Australia and US-China Relations1(US-China Relations Report, Vol. 3)
Yusuke Ishihara(Research Fellow, The National Institute For Defense Studies)* This report is part of the research findings of “US‐China Relations and International
Relations centered on the United States and China” (US‐China Relations Research Group),
which is a sub‐project of the fiscal 2015 Japan Institute of International Affairs project“Major Developments in the US and China and US‐China Relations amidst Turmoil in theInternational Order.”* This is an English translation of the original article written in Japanese andpublished in August 2015.
There is arguably a general bipartisan consensus between Australia’s two major politicalparties—the Coalition and the Australian Labor Party—regarding US-China relations.
The Labor Governments led by Prime Ministers Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard, which
held power from 2007 to 2013, and the Coalition Tony Abbott Government (at the timeof this writing), have explicitly stated their view that US-China relations is the single
most important factor for the future of the Indo-Pacific regional order . In addition, there
is also a basic bipartisan consensus with regard to Australian policy toward both the US
and China: a two-pronged approach of expanding its alliance and cooperation with theUS, which is pursuing a rebalancing toward the Asia-Pacific, while developing an
Australia-China Strategic Partnership.
Beyond this foundation of bipartisan consensus, though, there are some differences
between the Governments regarding the specific ways in which to engage with the USand China. In particular, an important strategic issue in this context that successive
Australian Governments have faced for many years is the question of how Australia
should cooperate in the US’ strategy for dealing with China.

1All opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not represent the opinions of theMinistry of Defense or the Government of Japan.
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The answer to this question shown by Abbott’s Coalition Government is an intention tocollaborate more closely than ever in the US’ strategy on China. That collaboration
would include at least three elements, the first of which would be sending stronger
messages to China. When China announced the establishment of its so-called “EastChina Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)” in November 2013, Foreign
Minister Julie Bishop of the Abbott Government issued a statement criticizing “China’ssudden, unilateral announcement” and summoned China’s ambassador in Australia tothe Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade to register a substantive direct concern
seeking an explanation of the situation. With respect to such clear criticism of China,
Prime Minister Abbott explained that his administration would not hesitate to send amessage about Australia’s “values and interests” as “a strong ally of the US.”
China immediately rejected and criticized this stance by the Abbott Government. At theTrack 1.5 Australia-China Dialogue held in November 2013 (at which Li Zhaoxing,President of the China Public Diplomacy Association and former Minister of Foreign
Affairs, headed the Chinese delegation), China criticized the Australia’s position, whichplaces great importance on its relationship with the US, and also stirred things up by
saying that there was no guarantee that a policy of reliance on the US would continue togo well in the future. Furthermore, at the Australia-China Foreign and Strategic
Dialogue (a framework led by the foreign ministers of both countries), held inDecember 2013 in Beijing, Foreign Minister Wang Yi directly criticized Australia’s
response to the ADIZ in front of a group of reporters. Despite such criticism from China,
the Abbott Government’s basic stance remains unchanged. In light of a recent situation,for example, Defense Minister Kevin Andrews and Defense Department SecretaryDennis Richardson both criticized China in May 2015 for its construction of artificial
structures in the South China Sea and issued statements demanding an immediatesuspension of construction.
Secondly, the work of readjusting its national defense policy that Australia is currently
carrying out is intended to incorporate elements that strengthen the US-Australiaalliance. Of course, it is difficult to systematically analyze the processes of readjusting
the national defense policy without closely examining the Defense White Paper which
was to be released in September 2015. Nevertheless, a number of general elements havebecome visible through various prior announcements. One is increase of the defense
budget. In 2012, the previous Labor government decided to substantially cut thenational defense budget. The Abbott administration, however, heavily criticized this and2/4

has, moreover, continued to increase the defense budget since the administration got
underway. As a result, the defense budget has been raised from around AUD $24.4
billion, or 1.68% of GDP, for fiscal 2013/14 at the start of the Government to around
AUD $31.9 billion, or 1.96% of GDP for fiscal 2015/16.
Prime Minister Abbott and his ministers have stressed that behind this budget increase is
the aim of increasing Australia’s weight as a US ally. In particular, based on the logic ofacquiring the necessary capabilities as an ally in light of the power shift between the USand China, Australia has been pursuing a long-term policy of reinforcing its naval power,focusing on submarines, since 2009. The Abbott Government’s aim of increasing thenational defense budget can likely be assessed as backing up that policy with resources.
Thirdly, Australia has worked out a package of policies to further bolster bilateral
cooperation with Japan as well as trilateral cooperation with Japan and the US. At
present, Japan and Australia are hammering out a direction that could be called a second
evolution in Japan-Australia relations, one that expands cooperative ties that havecentered up to now on non-traditional fields such as peacekeeping operations (PKO)
and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) to include cooperation in
traditional security fields. Specifically, they are considering capacity-building support in
the area of maritime security to Southeast Asian nations and the possibility of defense
equipment cooperation related to Australia’s “Future Submarine Program.” It is
important that each of these areas have been set out as Japan-US-Australia trilateral
cooperation in all but name. Moreover, the stronger messages toward China discussed
above have become an important item in trilateral cooperation, as witnessed, among
other ways, by their inclusion in statements issued following the US-Japan-Australia
Trilateral Strategic Dialogue at the foreign minister level in October 2013 and theUS-Japan-Australia Trilateral defense ministers meetings held since 2014. Behind theAbbott Government’s emphasis on Japan, one can perceive the intention to attach
greater value than past administrations to strong ties with Japan, an American ally
with which it shares values.
In this way, the Abbott Government could be said to have pledged to explicitly support
the US’ strategy on China. On the other hand, it should be remembered that, whiledemonstrating its willingness to more closely follow the US in its strategy on China, theAbbott Government also appears to be also showing certain consideration toward China.
This fact unexpectedly came to light in the May 2015 statement by U.S. Assistance
3/4Secretary of Defense David Shear. It was reported in the news that, in the context ofexplaining policy toward China, Assistant Secretary Shear stated during a publiccongressional hearing held that month that the US was considering enhancing access toAustralia for B-1 bombers. In response, Prime Minister Abbott said that theUS-Australia alliance was not aimed at a third country, a reaction suggestive of a degreeof consideration toward China.
It is clear from the memoirs of Cabinet ministers from the time of the previous Labor
Government that they had refrained from discussing the expansion of access toAustralia for US Air Force bombers precisely out of consideration toward China. In thatsense, it can be said that while US-Australia cooperation does move forward within theAbbott Government in regard to this matter will be an important point to consider inassessing Australia’s policies toward China and the US. Given this, the Abbott
Government’s reaction to Mr. Shear’s aforementioned remarks unexpectedly shed lightonto the fact that consideration toward China remains an important factor in advancing
the US-Australia Force Posture Initiatives. This appears to suggest that paying certain
consideration to China in managing the US-Australia alliance is another bipartisanconsensus shared between the Coalition and the Labor Party, notwithstanding theirnuanced differences.

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