277

Figure 2: Maximum Ionosphere-Induced Vertical Errors at Memphis

278

Figure 3: VPL Inflation Required to Remove Unsafe Geometries

279

280

Figure 4: Nominal IPP Scenario – All Surrounding IGPs are “Good”

Figure 6: “Not Observed” Scenario 2 – One Surrounding IGP is “NotMonitored”

281

282

283

Figure 9: Example GBAS Integrity Support Network in Australian Region

284

285

S. Pullen, M. Luo, T. Walter, and P. Enge
9.

[12] Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global
Positioning System/Wide Area Augmentation System User
Equipment. Washington, DC, RTCA SC-159, WG-2, DO229D, December 13, 2006. http://www.rtca.org

REFERENCES[1] S. Pullen, T. Walter, P. Enge, “System Overview, Recent
Developments, and Future Outlook for WAAS and LAAS,”
Proc. GPS Symp. 2002. Tokyo, Japan, GPS Soc./Japan Inst.
of Nav., Nov. 11-13, 2002, pp. 45-56.
http://waas.stanford.edu/~wwu/papers/gps/PDF/Pullen
Tokyo02.pdf[13] T. Walter, A. Hansen, et al., “Robust Detection ofIonospheric Irregularities,” Proc. ION GPS 2000, Salt Lake
City, UT, Sept. 19-22, 2000, pp. 209-218.
http://waas.stanford.edu/~wwu/papers/gps/PDF/toddion00.pdf[2] S. Ramakrishnan, J. Lee, S. Pullen, P. Enge, “TargetedEphemeris Decorrelation Parameter Inflation for Improved
LAAS Availability during Severe Ionosphere Anomalies,”
Proc. ION NTM 2008, San Diego, CA, Jan. 28-30, 2008, pp.
354-366. http://waas.stanford.edu/~wwu/papers/gps/PDF/RamakrishnanIONNTM08.pdf[14] L. Sparks, A. Komjathy, et al., “Extreme Ionospheric
Storms and Their Impact on WAAS,” Proc. Int’l. Beacon
Satellite Symp. 2005, Alexandria, VA, May 3-5, 2005.
http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/37807/1/05-0934.pdf[15] J. Rife, S. Pullen, et al., “WAAS-Based Threat Monitoring
for a Local Airport Monitor (LAM) that Supports Category I
Precision Approach,” Proc. IEEE PLANS 2006, San Diego,
CA., April 25-27, 2006, pp. 468-482. http://waas.stanford.
edu/~wwu/papers/gps/PDF/RifeIONPLANS06.pdf[3] T. Murphy, M. Harris, Y.S. Park, S. Pullen, “GBAS
Differentially Corrected Positioning Service IonosphericAnomaly Errors Evaluated in an Operational Context,” Proc.
ION ITM 2010, San Diego, CA, Jan. 25-27, 2010, pp. 394410. http://waas.stanford.edu/~wwu/papers/gps/PDF/
MurphyIONITM10.pdf[16] T. Walter, J. Blanch, P. Enge, “Coverage Improvement for
Dual Frequency SBAS,” Proc. ION ITM 2010, San Diego,CA, Jan. 25-27, 2010, pp. 344-353http://www.ion.org/search/view_abstract.cfm ?jp=p&idno=8815[4] J. Lee, S. Pullen, S. Datta-Barua, P. Enge, “Assessment ofIonosphere Spatial Decorrelation for Global Positioning
System-Based Aircraft Landing Systems”, AIAA J. ofAircraft, Vol. 44, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2007, pp. 1662-1669.
http://www.aiaa.org[17] J. Bollard, “GBAS Ionospheric Threat Model Evaluation:
Mid-latitude Australian Region,” ICAO NSP Working
Group of the Whole (WGW) Meeting, Montreal, Canada,
WGW/IP 2, May 17-28, 2010. http://www.icao.int[5] S. Pullen, Y.S. Park, P. Enge, “Impact and Mitigation ofIonospheric Anomalies on Ground Based Augmentation ofGNSS,” Radio Science, Vol. 44, Aug. 8, 2009.
http://www.agu.org/journals/rs/rs0904/2008RS004084/
2008RS004084.pdf[18] B. Pervan, L. Gratton, “Orbit Ephemeris Monitors for Local
Area Differential GPS,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace andElectronic Systems, Vol. 41, No.2, April 2005, pp. 449-460.
http://www.ieee.org[6] S. Datta-Barua, J. Lee, et al., “Ionospheric Threat
Parameterization for Local Area Global-PositioningSystem-Based Aircraft Landing Systems,” AIAA J. ofAircraft, Vol. 47, No.4, July-Aug. 2010, pp. 1141-1151.
http://www.aiaa.org[19] Software Considerations in Airborne Systems andEquipment Certification, Washington, D.C.: RTCA SC-167,DO-178B, Dec. 1, 1992. http://www.rtca.org[20] T. Schempp, S. Peck, R. Fries, "WAAS Algorithm
Contribution to Hazardously Misleading Information(HMI)," Proc. ION GPS 2001, Salt Lake City, UT, Sept. 1114, 2001, pp. 1831-1837.
http://www.ion.org/search/view_abstract.cfm?jp=p&idno=1858[7] Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) Network,U.S. National Geodetic Survey.
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/[8] Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service
Performance Standard. Washington, D.C., U.S.
Department of Defense, 4th Edition, Sept. 2008.
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/gps/geninfo/2008
SPSPerformanceStandardFINAL.pdf[21] FAA’s NextGen Implementation Plan 2010, Washington,DC, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, March 2010.
http://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/nextgen/media/NGIP_3-2010.pdf[9] C. Shively, R. Niles, “Safety Concepts for Mitigation ofIonospheric Anomaly Errors in GBAS”, Proc. ION NTM
2008, San Diego, CA, Jan. 28-30, 2008, pp. 367-381.
http://ion.org/search/view_abstract.cfm? jp=p&idno=7695

10. COPYRIGHT[10] GNSS-Based Precision Approach Local Area Augmentation
System (LAAS) Signal-in-Space Interface Control Document(ICD). Washington, DC, RTCA SC-159, WG-4, DO-246D,
December 16, 2008. http://www.rtca.org

The authors confirm that they hold copyright of all
original material included in their paper. The authors
grant full permission for the publication and distribution of
their paper as part of the EIWAC 2010 Proceedings or as
individual printouts from the Proceedings.

[11] J. Lee, J. Seo, et al., “Ionospheric Gradient Threat
Mitigation by Geometry Screening in GNSS Ground Based
Augmentation Systems,” submitted to AIAA J. of Aircraft(forthcoming). http://www.aiaa.org

286