ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This booklet was prepared by the California Department of Fish and Game’s
Wildlife Programs Branch, with assistance from the Minnesota Department of
Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Resource Unit.

Principal Authors: Bob Coey and Kenneth Mayer
Layout and Graphic Design: Lorna Bernard
Plant Illustrations: Bob Hare
Deer Illustrations: Paul B. Johnson

THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor
RESOURCES AGENCY
Mike Chrisman, Secretary for Resources
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
L. Ryan Broddrick, Director

FRONT COVER:
Mule deer buck, Auburn, California.
Photo by Peggy Mattison.

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

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2

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ................................................................. 4“DEER-RESISTANT” PLANTS .............................................. 5
AQUATIC PLANT ................................................................. 5
CROP/ORCHARD PLANTS ...............................................5
GRASSES/FORBS ................................................................. 6
SHRUBS .................................................................................9TREES .................................................................................. 12DEER REPELLENTS............................................................ 15
FENCING APPLICATIONS ................................................ 16
HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE ......................................... 16
ELECTRIFIED HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE ............... 16
MODIFIED ELECTRIC HIGH-TENSILEWIRE FENCE ................................................................. 17
SQUARE-MESH WOVEN-WIRE GAME FENCE ........... 17
V-MESH FENCE .................................................................. 17
CONSTRUCTION ............................................................. 18

REFERENCES ...................................................................... 19
FENCE CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAMS ........................... 20

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

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INTRODUCTION
Part of the appeal of living in rural or semi-rural California is the ability to watch
wildlife in your own back yard. Deer are especially fascinating to observe, but many
homeowners are dismayed to discover that deer can be very destructive to gardens.
In some areas the damage can be seasonal, peaking in the winter when food sources
for deer are at their lowest. Other areas, where deer habitat is heavily affected byresidential development, may experience problems year-round. Drought, wildfires,livestock grazing and other habitat-altering events also play a role because they affectfood sources for deer.
Rural dwellers frequently ask the California Department of Fish and Game how tominimize landscape damage caused by hungry deer. This booklet details threemethods:- the use of landscape plants that deer don’t seem to like;- application of commercial deer repellents;- construction of deer-proof fencing.
All of the techniques are considered harmless to deer and other wild and domestic
animals.

4

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

"DEER-RESISTANT" PLANTS
Deer are attracted to many populargarden and landscape plants but avoid
others. The following list of deerresistant plants should be considered a
guide rather than the final word.
Certain plants may not suffer deer
damage in some gardens and landscapes,
yet might be completely destroyed inothers. This is due in part to theavailability of natural food sources andthe taste preferences of individual deer.
If there is a severe shortage of naturaldeer browse, deer-resistant landscapeplants may suffer damage.
Some of the plants listed are, in addition
to being deer-resistant, considered
noxious weeds. For example, bamboo isa pervasive grower and can become asignificant problem because of its

tendency to escape. Alternatively, nativeplants are better-adapted to the local
climate than their exotic counterparts,and should be considered first inlandscape planning.
Both native and introduced plants arelisted in this booklet. The designation“some native” means some subspecies ofthe plant are native to California.
Always consult a local nursery to selectspecies which best fit your needs andyour local climate. The Department ofFish and Game encourages use of nativeplant species where feasible. For
example, most native perennial bunchgrasses would be suitable candidates fordeer-resistant landscaping as well as being
drought-resistant.

AQUATIC PLANT
Bamboo (noxious)
Bamboo

CROP/ORCHARD PLANTS
Asparagus falcatus
Sickle-thorn asparagus

Helianthus spp.(some native)
Sunflower

Clivia miniata
Kaffir lily

Leptospermum sp.
Tea treeDiospyros virginiana
Persimmon

Olea europaea
Olive

Ficus sp.
Fig

Punica granatum ‘Nana’
Pomegranate

Gymnocladus dioica
Kentucky coffee tree

Rhubarb sp.
(poisonous to livestock and humans)
Rhubarb

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

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GRASSES/FORBS
Acanthus mollis
Bear’s breech

Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea)
Madagascar periwinkle

Achillea sp.(some native)
Yarrow

Cerastium tomentosum
Snow-in-summer

Aconitum sp. (native)
Monkshood

Chives sp.
ChivesAgapanthus sp.
Lily-of-the-Nile

Chrysanthemum frutescens
Marguerite, Paris Daisy

Ageratum houstonianum
Floss flower

Chrysanthemum maximum
Shasta daisy

Ajuga sp.
Bugle weed, Carpet bugle

Clarkia
Godetia, Mountain garland,
Farewell to spring

Amaryllis belladonna
Belladonna lily, Naked lady
Aquilegia (some native)
Columbine
Arabis sp.
Rockcress

Coronilla varia
Crown vetch
Crinum sp.
CrinumArctosis sp.
African daisy

Crocosmia sp.
Crocosmia

Arum sp.
Arum
Asarum caudatum (some native)
Wild -ginger
Aster alpinus
Aster
Begonia tuberhybrida
Tuberous begonia
Calendula officinalis
Pot marigold
Campanula medium
Bellflower
6

Coreopsis grandifloraCoreopsis

Cyclamen
Cyclamen
Cymbalaria muralis
Kenilworth ivy

California
poppy

Cyperus
CyperusDelphinium spp. (some native)
LarkspurDendromecon
Bush poppy
Dicentra (native)
Bleeding heart

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

GRASSES/FORBS CONTINUED
Dietes vegeta
Fortnight lily

Hypericum
St. Johnswort

Digitalis (native)
Foxglove
Duchesnea indica
Indian mock strawberry
Epimedium (native)
EpimediumEschscholzia californica (native)
California poppy
Festuca ovina (native)
Sheep fescue
Fragaria chiloensis (native)
Wild strawberry, Sand strawberryFreesia
Freesia
Galium odoratum (Asperula odorata)
Sweet woodruff
Gamolepis chrysanthemoides
Gamolepis
Gerbera jamesonii
African or Transvaal daisy
Helichrysum spp.
Strawflower

Ixia maculata
African corn lily
Jasminum spp.
JasmineKniphofia uvaria
Redhot poker, Torch-lily, Poker plantLamium maculatum (noxious)
Dead nettle
Laurentia fluviatilisBlue star creeper
Leucojum spp.
Snowflake
Liriope
Lily turf
Lobelia(native)
Lobelia

Douglasiris

Lychnis coronaria
Crown-pink, Mullein-pink
Lysimachia nummularia
Moneywort, Creeping jennie

Helleborus spp.
Hellebore

MenthaMint

Hemerocallis
Daylily
Herbs, except Basil
Hippophae rhamnoides
Sea buckthorn
Hosta (Funkia)
Plantain lily

Iris spp. (some native)
Iris

Mirabilis jalapa
Four o’clock
Moluccella laevis
Bells-of-Ireland
MonardaBee balm, Oswego tea

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

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GRASSES/FORBS CONTINUED
Myosotis spp.
Forget-me-not

Soleirolia soleirolli
Baby’s tears, Angel’s tears

Narcissus spp.
Narcissus, Daffodil, Jonquil

Sparaxis tricolor
Harlequin flower

NepetaCatnipStachys byzantina
Lamb’s ears

Ophiopogon japonicus
Lily turf

Strelitzia reginae
Bird of paradise

Paeonia suffruticosa
Tree peony

Teucrium fruticans
Bush germander

Papaver rhoeas
Flanders field poppy, Shirley poppy

Tolmiea menziesii (native)
Piggy-back plant

Papaver orientale
Oriental poppy

Tradescantia spp.
Spiderwort, Wandering Jew

Papaver nudicaule
Iceland poppy

Trillium spp. (some native)
Trillium, Wake-robin

Penstemon spp. (some native)
Penstemon, Beard tongue

Tulipa spp.
Tulip

Phormiam tenax
New Zealand flax

Valeriana officinalis
Valerian, Garden heliotrope

Romneya coulteri (native and rare)
Matilija poppy

Vallota speciosa
Scarborough lily

Rudbeckia hirta
Gloriosa daisy, Black-eyed Susan

Verbena ( native)
VerbenaScabiosa spp.
Pincushion flower

Vinca spp. (some native)
Periwinkle

Scilla peruviana
Peruvian scilla

Zantedeschia spp.
Calla lily

Silene acaulis
Cushion pink, Moss campion

ZinniaZinniaSisyrinchium (native)
Blue-eyed grass

Abutilon(native)
Flowering maple, Chinese lantern

8

Blue-eyedgrass

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

SHRUBS
Acer circinatum (native)
Vine maple

Calycanthus occidentalis (native)
Spice bush

Agave spp. (some native)
Century plant

Caragana arborescens
Siberian peashrub

Alcea rosea
Hollyhock
Aloe
Aloe
Aralia spinosa
Devil’s walking stick, Hercules’ club,Angelica tree
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and other species(some native)
Bearberry, Kinnikinnick
Baccharis pilularis (native, also noxious)
Coyote brush, Dwarf chaparral broom
Berberis (some native)
Barberry
Bragmansia (Datura)
Angel’s trumpet
Brodiaea (native)
Brodiaea
Buddleia davidii
Butterfly bush, Summer lilac
Buxus spp.
Boxwood
Cactaceae (some native)
Cactus, many species and varieties
Calliandra tweedii
Trinidad female bush,
Brazilian flame bush
Callistemon
Bottlebrush

Bush anemone

Carpenteria californica (native)
Bush anemone
Cassia (some native)
Senna
Ceanothus gloriosus (native)
Wild lilac
Choisya ternate
Mexican orange
Cissus rhombifolia
Grape ivy
CistusRockrose
Clematis (some native)
Clematis

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

9

SHRUBS CONTINUED
Clianthus puniceaus
Parrot-beakEuonymus japonica
Evergreen euonymus

Coleonema pulchrum
Pink breath of heaven

Euphorbia
SpurgeCoprosma repens
Mirror plant

Euryops pectinatus
Euryops

Corokia cotoneaster
Corokia cotoneaster

Fatshedera lizei
Fatchedera

Correa spp.
Australian fuchsia

Fern, except Pellaea (some native)
Fern

Cotoneaster buxifolius
Cotoneaster

Forsythia
Forsythia

Cycas revoluta
Sago palm

Gaultheria shallon (native)
Salal, Lemon leaf

Daphne spp.
DaphneGelsemium sempervirens
Carolina jessamine

DaturaJimson Weed

Genista monosperma
Bridal veil broom

DiosmaColeonema

Grevillea
Grevillea

Dodonaea viscosa
Hop bush, Hopseed bush

Griselinia lucida
Griselinia

Echium fastuosum
Pride of Madeira

GunneraGunneraElaeagnus pungens
Silverberry

Halimium (native)
Halimium

Erica
Heath

Hedera helix (noxious)
English ivy

Eriogonum (some native)
Wild buckwheat

Heteromeles arbutifolia (native)
Toyon, Christmas berry,
California holly

Escallonia spp.
Escallonia
10

Hibbertia scandens
Guinea gold vine
A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

SHRUBS CONTINUED
Impatiens wallerana
Busy Lizzie

Nolina parryi (native)
NolinaIochroma cyaneum
Iochroma

Osteospermum fruticosum
Trailing african daisy, Freeway daisy

Kerria japonica
Japanese rose

Oxalis oregana
Oregon Oxalis, Redwood sorrel

Lantana montevidensis
Trailing lantana

Pandorea pandorana
Wonga-wonga vine

Lavandula
LavenderPhaedranthus buccinatorius
Blood red trumpet vine

Leonotis leonurusLion’s tail

Phlomis fruticosa
Jerusalem sage

Loropetalum chinense
Loropetalum

Plumbago auriculata
Cape plumbago

Lupinus (some native)
LupinePotentilla fruticosa (native)
Shrubby cinquefoil

Mahonia spp. (some native)
Mahonia, Oregon grape

Raoulia australis
Raoulia

Melianthus major
Honey bush

Rhododendron—except azaleas (native)
R. macrophyllum, R. occidentalis

MimulusMonkey flower

Rhus ovata (native)
Sugar bush

Muehlenbeckia complexa
Mattress vine, Wire vine

Ribes (native)
Currant, Gooseberry

Myoporum laetum
Myoporum

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosemary

Myrtus californica
Wax myrtle

Ruscus aculeatus
Butcher’s broom

Nandina domestica
Heavenly bamboo

Sambucus (native)
Elderberry

Nerium oleander
OleanderSantolinaSantolina
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11

SHRUBS CONTINUED
Senecio cineraria
Dusty miller
Symphoricarpos albus (native)
Common snowberry

Zauschneria spp. (some native)
California fuchsia,
Hummingbird flower

Syringa vulgarisCommon lilac
Syzygium paniculatum
Bush cherry, Australian brush cherry
Tecomaria capensis
Cape honeysuckle
Trachelospermum jasminoides
Star jasmine
Yucca spp. (some native)
Yucca, Spanish bayonet

Common snowberry

TREES
Abies (some native)
Fir

Araucaria spp.
Araucaria

Acer macrophyllum (native)
Bigleaf maple

Arbutus unedo
Strawberry tree

Acer palmatum
Japanese maple

Arbutus menziesii (native)
Madrone, Madrono

Acer negundo (native)
Box elder

Beaucarnea recurvata
Ponytail, Bottle palm

Agonis flexuosa
Peppermint tree

Brachychiton populneus
Bottle tree

Albizia
Silk tree, Plume acacia

Calocedrus decurrens (native)
Incense cedar

Angophora costata (A. lanceolata)
Gum myrtle

Casuarina stricta
Mountain or Drooping she-oak,Coast beefwood

12

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

TREES CONTINUED
Catalpa bignonioides
Common catalpa, Indian bean

Fraxinus velutina (native)
Arizona ash

Cedrus
Cedar

Gagetes spp.
Marigold

Celtis australis
European hackberry

Ginko biloba
Maidenhair tree

Ceratonia siliqua
Carob, St. John’s bread

Hakea suaveolens
Sweet hakea

Cercis occidentalis (native)
Western redbud

Ilex (except thornless)
Holly

Chamaecyparis sp. (native)
False cypress

Jubaea chilensis (J. spectabilis)
Chilean wine palm

Chamaerops humilis
Mediterranean fan palm

Juniperus (some native)
Juniper

Cordyline australis
Dracaena palm

Larix decidua
European larch

Cornus capitata
Evergreen or Himalayan dogwood

Liquidambar styraciflua
American sweet gum

Corylus cornuta californica (native)
Western hazelnut

Lithocarpus densiflorus (native)
Tanbark oak

Cotinus coggygria
Smoke tree

Lyonothamnus floribundus (native)
Catalina ironwood

Crataegus spp. (some native)
Hawthorn

Maclura pomifera
Osage orange

Cupressus spp. (some native)
Cypress

Magnolia spp.
Magnolia

Erythea edulis
Guadalupe palm

Maytenus boaria
Mayten tree

Erythea armata
Mexican blue palm

Melaleuca leucadendra
Cajeput tree

Eucalyptus spp.
Eucalyptus, Gum

Melia azedarach
China-berry

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

13

TREES CONTINUED
Metrosideros excelsus
New Zealand Christmas tree

Thuja spp.(some native)
Arborvitae

Michelia figo
Banana shrub

Trachycarpus fortunei
Windmill palm

Myrtus communis
True myrtle

Umbellularia california (native)
California laurel, California bay,
Oregon myrtle, Pepperwood

Parkinsonia aculeata
Jerusaleum thorn, Mexican palo verde
Paulownia tomentosa
Empress tree

Washingtonia spp.
Washington palm

Phoenix spp.
Date palm
Picea spp. (some native)
SprucePinus spp. (some native)
Pine
Pittosporum spp.
Pittosporum
Platanus racemosa (native)
California sycamore
Podocarpus
Fern pine
Prunus caroliniana and other spp.
(some native)
Carolina laurel cherry
Quillaga saponaria
Soapbark tree
Robinia pseudoacacia
Black locust
Sabal
Palmetto
Schinus molle
California pepper tree
14

California
bay laurel

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

DEER REPELLENTS
Various types of devices and chemicals
have been used to repel deer including
scare devices, over-the-counter repellent
sprays and powder, and home remedies.
Scare devices such as exploders, radios,lights, and even a dog on a leash haveshort-term limited effectiveness at best.
Home remedies such as hanging bags ofhair, soap, rotten eggs or animal urine
are not trustworthy, long-term
repellents. Over-the-counter repellents
have been the most successful deterrent
for non-commercial users experiencing

light to moderate damage. However,repellents must be applied frequently
and vigilantly prior to and during theperiod of anticipated damage in order
to be effective. For example, repellentsshould be applied to plants prior toplanting and reapplied during thegrowing season.* ‘Hinder,’ which is a
mixture of ammonium soaps, and ‘Deer
Away,’ made from putrescent whole egg
solids have been the most widely usedand effective repellent sprays. Other
repellents available are:

REPEL ANIMAL REPELLENT
Farnam Co. Inc.
301 W. Osborn Rd.
Phoenix, AZ 85013(800) 825-2555**DEER AWAY
Intagra, Inc.
8500 Pillsbury Ave. South
Minneapolis, MN 55420(612) 881-5535

HOT SAUCE ANIMALREPELLENT
Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corp.
P.O. Box 333
Hanover, PA 17331

NATIONAL DEER REPELLANT
National Scent
P.O. Box 667
San Jacinto, CA 92581(909) 654-2442

HINDER
Crompton Chemical
UAP Great Lakes
La Crescent, MN(507) 895-2103* Consult individual manufacturers forproper spray concentration andapplication.
** Deer Away is not approved for
application on edible crops.

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FENCING APPLICATIONS
For nurseries, orchards, pastures, andlarge gardens, fencing is often the only
way to prevent damage from animals.
Many of the fencing options discussed
on the following pages also work well forsmall gardens because they are easy tobuild and very cost-effective. The
following fencing designs are the primarymethods being used by professional
game managers and many state andfederal agencies to control damage fromboth livestock and wild animals.

HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE
By far, the most effective and mostmaintainable new fencing used are the
New Zealand-designed high-tensile wire
fences (See FIGURE A, page 19).
Although the initial cost is high, this typeof fence requires the least maintenance,
and thus the cost per ft/yr is the lowestof all discussed. The fence uses smoothwire instead of barbed wire which is
tensioned using a ‘strainer’ device. The
strength of this type of fencing is in thetension applied. Animals cannot“squeeze” through the fence.
Although construction is somewhat
technical, the fence actually takes lesslabor to install because line posts are

only needed every 25-50 ft. Proper
construction of the “H-brace” corners is
critical since the twelve wires used exert
tremendous pressure on the corners (SeeFIGURE B, page 20). The horizontal
wires can be spaced varying distances
apart (usually from 4-6 inches) andseparated by fiberglass or wooden‘droppers’ (similar to stays) every fivefeet. The bottom wire is placed 6 in. off
the ground. Tension is applied using arachet tool and must be periodicallyadjusted for the fence to function
effectively. Because construction is highly
specialized, the manufacturer should
supply instructions when purchasingmaterials.

ELECTRIFIED HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE
alternating negative and positively
In areas experiencing persistent andcharged (with a positive wire on thesevere deer damage, the same fencebottom and top). This is important in
discussed above can be electrified usingthat the animal will always be in contact
AC current (See FIGURE C, page 21).
DC battery or solar/battery chargers are with the ground-wire even when standingused where electricity is unavailable. The in deep snow or in a mid-air jump. The
fence functions as more of a psychologimodern-type fence chargers currently
cal barrier than a physical one after
available have a strong shocking power
animals have experienced the shock, thus
(up to 8000 volts) but low impedance.
even a low fence (+ or - 24") can beThus, they are extremely effective but
effective in keeping the majority ofsafer than older-type chargers because
animals out. The fence can be baited bythey don’t cause a burning effect.
tying aluminum foil flags covered with
Construction is similar althoughpeanut butter on to the charged wire to
insulators are used in lieu of staples,
aid in training animals to the fence.
fewer wires are needed, and wires are
16
A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

MODIFIED ELECTRIC
HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE
A nice feature of the above design is thatit can be used with an existing fence in avariety of applications, and can beutilized even on a small scale for the
average garden grower. The electric hightensile fence discussed above can actually
be constructed on top of an existingfence (such as a square or v-mesh wire orwood fence) using extensions, such as
stand-off insulators for a single wire, or a2" x 4" board attached to the existing
post with lag screws for multiple wires.
High-tensile fencing manufacturers do
not recommend combining electric
fencing with barbed wire however as
severe injury and fatalities to animals
have resulted. With the multiple wire
design, positive wires should be alternated with grounded wires.

An advantage to this type of fencing overthe completely electrified high-tensile
fence is that this one will not often
ground out due to vegetation growth
and thus will require less maintenance.
Much of this equipment can also easily
be erected on a temporary basis during
the height of the growing season if the
problem is only a seasonal one. A
disadvantage is that it will probably not
be 100% effective in keeping out all
animals. ‘Polywire,’ which is basically anelectrified plastic tape can also be used
for higher visibility (a bright orange
color) and doesn’t require tensioning.

SQUARE-MESH WOVEN-WIRE GAME FENCE
Square-mesh fence has been usedprimarily to control damage to orchards
and nurseries (See FIGURE D, page22). The fence is constructed similar tothe high-tensile design, is considerably
lighter than the V-mesh wire fence and iseasier to construct. The fence is constructed using 10 ft. posts set 4 ft. in the

ground and spaced 20 ft. apart. Wirefencing is available in 6-ft. and 8-ft.
heights. This fence design has been
proven to repel deer and elk. The fence isalso effective against coyotes, pigs andrabbits when the wire is buried one footin the ground.

V-MESHThe V-mesh wire fences have been usedprimarily to control damage to haystacks. The V-mesh wire fence is constructed using 10 ft. wood posts set 4 ft.
in the ground at 12 ft intervals. The V-

mesh wire comes in heights of 42 in. to
96 in. with the 72 in. being the mostcommonly used to control deer. Thisfence is difficult to build because of theheavy wire.

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

17

CONSTRUCTION
All fence designs utilize double braced
corner posts set in concrete or ‘tamped’in gravel, with line-posts in between
corners and fence-stays in between lineposts to maintain wire position. A
construction manual or the fence
manufacturer should be consulted on
how to build particular fence types.
Several are listed on page 25. Cost perfoot and fence lengths may vary18

depending on the manufacturer (See
“PLANNING,” page 23). Manufacturers and other pertinent regulatory
agencies should be contacted when using
any treated wood products, particularyaround groundwater. Except where
noted, longer posts and taller wire canbe used with each design with minor
modifications to control elk effectively as
well.

A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage

REFERENCES
FENCE CONSTRUCTION:
Fences For Controlling Deer Damage. California Agricultural Experiment Station
Extension Service Circular 514.
How to Design and Build Gates and Fences. Ortho Books.
How to Build Fences and Gates. Sunset Books.
How to Build Fences With High-Tensile Fence Wire. U.S. Steel Cat. T-111575. U.S.
Steel, Pittsburgh, Pa. 75pp.
Control Big Game Damage in Northwest Colorado. E.A. Byrne, Biologist, Colorado
Div. of Wildlife, 1989. A paper presented at the Ninth Great Plains Wildlife
Damage Control Work Shop, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Wildlife Pest Control Around Gardens and Homes. Salmon, T.P. and R.E. Lickliter,
1984. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California,
Cooperative Extension, Publication #21385.
Fence diagrams provided by Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

PLANTS:The Standard Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Bailey, L. H. 1949. The MacMillan
Company, New York, 3 vols., II, pg. 1786.
A New List of Deer Resistant Plants for the Garden. Pacific Horticulture, November
1990.
Deer-Resistant Plants for Ornamental Use. University of California Cooperative
Extension. 1980. Leaflet 2167.
Sunset Western Garden Book. Fifth Edition. Lane Publishing Company, California.

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A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage