ISBN：978-4-905304-96-8

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation andforest Degradation and the Role of Conservation,
Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement

COOKBOOK
ANNEX
Research Manual Vol. 4
Ground Truth Survey
MASAYOSHI TAKAHASHI

Research achievement of the 4th mid-term plan 18 (Forest Management Technology-15)

Preface
The basic concept of REDD-plus is to provide economic incentives such as funding or
credits to developing countries for REDD activities (reducing emissions from deforestationand forest degradation) and "plus" activities (reducing CO2 emissions and CO2 levels in theatmosphere by carbon sequestration). Thus, in order to estimate the changes in the amount ofcarbon stored in forests, monitoring using scienti¿c approach is essential.
The REDD Research and Development Center, Forestry and Forest Products ResearchInstitute compiled “REDD-plus Cookbook” in 2012; an easy-to-understand technical manual
which provide basic knowledge and techniques required for REDD-plus with the main focus on
the forest carbon monitoring methods. Knowledge and techniques required for REDD-plus arecompiled in units called “Recipe” in this REDD-plus Cookbook. This REDD-plus Cookbook isintended for the policy makers working for the introduction of REDD-plus and the practitioners
and experts working on the REDD-plus activities.
As REDD-plus Cookbook focuses on basic knowledge and techniques required for REDDplus, the experts working on the REDD-plus activities will need further detailed information inthe ¿eld. Thus, we compiled “REDD-plus Cookbook Annex” to provide the experts with moredetailed and practical information in each “Recipe”. In this manual, speci¿c measuring methods
are explained. Also, this manual is intended to be used as a textbook for building capacity. In
order to have a better technological understanding on these topics, it is recommended to readthis manual in conjunction with REDD-plus Cookbook.
We hope this manual will contribute to the promotion of REDD-plus in many parts of theworld.
March, 2019
The REDD Research and Development Center
Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteContents
1 Outline

1

1.1 Purpose of REDD-plus Cookbook Annex

1

1.2 How to use this survey manual

1

1.3 Recipes covered by REDD-plus Cookbook

1

2 Ground truth survey design —A survey method using the Bitterlich method

2

2.1 What is the ground truth survey used for?

2

2.2 Steps to perform the ground truth survey

2

2.3 What is the Bitterlich method?

2

2.4 Preparation for the survey

2

2.5 Preparing satellite images and selecting ground truth survey points

3

3 Conducting the ground truth survey
3.1 Necessary survey tools

44

3.2 The survey team composition

5

3.3 Navigation to survey points

5

3.4 Choosing survey points

5

3.5 Measurements and records taken at survey points

5

3.5.1 Records of survey points

6

3.5.2 Forest condition of survey points (understanding the hierarchicalstructure and coverage)

7

3.5.3 Selection of the survey target trees, identi¿cation of tree
species, and measurements of the DBH and tree height
3.5.4 Photography

78

3.5.5 Sketches

8

3.5.6 Additional Bitterlich count9

3.5.7 Notes

9

4 Processing the survey data

10

4.1 Inputting survey data

10

4.2 Calculation of AGB for surveyed trees

10

Appendix

12

How to use the tools

12

An example of the survey note

17

References

21

REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

1 Outline■ 1.1 Purpose of REDD-plus Cookbook Annex

The “REDD-plus Cookbook,” published by the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institutein 2012, is a technical manual that simply explains the basic knowledge and techniques for
REDD+ with a focus on forest carbon monitoring. This survey manual explains the survey methodwith a focus on the ground truth survey, which is necessary to estimate forest area using remotesensing techniques shown in the REDD-plus Cookbook.
This manual was prepared with technologists in mind, who conduct ground truth surveying inthe ¿eld. We hope that it also provides useful information to students studying forestry and forest
remote sensing, and organizations, such as NGOs, that are interested in REDD+.

■ 1.2 How to use this survey manual

The ground truth survey is performed to collect ground information necessary for analysis us-

ing satellite imagery, so multiple survey plots are usually set, which all must be accurately measured. In addition, the surveying is often performed by multiple teams to improve the ef¿ciency;
thus, survey methods should be con¿rmed ahead of time. When planning and conducting aground truth survey, this manual should be referred to so that all surveyors understand the stepsof the survey and measurement methods.
This manual explains the methods of ground truth surveying using the Bitterlich method(Chapter 2), followed by an explanation of the speci¿c steps for an actual survey (Chapter3). Finally, steps and methods to calculate carbon stock for each of the survey points, frommeasurement data collected in the ¿eld survey, are speci¿cally explained (Chapter 4).
Please refer to TIPS as this is where we offer useful knowledge and cautionary recommendations from past experiences with ground truth survey.

■ 1.3 Recipes covered by REDD-plus Cookbook

Recipes covered by REDD-plus Cookbook are shown in [ ]. Please refer to REDD-plus

Cookbook.
REDD-plus Cookbook can be downloaded from the sites below.
http://redd.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pub_db/publications/cookbook/index_en.html

1Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

2 Ground truth survey design —A survey method using the Bitterlich method■ 2.1 What is the ground truth survey used for?
Ground truth refers to the actual information of the target on the ground and is necessary for land cover classi¿cations using remote sensing data and for verifying classi¿cation
results [Recipe-T08]. It is also necessary for estimating land area based on remote sensing[Recipe-P08], which is used to calculate changes in carbon stock with the stock change method[Recipe-P07].

■ 2.2 Steps to perform the ground truth survey
The ground truth survey (also called the GT survey) is performed in the order of: survey
preparation, ¿eld surveying, and then data processing.
First, preparation of the survey is necessary. Satellite images of the survey target area are
prepared [Recipe-T08], and the survey candidate sites are determined. Then, the various
preparations necessary for the completion of the survey are made. Once the preparation iscompleted, the ¿eld survey is conducted, tree measurements are performed, and so on. In
addition, from the obtained ¿eld survey data, information including above-ground biomass iscalculated, which will be used for the analysis for the satellite images.
In this manual, we present speci¿c steps for ground truth surveying using the Bitterlich method as an example.

■ 2.3 What is the Bitterlich method?
The Bitterlich method, also called angular count sampling or angle count sampling, is amethod of measuring a forest by estimating the total basal area per unit area by counting thestanding trees. The trees used for counting are determined by a predetermined angle. There isno need to set a plot for the survey, which is the reason it is sometimes called plotless sampling.

TIPS

Simple explanation of the Bitterlich method is on page 13.

■ 2.4 Preparation for the survey
First, the pretreatment of satellite images of the target site and the selection of the ground truth
survey candidate points are performed. At the same time, the ground truth survey is plannedwith considerations given to climate, weather conditions, traf¿c access, accommodations, andcost necessary for the staff and survey. To conduct the survey, permission from the landowner
may be necessary. In such a case, the necessary permission by landowners must be acquired2

REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

beforehand.

■ 2.5 Preparing satellite images and selecting ground truth survey points
Pretreatment of satellite images, including the target site, is performed [Recipe-T06]. Whenusing the object-based classi¿cation method, pretreated satellite images are used to performthe object-based classi¿cation. Statistically appropriate numbers of survey points are selected,
and the candidate survey points are selected on the images [Recipe-T08].
When using object-based classi¿cation, the survey points avoid the edge of objects, so thatthe ground truth survey candidate points are set within a certain distance inside the object
boundary (at least 2 to 3 pixels).
Position information of the candidate survey points is summarized in a list. Smart devices thatare able to display spatial information (smartphone, tablets, etc.) would be useful if the position
information of the candidate survey points are stored.

3Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

3 Conducting the ground truth survey■ 3.1 Necessary survey tools
Tools necessary for the ground truth survey are as follows (Table 1, Photograph 1).
Table 1. Tools necessary for the survey.

Product name

Number of units Notes

GPS1

To navigate to survey points and record positions.

Digital camera

1

To record the forest type at the survey point.

Inclinometer1

To record the slope of the survey point.

Compass

1

To navigate to and measure the direction of survey
points.

Altimeter (VertexIV)

1

To measure tree heights.

Tape measure

1-2Markers

Several

Stake as markers

1-2

To measure diameters.
To mark measurement positions and measured trees.
To mark survey points.

Fieldnotes1

To record survey results.

Pens/pencils

SeveralTo record survey results.

Bitterlich
dendrometers(Ludde, Prism, etc.)

Ludde

1-3

To determine survey target trees with the Bitterlich
method.

Prism

Altimeter (VertexIV)
Compass and inclinometer
Photograph 1. Tools necessary for a survey.

GPS

Tape measure

4

REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX■ 3.2 The survey team composition
For safety reasons, the ground truth survey should be conducted by multiple members. (Table2). When there is a large number of people, consider breaking up the members into multiple
teams.
Table 2. Roles and numbers of the survey teams

Role

Desired number Notes

Bitterlich count

1-2

Count trees at the center of survey points. When
there are multiple points, run counts concurrently.

Basal area
measurement

1-2

Measure basal area of trees that are counted.
This job can be performed by the same person
who is in charge of the transponder for tree heightmeasurement.

Tree heightmeasurement

1-2

One person to take measurements using the
instrument for tree measurements and one person in
charge of the transponder. The person in charge ofthe transponder can also be the person in charge ofbasal area measurement.

Recording¿eldnotes

1

Record measurement results, etc., in the ¿eldnote.

Species
identi¿cation

1

This job can be shared with field basal area
measurement or ¿eld note record taking.

■ 3.3 Navigation to survey points
Move to the candidate survey points using maps, a compass, GPS, or smart devices.

TIPS

Please see page 12 for how to navigate with a compass.

■ 3.4 Choosing survey points
Upon arriving at the candidate points, survey points are chosen. Select locations that represent surrounding forest conditions and set the center for a survey point where the Bitterlich
count is taken is determined, and set mark.

■ 3.5 Measurements and records taken at survey points
Once survey points are determined, all members conduct forest measurements and record
the results. An example of the notes taken in a survey is provided in appendix *. Detailed measurements and records are explained in the order of sample note.

5Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

3.5.1 Records of survey points
Ground Survey Note: Used to record information obtained from a ¿eld survey. One sheet per
survey point. Here, we explain the contents per item.
General Information: All items related to the summary of the survey point.
Crew Member: Record all members of the survey team.
Date (DD/MM/YY): Record the survey date.
Plot ID: Record the ID to identify the survey point.

TIPS

An example of a plot ID is three letters and two numbers, and a rule should be
prepared so that there are no duplicate IDs.

Province: Note the name of the Province.
District: Note the name of the District.
Time of Survey: Note the time of the survey.
Start Time: Note the start time of the survey with the 24-hour clock.
End Time: Note the end time of the survey with the 24-hour clock.
Plot Information: Describe the selected survey points.
Plot Location WGS84: Note the GPS measurements for the position of the survey point.

TIPS

TIPS

If using a Garmin GPS, use the Waypoint Averaging function, and record themeasurements for the center of the survey point.

When saving measured values on the GPS, recommended point name is the Plot
ID. This makes easier to reference at a later time.

Latitude: Record the latitude of the survey point in the WGS84 format.
Longitude: Record the longitude of the survey point in the WGS84 format.
Altitude: Record the altitude of the survey point in meters.
GPS Receiver: Record the name of the GPS receiver used.
Topography: Record the topography of the survey point.
Slope Direction: Examine the direction of the slope using the compass, and record it down
to eight directions.

TIPS

If there is no slope, cross out the item.

Slope Angle: The slope is measured with an inclinometer and recorded by degrees. If there
is no slope, note 0 degrees.

6REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

3.5.2 Forest condition of survey points (understanding the hierarchical structure and coverage)
Forest Condition: Record the state of the forest.
Crown Coverage: Crown coverage is recorded as one of ¿ve stages (0-20, 20-40, 4060, 60-80, and 80-100).
Total Stories: Coverage of the overall forest is evaluated and recorded.
Upper + Middle: Coverage of the upper and middle stories is evaluated and recorded.
Upper story: Coverage of the upper story, with the middle story excluded, is evaluated andrecorded.

TIPS

Coverage is determined and evaluated by all members of the team.

Note for Disturbance: Note the information related to the disturbance of the forest. For example, comments such as “there are new/old stumps” and “there are pioneer species
observed after disturbance”.
3.5.3 Selection of the survey target trees, identi¿cation of tree species, and measurements of
the DBH and tree height
Bitterlich Note: Record items according to the Bitterlich method.
Bitterlich Method Measurement: Measurements with the Bitterlich method.
Basal Area Constant (k): Record basal area constant (k).

TIPS

When using a Ludde, the basal area constant is 1.

Total Count: Record the Bitterlich count.

TIPS

Explanation of the Bitterlich method is on page 13.

TIPS

Total Count is equal to the sum of the survey tree count.

Tree Measurement: For target trees of the Bitterlich method, measurement information isrecorded as 1 or 0.5.
No.: Number of the tree being surveyed.
SP: Record the species name or a common name.

7Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

DBH(cm): Record the diameter at breast height.

TIPS

The standard height for DBH measurement is 130 cm from the ground surface.

DBH is measured for all counted trees by the Bitterlich method. However, if tree

TIPS

trunks branch apart or are deformed due to a knot or rot at 130 cm, the diameteris measured above or below at the closest height.

TIPS

The measurement method for DBH is explained in detail in [Cookbook Annex
Vol.1].

H(m): Tree height is measured with an altimeter and results are recorded.
Count: Record the Bitterlich count (1 or 0.5).

TIPS

Usage of a Ludde is explained on page 13.

3.5.4 Photography
Photograph (¿lename): Take photographs of the forest at the survey point. At the center of thesurvey point, take photographs in all four cardinal directions and record the ¿le nameof photographs.
3.5.5 Sketches
Sketch of the Forests Condition:Sketch the cross section of the forest around the survey
point. At this time, it would be useful to record a scale for rough tree heights
and species names (abbreviations are acceptable) so that the hierarchicalstructure and condition of the forest Àoor would be clear.

8

REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

Figure 1. Example of a sketch.
3.5.6 Additional Bitterlich count
Additional Counts (3-5 points): At several locations around the survey point, conduct the
Bitterlich count method and record the total count.

TIPS

To avoid duplicate tree counts, additional counts surveys should be conducted ata suitable distance from each other.

3.5.7 Notes
Note important items related to the target forests, such as the landowner name, contact
information, name of the forest, distance from the road, and surrounding land use.

9

Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

4 Processing the survey data
The ground truth survey data collected in Section 3 are processed, and above-ground biomass (AGB) is calculated using an allometry method. Here, let us introduce an example of asurvey conducted in a tropical forest in South America.
Please refer to [Cookbook Annex Vol. 1] for the calculation of AGB using the

TIPS

allometry method.

■ 4.1 Inputting survey data
Information noted under the 1) Ground Truth Survey Note and 2) Bitterlich Note is summarized in a spreadsheet used for AGB calculations. The measurement results for the surveyed
trees at the survey point EGC03 are as follows.
Table 3. Information of survey trees at the survey point EGC03.

ID

No.

EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

SP
Quebracho colorado
Algarrobillo
Algarrobillo
Karanday
Algarrobillo
Algarrobillo
Quebracho colorado
Quebracho colorado
KumandaH (m)DBH (cm)

Count

14.8
21.7
8.4
9.1
9.5
19.1
15.6
10.9
16.4

16.9
26.8
10.1
10.6
8.2
19.9
19.2
15.3
24.7

1
1
1
1
0.5
1
1
1
1

■ 4.2 Calculation of AGB for surveyed trees
First, select an allometry equation and the parameters needed to estimate AGB.
Since the survey was conducted in a South American tropical forest, we used the generalallometry equation of Chave et al. (2014) that is widely used in tropical areas:
AGBi = 0.0673 * (ȡ'i2Hi)0.976
where 'i and Hi represent DBH (cm) and tree height (m) of tree i, respectively. For wood density
ȡ, the default value for tropical zones (South America) is applied (0.60 g cm-3). For example, inthe case of tree no.1 Quebracho Colorado:
AGBNo.1 ＝ 0.0673 * (0.60 * (16.9)2 * 14.8)0.976＝ 0.0673 * (2536.2)0.976 ＝ 141.4 kg

10

REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

Next, when converting the AGB of this surveyed tree to per ha, AGB needs to be multipliedby the Bitterlich count method (1 or 0.5) and the number of trees per ha, N. The number of trees
per ha for tree i (Ni) can be calculated with:
Ni =

4k
ʌ'i2

Since this survey used a Ludde, and k = 1, the number of trees per ha for tree no.1 (N No.1) is:
N No.1 ＝ (4 * 1) / (3.14 * (16.9 / 100)2) = 44.6 /ha
If the count of tree i is Ci, then AGB of tree i per ha (AGBh_i ) can be calculated with:
AGBh_i ＝ AGBi * Ni * Ci
Therefore, AGB per ha for tree no.1 (AGBh_ No.1) is calculated with:
AGBh_ No.1 = 141.4 * 44.6 * 1 = 6306.4 kg/ha
This calculation is performed for all surveyed trees, and when all AGB values are summed, theAGB of the survey point per ha is obtained (Table 4). AGB of the survey point EGC03 is ca.
51.3 t/ha.
Table 4. Summary of AGB at the survey point EGC03.

ID

No.

SP

EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03
EGC03

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Quebracho colorado
Algarrobillo
Algarrobillo
Karanday
Algarrobillo
Algarrobillo
Quebracho colorado
Quebracho colorado
KumandaTIPS

11

H (m) DBH (cm) Count

AGB
(kg)

N(ha)

AGB
(kg/ha)

14.8
21.7
8.4
9.1
9.5
19.1
15.6
10.9
16.4

141.4
505.4
29.8
35.4
22.4
249.5
191.0
86.4
327.9

44.6
17.7
124.8
113.3
189.4
32.2
34.5
54.4
20.9

6306.48945.63719.04010.82121.38033.96589.54700.26853.1

Total

51279.8

16.9
26.8
10.1
10.6
8.2
19.9
19.2
15.3
24.7

1
1
1
1
0.5
1
1
1
1

If a spreadsheet with formulas is prepared, calculations are much easier.

Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

Appendix■ How to use the tools
1) Compass
A compass is affected by magnetism; therefore, when using a compass, objects with magnetism, such as a magnet or electronic devices (e.g., cell phones), must be kept at a distance.
・Measurement methods for the slope direction(1) Face the direction of the steepest slope.
(2) Hold the compass in front of your body.
(3) When the magnetic needle and the bezel (usually red and black) match, the number
outside of the bezel indicates the angle of the direction.
・Measurement method for the slope angle (only with measurement function)(1) Face the direction of the steepest slope.
(2) Determine a position that is the height of your eyes and take a measurement using theslope function. At this time, if an item (person, stick, etc.) is used to indicate the height ofyour eyes, measurements would be more accurate.
・A method to walk straight in the determined direction.
(1) Face the direction into which you intend to walk.
(2) Hold the compass in front of your body.
(3) Match the magnetic needle and the bezel (usually red and black).
(4) Pick a marker at a distance in the direction in which you intend to walk (tree, branch, etc.).
(5) Walk towards the marker.
(6) Hold the compass in front of your body and face the direction in which the needle and thebezel match.
(7) Repeat steps (4) to (6).
・A method to guide toward the predetermined direction.
(1) Face the direction in which you intend to walk.
(2) Hold the compass in front of your body.
(3) Match the magnetic needle and the bezel (normally red and black).
(4) Pick a marker at a distance in the direction in which you intend to walk (tree, branch, etc.).
(5) Let the person walk forward and if he/she veers off, guide them into the right direction.
(6) When there is so much distance that the guide and the walker cannot con¿rm the direction,

12

REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

stop walking.
(7) The guide joins the walker.
(8) The guide holds the compass in front of his/her body, and faces the direction in which theneedle and the bezel match.
(9) Repeat steps (4) to (8).
Make sure to read the instruction manual thoroughly before use.
2) Ludde
A Ludde is the tool for a Bitterlich count.

TIPS

Tools for Bitterlich count include the Bitterlich prism and Relascope, in addition
to the Ludde.

・How to complete a Bitterlich count using a Ludde.
(1) Using the chain of the Ludde and holding it properly, aim the gauge toward the tree you
wish to measure.
(2) If the tree is smaller than the gauge, do not count it (non-tally, Figure 2A). If the tree islarger than the gauge, record as count 1 (Figure 2B). If the gauge and the tree are exactly
the same size, record as count 0.5 (Figure 2C).

A: Count = 0

B: Count = 1

C: Count = 0.5

Figure 2. Bitterlich count using a Ludde.

TIPS

If the tree is even slightly larger than the gauge, record as count 1, and if it is evenslightly smaller, do not record it.

Explanation of the Bitterlich method
The Bitterlich method is explained in textbooks and websites about forest mensuration. Here,
we introduce excerpts from “Bitterlich sampling” from AWF-WIKI.

13

Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

Even trees of the same size could appear differently based on the distance to the standing
tree from the observer (Figure 3).

$
%
G
G

Ș

Ș

G

&

Figure 3. Relationship between the distance to the tree and the opening angle (from AWF-WIKI).
When the opening angle, Į, is determined, if the distance to the target tree is closer, thewidth of the tree appears wider (Figure 3A, count 1). If the distance is further, it appears thinner(Figure 3B, count 0). If the tree is at the right distance, the width will match the angle Į (Figure
3C, count 0.5).
At a given point, look around 360 degrees and compare the width of a tree viewed with the
opening angle of Į with the width of the stem of the tree to select the tree to count. By multiplying
the count total (N) with the basal area factor (k), determined by the opening angle Į, the sum ofbasal area per unit area (G) is estimated.
In other words, the total basal area per unit area (G) is expressed as:
G = kN
Basal area factor (k) and the opening angle (Į) have the following relationship:
It is known that there is relationship between the AGB and total basal area of forest stands.

k = 10000 * ( sin )2

2

If there is a relationship equation for the total basal area and AGB of forest stands, the AGB of
the stands can be estimated.
If measuring DBH and tree height of counted trees, the AGB can be estimated with a different
way. If we look from the viewing point with the angle Į and assume that DBH of counted tree

14

REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEXi, counted as 0.5, is di, it must be on the circumference of a circle with the radius of R from theview point. In other words, it can be assumed that there is one standing tree i with DBH di in
the area ʌR2 of a circle with radius R. If we assume that there are standing trees with the same
diameter as the standing tree i (di) at the same area ratio, the number of standing trees with thesame basal area per unit area (usually 1 ha) is:

N=

10000
ʌR2

where R is:R=di

2 sin Į
2

and:

k
Į
sin =
2 100
thus:

R=

50di
¥k 2

therefore, N is:N=

4kʌ di 2

if the AGB of the standing tree i (AGBi) can be estimated using the measured values, such as
DBH and tree height, along with the allometry equation, the AGB per unit area of AGBi (AGBh_i)
with the same DBH di is:
AGBh_i = c * AGBi * N
If we assume that the standing tree i with count 1 is within the area (ʌR2) of a circle with a radiusof R, and the area ratio is the same, the number of standing trees N with the basal area of di and
the AGB per unit area (Vi), are also calculated with the same equation.
If AGB per unit area (AGBh_i), calculated for each standing tree counted is summed, AGB per
unit area for the survey point (AGBh) can be obtained:
AGBh = ȈAGBh_i

15Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

16

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REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

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Vol.4
Ground Truth Survey■ An example of the survey note (1/2)

18

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REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

Vol.4Ground Truth Survey

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20REDD-plus COOKBOOK ANNEX

21

References
Chave -, Rpjou-Mpchain M, B~rquez A, Chidumayo E, Colgan MS, Delitti WBC, Duque A, Eid T,
Fearnside PM, Goodman RC, Henry M, Marttnez-Yrtzar A, Mugasha WA, Muller-Landau HC,
Mencuccini M, Nelson BW, Ngomanda A, Nogueira EM, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Pplissier R, Ploton
P, Ryan CM, Saldarriaga JG, Vieilledent G (2014) Improved allometric models to estimate theaboveground biomass of tropical trees. Global Change Biology 20: 3177-3190.
Sato T, Miyamoto K (2016) REDD-plus Cookbook Annex. Research Manual Vol. 1 GroundBased Inventory. REDD Research and Development Center, Forestry and Forest Products
Research Institute Japan, 23pp.
AWF-WIKI : Bitterlich sampling.
http://wiki.awf.forst.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/Bitterlich_sampling(Jan. 4 2017)

Authors
Editors
VersionCitation

Masayoshi Takahashi (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute)
Tamotsu Sato & Masayoshi Takahashi
1.01enThis document may be cited as:
Takahashi M (2019) REDD-plus Cookbook Annex. Vol. 4 Ground Truth Survey.
REDD Research and Development Center,
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Japan, 21pp.