History and License
Release 10.4

The Sage Development TeamJul 23, 2024

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Indices and Tables

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History and License, Release 10.4

Sage was initially created by William Stein in 2004–2005, using Python, IPython, PARI, SWIG, Pyrex, NTL, and GMP.
These programs are all open source and released under the GPL or a GPL-compatible license.
The whole Sage software distribution is licensed under the General Public License, version 3. All original Sage code (notin external packages) is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, either version 2 of the License,or (at your option) any later version.
All documentation is released under the Creative Commons 3.0 BY-SA license.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copiesof this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license forsoftware and other kinds of works.
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom toshare and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it toyour programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, notprice. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge forthem if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying youthese rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you havecertain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receiveor can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so theyknow their rights.
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
For the developers and authors protection, the GPL clearly explainsthat there is no warranty for this free software. For both users andauthors sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked aschanged, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously toauthors of previous versions.
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Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim ofprotecting users freedom to change the software. The systematic
pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals touse, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, wehave designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, westand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versionsof the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use ofsoftware on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures thatpatents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution andmodification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
0. Definitions.
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds ofworks, such as semiconductor masks.
"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under thisLicense. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the workin a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of theearlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work basedon the Program.
To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable forinfringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on acomputer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
distribution (with or without modification), making available to the
public, and in some countries other activities as well.
To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables otherparties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user througha computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the(continues on next page)

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CONTENTSHistory and License, Release 10.4

(continued from previous page)extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey thework under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If
the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as amenu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
1. Source Code.
The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
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A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
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packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major
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produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
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such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those
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The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users
can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
Source.
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is thatsame work.
2. Basic Permissions.
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the statedconditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running acovered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges yourrights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
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History and License, Release 10.4

(continued from previous page)You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do notconvey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains
in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purposeof having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide youwith facilities for running those works, provided that you comply withthe terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do
not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works
for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction
and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies ofyour copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
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makes it unnecessary.
3. Protecting Users

Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.

No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technologicalmeasure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article
11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, orsimilar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of suchmeasures.
When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
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is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect tothe covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work susers, your or third parties legal rights to forbid circumvention oftechnological measures.
4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program s source code as you
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously andappropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give allrecipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under theterms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
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b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it isreleased under this License and any conditions added under section
7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to"keep intact all notices".
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(continued from previous page)c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under thisLicense to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,
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interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, yourwork need not make them do so.
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independentworks, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work,
and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an"aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are notused to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation s users
beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered workin an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the otherparts of the aggregate.
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the termsof sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey themachine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
in one of these ways:a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by theCorresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
customarily used for software interchange.
b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by awritten offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that productmodel, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) acopy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
product that is covered by this License, on a durable physicalmedium customarily used for software interchange, for a price nomore than your reasonable cost of physically performing thisconveying of source, or (2) access to copy theCorresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of thewritten offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, andonly if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
with subsection 6b.
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(continued from previous page)further charge. You need not require recipients to copy theCorresponding Source along with the object code. If the place tocopy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
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If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
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protocols for communication across the network.
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
documented (and with an implementation available to the public insource code form), and must require no special password or key for
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7. Additional Terms.
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of thisLicense by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shallbe treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed bythis License without regard to the additional permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part ofit. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
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Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
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All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
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restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under thisLicense, you may add to a covered work material governed by the termsof that license document, provided that the further restriction does
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Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in theform of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;the above requirements apply either way.
8. Termination.
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
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this License (including any patent licenses granted under the thirdparagraph of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then yourlicense from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly andfinally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyrightholder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder isreinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of theviolation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you havereceived notice of violation of this License (for any work) from thatcopyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate thelicenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the samematerial under section 10.
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating acovered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
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(continued from previous page)receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify andpropagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of anorganization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing anorganization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to thattransaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party s predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of theCorresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of therights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise ofrights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging thatany patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
11. Patents.
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under thisLicense of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor s "contributor version".
A contributor s "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired orhereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as aconsequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements ofthis License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-freepatent license under the contributor s essential patent claims, tomake, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify andpropagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
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party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce apatent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through apublicly available network server or other readily accessible means,then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be soavailable, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of thepatent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner(continues on next page)

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(continued from previous page)consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you haveactual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying thecovered work in a country, or your recipient s use of the covered workin a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in thatcountry that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, acovered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
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you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or isconditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that isin the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of theparties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that mayotherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others

Freedom.

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement orotherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under thisLicense and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and thisLicense would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you havepermission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of thisLicense will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
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14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail toaddress new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If theProgram specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have theoption of following the terms and conditions either of that numberedversion or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever publishedby the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which futureversions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy spublic statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow alater version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BYAPPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHTHOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULARPURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITINGWILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANYGENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRDPARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximatesan absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with theProgram, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies acopy of the Program in return for a fee.
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make itfree software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program s name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public Licensealong with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details typeThis is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type show c for details.

show w .

The hypothetical commands show w and show c should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program s commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications withthe library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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