Adaptations of hydrothermal vent organisms to their environment
Françoise Gaill, Magali Zbinden , Florence Pradillon, Juliette Ravaux, Bruce Shillito
Adaptations aux milieux extrêmes, UMR 7622, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7Quai Saint Bernard Paris 75005 FranceIntroduction
The deep sea hydrothermal vents are one of the most unusual habitats found on earth(review in Humphris et al. 1995). Vents are surrounded by a dense community which is
supported by primary production through chemoautotrophic bacteria. Most of this fauna iscomposed of sessile animals that harbor bacteria as intracellular symbionts. Suchgeothermally-driven communities are dependent on the reduced sulfur compounds found in
the emerging hot hydrothermal fluid (up to 400°C), which are the main energy source forfree-living and symbiotic bacteria.

The vent ecosystem as a remarkable benthic hotspot for carbon production
The tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its endosymbiotic bacteria are thought to be major
primary producers of the East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent ecosystem (Tunnicliffe, 1991).
Tube production rates were measured for worms maintained alive in pressure aquaria (Gaillet al, 1997). Upon annual extrapolation, and considering in situ animal densities, these rates
would reach almost 400 g C.m-2.year-1 for worms from the 13°N site (Shillito et al,1999).
Thus, vestimentiferan tube growth alone would place the vent ecosystem as a remarkable
benthic hotspot for carbon production. Last, it seems that these rates differ depending on thein situ origin of the animals, thus suggesting that in the future, this type of experiment may
provide quantitative information concerning the vitality of different vent sites.

The vent surroundings : an extreme environment
The hydrothermal environment is harsh, considering the pressure (260 atmospheres),temperature (350°C) and toxicity of the hydrothermal fluid which is acid, anoxic, and rich inmetallic sulfides (Tunnicliffe 1991). Deep-sea hydrothermal vent organisms are often citedas examples of adaptation to extreme environmental conditions (Gaill 1993, Sicot et al,2000). Alvinella pompejana is a polychaetous annelid from the East Pacific Rise inhabiting
one of the most extreme environment of the earth for animals (Desbruyères et al. 1998).
Because of their position on active sulphide chimney walls, these animals are facing mineral
precipitations resulting from the fluctuating thermal and chemical hydrothermal fluid/seawater interactions. The tubes they secrete are characterized by a tremendous chemical andthermal stability, their structure being still preserved at 80°C (Gaill & Hunt 1991).

The pompeii worm tube micro-ecosystem
These extracellular matrices protect the worm tissues from the mechanical stress generated
by the rain of mineral particles. Furthermore, Zbinden et al. (2000) have shown that themore a tube is mineralized, the more iron-rich is its outer face. In contrast, the only particles
observed within the tube thickness are zinc sulphides of remarkably constant composition
whatever the tube considered. These results indicate that, by structuring the fluid-seawaterinterface, these exoskeletons allow the animals to regulate their own physicalmicrosurroundings. In contrast with sulphides usually observed in deep sea hydrothermal
environments, the unique sulphide found within the exoskeleton of the pompeii worms had a(Zn0.88Fe0.12)S composition, forming typical alignments parallel to the main tube layering(Zbinden et al, 2001). This was the first characterization of minerals precipitated within abiological matrix from hydrothermal vent organisms. These minerals represent a newexample of zinc-iron biologically induced mineralization. Such layers of nanocrystalline
zinc-iron sulphide minerals could be used as valuable markers of annelid tubes.

In vivo experiments
Complementary approaches have been recently used in order to evaluate the in vivo
temperature tolerance of the hot 'pole' hydrothermal vent fauna or the thermal range of thealvinellid developmental process (Pradillon, in preparation). In vivo heat-exposure
experiments were conducted on hydrothermal polychaetes (Hesiolyra bergi) of the hottest
part of the vent biotope, using a pressurised incubator IPOCAMP (Shillito et al, 2001)
equipped with video-facilities,. With such an equipment, Shillito et al (2001) have shownthat a worm, foraging around and into the tubes of the thermophilic Alvinella species, did
not tolerate temperature exceeding 40°C. These results suggest that metazoans tolerance tohigh temperatures (> 40°C) is not a pre-requisite for life amongst alvinellid tubes.
Behavioural responses (escape from heat) may be sufficient.

Sulfur filament producing microbes as primary colonizers of new surfaces
In order to study the colonisation process with non invasive methods, a specific device wasdesigned by one of us. This device, the so-called TRAC for Titanium Ring for AlvinellidColonization, consists in a hollowed titanium cylindrical structure (Fig.1). The device wasdeployed on a smoker wall at the interface of the hydrothermal fluid with oxygenatedseawater, (20-40 °C) resulting in H2S emission concentrations on the order of 250-350 mM(Taylor et al ,1999). The experimental surfaces provided by the TRAC became the site for avery rapid colonization by H2S oxidizing, sulfur filament producing bacteria. A whitefilamentous sulfur mat appeared on the titanium surface in the range of up to 3 mm day-1
thickning rate. It appears that under typical continuous flow conditions of warm water vents,

sulfur filament producing microbes can be prolific primary colonizers of new surfaces,
producing thick mats in just a few days. Such microbiological production is providing amedium for the arrival of rock surface-dwelling animals such as the alvinellid worms.

Sea Floor Observatories : some constraints in Biology
In conclusion, It is obvious that in situ and in vivo studies will bring in the future new
insights about adaptational strategies used by life to invade deep-sea hydrothermal vents andthat Sea Floor Observatories would help in some ways to complete our knowledge of the
deep sea fauna evolution. However, such observatories would have to respect someconstraints for biological studies. The technologies will have to be of microscale type andnon invasive, we will have to develop in a first time sensors and new ways of sampling andrecovery processes as well as complementary technics of micro and macro-imaging.

Aknowledgements
We thank Mullineaux and C. Fisher for samples collected from the East Pacific Rise during
various oceanographic cruises .

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Fig. 1. The Titanium Ring for Alvinellid Colonisation(TRAC) before (Larvae 95, top) and after (HOT 96, base)its in situ deployment at the M vent smoker (EPR).
Microorganisms coverage of the TRAC imaged during theHOT96 cruise after 5 days deployment( Base)