, Inc., 1988: 277
pages.
Mossman J, ed. Acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations dictionary.
15th ed. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990.

MEDICAL DICTIONARIES
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary. 25th ed. Baltimore: Williams andWilkins, 1990.
Jablonsit S. Illustrated dictionary of dentistry. Philadelphia: W B
Saunders Co., 1982.

MEDICAL EPONYMS
Firkin BG, Whitworth JA. Dictionary of medical eponyms. Park
Ridge, NJ: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 1987.

Elbrecht A. Systematik der abnehembaren partieHen prostheses.
Leipzig: H. Meusser, 1937.
Neurohr FG. Partial dentures; a system of functional restoration.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1939.
Miller RG. Synopsis of full and partial dentures. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1942.
Applegate SG, Perry CK. Outline for removable partial dentureservice. Detroit: Prosthetic Department, University of Detroit
School of Dentistry, 1943.
Godfrey RJ. A manual of removable partial denture design. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1948.
J.M. Ney Co. The Ney surveyor book. Hartford: J.M. Ney
Co., 1948.
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical dental prosthetics.
London: Staples Press, 1953.
Applegate OC. Essentials of removable partial denture prosthesis.
Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co., 1954.
Swenson MG, Terkla LG. Partial dentures. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1955.

SYNDROMESREMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS

Magalini SI, Magalini SC, de Francisci G. Dictionary of medical
syndromes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1990.

Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items ofInterest Publishing Co., 1928.

Jablonski S. Jablonski’s dictionary of syndromes and eponymic
diseases. 2nd ed. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co., 1990.

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e98

Volume 117 Issue 5S

APPENDIX A

Tables and Measures
Celsius / Fahrenheit Conversion Table


C



F



C



F



C



-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8

-40.0
-38.2
-36.4
-34.6
-32.8
-31.0
-29.2
-27.4
-25.6
-23.8
-22.0
-20.2
-18.4
-16.6
-14.8
-13.0
-11.2
-9.4
-7.6
-5.8
-4.0
-2.2
-0.4
+1.4
3.2
5.0
6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2
14.0
15.8
17.6

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

136.4
138.2
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.0

F

Multiples and Submultiples of the Metric System

Multiples and Submultiples
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000,001
0.000,000,001
0.000,000,000,001
0.000,000,000,000,001
0.000,000,000,000,000,001

Preﬁx

Symbol12

teragigamegakilohectodekadecicentimillmicronanopicofemtoatto-

(10 )
(109)
(106)
(103)
(102)
(101)
(10-1)(10-2)(10-3)(10-6)(10-9)(10-12)(10-15)(10-18)

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m

m

n
p
f
a

May 2017e99

Avoirdupois to Metric Weight Conversion TableOUNCESGRAMSOUNCESGRAMSPOUNDSGRAMSKILOGRAMS

1/16
1/8
1/4
1/2
1
2
3
4
5
6

1.772
3.544
7.088
14.17528.35056.69985.049113.398
141.748170.097

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 (1 lb)

198.447226.796255.146
283.495
311.845
340.194368.544396.893425.243453.591 16 oz
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

453.59907.181360.781814.372267.962721.55
3175.153628.744082.334535.92

1.36
1.81
2.27
2.72
3.18
3.63
4.08
4.54

Measures of Capacity
Metric to Apothecary Liquid Measure

MetricApproximate Apothecary Equivalent

1000 ml
750 ml500 ml
250 ml200 ml100 ml
50 ml
30 ml
15 ml
10 ml
8 ml
5 ml
4 ml
3 ml
2 ml
1 ml
0.75 ml
0.60 ml
0.50 ml
0.30 ml0.25 ml
0.20 ml
0.10 ml
0.06 ml
0.05 ml
0.03 ml

1 quart
1 ½ pints
1 pint8 ﬂuid ounces
7 ﬂuid ounces
3 ½ ﬂuid ounces
1 3/4 ﬂuid ounces
1 ﬂuid ounce
4 ﬂuid drams
2 ½ ﬂuid drams
2 ﬂuid drams
1 1/4 ﬂuid drams
1 ﬂuid dram45 minims
30 minims
15 minims
12 minims
10 minims
8 minims
5 minims
4 minims
3 minims
1 ½ minims
1 minim3/4 minim½ minim

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e100

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Apothecaries’ e Metric Liquid Measure Table

MINIMSMILLILITERSFLUID DRAMSMILLILITERSFLUID OUNCESMILLILITERS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 (1 ﬂ oz)

3.70
7.39
11.09
14.79
18.48
22.18
25.88
29.57

1

3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60 (1 ﬂ dr)

0.06
0.12
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.62
0.92
1.23
1.54
1.85
2.16
2.46
2.77
3.08
3.39
3.70

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 (1 pt)
32 (1 qt )128 (1 gal)

29.57
59.15
88.72
118.29147.87177.44207.01236.58266.16295.73325.30354.88384.45414.02443.59473.17946.333785.32MINIMSMILLILITERSFLUID DRAMSMILLILITERSFLUID OUNCES

16.231
32.5
48.7
64.9
81.1

5
10
15
20
25
30

1.35
2.71
4.06
5.4
6.76
7.1

30
40
50
500
1000 (1 L)

1.01
1.35
1.69
16.91
33.815

3
4

Metric e Apothecaries’ Liquid Measure Table

MILLILITERS
1
2
3
4
5

Apothecaries’ (Wine) Measure Table

MINIMS Fluid DRAMS Fluid OUNCES GILLS PINTS QUARTS GALLONS Cubic Inches Milliliter Cubic Centimeters
1
60
480
1920
7680
15360
61440

0.0166
1
8
32
128
256
1024

0.002
0.125
1
4
16
32
128

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

0.0005 0.00013
0.0312 0.0078
0.25
0.0625
1
0.25
4
1
8
2
32
8

0.00390.0312
0.125
0.5
1
4

0.00780.0312
0.125
0.25
1

0.003760.22558
1.80468
7.21875
28.87557.75
231

0.061613.696729.5737118.2948
473.179
946.3583785.434

0.061613.696729.5737118.2948
473.179
946.3583785.434

May 2017

e101

Measures of Mass

Avoirdupois Weight Table

GRAINSDRAMSOUNCES

POUNDSMETRIC EQUIVALENTS (grams)

1
27.34
437.5
7000

0.03661
16
256

0.00230.06251
160.000140.00390.06251

0.0647989
1.772
28.350453.5924277

Apothecaries’ Weight Table

Equivalents

GrainsScruplesDrams

PoundsMetric Ounces

1
20
60
480
5760

0.05
1
3
24
288

0.0167
0.333
1
8
96

0.0021
0.042
0.125
1.000
12.0000.000170.00350.01040.08331.00000.0647989
1.296
3.888
31.103373.24177

Metric Weight Table

MICROGRAMMILLIGRAM

1
103
10’
105
108
107
108
109
1012

1
10
100
1000
10a
106
106
109

CENTIGRAM
1
10
100
1000
10
106
108

DECIGRAMGRAM

DECAGRAM

HECTOGRAM

-

1
10
100
1000
10’
107

1
10
100
1000
106

1
10
100
105

1
10
10’

KILO-GRAMMETRICTON

EQUIVALENTS
Avoirdupois

Apothecaries’

0.000015 gr
0.015432 gr
0.154323 gr
1.543235 gr
15.432356 gr
5.6438 dr
1
1000

7.7162 scr
3.527 oz
13.215 oz
2.2046 lb
2204.6223 lb

2.6792 lb
2679.2285 lb

Troy Weight Table

GRAINSPENNYWEIGHTSOUNCES

POUNDSMETRIC EQUIVALENTS (grams)

0.042
1
20
240

0.002
0.05
1
12

0.000170.00420.083
11.0647989
1.555
31.103373.24177

1
24
480
5760

Metric Measures of Length Table

MICROMETERMILLIMETERCENTIMETER

1
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1012

0.001
1
10
100
1000
104
105
106
107
109

10-’
10-’
1
10
100
1000
104
105
106
108

DECIMETER

1
10
100
1000
104
105
107

METER

1
10
100
1000
104
106

DEKAMETER

1
10
1000
1000
105

HECTOMETER

1
10
100
104

KILOMETER

1
10
1000

MEGAMETER

EQUIVALENTS

10.000039 inch
0.03937 inch
0.3937 inch
3.937 inches
39.37 inches
10.9361 yards
109.3612 yards
1093.6121 yards
6.2137 miles
621.370 miles

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

e102

Volume 117 Issue 5S

Apothecary to Metric Weight Conversion Table

GRAINSGRAMSGRAINSGRAMSSCRUPLES

GRAMS

1/150
1/120
1/100
1/90
1/80
1/64
1/60
1/50
1/48
1/40
1/36
1/32
1/30
1/25
1/20
1/16
1/12
1/10
1/9
1/8
1/7
1/6
1/5
1/4
1/3

0.00040.00050.00060.00070.00080.001
0.00110.00130.00140.00160.00180.002
0.00220.0026
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.013
0.016
0.02

2/5
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20 (1 3)
30

0.03
0.032
0.04
0.043
0.05
0.057
0.065
0.097(0.1)
0.12
0.20
0.24
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.65
1.00
1.30
2.00

1
2
3 (1 3)DRAMS

1.296(1.3)
2.592(2.6)
3.888(3.9)
GRAMS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 (1 3)OUNCES

3.888
7.776
11.66415.55219.44023.32827.21631.103
GRAMS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 (1 lb)

31.10362.20793.310124.414155.517186.621217.724248.828
279.931311.035
342.138
373.242

Metric to Apothecary Weight Conversion Table

MILLIGRAMSGRAINSGRAMSGRAINS

GRAMS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100

0.015432
0.030864
0.046296
0.061728
0.077160
0.092592
0.108024
0.123456
0.138888
0.154320
0.231480
0.308640
0.385800
0.462960
0.5401200.617280
0.694440
0.771600
1.543240

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
10.0

1.54323.08644.6296
6.17287.71609.259210.8024
12.3456
13.8888
15.4320
23.1480
30.8640
38.5800
46.2960
54.012061.72869.44477.162
154.324

10
15
20
25
30
40
45
50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

EQUIVALENTS
2.572
3.858
5.144
6.430
7.716
1.286 oz
1.447
1.607
3.215
6.430
9.644
12.859
1.34
1.61
1.88
2.14
2.41
2.68

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
lb
"
"
"
"
"

May 2017

e103

Metric Fluid Measure Table

MICROLITER
1
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1012

MILLILITERCENTILITER

1
10
100
103
104
105
106
109

1
10
100
103
104
105
108

DECILITER

1
10
100
103
104
107

LITER

1
10
100
103
105

DEKALITER

1
10
100
105

HECTOLITER

KILO-LITERMEGALITER

EQUIVALENTS(Apothecaries’ Fluid)

1
10
104

0.01623108 min
16.23 min
2.7 ﬂ dr3.38 ﬂ oz
2.11 pts
2.64 gal
1103

126.418 gals
264.18 gals
26418 gals

1 liter = 2.113363738 pints (Apothecaries’)

Metric to Apothecary Weight Conversions

MetricApproximate Apothecary Equivalents

30.0 g15.0 g10.0 g7.50 g6.00 g5.00 g4.00 g3.00 g2.00 g1.50 g1.00 g
750 mg
600 mg
500 mg
400 mg
300 mg
250 mg
200 mg
150 mg
125 mg
100 mg
75 mg
60 mg
50 mg
40 mg
30 mg
25 mg
20 mg
15 mg
12 mg
10 mg
6 mg
5 mg
4 mg
3 mg
2 mg
1 mg

1 ounce
4 drams
2 ½ drams
2 drams
90 grains
75 grains
60 grains (1 dram)
45 grains
30 grains (1/2 dram)
22 grains
15 grains
12 grains
10 grains
7 ½ grains
6 grains
5 grains
4 grains
3 grains
2 ½ grains
2 grains
1 ½ grains
1 1/4 grains
1 grain3/4 grain
2/3 grain½ grain
3/8 grain
1/3 grain
1/4 grain
1/5 grain
1/6 grain
1/10 grain
1/12 grain
1/15 grain
1/20 grain
1/30 grain
1/60 grain

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYe104

APPENDIX B

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for
Complete Edentulism
The ofﬁcial classiﬁcation system for edentulism developed by theAmerican College of Prosthodontists. The system classiﬁes edentulous patient treatment complexity using four diagnostic criteria: (a)mandibular bone height, (b) maxillo-mandibular relationship, (c)maxillary residual ridge morphology, and (d) muscle attachments.
These four criteria identify patients as Class 1 (ideal or minimallycompromised), Class 2 (moderately compromised), Class 3 (substantially compromised), or Class 4 (severely compromised).

The PDI for the Edentulous Class 1 Patient
A patient who presents with ideal or minimally compromised complete edentulism that can be treated successfully by conventional
prosthodontic techniques. The Class 1 patient exhibits (a) a residual
mandibular bone height of at least 21 millimeters measured at thearea of least vertical bone height, (b) a maxillo-mandibular relationship permitting normal tooth articulation and an ideal ridge
relationship, (c) a maxillary ridge morphology that resists horizontal
and vertical movement of the denture base, and (d) muscle
attachment locations conducive to denture base stability andretention.

The PDI for the Edentulous Class 2 Patient
A patient who presents with moderately compromised complete
edentulism and continued physical degradation of the denture
supporting anatomy. The Class 2 patient exhibits (a) a residual

APPENDIX C

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for thePartially Edentulous Patient
The ofﬁcial classiﬁcation system for the partially edentulous patientdeveloped by the American College of Prosthodontists. The systemclassiﬁes the partially edentulous treatment complexity based onfour diagnostic criteria: (a) the location and extent of the edentulous
areas, (b) the condition of the abutment teeth, (c) the occlusal
scheme, and (d) the residual ridge. These four criteria identify patients as Class 1 (ideal or minimally compromised), Class 2 (moderately compromised), Class 3 (substantially compromised), or Class 4(severely compromised).

PDI for the Partially Edentulous (PE) Class 1 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) partial edentulism conﬁned to asingle arch, (b) minimal compromise to the abutment teeth, (c) an
ideal or minimally compromised occlusion, (d) an Angle Class I molar
and jaw relationships, and (e) an Angle Class I residual ridge (refer tothe PDI for the Class I Completely Edentulous Patient, Appendix B).
The PE Class 1 patient includes those with any anterior maxillaryspan not exceeding two incisors, any anterior mandibular span notexceeding four missing incisors, and any posterior span notexceeding two premolars or one premolar plus a molar.

PDI for the Partially Edentulous Class 2 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) partial edentulism that is moderately
compromised, conﬁned to a single arch, (b) moderate compromise
to the abutment teeth in at least one sextant, (c) a moderately
compromised occlusal scheme that requires adjunctive therapy, (d)THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

Volume 117 Issue 5Smandibular bone height of 16-20 millimeters measured at the areaof least vertical bone height, (b) a maxillo-mandibular relationshippermitting normal tooth articulation and an appropriate ridge relationship, (c) a maxillary residual ridge morphology that resists horizontal and vertical movement of the denture base, and (d) muscle
attachments that exert limited compromise on denture base stability
and retention.

The PDI for the Edentulous Class 3 Patient
A patient who presents with substantially compromised complete
edentulism and exhibits (a) limited interarch space of 18-20 millimeters and/or temporomandibular disorders, (b) a residual
mandibular bone height of 11-15 millimeters measures at the area ofleast vertical bone height, (c) an Angle Class I, II, or III maxillomandibular relationship, (d) muscle attachments that exert amoderate compromise on denture base stability and retention, and(e) a maxillary residual ridge morphology providing minimal resistance movement of the denture base

The PDI for the Edentulous Class 4 Patient
A patient who presents with the most debilitated form of complete
edentulism, where surgical reconstruction is usually indicated andspecialized prosthodontic techniques are required to achieve an
acceptable outcome. The Class 4 patient exhibits (a) a residual
mandibular bone height of 10 millimeters or less, (b) an Angle Class I,
II, or III maxillomandibular relationship, (c) a maxillary residual ridge
morphology providing no resistance to movement of the denturebase, and (d) muscle attachments that exert a signiﬁcant compromise on denture base stability and retention.

an Angle Class I molar and jaw relationships, and (e) an Angle Class II
residual ridge (refer to PDI for the Class II Completely Edentulous
Patient, Appendix B). The PE Class 2 patient includes those with any
anterior maxillary span not exceeding all incisors, any anterior
mandibular span not exceeding four missing incisors, and any posterior span not exceeding two premolars or one premolar plus a
molar or any missing canine.

PDI for the Partially Edentulous Class 3 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) partial edentulism that is substantially compromised, in multiple areas in one or both arches, (b)substantial compromise to the abutment teeth in three sextants, (c)a substantially compromised occlusal scheme requiring reestablishment of the entire occlusal scheme without a change in the verticaldimension, (d) an Angle Class II molar and jaw relationship, and/or(e) an Angle Class III residual ridge description (refer to PDI for theClass III Completely Edentulous Patient, Appendix B).

PDI for the Partially Edentulous Class 4 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) partial edentulism that is severelycompromised in multiple areas and opposing arches, (b) severe
compromise to the abutment teeth in four or more sextants, (c) aseverely compromised occlusal scheme requiring reestablishment of
the entire occlusal scheme and a change in the vertical dimension,(d) an Angle Class II and/or Angle Class III molar and jaw relationships, and (e) at least one edentulous ridge having a guarded
prognosis. The PE Class 4 patient also includes congenital or maxillofacial defects, those with at least one severely compromised
edentulous arch, severe manifestations of local or systemic disease,severe ataxia or dyskinesia and the refractory patient.

May 2017

APPENDIX D

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for theCompletely Dentate Patient
The ofﬁcial classiﬁcation system for the completely dentate patientdeveloped by the American College of Prosthodontists. This standardized identiﬁcation grouping of dentate patient treatment complexities is based on two criteria: (a) the condition of the teeth and(b) the occlusal scheme. These criteria identify patients as Class 1(ideal or minimally compromised), Class 2 (moderately compromised), Class 3 (substantially compromised), or Class 4 (severelycompromised).

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index for the Completely Dentate
Class 1 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) a dentition that is minimallycompromised and (b) with contiguous, intact dental arches requiring
prosthodontic treatment on three teeth or less that do not require
adjunctive therapy (periodontal treatment, endodontic treatment,
orthodontic treatment, etc.).

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index for the Completely Dentate
Class 2 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) a dentition that is moderately
compromised with no edentulous areas, (b) an intact anterior

e105

guidance, (c) pathology affecting the coronal morphology of 4 ormore teeth in only one sextant, and (d) teeth that require adjunctive
treatment (periodontal treatment, endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.) on four or more teeth in one sextant.

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index for the Completely Dentate
Class 3 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) a dentition that is substantiallycompromised with no edentulous areas, (b) an impaired anterior
guidance, (c) substantial posterior occlusal wear and a normal vertical dimension, (d) pathology affecting the coronal morphology of 4
or more teeth in three or more sextants, and (e) teeth that aresubstantially compromised requiring adjunctive therapy (periodontal
treatment, endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.) in two
sextants.

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index for the Completely Dentate
Class 4 Patient
A patient who presents with (a) a dentition that is severelycompromised with no edentulous areas, (b) an impaired anterior
guidance, (c) severe posterior occlusal wear with loss of verticaldimension, (c) the need for the reestablishment of the entire occlusion with a change in vertical dimension, and (d) teeth that
require adjunctive therapy (periodontal treatment, endodontic
treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.) in three or more sextants.

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY