Towards Effective Public-Private Partnerships
in Research and Innovation: A Perspective for
African Science Granting Councils
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)TECHNOPOLICY BRIEF NO. 49
Prof. Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
Dr. Bertha Vallejo
Dr. Banke Abejirin
Ms. Shruti Vasudev
Dr. Nicholas Ozor
Dr. Maurice Bolo

Improving the Relevance of University Training to Labour Market Demands in Africa

Towards Effective Public-Private Partnerships in
Research and Innovation: A Perspective for
African Science Granting Councils

Prof. Banji Oyeleran-Oyeyinka
Former Director for Africa United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat)
Dr. Bertha Vallejo
Tilburg University and UNU-MERIT, Netherlands
Dr. Banke Abejirin
The Cerebral Hub, Nigeria
Ms. Shruti Vasudev
European School of Management and Technology, (ESMT), Germany
Dr. Nicholas Ozor
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
Dr. Maurice Bolo
The Scinnovent Centre

The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a transdisciplinary network of researchers, policymakers, private sector actors
and the civil society promoting the generation, dissemination, use
and mastery of Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) for African
development, environmental sustainability and global inclusion. In
collaboration with like-minded institutions, ATPS provides platforms
for regional and international research and knowledge sharing in orderto build Africa’s capabilities in STI policy research, policymaking andimplementation for sustainable development.
Published by the African Technology Policy Studies
Network ( ATPS)P O Box 10081, 00100 GPO Nairobi Kenya© 2018
ISBN: 978-9966-030-97-9
Towards Effective
in Researchand Innovation:
A perspective
ImprovingPublic-Private
the RelevancePartnershipsof University Training
to LabourMarket Demands
in Africa for African Science Granting
Councils

Table of Contents
About the Science Granting Councils Initiative............................................................................3
About African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)........................................................4
About Scinnovent Centre......................................................................................................................4
Acknowledgement...................................................................................................................................5
1.0

Introduction..................................................................................................................................6

2.0

Methodology...............................................................................................................................9

3.0

Major Findings...........................................................................................................................10

4.0

Policy Recommendations for Strenghthening SGCs...................................................15

5.0.

References...................................................................................................................................17

6.0

ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief Series..........................................................................................18

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COuncilsAbout Science
Initiative

Granting

Councils

The Science Granting Councils Initiative in Sub-Saharan Africa (SGCI) seeks tostrenghthen capacities of Science Granting Councils (SGCs) in Eastern, Southern,
Central and West Africa in order to support research and evidence-based policies thatwill contribute to economic and social development. It is jointly funded by the United
Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), Canada’s International
Development Research Centre (IDRC), and South Africa’s National Research Foundation(NRF).
The objectives of SGCI are to strengthen the ability of particpating SGCs to 1) manage
research; 2)design and monitor research programmes, and to formulate and implement
policies based on the use of robust science, technology and innovation (STI) indicators;3) support knowledge transfer to the private sector; and; 4) establish partnerships
with one another, and with other science system actors. The implementation of theseobjectives is achieved through regional training courses, individualised on-site training
sessions, on-line training, webinars and, collaborative research. The SGCI works with15 councils in Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Cote d’ Ivoire, Burkina Faso,
Senegal, Ghana, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana, Malawi, Namibia and Zimbabwe.
The SGCIs principle output include 1) more effective research management practices
among Councils, 2) strenghened ability of Councils to design and monitor research
programmes, and to formulate and implement policies based on the use of robust
science technology and innovation indicators, 3) increased knowledge transfer to theprivate sector and 4) increasingly coordinated and networked Councils. More effective
Councils are expected to strenghthen national science systems, and ultimately leadto nationally-led research that contributes to development in participating Africancountries.

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Public-Private
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CouncilsAbout the African Technology Policy
Studies Network (ATPS)
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a trans-disciplinary networkof researchers, policymakers, private sector actors and the civil society promoting thegeneration, dissemination, use and mastery of Science, Technology and Innovations(STI) for African development, environmental sustainability and global inclusion. ATPS
has over 1,300 members and 3000 stakeholders in over 51 countries in 5 continents withinstitutional partnerships worldwide. We implement our programs through members
in national chapters established in 30 countries (27 in Africa and 3 Diaspora chaptersin the Australia, United States of America, and United Kingdom). In collaboration
with like-minded institutions, ATPS provides platforms for regional and international
research and knowledge sharing in order to build Africa’s capabilities in STI policy
research, policymaking and implementation for sustainable development.

About Scinnovent Centre
The Scinnovent Centre is a science, technology and innovation (STI) policy think tankregistered in Kenya as a not-for-profit company. Their preliminary concern is that
despite advancements in science, technology and innovation (STI), poverty levelsin Africa are increasing; environment degradation is worsening; the ecosystem has
become more fragile; sustainability has been compromised and livelihoods threatened.
So they ask three big questions: Why have the developments in science, technology
and innovation not made any significant difference in African development? Why have
STI policies not translated into practical change on the ground? How come pockets ofsuccess piloted across countries have not scaled?

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Acknowledgement
This policy brief was produced by the African Technology Policy Studies Network(ATPS) in partnership with the Scinnovent Centre under the Science Granting Councils
Initiative Project. The ATPS and Scinnovent Centre acknowledge the funding support
received from United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID),
Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and South Africa’s
National Research Foundation (NRF).

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1.0 Introduction
Overview
In order to enhance the role of public-private partnerships in socio-economic
development and in support of regional development agenda such as the STISA 2024,
issues of public-private partnerships in research and innovation have been carefully
explored to uncover the trends, characteristics and current needs. Based on these andgood practices from around the world, policy recommendations to strengthen the
African Science Granting Councils emerge.

BackgroundThe centrality of Science,Technology and Innovation (STI) as a driver of economic
growth and development has long been recognised in academic and policy literature.
Studies have shown how STI enhances countries’ industrial competitiveness andincreases the efficiency of production routines and systems (J. Chataway et al., 2009;
NACETEM, 2010; NEPAD, 2006).
Going by several Regional Declarations, African countries are committed to development
led by Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). This is evidenced by the adoption of
the 10-year Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024). STISA
is aimed at accelerating and developing human capital, innovation, industrialisation,
entrepreneurship and value addition to facilitate social transformation and enhancethe economic development and thus the competitiveness of the continent (African
Union, 2014).
Currently, over two-thirds of African countries have STI policies and strategies (The
African Capacity Building Foundation, 2017), while the last decade has seen an
increase in research fund commitments from national governments, the emergence of
new organizations funding STI, increased rates of scientific production and innovation
activities, and cross-regional research collaboration (African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS) & The Scinnovent Centre, 2017).
Many African countries, however, lack the requisite capacity to optimize the potential of
STI to enhance structural transformation of their economies. Majority are characterizedby “underdeveloped STI institutions and fail to effectively generate and deploy
knowledge and technological innovations for socioeconomic growth (The African
Capacity Building Foundation, 2017, p. viii).”
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Alongside the recognition of the need for STI in order to achieve sustainable growthand development, global leaders are increasingly articulating the need to form public
private partnerships (PPPs) to achieve STI goals. African governments have reiterated
the role of PPPs and the desire to strengthen collaborations with public and private
sector partnerships through various policy initiatives and forums, including the New
Partnership for Africa’s Development agenda (NEPAD, 2013) and the Second Ministerial
Forum on Science, Technology, and Innovation in Rabat on 17 October 2014. The
Sustainable Development Goals that were agreed upon by the United Nations havealso placed public-private partnerships as central to achieving inclusive and sustainablegrowth.
PPPs in Research & Innovation (RI) have become key elements in the mix of tools
deployed in research and innovation policies of many countries around the world.
Although this is an instrument whose application dates from the 1980s; in recent years
there has been a renewed interest and discourse on PPPs for RI. The PPP model has
found its way back into policy discussions not only in Europe and the US, but also inmany developing countries, particularly countries in Africa.
The idea of PPPs in RI is by its nature a systemic one shaped by national and regional
interests. Operationalizing the concept involves several system actors and impacts
the productive engine of nations such as industries and firms. This tool is regarded
as a mechanism for addressing market failures and coordinating of complex activities
involving a diverse set of actors including national science system actors, such asuniversities and research centres.

Science Granting Councils and the Science Granting
Council Initiative
Science Granting Councils (SGCs) are key players in enhancing PPPs around RI withina country’s national system of innovation. The role of SGCs and associated proxies indifferent settings is ideally the provision of financial support for STI-led developmentin the respective countries. SGCs are also taking on functions such as valorisation,dissemination and promotion of scientific findings, as well as data management
and policy advice. Most importantly, these councils act as government agents inrepresenting the interests of the country’s scientific community. They become crucial“‘intermediaries’ in the flow of international financial and technical support to R&D
performing institutions in a country (Mouton, Gaillard & van Lill, 2014).”
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As the number of SGCs in Africa grow and as their potential to strengthen PPPs forscientific research and innovation increases, it is important to facilitate discussions about
partnerships for RI, their design, management and impact, to shape their roles within
national systems of innovation (ATPS & The Scinnovent Centre, 2017). Accordingly,
the Science Granting Councils Initiative commissioned this report to facilitate this
discussion. The Science Granting Councils Initiative in SSA is a five-year initiative,
jointly funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development(DFID), Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and South Africa’s
National Research Foundation. The initiative works to strengthen the capacity of
SGCs in SSA to support research and evidence-based policies that will contribute toeconomic and social development. The objectives of the Science Granting Councils
Initiative include strengthening the ability of science granting councils to: (i) manage
research; (ii) design and monitor research programmes based on the use of robust ST&I
indicators; (iii) support knowledge exchange with the private sector; and (iv) establish
partnerships between councils and other science system actors (African Technology
Policy Studies Network (ATPS) & The Scinnovent Centre, 2017).
The Science Granting Councils Initiative has commissioned this report to facilitate thisvery discussion. Therefore, this policy brief provides an overview of the issues of PPPs
in RI and draws recommendations on practices for adopting them within the SGCs andother science system actors in different countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

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2.0 Methodology
The study was designed to understand how the countries involved in the SGCI, namely
Botswana, Burkina-Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique,
Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe are engaging
into PPPs in RI and share best practices for adoption.
Extensive desk review of secondary case studies in which PPPs in RI were implemented
in the sample were analyzed, and when possible, the authors of these investigations
were contacted for information on details that could enrich the research. In the courseof the desk research, several key reports were identified on PPPs in RI under the SGCI,and interviews with the corresponding authors were scheduled with the aim ofincluding their reflections. Case studies beyond SSA were also analyzed to understandthe role and best practices for implementing PPPs in RI outside the sample.
Skype and phone interviews with SGCs representatives from the SSA countries wereconducted along with personal interviews. In addition, phone interviews with several
directors of technology transfer offices, university-industry linkage and technology
offices at main universities of our SSA sample and directors of industry associations
were also conducted. This has helped in understanding the current practices around
PPPs and the respondents’ personal impressions based on their experiences.

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3.0 Major Findings
The research methodology described above led to the following findings and insights
on PPPs for RI in SSA:

Main Actors and Domains Identified
It was found that government agencies and regional authorities whose mandates do
not explicitly cover science, technology and innovation collaborate with other actors to
pursue projects in research and innovation to solve key problems in their geographicalareas. From interviews held with SGCs representatives, it is clear that the adoption of
PPPs in RI, in both developed and SSA regions, largely started as a measure to counterbalance the large public funding cuts for science. The private sector is implicitly seen as
the provider of the financial means cut by national governments.

The Private Sector
For many of the SGC members interviewed, this association is not straight forward
when discussing the practical implementation of PPPs in RI, particularly in countries inwhich the private sector is mostly composed by retail and a very narrow manufacturing
body mostly formed by SMEs. This is supported by Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Kaushalesh(2016) who highlight how the service sector has taken the conventional position ofindustrial manufacturing in Africa in the process of structural transformation. Thismight well be one of the reasons why progress in PPP in RI that leads to an innovationdriven knowledge economy in Africa has been slow because the region is basically“skipping” the industrial phase and moving right into low-productivity service sectors
namely: finance, transportation, trade and low-level ICT sub-sectors in the process ofstructural transformation.
However, economic growth in African countries including all the countries in this study
is being driven not by innovation-led manufacturing which fosters PPP in RI but lowproductivity services. It is precisely because of these local conditions, that under theumbrella of the top sectors policy and in their programs regarding low and middleincome countries, NWO-WOTRO (The Netherlands) adopts a broader definition of
the private sector, including not only the business sector, but also farmers, non-profit
organizations (i.e., foundations, NGOs) and any other relevant partner according to the10|
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program in question. This broader and unconventional definition of private sector has
favoured the implementation of PPPs in RI in these regions.

Knowledge Centres
When discussing the main actors in a PPP in RI, universities were highlighted as the major
players in these associations. Although it is true that an increasing number of African
universities are making efforts to institutionalize linkages with the private [productive]
sector by incorporating different varieties of outreach offices in their structure, not allof them have built strong capacities, particularly regarding the management of IPRs,
entrepreneurialism and market studies. This research also found that very few of theuniversities interviewed have experience in incubation and science and technologicalparks.
The interviews with the national universities reveal that although the objectives of theimplementation of PPPs in RI are oriented to solve a market failure, mostly related tovalue chains, the reasoning for actively looking for these type of partnerships is thelarge amounts of external revenue that they bring to their centres and to the university.
Sometimes due to national budget cuts, these types of associations are a way for theuniversity to compensate for those cuts.
From the fieldwork, it is clear that although most universities have already establishedan outreach office, most of them focus largely on facilitating the administrative tasksneeded to support partnerships with international donors rather than with national
SGCs. Outreach centres’ directors indicate that their relationship with the private sector
is mostly established with SMEs in the region. As in the case of Europe, close location
seems to be an important characteristic for engaging in formal partnerships with
African universities. Survey results indicate that on average the university initiates andleads the discussions regarding the implementation of PPPs in RI. From the interviews,
it was clear that the universities do not have a structured strategy for approaching theprivate sector. The platforms used to approach the private sector are mostly throughconferences where their research findings are presented, industrial internships andgrant writing.
In the case of South Africa, for example, the main means of communication for grants
and partnership opportunities was through the portal of the National Research
Foundation and its emails to the grants support office of the South African universities.
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Main Sectors ApproachedAccording to the SGCs, most of the PPPs in RI in developing countries address issues
within the agricultural, food, water and health sectors. The need for harnessing local
funds to undertake RI in sectors of national interest was constantly highlighted.

Intellectual Property Rights and Related Items
There is an important presence of IPR and patent offices at universities, but this is not
yet a strong area of expertise in many of these organizations. Not all the universities
have a clear and firm IPR policy. In many cases it was reported that the researcher owns
the patents and trademarks. The registration of patents is made at the national level.

Governance Perceptions of the SGCs and System Actors
A clear difference was identified among the actors – ministries/councils related to STI(e.g., education, industries or STI), public national universities and national researchfoundations or national research programme agencies on PPPs in RI – regarding themain function of PPPs in RI. While for the universities and national research foundations/programmes, PPPs in RI should address issues related to market failures (such as theintegration and strengthening of the value chain for a local producer, as well as thedevelopment of SMEs), for the ministries this instrument should produce lessons thatshould be used in the development of effective STI policies, as well as act as a bridgein the production of knowledge and its exchange between universities and the private
sector.

Funding and Monitoring Mechanisms
Although the incorporation of linkage or outreach offices at national universities
has increased in recent years, the budget allocated by the university to these offices
is meagre and their few staff members do not always have the appropriate set ofexpertise or skills.
When partnerships are established between a university and the private sector, it is tha
latter that mostly funds the intervention. The main source of funding for the universities(through the linkage offices) are international NGOs or donors, such as SIDA, USAID, has
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Councilsbecome a strategic tool tool to compete for external funds. Most of these grants coverprojects with a length from three to five years and require the partnerships to beformalized by Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) or collaboration agreements andnot necessarily through formal contracts.

SGCs and their Linkages with Universities
It was found that the role of the SGCs or related agencies is not often explicitly
recognized. The perception of the universities is that SGCs are largely rule-setting andregulation-making entities: that these agencies provide legal frameworks, enforce
mandates and create the environment for the establishment of PPPs in RI. However,when asked about the role of SGCs in project implementation, there was no clear
delineation of roles from the interviewees.
An interesting observation regarding the adoption of PPPs in RI was found; adirect relationship between SSA universities and the private sector exists when aninternational NGO or donor is involved. When an SGC is involved, the relationship is
not always straightforward.
In countries like Kenya and Ghana, the role of the SGCs is more proactive. Although
the organizations are established, their budgets across the sample of countries differ
greatly, and consequently they have limited capability to actively engage in direct
financing of PPPs in RI activities.

Regional Participation of SGCs in the PPPs in RI in SSA
International development agencies are fundamental players in funding the RI efforts
in SSA. From the interviews we identified the different mechanisms implemented
globally by SGCs regarding funding and involving a wide variety of industry-sciencesystems actors partnerships in order to compare their platforms of interaction,areas of attention and monitoring mechanisms. The main elements identified arethose interactions through websites, national [mostly annual] meetings and emailcommunications, which are well established. Although there are pre-discussions on
the establishment of priority areas, these are in line with national or regional preestablished strategic points. The most successful mechanism to the promotion of PPPs
in RI has been through grants of 5-7 years projects.
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An important issue identified is that in developing countries this tool is being used as a
strategy to promote and strengthen state-of-the-art technologies, seeking to maintainleadership at the technological frontier (and ownership of the technology throughpatents and intellectual property rights) and addressing pre-established societal
challenges. Meanwhile, developing economies are using the tool as an instrument tobuild or strengthen its industrial base, integrate its SMEs into the global value chain
and create employment.

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4.0 Policy Recommendations
Strenghthening SGCs

for

Recommendation 1. Strengthen Systemic Cooperationand Learning
SSA’s private sector is quantitatively small, and its science and knowledge system
relatively weak, both financially and institutionally. Private SMEs tend to engage
in atomistic and uncooperative behavior, because of their struggle to deal withdaily routines, including non-available public goods, which are taken for granted inadvanced societies. These small actors also lack information search capabilities. They
need support and to interact with universities to raise their collective productivity. This
must be facilitated by instruments of policy, as it will not happen spontaneously.
Therefore, it is recommended that SGCs in Africa engage in the deliberate creation of
capacity strengthening for sectoral interaction mapping and learning, as in European
initiatives. Both the inter-disciplinary nature of the scientific and knowledge base,as well as the complex processes involved in bringing products from laboratories tofirms make a range of knowledge interactions critical to competence building at thesectoral level, including engaging with, promoting, and monitoring and evaluating theknowledge interactions between a variety of different key actors.
Such knowledge interactions are difficult to measure, but can be gauged using a
combination of factors, such as: the percentage of funds devoted to research; thepercentage of research contracted to and from outside organizations; the level ofjoint research with other organizations (basic, applied or product development
initiatives); the number of scientific publications jointly written with other institutions;the level of co-authorship based on joint research; the exchange of key technical andscientific personnel (numbers and levels of qualification); the involvement in joint R&D
programmes organized by the government at the sectoral level; and the amount ofconsultancy research carried out for other organizations, both local and foreign.

Recommendation 2. Strengthen State Institutions for
PPPs in RI
In the developing African environment, research and development institutions andd
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made over the last decade with the establishment of organizations and institutions
that regulate and coordinate innovation functions. State institutions for PPPs in R&I
need to be strengthened to enable them to use PPPs for R&I as strategies for advancing
technological change in Africa, in addition to addressing market failures. Therefore,in line with Oyelaran-Oyeyinka (2004), we suggest that developing African countries
approach the task of developing their national system of innovation with vigor anddevote resources to key sectors.

Recommendation 3. Support Policy-Induced Partnerships
Policy-induced partnerships need to be supported. Our study confirms the significanceof network partnerships in promoting innovation in both European initiatives andsuccessful cases in Africa and other regions. PPPs in R&I work to generate inter-agent
collaborations. However, this cooperative interaction between economic agents inadvanced economies responded largely to inducement tools and mechanisms. In Africa,
as in other places, collaboration will not happen naturally and policy inducements andfacilitative incentives need to be applied consistently over time.

Recommendation 4. Strengthen the Governance ofSystems of Innovation
Finally, the governance of national systems of innovation needs to be strengthened.
In addition to weak scientific bureaucratic capacity, there is a general consensus fromthe findings that fiscal limitations pose serious challenges and set limits on what is
possible in research, innovation and technology development in SSA. Overcoming
these challenges will require a carefully coordinated approach, which recognizes theneed to balance prudent fiscal policy with initiatives aimed at encouraging the private
sector to invest substantially in innovation. Frameworks to promote linkages between
universities, science, engineering and technology institutions, and the private sector
are required to share risks (using partnership innovations). The findings call attention
to the severe internal challenges inherent in the STI governance structure generally and
the PPP in R&I specifically, as well as the existing lop-sidedness of the STI administrative
system.
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5.0 References
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS), & The Scinnovent Centre. (2017). Science
Granting Council Initiative in Sub-Saharan Africa (SGCI), Towards Effective Public-Private
Partnerships in Research and Innovation, Concept Note and Terms of Reference. African
Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) and The Scinnovent Centre. Nairobi, Kenya.
African Union. (2014). Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa 2014 (STISA 2024).
African Union Commission. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Chataway, J., Chaturvedi, K., Hanlin, R., Mugwagwa, J., Smith, J., & Wield, D. (2009). Technological
Trends and Opportunities to Combat Diseases of the Poor Africa. In F. Kalua, A. Awotedu,
L. Kamwanja, & J. Saka (Eds.), Science, Technology and Innovation for Public Health in Africa.
Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: NEPAD.
Mouton, J., Gaillard, J., & van Lill, M. (2014). Science Granting Councils in Sub-Sahara Africa.
Stellenbosch University, CREST, IRD. South Africa.
NACETEM. (2010). Assessment of innovation capability in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria.
Monograph Series. NACETEM. Ile-Ife.
NEPAD. (2006). Report on activities of the NEPAD agency in the implementation of the Africa’s
Science & Technology Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA) in Southern Africa. NPCA Mission to
Southern Africa. Pretoria.
Oyeleran-Oyeyinka, B. (2004a). Learning, Knowledge and Skills: Implications for firmlevel performance in African industry. International Journal of Technology and Sustainable
Development, 3(2).
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, B., & Kaushalesh, L. (2016). Structural Transform-ation and Economic
Development. Cross Regional Analysis of Industrialization and Urbanization: Taylor & Francis.
The African Capacity Building Foundation. (2017). Building Capacity in Science, Technology andInnovation for Africa’s Transformation: The Role of Higher Learning and Reasearch Institutions.
In Policy Brief: The African Capacity Building Foundation.

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6.0 ATPS Technopolicy Brief Series
Innovative Practices and Policies for Promoting Biodiversity Informatics in Sub Saharan Africa(ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 48)
Improving the Relevance of University Training to Labour Market Demands in Africa (ATPSTechnoPolicy brief No.47)
Developing Policies for Biodiversity Informatics in sub-Saharah Africa (ATPS Technopolicy brief
No. 46)
ICTs role in Agricultural Development: Prospects of Land Potential Knowledge System(LandPKS) ((ATPS TechnoPolicy brief No. 45)
Mainstreaming Gender in the National Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy of
Kenya (ATPS TechnoPolicy brief No. 44)
Social Innovation: An untapped Resource for Inclusive Green Growth (ATPS TechnoPolicy brief
No. 43)
Policy Axes that can uphold Agricultural Innovations for Climate Change Adaptation & Food
Security in Central Africa: Case of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Central African Republic(ATPS TechnoPolicy brief No. 42)
Frameworks for Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge in Tanzania (ATPSTechnoPolicy brief No. 41)
Assessment of Possible Intellectual Property Protection Options of Traditional Knowledge
System in Ethiopia (ATPS TechnoPolicy brief No. 40)
Towards influencing National Legislation, Policies, Strategies and Programmes for appropriate
Protection and Benefit-Sharing of Traditional Knowledge (TK) with and by Traditional Herbalistsin Uganda. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No 39)
38 Traditional Healers and their provision of Mental Health Services in Cosmopolitan Informal
Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief No. 38)
Policy Implications for Intellectual Property Systems for Traditional Healers in Lesotho. (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 37)
Incidence of Indigeneous and Innovative Climate Change Adaptation Practices for Smallholder
Framers’ Livelihood Security in Chikhwawa District, Southern Malawi. (ATPS TechnoPolicy Brief
No.36)
Machobane Farming System and its Relevance to Climate Change Policy in Lesotho. (ATPSTechnoPolicy Brief No. 35)

18| Towards Effective Public-Private Partnerships in Research and Innovation: A perspective for African Science Granting
Improving the Relevance of University Training to Labour Market Demands in Africa
Councils

The African Technology Policy Studies Network(ATPS) is a trans-disciplinary network of researchers,
policymakers, private sector actors and the civil society
promoting the generation, dissemination, use andmastery of Science, Technology and Innovations (STI)
for African development, environmental sustainability
and global inclusion. In collaboration with like-minded
institutions, ATPS provides platforms for regional andinternational research and knowledge sharing in orderto build Africa’s capabilities in STI policy research,
policymaking and implementation for sustainable
development.

African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS)
Contact the Executive Director at:
executivedirector@atpsnet.org
The Chancery, 8thFloor, Valley Rd,
P.O Box 10081,00100-Nairobi,
Kenya
Tel: ( 020) 2714092
www.atpsnet.org

Science, Technology and Innovation
for African Development
ISBN: 978-9966-030-76-9

Improving the Relevance of University Training to Labour Market Demands in Africa