AWARENESS WORKSHOP ON NERUDPINSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEMFORSEPTAGE MANAGEMENT
IN JAPAN
Aizawl INDIA
Aizawl,28 February 2012

Xinbi Yang Ph.D
Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation
1

NIGHT SOIL AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATERTREATMENT SYSTEMS IN JAPAN2

CURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE
TREATMENT IN JAPAN (1)FLOW OF NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT
Generated Waste

Collection and Storage

Households ‐ Large buildings
1. Centralized Wastewater Treatment→ Flush Toilets + sewerageNight Soil

2. Decentralized Wastewater
Treatment → 2 types off facilities
f ili iwhen discharge of effluent.

2 Tandoku‐shori2.
d k h i johkasou
j hk
and johkasou

Conveyance

Treatment ‐ Disposal

1. Sewer systems

1. WWT Treatment Plant →Sludge → main sludge disposal
method: dewatering + incineration+ landfilling2 & 3.
2.
3 Vacuum truckk

2 & 3.
2.
3 Nighti h Soil
S il Treatment
Facility (biological treatment)
Night soil Treatment and Organic
Waste Recycling Center → main
sludge disposal method: same asb
above

Vacuum truck••

2.1 Discharge of black water only:
Flush toilet +T d k h i johkasou
Tandoku‐shori
j hk
2.2 Discharge of grey and black
water: flush toilet + johkasou
3. Vault toilet + storage tank
3. When effluent not discharged:
3
Vault toilet + storage tank

Johkassou Sludge

From Tandoku‐shori johkasou andjohkasouTandoku‐shori johkasou andjohkasouNight Soil Treatment Facility
Night soil Treatment andOrganic Waste Recycling
CenterTandoku-shori johkasou = treatment of black water only
Johkasou = treatment of black water + grey water
Johkasou sludge = sludge generated in tandoku-shorijohkasou or johkasou

3

CURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT IN JAPAN (2)RESULTS OF NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (FY 2009)
Pop. covere
ed bypublic seweerage:
87. 8millionPop
p. Covered byjohhkasou & T‐SJ:
2
28.8
millionPop. inccluded inNight Soil collection
0.6 million
plan: 10

WWT Treatment Plants

App 300,000
App.
300 000 t/d

SludgeWastewater(Black or/and Grey Water)
22,886 tons/day

44 tons/day

13 tons/day

Night Soil

1,246 tons/day

24,259 tons/day
26 tons/day

Pop. with individual
managemeent:
0.14 milliion

Popullation connectted to dry toile
ets:
10.8 miillion

Total Populaation: 127.4 millionmPopulation equippedewith
h flush toilets :116.6 millionnDomestic + Industrial Wastewater(Black + Grey Water)

SludgeVolumeTreated via
Sewerage System

44 tons/day

Night Soil (Black Water)
250 tons/day

Johkasou

40,869 tons/day

NS Treatment Facilities
61,213 tons/day

38,327 tons/day

Waste Compost Facilities
158 tons/day

114 tons/day

Methanation Facilities
75 tons/day

62 tons/day

Septage treated in WWT
Tr Plants 3,465 tons/day

2,219 tons/day

NS //Sludge
g Recyclingy g inAgricultural Land 90 t/d

64 tons/day

Others
127 tons/day

83 tons/day

Individual Management
279 tons/day

29 tons/day

Night Soil
& Sludge
VolumeTreated65,128 t/d

4(FY2009)

CURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE
TREATMENT IN JAPAN (3)VOLUME OF COLLECTED NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE
Unit : tons/day

NOTE
public sector 1: night soil /johkasou sludge are collected and transported by officials fromlocal government.
public sector 2: night soil /johkasou sludge are collected and transported by staff of privatecompanies. In that case, local governments conclude a contract with a privatecompany and remunerate them for the provided service. However, all the
responsibility for the collection remains to the local governments.
private sector: private companies with permission from local governments collect and transportnight soil/johkasou sludge on a business base.

Offi i l involved
Officials
i l d ini septage management in
i locall l governments (FY( 2009)

7 228
7,228

Number of private companies related to septage management business (FY 2009)

5,341

5

CURRENT CONDITIONS OF NIGHT SOIL – JOHKASOU SLUDGE
TREATMENT IN JAPAN (4)COST OF NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT
Cost of NS & Sludge Treatment per Person

Total Cost of NS & Sludge Treatment

6000

8400

6,600

6,800
6,400

6,500

6,400

7200

6,500
6,200
5,800

5000

4000

5,800

5,800

6000

4800

3,673
3,436

3,352

3,145

3,106

3,136

3000

3600

2 718
2,718
2,461

2,387

2,316

2000

2400

1000

1200

0

Night Soil/Sludge
Ne Treatment Costt per Person in JP
PY/YearNight Soil/Sludge Treatm
ment Cost in 100
0 million JPY/Yeaar

7000

0
H12
2000

Cost for:• Implementation of facilities• Operation and maintenance• Activities of private sector• Municipal employees

H13
2001

H14
2002

H15
2003

H16
2004

H17
2005

Financing Resources• Budget of local government• National subsidy – tax• Prefectural financial support• Municipal bond
• Treatment charge

H18
2006

H19
2007

H20
2008

H21
2009

Example of Desludging Fee for 5 PE Facility• Desludging fee for johkasou: 26,000 JPY/year• Desludging fee for vault toilet: 2,000 JPY/op.
(usually 3 times/year)
6

OUTLINE OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEMFOR NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT
Generated Waste
1. WASTE DISPOSAL AND PUBLIC CLEANSING
LAW• Master plan for domestic wastewater
treatment (planning of areas covered bysewerage system and areas covered byjohkasou)
2. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LAW• Performance of johkasou to be installed(scale, areas)
3. BUILDING STANDARD LAW
Application – validation• Building certification• Completion inspection
Installation of sanitation equipmentin buildings• Flush toilet• Johkasou• Night soil storage tank
Performance structure of sanitation equipment
Performance–structure• Structure of vault toilet• Structure of night soil storage tank
• Technological standards for performance ofdomestic wastewater treatment• Structure of johkasou/determination of size

Collection and Storageg
1. BUILDING STANDARD LAW
Performance of sanitationequipment – structure•

1. WASTE DISPOSAL AND
PUBLIC CLEANSING LAW•

License for domestic
waste disposal andtreatment business•

License for collection
and transport business

Capacity of night soil storagetank

2. JOHKASOU LAW• Desludging frequency ofjohkasou for individual
households (storage period)•

ConveyanceyDesludging frequency formedium and large scalejohkasou (desludging plan)•

License for johkasou
desludging business•Technical standards forjohkasou desludging•

Training of desludging
technicians

Treatment – Disposalp
1. WASTE DISPOSAL AND PUBLIC
CLEANSING LAW• Master plan for waste disposal
and treatment facilities(implementation of night soil
treatment facilities ‐ night soil
treatment and organic waste
recycling centers)• Master plan for solid waste
treatment (implementation oflandfill sites)• Training of O&M technicians
2. WATER POLLUTION CONTROLLAW• Regulation for discharged effluent
3. GUIDELINES FOR O&M OF
NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT FACILITIES– NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT AND
WASTE RECYCLING CENTERSq• Performance requirements

Type certification• Certification for type conformity (storagetank, tandoku‐shori johkasou, johkasou)
4. JOHKASOU LAW
Legal construction procedures• Construction application• Type approval• Registration for construction business• Technical standards for construction• Certification of Installation Worker, etc.

7

OUTLINE OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEMFOR NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT
Generated Waste
1. WASTE DISPOSAL AND PUBLIC CLEANSING LAW•

Master plan for domestic wastewater treatment (planning of areas
covered by sewerage system and areas covered by johkasou)

2. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LAW•

Performance of johkasou to be installed (scale, areas)

Collection and Storage
1.

Performance of sanitation equipment – structure• Capacity of night soil storage tank

2. JOHKASOU LAW•

Desludging frequency of johkasou for individual
households (storage period)•

Desludging frequency for medium and large scalejohkasou (desludging plan)•

License for johkasou desludging business•Technical standards for johkasou desludging•

Training of desludging technicians

3. BUILDING STANDARD LAW
Application – validation
alidation• Building certification• Completion inspection
Installation of sanitation equipment in buildings• Flush toilet• Johkasou• Night soil storage tank
Performance – structure of sanitation equipment• Structure of vault toilet• Structure of night soil storage tank
• Technological standards for performance of domestic wastewater
treatment• Structure of johkasou/determination of size

BUILDING STANDARD LAW

yp certification
Type• Certification for type conformity (storage tank, tandoku‐shori johkasou,johkasou)

4. JOHKASOU LAW
Legal construction procedures• Construction application• Type approval• Registration for construction business• Technical standards for construction• Certification of Installation Worker, etc.

8

OUTLINE OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEMFOR NIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT
Conveyance
1.

WASTE DISPOSAL AND PUBLIC CLEANSING LAW•

License for domestic waste disposal and treatment
business•

License for collection and transport business

Treatment – Disposal
1. WASTE DISPOSAL AND PUBLIC CLEANSING LAW• Master plan for waste disposal
and treatment facilities(implementation of night soil
treatment facilities ‐ night soil
treatment and organic waste
recycling centers)• Master plan for solid waste
treatment (implementation oflandfill sites)• Training of O&M technicians

2. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LAW• Regulation for discharged effluent

3. GUIDELINES FOR O&M OF NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT
FACILITIES – NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT AND WASTE RECYCLING
CENTERS• Performance requirements

9

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKAOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (1)2. Water Disposal and Public Cleansing Law• Inside the municipal area, domestic wastewater treatment (including night
soil/johkasou sludge) becomes local government/municipality ’s responsibility.
• Municipalities
i i li i must create a standardized
d di d planl forf domesticdi wastewater treatment
inside their area. This plan is called ‘Master Plan for Domestic Wastewater
Treatment’.
• The ‘Master Plan for Domestic Wastewater Treatment’ needs to enable the selectionof either the sewerage system, johkasou, and vault toilets to respond to local
specifics
ifi forf efficientffi i t domesticdti wastewatertt treatment.
t t
t

10

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (2)2. Water Pollution Control Law, etc.
• johkasou with capacity over 50m³/day have to comply with the regulation on
water
t quality
lit regulation/standards
l ti / t d d ffrom th
the W
Water
t P
Pollutionll ti C
Controlt l LLaw• Johkasou installed in areas targeted by the Law concerning Special Measures for
the Conservation of Lake Water Quality and other related laws, must include
advanceddd treatment performancef
to remove nitrogen and/ord/ phosphorous.
h h11LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (3)3 Building Standard Law
3.
Application – validation• building certification• completion inspection

Implementation of sanitation • flush toilet
facilities• johkasou• night soil storage tank
Performance – structure• structure of vault toilet• structure of NS storage tank• technological standards for treatment,
performance of domestic wastewater• structure of johkasou / size determination (JIS)Type approval• certification for type conformity (NS storagetank,, tatatandoku‐shori
do u s o jojohkasou,asou, jojohkasou),asou),
johkasou performance evaluation test
12

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (1)I. Steps for generated waste (4)4. Johkasou Law
Legal construction procedures

•
•
•
•

application for installation
registration for construction businesstechnical
h i l standards
d d forf constructioni
certification of installation workers

Framework of Johkasou Law

13

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (2)2. Storage and collection stages
1. Building Standard Law
Performance – structure ofbuilding equipment•

Capacity of NS storage tank

2. Johkasou Law
desludging frequency for individual households
j hkjohkasou(storage(period/collection
i d/ ll i interval)il)• desludging frequency for medium and large
scale johkasou (sludge removal plan)• license for desludging business,• technical standards for desludging

14

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (3)3. Transport stages
1. Waste Disposall andd Public
bl CleansinglLaw• License for domestic waste treatment/disposal business• License for collection and transport business

15

LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEM FORNIGHT SOIL AND JOHKASOU SLUDGE TREATMENT (4)4. Treatment ‐ disposal stages
1. Waste Disposall andd Public
bl CleansinglLaw• Master plan for waste disposal and treatment facilities(night soil treatment facilities & night soil treatment and organic waste
recycling centers)• Master plan for waste treatment (implementation of landfill sites)
2. Water Pollution Control Law• Regulation for discharged effluent quality (night soil treatment facilities andothers)3. Performance of NS treatment facilities & NS treatment and organicgwaste
recycling centers – Guidelines for operation and maintenance (O&M)
4 Structure for training of O&M technicians
4.
16

NIGHT SOIL TREATMENT AND
ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING CENTER

Centralized treatment systems

Night soil and johkasou sludge treatment
treatment process

Gasholder

Organic waste

Mixer
Crushing sorter

Methanefermenter

Generator

Resource recovery process
Dehydrator

Composter17

CONCLUSIONS
1.

When considering the preservation of public health and water
environment it is highly important to well establish and enforce laws
environment,
and related regulations at all stages of septage management, including
sludge generation, storage and collection, transport, treatment anddisposal.

2.

Regulations on sanitation equipment in buildings that ensure thevolume and quality of generated waste on‐site facilitate the planningand implementation of septage management.

3.

To establish a sustainable septage management system nationwide, aframework for O&M technicians training by regulations is important.

4.

To promote the recycling of septage and other organic wastes, aframework for financial support and regulations is necessary.
18 The Japan Sanitation Consortium (JSC) was launched on 16 October 2009
 JSC consists of the 4 main national agencies managing on
on-sitesite and off
offsite sanitation in Japan
 JSC aims to utilize Japan’s advanced experience in sanitation and successfulmodels from other countries to solve related issues in the region

 JSC collaborates with ADB andother Donors Agencies, internationalorganizations, NGOs, etc. forregional sanitation improvement

 JSC MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS
Off-site Sanitation
Sewerage Business Management Centre
Japan Sewage Works Association
On-site Sanitation
On-site Sanitation
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation
Japan Education Center of19
Environmental Sanitation

JSC Sanitation KnowledgeHub, Japan
Regional Water Knowledge
Kno ledge H
Hubb for Sanitation
JSC Expertise Member of a regional network of water specialists, committed for sanitation developmentin the Asia-Pacific region
 On-site and off-site sanitation specialized organization
JSC Services
 Networking, Information Gathering & Sharing, Knowledge Dissemination, Support toInternational Donor Organizations
JSC Partners
 ADB, JICA, Japan Water Forum, UNICEF, etc.

Th k you forThankf your attentionie-mail:e
mail: info@jsanic.org
info@jsanic org
www.jsanic.org
http://gcus.jp/english/
20