Guidelines for authors

TAXON 65 (1) • February 2016: 213–216

G U I D E L I N E S F O R AU T H O R S
Note: These guidelines are subject to change at irregular inter­vals. Always consult the up-do-date version at http://www.iapttaxon.org/downloads/guidelines_proposals.pdf
Taxon publishes original papers and reviews dealing with thesystematics in its widest sense of all groups of organisms coveredby the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, andplants. Emphasis is on articles reporting new results with implica­
tions of general interest beyond the study group. Taxon also pub­lishes papers on nomenclature, and on methodology, botanical his­
tory, biography, bibliography, and related subjects if these are ofgeneral interest.
Preference is given to integrative papers combining the resultsof modern analysis together with its consequences for classification.
Authors are not encouraged to submit manuscripts including newclassifications without underlying original (molecular, morphologi­
cal, etc.) analyses. We discourage submission of monographs, revi­sions, and description of new species. Papers dealing with single
species (e.g., phylogeographic or palaeobotanical studies) can only
be published when they contain important new taxonomy or include
aspects of particular evolutionary, biogeographic or biological in­terest. Sampling should be appropriate for the research questions
and analytical methods in all cases. Phylogenetic studies should
employ multiple, ideally independent, markers and adequately rep­resentative taxon sampling (e.g., avoiding unjustified geographicbias). Articles may be rejected without review.
Points of View

Two different types of contributions can be published:(1) Challenging new ideas or comments on extant ones. Edito­
rial requirements are the same as for Research articles, except that
an abstract is not required. Tables, illustrations, and literature cited
should be kept to a minimum, the ideal length of such contributions
being 2–4 printed pages. Publication of dissenting or supporting
views by others is encouraged.
(2) Short texts reflecting personal (or collective) opinions,which are not documented in detail and which would be inappropri­ate for a full article or the more newsy items in Plant Systematics
World. There should be no tables and illustrations; literature cited
should be kept to a minimum.
The decision about acceptance will be made by the Editor-inChief with or without review. Main criteria will be timeliness of the
topic and interest to our readership.
Nomenclature• General nomenclature papers: See Taxon 61: 245 (2012;

http://www.iapt-taxon.org/downloads/evaluation_nomenclature.
pdf ) for guidelines on the types of nomenclatural papers acceptablefor Taxon.
• Proposals to conserve or reject names: See http://www.
iapt-taxon.org/downloads/guidelines_proposals.pdf) for guidelines
on proposals to conserve or reject names.
• Proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: The timetable and regulations

for proposals to amend the Code at the 2017 International Botani­cal Congress in Shenzhen, China were published in Taxon 62:
1071–1072. 2013 (also available at http://iapt-taxon.org/downloads/
Proposals_to_amend_the_Code_Procedures_and_Timetable.pdf).
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/651.32• Requests for a binding decision under the provisions of Art.
53.5 (whether names are sufficiently alike to be confused and are
to be treated as homonyms) or of Art. 38.4 of the Melbourne Code(whether a descriptive statement satisfies the requirement of theCode for a description or diagnosis) are also published in Taxon.
The format is similar to that of proposals to conserve and rejectnames; for full guidelines, see Taxon 64: 177–178. 2015 or http://
iapt-taxon.org/downloads/guidelines_requests.pdf.
• Proposals to suppress works: Format of such proposals con­forms closely to the style for proposals to conserve or reject names.
For example, see Taxon 60: 287–289. 2011.
Further questions should be directed to the editors for therespective types of nomenclature papers. General nomenclature:
Jefferson Prado (jprado.01@uol.com.br); proposals to conserve or
reject names: John McNeill (j.mcneill@rbge.ac.uk), Scott Redhead(scott.redhead@agr.gc.ca) and John Wiersema (john.wiersema@ars.usds.gov); proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: Nick Turland (n.turland@
bgbm.org) and John Wiersema (see above); requests for a binding
decision: John McNeill (see above) and John Wiersema (see above);proposals to suppress works: John McNeill (see above).
All proposals will be checked by the nomenclature editors andmay be modified to conform to the rules and requirements of theInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants in
consultation with the author.
Submission and review process

All manuscripts intended for publication in Taxon are submit­
ted online via http://www.editorialmanager.com/taxon/ except for
Proposals to Conserve or Reject Names, Proposals to Suppress
Works and Requests for Binding Decisions on Application of theCode, which are to be sent directly to column editor John McNeill(TaxonNom@rbge.ac.uk) and Proposals to Amend the Code, which
are to be sent directly to column editor Nicholas Turland (n.turland@
bgbm.org); announcements to appear in the column “Plant System­
atics World” are to be sent to column editor Vicki Funk (funkv@
si.edu); materials for the IOPB column (chromosome counts) are to
be sent to column editor Karol Marhold (karol.marhold@savba.sk);
and advertisements are to be sent to office@iapt-taxon.org.
Manuscripts must be written in correct English (either Americanor British spelling is acceptable, but this must be consistent withineach manuscript) and be prepared carefully according to the style ofthe journal. We request that manuscripts written by non-native speak­ers be checked by a native English speaker who is also a specialist in
systematics. Papers submitted in incorrect English or poor style will
be returned to the authors for correction before being sent for review.
For instructions concerning style see “Preparation of text”.
Text and tables must be in Microsoft Word-compatible formats(doc, or rtf-files), figures in separate pdf or jpg-files. Do not submit
high-quality figure versions in file formats intended for printing(tif, ai, cdr). Pages must be numbered consecutively, lines must be
numbered, and margins should be at least 3 cm wide on all sides ofthe page.
All original papers will be scrutinized by two or more referees.
Articles for the nomenclature section and nomenclature proposals
will be handled by the nomenclature editors, and chromosome lists
and news items for Plant Systematics World are handled by the re­spective column editors.

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Guidelines for authors

TAXON 65 (1) • February 2016: 213–216

By submitting a contribution for publication, authors tacitly
agree to (1) not submit in parallel the same manuscript to anotherjournal, and (2) to assign the copyright to the publishers of Taxon(such assignment taking effect as soon as the author receives writ­ten confirmation of acceptance of the manuscript). Rejected manu­
scripts will be discarded, except for original art-work and photo­graphs, which will be returned to the authors.
Tracking the manuscript review process online

Authors can track the status of their manuscript at: http://www.
editorialmanager.com/taxon/
Page charges

Non-IAPT members: 4 free printed pages, then EUR 50 per
page (but see Open Access below). IAPT individual members:
no page charges. For charges for colour plates see under Tables,
Appendices, and Figures.
Preparation of text

Consult a recent issue of Taxon and carefully follow the fol­lowing instructions.
Use Times New Roman font. This font contains most char­acters, signs, and symbols that might be needed (e.g., Greek andCyrillic characters, diacritics, arrows, identity sign, primes, etc.).
Use other fonts only if a character or symbol is not present in Times
New Roman.
For original papers, provide an informative abstract and 5–6
keywords in alphabetical order (indicating taxa, methods, main
topic, geographic region) and a short title to be used as running
head. Try to structure the manuscript into Introduction, Materials
and Methods, Results, Discussion, (Acknowledgements) and Litera­ture Cited. Give the full addresses of all authors and the e-mail ad­
dress of the author who will receive correspondence. Keep title andsubheadings short and informative. Only two subheading categories
are encouraged: the primary ones standing alone, the secondary
ones being followed by a period and a long dash (or triple hyphen),with the subsequent text running on. Authors are requested to checkcorrect spelling and authors of scientific names before submission,and abbreviate authors of scientific plant names in conformity with
Brummitt & Powell, Authors of Plant Names (Kew, 1992; also in­
corporated in International Plant Names Index [IPNI], http://www.
ipni.org/ and Index Fungorum, http://www.indexfungorum.org).
Author names of all taxa at the rank of genus or below must be
provided at first mention in each of the text, the tables and the ap­
pendices.
A single blank must always follow after a period, colon, semi­colon, or comma (except within numerals, standard abbreviations
such as e.g., i.e., l.c., s.str., s.l., and authors initials: “Brown, A.J.”
not “Brown, A. J.”; “32: 120--130” not “32:120-130”), and between
numerals and units of measure: “2 mm” not “2mm”, but “5%” not“5 %”; x = 5 not x=5. Use a double hyphen between page numbers
and measurements, “120--130” not “120-130.”
Tables, appendices, and figures

Tables are prepared using MS Word’s Table function or byusing single tabs between columns, but no additional tabs orspaces to adjust entries. Do not split lengthy tables into parts.
Tables must have an appropriate heading and must bear consecu­
tive Arabic numerals. They are cited “Table 1”, etc. and are sub­mitted in separate files. Long tables including plant materials or
214

accessory materials are designed as an Appendix and run in para­graphs (order alphabetically by taxon name; see recent issue ofTaxon for style). Lengthy Tables and Appendices are provided as
Electronic Supplement to the online version (http://www.ingenta
connect.com/content/iapt/tax) of the article, but not published inprint. When there are several figures (e.g., several trees of indi­vidual and combined datasets), authors should indicate the ones
they feel are most important and should be in the printed version,and those which should appear as Electronic Supplement.
Figures must be sharp, rich in contrast, and ideally designed
to fit either the full page width, one and a half column width or one
column width after reduction (17.6, 13.0, or 8.5 cm respectively);with caption they may occupy the full page length (23.5 cm). Use
Arial font for text included in the figures and be certain that after
reduction all lettering and symbols are clear and easy to read. All
illustrations must be numbered consecutively using Arabic numer­
als. They should be cited “Fig. 1” or “Figs. 1--4” in sequential or­der. Plates comprising several figures or photographs should haveinternal numbers or capital letters (A, B, C) for reference (use Arial
font). Legends are to be submitted in a separate file. Photographs,
especially those of herbarium specimens, must be of exceptional
quality. Normally only previously unpublished illustrations are
acceptable. If circumstances require the reproduction of copyrightmaterial, authors are responsible for obtaining written permission
from the copyright holder (a signed permission to accompany therevised typescript).
Submission of high-quality colour plates is encouraged. Costsof colour plates are EUR 300 for one plate (= one page with colour,
regardless of image size), EUR 600 for two or more plates in theprinted edition of Taxon and apply for both IAPT members and nonmembers (but see Open Access below); in the online edition colour
plates are free of charge. When plates should be in colour in the
online edition and black & white in the printed one, authors must
provide both versions and make sure that all the essential informa­tion is retained in the black & white version.
A detailed guide to figure preparation for publication in
Taxon can be found at http://iapt-taxon.org/downloads/figure_preparation_guide.pdf
Literature citation

Verify that all citations in the text are also in the Literature
Cited and vice versa.
References are cited in the text as follows: … was studied byMiller (1993) and Miller & Smith (1994). Baker & al. (1996) showedthat … has frequently been observed (e.g., Miller, 1993, 1998;
Miller & Smith, 1994; Baker & al., 1996 [note: sort chronologically,
beginning with oldest; within the same year, sort alphabetically].
When there are three or more authors, the name of the first author iscited followed by “& al.”If smaller parts of a work or chapter, or single pages shall bereferenced, do this in the text: … was given by Parker (2003: 152).
Parker (2003: fig. 2) showed that …
References should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper, with single-author works preceding two-author works preced­
ing multi-author works. Multi-author works (cited “[first author] &.
al.” in text) are to be sorted by first author and year of publication.
Within the same year of publication sort alphabetically by co-authors.
Journal titles and book titles must be italicized and journal titles ab­
breviated as explained further below. Give names of all authors andadd a DOI number if available. Use the following standard forms:

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Guidelines for authors

TAXON 65 (1) • February 2016: 213–216

Journal article, print or online:
Drummond, A.J. & Rambaut, A. 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolu­
tionary analyses by sampling trees. B. M. C. Evol. Biol. 7: 214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-214
Groppo, M., Pirani, J.R., Salatino, M.L.F., Blanco, S.R. &Kallunki, J.A. 2008. Phylogeny of Rutaceae based on two
noncoding regions from cpDNA. Amer. J. Bot. 95: 985--1005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.2007313
Kato, M. & Akiyama, H. In press. Interpolation hypothesis for theorigin of vegetative sporophyte of land plants. Taxon 54.
Book printed:
Kitching, I., Forey, P., Humphries, C. & Williams, P. 1998. Cladistics: The theory and practice of parsimony analysis. Ox­
ford: Oxford University Press.
Book electronic:
Eggli, U. (ed.) 2001. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants:
Mono­cotyledons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Kindle edition[or: pdf e-book; Microsoft Reader e-book; CD-ROM; …]
Book online:
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.) 2007. Flora ofNorth America north of Mexico, vol. 27, Bryophyta, pt. 1. New
York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras​.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1027&flora_id=1 [or DOI
if available] (accessed 19 Jan 2012).
Book chapter:
Gilmour, J.S.L. 1940. Taxonomy and philosophy. Pp. 461--475 in:
Huxley, J. (ed.), The new systematics. Oxford: Oxford Univer­sity Press.
Multivolume work:
Wright, S. 1968--1978. Evolution and the genetics of populations,
4 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wright, S. 1969. Evolution and the genetics of populations, vol. 2,
Theory of gene frequencies. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Book as part of series:
McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Marhold, K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva,
P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H., & Turland, N.J. (eds.)
2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna
Code): Adopted by the Seventeenth International BotanicalCongress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146.
Ruggell: Gantner.
[If the series has a journal-like appearance, i.e., all volumes ofsame size and style, use “Journal article” reference style above.]
Thesis:Ralston, B. 1993. Phylogenetic systematics and the evolution of mating systems in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae). Dissertation,
University of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A.
Website:Stotler, R.E & Crandall-Stotler, B.J. 2011 (last updated 11 May
2011). Bryophytes: Mosses, Liverworts & Hornworts. http://
bryophy​tes.plant.siu.edu/ (accessed 19 Jan 2012).

Databases
The International Plant Names Index (IPNI). [descriptive phrase
or object identifier or locator …]. http://www.ipni.org/ (accessed
19 Jan 2012).
Software/Programs:
Nylander, J.A.A. 2004. MrModeltest, version 2. Program distributedby the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
http://www.abc.se/~nylander/mrmodeltest2/mrmodeltest2.html[It is recommended to add a URL where the software or further
information about the software can be obtained.]
Swofford, D.L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using par­simony (*and other methods), version 4.0 Beta. Sunderland,
Massachusetts: Sinauer.
If several articles by the same author[s] in the same year arecited, add letters to the year (e.g., 2006a). This applies also to arti­
cles by the same first author but two or more various co-authors thathave to be cited with “& al.” in the text.
Names of authors of more than one publication are repeated in
the reference list. For books, titles are given in full with headlinestyle capitalization for English titles, and publisher and place of
publication cited. Journal titles, both in synonymies and in “Litera­ture Cited” must be abbreviated to conform with Bridson, G.D.R.,
BPH-2: Periodicals with Botanical Content (Pittsburgh, 2004) (thesecond edition of Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum, 1968), except
for its Cyrillic transliteration system (see ISO standards below).
Titles in foreign languages must be cited in original and may be
accompanied by an English translation in square brackets; if they
(and the authors) appear in non-Latin script they are to be translit­
erated following ISO standards (ISO-9 for Cyrillic script). Titles
and standard abbreviations can be checked at http://fmhibd.library.
cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/bpho/findrecords.php?-link=Find. “Literature
Cited” submitted in incorrect style will be returned to the authors
until it conforms to Taxon style.
Double hyphens or an n-dash are given between page num­bers. Papers “in preparation” or “submitted” are omitted from thereference list. Accepted papers in print should be cited as “in press”(without year), and the volume of the journal should be given in thefull reference.
Taxonomic names, synonymy, and citation of specimens

The convention of only italicizing names at the rank of ge­
nus and below is followed, except for proposals to conserve or re­ject names in which all scientific names are italicized, regardlessof rank.
In taxonomic citation abbreviate book titles according to
Stafleu & Cowan, Taxonomic Literature (ed. 2 and supplements)
but with capital initial letters, and journal titles according to
BPH-2: Periodicals with Botanical Content (available free online at
http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/bpho/findrecords.php?link=Find; for details see above). Names of new taxa are followedby the holotype citation, then by the (English or Latin) description
or diagnosis in a separate paragraph. For type specimens examinedby the author(s) an exclamation mark is given after the herbarium
acronym, e.g., “(W!)”, “(W No. 29867!)”, “(W barcode 00033277!)”,“(W [photo!])”. Homotypic names are cited in chronological orderin a single paragraph with the identity sign (≡), followed by the type.
Heterotypic names should be listed in separate paragraphs, indi­cated by the equality sign (=).

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TAXON 65 (1) • February 2016: 213–216

Voucher specimens are to be cited and deposited in a publicherbarium. Cite vouchers and order voucher data as follows: Taxon
name including authority, country, largest political subdivision(where applicable; locality and date optional, depending on typeof study), collector(s) and collector number, herbarium code (plusherbarium accession number or barcode if available). Names of col­lectors and collector numbers must be in italics, herbarium codesin parentheses. Use herbarium codes of Holm­g ren & al. (Index
Herbariorum, Regnum Veg. 120. 1990 and http://sciweb.nybg.org/
science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp) without citing this publication.
This format applies also when the material is tabulated in Appendix
format (see recent issue of Taxon for style). Useful conventions for
citing Linnaean specimens can be found in Jarvis & al. (Regnum
Veg. 127. 1993).
New names in Fungi

Following the acceptance of a paper with new scientific namesof fungi (including lichens), authors must deposit the names in oneof the repositories recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for
Fungi and obtain an identifier for each new name (i.e., name of a
new taxon, new combination, name at new rank, or replacementname). These are to be inserted in the final version and given im­
mediately after the name; alternatively, they can be added in proof
if not already secured.
Sequence data

DNA or protein sequences must be deposited in public databases (GenBank, EMBL, etc.), and accession numbers must be
given either in the Materials and Methods, when a few, or in a sepa­
rate Appendix. For newly generated sequences, voucher specimensmust be made and deposited in a public herbarium. These vouchers
are to be cited as follows: Taxon name including authority, country,
largest political subdivision (where applicable; locality and date op­tional, depending on type of study), collector(s) and collector number, herbarium code. Names of collectors and collector numbers
must be in italics, herbarium codes in parentheses. Use herbarium
codes of Holmgren & al. (Index Herbariorum, Regnum Veg. 120.
1990 and http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp)

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without citing this publication. Sequence numbers may be added
to the Appendix after the manuscript is accepted. Indicate newly
generated sequences with an asterisk behind the accession number.
Consult a recent issue of Taxon for style of the Appendix. The align­
ments (.nex or .txt files) must be uploaded with the other manuscript
files, either as a single file with all markers, each one in a marked
data block, or individually. Alternatively, data matrices may be sub­mitted to TreeBase with matrix numbers cited in the paper.
Proofs

Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as a pdf file
(together with the copyright form). They must be processed imme­
diately and returned by e-mail, air mail or fax (+421 2 59426 150).
Authors who anticipate being absent are urged to give forwardingorders or to give notice of temporary addresses (with dates). Cor­
rections not returned within the deadline cannot usually be taken
into consideration.
Open AccessTaxon provides the possibility to publish papers Open Access.
Open Access articles are freely accessible and downloadable assoon as published. Reuse of such articles is subject to a Creative
Commons licence model of the authors’ choice (see http://creative​
commons.org/licenses/). The publication fee for one Open Accessarticle (to be paid by authors or funding organizations) is €1800(this includes page charges for non-members and two pages withcolour; fee for more than two color pages is €300).
Reprints

Reprints are available as free pdf files and sent to the cor­resonding author after appearance of the issue. PDF files of nomen­
clature proposals and articles of general importance are free forall users and can be downloaded from http://www.ingentaconnect.
com/content/iapt/tax. Hard-copy reprints can be ordered at costfrom the printer. After the issue is printed, corresponding authors
will receive a notification by e-mail with a personalized link where
they can order hard-copy reprints online.

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