JICA Group and Region-Focused Training "Building Disaster Prevention(Concerning Earthquakes, Tsunami, Fire, Typhoon, Etc.) Course"

Masonry Construction in Japan
Naoji Hasegawa
Senior Fellow,
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

The oldest extant masonry structure Kosuge Repair Dock (1868, NagasakiPrefecture)

Nationally designated important cultural property Former Ministry ofJustice Headquarters Building (1895, Tokyo Metropolis)Nationally designated important cultural property Usui Pass railroad facilities FormerMaruyama Substation (1912, Gunma Prefecture)

Nationally designated important cultural property Former Usui No. 3 Arch
Bridge (1892, Gunma Prefecture)

National treasure/world cultural heritage Former Tomioka Silk Mill
East Cocoon Warehouse (1873, Gunma Prefecture)6

Nationally designated important cultural property Former Hokkaido
Government Office Building (1888, Hokkaido Prefecture)Masonrystructure

Traditional woodenstructure

An imported Western-style
masonry structure and a traditional
Japanese wooden structure
inherited from olden times areunited.

Earthquake damage caused to masonry structurebuildings
Monochrome: Great Kanto Earthquake (occurred on Sept. 1, 1923)
Color: Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (occurred on Jan. 17, 1995)

2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki Earthquake (occurred on Jul. 16, 2007)

Great East Japan Earthquake (occurred onMar. 11, 2011)

Former Nomura Shoten Salt Warehouse (1892)
Registered cultural property Tsuchiura
Machikado Kura Nomura / Coffee Shop Kura
Chuo, Tsuchiura City, Ibaraki Prefecture

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Château Kamiya former brewery
facility fermentation room (1903)

Ushiku City, Ibaraki Prefecture
Nationally designatedimportant cultural property

Masonry structure buildings inTsuchiura City (circa 1892)

Chuo, Tsuchiura City, Ibaraki PrefectureNot designatedGreat East Japan Earthquake (occurred on Mar.
11, 2011)

Nationally designated important cultural property
Yokotone Lock Gate

Kumamoto Earthquake (occurred on Apr. 14,2016)15

On the features of earthquake damage to masonry structure buildings (lectures given
by Yoshimi Sato/Masayoshi Tanaka as held by the Architectural Institute of Japan,
1924)(1) The destruction of walls was more remarkable inupper floors.
(2) Damage was remarkable in projecting parts suchas gable walls and chimneys.
(3) Corner sections are likely to be destroyed.
(4) Damage is likely to concentrate on openings suchas windows as well as entrances and doorways.
(5) Flexural cracking is dominant in masonry walls.

Cultural property masonry structures that did not suffer
earthquake damage (all the photos on this page were taken after the quake)

Hoffman kiln at the former Shimotsuke Brick Company
Important cultural property (Nogi Town, Tochigi Prefecture)

Gokiso Brick Warehouse
Registered (Mitsukaido, Joso City, Ibaraki Prefecture)

Red brick factory at the former Ashikaga Orimono Company
Registered (Ashikaga City, Tochigi Prefecture)

Former Kanaya Lace Manufacturing Corporation Sawtooth
Roof MillRegistered (Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture)

Former Kanaya Lace Manufacturing Corporation Sawtooth Roof Mill
Currently used as Bakery Cafe Renga (Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture)Gokiso Brick WarehouseSeismic diagnosis of masonry structure buildings
Guidelines for seismic diagnosis ofimportant cultural properties (structures)
Decision of the Cultural Properties Protection
Department Manager dated April 8, 1999(Scope)
3 The specific techniques of seismic diagnosis shown inthese guidelines are intended for, of the important culturalproperties (structures), buildings with purely woodconstruction.
Note that seismic diagnosis shall be made on buildings
other than those with wood construction (such as those ofmasonry construction, steel frame construction, andconcrete construction) and civil engineering structures(such as bridges, tunnels, and dykes) as well, by meansof techniques according to the type of construction of theapplicable structure, by showing respect for the intent ofthese guidelines.

→ With regard to seismic diagnosis ofmasonry structure buildings, the aim of theguidelines is shown, but specific"procedures of diagnosis" are not shown.
http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/bosai/pdf/kokko_hojyo_taisin11.pdf

Seismic measures for masonry structure buildings

At the Nakagyo Post Office building, reinforced concrete walls (200 - 300mm) were newly built inside of the original masonry exterior walls, andthe walls were fastened tightly with anchor bolts. ③ in the figure shows
the newly built wall, and ④ shows the temporarily built steel frame tower.

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Nationally designated important cultural property
Former Kanazawa Army Arsenal Branch Factory (Ishikawa Prefectural Museum ofHistory) 1909 - 1914

Steel frame roof covered
with Japanese roof tiles

Reinforced concreteslab / Japanese roof tile
Steel frame
roof beam

Reinforced
concrete beam

Catwalk

Reinforced
concrete column
Steel frame
columnReinforced
concrete floor

Masonrywall

Reinforced
concretewall

Wellhole

Concrete floor
Steel frame
beam
Steel frame
columnReinforced
concrete beam
Reinforced
concrete floor

Reinforced
concretefoundation

Wellhole

Soil cement pile

First building<Reinforced concrete
construction>

Reinforced
concretefoundation

Masonry
wall

Buttress

Display room
for the rebuilt
arsenal

Display
room for therebuiltarsenal

Concrete pile

Second building<Steel frame
construction>

Third building<Masonry construction +Steel-frame reinforcement>Important cultural property Former Nagoya Court of Appeal District Court Ward
Court Building Construction completed in 1922/Repaired in 1989
• In the area around the hall in the central staircase portion, exterior
buttresses were newly built and circumferential girders were provided forreinforcement of the attic, and at the same time reinforcing bars wereinserted into the masonry walls.
• For the masonry column in the central hall portion on the 2nd floor, themasonry columns were modified to the steel pipe columns.
• In the tower portion, the RC beams in the longitudinal and inter-beamdirections were tightly fastened with steel-frame reinforcing materials. Its
inside was provided with steel-frame reinforcing materials.

Nationally designated important
cultural property
Former prefectural assembly
hall of the Yamagata PrefecturalGovernment• With a view to increasing rigidity
and withstanding strength ofhorizontal diaphragms, steel-frame
made horizontal trusses weretightly fastened to the masonry wallwith anchor bolts.
• With a view to increasing theseismic performance of masonrywalls, inverted L-shaped buttressesof steel frame construction wereprovided in the exterior wallcolumn-shaped portion, and at theindoor side L-shaped steels wereinstalled in the wall crest portion.

Nationally designated important cultural property Former prefectural assembly
hall of the Yamagata Prefectural Government

Reinforcement of the Château Kamiya former
brewery facility fermentation room (a nationallydesignated important cultural property) with steel
frame buttresses. Here, design properties ofreinforcing materials were pursued such as theshapes of round steel pipes and jointed parts, theircolors and texture.

In order to protect the values of internal space,reinforcement from the inside was avoided, andseismic reinforcement was performed by newly
installing external buttresses. With regard tocultural property structures, ways of reinforcementthat involves external exposure of foreign matter27
were deemed to be out of the question
theretofore.

Repair of the Château Kamiya former
brewery facility storehouse (a nationallydesignated important cultural property)
after its damage caused by the Great
East Japan Earthquake (Ushiku City,Ibaraki Prefecture)28

Tangible cultural property designated by the Minato Ward Government in Tokyo
Metropolis Meiji Gakuin University Chapel Construction completed in 1916

Nationally designated important cultural property Former Kobe Foreign Settlement
House No. 15– Damaged by the South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake (Jan. 17, 1995). Rebuilt on aseismic isolation system

Seismic isolation systemof laminated rubber
mounts integrated withleadNationally designated important cultural property Osaka City Central
Public Hall Construction completed in 1918 / Repaired in 2001••••

3 floors above ground / 1
underground floor / 1 tower
floor
Total floor area: 8,425m2
Masonry construction withsteel frames
Eaves height: 19.48m

Cross section for repair work
Repair of small
meeting room
Repair of areaaround stage

Repair of large
meeting room

Small meetingroom

Reinforcement of roof steel
frame surfaces with braces

Repair of intermediate
meeting room
Stained glass

Special room

Intermediate meeting room

New installation ofslope for carrying-in

Meeting room
Stage

Main
entrancehall

Large meeting room (hall)

Large meeting
room

New
installation ofeaves

Mainentrance hall
Grand staircase

Display room (alsoused as a meetingroom

Restaurant

Foundationground

Steel pipe pile
Seismic isolation system andequipment pit

Seismic isolation
system layout

Seismic isolation system

Isolator
800ϕ
Isolator
900ϕ
Isolator
1,000ϕTotal:
Steel bar loop damper
90ϕ R=365

16 units
40 units
6 units
62 units
20 units

RC continuous
underground wall・ With a view to improving thewithstand strength of thefoundation, a new RC structure
was built under the foundation.
The structure was integrated withthe foundation by means of newly
installed RC reinforcing beams.
・ With a view to reducing seismic
force to be input into the building, afoundation seismic isolation
method was adopted.

Nationally designated important cultural property
Former Temiya railroad facility locomotive warehouse No. 3

In the former Temiya railroad facility locomotive warehouse No. 3 (a nationally designated important
cultural property), reinforcement was performed by means of steel frames. Although rectangular steel
pipes having a relatively large cross section were used, because black was used as their color andpossibly due to their similarity to the displayed locomotive, the steel pipes are not so conspicuous. The
deep layer mixing method, which is one of the ground improvement work methods, was used for the35
foundation for the newly installed steel frames.

Nationally designated important cultural property /world cultural heritage
Mitsui Miike Coal Mine Former Manda Mine facility
Construction completed in 1909

Masonry Construction in Japan

Thank you for your attention.