8th World Water Forum, BRASIL, March 18 - 23, 2018

Water Reuse in Japan
March, 2018

Hiromasa YAMASHITA
Sewerage and Wastewater Management Department
Water and Disaster Management Bureau
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Precipitation and Water Resource in the World Average annual precipitation is nearly 1,700mm= about double the world average of 800mm
 A large population in a small area
→ precipitation per capita is about 1/3 the world average
Precipitation （mm/year）
4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

807

1,668

1,0830

Annual precipitation and water resources per capita （×103m3/capita・year）
0WorldCanada
New ZealandAustralia
Malaysia
SwedenUnited States of America
Romania
Austria
Indonesia
ThailandPhilippines
Switzerland
FranceJapan
Spain
United Kingdom
China
Iran, Islamic Rep ofIndia
Egypt
Saudi Arabia

102030

7.634

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

15.314154
104
180

3.401 4.986

Annual precipitationper capita
Water resources per capita
1Droughts frequencies in Japan
Low precipitation in recent years
Number of drought years
in the past 30 years

Fukuoka City
Large-scale drought
in 1978

00 years Unit:
11Number of
22～3
344～7- 7 Year
88-SHIKOKU REGION
Chronic water shortage

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2013)

2

Water Reuse History in Japan• Severe drought in west Japan1978• Large reuse start

1980

50M
m3/y

Water
TrucksDoublepiping inFukuoka
buildings• 1st GL

1981
Toilet flushing, Spraying, Landscape use• 2nd GL
+Recreational use

1990• Cryptospordium outbreak

1996

RO waterrecreationaluse in Tokyo• Drinking Water Std. -> E.Coli 2003
• 3rd GL

2005

E. Coli, Turbidity <22014+ Heat recycle
Reuse amount215 M m3 / y3

Reclaimed Wastewater Use in Japan○ Recycle ratio 1.5% (FY2014)○ Total reclaimed wastewater 14.7 billion m3 / year

Toilet flushing 3 %Directly supply industrial use 10 %Industrial water system 1%

Irrigation 6 %Landscapes
30 %Snow melting
20 %Reuse amount

215 million
m3/yearRiver flowaugmentation
28 %Recreational use (seseragi)

Irrigation

Recreational use2%

Cleaning

4Reclaimed Wastewater Use in Tokyo
River flow augmentation
beforeToilet flushingafter
Biological filtrationUV
MEGURO River, etc. 68,000m3/day+ Ozone + MF
West-Shinjuku, Nakano Sakaue areas,etc. 9,300m3/day

CleaningOzone
YURIKAMOME train,
1,800m3/year

Recreational Use
FY2010 Total
78,000 m3/day
ROOchiai Water Reclamation CenterSESERAGI NO SATO, 16,000m3/year5Reclaimed Wastewater use in Fukuoka - Background of Heavy Draught
Based on drought experiences, Japan has established wide
ranges of wastewater reclamation applications.

Fukuoka City

Fukuoka City
Drought in 1978

Double Pipe System
in Buildings

Fukuoka
Yahoo! Japan DomeWater Truck inOperation
Building of over acertain size are
required of double pipesystem

Dried up MinamihataDam

Utilization of Reclaimed Water
1,165ha Service Area,
5,500m3/day supply

Treatment System
Activated Sludge ＋
Chemical Precipitation+ Ozonation + Sand
Filtration

Canal City Fukuoka(Commercial Facility)

Service Area

WWTP

6

Reclaimed Wastewater use at a Soccer Stadium
In Yokohama City, advanced treated water is used
for toilet flushing in a football stadium and event sites.
Yokohama City
Proclaimed
wastewater

WTTP

Sand
filteration
facility

Event site
Park

Ozone
Ozone
omitting
generator devise

Resource recycle
agencyEvent site
(toilet flushing)

Center bldgs. inShin-yokohama
Ozone
generator

Soccer stadium（Nissan Stadium）

Park

Dist. pipe ofozonated water

Soccer stadium（toilet flushing, airconditioning heat)

Park(scenery canal)

Ozone reactor

Park(scenery canal)

Use of reclaimed wastewater for toilet flushing– Major items of water quality standards - No Coliforms- ph 5.8~8.6- No odors- Turbidity lower than a certain value* Quality test is done regularly for confirmation ofsafety.

7

Reclaimed Wastewater Use in Aqua/Agriculture(Saga City)
Reclaimed Wastewater Use and BISTRO SewerageSaga City operates and controls water quality of reclaimed wastewater by seasons to balance the benefit forwater environment and the demand of seaweed cultivation in the Ariake sea.
Nitrification promoted
operation

Nitrogen(mg/L)

Nitrification restrained
operation

Planned operation
results in theconcentration ofnitrogen and ammonia

Ammonia(mg/L)
Phosphorus(mg/L)

Seaweedfarming
activities

PeriodOperation ofWWTP

Objective

Farming
periodOct –Mar

Nitrification
restrained
operation

Supply ofnutrients(nitrogen)

Nonoperation
periodApril Sep

Nitrification
enhanced
operation

Removable ofnitrogen andphosphorus

By using reclaimed wastewater which contains rich nutrients, agricultural products such as paddy rice,spinaches, mandarin oranges and strawberries are well raised in Saga.
Fertilizers made from biosolids are also used to enhance local resources circulation, between foods andsewage systems, as “BISTRO Sewerage”.

Paddy rice cultivated by reclaimed water

Strawberry

Soft-shelled turtle raised in treated water8Demonstration Research Project of Innovative Water Reuse Technology in Itoman
City, Okinawa Pref.（B-DASH Project）- (FY2015-2016)
Title : Advanced Wastewater Reclamation System Using Ultrafiltration Membrane and Ultraviolet
Disinfection.
Aim of the Project：
Develop and demonstrate a safe and reliable wastewater reclamation system
Enhance local economy such as agriculture in water scarce area
Demonstration Field：
Itoman WTP
Environmental Purpose
Use 700m3/day

Agriculture Use
5,000m3/day

Use for artificial stream
300m3/day

SafetyE. Coli: ND Reclaimed Water Production
1,000 m3/day
Virus LRV: >5
Industrial Use
Turbidity:
2,000m3/day<0.2NTU
Cost & GHG
Reduction vsConventionalSystemLCC: –13%
GHG: -24%
OPEX: -27%Treatment SystemUF membrane

Ultra Violet

Flow from Spring Water
3,000 - 10,000 m3/day

Use for Golf Course
2,000m3/day

 Simple operation by fullautomation
 Free from by-product orpersistence Inactivation of Viruses⇒Safer Water Supply

貯留タンク
Storage tank

Joint research body of Nishihara Environment CO., LTD, Tokyo Engineering Consultants CO., LTD, Kyoto Univ. and Itoman City supported by
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM) in B-DASH Project (Breakthrough by Dynamic Approach in Sewage High technology)

9ISO/TC282 Water reuse
TC282: Established in 2013, 1st meeting in Tokyo in Jan. 2014Secretariat (twinned): Japan and China, Chair: Israel

ISO/TC282 : Water reuse

WG1 Health risk
ISO/FDIS 20426

WG2
Terminology

WG3

Water systems forbiopharma industries

SC1
Treated wastewaterreuse for irrigation
SC2
Water reuse inurban areas
SC4
Industrial water reuse

SC3(Secretariat and Chair: Japan)

Risk and performance
evaluation of waterreuse systems

Guidelines for health risk assessment andmanagement for non-potable water reuse

ISO/DIS 20469

Guidelines for Water Quality GradeClassifications for Water Reuse

WG2 Performance evaluation
ISO/DIS 20468-1, CD 20468-2, NP 20468-3, -4 , -5 , -6

Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment technologies forwater reuse systems –Part 1 - General
Part 2 - Methods to evaluate environmental performance of treatment
systems on the basis of greenhouse gas emissions
Part 3 - Ozone treatment technology
Part 4 - UV disinfection
8th SC3 meeting inPart 5 - Membrane filtration
Part 6 - Ion exchange technology
Seoul in May 2018 10

“Cool city” by reclaimed water