Journal of Natural Disaster Science, Volume 30, Number 2, 2009, pp71-82

Integrated Disaster Simulator using WebGIS and
its Application to Community Disaster Mitigation Activities

Jun TOBITA*
Nobuo FUKUWA*
Masafumi MORI**Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan(Received December 1, 2008 accepted June 14, 2009)
ABSTRACTThis paper describes a newly developed information system dedicated to promoting
the earthquake disaster mitigation practices of residents themselves. The system is basedon a type of simulator that presents realistic personal disaster scenarios, related to actual
seismic hazards, in order to help each resident gain awareness of his/her own hazard level,
and to comprehend the need and methodology for making preparations. The simulator
is built around a web-based online geographic information system known as WebGIS,
and integrates a series of subsystems that provide a number of features including a highresolution hazard map system capable of creating three-dimensional birds-eye overviews,
a system for evaluating earthquake ground motion at a specific location, as well as asystem for simulating earthquake effects and the possible collapse of a wooden house ata site (including the risks of falling indoor furniture). Furthermore, in order to provide
comprehensive information on seismic hazards and disaster mitigation, various related
programs that utilize online systems (including WebLog, Wiki and other interactive
interfaces) have been incorporated. The applications of these systems to community disastermitigation workshops in Nagoya City are described, together with the newly constructed
web systems and education facilities of the Aichi Prefectural government.
Keyword: Hazard map, Wooden house, Geographic information system, E-learning,
Workshops

1. INTRODUCTION

the collapse of up to 900,000 houses is possible andeconomic losses of up to 81 trillion yen (spread overmost of southwest Japan) could result (Cabinet Office,
Government of Japan, 2003). To mitigate the extent
of such a disastrous aftermath, the area’s civic population is being strongly encouraged to make their living and working environments as safe as possible, assoon as possible. The primary reason for the urgency
is the fact that the greatest amount of damage resulting from earthquakes worldwide has historically been

The Tokai area in Japan, which includes Nagoya
city, has previously been the site of many disastrous
earthquakes, and large earthquakes have been predicted for the Tokai, Tonankai and Nankai area along
the southwest Pacific coast of Japan in the near-term
future. If these earthquakes strike all three regions
simultaneously, massive damage will occur and as
many as 25,000 deaths could result. Additionally,71

J. TOBITA, N. FUKUWA, M. MORI

caused by collapsing buildings. While ideally, this is
the responsibility of building engineers, since mostbuildings are private assets, the effectiveness of any
building’s countermeasures also depends on the levelof awareness held by each resident, or in other words,
the individual sense of reality they have regarding thepotential earthquake damage risks they actually face.
Disaster mitigation activities have been investigated and implemented from various viewpoints(e.g. Matsuda and Okada, 2006, Show, 2009, Yamori,2007). In the present paper, we consider the situations
as follows to develop a series of systems and materials to encourage individual and local community activities.
The following four aspects are considered to befundamental for disaster mitigation activities: people,
knowledge, possessions, and money. For example, thepromotion of seismic retrofitting requires the development of citizens’ awareness of their own disaster risk
caused by their personal living environment (people),the establishment of laws and systems that promote
seismic retrofitting (knowledge and systems), the development of inexpensive and effective reinforcement
methods (possessions and technology), and the creation of programs and economic incentives (money).
The most important and difficult factor is the creationof awareness, especially in developed countries,
because the problems related to the other three viewpoints, have for the most part, been overcome. To develop citizens’ awareness, it is important to train theleaders tasked with the dissemination of information(people), develop effective methods for the dissemination of an effective disaster prevention education
curriculum (knowledge), create educational materials
for dissemination (possessions), and convince people
that the process is affordable (money).
The following steps are considered to be vital forresidents:a) Understanding disastersb) Convincing oneself of disaster risks and theircausesc) Honestly assessing individual risks based on
situationsd) Deciding on countermeasurese) Practicing individually
The first step a) requires data and materials suchas hazard maps and various types of printed information on earthquakes and disasters. Step b) includes thecontributions of experts and systems that can provide
insightful and intelligent appraisals of disaster risks
and their causes to each person. However, in Japan
most people who consider themselves familiar withdisaster mitigation topics remain locked in step a).
This is because it is difficult to create an environment
where people are willing to take steps b), c) and d) on
their own, as well as one where people can become
fully aware of the disaster risks they face and the actions they must take in response to them. Thus, it isvery important to find ways to encourage people toproceed forward smoothly in actual practice fromsteps b) to d). Rowan (1994) introduced a generalmodel for risk communication as CAUSE (Credibility,
Awareness, Understanding, Solutions and Enactment).
The steps from a) to d) in the present paper are moreindividual and may be more suitable for the situation
especially in disaster active countries such as in Japan.
These steps also require the efforts of people
who can motivate residents into obtaining a properlevel of awareness, as well as the production of usefuleducational materials. However, because the numberof disaster prevention experts is relatively small, it isdifficult for them to reach each resident directly. This
demonstrates that the development of each resident’s
awareness requires not only the cooperation and efforts of those various experts, but the participation ofmediators that have the ability to contact local residents is also needed. (These include volunteers, community leaders, non-profit organizations, mass media,
teachers, cooperatives, enterprise groups, and student
circles.) To motivate such people to participate indisaster prevention activities, it is first necessary tocultivate awareness and create environments wheresuch mediators can actively assist in the developmentof each resident. After they learn the causes of suchrisks, and find ways to avoid them, each organization
or family can plan and implement countermeasures aspart of step e).
In response to the need to promote civic-based
disaster mitigation activities through these five steps,
this paper describes a newly developed information
system in the form of a series of simulators and database designed to promote such actions, and describes
their application to disaster mitigation practices ofcommunity residents themselves.
Some related researches and developments have72

INTEGRATED DISASTER SIMULATOR USING WEBGIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO COMMUNITY DISASTER MITIGATION ACTIVITIES

also been conducted concerning information systems
for disaster reduction. An example of a web-based facility to compile knowledge on disasters is the Disaster Reduction Hyperbase (EDM-NIED, 2009). Various WebGIS and WebLog sites have been operated
for providing disaster information and knowledge. Elearning sites concerning disaster and disaster reduction are also available on the Internet (e.g. Fire andDisaster Management Agency, 2004). For an example
of a more integrated system that provides disaster scenarios such as those discussed in this paper, Meguro
et al. (2009) show their scope on the universal earthquake disaster simulator including damage of buildings and social impacts. Katada and Kuwasawa (2006)
developed a tsunami disaster simulator which is alsoavailable for disaster education and a workshop for
inhabitants. Compared to these examples, the attemptpresented in this paper integrates a series of simulators, personal database, e-learning and workshopsupporting interfaces, additional education materials
and related community activities for each inhabitant
to make his/her own house and living environments
safer. The system is based on distinctive features ofthe local area, and is actually used as a powerful toolfor groups of active disaster mitigation in Nagoya cityand Aichi prefecture.

A series of subsystems have been integrated using WebGIS to provide the following tools:a) High-resolution hazard map system capable ofshowing anticipated earthquake shaking intensity andpotential levels of liquefaction based on the actual
geological conditions of an individual site.
b) Three-dimensional birds-eye view system thatshows the history of land use and development for
specific areas.
c) Simulation system for earthquake ground motion that utilizes high-resolution surface soil models
and specific earthquake source models.
d) System for simulating the possible collapse of
a wooden house after considering the site’s predictedearthquake ground motion.
e) Simulation system that shows the risks posedby falling furniture.
To provide additional information on seismic
hazards and disaster mitigation, various other online
e-learning tools (based on WebLog, Wiki and otherinteractive interfaces) have been adopted and introduced with practical contents.
Using these systems, residents can easily acquire
knowledge on earthquake hazards, seismic risk evaluation methods as well as determine practical ways ofretrofitting their houses and securing their furniture.
Such web-based technologies make possible not only
the integration of the subsystems, but also provide
easy and interesting ways to utilize the system at any
time.
The system is also designed to be available foruser-groups that want to hold discussions and makepreparations against disasters using the WebGIS map
system. This system was designed to make it possible
for users to create, maintain and use their own disaster
response maps for disaster mitigation activities. Promoting such workshops is considered to be an effective way to support residents who wish to lead community disaster mitigation activities. This function isbased on previous systems designed by us (Tobita andFukuwa, 2004).
From another point of view, actual learning materials such as “the BURURU family” have also been
incorporated and are used during the phase whereindividuals need to be convinced of the genuine personal risks of their situation (Fukuwa et al., 2008).

2. OUTLINE OF WEBGIS SIMULATOR AND
ITS APPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITYACTIVITIESFigure 1 shows the various procedures for improving community disaster mitigation activities using the proposed disaster information and education
system. The system is based around a simulator thatprovides realistic appraisals of hazardous conditions
and is designed to help each resident improve his/her
awareness of the hazards in his/her own environment.
Each resident can thus learn both the necessity for,and the actual steps involved in preparing for thosehazards.
While the system can also be used as a tool toassist facilitators in conducting disaster mitigation activities, its primary purpose is to encourage residents
to conduct disaster prevention actions themselves by
providing them with education materials that will help
them regard earthquake dangers as familiar and solvable problems.
73

J. TOBITA, N. FUKUWA, M. MORI

Figure1: Procedures for improving community disaster mitigation activities by using the proposed disaster information and education system.

3. WEBGIS-BASED SIMULATOR FOR
PROMOTION OF SEISMIC RETROFITTING

are normally prepared on 500-m or 1-km grids. The
surface soil data was produced by compiling the results of soil bore surveys conducted at over 40,000
sites in Nagoya city and covering an area approximately 326 km2 in size. Other information is also utilized when creating and presenting the data, such as
microtremor and seismic recordings of the area. The
high-resolution topographic features were obtainedby analyzing aerial photos together with examinationsof the ground surface sea level distribution. If the

3.1. High-resolution hazard map on WebGIS
with 3D birds-eye view
Figure 2 shows examples of the WebGIS viewwindows for high-resolution hazard maps. In thiscase, the words “high-resolution” refer to a 50-m gridin Nagoya city, which is considerably more detailed
than the conventional wide-area hazard maps, which74

INTEGRATED DISASTER SIMULATOR USING WEBGIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO COMMUNITY DISASTER MITIGATION ACTIVITIES(b) Outline of selected area (in Japanese)(a) WebGIS window example(c) Aerial photos (left:1963. right:1998)(d) Potential liquefaction (left). topological classification (right)(e) Three-dimensional birds-eye view of WebGIS(f) Changes to topographic features over 40 years

Figure 2: High-resolution hazard map created via WebGIS and its effective application from a three-dimensional
birds-eye view.

number of actual soil survey data samples is relatively
small for a specific area, it is still possible to obtainhigh-resolution maps by using aerial photos together
with soil boring data and microtremor observation results at those limited sites.
Figure 2(a) is a start window (which is precededby some introduction and instruction pages) that allows the user to choose a specific site by using address lists, or simply clicking the map. The two maps
show different (yet related) features for the same area
and are connected in terms of movement and magnification/reduction. Using them, it is possible to analyze

various disaster and damage prediction results bycomparing the two map windows. With this system,
residents can also readily understand the danger ofearthquakes and their related damage predictions.
Community disaster prevention starts with learning about the community. Users can select the information they want to study from the menu on the left
side of the window, while at the same time referringto the map. The map scale and display can be selectedusing the mouse. For example, if a resident clicks on
the location where he/she lives, the window shown in
Figure 2(b) displays the address and an information75

J. TOBITA, N. FUKUWA, M. MORI

outline of the selected area along with a variety of details. Such details include the estimated seismic intensity, potential liquefaction risk, characteristics of the
topography and the ground, industrial, commercial,
and residential characteristics, building characteristics, and the age distribution of residents.
Figure 2(c) shows 40 years of change for an
area using aerial photos, while Figure 2(a) shows acomparison of the predicted seismic intensity and an
aerial photo. Figure 2(d) shows a comparison of thepredicted liquefaction and a topographical classification map. The sample area is located on a hill wherea valley exists from east to west. Examining thesefigures help residents comprehend the risk of seismic
shaking and the potential of soil liquefaction (twoitems that are predicted from surface soil conditions
and are strongly related to topographical features) as
well as observe how things have changed in their area
over the past decades.
Changes in the area’s topographical features arealso shown in Figures 2(e) and 2(f) using a threedimensional birds-eye view. The view is a composite
of aerial photos that takes into consideration data on
sea level states. Observing changes to the sea level
over the previous 40 years, at each point, makes it
possible to show the distribution, cutting and filling of
the ground surface. (In the lower right of Figure 2(f),the blue area shows cutting and the red area shows
filling.) This view is created by real-time three-dimensional programming using Matrix Engine™, a program that is commonly used in the field of dynamic
and interactive web content development. As shownin Figure 2(f), it is possible to move the screen viewby moving the mouse, and to make position changes(including moving, revolving, zooming in and out on

the screen and changing the point of view) by dragging the mouse. It is also possible to review the previous history of land use and development for the areaby dragging the time bar. Because residents can easily visualize the changes in topography and land use
around their houses, they can more fully understandthe relation between seismic activity, topography andlocal soil conditions.
3.2. Simulator of seismic ground motion at a
specific site
Earthquake ground motion at each square of thegrid is estimated by the statistical Green’s function
method at the engineering bedrock, while the surface
soil response is calculated by using the evaluated soil
layer structure of the site. A newly developed method
by Takahashi et al. (2008) has also been tested forhigh-resolution ground motion prediction. Thismethod utilizes an extended version of the empirical Green’s function method and makes it possible toexamine the realistic character of observed seismic
records, together with shallow surface soil layers anddeep subsurface composition down to several hundred
meters or over one kilometer.
As shown in Figure 3, if a point on the GIS isclicked, the system provides the surface soil model
estimates for that point. After the soil response iscalculated, the system then displays an animation ofsimulated earthquake occurrence and the soil response
for that site, as shown in the right side figure. This
simulation enables residents to see the vibrations applied to their houses and comprehend the relationshipbetween soil hardness and its response to those vibrations. Figure 4 shows a specially developed shaking
table facility that allows users to realistically experi-

Figure 3: Earthquake response simulator at a specific site.

76

Figure 4: Realistic shaking experience.
(Fukuwa and Tobita, 2008)

INTEGRATED DISASTER SIMULATOR USING WEBGIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO COMMUNITY DISASTER MITIGATION ACTIVITIES

ence long-period, long-stroke and high intensity simulated ground motions and building responses (Fukuwa
and Tobita, 2008). The realistic shaking experience,
while considering personal conditions, is effective forstimulating awareness of seismic risk.

If the house does not collapse, the falling furniture
simulator begins. The user will then be asked to input
the floor on which their furniture is placed as well as
the size and weight of the furniture, the type of floor
furnishings, etc. Once this is done, the furniture’s response is analyzed based on the response waveformand displayed as an animation, as shown in Figure5(d). The user is then guided to websites promoting
the safety of indoor environments.

3.3. Simulator for earthquake damage towooden houses and falling furnitureThis system was developed as a way for residents to check the seismic capacity of their own
houses. There are two input methods for two-story
wooden houses. One (shown in Figure 5(a)) is a relatively simple method that allows residents to input
basic details on their houses, such as the year of construction, using web-based choices. The other (shownin Figure 5(b)), is a more detailed input method andtakes into consideration the actual plans of the houseusing an online Web-based CAD system. For bothmethods, as described in Section 3.2, earthquake response analysis will be performed on the generated
model subjected to the simulated earthquake groundmotion at the site. Figure 5(c) shows the animatedresult of response analysis. The simulation resultsthat show house collapses will be referred to websites
dedicated to seismic activity evaluation and retrofit, inorder to encourage the user to begin countermeasures.

4. LEARNING TOOLS WITH EFFECTIVE
INTERFACES
4.1. Learning tools concerning vibration
The next step for residents who have becomeaware of their individual seismic risks and the importance of disaster mitigation action is education. To
facilitate this, we have developed and tested various
learning tools and materials related to ground vibration and building responses, seismic capacity and theeffectiveness of retrofitting, as well as other important
knowledge. These include a series of vibration experiment education materials collectively known as“BURURU” (Figure 6, Fukuwa et al. 2008), which
demonstrate fundamental and important points related
to vibration response and earthquake building damage(a) Simple input method using webpage-based choices(c) Animated response simulation results(b) Detailed input method using Web-based CAD(d) Input window and the results of the furniture falling simulator

Figure 5: Simulation of house damage and falling furniture based on a specific individual house.
77J. TOBITA, N. FUKUWA, M. MORI

Figure 6: The “BURURU” family, which consists of a series of educational devices that demonstrate earthquake-related vibrations and other phenomena in ways that assist disaster mitigation training activities.

and ground actions by using simple physical tools andonline simulation software.
One of the most popular examples of the BURURU series is a paper model kit for a two-story houseand an accompanying user manual that can easily
be downloaded and printed. The paper model can beused to explain the importance of roof weight as wellas the effects of cross bracing and wall balance. Suchhands-on educational materials are effective for supplementing the virtual information systems describedin this paper.

To assist in the development of such e-learningmaterials, we have utilized new technologies thatmake it easy to create and navigate between numerous
online resources. One such is an application of the“Wiki” system, which we have adopted as the foundation of a disaster mitigation knowledge database.
Figure 7 shows an example of some of the interacting
pages. The Wiki system is widely used on the Internet
and has proved to be an effective method of building
databases because it operates by soliciting the collaboration and contributions of multiple users.
Another example is an interactive conversationinterface designed to provide easy access to the webbased e-learning system. When a user verbally asks
the system for answers to even vague questions, anappropriate reply will be generated using familiar
web-address navigation tools (Figure 8).

4.2. E-learning systems using popular Webbased interfaces
Other types of e-learning assets concerning
disasters and disaster mitigation have also been prepared. For example, in order to show the effectivenessof furniture falling countermeasures, videos showing
comparative experiments on shaking tables (by using
various prevention methods) can be viewed on theInternet. These tools make it easy to confirm the effects of countermeasures aimed at preventing fallingfurniture.
78

INTEGRATED DISASTER SIMULATOR USING WEBGIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO COMMUNITY DISASTER MITIGATION ACTIVITIESFigure 7: An example of Wiki-based pages used forthe disaster mitigation knowledge base.

Figure 8: The interactive BURURU conversation interface.

Figure 9: An example of the community disaster mitigation
map system utilizing WebGIS with WebLog interface.

5. APPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITYDISASTER MITIGATION ACTIVITIESFigure 10: A community disaster mitigation workshop using newly
developed system.

diaries known as “blogs”, and is capable of providing an effective foundation for the ongoing activity
needed to make and use such maps. In other words,
the interface adds the time history of the activity to
the location based GIS.
Figure 10 shows active discussions during aworkshop of community members who are using thedeveloped system. If facilitators or leaders are available to guide the group discussions, it is not necessaryfor each participant to use the computer system individually. This point is especially important for users
who are not familiar with computers and other newer
information devices. In such a way the system will be
a powerful tool for community leaders who are eager
about disaster reduction activities. Furthermore, it is5.1. Support system for community disastermitigation workshop
The systems developed thus far have alreadybeen tested during actual community disaster mitigation activities. One of the most popular uses of thesystem is the creation of hazard maps by residents thatare based on their own knowledge and other information related to their neighborhood. Figure 9 shows
an example of an online community hazard map created by the proposed system in conjunction with a
newly developed input interface based on “WebLog.”
WebLog is a popular interface for making web-based79

J. TOBITA, N. FUKUWA, M. MORI

observed in every workshop that the participants whoare interested in using the system will be potential
leaders for community activities.

groups and inhabitants, joined by local governments,
companies and university researchers. Such events
will lead to the creation of an effective basis for collaborative disaster mitigation activities in the local
region. The next events are scheduled in 2009 at twocities in Aichi prefecture.

5.2. Community disaster mitigation festival
An additional application of the presented systems and activities that have been held extensively is
the community festival for disaster mitigation activities, an example of which is shown in Figure 11. The
events include various trial booths of the system forbeginners, demonstrations of realistic shaking via thelarge shaking table, town watching tours searchingfor dangerous objects and sites for disaster, an active
consultation desk for answering questions related tothe seismic retrofitting of houses and buildings, anda disaster mitigation discussion corner. Using the developed simulator and other materials in the event, it
is important that the majority of the participants areinterested in and aware of their own disaster risk.
This type of event is also considered to be especially enjoyable and effective for family participants
working to study and remember the important pointsof community disaster mitigation. Thus, related recreational activities are included such as competitions
where children learn how to make rigid and beautiful
structures using straws and clips, a short comic playbased on disaster mitigation as well as sport competitions using rescue facilities and fire fighting tools.
The festivals have already been held threetimes in 2007 and 2008 at three wards in Nagoya
city, which were planned and managed by volunteer

Short comic play on disaster5.3. Application of practical disastermitigation systems to local government
institutions
In April 2008, a practical version of this system
was activated on the Internet website of Japan’s Aichi
Prefectural government (Aichi Prefectural government, 2008). Since that time the number of access requests has steadily increased and strong positive evaluations have been reported. However, it was expectedthat some problems would be experienced, and thus
detailed improvements related to the user interface
and security have been continuously implemented in
response to users’ comments.
Furthermore, a separate institution has also
been opened in a Shinshiro city in Aichi prefecture toprovide information on disasters and disaster mitigation activities (Shinshiro city, 2008). That institution
utilizes the proposed system along with various otherkinds of realistic educational materials (Figure 12).
This facility was conceived as a permanent version of
the above-mentioned community festival where citizens can enjoy and study disaster mitigation activities,
and includes a number of features especially designed
for school children.

Water pack throwing

Simulator trial

Fire fighting team demonstration

Shaking experience using cart Building competition using straws and clips Play with wooden house model

Discussion corner

Figure 11: Various scenes of the “Bousai Festa” community festival for disaster mitigation activities.
80

INTEGRATED DISASTER SIMULATOR USING WEBGIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO COMMUNITY DISASTER MITIGATION ACTIVITIESInformation booth

Earthquake warning experience

Large aerial photo on the floor

Educational tools

Shaking experience by shaking table

Developed simulator

Figure 12: Newly built institution for studying and experiencing disaster mitigation activities.

Such implementation on the web and in the actual institution by local governments will lead to theobtainment of citizens’ credibility on contents andindicated countermeasures.

ties has come to be known as “the Nagoya-originatedmodel” and has been highly appraised in Japan andother countries. The developing group is resolute inits determination to maintain and encourage disastermitigation activities into the far future and thus ensure
the best possible preparations have been taken shoulda large earthquake occur.

6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we discussed the development of
a disaster information system built around a simulator that provides realistic seismic hazard scenarios
in order to help each resident become aware of his/her own hazard level and to learn the need for (andmethods related to) home seismic retrofitting. It has
clearly been shown that the WebGIS-based systems
are capable of providing a hazard map database in aneasy-to-understand interface. Furthermore, it can beeasily seen that the simulator is effective in helping
individuals evaluate their own environments as they
pertain to ground shaking, earthquake response, possible house collapse and indoor safety. The system
has also proved to be an effective part of community
disaster mitigation activities.
Application of the system to various communities is ongoing, and new developments are expected
for the future. Project related activities for developing and utilizing such systems have resulted in the
spread of community disaster mitigation activities
throughout Aichi Prefecture and the surrounding region. The combination of these various project activi-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our thanks to: Memberof the ATACK Conference, Prof. Y. Suzuki of Nagoya
University, Dr. H. Takahashi of Oyo Corporation, Mr.
H. Sakaue, Mr. K. Kurata and Mr. Y. Furuse of Falcon
Corporation, Dr. T. Hanai and Mr. T. Minagawa of theEbisu Building Laboratory and Mr. I. Kawajiri of Nihon System Sekkei Co., Ltd. for their cooperation.
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