Development and Diffusion of Enhanced Communal
Waste Water Treatment System with Innovative
Appropriate Technologies– Based on Practice in Indonesia -11 December 2017
Nao Tanaka Ph.D.,APEX
1

Water Pollution in Indonesia

2

Poor Sanitary Conditions in Indonesia

3

Necessity of Appropriate Technology Development
In the Case of Communal Waste Water Treatment[ Background ]Urbanization → bad sanitary conditions, water pollution

Too densely populated
for individual treatment

Centralized Sewage
System is too costly

Communal Waste Water Treatment
as practical solution
4

Conditions Required to Communal
Waste Water Treatment in Indonesia

1.Low Cost (Initial Investment, Operation)
2. Easy Operation & Maintenace

3. Low Energy Consumption

4. Space Saving

5. High Treated Water Quality
5

Waste Water Treatment
Appropriate Technology Center(PUSTEKLIM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

Since 2002, jointly managed by APEX and Dian Desa Foundation
6

SANIMAS
Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakt(Community Based Sanitation)
2003 ”Development of Community-based Water Supply andEnvironmental Services” was issued as national policy
2003 - 2004
Pilot Action (7 districts in 2 provinces)

2006 - 2009
Up-Scaling (80 districts/cities in 22 provinces)
2010

DAK SLBM (Special Allocated Fund for Community
Based Environmental Sanitation) was launched
Oswar Mungkasa, BAPPENAS, 2010

72010 - 2014 PPSP ⅠPPSP (Program Percepatan Pengembangan
Sanitasi Permukiman, Sanitation DevelopmentAcceleration Program)2015 Universal Access was declared as a target by2019
2015 - 2019 PPSP Ⅱ
More than 500 districts/cities had involved in
PPSP (Ⅰ,Ⅱ) by 2016www.sanitasi.or.id

In spite of these efforts, still 32% (82million)
people of total population were lacking basic
sanitation and 12% (30million) people wereconducting open defecation in 2015“Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene” WHO/UNICEF, 20178Two Different Types of Biological Treatment- Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment -(A) Anaerobic Treatment
Waste
Water

TreatedWater

Septic Tank
Waste
Water

TreatedWaterhAnaerobic Baffled Reactors (ABF)
9(B) Aerobic Treatment
Blower
Waste
Water-Equalization/Sedimentation Tank

Aeration Tank

Energy Consuming
MLSS / Recycling Ratio
Control Required
Bulking Control Required

Sedimentation
Tank

TreatedWater

ExcessSludgeActivated Sludge Process

Waste
Water

TreatedWater

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
10Process Usually Used in Indonesia
Waste
Water

Anaerobic Treatment(ex:Anaerobic Baffled Reactor)

TreatedWater

Low Electricity Consumption / Insufficient Treated Water Quality

Process Usually Used in Japan

Aerobic Treatment

Waste
Water

(ex:Activated Sludge)
Pretreatment

TreatedWater
Post Treatment

High Electricity Consumption / High Treated Water Quality11Process Recommended by APEX/PUSTEKLIM

Anaerobic
Treatment

Waste
Water
Pretreatment

TreatedWater

Aerobic
Treatment

Post Treatment

Low Energy Consumption/ High Treated Water Quality

Then, what kind of aerobic treatment process is suitablefor communal waste water treatment in Indonesia ?
12

RBC (Rotating Biological Contactors)
As aerobic process in thecombination system, RBC
was selected as operation/
maintenance is easy andenergy consumption is lowIn Operation

Before Operation
Operation: Keep Rotating Only
Maintenance: Oil & Grease13

In principle, RBC is considered to fit well to Asian
countries. However conventional RBCs available indeveloped countries are costly and difficult to be
produced in Indonesia

14First, APEX/Dian Desa tried to develop RBC with palm
fiber contactors.
→ low cost; efficiency is comparable to conventional RBC;
but not so durable; if microorganism layers become
thick, efficiency goes down

15

Then, APEX had come up with a innovative conceptof new contactors, which is highly efficient, durable
and easy to be produced in Indonesia, that is,Three-Dimensional Lattice Contactors
1.Large Surface Area
2. High Oxigen Supplying Capacity

3. Large Stage Number

4. Large Mass Transfer Rate16

Collaborating with a Japanese Private Company
and Dian Desa Foundation, RBC with ThreeDimensional Lattice Contactors was developed
Made in Japan (Sekisui Environment)

Made in Indonesia (Dian Desa Foundation)

17

Comparative Study as for Efficiency
Efficiency of Conventional RBC

Conventional RBC

10090

BOD Removal Ratio %80706050403020
10004 Times More
Efficient
Efficiency of RBC with Three-Dimensional Lattice
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.41/(BOD Surface Loading) m 2・day/gThree-Dimensional Lattice RBC

10090

BOD Removal Ratio %807060
50
4030
20
1000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

21/(BOD Surface Loading) m ・day/g

By.H.Araki (Saga Univ)

18

Three-Dimensional Lattice RBC
is totally producible in Indonesia

19Process recommended by APEX/PUSTEKLIM

Anaerobic

InffluentPretreatment

Aerobic

Effluent

Post-treatment○High treated water quality○Easy operation & maintenance○Energy saving○Space saving

20Process for Construction of Communal Plant(1)Discussion/Negotiation with Local Government
Tegal City

Pekalongan City

Solo City

Tabanan Regency

21

(2) Visit Candidate Sites
Slerok District
Tegal City

Landungsari District,
Pekalongan City

Kadipiro District, Solo City

Taman Selodadi District,Tabanan Regency

22

(3)Meeting with Community People
Slerok District
Tegal City

Semanggi District
Solo City

Landunsari District
Pekalongan City

Pasekan Belodan District
Tabanan Regency

23

(4)Designing24

Communal Waste Water Treatment System(Karangwaru, Yogyakarta)
Sedimentation Tank

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

Anaerobic Filter

RBC

25

(5)Construction- Installation of Treatment Process -26

- Construction of Piping System -27

(6)Training on Operation and Maintenance28

(7)Completion of Construction
Kricak Kidur District Yogyakarta City

Kricak Lor District
Yogyakarta City

Karangwaru District
Yogyakarta City29
ジョクジャカルタ市クリチャック・ロール地区のモデルシステム

Slerok District
Tegal CityLandungsari District
Pekalongan City

Pasekan Belodan District(Tabanan Regency)

30

クリチャックにおけるCODのトレンド

Trend of COD (Kricak Kidul, Yogyakarta)
2500

COD [ppm]

2000

1500

inlet
sed.outanae. out
RBC out

1000

500

033

40

47

55

61
76
Operation Days

82

89

96

105

31

Domestic Waste Water Quality Standard
Parameter

Unit

Permen-LH-2014

Permen-LHK2016

pH-

6-9

6-9

BOD

mg/L

100

30

COD

mg/L

-

100

TSS

mg/L

100

30

Oil & Fat

mg/L

105Ammonium

mg/L

-

10Total Coliform

counts/100mL

-

3.000

Flow Rate

L/capita/day-100

Permen:Minister’s Regulation, LH: Environment, LHK: Environment and Forestry

32

Comparison of Construction Costs
103 JPN
30,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000

0Kricak Kidul

APEX/PUSTEKLIM

SukunanOrdinary Japanese Plant

33

Existing Model System in Indonesia
City/Regency

Yogyakarta

SlemanConnected
HousesStart

Kricak Kidul

65

May 2008

Karangwaru

81Feb.2013

Kricak Lor

50Feb.2013

Sukunan145

Jun 2008

Tulung63

Jan 2016

Pondok97

Okt 2017

Slerok (RT2, RW12)40

Sep.2013

Slerok (RT2,3, RW4)

40

Sep.2015

Landungsari

36Des.2012

Sapuro38Des.2014

Pasekan Belodan

45Peb.2013CommunityMemo

5 unitRenovation

Tegal

Pekalongan
Tabanan34

-Model systems have been operated and maintained by community
people by themselves with their own expenses. Oldest ones havebeen operated more than 9 years.
- Construction cost of the system with capacity of 70 – 80 households
is around 26,000 – 30,000 USD including piping. The cost is slightly
less than conventional system of anaerobic treatment.

- Operation cost of the system is around 30 – 45 USD per monthincluding electricity, wages for the operator and oil/grease, which iscovered by community people’s contribution 0.45-1.32 USD per
family per month.
- Usually, the desludging work is conducted by the operator by using
underwater pumps. In some communities sludge generated from thesystem is dehydrated by sand dry bed and recycled as compost.
35

Authorized by Indonesian Central Government(Sep 2017)

ジョクジャカルタ市クリチャック・ロール地区のモデルシステム

36

Other than Indonesia & Japan, RBC withThree-Dimensional Lattice Contactors is
now being diffused in China

Photo:Sekisui Aqua System Co.,Ltd.

37

Summary○ In Indonesia, decentralized domestic waste watertreatment system is expected to take a significant rolefor improving urban sanitary conditions. However inmost cases, only anaerobic treatment is conducted,
resulting insufficient treated water quality.
○In this context, APEX (Japanese NGO) in collaboration
with Dian Desa Foundation (Indonesian NGO) andJapanese private company has developed a
combination system of anaerobic and aerobic process
in which originally developed Rotating BiologicalContactors with three dimensional lattice contactors isused as aerobic process.
38

○The developed system is characterized by its
low cost, easy operation & maintenance,energy saving, space saving and high treatedwater quality.
○ The system is totally producible in ordinary
workshop in Indonesia and operation &maintenance can be managed by community
people by themselves in self-sufficient andsustainable way.
○Other than Indonesia, the system is now rapidly
diffused in China.

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