Japan
Energy Conservation
Handbook2005 / 2006

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Contents
1. World Energy Situations ....................................................................................................1
1.1 Energy resource reserves (2003)...........................................................................................1
1.2 Primary energy consumption by energy resource ...............................................................2
1.3 Primary energy consumption by region ...............................................................................3
1.4 Trends of Primary Energy Consumption .............................................................................4(1) Per-capita primary energy consumption...........................................................................4(2) Primary energy consumption per GDP .............................................................................4(3) World energy consumption (2002) .....................................................................................4
1.5 Energy supply in major countries (2002) .............................................................................5(1) Total primary energy supply (TPES) and percentage shares of energy sources............5(2) Import dependence (2002)..................................................................................................5(3) Percentage sector shares in final energy consumption (2002) ........................................6(4) Total electricity generated and percentage shares of power sources (2002) ..................6
1.6 Energy consumption in major countries ..............................................................................7(1) Trend of energy consumption.............................................................................................7(2) Comparison of energy intensities ......................................................................................7
1.7 World Energy Outlook ...........................................................................................................8(1) World Oil Demand ..............................................................................................................8(2) World Oil Supply.................................................................................................................9
1.8 Projections of Energy Demand and Growth Rates ............................................................10(1) World..................................................................................................................................10(2) OECD .................................................................................................................................10(3) Transition Economies .......................................................................................................10(4) Developing Countries ....................................................................................................... 11(5) China (which is included in Developing Countries) ...................................................... 11(6) Increase of World Energy Demand centering on China and the Rest of Asia.............. 11i

2. Global Environmental Trends ...........................................................................................12
2.1 Climate change and energy consumption.........................................................................12(1) Transition of deviation from normal surface temperature ...........................................12(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100) ..............................................12(3) Increase of the carbon dioxide level and changes in fossil energy consumption .........13(4) CO2 emissions by country (2003) ...................................................................................14(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2003) ....................................................................................14
2.2 International efforts to counter global warming ..............................................................15(1) IPCC: Accumulation of scientific knowledge .................................................................15(2) UNFCCC: Study of international countermeasures .....................................................15(3) IPCC report on global warming .....................................................................................15(4) Influences of Green House Gases on Global Warming (1850-1990) .............................16(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ...................16
2.3 Kyoto Protocol coming into effect......................................................................................20
2.4 G8 Summit .........................................................................................................................21(1) Major issues ....................................................................................................................21(2) An outline of the Gleneagles Plan of Action ..................................................................21
2.5 Energy conservation activities of the foreign countries...................................................22(1) Approach to prevention of global warming by the major advanced countries .............22(2) Overview of energy conservation measures in the foreign countries ...........................24
2.6 Japan’s policy to deal with global warming......................................................................25(1) Guideline for Measures to Prevent Global Warming ...................................................25(2) Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan ......................................................................25

3. Energy Situation in Japan..................................................................................................27
3.1 Demand of energy sources and GDP.................................................................................27(1) Trend of energy sources and GDP..................................................................................27(2) Changes in Energy / GDP elasticity...............................................................................27
3.2 Transition of percent distribution of primary energy supply (1955- 2010) .....................28
3.3 Final energy consumption by sector .................................................................................29
3.4 Outlook of final energy consumption ................................................................................30
3.5 Outlook of primary energy supply ....................................................................................30
3.6 Outlook of CO2 emissions originating from energy use ...................................................31ii

4. Energy Conservation Policy in Japan ........................................................................................ 32
4.1 Outline of energy conservation policies ..................................................................................... 32(1) Brief history of energy conservation policy in Japan ............................................................. 32(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures .......................................................................... 33(3) Promotion of international energy conservation measures ................................................... 34
4.2 The Basic Energy Plan ............................................................................................................... 35(1) Securing the stable energy supply .......................................................................................... 35(2) Environmental sustainability ................................................................................................. 35(3) Utilizing the market mechanism ............................................................................................ 35
4.3 Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy ............................................................................. 36(1) Objective................................................................................................................................... 36(2) Energy defined by the Law...................................................................................................... 36(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users........................................................................ 36(4) Measures for factories ............................................................................................................. 36(5) Measures for buildings ............................................................................................................ 40(6) Measures for equipment.......................................................................................................... 41(7) Activities of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization ......... 42(8) Supporting measures and penalties ....................................................................................... 42(9) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy............................................... 42(10) Structure of the “Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy” ......................................... 46
4.4 Evaluation Criteria for Factory on rational use of energy ..................................................... 47(1) Standards ................................................................................................................................. 47(2) Targets...................................................................................................................................... 51
4.5 Standard and target values for operating equipment............................................................... 53(1) Air ratios and waste gas temperatures for boilers ................................................................. 53(2) Air ratios for industrial furnace .............................................................................................. 55(3) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces ........................... 56(4) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures ................. 57(5) Equipment to be improved in power factor ............................................................................ 57(6) Target efficiencies of high efficiency motors........................................................................... 58
4.6 Evaluation Criteria for Building on rational use of energy ..................................................... 59(1) Prevention of heat loss through outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings ........................ 59(2) Efficient use of energy regarding air conditioning equipment .............................................. 60(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment ............................................... 60(4) Efficient use of energy regarding lighting equipment ........................................................... 61(5) Efficient use of energy regarding hot water supply system................................................... 62(6) Efficient use of energy regarding lifting equipment .............................................................. 63

iii

4.7 Top Runner Program .................................................................................................................. 65(1) Background .............................................................................................................................. 65(2) What is the Top Runner Program?.......................................................................................... 65(3) List of target designated products in the Top Runner Program............................................ 66(4) Expected energy conservation by the target fiscal year......................................................... 66(5) Merits of Purchasing Top Runner Machinery and Equipment.............................................. 67(6) Target Achievement Verification Procedures ......................................................................... 67(7) Measures to be taken in case the Target Values are not Achieved ....................................... 68(8) Evaluation Criteria for Machinery and Appliances under Top Runner Program................. 68
4.8 Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support .............................................................. 69(1) Guidelines for efforts ............................................................................................................... 69(2) The definition of specified projects.......................................................................................... 69(3) Approval of projects ................................................................................................................. 69(4) Assistance measures................................................................................................................ 69(5) Specified facilities .................................................................................................................... 69(6) Enforcement of the law............................................................................................................ 69
4.9 Financial Supporting Measures................................................................................................. 71(1) Official Financial Assistance Programs (2005)....................................................................... 71(2) Tax incentives to promote investment in the energy supply and demand structure reform(2005) ....................................................................................................................................... 72(3) Certification process for the equipment which promotes reform of energy supply anddemand structure. ................................................................................................................... 72
4.10 Commendation Programs to award Energy Conservation Efforts ......................................... 73
4.11 Publicity activities .................................................................................................................... 74
4.12 Energy Audit Program ............................................................................................................. 75(1) Energy audit for small and midsize companies...................................................................... 75(2) Energy Audit for commercial buildings .................................................................................. 75
4.13 The international ENERGY STAR Program ........................................................................... 76(1) Product categories.................................................................................................................... 76(2) Scheme ..................................................................................................................................... 76iv

5. Energy Conservation by sector.............................................................................................. 77
5.1 Energy conservation in the industrial sector ....................................................................... 77(1) Situation of energy use in the industrial sector ................................................................ 77
1) Energy consumption by manufacturing industry ....................................................... 772) Energy intensities in major industries (IIP) ............................................................... 78
3) The ratio of energy costs to variable costs in major industries .................................. 79
4) Energy conservation equipment investment and crude oil price ............................... 80
5) Effects of energy conservation and investment payback period................................. 81
6) Energy demand analysis for the industrial sector ...................................................... 82(2) Energy conservation measures in the industrial sector ................................................... 83
1) History of energy conservation measures for factories ............................................... 83
2) Relevant legislation ...................................................................................................... 83
3) Outline of main voluntary technical action plan by Nippon Keidanren .................... 85
4) Measures taken in factories and buildings based on the Energy Conservation Law 89
5.2 Energy conservation in the residential sector.....................................................................103(1) Energy consumption per household by energy sources....................................................103(2) Energy consumption per household by usage ..................................................................104(3) Improvements in energy efficiency of home electric appliances......................................105(4) Diffusion rate and electricity consumption of home appliances ......................................107(5) Energy conservation measures in the residential sector .................................................108
5.3 Energy conservation in the commercial sector....................................................................110(1) Energy consumption per floor area by energy sources in the commercial buildings......110(2) Energy consumption per floor area by usage in the commercial buildings.................... 111(3) Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings .........................................112(4) Other energy conservation measures in the commercial sector ......................................114(5) Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS).......................115(6) Promotion of ESCO Business............................................................................................116
5.4 Energy conservation in the transportation sector...............................................................118(1) Energy consumption by type of transport ........................................................................118(2) Energy consumption and transportation volume by type of transport (FY 2003) .........119(3) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2003) .............................................................120(4) Improvements in energy efficiency of vehicles .................................................................121(5) Measures to improve fuel efficiency of automobiles.........................................................122(6) Energy conservation measures in the transportation sector...........................................123
5.5 Reinforcement of Energy Conservation Measures in Each Sector .....................................125(1) Background ........................................................................................................................125(2) Additional Measures and Expected Effect........................................................................125v

6. Related Organization ....................................................................................................126
6.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).........................................................126(1) Organization of METI...................................................................................................126(2) Organization of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) .........................127
6.2 The Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ) ..........................................................128(1) Organization of ECCJ...................................................................................................128(2) About ECCJ...................................................................................................................129

Reference ...............................................................................................................................130vi

1. World Energy Situations
1.1 Energy resource reserves (2003)1）

Oil

Allocation by region

Proved recoverable reserves (R) 1.1477 trillion barrels

North America
Central & South America 1)
EuropeFormer Soviet Union
Middle East
AfricaAsia / PacificNatural gas

Coal

Uranium

176 trillion m3

984.5 billion tons

4.59 million tons

26.1%
2.3
13.4
22.7
0.2
5.6
29.7

17.1%
3.6
2.8
28.7
0.2
20.5
27.2

4.0%
4.3
3.6
31.8
40.8
7.8
7.7

4.1%
10.3
1.8
7.4
63.3
8.9
4.2

Annual production (P)28 billion barrels(76.8 million
barrels/day)

2.6 trillion m3

5.12 billion tons

36,000 tons

Recoverable years (R/P)

41.0 years

67.1 years

192 years

85 years 2)

SourceBP statistics (year 2004)

OECD/NEA, IAEA
URANIUM(year 2003)

1) Mexico was included in South & Central America category since 2000. You need to take account of that whencomparing with the previous fiscal year.
2) The recoverable reserves years in case of using uranium for a light water reactor by one through.
Therefore, uranium’s recoverable year is figured out by dividing the value of the proven recoverable reserves by theannual demand of uranium in the world in 2002.

1

1.2 Primary energy consumption by energy resource
NuclearYear

OilNatural gas

Coal

Hydro

Note)

Other

Unit : 1 Mtoe
<Total>Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.
The figure of the other sources (renewable energy etc.) are neglected from the bar chart.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)”

2

1.3 Primary energy consumption by region
Unit : 1 Mtoe

Year
(年）

OECD
ＯＥＣＤ計

Non-OECD
非ＯＥＣＤ計<Total>＜合 計＞

73(69.1)(30.9)

5,447

79(64.1)(35.9)

6,504

81(61.9)(38.1)

6,418

83(59.9)(40.1)

6,487

85(59.4)

87(58.4)

89(58.2)(41.8)

91(57.9)(42.1)

93(58.6)(41.4)

95(58.9)(41.1)

96(59.0)(41.0)

8,559

97(59.0)(41.0)

8,637

98(59.0)(41.0)

8,684

99(58.9)(41.1)

8,843

00(58.8)(41.2)

9,043

01(58.3)(41.7)

9,089

02(57.5)(42.5)

9,291

0

1,000

2,000

(40.6)

6,972
7,394

(41.6)

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,781
7,915
8,050
8,309

7,000

8,000

9,000

Note)
Figures in parenthesis represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)”

3

10,0001.4 Trends of Primary Energy Consumption(1) Per-capita primary energy consumption
Index (1971=100)
160
150
Non-OECD Average

140
130

OECD Average

120

World
Average
世界平均

110
100
71

73

79

81

83

85

87

89

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

Year

(2) Primary energy consumption per GDP
10,000 toe / 1 billion US$
8070

Non-OECD Total

60
50
40

世界計
World Total

30
20OECD Total

10
0
71

73

79

81

83

85

87

89

91

92

93

94

95

02

Year

(3) World energy consumption (2002)
Primary Energy Consumption

Real GDP (1995 US $ standard)

1 MtoeY/Y
GrowthRate

Avg. GrowthRate(1973-2001)

1 billion
US $Y/YGrowthRate

Avg. GrowthRate(1973-2001)

OECDTotal

5,346

0.94%

1.22%

28,401

1.60%

2.65%

Non-OECD
Total

3,946

4.03%

2.98%

6,995

3.17%

World Total

9,291

2.22%

1.86%

35,396

1.91%

Source)Population
Y/Y
GrowthRate

Avg. GrowthRate(1973-2001)

1,144

0.70%

0.82%

3.67%

5,024

1.27%

1.81%

2.83%

6,168

1.16%

1.60%

MillionPrepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)”

4

1.5 Energy supply in major countries (2002)(1) Total primary energy supply (TPES) and percentage shares of energy
sources

Unit : %Figures in parentheses are Million toe

EP
0,0

EP
0.2

EP
0.3

EP
-2.5

EP
2.5

EP
-0.7

EP
0.1

Electricity

Hydro/Geothermal, etc

NuclearNatural Gas

Coal

Oil

Japan

GermanUK

FranceItaly

CanadaUSA

EP = Electric power
Note)1) The import and export of electric power are also included in the primary energy supply ( − in the chart represents excess of export).
2) Coal includes other solid fuels.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)”
Comment)
1)

The ratio of petroleum is especially high in Japan and Italy, accounting for 50%.

2)

In the U.S.A. and Germany, the share of coal is as high as 24%.

3) In Canada, the share of hydraulic power is as high as 17%.
4)

In France, the share of nuclear power is especially as high as 43%.

(2) Import dependence (2002)

Japan

Germany

U.K

FranceItaly

CanadaU.S.A

Dependence on Energy import (%)

81.0

61.1

-13.8

49.4

84.6

-54.1

27.2

Dependence on Oil import (%)

99.7

96.7

-53.8

98.3

93.7

-58.2

60.1

Source)IEA/Energy Balances of OECD Countries (2001-2002)5

(3) Percentage sector shares in final energy consumption (2002)
Unit: %

Figures in parenthesis represent 1 Mtoe.

Non-energy use

Commercial & Residential
sectorTransportation sector

Industrial sector

Japan
Source)Germany

U.K.

FranceItaly

CanadaU.S.A.

IEA/Energy Balances of OECD Countries (2001-2002)(4) Total electricity generated and percentage shares of power sources (2002)
Unit: %

Figures in parenthesis represent 100 million kWh.

Hydro/Geothermal, etc.

Nuclear power

Natural gas

Coal

Oil

Japan

Source)Germany

U.K.

FranceIEA/Energy Balances of OECD Countries (2001-2002)

6

Italy

CanadaCanadaU.S.A.

1.6 Energy consumption in major countries(1) Trend of energy consumption(Unit : %)Real GDP growth rate
(year-over-year)

Energy consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)

Oil consumption
increase rate
(year-over-year)

Oil dependence rate

2001

2002

2001

2002

2001

2002

2001

2002

U.S.A.

0.3

2.4

-2.1

1.6

1.4

-0.4

40.1

39.3

Japan

0.4

0.3

-1.0

0.0

-3.8

1.1

48.9

49.4

Germany

0.6

0.2

2.6

-2.0

2.1

-4.2

38.1

37.2

U.K.

2.1

1.8

1.3

-3.0

-2.5

-3.6

34.9

34.6

France

2.1

1.2

3.1

0.0

7.6

-2.8

35.3

23.9

China

7.5

8.0

-0.4

9.7

2.6

6.2

24.7

49.4

Source)IEA/Energy Balances of OECD Countries and IEA/Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries (2001-2002)(2) Comparison of energy intensities
Dollar = 1995 US dollar
600

Energy intensity (oil equivalent ton/million US$ of GDP)

中

国

カ ナ ダ

2,500

アメリカ
500

OECD
イギリス
フランス
イタリア

400

ド イ ツ

2,000

日

本
338

Canada

249

USA

300

200

OECD
UK
France
Italy
Germany
Japan

188

1,500

166
145
140
128

100

90.3

0
71

1,000

73

80

85

90

95

00

01

02

837

500

0
1971

Source)

1973

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2001

2002

IEA/Energy Balances of OECD Countries and IEA/Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries (2001-2002)
7

China

1.7 World Energy Outlook(1) World Oil Demand
Unit : million barrels per day

2002

2010

2020

2030

Average annual
growth rate
2002-2030(%)

OECD North America

22.6

25.5

28.7

31.0

1.1

US and Canada

20.7

23.2

25.8

27.6

1.0

Mexico

2.0

2.3

2.9

3.4

2.0

OECD Europe

14.5

15.3

16.3

16.6

0.5

OECD Pacific

8.4

8.9

9.4

9.5

0.5

OECD Asia

7.5

7.9

8.3

8.3

0.4

OECD Oceania

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.2

OECD Total

45.4

49.7

54.4

57.1

0.8

Transition economies

4.7

5.5

6.5

7.6

1.8

Russia

2.7

3.1

3.6

4.2

1.6

Other

2.0

2.4

3.0

3.4

2.0

China

5.2

7.9

10.6

13.3

3.4

Indonesia

1.2

1.6

2.1

2.6

2.9

India

2.5

3.4

4.5

5.6

2.9

Non-OECD Other Asian Countries

3.9

5.1

7.0

8.8

3.0

4.5

5.4

6.8

8.4

2.3

Brazil

1.8

2.3

2.9

3.6

2.4

Other Latin America

2.7

3.2

3.9

4.8

2.1

Africa

2.4

3.1

4.4

6.1

3.4

Middle East

4.3

5.4

6.8

7.8

2.1

Non-OECD total

28.6

37.5

48.8

60.4

2.7

Miscellaneous

3.0

3.2

3.5

3.8

0.9

World

77.0

90.4

106.7

121.3

1.6

OECD

Latin America

Source)IEA / World Energy Outlook (2004)8

(2) World Oil Supply(million barrels per day)Average annual
growth rate
2002-2030(%)

2002

2010

2020

2030

OECD North America

13.7

14.8

12.6

10.0

-1.1

US and Canada

10.1

10.6

8.7

7.2

-1.2

Mexica

3.6

4.2

4.0

2.8

-0.9

OECD Europe

6.6

4.8

3.1

2.2

-3.9

OECD Pacific

0.8

0.5

0.5

0.5

-2.0

OECD Total

21.1

20.1

16.3

12.7

-1.8

Russia

7.7

10.4

10.6

10.8

1.2

Other transition economies

1.9

4.2

4.7

5.2

3.7

Transition economies Total

9.5

14.6

15.4

15.9

1.8

China

3.4

3.3

2.7

2.2

-1.5

India

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

-1.6

Other Asia

1.7

1.6

1.2

0.6

-3.4

Latin America

3.7

4.7

5.5

6.1

1.8

Brazil

1.5

2.5

3.3

4.0

3.6

Other Latin America

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

-0.2

Africa

3.0

4.6

4.9

4.4

1.4

Middle East

2.1

1.8

1.4

1.0

-2.7

Developing Countries Total

14.6

16.6

16.2

14.8

-1.8

Non-OPEC Total

45.3

51.3

47.9

43.4

-0.2

OPEC Middle East

19.0

22.5

37.4

51.8

3.6

Other OPEC

9.2

10.7

12.4

13.0

1.2

28.2

33.3

49.8

64.8

3.0

1.6

3.8

6.5

10.1

6.7

of which GTL

0.0

0.4

1.5

2.4

16.0

Processing gains

1.8

2.0

2.5

3.0

1.9

77.0

90.4

106.7

121.3

1.6

Non-OPECOPEC

OPEC Total
Non-conventional oil

World

Source)IEA / World Energy Outlook (2004)9

1.8 Projections of Energy Demand and Growth Rates(1) World

Total Primary Energy Supply
Coal
Oilof which international bunkers
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Biomass & Waste
Other Renewables

Energy Demand (Mtoe)
2002
2010
2020
10,345 12,194 14,404
2,389
2,763
3,193
3,676
4,308
5,074
146
148
152
2,190
2,703
3,451
692
778
776
224
276
321
1,119
1,264
1,428
55
101
162

2030
16,487
3,601
5,766
162
4,130
764
365
1,605
256

Growth Rate (%)
2002-2010 2002-2020 2002-2030
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.5
2.0
1.8
1.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
2.7
2.6
2.3
1.5
0.6
0.4
2.6
2
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.3
8.0
6.2
5.7

(2) OECD
Energy Demand (Mtoe)

Growth Rate (%)

2002

2010

2020

2030

5,346
1,095
2,167
1,171
593
106
181
33

5,970
1,170
2,372
1,379
642
121
223
63

6,550
1,213
2,594
1,635
599
125
282
103

6,593
1,192
2,725
1,830
557
131
359
159

Total Primary Energy Supply
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Biomass & Waste
Other Renewables

2002-2010 2002-2020 2002-2030
1.5
1.0
0.7
1.9
10.5
1.1
2.5
6.8

1.1
0.6
1
1.9
0.1
0.9
2.5
6.5

0.9
0.3
0.8
1.6
-0.2
0.8
2.5
5.8

(3) Transition Economies
Energy Demand (Mtoe)
Total Primary Energy Supply
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Biomass & Waste
Other Renewables

Source)Growth Rate (%)

2002

2010

2020

2030

1,030
194
222
504
69
24
16
0

1,186
219
265
578
77
29
17
3

1,358
227
312
685
80
31
19
4

1,499
217
362
782
71
32
25
8

IEA / World Energy Outlook (2004)10

2002-2010 2002-2020 2002-2030
1.8
1.5
2.2
1.7
1.2
2.3
0.8
36.7

1.6
0.9
1.9
1.7
0.8
1.3
1.1
17.3

1.3
0.4
1.8
1.6
0.1
1
1.7
13.6

(4) Developing Countries
Energy Demand (Mtoe)
Total Primary Energy Supply
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Biomass & Waste
Other Renewables

Growth Rate

2002

2010

2020

2030

3,824
1,099
1,142
515
30
94
922
21

4,890
1,374
1,523
746
60
127
1,024
35

6,344
1,754
2,016
1,131
96
166
1,127
54

7,873
2,192
2,517
1,528
135
202
1,221
89

2002-2010 2002-2020 2002-2030
3.1
2.8
3.7
4.7
9.2
3.7
1.3
6.4

2.9
2.6
3.2
4.5
6.7
3.2
1.1
5.3

2.6
2.5
2.9
3.9
5.6
2.7
1
5.2

(5) China (which is included in Developing Countries)
Energy Demand (Mtoe)
Total Primary Energy Supply
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Biomass & Waste
Other Renewables
Source)Growth Rate

2002

2010

2020

2030

1,242
713
247
36
7
25
216
0

1,622
904
375
59
21
33
227
5

2,072
1,119
503
107
47
50
236
10

2,539
1,354
636
158
73
63
236
20

2002-2010 2002-2020 2002-2030
3.4
3.0
5.4
6.4
15.9
3.6
0.6
-

2.9
2.5
4
6.3
11.6
3.9
0.5
-

2.6
2.3
3.4
5.4
9
3.4
0.3
-

IEA / World Energy Outlook (2004)(6) Increase of World Energy Demand centering on China and the Rest of Asia

Source : Figure has been converted on the basis of the IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2004”
11

2.

Global Environmental Trends

2.1 Climate change and energy consumption

Deviation from normal value (℃)(1) Transition of deviation from normal surface temperature
1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

-0.5

-1.5

-1.0

-1.0

-1.5
1880

-0.5
2010
Year
Note) The bar graph represents the temperature of each year, the line graph shows 5-year running average and the straightline stands for long term trend.
Source) White Paper on the Environment 2002 (Ministry of Environment)
1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

(2) Global energy balance (Index incident solar rays = 100)

Note)

Figures in parenthesis represent estimated values when we assume the CO2 concentration becomes double. In casethe concentration of greenhouse effect gas such as CO2 increases, the energy flow in the dotted line becomeslarger. This causes the rise of temperature. The global temperature is said to fall to as low as -19℃ if no carbon
dioxide or no steam should be contained in the atmosphere.
Source) "Meteorological Research Notes No. 160, Carbon Dioxide Special", Taro Matsuno, 1987, Meteorological Societyof Japan (partially modified).

12

(3) Increase of the carbon dioxide level and changes in fossil energy
consumption

Note)This chart is prepared from the data of CO2 concentration level of the past millennium based on the ice sheet core
records at the D47, D57, Siple Station and the South Pole, and the CO2 level since 1958 that are measured at
Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. Ice sheet cores were all collected on the Antarctic Continent. The smooth
curve is a 100-year running average. The sharp rise of the CO2 level since the outset of the Industrial Revolution
is evident, going along with the increase of CO2 emissions originating from the use of fossil fuels (See theenlarged chart since fiscal 1850).
Source) IPCC (1995), translated by the Meteorological Agency. (IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
White Paper on the Environment 2000 (Ministry of Environment)13

(4) CO2 emissions by country (2003)

OthersNew Zealand Peru
24.2%
0.1%
0.1%
Vietnam
0.2%
Hong Kong
0.2%
Singapore
0.2%
Chile
0.2%
Philippines
0.3%
M alaysia
0.6%
Thailand
0.8%
Taiwan
India
1.0%
4.3%
Indonesia
UK Germany
1.3%
France Italy 2.3% 3.4%
Australia
Canada
1.6% 1.8%
1.4%
2.1%
M exicoSouth Korea
1.6%
1.8%

Source)

USA
22.8%

China
16.4%
Japan
4.9%

Russia6.3%

Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2004)”(5) Per-capita CO2 emissions (2003)
6 .0 0

5 .0 0t-Carbon/Person

4 .0 0

3 .0 0

2 .0 0

1 .0 0So

Source)Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2004)”

14

s

ld

er

W

or

ru
Pe

th
O

u t Ita
h ly
K
or
ea
Fr
an
c
M e
ex
A ic oustr
In al ia
do
ne
si
Ta a
iw
T h an
ai
la
M nd
al
a
Ph ys
i
ili
pp a
in
es
C
S i h il
ng e
H apo
on
re
g
K
on
g
V
N ie
e w tn
a
Ze m
al
an
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U
K
an
ad
a
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m

G

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In

a
si

pa
Ja

na
hi

us
R

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SA

0 .0 02.2 International efforts to counter global warming
In this chapter we will focus on the two mechanisms that are dealing with global warming issues:
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the mechanism that accumulatesscientific knowledge on global warming while debates on the international countermeasures have been
made in the COPs (Conference of the Parties) of United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC). These two mechanisms are complementing each other.

(1) IPCC: Accumulation of scientific knowledge
IPCC is a body organized by the scientists around the world. It was founded in November 1988
by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program(UNEP) jointly as a place to study global warming problems at a governmental level. In the reportcompiled for 1995, IPCC announced their analysis on the climate change since the 19th century.
According to their findings, global warming had been already occurring due to the increasing amountof emitted greenhouse gases after the Industrial Revolution etc.

(2) UNFCCC: Study of international countermeasures
UNFCCC discusses and performs international countermeasures to the climate change while
IPCC is a place to accumulate scientific knowledge. In UNCED (United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development: commonly named “Earth Summit”) which was held in Rio de Janeiro
in Brazil in June, 1992, a large number of nations including Japan signed UNFCCC. The purpose ofthis treaty is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As a result, it isrequired that the amount of emitted greenhouse gases should be controlled or cut down. UNFCCC was
ratified by 50 countries and went into effect in March, 1994. Following its effectuation, the COP1 washeld in Berlin and the COP2 in Geneva, the COP3 was held in Kyoto to adopt "Kyoto Protocol",which defined the reduction targets of greenhouse gases in the period from 2008 through 2012.

(3) IPCC report on global warming
Increase of Atmospheric CO2Rise of Sea Level

Rise of Average World Temperature★ 265 - 285 ppm before theIndustrial Revolution (1750 1800)★ 365 ppm in 1996
★ 540-970 ppm estimated by theend of 2100

★ 10 - 20 cm rise in 20
century★ 0.6±0.2 ℃ rise after 1861

★ Estimated 9 - 88 cm rise
between 1990 - 2100

Source) Third Assessment Report of Climate Change 2001 (IPCC)

15★ Estimated rise of 1.4 - 5.8 ℃
between 1990 – 2100

(4) Influences of Green House Gases on Global Warming (1850-1990)
Fluorides & Others
11%
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
6%
CO2
64%

Methane(CH4)19%

Source） IPCC Report (2000)(5) History of COPs of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
1) COP3 outline of the Kyoto Protocol
The COP3 (the 3rd Conference of Parties) was held on December 1 - 11, 1997.
Target gases
CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6
Target year
2008 - 2012
Reduction target
At least 5% for all Annex I parties*Base year: 1990
-5%
Croatia0%
Russia, New Zealand-6%
Japan, Canada, Hungary, Poland- 1%
Norway-7%US+8%Australia-8%Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,
Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
UK, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Czech, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Rumania, Slovakia,
Slovenia
Sinks
GHG reduction subject to afforestation is inclusive into calculation for thecommitments.
38 Parties in Annex I:
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, RussianFederation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, and 15
EU member states combined.
Kyoto Mechanism
Emission Trading(ET)
Joint Implementation(JI)
Clean Development
Mechanism(CDM)

Parties in Annex I may participate in the Emission Trading in order to achieve theircommitments.
For the purpose of meeting its commitments, Parties in Annex I may transfer to or
acquire from, emission reduction units, any other parties in Annex I .
The purpose of CDM mechanism is to assist Parties not included in Annex I in
achieving sustainable development and to contribute to the Protocol, while Parties
in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing from such projects.

16

Enforcement and Effect
Enforcement
The Convention shall become effective 90 days after 55 or more parties to the UNFCCC,
incorporating Annex I parties of which total CO2 emission in 1990 is 55% or more of total
CO2 emissions of all Annex I parties, ratify the Protocol.
EffectWhen no Protocol exists, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will increase by 24% comparedwith 1990.
When the Protocol is enforced in 2000, the global CO2 emission in 2010 will reduce by
5.2% compared with 1990.

2) COP6 results and progresses
The COP6 of the UNFCCC was held in Hague, Netherlands on Nov. 13 - 25, 2000 and its Part-2
Conference was held in Bonn, Germany on July 16 - 27, 2001.
Major issues
Financial & technical assistance from developed countries to developing countries to help
them manage the emission and adapt to the climate change.
Implementation of the Kyoto Mechanism :- International Emission Trading (ET)- Joint Implementation (JI)
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Utilization of carbon sequestration techniques “Sinks”
Compliance, with its related issues of Reporting, international governance and penalties
Results /No consensus was reached on the major issues at the Hague Conference, but the Bonn
Progresses
conference succeeded in making the Kyoto Protocol agreeable for the ratification, expecting
to accelerate the transition phase to the implementation phase at COP7.

3) COP7 results and consensus
The COP7 was held in Marrakech, Morocco on Oct. 29 - Nov. 9, 2001.
Results
Essential points of Bonn Agreement have been maintained. The demand urged by Japan,
Canada, Australia and Russia to implement flexibly the Kyoto Mechanism and its rule havebeen confirmed. The U.S. was not substantially involved with the conference although it
attended the conference.
Consensus
Establish the two funds for technology transfer and financial support to developing
countries.
Implementation of the Kyoto Mechanism :- ET, JI and CDM shall be supplementary measures to domestic ones.
- Emission constraint by Nuclear Power is not counted in.
- Purchase of emission shall be less than 10% of total emission pledged by country.
Carbon sequestration techniques “Sinks” :- Conditions by country shall be taken into consideration.
Penalty to carry over 1.3 times of the Non-achieved target.
CDM Executive Board is set up for Smooth promotion.

174) COP8 results and progresses
The COP8 was held in New Delhi, India on Oct. 23 - Nov. 1, 2002.
Results
The Delhi Ministerial Declaration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development
adopted at COP8.
1) Strong encouragement of the Protocol ratification to Parties that have not yet.
2) Recognition with the concern of the findings of the IPCC Third Assessment
Report (TAR) which confirms the necessity of significant cuts in global emissions for theultimate objective of the Convention.
3) Note to current mitigation actions by both Annex I and non-Annex I countries andemphasis on mitigation of GHG emissions to combat climate change as continuing highpriority under the provisions of the Convention.
4) Promotion of informal exchange of information on actions relating to mitigation andadaptation among Parties for more effective and appropriate responses to climate change.
5) Take urgent actions at all levels to substantially increase the global share of renewableenergy sources.
Progresses
Issues suspended in the COP7 were discussed and agreed.
1) Activity report from CDM Executive Board .
2) Report and assessment based on the Protocol .
3) Report from each parties

5) COP9 results and progresses
The COP9 was held in Milan, Italy on 1-12 December 2003.
Results
The conference concluded as ministers’ call for urgent and coordinate action on climatechange.
1) Ministers agreed that climate change remains the most important global challenge tohumanity.
2) Participants emphasized that the Kyoto Protocol represents a significant first step
towards realizing the Convention’s goal of stabilizing atmospheric levels of greenhousegases at safe levels and called for its immediate entry into force.
Progresses
The formal decisions adopted by the conference will strengthen the institutional frameworkof both the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol.
1) New emission reporting guidelines based on the good-practice guidance provided by the
IPCC will provide a sound and reliable foundation for reporting on changes in carbon
concentrations resulting from land-use changes and forestry. These reports are due in
2005.
2) Another major advance is the agreement on the modalities and scope forcarbon-absorbing forest-management projects in the CDM. This agreement completes
the package adopted in COP7 and expands the CDM to an additional area of activity.

186) COP10 results and progresses
The COP10 was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 6-17 December 2004
Results
The conference marked the 10th anniversary of the entry into force of the Framework
Convention on Climate Change, which served as a central theme for the meeting.
In addition to the accomplishments of the past ten years and future challenges, discussions
at COP 10 highlighted a range of climate-related issues including the impacts of climatechange and adaptation measures, mitigation policies and their impacts, and technology.
Progresses
It was reconfirmed at the conference to be very important that all the countries keep oncooperating for realizing more effectual measures from now on as well as aiming at thefurther advance under the treaty and the Kyoto Protocol.
1) Each Annex I party welcomed the protocol effectuation on 16 February 2006 as theimportant first step in promotion of international countermeasures against global
warming. It was identified that the intention of further efforts of each country to havetheir respective targets for emission reduction achieved certainly must be sustained.
2) Based on the working plan that studies for the post Kyoto Protocol after 2013 would
start by the end of 2005, It determined to begin operations through informationexchange towards future activities in mid and long-term under participation of all
countries.
Next step
The COP 11 will be held in Montreal, Canada from 28 November to 9 December 2005.
7) COP11 & COP/MOP1 results and progresses
The COP11 & MOP1 was held in Montreal, Canada between 28 November and 9 December in 2005.
The Eleventh Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 11) was held in parallel with the First
Conference of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP1) of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Being the first conference being held since the Kyoto
Protocol coming into force in February that year and for the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, the conferences
attracted a lot of attention from various fields. Canada's Environment Minister Dion, the chairman of theconference, at the opening, declared the three “I” as the objectives for the conference: the“Implementation” of the Kyoto Protocol, the “Improvement” of the Kyoto Protocol, and the “Innovation”
towards the framework of the Post-Kyoto strategy after the end of the first commitment period. In
conjunction with the declaration, decisions were made for each of these three categories. For the scope of
the “Implementation”, the Marrakech accords were adopted, establishing the operational rule of the Kyoto
Mechanism. This adoption meant the establishment of the operational rule of the Kyoto Protocol,
including Kyoto Mechanism (Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI), andEmissions Trading). To further create CDM’s certified emission reductions (CERs), within the scope of
the “Improvement”, decisions were made to discuss issues on strengthening the functioning and fundingof the Projects Reviewing Council, mitigating the certifying standards for CDM, and reviewing
small-scale CDM projects. As being the most major issue, within the scope of the “Innovation” towards
the framework of the Post-Kyoto strategy after the end of the first commitment period, the conference
entered into a heated debate and finally reached agreements to establish a new working group, starting inMay 2006, to discuss the reduction commitments after the end of the first commitment period (until2012), and open up a “Dialogue for actions for long-term cooperation”, in which all Parties to UNFCCC,
including the US and developing countries will participate.

19

2.3

Kyoto Protocol coming into effect
The requirements for the Kyoto Protocol coming into effect included that (1) not less than 55 parties tothe convention ratify the protocol, and (2) parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least
55% of the total CO2 emissions in 1990 of the parties included in Annex I ratify the protocol (Figure below).
The requirement (1) was met before some time, and the requirement (2) was met by the ratification of
Russia in November 2004, and thus the Kyoto Protocol came into effect on February 16, 2005.
Consequently, Japan is obliged to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by 6% from the standard
year level during the first commitment period from 2008 to 2012.
With regard to the commitment of the next period starting in 2013, the protocol stipulates thatinternational examination begin by the end of 2005. At the COP10 held in Buenos Aires, Argentina in
December 2004, the holding of a seminar for governmental experts was agreed, which will serve as thefoothold of discussion concerning the framework after 2013.
Other

Aus

Fra
Pol

US
Ital

Can
UK
Ger
Rus

Jap

Proportions of CO2 emissions of Annex I parties in 1990

Source: Compiled by the Ministry of the Environment based on data collected from each party by thesecretariat of the convention before the COP3

20

2.4

G8 Summit

The 31st Summit (meeting of leaders of major countries) was held in Gleneagles, Scotland, the United
Kingdom from July 6 to 8, 2005.

(1) Major issues
By the initiative of Prime Minister Blair, the chair, Africa and climate change were taken up as main
agenda items of the Summit.

Japan developed its argument from its original position for the Africa

question, based on its successful experiences of economic development cooperation with Asia, and for the
climate change question, based on its experiences of overcoming pollution problems during the period ofhigh economic growth and of achieving energy conservation and higher energy efficiency triggered by theoil crises.
On the issue of the global environment, the Gleneagles Plan of Action involving energy conservation,clean energy use and other specific actions was agreed upon as well as an agreement to begin a dialogue
between the G8 nations and other countries with significant energy needs (the outcomes are to be reported
to the 2008 Summit in Japan).

During the discussions with the leaders of emerging economy countries,

the G8 members asked that these countries shoulder greater responsibility in tackling climate change andother problems.

Japan emphasized the importance of compatibility between environment protection andeconomic development, use of technology for that purpose, promotion of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse andRecycle) and the spirit of mottainai (the spirit of virtue of thrift), and increasing efforts to curtail illegal
logging, etc.

(2) An outline of the Gleneagles Plan of Action--- Climate change, clean energy, sustainable development--The G8 nations agreed to proceed with actions in the following key areas:• Conversion to the effective use of energy• Cleaner power generation for future• Promoting research and development• Financing the transition to cleaner energy• Managing the impact of climate change• Tackling illegal logging
Source: http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/summit/gleneagles05/s_03.html

21

2.5

Energy conservation activities of the foreign countries(1) Approach to prevention of global warming by the major advanced countries
Item

Government’s plan anddevelopment of laws
concerning energy
conservation

Financial support system
concerning energy
conservation

Governmentalorganizations having
jurisdiction over energy
conservation

Japan

U.S.

CanadaAustralia

Law concerning Rational
Use of Energy(Enforcement in '79;
revision in '83;
revision in '93;
revision in '98;
revision in '02;
revision in '05)

National Energy Policy
2001

Implementation Plan formeasure against Global
Warming 2002 (Climate
Change Plan for
Canada 2002)

Stable Energy Supply
Plan 2004 (Securing
Australia's Energy
Future 2004)

Energy Policy Act 2005

Implementation Plan formeasure against Global
Warming 2005 (ProjectGreen-A Plan for
Honouring our Kyoto
Commitment 2005)

National Frameworkfor Energy Efficiency
NFEE 2004

Energy Policy Act 1992

Energy Efficiency Act(Establishment in '92;
revision in '95; revisionin '97; revision in '98)

Subsidy measures basedon the Law for Supporting
Energy Savings and 3R
Assistance (Energy
Reform Tax System) andvarious other financial
support measures

Assistance and tax
incentive measures basedon the Comprehensive
Electricity Restructuring
Act

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasures

Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry(Agency for Natural
Resources and Energy)

Department ofEnergy-DOE

Natural Resources
Canada-NRCan

Department ofIndustry, Tourism, andResources-ITR

Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure andTransport

Department ofTransport-DOT

Department ofTransport andRegional ServicesDOTARS

Department of Housing
and Urban
Development–HUD

Department of theEnvironment andHeritage-DEH
Australian Greenhouse
Office-AGO

Tax incentive measures
based on the Energy
Policy Act of 1992

Ministry of theEnvironment

Environmental Protection
Agency-EPA

New Energy andIndustrial Technology
Development
Organization

Alliance to Save Energy

The Energy Conservation
Center, Japan

American Council for an
Energy-Efficient
Economy-ACEEE

Ratification of Kyoto
ProtocolRatification (June 2002)

Greenhouse gas
reduction target set by
Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)

Organizations promoting
Energy conservation

Major domestic measuresfor promotion of energy
conservation

Other domestic measures
for reduction ingreenhouse gas
emissions

Energy Technology
Center (In Natural
Resources
Canada-NRCan)National Applianceand Equipment Energy
Efficiency
Committee-NAEEEC

Non-ratification (as of
September 2005)

Ratification (December
2002)

Non-ratification (As of
September 2005)

−6%

−7%

−6%

＋8%

Drastic reinforcement of
Law concerning Rational
Use of Energy (Industry,transportation, andconsumers)

Measures for industry,transportation, andconsumers based on the
Energy Policy Act of 2005

Improvement of thestandard for energy
saving devices

Extension ofequipment subject tothe MEPS standard

Pursuit of the objectives ofthe voluntary technicalaction plan in theindustrial sector

Reinforcement of
measures by thedepartments of theFederal Government

Improvement ofrecognition ofenergy-saving
technology by provisionof information

Promotion of theefficiency of equipment
and buildings andimprovement of
information service toconsumers

Extension and review ofthe standards for
top-runner equipment

Improvement of domestic
infrastructure

Assistance toenergy-saving
construction andenergy-saving repair

Implementation ofsteady report on
utilization of energy byenterprises

Improvement of nuclear
power generation
efficiency

Measures based on thedevelopment oftechnologies for carbon
sequestration, hydrogenutilization, nuclear
energy, new energy, etc.

Measures for
petroleum, gas, thermal
power generation, andmining industry

Extension of the use ofrecyclable energy

Extension of the use of
new energy

Extension of equipment
subject to the Energy Star
ProgramExtension of the use ofrecyclable energy

Measures based on
R&D and technicaldevelopment

Further reduction in
Chlorofluorocarbon-Replac
ing Material emissions

Reinforcement of
measures by introductionof tax incentives

Improvement/promotionof efficiency of domestic
infrastructure

22

Item

Government’s plan anddevelopment of laws
concerning energy
conservation

EU

Germany

Implementation ofenergy conservation
program based on the EU
Parliament/Board
decision(No.1230/2003/EC)

Energy Conservation
Ordinance 2002

EU Energy Conservation
Plan, SAVE Program, etc.
(Intelligent Energy
Europe 2003-2006)

FranceU.K.

Law on Air andRational Energy Use
1996

Energy Act 2004

Energy White Paper
2003 (Livre blanc surles energies 2003)

Energy Conservation
Implementation Plan
2004 (Energy
Efficiency: The
Government's Plan for
Action 2004)
Energy White Paper
2003 (Our Energy
Future-Creating a Low
Carbon Economy 2003)

Financial support system
concerning energy
conservation

Governmentalorganizations having
jurisdiction over energy
conservation

National energy
conservation guidelines
by European Commission

Tax
incentive/assistancemeasures based on theCogeneration-Act

Tax incentive measures
based on the Finance
Law for 2003

Various tax
incentive/assistancemeasuresDirectorate-General for
Energy and Transport (Inthe European
Commission)Federal Ministry of
Economics andTechnology-BMWi

Ministry of the
Economy, Finance, andIndustry-MINEFI

Department of Tradeand Industry-DTI

Federal Ministry ofTransport, Building,and Housing-BMVBWMinistry of Ecology andSustainable
Development

Department forTransport-DfT

Directorate-General for
Environment (In theEuropean Commission)

Department of theEnvironment, Food andRural Affairs-DEFRA

Federal Ministry for theEnvironment, Nature
Conservation, andNuclear Safety-BMU
Deutsche Energie
Agentur-DENA

Energy conservation related
propulsion institution

Office of the Deputy
Prime Minister-ODPM

Agency for
Environment andEnergyManagement-ADEME

Energy Saving
Trust-EST
Carbon Trust

Ratification of Kyoto
ProtocolRatification (May 2002)

Ratification (May 2002)

Ratification (May 2002)

Ratification (May 2002)

Greenhouse gas reduction
target set by Kyoto Protocol(1990-basis)

−8%

−21%

0%

−12.5%

Extension andreinforcement ofequipment efficiency
standards

Utilization ofenvironment tax

Utilization ofenvironment tax

Implementation ofstricter construction
standard

Increase in efficientbuildings

Approach by voluntaryagreement

Promotion ofdevelopment ofenergy-saving
technology

Extension of EEC
scheme/expansion ofsubjects

Promotion of
procurement/introductionof efficient equipment by
the government

Utilization of
spontaneous labeling

Implementation ofstricter construction
standards

Promotion of the
diffusion of CHP

Utilization of emissions
trading system

Extension of the use ofrecyclable energy

Extension of the use ofrecyclable energy

Extension of the use ofrecyclable energy

Extension of the use ofrecyclable energy

Promotion of the
diffusion of CHP

Improvement ofdomestic infrastructure

Utilization of Climate
Change Levy (CCL)

Major domestic measuresfor promotion of energy
conservation

Other domestic measures
for reduction in greenhousegas emissions

23

(2) Overview of energy conservation measures in the foreign countries
Date
Aug.23, 2005

Country
U.S.

Summary
U.S. revises light truck fuel efficiency standard

Aug.8, 2005

U.S.

Jul.11, 2005

U.S.

Jul.1, 2005

Australia

Jun.30, 2005
Jun.27, 2005

U.S.
Korea

Jun.22, 2005

EU

Jun.9, 2005

EU

U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 (HR.6) enacted
U.S. HUD, EPA and DOE announce “Partnership for Home Energy
Efficiency”
Australia commences water efficiency labeling system on a voluntarybasis
U.S. announces CO2 emissions in 2004
Korea announces CO2 reduction measures
EU announces draft energy conservation target of total 20% reduction
by 2020
EU begins media campaign for sustainable society

Jun.9, 2005

UK

UK considers nationwide introduction of road pricing

Jun.2, 2005

ThailandThailand begins media campaign for energy conservation

Jun.1, 2005

U.S.

Jun., 2005

TaiwanMay 27, 2005

U.S.

Apr. 10, 2005

U.S.

Apr. 5, 2005

CanadaFeb.24, 2005

U.S.

Feb. 10, 2005

UK

Feb. 7, 2005

U.S.

Nov. 7, 2004

CanadaOct. 28, 2004

U.S.

Oct.18, 2004

EU

Oct. 14, 2004

EU

Oct. 13, 2004

UK

Oct. 7, 2004

U.S.

Oct. 6, 2004

UK

Oct. 4, 2004

China

U.S. considers revising fuel efficiency measuring method
Taiwan considers introducing stand-by electricity standard into MEPS
standard
Major freight train operators newly join the U.S. Smartway Transport
SystemTwelve U.S. states file lawsuit against EPA in relation to greenhousegas emission regulations
Canadian automotive industry signs a memorandum with the national
government concerning greenhouse gas emission reduction
64% of U.S. respondents are familiar with Energy Star System andapproximately 10% of the houses pass the standards under the System
UK moves to begin automobile labeling system
U.S. budget proposal for the next fiscal year shows 2% reduction inenergy conservation budget
Canada proposes introducing regulations on emission of CO2 and othergasses from automobiles
U.S. begins commendation program for energy conservation activities
of federal agencies and government employees
EU begins campaign to promote Eco-LabelEuropean Commission proposes tighter CFC regulations (HFCs, PFCs
and SF6) for global warming prevention
British Telecom, UK’s largest communications company, announces aplan to cover all its power requirements by renewable energy
U.S. oil major Exxon does not set CO2 reduction target and records
approximately 50% more CO2 reduction than its UK counterpart
British Petroleum
UK sets new procurement policy for the national government and otherbodies with regard to green products
Chinese Environment Minister makes a comment that energy
conservation and resources efficiency will be emphasized24

2.6 Japan’s policy to deal with global warming(1) Guideline for Measures to Prevent Global Warming
On March 19, 2002, the meeting of “the Global Warming Prevention Headquarters” was held in Prime
Minister's official residence, where the members agreed on “Guideline for Measures to Prevent Global
Warming”.
The Guideline presents a broad picture of measures to realize Japan's targets set in the Kyoto protocol(6% reduction in relation to the 1990 level) and is made up of more than 100 measures and action plans.
What needs to be stressed here is that the Guideline sets a reduction goal for each green house effectgas respectively. For instance, in terms of the CO2 originating from the use of fossil fuels, the emission
level should be reduced to exactly the same level as that of 1990. And the emission level of CO2 fromnon-fossil fuels (e.g. waste incineration), methane and dinitrogen monoxide should be reduced by 0.5% in
relation to the 1990 level. In terms of CFCs substitute, the emission level should be curtailed to the 1%
increase compared with the base year (1995).

(2) Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan
Since Japan ratified the Kyoto Protocol in June 2002, it has been actively promoting theimplementation of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including measures for energy
conservation and new forms of energy, based on the Outline for Promotion Effects to Prevent Global
Warming (2002).

The government evaluated and reviewed the outline in FY2004, designated as the year

for carrying out these tasks.
The Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming stipulates that a plan
for reaching the target should be established when the Kyoto Protocol comes into effect.

In response to

the protocol coming into effect in February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan wasestablished, succeeding the Outline for Promotion of Efforts to Prevent Global Warming as a result of its
evaluation and review in FY2004 (Cabinet decision on April 28, 2005).
The goals of this plan are to fulfill the commitment of 6% reduction and to further reduce greenhousegas emissions globally and continuously over a long term.

In addition, this plan contains the following

items as its basic concepts: environmental conservation consistent with economic development, thepromotion of technological innovation, the participation of all entities and partnership between them aswell as the securing of transparency and the sharing of information to ensure the participation andpartnership,theutilizationofvariouspolicytools,

emphasisontheprocessof

PDCA(plan-do-check-action), and international partnership for the implementation of measures to address global
warming.
The table below shows measures to change the energy supply-demand structure of Japan to a structureof a CO2 reduction type.
Source : Materials 3-1 for the 27th Meeting of the Global Environment Subcommittee of the Industrial Structure Council

25

Creation of a CO2 reduction type society

Creation of regional/urban structures andsocio-economic systems of CO2 reduction typeSpatial or network measures

CO2 reduction type of urban design• Promotion of Spatial utilization of energy (District heating and cooling, etc.)• Joint efforts between different entities (Joint energy management of integrated facilities or several
buildings by utilizing IT)• CO2 reduction through improvement of the environment deterioration by heat by implementing
measures against heat island effects, including the planting of trees

Designing of a CO2 reduction type of transportation system• Utilization of public transportation systems (Improvement in public transportation systems andconvenience, and commuting transportation management, etc.)• Use of eco-friendly automobiles (Dissemination of idling stop and eco-friendly driving, etc.)• Establishment of a system to ensure smooth road traffic (Regulation of the demand for automobile
traffic and the introduction of intelligent transportation systems)• Realization of environmentally sustainable transportation (EST) (Trial in leading areas)

Formation of a CO2 reduction type logistics system• CO2 reduction by joint efforts of cargo owners and transportation companies (Revision of the Energy
Conservation Law, Green Transportation Partnership Conference)• Furthering of more efficient transportation (Modal shift, more efficient truck transportation)

Spatial utilization of new energy and the accommodation of energy• Establishment of networks for distributed new energy system• Utilization of biomass• Effective use of unused energy sources (Energy generated from temperature differences, energy ofsnow and ice, heat from waste incineration)• Accommodation of energy between entities (Accommodation of waste heat generated in factories in
an industrial complex)

Measures taken by a company
or other individual entities

Efforts by
manufacturers• Steady

implementation ofindividual actionplans• Thorough energy
management infactories• Efforts in theresidential andtransportation
divisions in theindustrial sector

Efforts bytransportation• Use of eco-friendly
automobiles (describedabove)• CO2 reduction by joint
efforts between cargoowners andtransportationcompanies (describedabove)• Furthering of more
efficient transportation(described above)

CO2 reduction in
offices and stores• Steady implementation ofindividual action plans• Thorough energy
management based on
the Energy Conservation
Law• Improvement in theenergy conservation
performance of buildings• Dissemination of BEMS
(building energy
management systems)

CO2 reduction inhouseholds• Improvement in

the energy
conservation
performance of
housing• Dissemination of
HEMS (Homeenergymanagement
systems)

CO2 reduction in the energy supply sectors• Steady promotion of nuclear power generation• Promotion of efficient use of oil and LP gas

Measures for machinery

Individual measures• Lowering of CO2 emissions intensity in theelectric power field

Measures by
equipment in theindustrial sector• Introduction ofmachinery andequipment with highenergy conservation
performance• Highly efficientindustrial furnaces• Next generation
coke ovens• Shift to natural gas• Promotion of introduction of new energy• Realization of society using hydrogen

Measures for equipment in thetransportation sector

Measures for equipment in
offices, stores andhouseholds• Dissemination of vehicles that meet the
top runner standards• Dissemination of fuel-efficient
automobiles• Dissemination of clean energy
automobiles• Control of the running speed of large
trucks• Introduction of equipment for idling stop
• Introduction of sulfur-free fuel• Improvement in energy efficiency in therailroad, vessel and aircraft sections• Improvement in the efficiency ofequipment based on the top
runner standards• Provision of information on energy
conservation type equipment• Support for dissemination andtechnological development ofenergy conservation type
machinery, including highly
efficient water heaters• Reduction of standby energy

26

3.

Energy Situation in Japan

3.1 Demand of energy sources and GDP(1) Trend of energy sources and GDP
Energy Demand (1018J)

GDP (base year 1995) (trillion yen)First Oil Crisis
Second Oil Crisis

Total Energy Demand

Oil Demand

Electricity Demand (Left Axis:100 billion kWh)Coal Demand
Natural Gas Demand(2) Changes in Energy / GDP elasticity

Fiscal Year

1965～73

1973～80

1980～90

1990～2000

2000～02

GDP Growth Rate

9.05％

3.45％

4.17％

0.96％

-0.16％

10.86％

0.43％

2.04％

1.58％

-1.07％

1.2

0.13

0.49

1.65

－

Annual Average Growth Rate ofEnergy Demand
Energy/GDP Elasticity

Source)"Energy Production, Supply and Demand Statistics", "Annual Report on National Account", "Outline of ElectricPower Supply and Demand"27

3.2 Transition of percent distribution of primary energy supply(1955- 2010)
NuclearHydro/geothermal

Natural gas

New Energy etc.
Coal

Oil

Year
Note) The estimated figures of FY 2010 are based on the long-term energy supply and demand outlook published byGeneral Resource Energy Investigation Committee (2004).
The figure of “New Energy etc.” after the fiscal year of 1990 includes amount of “waste heat and others.”
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2006)”

28

3.3 Final energy consumption by sector
1018 J

2001
Fiscal Year

Fiscal Year
Final Energy
Consumption

Industrial

73

Transportation
Sector

82

85

90

92

94

96

97

98

99

2000 2001

11.10 11.70 10.42 11.33 13.32 13.85 14.56 15.36 15.50 15.36 15.81 15.98 15.79

6.94

SectorCivil Sector

79

2.01

1.82

2.3

-3.2

1.2

2.3

2.0

4.6

2.7

0.9

-0.9

2.9

1.1

6.61

5.45

5.80

6.67

6.69

7.00

7.39

7.44

7.11

7.38

7.53 7.34

1.8

-6.2

-0.4

-3.1

0.7

6.8

3.8

0.7

-4.4

3.8

1.9

2.45

2.41

2.76

3.44

3.66

3.89

4.10

4.12

4.33

4.46

4.54 4.53

2.3

0.5

3.7

8.6

2.8

1.5

0.8

0.5

5.1

2.9

1.8

2.33

2.29

2.47

3.21

3.49

3.65

3.87

3.92

3.92

3.97

3.91 3.92

3.8

0.6

2.5

7.6

3.2

3.7

2.7

1.3

-0.1

1.3

-1.4

Note)
The values at the lower column are the growth rate.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2004)”

29

-1.2

-2.4

-0.1

0.1

3.4 Outlook of final energy consumption(Unit : million kL of crude oil equivalents)

Fiscal Year

2010
1990

2000
Reference

Items

%

%

Current Measures%

Additional Measures%%

Final Consumption Total

344 100%

413 100%

420

100%

411

100%

Approx. 402

100%

Industrial Sector

172

50%

195

47%

188

45%

187

46%

Approx.187

Approx.46%

Civil Sector

89

26%

117

28%

127

30%

123

30%

Approx.118

Approx.29%

Household Sector

43

12%

55

13%

60

14%

58

14%

Approx.55

Approx.14%

Commercial Sector

46

13%

63

15%

67

16%

65

16%

Approx.63

Approx.16%

Transportation Sector

83

24%

101

24%

106

25%

101

25%

Approx.97

Approx.24%

Passenger

43

13%

61

15%

64

15%

62

15%

Approx.60

Approx.15%

Truck

39

11%

40

10%

42

10%

39

10%

Approx.37

Approx.9%

Source)Midterm report of “Outlook of Energy Demand and Supply in 2030” issued by Demand &Supply Subcommittee ofAdvisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy in October 2004

3.5 Outlook of primary energy supply(Unit : million kL of crude oil equivalents)
Fiscal Year

2000

2010
Cuurent

1990
Rreference

Items

Additional Measures
Measures

Primary Energy Supply

512

588

602

585

569

Fuel

Amount

Oil

271

53%

274

47%

258

43%

247

42% Approx.236

Approx.41%

LPG

19

4%

19

3%

19

3%

19

3%

Approx.17

Approx.3%

Coal

86

17%

107

18%

111

18%

105

18% Approx.101

Approx.18%

Natural Gas

53

10%

79

13%

91

15%

86

15%

Approx.81

Approx.14%

Nuclear power

49

10%

75

13%

85

14%

85

14%

Approx.87

Approx.15%

Hydro power

22

4%

20

3%

21

3%

21

4%

Approx.21

Approx.4%

Geothermal

0

0%

1

0%

1

0%

1

0%

Approx.1

Approx.0%

New Energy,etc

12

2%

14

2%

16

3%

22

4%

Approx.27

Approx.5%

Source)%%AmountAmount%Amount%Amount%Midterm report of “Outlook of Energy Demand and Supply in 2030” issued by Demand &Supply Subcommittee ofAdvisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy in October 200430

3.6 Outlook of CO2 emissions originating from energy use(Unit: 1 million t-CO2)
2010
Fiscal Year

1990

2000

Reference

Additional Measures

Items
Growth ratecompared to
FY90

Growth ratecompared
to FY90

Growth ratecompared to
FY90

Total of CO2 emmission

1,048

1,161

+ 10.7%

1,115+ 6.4%

1056

Increasing and decreasing
comapred to FY1990

－

113

－

67

－

8

－

Industrial Sector

476

470

▲ 1.3%

450▲ 5.6%

435▲ 8.6%

Civil Sector

273

344

+ 26.0%333+ 22.2302+ 10.8%Household

129

158

+ 22.5%155+ 20.0%137+ 6.0%

Commercial

144

186

+ 29.2%178+ 24.1%165+ 15.0%Transportation

217

264

+ 21.7%260+ 19.6%250+ 15.1%

Conversion

82

83

+0.7%

73

▲ 11.8%69▲ 16.4%Rate of emmission
compared with base year
Source)-+9.1%+ 5.4%.+ 0.8%+ 0.6%

Material-2 in the 11th meeting of Demand &Supply Subcommittee of Advisory Committee for Natural Resources
and Energy

31

4. Energy Conservation Policy in Japan
4.1 Outline of energy conservation policies(1) Brief history of energy conservation policy in Japan
Japan has made impressive achievements in the energy conservation. It is mostly because of the
combined efforts made by the both public and private sectors since the first oil crisis. As of the year
1973, when the first oil crisis occurred, Japan’s dependence on oil resources was as high as 80% of its
total primary energy demand.
Although the oil crisis revealed Japan’s fragile supply- demand structure of energy, thegovernment took advantage of it as a precious lesson and has since been making full efforts to build arobust supply-demand structure.
Specifically, on the supply level, the diversification of energy sources has been pushed forwardwith by switching to alternative energies such as natural gas or nuclear power. On the demand level,on the other hand, the industrial sector is playing a central role in terms of energy conservation.
As the result of those tireless efforts, the dependence on oil has declined to 52%, which enables
Japan to realize an energy-conservation-oriented society while staying in an economic power at thesame time. And in terms of energy consumption per GDP, our country has been successful in curbing
increasing the consumption, even compared with that of other major developed nations.
In the meantime, the member nations reached an agreement with the target that required
developed nation to cut their GHG emissions at the 3rd Session of the Conference of the Parties(COP3) in Kyoto 1997. Therefore, in order to reach the goal and conserve the environment on a global
level, further efforts of energy conservation have since been perceived.
More than 90 % of GHG consists of carbon dioxide and approximately 90% of carbon dioxide isemitted from combusting fossil fuels. That means nearly 80 % of GHG emissions originates fromenergy use. For that reason potent and effective energy policies are thought to be the key player inresolving environmental problems.
In order to achieve the goal of 6% GHG emission reduction set by the Kyoto protocol, theJapanese government decided to design measures covering the both supply and demand of energy. In
terms of the demand level, for example, it will urge the industrial, the commercial and residential andthe transportation sector to promote more energy conservation, though considerable efforts havealready been taken since the oil crisis. If these measures are put into place, an aggregate of 56 million
kL energy is estimated to be saved in the year of 2010, which is almost equivalent to the annual energy
consumption in all of the households in Japan. This tells us how ambitious the goal of the energy
conservation measures will be.
However, the energy consumption in the commercial sector and the transportation sector has kept
rising partly due to the changing the lifestyles of the Japanese people. Based on this recent trend, theAdvisory Committee for Energy put forward additional measures aimed at the promotion of energy
conservation in the commercial sector and the transportation sector in 2001.

32

(2) Promotion of energy conservation measures
1) Introduction and promotion of energy conservation equipment and systems
For promoting energy conservation equipment, investment in industry and commerce, loan
programs and tax reduction have been established (low interest loans by the Japan Development
Bank and Smaller Business Finance Corporation and a tax system for promoting investment toreform energy supply and demand structure) by the Energy Conservation Assistance Law.

2) Acceleration of development and practical application of energy conservation
technologies.
To technologically ensure the practice of energy conservation in future, the R&D oftechnologies concerned with energy conservation has been promoted under the cooperation amongindustries, the government and academy.

3) Formulation and application of guidelines based on the Energy Conservation Law(a) Industrial sector: Guidelines for factories such as evaluation criteria, operation standards, etc.
(b) Transportation sector: Fuel consumption standards for automobiles and Fuel consumption
standards for trucks.
(c) Commercial and residential sector:

Guidelines for buildings
Guidelines for residential housing
Addition of designated appliances and formulation of energy efficiency guidelines

4) Enhancing people's awareness of energy conservation by publicity activities.
(a) Being thoroughly informed of various measures by the Council for Promotion of Energy
and Resources Conservation Measures, such as "energy conservation campaign in summer
and winter."(b) Preparing and distributing posters and pamphlets, holding symposiums and offering
information through mass media.

5) Active promotion of an energy conservation labeling system
In June 1995, Japan and the U.S.A. agreed to unify the standard and the indicating systemof the International Energy Star Program which is an energy conservation standard for
office automation equipment from personal computers and the program was enforced on
October 1, 1995. Each of the industrial, residential and commercial, and transportation
sectors is endeavoring to promote energy conservation through careful measures such as theabove.

33

(3) Promotion of international energy conservation measures
Under the policy and support of the Japanese Government, ECCJ has been conducting energy
conservation training programs for developing countries mainly in the Asian region for the
purpose of promoting energy efficiency and conservation of those countries as well as
enhancing the stable supply of energy of Japan. The programs include lectures, practicaltrainings at trial plants, factory tours, etc. aiming at transferring Japanese successful
experiences and information (energy conservation policy, energy management, highly
energy-efficient technology, etc.) for energy efficiency and conservation to those countries
which could serve as useful reference for their planning/implementation/spread of energy
efficiency and conservation. .

1) For bilateral cooperation- Dispatch of experts- Acceptance of trainees- Implementations of model projects of energy conservation, for example, waste heat recovery
in plants where large amounts of energy are consumed, such as iron and steel works andpower stations.

2) For multilateral cooperation
Make full use of the opportunities to exchange information and opinions throughinternational organizations, such as IEA and APEC, and to establish international cooperation
as much as possible.

34

4.2 The Basic Energy Plan
The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) reported the Basic Energy Plan to theDiet in October, 2003. This plan defines the next 10-year direction of measures on the demand andsupply based on the three principles of the Fundamental Law on Energy Policy Measures. Here are thedetails of the three principles.

(1) Securing the stable energy supply
In order to deal with the future growth of energy demand in the Asian region and Japan’s
dependence on the Middle East oil, the following measures should be promoted: (i) Energy
conservation, (ii) Diversifying imported energy resources and strengthening the relationship withmajor oil exporting nations. (iii) Diversifying energy resources, such as developing domestically
produced fuels, (iv) Securing the oil and LP gas reserves.
The supply-demand problem of electricity in the Kanto area should be considered, and reliability
and stability of domestic supply should be secured. And securing energy is a prerequisite for the stableenergy supply. The government and business owners should make full efforts to secure the stablesupply.

(2) Environmental sustainability
In addition to reducing the emissions of NOx and SOx, the following measures will be promoted
to combat global warming: (i) Energy conservation, (ii) Use of non-fossil energy and switch to gas
energy and (iii) Development and introduction of clean fossil fuel systems and energy efficiency
technology.

(3) Utilizing the market mechanism
Promote the institutional reforms and design plans to utilize market principles in the frameworkthat meets Japan’s real situations, considering “Securing the stable supply of energy” and“Environmental sustainability”
Source) Energy White Paper 2004 issued by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

35

4.3 Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy(1) Objective
This law aims to contribute to the sound development of the national economy throughimplementing necessary measures for the rational use of energy in factories, buildings, and machineryand equipment, and other necessary measures to comprehensively promote the rational use of energy,
while it seeks to ensure the effective utilization of fuel resources that would meet the economic andsocial environment of energy at home and abroad.

(2) Energy defined by the Law“Energy” in this law means fuels such as oil, flammable natural gas, and coal, as well as heat andelectricity produced by using such fuels (excluding electricity generated by the renewable energy suchas photovoltaic cells, wind power, etc.).

(3) Basic policies and obligations of energy users
The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) shall establish and announce fundamental
policies aiming at comprehensive promotion of the rational energy utilization in respective fields. The
main energy users in each field shall take account of the fundamental policy and make efforts torationalize their energy use.
This is to comprehensively promote the rational use of energy through the systematic formulationand the public announcement of the basic matters pertaining to the measures to promote the rationalenergy utilization.

(4) Measures for factories
Japan’s final energy consumption in the industrial and civil business sectors accounts for as muchas 60% of the total energy consumption. Therefore, more proactive actions to promote the rationalenergy utilization in factories and business premises are important. To implement the law effectively,
the following provisions were established;1) Evaluation criteria for business operators
METI shall establish and announce the subject of evaluation criteria regarding the measures to betaken deliberately in order to achieve the goals towards the rationalization of fuel combustion,utilization and recovery of waste heat, prevention of electricity loss by resistance etc, and the relevantgoals: the subject of evaluation criteria are targeted to those who conduct business activities and utilize
energy in their factory / business premises (hereafter referred to as Factory) and are purposed that therational utilization of energy in Factory would be implemented appropriately and effectively. (Refer tothe item 4.4 ”Evaluation Criteria” and the item 4.5 “Standards and Target Values”.)
This is to show a guideline of the individual and concrete measures about the basic matters statedin the basic policy and to guide business operator to judge and conduct appropriate and effective36

implementation of the rational energy utilization in Factory. (The revised criteria was announced on
10 January, 2003.)

2) Guidance and advice
The competent minister (METI and other minister(s) who are responsible for the programs of therelevant Factory), may provide business operators with guidance and advice about the rational energy
use with the consideration of the things concerning the evaluation criteria when judged necessary by
the minister

3) Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories
The factories which consume large amount of energy (the total consumption of fuel andelectricity is 3,000 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalents) and belong to the five manufacturingindustries and the buildings are designated as Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories fromthe view point that the rational energy utilization has to be promoted. The designated criteria wereamended for reinforcement in April, 2006.
Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories shall appoint an energy manager to monitor thework related to the rational energy utilization, prepare and submit a mid-to-long term plan, and report
the status of their energy utilization to the competent minister every year.
However, the buildings in the category of Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories may
appoint an energy management officer, instead of an energy manager, who has completed a designatedtraining course that were conventionally conducted in the past. In those buildings, an energy
management officer is conducting day-to-day energy management, but they shall have a participationof an energy manager , only when preparing a mid-to-long term plan.

<Instructions, announcement and order to make rationalization plans>
If Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory is judged to be in egregious breach of theevaluation criteria for energy rationalization, the competent minister may instruct Type 1 DesignatedEnergy Management Factory to prepare a rationalization plan, and if the operator does not obey the
instructions, they can announce to that effect or give an order for taking any action to respond to the
instructions, after hearing the opinion of the council concerned.

4) Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories
The factories whose energy consumption is a medium scale (the total consumption of fuel andelectricity is 1,500 kL or more per year in crude oil equivalents) shall promote the rational use ofenergy in the same way as Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories. Those factories shall be
designated as Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories. The Law prescribes that Type 2
Designated Energy Management Factory shall appoint an energy management officer, who takes anenergy conservation course, and keep the record of the conditions of energy use, etc. However, theamended law in June 2002 imposed an obligation to report on energy use to the competent minister onan annual basis, instead of the obligation of recording the energy use situations stipulated by theformer version of the law.

<Recommendation>
If Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory is judged not to comply with the evaluation
criteria for energy rationalization, the competent minister may submit a recommendation to theoperators and request them to take necessary steps for the rational use of energy.
375) Category of designated energy management factory
Annual Energy Consumption

Total of Fuel and Electricity

Industrial Category・ All industries other than thoselisted at left
e.g. office buildings,
department stores, hotels,
schools, hospitals, government
offices, and amusement parks)
・ Head office / office bldg. ofthe left listed industries.

Following 5 industries:
Manufacturing
MiningElectricity supply
Gas supply
Heat supply
Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory

Type 1 Designated Energy
Management Factory

3,000 kL
Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory

1,500 kL

Regulatory obligations

Regulatory obligations* Appointment of qualified Energy Manager* Appointment of Energy Management Officer* Submission of medium- to- long- term plan

* Submission of medium- to- long- term plan

* Periodical report(Participation of qualified Energy Manager for preparing
medium- to- long- term plan)* Periodical report

Regulatory obligations* Appointment of Energy Management Officer* Periodical training of Energy Management Officer* Periodical report

6) Number of Energy Managers Required by the Law

Type 1 De signate d Ene rgy Manage me nt Factorie s producing Coke andsupplying Ele ctricity, Gas and He at
Annual Fue l Consumption

Numbe r Re quire d

3,000 or le ss than 100,000 kl-oe

1100,000 kl-oe or more

2

Type 1 De signate d Ene rgy manage me nt Factorie s othe r than above
Annual Fue l Consumption

Numbe r Re quire d

3.000 or le ss than 20,000 kl-oe

1

20,000 or le ss than 50,000 kl-oe

250,000 or le ss than 100,000 kl-oe

3100,000 kl-oe or more

4387) Certified Energy Manager System
In Japan, factories belonging to any of the five designated industries with a total of fueland electricity consumption of at least 3000 kL of crude equivalent are designated as Type 1
designated energy management factories under the Law concerning Rational Use of Energy,
and are subject to the obligation to appoint one or more energy managers according to thelevel of their energy consumption. Such energy managers must be selected from the holders of
a license of qualified person for energy management.
A license of qualified person for energy management is awarded to any person who has
passed an examination for qualified person for energy management, or who has been authorized by
the Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry upon completing a qualification course of qualified
person for energy management. The process works in the following manner:(a) Examination of Qualified Person for Energy Managementa) Categoryi) Examination of qualified person for heat managementii) Examination of qualified person for electricity management Heatb) Prerequisites
Nonec) Examination subjectsi) Examination of qualified person for heat management
Introduction to heat management and regulations, basics of flows of heat and heat fluid, fueland combustion, and heat-utilizing equipment and its managementii) Examination of qualified person for electricity management
Introduction to electricity management and regulations, basics of electricity, electricalfacilities and equipment, and electric power applicationsd) Application destination
Examination Department, Energy Management Examination and Training Center, Energy
Conservation Center of Japane) Examination date and sites
The examination is held in August in every year and at 10 locations - Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo,
Nagoya, Toyama, Osaka, Hiroshima, Takamatsu, Fukuoka and Naha.
f) Announcement of successful applicants
The examinee’s number who passes the examination will be announced on the Official Gazetteg) Issue of certificate
Examinees who pass the examination first submit an application of a credential to the Minister
for Economy, Trade and Industry. The issuance of a certificate requires a year or more ofpractical experience in the rational use of energy.

39

(b) Qualification Course of Qualified Person for Energy Managementa) Categoryi) Heat management courseii) Electricity management courseb) Prerequisites
At least three years of practical experience in the rational use of fuel/electricity.
c) Course period and sites
The course is held for 7 days in December in every year at six locations - Sendai, Tokyo,
Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima and Fukuoka.
d) Application destination
Training Department, Japan Energy Management Examination and Training Center, The
Energy Conservation Center of Japan(5) Measures for buildings
Most of the energy consumed in the civil sector is used in buildings. The measures focusing on
the insulation of buildings are highly effective for the rational use of energy. Thus, the Law provides
the following rules for rational energy use in buildings.

1) Obligations of building owners
Those who intend to construct a building must take appropriate measures to prevent heat loss
through external walls, windows, etc. and to utilize efficiently the energy for building facilities such as
air conditioners, mechanical ventilation systems, lighting, water heaters and elevators, with the basic
policies in mind, in efforts to contribute to the rationalization of energy use in the building. In order toensure proper and effective implementation of such measures, the Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport shall establish and announce standards
which building owners should refer to in making decisions for rationalizing energy use in theirbuildings. The new standard for the buildings was announced on 24 February, 2003. (Refer to the item
4.6 ”Evaluation Criteria for Buildings”.) And the standard for houses was announced on 30 March,
1999.

2) Guidance and advice
The Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport may, whenever necessary, give necessary
guidance and advice on building design and construction to the owners of buildings other than private
dwellings while taking into account the evaluation criteria which the building owners should refer toin making decisions and for private dwellings shall establish and announce guidelines for their designand construction in accordance with the criteria which the building owners should refer to in making
decisions. In addition to these rules, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may give insulationand other construction material manufacturers necessary guidance and advice for improving theinsulation properties of their construction materials in order to ensure the improvement of the qualityof insulation materials, which constitute a basic element in improving the total insulation capability ofbuildings.

403) Instructions for specified buildings
Furthermore, if the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport deems that any building (notfor dwelling) of 2,000 m2 or more in total floor area is notably insufficient in the measures taken forrationalization of energy use in terms of the standards to be referred to, he can give necessary
instructions to the buildings owner on the matters concerning design and construction work, and if thebuilding owner does not comply, the minister can announce to that effect.

(6) Measures for equipment
Another energy-consuming area consists of automobiles, air-conditioners and other equipmentthat require large amounts of energy. These machines and appliances are mostly purchased by general
consumers after being produced systematically in large quantities. For rational energy use relating tosuch equipment, it is important to call for the consumers energy conservation effort in their use, but amore drastic way is to improve their energy efficiency itself at the production stage. Based on this idea,
the Law provides for various rules to follow in using equipment.

1) Obligations of manufacturers
Those who produce or import energy consuming equipment shall, with the basic policies in mind,
ensure the rationalization of energy consumption concerning the equipment by improving the energy
consumption efficiency of the equipment which they produce or import. Concerning automobiles andother equipment as specified in the Government Ordinance, the Minister of Economy, Trade andIndustry (and also the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) shall establish
and announce standards for energy consumption efficiency improvement which manufacturers shouldrefer to in making decisions. Further, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (and also the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) may give necessary recommendations
to manufacturers and importers where he considers a considerable improvement is needed in theenergy consumption efficiency of their specific products in view of the standards which they shouldrefer to in making decisions, provided that the production or import volume for such products exceed acertain level (for example, more than 2,000 automobiles per year, or more than 500 air conditioners
per year).
The target value of the standard is set up on the basis of the product having the highest energy
efficiency of all the products of the same group sold on the market. (“Top Runner Program”)
The year when the specific equipments were designated is as following;
1 April 1999

: gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles, air conditioners, fluorescent lights,
television sets, copying machines, computers, magnetic disk drives,
gasoline-fueled and diesel powered trucks and VTRs

22 December 1999 : Electric Refrigerators, Electric Freezers
27 December 2002 : Space Heaters, Gas Cooking Appliances, Gas Water Heaters, Oil Water
Heaters, Electric Toilet Seats, Vending Machines, Transformers
15 July 2003

: LPG passenger vehicles (This is categorized in the passenger vehicles.)1 April 2006

: Microwave Oven, Electric Rice Cooker, DVD Recorder41

2) Labeling
Equipment described above shall be marked to show its energy consumption efficiency so thatgeneral consumers can selectively purchase equipment of high energy consumption efficiency basedon the marked correct information of the energy consumption efficiency. The Minister of Economy,
Trade and Industry (and also the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for automobiles) shallestablish the labeling procedures to be followed by manufacturers etc. concerning energy consumption
efficiency, labeling method, and other matters to be observed in labeling for each item of specified
equipment, and shall issue a notification of them.
Furthermore, if the minister(s) deem(s) that the labeling does not conform to the notification, he(they) can give a recommendation to the manufacturer, etc., and if the manufacturer, etc. does notcomply, the minister(s) can announce to that effect and give an order to take an action conforming to
the recommendation.

(7) Activities of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization
In addition to its current activities, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO) has also begun (a) to develop energy use rationalization technologies, (b) toprovide support for introducing energy use rationalization technologies, etc.

(8) Supporting measures and penalties
In addition to the above provisions, the Law provides other requirements for the government tomake efforts concerning financial aid and tax incentive measures to promote rational energy use,measures to promote science and technology, and measures to deepen the awareness of consumers.
The Law also specifies provisions concerning the submission of reports, on the spot-inspections, andpenalties.

(9) Amendment of the law concerning the rational use of energy
The Law enacted in 1979 was amended for reinforcement in 1983, 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2005.
Especially, the amended version promulgated in August 2005 and enforced in April 2006 included big
issues; such as the integration of heat and electricity, which were separated in the past, for control
purposes in view of today's actual circumstances at factories and business establishments, and the
addition of .measures for the transportation sector.
The Chronicles of revisions of the law are shown in the table on the page. 43.
The outline of the latest version of the law is shown in the table on the page 44.

42

43

44

45

(10) Structure of the “Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy”
Enforced on 1st Oct. 1979, Revised on 10th August 2006 (is the revised part)

Source: The First Meeting of Factory Judgment Criteria Group, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee (April 28, 2005)

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

(3) Standard and target rates of waste heat recovery for industrial furnaces(including waste gas temperatures for reference)

Reference

Exhaust gas
temperature(℃)

Capacity
category

Standard waste
heat recovery
rate %

Target waste
heat recovery
rate (%)

Less than 500

A ・B

25

35

500 - 600

A ・B

25

35

335

230

A

35

40

365

305

B

30

35

400

270

C

25

30

435

230

A

35

40

420

350

B

30

35

460

310

C

25

30

505

265

A

40

45

435

440

B

30

40

480

395

C

25

35

525

345

A

45

55

385

595

B

35

45

485

490

C

30

40

535

440

A

45

55

-

-

B

35

45

-

-

C

30

40

-

-

600 - 700

700 - 800

800 - 900

900-1,000

1,000 or more

Waste gas
temperature (℃)

Preheated air (℃)

275

190

* In the above table, A refers to the furnaces with the rated capacity of 84,000 MJ per hour or more.
And B includes the furnaces with the rated capacity from 21,000MJ per hour or more to lessthan 84,000MJ. Finally, C refers to the furnaces that have the hourly rated capacity from 840MJ
or more to less than 21,000MJ.

<Standards>
Note 1: The standard waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define thepercentage of recovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted fromthe furnace chamber when fired at a level of load around the rated.

<Targets>
Note 1: The target waste heat recovery rates mentioned in the table above define the percentageof recovered heat in relation to sensible heat of the exhaust gas emitted from the furnacechamber when fired at a level of load around the rated.
Note 2: The waste gas and preheated air temperature values indicated above as reference arethose resulting from calculations of waste gas temperatures during waste heat recovery
at the corresponding target rates and air temperatures during preheating using suchrecovered heat. The values have been calculated based on the following conditions:(i) Temperature drop due to heat radiation-diffusion loss between furnace outlet and heatexchanger: 60ºC(ii) Heat radiation-diffusion rate from heat exchanger: 5%(iii) Use of liquid fuel (equivalent to heavy oil)(iv) Outside air temperature: 20ºC(v) Air ratio: 1.2
56

(4) Standard values and target values of furnace wall outer surface temperatures(for industrial furnaces with furnace temperatures of 500℃ and higher)
Furnace wall outer surface temperature (℃)
ItemStandard

TargetFurnace temperature (℃)
Ceiling

Side wall

Bottom in contact with open air

1,300 or more

140

120

180

1,100-1,300

125

110

145

900-1,100

110

95

120

Less than 900

90

80

100

1,300 or more

120

110

160

1,100-1,300

110

100

135

900-1,100

100

90

110

Less than 900

80

70

90

<Standards>
Note 1: The standard values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table above define theaverage temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specific parts) during its normal, steady
operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.

<Targets>
Note 1: The target values of furnace wall outer surface temperature mentioned in the table above define theaverage temperature of furnace wall outer surface (except specific parts) during its normal, steady
operation at an outside air temperature of 20ºC.

(5) Equipment to be improved in power factor

Category of equipment

Capacity: (kW)Cage-type induction motor

75

Coil-type induction motor

100

Induction furnace

50

Vacuum melting furnace

50

Induction heater50

Arc furnace-

Flash butt welder (excluding portable type)10

Arc welder (excluding portable type)10

Rectifier

10,00057

58

4.6 Evaluation Criteria for Building on rational use of energy(Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry/Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport, Notice No. 1, partially revised on February 24, 2003)(1) Prevention of heat loss through outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings(a) Proper measures shall be taken to prevent possible heat loss through outer walls, windows, etc. of
the buildings with due considerations to the following approaches.
i) Developing plot and ground plans of the buildings based on the directions of the outerwalls, layouts of the rooms, etc.
ii) Using highly efficient thermal insulation materials for outer walls, roofs, windows andopeningsiii) Reducing heat load by adopting a system capable of properly controlling solar radiation
coming through windows, promoting greening, etc.
(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings (except factories, etc.) shall be determined inaccordance with (c). However, the assessment on the walls, windows, etc. of the buildings of lessthan 5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional PAL standard values" (Appendix)(d) Important ones in terms of energy use among the outer walls, windows, etc. of the buildings of thecategory cited in the conditional clause of (b) shall be assessed based on the values that are
obtained by adding a total of marks of the following i) to iv) and the specific values determinedaccording to the use of the building concerned and the area classification, which are respectively
calculated so as to become numbers over 100.
i)

Marks regarding plot and ground plans of the building

Points shall be determined depending on the measures regarding the main direction, the shape,
the air location and the average floor height.
ii)

Marks regarding heat insulation efficiency of the outer walls and roofs

In the general region (other than the cold region (Hokkaido, Aomori, Iwate and Akita
prefectures) and the hot region) and the cold region, points shall be added up according to thearea classification and the measures taken respectively for the outer walls and roofs of thebuilding concerned, while the point for the hot region shall be zero. However, when themeasures taken for one assessment item serve for more than two items, the area-weighted
average of the thickness of the insulation material shall be used for assessment.
iii)

Marks regarding insulation efficiency of the windows

In the general region and the cold region, points determined according to the areaclassification and the measures taken shall be used and that for the hot region shall be
regarded as zero.
59

iv)

Marks regarding sunray-shielding efficiency of the windows

Points determined according to the area classification and the measures taken shall be used.

(2) Efficient use of energy regarding air conditioning equipment(a) Efficient use of energy for air conditioning equipment shall be ensured with due considerations to
the following approaches.
i)

Designing air conditioning systems by taking into account characteristics of air
conditioning loads of the rooms and other factii)

Developing heat transfer equipment plans designed for little energy loss in air ducts,
piping, etc.

iii)

Adopting appropriate control systems of the air conditioning equipment

iv)

Adopting heat source systems with highly efficient energy use(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the air conditioning equipment installed in the buildings (except factories, etc.) shall be
determined in accordance with (c). However, the assessment on the air conditioning equipment of
the buildings of less than 5,000 square meters in gross area (package air-conditioners (limited toair-cooling system) specified under JIS B8616-1999 (package air-conditioner) and gas heat pumpheating/cooling equipment specified under JIS 8627-2000 (gas heat pump heating/coolingequipment) may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/AC standards" (Appendix)(d) Important ones in terms of energy use among the air conditioning equipment cited in theconditional clause of (b) shall be assessed based on the values drawn from the addition of a total ofmarks of the following (i) to (iii) and specific values determined depending on the use of thebuilding concerned and the area classification, which are calculated so as to become numbers over100.
i)Marks regarding reduction of outside air load

Points determined depending on the measure taken shall be summed up.
ii)

Marks regarding places for installation of outdoor machines and lengths of piping fromthe outdoor machines to indoor machines

Points shall be determined depending on the condition.
iii)

Marks regarding heat source equipment efficiency

Points shall be determined depending on the measures taken.

(3) Efficient use of energy by mechanical ventilation equipment(other than air conditioning equipment)(a) Efficient use of energy shall be ensured by mechanical ventilation equipment other than air
conditioning equipment with due considerations to the following approachesi)Developing plans designed for little energy loss in air ducts, etc.
60

ii)

Adopting appropriate control systems for the mechanical ventilation equipment otherthan air conditioning equipmentii)

Adopting energy-efficient equipment that has proper capacity for necessary amount ofventilation(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the mechanical ventilation equipment (except air conditioning equipment, hereinafter thesame in (3)) installed in the buildings (except factories, etc.) shall be determined in accordance with(c). However, the assessment of the mechanical ventilation equipment of the buildings of less than
5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/V standards" (Appendix)(d) Those that are installed in rooms not air-conditioned and are important in terms of energy use outof the mechanical ventilation equipment cited in the conditional clause of (b) shall be assessed
based on the values drawn from the addition of 80 points to a total of marks respectively
determined depending on the condition of the relevant items, which shall be calculated so as tobecome numbers over 100 respectively.

(4) Efficient use of energy regarding lighting equipment(a) Efficient use of energy for lighting equipment shall be ensured with due considerations to thefollowing approachesi)Using high efficiency lighting fittingii)

Employing proper lighting equipment control methodsiii)

Using installation methods that facilitate easy maintenance and managementiv)

Properly arranging lighting equipment, setting illumination intensity, selecting shapes
and interior finish of rooms, etc.

(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the lighting equipment of the building concerned shall be determined in accordance with(c). However, the assessment of the lighting fixture of the buildings of less than 5,000 square
meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/L standards" (Appendix)(d) The lighting equipment cited in the conditional clause of (b) shall be assessed by lighting zone thatis important in energy use, based on the values respectively drawn from the addition of 80 points toa total of marks of the following i) to iii), which are calculated so as to become numbers over 100.
i)

Marks regarding illumination efficiency of lighting equipment

Points determined depending on the measures taken regarding each given item shall beaggregated.
ii)

Marks regarding control systems of lighting equipment
61

Points shall be determined depending on the measures taken.
iii)

Marks regarding layout of lighting equipment, setting of illumination intensity anddecision on forms and interior finish of rooms, etc.

Points determined depending on the measures taken regarding each given item shall beaggregated.

(5) Efficient use of energy regarding hot water supply system(a) Efficient use of energy for hot water supply system shall be ensured with due considerations to thefollowing approaches.
i)

Developing proper piping system plans taking into account shortening of supply lines,
insulation of piping, etc.

ii)

Adopting proper control systems of the hot water supply systems

iii)

Adopting highly energy-efficient heat source systems(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
regarding the hot water supply systems of the building concerned shall be determined in accordancewith (c). However, the assessment of the hot water supply systems of the buildings of less than
5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional HW standards" (Appendix)(d) Out of the hot water supply systems in the conditional clause of (b), those that are important interms of energy use shall be assessed based on the values respectively drawn from the addition of
70 points to a total of marks of the following i) to v), which are calculated so as to become numbers
over 100.
i)

Marks regarding piping system plans

Points determined depending on the measures taken regarding each given item shall beaggregated.
ii)

Marks regarding control systems of hot water supply facilities

Points determined depending on the measures taken regarding each given item shall beaggregated.
iii)

Marks regarding heat source equipment

Points determined depending on the measures taken shall be used.
iv)

Marks in the case of utilizing solar heat as heat source

Heat quantity from use of solar heat (in kilojoules/year) divided by hot water supply load (inkilojoules/year) shall be multiplied by 100.
v)

Marks in the case of preheating supply water62

Yearly average increase in water temperature from preheating (unit: Celsius degree(°C))
divided by the difference between the temperature of hot water used (°C)and yearly average
supply water temperature (°C) by region shall be multiplied by 100.

(6) Efficient use of energy regarding lifting equipment(a) Efficient use of energy for lifting equipment shall be ensured with due considerations to thefollowing approaches.
i)

Adopting proper elevator control systems

ii)

Using highly energy-efficient drive systems

iii)

Adopting appropriate installation plans depending on the required transport capacity(b) Whether or not specific measures for the approaches mentioned in (a) above are properly taken
particularly regarding elevators out of the elevating machine installed in the buildings (limited tothose for use of office, etc. and hotels, etc.) shall be determined in accordance with (c). However,
the assessment of the elevators out of the elevating machines installed in the buildings of less than
5,000 square meters in gross area may follow (d) as well as (c).
(c) "Conventional CEC/EV standards" (Appendix)(d) Out of the elevators cited in the conditional clause of (b), those that are important in terms ofenergy use shall be assessed based on the values drawn from the addition of 80 points to a total ofmarks of the following i) and ii), which are calculated so as to become numbers over 100.
i)

Marks regarding elevator control systems

Points shall be determined depending on the measures taken.
ii)Marks regarding the number of elevators installed

10 points for up to 2 elevators installed and 0 point for 3 and more elevators installed.
For details of the standard values and marks, please see the statute book of "Law concerning the
Rational Use of Energy" revised in 2003. (May, 2003 The Energy Conservation Center, Japan)

63

Appendix
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Business

Schools,

Restau-Assembly

Factories,

offices, etc

etc.

rants, etc.

halls, etc.

etc.

Stores for

Hotels, etc.

Hospitals,
etc.

merchandisingbusiness,
etc.

cPAL

420

340

380

300

320

550

550

–

dCEC/AC

2.5

2.5

1.7

1.5

1.5

2.2

2.2

–

eCEC/V

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

0.8

1.5

1.0

–

fCEC/L

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

–

–

–

–

gHW

hCEC/EV
Note:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

In the case of 0 < l x ≤ 7

1.5

In the case of 7 < l x ≤ 12

1.6

In the case of 12 < l x ≤ 17

1.7

In the case of 17 < l x ≤ 22

1.8

In the case of 22 < l x

1.9

1.0

–

–

"Hotels, etc." include hotels, inns, and other facilities having energy use statuses similar to those.
"Hospitals, etc." include hospitals, nursing homes for elderly people, welfare homes for physically disabled people andother facilities having energy use statuses similar to those.
"Stores for merchandising business, etc." include department stores, supermarkets and other facilities having energy use
statuses similar to those.
"Business offices, etc." include business offices, tax offices, police offices, fire stations, offices of local publicorganizations, libraries, museums, post offices and other facilities having energy use statuses similar to those.
"Schools, etc." include elementary schools, junior high schools, high schools, universities, technical colleges, higher
vocational schools, "miscellaneous" schools and other facilities having energy use statuses similar to those.
"Restaurants, etc." include eating and drinking places, restaurants, coffee houses, cabarets and other facilities havingenergy use statuses similar to those.
"Assembly halls, etc." include public halls, assembly halls, bowling allays, gymnastic halls, theaters, movie houses,
pachinko parlors and other facilities having energy use statuses similar to those.
"Factories, etc." include factories, livestock barns, garages, bicycle-parking houses, warehouses, pavilions, wholesalemarkets, crematoriums and other facilities having energy use statuses similar to those.
In this table, l x means a total of the lengths of circulation pipeline for hot water supply and primary pipeline (both inmeters) divided by the daily average of a total volume of hot water consumed (in cubic meters).

644.7 Top Runner Program(1)

Background

In order to diffuse appliances and vehicles that are highly energy efficient, the revised Energy
Conservation Law makes it obligatory for manufacturers and importers to ensure their products to meetenergy-saving target standards.
The Japanese government launched the Top Runner Program based on the amended Law in 1999, underwhich the standards are set based on the efficiency level of the most efficient product commercially available
in a given category. For each manufacturer and importer, the weighted average efficiency of all units
shipped within the same category must meet the standards for that category by the target year decided foreach category.

(2) What is the Top Runner Program?
1) Target Designated Products:
Target products are ones designated as machinery and equipment which are commercially used in large
quantities in Japan, consume significant amount of energy on use and intensively required with energy
consumption efficiency.

2) Target Standard Value:
As for the designated products, manufacturers and importers etc. are obliged to meet the target standard
values concerning “energy consumption efficiency” of those products. Target standard values are set on thebasis of the value of the most energy efficient products of the same in the market.

3) Classification of Target Standard Value:
Target standard values are set in classifications considering a variety of models with different sizes andfunctions etc. for each product.

4) Target Fiscal Year:
Target fiscal years by which the target standard value must be achieved are set up through taking into
consideration of future technological development forecasts and the development period of products and so
on, usually in the range of 4 to 8 years from the base fiscal year.

5) Judgment Method of Achievement:
In the target fiscal year, achievement of the target is judged based on energy conservation figures as aweighted average of shipment by product for each product category per manufacturer and importer etc. Top
Runner Standards are different from the concept of MEPS.

6) Measurement Method:
The measurement method primarily uses JIS (Japan Industrial Standards).
657) Indications:
Responsibility is assigned to indicate the energy consumption efficiency of the device in catalogs, on thedevice itself, etc.

(3) List of target designated products in the Top Runner Program
Passenger vehicles
Air conditioners
Fluorescent lights
TV sets
Video Casset Recorders
Copying machines
Computers
Magnetic disk units
Freight vehicles
Electric refrigerators
Electric freezers
11 products above were designated originally in 1999.

Space heaters
Gas cooking appliances
Gas water heaters
Oil water heaters
Electric toilet seats
Vending machines
Transformers (molded)
Additional 7 products above were designated in 2002.
Microwave Oven
Electric Rice Cooker
DVD Recorder

Additional 3 products above were designated in 2006.
LPG passengervehicles were added to the categoryof a passenger vehicle in 2003.

Total 21 products are designated as of July 2006.

(4) Expected energy conservation by the target fiscal year
Expected energy conservation effects as of theprevious fiscal year of the target

Equipment

Target Fiscal Year1

Gasoline passenger vehicles
Diesel passenger vehicles
LPG passenger vehicles

2

Air conditioners

3
4
5
6
7
8

Fluorescent lights
TV sets
Video cassette recorders
Copying machines
Computers
Magnetic disk units
Diesel freight vehicles
Gasoline freight vehicles

FY2010FY2005FY2010Frozen at FY2007
Frozen at FY2004: Frozen at FY2004
for blower/wall type items forcooling/heating under 4kW
FY2005
FY2003
FY2003
FY2006
FY2005
FY2005
FY2005FY2010FY2004
FY20049
10
11Electric refrigerators and freezers

12Space heaters

FY2006

13
14
15
16
17

Gas cooking appliances
Gas water heaters
Oil water heaters
Electric toilet seats
Vending machines

18

Transformers

19
20
21

Microwave oven
Electric rice cooker
DVD Recorder

FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2005
FY2006: oil-filled transformers
FY2007: mold transformers
FY2008FY2008FY200866

Approx. 23% compared to FY1995
Approx. 15% compared to FY1995
Approx. 11.4% compared to FY2001
Approx. 63% compared to FY1997 forcoolers/heaters; approx. 14% for dedicated cooler
Approx. 16.6% compared to FY1997
Approx. 16.4% compared to FY1997
Approx. 58.7% compared to FY1997
Approx. 30% compared to FY1997
Approx. 83% compared to FY1997
Approx. 78% compared to FY1997
Approx. 7% compared to FY1995
Approx. 13% compared to FY1995
Approx. 30% compared to FY1998
Approx. 1.4% compared to FY2000 for gas spaceheaters; approx 3.8% for oil space heaters
Approx. 13.9% compared to FY2000
Approx. 4.1% compared to FY2000
Approx. 3.5% compared to FY2000
Approx. 10% compared to FY2000
Approx. 33.9% compared to FY2000
Approx. 30.3% compared to FY1999
Approx. 8.5% compared to FY2004
Approx. 11.1% compared to FY2003
Approx. 22.4% compared to FY2004

(5) Merits of Purchasing Top Runner Machinery and Equipment
Prices of Top Runner machinery and equipment are generally higher compared with conventional popularmachinery and equipment due to the latest energy conservation technological features. To encouragepurchases of these machinery and equipment that appear expensive at first glance, to raise consumerawareness of concept of overall costs, which are acquired by adding running costs (annual costs of electricity
or fuel) to the purchase price is necessary. One example is shown below.

[Air Conditioners]
Comparison of Overall Costs over the Annual Operational Costs of an Energy Efficient Model and a
Popular Model (Cooling Capacity 2.8kW)
Overall Cost

Overall cost savings over a
13-year period for an energy
efficient air conditioner amount
to approximately 204,000 yen.

¥600,000¥500,000¥400,000Cost Reversal

Energy Conservation
Percentage 55%¥300,000

Standard

Annual Electricity Fee¥200,000

Purchase Sales Price¥100,000¥0

At the timeof purchase

3 years

13 years(number ofyears of use)

Achievement

40,106 yen
55,089 yen

EnergyConservation
Standard
Achievement
Percentage 122%
Annual Electricity Fee
19,910Purchase Sales Price

113,460

Comparison:)
Comparing air conditioners that energy conservation standard achievement percentage of 55% (and 122% (), the difference in the volume of electricity consumed is 918kWh per year after
subtracting 905kWh per year from 1,823kWh per year. If a consumer selects the more energy-efficient air
conditioner model, he will save approximately 20,200 yen on his electric bill over a one-year period.
*To calculate electricity consumption volume, periodic electricity consumption volume (as of end of
October 2003) specified in manufacturer’s catalogue was used.
*Purchase price derived from July 2003 aggregate sales data.
*Air conditioners are used for an average of 12.8 years according to a September 2003 cabinet officeconsumer operation survey.

(6) Target Achievement Verification Procedures
For each of the companies that manufactures or imports machinery and equipment specified in the Top RunnerStandard, each machinery and equipment category’s weighted average value must achieve a standard value by the target
fiscal year. To confirm achievement of standards, questionnaires are distributed to machinery and equipment
manufacturers soon after the target fiscal year and information are obtained on numbers of units shipped, energy
consumption efficiency, and the like in the target fiscal year. The surveys are conducted by the Agency for Natural
Resources and Energy that is responsible for enforcing the Energy Conservation Law.
Weighted average energy efficiency = the sum of {(the number of units shipped domestically for each product name andtype) × (energy consumption efficiency per unit)} ÷ the total number of units shipped domestically.
To confirm display implementation, product catalogues, as the primary source for displays, are periodically andcontinuously collected. For displays on products themselves, submission of name plates, etc. or retail store surveys are
conducted to confirm the implementation.

67

(7) Measures to be taken in case the Target Values are not Achieved
If the results obtained from the energy efficiency surveys mentioned in the previous paragraph appear to beremarkably low compared to judgment standards and a need to make suitable improvements in energy efficiency isrecognized at the time, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (in cases involving cars, the Minister of Economy,
Trade and Industry and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation) offer recommendations to the
manufacturer in question as required. Further, if this advice is not followed, the recommendations are made public andthe manufacturer may be ordered to follow the recommendations.
Manufacturers subject to these recommendations and advice should be limited to those whose improvements in
manufacturing and imports of equipment are considered to have a substantial impact on energy consumption in Japan.
Also, targets should be limited to manufacturers whose organizational capacity is economically and financially firm
enough, that is, limited to manufacturers for which there will be no problems regarding social appropriateness. For eachmachinery or equipment product covered by the Top Runner Standard, a cutback in shipping volume will be set
according to production and import volume, as stipulated by government decree.
Moreover, if, there are categories that partially fail to achieve goals among the many items, it will not beappropriate to advise the manufacturer immediately. Instead, reasons why goals were not achieved, other companies’
achievement records in the same field, achievement records in other categories of the company in question, andpercentages of categories that have not achieved target standards in overall categories, and other factors will becomprehensively evaluated.
These measures are implemented for manufacturers that do not adhere to display rules. For displays, cutbacks
based on manufacturers’ production and import volume are not applied and all companies are subject to these measuresin spite of small volume in production and import.

(8) Evaluation Criteria for Machinery and Appliances under Top Runner Program
The evaluation criteria, etc. for manufacturers, etc. regarding improvement of the performance of“Designated Machineries” pursuant to the provision in Paragraph 1 of Article 18 of the Law Concerning the
Rational Use of Energy (Law No.49 of 1979) are defined and notified by the category of machinery andappliance.
The details of the evaluation criteria for machinery and equipment are shown in the web-site of ECCJ.
(http://www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/index.html)

68

4.8

Law for Energy Conservation and Recycling Support

The law is designed to support business operators who will voluntarily implement projects to promote therationalization of the use of energy and natural resources. The description concerning the rational use of energy ofthe law will be summarized below. In this law, the concept of "the rational use of energy” included the use of
substitute energy sources for oil(1) Guidelines for efforts
The competent minister shall establish guidelines for business operators and building owners who will
voluntarily implement projects for the rational use of energy.

(2) The definition of specified projects
There are three categories of projects which will be defined as "specified". Business operators etc. who aregoing to take on the projects must draw up and submit project plans to the competent minister in order to receive
his/her approval.
The three categories are the projects that:a. Install or improve the equipment that can contribute to the rational use of energy in factories or otherbusiness sites1.
b. Use any building materials or install or improve any equipment that can contribute to the rational useof energy at the time of building construction. .
c. Conduct R&D on the manufacturing technology of industrial products that can contribute to therational use of energy.

(3) Approval of projects
The competent minister shall approve the projects if he/she recognizes that they meet the requirements of theguidelines stated in (1).

(4) Assistance measures
The specified business projects that are conducted in conformity with the approved plan will be supportedwith the following assistance measures:a. Interest rate subsidy2,
b. Bond issued by NEDO

(5) Specified facilities
Heat supply facilities that are necessary to establish the effective energy utilization system will be designatedas “specified facilities. The effective energy utilization system includes “the large-scale cogeneration regional heat
supply system” or “the cascade heat utilization-type industrial complex”. And the funds borrowed to install or
improve those facilities will be covered by the bonds by the NEDO.

(6) Enforcement of the law
The law was enforced on 25 June, 1993 and had a ten-year life span. However, it was partiallyrevised in 1 October, 2003 and determined to be extended until 31 March, 2013.

1

The same business categories as covered by the designated energy management factory scheme (Section 1, Article 6, Energy
Conservation Law).
2
Financial institutions (Development Bank of Japan, etc.) who lend the necessary funds have the interests partially covered by Oil Special
Account (budgetary action without any legal provision). The interest is far lower than the lowest interest for the fiscal investments and loans (a.
1.8% for the specific activities of factories, etc, b. 1.85% for those of buildings, as of March 14, 2000).

69

4.9 Financial Supporting Measures
The financial supporting measures are provided to accelerate the introduction of energy efficient technologies
and equipment in the industrial and commercial sectors.

(1) Official Financial Assistance Programs (2005)
1) For Large-sized Enterprises

financing percentage

Target Projects

AgencyInterest rate

DBJ
ODFC

Preferential
rate I*1%

Overall Energy-saving Promotion Projects
1. General Energy Conservation Projects
The following are considered as general energy conservation projects(financing percentage is 40% for projects identified in (5) below):(1) Projects for installation or improvement of approved equipment by theenterprises approved according to Energy Conservation Assistant Law,
which is included in their proposed building construction plans, including
extensions and reconstruction work, and which is specified by suchenterprises as contributing to the improved use of energy in their energy
conservation projects submitted to and approved by Authority.
(2) Projects for constructions required for achievement of medium- or long-term
energy conservation plans designed by investors/owners of office buildings,
department stores, hotels or other similar facilities according to the Energy
Conservation Act.
(3) Projects for installation or improvement of such manufacturing machineryand equipment that meet the specific requirements for energy performancestandard provided in the Energy Conservation Act (hereinafter called “Top
Runner Equipment”).

50%(4) Non-industrial projects that can improve energy use efficiency by 10% or
more.
(5) Cogeneration system improvement projects rendering 60% or higher
primary energy use efficiency (cogeneration systems should have output
power of at least 50 kW)
2. Energy-saving Promotion Projects for the Industrial Sector
The following projects that will make it possible to reduce energy
consumption by 100 kL or more per year in terms of crude oil:(a) Effective energy use
Projects for installation of additional equipment to recover unused energy
such as waste heat or equipment to raise energy use efficiency by 10% or
more, including ESCO/ESP projects.
(b) Promotion of introduction of the approved equipment for effective energy
use type for industries
Projects for installation or improvement of approved equipment by theenterprises approved according to Energy Conservation Assistant Law,
which is required at their factory or work places and which is specified bysuch enterprises as contributing to the improved use of energy in theirenergy conservation projects submitted to and approved by Authority.
3. Energy-saving Promotion Projects for Buildings
Repair projects contributing to improvement in energy-saving performance(ESCO/ESP projects only)
4. Projects for acquisition of machinery and equipment that meet the specificrequirements for energy performance standard provided in the Energy
Conservation Act (“Top Runner Equipment”).

70

DBJ
ODFC

DBJ
ODFC

Preferential
rate II*2*3

Preferential
rate II*440%

5. Electric Power Load Leveling Projects
Projects for selection and installation of such equipment that contributes
mosttoleveling
power
load
from
among
regenerative
air-conditioners/hot-water supply systems, regenerative heaters and city
gas air coolers.

DBJ

Preferential
rate II*6

Projects for improvement of wind power generation plants (Output of
1200 kW or higher)
Projects for improvement of solar power generation plants (Output of
150 kW or higher)
Fuel cell introduction projects (Output of 100 kW or higher, use of waste
heat, and 60% or higher primary energy use efficiency are required.)Preferential
rate II*5

Preferential
rate I40%

DBJ

Biomass energy plant introduction projects

Preferential
rate I*6

Projects for introduction of plants that use the heat generated by thesnow/ice melting system

Preferential
rate I*1: Projects described in (1), (2) and (3) are provided with interest subsidies from Oil Special Account. The preferential
rate II is applied to these projects if the benefit of interest subsidy is selected.
*2: These projects are provided with interest subsidies from Oil Special Account, applicable exclusively to ESCO/ESP
projects in Category (a). The preferential rate III is applied to the projects in Category (b) if the benefit of interest
subsidy is selected.
*3: The preferential rate III is applied to ESCO/ESP projects.
*4: These projects are provided with interest subsidies from Oil Special Account. The preferential rate III is applied if thebenefit of interest subsidy is selected.
*5: City gas air cooler projects are provided with interest subsidies from Oil Special Account. The preferential rate III isapplied if the benefit of interest subsidy is selected.
*6: The preferential rate II applies until the end of FY2006.
Note : DBJ
Development Bank of JapanODFC The Okinawa Development Finance Corporation

2) For Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
Target Projects(Promoting the efficient use of energy)
Projects for acquisition of energy conservation facilities, including remodelingand updating of those existing. For the specified facilities and ESCO
projects, lease and rental of facilities fall within the scope of this funding.
(Promoting the introduction of specific high energy performance equipment)
Projects for replacement of obsolete industrial furnaces and/or boilers or for
introduction of additional equipment which yields performance comparable tothose of replacement.
(Promoting the use of alternative energy sources)
Projects for introduction of the equipment that uses alternative energy
sources instead of oil.

AgencyInterest rate

JASME
NFLC
ODFC

Special interest rate

JASME
NFLC
ODFC

Special interest rate
*

JASME
NFLC

Special interest rate

* Interests are subsidized from Oil Special Account.
Note : JASME Japan Finance Corporation for Small and Medium Enterprise
NFLC National Life Finance Corporation
Source) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry : The financial supporting measures on financial and taxation for
introducing energy efficiency and new energy facilities (2005)

71

(2) Tax incentives to promote investment in the energy supply and demand structurereform (2005)
When business operators purchase the equipment which contributes to efficient energy use and utilize it
for their business activities within a year, they can choose either one of the following options:1)

Tax exemption equivalent to 7% of the equipment acquisition cost (which should not be more than
20% of the income tax or corporate tax payable.)2)

Special depreciation of 30% of the equipment acquisition cost in the year of acquisition, in addition
to ordinary depreciation.

• Energy-conserving equipment:
Equipment for general industries 74 units(3) Certification process for the equipment which promotes reform of energy supply
and demand structure.

Energy Conservation
Policy Planning
Office, Agency of
Natural Resources

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs,
Posts and Telecommunications
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Ministry of Environment

Report on issueof certificate

The Energy Conservation
Center, Japan

Guidance and advice forapplication of this system

Copy of Certificate

Submission ofcertificate

Users of energy
conservation equipment

Industrial
Associations, etc.

Application ofcertificate

Delivery of equipment

Application oftax reduction
Tax office72

Discussion

Issue ofcertificate
sheet

Manufacturer of energy
conservationequipment

4.10 Commendation Programs to award Energy Conservation Efforts
The Energy Conservation Center Japan is conducting various commendation programs to promote theawareness of how important the efficient use of energy is. Here are brief lists of those programs.
1) Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Managers: A commendation certificate will be given to
individuals who have long been pursuing energy management and made an outstanding contribution toefficient energy management. Sponsored by METI.
2) Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Management Factories: A commendation certificate will
be given to factories or business facilities who have long made efforts to rationalize the energy use, have long
been pursuing energy management and made an outstanding contribution to energy management as well as
are acknowledged to be a paragon of successful energy management . Sponsored by METI.
3) The National Contest of Energy Conservation Successful cases: The winner of the contest will bedecided on how well the technology or the procedures will be developed based on theoretical grounds andelaborate research and can contribute to the further promotion of energy conservation. Sponsored by ECCJ.
4) Commendation Program to Meritorious Energy Management Service Performers: A commendation
certificate will be given to individuals who have long been playing a central role and made an outstanding
contribution to promoting the efficient energy management. Sponsored by ECCJ.
5) Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Management Engineers: A commendation certificate
will be given to individuals who have long provided efforts to the energy management service and made anoutstanding contribution to promoting the efficient energy management. Sponsored by ECCJ.
The prize awarding ceremony will be held in February and prize certificates will be conferred on theawardees by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as well as the Director-General of the Agency of
Natural Resources and Energy.
On top of those commendation programs, the ECCJ sponsors contests for the school students in order toinspire the younger generation with the importance of energy conservation practices. Here we will give a
brief description about the contest.
6) Energy Conservation Poster Contest for elementary and junior high school students. Sponsored by ECCJ.
7) Energy Conservation Essay Contest for elementary and junior high school students. Sponsored by ECCJ.
8) Commendation Program to Excellent Energy Conservation Equipment1: A commendation certificate
will be given to companies or teams for their strong commitment to promoting the efficient use of energy. The
commitment to the global environment and security can be a crucial variable for judging. Sponsored by JMF2.
9) The Energy Conservation Grand Prize will be awarded to equipment, resources or systems which havealready or likely to be launched into markets and have high excellence in energy conservation. The prize has
three genres: i) home-use, ii) commercial use, and iii) automobiles. Entries are judged on energy efficiency,
originality, marketability and environmentality. Sponsored by ECCJ.

“Energy Conservation Equipment” represents, i) devices, facilities and systems in addition to“equipment” in general sense, ii) measuring instruments remarkably contributing to energy
conservation, iii) equipment that exploits unutilized resources such as wastes.
2 JFM = The Japan Machinery Federation
1

73

4.11

Publicity activities- Energy conservation day, energy conservation month, and general check-up day for energy conservation

In order to promote energy conservation as a nationwide activity, the government hasestablished ”Energy Conservation Day” on the 1st of every month, “Energy Conservation Month” inFebruary and “General Check-up Day for Energy Conservation” on the 1st of August and December.
Educational and publicity activities are conducted in cooperation with the local governments and privatecompanies.

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

2

3

Energy Conservation Day (First day of every month)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

○

●
○

General Check-up Day for Energy(First day in August and December)

Description

Objectives and Contents

●

●

●
★

Energy Conservation Month

Commencing
Governing Body
from

EnergyConservationDay

1. Creating greater opportunity to review energy
conservation activities and ensuring their results
2. Working to promote energy conservation activities

EnergyConservation
Month

1. Nationwide movement involving general consumers
and public institutions
2. Implementing energy conservation programs in theindustrial sector
3. Holding energy-conservation exhibitions
4. Various campaign events

GeneralCheck-up Day
for Energy
Conservation

1. Total check-up and review concerning daily energy
conservation activities
2. Deepening nationwide understanding of daily energy
conservation habits and the importance of energy
October, 1980
3. The Summer General Check-up Day for energy
Conservation was determined by the Energy andResources Conservation Measures Promotion
Conference on June 28, 1990

74

March, 1980

March, 1976

Energy andResources
Conservation
Measures
Promotion
Conference
Energy andResources
Conservation
Measures
Promotion
Conference
Energy andResources
Conservation
Measures
Promotion
Conference

4.12

Energy Audit Program(1) Energy audit for small and midsize companies
Energy audit service for small and midsize factories took place in 1955 and approximately 5,600 casesof energy audit service have since been conducted in the factories around Japan.

1)Target factories: A firm whose capital is less than 100 million yen or whose total number of
employees is less than 300.

2)

Cost: Free of charge

3)

Number of auditors and auditing period: Number of experts: 1-2; Period: 1-2 days

4)

Audit
(a) Advice on heat energy(b) Advice on electric energy

5)

Organization: The Energy Conservation Center, Japan(2) Energy Audit for commercial buildings
1)

Target buildings: Buildings designated as “1st class designated Building” according to the Energy
Conservation Law.

2)

Cost: Free of charge

3)

Details of audit: Two or three audit experts will make an interview with the persons in charge
about the management standards for the building which is going to have an energy audit. Then, they
will make an on-the-spot survey how the facilities in the building are operated. After the survey, they
will draw up a list of areas which need remedies. And they will give advice for energy saving.

4)

Organization: The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

75

4.13 The international ENERGY STAR Program
The international Energy Star program is a voluntary energy-efficiency labeling program designed topromote energy-efficient products. It was established in the US in 1992. Japan reached agreements topromote certain ENERGY STAR qualified products in 1995.
To participate in the program, contact an agency in charge, and it will respond with further information.
Once it has been approved that the products of a manufacturer or a firm meet the standard, and then the
manufacturer or the firm will be eligible to use the ENERGY STAR label.

(1) Product categories
Personal computers, monitors, printers, fax machines, copying machines, scanners andmultifunction devices.

(2) Scheme76

5. Energy Conservation by sector
5.1 Energy conservation in the industrial sector(1) Situation of energy use in the industrial sector

1) Energy consumption by manufacturing industry
Unit : 1016 J

Other
Machinery/Metal
Nonferrous Metal

Iron & Steel

Ceramics

Chemicals

Paper & Pulp
TextileFood
Fiscal Year
Note)
Source)

The figures in the parentheses are %.
"Energy Production, Supply and Demand Statistics"

772) Energy intensities in major industries (IIP)

Index : Fiscal 1973 = 100(1973F.Y.=100)
120

110

100
Ceramics & Cement90
86.1
Metals & Machinery
80
67.9

70

Iron & Steel

67.5

Paper & Pulp
60

59.3
Manufacturing

53.6

50

53.1

Chemicals
40
1973

1975

Note)

IIP means Indices of Industrial Production (Energy consumption, calorie / production, yen)

1980

1985

1990
(F.Y)

1995

Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2004)”

78

2000

2004

3) The ratio of energy costs to variable costs in major industries

Ceramics
Iron & SteelPaper & Pulp
Chemicals

The Rate of Energy Cost in Variable costs

All Manufacturer

Year
Note)
Source)Variable costs = raw materials cost + fuel cost + electric power cost
Energy costs = fuel cost + electric power cost"Industrial Statistics Table (Industry Section)", Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

794) Energy conservation equipment investment and crude oil price805) Effects of energy conservation and investment payback period

Industries

Trend of Energy use(kl/year)Investment payback period (year)

FY 1998

FY 1999

FY 2000

FY 1998

FY 1999

FY 2000

Textiles

10,521

7,288

9,592

8.54

6.37

5.80

Paper, pulp

40,097

17,03627,471

2.93

7.45

12.33

Chemicals

12,261

11,31939,794

5.29

10.64

6.05

Oil refining

9,982

24,96324,207

5.14

2.91

4.44

Ceramics, earth and rock

1,431

1,593

3,704

9.08

6.73

7.10

Steel

4,492

27,051

32,571

3.00

5.08

5.41

Nonferrous metals

4,995

2,172

1,058

4.44

12.27

10.75

General machinery

3,916

6,643

4,890

11.20

11.72

8.08

Electronic machinery

10,026

9,695

1,243

6.65

7.13

4.93

Electric machinery

3,092

311

227

4.32

6.47

5.70

Automobiles

32,121

48,91430,514

4.76

4.15

6.23

Other manufacturing

5,951

6,579

4,587

6.50

8.90

7.93

Electricity

1,365

16,11811,752

6.00

19.00

5.00

Gas

---

---

954

---

---

16.00

Heat supply

---

1,034

421

---

69.25

10.43

324

386

9.25

6.22

2.75

---

---

---

Wholesale, retail
Lease
Service

121
---

---

---

1

212

0

5.50

5.00

0.00

Manufacturing Total

138,885

163,564

179,858

5.99

7.49

7.06

(Basic materials industry)(83,779)(91,422)(138,397)(5.49)(7.35)(7.41)(Processing assembly industry)(55,106)(72,142)(41,461)(6.69)(7.67)(6.57)

Non-manufacturing

1,487

17,68813,513

6.92

24.87

6.84

Total

140,372

181,252

193,371

6.17

11.83

7.00

FY = Fiscal Year
Source) “Equipment Investment Plans in Major Industries,” by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry

816) Energy demand analysis for the industrial sectora) Factors affecting energy consumption in the manufacturing industry

Energy intensity

Structural factor

Output factor

Confounding factor

Total change

Fiscal Yearb) Trend of factors of energy consumption change in the manufacturing sector(Unit: 1016 J)
Fiscal Year

'92

'94

'96

'98

'00

'01

'02

’03

Energy Consumption Changes

13.5 -13.3

26.1

10.7 -13.7

10.7 -24.7

14.3

6.7

Output Effect29.0 -35.9

18.2

21.5 -45.2

28.7 -62.0

18.1

23.7

Structure Effect

-2.7

10.9

3.1 -10.4

-3.9

-7.9

27.7

-2.1 -17.2

Intensity Effect

-12.3

13.4

4.4

38.6

-8.8

13.5

-0.7

Factor

Source)'900.1

Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)”

82

1.2

(2) Energy conservation measures in the industrial sector

1) History of energy conservation measures for factories
Since the oil crisis, Japan’s industrial sector has been playing a central role in the efficient useof energy. Thanks to its efforts, the sector has successfully maintained almost the same energy
consumption level as in the oil crisis in spite of the growing output. Nonetheless, it is also true thatthe sector accounts for nearly 40 % of the total energy demand in Japan.
Despite those proactive efforts, there was a growing awareness that more measures werenecessary in order to take more effective actions on global environmental issues. In June 1997, Japan
Business Federation (Keidanren) announced “the Keidanren Environmental Voluntary Action Plan“,
aiming to promote the efficient use of energy on a voluntary basis.
On the policy level, the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Energy Conservation
Law) was revised in order to reinforce the sector’s voluntary energy management. The revision of
2002 expanded the range of “the Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory” designation,
which had been limited to five industries such as the manufacturing industry, to all industries. Also
through the revision business operators became necessary to submit periodic reports, who own
factories classified as “Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factory”. The revised law came into
force on April 1, 2003.
Moreover, in unison with the revision of the Energy Conservation Law, new criteria to assess
energy use of factories and business offices were enforced on April 1, 2003, which were to control
inefficient electric power facilities, to promote the implementation of the cogeneration system, which
is highly energy efficient and to make good use of ESCO companies.
In addition, there are also financial incentives, such as low interest loan programs, to boost
investment in developing energy saving products and technologies under the law concerning energy
conservation and recycling assistance, and tax breaks under the tax measures to promote theinvestment in the restructuring of energy supply-demand.

2) Relevant legislationi) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energya) Enactment of a basic policy concerning the rational use of energy(The Cabinet decision, Announced by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
on 15 July 1993)b) Guidelines for the rational energy utilization in factories (MITI announcement No. 39 dated on
25 Jan 1999).
c) Guide for making a medium-long term plan of those who establishes factories for undertakingsof manufacturers among the Type 1 Specified Business Operator’ (Announcement No.1,

83

Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, andFisheries, MITI, and Ministry of Transportation dated on 25 February 1999).
d) Guide for making a medium-long term plan of those who establishes factories for undertakingsof mine industry, electric supply industry, gas supply industry, and heat supply industry among
the Type 1 Specified Business Operator’ (MITI Announcement No. 108 dated on 25 February1999).

ii) Supporting measuresa) Support based on the Energy Conservation and Recycling Support Lawb) Low-interest financing by the Development Bank of Japan, etc.
c) Tax system to promote investment to reform the energy supply and demand structured) Support for business operators who introduce leading-edge energy conservation equipmente) Advisor business regarding introduction of leading-edge energy conservation technologiesiii) Commendation, dissemination and publicity activitiesa) Commendation toward excellent energy control-designated factoriesb) Conduction of the ENEX Exhibition, a general exhibition of energy conservation technologies
and equipment, etc.

iv) Technological developmenta) Study to lead basic technologies for the rational energy utilizationb) Development of practical application of technologies to rationalize energy utilization

843) Outline of main voluntary technical action plan by Nippon Keidanren 1)a) Manufacturing industry
Name oforganization
The Federation ofElectric Power
Companies ofJapan

The Japan Iron
and SteelFederation (JISF)

Japan Chemical
Industry
Association

Petroleum
Association of
Japan

Japan Paper
Association

Four major
entities relating toelectronics andelectricity

Measures to attain goals
1. Introduction and expansion of LNG thermal power generation and improvement ofutilization rate of nuclear power generation
2. Diffusion and expansion of natural energy (water, geothermal, wind, and solar energy)
3. Improvement of efficiency in thermal power generation (combined cycle power
generation, high-efficiency coal-fired power generation)
4. Promotion of nuclear power generation based on security and confidence-building
5. Diffusion and expansion of energy conservation appliances and efforts to provide
information on energy conservation
1. Improvement of efficiency of heating furnaces (introduction of regenerative burner,
strengthening of thermal insulation)
2. Improvement of exhaust heat recovery rate in CDQ, TRT, sintering, converter, etc.
3. Improvement of efficiency of privately owned electrical power facilities and oxygen
plants
4. Introduction of rotational speed control of dust catcher fan, etc.
5. Integration of facilities
6. Improvement of hot charge rate
7. Improvement of efficiency of coal moisture control system
8. Utilization of waste plastics in blast furnaces and coke ovens, etc.
1. Efficiency improvement of facilities and equipment
2. Improvement of operation methods
3. Recovery of waste energy
4. Rationalization of process
5. Introduction of cogeneration
6. Fuel switch
1. Revision of operation management
2. Mutual utilization of waste heat among refining facilities
3. Promotion of computer control
4. Introduction of cogeneration
5. Continuation of the conventional measures (waste heat recovery from waste
gas/effective utilization of low temperature waste heat, introduction of cogeneration,
introduction of high-efficiency turbine, heat integration, switch into high-efficiency
heat-exchangers)
6. Efforts among entities (promotion of “combinat renaissance,” that is cooperative,
efficient, and mutual utilization of heat and energy emitted in neighboring plants ofdifferent industrial category)
1. Introduction of energy conservation system (heat recovery equipment, utilization of
inverter control)
2. Introduction of high-efficiency equipment (high-temperature high-pressure recovery
boiler, high-efficiency cleaning equipment, low-differential pressure cleaner, etc.)
3. Revision of manufacturing process (shortening and integration of processes)
4. Fuel switch to biomass energy (black liquor, waste woods, paper sludge, etc.) and wasteenergy (waste oil, scrap tires, etc.)
5. Strengthening of management (revision of control values, decrease in fluctuation)
1. New/unutilized energy
2. Cogeneration, thermal storage
3. Introduction of high-efficiency equipment
4. Strengthening of management
5. Improvement of control methods (automatic control)
6. Utilization of waste heat
7. Improvement of production process and product quality
8. Loss prevention (thermal insulation/heat-retention)
9. Fuel switch
10. Improvement in operation management
11. Construction of production system with high-efficiency in energy consumption rate1) Materials for the Industrial Structure Council and the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy (FY2004)
Note) Keidanren : Japan Federation of Economic Organizations

85

Name oforganization
Japan Cement
Association

Japan
Automobile
Manufacturers
Association, Inc.

Japan Auto
Parts Industries
Association

Japan Mining
Industry
Association

Measures to attain goals
1. Diffusion and promotion of energy conservation equipment
2. Expansion of utilization of waste as alternative energy source
3. Expansion of utilization of waste for the other purposes
4. Improvement of production rate of mixed cement
5. Introduction of energy conservation appliances (high-efficiency clinker cooler,kiln burner, etc.)
6. Utilization of vertical mills for milling raw cement materials, preliminary
milling for finishing, and high-efficiency separator)
7. Expansion of utilization of waste as alternative energy (waste plastics, wastewood)
1. Introduction of cogeneration
2. Decrease in supply pressure and leakage prevention of compressed air
3. Improvement of combustion efficiency of boiler, utilization of smaller boiler,and utilization of surplus steam for cogeneration
4. High-efficiency compressor, high-efficiency boiler
5. Improvement of thermal insulation of drying furnace, waste heat recovery
6. Individual control of air conditioning, inverter control of air conditioning
7. Production process (process reduction, line abolishment and integration,
reduction of material use)
8. Group control for appliances (boilers, compressors, etc.)
9. Introduction of wind power generation
10.Energy conservation of air-conditioners and lighting fixtures
11.Energy conservation and abolishment/integration of production processes,
energy conservation of coolant and cooling water system
12.Operation management (shut-down of unused facility, through control ofenergy consumption)
13.Fuel switch
1. Energy conservation activities through daily management and improvement
propositions
2. Improvement of operation management items/management methods ofequipment and appliances
3. Improvement of production process, renewal of related appliances,abolishment/integration of processes/appliances
4. Change in heat source/fuels, introduction of energy conservation system by
waste heat recovery, etc.
5. Adoption of smaller and lighter products/parts
6. Introduction of energy conservation system including cogeneration and sharingof energy conservation technology
7. Adoption of energy conservation, high-efficiency, restructured and integrated
production processes
8. Acquisition of ISO14001 and spiraling up
9. Obedience to voluntary action plan of the Association
10.Switch to alternative energy, renewal of facility (adoption of LNG energy,
adoption of electricity)
1. Optimization of boiler operation (abolishment/integration)
2. Reduction of coke consumption by various improvement activities
3. Heat recovery by construction of new sulfuric acid converter boiler
4. Increase in power generation by additional construction of steam turbine
5. Reduction of coal consumption by furnace operation with low internal
temperature
6. Reduction in electric power consumption rate by additional construction ofoxygen plant
7. Integration of facilities including waste heat boilers, etc.
8. Strengthening of heat recovery of sulfuric acid converter
9. Additional construction of new waste heat boiler to blast furnace
10.Improvement of combustion efficiency of kiln
11.Utilization of waste plastics as fuels
12.Reduction in electric power consumption rate for electrolyzing by various
improvements

86b) Service and commercial sector
Name oforganization
Scheduled
Airlines
Association ofJapan

The Real Estate
Companies
Association of
Japan

Japan
Department
Stores
Association
Japan ChainStores
Association

Japan
Association ofRefrigerated
Warehouses

NTT groupJapanese
Bankers
Association

The General
Insurance
Association ofJapan

Measures to attain goals
1. Replacement by new airplane with improved fuel consumption efficiency andpromotion of its introduction
2. Optimization of routes and time by introducing new air traffic control support
system, etc.
3. Loading most suitable amount of fuel, adoption of lighter equipment loaded in
the body, restraining use of auxiliary power units
4. Reduction of training duration, etc., by use of simulators
1. Energy conservation of air-conditioning (individualization, total enthalpy heatexchanger, optimal control, VAV)
2. Lighting (adoption of high frequency bulbs, automatic dimmer control)
3. Adoption of inverter control and group control system for elevators
4. Adoption of inverter controlled pumps
5. Energy conservation for the window area (air barrier system, thermal
insulation, outdoor air cooling)
6. Rooftop greening
7. Improvement efforts of operation
1. Holding environment committee
2. Survey implementation of actual condition on energy consumption in eachstore
3. Holding seminar on energy conservation study of department stores
4. Demonstration experiment of electric tag system (improvement of efficiency of
distribution system, etc.)
1. Appropriate temperature control of air-conditioners and refrigerating/freezing
showcases
2. Introduction of night cover after shops closed
3. Application of thermal insulation coatings to window panes
4. Introduction of cogeneration, desiccant-based air-conditioning system, and ice
thermal storage system
5. Transition to kitchen system using electromagnetic energy (electrification of allenergy sources)
6. Utilization of surplus power at night (from water cooling typefreezers/air-conditioners to air-cooling types)
7. Reuse of waste water (for flushing toilet, watering)
1. Introduction of energy conservation appliances (phase advance capacitor,
electronic expansion valve, demand control, energy conservation lighting
appliances, high-efficiency compressors, high-efficiency heat exchanger,
high-efficiency transformer)
2. Improvement of equipment (thermal insulation, prevention of cool air leakage,
adoption of closed deck type platform)
3. Dairy operation management (appropriate temperature, enforcement ofcleaning, etc.)
1. Promotion of energy management
2. Introduction of high-efficiency power supply appliances, air-conditioners
3. Promotion of adopting broadband-related appliances with low electricity
consumption
4. Introduction of clean energy (solar power generation, wind power generation)
1. Appropriate temperature control and reduction of operation time of
air-conditioners
2. Restraint and voluntary restraint of elevator use between close floors
3. Thinning out of lighting
4. Resource conservation (recycled paper, paperless business operation), energy
conservation (electricity)
1. Appropriate temperature control of air-conditioners

87Name oforganization
Japan Franchise
Association

Japan
Broadcasting
Corporation(NHK)

Measures to attain goals
1. High-efficiency lighting appliances, inverter controlled lighting appliances,
lighting control (timer, dimmer control)
2. High-efficiency freezer, inverter controlled freezer
3. Utilization of waste heat by integrating air-conditioning/refrigerating systems
4. Introduction of cogeneration
5. Keeping optimal temperature by air-conditioning, reduction of operation hoursof air-conditioners
6. Introduction of comprehensive maintenance and management system of stores
and appliances
7. Introduction and operation of ISO14001
8. Introduction of soft energy (wind power generation, solar power generation,
fuel cells)
9. Introduction of ESCO-method energy conservation system
10. Comprehensive management system of energy for store operation
11. Introduction of energy conservation stabilizer for lighting, inverter controlled
lighting, and dimmer control system
12. Research of clean energy (solar power generation, fuel cells)
1. Regenerative air conditioning system
2. Introduction of total enthalpy heat exchanger
3. Attaching sunshine control film
4. High-efficiency motor
5. High-efficiency inverter controlled lighting
6. Water conservation system (utilization of rainwater, sound effect appliances fortoilet)7. Rooftop greening
8. Air-conditioning (variable air volume system, variable water volume system)
9. Fresh air volume control system

884) Measures taken in factories and buildings based on the Energy Conservation Law1)a) Systematic and voluntary energy management
Based on the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy (Energy Conservation Law),thorough implementation of systematic and voluntary energy management is demanded
for the target factories and buildings by obliging them to appoint energy managers andformulate and submit periodical reports of energy use and medium-/long-term plans forachieving goals as shown below.
Type 1 designated energy management factory which consume a large amount of energy(Annual energy consumption is 3,000 kL or more in crude oil equivalent.)○ Factories○ Buildings

Measures

Measures• Appointment of an energy manager (who isrequired to have a license of qualified personfor energy management of type 1 designatedfactory)• Formulation and submission of periodical
reports• Formulation and submission of
medium-/long-term plan

• Appointment of an energy management officer (who isrequired to take a seminar for qualified person of energy
management of type 2 designated factory)• Formulation and submission of periodical reports• Formulation and submission of medium-/long-term plan(the appointed energy manager should participate in theplan formulation)

Type 2 designated energy management factory which consume a medium amount of energy(Annual energy consumption is 1,500 kL or more in crude oil equivalent.)
Measures○ Factories and buildings• Appointment of an energy management
officer for the type 2 designatedmanagement factory• Formulation and submission of periodical
reports

Factories

Buildings

Department
store

SchoolOfficeHotel1) “Energy conservation measures” (2005 edition) by the Energy Conservation Measures Section, the Agency for Natural Resources andEnergy89b) Overall factory check
A field investigation targeting Type 1 designated energy management factories (overallfactory check) has been conducted since FY 2001 guided by METI.
In the investigation, the observance situation of the criterion part of the judgment
standards is evaluated. The assessment results based on the objective standards
determine whether any directions should be given.
When the achievement in rational use of energy is extremely insufficient, thefactory/building is given instruction to formulate and submit a rationalization plan and to
implement it after the on-the-spot inspection.

When thefactory/building is
not following the
given instruction

When rationalizationachievement isextremely insufficientcompared to the
judgment standards

90

of factories

Field investigation

Setting status ofmanagement
standards, records,
and maintenancecheck files areinspected based on
the assessment
criteria.

rationalization plan

Instruction to formulate(2) (1) is sent backOn-the-spot inspection

Regional Bureau
of Economy, Tradeand Industry

of investigation(1) Preliminary
investigation
sheet is sent

Publication/directive

Target factory

The flow diagram of full factory check is shown below.

When theevaluation
points areless than 50c) Dissemination and promotion of energy conservation technology (Spill-Over)i) What is Spill-Over?
As energy conservation is an important policy for Japan, the energy conservation
technology strategy was formulated in June, 2002 by the Japanese government, theAgency for Natural Resources and Energy.

This strategy stressed the importance ofpromoting “spill-over,” to actively spread existing energy conservation technologies to meettechnological needs across various sectors and fields.
The technical term “spill-over” is originally used to indicate the overflow of water, but
now used in various specialized fields.

In the telecommunications sector it indicates a

condition in which information communicated by electric waves is leaked; in chemistry it
indicates a condition in which chemical species move on the surface of a catalytic agent,promoting a reaction; and in economics it indicates a condition in which public investment
has secondary effects. In the field of energy conservation technology, “spill-over” indicatesa condition in which cross-sectional/basic technology has impacts on other fields andcategories, where further development and improvement will generate better energy
conservation technology.

This energy technology again has impacts on other fields,

thereby reaching full growth in a cyclical way.
Applying an excellent energy conservation technology into other fields and categories
and expanding its utilization has advantages in that: It does not require duplicatedinvestment in development costs; it requires shorter development duration; and it has
quick effects. Highly effective energy conservation technologies are already in place.
Spilling over the many excellent technical elements and energy conservation methods ofthese technologies will immediately contribute to the promotion of energy conservation.

ii) Selection and categorization of technologies with high feasibility for spill-over
The presentation of energy conservation projects held at the Energy Conservation
Center, Japan included a wide range of reports on some excellent examples.

Some cases

used ingenious ways of conservation energy or showed originality in selecting
improvement themes. Some cases focused on main improvement technologies. Othercases carried out comprehensive energy conservation measures which gave special
attention to detail, although the measures themselves were quite ordinary.

Measuresbased on results of technology development, those that took a hint from spill-over fromother fields and introduced new production methods, and especially those based on
development or introduction/application technology development of new processes andinnovative production technology have brought large energy conservation effects.

The

technology and methods among the cases that will be useful in a wide range of fields can begrouped into the following.
91

1. Understanding of current conditions by an energy management system which makes
the conditions visualized
2. Finding an energy conservation theme by abolishing the existing ideas and reviewing
designed values and management criteria
3. Use of surplus energy, or effective use of energy that has been left unused
4. Introduction of cogeneration, improvement of operation methods, raising utilizationrate
5. Remodeling equipment into or replacing one with high-efficiency equipment
6. Utilization of energy conservation methods introduced by the Energy Service Company(ESCO) projects
7. Reduction of the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy
8. Effective use of heat, and mutual effective use of heat and materials
9. Energy conservation measures for wateriii) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy, which is highly needed from the demandside
In most of the case reports, details of a preliminary investigation for selection of atask for energy conservation improvement and narrowing down of themes were described.
One of the themes that were listed up in most of the cases was reduction of the fixed
consumption of energy or reduction of the amount of energy consumption not linked to
production, even if such energy was not termed a constantly required amount of energy.
There are some cases about the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy,
namely, the case that it is high because the existing utility system and low-efficiency
energy supply equipment had been maintained and operated, and another cases that it islarge because the excess equipment had been maintained expecting high economic growth.
In this way, reduction of consumption of the fixed consumption of energy is across-sectional theme.

Rationalizing the consumption of such energy is advantageouseven if the business pattern and main products change. According to the data of pastcases, technologies to reduce consumption of the fixed consumption of energy aresummarized in the table below.
Excellent energy conservation technologies can be flexibly applied to a wide range offields, in addition to being able to reduce energy consumption by rationalization.
Evaluation of the energy conservation technologies is carried out reviewing the following
points: high-efficiency, low-loss, downsizing, weight reduction, adaptability, as well as
improvement in user-friendliness including capability to deal with networking and safetyof the technology itself.

92

Methods of reducing the fixed consumption of energy introduced by excellent cases
Among the energy conservation measures in the industry sector, technology highly requiredby the demand side is reduction of the fixed consumption of energy that is not in proportion
to production by converting it to a variable energy, which is an energy required in proportion
to the production.
Generally, points for reducing of the fixed consumption of energy are rationalization of autility energy supply system, optimization of excess demand, and reduction of consumptionof a standby power requirement.
1. Method 1: Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy by raising production efficiency andreducing production duration.
1) Cut-down of processing steps by partial integration of production steps2) Cut-down of duration by paralleling the processes that can directly influence production
efficiency
3) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of preliminary treatment, preliminary processing,preheating, etc., in production processes
4) Cut-down of duration by rationalization of post treatment, energy recovery, etc. inproduction processes5) Cut-down or omission of post treatment duration by improvement of production technology(high precision processing and high quality processing)6) Cut-down of heating/melting duration by improvement and rationalization of energy
consumption rate7) Cut-down of duration by raising production efficiency through raising production
technology by basic technology8) Cut-down of waste time to the utmost limit, including cutting standby time in production
processes
2. Method 2: Conversion the consumption of the fixed consumption of energy to the variableenergy1) Replacing hydraulic actuator system with electric actuator system
2) Replacing pneumatic actuator system with electric actuator system
3) Lowering the set pressure for pneumatic line, and converting the fixed consumption ofenergy to the variable energy by using booster pump and buffer tank4) Lowering temperature level of the retention furnace, and adopting induction heating atpouring gate and additional heating by DC torch5) In the heating process, converting the fixed consumption of energy to the variable energy
by adopting infrared heating, laser heating, and pulse combustion burner introducing
6) Reduction of heating and cooling sources by applying recovered heat in before and after
heating/cooling processes in the same production line to preheating and pre-cooling process7) Diligently setting control values before rebooting in more detail by stopping equipment to
be at standby time by the minute and second
3. Method 3: Reduction of production space and minimization of the fixed consumption of energy
amount1) Level down of clean room, etc., and raising the cleanliness of each appliance, chamber, andcontainer
2) Introduction of zone or spot air-conditioning by dividing air-conditioning area
3) Dividing into smaller lighting areas for the purpose of adaptive control of lighting for eacharea, and adopting localized lighting and natural light4) Distributed allocation and adaptive control for boilers, compressors, transformers, power
factor improvement equipment, etc.
5) Reduction of energy for lighting/air-conditioning by adopting Just In Time (JIT) production
system and dividing spaces for assembly process and parts stockyard into smaller areas
4. Method 4: Rationalization and lowering loss of appliances related to the fixed consumption ofenergy1) Adoption of higher efficiency appliances for lighting, air-conditioning, ventilation, watersupply, and other appliances that consume the constant amount of energy2) Rationalization of fluid pump, blower, etc., by introducing inverter control system
3) Reduction of energy for lighting, ventilation, air-conditioning by mitigating work
environment conditions under unmanned operation
4) Lowering losses by cascade connection of different types of pumps
5) Reduction of waste power by reducing potential risk of steam leakage, compressed air
leakage, water leakage, etc.
6) Reduction of holding energy by improvement of adiathermancy of furnace wall, etc.
93

5. Other methods :1) Utilization of recovered energy with a total enthalpy heat exchanger, etc., from sensible
heat of products in batch processing system for the energy constantly required2) Reduction of pumping energy by rationalizing pressure utilization in decompression andcompression chambers in the same production line3) Converting exhaust heat/coolant in production process to the fixed consumption of energy
by using absorption type refrigerator
4) Reduction of the fixed consumption of energy amount by utilization of internally generated
exhaust heat in clean rooms, etc., for drying5) Reduction of number of appliances consuming the fixed consumption of energy amount by
time-sharingd) Energy conservation by coordination among factories and work places
Comprehensive energy conservation can be attempted by mutual utilization of exhaust
heat and waste in various neighboring factories in an industrial complex, etc.
For example, hydrogen, which accounts for 55% of the gas generated in coke ovens ofsteel plants, can be supplied to oil refineries, where the hydrogen is refined and used fordesulfurization, if the oil refinery is close to the steel plant.

It is expected that adoption ofiron carbide as a raw material used in electric furnaces will not only compensate theelectricity required, but also allow surplus electricity to be sold and hydrogen to be supplied
to neighboring plants and communities.

CementSteel industry
Smelting slag
Full-scale iron making
method using blast furnace
Coke oven gas (H2, CO)Blast furnace gas,
converter gas (CO, CO2)

Gas purification
Gas separation

Petrochemicalindustry

Waste
catalyst

Oil refining industry
Energy Center(Common power
generation plant)
Hub function

Combustible waste
plastics, etc.

Securing inexpensive raw
material
Industrial waste treatment

Large demand forinexpensive hydrogen
Increase of additional
value of heavy oil

Gasification
Fuel oil

Increase in demand forchemical raw materials(H2, CO)
Conversion of raw
materials and processes

Paper/pulp
Evaporation/
dehydrationenergy94e) Dissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces and high-efficiency boilersi) Development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces*1
When heat efficiency is raised by setting a higher preheating temperature of
combustion air using the existing combustion technology, a rapid increase in NOx occurs
due to the regional rise in flame temperature.

Accordingly, it had been thought that

achieving energy conservation and reduction of environmental burden at the same time
was impossible.

This changed, however, with the introduction of high-temperature air

combustion technology, in which combustion air preheated to reach over 1,000 degree
centigrade is rapidly blown into the furnace and fuel is sprayed into this high-speed air
stream and burned at high-temperature in a low oxygen density atmosphere.

In this case,the amount of NOx generation decreases by a large margin compared to simple

Temperature of combustion air (°C)

high-temperature combustion by raising the preheating temperature of combustion air.

Range of stablecombustion

III. New combustion range(high-temperature air
combustion)

II. High-temperature
flaming range(high-temperature
combustion)

High-temperature
flaming

Range of unstablecombustion
I. Ordinary flaming range(ordinary combustion)

Ordinary flaming

Density of oxygen in combustion air (%)

High-temperature
air combustion
flaming

Temperature of combustion air (°C)

Temperature of combustion air and combustion
range (conceptual diagram)

Density of NOx emission in
high-temperature air combustion

In the “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction,”*2high-temperature air combustion technology was applied to commercial furnaces.

The*1
This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
*2
The “Field test project on high-efficiency industrial furnace introduction” of NEDO was carried out for three years fromFY1998 to FY2000, receiving a governmental subsidy for one-third of the cost.

95

field test, which targeted 167 industrial furnaces, confirmed an energy conservation effectcorresponding to reduction of 160,000 kL of crude oil equivalent through achieving a 30%
or higher energy conservation rate and 50% or higher NOx reduction.

Introduction anddissemination of high-efficiency industrial furnaces is carried out as a project for
supporting business entities making efforts to rationalize energy use in the New Energy
and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

The great difficulty inintroduction and popularization of the high-efficiency industrial furnaces is that theamount of facility investment is not comparable to the advantages of energy conservation
efforts.
High-temperature air combustion technology, which is extremely effective in reducing
CO2 and NOx, is distinctive of Japan and can be regarded as an innovative combustion
technology that plays a leading role in carrying out effective energy use and global
warming prevention measures for the world. Currently, development research is being
conducted in order to practically apply this technology to non-industrial combustion andheating facilities that consume a large amount of energy.

ii) Development of high-efficiency boilers*1
The efficiency of existing industrial boilers is rather high, achieving 86%-90% (at the
low calorific value of the fuel).

The boilers’ efficiency rate of energy use has also reached ahigh level among heat application facilities.

However, its energy consumption accounted

for a large portion in the industrial sector. The project to develop high-efficiency boilers
started in order to develop high-efficiency boilers that would contribute to reduction of
exhaust combustion gas such as CO2 and NOx, energy conservation, and environment
conservation from perspective of global warming prevention.
The development of high-efficiency boilers was carried out focusing on innovative
elemental technologies such as oxygen combustion and heat-exchange appliance ofcondensed exhausted gas.

The experiment in the pilot plant showed a greater

effectiveness compared with in the existing air combustion boilers, achieving 105.73% of
total heat efficiency of the boiler (based on low calorific value of the fuel, which equals to
98.9% in case of high caloric value).
Among the future challenges are reduction of oxygen production cost (PSA oxygen
supply device, etc.) in the case of oxygen combustion, and selection of low-priced dew
point-corrosion-proof materials in the case of heat-exchange appliance of condensed*1This project, which is called “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces, etc.,” consists of three sub-projects:“combustion control foundation technology,” “development of high-efficiency industrial furnaces,” and “high-efficiency
boilers.” These projects were carried out for seven years from FY1993 to FY1999 as entrusted business by the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
96

exhausted gas (economizer using steam’s latent heat recovery).

At the moment, they havepotential for becoming effective technologies when separation and recovery of CO2 will be
required as a measure against global warming in the future.

f) Dissemination of cogeneration and fuel cellsi) Cogeneration
Cogeneration, a combined heat and power generation system, is a system in whichenergy is first converted into electric energy or motive energy by activating an energy
converter (driver) and the exhaust heat that is generated in the energy conversion process
is then effectively used for thermal energy demand (steam, hot water, cold water).
In a cogeneration system, the following appliances are used as drivers:- Internal combustion engine: diesel engine, gas engine, gas turbine- External combustion engine: steam turbine, stirring engine- Fuel cell: PAFC (phosphoric-acid type), MCFC (molten carbonate type), SOFC (solidoxide type), PEFC (polymer electrolyte type)
Drivers used for cogeneration are mainly internal combustion engines. The numberof the engines with cogeneration installed, the capacities, fuel used, and the main uses areshown in the table below.

Gas engines and gas turbines are able to effectively use gas

fuels made from solid waste and biomass.

At the moment, about 60% of cogeneration

systems are adopting gas firing, which emit less environmental burden including CO2, SOx,
NOx, etc., and are more environmentally-friendly.
Main drivers and features of cogeneration
Diesel engine

Gas engine

Gas turbine

Number of in stallion

Approx. 60%

Approx. 30%

Approx. 10%

Capacity

Approx. 40%

Approx. 10%

Approx. 50%

Fuel used

Diesel oil, Crude oil

City gas, LNG

Main use

Civil use

Civil use

97

Mainlycity

LNG
Industrial use

gas,The total heat efficiency of a cogeneration system is 70 - 80%, which corresponds to
25% of the energy conservation of a thermal power generation boiler system.

However,

this value can be obtained under the condition that 100% of the exhaust heat is effectively
used.

Accordingly, the point is that the exhaust heat should be applied to facilities thatare expected to demand heat, such as factories, business offices, hospitals, stores, etc.
The introduction of cogeneration is expected to be pushed forward, because it will
improve energy security and contribute to measures against global warming.

The futurechallenge is to develop compact and high-efficiency gas engines and gas turbines (micro
gas turbines) for civil use.

Fuel cells, which are able to generate highly efficientelectricity as well as exhaust heat, can make highly effective cogeneration motors. The
future challenge for fuel cells is to lower the price.

ii) Fuel cells
Fuel cells work based on a chemical reaction in which the fuel cells generate
electricity and water at the same time by consuming hydrogen and oxygen.

This is theinverse reaction of electrolysis of water.
Fuel cells have various advantages including high power generation efficiency, small
emission of environmental burden, adaptability to a wide range of facility capacities, andapplicability to everything from distributed power generation to mass-concentrated power
generation.

The table below summarizes the main types of fuel cells and theircharacteristics.
Main types of fuel cells and their characteristics
PAFC(phosphoric-acid
type)

MCFC
(molten carbonate
type)

SOFC
(solid oxide type)

PEFC(polymer electrolyte
type)

Charge carrier

Hydrogen ion

Carbonate ion

Oxygen ion

Hydrogen ion

Operatingtemperature

Approx. 200°C

600 - 700°C

Approx. 1,000°C

80 - 100°C

Facility capacity

20 - 500 kW

500 kW - 1,000 MW

50 kW – 100 MW

1 - 100 kW

Efficiency at
generating end

Approx. 45%

50 - 65%

55 - 70%

35 - 45%

Main use

Distributed powersources(cogeneration)

Distributed andmass-concentrated
power source
substituting fire
power

Points to note

Poisoning of
platinum catalyst;
CO should be 1%
and less.

Catalyst is not
required.

Distributed andmass-concentrated
power source
substituting fire
power
Reformer is not
required.
Catalyst is not
required.

98

Power source forhousehold use anddriving source for
automobiles
Poisoning of
platinum catalyst;
CO should be 10
ppm and less.

Fuel cells are regarded as a prospective technology to solve global warming problems
in a future hydrogen-oriented society.

This is because fuel cells are applicable to various

fields including vehicles such as passenger cars and buses, cogeneration systems forhouseholds and office buildings, distributed power generation systems installed in places
needing to replace mass-concentrated commercial power generation systems, and powersources to replace secondary batteries for PCs and cellular phones. However, all types offuel cells face challenges to improve durability, prolong life span, and lower cost.
Especially, for the types that require a catalyst, cutting down platinum use and developing
alternative catalysts are big challenges.

99g) Important check points concerning technical energy conservation measures
Business
category
Items

Steel

Petrochemical

Paper/pulp

Operation management ofmajor production facilities
Advanced combustion
control by computers, etc.

Optimization ofnaphtha-cracking furnace
Combustion control of
furnaces such as
naphtha-cracking furnace
Optimization of reflux ratioof distillation towers andoptimization of steampressure
Optimum operation control
by computers, etc.

Conditions of waste energy
recovery (sensible heatrecovery for cokes andsintered ore)
Introduction ofhigh-efficiency heating
furnaces
Temperature control of
furnace wall
Moisture control of coalchargeReduction of coking timeand coking temperature
Idling prevention and speed
control of electric motor fora roller of rolling millPower generation by
exhaust gas pressure fromthe furnace, exhaust heatrecovery power generation
Introduction of CMC steam
control expansion turbine
Continuous casting
equipment
Direct rolling equipment
Continuous annealing
equipment
Optimization control ofintervals of regenerative
burnerWaste heat recovery from
naphtha-cracking furnace
Insulation of pipes andfurnace casing
Effective recovery ofreaction heat
Collection of steam drain
Construction of additional
high-efficiency heatexchanger

Optimization oftemperature, pressure, andmaterial density in eachprocess
Optimization of electricity
consumption by operation
control of power generation
facility and processing
appliances
Optimization of steampressure
Reinforcing of water
conservation
Effective use of waste heat
Installation of high dew
point sealing hood in paper
machineInstallation ofhigh-efficiency heatexchanger
Installation of automatic
combustion control
appliances
Use of heat pump
Installation of waste
kiln-heat recovery appliance
Use of waste as fuels
Rotation speed control of
motor
Use of medium and low
pressure surplus steam for
power generation using
mixed pressure turbine
Electricity conservation ofdust extracting process(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectrical(3)Production
facilities

Application of waste
plastics for blast/cokefurnaces

High-efficiency compressor
Control of number ofoperating units
Control of rotation speed
Intake air temperature
control of gas turbine
Rotation speed control of
motor
High-efficiency radiation
tube of naphtha-cracking
furnace
Introduction status of
low-temperature
low-pressure process bychanging catalysts
Low density
polyethylene
production plant
Gas phase
polypropylene
production plant
Utilization of pinch
technology(4) Others

Source: survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan
100

Sealing of process,strengthening ofpressurization, raisingdensity
Heat cascade use control of
paper machine

Efficient use of black liquor
recovered from pulp
processing
Multiple-effectcondensed and canned
black liquor
High-temperature
high-pressure recovery
boilerSludge combustion boiler

Business
category
Items

CementPlate glass

Kiln combustion
controlManagement ofsolution tank(conditions ofburner)Strengthening ofthermal insulationof kiln andsuspension
preheater
Renovation ofpreheater
Power generation
using medium-/low
temperature waste
heat
High-efficiency
clinker cooler
Computer control ofmotive energy(rotation frequency
control, etc.)

Installation of waste
heat boiler
Operation condition
Strengthening ofthermal insulationof solution tank(1) Operation
management(2)

Additional facilities

ThermalElectrical

Rotation frequency
control of motor

Vertical millMill withpreliminary milling
High-efficiency
separator
NSP kiln
SP kiln
High-efficiency millFluidized bed
cement calcination
furnace

TextilesAutomobiles

Operation
management ofboilers (automatic
control of O2)
Operation under the
optimal conditions
by attachingtemperature andmoisture sensor
Control of dyeing
heat pattern
Exhaust heatrecovery
Drain recovery
Heat recovery fromwaste fluid
Insulation for pipes
Shortening pipes
Operation withconstant loading(accumulator)

Operation
management of major
production facilities(high-efficiency
operation, etc.)

Rotation frequency
control of motor
Low-pressure loss
type transformer

Load control of motorin machine processing
process
Switch from electricheating (heater, etc.)
to direct heating
Control of number androtation speed ofhydraulic/pneumatic
motor
Reduction of air
circulation amount inpainting booth inpainting process
Reduction of standby
electricity by
conversion of
hydraulic/pneumatic
driving into electric
drivingPrevention ofgenerating surplus
electricity by rapid
high-precision control
of welding current
Rationalization ofpainting/drying
process
Heat recovery of solid
waste incinerator(power generation
steam, etc.)
Introduction ofcogeneration system

Short-liquor dyeing
deviceWater-saving washer
Heat setter
High-efficiency dryer(3) Production
facilities(4) Others

Improvement ofdefect rate inquality control

101

Installation of
distribution typeboilerIntroduction ofcogeneration system

Heat insulation of/heatrecovery from oven inpainting process
Waste heat recovery
and heat insulation of
furnace in heat
treatment process

h) Challenges in typical energy conservation technology development
Business
category
SteelPetrochemical

TextilePaper/pulp

Future challenges in energy conservation technology development
Points for attention
Typical techniques
Problems
Development of zero defect moldIntegration of high-speed
Rationalization of
casting technology
continuous casting process andproduction process
hot rolling process
Production of virgin iron for
Utilization of scrap (electric
Cut-down of reduction
dilution of electric furnace (DR, IC)
furnace, cold iron-resourceenergymelting furnace)
Establishment of optimal process
Lateral production of iron andExhaust heat recoveryhydrogen
Establishment of optimal process
Direct iron ore melting reduction
Development of new irontechnology
producing method
Establishment of optimal process
Development of new cokes Future generation cokes
Establishment of optimal process
technology
production method
Multi-purpose converter
Material technology for extremely Improvement in extremely highDevelopment of materials
temperature tolerance/durability
high temperature/highly criticalfor enablingbased on hyperfine structure
turbinehigh-efficiency
observation technology
Development of low-temperature,
Gas phase polypropylene
Rationalization of
low-pressure, and high selectivity
production technology
production processcatalyst
Development of optimal process for
Separation by membrane,
Development of low
high-performance membrane
extraction, and absorptionenergy decomposition
separation
technology
Development of catalytic cracking
process of naphtha
Analysis and evaluation
Green chemistry
Reduction oftechnology using
environmental load
bio-technology/extremely criticalcatalyst
Nozzle-type dyeing device
Stabilization of dyeing quality
Minimization of
Airborne dyeing device
Dyeing measures for fabrics withcirculating stain solution
heavy weigh per unit
Counter-current washer
Minimization of washingwater
Removal of impurities such as lint
Use of drying heat cascade Vacuum drying system
Establishment of decompressing
process
Processing technology using
Improvement of treatment
Non-aqueous system
plasmacapacity, etc.
processing
Dyeing processing technology
Development of treatment
under the condition of critical CO2 appliancedensity
Non-heating processing
Processing equipment using ozone Improvement of treatment
capacity, etc.
Improvement of productivity, etc.
Change in dyeing
Ink-jet printing technology
processing system
Development/introduction of new
Improvement of
Change in paper making
draining technology
dehydration/draining efficiency
process
Maintenance of paper quality
High-density paper making
Improving efficiency oftechnology
paper making method
Prevention of lowering of strength
Direct causticizing technology
Improving efficiency ofof pulp
High-temperature high-pressurecausticizing process,Development of gout
causticizing technology
omission of caustic kiln
removal/filtration technology inhigh temperature
Searching for lignin-decomposing
Cooking using preliminary
Energy conservation offungi and enzymes and increasing
treatment of microbes in chips
pulping process
their reaction speed, andBio-bleaching technology
consideration of their application
to industrial technology
Development of recovered lignin
Increase in amount of power
Increase in amount ofutilization and improvement or
generation by gasification
power generation by
efficiency in recovering chemicals
technology and re-poweringhigh-efficiency use of
Decrease in energy required forblack liquor
gasification

Source: survey by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan
102

5.2 Energy conservation in the residential sector(1) Energy consumption per household by energy sources

Year

Note)
Source)Electricity

City gas

ＬＰＧ

Kerosene

Coal Other<Total>〔MJ/（Household・Year）〕

The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
"Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report 2003", Residential Environment Planning & Research Center

103

(2) Energy consumption per household by usage
Year

Note)
Source)Air conditioning
Hot water supply
HeatingLighting,
Electric appliances& Others<Total>[MJ/(household-Year)]

The lower figures in the bar represent percentage distribution.
"Domestic Energy Statistics Annual Report 2003", Residential Environment Planning & Research Center

104

(3) Improvements in energy efficiency of home electric appliances- Effects of Top Runner Program 1) Changes in energy conservation performance of freezers/refrigerators
Annual Electricity Consumption per liter (kWh/L)

Annual electricity
consumption per liter of rated
internal volume [kWh/L]

Fiscal YearNote)

The annual electricity consumption per 1litre of rated internal volume, which is measured by JIS (Japan Industrial
Standard), is an average value derived from the value of main refrigerators from each manufacturing company.
The increase of figures in 1994 is because of change of medium of refrigerators from Freon to other materials.
Source) The Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA)

2) Changes in energy conservation performance of air conditioners
Simple average values of typical models of energy conservation type wall-mounted cooling andheating air conditioners with 2.8kW cooling capability.
’95 Model

1,492 *

’97 Model

1,201’99 Model

1,068’01 Model

990’03 Model

963’05 Model

919

Electricity consumption for air cooling(Unit : kWh)Electricity consumption for space heating* = total consumption during term
Note)
Based on Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association standards JRAS4046(standards for calculating room air conditioner term power consumption)
Source) Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association

1053) Changes in energy conservation performance of TVs<Rated Power Consumption>
Operation

Stan-by’90 Model’93 Model

Annual total’02 Model’04 Model

Source) up to 98 models : Electronic Industries Association of Japan* Weighed average of shipped quantity
from 99 models : Estimated value of the Energy Conservation Center, Japan* Simple average value of specification catalogues (summer and winter) of 28-inch wide
screen TV in respective years

4) Changes in energy conservation performance of VTRs
<Changes in average per-unit power consumption during stand-by>

FY 1991

FY 1994

FY 1997

FY2000Note)

FY 2002

FY 2003

FY 2004

These values represent weighted averages of all video tape recorders shipped during each of the years(subject to the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy).
Source) Electronic Industries Association of Japan

106

(4) Diffusion rate and electricity consumption of home appliances

Diffusion rate

Item (Fiscal Year)
Appliances

1980

1990

Electricity Consumption rate（％）

（％）
2003

1980

1990

2003

Electric Rice Cooker

54.9

61.8

69.1

4.1

3.3

-

Refrigerator

107.1

109.9

110.4

31.1

21.7

16.1

Electric Kotatsu

108.7

111.6

93.1

7.2

4.8

-

Airconditioner

52.1

95.2

149.3

7.8

9.3

10.6

Air-conditioner(heating&cooling)

-

43.8

116.3

7.6

14.6

Washing macnihe

98.2

98.7

98.7

1.6

1.2

-

Vacuum cleaner

96.1

98.1

98.1

4

3

-

Microwave oven

33.3

64.5

84.6

1.3

1.8

-

Dehydrator

-

16.3

27.2

-

1.9

2.8

Electric carpet

-

42.2

70.1

-

2.9

4.3

Warmed toilet Seat (withwarm water shower)

-

-

44.6

-

-

3.9

Dish washer /dryers

-

-

6.9

-

-

1.6

Color TV (1 purchased)

st

97.9

98.5

98.6

13.2

8.4

7.8

nd

36.2

74.1

93.4

1.3

1.7

2.1

TV Total

15

10.1

9.9

Other

5.8

12.7

20.2

Total

80.3

83.1

83.9

For lighting

19.7

16.9

16.1

Total Electricity（A・B)

100

100

100

Television

Color TV (2 purchased)

Instantaneous gas water heater

76.1

65.0

48.5

Note 1) "Television Total" of “Consumption ratio (%)” in 1980 includes black-and-white television.
Note 2) The figures in “Air-conditioner (Heating & Cooling)” are not included in the figures in “Air-conditioner”.
Note 3) Some of the figures of FY2003 include estimated values.
Source) "Outline of Electric Power Supply", "Summary of Electric Power Supply" and "Household Energy Handbook"107

(5) Energy conservation measures in the residential sector

1) Outline
Although the household sector has made a progress in terms of energy efficiency of appliances,its energy demand are also increasing due to the increasing ownership of new appliances and thegrowing public demands to seek for more comfortable and convenient lifestyle.
In order to deal with this trend, following collective measures have been launched: the firstmeasure focuses on improving energy efficiency in machinery and equipment, the second measure
aims to improve the heat insulation performance in residences and buildings and the third one
manages the total energy demand.
In terms of the first one, strict standards have been set by introducing the Top-Runner Program.
At first it targeted the appliances specified in the energy conservation law such as air conditioners
and TVs. Later, the target range was extended to include gas and oil appliances/equipment, vending
machines, etc. with the revision of the law in December, 2004. Moreover, in the field of the hotwater supply system, which accounts for 30% of energy consumption in the households, moreenergy-efficient system has been developed and commercialized. And the support programs to
make a smooth introduction in the market are underway.
As for the second measure, the activities to promote the energy conservation labeling programfor residences and the subsidy programs for residences conforming to the energy conservation
standards are being conducted.
The third measure supports the publicity activities to disseminate energy conservation at home,
for instance, on how to best choose energy efficient appliances. And it is backing the testing anddemonstration of home energy management system (HEMS).
2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a) Support measures for houses
Extra financing from the Government Housing Loan Corporation is provided for energy
conservation-oriented housesb) Dissemination, publicity, etc. To promote energy conservationi) To make various measures thoroughly known through the Energy Conservation.
Measures in summer and winter, which were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy andResources Conservation Measuresii ) Introduction of Energy Conservation Labeling System(Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) C9901)
iii) Spreading and publicity activities, etc., by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan, theConstruction Environment and Energy Conservation Organization, etc.;- Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums,
108implementation of a house heat insulation construction engineers’ lecture course, and information
supply through mass media- Implementation of an Energy Conservation Grand Prize, as a system to commend energy
conservation-type equipment for the C&R sector- Preparation for Energy Conservation Performance Catalogue (including 7 appliances: air
conditioners, TVs, VTR, refrigerators, laundry machines, lighting equipment, and copiers)- Establishment of a ‘Heat Insulation Spreading and Promotion Liaison Conference’, for general
consumers and builders- Implementation of a system to acknowledge excellent energy conservation building-construction
techniques, etc.

109

5.3 Energy conservation in the commercial sector(1) Energy consumption per floor area by energy sources in the commercial buildings
Year
Coal

Oil

Gas

Electricity

SolarNote) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2004).

110<Total>(2) Energy consumption per floor area by usage in the commercial buildings（MJ/m2）Year

CoolingHeating

Hot water

KitchenPower<Total>Note) Lower figures in the bars represent percentage.
Source) Prepared from the “EDMC Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)

111

(3) Energy conservation measures for the commercial buildings

Classification

Operation control/simple remodeling

Equipment remodeling· Reduction of sunlight· Construction plan
Window shade operation, Attachment of solar
Optimization of direction, construction stylecontrol film
Air-conditioning· Reduction of skin load
· Reduction of space load
Reduction of window space, adoption of
Installation of wind shield room, revolving door,(1)Reduction oflayered glass, insulation of indoor
use of airtight sash
heating and cooling(outdoor)wall, installation of eave/balcony,· Concentration of air-conditioned operation arealoadetc., adoption of air flow system
Concentration of same load, reduction ofpartition

Air-conditioning(2)Efficiency
improvement ofequipment system

Transportation

Lighting· Efficient use of heat source· Reduction of outdoor air load
Adoption of high-efficiency heat pump,
Reduction of surplus open air intake
introduction of co-generation, heat storage
Cut of open air during preheating/pre-coolingsystem· Heat source efficiency operation control· Use of natural energy
Unit control according to load, schedule control,
Use of solar heat, outdoor air cooling, nightwater supply temperature change
purge· Change of indoor temperature/humidity set· Use of waste heat
· Zero energy band control
Attachment of total heat exchanger
Increase of using temperature deference (flowHeat pump system using waste heat (use of
rate /wind volume)
wasted heat from air cooler, & wasted water· Free coolingfrom drainage, river, etc.)· Cleaning of heat exchanger coil filter, etc.
· Outdoor air intake control (CO2 control)· Control of fan operation time
· Inspection/repair of duct air leakage· Adoption of pump unit control· Adoption of inverters· Adoption of VAV (variable air volume)
system· Adoption of high efficient fan· Improvement of duct pressure damage· Adoption of VWV (Variable water volume)
system
· Improvement of friction loss of pipe
· Adoption of great temperature gap system· Putting out light near window· Putting out light when unnecessary (manualswitch, timer)· Light color finishing of interior· From incandescent bulb fluorescent lamp
· Periodical replacement, cleaning of lamp

· Adoption of Hf-type lighting equipment· Task and ambient lighting· Introduction of automatic control equipment
Daylight sensor, human sensor· Adoption of reflection free VDT, avoiding
louver instrument· Adoption of suitable boiler
high efficiency, small type boiler, suitable· Control of hot water temperature set
capacity· Utilizing rest water of storage type boiler· Optimization of pipe design
Boiler and Hot water· Control of steam pressure
Minimal length, suitable diameter
supply· Heating loss prevention of steam (hot water)· Heat pump-type hot water heaterpipe· Condensation heat recovery method water
heater
Source) “Energy Conservation Equipment Summary,” 1995 edition, judgment standards for business operators
regarding rational use of energy at factories (Notification of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry,
January 1999)

112

(Continued from the previous table)classification

Cooking

operation control/simple remodeling
Equipment remodeling· Prevention of water left running (opening and· Adoption of energy conservation typeclosing water tap)
equipment (pressure cooker, steamer)· Replacement of damaged packing· Adoption of water conservation top· Heat control· Adoption of bubble maker tap· Cleaning of equipment· Adoption of single lever mix tap· Preventing unnecessary preheating of· Adoption of double tank sinkrange/oven· Replacement of damaged packing· Adjustment of wash basin water stop tap· Water control of feces stool flush valve· Adoption of water conservation tap· Adoption of self closing tap· Adoption of water conservation feces stool· Examination of urinal cleaning system(water supply time control by timer, lightsensor equipment automatic water supply
system, light switch connection system,etc.)· Control of cooling temperature· Reduction of door opening (number, time)· Prevention of too much food storage· Letting hot food cool before storage· Putting out showcase light after closing time
· Frost removal· Check/repair of door packing· Periodical cleaning of condenser· Night cover, night set for showcase· Adoption of air cooled type freezer (water
conservation)· Attachment of back system· Adoption of energy conservation typeshowcase (double layer air curtain type,swing door, etc.)

Vending machine· Speedy door opening/closing· Allowing back space (10cm or more)· Exact change of "hot" and "cold"· Switch off during non-business hours· Adoption of energy conservation typevending machine (automatic switch for
fluorescent lamp, energy conservation
timer, peek cut function, reinforcement of
insulation, etc.)

Electricity reception· Adoption of transformer with suitablecapacity· Cutting transformer at source side
· Improvement of power factor (Installation of· Checking ventilation of electricity reception
condenser)
room (prevention of efficiency decline due to· Adoption of demand control systemhigh temperature)· Adoption of a super-high-efficiency
transformer

WashroomFreezer/Refrigerator/
Showcase· Repair/replacement of automatic control
equipment
Damage, bad placement of valve, damper,
sensor, etc.
Equipment maintenance · Improving precision of thermometer· Additional attachment of measuring device· Examination of energy consumption
Comparison to previous fiscal year, by
equipment type
Source)"Energy Conservation Handbook for Small Scale Service Industry", etc., Energy Conservation Center

113

(4) Other energy conservation measures in the commercial sector
1) Outline
In the commercial sector, the main factor of the increase of energy consumption stems from thegrowing floor space of office and commercial buildings, which is triggered by the industrial structurechange. Nevertheless, the awareness to control the energy intensity is relatively low compared to theindustrial sector, whose energy cost directly affects their production costs.
In order to address this problem, like the household sector, following measures have been taken to
improve the energy conservation performance in buildings: (i) establishing energy conservation standards
based on the energy conservation law, (ii) offering low interest loans to the buildings which perform highenergy conservation, (iii) introducing the Top Runner program to help promote energy efficiency for
office appliances, and (iv) implementing the Energy Star program that sets energy conservation standards
for office equipment.
Meanwhile, in June 2002, the Energy Conservation Law was revised and the clause ‘industries
subjected to the Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factory’ was extended to include all industries.
Specifically, office buildings, large-scale retail stores, hotels, hospitals, etc., in the commercial sector
came to be included in this category. Consequently, the business operators newly subjected to the Type 1
Designated Energy Management Factory are required to submit regular reports and mid-to-long termplans like the business operators already subject to the Type 1 designated Energy Management Factory.

2) Relevant legislation, etc.
a)Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi)Evaluation criteria for building owners regarding the rational energy use in buildings(Announcement No. 1 by MITI and Ministry of Construction on 20 March 1999)ii) Official announcement of performance data of a diathermancy of construction materials (MITI on
8 April 1999)iii) Outline of the International Energy Star Program System (Announcement No. 258 by METI on
30 March 2001)b) Support measuresi)

As to buildings for business that meet the effort guidelines in evaluation criteria for buildings:
acknowledgement on equipment investment plans, low-interest financing, and grants for paying afixed interest rate, based on the Energy Conservation and Recycling Support Lawii) Financing by the Development Bank of Japan toward environmentally low-burden-type buildings(“eco-care” buildings) (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)c) Dissemination and publicity activities on energy conservation

114i) Familiarize various measures through the Energy Conservation Measures in Summer and Winter,
which were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy and Resources Conservation
Measures.
ii) Dissemination and publicity activities pushed through by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan,
the Construction Environment and Energy Conservation Organization, etc.
- Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums,
implementation of a house heat insulation construction engineers’ lecture course, andinformation supply through mass media- Implementation of an Energy Conservation Grand Prize as a system to commend energy
conservation-type equipment, and grant an award to buildings performing well forenvironment and energy conservation- National for energy conservation outstanding cases- Evaluation on energy conservation for buildings, and business sector- Japan Association of Energy Service Company (JAESCO)- Certified mark system for Environment-and-energy friendly buildings(5) Promotion of commercial building energy management system (BEMS)(thorough energy management utilizing IT)
By using IT technology, BEMS system promotes and facilitates energy demand management forcommercial buildings.

The system ensures recognizing real-time room conditions in buildings bytemperature sensors and/or the optimal operation of lighting and air-conditioning responding toconditions in the room.
BEMS image is shown below.

115

(6) Promotion of ESCO Business
1) Outline of ESCO business
ESCO is a business that offers comprehensive services on energy conservation to clients, who inreturn will offer part of their energy saving gains (saving on utility bills, etc.)
The business has two forms: “Guaranteed savings agreement”, where customers cover businesscosts, and “Shared savings agreement”, where the ESCO business covers business costs. These options
enable service provision according to customer needs.

Customer gain

Utility charge

Repayment

ESCO expenses
Interest
Initialinvestment

payment

Utilitychargepayment

Before the introductionof ESCO business

During theimplementation of
ESCO business

There are two methods of ESCO business as follows.
(a) Guaranteed method(b) Shared method

116

Energyconservation effect* ESCO stands for Energy Service Company

ESCO operator shallguarantee theachievement.

CustomerGain

Utilitychargepayment

After the contract
terms completed

2) Scale of ESCO-Related Market
The ESCO-related market has been growing rapidly in these years.

The amount of orders received

decreased in 2004, because the number of large plans in the industrial division decreased.
there is still plenty of scope for the expansion of the scale of market as shown below.

However,(Amount of orders

received in 2004: Approx. 37,400 million yen)
The scale of the potential market is expected 2,470 billion yen according to the ESCO Business
Introduction Promotion Study Group of The Energy Conservation Center, Japan.
In the U.S., the scale of market is approx. $2 billion (2000).

Scale of ESCO business-related market
Source: Japan Association of Energy Service Companies

3) Future challenge
For further promotion of ESCO business, we have to make efforts to (1) promote the
ESCO business in the public sector, (2) facilitate fund procurement, and (3) improve therecognition of the business.
With respect to the item (1), we carried out the ESCO business as a model case at the
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2004.

Furthermore, we will prepare an ESCO

introduction manual for municipalities and hold meetings to explain the guidelines atmunicipalities.

With respect to the item (2), we will promote use of the low-interest loans ofDevelopment Bank of Japan and the project financing method.

With respect to the item (3),we will hold ESCO business explanation meetings throughout Japan to promote
introduction.

117

5.4 Energy conservation in the transportation sector(1) Energy consumption by type of transport

Unit :

Air
Marine transportation
Rail
Freight Vehicle
Bus
Passenger car for service use
Passenger car for private use

Fiscal Year

75
Grand total of Transport sector energy
consumption
Total of passenger sector energy
consumption

80

85

90

92

1,938 2,302 2,465 3,114(5.3) (-1.2)
(2.4)
(4.5)
997 1,245

1,417

1,855

94

96

98

2000

2002

3,327 3,516
(2.3)
(4.7)

3,722
(2.6)

3,820
(1.1)

3,799
(-2.2)

3,812
(0.0)

2,044

2,193

2,346

2,448

2,431

2,469

(3.4)
1,955

(1.8)

(-2.7)

(0.1)

2,050

2,075

2,109

94

64

67

(7.5)

(0.9)

(3.4)

(6.5)

(3.5)

(5.4)

Passenger car for private use

713

942

1,108

1,485

1,664

1,823

Passenger car for business use

88

78

88

100

104

76

Bus

59
61
6
70

56
63
5
99

55
64
4
98

67
78
5
119

62
79
8
127

64
81
7
143

62
81
9
151

61
82
7
154

58
80
9
145

57
81
7
147

941 1,058

1,047

1,259

1,283

1,323

1,376

1,372

1,368

1,342

(3.1) (-3.6)
657
791
17
13
262
244
5
9

(1.2)
(1.6)
826 1,084
8
7
200
151
14
17

(0.2)
(3.6)
1,105 1,147
7
6
153
149
18
21

(1.3)
1,178
6
171
21

(0.1)
1,140
6
203
23

(-1.3)
1,116
6
222
24

(-0.2)
1,085
6
230
22

Rail
Marine Transportation
Air
Total of freight sector energy
consumption
Motor truck
Rail
Marine transportation
Air

Note)

87

Values in parentheses represent the increase rate (%) in relation to the previous year.

118

(2) Energy consumption and transportation volume by type of transport (FY 2003)
1) The rate of energy consumption and transportation volume by type of passenger transport
MarineBus Rail

Passenger vehicle

Air

EnergyConsumption

Transportation
volumeBus

Passenger vehicle

Source)Rail

MarineAir

Prepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)”

2) The rate of energy consumption and transportation volume by type of freighttransport

Rail

Freight vehicle

MarineAir

EnergyConsumption

Transportation
volumeRail

Freight vehicle

Source)MarinePrepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2005)”

119

Air

(3) Energy intensity by type of transport (FY 2003)

1) Energy consumption per passenger-kilometerRail(209kJ/passen
Bus(674kJ/passenger-km)
Marin(1,528kJ/passenger-km)
Passenger
vehicle(2,507kJ/passenger-km)
Air(1,708kJ/passenger-km)

Note)
Source)Index Rail =100
Prepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2004)”

2) Energy consumption per freight ton-kilometerRail(247kJ/ton-km)
Marin(1,076kJ/ton-km)
Freight
vehicle(3,349kJ/ton-km)
Air(22,295kJ/ton-km)

Note) Index Rail =100
Source) Prepared from “the EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan (2004)”120

(4) Improvements in energy efficiency of vehicles- Effects of Top Runner Program 1) Trends in average fuel efficiency of gasoline passenger vehicles
The fuel efficiency of vehicles under the top runner standards has been remarkably improved. The

Fuel Efficiency (km/L)

figure below shows the changes of fuel efficiency of gasoline passenger vehicle.

Fiscal Year
Source)"Energy Conservation handbook 2005”; The Energy Conservation center, Japan

Number of vehicles (10,000unit)

2) Trends in shipment of gasoline passenger vehicles that have achieved fuel efficiency standards of
FY2010TR achievement rate
Total number of shipped units
TR achieved vehicle percentage (%)
Fiscal Year

Source) "Energy Conservation handbook 2005”; The Energy Conservation center, Japan

121

(5) Measures to improve fuel efficiency of vehicles

Concrete improvement technology for unit fuel efficiency of cars

Improvement ofheat efficiency

Engineimprovement

Decrease of loss

Reduction ofdriving
resistance
Decrease of car weight
Reduction of rolling
resistance- 4 valve system- Valve control(Variable valve timing, etc.)- Supercharger loaded small exhaust hasengine- Electronic control fuel jet equipment- A/F feedback three-way catalyst- Electronic ignition system- Combustion improvement(Improvement of combustion chamberetc.)- Lean burn
- Cylinder injection engine- Other engine improvement(High pressure rate, etc.)- OHC- Roller cam shaft- Decrease of friction(Piston ring, etc.)- Low-friction engine oil- Decrease of idling revolution- Decrease of auxiliary equipment loss
- Variable number cylinder engine- Light drive construction (FF, etc.)- Low rolling resistance tire

Reduction of air resistance- Improved body form

Reduction of drive systemloss- AT lockup

OthersOptimization ofengine range- Electronic control of AT- AT --> 4AT, 5AT- 4MT --> 5MT, 6MT- CVT

Hybrid system- Recovery and reuse of braking energy- Stop of idling

Idling stop mechanism
Source) Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.

122

- Stop of idling(6) Energy conservation measures in the transportation sector

1) Energy conservation measures in the transportation sector
The energy consumption in the transportation sector has been in upturn trend since the oil crisis.
This trend accelerated during the 1990s. Its major factor is attributed to the increasing number of theownership of passenger vehicles. The energy consumed by passenger vehicles accounts for 90 % of thetotal fuel consumption in this sector. Thus implementing the measures that focus on passenger vehicles
is seen very crucial.
Specifically, both gasoline- and diesel-powered automobiles have been designated as specified
equipment, under the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy, aiming to improve fuelconsumption of automobiles. And publicity activities have been conducted to promote automobiles thathave high energy efficiency performance or “Stop Idling” campaign.
2) Outline of energy conservation measures in the transportation sectora) Measures based on the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energyi) Establishment of energy conservation target values and requiring indication of energy consumption
efficiency, regarding specified equipment out of energy-consuming machines and tools (revisedin June 1999)
Specified equipment related to the transportation sector: gasoline-powered passenger cars,diesel-powered passenger cars, gasoline-powered trucks, diesel-powered trucks* How to set the energy standards
To establish the target values through considering the performance level of equipmentwith the best consumption efficiency among presently commercialized products (except
for special products, etc.), in the set division.
ii) Advising, public announcement, commanding, and penalty imposition toward manufacturers ofspecified equipment that is significantly below the energy conservation target values (revised in1998)iii) Advising, public announcement, commanding, and penalty imposition toward manufacturers ofspecified equipment with no indication of energy consumption efficiency.
b) Support measuresi) Spreading and promotion of automobiles which use clean energy as fuelPreferential measures in terms of the tax rates for purchasing low-fuel-consumption cars andlow-air-pollution cars
Financial aid will be offered to help promote the purchase of clean-energy-automobiles andlow-air-pollution cars, and low-fuel-consumption cars, and for the development of the related
technology.

123ii) Improvement of energy consumption of individual transportation equipment. Implementation of
investment and financing, etc., to introduce equipment with excellent energy consumption
efficiencyc) Dissemination and publicity, etc., on energy conservationi) To make various measures thoroughly known through the Energy Conservation Measures insummer and winter, which Measures were decided by the Conference to Promote Energy andResources Conservation Measures.
ii) Preparation and distribution of posters and pamphlets, conduction of symposiums, andinformation supply through mass media, by related ministries and agencies, and in various fields.
iii) Implementation of activities to acknowledge and enlighten about idling-stop during waiting at
stoplights through Idling-Stop Caravan: cross over Japan, brochures for effects of fuelconsumption reduction, etc.

124

5.5 Reinforcement of Energy Conservation Measures in Each Sector(1) BackgroundAt the Third Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(COP3), held in Kyoto in December 1997, an agreement was reached on greenhouse gas emissions
reduction targets for developed countries. As part of this agreement, Japan pledged a 6% reduction ingreenhouse gas emissions from the 1990 level, to be achieved in terms of the average annual value
for the 2008–2012 period. Japan’s target for energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, which accountfor about 80% of all greenhouse gas emissions, is the achievement of stabilization at the FY 1990
level by FY 2010.

(2) Additional Measures and Expected Effect(Unit:1,000kl-oe)

Source) Material-4 in the 8th meeting of Energy Conservation Subcommittee of Advisory Committee for Natural
Resources and Energy

125

6. Related Organization
6.1

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)(1) Organization of METI

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Internal Bureaus
Minister
Minister’s Secretariat
Senior Vice Minster
Economic and Industrial Policy Bureau
Parliamentary Secretary

Research and Statistics Dept.

Vice Minister

Regional Economic & Industrial Policy

Vice Minister

Trade Policy Bureau
Multilateral Trade System Dept.
Trade & Economic Cooperation Bureau
Trade Control Department
Industrial Science and Technology Policy
and Environment Bureau
Manufacturing Industries Bureau
Economic and Industrial Policy Bureau
Research and Statistics Dept.
Regional Economic & Industrial Policy

Internal Bureaus

Regional Bureaus & Depts.

Agency for Natural Resource & Energy
Nuclear & Industrial Safety Agency
Small and Medium Enterprise Agency
Japan Patent Office126

Regional Bureaus
Mine Safety & Inspection Dept.

(2) Organization of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy
Director - General
Director - General for Natural Resources and Energy
Director-General’s Secretariat
General Policy Division
General Policy Division
Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Dept.
International Cooperation Office
Policy Planning Division
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Division
New and Renewable Energy Division
Natural Resources and Fuel Dept.
Policy Planning Division
Petroleum and Natural Gas Division
Petroleum Refining and Reserve Division
Petroleum Distribution and Retail Division
Coal Division
Coal Mine Subsidence Division
Mineral and Natural Resources Division
Electricity and Gas Industry Dept.
Policy Planning Division
Electricity Market Division
Gas Market Division
Electricity Infrastructure Division
Nuclear Energy Policy Planning Division
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Industry Division

127

6.2

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)(1) Organization of ECCJ<As of 1 July, 2006>
Administration Dept
Accounting Dept.
The Board of
Directors

Management Evaluation Dept.

The Board of
Councilors

Public Relations Dept
Smart Life
Promotion Division
ChairmanPresident

Education & Partnership Dept.
Regional Activity
Promotion Dept.
Idling Stop Project Office

Managing
Director

Dissemination Dept.

Auditor

Education Dept.
Head
OfficePublication Dept.
Research & Planning Dept.
Energy Conservation Equipment
Promotion Dept.
Eco-Driveling Promotion Dept.
Energy Star Program Office.
ESCO Promotion Dept.
Technology Dept.

Energy Environment
Technology Division

Building Energy
Survey Group
Energy Consumption
Assessment Dept.
Energy Audit Dept.

International Energy& Environment
Cooperation Center

International Engineering Dept.
International Cooperation Dept.
International Training &Communication Dept.
Hokkaido Branch
Tohoku Branch
Tokai-Hokuriku Branch

Branches

Hokuriku Office
Kinki Branch
Chugoku Branch
Shikoku Branch
Kyushu Branch

EnergyManagement
Examination &Training Center

128

Examination Dept.
Training Dept.

(2) About ECCJ
(as of July, 2006)
Legal status:

An incorporated foundation under the supervision of METI

Establishment:

1978 (just when hit by the 2nd oil crisis)

Mission:Core organization responsible for promotion of energy conservation

Office location:

Head office & 8 branches in Japan

Supporting member:

2,833 members

Number of employees

122 persons

Budget:4,527 million yen in FY2005 (39 million US$ : @116¥/US$)

Fields of activity:

Industrial, Residential / Commercial and Transportation sectors

Major activities:

Industry sector ;1) Energy conservation audits services for factories
2) Education & training on energy conservation
3) State examination for energy managers (assigned by thegovernment)
4) Dissemination (conference for successful cases of energy
conservation activities, excellent energy conserving equipment,etc.)5) Technological development and spillover
Residential / Commercial and Transportation sector ;1) Energy conservation audits services for buildings2) Ranking catalogue for energy efficient appliances (disseminationof Top Runner Program)
3) Promotion of energy labeling system
4) International Energy Star program implementation
5) Energy efficiency product retailer assessment system
6) Dissemination of energy conservation indicator "E-Co Navigator"
7) Energy education at primary and middle schools8) ESCO research and development
Cross sector ;1) Energy conservation campaign & exhibition (ENEX)
2) Commendation (grand energy conservation prize)
3) Information & data base, publicity and publishing4) Survey and monitoring
5) International cooperation & communications

129

Reference
Energy Calories (Japan)
EnergyUnit<Coal>
Coking Coal (Domestic)

Coking Coal (Import)
Steam Coal (Domestic)

Steam Coal (Import)
Hard Coal (Domestic)

Hard Coal (Import)
Brown Coal
Coke
Coke Oven Gas

kg

kg
kg

kg
kg

kg
kg
kg
m3

Blast Furnace Gas

m3

Converter Gas

m3

Patent Fuel

Average Calorie (kcal)
F.Y.

kg

1953-55

7,400

1956-60

7,500

1961-65

7,600

1966-

7,700

1953-99

7,600

2000-

6,904

1953-65

5,900

1966-70

5,800

1971-80

5,600

1981-99

5,800

2000-

5,375

1953-99

6,200

2000-

6,354

1953-65

5,700

1966-70

5,600

1971-75

6,100

1976-

4,300

1953-99

6,500

2000-

6,498

1953-99

4,100

2000-

L

EnergyAverage Calorie (kcal)

L

2000-

8,767

KeroseneL

1953-99

8,900

2000-

8,767

Gas OilL

1953-99

9,200

2000-

9,126

1953-99

9,300

Fuel Oil A

L

2000-

9,341
9,600

Fuel Oil B

L

1953-99
2000-

9,651

Fuel Oil C

L

1953-99

9,800

2000-

9,962

LubricantsL

1953-99

9,600

2000-

9,603

Other Petroleumkg

1953-99

10,100

2000-

10,105

Refinery Gas

m3

1953-99

9,400

2000-

10,726

1953-99

8,500

Petroleum Coke

kg

2000-

8,504

LPG

kg

1953-99

12,000

2000-

11,992

4,109

Natural Gas

m3

1953-99

9,800

1953-99

7,200

Natural Gas (Domestic)

m3

2000-

9,771

2000-

7,191

LNG

kg

1953-99

13,0002000-

13,0191953-99

10,000

2000-

9,818

1953-99

4,800

Natural Gas (Import)

kg

2000-

5,401

Coal Field Gas

m3

Town Gas

m3
kWh

800

8,600

1953-99

2,000

2000-

2,009

Electricity

1953-995,700(20.7%)

1953

4,150

2000-

5,709

(22.2%)

1954

3,850

(24.0%)

1955

3,600

<Oil>
Crude Oil

Unit

Jet Fuel( ) is thermal efficiency

1953-559,300(25.8%)

1956

3,350

1956-60

9,350(26.8%)

1957

3,200

1961-70

9,400(28.6%)

1958

3,000

1971-80

9,300(31.1%)

1959

2,750

1981-999,250(31.9%)

1960

2,700

2000-

9,126

(32.7%)

1961

2,650

8,100

(33.9%)

1962

2,550

NGL

L

1953-99
2000-

8,433

(36.0%)

1963

2,400

GasolineL

1953-998,400(36.5%)

1964

2,350

2000-

8,266

(36.9%)

1965

2,350

NaphthaL

1953-99

8,000(37.4%)

1966-70

2,300

2000-

8,146

(38.1%)

1971-99

2,250

1953-998,700(39.98%)

2000-

2,150

Jet Fuel

Source) “Energy Production, Supply and Demand”

130