Asian Network of Major Cities(ANMC)21
Promotion of Environmentally Sound Waste Management
and Resource Recycling

Strategic Solid Waste Management
In Developing Countries

田中 勝
Masaru Tanaka, Ph.D.

Professor, Tottori University of Environmental Studies
11/19 AM1

Collaboration• Act of working together to achieve
something.
• 3R society is the society which we like tocreate by 3R and proper disposal of solid
waste .

11/19 AM

2

(Reference) Overview of“Strategy for a 21st Century Environmental State”
Ministry of the Environment

1. Current conditions and challenges of the global environment
Global Warming Crisis

Crisis caused by
the Waste of Resources

Ecological Crisis

A sound and abundant environment is the product of an endless history. Its blessings should be passed on to future
generations and shared between generations. However, environmental load has exceeded its capacity, and the balance
once possessed by the global ecosystem has collapsed, and if left as is, there is concern regarding the difficulty ofsustainable development in the social economy. Issues regarding the global environment are also closely related toissues regarding human security, and are the greatest test facing mankind.

Development of efforts
to integrate each aspect of
A Low-Carbon Societysustainable society

11/19 AMA Society in Harmony
with Nature

A Sound MaterialCycle Society3

① Collaboration of• 3 different efforts to tackle for three major
crises simultaneously.

11/19 AM4

11/19 AM

5

化石燃料に頼らない新エネルギーに期待は高まる（島根県出雲市のキララ多伎にて）

11/19 AM

6
ごみ、下水汚泥からメタンガスを回収する資源化施設 (韓国プサン市）

School Bus Operated by BDF Processed by Used Cooking Oil

マイカーよりもエコバス通学！
鳥取環境大学では、廃食油を再生利用してスクールバスを運行しています。

11/19 AM7

1. Issues concerning 3R society

11/19 AM

8

Waste is index ofresource consumption• （参考・廃棄物学入門）

Naturalresource
Naturalresource
11/19 AM

Liquid waste
Gas
waste
Liquidwaste
Solid
Gaswastewaste
Solid waste

9Consumption of Natural Resources

11/19 AM

10

Solid Waste Generation in the World until 2050
billion ton/ year

億/年

Solid Waste Generation in the World 2000-2050 (t/year)

2050 ; 27 billion ton

300

2000 ; 12.7 billion ton

250

2025; 19 billion ton
2015: 17 billion ton

200
150
100
50
0
2000

2005

2010

ASIA

EuropeNorthern America

11/19 AM

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

Latin America and the Caribbean

2045

Africa

2050

Ocea

11

Consumption of Natural ResourcesUD$
40

Oil Price Trends

35
30
25
20
15

Tokyo Market, Dubai

10

London Market, North Sea Brent
ＮＹ Market, ＷＴＩ

5ＣＩＦ Price of JapanＣＩＦ Price of America

1997
19 .1198
19 .0398
19 .0798
19 .1199
19 .0399
19 .0799
20 .1100
20 .0300
20 .0700
20 .1101
20 .0301
20 .0701
20 .1102
20 .0302
20 .0702
20 .1103
20 .0303
20 .0703
20 .1104.03

0
11/19 AM12

source:The Institute of Energy Economies, Japan

Good or Bad ?
• Bad Situation
• War
• Ill
• Unhappy• Poor• Waste11/19 AMGood Situation
Peace
HealthHappy
Rich
Consumer Product13

Need forSustainable
Society

FutureＧａｐ?
The 21st century

Mass Production, Mass Consumption, Mass Disposal
11/19 AM

14

Conceptual view of 3R Society
From realization of a SMS to sustainable development

Realization of a SMS
SMS○The consumption of natural
resources is minimized○The environmental impact
is reduced as much as
possible○Established by promoting
reduction, reuse, recycling,heat recovery andappropriate disposal.
11/19 AM

Realization of“sustainable
development”
A SMS is a desirable stateof socio-economic systemthat will realize“sustainable
development”, the world’scommon goal ofenvironmental policies.

15

Sustainable Society and Waste Management
Input

Better Quality of Life

resources
・energy

Waste
Manag
ement
11/19 AM

Outputwaste

Circulative Useof Resources
3R
ReduceReuse
RecycleEnvironmentalimpactEnvironmental Policy
Water
Air
Pollution Pollution
Control
Control
Processing andDisposalof Solid Waste Sludge

Dust
16

② Collaboration• among effort for 3R and effort for proper
waste disposal.

11/19 AM17

Basic Principle of Waste Management(3R Principles)
ReduceReuse

Producers (Design for Environment)
Consumers (Sustainable Life Style)

Discharge/Classification

RecycleCollection by
Voluntary Group

Municipality (Material and Energy Recovery)
Proper Final Disposal

11/19 AM18

③ Collaboration among• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle

11/19 AM

19

Current conditions of transboundary movementof circulative resources
Increase of the transboundary movement of“circulative resources” (CR)*○Increased quantity of international transfers of hazardous wastes(increase 5 times in eight years)○Increased quantity of CR exported from Japan(increase 9 times in ten years)*circulative resources (CR) : include waste and other used things thatare usable as resources.
【Trend of trans-border transfers of hazardous wastes 】 【Quantities of CR exported from Japan】
MillionThousand tons
tons
20,000千トン

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004

18,00016,00014,00012,00010,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

(CR include waste plastics and slugs, etc.)(Source : Web site of Basel Convention Secretariat)

11/19 AM

(Source : Documents of recycling-oriented society planning20
division of the Central Environmental Council)

Discussion on construction of international ３
R Society
３R CR including solid waste are moving internationally. While transboundary 3R
activities have become possible, there is a rising concern about environmental
pollution in countries which import CR.
 As demand of natural resources increases, their prices are rising and resource shortageis taking place.

Necessity to ensure appropriate use and disposalof CR from the stand point of the entire East
Asian region

Realize the good circulation between environmental conservation and economic
development through preventing negative environmental impacts and securingsound international movement of CR.

Consideration of concrete policy measures in the Central Environmental
Council (Discussion started in November, 2005)
11/19 AM21

2. Japan’s experiences in waste management and 3R
policies to be shared with other Asian countries

11/19 AM22

Japan’s past conditions regarding waste issues
Japan’s• Past policy measures of waste management were far fromfundamental resolution; “Sweep the trouble under the carpet”• “The chapter, the better” style prevailed in waste treatment. (Badmoney drives out good money.)
Such insufficientmanagement resulted in;

Huge-scale illegal dumping of waste such as inTeshima case
Accumulation of hazardous waste such as PCB[Improper waste management
by open incineration]

11/19 AM

[Huge-scale illegal waste dumping] [Improper storage of PCB waste]

23
Source: data by Ministry of the Environment

Progress of waste treatment• Introduction of continuous-type furnaces in waste incineration facilities
contributed to reducing gas emission• Liner sheet and effluent treatment facilities are utilized in sanitary landfill sites

1960s

11/19 AM

1970s

Present

Present

24

For Better Waste Management
Refuse Collection Coverage

Open Dumping

Sanitary Landfill

Incineration Rate for Combustible Waste¾ L a n d f i l l D i s p o s a l R a te
¾ R e c y c l i n g R a te
11/19 AM

¾ W a s te G e n e r a ti o n R a te25

Basic Principle Underlying
Waste Disposal
Control of Generation

zHouseholds
zBusiness enterprises

discharging waste
Recycling

Volume Reduction

zMunicipalities responsible for MSW
zWaste disposal agents forindustrial waste
Proper Final Disposal

11/19 AM

26

Table 1 History of waste-related legislation
Year
1900

PurposeLaw
Public hygiene measure ･Dirt Removal Law

1954

Living environment
preservation･Public Cleansing Law

1970

Domestic environment
preservation･Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing
Law

1991

Global environment
preservation･Amendment of Waste Disposal andPublic Cleansing Law･Law for Promotion of Resource Recycling
and Reuse

1995

Extended Producer
Responsibility

1997

Proper disposal ofindustrial waste

1998

Extended Producer
Responsibility

11/19 AM･Law for Promotion of Separate Collection
and Recycling of Packaging Waste(Package Waste Recycling Law)
･Amendment of Waste Disposal andPublic Cleansing Law･Law for Recycling Specific Home
Equipment Into New Products (HomeElectric Appliance Recycling Law)
27

Extended Producer Responsibility
Production/
distribution stage•Safety of workers•Prevention of the emissionof a pollutant from a
production process to theenvironment and generalmanagement•Financial and legal
responsibility for fullindustrial waste control

Consumption stage
Civil-law responsibility
associated with adangerous productScope of manufacturers' anddistributors' responsibility in the past

Waste disposal stage
Financial and physicalresponsibility for postconsumption productmanagement

Scope of theadministrative
authorities' responsibility
in the past

Scope of EPR
11/19 AM

28

Mercury Free Battery
1980～
Mercury pollution by Battery
became a serious problem
in waste management.

11/19 AM

1991
Mercury Free Mg Battery
1992
Mercury Free Li Battery29

Significance of Reduction,
Recycling and Effective Use
Separate Collection and Groups Collection
Approximately 1,300 municipal governments (approximately
40% of all) are collecting cans, bottles and used paper asrecycled .
Group collection is a system under which local organizations,such as town associations, children’s association and PTAs,
collect recyclable wastes like metal scrap and glass bottles anddeliver them to recycling companies with a view to efficient
recycling. Revenues from such collection are used to fund local
activities. Citizens’ organizations registered for group collection
numbered 82,000.
11/19 AM30

Promotion of a regional 3RSociety in collaboration of thelocal governments and NGOs/NPOs○ Local governments support activities to collect usedpapers, used magazines, used clothing, etc. by
citizens’ groups, NGOs/NPOs, etc. (group collection )○ ¥1～4/kg of collected recyclables are subsidized.
○ About 3,000 tons/year of solid waste are recycled
through this group collection[Details of waste by group collection in Japan (thousand tons)]

53.0
55.0

AM of recyclable waste
Group11/19
collection

3.0 2.0

69.0 9.0

2,638.0

紙類
Papers
金属類
MetalsGlass
ガラス類
PET bottles
ペットボトルPlastics
プラスチック類
Fabrics
布類
Othersその他
31

Legislative framework to create 3R society
Basic
Environment Law

Basic Environment
Plan
Securing SMS Restraining theconsumption of natural resources
Reducing environmental impacts

Fundamental Law for Establishing a SMS(Basic Framework Law)
Fundamental Plan for Establishinga SMS:

Principles for otherbasic plans of the state government<Appropriate treatment of waste><Promotion of recycling>

Waste Management andPublic Cleansing Law

Law for the Promotion of
Effective Utilization of Resources

11/19 AM

Timbers,
concrete, asphalt

End-of-life
VehicleRecycling Law

Foodresidues

Construction
Waste Recycling
Law

Air conditioners,
refrigerators,
freezers, TV sets,
washing machines

Foods Recycling
Law

Glass, bottles,
PET bottles, etc.

Home Appliance
Recycling Law

Law for Promotion ofSorted Collection andRecycling ofContainers andPackaging

Regulations according to thecharacteristics of individual items

Law on Promoting Green Purchasing (the central government takes
leadership in promoting procurement of recycled goods)

Vehicles32

3. How safe is safe?

11/19 AM33

Waste Management and Environmental Risk Management
Input

Waste management
Resources/
energyLandfill
Leachate treatment• Dioxins• Heavy metals• BOD/COD

Circular useof resources•Reduce•Reuse•Recycling

Solid
waste
11/19 AM

OutputVent gas treatment• Dioxins• Soot and dust
• HCl, NOx, SOx

Environmental
Risk Management

Wastewater treatment• Dioxins• Heavy metals

Collection/transportation

Incineration

34

Solid Waste Classified in Terms of Risk Associatedwith Incineration
Disposalcost

Fit for incineration

Unfit for incineration

Incineration banned

Risks

Dangerous

Safe

Kitchen waste
Waste paper,
woodchips
Plastics
11/19 AM

Metals,glass,
ceramics,
waste rubber

Gas cartridge,
volatile/inflammablewaste liquid

Solid waste too dangerous
to be incinerated

35

Zero risk is impossible
When considering environmental
risk, there is a trade-off between costand global environment issues<Cost><CO2 emission and other global environment problems>

But it is only natural thatneighboring citizens want maximum
reduction of the risk

0

0.1

1

10

100
<Dioxins emissions>[ng/m3N]<Environmental risk>

11/19 AM

トレードオフの関係：
36
あっちをたてればこっちがたたず，こっちをたてればあっちがたたず，という関係

Solid Waste Classified in Terms of Risk Associatedwith Landfill
Disposalcost

Stable typelandfill
Safe
Glass and waste
ceramics
Metal scraps
Waste plastics
ConstructionwastesWaste rubber

11/19 AM

Control typelandfill
Pass

Test

Shield typelandfill

Not Pass

Solid waste too
dangerous to be put tolandfill
Hazard of solid waste
Hazardous
Waste oil
Waste liquid,
etc.

Solid waste too hazardous to be put
to landfill37

Le ve l of s tandard conformity ↑Major standards now in force on landfill structure

SCoverSOpen pit
SInternal shield, exterior shield
SAnticorrosion work
SRainwater penetration blockSeepage control work
Control basin
Leachate treatment facilities
Groundwater collection/drainage facilities
Internal water collection/drainage facilities

Signboard
FenceLandslide prevention work,
subsidence prevention work
{Leachate collection facilities{Rainwater drainage facilities¾Concrete wall, dyke
¾Groundwater quality analysis

 ：Standards ap p licable to all ty p es
S：Standards only for shield ty p e◇：Standards only for control ty p e{ ：Standards only for stable ty p e¾ ：Standards for stable and control
ty p es

11/19 AM

Shield type
Hazardous industrial
waste

Control type
[Other than stable ands hield types]
For example, s ludge,
woodchips, was te paper,s lag.

Stable typeW as te plastics , waste rubber,
metal scraps, glas s, anddemolition debris

Concrete walls

A

Double-layerwaterproof sheet

B

Le ve l of contamination or hazard →A A： Whether the leachate quality conforms or not to the BO D/CO D standards (whether dirty effluent is discharged or not)?
For examp le, when the solid waste is p ut into a bucket full of water, whether dirty water comes out or not?

B B ： Whether or not an elution test detects presence of heavy metals or volatile matters in excess of the standards (criteria)?

38

Risk arising from stable type landfill sites
Level of risk arisingfrom landfill site

Acceptable risk:
High
cost

Lo w

Level of risk the society can accept(tolerable risk level)

Desired level of“appropriate
treatment”

About the cost:
Tolerable risk level has come down with time.
The cost of responding to the contemporary
acceptable level of risks (to satisfy the desired
level of appropriate treatment) goes up,
accordingly.

1970s

Lan d fill o f slu d g e

H ig hLan d fill o f slu d g e

Low
cost

Landfill of shredder
dust and plaster board

1980s

Landfill of shredder
dust and plaster board

1990s

2000s

2010s
Decade (period)

11/19 AM39

4. National Strategic Plan for Solid
Waste Management

11/19 AM

40

Characterizations of Waste Disposal
in Japan
PhysicalPhysical Characterization
Characterization
CountryCountryArea
Area
Population
PopulationDensity
Density
Material
MaterialResource
Resource

Small
Small
High
High
littlelittleAnxiety
Anxietyfor
forDioxin
DioxinEmission
Emission

Very
VeryHigh
High

SocialSocial Characterization
Characterization

Waste
WasteDisposal
DisposalFacilities
Facilities
Waste
WasteDisposal
DisposalCost
Cost

11/19 AM

Not
NoteasyeasytotoSecure
Secure
High
High

41

11/19 AM

42

World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002
¾ The Johannesburg Plan
¾ Frame work of programs to accelerate the shift towards
sustainable consumption and production.
¾ Key Issues: LCA, Environmental Indicator, EPR

Japan The Basic Plan for Establishing a Sustainable
Society 2003
¾ A national ten-year program to accelerate the shift towards¾ Sustainable patterns of production¾ Reduce of Natural Resource Consumption and Environmental
Load¾ Expanding reuse and recycling¾ Promoting a less consumption-oriented lifestyle
11/19 AM43

Waste Prevention(Waste Reduction)

Waste
Minimization

Prevention of generation at the source
Waste Recycling（prior to waste collection)

Recovery of Materials(by municipality)
Composting

Volume Reduction
Bailing, Crushing, etc.
Incineration

Different Policy Options for Waste Minimisation
11/19 AM

44

Waste Minimization for Landfill

Sorting
Sortingatat
sourceCombustibles Incineration Iresidue Final
Finaldisposal
disposal
Bulky waste

Voluntary
Voluntary
Resource
Resource
RecoveryRecoveryCrushing facility

Recyclable items(bottles, cans, etc.)

Recycling
Recycling

Promotion of Recycling at Municipal Level
11/19 AM45

11/19 AM

46

Eco-Cement Plant in Santama, TokyoUtilization after intermediate treatment
Recycle Rate

1000

15.0
13.1

800

12.0

12.1
11.0
10.3

9.8
9.1

600

260

8.0

252

7.3
6.1

400

214

5.3
180

200

99
168

232

247

251

6.0

192

236

141
169

193

220

9.0

257

278

300

260

3.0

335
161

183

0

0.0
1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Recycled Waste and Recycle Rate
11/19 AM

47

Recycle Rate（％）

Recycled Waste (10 thousand ｔ）

Directry recycled waste
Recycling through volunteer group collection

<2000>
Steel Ca n
84.2
Aluminum Ca n
80.6
G lass Bottle
77.8
Waste P aper
58.0
P et Bottl
34.5

90
80
Recycle Rate (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

0

Recycle Rate of Paper, Cans and Bottles
11/19 AM48

Development of 3R promotive technology[Incineration technology][Recycling technology]
Plastics containing low levelof nonferrous metal• Electric board SD scrap• CSD (ASR)• Boards, etc. fromdismantled home
appliances

Amount treated:
50,000 tons/year

Pretreatment

Steamgeneration

Secondary
combustion
chamber 900°C

Quick
temperature
yeduction
tower

BoilerWaste gas
Treatment
deviceFAN

Stack

Fluid bed
furnace
700°C
Fluid sand

Fluid sand
+ Valuable
metalsSolvent(Silica sand SiO2)

Ash containing
valuables(Au, Ag, Cu)
To copper
Flush refining process* Function: Lowering the melt point ofslag/improvement of fluidity

Ash contaiing
valuables(Pb, etc.)
To lead refining
process

furnace

Raw materials for nonferrous metals●Copper concentrate●High-grade circulativematerials(Electronic board, sludge, cellular phone, etc.)

Matte (valuable metals) Granulated
blast
furnace slag
To converter

Pig leadTo pig lead refining

The following two
points will enable
to achieve criteria
for maintenanceand managementof the structure.
i) 3T managementii) 22-stage charcoal
absorption○Nonferrous metal refining
plants enable efficient andsanitary recover of rare andvaluable metals, such as gold,
platinum, and indium.
11/19 AM
Plant for recovery of rare metals

Melting slag

DXN measures

Lead electric furnace

Gasification
melting furnace○Gasification melting furnace incorporates
technology that excels in the quality ofrecovered metal and of the reduction ofmelting slag.

49

④ Collaboration among• Soft technologies like collection policies,
pay as you throw charging system• Hard technologies like mechanical sorting,incineration, gasification melting process
and high grade leachate treatment
technology.

11/19 AM

50

Material Flow in Japan (2000)
Input
Materials
2.1 billion t

Production
1.1 billion t

Energy400 million t

OutputConsumption

11/19 AM

Waste
600 million t

51

nd
The 2 BASIC

PLAN for SMS• Resource Productivity: GDP 420,000yen
per ton of Resource in 2015 which is 60%
higher than 280,000yen per ton in 2000
• Final Disposal Amount: 23million ton in2015 compare to 56million ton in 2000
(60% reduction)

11/19 AM52

1. Development of WLCA Tool
INPUT

Waste Management

OUTPUT

Collection
EnergyResource
NaturalResource
Financial
Resource

11/19 AM

Transportation
Intermediate
Treatment
Landfill

CO２,
NOｘ,
SOｘ,
COD,
BOD,
Pb,
Cd,
Others53

⑤ Collaboration• Among different stages. Collection,transportation, intermediate treatment, andresidue transportation and final disposal.

11/19 AM54

11/19 AM

種類の多い分別回収で忘れてはならないのは収集運搬。
ここでも燃料消費し環境負荷をもたらす

55

Validation for Okayama City –Result1Scenario 1(Existing Scenario)

Scenario 2(Incineration Scenario)
160

160
120

120

2.86
MJ/US$

80

80

6.45
MJ/US$

1.42
kg-CO2/US$

Scenario 3(Recycling Scenario)
160
5.43
MJ/US$

120
1.76
kg-CO2/US$

80

40

40

40

0

0

0

Cost
[million US$/year]

11/19 AM

Energy Conservation[Tera J/year]

0.51
kg-CO2/US$

CO2 Emission[1000tonne-CO2/year]56

⑥ Collaboration of• Among different evaluation factors, likeeconomic factor, environmental factor andenergy natural resource.
•

11/19 AM57

• Society of Solid Waste Management Experts in
Asia ＆ Pacific Islands (SWAPI)
Basic Data、Biomass
Utilization, Hazardous
Waste Management are topics to study

11/19 AM58

⑦ Collaboration• Among all nations to tackle the global
issues like sustainable society.
• Collaboration among federal government,
local government, citizen and private sector.
• Collaboration among Different ministries• Collaboration among politicians,
researchers, governmental administrative
officers, engineers and citizens.
11/19 AM59

PDM
• Pride• Dream• Mission
11/19 AM60