The 11th
International Symposium on
Primatology and Wildlife Science
Date: 1st (FRI)-3rd (SUN), March, 2019
Venue: Science Seminar House,
North Campus, Kyoto University

HereThe 11th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
1st March (Fri)9:3010:0010:3011:0011:3012:00-

2nd March (Sat)
From Field to Laboratory(Chair: Andrew MacIntosh)[15 min] × 4
Josue Pastrana, Himani Nautiyal,
Shintaro Ishizuka, Xiaochan Yan[30 min] Susumu Tomiya
Coffee Break
Ecology and Sociology(Chair: Yuta Shintaku)[15 min] × 4
Maegan Fitzgerald, Liu Jie, Shohei Shibata, Raquel Costa
Lunch Break

9:00-

Registration Open

12:3013:0013:3014:0014:30-

Opening remarks by Prof. Matsuzawa
Equinology: A case from Primatology to Wildlife Science
Comparative Cognitive Science(Chair: Yuko Hattori)[40 min] Christain Rutz
[15 min] × 4
Shenwen Xu, Hiroya Takiyama,
Yuri Kawaguchi, Morgane Allanic

Equinology(Chair: Satoshi Hirata)[15 min] × 5
Shinya Yamamoto, Monami Ringhofer,
Tamao Maeda, Pandora Pinto, Sota Inoue[15 min] Renata Medonca[40 min] Francisco Alvares

Coffee BreakGroup Photo
Coffee Break[40 min] Yuki Konagaya[40 min] Carlos Pereira[15 min] × 3
Masaki Tomonaga, Sakiho Ochi, Miho Murayama

15:00-

16:30-

Wildlife Genomics(Chair: Takashi Hayakawa)[40 min] Rebecca Johnson[15 min] × 3
Takashi Hayakawa, Takushi Kishida, Yu Sato

17:0017:30-

Sustainable Development Goals[30 min] Masahiko Horie (Chair: Lira Yu)

Poster session/PWS entrance examinations
18:00-

Coffee Break[40 min] Karen Strier

Environmental Enrichment[15 min] Yumi Yamanashi
Closing remarks by Prof. Matsuzawa
PWS Faculty meeting

Buddha seminar (Ministry of the Environment)
Seiko Fukushima
Yuko Tawa
Organizing Committee of the ICEE2019

15:3016:00-

3rd March (Sun)Wildlife Studies in Brazil(Chair: Shiro Kohshima)[40 min] Shiro Kohshima[30 min] Takakazu Yumoto[15 min] Tsuneaki Yabe
[15 min] Daisuke Muramatsu

Poster session/PWS entrance examinations(voting for Best Oral and Poster presentations will beclosed)18:30Get-together party (light meal)
19:00-

1

The 11th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
PROGRAMDay 1 March 1st (Fri)Time(min) Title

Speaker
Registration

12:00-13:00
13:00-13:30(30)

Opening Remarks
Equinology: A case from Primatology to Wildlife Science

Tetsuro Matsuzawa PWS Program Coordinator

Comparative Cognitive Science

Chair: Yuko Hattori

O-01 (40) Tool use in New Caledonian and Hawaiian crows

Christain Rutz

University of St Andrews

A research plan for chimpanzees’ understanding ofvideo images

Shenwen Xu

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

O-02 (15)
13:30-15:15 O-03 (15)O-04 (15)The difference of important frequency area for perception between
Hiroya Takiyama
chimpanzees and humans to discriminate sounds

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

Progress report on the cross-cultural comparisonsof face images

Yuri Kawaguchi

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

Morgane Allanic

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

O-05 (15) Social grooming in captive and wild Pan species(30)<Coffee Break>Wildlife Genomics

Chair: Takashi Hayakawa

O-06 (40)Wildlife genomics and conservation – lessons from thekoala genome

Rebecca Johnson

O-07 (15)Life slowly, life in the dark – insight from slow loris
genomeTakashi Hayakawa Japan Monkey Centre / PRI

O-08 (15)Genomic basis of the evolution of olfaction on becoming
Takushi Kishidaaquatic

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-09 (15)Population genomics revealed the history ofendangered Japanese golden eagle

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

15:40-17:05

Yu SatoSustainable Development Goals

Australian Museum

Chair: Lira Yu

17:05-17:35 O-10 (30) The Planet, Humans and SDGs

17:35-18:40

Affiliation

Masahiko Horie

Poster session/ PWS exam

2

Meiji University

Day 2

March 2nd (Sat)Time(min) Title

Speaker

From Field to Laboratory

Chair: Andrew MacIntosh

Final Report: Effects of enriched captive environments in two
primate species; Macaca fuscata and Nycticebus pygmaeus

Josue Pastrana

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

Elucidating the social system and reproductive strategies of
O-12 (15) Central Himalayan langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus ) in ahigh-altitude forest of the Western Himalayas, India

Himani Nautiyal

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

O-11 (15)9:00-10:30

Comparison of male genetic differentiation between
Shintaro Ishizuka
groups in the genus Pan
Characterization of bitter taste sensitivity of four species
O-14 (15)
Xiaochan Yanof Sulawesi macaques

O-13 (15)O-15 (30)

Paleontological insights into the state of modern biodiversity: from
Susumu Tomiya
Natural Trap Cave (Wyoming, USA) and beyond(15)

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University<Coffee Break>Ecology and Sociology

Chair: Yuta Shintaku

O-16 (15) Living in the Midst of Nimba

Maegan Fitzgerald

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-17 (15)Modeling Habitat Suitability for Yunnan Snub-nosed
Monkeys in Laojun Mountain National Park

Jie Liu

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-18 (15)Fission and Aggression among Male Chimpanzees in
Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Republic of Uganda

Shohei Shibata

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

O-19 (15)

Assessment of the current impact of mountain gorilla
ecotourism in Bwindi National Park, Uganda

Raquel Costa

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

10:45-11:45

11:45–13:00

Affiliation(75)<Lunch Break>Equinology
O-20 (15)Chair: Satoshi Hirata
Development of Equinology: divergent approaches from
Institute for Advanced Study,
Shinya Yamamoto
Kyoto University
physiology to community science

Mechanisms of herding to maintaining cohesiveness of
O-21 (15) harem group: different reaction of females toward the maleand other females

Monamie
Ringhofer

Institute for Advanced Study,
Kyoto University

Tamao Maeda

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Does size matter? Examining the possible mechanisms andPandora Pinto
13:00-15:10 O-23 (15) adaptive significance of single and multi-male groups inHorse societies

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-22 (15)Multi-level structure in feral horse society: Evidence
from the aerial observation from drones

O-24 (15)

Estimation of force working among individuals in feral
horsesSota Inoue

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-25 (15)Investigating the causes and consequences of feral horses’
disappearance and juvenile mortality in North of Portugal

Renata Mendoca

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

O-26 (40)Free-ranging horses and Iberian wolves: ecologicalcontext and conflict management

Francisco Alvares

Porto University

O-27 (40) Mongolian Life with Horses

Yuki Konagaya

National Museum of Ethnology

HORSE TRAINING:Towards a description of a man-animal
O-28 (40) interspecific haptic syntax: the case of man-horse (Equus
caballus) haptic communication

Carlos Pereira

Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle

Masaki Tomonaga

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University(10)<Group Photo>(15)<Coffee Break>

15:35-17:40 O-29 (15)How Horses See the World: Five Years of Endeavor ofHorse Cognition Project

O-30 (15)Preliminary assessment of new machine learning model
Sakiho Ochi
for extracting and analyzing horse vocalization

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-31 (15)

Molecular markers for domestication history of thehorse

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

17:40-18:40

Poster session/ PWS exam

18:40–

Get-together Party (light meal)

3

Miho Murayama

Day 3

March 3rd (Sun)Time(min) Title

Speaker

Wildlife Studies in Brazil

Chair: Shiro Koshima

O-32 (40) “Field Museum” project in Amazon

Shiro Koshima

Characteristics of Tropical Forests in South America-Special Mentions on Seed-dispersal by Animals9:00-10:40
Animal research of SATREPS ‘Museu na Floresta' in
O-34 (15)Cuieiras Biological Reserve, INPA, Brazil
O-33 (30)

Monitoring the activity and thermoregulation of wild threeO-35 (15) toed sloths by using heart-rate, temperature, and GPS
loggers(20)

Takakazu Yumoto
Tsuneaki Yabe

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Forestry and Forest Products
Research Institute

Daisuke
Muramatsu

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Karen Strier

University of WisconsinMadison

Environmental Enrichment

11:55-12:05

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University<Coffee Break>Comparative Perspectives on Behavior Patterns and11:00-11:40 O-36 (40) Plasticity: What the Northern Muriqui can Teach us
About Apes and Other Primates

11:40-11:55 O-37 (15)Affiliation

Chair: Yumi Yamanashi

Invitation to the 14th International Conference on
Environmental Enrichment(10) Closing remarks

Yumi Yamanashi

Kyoto City Zoo

Tetsuro Matsuzawa PWS Program Coordinator
PWS Faculty meeting

12:05-

Buddha seminar
14:00-15:00

Park ranger of Ministry of the Environment
Speaker: Seiko Fukushima, Yuko Tawa

15:00-16:00

Organizing Committee of the ICEE2019

4

Poster Session
P-01

Yutaro Sato

A cross-modal preferential looking experiment in chimpanzees
Self-domestication, Groupmindedness, and the Evolution of

P-02

Gerard James Brooks

Cooperation: Comparative Studies with Coyotes, Bonobos, andChimpanzees
Cross-species FACS review and a new muscle-based coding system to

P-03

Catia Correia Caeiro

measure Japanese macaques and Common marmosets facial
movements

P-04

Duncan Wilson

P-05

Srishti Tripathi

P-06

Kristin Havercamp

P-07

Mikuho Yokoyama

Visual discrimination of threatening faces in chimpanzees
Emotional conflict monitoring and adaptation: An ERP study based on
the face-word stroop task
A longitudinal investigation into captive chimpanzee sleeping behavior
Constancy of perception and memory of texture under real world
illuminations
The Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp infection in

P-08

Surdensteeve PeterLong tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and Proboscis Monkey(Nasalis larvatus) in the Lower Kinabatangan Floodplain

P-09

Yuta Shintaku

P-10

Vanessa Gris Nadine

P-11

Nelson Broche

P-12

Rashmi Singh Rana

P-13

Yusuke Hori

P-14

Howard Scott Jenkins

Comparison of internal organ weight among generations in captive
Japanese Yaku macaques, Macaca fuscata yakui
Pain Management and Anesthesia in Japanese Macaques
Salivary alpha-amylase enzyme is a biomarker of acute stress inJapanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Understanding disease transmission potential between wild ungulates
and domestic livestock in the Indian Trans-Himalayan region:
Analysis of arginine-vasopressin receptor gene (AVPR1A) in Hokkaido
horsesIdentifying active tameness regions in wild and domestic grasscutters(Thryonomys Swinderianus)

5

P-15

Nobuko Nakazawa

Dietary adaptation of leopards in Mahale, Tanzania.

P-16

Hiroto Yoshimura

Plant eating habit of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia)

P-17

Nachiketha Sharma

P-18

Moe Yanagi

P-19

Mayuko Nomoto

P-20

Mi Yeon Kim

P-21

Chisato Yamamoto

Insights on low-frequency (rumbles) vocalizations in free-ranging Asianelephants
The diet and distribution of the elephants in the Kibale National Park,
Republic of Uganda
Diet of forest elephants by fecal analysis at Moukalaba, Gabon: Does
body size matter?
Whistle characteristic of wild Indo-Pacific Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
aduncus) in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
How bottlenose dolphins used human competitor cues?
Investigation about the teenagers' attitude towards the problem of

P-22

Huiyuan Qi

free-roaming cats in Tokunoshima with the use of Structural Equation
Modelling (SEM)

P-23

Tamaki Shimegi

Community-based Conservation and Forest Management in Masindi
District, Uganda: Preliminary Observation Using Camera Traps
Understanding Community People’s Perception of Animals Living in

P-24

Ryoma Otsuka

Protected Areas: A Case of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park,
UgandaP-25

Aya Yokotsuka

P-26

Kentaro Noda

P-27

Cécile Sarabian

P-28

Momoko Oka

P-29

Annegret Moto Naito

Consumption of Bonobo meat among Bongando ethnic group in
DRCongoEstablishment of National Park and Changes in Feeding Behavior of
Zanzibar Red Colobus (Procolobus kirkii)
Conservation through disgust and public health: Introducing a newframework
A visitor survey at the Kyoto City Zoo： Does environmental
enrichment facilitate visitors’ learning?
Genetic monitoring of the Japanese golden eagle using neutral andfunctional genetic loci

6

P-30

Yuto Taki

P-31

Noor Haliza Hasan

P-32

Ena Onishi

P-33

Tomoyuki Tajima

P-34

Jie Gao

P-35

Tomoe Torii

P-36

Fabrizio Serrao

Conservation genetics for the Ryukyu flying fox
Cryptic species in Hipposideros diadema (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)
from Sabah, Malaysian-Borneo
The Social Relationships of Breeding Pairs in Monogamous Groups ofCaptive Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Can female orangutans estimate male’s coercive tendency byengaging intersexual food transfer?
The understanding of body structures in chimpanzees: conspecifics
and other species
Aging Characteristics of Permanent Teeth in Chimpanzee
Effects of psilocybin on connectivity during the processing of an optic
illusion7

O-1

Tool use in New Caledonian and Hawaiian crows
Christian Rutz1*
1

Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK*

christian.rutz@st-andrews.ac.uk

New Caledonian crows have attracted attention with their unusually sophisticatedtool behaviour. They use at least three distinct tool types for extractive foraging,elaborately craft some of their tools from raw plant materials, and may evenprogressively refine their tool designs across generations, leading to ever more complex
technologies. In this talk, I will take stock of my group’s research on the species overthe past 14 years, highlighting aspects of foraging ecology, tool-manufacture behaviour,social dynamics, and morphological adaptions. Building on our growing understandingof New Caledonian crow biology, I have recently made predictions about the toolcompetence of other corvids, leading to the discovery that the critically-endangered
Hawaiian crow is also a highly-dexterous, natural tool user (Rutz et al. 2016, Nature
537, 403–407). This opens up exciting opportunities for replicated comparisons
between tool-using and non-tool-using crow species, and more importantly, between thecorvid and primate lineages.

8

O-2

A research plan for chimpanzees’ understanding of video images
Shenwen Xu1*, Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*

vassxu@gmail.com

Movement information, especially about competitors or companions who share thesame resource, is crucial for behavioural decisions. As a result, animal visual systems
are adapted to perceive moving stimuli using sight. In order to precisely estimate theway animals process information in response to the changing situations, it is required touse experimental tests under a highly controlled setup. Previous studies found evidence
that video images could be a useful tool to present stimulus in empirical investigation.
However, whether subjects recognize a video, which reflects reality, as an image ofreal-world objects/events remain unclear. Since humans and chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes) largely share a similar visual system to process sensory events on thescreen, in this study, we will investigate to what extent video displays can substitute forreal stimuli in chimpanzees. In particular, we will examine whether the aid of a video
image of a foraging related event would have the same effect as a live event to direct achimpanzee’s behaviour to successfully obtain a higher value food from dispersed foodresources.

9

O-3

The difference of important frequency area for perception between
chimpanzees and humans to discriminate sounds
Hiroya Takiyama1*, Yuko Hattori1, and Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*takiyama.hiroya.23u@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The ability of chimpanzees to distinguish conspecific vocalizations apart from otherenvironmental sounds is important for communication signaling. In this study, we
performed several experiments in order to reveal which frequency area can bediscriminated by chimpanzees and humans. First, study participants were trained incorrectly identifying localized chimpanzee sounds via left and right speakers and theirrespective push buttons. Second, both human and chimpanzee participants learned todiscriminate between chimpanzee vocalizations (pant-grunt, pant-hoot, scream) andpure tone by selecting the corresponding speaker push button. Third, we applied a test
condition to participants who passed the training, where filtered chimpanzee
vocalizations (five low-pass filters and six high-pass filters) were compared to theirability to discriminate from pure tone. In order to analyze the importance of frequency
area, we calculated the crossover frequency, which is where performance of high-passed
sound and low-passed sound were the same. Crossover frequency is one measure ofhuman speech that researchers have used to characterize the importance of various
frequency regions in perception. Our results showed that the crossover frequency ofchimpanzees (5 kHz) was higher than that of humans (2 kHz) by one octave, whichsuggests that chimpanzees use a higher frequency area for discriminating sounds thanhumans.

10O-4

Progress report on the cross-cultural comparisons of face images
Yuri Kawaguchi 1*, Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*kawaguchi.yuri.57r@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Baby schema is a set of infantile features observed across many species including
relatively large eyes, large forehead, small nose and mouth. Previous studies revealed
that humans prefer those features. We have been investigated how much humanrecognition about infants is shared with apes. However, we are not sure even whether
the way people recognize infants is universal across countries, given that previous
human studies have been conducted almost exclusively in developed countries. It
is possible that cultural background (e.g. exposed to cartoon characters withexaggerated baby schema) may affect the recognition. Therefore we decided to
conduct cultural comparison study with human adult participants and investigatedrecognition of adult and infant face. Our pilot study was conducted in Malaysia.
Participants were required to compose schematic adult and infant faces by choosing aface line and facial parts (eyes, nose and mouth) from multiple options and placing themon whiteboard. Our preliminary results show participants used smaller nose and mouth
for infant faces compared with adult faces. On the other hand, bigger eyes for infant
faces, which is one of the characteristic of baby schema were not observed. We willconduct the same study in people with other cultural backgrounds and compare theresults.

11

O-5

Social grooming in captive and wild Pan species
Morgane Allanic1*, Misato Hayashi1, Masaki Tomonaga1, Takeshi Furuichi1, Satoshi Hirata2
and Tetsuro Matsuzawa3
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*morganeallanic90@gmail.com

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are genetically closely
related and frequently interact through social grooming among themselves, yet theyshow strong differences in overall sociality. Bonobos show lower levels of aggression
and higher rates of adult play compared to chimpanzees, illustrating a more peacefuland tolerant society. Moreover, bonobos are the only nonhuman primates that show
frequent ventro-ventral sexual behaviors, which suggests that facial communication
might play a more crucial role in their social interactions compared to chimpanzees.
Both captive and wild Pan species use social grooming on a daily basis, and the aim of
this study was to investigate whether the differences in Pan sociality are marked bydifferences in grooming patterns and to elucidate the role of environmental factors on
grooming. To do so, we examined their body site and body orientation preferences(Study A) as well as their grooming reciprocity (Study B). Subjects were twelve captive
chimpanzees and six captive bonobos from Kumamoto Sanctuary, Japan; seven wild
chimpanzees from Bossou, Guinea; and fifteen wild bonobos from Wamba, DRC. Body
sites, body orientation, bi-directional mutual grooming, and turn-taking were recorded
using video clips of social grooming interactions. Results of Study A showed thatbonobos faced each other and groomed the head and front areas more than chimpanzees,
while the latter faced away and groomed the anogenital regions more, highlighting theimportance of facial communication in bonobos compared to chimpanzees. In both
species, wild individuals were found to face away and groom the back areas more thancaptive individuals. Preliminary results of Study B showed that while chimpanzees
performed bi-directional (or simultaneous) mutual grooming, bonobos preferred to
exchange roles and groom unidirectionally. In both species, captive individuals
performed bi-directional mutual grooming more than wild individuals. Our findings
indicate that body site and orientation preferences during social grooming as well as
grooming reciprocity are influenced by social and environmental factors. This is thefirst study to systematically compare and analyze grooming interactions in both wild
and captive Pan species.

12

O-6

Wildlife genomics and conservation – lessons from the koala genome
Rebecca N. Johnson1*
1Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia*

Rebecca.johnson@austmus.gov.au

Koalas are both biologically unique and evolutionarily distinct as the only living
representative of the marsupial family Phascolarctidae. Koalas are increasingly
vulnerable to the detrimental effects of population bottlenecks, disease, the loss of genetic
diversity and climate change as increased urbanisation reduces habitat. As a result, koala
populations are expected to decline across Australia by up to 50% over the next three
generations (approx. 20 years) in the regions with the most genetically diverse animals
but by contrast culling measures are likely in the southern parts of the distribution due toovercrowding and starvation, thus significant conservation intervention measures will be
required.
The Koala Genome Consortium was established in 2013 with the collective aim todetermine a way forward and steer their research towards ensuring the long-term survivalof this important marsupial while simultaneously increasing Australia’s genome
sequencing capability (no de novo mammal genome had ever been sequenced andassembled by a solely Australian led group before). Rebecca will present an overview of
the koala genome, including genomic insights gained into some of the koala’s wellknown biological adaptations. She will also outline how the genome is now being used to
inform conservation of koalas and what future outcomes the genome might offer.

13

O-7

Life slowly, life in the dark – insight from slow loris genome
Takashi Hayakawa1,2*, Shoji Tatsumoto3, Takushi Kishida4, Hikoyu Suzuki5, Hiroe Ishikawa3,
Masato Nikaido6 and Yasuhiro Go3
1

Department of Wildlife Science (Nagoya Railroad Co., Ltd.), Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
2
Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
3
Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences,
Okazaki, Aichi, Japan4
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
5
Nihon BioData Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
6
School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan*

hayak.tak@gmail.com

Slow loris (genus Nycticebus) is a small-sized nocturnal strepsirrhine primate in thetropical Southeast Asia. In accordance with their name, slow loris has low basal
metabolic rates. Slow loris ecology is also characterized by the insectivorous andgumnivorous trait, hibernation system, and venom production which is only observed
among primates. This study is a challenge to the elucidation of these interesting ecology
of slow lorises in terms of the whole genome sequencing. We generated a representative
whole genome assembly of a male lesser slow loris (N. pygmaeus) using thehigh-molecular-weight genomic DNA purified from brainstem of the genetic specimenof Japan Monkey Centre. Linked-read sequencing by 10X Genomics ChromiumTechnology enabled the low-cost but high-quality genome assembly (scaffold N50
length = 18.4 Mbp). We also identified gene structures and gene expression levels basedon RNA-seq data from 27 tissues of a female lesser slow loris.
We focused on the sensory evolution in the slow loris genome because previous
study suggested that sensory trade-off between vision and olfaction occurred in
nocturnal mammals and that insectivores have little reliance on bitter taste. We
identified photoreceptor (OPNs), taste receptor (TAS1Rs and TAS2Rs), olfactory
receptor (ORs), and vomeronasal receptor (V1Rs and V2Rs) gene repertoires. They werecompared with other strepsirrhine primate genomes (a galago and two lemurs). For
example, we found Lorisiformes-specific TAS2R expansion (i.e., lorises and galagoes),which might be related to their insectivorous and gumnivorous trait. As well as sensory
receptors, we are going to analyze the gene structure and expression related toloris-specific ecology such as hibernation and venom and population dynamics based on
the genome-wide nucleotide diversity. Slow loris currently encounters the deforestationand illegal trade problems and regarded as vulnerable or endangered species. The
genomic information will contribute to the conservation of this small threatened animal.

14

O-8

Genomic basis of the evolution of olfaction on becoming aquatic
Takushi Kishida1*
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

taku.kishida@gmail.com

Marine amniotes belonging to various taxa provide an excellent opportunity forstudying convergent evolution. Their sense of smell tends to be degenerated, thougholfactory capabilities of aquatic amniotes remained largely elusive. In this talk, I will
introduce my recent studies on comparative genomics of cetaceans and sea snakes inorder to understand how their olfactory capabilities evolved upon aquatic adaptation.
Both cetaceans and sea snakes reduced the sense of smell profoundly, but the remaining
olfactory systems are different: Sea snakes can smell underwater using the vomeronasal
olfactory system, while baleen whales smell in air using the main olfactory system.
Toothed whales possess no nervous system structures that mediate olfaction.
Underwater olfaction might also help whales survive in water more efficiently, butthey have never acquired underwater-functional olfactory systems. Amniotes
belonging to various taxa have independently undergone selective pressures uponaquatic adaptation. However, not only the ecological demands but phylogenetic
backgrounds play important roles in the formation of sensory modalities in this process.

15

O-9

Population genomics revealed the history of endangered Japanese
golden eagle
Yu Sato1*, Takushi Kishida1, Rob Ogden2, Miho Inoue-Murayama1
1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK*ysato@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) has six subspecies widely distributed in thenorthern hemisphere. The population size of A. c. canadensis in North America isestimated about 32,000. More than 500 pairs of A. c. chrisaetos inhabit in Scotland, but
this subspecies experienced strong bottleneck in UK in the beginning of 20th century.
On the other hand, the population size of Japanese golden eagle (A. c. Japonica) inJapan is estimated around 500, and this subspecies has been concerned as theendangered subspecies. For conservation of this subspecies, it is essential to reveal theevolutionary history, current situation, and future perspective. Recently, it was become
possible to reveal the historical effective population size (Ne) with pairwise sequential
Markovian coalescent (PSMC) model. This requires the genome data from one
individual. We tried to analyze historical Ne of three golden eagle subspecies, andfuture perspective of endangered Japanese golden eagles.
The Ne of each golden eagle subspecies in 10 kya was estimated around 5,000. It was
revealed that the tendency of population decline started from 0.1 Mya. However, in caseof A. c. canadensis, current Ne has been estimated around 400 by previous research, andwe found that the declining speed has been increasing from recent 10 ky. It is suggested
that the endangered Japanese golden eagle might be faced more severe risk of extinction
than previously imagined. The population size of this subspecies will probably decrease
to extinction. Effective conservation management must be started as soon as possible.

16

O-10

“The Planet, Humans and SDGs”
Ambassador Masahiko Horie
Special Assistant to the Foreign Minister of Japan
Special Advisor to the President of Meiji University

The Planet and Humans are at a crossroads. The world population is over 7 billion
today and will be reaching 10 billion in the near future. We need to alleviate poverty bysupporting over ten billion people in poverty for their economic development and many
developing countries are endeavoring for their strong nation building, which in manycases leads to the global warming and further deterioration of environment and hugebiodiversity loss.
At this lecture, we will review this conflict between Development and Environment
including climate change and consider what we should do to save this Planet, Humans
and Biodiversity by upholding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which was
adopted at United Nations in 2015.

17

O-11

Final Report: Effects of enriched captive environments in two primate
species; Macaca fuscata and Nycticebus pygmaeus
Josue Alejandro1*, Fred Bercovitch1, Michael A Huffman1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*josue.pastrana.64s@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Primates are found in captivity under various kinds of conditions. Some are housed atzoos for entertainment and educational purposes. Others are housed at sanctuaries forconservation, while some are housed in research facilities to provide research support.
Since improving captive environments for primates has been an important tool toenhance animal welfare, our research aimed to investigate the benefits in which living
in an enriched environment decreases stress and promotes general animal well-being for
macaques in research and lorises in zoo settings.
Understanding how current improvements to environmental captive conditions affectbehavioral and physiological parameters in macaques is an important step to address
any potential influence in ongoing research as well as to address any ethical andscientific concerns. We compared two groups of Japanese macaques living in avegetated vs. a non-vegetated enclosure, the naturalistic vegetated enclosure was locatedat the Resource Research Station and the other group was housed in a non-vegetatedenclosure at the Primate Research Institute. Activity budgets, rates of agonistic,
affiliative, self-directed and abnormal behaviors, along with coat condition and fecal
glucocorticoids for hormonal analysis were documented. In the enriched enclosure,individuals spent on average more time feeding than any other activity, and significantly
more time feeding than males in the non-vegetated enclosure (Mann Whitney U=16,
n1=10, n2=10, p=0.011). Time spent foraging was higher than in the non-vegetatedenclosure (Mann Whitney U=19, n1=10, n2=10, p=0.020), while time spent moving had
the opposite pattern (Mann Whitney U=17, n1=10, n2=10, p=0.013). The average timespent in social-play behaviors by immatures was significantly higher in the vegetatedenclosure (Mann Whitney U=2, n1=5, n2=5, p=0.012). There was a significantly higher
incidence of the number of aggressive events recorded in the non-vegetated enclosure (t= 4.1286, df = 19, P = 0.001).
Contrastingly, pygmy slow lorises, known for being nocturnal solitary primates, aretargets of various types of anthropogenic activities and in captivity they are mainly
found in zoos or sanctuaries for educational and conservation purposes. Using similarparameters we used with our macaque project, we documented the transition of singly
housed (0.3m3) lorises that were rescued from the illegal pet trade, into larger enrichedsocial enclosure (16m3) at the Japan Monkey Center. We found that all individuals
preferred to spend their time close to each other even when ample space to stay apart
was available (X2= 18.0879, df = 3, p = 0.004). Moving time decreased significantly inthe enriched social housing condition (V = 0, N = 6, p = 0.03), compared to the small
caged condition, but no effect on other activities.
These results suggest that both species benefited from enriched enclosures in various
ways. Future studies are needed to understand its long lasting effects for both researchand ethical concerns. We hope our research will contribute to the increasing literature
regarding animal welfare and conservation practices on primates.

18

O-12

Elucidating the social system and reproductive strategies of Central Himalayan
langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) in a high-altitude forest of the Western
Himalayas, India
Himani Nautiyal1 and Michael A. Huffman1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan

Indian Hanuman langurs are found in a variety of habitats ranging from the low
altitude dry forests of Rajasthan to the high mountain oak forests of Himalayas. Alongwith their great ecological variation, they also exhibit striking variation in their socialorganization and mating strategies and this has proven to be of great importance fordevelopment in socio-ecological model. This study is the first to describe theirreproductive behavior and dominance hierarchy in details. To do this, we first tested theeffect of male’s dominance rank and tenure (i.e. number of months that male has spentin the troop) on mating success. Then, we also investigated the effect of female’s
dominance rank, age and parity on mating frequency and the number of mating partners.
From May to November 2017, we collected 1441 hours of observations on one troop of
langurs. During the research, we collected male and female dyadic displacement
interactions to assess their dominance hierarchy. To record their reproductive behavior,
we used focal animal and sequence sampling methods. We calculated Pearson’s
product-moment correlation between male rank, tenure and their reproductive
parameters. Female reproductive parameters were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA.
Our data indicate that Central Himalayan langur male hierarchy is steeper than for other
Colobine species reported so far. The study suggests that higher ranking males matedmore frequently compared to lower ranking males, without the alpha malemonopolizing females. However, we did not find any effect of female’s dominance rank,
age or parity on their mating frequency. Distributed mate choices in females may act asa strategy to confuse paternity, which could thus decrease the risk of infanticide. Long
tenured males tended to get higher copulation rejection compared to newly immigrant
males. One hypothesis to explain these results is that newly immigrant males represent
genetic diversity whereas long tenured males may rather ensure infant protection. As
such, females may have evolved certain mating strategies to balance between these two
benefits.

19

O-13

Comparison of male genetic differentiation between groups in thegenus Pan
Shintaro Ishizuka1*, Hiroyuki Takemoto1, Tetsuya Sakamaki1, Nahoko Tokuyama2, Kazuya
Toda1, Chie Hashimoto1, Takeshi Furuichi1
12Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies*

ishizuka.shintaro.37x@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Bonobo and chimpanzee are the most closely related species with each other, andshare many traits of social systems such as male philopatry. However, the antagonism
towards males of different groups is largely different between the two species:
chimpanzee males sometimes make lethal coalitionary attacks towards males ofdifferent groups, whereas bonobo males do not make such attacks. Given that male geneflow between groups seems more frequent in bonobos, this difference might be caused
because male genetic differentiation between groups may be greater in chimpanzees
than in bonobos. Here we estimated pairwise relatedness among male chimpanzees of
two neighboring groups in the Kalinzu Central forest, and determined Y-chromosomal
haplotypes of the chimpanzees and male bonobos of three neighboring groups inWamba. From these results and data from previous studies, we compared male genetic
differentiation between groups of the two species. Average relatedness value among
male chimpanzees within groups was similar with that across groups. Autosomal andY-chromosomal male genetic differentiation between groups of chimpanzees was not
significantly higher than that of bonobos. These suggest that the differences inantagonism towards males of different groups between the two species cannot be
explained by male genetic differentiation between groups.

20

O-14

Characterization of bitter taste sensitivity of four species of Sulawesi
macaques
Xiaochan YAN *1, Kanthi Arum Widayati 2, Nami Suzuki-Hashido3, Fahri Bajeber4, Akihiro
Itoigawa1, Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba2, Bambang Suryobroto2, Yohey Terai5, Hiroo
Imai1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan;
Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia;
3
Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan;
4
Department of Biology, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
5
Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies,
Hayama , Japan2*

yanxch3@outlook.com

Sulawesi macaques have diverged into 7 species within a relatively short period andlive allopatrically on Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Thus, it will be interesting to study
functional genes which might reveal species difference. Bitter taste plays a role inavoiding ingestion of toxins and resisting bacteria and parasites. We investigated awell-studied bitter taste gene, TAS2R38, receptor for the bitter glucosinolates in brassica
vegetables and Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). We studied PTC sensitivity and TAS2R38
polymorphism in M. hecki (N: 16), M. tonkeana (N: 12), M. nigrescens (N: 11) and M.
nigra (N: 15). Initially, we found behavior response on PTC varies between four species.
All individuals of M. hecki are sensitive to PTC while some individuals of M. tonkeana,
M. nigra and M. nigrescens are low sensitive. Determining TAS2R38 sequence, we
found low sensitivity of PTC was mediated by specific TAS2R38 variants. In M.
tonkeana, substitution on amino acid sites 117, 130 and 134 led to ‘low sensitivity’,
whereas, in M.nigrescens and M. nigra, two base deletion and one base insertion
respectively caused premature stop codon at site 85 and 178. Furthermore, we foundthese specific variations have independently arisen three times. Later we conducted
cell-based functional analysis. We confirmed that the specific variants accurately
predicted low PTC sensitivity in vitro. Interestingly, ‘low sensitive’ variants in M.
tonkeana can express apparently intact TAS2R38 receptor, with low response to PTC.
The intact ‘low sensitive’ variants may respond to other bitter compounds. Additionally,
the frequency of low-sensitive variants is 0.08, 0.33 and 0.54 in M. nigrescens, M. nigra
and M. tonkeana, separately. We suggested high frequency of ‘low sensitive’ variants in
M. tonkeana appeared in the root of divergence of Sulawesi macaques. Our findings
revealed species difference on bitter taste; however, whether these differences were
resulted from local adaptation need to be studied.

21

O-15

Paleontological insights into the state of modern biodiversity: fromNatural Trap Cave (Wyoming, USA) and beyond
Susumu Tomiya1,2*, Julie A. Meachen1
1

2

Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
Center for International Collaboration and Advanced Studies in Primatology, Primate ResearchInstitute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan* tomiya.susumu.8r@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Natural Trap Cave (Wyoming, USA) has yielded a wealth of vertebrate fossils thatoffer a window on the faunal transition over the past ~30,000 years in the central Rocky
Mountain region of North America. The fossil assemblage includes not only extinct
elements of the Pleistocene megafauna but also their contemporary species that survived
into the Holocene, helping us reconstruct phenotypic evolution within lineages leading
to today. Such information provides evolutionary-historical context for understanding
the state of modern biodiversity under human influence.
Here we present a case study of variations in the limb morphology of the gray wolf
(Canis lupus) in time and space. With the focus on North America, our morphometricanalyses of limb bones from the late Quaternary fossil sites, recent-historical times(before 1900AD), and more modern populations revealed that the species mainly
consisted of short-legged forms across climatically-disparate regions (from Alaska tosouthwestern USA) during much of the last ~70,000 years and well into the Holocene.
This pattern implies that late-Quaternary shifts in climate, first arrival of humans on thecontinent, and concomitant extinctions of large mammals had minor effects on the limb
morphology of gray wolves. In contrast, extant populations in the Midwestern USA andnorthwestern North America exhibit markedly more elongate limb elements, which aresuggestive of a more cursorial mode of life. These long-legged forms are not known in
the North American fossil record, and their apparently-recent emergence coincides witha period of: (1) rapid persecution by humans; (2) decline of short-legged forms; and (3)near-extinction of the American bison—an important prey for the wolves. We
hypothesize that overhunting of both the wolves and their prey effectively constituted
strong artificial selection for longer limbs and precipitated an unprecedented shift in theecomorphic composition of the wolves. Conservation of severely-diminishedpopulations of short-legged forms is important for restoring the evolutionary trajectoryof the species.

22

O-16

Living in the Midst of Nimba
Maegan Fitzgerald1*
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*maeg2nimba@gmail.com

As one of the last fragments of Upper Guinean forest remaining in Guinea, the Nimba
mountain range is a high priority area for biodiversity conservation. It provides
resources not only to many endemic animal and plant species, but also essential
ecosystem services for thousands of people living within its midst. Acknowledging theneed to reconcile sustainable use of resources and biodiversity conservation, the Nimba
mountain range is classified as a UNESCO Man & Biosphere Reserve and World
Heritage Site. This presentation aims to give a visual tour of the diversity of living
species and the richness of resources and cultures present in the Nimba region,
particularly in and around the southwestern portion of the mountain range.

23

O-17

Modeling Habitat Suitability for Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkeys in
Laojun Mountain National Park
Jie LIU1*, Maegan FITZGERALD1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* liujie871019@gmail.com

In this study, we provided new information on Yunnan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti) behavioral ecology and contributed to future conservation efforts
within the Laojun Mountain National Park. Habitat evaluation procedures are used toquantify the value of land as habitat for a species. We analyzed environmental variables
hypothesized to influence habitat suitability for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, andmapped the distribution of suitable habitat across the study area and adjacent areas.
Spatial analysis with GPS data was conducted to investigate home range change ofthese monkeys. Predictor variables were generated using ArcMap 10.5 (ESRI 2011) and
R. We prepared 34 environmental variables at 30-m spatial resolution. Maxent 3.3.3
was used to analyze environmental variables that contributed to suitability. Usingsatellite remote sensing and GIS, we modeled the distribution of suitable habitat for
Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys in the Jinsichang area of the Laojun Mountains in China.
Habitat suitability was affected by several variables. The environmental variables that
contributed most to habitat suitability, as determined by permutation importance, weremean diurnal range (31.6%), precipitation during the wettest quarter of the year (30.4%),
average annual precipitation (17%), normalized difference vegetation index (5%),
wetness (4.6%), and aspect (4.5%). This habitat suitability model provided important
information about the potential current distribution of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys thatis essential for appropriate implementation of conservation actions.

24

O-18

Fission and Aggression among Male Chimpanzees in Kalinzu Forest
Reserve, Republic of Uganda
Shohei Shibata1*, Chie Hashimoto1, Takeshi Furuichi1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*

shibata.shouhei.73c@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Group living animals benefit by lessening predation risks, enhancing feeding
efficiencies and increasing mating opportunities. However, they also face intragroupcompetition for food and reproductive resources. Therefore, individuals need to avoid or
resolve such conflicts in order to maintain group living. In this study, we focused on
how intragroup aggression among male chimpanzees relate to their fission-fusion
dynamics.
From February to April and from June to September 2018, I conducted field works
and observed male chimpanzees in M group at Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. We
found that the number of males in a party were significantly larger in the presence offemales showing maximum sexual swelling (MSS) than in the absence of females with
MSS. In the absence of females with MSS, males tended to spend time alone or in small
parties. Especially, lower-ranked males spent time alone more frequently than higher
ranked males. Regardless of the absence/presence of females with MSS, the frequency
of male aggressive behaviors increased along with increments of the number of males
observed in the party. In addition, higher-ranked males showed more aggression thanlower-ranked ones and lower-ranked ones received more aggression than higher-ranked
ones. These results suggest that male chimpanzees have different levels of tendency todisperse in order to avoid the risk of intense aggression among males depending on theirrank. This tendency might be one of the adaptive components which form fission
tendency in chimpanzees.

25

O-19

Assessment of the current impact of mountain gorilla ecotourism in
Bwindi National Park, Uganda
Raquel Costa1,2*, Misato Hayashi1, Michael A. Huffman1, Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka3, Lilly
Ajarova4, Fred Bercovitch5,6 and Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
2
Primate Cognition Research Group, Portugal
3Conservation Through Public Health, Uganda
4
Chimpanzee Sanctuary & Wildlife Conservation Thrust, Uganda
5
Save the Giraffes, USA
6
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*raquelberingei@gmail.com

Ecotourism is an emergent and controversial topic in the field of wildlife
management. Ecotourism plays a significant role in the conservation of mountaingorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Despite the growing number of tourists visiting
mountain gorillas and an increasing number of habituated groups, very little behavioral
data has been collected on the potential impacts of ecotourism on these wild populations.
The present study examines how interactions with human tourists influence gorilla
behaviour. For this study, we collected behavioural data (focal and scan sampling)
before, during and after tourist visits over a 9-month period (December 2017-February,2019) one habituated group (15 individuals) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park,
Uganda. Kruskall Wallis tests are used to compare pre-contact, contact and post-contact
periods. Preliminary analysis shows that “Human directed behaviour” increases during
the tourist visit and is present only when tourist are within 3 meters of the gorillas.
Moreover, group social dynamics are affected by close distance to humans - affiliation,
agonism and submission behaviours increase within 3 meters from the tourists. Further
analysis is necessary, but the present results caution a disturbance in the gorilla`sbehaviour related to the visit tourist. The problems are most pronounced when people
get too close to the gorillas, in violation of standard rules.

26

O-20

Development of Equinology: divergent approaches from physiology tocommunity science
Shinya Yamamoto1*
1

Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*shinyayamamoto1981@gmail.com

We, the Kyoto University horse research team, have established equinology both incaptivity and in the wild. This project covers a wide range of research fields: physiology,
individual cognition, dyadic interaction with both conspecifics and interspecifics, group
coordination, and inter-group relationship. These studies have a basis in thesophisticated research techniques and philosophy of primatology and comparative
cognitive science. This established methodology, combined with some novel
technology, enables us to explore the new frontier of animal science, and will hopefullyyield fruitful insights on human evolution by means of comparisons between humans,
non-human primates, and some other domesticated animals.
Here I introduce several recent and on-going studies with captive and wild horses. In
captivity, we have succeeded in administrating oxytocin to horses. Oxytocin is known
as a “love hormone” or “trust hormone”, but recently it has been reported that oxytocin
has some other functions in humans, such as inducing parochial bias and aggression
toward outgroup members. We are testing how oxytocin affects horses’ interaction withconspecifics and humans, and also their group coordination and social network. This
physiological study can directly compare horses with other domesticated species such as
dogs and cats, as well as humans and non-human apes, which could give us insights
about the evolution of society from the viewpoints of physiological mechanisms.
In the wild, we can investigate horse society with broader perspectives. In Serrad’Arga, Portugal, we have identified more than 25 groups of around 300 horses. We
introduced a new methodology to observe the wild horses: aerial drones. With this
newly developed technology, we can observe the animals from the air, which enables us
to record precise location of all the individuals in the fields. We also established a newrecording method: 30-min time sampling with drones. With this method, we cananalyze the data quantitatively and track time-dependent changes. We succeeded inanalyzing social networks among individuals within a group and also among groups in
the whole community of the site (see Inoue et al. 2018 Mammal Research, and Maeda etal. presentation in this session).
Finally, I would like to state my perspective about how to relate these horse studies tohuman evolution. The key is “domestication.” It has been suggested that humans (andbonobos) domesticated themselves. This domestication process (or more precisely“self-domestication” process) is considered to be a key for the evolution of peacefulsocieties. Thus, comparisons betweendomesticated animals and our evolutionary closest
relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, should be insightful for understanding how
societies evolve. For this purpose, our divergent research approaches are useful toinvestigate animals’ societies from various levels and viewpoints.

27

O-21

Mechanisms of herding to maintaining cohesiveness of harem group:
different reaction of females toward the male and other females
Monamie Ringhofer1*
1

Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

Monamie.ringhofer@gmail.com

In animal groups, individual interactions achieve coordinated movements to maintaincohesion. Most studies about animal movements have been conducted using GPS
tracking or video tracking software. Here, we applied non-invasive approaches of drone
filming and video tracking software to observe movements in the field with hightemporal and spatial resolution of a socially stable group of feral horses during herding,which is male-initiated and suggested to maintain cohesiveness of the harem group. We
tracked all group members and drew trajectories on this basis. When we investigated theindividuals’ interactions during herding, we found that there exist two different
interactions (male-female and female-female) during the movements. These two kind ofinteractions are unique among animal groups’ movements and may represent amechanism for herding to maintain group cohesion in horses’ harem group. The unique
movements might be due to the long-term stable social relationships within horses’
harem group, unlike many other animal groups, and the different social bonds inmale-female and female-female.

28

O-22

Multi-level structure in feral horse society:
Evidence from the aerial observation from drones
Tamao Maeda1*, Sakiho Ochi1, Monamie Ringhofer2, Satoshi Hirata1 and Shinya Yamamoto2
1
2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

tamao@powarch.com

Some mammalian species of different taxonomic groups, including humans, havedeveloped social structures with nested levels of organization. This multilevel society
is one of the most complex social systems in animals, but their function and evolutional
process are still poorly understood especially for non-primate species because it requires
good observation of large numbers of identified individuals. Equine groups are one of
the taxa that have nested social structure, and there are some studies on several species
such as plains zebras and Przewalski's horses, but not on domestic horses (Equus
caballus). Studying the inter-group relationships of feral horses and comparing thoseof the other equine species may help understanding their origin and their ecological andsocial meanings. In this study, we aimed to reveal whether domestic horses form
multilevel societies. We took aerial photos of feral horse herds in Serra D’Arga
Portugal in 30 minutes interval using drones, identified all the individuals and collected
their position data. In the field, we observed 21 harems, 2 bachelor groups and several
solitary bachelors. Their home range were largely overlapped and the area of convex
hull of these groups were significantly smaller than each home range, which suggests
harems and bachelors aggregates to form a herd. Moreover, this herd had a structurethat large harems were likely to be in the center, while bachelors were in the peripheral
zone, and small harems were located somewhere between that. The presence of thisstable spatial pattern strongly indicates the multilevel structures of feral horse society.

29

O-23

Does size matter?
Examining the possible mechanisms and adaptive significance of single
and multi-male groups in Horse societies
Pandora Pinto1* and Satoshi Hirata1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*pandora_pintosapo.pt

Horse groups with single and multiple stallions occur simultaneously throughout theworld in different feral horses’ populations. There’s a clear hierarchy among thestallions in multi-males’ groups, where on individual is dominant over the others. The
subordinate(s) helps more or less with group defense and may occasionally be able tocopulate with the females. However, little is known on why such groups with more than
one male exist, considering that the males naturally fight to monopolize the females. So
why would a dominant stallion permit or tolerate the presence of another adult male inhis group? To address this question, I observed feral horses, more specifically the
Garrano horses that live in Serra d’Arga in Northern Portugal, and analyzed spatial
positioning among individuals, social behavior, body size, testosterone and DNA. In
this presentation I will introduce the results of these analyses and discuss about thepossible mechanisms and adaptive significance of single and multi-male groups.

30

O-24

Estimation of force working among individuals in feral horses
Sota Inoue1*, Keiichiro Fukazawa2, Satoshi Hirata2
1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto university*

sota.inoe@gmail.com

Individuals always live with various types of forces. In animal groups, the mostrepresentative example is the attraction and repulsion rule to keep the cohesion. The
rule proposes individuals adjust distance to nearest neighbors with following force
working among individuals in fish schools and bird flocks. Theoretical studies havereported the effectiveness of this rule, but empirical studies are relatively few so far.
Therefore, it remains unknown how much force is actually working among individuals
and the effective range of both two types of forces. In the present study, we quantified
both force and measured the effective range with by mathematical simulation. We madea repulsion and attraction model and compared observed data. The present study iscomposed from threefold results. First, horses probably have interactions until third
nearest neighbors, not with all individuals. Second, the force for repulsion was
estimated to be maximum around three body length, in other words, the personal space
might be around three body length. Third, the force for attraction started to work aroundeight body length. This study suggests the first example of quantification of these typesof the force in feral horses. In addition, they method will be very effective to estimate
the range of personal space.

31

O-25

Investigating the causes and consequences of feral
horses’ disappearance and juvenile mortality in North of Portugal
Renata Mendonça1*, Monamie Ringhofer2, Sota Inoue3, Shinya Yamamoto2, Satoshi Hirata3,
Tetsuro Matsuzawa2
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
2
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan3
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*renatadasilva.mendonca@gmail.com

The equine social systems are characterized by harem groups which consists of one
or a few males with multiple females, and bachelor groups. Equids are unique among
ungulates because of their stable bisexual groups, including their female-female bond.
Garranos, a breed of ponies co-existing with wolves in the North of Portugal follows asimilar pattern. Feral horses constitute about 70-80% of the wolves’ diet in this area,
however this population is also threatened by human activities. These activities may beinterfering with the group stability and, therefore, exposing the individuals to predationand other threats. This study aims to combine a) demographic, genetic and behavioral
data to examine the group size and composition effects on female social behavior,reproductive success, maternal care and foal survival b) the human interference andmanagement politics effects on the dynamics and survival of the individuals. Data
collection is still ongoing in the mountain of Serra D’Arga, Northern Portugal. However,as the behavioral data is under analysis, I present basic demographic data collected in
the breeding seasons of 2016 to 2018 and introduce the methodology and preliminary
results on the study of mother-foal interactions. In this population, the foal birth rateover 3 years, (2016-2018), has slightly decrease from 48% in 2016 to 32% in 2018.
However, for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) the foal mortality rate in the firstsix months has reached 100%. Wolf predation and human interference may be the maincauses for these severe values. While this high mortality rate may compromise thefuture of this population, at the same time it allows us to explore and develop otherresearch fields, such as on prey-predator interactions and thanatology.
Finally, I present the methodology that we are developing to study the interactions
between horses and wolves, in collaboration with researchers from CIBIO, Universityof Porto.

32

O-26

Free-ranging horses and Iberian wolves: ecological context and conflict
management
Francisco Álvares1*, Joana Casimiro1, and Joana Freitas1
1

CIBIO/InBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Porto University,Vairão, Portugal* falvares@cibio.up.pt

Despite the extensive range overlap in both horses and wolves, wolf predation onequids is uncommon and poorly studied. Horses are reported as an occasional prey forwolves worldwide, although in some regions wolf predation on equids is relevant andraises important conservation implications, either by affecting domestic free-ranging
horses or endangered wild equids, such as Przewalski horses and Kulans in Central Asia.
Within Europe, wolf predation on horses is reported to be most common in the northern
mountains of Iberian Peninsula, where free-ranging mountain ponies belonging toautochthonous breeds (e.g. called “Garrano” in Portugal) are a main prey for Iberian
wolves.
Iberian wolves feed mostly on livestock across their range, due to lack of wild prey.
Among consumed domestic species, Iberian wolves seem to prey preferentially on
domestic horses whenever they are available in a traditional free-ranging horsehusbandry along all year, turning them more accessible for wolves than other domestic
prey. Free-ranging horses represent more than 80% of the consumed biomass in some
wolf packs located in northwest Portugal, with regional and seasonal variations in the
consumption of adult horses and foals. Consequently, wolf predation on horses, together
with other livestock species, results in economic damages to the owners, generating astrong conflict and intolerance towards wolves.
In order to reduce human-wolf conflicts, a damage compensation system isimplemented in Portugal to mitigate the losses of livestock owners and reduce illegal
killing of wolves. However, the compensation system is often flawed and inefficient,exacerbating the conflict between local people and wolves. Furthermore, required
measures to prevent wolf attacks, such as fences or livestock guarding dogs, arenon-existent or difficult to implement for a traditional free-ranging horse husbandry,
resulting in a high number of compensations that are not attributed to horse owners. In
absence of effective systems for damage prevention on horses, new solutions are needed
to minimize horse exposure to wolf predation risk and adequately compensate owners.
Yet, little information is available on horse-wolf interactions, in order to enable a more
effective herd management for preventing wolf attacks.
In this context, is crucial to understand the behavioral patterns observed in horse
herds, allowing more accurate predictions of which factors influence wolf predation onequids, such as herd size, number of dominant males, herd cohesion and age of theindividuals. A collaborative study aiming to assess the patterns and behavioral
determinants related to wolf predation on free-ranging horses, is being conducted in
Serra de Arga (north-western Portugal), by taking advantage of on-going studies
focused on wolf ecology, conducted by CIBIO, together with behavioral studies onhorse herds recently started by Kyoto University.

33

O-27

Mongolian Life with Horses
Yuki KONAGAYA1*
1

Department of Cross-Field Research, National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan

3.9 million horses live in Mongolia, while 3.2 million people live. The forty
percent of the people are nomads who move with herds in order to change theseasonal camp. Mongolian nomads use horses as vehicle and also as food. They
catch one-year-old filly (female foal) for suckling to milk, and catch two-years-old
colt (male foal) for castrating to ride. Through these interactions with horses they
have accumulated the traditional knowledge about horses such as the scholar of
ethology increase the scientific knowledge. Using many photos, I would like tointroduce the annual life cycle of Mongolian nomads and also show the life cycle ofhorses from the viewpoint of the people’s use. Recently Mongolian nomads usually
use motorbike instead of horses. Therefore sometime Mongolian ethologicalknowledge of horses might be endangered. Before disappearing, their knowledge
must be inquired scientifically.

34

O-28

HORSE TRAINING
Towards a description of a man-animal interspecific haptic syntax:
the case of man-horse (Equus caballus) haptic communication
Carlos Pereira1*
1

Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle, department LEA*

henriquespereira@wanadoo.fr

In order to practice classical horse riding (Western horse riding conceptualized andcodified as from the 15th century) the rider must use the language of hands, legs and seat.
A good horse rider has mastered the action of applying pressure through touching, inother words, he has mastered tactile skills. Touch is the most valuable tool forcommunicating with the horse when schooling or training it, and it is the source of all
natural and artificial movements. Through the most subtle movements of the hands, legs
and seat, in acts of tactile communication, the horse is made to obey its rider. Mastering
the individual actions of these aids is the very essence of proficiency in horseriding. This “language” of touch is very precise. It has a grammar which riding masters
must acquire in the course of their long training. The different sorts of touch applied tothe horse are explained when one studies all the movements from the most basic to themost elaborate.
The semiotician examines this sign language used to communicate with horses inorder to identify its fundamental syntactical structure through which meaning can beproduced. We shall start by describing the logic of the rider’s language of aids, in the
tradition of the riding master François Baucher. We shall then identify the nature of thesyntactical structure operating in the inter-specific tactile, or haptic, communication
between horse and rider. Lastly, we shall discuss the possibility of an implicit archaic
syntax which can explain at a more general level the mechanisms of man-animalcommunication, from a zoo semiotic perspective.

35

O-29

How Horses See the World:
Five Years of Endeavor of Horse Cognition Project
Masaki Tomonaga1*, Kiyonori Kumazaki2, Carlos Pereira3 and Tetsuro Matsuzawa4
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
2
Horseman Kakamigahara, Kakamigahara, Gifu, JAPAN3
Universite Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle, FRANCE
4
Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Studies, JAPAN*

tomonaga.masaki.4m@kyoto-u.ac.jp

We have been studying how evolutionarily adapted environments affected the mindof various kinds of mammals including humans. Our mind, as well as the other species’
minds, is the result of the mixture of phylogenetical constraints and adapted
environments. Thus, we share the similarities and differences with other species fromthe different origins. Among various species of mammals, horses are one of the mostinteresting species to be studied in the field of comparative cognitive science. In
comparison with chimpanzees, for example, they have adapted to the open land likehumans, but each of them adapted to those environments in different ways. How thesesimilarities and differences shaped our and their minds? Furthermore, horses are not“wild”; they have been selected by humans for the purpose of our own.
Based on the methodology developed through the comparative cognitive science ofchimpanzees, we introduced the touch screen to the horse for the visual-cognitive
studies. It enabled us to avoid the fallacy called “Clever Hans Effect” and to compare
directly with primates. Three ponies, Ponyo, Nemo, and Thomas, successfully
participated in this project and showed us the fragments of what and how they see theirvisual world. Starting from the simple size discrimination, we successively tested theirability of discriminating and categorizing the simple geometric forms, relative
numerosity judgments, and perceptual concept formation of the “horse”.
In this talk, we briefly summarize the five years of endeavor of our horse cognition
project.

36

O-30

Preliminary assessment of new machine learning modelfor extracting and analyzing horse vocalization
Sakiho Ochi1*, Satoshi Hirata1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*ochisakiho11@gmail.com

For a better understanding of animal behavior or society, various studies on
animal vocalization have been conducted. In this sort of study area, researchers
sometimes encounter with nonlinear dependencies and unclear interactions
coming from large data set, and thus they may fail to conform to the classicalstatistical methods which results in limiting the analytical power on those data.
Recently, by using machine learning (ML) for acoustic studies, thexpectedfollowing features have been emerging: 1) automatic extracting of certain
vocalizations from large data set on acoustic recordings, 2) extracting unknown
acoustic features from those data sets. In this preliminary research, we aimed to
extract three types of vocalizations (whinny, nicker, blow) of horses (Equus
caballus) by using the new ML model and to test its accuracy. We recorded horses’
vocalizations in four contexts/situations: 1) separation from a familiar
individual(s), 2) demanding food to human, 3) aggression to another individual, 4)
free ranging. We compared the number of vocalizations extracted by the ML modeland that counted manually by the authors from the same data set. In thispresentation, we will show the result of the evaluation of the accuracy of the ML
performance. By using this ML, we will investigate the possible context-specificfeatures of horse vocalizations.

37

O-31

Molecular markers for domestication history of the horse
Miho Murayama1*, Yusuke Hori2
1
2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

mmurayama@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Horses have shared a long history with humans as the domestic animal. Horses
sometimes supplied meat, but the main purpose of their use was for working. Horse's
excellent physical ability contributed greatly in the way of transportation and agriculture,and sometimes in the scene of war. Unlike domestic animals that were mainly kept formeat such as cattle and pigs, horses worked together with humans in various situations.
Since horses live in a group, the life with humans may have been an extension of theiractivities in the group. The personality of horses might have been an important target of
selection in the process of domestication of horses as well as dogs. On the other hand,dogs are carnivorous and horses are herbivorous animals, therefore their behavior
patterns inherited from their ancestors and their group structures are different each other.
Currently, there are few opportunities for dogs to work together in a group. However
some horse populations were rewilded and individual relationships within conspecifics
can be observed. These differences between horses and dogs might have affected therelationship between horses and humans or between horses.
It is difficult to objectively describe animal minds. The comparison between species
is more difficult due to various factors. Therefore, we are studying to describe theanimal mind with molecular markers related to personality, that is, individual
differences of genes. We analyzed genes related to neural transmission and hormonaltransmission, which constitute the background of personality, in various animal species
including dogs, horses and ungulates such as camels and zebras. In this presentation, we
introduce the attempt to approach the equine mind through analysis of candidate gene
polymorphism and its relation with personality traits. Also, due to next generation
sequencing technology in recent years, enhancement of genome information for ancient
DNA is remarkable. We would like to introduce genome studies uncovering the historyof domestication of horses.

38

O-32

“Field Museum” project in Amazon
Shiro Kohshima 1*
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*kohshima@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Biodiversity of Amazon is threatened by increasing human activities in this region,
especially in the area around Manaus, the largest city in Amazon, with rapidly
increasing population over 2 million. To solve the biodiversity crisis and degradation oftropical ecosystems in this region, we started a 5 years project entitled “Biodiversity
conservation in Amazon based on a new concept of “Field Museum” (JST/JICA
SATREPS project) in collaboration with National Institute for Amazonian Research(INPA) in 2014. This project aims to develop a “Field Museum” in Amazon, in addition
to promote conservation studies for various wildlife, such as Amazon manatee, Amazon
river dolphins, monkeys, sloths, etc. For conservation of large animals, especially for
their relocation programs, we need facilities for captive and semi-captive animals in
addition to the long-term researches in their natural habitats. These facilities and nature
reserves necessary for large animal conservation can be used for the studies,conservation and education of other various organisms, too. Field Museum will be a
network of nature reserves and observation facilities in natural habitats of wildlife,
where we can observe various organisms in captive, semi-captive and wild condition as
well as research and conservation activities. It can contribute not only to the study,
conservation and environmental education of various organisms, but also to the local
community through civil ecotourism and as a center for conservation of local
ecosystems. We developed the following facilities in and around Manaus for the fieldmuseum in Amazon named as “Museo na Floresta” (Museum in the forest): Cuieiras
field station in a INPA forest reserve that can accommodate 60 people for research andecotourism, a 40 m tower for observation of forest canopy, renovated exhibition of“Science House” in “Science wood”, an isolated forest in Manaus used forenvironmental education by INPA, and captive and semi-captive facilities for rescued
Amazon manatees. In this project, we also conducted a relocation program of Amazon
manatees using these newly developed facilities. Before our project, more than 60
rescued manatees were kept in very old tanks without water-recycling system and alltrials of relocation were failed because released manatees could not eat wild plants. So,
we renovated the manatee tanks and took “soft releasing method” in which the animals
were released after training in semi-captive environments (an artificial lake for fish
cultivation beside the Amazon river) to eat wild plants. Behavior of the released
manatees were monitored by radio tracking and bio-logging technic for more than 6months. We released 19 manatees in total during last 3 years. Results of the monitoring
showed that they well adapted to the wild condition. Especially, one of the released
manatee accidentally recaptured about 1 year after releasing increased its body size,
clearly indicating that it well adapted to the wild environment. Every time when wereleased the manatees in the nature reserve of Purus river, we also conductedenvironmental education events for the local people, especially for the children of thelocal communities, many of them have a history of manatee hunting. We will continue
Japan-Brazil collaboration to promote the study, conservation and education forsustainable development using the field museum in Amazon after this project.

39

O-33

Characteristics of Tropical Forests in South America-Special Mentions on Seed-dispersal by AnimalsTakakazu Yumoto1*
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*

yumoto.takakazu.6w@kyoto-u.ac.jp

The tropical forest in South America is one of three main-blocks (South America,
Southeast Asia, Africa) and three sub-blocks (Madagascar, New Guinea, India-Sri
Lanka) of tropical forests in the World. The major biological differences between these
six regions result largely from the interactions among: phylogeny, plate tectonics, past
climate and sea-levels, present environment, and past and present human activities(Corlett and Primack 2011). These differences make the six different tropical forests
almost independent “experimental fields of evolution”. Tropical forests in SouthAmerica contain largest area of rainforest today, and accommodate most diverse floraand fauna for vascular plants, birds, butterflies and many other groups.
Especially, forests in Amazon Basin characterizes themselves as an extreme
environment of black-water flooded forests (Igapo), where are seasonally inundatedwith fresh-water. The water-level differs more than 10 m between the highest and thelowest ones. These great change of water-level makes these forests quite unique ones
“interface of freshwater and forests”, and has developed the special modes of seeddispersal in angiosperm as ichthyochory (seed dispersal by fish). More than 275
frugivorous fish species belonging to the mainly Neotropical Characiformes (pacus,
piranhas) , Siluriformes (catfishes) and other groups were reported (Horn et al. 2011).
Among ichthyochory, the extensive mobility of large-bodied species such as Colossoma
translates into extremely long distant seed dispersal, which rivals seed dispersal by
Asian elephants and African hornbills (Anderson et al. 2011). Anderson et al. (2011)
estimated the modeled mean dispersal distance of 337-552 m with the maximum of5495 m by Colossoma.
Of course, other groups of frugivorous animals including birds and primates play
important roles in seed dispersal in South America. We have studies seed dispersal
distance of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) and red howlers (Alouatta
seniculus), and Salvin’s curassow (Mitu salvini) in Colombia by “isolated-bout methods(Yumoto et al. 1999, Yumoto 1999), and estimated the retention times and seeddispersal distances. As the results, the estimated retention times via fecal dropping ofwoolly monkeys varied from 2 h to 14.5 h, according to the plant species, and theestimated dispersal distances from 126 m to 760 m. In cases of howlers, retention times
were much longer than woolly monkeys (19.1 h - 21.3 h), but the dispersal distanceswere even less (189 - 444 m), owing to the smaller home range. As for Salvin’s
curassow, the mean and maximum retention times for Ficus sphenophylla via fecal
dropping were 3 h 15 min (±37 min) and 7 h 08 min. and the mean and maximum
dispersal distances were 329 m (±46 m) and 451 m. Interestingly, the retention times
for Streptogyna americana which has adhesive burrs showed
more skewed
distribution: estimated the mean and maximum values were 1 h 55 min (±1 h 56 min)and 9 h 11 min. But the mean and maximum dispersal distances were even shorter as
128 m (±68 m) and 280 m.

40

O-34

Animal research of SATREPS ‘Museu na Floresta' in Cuieiras
Biological Reserve, INPA, Brazil
Tsuneaki Yabe1*
1

Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan*

tyabe@ffpri.affrc.go.jp

The project ‘Biodiversity conservation in Amazon based on a new concept of "Field
Museum" (nicknamed in Portuguese: Museu na Floresta)’, in Science and Technology
Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS), Japanese international
research cooperation program, has been carried out in Amazon through the cooperation
between Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) and Kyoto University. In
this multi-research area project, a new research/environmental education base was
opened in the Cuieiras Biological Reserve of INPA. There are several types ofvegetation and the transition areas in the reserve around the base, such as igapo (flooded
forest) along Cuieiras river, terra firme (non-flooded forest), campinarana (white sandvegetation), associated with diverse animal communities. Still many aspects of theirecology and diversity pattern are unknown, but now we have many future potentials forresearch in this area by construction and renovation of facilities and their network, also
for the future researchers. The forest research team of our project have started animal
research using camera-traps. We are obtaining the first data on terrestrial
mammals/birds and partially arboreal mammals in the igapo foerest and the terra firme
forest in this area, with cooperation of peoples from the local community along thelower Cuieiras river. We will compare abundance and composition of animals between
forest types.

41

O-35

Monitoring the activity and thermoregulation of wild three-toed slothsby using heart-rate, temperature, and GPS loggers
Daisuke Muramatsu1,2*, Leandro Vieira Vidal3, Akiko Sawada4, Tsuneaki Yabe5, Ken Yoda6
and Marcelo Gordo3
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
JST/JICA, SATREPS
3
Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
4
Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
5
Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan
6
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan*

muramatsu@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Recent developments of animal-borne data loggers enable us to monitor the activities
of wild animals in their natural habitat. In the present study, we attached a heart-rate,
temperature, and GPS loggers on wild three-toed sloths, Bradypus tridactylus, to reveal
the energy-saving life of this highly sedentary species living in the Amazon rainforest.
Three-toed sloths are characterized by their slow-moving behaviour and strict
folivorous diet. Herbivorous mammals tend to have large digestive organs which makethe animal bigger; however, their arboreal lifestyle makes it difficult to have large bodysize. Supposedly their calorie intake is very low due to the low available caloric densityof leaves and slow digestive process relating bacterial breakdown of structuralcarbohydrates and detoxification of secondary compounds contained in leaves. They
would need high body temperature to assist bacterial breakdown; however,thermogenesis is energy-consuming. Then, we can predict that this species strikes abalance between limited energy consumption and high body temperature.
Our result showed that the heart-rate of sloths was much lower than that of typicalendotherms; the average heart-rate was 36.7% (range 28.1–44.5%) of the expectedvalue calculated from their weight. Their body surface temperature changed with
ambient temperature, suggesting that they lack a homeothermic nature and consume
little energy for thermoregulation. Indeed, the relationship between heart-rate andambient temperature was similar to that of endotherms; heart-rate was slightly increased
with ambient temperature. However, their body surface temperature tended to be muchhigher than ambient temperature when ambient temperature was low, but lower thanambient temperature when the ambient temperature exceeded 36℃, as if they tried tokeep their body surface temperature between 25–35℃. They may have increased bodytemperature by heliothermic way, and the efficient insulation and/or fermentation heatas a by-product of digestive process may contribute to retain the body temperature.
The data from GPS loggers corroborated their sedentary nature: the average homerange size was 2.71±0.26 ha (range 1.77–4.36 ha) during 93-day observation period.
Contrary to the general prediction that larger individuals require larger home ranges,
there was a negative relationship between body weight and home range size in our study.
This counterintuitive result may be caused by disparities in the food-exploring abilities
among individuals; smaller and presumably younger and less experienced individuals
may need a longer time and larger area to explore for food. Experiences may benecessary to achieve their lazy life.

42

O-36

Comparative Perspectives on Behavior Patterns and Plasticity:
What the Northern Muriqui can Teach us About Apesand Other Primates
Karen B. Strier1*
1

Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA*kbstrier@wisc.edu

The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is the largest New World monkey
and one of the most critically endangered primates in the world. Unlike its closest
relatives, the woolly monkey (Lagothrix spp.) and spider monkey (Ateles spp.), themuriqui is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Yet, despite its
phylogenetic and geographic distance, many features of muriqui behavioral ecology are
more similar to those of African apes than they are to other monkeys. From theirrelaxed promiscuity to their female-biased dispersal and slow life histories, which
permit mothers to play life-long roles in their sons’ and grandsons’ lives, northern
muriquis provide comparative insights into shared behavior patterns more commonly
associated with apes. Long-term data spanning nearly 36 years from the Muriqui
Project of Caratinga also illustrate a high capacity for behavioral and ecologicalflexibility in response to demographic change. Examples of muriqui responses torapidly changing local conditions have implications for understanding the adaptive
potential of apes and other endangered and critically endangered primates.

43

O-37

Invitation to the 14th International Conference on Environmental
Enrichment
Yumi Yamanashi1, 2*
1Center for Research and Education of Wildlife, Kyoto City Zoo, Kyoto, Japan2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*yumi.yamanashi.kycz@gmail.com

The 14th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE KYOTO
2019) will be held between 22nd and 26th June. The leading graduate program inprimatology and wildlife science of Kyoto University is one of the main hosts of thisconference. This is the first international conference on environmental enrichment heldin Japan. The theme of the conference is “Learning from the wild: animal welfare,conservation and education in harmony”. As any activity to improve animal welfare
should be based on the fundamental understanding of animals living in the original
habitat, we hope that we could integrate the perspectives of people working with wild
animals and for improving animal welfare in captive settings in this conference.
Through various scientific and social events, we also expect active discussion overanimal welfare among participants coming from various cultural background. In thispresentation, I would like to talk the tentative plan of the ICEE KYOTO 2019 and also
briefly introduce history of environmental enrichment and its conference.

44

P-1

A cross-modal preferential looking experiment in chimpanzees
Yutaro Sato1*, Fumihiro Kano2, and Satoshi Hirata1
1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* sato.yutaro.76w@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Chimpanzees (Pan trogodytes) are known to use a variety of vocalizations tocommunicate with each other. Signalers adjust their vocalizations flexibly depending oncontexts, such as audience composition and knowledge status, and receivers change
their behaviors and physiological states accordingly to the “meaning” of the signal. For
example, chimpanzees emit a food call to signal the presence of food resources
depending on the audience compositions. Also, chimpanzees emit an alarm call tosignal the presence of a potential threat (e.g. snakes) depending on the knowledge statusof audiences, and the audiences change their behaviors and physiological states
appropriately to prepare for the specified threat. Such interactions between signalers andreceivers suggest that their vocalization has a “referent” or a specific object to beattended. However, to support this idea, it is crucial to test whether chimpanzee
audiences have mental images when hearing corresponding vocalizations. This study
thus used a cross-modal preferential looking paradigm: specifically, we presented tochimpanzees both images of a snake and a food while playing either of an alarm call ora food call. If they have a mental image for each vocalization, they would selectively
look at the image of a snake or a food when hearing the playback of an alarm call or afood call, respectively. Overall effect was not statistically significant, although we may
have observed such a pattern, particularly in the last phase of stimulus presentation.
Possible methodological concerns are also discussed in this presentation (e.g. sample
sizes, duration of auditory and visual stimulus).

45

P-3

Cross-species FACS review and a new muscle-based coding system tomeasure Japanese macaques and Common marmosets facial
movements
Cátia C. Caeiro1, 5*, Bridget Waller2, Anne Burrows3,4 and Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki5
1

School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
3
Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
4
Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
5
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan2*

ccorreiacaeiro@lincoln.ac.uk

Facial expressions are complex and subtle signals, central for communication andemotion production and perception in social mammals. Traditionally, facial expressions
have been classified as a whole (e.g. happy, bared-teeth display), which makes crossspecies comparisons incomplete, missing small but relevant differences in displays.
Furthermore, they can be difficult to study due to the automatic holistic processing offaces in the brain, i.e., our brains easily categorize emotion, but do not perceive
individual movements. This is also problematic as the same morphological facialconfiguration (e.g. lip corners pulled backwards exposing the teeth) can convey widelydifferent information depending on the species (e.g. humans: greeting/happiness;
chimps: fear/submission). Hence, FACS (Facial Action Coding System) takes adifferent approach in order to avoid a priori mistakenly assumptions of meaning orcontextual information, by objectively measuring movement derived from underlying
facial muscles, coded in independent movements or Action Units. The well-known
human FACS has been used as a gold standard for human facial expressions, and has
been adapted for a variety of species through the use of muscular homologies, allowing
for cross-species systematic comparisons of facial expressions. Here we review the
ChimpFACS, MaqFACS, (Rhesus and Barbary macaques), OrangFACS and EquiFACS,
and their application to the investigation into individuals' cognition (e.g. intentionalityof play faces during orangutan play, how chimpanzees classify their own facial
expressions). We then introduce the latest FACS adaptations underway for Japanesemacaques and Common marmosets, which will shed new light into communicative andcognitive aspects in these species from a comparative and evolutionary perspective.

46

P-4

Visual discrimination of threatening faces in chimpanzees
Duncan Wilson1*, Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*dawilson100@hotmail.com

For primates, the ability to recognise and discriminate conspecific facial expressions
is essential for survival. This study investigated the ability of chimpanzees todiscriminate three categories of unfamiliar conspecific facial expressions: neutral, bared
teeth and scream (both threatening expressions). Five adult female chimpanzees
participated in a touchscreen two-choice matching-to-sample task. We predicted higher
accuracy for discriminating between neutral and threatening expressions (perceptuallydifferent) than between bared teeth and scream expressions (perceptually more similar).
Overall, discrimination accuracy was significantly above chance for all categories of
facial expression, although accuracy was significantly higher for discriminating
between neutral vs. bared teeth or scream expressions, than between bared teeth vs.
scream expressions. Interestingly, for bared teeth-neutral and scream-neutral pairs,
accuracy was significantly higher when the sample images were threatening expressions
than neutral expressions. However, for bared teeth-scream pairs, no difference inaccuracy was found when the sample images were either bared teeth or scream
expressions. Consistent with previous research in chimpanzees, our results suggest that
bared teeth and scream expressions are perceived as perceptually more similar to eachother than to neutral faces, and that threatening expressions may capture attention to agreater extent than neutral expressions.

47

P-5

Emotional conflict monitoring and adaptation: An ERP study based on
the face-word stroop task
Srishti Tripathi1*, Bhoomika R Kar1
1

Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences,University of Allahabad, Allahabad,Uttar Pradesh,India*

tripathisrishti021@gmail.com

In previous literature it has been established that the previous trial congruency
influences the current trial processing. It also has been found that the relevant andirrelevant positive and negative valence influence the trial congruency sequence effect.
Researchers have compared the effect of different positive (happy) and negative (fear)
valence on conflict monitoring task using face word stroop. Happy and sad emotion has
not been compared which in this research has been compared using face word stroop
and effect of previous trial congruency on current trial also seen. Moreover, current
study explores the ERP correlates of conflict adaptation (N2), which supposed to be
reduced after high conflicting trial preceded by another high conflict trial. Overall ERP
result show’s larger N2 mean amplitude for negative valence (sad) processing thanpositive, this indicates that the negative valence processing influenced more by relevant
and irrelevant emotional content than positive valence processing. Smaller N2
amplitude has been found for incongruent trials preceded by incongruent trials (iI),similar for congruent trial also (cC), showing conflict adaptation effect, but such effectdoes not found for positive emotion though this effect was there for low conflict trials(cC).
Key words: Conflict monitoring, conflict adaptation, N200, Face Word Stroop.

48

P-6

A longitudinal investigation into captive chimpanzee sleeping behavior
Kristin Havercamp1*, Satoshi Hirata1,2
1Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan
2
Kumamoto Sanctuary, Kyoto University, Japan*

kristin.havercamp.24z@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Primates, like many other animals, spend around half of their lifetime sleeping, yet
this behavior is almost completely unstudied compared to those which occur during thedaytime. In natural habitats it might be difficult or impossible to directly observe
nocturnal activities, but in captivity, where we are able to closely monitor both day andnight activity, the opportunity exists to record, study and thus better understand
individual and/or group sleeping behavior and patterns. Human sleep patterns have beenshown to change with increasing age, with sleep quality diminishing, and whether thisalso occurs in our close primate relatives is unknown. Morimura et al. (2012) published
one of the only two existing studies describing captive chimpanzee sleep patterns noninvasively, utilizing video recorded from around 11 years ago at Kumamoto Sanctuary.
I plan to replicate this study, which requires collecting night recordings of some of thesame individuals to investigate whether or not their sleep patterns change with age. At
the PWS spring symposium I will present my progress with this project so far.

49

P-8

The Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. infection inLong-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and proboscis monkeys(Nasalis larvatus) in the Lower Kinabatangan floodplain
Surdensteeve Peter1*, Haliza Hassan1, Liesbeth Frias2 & Andrew MacIntosh1, 21Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. 2 Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*

stevepeter46@gmail.com

Ecologically, infectious diseases arise as an outcome of host-parasite relationships.
As human populations grow, the inevitable landscape changes have resulted in an
increase of disease outbreaks and emergence events, and have modified thetransmission dynamics of parasites in general. Nonhuman primates around the world are
exposed to various agents of infectious diseases that can threaten their survival,
especially those that are endangered due to habitat disturbance or hunting. Globally,both metazoan and protozoan parasites have been recognized as important contributors
to disease burdens, but protozoan parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia
spp. may be of particular concern for wild primates in human-wildlife interface areas.
Both are known pathogens of primates and are potential zoonoses moving between
human and nonhuman primate populations. The present study aimed to screen for thepresence and prevalence of these parasite genera in long-tailed macaques (Macaca
fascicularis) and proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) inhabiting the Lower
Kinabatangan Floodplain in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We noninvasively collected a
total of 126 fecal samples from the banks of the river below sleeping trees, and used
rapid immunoassay test kits (CoproStrip®, Savyon Diagnostics) to screen for infection.
Preliminary analyses suggest that 16.13% of long-tailed macaques and 78.13% ofproboscis monkeys inhabiting the region are infected with Cryptosporidium spp., while
the prevalence of Giardia spp. was 24.20% and 7.81% for these primates, respectively.
While we do not yet know whether these parasites cause disease in the region, or
whether they might be shared with the local human population where ranges overlap,
our results warrant further such investigation and provide a baseline data set to build on.

Keywords: Primates, Anthropogenic, Infectious Diseases, Protozoan Parasites,
Gastrointestinal parasites

50

P-9

Comparison of internal organ weight among generations
in captive Japanese Yaku macaques, Macaca fuscata yakui
Yuta Shintaku1, 2*
1Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan* shitnaku.jmc@gmail.com

Captive condition in zoo is different from wild environment in various aspects suchas climate, food, activity, and population density. This unique condition makes various
differences in captive individuals compared with wild individuals. Japan Monkey
Centre (JMC) has kept one group of Japanese Yaku macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui)since 1957. Throughout 60 years of history, zoo staffs recorded information about morethan 850 individuals, with maternal lineage. JMC also stores many dissection records
and skeletal specimens of dead individuals. Thus, Japanese Yaku macaques of JMC isimportant resource to investigate morphological change under captive condition. In thisstudy, I focused on weight of six internal organs; spleen, pancreas, liver, kidney, heart,and brain. I picked out each measurement data from dissection record of 82 adultindividuals. I compared these data among the generations based on maternal lineage. As
a result, male organs showed weak tendency of which second generation is larger thanother generations. In female, this tendency was not observed. Similar trends observed in
multiple organs suggested that total body size of males was changed. Improved nutrient
condition and higher population density are possible factors of observed body sizechange.

51

P-11

Salivary alpha-amylase enzyme is a biomarker of acute stress inJapanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)Nelson Broche Jr.1*, Rafaela S. C. Takeshita1, Keiko Mouri1, Fred B. Bercovitch2, 3, Michael A.
Huffman1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
3
Save The Giraffes, San Antonio, TX, USA*

broche.nelson.63a@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) enzyme functions as a digestive enzyme in many
species which consume starch in their diet. However, over the last several decades
human studies have revealed sAA enzyme activity levels are positively correlated withthe release of the fight-or-flight stress hormone norepinephrine, allowing sAA to act asa biomarker for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. The SNS is a separate but
parallel stress response system to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Recent non-human primate studies have begun including sAA as a physiological stressmarker in rhesus macaques, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. However, to date,there are no published reports investigating the time course of sAA from a stressful
event to return to baseline levels in non-human primates. Furthermore, no validation ofsAA as a stress biomarker has been reported for Japanese macaques. Validation of sAA
enzyme as an acute stress biomarker in M. fuscata could provide a useful tool for stressrelated research questions as well as practical uses in animal welfare. This study had
two primary aims: [1] develop a systematic method for non-invasive saliva collection
and [2] investigate sAA as a biomarker of acute stress in M. fuscata in order to better
understand its acute stress-related characteristics. We developed a non-invasive method
for cooperative saliva collection using positive reinforcement training (PRT) andtracked individual progress over 595 trials in 10 individually housed Japanese macaques.
Then, we confirmed that M. fuscata possess sAA enzyme via kinetic reaction assay.
Finally, we performed 22 acute stress tests to verify when sAA activity returns tobaseline after an acute stressor. Our report reveals for the first time the temporal
dynamics of sAA when applying acute stress to a non-human primate.

52

P-12

Understanding disease transmission potential between wild ungulates
and domestic livestock in the Indian Trans-Himalayan region:
Rashmi Singh Rana1*, Munib Khanyari3, 4, Sudipto Chatterjee2
1

Department of Energy and Environment, TERI University, New Delhi, India
2
Department of Natural Resources, TERI University, New Delhi, India
3
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
4Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Bengaluru, India* rashmi.singh@students.teriuniversity.ac.in

Transmission of disease and parasites between sympatric species of the wild and domestic isa phenomenon of global concern is a significant threat to conservation efforts as it impacts
viable wild populations. At the same time, this threat is of concern to livestock-owningcommunities as diseases decrease livestock production. This is the first study which attempts toassess this threat in the trans-Himalayan system. The Himalayan blue sheep, a wild ungulate of
the high-altitude Himalayas, is a key prey species of the globally endangered Snow leopard. The
Himalayan blue sheep have to inevitably share their grazing pastures with the domestic
livestock. The sharing of pastures enables a platform for transmission of gastro-intestinal
nematodes (GINs) between the blue sheep and livestock. Additionally, this study also looked atsocio-ecological factors that drive the livestock health management system of the study region,
which consequently has an effect on the prevalence of diseases in livestock, and its potential
subsequent transmission to the blue sheep. For an effective disease control or management,
knowledge of the dynamics of the infection pressure of parasites is important. This study also
makes use of the GLOWORM-FL model to simulate variations in the infection pressure in the
study region.
To examine the parasite burden, livestock pellet samples were collected from 60.7% of all
livestock-owning households from six villages, while blue sheep pellet samples were collectedfrom four pastures. Faecal egg count (FEC) was done for the pellet samples using the miniFLOTAC technique to estimate the diversity and abundance of the parasitic gastro-intestinal
nematodes (GINs). IN order to understand the livestock health management practices, semistructured interviews were taken from 50.3% of households in all six villages, and officials fromthe animal husbandry department. The GLOWORM-FL incorporates the life-history patterns ofa parasite species to simulate the parasite’s behaviour in response to the local temperature andprecipitation conditions in order to predict the variation in infection pressure across seasons.
The FEC revealed the presence of GINs from eight taxa out of which five are shared by blue
sheep and livestock, indicating a significant potential risk for spill-over from livestock to blue
sheep and vice-versa (spill-back). About 79.3% of the respondents had virtually no knowledgeof existence of endo-parasites in their livestock, which reflects poorly on the efficacy of the
livestock health management system. T-test comparing the parasitic burden between livestockand blue sheep indicated that there is a significant difference ( p-value<0.05), with the averageparasite burden in livestock (FEC=1628.38 EPG) being much higher than that in blue sheep(FEC=70.76 EPG). The GLOWORM-FL model used for Strongyle nematodes gives indicationof the periods of time when the infection pressure would be the highest or lowest, thus, acting as
a potential tool to develop appropriate conservation and management strategies. Efficient
treatment with anthelmintic drugs will control the parasite burden in livestock, which cansubsequently delimit the risk of transmission to blue sheep, thereby guarding the population ofthis important prey species against future disease outbreaks.

53

P-13

Analysis of arginine-vasopressin receptor gene (AVPR1A) in Hokkaido
horsesYusuke Hori1*, Ayaka Takimoto2, Miho Inoue-Murayama3, 4 Kazuo Fujita1
1

Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan3
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan4
Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,Japan2* hori.yusuke.8z@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide that affects some social behaviors inmammals. Previous studies reported that polymorphisms in the number of repeatedsequences in the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene (AVPR1A) affected social
behaviors in humans and rodents. In this study, we explored polymorphisms in AVPR1A
in horses. We focused on one of the native Japanese horse breeds, Hokkaido horses. The
sequences of 5’, intron, and 3’ regions of 48 Hokkaido horses were determined. We
found a polymorphism in the intron region. This polymorphism consisted of repeats of(GT)9(GA)10 sequence and 5 alleles (309, 313, 315, 317, and 323) were found. We
compared the allele frequency with other breeds (Taishu, Criollo, and Thoroughbred).
In Hokkaido horses, the 323 allele was the most major, however this allele was notfound in Criollo and Thoroughbred horses. This result suggests that the allele frequency
is different between horse breeds. In future, elucidating the association between thepolymorphism and behavior, especially social behavior or reproductive behavior isneeded.

54

P-15

Dietary adaptation of leopards in Mahale, Tanzania.
Nobuko NAKAZAWA1*
1

Shuman Evolution Studies, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan*nakazawa.nobuko.62u@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The leopard (Panthera pardus) has the widest distribution among wild felids (Hunter,
Henschel, & Ray, 2013). In general, leopards prefer prey weight ranges between 10–40kg ungulates, with a preferred mean prey weight of 23 kg (Hayward et al., 2006).
Some studies in rainforests suggest that leopards may hunt arboreal primates when they
descend on the ground or get carrion (Hart et al., 1996; Zuberbühler & Jenny, 2002). On
the other hand, McLester et al., (2018) reported an observation of leopard hunting on anarboreal primate 4m above ground in the trees. Leopard predation pressure on primates
may be significant in open habitats than in tropical forests, because broken canopy andlow tree height may disturb arboreal primates escape successfully. However, there is no
study of diet of leopards which is conducted in open habitat with arboreal primates.
Therefore, further study is needed to reveal their predation pressure on arboreal
primates in open-habitats.
This study was conducted in Kasoje area, Mahale Mountains National Park,
Tanzania. The density of middle-sized ungulates weighing 10–40kg is scarce (Uehara &Ihobe, 1998). On the other hand, arboreal primates weighing less than 10kg inhabit inhigh density. The vegetation of Mahale is transitional between savanna and tropicalforest; broken canopy and low tree height compared to rainforests.
I collected 256 leopard scats along trails from 2014 to 2017, and extracted bones andhairs were then identified macroscopically and microscopically. The analysis revealed
that blue duiker (Philantomba monticola) were the most dominant prey species,
followed by red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus). Primates were most dominant for
the Order level, which occupied 53.2% of relative biomass consumed.
Density of arboreal primates in Mahale is higher than in tropical forests, but therelative biomass consumed of arboreal primates in Mahale was higher than in tropicalforests. The broken canopy and low tree height may help leopards to hunt arboreal
primates easily.

55

P-17

Insights on low-frequency (rumbles) vocalizations in free-ranging
Asian elephants
Nachiketha Sharma1, 2*, Shiro Kohshima1, Raman Sukumar2
1

2

Wildlife Research center of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India* nachi@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Several mammalian species use acoustic signals to communicate with conspecifics
for various ecological contexts such as mating, aggression, alarm, territory, etc. Thesesignals can be both short and long distances depending on traits of the species, habitat
and their social structure. For instance, elephants have a unique ability to communicate
both over short and long distances by using low-frequency (rumbles) vocalizations.
Studies of African elephants have reported that these vocalizations can reach as far as
1.5 km carrying information on their reproductive status, for contacting separated
individuals, to establish hierarchy and to avoiding competitions. However, use andfunction of rumbles in free-ranging Asian elephants is virtually unknown. In this study,
we make an attempt to understand how Asian elephants use rumbles to communicate
with conspecifics, by following them on foot in forests of Southern India. Unlike
African elephants, Asian elephants live in a smaller group, in a fission-fusion type ofsociety, and do not seem to show hierarchical social structures. We found that Asianelephants use rumbles in various contexts, but predominantly as contact calls. The mean
fundamental frequency of rumbles produced during social interactions is generally
around 25Hz, suggesting that elephants can adjust the frequencies of the call dependingon the inter-individual distance. Rumbles were also used as ‘alarm’ calls when disturbed
along with other high-frequency call-types and showed clear frequency modulations
when compared with rumbles during social interactions. Adult females seem to use
rumbles often when compared with young ones. These insights indicate that Asianelephants use rumbles as one of the primary call-types to communicate with theirconspecifics. However, further studies are require to understand how Asian elephants
use rumbles as long-distance communication calls with respect to their habitats.

56

P-18

The diet and distribution of the elephants in the Kibale National Park,
Republic of Uganda
Moe Yanagi1*, Gen’Ichi Idani1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* yanagi.moe.25n@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

In Kibale National Park (KNP), Uganda, Africa, the density of elephants has
increased more than 300% from 2001 to 2003 due to the migration of elephants fromthe Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) into Uganda. This increase in elephantpopulation density in KNP has led a rise in human-elephants conflicts within the region.
This migration has resulted in recent genetic analyses that document the hybridization
between savanna elephant (Loxodonta Africana) and forest elephant (L. cyclotis) in thisarea. Despite recent interest in the elephants of KNP, little is known about elephantranging patterns and behavior. A better understanding of elephant behavior is needed tomore effectively deal with human-elephant conflicts, as well as promote the elephantconservation.
This study focuses on quantifying elephant habitat preference in KNP. I conductedline transect censuses in a variety of vegetation types during both the dry and wet
seasons of 2017-18. Distance sampling of dung counts was performed along transects.
Survey were also conducted along the border of the KNP to assess patterns in elephantoccurrence relative to villages and vegetation types.
Totally 1034 dungs were detected during the study period. Results show that thefrequency of habitat use was significantly higher in secondary forests and grasslands
than in undisturbed forests. The number of elephant occurrences near the KNP borderwere higher in dry season than in rainy season, and they often occurred along the edgesof secondary forest.
These results suggest that secondary forests and grasslands are important habitat forelephant in KNP, and the villages near these habitats are at high risk of crop-raiding by
elephants especially in the dry season. This research contributes important informationthat can be used to predict elephant behavior and inform management practices aimed atpreventing damage to agriculture and community livelihoods in villages surrounding
KNP.

57

P-19

Diet of forest elephants by fecal analysis at Moukalaba, Gabon: Does body size matter?
Mayuko Nomoto1*
1

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* nomoto.mayuko.27r@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Elephants are polygamic herbivores and they have large sexual dimorphism. In suchherbivores, it has been proposed that they have intraspecific variations in feeding
patterns according to body size. However, in case of elephants, few studies havefocused on dietary changes in relation to differences in body size with growth.
Compared to savanna elephants, less has been known about food choices of the forest
elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). Thus, the objective of this study is to clarify their diet byfecal analysis and to see if there are any dietary differences according to dung size (apossible proxy for body size). I conducted field work in and around Moukalaba-Doudou
National Park, Gabon, from September 2018 to Febrary 2019. Fifty-eight fresh intact
piles of forest elephant feces from September to November were already analyzed. I
measured diameters of several boluses from each fecal pile on site and one bolus wasbrought back to the research station to analyze feeding contents. After washing anddrying, food remains in feces were divided into six categories: dicotyledonous leaves;wooden materials; fruits; monocotyledonous leaves (without Marantaceae) including
fine fibers; Marantaceous leaves; and piths. Twenty-three fruit species were identified.
The proportions of dicotyledonous leaves and wooden materials had positive
correlations with dung diameter, and the proportion of monocotyledonous leaves had
negative correlation. These results suggest that small young individuals have thetendency to eat monocotyledonous leaves more frequently than large aged individuals in
Moukalaba. This inference is made because there were more monocotyledonous shootsin savanna than in forest during this period and such shoots may be easier for younger
elephants to digest.

58

P-20

Whistle characteristic of wild Indo-Pacific Bottlenose dolphins(Tursiops aduncus) in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
Mi Yeon Kim1*, Shiro Kohshima1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* miyeonkim88@gmail.com

Dolphin vocalization mediates complex social behavior and navigation whileobtaining information on the environment. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops
aduncus, produce numerous type of acoustic emission including clicks, pulsed signals,
and tonal calls. Tonal calls are the diverse repertoire of whistles and signature whistles
for communication which exhibits a variation between geographically separated
populations of T. aduncus. Therefore, the baseline study of whistle characteristic is anecessity when investigating a novel population. A relatively unknown andunhabituated population of T. aduncus is found in the largest island of the Korean
peninsula, Jeju Island. This population utilizes inshore habitat around the island andexhibit geographic isolation. The whistle characteristic, including whistle class, numberof contour inflections, and number of harmonics, beginning frequency, end frequency,
maximum frequency, minimum frequency, and duration were measured as the first stepto understand the vocalization of Jeju Island dolphin population. For the first time, adescription of undisturbed whistles of Jeju dolphin population is made. Using thisbaseline data, fine-scale investigation of vocalization and behavior will be conducted in
the future. Furthermore, the effect of a suddenly increased inshore anthropogenic
activities on the vocalization and behavior of Jeju dolphin population will be monitored
as part of the long-term conservation plan.

59

P-21

How bottlenose dolphins used human competitor cues?
Chisato Yamamoto1*, Nobuyuki Kashiwagi2, Risa Nikaido2 and Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
2
Kagoshima City Aquarium, Kagoshima, Japan* kurousagi0914@gmail.com

Some animals including chimpanzees have abilities of joint attention or using
pointing cue. In addition, chimpanzees may use reaching cues more skillful in acompetitive context than in a cooperative one. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
may use the pointing cue or face direction of the trainer. In contrast, the other studies
suggest that dolphins pay attention to the trainers’ gestural sign rather than their headdirection. However, the effect of social context did not well understand. We
investigated what kind of human’s attention was recognized by bottlenose dolphins.
Participates were one adult male, Luster, and one adult female, Tenten, in Kagoshima
City Aquarium. Two basketballs were placed on the poolside Dolphins dropped down
the ball on the water surface and gave it the trainer by the gestural sign of the trainer.
However, one of the two balls was hindered by the experimenter to drop it. The
experimenter gave six types of cues to aim the ball. The first condition was single
condition that one experimenter stood behind one ball and reached her hand for it. The
second was two-person condition that one experimenter stood behind one ball andreached her hand for it, but the other experimenter stood behind the ball with her backto it (she did not impede the dolphin). Thirdly, in the face condition, one experimenterstood between the balls and set her face toward either ball. The fourth condition wasback that one experimenter stood behind either ball with her back to the ball (i.e., thedolphin was not impeded by the experimenter). The fifth condition was motion 1 thatthe experimenter stood between the balls and try to reach one ball to exaggerate motion.
The last condition was motion 2 that the experimenter stood between the ball andreached the ball to the slight motion. One session consisted of 10 trials. Dolphins were
tested for 10 sessions for each condition. Luster used single, motion 1 and motion 2
cues above chance level for first 5 sessions. In addition, the success rate of single, back,motion 1 and motion 2 cues was higher than two persons and face conditions. Tenten
used single, two persons, motion 1 and motion2 cues above chance level for first 5
sessions. The success rate of single, back and motion 2 was higher than two persons,face and motion 1. In back condition, both individuals choose the ball that theexperimenter did not stand behind more frequently. Success rate of first 5 sessions did
not differ it of second 5 sessions. These results suggest that dolphins used movementcue rather than face or reaching direction.

60

P-23

Community-based Conservation and Forest Management in Masindi
District, Uganda: Preliminary Observation Using Camera Traps
Tamaki Shimegi1*1

Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

shimegi.tamaki.42u@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Population growth, farmland expansion and economic development are crucial
factors that impede forest and wildlife conservation programs. In Uganda, a rapid
population increase has been causing high demand on agricultural land, and many
human-wildlife conflicts are reported. To solve these problems, the Ugandan
government has resettled villages that were near national parks to increase landavailability and maintain the protected ecological areas. In 1996, USAID and the
Ugandan government resettled the village of Alimugonza, Masindi. A section of anearby forest was designated as the Community Forest, meant to provide villagers withsustainable resources. Since the area is well known for rich agricultural land,
Alimugonza has been the destination of migrants from across Uganda.
After the completion of the resettlement, there has been very limited long-term
observation of how the Community Forest is being utilized and maintained by theresidents of the village. Due to the population increase, the villagers have attempted to
expand their crop fields and the Community Forest has become isolated from theneighboring Murchison Falls National Park. The area is also decreasing from 0.3km2 inearly 2000s to 0.17 km2 in 2018. Crop damage from wildlife became much morecommon in the newly opened fields. Here I introduce the wildlife observed in and near
the isolated Community Forest through direct observation and camera traps. I observed
three primates, which were Anubis baboons (Papio anubis), Abyssinian colobi(Colobus guereza), and Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), and some othermammals and birds. Some videos strongly suggest that groups of P. anubis travel to andfrom the villagers’ fields near the Community Forest. Despite the villagers’ efforts toresolve the human-wildlife conflicts, a mutually beneficial resolution is difficult to finddue to the close proximity of villagers’ crop fields and forests, and to growing demand
for agricultural land.

61

P-24

Understanding Community People’s Perception of Animals Living inProtected Areas: A Case of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park,
UgandaRyoma Otsuka1*
1

Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* ryoma.otsuka87@gmail.com

Human-Wildlife conflict is one of the most major issue in wildlife conservation.
Especially, crop-raiding by animals living in protected areas is major threat tocommunity people. Estimating the actual amount of crop loss is essential as a first stepfor the government to deal with the issue. Understanding the community people’s
perception of problematic animals, however, is also very important because the former
does not often correspond to the later. Thus, in the present study, community people’s
perception of problematic animals was studied in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park,
Uganda, where the actual amount of crop loss has already been estimated before.
During 7 months of fieldwork, participant observation, semi-structured interviews andfocus group discussions with community people were conducted and risk map was
drawn. Baboons were perceived as the most problematic animals and followed bygorillas, monkeys, bush-pigs and so on. Compared to the previous study, the overall
trend was similar but gorillas received more attention by community people than theactual crop damage caused by them. This might be because crop-raiding by gorillasbecame more frequent than before or gorillas tend to receive more attention as gorillas
were perceived as the main source of income for community people.

62

P-25

Consumption of bonobo meat among Bongando ethnic group in
DRCongoAya Yokotsuka1*
1

Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* aya.yokotsuka@gmail.com

Bushmeat hunting is one of the biggest threats to the great apes in Central Africa. The
Bongando ethnic group in Democratic Republic of Congo traditionally has a taboo
against eating bonobos (Pan paniscus). The reason why Bongando avoid eating bonobo
is because they believe bonobos are from same ancestors with Bongando. Also bonobos
have a no tail, so bonobos are not animals but humans in Bongando’s animal taxonomy.
However, researching other villages, the situation revolving around bonobos isdramatically different. This study aims to examine how local perceptions towards
bonobos become diversified within and beyond the reserve.
I conducted a survey questionnaire to 961 Bongando people living in 8 villages toinquire their human-bonobo interactions. Two of the villages surveyed are from thereserve and five are from the non-protected areas. Results show that the perception
towards the bonobos differed between the people from the reserve and the nonprotected areas. In the reserve, bonobo research has been continued over 40 years.
People from the reserve tend to avoid eating bonobo due to their traditional beliefs
and benefit from the bonobo research. The support from the bonobo researchencourages the preservation of the bonobos in the reserve. Conversely, people from thenon-protected areas are inclined to eat bonobo. This can be seen especially in the agegroup between 20 and 40. Furthermore, the availability of bonobo meat in these areas
tends to be high in the villages from the non-protected areas.
According to my interviews, villagers hunt bonobos not for only sale.
This mean is villagers who hunt bonobos, and also consume bonobo meat by themself.
It is assumed that cultural interchanges have been accelerated after civil wars.
Plantations around villages were collapsed, so people go to cities to get work.
The traditional taboo of bonobo is disappearing rapidly and the situation is critical in
the non-protected areas.

63

P-27

Conservation through disgust and public health:Introducing a new framework
Cécile Sarabian1*, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan* sarabiancecile@gmail.com

In a growing world of 7.7 billion people, large mammals are particularly at risk ofextinction; direct killing by humans, agricultural expansion and logging being theprincipal causes. Consequently, this human proximity favors the emergence of
infectious diseases causing additional threats to these species. Different strategies, suchas the construction of protected areas, anti-poaching patrols, crop-raiding deterrents andelectric fencing, as well as awareness campaigns and sanitary precautions, are used tomitigate these threats but fast declines require simultaneous policy decisions and local
action. Scientists studying large, endangered mammals in their natural habitats may playa great role in bridging decision-making with applications on the ground. Here, we
propose a new framework linking the adaptive system of disgust to conservation issues
by focusing on eco-tourism and human-wildlife conflict. The situation at numerous fieldsites shows that eco-tourism can negatively impact the behavior and health of criticallyendangered great apes because tourists do not always respect the precautionary rules
recommended by the IUCN, such as keeping a minimum distance of 7 m and wearing
masks. These species, and the tourists themselves, are thereby put at greater risk ofinfectious disease transmission, not to mention aggression from the animals they areobserving. As such, our own sense of disgust could be used in a behavioral change
campaign, similar to the one used in public health through the promotion of handwashing, by exposing eco-tourists to pictures or olfactory compounds associated with
infectious diseases that could put the apes and/or themselves at risk. Such campaigns
could easily be tested by observing whether the rules are better respected during thevisits with and without these treatment measures. Moreover, an animal’s system of
disgust could also be used to mitigate human-wildlife conflict, for example bydeveloping crops with tastes or smells that are aversive to elephants or non-humanprimates and thus induce a conditioned taste-aversion or olfaction-based aversion thatmitigates crop-raiding. These ideas could be extended to other aspects of conservationand public health concern, and replicated at different sites with different species, taking
into account the epidemiology of infection risk for each human-wildlife interface anddesigning adequate campaigns to combat it.

64

P-28

A visitor survey at the Kyoto City Zoo：
Does environmental enrichment facilitate visitors’ learning?
Momoko Oka11*, Sachiko Seko2, Yumi Yamanashi1,21Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
Kyoto city Zoo, Kyoto, Japan* mo2usacoeur@gmail.com

Environmental enrichment is one of the many devices used to improve the welfare ofzoo animals and is being actively addressed to many zoos in recent years. Enrichment is
not only beneficial for animals, but it is also said to have a positive impact on the zoo
visitors. Education in the zoo is known to play a major role in promoting ex-situ
conservation, and enrichment may be effective in strengthening the educational effect.
However, the effect of enrichment on visitors’ education has hardly been verified.
Therefore, in this study, we examined whether the impression of visitors to tigers andtheir absorption rate of knowledge on tigers are affected by the presence of enrichment
or not.
We organized an educational talk event in front of enclosures of Amur tigers twice a
day between February and March 2018: at 10 AM when the tigers used enrichment, andat 2 PM when the tigers were sleeping or resting. After the event, we conductedquestionnaire surveys on those who came to listen to the talk. As a control, we also
conducted questionnaire surveys when there was no talk. In the questionnaire, we asked
about the enrichment, the images and impressions of wild and captive tigers, ecologicalknowledge of tigers which was explained at the educational talk. Even though visitors
listened to the same educational talk, listening while watching the tigers actually using
enrichment made it easier to leave an impression, and also it increased their absorption
rate of knowledge, compared to listening while watching the tigers inactive. By
conducting educational activities with enrichment, it would be a catalyst for visitors tobring animal welfare and conservation consciousness.

65

P-29

Genetic monitoring of the Japanese golden eagle using neutral andfunctional genetic loci
Annegret M Naito*1, Yu Sato1, Taku Maeda2 and Miho Inoue-Murayama1
1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health, Morioka, Japan* annegret.naito.42m@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The Japanese golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos japonica) is an endangered subspecies
inhabiting Japan and parts of Korea. Its population size and breeding success has been
declining over the past decades due to habitat loss and poorly managed forestry
practices, and it is said that the number of wild individuals is a low as 500. To reduce
further heightening of extinction risk, it is crucial to maintain adequate levels of genetic
diversity, as this is an important factor in avoiding inbreeding depression and its
associated risks (e.g. increased susceptibility to disease and reduced adaptability tochanges in the environment). Hence, it is necessary to conduct genetic studies to better
inform conservation strategies of the Japanese golden eagle. Previous studies of thissubspecies have focused on population genetics, such as estimating the genetic diversityof captive and wild populations, as well as simulating historical and future population
sizes. We are building on currently available knowledge to progress the conservation
genetics of the Japanese golden eagle. Specifically, we are using genetic markers forindividual identification and population monitoring – information which can be used to
track changes in population size and individual movement over time and space. Samples
from wild Japanese golden eagles are provided by collaborators in the field, and thosefrom captive individuals are given to us by zoos participating in the captive breeding
program. Currently, we have produced a dataset with over 60 samples using 16
microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA. Analyses indicate relatively high levelsof genetic variation, low degree of inbreeding, and feasibility of generating genetic
profiles for individual identification using microsatellite markers. We are currently
developing additional microsatellite markers to improve the precision and power ofsuch analyses, especially for determining kinship. So far, we have developed primers
for 50 markers, and are in the process of testing amplification success andpolymorphisms for each. In the future we wish to expand our research to encompass
functional genes. At the moment, we plan to study the genetic diversity of the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, which have immunological and reproductivefunctions. In short, we plan to study various genetic markers to address questions whichhave potential implications for conservation of wild and captive Japanese golden eagles.

66

P-30

Conservation genetics for the Ryukyu flying fox
Yuto Taki1*, Christian E. Vincenot2, Yu Sato1 and Miho Inoue-Murayama1
1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* sakyoulemmus@gmail.com

There are 122 mammal species in Japan, and 37 of them are bats. The Ryukyu flyingfox (Pteropus dasymallus) is one of the bat species in Japan, distributed in the Ryukyu
archipelago, Taiwan, and possibly the Philippines, and is divided into 5 subspecies.
They mainly eat fruits, nectar, and sometimes leaves, and has an important role inpollination and seed dispersal. Although they are listed as VU (vulnerable) in IUCNRed List, few genetic analyses have been conducted for their conservation. The purposeof this study is to evaluate genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and gene flow of
the Ryukyu flying fox between islands. At first, we conducted mtDNA haplotype
analysis with the samples collected in 8 islands where one of the subspecies P.d.
yaeyamae live. We identified 39 haplotypes in 526bp of the control region of 142
samples. 14 haplotypes were shared between some islands, and haplotype network forthe 8 islands did not show any clear genetic structure. This might be because of
migration between islands, but individual identification is needed to check actual gene
flow. Also, some haplotypes were only found in particular islands, so there might besome genetic structure which could not be revealed by mtDNA analysis. Therefore, wedeveloped microsatellite markers for further analyses to investigate genetic structureand gene flow between islands by identifying individuals. We designed 50 sets ofprimers and tested them to choose highly polymorphic markers. These markers will help
us to get genetic information necessary for conservation of the Ryukyu flying fox.

67

P-31

Cryptic species in Hipposideros diadema (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)
from Sabah, Malaysian-Borneo
Noor Haliza Hasan1*, Nur Ain Awatif Mohd Kanapiah2, and Azniza Mahyudin1
1

Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia
2
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia* hhaliza@ums.edu.my

Hipposideros diadema or the Diadem leaf-nosed bat is a species found throughout theSoutheast Asia and the Australasia region. It requires a large cave for roosting which
presumably restrict its movement in general. Combination of specific ecologicalrequirement and physical geographic barrier are major factors which lead to species
evolution and speciation. A preliminary genetic data of two H. diadema populations
from the Banggi Island, Kudat and the Gomantong Cave, Sandakan from Sabah (North
Borneo) suggested a probable existence of unrecognized cryptic species within thediadema group of the Hipposideros spp. High genetic divergence (>20%) of thecytochrome b gene of individuals from both populations warrant further research on the
H. diadema populations from Sabah and its adjacent islands. Phylogeny reconstructionof H. diadema from Sabah will benefit the state in terms of its wildlife conservation
management.

68

P-33

Can female orangutans estimate male’s coercive tendency by engaging
intersexual food transfer?
Tomoyuki Tajima1* and Titol P. Malim2
1

Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
2
Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia*

tajima@jinrui.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Transfer of food plays a key role in human social life, which is also applicable for
non-human primates. To reveal the conditions favored by the evolution of food transfer,would thus be essential to understand the evolution of human sociality. This study aims
to clarify which of the predictions best explains the patterns of intersexual food transfer
in a free-ranging population of Bornean orangutans. We observed 90 cases ofintersexual food taking attempts (FTAs), and 51 of them resulted in the successfultransfer of food. My observations did not directly support food-for-food or food-for-sex
reciprocal exchanges but indicated that males were more likely to tolerate females’
FTAs for food transfer than the other way around. This can be interpreted as that males
might utilize such food transfer interactions to make associations with females morerelaxed, which may serve to increase reproductive success on a long-term basis. The
proportion of males’ coercive food snatching from resisting female possessors has asignificant positive effect on the proportion of male’s coercive genital inspections ofresisting females. Given the relationship, females may be able to estimate a male’s
sexual coerciveness by engaging in food transfer interactions with them.

69

P-34

The understanding of body structures in chimpanzees: conspecifics
and other species
Jie Gao1 *, Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*

gao.jie.87c@kyoto-u.jp

The recognition of bodies of conspecifics’ and other species’ is vital for animals tolive. In this study, we investigated the understanding of body structures in chimpanzees,
both of chimpanzee bodies, and of bodies of other species. Previous studies have foundthat chimpanzees show the body inversion effect to intact chimpanzee bodies, but not toother objects, including houses. It suggests that they use configural processing for intact
bodies of conspecifics.
We used scrambled chimpanzee bodies and other species’ bodies with different
postures to test whether they use the same way to perceive them as with intact
chimpanzee bodies by examining the inversion effect. Seven chimpanzees engaged inmatching-to-sample tasks on touch screens. If they chose the one that was the same as
the sample out of multiple alternatives, it was a correct choice and they would get food
reward. All stimuli were upright in some trials, and in other trials, all stimuli wereinverted. If the accuracy in the upright trials is higher than inverted ones, then there isan inversion effect.
For the conspecifics, they showed no inversion effect for bodies with abnormal bodypart arrangement, and showed the inversion effect for bodies with abnormal body partproportion. It suggests that chimpanzees are more sensitive to body part arrangement
when they process bodies of conspecifics.
For other species, they showed the inversion effect to the conditions of “crawlinghumans” and “horses”, which they have never seen yet share the quadrupedal postureswith them. It suggests that chimpanzees use embodied experience when processing
other species. They also received two conditions with bipedal human bodies doing
familiar and unfamiliar postures, and they only showed the inversion effect in thecondition with familiar postures. It suggests that chimpanzees also use visual experience
when processing other species. We also tested 33 preschoolers using the similar
methods with the stimuli of humans, chimpanzees (that they were not familiar with),horses, and houses. They showed the inversion effect to humans, chimpanzees, andhorses. Therefore, children seem to utilize the visual experience more than chimpanzees.
In summary, our study shows that chimpanzees have knowledge about the body part
arrangement of conspecifics’ bodies, and they use embodied as well as visualexperience in processing other species’ bodies. Additionally, children utilize the visualexperience more in processing other species’ bodies than chimpanzees.

70

PWS Buddha Seminar

環境省レンジャーの業務紹介
⽇時：2019年３⽉３⽇（⽇）

14:00〜15:00

会場：京都⼤学北部構内

理学研究科セミナーハウス

⾔語：⽇本語（Language：JAPANESE）－内容－『環境省レンジャーの仕事〜国⽴公園管理を中⼼に〜』
福島誠⼦（京都⼤学野⽣動物研究センター特定助教／環境省⾃然系技官）『霞ヶ関での２年間』

⽥和優⼦（環境省⾃然環境局野⽣⽣物課希少種保全推進室）
会場位置図

質疑応答の時間もあります。
気軽にご参加ください！

ここ主催：京都⼤学 霊⻑類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング⼤学院

プログラム紹介
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS））
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS））では、京都大学の基本目標である地球社会の調和ある発展に向け、現場力、世霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（
界を相手に地球社会の未来をデザインする能力、ならびに我が国の海外展開に欠かせない俯瞰力と国際性に富むリーダーを養成します。
霊長類学は日本発の、そして日本が世界を牽引する稀有な学問であり、近年、霊長類学を基盤にし、大型の絶滅危惧種を対象にした「ワイルドラ「ワイルドライフサイエンス」という新興の学問分野が確立されつつあります。そこで必要とされているのは、フィールドワークを基盤として、人間のこころ・からフィールドワークを基盤として、人間のこころ・から
イフサイエンス」
だ・くらし・ゲノムを包括的に理解しつつ、「地球社会の調和ある共存」を目指す実践活動です。
だ・くらし・ゲノムを包括的に理解しつつ、「地球社会の調和ある共存」を目指す実践活動
学問としては最先端を担っていながら、欧米にあって日本に明確に欠けているものが３つあります。(1)生物保全の専門家として国連や国際機関・
生物保全の専門家として国連や国際機関・国際NGO等で働く若手人材、(2)博物館・動物園・水族館等におけるキュレーター、および、生息地で展開する博物館動物園としての「フィールド
国際等で働く若手人材、 博物館・動物園・水族館等におけるキュレーター、および、生息地で展開する博物館動物園としての「フィールド
ミュージアム」構想の具現者、 (3)長い歳月をかけて一国を対象としたアウトリーチ活動を担う実践者。
長い歳月をかけて一国を対象としたアウトリーチ活動を担う実践者。これら日本が抱える３つの欠陥を逆に伸びし長い歳月をかけて一国を対象としたアウトリーチ活動を担う実践者。
ろと考えます。研究・教育・実践の新たな展開の場と捉え、学問と実践をつなぐグローバルリーダーの育成を目指します。
プログラムの詳細はHP（（http://www.wildlife-science.org/））を参照してください。

1

2

3

絶滅危惧種保全
絶滅危惧種保全の保全の専門家として専門家として国連
として国連や国際国連や国際機関・国際NGO
機関・国際NGO等で働く若手人材
NGO等で働く若手人材

博物館・動物園・水族館等の博物館・動物園・水族館等のキュレーター
（博士学芸員）長い歳月をかけて一国を対象としたアウトリー
チ活動を担う実践者
活動を担う実践者

目に見える国際貢献：専門性・語学力・
フィールドワーク経験を持つ人材
フィールドワーク経験を持つ人材を輩出持つ人材を輩出

専門的知識・経験を発揮し、社会に貢献
専門的知識・経験を発揮し、社会に貢献するキャリアパスするキャリアパス

京都大学のフィールドワークの伝統と蓄積：
現地目線でニーズを発信、日本の具体的貢献を提言できるリーダー

同窓運営組織を作って相互交流・連携と次世代育成を図る

国際性を身につけた実践者の育成カリキュラム
プログラム運営委員

外部評価委員会

担当教員
担当教員◆フィールドワーク実習
国内フィールドワーク実習
海外フィールドワーク実習◆国際連携機関との交流◆野外研究の基礎となる学問の習得◆語学

国際連携機関

◆国内実験施設での研修

グローバル30
グローバル30プログラムでの実績がある英語での入試・教育・学位授与
30プログラムでの実績がある英語での入試・教育・学位授与◆理学研究科生物科学専攻の8◆理学研究科生物科学専攻の8月試験（4月試験（4月入学）の通常入試◆平成21◆平成21年から実施済の春秋入学の国際入試：外国籍の者だけ受験
21年から実施済の春秋入学の国際入試：外国籍の者だけ受験

海外フィールドワーク拠点と連携協定の締結先

フィールド実習のための国内拠点
妙高高原笹ヶ峰ヒュッテ

アマゾン・コンゴ・ボルネオの
アマゾン・コンゴ・ボルネオの世界３大熱帯
大きな赤丸)に
世界３大熱帯林
３大熱帯林(大きな赤丸
大きな赤丸
研究教育拠点をもつ

熊本サンクチュアリ
野生動物研究センター
d
f
g

e
b
a

公益財団法人
日本モンキーセンター

c
h
１０
１０

１１
１１

９
９
３
３

１２
１２

PWSハウス屋久島
ハウス屋久島

７
７
１
１

２
２

５
５
１３
１３

１４
１４

４
４
６
６

８
８

幸島観察所
霊長類研究所霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院を霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院を履修するには履修するには霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS）は、5年一貫教育プログラムです。大学院修士1年生 (M1) から履修を認められた者をL1とし、L2、L3、L4、L5と進級し、5年間で修了します。PWS
PWSは、従来の大学院課程と並行して進むプログラムであり、履修することによって現在の所
PWSは、従来の大学院課程と並行して進むプログラムであり、履修することによって現在の所属先を変更する必要はありません。本プログラムを履修するためには、次の条件がどちらも必須です。
属先を変更する必要はありません。
１. 京都大学の大学院生であること：
京都大学の大学院生であること：
理学研究科生物科学専攻の大学院生になる必要があります。なお、他の研究科の大学院生はお問い合わせください。
２. 本プログラムの履修を申請し認められること：本プログラムの履修を申請し認められること：
日本人も外国人も同じ手続きです。なお履修対象者は、その時点での修士1年生（L1生と呼びます）か、いわゆる博士課程からの編入生（L3生と呼びます）を対象にします。例年1月中旬に次年度の履修生の募集要項を公開し、3月上旬に試験を実施します。秋入学者は日程が異なります。

カリキュラム
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS））
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS）が、生物科学専攻・霊長類研究所・野生動物研究センターとも協同して提供するカリ
キュラムの内容と日程を紹介します。必修科目の実習は、理学研究科の正式科目として登録されています。なお、実施日時は変更する場合があります。詳細はhttp://www.wildlife-science.org/ja/curriculum/を参照してください。
PWSの履修やカリキュラムの内容に関する問い合わせはinfo@wildlife-science.orgまでどうぞ。

▼ 必修科目
必修科目 最初の2
最初の2年間で必ず履修する「修士課程相当分」◎インターラボ◎幸島実習◎屋久島実習◎ゲノム実習◎動物園/◎動物園/博物館実習

京都市動物園・生態学研究
センター・原子炉実験所・瀬戸臨海実験所・霊長類研究
所・日本モンキーセンター
を回り、生物科学専攻における広範囲な研究領域の概略を学びます。

日本の霊長類学の発祥の地である宮崎県幸島において、天然記念物である幸
島の野生ニホンザルを観察して、糞の採集から食物となった植物を同定するな
ど、各自がくふうしたテーマ
で研究を行い、野外研究の基礎を学びます。

世界遺産の島・屋久島
で、海外の学生との研究交流も兼ねて、タンザ
ニア、インド、マレーシアの大学院生とともに英語を公用語としたフィール
ドワークを行います。採取した試料は、続いて行
われるゲノム実習で使用します。

屋久島で採取した試料を使って、実験と解析を行います（初心者コース／次世代シーケンサーを駆使した高度なコース）。屋久島
実習に引き続き参加する海外の大学院生を交えて、実習の公用語は英語です。フィールドでのサンプリングと、それに続くゲノム分析を通して経験することで、フィールドワークもラボワークも行える研究者を養成します。得られた成果をもとに、最終日には国際シンポジウムでポスター発表（英語）を行います。

PWSの学外連携施設日本
モンキーセンターにおいて、キュレーター・飼育技術員
を講師としたレクチャーを受け、現場で飼育実習を行い、教育普及活動にも参加します。PWSの３つの出口のうちのひとつである「博士学芸員」の仕事について学
ぶとともに、霊長類及びワイルドライフサイエンスの環
境教育の実践に触れます。

2018/04/03-08

霊長類研究所：2018/04/22-28
野生動物研究センター：
2018/05/06-12

前期：2018/05/19-26
後期：2018/11/3-9

前期：2018/07/07-09
後期：TBD（2018/02/08-10）

前期：2018/05/28-06/01
後期：2018/11/12-16

2017年度
年度実施例
年度実施例：
実施例：◎比較認知科学
比較認知科学実習
認知科学実習／実習／
動物福祉実習
動物福祉実習比較認知科学研究の基礎を学ぶために、チンパンジー（霊長類研究所＝PRI：比較認知科学実習）とボノボ（熊本サンクチュアリ＝KS：動物福祉実習）を対象とした認知実験や行動観察の手技を習得します。
PRIでは、霊長類とは異なる環境に適応してきた有蹄類であるウマについてもその行動観
察を行います。

◎笹ヶ峰実習◎笹ヶ峰実習（無雪期/
無雪期/積雪期）◎自主フィールドワーク実習

京都大学笹ヶ峰ヒュッテ（新潟県妙高市：標高1300mの高原）において、生物観察や火打山（標高2462ｍ）登山や夜間のビバーク体験（戸外での緊急露営）を通して、フィールドワー
クの基礎となるサバイバル技術を学びます。
無雪期：2018/07/17-20
積雪期：2019/03/16-20

PRI：2018/09/10-12
KS：2018/10/23-26

自主企画の海外研修を行うことで、履修生の自発的なプランニング能力の向上を図り、出口となる保全の専門家や、キュレーターや、アウトリーチ活動の実践者の育成につなげます。
各自で企画

2017/08/01-10/01（L1＠ウガンダ）：野生アフリカゾウの生息地利用および食性調査
2017/05/11-08/06（L2＠ポルトガル）：
ポルトガルにおける半野生ウマの行動研究
2017/02/01-07/21（L4＠コンゴ）：
野生ボノボのメスの移籍に関する発達的要因および社会・生態学的要因の研究
2017/02/16-06/21（L4＠インド）：
Vocal communication in Asian elephants
2017/05/08-09/11（L4＠タンザニア）：
タンザニアのカタビ国立公園におけるキリンの調査

学生の自主企画の集団実習も多数実施しています- 地獄谷・高崎山実習- キッズジャンボリー＠東京フォーラム- 小豆島実習- 知床シャチ実習- サンフランシスコ実習▼ 選択科目 最後の3
最後の3年間で必ずこのうちの１つを履修する「博士課程相当分」▼ 教養科目◎保全生物学研修◎動物福祉学研修◎アウトリーチ活動研修◎ブッダ・セミナー◎アシュラ・セミナー

国連・国際機関・NGO等での研修

博物館・動物園・水族館等での研修

一国を対象としたアウトリーチ
活動の研修

ＷＷＦ職員・大使・知事などの多様な講師陣によるセミ
ナーを随時開催しています。
公用語は定めていません。

英国・コンゴ・ブラジル・ブータンなどからの研究者・政府関係者を講師として、公用語が英語のセミナーを随時開催しています。

▼ 語学 「自学自習」「「自学自習」「現地習得」を支援- 母語以外の多言語学習を推奨します。なお、英語は必修で英語が母語のばあいは最低ひとつの他言語が必修です。その他の言語習得についても強く推奨します。

▼ 国際シンポジウム
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・国際シンポジウム
The International Symposiums on Primatology and Wildlife Science-

第1回：2014/03/06-09
第2回：2014/08/29-30
第3回：2015/03/05-08
第4回：2015/07/21-22
第5回：2016/03/03-06
第6回：2016/09/12-15-

第7回：2017/03/02-05
第8回：2017/09/26-28
第9回：2018/03/03-05
第10回：2018/09/22-24
第11回：2019/03/01-03

Introduction to the Program
Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS)
The Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS) strives to realize global well-being. The program aims to foster individuals
with the ability to make quick judgements about environmental issues and to design a future global society, while at the same time nurturing leadersindispensable for global action.
Japanese primatology has played a leading role in this unique academic endeavor. During recent years, the field of “Wildlife Science”, which targets
endangered species research, has begun to emerge. With fieldwork as its foundation, the fundamental aims of this field are a comprehensive
understanding of the human mind, body, life and genome, as well as hands-on activities that target the well-being of the world.
While on the frontlines of academic research, wildlife science in Japan lacks three important careers that already exist in the West: (1) Conservation
specialists with international organization, such as the United Nations and other NGOs; (2) Curators of museums, zoos, aquariums, and similar
institutions, particularly those that can develop and/or expand museums or zoos as a “field museums” in a specific habitat; and (3) Dedicatedindividuals that invest great lengths of time in outreach activities in specific countries and societies, the so-called “boots-on-the-ground” approach.
While providing a foundation for new research, education and hands-on experience, this program aims to nurture global leaders whose
accomplishments grow hand-in-hand with the larger academic field. For further details on the program, please refer to our HP.
（http://www.wildlife-science.org/）

1
Conservation specialists of internationalorganization(s) such as the United Nations andNGO
Significant international contributions:
Produce an individual that acquires
expertise, high linguistic skills, andexperience in fieldwork

2

3

Curator (Zoo, Museum, Aquarium, and the like)（Ph.D. level curator)
A career path in specialized knowledge,
demonstrating one’s experiences, andcontributing to society

Outreach workers investing a great length oftime in outreach activities in a specificcountry and societysociety
Expanding Kyoto University’s tradition:
Identifying the needs through onon-site fieldof view; a leader who can propose
significant contributions to JapanTo enhance a connection with the next generation by creating an organization that facilitates a mutual relationshipThe curriculum of a practitioner that acquired “internationality”
PWS Core Staff Members /Collaborators◆HandsHands-on fieldwork
Domestic fieldwork
International fieldwork
Supervisors / Mentors

External Evaluation Committee◆Relationship with International
Organizations
International Organizations◆Training at domestic facilities◆Acquiring the skills / Knowledge that
becomes the foundation for fieldwork◆Language Learning

English achievements received by entrance exam, education, and degree through the “Global 30” Project◆General admission to the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University (Entrance exam in August,August, Enrollment in April)◆International enrollment from Spring and Fall of 2009: entrance exam for foreign students only

Facilities for International Collaborations

Domestic Facilities for Fieldwork Courses
Sasagamine Hütte (cabin)in Myoko-kogen

We have field stations in 3 of thelargest tropical rain forest(Amazon, Congo, Borneo)

KUMAMOTO Sanctuary
Wildlife Research Center
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Japan Monkey Centre

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YAKUSHIMA Field Station“PWS House YAKUSHIMA”

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KOSHIMA Field Station

Primate ResearchInstituteThe enrollment process of the Leading Graduate Programin Primatology and Wildlife Science
The Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS) is a 5-year program. Students approved to join the PWS program from theirfirst year of Master’s program will progress from L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, and will complete the program in 5 years.
The PWS program is completed by students parallel to their existing Kyoto University master’s and doctoral programs. Therefore, students do notneed to change their supervisor or section/laboratory to join PWS. However, there are two necessary conditions for eligibility:
1. A graduate student of Kyoto University:
It is required to become a graduate student of the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science (Kyoto University). However, we are in theprocess of adjustment for students of other graduate departments to enroll in our program, so please do not hesitate to inquire.
2. To apply and receive approval to enroll into our program:
The process is the same for both Japanese natives and foreign students. Eligible students: 1st year Master’s students (will be called L1 student), or adoctoral students (will be called L3 student). Annually, we will disclose the guidelines for applicants in mid-January, and administer the entrance examin the beginning of March. The schedule for October-enrolled students is different. (http://www.wildlife-science.org/index-en.html)

Curriculum
Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS)
The following contents show the curriculum and schedule that the Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science offer. Credits
obtained through the mandatory courses can also be used as credit for Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University.
NOTE: Course schedules are subject to change. For more information, refer to the following site: http://www.wildlife-science.org/en/curriculum/
Please contact the following e-mail address for any questions about the curriculum of PWS: info@wildlife-science.org▼ MANDATORY COURSES (corresponds to Master course)◎Interdepartmental
Exchange “Inter“Inter-lab”◎KOSHIMA Field
Science Course◎YAKUSHIMA Field
Science Course◎Genome Science
CourseTo obtain a general idea of thediverse areas of study in the
Division of Biological Science,
Kyoto University. Visit thefollowing facilities in succession:
Kyoto City Zoo, Center for
Ecological Research (KU),
Research Reactor Institute (KU),
Seto Marine Biological Laboratory(KU), Primate Research Institute(KU), Japan Monkey Centre

To learn the basis of wildlife
research. Conduct observation on
wild Japanese macaques(protected species) in Koshima,
the birthplace of Japanese
primatology. Required to develop
independent research topic (e.g.,
Identification of food items infeces)To learn the basis of wildlife
research. Conduct fieldwork on
animals/plants in Yakushima, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
English is the official language in thiscourse to facilitate exchange ofideas with international participants,
e.g. from Tanzania, India, Malaysia
and elsewhere. Samples collectedduring the course will be used in thefollowing Genome Science Course.

Complementary to the Yakushima
Field Science Course. Designed forparticipants who expect to engage inboth laboratory work and fieldwork.
Beginner (direct sequencing) andadvanced (next generation
sequencing) courses are available.
English is the official language as in
the previous course. The samples
from Yakushima will be used toperform various experiments andanalyses. Students give a poster
presentation at the international
symposium scheduled on the last dayof this course.

PRI: Apr. 22th-28th, 2018
WRC: May 6th-12th, 2018

Spring: May 19th-26th, 2018
Fall: Nov. 3rd-9th, 2018

Apr. 3rd–8th, 2018

◎Zoo/Museum Course
To obtain practical experiencein environmental education in
the field of primatology/wildlife
science as well as to learn towork as a curator, one of thethree exit points of the PWS
program. This course provides
lectures by zoo technicians
and practical training as
zookeepers.
Place: Japan Monkey Centre
Spring: Jul. 7th-9th, 2018
Fall: TBD(Feb. 8th-10th, 2018)

Spring: May 28th-June 1st, 2018
Fall: Nov. 12th-16th, 2018

EXAMPLES (Academic Year 2017):◎Comparative Cognitive
Science Course /Animal Welfare Course
To learn the basis of comparative
cognitive science. Understand theprocedures in cognitive
experimentation and behavioral
observation. Work with:- Chimpanzees & Horses (Primate
Research Institute): Comparative
Cognitive Science Course- Bonobos (Kumamoto Sanctuary):
Animal Welfare Course
Comparative Cognitive Course：
Sep. 10th-12th, 2018
Animal Welfare Course:
Oct. 23rd-26th , 2018

◎ SASAGAMINE Field
Science Course◎Fieldwork(designed by each PWS student)(Non(Non-snow season / Snow Season)

Aug. 1st-Oct. 1st, 2017 (L1@UGANDA)：
Monitoring the lifestyle of African elephants in the Kibale
National Park, Uganda
Feb. 1st– Jul. 21st, 2017 (L4@DRCONGO):
A sex difference of mother offspring relationships inbonobo patrilineal societies
Feb. 16th– June 21st, 2017 (L4@INDIA):
Vocal communication in Asian elephants
May 8th– Sep. 11th, 2017 (L5@Tanzania):
Social structure and behavior of giraffe (giraffecamelopardalis) in Katavi National ParkTo develop skills in planning projects
To learn survival skills as the basis
aimed at one or more of the three exit
for future fieldwork. Activities include:
points (goals) of the PWS program (i.e.,- Wildlife observationconservation specialization, curation,- Climbing Hiuchi Mountain (2,420m)
outreach). Required to design/conduct- Night-time bivouac practicum
individual overseas training projects.
(improvised encampment)
Place: Kyoto University Sasagamine
Hütte (cabin) in Myoko-kogen(plateau at 1,300m elevation), Nigata
Many group fieldworks are designed by Students.
Prefecture- JIGOKUDANI/TAKASAKIYAMA
Non-snow Season:- Kids Jamboree@ TOKYO
Jul. 17th-20th, 2018
- SHODOSHIMA
Snow Season:- SHIRETOKO (Killer Whale)
Mar. 16th-20th, 2019
- San Francisco▼ LONGLONG-TERM INTERNSHIP TRAININGS (corresponds to Doctoral course)▼ LIBERAL ARTS SUBJECTS◎Conservation Biology
Internship Training◎Buddha Seminar

UN-related organizations and NGOs

◎Animal Welfare
Internship Training
Museums, Zoos and Aquariums◎Social OutreachInternship Training
Outreach activities in specificcountries and societies▼ LANGUAGE LEARNING“Self“Self-Study Paradigm”“Hands“Hands-on Experience through Fieldwork”
Students are required to become proficient in atleast one foreign language in addition to their native
language. English is required for all students whose
native language is not English. International
students whose native language is English arerequired to master another language of their choice.
Students are also strongly recommended to learn asecond foreign language.

◎Asura International
Seminar- Lectures from WWF officers,
ambassadors, governors, etc.
- Official language: not specified- Lectures from researchers,
government officials from theUnited Kingdom, Congo, Brazil,
Bhutan, etc.
- Official language: English▼ The International Symposiums
on Primatology and Wildlife Science-

The 1st: Mar. 06-08, 2014
The 2nd: Aug. 29-30, 2014
The 3rd: Mar. 05-08, 2015
The 4th: Jul. 21-22, 2015
The 5th: Mar. 03-06, 2016
The 6th: Sep. 12-15, 2016
The 7th: Mar. 02-05, 2017
The 8th: Sep. 26-28, 2017
The 9th: Mar. 03-05, 2018
The 10th: Sep. 22-24,2018
The 11th : Mar. 01-03, 2019