CONTENTS
GENERAL TOPICS
page
1. OVERVIEW OF JAPAN ...................................................................... 1
A. The Japanese Archipelago ............................................................... 1
B. Climate ................................................................................................ 4
C. Population and Vital Statistics ......................................................... 6
D. The People .......................................................................................... 9
2. THE HISTORY OF JAPAN ............................................................... 10
A. Prehistoric Japan.............................................................................. 10
B. The Founding of the Country ........................................................ 12
C. The Tairas and the Minamotos ...................................................... 14
D. The Shogun and Shogunate Government ..................................... 15
E. Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Edo Period .......................................... 17
F. The Meiji Restoration ..................................................................... 19
3. DRESS, FOOD, AND DWELLINGS ................................................ 20
A. Dress .................................................................................................. 20
B. Food ................................................................................................... 22
C. Dwellings ........................................................................................... 24
4. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS .................................................... 25
A. Overview ........................................................................................... 25
B. Imperial Family ............................................................................... 30
5. EDUCATION ....................................................................................... 32
6. SPORTS ................................................................................................. 37
A. Sumo .................................................................................................. 37
B. Judo ................................................................................................... 39
C. Aikido and Karatedo ........................................................................ 40
7. ENTERTAINMENT ............................................................................ 42
A. Nohgaku (Noh and Kyogen) ........................................................... 43
B. Kabuki ............................................................................................... 46

C. Puppet Theater (Bunraku and Ningyo Joruri) ............................ 48
D. Geisha ................................................................................................ 50
8. AESTHETIC TRADITION ................................................................ 51
A. The Japanese Garden ..................................................................... 51
B. Flower Arrangement ........................................................................ 53
C. The Tea Ceremony (Cha-no-yu) .................................................... 55
D. Haiku ................................................................................................. 59
9. RELIGION ............................................................................................ 61
A. Overview ............................................................................................ 61
B. Shinto ................................................................................................. 67
C. Buddhism........................................................................................... 69
D. The Buddhist Divinities .................................................................. 75
10. THE ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY ................................................. 86
Gross Domestic Product and National Income per Capita ............ 86
A. Overview ........................................................................................... 86
B. The Manufacturing Industry ......................................................... 92
C. Foreign Trade .................................................................................. 96
D. Labor ............................................................................................... 101
E. Standard of Living ......................................................................... 103
11. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES ...................... 105
A. Overview ......................................................................................... 105
B. Rice .................................................................................................. 108
C. Livestock Farming ......................................................................... 111
E. Forestry ........................................................................................... 112
F. Fishery .............................................................................................. 113< KANTO>TOKYO ....................................................................................................... 115
OVERVIEW OF TOKYO .................................................................... 116
LANDMARKS OF TOKYO ................................................................. 116
The Imperial Palace (116), The New Imperial Palace (117), The New

Imperial Residence (117), Higashi Gyoen (117), Imperial Palace Plaza(118), Fujimi Yagura (118), Imperial Household Agency (118),
Marunouchi and Otemachi (118), Tokyo Central Railway Station (118),
Hibiya Park (119), Kasumigaseki (119), The National Diet Building(119), Ozaki Memorial Hall (119), The Old Prime Minister’s Official
Residence (120), The New Prime Minister’s Office Building (120), The
Supreme Court Building (120), The National Theater (121), American
Embassy (121), Aoyama Cemetery (122), Meiji Shrine Outer Garden(122), National Stadium of Kasumigaoka (122), Meiji Memorial Picture
Gallery (122), Meiji Shrine (123), Emperor Meiji (123), Yoyogi National
Gymnasium (123), Togu Palace (124), State Guest House, Akasaka Palace (124), Hanzomon Gate (124), Yasukuni Shrine (124), Koishikawa
Korakuen Garden (125), Korakuen Sport Center (125), Tokyo Dome (the“Big Egg”) (125), Kodokan (125), Yushima Seido (125), The Universityof Tokyo (126), Rikugien Garden (126), Akihabara (126), Ueno Park
(127), The Statue of Saigo Takamori (127), Tokyo Bunka Kaikan (127),
The National Museum of Western Art (128), The National Museum of
Nature and Science (128), Tokyo National Museum (128), Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum (128), Toshogu Shrine (129), Asakusa District (129),
Sensoji Temple (129), Kaminarimon (129), Nakamise Street (130),
Hozomon (130), Incense Burner (130), The Main Hall (130), Asakusa
Shrine (131), Nitenmon (131), TOKYO SKYTREE (131), Edo-Tokyo
Museum (132), Nihombashi Bridge and its vicinity (132), Mitsukoshi
Department Store (133), Bank of Japan (133), Ginza (134), Kabukiza(134), Tsukiji Honganji Temple (134), Tokyo Central Wholesale Market(134), Tokyo Tower (135), Narita International Airport (NRT) (136), Tokyo International Airport (HND) (137), Tokyo Rinkai-Fukutoshin Area
(137), Rainbow Bridge (138), Ogasawara Islands (138)TOKYO TO HAKONE ............................................................................. 140
1. YOKOHAMA ..................................................................................... 140

OVERVIEW OF YOKOHAMA ........................................................ 141
LANDMARKS OF YOKOHAMA ..................................................... 141
MM-21 (141), Landmark Tower (142), Sankeien Garden (142), Yokohama Bay Bridge (142), Chinatown (143)
2. ENOSHIMA ISLAND ....................................................................... 143
3. TOKAIDO HIGHWAY .................................................................... 144
KAMAKURA ............................................................................................. 146
OVERVIEW OF KAMAKURA ........................................................... 146
LANDMARKS OF KAMAKURA ....................................................... 149
1. DAIBUTSU ......................................................................................... 149
2. TSURUGAOKA HACHIMAN SHRINE ......................................... 151
3. HASE KANNON TEMPLE .............................................................. 154
FUJI-HAKONE-IZU NATIONAL PARK ............................................. 156
OVERVIEW OF FUJI-HAKONE-lZU NATIONAL PARK ........... 156
LANDMARKS OF FUJI-HAKONE-IZU NATIONAL PARK ....... 159
1. MIYANOSHITA ................................................................................ 159
2. OWAKUDANI ..................................................................................... 159
3. LAKE HAKONE AND VICINITY ................................................. 160
4. TEN-PROVINCE PASS .................................................................... 160
5. MT. FUJI ............................................................................................. 161
6. ATAMI ................................................................................................ 164
NIKKO ........................................................................................................ 166
OVERVIEW OF NIKKO ...................................................................... 167
LANDMARKS OF NIKKO .................................................................. 169
1. CRYPTOMERIA (CEDAR) AVENUE .......................................... 169
2. SHINKYO (THE SACRED BRIDGE) ............................................ 169
3. RINNOJI TEMPLE ........................................................................... 171
4. TOSHOGU SHRINE ......................................................................... 173
5. FUTARASAN SHRINE .................................................................... 187
6. TAIYUIN MAUSOLEUM ................................................................ 188
7. IROHAZAKA ..................................................................................... 190

8. KEGON WATERFALL .................................................................... 191
9. MT. NANTAI ...................................................................................... 191
10. LAKE CHUZENJI ............................................................................. 192
11. TACHIKI KANNON TEMPLE ....................................................... 193
12. FUTARASAN SHRINE: CHUGUSHI ............................................ 193
13. TAMOZAWA IMPERIAL VILLA MEMORIAL PARK ............. 194
14. STATUE OF ITAGAKI TAISUKE .................................................. 195
15. NIKKO KANAYA HOTEL .............................................................. 195
TOMIOKA SILK MILL ............................................................................ 196
SERICULTURE .......................................................................................... 198<TOHOKU>
SENDAI ....................................................................................................... 199
OVERVIEW OF SENDAI .................................................................... 199
SHIRAKAMI SANCHI WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY .............. 202
HIRAIZUMI ............................................................................................... 202
THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE ...................................... 203< HOKKAIDO>SAPPORO AND ITS VICINITY ............................................................. 204
OVERVIEW OF SAPPORO ................................................................ 204
LANDMARKS OF SAPPORO ............................................................ 205
Hokkaido University (205), Botanical Garden (206), Maruyama Park
(206), Nakajima Park (206), Odori Park (207), Clock Tower (207),
Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station, Livestock Division (207),
The 1972 11th Winter Olympic Facilities (207), Sapporo Snow Festival(208), Niseko (208)
LAKE TOYA AND NOBORIBETSU ..................................................... 209
OVERVIEW OF SHIKOTSU-TOYA NATIONAL PARK ................. 209
1. LAKE TOYA AND ITS VICINITY ............................................ 210

2. NOBORIBETSU ............................................................................ 211
3. SHIRAOI POROTO KOTAN ...................................................... 212
SHIRETOKO NATIONAL PARK ........................................................... 213
THE SEIKAN TUNNEL ........................................................................... 213
HISTORICAL FACTS REGARDING THE NORTHERNTERRITORY ISSUE ................................................................................. 214<CHUBU>NAGOYA .................................................................................................... 215
OVERVIEW OF NAGOYA ................................................................. 215
LANDMARKS OF NAGOYA .............................................................. 218
Nagoya Castle (218), Tokugawa Art Museum (219), Toyota Commemorative Museum of Industry and Technology (219), Meiji Mura
(Meiji Village) (219), SCMAGLEV & Railway Park (220)
ISE-SHIMA.................................................................................................. 220
OVERVIEW OF ISE-SHIMA NATIONAL PARK .......................... 220
LANDMARKS OF ISE-SHIMA NATIONAL PARK ...................... 221
1. ISE CITY ........................................................................................ 221
2. THE ISE JINGU ............................................................................ 222
3. FUTAMI TOWN ............................................................................ 227
4. TOBA CITY ................................................................................... 228
5. MIKIMOTO PEARL ISLAND .................................................... 228
6. WOMEN DIVERS .......................................................................... 231
IGA CITY, MIE .......................................................................................... 232
KUMANO KODO ....................................................................................... 233
KOYASAN ................................................................................................... 233
KANAZAWA .............................................................................................. 234
OVERVIEW OF KANAZAWA ........................................................... 235
LANDMARKS OF KANAZAWA ....................................................... 235

Kenrokuen Garden (235), Kanazawa Castle Park (236), Seison-kaku
villa (237), Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Traditional Arts and Crafts(237), Ishikawa Prefectural Noh Theater (237), Kanazawa Noh Museum (237), Nagamachi Samurai Residence District (237), Nomura-ke
Garden (238), Higashi Chaya District (238), Shima Geisha House (238),
Omicho Market (238), Tatsumi Canal Water System (238), Gold Leaf
Workshops (239), 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa (239), D.T. Suzuki Museum (239)
TAKAYAMA .............................................................................................. 240
OVERVIEW OF TAKAYAMA ........................................................... 240
SHIRAKAWA-GO & GOKAYAMA ....................................................... 243<KANSAI>KYOTO ....................................................................................................... 245
OVERVIEW OF KYOTO .................................................................... 245
LANDMARKS OF KYOTO ................................................................. 248
1. NISHI HONGANJI (HONGWANJI) TEMPLE ....................... 248
2. HIGASHI HONGANJI TEMPLE ............................................... 250
3. KINKAKUJI TEMPLE ................................................................ 251
4. RYOANJI TEMPLE ..................................................................... 254
5. KYOTO IMPERIAL PALACE ................................................... 256
6. NIJO CASTLE ............................................................................... 259
7. HEIAN JINGU SHRINE .............................................................. 262
8. KIYOMIZU-DERA TEMPLE ...................................................... 264
9. SANJUSANGENDO TEMPLE ................................................... 265
10. FUSHIMI INARI TAISHA SHRINE .......................................... 268
11. BYODOIN TEMPLE ..................................................................... 269
12. SHUGAKUIN IMPERIAL VILLA ............................................. 270
13. KATSURA IMPERIAL VILLA ................................................... 272

NARA ................................................................................................. 275
OVERVIEW OF NARA ........................................................................ 276

LANDMARKS OF NARA .................................................................... 277
1. NARA PARK .................................................................................. 277
2. KASUGATAISHA SHRINE ........................................................ 278
3. WAKAKUSA-YAMA HILL ........................................................ 279
4. TODAIJI TEMPLE ....................................................................... 280
5. KOHFUKUJI TEMPLE ............................................................... 288
6. YAKUSHlJI TEMPLE .................................................................. 290
7. TOSHODAIJI TEMPLE .............................................................. 292
8. HORYUJI TEMPLE ..................................................................... 294

OSAKA ............................................................................................. 300
OVERVIEW OF OSAKA ..................................................................... 300
LANDMARKS OF OSAKA ................................................................. 303
1. OSAKA CASTLE .......................................................................... 303
2. SHITENNOJI TEMPLE ............................................................... 305
3. EXPO’70 & NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ETHNOLOGY ...... 306
4. MIDOSUJI AVENUE ................................................................... 306
5. KOKURITSU BUNRAKU GEKIJO ........................................... 306
6. KAIYUKAN ................................................................................... 307
7. KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT .................................. 307
8. UMEDA SKY BUILDING ........................................................... 308
9. ABENO HARUKAS ...................................................................... 308
KOBE ........................................................................................................... 309
OVERVIEW OF KOBE ........................................................................ 309
LANDMARKS OF KOBE .................................................................... 310
Ikuta Shrine (310), City Hall of Kobe (310), Port Tower (310), Meriken
Park (310), Motomachi Street (310), Sorakuen Garden (311), Maiko
Beach (311), Sumaura Park (311), Mt. Rokko (311), Port Island (312),
Rokko Island (313), Port of Kobe Earthquake Memorial Park (313),
The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (313)
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE ................................................................... 314

HIMEJI CASTLE ...................................................................................... 314<CHUGOKU>HIROSHIMA .............................................................................................. 315
OVERVIEW OF HIROSHIMA ........................................................... 316
1. THE ATOMIC BOMB .................................................................. 317
2. THE DAY ........................................................................................ 318
LANDMARKS OF HIROSHIMA ....................................................... 319
Hijiyama Park (319), Radiation Effects Research Foundation Laboratory (319), Hiroshima Castle (Carp Castle) (319), Shukkeien Garden (319)
PEACE MEMORIAL PARK ............................................................... 320
A-Bomb Dome (320), Peace Clock Tower (320), Atomic Bomb Memorial Mound (320), Peace Bell (320), Children’s Peace Monument (Statue with One Thousand Cranes) (320), Flame of Peace (321), Cenotaph
for the Atomic Bomb Victims (321), Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum (321), Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall (321), Peace
Boulevard (321)
HIROSHIMA OYSTERS ...................................................................... 322
Oyster Rafts (322)
MIYAJIMA ................................................................................................. 323
OVERVIEW OF MIYAJIMA .............................................................. 323
ITSUKUSHIMA SHRINE .................................................................... 324
IWAKUNI ................................................................................................... 327
OVERVIEW OF IWAKUNI ................................................................ 328
LANDMARKS OF IWAKUNI ............................................................. 328
Kintaikyo Bridge (Abacus Bridge) (328), Iwakuni Castle (328)
IZUMO ....................................................................................................... 329
IZUMO TAISHA ....................................................................................... 329
THE ADACHI MUSEUM OF ART ........................................................ 329
IWAMI KAGURA ...................................................................................... 330

<SHIKOKU>OVERVIEW OF SHIKOKU ISLAND ................................................... 331
SHIKOKU PILGRIMAGE .................................................................. 331
INLAND SEA NATIONAL PARK ..................................................... 332
OVERVIEW OF THE INLAND SEA ................................................. 333
1. SETO OHASHI .................................................................................. 335
2. MEGIJIMA ISLAND ........................................................................ 336
3. NAOSHIMA ....................................................................................... 336
4. SETOUCHI SHIMANAMI KAIDO ................................................ 337
TAKAMATSU ............................................................................................ 337<KYUSHU>FUKUOKA AND VICINITY .................................................................. 341
OVERVIEW OF FUKUOKA CITY ................................................... 341
DAZAIFU ................................................................................................. 343
YANAGAWA .......................................................................................... 343
NAGASAKI ................................................................................................ 344
OVERVIEW OF NAGASAKI .............................................................. 344
LANDMARKS OF NAGASAKI .......................................................... 345
Urakami Cathedral (345), Oura Cathedral (346), Peace Park (346), The
26 Martyrs Shrine (346), The Former Dutch East India Company’s Factory on Dejima (347), Suwa Shrine (347), Glover’s House (348), Confucian Shrine and Chinese Museum (348), Mitsubishi Shipyard (348),
Megami Ohashi Bridge (349)
UNZEN AND SHIMABARA .................................................................... 350
OVERVIEW OF UNZEN ..................................................................... 350
OVERVIEW OF SHIMABARA .......................................................... 352
KUMAMOTO ............................................................................................ 353
OVERVIEW OF KUMAMOTO .......................................................... 353
LANDMARKS OF KUMAMOTO ...................................................... 354

Kumamoto Castle (354), The Castle Restoration Program (354),
Suizenji Park (354)
ASO .............................................................................................................. 355
OVERVIEW OF ASO ........................................................................... 355
BEPPU ......................................................................................................... 357
OVERVIEW OF BEPPU ...................................................................... 357
KAGOSHIMA ............................................................................................ 359
OVERVIEW OF KAGOSHIMA ......................................................... 359
LANDMARKS OF KAGOSHIMA ...................................................... 360
Shiroyama Lookout Point (360), Sengan-en (360), Shoko Shuseikan
Museum (360), Satsuma Ware (360), Mt. Sakurajima (361), YakushimaIsland (361)<OKINAWA>
OKINAWA ................................................................................................. 362
OVERVIEW OF OKINAWA ............................................................... 362
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 362
2. HISTORY ....................................................................................... 364
LANDMARKS OF OKINAWA .......................................................... 366
1. CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES ............................................... 366
Shuri Castle Park (366), Shuri Palace (367), Shureimon Gate (367),
Okinawa Prefectural Museum (367), Pottery town, Tsuboya (367),
Modern Cultural Village (367)
2. BEAUTIES OF NATURE ............................................................... 368
Churaumi Aquarium (368), Kerama Islands (368)
3. WAR MONUMENTS IN OKINAWA ........................................... 368
Himeyuri Peace Memorial Museum (369)
NAHA AND ITS VICINITY ................................................................. 370
OVERVIEW OF NAHA ..................................................................... 370

6. SPORTS
In Japan, sports in the pure meaning were not developed or pra cticed until modern times. Some of the traditional “sports” intr oduced here were originally developed or practiced as religious rites
or as martial art training. In particular, those sports whose names
end in “do” (meaning “moral principles” or “the right way”) arepracticed for self-discipline, and often the manner in which a parti cipant competes is considered to be more important than victory or
defeat.

A. Sumo
Sumo , a type of wrestling, is native to Japan and its origins dateback to ancient times. One myth tells of gods wrestling with eachother. Sumo was not just a sport; it was an important event to attract
the attention of Shinto deities. Later it developed into a spectator
sport. Even now, traces of Shinto rituals are seen in the actions of
the sumo wrestlers (called rikishi) and the referees (called gyoji).
Although sumo is practiced among young and old, men or women,
as an amateur sport across the country, at present the Nihon Sumo
Kyokai is the only professional sumo organization in Japan. It has
about 700 members and 46 stables, or heya.
Nihon Sumo Kyokai holds a grand tournament six times a year, inTokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka. The tournaments of January,
May, and September are held in Tokyo, while the other three inMarch, July, and November are held in Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka, respectively. Grand tournaments each last fifteen days.
The professional wrestlers are called rikishi. On the basis of theirskill, they are divided into two grades: maku-uchi, which is the9. RELIGION
A. Overview
Source: Shukyo Nenkan 2018

A. Adherents of Religions in Japan, as of December 31, 2017 (1,000)
Shinto ·························································86,166
Buddhism ····················································85,333
Christianity ··················································· 1,921
Others·························································· 7,743
Total
181,164
B. Adherents of Religions in Japan,
Based on the Reports by Comprehensive Religious Organizations
under the Jurisdiction of MEXT, as of December 31, 2017
(1,000 )Shinto ·························································79,363
Shrine Shinto ···········································76,000
Sectarian Shinto ········································· 3,134
Shin Kyoha ················································· 228
Buddhism ····················································48,005
Tendai ····················································· 2,970
Shingon ··················································· 5,359
Jodo ······················································22,626
Zen ························································ 4,703
Nichiren ·················································11,598
Nara ························································· 739
Others ·························································· 6
Christianity ····················································· 959
Catholic ····················································· 450
Protestant ··················································· 509
Others·························································· 4,642
Total
132,971

Introduction Religion in Japan today means primarily the threerecognized religions: Shinto, Buddhism, and Christianity. Conf ucianism, although not strictly a religion but rather a way of living,has also had a great influence on the spiritual life of the Japanese.
Besides these, there are some syncretic religions and new religions.
Except for Christianity and certain Buddhist groups, most of t hefaiths are generally not exclusive. In fact, a majority of Japanese
claim to be adherents of two or more religions simultaneously. As aresult, the total number of the adherents of all religious bodies
shown in the statistics always far exceeds the tota l population ofJapan.
Thus, practically all Japanese are considered to be Shintoists, yet
the vast majority accept in a general way the teaching of the Conf ucian classics. Moreover, more than half of the Japanese population
claim to be members of one or other of the Buddhist sects. A Shinto
altar and a Buddhist altar are found sometimes side-by-side in a
Japanese home. And pious parents teach their children to worshipboth Shinto and Buddhist deities impartially. Of the various expl anations for the religious plurality of the Japanese people, one isgiven here. The Japanese family professes faith as a unit. For i nstance, if the family head is a Buddhist and belongs to a parish of acertain sect, the entire family is registered as family -parishioners, ordanka, and the temple of the parish claims all the members of thefamily as its adherents even though some members may be baptized
as Christians. Shinto operates the same way, with its traditional,
extensive parish system known as the ujiko-ujigami system.
People in Japan were once encouraged to worship the Shinto d ivinities as the ancestors of the Imperial Family, even if their pe rsonal faith might be Buddhism. This may be another reason for thetolerance of Shinto and Buddhist parishioners.

10. THE ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY
Gross Domestic Product and National Income per Capita
Source: Nihon Kokusei Zue 2018/19

GDP, nominal
Year
Japan
U.S.A.
China
3,082,736 5,979,600
1990
404,494
4,730,102 10,289,700 1,192,836
2000
5,510,722 14,958,300 5,949,786
2010
4,936,212 18,624,475 11,218,281
2016(1,000,000 US$)
Germany
France1,714,447 1,244,124
1,886,400 1,326,334
3,304,439 2,565,039
3,477,796 2,465,454

5,458,873
National Income
per Capita
Year
Japan
U.S.A.
1990
24,971
23,495
2000
37,29536,156
2010
43,03847,905
2016
39,881
58,876

Germany
21,301
22,58839,804
43,174

China
347
932
4,375
7,963

(US$)
France21,334
21,77039,36237,412

Annual Growth Rate, Real GDP
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 2019
(%)

Year
1990
2000
2010
2017

Japan
5.6
2.9
4.7
1.7

U.S.A.
1.9
3.7
2.5
2.3

China
3.8
8.4
10.4
6.9

Germany
5.7
3.2
4.0
2.5

France
2.6
3.9
1.7
1.8

A. Overview
Business Trends Japan’s rapid economic growth after WorldWar II surprised the Japanese themselves, as well as the rest of theworld. Within 25 years Japan rose from the devastation of war to
become the second-largest industrial nation in the Free World. In
1968 Japan’s gross national product finally reached 140 billion U.S.
dollars, the third-largest in the world after those of the U.S.A. and<KANTO>TOKYOTokyo Metropolis:
Source: Internet home page of Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Population (as of Jan. 1, 2019):
Metropolis (Tokyo-to) ·································· 13,857,443
23 wards·················································· 9,569,121
peripheral cities ·········································· 4,205,936
towns & villages ··········································· 82,386
Area:
Metropolis ····································· 2,193km2 (846mi 2 )City proper ······································· 627km 2 (242mi 2 )Schools:
Source: Tokyo-to Tokei Nenkan 2016
154 Universities & Colleges, 38 Junior Colleges
429 Upper secondary schools,808 Lower secondary schools
1,339 Elementary schools, 1,004 Kindergartens
History:1456 Ota Dokan begins constructing a castle: the origin of Edo.
1590 Tokugawa Ieyasu moves into Edo.
1869 City renamed Tokyo as the capital of Japan .
1923 September 1, the Great Kanto Earthquake and fire leave
Tokyo in ashes. Approximately 440,000 houses da maged.
1943 Tokyo reorganized into Tokyo Metropolis.
1991 The new Tokyo Metropolitan Government office complex
completed at Shinjuku.
2011 Ogasawara Islands designated World Natural Heritage
by UNESCO.
2012 TOKYO SKYTREE opened.
2013 Tokyo chosen to host 2020 Olympic/Paralympic Games.

OVERVIEW OF TOKYO
Introduction

Tokyo is the capital of Japan. Population-wise, it

is one of the largest cities in the world. Tokyo forms a special a dministrative district called the Tokyo Metropolis, which comprises
the 23 wards, the Tama Area that includes 26 suburban cities, and 9
islands. The center of administration, economic activity, industry,
culture, and so on, Tokyo is the hub of Japan.
The 23 wards can be roughly divided into an upper (Yamanote)and a lower (Shitamachi) area. Tokyo developed around the Imper ial Palace, which used to be the largest castle in Japan. An extensive
network of urban trains, subways, and buses serves all parts of thecity. The Chuo-sen, or Central Line, the Yamanote-sen, or Loop
Line, of Japan Railways, as well as a number of subway lines are
the basic transportation arteries in the Tokyo Metropolitan area.

History

Its origin goes back to 1456, when a feudal lord named

Ota Dokan (1432-1486) built a castle on the site where the Imperial
Palace stands now. Toward the end of the 16th century, Tokugawa
Ieyasu, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, moved in and reco nstructed the castle as the headquarters of his government. Tokyo,
called Edo in those days, continued to flourish as the shogun’s cap ital. In 1868 the reign of government was returned to the emperor
and it was named Tokyo. The Emperor Meiji moved from Kyoto,
which is located some 500km(320mi) west of Tokyo, to the newcapital.

LANDMARKS OF TOKYOThe Imperial Palace The city of Tokyo grew around the pr esent
Imperial Palace, which was once called Edo Castle, the largest fe udal castle in Japan. From the beginning of the 17th century to 1867,

NAGASAKI
Nagasaki City:
Population (as of Jan. 1, 2019)······························ 415,839
Area ·················································· 406km 2 (157mi 2 )History:
1571 Nagasaki harbor opened as port for trade with Portugal.
1597 Martyrdom of 26 Japanese Catholics (Feb. 5).
1636 Dejima, small man-made island about 1.5ha (3.7ac) in area, established for foreigners.
1641 Dutch trading houses transferred from Hirado to Dejima.
1861 Shipbuilding yard established.
1945 A-bombed at 11:02 a.m. August 9.
Damages and Casualties by the Atomic Bomb:
Source: “Atomic Bomb and Nagasaki”

Burnt-out area ··························· 671ha(1,660ac)
Houses completely destroyed by fire ··········· 11,574
Houses completely destroyed by blast ··········· 1,326
The dead ··········································· 73,884
The injured ········································ 74,909

OVERVIEW OF NAGASAKI
Nagasaki City is at the northwestern end of Kyushu and is one ofthe oldest ports for trade between Japan and the West. It is now thesixth-largest city in Kyushu and one of the largest shipbuilding ce nters in Japan. It is also one of the chief ports for commercial trade.
The city nestles at the head of Nagasaki Bay, about 5km(3mi) fromthe open sea, and is sheltered on three sides by hills.
History Nagasaki was opened as a port for trade in the middle of

－INDEX－(A)
ABCC .................................... 319
A-bomb (Atomic bomb) ..... 315-317.................. 319-321,344,345,346
A-Bomb Dome ...................... 320
Adams, William..................... 133
Aerospace industry................ 216
Ainu ...9,10,162,205,206,211,212
Aircraft Manufacturing ........... 95
Aizawa Tadahiro ..................... 10
Aizen Myo-o ........................... 84
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge.... 311,314
Alexander the Great ................ 75
Alluvial layer ......................... 308
Ama ................................ 228,231
Amakusa Shiro ...................... 352
Amanohashidate ............. 201,324
Amaterasu ................. 31,64,65,67
80,222-224,226-228
Amida Nyorai ................ 72-73,76
77,79,149,150,152,172,251,270
Andesite .......................... 211,334
Ando Tadao .................... 336,340
Anglo-Satsuma incident ........ 359
Anime .................................... 126
Arable Land Area ........... 105,106
Archery Contest .................... 267
Asa-ichi.................................. 241
Asakusa Kannon Temple ...... 129
Asakusa Shrine ...................... 131
Ashikaga Shogun..............16,147,154,251,252,254
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu...... 251-254

Asuka period .................. 294-299
Atomic Bomb Memorial mound..320
Atomic Bomb Museum .........346
Atsuta Jingu ...........................215
Automobiles ......... 94,95,216,247
Awajishima Island...........314,335(B)
Baku .......................................186
Bakufu ................................ 15-17
Bank of Japan..................133,334
Basho .................................59,232
Batchelor Memorial Museum ...206
Bato (Horse-headed) Kannon...........................................82,172
Benten(Benzaiten) .. 144,155,286
Binzuru ...................................282
Birushana ................................. 79
Bishamonten ..........................265
Blakiston, Thomas Wright .....206
Board of Education .................. 34
Bodhisattva .............................. 70
71,77,80,84,270,282,284,285
Bonten .............................286,293
Book of Tea .............................. 55
Bruno Taut ..............................244
Bubble economy ...................... 90
Buddhism ..........61-65,69-85,148
167,189,246, 276,281,295
Buddhist....... 62,168,175,179,233,246,253
270,281,297,301,305,332,342
Bugaku ..............................42,326
Bunraku .................. 42,48,49,306
Byakugo ..............................77,78