ᮾிእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ ࢔ࢪ࢔࣭࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ゝㄒᩥ໬◊✲ᡤ ᖺᗘࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢪ௻⏬࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ

୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ᑐヰࡍࡿே㢮Ꮫ㸸ἲᚊ࣭⤒῭࣭ⱁ⾡࣭᐀ᩍࡢ⌧ሙ࠿ࡽ
The Anthropology of Uncertainty: From the Field of Law, Economics, Art, andReligionᐇ᪋ሗ࿌᭩
௻⏬㈐௵⪅ 㸸ᙇリ㞣㸦໭ி኱Ꮫ㸧࢔ࢻࣂ࢖ࢨ࣮㸸⏣୰㞞୍㸦ᅜ㝿ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥᑓ㛛⫋኱Ꮫ㸧᪥᫬ 㸸2023 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 11 ᭶㸦ᅵ㸧13:00ࠥ18:00㸦࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥ㛤ദ㸧୺ദ㸸ᮾிእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ࢔ࢪ࢔࣭࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ゝㄒᩥ໬◊✲ᡤ㸦AA ◊㸧

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ᅗ  ◊✲఍࣏ࢫࢱ࣮

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ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ

13:00ࠥ13:05

㛤఍ࡢ㎡㸸ࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻࢿࢵࢺ࠿ࡽࡢᣵᣜ

13:05ࠥ13:15㊃᪨ㄝ᫂㸸ࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ᑐヰࡍࡿே㢮Ꮫ—ἲᚊࠊ⤒῭ࠊⱁ⾡ࠊ᐀ᩍࡢ⌧ሙ࠿ࡽࠖ
ᙇリ㞣㸦໭ி኱Ꮫ㸧

13:15ࠥ13:45

Ọ஭ᩥஓ㸦ᜨἨዪᏛᅬ኱Ꮫ ຓᩍ㸧ᶒ฼ࡢ☜ᐃᛶࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ୙☜ᐇᛶ—࢝ࢼࢲす㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿඛఫẸ᪘ࡢᶒ฼ࢆࡵࡄࡿ஺΅࡜࿴ゎࢆ஦౛࡟

13:45ࠥ13:50㉁␲ᛂ⟅13:50ࠥ14:20

๽᣺ᴗ㸦ி㒔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔 ༤ኈㄢ⛬㸧୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ࡢᑐヰ࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿ—࣐࢝࢜ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢜࢖ࣟ࢘

࢔ேປാ⪅㸦ࠕእ ປ ࠖ
㸧ࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽ
14:20ࠥ14:25㉁␲ᛂ⟅14:25ࠥ14:35

ఇ᠁ձ

14:35ࠥ15:05

ᙇリ㞣 (໭ி኱Ꮫ♫఍Ꮫ⣔ PD)☜ᐇࡉ࡞ࡁ໭ிⱁ⾡ᕷሙ—࣮࢜ࢡࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࣁ࢘ࢫࡢ➇኎άືࢆ஦౛࡟

15:05ࠥ15:10㉁␲ᛂ⟅15:10ࠥ15:40

ᕝᮏ┤⨾㸦ᒸᒣ኱Ꮫᩥ᫂ືែᏛ◊✲ᡤ ᐈဨ◊✲ဨ㸧⪷࡞ࡿᏑᅾ࡜ྡ๓—࣓࢟ࢩࢥす㒊ᮧⴠ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⪷ീ࡬ࡢ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡢᐇ
㊶࠿ࡽ

15:40ࠥ15:45㉁␲ᛂ⟅15:45ࠥ15:55

ఇ᠁ղ15:55ࠥ16:15

ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ㸯㸸ᓊୖఙၨ㸦ᅜ❧Ẹ᪘Ꮫ༤≀㤋 ᩍᤵ㸧

16:15ࠥ16:35

ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ㸰㸸୰ᕝ⌮㸦ᅜ❧Ẹ᪘Ꮫ༤≀㤋 ෸ᩍᤵ㸧

16:35ࠥ16:55

ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ㸱㸸⏣୰㞞୍㸦ᅜ㝿ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥᑓ㛛⫋኱Ꮫ ๪Ꮫ㛗 ி㒔኱Ꮫ ྡ㄃ᩍᤵ㸧

16:55ࠥ17:55⥲ྜウㄽ

17:55ࠥ18:00

㛢఍ࡢ㎡

3

Programme

13:00ࠥ13:05

Greetings from Fieldnet Lounge

13:05ࠥ13:15

Opening Remarks from Zhang Shijun (PD, Peking University)
The Anthropology of Uncertainty

13:15ࠥ13:45

Nagai Fumiya (Assistant Professor, Keisen University)
Uncertainty over Certainty of Rights: A Case Study on Negotiations andReconciliation related to Aboriginal Rights in Western Canada

13:45ࠥ13:50

Questions and Answers

13:50ࠥ14:20

Liu Zhenye㸦PhD Candidate, Kyoto University㸧
Excluded from the Dialogue of Uncertainty: The Case of Guest Workers fromSoutheast Asia in Macau Casinos

14:20ࠥ14:25

Questions and Answers

14:25ࠥ14:35

Break 1

14:35ࠥ15:05

Zhang Shijun (PD, Peking University)
Uncertain Beijing Art Market: A Case Study on the Auction Activities

15:05ࠥ15:10

Questions and Answers

15:10ࠥ15:40

Kawamoto Naomi (Visiting Researcher , Okayama University)
The Sacred and His Names: A Case of an Image of Child Jesus in a MexicanVillage

15:40ࠥ15:45

Questions and Answers

15:45ࠥ15:55

Break 2

15:55 ࠥ 16:15 Commentary 1 㸸 Kishigami Nobuhiro (Professor, National Museum ofEthnology)
16:15ࠥ16:35

Commentary 2㸸Nakagawa Osamu (Associate Professor, National Museum ofEthnology)

16:35ࠥ16:55

Commentary 3㸸Tanaka Masakazu (Vice President, Professional Institute ofInternational Fashion, Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University)

16:55ࠥ17:55

Discussion

17:55ࠥ18:00

Ending Remarks

4㊃᪨ㄝ᫂ ᮏ◊✲఍ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊἲᚊࠊ⤒῭ࠊⱁ⾡ࠊ᐀ᩍ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㡿ᇦ࠿ࡽࠊ⌧ᆅㄪᰝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶ㸦uncertainty㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡜ᑐヰࡋࠊ᪥ࠎኚ໬ࡍࡿ୙☜ᐇ࡞⌧௦♫఍࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ゎ㔘ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊ㏆ᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿᏛၥศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ព࿡ྜ࠸࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊඹ㏻ࡢᐃ⩏ࡣᮍࡔ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᑠ⏿஧㑻ࡣࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ♽ࠊM࣭ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢᛮ᝿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿⴭ᭩ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ࡣ୺࡟ 3 ࡘࡢ౑ࢃࢀ᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕձἲᏛ࣭ᨻ἞Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ࡣࠊ⣮தࠊᡓத࡞࡝ࡢ♫఍㐠ື࣭ኚ໬ࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ♫఍ⓗ୙Ᏻ࣭༴㝤࡞≧ែࢆᣦࡍࠊղ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ࡣࠊ㏆௦⤒῭ᏛࡢⓎᒎࡢືᶵ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㏆௦ⓗ㏻㈌ไᗘࡢⓎᒎ࡟኱ࡁࡃ㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚ճ೔⌮ⓗ࡞୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ࡣࠊே㛫ࡢᏑᅾ⮬యࢆၥ࠺᠜␲୺⩏ⓗࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ㹙ᑠ⏿ 2007:234-5㹛
ࠋ௨ୖࡢ 3 ࡘࡢどⅬࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽே㢮Ꮫࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ⏕ែே㢮Ꮫࠊ⤒῭ே㢮Ꮫࠊ་⒪ே㢮Ꮫ࡞࡝ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࡣࡼࡾከᵝ࡞ព࿡ྜ࠸࡛⪃ᐹࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ⏕ែே㢮Ꮫࡀὀ┠ࡍࡿ⮬↛ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡣࠊཎึࡢ⮬↛ࡢືែᛶࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋᙜヱศ㔝ࡢ୺࡞ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ⊁⊟᥇㞟Ẹࡸ⁺ປẸࡣࠊ⮬↛ࢆ┦ᡭ࡟⏕ᴗࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠊᖖ࡟⮬↛ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ྥࡁྜ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᙼࡽࡣ⮬↛ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢᏑᅾࢆ༑ศ࡟ព㆑ࡋ࡚⏕ᴗᙧែࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆ୹ᛕ࡟ᥥࡁฟࡍࡢࡀ⏕ែே㢮Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭ே㢮Ꮫࡣࠊཎึࡢ⮬↛ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ♫఍ࠊᕷሙ࡜࠸࠺ேᕤⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡢ୰࡛⏕ࡌࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊࣜࢫࢡࡢ௦ྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡸࠊࡑࢀࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢேࠎࡢㄆ㆑ࠊព㆑ࠊၟ⩦័ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ࿚⾡ㄽࡸ་⒪ே㢮Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊே㛫ࡀ㐼㐝ࡍࡿ୙ලྜࢆ୍✀ࡢ୙☜ᐇⓗ࡞≧ែ࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࠊࡇࡢ୙☜ᐇ࡞≧ែࢆゎ㔘࣭ྜ⌮໬ࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㹙ᕷ㔝⃝ 2014:10-12㹛ࠋ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡞⪃ᐹࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࠿ࠊᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ A࣭࢔ࣃࢻࢗࣛ࢖ࡢࠗ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢே㢮Ꮫ࠘㸦2020㸦2016㸧㸧࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡸ࢖ࣥࢻࡢ㔠⼥ᕷሙࡀᏎࡴ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ඛ≀ྲྀᘬࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࢔ࣃࢻࢗࣛ࢖ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ⌧௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕧ኱࡞㔠⼥⿦⨨ࡣࠊྲྀᘬࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡸࣜࢫࢡࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚㔠ඈࡅࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ኱ࡁ࡞㔠⼥༴ᶵ࡟ᑟ࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᢈุⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ࢔ࣃࢻࢗࣛ࢖ࡣ
M࣭࢙࣮࢘ࣂ࣮㸦M. Weber 2009㸦1905㸧㸧࡜ࡢᑐヰࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ㔠⼥࣭⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ༴ᶵ࡜೔⌮㠃ࡢḞ㝗࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ㌟య࣭
ゝㄒࡢᙺ๭࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ㌟య࣭ゝㄒ࣭೔⌮࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࣑ࢡࣟࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿ࡽ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿどⅬࢆඹ᭷
5ࡋࠊᮏ◊✲఍࡛ࡣࠊἲᚊ⿢ุࠊ㉃ࡅ஦ࠊⱁ⾡ရࡢ➇኎ࠊ᐀ᩍᐇ㊶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺ⱝᡭ◊✲⪅ࡀⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽᓊୖఙၨẶ㸦ᅜ❧Ẹ᪘Ꮫ༤≀㤋㸧ࠊ୰ᕝ⌮Ặ㸦ᅜ❧Ẹ᪘Ꮫ༤≀㤋㸧ࠊ⏣୰㞞୍Ặ㸦ᅜ㝿ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥᑓ㛛⫋኱Ꮫ㸧ࢆࢥ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢱ࣮࡟ᣍࡁࠊ㆟ㄽࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊே㢮Ꮫࡢከᵝ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽ⌧௦♫఍ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡓࠋ㸺ཧ↷ᩥ⊩㸼A࣭࢔ࣃࢻࢗࣛ࢖ࠊ2020㸦2016㸧ࠊࠗ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢே㢮Ꮫ—ࢹࣜࣂࢸ࢕ࣈ㔠⼥᫬௦ࡢゝㄒࡢኻᩋ࠘ࠊ୰ᕝ⌮௚ヂࠊ௨ᩥ♫ࠋ
J࣭࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫࠊ1978ࠊ
ࠗ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢ᫬௦࠘ࠊ㒔␃㔜ேヂࠊTBS ࣈࣜࢱࢽ࢝ࠋᕷ㔝⃝₶ᖹࠊ2014ࠊࠕࣜࢫࢡࡢ┦ㇺࢆᥥࡃ—ே㢮Ꮫ⪅࡟ࡼࡿࠕࣜࢫࢡ♫఍ࠖ෌⪃ࠖࠗࣜࢫࢡࡢே㢮Ꮫ—୙☜ᐇ࡞ୡ⏺ࢆ⏕ࡁࡿ࠘ࠊᮾ㈼ኴᮁ௚⦅ࠊ1-27ࠊୡ⏺ᛮ᝿♫ࠋᑠ⏿஧㑻ࠊ2007ࠊࠗࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢᛮ᝿—୙☜ᐇᛶࡢ೔⌮࡜㈌ᖯ࣭㈨ᮏᨻ⟇࠘ࠊ៞᠕⩏ሿ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠋ
Weber, Max 2009(1905), The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Stephen
Kalberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

6

Abstract

The purpose of this workshop is to engage in a dialogue about the concept of “uncertainty”
based on field research relating to law, economics, art, and religion, and to offer a newinterpretation on the rapidly evolving and uncertain world of today.
In recent years, the term “uncertainty” has been used with various meanings in different
academic fields. In this session, we will concentrate on Arjun Appadurai’s Banking onWords(2016) which is translated as “The Anthropology of Uncertainty (୙☜ᐇᛶࡢே㢮Ꮫ)”(2020) in Japanese. This incisive book, which investigates the uncertainty inherent in the U.S.
and Indian financial markets through futures trading, critically examines how the massive
financial apparatus of our time has led to major financial crises, not by regulating theuncertainty and risk of transactions, but rather by exploiting them to make money. Through atheoretical conversation with Max Weber, Appadurai analyses the link between financial andeconomic crises and ethical flaws. In particular, he focuses on how the body and language relate
to the uncertainty of the financial markets. Sharing this perspective of examining uncertainty
from the micro level of the body, language, and ethics, four young researchers working on
lawsuits in Canada, gambling in Macao, art auctions in Beijing, and ritual in Mexico will
present on this workshop. Further, by adopting a variety of anthropological perspectives fromanthropologists such as Kishigami, Tanaka, as well as the Japanese version translator ofAppadurai’s book, Nakagawa, we aim to deepen our understanding of uncertainty incontemporary society.

7Ⓨ⾲せ᪨Ⓨ⾲㸯㸸ᶒ฼ࡢ☜ᐃᛶࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ୙☜ᐇᛶ㸫࢝ࢼࢲす㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿඛఫẸ᪘ࡢᶒ฼ࢆࡵࡄࡿ஺΅࡜࿴ゎࢆ஦౛࡟Ọ஭ᩥஓ㸦ᜨἨዪᏛᅬ኱Ꮫ㸧Ọ஭ࡢⓎ⾲ࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲす㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿඛఫẸ᪘ࡢᶒ฼ࢆࡵࡄࡿ஺΅࡜࿴ゎ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡣࠊ࿴ゎࢆ┠ⓗࡢ  ࡘ࡟ඛఫẸ᪘࡜ᕞ࣭㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ᮲⣙⥾⤖ࡸ⿢ุ࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓᶒ฼ࢆࡵࡄࡿ஺΅ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ㈨※฼⏝ࡸ㛤Ⓨ஦ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢ㛵㐃࠿ࡽࡑࡢᶒ฼ෆᐜࡢ☜ᐃᛶࡀ୍᪉࡛ࡣồࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟ᅜ㝿ᕷሙࡸ㈨ᮏࡢὶືᛶ࡞࡝ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࡶෆᅾࡍࡿࠋᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᚩ࡟╔┠ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࢝ࢼࢲす㒊ࡢᅵᆅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡢ஺΅࡜࿴ゎࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊᶒ฼ࡢ☜ᐃᛶࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᳨ウࢆຍ࠼ࡓࠋⓎ⾲ 2㸸୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ࡢᑐヰ࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿ㸫࣐࢝࢜ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ேປ࢜࢖ࣟ࢘ാ⪅㸦ࠕእ ປ ࠖ㸧ࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽ๽᣺ᴗ㸦ி㒔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧๽ࡢⓎ⾲ࡣ୰ᅜ࣭࣐࢝࢜ࡢ㉃ࡅ஦࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓࠋ๽࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࣋ࢵࢺࡲࡓࡣண᝿࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄡ࡛ࡶࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ᑐヰࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᐇ㝿ࡢࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝᐇ㊶࡛ࡣࠊᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ฟ㌟ࡢእᅜேປാ⪅ࡣࡑࡢᑐヰ࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ୰ᅜேࢠࣕࣥࣈ࣮ࣛࡀࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿ㝿࡟⏝࠸ࡿᛮ⪃㸻࿨⌮ಙ௮࡛ࡣࠊ࿨⌮ࡀ㌟య࡟ෆᅾ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᛮ⪃ࡢࡶ࡜ࠊࠕở✧ࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㌟
య࡜࿨⌮ࢆࡶࡘ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ฟ㌟⪅ࡣࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢ⛛ᗎࡢΎίࡉࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๽ࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊ࣐࢝࢜
ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝᐇ㊶ࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽࠊᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ேࡢ㌟య࡟ࡼࡿ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ
࢕ࡢ㐪࠸࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠊࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢศ᩿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ

Ⓨ⾲ 3㸸☜ᐇࡉ࡞ࡁ໭ிⱁ⾡ᕷሙ㸫࣮࢜ࢡࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࣁ࢘ࢫࡢ➇኎άືࢆ஦౛࡟ᙇリ㞣 㸦໭ி኱Ꮫ㸧
ᙇࡢⓎ⾲ࡣࠊ୰ᅜ໭ிࡢⱁ⾡ᕷሙࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࠊ➇኎࡟㛵ࢃࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࠋᙇ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ໭ிࡢⱁ⾡ရࡢ➇኎ࡣࠊ➇኎⾜Ⅽ࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㛵㐃ᨻ⟇ᐇ⾜ୖࡢ୙ලྜࡸࢥࣟࢼࡢࡼ࠺࡞അⓎⓗ࡞஦㇟࠿ࡽࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛ᙇࡣ➇኎࡟ྥࡅ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿᐉఏ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿゝㄒࡸࠊ➇኎⌧ሙࡢ㞺ᅖẼࠊ➇኎ேࡢ

8ㄒࡾࡸ௙ⲡ࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ࠾ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋⱁ⾡ရࡀ㧗㢠࡛ⴠᮐࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ࣮࢜ࢡࢩࣙࣥ⌧ሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣔࣀࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢩ࣮ࡸேࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢඹྠస⏝࡛ᙧᡂࡍࡿ㞟ྜⓗ࡞Ἓ㦐≧ែ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ௒ᅇࡢⓎ⾲࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ

Ⓨ⾲ 4㸸⪷࡞ࡿᏑᅾ࡜ྡ๓㸫࣓࢟ࢩࢥす㒊ᮧⴠ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⪷ീ࡬ࡢ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡢᐇ㊶࠿ࡽᕝᮏ┤⨾㸦ᒸᒣ኱Ꮫᩥ᫂ືែᏛ◊✲ᡤ㸧 ᕝᮏࡢⓎ⾲ࡣࠊ࣓࢟ࢩࢥす㒊ᮧⴠ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⪷ീ࡬ࡢ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡢᐇ㊶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࠊ࣑ࢳࣙ࢔࢝ࣥᕞࡢ୍ᮧⴠ࡛ࡣࠊẖᖺᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࢝ࢺࣜࢵࢡࡢ⚍♩ࡀࠊ᫬ࡢᅾᮧྖ⚍࡜ࡢ㛵ಀḟ➨࡛ࡣኚᐜࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓே㸦⚄∗㸧ࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓ᪥࡟ᙧᘧⓗ࡞ᡤస࡛⾜࠺࣑ࢧ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃࡉࢆᢪ࠼࡞ࡀࡽேࠎࡣ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚⚄࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⤖ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ≉࡟⪷ീ࡜࠸࠺ࣔࣀ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࢆᕝᮏࡢⓎ⾲ࡣ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ9㆟ㄽ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟 1  ᖺᗘࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻࢿࢵࢺ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢪ௻⏬࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ᑐヰࡍࡿே㢮Ꮫࠖࡀ  ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ࡢ  ᫬࠿ࡽ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖࡛ࣥ㛤ദࡉࢀࠊ୍⯡ཧຍ⪅ࡶྵࡵ  ྡࡀཧຍࡋࡓࠋᙜ᪥ࡣࡲࡎỌ஭ࠊ๽ࠊᙇࠊᕝᮏࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀⓎ⾲ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡑࡢᚋࢥ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢱ࣮ࡢᓊୖࠊ୰ᕝࠊ⏣୰ࡢྛẶࡀࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࡸ㉁ၥࢆࡋࡓࠋࡲࡎᓊୖࡣࠊ⮬㌟ࡀ㛗ᖺㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࢖ࢾ࢖ࢵࢺ♫఍ࡀᢪ࠼ࡿ 2 ✀㢮ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆゎㄝࡋࡓࠋ㸯ࡘ┠ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡣ⮬↛ࡀᏎࡴ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢖ࢾ࢖ࢵࢺ♫఍ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⏕ᴗࢆႠࡴ♫఍ࡀඹ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿǄ࢖ࢾ࢖ࢵࢺ♫఍ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⊁⊟Ẹ♫఍࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㉁ᆒ➼࡜࠸࠺ཎ๎ࡢࡶ࡜࡛㣗≀ศ㓄ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⮬↛ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆඹ᭷࣭
ศᢸࡍࡿࡀࠊ㎰⪔♫఍ࡣ㣗≀ࢆ㈓ⶶࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⮬↛ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ഛ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 2 ࡘ┠ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡣ⌧௦♫఍࡟ࡼࡿ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㏆௦ⓗ࡞⏕⏘άື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ຍ
㏿ࡍࡿẼೃኚືࡀఏ⤫♫఍ࡸఏ⤫⏕ᴗ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟ᓊୖࡣ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ࡣᖖ࡟௚⪅㸦࡯࠿ࡢே㛫ࠊࡲࡓࡣே㛫࡛࡞࠸ࣔࣀ㸧࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡢ୰࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋ௒ᅇࡢⓎ⾲ෆᐜ࡛⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊỌ஭ࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ୙☜ᐇᛶࡣඛఫẸ࡜ᅜᐙ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡾࠊ๽ࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ࣐࣭࢝࢜࢝ࢪࣀࡢேࠎ࡜እ᮶ປാ⪅࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿࠋᙇࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ࣮࢜ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࠊ⫋ဨࠊ᮶ᐈ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡾࠊᕝᮏࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࡢ࠶ࡿᮧࡢ࢝ࢺࣜࢵࢡఫẸࡓࡕࡸ᮶ゼ⪅࡜ᗂᏊ࢖࢚ࢫࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡢ୰࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋᓊୖࡣ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࡣ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ≀஦࡟௜㝶ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢᴫᛕ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿ㝿ࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᏛၥⓗ࣭ᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆ᝿ീࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡇࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ఱࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࠿࡜ 4 ேࡢⓎ⾲⪅࡟㉁ၥࡋࡓࠋᓊୖ࡟ࡘ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ࢔ࣃࢻࢗࣛ࢖ⴭࠗ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢே㢮Ꮫ࠘ࡢヂ⪅ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿ୰ᕝࡣࠊࡲࡎ㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏࡢே㢮Ꮫ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࠋ୰ᕝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࡀከࡃὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ࢔ࣃࢻࢗࣛ࢖ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࡓ◊✲⪅ࡽࡀᥦ㉳ࡋࡓၥ㢟ព㆑࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ࠸࠿࡟࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟ᤊ࠼ࠊࡑࢀࢆඖ࡟࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣃࢻࢗࣛ࢖ࡢ◊✲࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣜࢫࢡࢆ࠸࠿࡟ᐃ㔞໬ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ⤖ᒁࢺ࣮ࣞࢲ࣮ࡓࡕࡣඛ≀ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ᪥ࠎኚ໬ࡍࡿ⌧௦♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᡃࠎࡣ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ࡞ࡃࡍࡼࡾ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆࡋࡓࠋ୰ᕝࡶᓊୖ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊⓎ⾲⪅ࡓࡕࡣࡇࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ఱ࠿᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࠿࡜㉁ၥ
ࡋࡓࠋ1ᮜ〠⮕Ǆ10

3 ␒┠ࡢࢥ࣓ࢸ࣮ࢱ࣮ࡣ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࡢ࢔ࢻࣂ࢖ࢨ࣮ࡶົࡵࡓ⏣୰࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏣୰ࡣ᐀ᩍ◊✲ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ㞟ྜⓗἛ㦐≧ែࡸ㐳⾜ⓗࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕ࢆ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ
࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ4 ேࡢⓎ⾲ෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ពぢࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࠋ⏣୰ࡣࡲࡎ࢖ࢠࣜࢫேே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࡢ H.
Whitehouse ࡢ൤♩◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋWhitehouse ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ൤ᘧࡣ㸦1㸧ప㢖ᗘ࣭㧗ႏ㉳ᆺ㸦㏻㐣൤♩ࠊ⋤ᐊ࣭ᅜᐙ൤♩ࠊ༓ᖺ⋤ᅜ࢝ࣝࢺ࡞࡝ࡀ඾ᆺ౛㸧࡜㸦2㸧㧗㢖ᗘ࣭పႏ㉳ᆺ㸦඾♩൤♩ࠊ⚃⚟ࠊ㉢⨥൤♩࡞࡝㸧࡟኱ูࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦1㸧࡟ࡣ㞟ྜⓗἛ㦐≧ែࠊ཯ᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞࣮ࣔࢻ࡟ධࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸⛛ᗎࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ୙☜ᐇ࡞≧ែ࠿ࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸦2㸧ࡣ୙☜ᐇᛶࡀ࡞࠸
ࡼ࠺࡞ᐇ㊶࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࡀࠊ㐳⾜ⓗࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ൤♩ࡀ౫ᣐࡍࡿᩍ⩏ࡣࠊᑡࡋࡎࡘಟṇࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᐀ᩍ൤♩ࡢ୺య࡬ࡢどⅬࡣࠊᮏ᪥ࡢⓎ⾲⪅ࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡶ㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡜ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࡋࡓࠋ⥲ྜウㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎⓎ⾲⪅ࡣࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࡸ㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣜࣉࣛ࢖ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿ㝿ࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᏛၥⓗ࣭ᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆ᝿ീࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡇ
ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ఱࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠊḟ࡟࠸࠿࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡢ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㉁ၥ
࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ4 ேࡢⓎ⾲⪅ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⟅࠼ࡓࠋࡲࡎᕝᮏࡣࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ࢝ࢺࣜࢵࢡࡢᮧࡢ᐀ᩍ൤♩ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟ேࠎ࡜ീ࡜ࡢ࠿࠿ࢃࡾࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊᩍ఍ࡢᶒጾ࡜ಙᚐࡢ୙࿴ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼࡚࠸ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊྖ⚍࡜ಙ⪅ࡀ୙Ᏻᐃ࡞㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ൤♩௨እࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊಙ௮ࡢᑐ㇟ࡀᚎࠎ࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡉࡄࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣲࡆࡓࠋࡘ࡙࠸࡚Ọ஭ࡣ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢᬑ㐢ᛶࢆࡲࡎㄆࡵࡓࠋࡑࢀࢆ࢝ࢼࢲࡢඛఫẸ᪘ࡀ⿢ุࢆ㉳ࡇࡍᩥ⬦࡛⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊேࠎࡣᶒຊࢆࡵࡄࡿ஺΅ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ☜ᐇᛶࠊ☜ᐃᛶࢆࡶ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡣᯝࡓࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡ࢆࡶࡘࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟Ọ஭ࡣ␲ၥࢆឤࡌࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᙼࡽࡢᐇ㊶ࢆぢ┤ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡇࡢᴫᛕࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿព⩏ࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡢⓎ⾲ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊඛఫẸࡢഃࡣ☜ᐇᛶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸ᕼᮃࡸᇳ╔ࢆࡶࡕࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᙼࡽࡣ࠸࠿࡟⿢ุࡢ୰࡛☜ᐃᛶࢆసࡗ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࢆᨵࡵ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡋࡓࠋỌ஭ࡣඛఫẸ᪘ࡢᅵᆅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡣ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ศ㓄ࡉࢀࠊㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿ࢆ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ᳨࡚ウࡍࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋ Ọ஭࡟ࡘ࡙࠸࡚ࣜࣉࣛ࢖ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ๽࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ǃ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡿேࠎࡀ⤖ࡪ㛵ಀࡢ୙Ᏻᐃࡉࢆᨵࡵ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣ௒ࡲ࡛ࡢࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ◊✲ࡸࣜࢫࢡ◊✲ࡢ୰࡛࠶ࡲࡾ⪃ᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ⅼ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡿேࠎࡢ㌟యࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿ࡽᙼࡽࡢᐇ㊶11ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࠊࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㛵ಀᛶࡢᵓ㐀ࡶ᳨ウࡋࡓ࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟ᙇࡣࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 2 Ⅼࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࠋࡲࡎ㸯ࡘ┠ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ⚝ࡢ 3 ᖺ㛫࡛ᨵࡵ࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࢆᐇឤࡋࠊ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ⚝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ୡ⏺୰࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠕࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࢫ࣡ࣥࠖ஦㇟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊே㢮Ꮫⓗ࡟࠸࠿࡞ࡿᅇ⟅ࡸゎ㔘ࢆฟࡏࡿ࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2 ࡘ┠ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ⮬㌟ࡢ௒ࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲⤒㦂࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡣఏ⤫ᕤⱁ࡟ࡓࡎࡉࢃࡿேࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓ᙧᩥ໬㈈ࡢࣈ࣮࣒ࡢ୰࡛
ఏ⤫࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢࡣⴭࡋࡃὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢᴗ⏺ࢆ⏕ࡁࡿேࠎ࡟ࡣ㈋ᐩࡢᕪࠊ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࡢᕪࠊసရࡢ౯᱁ࡢᕪࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᑡᩘࡢ᭷ྡேࢆ㝖ࡁࠊከࡃࡢேࡣ㧗࠸ࣜࢫࢡࠊ㧗࠸୙☜ᐇᛶࢆᢪ࠼࡚ఏ⤫ᕤⱁࢆႠࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋఏ⤫ᕤⱁࢆྵࡴⱁ⾡ရࡢᕷሙࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⮬㌟ࡢ◊✲࡟᪂ࡓ࡞どⅬࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊࡇࡢᴫᛕࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢᴫᛕࢆ౑ࡗ࡚୰ᅜࡢⱁ⾡ᕷሙࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡲࡎࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᕷሙ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿከ✀ከᵝ࡞୙☜ᐇᛶ㸦᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ⚝࡬ࡢᑐฎࠊᅜᐙࡢᨻ⟇ࠊ➇኎⾜Ⅽࡢᅛ᭷ࡢ≉ᚩ࡞࡝㸧ࡀⰍ⃰ࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡢࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ⪺࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕷሙ⎔ቃࡢ୰࡛ࡶⱁ⾡ရࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ேࡓࡕࡣ᫂ⓑ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡉࡾࡆ࡞ࡃ୍✀ࡢ☜ᐇᛶࢆసࡗ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙࠸ࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤၟရ࡟㧗್ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢝ࢱࣟࢢࢆྵࡴከᵝ࡞ᐉఏ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡛ࡣ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵỴࡵࡽࢀࡓ⏝ㄒ࡛ࡑࡢࡼࡉࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟➇኎ࡢ⌧ሙࡢ෗┿ࡸ➇኎ேࡢㄒࡾࡸ௙ⲡ࡛ࡑࢀࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ⱁ⾡ရ࡟୙᮲⌮࡞኱㔠ࢆ౑࠺࡜࠸࠺୍ぢࣜࢫࢡࡢ㧗࠸⾜Ⅽࢆࠊ୍✀ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ࡞⤒
῭⾜Ⅽ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊⱁ⾡ရࡢ኎㈙ࢆゝㄒࡸேࠎࡢ㌟య࡜
ࡢ࠿࠿ࢃࡾ࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ࠾࠸࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋ௒ᅇࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡛ࡣࠊἲᚊࠊ⤒῭ࠊⱁ⾡ࠊ᐀ᩍ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ␗࡞ࡿศ㔝ࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࠊᩥ໬ே㢮Ꮫⓗ࡞㛵ᚰࡸ⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡍࡿ4ேࡢⱝᡭ◊✲⪅ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢㄪᰝ⤒㦂㸦࢝ࢼࢲࡢཎఫẸ♫఍ࠊ୰ᅜ࣐࢝࢜ࠊ୰ᅜᮏᅵࠊ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࡢᮧ㸧ࢆࡶ࡜࡟Ⓨ⾲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋⓎ⾲ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡎ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢᬑ㐢ᛶ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂ࣭ᑐฎࡍࡿᡭἲࡸ౯್ほࡢከᵝᛶࡀㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓࠋㄪᰝᆅࡸ◊✲ෆᐜ࡟┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑከᵝ࡞่⃭ࢆ࠾஫࠸࡟୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࢥ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢱ࣮࠿ࡽࡣ࠸࠿࡟⌮ㄽⓗ࡟୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ⪃ᐹ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࣄࣥࢺࢆࡶࡽ࠸ࠊ4ே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ྛ⮬ࡢ◊✲ࢆ᪂ࡋ࠸どⅬ࡛ぢ┤ࡍᶵ఍࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢᬑ㐢ᛶ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞どⅬ࡛ࡑࢀࢆ㆟ㄽ࣭ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣࡉ࡯࡝ព⩏ࡀ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞୙☜ᐇᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿே㛫ࡢᑐᛂࡣከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢝ࢼࢲࡢཎఫẸࡣ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ᶒຊࢆศ㓄ࡍࡿ௙᪉ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ࠿ࠋ࣓࢟ࢩ
12ࢥࡢᮧࡢேࠎࡣ୙Ᏻᐃࡉࢆᢪ࠼࡞ࡀࡽࡶᩍ఍ࡸ⪷ീ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࢆ⠏ࡃࡢ࠿ࠊ࣐࢝࢜ࡢேࠎࡣ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚⏕άࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ⱁ⾡ရࡢ࣮࢜ࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ☜ᐇᛶ࡟ኚ࠼ࠊ㡹ᅛ࡟ດຊࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜࠸࠺
ᴫᛕࢆព࿡ㄽⓗ࡟⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊゝㄒࠊ㌟యࠊ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡜࠸࠺࣑ࢡࣟ࡞どⅬ࡛⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㨩ຊࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ᑐヰࡍࡿே㢮Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊᮏ௻⏬ࢆ➨୍Ṍ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ௒ᚋࡶࡇࡢ◊✲ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛ᐃᮇⓗ࡟◊✲఍ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㆟ㄽࢆ῝ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡺࡃࡣㄽ㞟ࡢฟ∧ࡶど㔝࡟ධࢀ࡚άືࢆ⾜࠸ࡓ࠸ࠋㅰ㎡ࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻࢿࢵࢺ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢪ௻⏬ࡢබເไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᮏ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࡣྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ௻⏬㐠Ⴀࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᮾிእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ࢔ࢪ࢔࣭࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ゝㄒᩥ໬◊✲ᡤࡢⓙᵝ࡟ࡣឤㅰࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋ≉࡟ᮏ௻⏬ࡢ᥇⏝ᚋ࠿ࡽ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉᐇ᪋ࡲ࡛✀ࠎࡢᡭ⥆ࡁ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡈᑐᛂ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓ஦ົᒁࡢ༓ⴥῄᏊᵝ࡟ᨵࡵ࡚ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓᮏ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡟ࡣࠊⓎ⾲⪅࡜ࢥ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢱ࣮ࠊ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥཧຍ⪅ࠊྜィࡋ࡚  ྡࡢ᪉࡟ࡈཧຍࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ࠾ᛁࡋ࠸࡜ࡇࢁᮏ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡟ࡈཧຍࡃࡔࡉࡾࠊㄔ࡟࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ13