ERM SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2024

Climate Supplement

Sustainability is our businessIntroduction
This document comprises the Climate Supplement to ERM’s
Sustainability Report 2024. Consistent with our commitment
to accountability and transparent reporting for our
stakeholders, this Supplement provides detailed information
on ERM’s approach and latest performance in respect ofRefer to the following documents for climate-related information:
Climate section of
Sustainability Report

Detailing our approach to climate as a material topics
for our business and headlines of our FY24 performance

Climate Supplement

Providing further detail on our FY24 performance
including our methodological approach

Decarbonization Strategy

Outlining our strategic approach to decarbonization of
our operations going forward

our strategic commitment to deliver net-zero across ouroperations. Included within this supplement is:• Introduction to ERM’s Decarbonization Strategy which is
published alongside this supplement• Our FY24 Performance Data: detailing our Scope 1, 2 and 3
emissions data for FY24
• Our FY24 Beyond Value Chain Mitigation: detailing ourapproach to mitigation of our residual emissions
This supplement should be read in conjunction with the
Climate section of the Sustainability Report and ERM’s
Decarbonization Strategy, published alongside thisSupplement and Sustainability Report.

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2Delivering net-zero
As the world’s largest advisory firm focused solely on sustainability, we understandboth the magnitude of the climate crisis and our responsibility to help address
it. We are committed to demonstrating climate leadership through incremental
decarbonisation across our value chain:• Decarbonising our own operations

We contribute to climate leadership in three ways

• Supporting our clients to transition• Working in partnership with our stakeholders to meet the ambition of the Paris
Agreement on Climate
Climate is a key material issue for ERM. It is embedded in our strategic planning andoperationalized through our global climate program which supports the delivery of our
Decarbonization Strategy and our science-based emissions reduction targets aligned to
the SBTi Net-Zero Standard.
For further details, refer to ERM’s Decarbonization Strategy.

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In our own
operations ​Through our workwith clients​

Collaboration
with other leadingorganizations

3

FY24 Performance Data

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4Introduction

Summary of FY24 emissions

This section of the supplement provides a comprehensive overview of our FY24
GHG emissions data and includes further detail on our methodology and approachto our material sources of emissions.

Tabulated below is a summary of ERM’s GHG Emissions for the period April 1, 2023March 31, 2024 (FY24)

Summary of our total FY24 emissions
Scope 1 & 2 emissions FY24 (tCO2e)
Scope 1 emissions by region FY20-FY24 (tCO2e)
Scope 2 emissions by region FY20-FY24 (tCO2e)
Scope 1 & 2 total emissions and intensity perf FTE, FY20-FY24 (tCO2e)
Scope 1 & 2 performance against SBTi Net Zero Standard trajectory FY20-FY24(tCO2e)Renewable energy
Reviewing our approach to Scope 3 FY24 (tCO2e)
Scope 3 categories 1 & 2: Purchased goods and services & Capital goods
Scope 3 categories 6 & 7: Business travel & Employee commuting
Scope 3 total emissions and intensity perf FTE, FY20-FY24 (tCO2e)
Scope 3 performance against SBTi Net Zero Standard trajectory FY20-FY24 (tCO2e)
ERM’s Net Zero Standard aligned decarbonization pathway to net-zero by 2040
Data calculations and collation
Acquisitions
Assurance

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Scope of GHG emissions

Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 GHG emissions

1,037

Scope 2 GHG emissions (Location-based)11,750

Scope 2 GHG emissions (Market-based)1

126

Scope 3 GHG emissions Category 1 - Purchased Goods & Services

22,117

Scope 3 GHG emissions Category 2 - Capital Goods

1,467

Scope 3 GHG emissions Category 3 - Fuel and energy related
activities2

716

Scope 3 GHG emissions Category 6 - Business Travel (internal)3

5,341

Scope 3 GHG emissions Category 6 - Business Travel (external)3

9,029

Scope 3 GHG emissions Category 7 - Employee Commuting

3,570

Total GHG emissions (Location-based)4

45,027

Total GHG emissions (Market-based)4

43,403¹ Scope 2, Location-based and Scope 2, Market-based are defined in the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance, 2015
² Category 3 of Scope 3 was not part of FY24 external assurance, as this is an immaterial category, however we have started
reporting on this in FY24.
³ Business travel internal is non-project related travel and business travel external is project related travel.
⁴ Please note: An Actualdata collection around office waste will be conducted in FY25, and ERM will start reporting emissions
from Category 5. Transportation of subcontractors and goods purchased are included in Category 1 and emissions from
ERM rented offices and leased vehicles are included in Scope 1 & 2 therefore Categories 4 & 8 have been determined as notapplicable to ERM. All other scope 3 categories have been assessed as not relevant to ERM.

5

Scope 1 & 2 emissions (tCO2e)1, 2

There has been a marginal increase in our reported Scope 1&2 emissions for FY24,
relative to FY23. This is attributed to:3500• A small increase in the use of chillers in our offices (Scope 1) and comparable slightincrease in vehicular use to support our in-field survey activity for clients (Scope 2)

3000• A change in our reporting approach and calculation methodology for emissions
arising from air conditioning and hybrid vehicles.
Air conditioning use and maintenance2500

For offices where air conditioning maintenance is not available or is not conducted, we
have taken a conservative approach of reporting this using office floor size estimation.
In FY24, we have also seen the use of chillers in our offices which has been factored into
our emissions reporting.

2000

1500

Hybrid vehicles
Since FY20 we have increased our global car fleet to electric or hybrid. Currently 40% of
our global car fleet is electric or hybrid. Our scope 2 emissions associated with hybrid
and electric cars have increased significantly compared to last year as a result of moreaccurate data on this type of vehicular use and mileage traveled.

1000

500

0

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

Company cars (Scope 1)

Steam

Office electricity (market-based)

Natural gas

Air conditioning

Company cars (Scope 2)¹ Scope 2 emissions are market-based² Our Scope 1 sources include company cars, natural gas use and air conditioning losses. Our Scope 2 sources include officeelectricity, steam and electric / hybrid company cars.

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6

Scope 1 emissions by region FY20 - FY24 (tCO2e)1
GRI 305-1
Base year

RegionMost recent year

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

Asia Pacific2

59

54

60

43

44

Europe Middle East
and Africa

572

322

461

407

448

Latin America& Caribbean

26

14

29

32

43

North America

693

607

625

510

487

Global Businesses3

0

0

0

1

2

Group

0

0

0

11

14

Total

1,350

997

1,175

1,004

1,037

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7

Scope 2 emissions by region FY20 - FY24 (tCO2e)1, 2
GRI 305-2
Location based

Market based

Base year

RegionMost recent year

Base year

Most recent year

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

Asia Pacific3

558

443

368

293

355

558

12

2

2

3

Europe Middle East
& Africa

527

270

295

298

382

347

4

8

6

102

Latin America & Caribbean

51

45

36

42

42

51

0

9

0

0

1,446

1,294

1,297

1,072

933

736

75

35

17

18

Global Businesses4

0

0

15

20

35

0

0

0

0

0

Group5

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

3

2,582

2,052

2,011

1,725

1,750

1,691

91

53

25

126

North America

Total

Scope 2 includes indirect emissions from purchased electricity, steam and battery electric & hybrid company cars.
2
Our Decarbonization Strategy is supported by Energy Attribute Certificates (EACs). Following the market-based method, ERM purchased EAC's
against 100% of our residual Scope 2 emissions from electricity.
3
Asia Pacific includes Australia and Asia.
4
Global Businesses includes Climate Markets, CVS, Digital Products, Digital Services and Tech Enablement. Scope 2 emissions from Global Businesses
and Group are included in the data for the ERM region in which employees' home offices are located. There are two offices under Global Business in
Knoxville (Shelton Group) and Aberdeen (OPEX) reporting office energy.
5Electric/hybrid company cars used by Group employee is reported.
1

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8Scope 1 & 2 total emissions and intensity per FTE FY20 - FY24 (tCO2e)1, 2, 3

tC02e

4,000

tC02e/FTE

0.57

0.6
Scope 1 & 2 intensity per FTE (tCO2e/FTE)
0.5

Total Scope 1 & 2 emissions (tCO2e)

3,000
0.4

3,041
2,000

0.23

0.3

0.20

0.14

0.15
0.2

1,000

1,088

1,228

1,029

1,163

0.1
0

0

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

Scope 1 & 2 GHG emissions normalized by average full-time equivalent employees (FTEs).
2tCO2e = tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent.
3
The Scope 2 emissions are market-based emissions.
1

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9Scope 1 & 2 performance against SBTi Net-Zero Standard trajectory FY20 - FY40 (tCO2e)1, 2
3,932
4,000

3,735
3,539

3,932

SBTi trajectory

3,342

3,500

Actual performance data

3,146
2,949

3,000

3048

3186

Near-term target

Long-term target

2,752
2,556
2728

2,500

2,359

2787

2,163
1,966
1,809

2,000

1,652
1,495
1,338

1,500

1,181
1,024
867

1,000

710
553
393

500

0

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

FY25

FY26

FY27

FY28

FY29

FY30

FY31

FY32

FY33

FY34

FY35

FY36

FY37

FY38

FY39

FY40

¹ ERM's near-term science-based target is to reduce absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions 50% by FY30 from a FY20 base year. ERM's long-term science-based target is to reduce
absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions 90% by FY40 from a FY20 base year.
² Our Scope 2 target is location based. In addition to this, we have a renewable energy target to increase active annual sourcing of renewable electricity from 99% in FY23 to 100% by FY30.

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10Renewable energy
We have significantly reduced our Scope 2 emissions by switching to green energy
contracts, purchasing renewable energy and implementing other energy efficiency
measures. ERM has market instruments in place for 100% of our global energy portfolio.
The renewable energy is sourced 11% by direct supplier contracts and 89% by purchased
energy attribute certificates (EACs) including renewable energy certificates (RECs),
International RECs (I-RECs) or Guarantees of Origins (GOs). For countries with emerging
renewable energy markets, ERM procured out-of-market EACs.
In FY24, ERM procured 99% in-market EACs and 1% out-of-market EACs. The countries
which we used out-of-market EAC include Guyana, Romania, South Korea and Spain.
We will continue to track the development of sustainability guidelines in countries withemerging renewable attribute markets to achieve our SBTi target on renewable energy.
We evaluated our FY24 EAC procurement based on global standards for attributetracking systems, technical criteria and market boundary criteria of our renewableenergy claims. As a result, we chose to procure EACs from wind and solar technologythat bears the EKOEnergy label wherever possible. EKOEnergy verifies to ensure
renewable energy projects do not have a negative ecological impact on the local
environment and dedicates a portion of funds to the development of new renewableenergy projects in developing countries. In North America, we procured RECs from a
project located in Texas called Briar Creek Solar.
Continuously reviewing the best standards in each market enables ERM to purchase
EACs with the highest level of integrity and environmental quality.

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11

FY24: Reviewing our approach to Scope 3 emissions
The update to the SBTi Net-Zero Standard (Version 1.1 issued in April 2023) provided new guidelines for the analysis and reporting of GHG inventories and targets. During FY23,
we undertook a series of measures to support our preparation for alignment with the Net-Zero Standard, including rebasing our FY20 data and Scope 3 profile improvement.
Further in FY24 during SBTi validation process, certain changes were made to our GHG inventory as per the suggestion of SBTi, which are summarized below.
Additional categories of Scope 3
For SBTi Net-Zero Standard target setting process, we also
screened the immaterial Scope 3 categories of ERM. Thisis for the full coverage of Scope 3 while setting the target.
The immaterial categories included fuel and energy
related activities (category 3) and waste (category 5).
During the target validation process, SBTi suggested ERM
start reporting these two categories. In alignment with
SBTi’s suggestion, we collected actual data for category
3 and started reporting from FY24. ERM plans to collectactual waste data in FY25 and start reporting actual
emissions.
In the last year, the inclusion of purchased goods andservices and capital goods has significantly altered our
Scope 3 profile. However, inclusion of fuel and energy
related activities doesn’t have a significant impact in our
Scope 3 profile – as this is the smallest emission category
in Scope 3. Our GHG inventory development is nowaligned with the SBTi Corporate Net-Zero Standard, andthe results of this review have been incorporated into our
updated implementation plan to meet our net-zero andscience-based targets.
Inclusion of well-to-wheel (WTW) emissions in Scope 3
categories 6 & 7
Well-to-wheel emissions include all emissions (bothupstream and final combustion) related to the use of a
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fuel for travel. This includes extraction of fuel, refining it,
distributing the fuel to stations, and combustion of fuelsin vehicles. As per the recommendation from SBTi, ERM
changed our tank-to-wheel method to well-to-wheel toaccount all upstream emissions from our business travel
and employee commuting. We also restated our historicalemissions from these two categories to account for WTWemissions. These additions have significantly affected our
Scope 3 profile for these two categories.
Note on commuter and homeworker emissions - Scope 3
category 7
For the fourth year, we have calculated the associatedenergy use and GHG emissions from home-based working
given that many of our employees work a portion of theirtime at home. Capturing this additional energy use andassociated carbon emissions gives us a more complete
understanding of our Scope 3 emissions.
ERM conducts the Global Commuter and Homeworker
survey once every two years to capture accurate
commuter and homeworker data from our employees.
The last survey was conducted in FY23. In this survey
we also collected data around renewable energy use
while working from home which is incorporated inour calculation of homeworker GHG emissions. Our
Global Commuter and Homeworker survey achieveda response rate of 67% globally, which is higher thanindustry standards. We used the changed headcount of
FY24 to represent FY24 commuter and homeworker data.
Further, the FY24 data was added to our carbon data
management platform, Ecometrica, which calculates thecommuter emissions for various types of travel (e.g., car,public transport, etc.) and the additional energy demandassociated with home working, applying residential
heating and cooling data based on country-specificemission factors. For renewable energy homeworker
data, heating is applied but electricity is applied as zerocoefficient to increase accuracy of data.
In FY24, we calculated 3,570 tCO2e emissions from
employee commuting and 3,613 tCO2e associated with theadditional energy demand from our employees working
from home, for a total of 7,183 tCO2e. For comparison,
our FY24 emissions are approximately 24% less thanour employee commuting emissions of 9,499 tCO2e in
FY20, which included less than 3 months of COVID travel
restrictions and fewer employees than during FY24.
Please note all commuter emissions are restated based onwell-to-wheel calculation.
We do not include the estimated energy demandassociated with working from home in our total GHG
footprint, as it is voluntary reporting under the GHG
Protocol and lacks final standards and guidance. We
will continue to track the development of standards andguidance with respect to homeworker data reporting.
12

Scope 3 categories 1 & 2: Purchased goods and services & capital goods

30,00025,000

Our category 1 & 2 emissions have reduced since the FY20 base year. Category 1(purchased goods and services) and category 2 (capital goods) are calculated basedon the spend-based method as per the GHG protocol. We have used EEIO 2016 and
EEIO 2021 emission factors (with inflation) for our base year and most recent year
respectively. The 2021 emission factors, are slightly lower than the 2016 factors, and thisis the primary driver reason for the reduction in category 1 & 2 emissions.
We plan to move to supplier-specific reporting where appropriate and will startengaging with suppliers to identify the optimum approach to securing quality data
across our supply chain. Further detail is set out in our Decarbonization Strategy andSustainable Supply Chain Management Strategy.

20,00015,00010,000

5,000

0

FY22

Purchased goods and services

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FY24

Capital goods

13

Scope 3 categories 6 & 7: Business travel & employee commuting (tCO2e)130,000Categories 6 & 7 have reduced compared with the FY20 base year but show an increasesince FY21 as travel resumes after the pandemic. Emissions associated with businesstravel and employee commuting are two of our largest Scope 3 categories (categories 6
and 7) after category 1 purchased goods & services.
ERM applies the UK BEIS emission factors which incorporate an adjustment for
the aviation load factor (aligned with passenger seat occupancy). There is a lag indata collection, and the increased load factor resulting from the pandemic period
contributed to an increase in the BEIS emission factors in 2023 compared with 2022.
This change in the factor explains the greater increase in air travel emissions (69%)
compared with the increase in miles flown (13%).

25,00020,00015,000The increase in miles flown is attributed to a one-off event to support our businessglobal operational planning.

10,000

5,000

0

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

Business travel - ExternalBusiness travel - InternalCommuterFinancial year

Emission fromair travel (tCO2e)

Passenger air travel kilometer

FY24

10,542

12,12,60,235

FY23

6,247

10,70,52,879% increase from FY23 to FY24

69%

13%

¹ Business travel internal is non-project related travel and business travel external is project related travel.

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14

Scope 3 total emissions and intensity per FTE FY20 - FY24 (tCO2e)1, 2
GRI 305-4
tC02e

60,000tC02e/FTE

57,183

12
Scope 3 intensity per FTE (tCO2e/FTE)
Total Scope 3 emissions (tCO2e)

50,00010

42,2409.9

39,39840,000830,0006

5.5
20,00010,000

3,737

0

FY20

5.6

2

5,258

0.8

0.9

FY21

FY22

4

FY23

FY24

0

Scope 3 GHG emissions normalized by average full-time equivalent employees (FTEs).
2tCO2e = tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent.
1

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15

Scope 3 performance against SBTi Net-Zero Standard trajectory FY20 - FY40 (tCO2e)1, 2
GRI 305-3
30,00020,50027,821

Near-term target

26,65325,48527,821Long-term target

24,317
23,149SBTi trajectory

21,981
20,813

Actual performance data

19,64520,00018,477

17,30916,136

14,845
13,554

17,94010,50012,263

10,972
9,682

12,31410,000

8,300

7,050
5,600

5,000

4,300
2,782

5,258
3,737

0

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

FY25

FY26

FY27

FY28

FY29

FY30

FY31

FY32

FY33

FY34

FY35

FY36

FY37

FY38

FY39

FY40

¹ ERM's near-term science-based target is to reduce absolute scope 3 GHG emissions from business travel and employee commuting 42% by FY30 from a FY20 base year. ERM's long-termscience-based target is to reduce absolute scope 3 GHG emissions from business travel, employee commuting and purchased goods and services 90% by FY40 from a FY20 base year.
2
In addition to the absolute targets, ERM has set a supplier engagement target that 45% of its suppliers by emissions covering purchased goods and services will havescience-based targets by FY28.

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16

Progress against our SBTi targets
Despite an increase in emissions relative to FY23, ERM remains on track to meet ournear and longer-term emissions reductions targets. We have updated our program ofactions to address each of our material scopes of emissions with targeted interventions
to address key challenges for our business, in particular, business travel.
Our Net-Zero Standard aligned decarbonization pathway to net-zero by 2040 is
illustrated below and further information on our approach is set out in our ERM
Decarbonization Strategy.

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17

ERM’s Net-Zero Standard aligned decarbonisation pathway to net-zero by 2040
This graphs shows our performance in absolute targets.
FY20
base year

Scope 3 emissions

Scope 1 & 2 emissions

Net-Zero standard trajectorytCO2e30,000By FY30
Scope 1 & 2: -50%
Scope 3 (Cat 6&7): -42%

25,000By FY40a 90%
reduction
Scope 1, 2 & 3
is required

20,00015,00010,0005,000

Neutralization

0

FY20

FY21

FY22

FY23

FY24

FY25

FY26

FY27

FY28

FY29

FY30

FY31

FY32

FY33

FY34

FY35

FY36

FY37

FY38

FY39

FY40

ERM’s beyond value chain strategy
voluntary neutralization of residual emissions
In addition to reducing our absolute emissions acrossbusiness travel and employee commuting, we also havea Scope 3 target on supplier engagement.

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18

Data calculations and collation

Acquisitions

All emissions data presented in our Sustainability Report 2024 is expressed as carbon
dioxide equivalent (CO2e) and includes all Kyoto gases and refrigerants. ERM uses the
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report as a source of global warming potential (GWP) without
climate feedback. All Scope 2 data has been calculated using a market-based approach,unless otherwise stated. For further information on market-based methods, please referto www.ghgprotocol.org.

ERM has undergone a period of sustained growth. All GHG data for new offices or offices
added through ERM acquisitions during FY24 have been included where available. We
calculated all GHG data for the offices of the following ERM acquisitions: Arcus, RCG,
OPEX, Point Advisory, MarineSpace, Shelton Group and Libryo. Scope 1 & 2 data for Cohoand NINT are calculated. Scope 3 data of these acquisitions will be included from FY25,
when these acquisitions will be integrated fully into our systems. TBM TBZ is a newacquired business, which is not yet part of our data collection cycle.

ERM uses Ecometrica as our sustainability management system to collect and manage
our greenhouse gas data. Ecometrica uses emission factors from DEFRA, EEIO, EPA,
IEA, IPCC, European Residual Mix factors and custom factors (derived for multiple
sources). Ecometrica hosts these emission factors and regularly updates them when thelatest factors are released, and data calculation is conducted within this platform. For
calculation of new Scope 3 categories, including category 1 & category 2, ERM has used
EEIO emission factors, in line with guidance from the GHG Protocol.
We report environmental data for offices that fall within ERM’s materiality threshold(as defined in our Sustainability Reporting Protocol) per fiscal year (FY), which runs 1
April to 31 March. ERM’s Sustainability Reporting Protocol provides guidance for thedevelopment and maintenance of robust data collection systems that will measuresustainability performance across all key performance areas in a consistent, accurate
and auditable manner.
We work with property owners to improve our access to actual energy consumption
data for leased offices. Where data is unavailable, we use the average data method as per
the GHG protocol and estimate the energy data using office floor size. Sources excluded
are reviewed annually to determine if emissions are considered de minimis. For FY24,
offices that encompassing fewer than 50 square meters, excluding dedicated serverhosting spaces, were considered de minimis and excluded from energy data collection
and reporting process. In FY24, several ERM offices moved to virtual and shared spaces
with low occupancy, and these offices qualify as de minimis.

Assurance
We recognize the importance of accuracy in the data we are disclosing and transparency
in our reporting processes. For the third year, we have undertaken external assuranceof our GHG emissions data, as part of our approach to continuous improvement and in
preparation for enhanced financial disclosure requirements in the United Kingdom,
European Union and other key jurisdictions within which we operate. We will continue
to undertake assurance of our reporting consistent with stakeholder expectations andevolving best practice.
Our FY24 GHG emissions inventory (GHG Assertion) data for 1 April 2023 to 31 March
2024, was subject to a limited level of assurance and materiality in line with the GHG
Protocol Corporate Standard (revised edition, Jan 2015) and ISO 14064 - Part 3 for
GHG emissions. The verification procedure is based on current best practice and is inaccordance with ISAE 3000 and ISAE 3410.
Click here to read the third-party data Assurance Statement.

Regardless of whether an office meets the de minimis exemption or not, we collect data
to calculate business travel emissions for all ERM employees. We introduced use of
Rydoo, a centralized expense claim system, which helps improve data completeness.

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19

Compensating for our
residual emissions

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20Beyond value chain mitigation

FY23 Credits

ERM will continue to prioritize emission reductions within our Scope 1, 2 and 3
emissions as set out in our Decarbonization Strategy. In parallel, we believe it is our
responsibility to mitigate residual emissions on our way to meeting our net-zero target.
Residual emissions are those GHG emissions that remain while we implement measuresto achieve our net-zero standard commitment. As a contribution to the mitigation ofthese residual emissions, we support climate action beyond our value chain. This in noway diminishes our primary focus on reducing our direct emissions. We believe thatthe voluntary carbon market can play a valuable role in contributing to global efforts tolimit climate change and in scaling finance flows for nature and emerging technologies.
We have therefore engaged with the voluntary carbon market by purchasing andretiring carbon credits.

In FY23, as part of a portfolio approach, ERM purchased credits from a project which
provides cookstoves to communities in Burundi, as part of our beyond value chain
mitigation. A portion of these credits were in excess of the number of retirements
needed in FY23 and were held pending use in FY24. Since then, new values havebeen published for a key baseline parameter (fNRB) and most cookstove projects
are migrating to new methodologies that are in line with current best practice. We
therefore decided to retire these credits, but not to use them explicitly within the FY24
portfolio.

ERM is a member of the Beyond Value Chain Mitigation (BVCM) working group of
the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the Natural
Climate Solutions Alliance (NCSA). As part of our active engagement with these
entities, we have committed to a high integrity BVCM approach that includes natural
climate solutions and have followed the relevant guidance in our approach. We started
mitigating our residual emissions in FY23, for which we purchased and retired carbon
credits for all of our Scopes 1 & 2 emissions and Scope 3 emissions from internal travel.

This decision has been undertaken as a precautionary matter to ensure that our
stakeholders have confidence in the integrity of our choice of credits and does notreflect upon the specific project or the intrinsic value of cookstove projects generally.
We remain committed to supporting community projects such as cookstoves andrecognise the significant economic, social and environmental benefits which they bringto communities across the globe.
As a reflection of our ongoing commitment to supporting social enterprises providing
cookstoves, we have chosen to increase funding from The ERM Foundation to suchprojects, to ensure this critical work continues.

In FY24, we have aligned our approach with the Claims Code of Practice set out by
the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative (VCMI). VCMI’s aim is to “enablehigh-integrity voluntary carbon markets which contribute to the goal of the Paris
Agreement, bringing benefits for people and the planet”. Its Claims Code aims toaccelerate corporate engagement with the carbon markets as part of net-zero pathways,
and to bring confidence and credibility to claims that involve the use of carbon credits.
Under the VCMI Claims Code, companies can make Silver, Gold or Platinum claims.
ERM has elected to apply for a Carbon Integrity Gold claim with the aim to be one of
the early adopters, demonstrating leadership to our clients and peers. A VCMI Goldclaim requires the purchase and retirement of high-quality carbon credits in an amountequal to or greater than 50%, and less than 100%, of a company’s remaining emissions
once it has demonstrated progress towards its near-term emission reduction targets.

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21

Climate data reference list

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22

ERM uses the Fifth Assessment Report as a source of global warming potential (GWP) without climate feedback, as shown in the following reference table:

Gases

Activity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Homeworker

All countries (except
US, Canada)

Ecometrica homeworker model 2024

CO2, CH4, N2O

Auto rickshaw (petrol)

Asia

India GHG Program, India Specific Road Transport Emission Factors (2015).

CO2, CH4, N2O

AVE train

Spain

Renfe (2022). Informe De Responsabilidad Social Y Gobierno Corporativo 2021, available
online at: https://www.renfe.com/es/en/renfe-group/renfe-group/ responsiblecompany

CO2, CH4, N2O

Average battery
electric vehicle(combined emissions)

United Kingdom,
Earth

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2e

Average bus, upstream
emissions

United Kingdom,
Earth

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2e

Average German bus

Germany

Deutsche Bahn (2023). 2022 Integrated Report.
https://nachhaltigkeit.deutschebahn.com/en/key-figures

CO2, CH4, N2O

Average passenger car

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2024). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership.
March 2024. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub.
Accessed March 2024.

CO2e

Average petrol car,
upstream emissions

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Average plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle (fuelemissions)

Earth

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

23

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

BC Motorcycle,
gasoline

British Columbia(Canada)BCME (2024). 2023 B.C. Best Practices Methodology for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas
Emissions For Public Sector Organizations, Local Governments And Community
Emissions. January 2024. British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate
Change Strategy. Accessed March 2024.

CO2e

Bioethanol, upstream
emissions

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Bus, average

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2024). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership.
March 2024. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub.
Accessed March 2024.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Bus, average

Europe, Turkey, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eBus, average, unknown
fuel

Netherlands

CO2 emissiefactoren (2023), http://co2emissiefactoren.nl/lijst-emissiefactoren/.
Accessed March 2023

CO2, CH4, N2O

Canada homeworker

CanadaNatural Resources Canada (2023). Residential End-Use Model https://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/
corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/menus/trends/comprehensive/trends_res_ca.cfm#CIBSE (2012). Energy efficiency in buildings. Guide F. The Chartered Institution of
Building Services Engineers. #Statistics Canada (2022). Report on Energy Supply and
Demand in Canada (57-003-x2022001). 2019 Revised. Online: https://www150.statcan.
gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/57-003-X Released May 2, 2022. #EC (2023). National Inventory
Report. Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada: 1990 - 2021. Environment
Canada. Online: https://data-donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/substances/monitor/canada-sofficial-greenhouse-gas-inventory

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, average (unknown
fuel)Europe, Turkey, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

24

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, diesel, average

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2024). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022. UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency. Online: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2022

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, diesel, average

Europe, Turkey, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, gasoline, average

CanadaEC (2023). National Inventory Report. Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada:
1990 - 2021. Environment Canada. Online: https://data-donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/
substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, large

Earth, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, medium

Earth, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, petrol hybrid,
average

Earth, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, petrol hybrid,smallEarth, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, petrol, average

Earth, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Car, small (unknown
fuel)

Earth, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

25

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Diesel Vehicles (post2004)

Australia

Commonwealth of Australia 2022 (Department of the Environment and Energy).
National Greenhouse Account Factors (NGA) - Australian National Greenhouse
Accounts. February 2023. Online: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/
documents/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-2022.pdf

CO2, CH4, N2O

Diesel, 100% mineral

Europe, Turkey, Brazil

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Diesel, mobile
combustion

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2023). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership. April
2023. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub. Accessed
April 2023.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Diesel, retail station
biofuel blend

United Kingdom,
Finland, Ireland

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

District Heating(country default)

Germany

Umwelt Bundesamt (2022). CO2-Emissionsfaktoren für fossile Brennstoffe, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/479/publikationen/cc_292022_emission-factors-fossil-fuels.pdf

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity - T & D
losses, eGrid

United States

EPA (2024). eGrid2022. Release : 1/30/2024. Online: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/
download-data. Accessed February 9, 2024.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity transmission &distribution losses

CanadaEC (2023). National Inventory Report. Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada:
1990 - 2021. Environment Canada. Online: https://data-donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/
substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity transmission &distribution losses

United States

EPA (2024). eGrid2022. Release : 1/30/2024. Online: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/
download-data. Accessed February 9, 2024.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity transmission &distribution losses

United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

26

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity transmission &distribution losses

All countries except
Canada, United States
and United Kingdom.

United Nations (2023). UN Statistics Division - 2020 Energy Balance Visualizations.
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/dataPortal/ #IPCC (2019). Revised
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
(No refinement from 2006)

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity grid

All countries except
Canada, Brazil andUnited Kingdom.

United Nations (2023). UN Statistics Division - 2020 Energy Balance Visualizations.
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/dataPortal/ #IPCC (2019). Revised
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity grid

CanadaEC (2023). National Inventory Report. Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada:
1990 - 2021. Environment Canada. Online: https://data-donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/
substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity gridBrazilGoverno do Brasil (2023). MCTIC. Arquivos dos fatores médios de emissão de CO2 gridmês/ano. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações. Online: https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/sirene/dados-e-ferramentas/fatores-deemissao. Accessed June 2023.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Electricity gridUnited Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eElectricity grid

Netherlands

CO2 emissiefactoren (2023), http://co2emissiefactoren.nl/lijst-emissiefactoren/.
Accessed March 2023

CO2eElectricity grid,aggregated, national

Australia

Commonwealth of Australia 2023 (Department of the Environment and Energy).
National Greenhouse Account Factors (NGA) - Australian National Greenhouse
Accounts. March 2024. Online: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/
publications/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-2023

CO2eElectricity grid,
generated, upstream
emissions

CanadaEC (2023). National Inventory Report. Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in
Canada: 1990 - 2021. Environment Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2022/eccc/En81-4-2020-3-eng.pdf

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

27

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2eElectricity grid,
generated, upstream
emissions

Netherlands

CO2 emissiefactoren (2023), http://co2emissiefactoren.nl/lijst-emissiefactoren/.
Accessed March 2023

CO2eElectricity grid, T&D
losses, upstream
emissions

United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eElectricity grid,
generated, upstream
emissions

All countries except
Canada, United States
and United Kingdom.

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2021). 2021 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eElectricity grid, T&D
losses, upstream
emissions

Earth

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2021). 2021 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Diesel car (small,medium, large)

Earth, Europe

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Petrol hybrid car(small, medium, large)

Earth, Europe

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Petrol car (small,medium, large)

Earth, Europe

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eEurostar, upstream
emissions

Earth, Europe

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Light rail

Earth, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

28

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Ferry, average (allpassengers), upstream
also

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Motorcycle, petrol,
smallJapan, Earth, Europe,
Turkey, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

US homeworker

United States

CIBSE (2012). Energy efficiency in buildings, CIBSE Guide F. The Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers. #EIA (2023). 2020 Residential Energy
Consumption Survey. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/index.
php?view=consumption#by%20End%20uses%20by%20fuel EPA (2024). eGrid2022.
Release: 1/30/2024. Online: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/download-data EPA (2023). GHG
Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership. April 2023. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub. Accessed April 2023.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Flights

Earth, Europe, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Gasoline

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2023). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership. April
2023. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub. Accessed
April 2023.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Gasoline passenger
cars

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2024). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022. UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency. Online: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2022

CO2, CH4, N2O

Gasoline passenger
vehicleJapan

GIO, CGER, NIES (2024), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Japan. Greenhouse Gas
Inventory Office of Japan (GIO), Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER),
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES).

CO2, CH4, N2O

Gasoline Vehicles (post2004)

Australia

Commonwealth of Australia 2023 (Department of the Environment and Energy).
National Greenhouse Account Factors (NGA) - Australian National Greenhouse
Accounts. March 2024. Online: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/
publications/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-2023

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

29

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Heat/steam, goodquality CHP: UKaverage, upstream also

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eHigh speed rail - China

China

Liying Wang, Ping Yin, Shangqing Liu, CO2 emissions reduction performance ofChina's HSR based on substitution effect and demand effect, Transportation Safety andEnvironment, Volume 5, Issue 3, June 2023

CO2, CH4, N2O

Intercity rail

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2023). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership. April
2023. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub. Accessed
April 2023.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Italian high speed
train

Italy

Italo (2023). 2022 Sustainabiliy Report. https://italospa.italotreno.it/static/upload/sus/sustainability-report-2022.pdf

CO2, CH4, N2O

Plug-in hybrid electricvehicle (fuel emissions
and emissions fromgenerated electricity)

Earth

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eCar, upstream
emissions

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eLight rail, upstream
emissions

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eMedium petrol
motorcycle, upstream
emissions

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eMetro, electric with
upstream

Netherlands

CO2 emissiefactoren (2023), http://co2emissiefactoren.nl/lijst-emissiefactoren/
accessed March 2023

CH4/l

Motorcycle, average

CanadaEC (2023). National Inventory Report. Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada:
1990 - 2021. Environment Canada. Online: https://data-donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/
substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

30

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Motorcycle, average

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2023). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021. UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency. Online: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2021

CO2, CH4, N2O

Motorcycle, petrol,
smallJapan, Earth, Europe,
Turkey, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Natural gas

CanadaEC (2023). National Inventory Report. Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada:
1990 - 2021. Environment Canada. Online: https://data-donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/
substances/monitor/canada-s-official-greenhouse-gas-inventory/

CO2, CH4, N2O

Natural gas (100%mineral), also
upstream

Europe, Turkey, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Natural gas, national
average, stationary
combustion

United States, North
America

EPA (2023). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership. April
2023. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub. Accessed
April 2023.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Natural gas,
stationary, commercial

United States, North
America

EPA (2023). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021. UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency. Online: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2021

CO2, CH4, N2O

Passenger Car Rental,
upstream emissions

Earth

EPA (2023). Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors v1.2 by NAICS-6. Available
at: https://edg.epa.gov/metadata/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=https://doi.org/10.23719/1528686.

Biogenic CO2

Passenger vehicle,
ethanolBrazilGHG Protocol Brasil (2022). Ferramenta GHG Protocol 2022. Version 2022.0.1. Programa
Brasileiro GHG Protocol. Available online: https://eaesp.fgv.br/centros/ centro-estudossustentabilidade/projetos/programa-brasileiro-ghg-protocol.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Petrol, 100% mineral

Europe, Turkey

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

31

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2, CH4, N2O

Petrol, retail station
biofuel blend

United Kingdom,
Finland, Ireland

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Purchased Steam/Hot
Water

United States, North
America

EPA (2024). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership.
March 2024. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub.
Accessed March 2024.

R22

R22

Earth

IPCC (2007). IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

HFC

Refrigerant gas HFC134a

Earth

IPCC (2007). IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

CFC

Refrigerant gas R11,
R12

Earth

IPCC (2013). IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2013. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

R401a

Refrigerant gas R401a

Earth

IPCC (2013). IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2013. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

HFC-407a

Refrigerant gas R407c

Earth

IPCC (2007). IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

HFC-410a

Refrigerant gas R410a

Earth

IPCC (2007). IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

CO2e

Regular taxi, and its
upstream emissions

Japan, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom,
Earth

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Small battery electricvehicle (combined
emissions)

United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2e

Small petrol
motorcycle, upstream
emissions

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

32

GasesActivity

Geography

Reference

CO2e

Small unknown
fuel car, upstream
emissions

Earth, United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2e

TGV train

EuropeSNCF (2022). INFORMATION SUR LA QUANTITE DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE EMISE A
L’OCCASION D’UNE PRESTATION DE TRANSPORT.

CO2eThalys train

EuropeSNCF (2022). INFORMATION SUR LA QUANTITE DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE EMISE A
L’OCCASION D’UNE PRESTATION DE TRANSPORT.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Train, Eurostar

Europe, Turkey, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2eTrain, international,
upstream also

Netherlands

CO2 emissiefactoren (2023), http://co2emissiefactoren.nl/lijst-emissiefactoren/.
Accessed March 2023

CO2, CH4, N2O

Train, national

Japan, Europe, Turkey,
United Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Transit rail

United States, North
America

EPA (2024). GHG Emission Factors Hub. Center for Corporate Climate Leadership.
March 2024. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub.
Accessed March 2024.

CO2, CH4, N2O

Truck, light-duty,
gasoline, average

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2023). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021. UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency. Online: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2021

CO2, CH4, N2O

Truck, light-duty,
diesel, average

United States, Earth,
North America

EPA (2022). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2020. UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency. Online: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2020

CO2, CH4, N2O

Underground train,
and upstream

Earth, Europe, United
Kingdom

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2023). 2023 Government GHG
Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

CLIMATE SUPPLEMENT

33

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