WORKSHOP ON URBAN FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENTINSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEMFORSEPTAGE MANAGEMENTIN JAPANHanoi, Vietnam
Thursday 23 February 2012

Pierre Flamand

NIGHT SOIL AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENTSYSTEMS IN JAPANCURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE
TREATMENT IN JAPAN (1)FLOW OF NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENTGenerated Waste

Collection and Storage

Households - Large buildings
1. Centralized Wastewater Treatment→ Flush Toilets + sewerageNight Soil

2. Decentralized WastewaterTreatment → 2 types of facilities
when discharge of effluent.

2. Tandoku-shori johkasou
and johkasou

Conveyance

Treatment - Disposal

1. Sewer systems

1. WWT Treatment Plant →Sludge → main sludge disposal
method: dewatering + incineration+ landfilling

2. & 3. Vacuum truck

2. & 3. Night Soil Treatment
Facility (biological treatment)
Night soil Treatment and Organic
Waste Recycling Center → main
sludge disposal method: same asabove

Vacuum truck••

2.1 Discharge of black water only:
Flush toilet +Tandoku-shori johkasou
2.2 Discharge of grey and blackwater: flush toilet + johkasou
3. When effluent not discharged:
Vault toilet + storage tank

Johkasou Sludge

From Tandoku-shori johkasou andjohkasou

3. Vault toilet + night soil
storage tankTandoku-shori johkasou andjohkasou

Tandoku-shori johkasou = treatment of black water only
Johkasou = treatment of black water + grey water
Johkasou sludge = sludge generated in tandoku-shori johkasou
or johkasou

Night Soil Treatment Facility
Night soil Treatment andOrganic Waste RecyclingCenterCURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT IN JAPAN (2)RESULTS OF NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (FY 2009)
Pop. covered bypublic sewerage:
87. 8million
Pop. Covered byjohkasou & T-SJ:
28.8 million
Pop. included inNight Soil collection
plan: 10.6 million

WW Treatment Plants

App. 300,000 t/d

SludgeWastewater(Black or/and Grey Water)
22,886 tons/day

44 tons/day

13 tons/day

Night Soil

1,246 tons/day

26 tons/day

Pop. with individual
management:
0.14 million

Population connected to dry toilets:
10.8 million

Total Population: 127.4 million

Population equipped with flush toilets :116.6 million

Domestic + Industrial Wastewater(Black + Grey Water)

SludgeVolumeTreated via
Sewerage System

44 tons/day

Night Soil (Black Water)
250 tons/day

Johkasou

40,869 tons/day

NS Treatment Facilities
61,213 tons/day

38,327 tons/day

Waste Compost Facilities
158 tons/day

114 tons/day

Methanation Facilities
75 tons/day

62 tons/day

Septage treated in WWT
Plants 3,465 tons/day

2,219 tons/day

NS /Sludge Recycling inAgricultural Land 90 t/d

64 tons/day

Others
127 tons/day

83 tons/day

Individual Management
279 tons/day

29 tons/day

Night Soil& Sludge
VolumeTreated65,128 t/dCURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT IN JAPAN (3)VOLUME OF COLLECTED NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE

Unit : tons/day

NOTE
Public sector 1: night soil /johkasou sludge is collected and transported by officials fromlocal governments.
Public sector 2: night soil /johkasou sludge is collected and transported by staff of privatecompanies. In that case, local governments conclude a contract with privatecompanies and remunerate their for the provided service. However, all theresponsibility forcollection remains to local governments.
Private sector: private companies with permission from local governments collect andtransport night soil/johkasou sludge on a business base.
Officials involved in septage management in local governments (FY 2009)

7,228

Number of private companies related to septage management business (FY 2009)

5,341

CURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT IN JAPAN (4)COST OF NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT
Cost of NS & Sludge Treatment per Person

Total Cost of NS & Sludge Treatment

6000

8400

6,600

6,800
6,400

6,500

6,400

7200

6,500
6,200
5,800

5000

4000

5,800

5,800

6000

4800

3,673
3,436

3,352

3,145

3,106

3,136

3000

3600

2,718
2,461

2,387

2,316

2000

2400

1000

1200

0Night Soil/Sludge Treatment Cost per Person in JPY/YearNight Soil/Sludge Treatment Cost in 100 million JPY/Year

7000

0H12
2000

Cost for:• Implementation of facilities• Operation and maintenance• Activities of private sector• Municipal employees

H13
2001

H14
2002

H152003

H162004

H172005

Financing Resources• General financing• National subsidy – tax• Prefectural financial support• Municipal bond
• Treatment charge

H182006

H192007

H202008

H212009

Example of Desludging Fees for 5 PE Facilities• Desludging fee for johkasou: 26,000 JPY/year• Desludging fee for vault toilet: 2,000 JPY/op.
(usually 3 times/year)

OUTLINE OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEMFOR NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT
Generated Waste

Collection and Storage

Conveyance

Treatment – Disposal

1. WASTE DISPOSAL AND PUBLIC CLEANSINGLAW• Master plan for domestic wastewater
treatment (planning of areas covered bysewerage system and areas covered byjohkasou)

1. BUILDING STANDARD LAW
Quality of sanitation equipment –structure• Capacity of night soil storagetank

1. WASTE DISPOSAL AND
PUBLIC CLEANSING LAW• License for domestic
waste disposal andtreatment business

1. SEWERAGE LAW (Abbreviation)(implementation of WWT treatment
plants, etc.)

2. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LAW• Performance of johkasou to be installed(scale, areas)

2. JOHKASOU LAW• Desludging frequency ofjohkasou for individualhouseholds (storage period)•

3. BUILDING STANDARD LAW
Application – validation• Building certification• Completion inspection
Installation of sanitation equipmentin buildings• Flush toilet• Johkasou• Night soil storage tank
Quality – structure of sanitation equipment• Structure of vault toilet• Structure of night soil storage tank
• Technological standards for performance ofdomestic wastewater treatment• Structure of johkasou/determination of size
Type certification• Certification for type conformity (storagetank, tandoku-shori johkasou, johkasou)
4. JOHKASOU LAW
Legal construction procedures• Construction application• Type approval• Registration for construction business• Technical standards for construction• Certification of Installation Worker••

Desludging frequency formedium and large scalejohkasou (desludging plan)
License for johkasou
desludging business

License for collection
and transport business

2. WASTE DISPOSAL AND PUBLIC
CLEANSING LAW• Master plan for waste disposal
and treatment facilities(implementation of night soil
treatment facilities - night soil
treatment and organic waste
recycling centers)• Master plan for solid waste
treatment (implementation oflandfill sites)• Training of O&M technicians••

Technical standards forjohkasou desludging
Training of desludging
technicians

3. WATER POLLUTION CONTROLLAW• Regulation for discharged effluent
4. GUIDELINES FOR O&M OF
NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT FACILITIES– NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT AND
WASTE RECYCLING CENTERS• Performance requirements

Operation & Maintenance for Johkasou System in Japan• To properly function and deliver its expected performance, the johkasou owner has astatutory obligation to periodically conduct maintenance and ensure that sludge isregularly collected.
• However, johkasou owners do not have sufficient knowledge for O&M.
↦ this work is mainly entrusted to johkasou vendors and desludging vendors.

• Another statutory obligation requires that johkasou receives annual inspection toconfirm that:
1. Desludging was correctly executed
2. The unit is performing as designed
3. Water quality is meeting standards(Request)

Johkasou owner

Framework of Johkasou
ManagementInspection

Specified inspection
agency(Entrusted)
MaintenanceJohkasou maintenancevendor(Technical supervisor)(Entrusted)
Desludging

Johkasou desludging
vendorLEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (1)2. Water Disposal and Public Cleansing Law• Inside the municipal area, domestic wastewater treatment (including nightsoil/johkasou sludge) becomes local government/municipality ’s responsibility.

• Municipalities must create a standardized plan for domestic wastewater treatment
inside their area. This plan is called ‘Master Plan for Domestic Wastewater
Treatment’.
• The ‘Master Plan for Domestic Wastewater Treatment’ needs to enable the selectionof either the sewerage system, johkasou, and vault toilets to respond to local
specifics for efficient domestic wastewater treatment.

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (2)2. Water Pollution Control Law, etc.
• johkasou with capacity over 50m³/day have to comply with the regulations onwater quality from the Water Pollution Control Law.
• Johkasou installed in areas targeted by the Law concerning Special Measures for
the Conservation of Lake Water Quality and other Laws, must include advancedtreatment performance to remove nitrogen or/and phosphorous.

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (3)3. Building Standard Law
Application – validation• building certification• completion inspection

Implementation of sanitation • flush toilet
facilities• johkasou• night soil storage tank

Performance – structure• structure of vault toilet• structure of night soil storage tank• technological standards for treatment,
performance of domestic wastewater• structure of johkasou / size determination

Type approval• certification for type conformity (NS storagetank, tandoku-shori johkasou, johkasou),johkasou performance evaluation test

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (4)4. Johkasou Law
Legal construction procedures,etc.

••••

application for installation
registration for construction businesstechnical standards for construction
certification of Installation Worker

Framework of Johkasou Law

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (2)2. Storage and collection stages
1. Building Standard Law
Performance – structureof building equipment•

Capacity of night soil
storage tank

2. Johkasou Law• Desludging frequency for individual households
johkasou (storage period/collection interval)• Desludging frequency for medium and large
scale johkasou (sludge removal plan)• License for desludging business,
Technical standards for desludging

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (3)3. Transport stages
1. Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law• License for domestic waste treatment/disposal business• License for collection and transport businessLEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (4)4. Treatment - disposal stages
1. Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law• Master plan for waste treatment facilities(night soil treatment facilities & night soil treatment and organic waste
recycling centers)• Master plan for waste disposal (implementation of landfill sites)

2. Water Pollution Control Law• Regulations for discharged effluent quality (night soil treatment facilities andothers)
3. Performance of NS treatment facilities & NS treatment and organic waste
recycling centers – Guidelines for operation and maintenance (O&M)

4. Structure for training of O&M technicians

NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT AND
ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING CENTER

decentralized systems

Night soil and johkasou sludge treatment
treatment process

Gasholder

Organic waste

Mixer
Crushing sorter

Methanefermenter

Generator

Resource recovery process
Dehydrator

ComposterCONCLUSIONS
1.

When considering the preservation of public health and water
environment, it is highly important to well establish and enforce laws
and related regulations at all stages of septage management,
including sludge generation, storage and collection, transport,treatment and disposal.

2. Regulations on sanitation equipment in buildings that ensure thevolume and quality of treatment of the generated waste on-sitefacilitate the planning and implementation of septage management.
3. To establish a sustainable septage management system nationwide, aframework for the training of O&M technicians by regulations isimportant.
4. To promote the recycling of septage and other organic wastes, aframework for financial support and regulations is necessary.

 The Japan Sanitation Consortium (JSC) was launched on 16 October 2009
 JSC consists of the 4 main national agencies managing on-site and offsite sanitation in Japan
 JSC aims to utilize Japan’s advanced experience in sanitation and successfulmodels from other countries to solve related issues in the region

 JSC collaborates with ADB andother Donors Agencies, internationalorganizations, NGOs, etc. forregional sanitation improvement

 JSC MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS
Off-site Sanitation
Sewerage Business Management Centre
Japan Sewage Works Association
On-siteOn-siteSanitation
Sanitation
Japan
Environmental
Japan EnvironmentalSanitation
SanitationCenter
CenterJapan
Education
CenterofEnvironmentalSanitation
Japan Education Center ofEnvironmental Sanitation

JSC Sanitation KnowledgeHub, Japan
Regional Water Knowledge Hub for Sanitation
JSC Expertise Member of a regional network of water specialists, committed for sanitation developmentin the Asia-Pacific region
 On-site and off-site sanitation specialized organization

JSC Services
 Networking, information gathering & sharing, knowledge dissemination, support toactivities of International Donor Organizations
JSC Partners
 ADB, JICA, Japan Water Forum, UNICEF, Japan Toilet Labo, etc.

Thank you for your attention

e-mail: info@jsanic.org
www.jsanic.org
http://gcus.jp/english/