REFERENCE DATA
1. Types of Illicit Drugs
Illicit drugs are classified into methamphetamine as prescribed in the Stimulants Control Act, cannabis
as prescribed in the Cannabis Control Act, narcotics such as heroin, cocaine, MDMA and LSD, andpsychotropic substances, etc. as prescribed in the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, and opium asprescribed in the Opium Control Act. In terms of pharmacological effect, methamphetamine, cocaine, and
MDMA are classified as excitatory drugs, cannabis and LSD as hallucinogenic drugs, and heroin and opium
as sedative drugs. Psychotropic substances generically refer to substances that act on the central nerve
and affect psychic function (including medicines). They are regulated due to their risk of being abused.
Repeated use of illicit drugs leads to the following symptoms, although the intensity differs by type.
A situation where repeated use of drugs makes the body get used toTolerance

them, and a higher dose comes to be required for generating the effectof the drugs

Reversetolerance

Contrary to tolerance, a situation where repeated use of drugs provokes
an excessive response, and hypersensitive mental symptoms are
generated only with a low doseA situation where an illicit drug abuser becomes mentally or physically

Addiction

dependent on drugs; symptoms that emerge in an addict when the effectof an illicit drug withdraws are called withdrawal symptoms.

FlashbackA situation where an illicit drug abuser, who stopped using drugs fora long period of time, has a mental condition like one that occurred
while abusing drugs (hallucination or physical pain, etc.), triggeredby a temporary use of an illicit drug or drinking alcohol, etc.

Methods of using illicit drugs are as follows.

Oral intake

Method to take an illicit drug orally and absorb it from the stomach or
the bowels

Subcutaneous
injection

Method to inject an aqueous solution of an illicit drug into subcutaneous

Inhalation /Smoking

Method to inhale an illicit drug directly from the nose or smoke a lit illicit

Intravenous
injection

tissues and absorb it from the capillaries

drug from the mouth or nose, and absorb it into blood through the lungs

Method to inject an illicit drug into a vein and absorb it into blood2. Production Methods and Pharmacological Effects, etc. ofMajor Illicit Drugs
Production method, etc.

MethamphetamineType

Methamphetamine/ Amphetamine

Ephedrae herb, etc.
↓

Chemicals↓

Ephedrine│

Phenylacetone
│

│

│

│ │

↓

↓

↓ ↓
Amphetamine

CannabisMethamphetamine

Dried cannabis /Cannabis resin /Liquid cannabis

Herbal cannabis (Main component: Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC))
Dried cannabis: Dried leaf and spike
Cannabis resin: Solidified sap
Liquid cannabis: Liquid or oil extracted from herbal cannabis
or cannabis resin

Opium poppy

These drugs have strong excitatory effects and cause psychological elation,
exhilarating feeling, and talkativeness, but a high dose causes an acutestate of confusion or other acute poisoning symptoms, and when the effectwithdraws, an abuser feels strong listlessness, fatigue, or discomfort.
Tolerance (a higher dose becomes necessary to have the same effect)
develops rapidly, and repeated use causes mental disorders, such as
hallucinations and delusions. For medical purposes, these drugs are used
to treat narcolepsy (a chronic sleep disorder such as sudden attacks ofsleep during daytime) and various types of comas.

[Major dosage form: Injection, smoking, and oral intake]
Cannabis has hallucinogenic effects and causes changes in feelings,
mood, sense and perception, etc. A high dose causes acute poisoning
symptoms often accompanying hallucinations and delusions. No strong
withdrawal symptoms are observed, but repeated use over a long period oftime causes mental disorders, such as hallucinations, delusions, andalteration of consciousness.

[Major dosage form: Smoking]Opium, morphine, and heroin all have the same effects as morphine, whichis the main component of opium, although the intensity of the effects differs(heroin is chemically acetylated morphine, and has a strong, rapid effect).
These drugs have inhibitory effects and a low dose shows an analgesic
effect, while a high dose causes acute poisoning symptoms (respiratory
depression and coma, etc.). These drugs mitigate a feeling of pain,
alleviate worry and anxiety, and create euphoria. Repeated use develops
addiction and tolerance, and suspension of use causes intense withdrawal
symptoms.
For medical purposes, these drugs are used to mitigate pain in cancer
treatment, etc.

↓

Opium
Opium / Morphine /HeroinPharmacological effects, poisoning symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, etc.

↓

Morphine↓

HeroinNarcotics[Major dosage form: Opium - Smoking; Morphine and heroin - Injection]

CocainePurified extract from coca leaves
Coca leaves → Coca paste →CocaineCocaine has similar excitatory effects as methamphetamine. When its
pharmacological effects withdraw, an abuser feels depressed. Repeateduse causes mental disorders, such as hallucinations and delusions. The
difference from methamphetamine is that cocaine has an effect to locallyparalyze limbs or other parts. For medical purposes, cocaine is used for
local anesthesia.

[Major dosage form: Nasal inhalation]
MDMA (Commonly These drugs have similar chemical formulae asmethamphetamine and are synthesized from chemicals.
called "Ecstasy") /MDMA: Scientific name "N,α-dimethyl-3,4MDA (Commonly(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine"
called "LoveMDA: Scientific name "α-methy-3,4drugs")(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine"

MDMA and MDA have similar pharmacological effects and they have similar
excitatory effects as methamphetamine, causing changes in visual andhearing senses. An abuser becomes cheerful but may feel anxiety or suffer
insomnia in some cases. The abuse causes hepatic damage, kidneydamage, or memory disorder and may cause confusion.

[Major dosage form: Oral intake]

ＬＳＤ

Ergot fungus on rye→ Ergot alkaloid↓

LSD
Lysergic acid →LSD: Scientific name "Lysergic acid diethylamide"

Psychotropic

substances[Domestic mushrooms found to contain psilocin or psilocybin]
Psilocybe argentipes, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe fasciata,
Magic mushrooms Psilocybe lonchophor, Psilocybe subaeruginascens, Psilocybe
subcaerulipes, Psilocybe venenata, Panaeolus cyanescens,(Mushrooms
Panaeolus papilionaceus, Panaeolus sphinctrinus, Panaeolus
containing psilocin cinctulus
or psilocybin)[Foreign mushrooms found to contain psilocin or psilocybin]
Psilocybe subcubensis Guzman, Psilocybe tampanensis Guzman etPollock

Methylphenidate /These have excitatory effects and are medically used for
Pipradrol /narcolepsy, etc.
Pemoline
Buprenorphine /Pentazocine /Lefetamine

These have analgesic effects and are medically used for
mitigating pain or otherwise in cancer treatment or after
surgery.

Triazolam /Nitrazepam, etc.

These have sedative and hypnotic effects and are medically used
for insomnia or before administering anesthetics.

Diazepam /Alprazolam, etc.

These have tranquilizing effects and are medically used for
mitigating neurotic patients' anxiety or tension, etc.

Phenobarbital, etc.

These have anticonvulsant effects and are medically used
for treating convulsive attacks.

LSD has strong hallucinogenic effects, causing various hallucinations
mainly in the perceptual domain, particularly in visual perception. LSD
produces euphoria and a cheerful mood, but may also produce anxiety anda depressed mood. The abuse causes brain disorders. Symptoms ofmental disorders may remain, leading to suicidal tendencies.

[Major dosage form: Lick LSD placed on the tongue]
Magic mushrooms have similar hallucinogenic effects as LSD and cause
psychic dependence. They produce mental changes, such as strange
feelings, euphoria, difficulties in thinking, anxiety, hallucinations including
visual hallucinations, changes in body sensation or time sensation, andalso produce physical changes, such as mydriasis, temperature elevation,
excessive pulse, and respiration increase. The abuse or addiction
intensifies those mental and physical changes and causes violence,
aggressive behavior, or a murder or a suicide, and may cause
schizophrenia-like symptoms.

[Major dosage form: Oral intake]

Psychotropic substances are broadly used for medical purposes, but if aperson abuses them for a long term without being supervised byphysicians, the person becomes unable to stop using them. Then, theperson gets angry easily or becomes emotionally unstable, and thesuspension of use causes hallucinations and delusions, etc.
Psychotropic substances are used for various medical purposes as
indicated in the left-hand columns.

[Major dosage form: Oral intake]3. Types of Firearms
Firearms are classified into pistols, rifles, machine guns, guns, hunting rifles, other loading gunswith a function to shoot metal bullets, and air guns (including those using compressed gas) prescribedin the Act for Controlling the Possession of Firearms or Swords and Other Such Weapons. By form,
pistols are classified into revolvers (solid frame, hinge frame, and swing-out cylinder types) and autoloading pistols.
Firearms are classified as follows.
A pistol is a firearm without a shoulder strap that a user can
Pistolshold, take aim and shoot by a hand and is suited for killing or
injuring humans.
A rifle is a firearm with a shoulder strap that a person can hold,take aim and shoot with both hands, which has rifling and is
Riflesmainly suited for battles for foot soldiers. Normally, a rifle has adevice to fix a bayonet, gunsight for long range fire, and a solid
gunstock.
A machine gun is a firearm with a caliber smaller than 20 mm
and a function to automatically shoot bullets continuously while
Machine guns
the trigger is being pulled, which enables shooting of a large
number of bullets in a short time and is suited for battles.
Guns are firearms with a caliber of 20 mm or larger and areclassified into small-caliber guns (20 to 40 mm), medium
artillery (over 40 to less than 90 mm), heavy caliber guns (90Guns
mm or larger), and artillery, depending on the caliber size, andinto antiaircraft guns and antitank guns, depending on use,
under the Ordnance Manufacturing Act.
Hunting rifles are shotguns and rifled weapons suited for
hunting and target shooting. They are distinguished from rifles,
Hunting rifles
depending on the purpose of manufacturing, functions, andother circumstances.
Other loadingThis category includes all loading guns that do not fall underguns with aany of pistols, rifles, machine guns, guns, or hunting rifles, butfunction to shoothave a function to shoot metal bullets sufficient to kill or injure
metal bullets
humans and animals.
Spring-type air guns, pump-type air guns, compressed gas
Air guns
guns, and air guns that shoot metal bullets with the expansive
force of compressed air or compressed carbon dioxide gas
Requirements for firearms are as follows.
(i) Having a function to shoot metal bullets
 Metal bullets refer to bullets with a metallic nature. Even non-metal ones are included as longas they have hardness, weight, and impulsive force equivalent to metal bullets.
 Firearms "having a function to shoot" refer to items that can shoot metal bullets as they are, butalso include a firearm that temporarily has a functional disorder due to a failure but will recoverits function through ordinary maintenance or repair, and an article that was manufactured not
as a firearm but can be processed or remodeled to shoot metal bullets.
 Being loaded with gunpowder or using compressed air (compressed gas).
(ii) Having power to kill or injure humans and animals

4. Types of Pistols by Form
(1) Revolvers
Revolvers have a structure wherein the action of the magazine rotor rotates acylindrical magazine at the rear each time the hammer is cocked, and a bullet isloaded and shot one by one. They are classified into three categories based on
structural characteristics.
(i) Solid frame typeA revolver with a magazine attached ona solid frame gunstock with a tie rod (often
seen in early-stage revolvers; at present,
often adopted in cheap ones)(ii) Hinge frame type(iii) Swing-out cylinder typeA revolver whose magazine can swingout to the left from a solid frame gunstock(Swing-out cylinder revolvers mostly havethis form.)(2) Auto-loading pistols
Auto-loading pistols or semi-automatic pistols are not fully automatic like machineguns that can shoot bullets continuously, but undergo a series of processes ofshooting a bullet each time the trigger is pulled, ejecting the empty cartridge byhaving the gunstock move backward using the reaction of gas pressure thatgenerates upon shooting, and loading the next bullet at the same time.

5. Trends in Smuggling around the World(1) Trends in illicit drugs smuggling in 2019
Trends in illicit drugs smuggling surrounding Japan are outlined as follows in the "Illicit Trade
Report 2019" (World Customs Organization [WCO]; publicized in July 2020).
・ In 2019, the WCO received reports of 40,017 drug trafficking cases from 119 countries. The
number decreased by 19.6% from the previous year. Of the total, 37.9% was accounted forby psychotropic substances including methamphetamine, 25.4% by cannabis and cannabis
products (hereinafter referred to as "cannabis, etc."), 15.0% by cocaine, 9.3% by new
psychoactive substances2 (hereinafter referred to as "NPSs"), 1.8% by khat, and 10.6% byother substances. Cases involving cannabis, etc. and psychotropic substances accounted forover 50%.
・ The seized amount of smuggled illicit drugs in 2019 was 1,105 tons worldwide, down by 9.5%
from the previous year. By type of drug, the seized amount of psychotropic substances,including methamphetamine, and that of cannabis, etc. both decreased from the previous
year to 115 tons and 540 tons, respectively. On the other hand, the seized amount of cocaine
increased to 289 tons in 2019.
・ By area, North America, including the United States, accounted for the largest percentage,
approx. 47% (18,828 cases), of the world total number of seizures, but the number decreased
by approx. 34% compared with that in 2018. In terms of the seized amount as well, approx.
400 tons, the largest amount in the world, were seized in North America, followed by Europe,
South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania.
・ Illicit drugs smuggling has been occurring in almost all countries around the world, irrespectiveof being a source, destination or transit country. In particular, smuggling cases in the UnitedStates were the most numerous, and Saudi Arabia, Austria, UAE, Germany, Netherlands,
Bahrain, Spain, Brazil, etc. also reported a large number of cases.

(2) Trends in smuggling around the world of major illicit drugs in Japan(i) Methamphetamine, etc.
・ In 2019, the WCO received reports on seizures of psychotropic substances including
methamphetamine from 85 countries. The number of seizures was 15,177 cases and the

New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are defined as "substances that are not controlled by the 1961 Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, but which may pose apublic health threat" in the "Challenge of New Psychoactive Substances 2013" compiled by the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime.
Some NPSs fall under narcotics, psychotropic substances, or designated substances or are used as dangerous
drugs in Japan.
2

seized amount was 115 tons, showing a 10.5% decrease and a 28.7% decrease, respectively,
compared with 2018.
・ The seized amount of psychotropic substances was the largest for methamphetamine, whichis the major illicit drug in Japan, followed by tramadol, MDMA, and amphetamine.
・ Comparing the seized amounts of these four types of drugs with those in 2018, MDMA andamphetamine showed increases, while methamphetamine and tramadol showed decreases.
・ The largest amount of psychotropic substances was seized in the United States in 2019,
followed by Austria, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. Compared with 2018, seizures decreased in the
United States, Austria and Saudi Arabia, but increased in UAE.
・ Smuggling routes of psychotropic substances from Mexico to the United States were thelargest in number, followed by those from Singapore to the United States.
(ii) Cannabis, etc.
・ Of all drugs, cannabis, etc. are most frequently abused around the world. In 2019, the WCO
received reports on seizures of cannabis, etc. from 92 countries. The number of seizures was
10,168 cases and the seized amount was 541 tons, showing a 4.7% decrease and a 23.6%
decrease, respectively, compared with 2018.
・ By type, dried cannabis accounted for the largest percentage of 65.4% of the total seizedamount, followed by cannabis resin (20.8%). The number of seizures of dried cannabis
showed a 15.1% decrease from 2018.
・ The largest amount of cannabis, etc. was seized in the United States in 2019, followed by
Bahrain, Spain, UAE, Austria, and South Africa. Compared with the seized amounts in 2018,
the United States showed a decrease, while Bahrain, Spain, UAE, Austria, and South Africa
showed increases.
Among countries where a large amount of cannabis, etc. was seized, mainly dried cannabis
was seized in the United States and UAE, while mainly cannabis resin was seized in Bahrain.
・ As smuggling routes of cannabis, etc., it is pointed out that those from Mexico to the UnitedStates and those from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain are increasing.
(iii) Cocaine
・ Cocaine is mainly abused in North America, South America, and Europe. In 2019, the numberof seizures was 6,005 cases and the seized amount was 289 tons. Compared with 2018, thenumber of seizures decreased by 17.5%, while the seized amount increased by 52.6%.
・ Among cocaine seized in 2019, 90.9% was powdered cocaine and the rest was coca leaves
and aqueous solutions of cocaine.
・ The number of seizures of cocaine in 2019 was the largest in the United States, followed by
Netherlands, Brazil, Spain, Germany, and Austria.
・ Smuggling routes of cocaine from Suriname to Netherlands were the largest in number,

followed by those from Mexico to the United States.

(3) Topics (Other drugs [NPSs, Khat])(i) NPSs
・ The number of seizure of NPSs in 2019 was 3,716 cases and the seized amount was 10 tons,
showing a 21.8% increase and a 54.6% decrease, respectively, from 2018.
・ By type, pregabalin was the largest in terms of the seized amount, followed by synthetic
cathinone.
・ The number of seizures was large in the United States, UAE, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, andDenmark.
・ Smuggling routes of NPSs from Mexico to the United States were the largest in number,
followed by those from Netherlands to the United States.
(ii) Khat・ Khat is a shrub of the family Celastraceae, native to Ethiopia. Khat came to be grown in the
Arabian Peninsula, centered on Yemen, in around 15th century. In the Arabian Peninsula,people chew khat leaves to get similar stimulation and euphoria caused by amphetamine.
Laws and regulations on khat differ by country and region, but khat is under regulations inmore than half the countries in Europe.
・ In 2019, the number of seizures of khat was 718 cases, down by 51.4% from 2018, and theseized amount was 38 tons, up by 26.6% (id.).
・ The number of seizures was large in the United States, Norway, South Africa, Belgium, andNetherlands.
・ Smuggling routes of khat from Ethiopia to Norway were the largest in number, followed bythose from South Africa to the United States.

6. Seizures of Goods Harmful to Society
Year
Type

Methamphetamine
Cannabis

cases
kg
cases
kg

HerbalCannabiscases

Cannabis
resin, etc.

cases

kg
kg
cases

Narcotics

kg
1,000 tabs

HeroinCocaine

cases
kg
cases
kg
cases

MDMA, etc.

kg
1,000 tabs

Ketamine

cases
kg
cases

Otherskg
1,000 tabs

Psychotropic
Substances
DesignatedSubstances

cases
kg
1,000 tabs
cases
kg
cases

Total

kg
1,000 tabs

(Reference) Estimatednumber of doses

Firearms
Of which,
pistols
Parts of Firearms(Note)

10,000 doses

cases
guns
cases
guns
cases
items

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

104
1,501
118
9
81
6
37
3
182
121
1
6
0
12
119
27
1
1
20
1
117
1
0
11
2
477
19
892
1,650
3
5,405

151
1,159
171
131
115
117
56
13
170
82
2
6
70
24
10
48
0
2
18
0
74
1
0
17
0
4
275
8
784
1,380
6
4,638

169
1,159
218
156
128
143
90
13
225
161
32
8
1
58
153
59
5
32
17
1
83
0
1
38
0
26
221
17
871
1,493
58
4,427

425
2,587
242
82
110
61
132
21
209
656
61
5
17
52
638
67
0
61
26
0
59
0
0
6
0
165
14
1,047
3,339
61
10,957

4
4
4
4
-

7
19
6
18
3
4

8
10
7
9
1
1

-

YOY

72
800
203
116
86
49
117
68
163
821
90
2
0
27
818
74
2
90
18
0
42
0
0
2
1
293
168
733
1,906
91
5,482

17%
31%
84%
142%
78%
79%
89%
324%
78%
125%
148%
40%
0%
52%
128%
110%
432%
148%
69%
244%
71%
423%
30%
33%
460%
178%
12-fold
70%
57%
149%
50%

3 All increased
3 All increased
3 All increased
3 All increased-

1. 2019 means from January to December of 2019. The same applies for all.
2. These figures include seizures not only by Japan Customs but also by the police and other law enforcement agencies in collaboration with Japan
Customs.
3. "Methamphetamine" includes methamphetamine and raw materials thereof.
4. "Cannabis resin" includes cannabis liquid, cannabis sweets and other cannabis products, in addition to cannabis resin.
5. "MDMA, etc." includes MDMA, MDA and MDE.
6. "Estimated number of doses" is calculated based on an average dose of abusers as follows.
(Methamphetamine: 0.03g; herbal cannabis: 0.5g; cannabis resin: 0.1g; heroin: 0.01g; cocaine: 0.03g; MDMA and psychotropic substances: 1 tablet)
7. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
8. "0" means 500g or 500 tablets or less, while "-" means nil.
9. Figures for 2020 are provisional.

7. Number of Seizures of Major Illicit Drugs by Mode of Transport(cases)
Year
Mode

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

YOY

Composition
ratio

By air passengers

176

214

243

389

70

18%

10%

By the use of international mail

640

526

557

520

556

107%

76%

By the use of commercial cargo

60

36

58

127

107

84%

15%

Air cargo

49

32

46

121

95

79%

13%

Sea cargo

12

200%

2%

- All decreased

-

11

4

12

6

By ship crews

16

8

13

11

Total

892

784

871

1,047

733

70%

100%

(Note) ""Air passengers"" includes crew members, and ""ship crews"" includes passengers and cases of trafficking by sea. ""Commercial cargo"" includes unaccompanied baggage.

8-1. Number of Seizures of Methamphetamine by Mode ofTransport(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
Mode
By air passengers
By the use of international mailBy the use of commercial cargo
Air cargo
Sea cargo
By ship crews
Total

2016
53
79
20
53
21
653
15
72
6
581
10
715
104
1,501

2017
99
190
38
96
11
398
10
48
1
351
3
475
151
1,159

2018
91
160
52
50
23
948
13
22
10
926
3
0
169
1,159

2019
229
427
85
188
109
367
107
325
2
43
2
1,605
425
2,587

2020

YOY
10%
13%
27%
8%
24%
199%
19%
29%
300%
15-fold

23
54
23
14
26
733
20
93
6
639
- All decreased- All decreased
72
17%
800
31%

(Note) 1. "Air passengers" includes crew members, and "ship crews" includes passengers and cases of trafficking by sea. "Commercial cargo" include unaccompanied baggage.
2. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
3. "0" means 500g or less, while "-" means nil.

Composition
ratio

32%
7%
32%
2%
36%
92%
28%
12%
8%
80%
100%
100%

8-2. Number of Seizures of Methamphetamine by Source(upper: cases; lower: kg)

Year
SourceAsia
Thailand
Malaysia
Laos
Philippines
TaiwanCambodiaSouth Korea
China (including Hong Kong and Macao)

China
Hong Kong
Macao
India
VietnamMiddle East
TurkeyUAE
IranAfricaNigeriaSouth Africa
UgandaKenya
EuropeUK
Germany
FranceSpain
Netherlands
Belgium
North America
USA
CanadaLatin America
MexicoOceania
Unknown
Total(Note) 1. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
2. Major countries and regions are listed.
3. "0" means 500 g or less, while "-" means nil.

2016
68
1,168
6
3
2
7
2
0
16
104
4
2
34
1,049
19
1,025
15
25
1
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
5
38
1
2
4
36
6
8
1
3
1
1
1
3
2
0
13
16
12
11
1
5
6
260
6
260
5
11
104
1,501

2017
75
925
21
27
14
21
11
7
2
5
20
853
10
835
10
19
4
11
2
0
7
12
6
11
1
0
16
72
3
22
5
23
2
10
22
26
1
2
7
9
2
8
9
3
19
111
12
96
7
15
6
14
6
14
1
0
5
0
151
1,159

2018
85
1,031
18
174
22
63
3
3
1
2
9
345
7
21
4
8
11
404
6
157
5
247
3
6
4
3
4
4
2
3
1
1
7
54
1
15
2
4
1
30
28
18
5
11
7
4
1
3
10
0
5
0
34
43
26
37
8
5
9
9
9
9
2
0
169
1,159

2019
204
283
87
87
69
107
9
36
10
16
6
0
4
10
4
5
4
3
1
0
2
1
1
2
3
6
4
4
24
109
11
15
9
23
4
70
19
70
9
47
7
14
1
6
43
47
14
9
7
12
3
4
3
2
3
0
1
2
111
336
61
126
50
209
22
138
22
138
2
1,605
425
2,587

2020
29
153
7
120
4
14
1
2
4
1
4
11
1
2
3
9
1
2
8
3
7
19
2
6
2
6
2
4
5
259
4
258
10
14
3
8
1
0
2
0
1
6
12
245
9
1
3
244
9
111
9
111
72
800

Composition
ratio

40%
19%
10%
15%
6%
2%
1%
0%
6%
0%
6%
1%
1%
0%
4%
1%
1%
0%
11%
0%
10%
2%
3%
1%
3%
1%
3%
0%
7%
32%
6%
32%
14%
2%
4%
1%
1%
0%
3%
0%
1%
1%
17%
31%
13%
0%
4%
31%
13%
14%
13%
14%
100%
100%

Total
461
3,560
139
411
111
212
13
41
13
17
46
457
13
35
12
15
73
2,321
37
2,018
35
301
1
2
12
28
20
10
43
142
21
34
13
31
7
74
52
493
10
62
17
301
10
65
3
39
109
114
24
32
22
25
4
5
7
16
26
3
7
8
189
750
120
271
69
479
52
532
52
532
1
0
14
1,616
921
7,206

9-1. Number of Seizures of Cannabis by Mode of Transport(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
Mode

2016

2017

49
1
59
4
9
4
7
4
2
0
1
0
118
9

By air passengers
By the use of international mailBy the use of commercial cargo
Air cargo
Sea cargo
By ship crews
Total

57
3
99
10
12
118
10
18
2
100
3
0
171
131

2018
49
92
148
45
19
19
19
19
2
0
218
156

2019
60
28
167
49
11
5
10
5
1
0
4
0
242
82

2020

YOY
35%
0%
86%
156%
345%
768%
360%
769%
200%

21
0
144
77
38
40
36
40
2
- All decreased- All decreased- All decreased
203
84%
116
142%

(Note) 1. "Air passengers" includes crew members, and "ship crews" includes passengers and cases of trafficking by sea. "Commercial cargo" include unaccompanied baggage.

Composition
ratio

10%
0%
71%
66%
19%
34%
18%
34%
1%
100%
100%

2. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
3. "0" means 500g or less, while "-" means nil.

9-2. Number of Seizures of Herbal Cannabis by Source(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
SourceAsia
AfricaSouth Africa
EuropeNorth America
USA
CanadaLatin America
Middle East
Oceania
Unknown
Total(Note) 1. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
2. "0" means 500g or less, while "-" means nil.

2016

2017
19
3
14
0
41
2
28
2
13
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
81
6

20
1
2
100
2
100
31
1
55
15
40
10
15
6
3
0
4
0
115
117

2018
20
6
33
3
70
133
61
40
9
93
2
1
2
0
1
0
128
143

2019
11
0
29
1
66
61
50
43
16
18
1
0
1
0
2
0
110
61

2020
15
38
21
2
50
8
38
2
12
6
86
49

Composition
ratio

17%
79%
24%
5%
58%
16%
44%
3%
14%
13%
100%
100%

Total
85
49
2
100
2
100
128
8
282
220
217
96
65
124
8
1
2
0
4
0
9
0
520
377

9-3. Number of Seizures of Cannabis Resin, etc. by Source(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
Source

2016

2017
6
0
9
0
17
3
16
3
1
0
4
0
37
3

Asia
India
AfricaEuropeNorth America
USA
Latin America
Oceania
Unknown
Total(Note) 1. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.

2018
12
11
5
11
1
0
17
0
24
2
21
2
2
0
56
13

2019
6
0
1
0
17
1
67
12
65
12
90
13

2020

13
9
1
9
31
2
87
10
80
10
1
0
132
21

1
0
10
0
105
68
98
57
1
0
117
68

Total

Composition
ratio

1%
0%
9%
0%
90%
100%
84%
85%
1%
0%
100%
100%

38
20
7
20
1
0
84
3
300
95
280
84
2
0
1
0
6
0
432
118

2. Major countries and regions are listed.
3. "0" means 500 g or less, while "-" means nil.

(Reference) Number of Dispositions for Violations of the
Customs Act* by Mode of Offense(cases)Accusation
Mode of offense

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Composition
ratio

YOY

Import of banned goods

375

447

385

514

295

57%

94%

Duty tax evasion

2

1

3

1

2

200%

1%

Import or export without permission

14

28

46

25

14

56%

4%

False declaration for import or export

4

5

3

7

4

57%

1%

Others

-

-

3

-

-

-

-

Total

395

481

440

547

315

58%

100%

Notification(cases)Mode of offense

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

YOY

Composition
ratio

Import of banned goods

377

155

118

122

80

66%

32%

47%

8%

Duty tax evasion

61

62

53

45

21

Import or export without permission

666

919

929

545

129

24%

51%

False declaration for import or export

17

2

7

6

6

100%

2%

Others

6

4

7

1

15

15-fold

6%

Total

1,127

1,142

1,114

719

251

35%

100%

(Note) Including the Act on Temporary Special Provisions of the Customs Act, etc. Attendant upon the Enforcement of the ""Agreement under Article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperationand Security between Japan and the United States of America regarding Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Japan""10. Outline of Intellectual Property Rights
Object for protection

Patent Act(Patent
right)

Utility Model
Act(Utilitymodel right)

Design Act(Designright)

TrademarkAct(Trademark
right)

Copyright
Act(Copyright)

・Invention (a highly advanced creationof technical ideas utilizing the laws ofnature) (Art. 1, Art. 2)・Device in respect to the shape or
structure of an article or to the
combination of articles (the creation oftechnical ideas utilizing the laws ofnature) (Art. 1, Art. 2)・Design (the shape, patterns or colors,
or any combination thereof, of anarticle, which creates an aesthetic
impression through the eyes) (Art. 1,
Art. 2)・ Trademark (among those which canbe perceived by people, any
character, figure, sign or threedimensional shape or color, or any
combination thereof; sounds, oranything else specified by Cabinet
Order (a mark) which is used by aperson in connection with a goodwhich the person produces, certifies
or assigns as its business, etc. (Art. 1,
Art. 2)・Work(acreatively
produced
expression of thoughts or sentimentsthat falls within the literary, academic,
artistic, or musical domain) (Art. 1, Art.
2)

Arising of the right andMajor seizures

durationby Customs

・Patent right arises uponregistrationof
its
establishment. (Art. 66)
・20 years from the filingdate of the patentapplication, in principle(Art. 67)
・Utility model right arises
upon registration of its
establishment. (Art. 14)
・10 years after the filingdate of the application
for the utility model
registration (Art. 15)

・Ink
cartridge(Seiko Epson)・Toner cartridge(Ricoh)・Design right arises uponregistrationof
its
establishment. (Art. 20)・20 years from the dateof registration of its
establishment (Art. 21)
・Trademark right arises
upon registration of its
establishment. (Art. 18)
・10 years from the dateof registration of its
establishment (Art. 19)*Can be renewed

・Copyright arises at thetime the work is created.
(Art. 51 (1))
・50 years after the deathoftheauthor, inprinciple (Art. 51 (2))
・70 years after the work
is made public forcinematographic works(Art. 54)

・Cleaning wiper(Kao)(* This is a pastcase.
Utilitymodel
rightdoes not exist
for this productat present.)
・Beautyroller(MTG)
・Earphones(Apple)・Counterfeit
brand-nameproducts, suchas bags, wallets,and clothes
・Counterfeit
versionsof
medicines suchas Viagra

・Animation
charactergoods, etc.
・Pirated DVDs
(films, dramas,
exercise DVDs,
etc.)

Object for protection(Neighboring right)

Act on the
Circuit
Layout of
Semiconduc
torIntegrated
Circuits(Layoutdesign
exploitationright)
Plant Variety
Protectionand Seed
Act(Breeder's
right)

Arising of the right andMajor seizures

durationby Customs

・Performing (giving a dramatic
performance of, dancing, giving a
musical performance of, singing,delivering, declaiming, or by any othermeans giving a performance of a work
(including similar actions not involving
the performance of a work but having
the nature of a performing art))
・Phonogram (the fixation of sounds ona material object such as aphonograph disc or recording tape[other than of sounds that are
intended to be played exclusively
alongside images])
・Broadcasting (the transmission to the
public of wireless communications
with the objective of allowing the
public to simultaneously receive
transmissions with the same content)
・ Cablecasting (the transmission to the
public of wired telecommunications
with the objective of allowing the
public to simultaneously receive
transmissions with the same content)(Art. 1, Art. 2)・Layout-design (a layout of circuitry
elements in semiconductor integrated
circuits and the lead wires connecting
such elements) (Art. 1, Art. 2)

・Neighboring right arises
at the time that theperformance, etc. takes
place. (Art. 101 (1))
・50 years counting fromthe year after that inwhich the performance,
etc. takes place (Art.
101 (2))・CDs
overseas
distribution

・Layout-design
exploitation right arises
upon registration of its
establishment. (Art. 10(1))
・10 years after the dateof registration of its
establishment (Art. 10
(2))

・No
cases

・Variety (a plant grouping which can be
distinguished from any other plantgrouping by the expressions of at
least
one
of
the
importantcharacteristics and which can bepropagated while maintaining all its
expressions of characteristics withoutchange) (Art. 1, Art. 2 (2))

・Breeder's right arises
uponavarietyregistration. (Art. 19 (1))
・25 years (or 30 years forperennial plant) fromthe date of variety
registration(Art. 19
(2))

・Rush
grass
(Hinomidori)(Kumamoto)forseizureOutline of Goods Whose Import and Export are Regulated under the Unfair Competition Prevention Act

Goods creating
confusion with well-

Details

ExampleGoods for which the same or similar・ A sign similar to that of a well-known

indication

restaurantasanother

person's

in

Osaka

(ex.

An

indication well-known among certain

advertising display similar to theconsumers (well-known indication) is

well-known moving crab display ofused, thereby creating confusion

the restaurant serving crab dishes)

Goods for which the same or similar・ A vitamin tablet using a productindication

person's

name similar to a famous vitaminindication without

indication broadly known nationwide

tablet (ex. "Alinabic 25" whose

authorization(famous indication) is used without

name is similar to famous "Alinamin(Art. 2 (1) (ii))

authorization (irrespective of whether

A25")

known indication(Art. 2 (1) (i))

Goods using famousas

anotheror not to cause confusion)
Goods imitating
configuration(Art. 2 (1) (iii))

Goods infringing

Goods imitating the characteristic

・ A toy imitating the characteristic

configuration of another person's

configuration of a famous toy (ex.

goods (irrespective of whether or not"New Tamago Watch" imitating theto attach a label or other indication)

configuration of "Tamagocchi")Goods produced through unauthorized・A

use of trade secret (limited to cases

production

where a person who knows that facttechnology

imports or exports relevant goods)

obtained

product

produced

by

using

process-related
that
(ex.

was
A

steel

illegally
sheet

produced by using an illegally

trade secretobtained production process of(Art. 2 (1) (x))

Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
Corporation's sophisticated steel
sheet [grain-oriented electrical steel
sheet])

Devices to invalidate
technologicalrestriction measures(Art. 2 (1) (xvii),(xviii))

Devices to invalidate measures to

・ A device to enable the use of aencrypt contents and restrict accessgame

to only duly authorized persons

downloaded software (ex. Magicon)(access control)・ A device to enable the editing ofmachinewithillegally

data of a computer game (ex.
Saveeditor)(Note) Regarding goods violating the Unfair Competition Prevention Act, who or what good is to be protected
may be unclear in some cases. Therefore, in order to ensure proper enforcement by Customs, a person
intending to request an injunction must obtain opinions or approval of the Minister of Economy, Tradeand Industry as to whether there are materials that make a prima facie showing of the fact of
infringement, and submit a document containing such opinions or approval to the Directors-General ofa Customs House.