NIHU Program
Islamic Area Studiesİlhan ŞAHİN

Nomads and Nomadism
New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studiesࣟࢦ

TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies
Center for Evolving Humanities
Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology
The University of TokyoTOKYO 2013

Published by
NIHU Program Islamic Area Studies
TIAS: Department of Islamic Area Studies,
Center for Evolving Humanities,
Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology
The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan

Copyright © 2013 Department of Islamic Area Studies, Center for Evolving Humanities,
Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo
The photographs in this book have been taken by the author, except where indicated.
All of the photographs may be used after obtaining permission.

İlhan ŞAHİN
Nomads and Nomadism
New Approaches in Kyrgyz and Ottoman Nomadic Studies
ISBN 978-4-904039-76-2

Printed by
TOKYO PRESS Co., LTD.
Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

Contents
Introduction

7
Oral Studies

1

New Trends and Directions in Central Asian Studies: According
to the Project ‘Living History’ of the Central Asian People

132Regarding Certain Characteristics of the Kyrgyz Family and Social
Structure

21

3

Clan and Kinship Networks in the Kyrgyz Society According to theOral Sources

33

4

Formation Process of Eurasian Nomadic Groups, Based on Oral
History: The Kyrgyz Nomads’ Example

495BaƱbiche and Tokol in the Kyrgyz Community

59

Comparative Studies
6

Nomads and Globalization: The Example of Central Asian Nomads

77

7

Some Findings and Views Regarding the Formation of Nomadic
Groups in Central Eurasia

85

8Regarding Socio-Cultural Structures in Ottoman -Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz Nomadic
Nomadic
Life

93

9

Some New Findings and Views About ‘Divan’

105

10

‘Turluk’: The Story of a Nomadic Tent, From Central Asia to
Anatolia

113

11

Terms for Trade and Craft Sectors: The Example of Kyrgyz andAnatolian Turkish

125

Case Studies
12

Transformation of Baatyr in the Formation of Nation-Statein Kyrgyzstan

145

13

The Concept of ‘Yörük’ and the Yörüks of Bursa Region

159

14

Urban-Rural Relations in the Transition Period: The Case of an
Animal Bazaar in Kyrgyzstan

171

15

Kinship Relations in Kyrgyzstan Following the Transition Period:
The Case of Küntuu Village

185

16

Suusamyr: The Place Where Eurasian Nomads Meet and Melt

197

6

Nomads and Nomadism

17

Social and Economic Changes in the Transition: The Case of
Suusamyr Valley in Kyrgyzstan

217

18

A Circumcision Feast in Kyrgyzstan

227

Bibliography

239

Index

253

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BaúbakanlÕk OsmanlÕ Arúivi / Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive (østanbul)
Maliyeden Müdevver Defterler, no. 8, 9550.
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Persons interviewed as Oral Sources
Abden Kuramaev (born in 1965) is from Suusamyr aƱyl (village), JaƱyl raƱon
(district), ChuƱ oblast (province), Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 29, 2013).
Abdyjapar Mambetjanov (born in 1927) is from Manap uruk belonging to Sarybagysh in Jerge-Tal aƱyl, Naryn raƱon, Naryn oblast (Interview on November
23, 2008).
Aida Düshenbieva (born in 1974) is from Naryn raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan(Interview on November 13, 2011).
AƱnagül ømanova (born in 1960) is from Isyk Köl raƱon, Isyk Kol oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
AƱnura Omurakunova (born in 1967) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Almaz Osmonov (born in 1977) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan(Interview on May 28, 2011).
Amurkan øsmailov (born in 1963) is from Yurevka aƱyl, Isyk-Ata raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Anarbek Abykeev (born in 1976) is from Beiúeke aƱyl, Kemin raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Anarbek KichinebaƱ (born in 1978) is from Ottuk aƱyl, Naryn raƱon, Naryn oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Asanbek Kakeev (born in 1962) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Asman Kadimoglu (born in 1965) is from Yurevka aƱyl, Isyk-Ata raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Atyrkül øbraimova (born in 1959) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Atyrkül Musaeva (born in 1953) is originally from Minkush aƱyl, Jumgal raƱon,Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011).
Bahiya Sharsheeva (born in 1969) is from Tepke aƱyl, Ak-Suu raƱon, Isyk-Köl
oblast (Inteview on May 12, 2010).
Baktybek Kydyraliev (born in 1979) is a merchant in Paris, Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl
raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010).
Bekjan Omurov (born in 1934) is a merchant in Paris, Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon,ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan.
Burulkan Baltabaeva (born in 1939) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (First interview on January 29, 2011).
Bübüra Kydyralieva (born in 1927) is from Vorontsovka aƱyl, Alamüdün raƱon,ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 7, 2007).
Cholponbek Düshenbiev (born in 1947) is from Ottuk aƱyl, Naryn raƱon, Naryn

248

Nomads and Nomadism

oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Döölötbek Saparaliev (born in 1953) is from Jumgal-Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 6, 2011)
Düshön KaƱranov (born in 1965) is from Aral aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Erkinbek Abdyrahmanov (born in 1966) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon,ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011).
Fauziya Nazaralieva (born in 1943) is from Yntymak aƱyl, Bakay-Ata raƱon,Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 7, 2011).
Gülbübü Mövküshova (born in 1935) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012)
Gülkan Mambetalieva (born in 1924) is from øskira aƱyl, Kant raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 18, 2007).
Gülzura Jumakunova (born in 1954) is from Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview
on June 11, 2013, Seoul, Republic of Korea).
ømash Sarybagyshev (born in 1927) is is from Tüp aƱyl, Tüp raƱon, Isyk-Köl
oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 2, 2007).
JaƱchybek Moldoliev (born in 1958) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (First interview on 17 November 2010; second interview
on January 29, 2011).
Jamal Suleiman (born in 1953) is from Burana village, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011).
Jamal Toktogazieva (born in 1936) is from Tügöl Sal aƱyl, Jumgal raƱon, Naryn
oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 22, 2008).
Japarbek Makishov (born in 1957) is a current herder in Tunuk aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon,ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010).
Jyldyz Jarty (born in 1971) is from Ton raƱon, Isyk-Köl oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 12, 2011).
Joldoshbek BeƱshebaev (born in 1960) is from Alchaly aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Kalbübü ølebaeva (born in 1961) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Kalygul Jusupov (born in 1935) is from KarataƱ aƱyl, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan(Interview on December 1, 2007).
Kamantul Baltabaev (born in 1937) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011).
Kanybek Abdykasymov (born in 1961) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Karagyz Mambetsydykov (born in 1943) is from Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon,ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on June 17, 2007).
Karagul RayƱymbekov (born in 1930) is from Tokuz uul sub-tribe belonging to
Sayak clan in Sheker villlage, Karabuura raƱon, Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 8, 2011).

Bibliography

249

KarybaƱ uulu, Akmat, Sadyr Ake, Bishkek 2002
Kasym øsaev (born in 1938) is from Chychkan aƱyl, Jedi Ögüz raƱon, Isyk-Köl
oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on Fabruary 25, 2008).
Kazybek Küsermambetov (born in 1936) is from Ügüt aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn
oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 19, 2007).
Kerimbübü Shopokova (born in 1917) is from Shalta aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on April 9, 2011).
Köchör Moldobaev (born in 1923) is from Kum Döbö aƱyl, Kochkor raƱon,Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 22, 2008).
KudaƱbergen Tatanov (born in 1932) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 30, 2008).
Kunduzbübü Azyrankulova (born in 1960) is from Aktash aƱyl, Chatkal raƱon,Jalalabat oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011).
Luba Shutova (born in 1957) is from Isyk-Ata raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan(Interview on October 12, 2008).
Mahmutjan Sabirov (born in 1949) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Maksat Apilov (born in 1980) is from Kurtka aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011).
Malika Usonova (born in 1964) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Malimbübü Abakirova (born in 1954) is from Atbashy raƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on Mach 15, 2010).
Manap Kaljigitov (born in 1925) is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (First interview on December 11, 2004 and second interview on
September 9, 2007).
Marina Moldolieva (born in 1964) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 17, 2010).
Masudahan Pazyljanov (born in 1935) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 20, 2011).
Meerim ømash kyzy (born in 1970) is from Shapak aƱyl, Aksuu raƱon, Isyk-Köl
oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on 17 May, 2007).
Mirsharif Pazyljanov (born in 1932) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 20, 2011).
Moldobek Kalnazarov (born in 1967) is from Kurtka aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn
oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011).
Murzapar AƱtaliev (born in 1968) is from Kashka Suu aƱyl, Aksu raƱon, Jalalabat
oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011).
Nasip Tatanova (born in 1938) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 30, 2008).
Nurbübü Ibraimkyzy (born in 1920) is from Tarsuu aƱyl, Chong Kemin, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on August 7, 2008).
Nurlan Abdyldaev (born in 1967) is from Kurtka aƱyl, Aktalaa raƱon, Naryn

250

Nomads and Nomadism

oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 28, 2011).
Nurlan Alymkulov (born in 1976) is from BeƱsheke aƱyl, Kemin raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
Omor Jamangulov (born in 1965) is from Burana aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast ,Kyrgyzstan (First interview on October 12, 2008, and second interview on
November 20, 2011).
Osmonakun øbraimov (born in 1954) is former State Secretary of Kyrgyz Republic, 2000-2005, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 28, 2012).
Osmonaly Kydyraliev (born in 1950) is originally from Minkush aƱyl, JumgalraƱon, Naryn oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011).
Osmonkul Kazakbaev (born in 1960) is originally from Aktash aƱyl, ChatkalraƱon, Jalalabat oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 29, 2011).
RaƱymdar Kibarov (born in 1933) is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on September 9, 2007).
Sadat ømanhojaeva (born in 1933) is from Tokmok city, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan(Interview on November 20, 2011).
Sadykbek Chynybaev (born in 1943) is from Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010).
ShaƱdilla Joldubaev (born in 1948) is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on September 9, 2007).
ShaƱloobek Kampabekov (born in 1970) is from Atbashy raƱon, Naryn oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 13, 2011).
ShaƱloobek Musakojoyeve (born in 1937) is from Musakojo aƱyl, Jumgal raƱon,Naryn oblast (Interview on February 25, 2008).
ShamytaƱ Mambetaliev (born in 1934) is from Örnök aƱyl, Isyk-Köl oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2008).
Syrgak Sooronkulov (born in 1932) is from Okutur (Okatar) uruk (sub-tribe) belonging to Saruu uruu (clan) in Ürmaral aƱyl, Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (First
interview on April 7, 2007, and second interview on March 31, 2013).
Stambulbek Mambetaliev (born in 1977) is from Suusamyr aƱyl, JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan.
Suusar Karybekova (born in 1954) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
TalaƱbek Korgoldoev (born in 1968) is the current head of Küntuu aƱyl, SokulukraƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011).
Temirbek Joldoshev (born in 1936) is from Belogorka aƱyl, Sokoluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on December 4, 2007).
Tentimiú øbraimov (born in 1954) is the head of Madaniyat AƱyl Council, ChuƱraƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Toktokan Kushubakova (born in 1948) is a merchant in Paris, Suusamyr aƱyl,JaƱyl raƱon, ChuƱ oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on January 23, 2010).
Toktomurat Mankiev (born in 1945) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011).

Bibliography

251

UmsunaƱ Asankulova is from Karl Marks aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱ oblast,
Kyrgyzstan (Interview on September 9, 2007).
Uvazger Akmataliev (born in 1932) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on November 17, 2010)
Zamira Sopubekova (born in 1952) is from Küntuu aƱyl, Sokuluk raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on March 25, 2011).
Zina Abdykasymova (born in 1941) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, ChuƱ raƱon, ChuƱoblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on February 12, 2012).
Zuuran Muhammedova (born in 1943) is from Madaniyat aƱyl, Bakay-Ata raƱon,Talas oblast, Kyrgyzstan (Interview on May 7, 2011).
Internet Research Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_HeroineIndex
1917 Revolution, 212, 219, 214
Aabad uruu, 229
aarychy, 139; see also arÕcÕ
Abdykasymova, Zina-, 150
Abdyldaev, Nurlan-, 177
Abdurasul, 65, 66
Abek, 187
Abykeev, Anarbek-, 177
Abramzon, S. M., 40, 34, 152
accountant, 220
achkych, 136, 138
Adalaky uruu, 229
Adam, Hz., 47
Adygine, 40
adie, 232; see also adiya
adiekech, 232; see also adiyakashadiya, 232, 234; — berüü, 232; —kün,
232adiyakash, 232; see also adiyakech
adiyakech, 232
adiyakesh, 232; see also adiyakash
Adranos, 164-165; — district, 165-166
adrashman chöbü, 206
Afghanistan, 114
Africa, 85
Afyon region, 166agÕl, 87, 100
agriculture, 188a÷aç kaúÕk, 137a÷aç yaúken e÷ilir, 116a÷Õz, 132, 141, see also uuz
a÷uz, see a÷ÕzahÕr, 209, see also akyr
Ahmedçiler, 166

aile, 94, 103, 160, 161
airplane, 79aƱdoonun chöbü, 206aƱgyr, 201
AƱgyr Jal-Too, 201
aƱyl, 208; — aksakaldary, 194; — bashchysy, 194; — deputattary, 194; —ökmöt, 180, 193, 194
aƱyldash, 181, 182
aƱmak aƱmak jaygashuu, 99aƱmaktasha jaygashuu, 99aƱran, 131-132, 214, 231; see also yo÷urt
aƱry, 137, 138; see also çatal
AƱsabek, 43AƱtaliev, Murzapar-, 177AƱtmatov, Chyngyz-, 19-20, 150, 156;
— novels, 20
ak, 127
ak akça kara gün içindir, 127
Ak möngülüü aska zoolor talaalar /Elibizdin cany menen barabar, 205
Ak Suunun Tegeregi, 221
Ak uul, 34, 36, 37, 38, 53
Akaev, Askar-, ex-President of the Kyrgyz Republic, 156, 223
Ak-Beshim, 152; — village, 152
Akboz, 80
Akbuura, 41
akcha, 126, 127; — almashtyruu, 127
Akchaly, village of —, 179
akça, 126, 127; see also akcha
Akçakoyunlu, 164; — group, 164
Akçaúehir, villages of —, 107ake, 32
Akhyska, 179

254
Akhisar, 164-165, 168, 170
akyr, 209
Akimbekova, MeƱlikan-, 230
Akkeçilü, 162
Akkoyunlu, 102
Akkula, 80
akmandaƱ, 207
Akmataliev, A., 69
Akmatov, BaƱyshbek-, 221-222
Akmatov, Tashtanbek-, 150
Akmoloo summer pasture, 217
Akmoyun winter quarters, 65
Akramov, Ernist-, 156
aksakal, aksakals, 17, 29-30, 59, 187,
228; commission of —, 233
Aksakal Judgeship, see Aksakaldar Sotu
Aksakaldar Sotu, 30
aksakally, 29
aksakallyk council, 30
Akshumkar, 156
Aksy, villages of — district, 17
Aksu raƱon, 52
Aktaban shubyryndy, 147, 199
Aktalaa, 81-82, 175, 179; district of —,178
Aktash, 82
AkyazÕ, 165
Ala-Bel, 200alacalÕ, 170alachyk, 224alacÕk, 115-116, 169, 170
alacuk, 115alaçÕh, 115alaçÕk, 114, 115
alaçuk, 115AlaƱ, 171, 232; — region, 69-70, 191
alaman, 233
alamanashy, 233
Alamüdün, 220; — bazaar, 178
Alancha Han, 47
AlapaƱ, 43- 44; — uruk, 44; genealogy of—, 43

Nomads and Nomadism
Alash Orda State, 110
Ala-Too, 186, 200-201, 204
alaycÕk, 115
alayçÕh, 115
Alayundlu, — of Sirfihisar (Seferihisar),
162
Alban duban kalky bar, 109
Alban duban kishi bar, 109
alcoholic drinks production, 203
Aldash, 43, 53
Aldyndy mal bassyn / Arkandy balabassyn, 31
Aleppo, — region, 102, 167; — Türkmen, 163; — Türkmen groups, 164;
— Türkmenleri, 167algyr, 213
Alhan, 47
Alybek Baatyr, 148
Alymbek Han, 156
Alymkul uulu, SüƱmönkul-, 228, 235,
236, 237
Alymkulov, Aliyasbek-, 156
Alymkulov, Salmoor-, 153
alyp sataar, 177-181; — group, 177;
local —, 178
Ali, 88
Alibeylü, 162
Alkara, 80
alma, 136
Almaty, 136almaz, 137-138
Almaz, 42-43, 55
almurut, 136
Alseyit, 27, 52-53, 88; — uruk, 52-53
AltaƱ Mountains, 198-199
Alty duban Alash el, 110altÕn, 137; see also altyn
altyn, 137
altynjy, 140anachy, 139
anahtar, 136, 138
Analah, 47

IndexAnar, 150
anar, 136
Anatolia, Anatolian, 22, 25, 48, 50, 5657, 78, 87, 91, 95-101, 103, 107, 108,
111, 113-114, 116, 118, 121-123, 128,
130, 159-161, 165-166, 169-170, 203204, 207, 209-210, 229 -230, 236; —food, 129; — nomads, 115; — Principalities, 201; — proverb, 116; —Turkish, 23, 60, 83-84, 86, 96, 113114, 121-122, 125-128, 130-132, 134136, 138-141, 200, 203, 209, 231; —villages, 236; — Yörük groups, 115;
— Yörüks, 117; areas of —, 209;
geography of —, 108; nomadic
groups of —, 85, 88; nomads of —,103; regions of —, 163, 209, 236; thegeography of —, 159; villages of —,208; Yörüks of —, 121ancestor tradition, 41
ancestral tradition, 40
ancestry, 40, 41
añchy, 139
Aneze, 167
animal, animals, 49, 77; — bazaars, 171,
182; — dealers, 175, 182, see alsoalyp sataar; — dealers and owners,
175, 183; — feed, 175; — herds, 78;— husbandry, 183, 188, 219; —husbandry sector, 184; — markets,
171, 182, 184; — products, 225;—
skins, 68; small-scale —, 183
Ankara subprovince, 164
Antalya, 159
Apilov, Maksat-, 177
apple, 235; also see alma
Arab tribes, 167
araba, 96
Arabic, 42, 94-95, 97, 101, 114, 232, 236,
237; — menâb, 29; — alphabet, 47;— word, 29
Aramza, 221; — pasture, 225
Arap, 88archa, 118-119; — wood, 118
archival documents, 60
Ardam, 53arÕcÕ, 139255
Aryk, ancestor of the — uruk, 42; ancestor of the — tukum, 42; tukum of —,42
Arkalyk, 39; — term, 39
armut, 136; see also ashpurt
arpa, 130
Arpa pasture, 183
arrow, 79; see also tîr
Artyn mal arkasyn bala bassyn, 31
Artillery Corps, see Topçu Oca÷Õ, 96
Artillery Wagoners, see Top ArabacÕlarÕ
Oca÷Õ
Arzymatov, Ruslan-, 153
Asan KaƱgy, 147
Asankulova, UmsunaƱ-, 230, 234
Asanov, Dair-, 149
ashyk, 133; see also chükö, 133
ashkabak, 136
ashkana, 126, 128, 141, 175
ashpozchu, 220
ashpurt, see almurut
ashtoo, 209
Asylbek, 221
Asia, 78, 84, 96, 113, 115, 123, 170; —continent, 85
asker, 139
aúevi, see aúhane
aúhane, 126, 128, 141aúÕk, 134; see also ashyk
at, 83, 96
At adamdyn kanaty, 79
at kula÷Õ, 84
At, attan kiƱin jat, 80
ata, 23-24, 32, 44, 59; — urugu, 40; —baba aƱyly, 40
AtabaƱ, 37, 43
Atabekova, Ülbüzkan, 150
AtaƱ, 193
AtaƱka village, 152
Atake Baatyr, 147
atalash bir tuugan, 59
Ata-salty, 40

256
Ata-üƱdün eesi, piri, 23
atar, 220
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal-, 72Atbashy, 152, 154, 171, 175; — raƱon,152; — region, 151
Atçeken oymaks, 102
ateú kültü, 95
Atyñ barda cer taany / atañ barda eltaany, 79
Attokurov, S., 47
aunts, 90
Austrian Embassy, 168
autumn pasture, 167avcÕ, 139AvcÕlar, 166avlu, 119
Avúar, — of AkyazÕ, 162; — Sirfihisar(Seferihisar), 162
Ay Han, 47
ayak, 117, 121
ayak kap, 134; see also ayakkabÕ
ayakkabÕ, 134; see also but kiƱim
ayal, 32, 59, 64, 68
ayimaȖ [aimӽg], 98, 99
ayran, 131-132
Azar, 43
Azeri, 83
azyk, 129-130
azyk-tülik dükeni, 129
azyk-tülük, 129; — dükönü-magazin,
128; — produkty, 129
azu÷, 129azuk, 129

Baatyr, baatyrs, 30, 59, 145-148, 151,
154-155, 157, 203; — ene, 20, 149,
150, 157; — in Soviet Times, 148; —of Kyrgyz society, 146; — of the
Kyrgyz Republic, 149; — of the
Kyrgyzstani Republic, 156; being a—, 148; concept of —, 145; female—, 148; local and regional — 30;
local, regional and national —, 148;
rebirth of the concept of —, 151;
relatives of the —, 151; revival of a

Nomads and Nomadism—, 151; the characteristics of a —,147; the concept of —, 148, 156; theemergence of a —, 146-147; theemergence of —, 147; the emergenceof the —, 157; the revival of a —, 153;
the revival of a local —, 154; therevival of —, 154-155; the revival of
the —, 157; the title of — of the
Kyrgyz people, 156
Baatyr Manas, 30
Baatyrlyk, 147baba, 23, 44; — oca÷Õ, 96
Bagysh, 40; ancector of the — uruu, 41ba÷, 169ba÷Õrsak, 133, 134, 231
bahadÕr, 203baƱ, 31, 59, 60, 63, 64, 71, 73, 148
BaƱ Jakyp, 61
baƱbiche, baƱbiches, 31, 59, 60-62, 6465- 73; — title, 70-71; —’s children,69; —’s daughter, 69; —’s son, 69;
etymology of the term —, 60; childrenof the —, 73; the title —, 61, 70; theword —, 60BaƱetov, 178BaƱgana, 187
BaƱmurat, 53
baƱtal bee, 133BaƱtur, 193
BaƱzak Baatyr, 156baja, 32
bajy, 180
baka, 44baka jalbyrak, 207
Bakachy, 43-55; — uruk, 55; — uruk
line, 55; genealogy of —, 43; see alsoShaƱbekBakdöölöt, 61
Bakiev, Kurmanbek-, ex-President of the
Kyrgyz Republic, 156
Baky tarmag, 64
bakkal, 129
baklagils, 135
baklajan, 136
Bakras, — DivanÕ, 107; — village, 107IndexBaktygül, 150
bal kymyz, 133bala, 25; — oturguzuu, 227
Balabanlu, 162
Bala-BeƱit, 82
balany beshige bölöö, 69
Balasagun, see Burana
BalbaƱ Baatyr, 156
Balbak, 53
balbal, 81-82
baldar, 56
baldyz, 32balÕkçÕ, 139; see also balykchy
balykchy, 139-140
Balkan, 113BallÕk, 162
Balvak, 187
Baragun Gar, 163
Barak, 37
Baraklu, 162
barber, see berber
Barkan, Ömer Lütfi-, 163
Barsbek, 193
bash, 117, 121, 133
bash bosogo, 117
bashchy, 139
Bashkurt, 83
Basyz, 40
basma, 209-210
bastyrma, 209
baú, 134; see also bash
baúak, 130
baúkan, 139
Bata, 231-232; — aluu, 232; — berüü,
232
Batysh, 38, 39, 202
Batysh Karakol Öröönü, 201, 202
Batken, 91, 111, 191, 224, 229; —region, 38, 232, 234; province of—,
191
Batkendikter, 91, 191
Batur Hun TaƱji, 199

257
Bayad, — of Bergama, 162; — of Geyve,
162; — of Göle, 162; — of Sö÷üd,162; — of Tarhala (Soma), 162
Baybiçe, a novel entitled Baybiçe, 72
Baybiçe HanÕm, 72
Bayburt, 102BayÕndÕr, — of BeypazarÕ, 162; — of
Göynük, 162
Bayramlu group, — of the Sö÷üt Yörüks,
165
bazaar, bazaars, 126, 128, 171, 180, —administration, 179, 183; — culture,184; — network, 184; — society, 177,
179-181; — staff, 179; owner of the—, 179; rural —, 182; the security of
the —, 181
bazar, see also bazaar
bazar koomu, 176
bazarkom, owner of bazar, 173, 177, 179,
181; relatives of the —, 179
bede, 207
beds, 68
bee, 64
beglik, 100BeƱshebaev, Joldoshbek-, 177BeƱshembaev, Kuban-, 153bek, 28
Bekdik, 122
Beki, 43beklik, 28
Bektemir, 53
Bektemish, 43belboo, 138
Belek, 43, 53
Belek, KaƱrat 14, 41, 172
Bendehor, 105
berat, title of privilege, 72
berber, 126, 128
Bergama, 165; — region, 164; the name
— Yörüks, 166; the vicinity of —,166 Berin, ùaziye-, 72
Berin, ùaziye-, 72
beshbarmak, 213, 233
betege, 206; — chöbü, 206

258
betege ketip bel kalat / bekler ketip elkalat, 206
bey, 89, 133, 134
Beydili, — of AydÕncÕk, 162; — of BeypazarÕ, 162; — of Mihaliç (Karacabey), 162
Beylerbeyi DivanÕ, 105
BeypazarÕ, 164; — district, 166bÕçak, see bychak
bychak, 137
bychmachy, see tikmechi
Bystrovska, see Keminbiche, 60
biƱ, 27, 28, 31, 56, 63, 69, 71, 73, 145,
148; selection of —s, 28biƱche, 60biƱke, 60biƱkech, 60biƱkesh, 60biƱlik, 27
bilerik, 137, 138bilezik, see bilerik
Bilge Ka÷an, 63; — inscriptions, 94
bir atanyn baldary, 44, 51, 54, 55
bir chykym akcha, 127
Bir duban elge danky chykkan, 110
bir tukum berdi, 54
bird, 79
Birinci MaƱ, 208, 217
Bishkek, 15, 39, 90, 171, 185, 188, 191,
201-204, 217, 223, 225, 228
Bishkek-Osh Jolu, 217, 224biz, 236
bizgiç, 236
bizi, 236
Black Sea, — region, 107; north —, 111;
West and Mid — regions, 105
blood money, 25
blood tie, 24
Bochko, 53
bod, 22, 88, 98
bodun, 98

Nomads and Nomadismbo÷az keçesi, 121
bohça, 129
Bolu, 105; — province, 106, 107boo, 116, 119boor, 133, 134
boorsok, 231
Borgemik, 208, 219
Borkeeva, AƱtolkun-, 19
BoronbaƱ Baatyr, 156
bosaga, 116, 119bosogo, 116-117; — tayak, 117
Bosphorus, 72
Boston, 36
botoköz, 207bow, 79boy, 22, 50, 57, 98, 101, 161; —s, 25;
see also clanboz, 114boz tal, 207bozacÕ, 139bozochu, 139
Bozok, 105
Bozulus, 42, 102, 103; members of the— Türkmenleri, 167bozüƱ (tent), 71, 73, 113-114, 116-122,
139, 169, 200, 210-213, 221, 222; —type tents, 113, 114, 120; —’s erection, 119; —’s kerege, 121; — typetents, 113-114, 120; erecting a —,118; four-kanat —, 118böbrek, 133-134, 141böƱrök, 133, 141böli, 94, 98
bölö, 32
bölög, 98
bölüg, 98
bölük, 22, 25, 50, 57, 97-98, 101, 107108, 160-161; structure of —, 107bölüngöndü börü ceƱt, 63
börü, 63börübasar, 209
Börüchek, 43
bread, 131Indexbride, brides, 65- 68, 95; —’s side, 234bu, 22, 98
buba, 44; —’s father, 44
Budism, 228
Buganak uruk, 64
bugu, 52
Bugu, 40, 52; — uruu, 27, 42, 52-53, 55
bu÷, 118, 121bu÷day, 130, 141
buhgalter, see accountant
bulak, 210
Bulgachy, 36, 38; see also Salusbek
buluo, 22, 98; the term —, 98
Burana, 171
burçak, 135, 141
Bursa, 159, 163-164, 168, 170; — area,
159; — district, 164; — region, 160,
168; nomad population of the —subprovince, 164; the center —, 163;
the center of —, 162; the city of —,168; the nomads of the — area, 169;
yörüks of the — area, 169
burun, 133-134
Busurmanov, Mars-, 202
but kiƱim, 129, 134; see also ayak kap
but kiƱim —: dükönü-magazin, 128
button, 116
buudaƱ, 130, 141buurchak, 135, 141buyer and seller, 176; see also alyp sataar
buyers, 181
Bü÷düce, 162
Bü÷düz, — of BeypazarÕ, 162büli, 94, 98
bülöö, 22, 94, 98
bülüg, 98
Bürgö Baatyr, 148, 156
bürküt, 122

Cadastral survey records, see tahrir
defters
cafeterias, 223
camel, camels, 65, 78, 86, 117, 184, 204;
see also töö

259
camera, 17
cameraman, 17
camion (gruzovÕh avtomashinÕ), 183
car (legkovÕye and mototsikl), 183
caravans, 83
caravanserai, see kervansaray
carpet weaving, 56, 203
carts, 95-96
Caspian Sea, 163
cattle, 86, 182-183, 212; — breeding,188; see also uƱ
Caucasus, 17; people of the —, 188
ceket, 138
Celali disturbances, 167
cellat, 140
cemaat, 25, 50, 57, 97, 101, 108, 160161
Central Anatolia, 105, 107, 120, 158,
167
Central Asia, 17, 19, 40-41, 46, 48, 81,
83-85, 94, 98, 103, 107, 110, 113-114,
116, 122-123, 125, 141, 145, 159,
169-170, 185, 199, 213, 217;—
Kyrgyz, 96; — nomadic groups, 113,
115; — nomadic people, 48; — nomads, 56; — nations, 145;— steppes,
199; history of —, 170; nomadic
groups of —, 170; nomadic life of —people, 48; nomads of —Central Asia,
21, 103
Central Asian, see Central Asia
Central Eurasia, 85; — peoples, 85
Central Eurasian, see Central Eurasia
ceviz, 135
Chaa, 186
chaban, 140-141, 183, 220chach, 128; — tarach, 126, 128
ChagataƱ (Tsagaadai), 26
chaƱkoochu, 177chaƱnek, 137-138; see also çaydanlÕk
Chal, 43
Chal uulu, 219
chalap, 131-132, 222
chalgy, 137

260
ChalkuƱruk, 80
chanach, 187, 213
Char Uya, — summer pastures, 217
charpaya, 229
Chatkal, 200; — raƱon, 188
Chechen, 20; — woman, 20
check points, 180
Chekir, 53
Chekir Moldo, 37
Cherik, 40
chychkan, 213
Chychkan village, 52
Chygysh, 38, 39; — side, 38ChyƱyrdy, 61
Chykkan kyz, chiƱden tyshkary, 45, 54
chyny, 231
Chynybaev, Sadykbek-, 220
chyrak, 137, 138
chyrmook, 207
chickens, 174chiƱ, 116, 118
China, 29, 127, 128, 199; Great Wall of—, 128Chinese, 98, 109, 148; — duan, 108,
109; — sources, 22, 33, 98
Chingis Khaan (Cengiz Han), 26, 37,228
chochok, 236; — kesüü, 227
Cholok-Tuuma tarmag, — of the Bugonak uruk, 65
Cholponbek, 182, 181, 182
chong, — ata, 32, 44, 234; — biƱ, 28; —ene, 32, 234; — uruu, 42
Chong Jar, 186, 194
Chong Korumdu, 210
Chong Murun, 90, 186-187, 189-190; —lineage, 189; —yntymagy, 189
Chong-Döbö, 82
Choro, 37
chum, 114
cow, see also uƱchömüch, 137-138, 141

Nomads and Nomadism
chöp, 206, 213
Christian, — cemetery, 193; — migrations, 193
Christianity, 228
chronicles, — of Ottoman history, 170
chuchuk, 133, 134, 141ChuƱ, 38, 82, 111, 191, 200, 224; —aƱmagy, 99; — area, 152; — dubany,
110; — oblast, 151, 185, 188, 191; —province, 155, 172; — raƱon, 151152; — region, 151, 218, 220; —Valley, 171-172, 186; province of —,191
chük, 236
chükö, 133-134
cigarette smoke, 22ci÷er, 133-134
circulation of money, 182; — between
urban and rural areas, 182
circumciser, 235-237; figure of the —,236
circumcision, 227-228, 232-237; —ceremony, 228-229, 232, 234; —feast, 228, 230, 232-233; — feast of
Mehmed, 115; — feasts, 235; —house, 229, 232-234
clan, clans, 40-41, 50, 63, 80, 87, 88, 101,
103, 157; — organization, 97; —structure, 101, 157
close kin, 194
cloth, clothes, 66, 68, 78-79, 120, 232;
— bags, 129coffee shops, 223
collective memory, 61
collectivization, 14, 183-184
colt, 232
commercial Places, 126
Communist Party, 15, 17
Congar, see Çongar and Çonkara
containers, 206
cook, see ashpozchu
cotton, 236, 237
courtyards, 229
cousins, 56Indexcow, cows, 61, 65, 68, 78, 86, 128, 132,
181-184, 214, 220, 232; — milk, 224;—’s milk, 231
Cungar, Cungars, 163; — Khanate, 29,
199
Cungaria, 199
Currency Units, 126
customs, 27
cuurat, 132
Cyrillic alphabet, 47ÇadÕr, 113-114, 121, 139; see also tentÇardak, 162, 168çarúaf, 138-139; see also sheƱshep
çatal, 137-138
çatma, 115; — ev, 115çattra, 113Çavuúlar, — DivanÕ, 106; — village, 106çaydanlÕk, 137-138
Çepni, — of AydÕncÕk, 162— of Göynük,
162çetr, 113çÕra, 137-138
çiriú, 84çizmeci, 140çoban, 140-141, 168; see also chabanÇongar, a nomadik group from Pehluvanlu, 163; see also JungarÇongar Çepnisi, a district in Sivas, 163Çonkara, a nomadic group from Varsak,
163; see also JungarÇonkara, a village in Bursa, 163; see alsoYi÷italiÇoúlu Yörüks, 91, 100çömçe, 138, 141Çörüú, 162
Çukur, 168Çukurviran, 162

Daban, 201
Dadabaev, Timur-, 14, 41
Dadhah, the title —, 70
daily costumes, 17
daldalchy, see ortomchu

261
daly, 133-134
DandybaƱ, 90, 186-187, 190; — group,
91; — yntymagy, 190; — lineage, 190
Danishmend Dynasty, 98
Danishmendli, 162, 166
darbaza, 229
darbyz, 136, 234
Dargins, 188
daryger, 140
dastorkon, 230; — jayuu, 230
datka, 70, 145
daughter (kyz), 25
Dede Korkut KitabÕ, 160
de÷irmen, 130-131, 141de÷irmenci, 140
Deli Mustafa, 166
demir kaúÕk, 137
Deniz Han, 47
depelik, 121deri, 134, 141
derici, 140
derik, 115
derim, 115-116, 120, 121; — ev, 116,
123, 169-170; see also derim evi
derim evi, 115-116, 120
dervaze, Persian word —, 229
Derviú Hasan, 88
destârhân, 230
deve, 83, 139, 169; — dikeni, 84
devlet, 57
di-duan, 109
diken, 84dil, 134, 141
dilci, 140
dilenci, 140
Dinar, 221
dirreyt, dirreyt, 84
disco bar, 223
distant, — kin, 194; — relatives, 97, 99
district bazaars, 178
divan, 105-111, 201; structure of —,107; the name —, 106

262
divanbaúÕ, 106, 107
Divan-Õ Hümayun, 105
Divanü Lûgat-it Türk, 23, 26, 79, 121,
159, 169
diver, 149
Dobrovits, Mihaly-, 36
doctor, 205dog, dogs, 84, 174, 204, 209, 213
dokumacÕ, 140, 141
Dolon BiƱ, 35-38, 47
Domaniç, 164, 168, 170; — district, 166;
— Mountains, 168
Dombul BiƱ, 37
donkeys, 204
DordoƱ bazaar, 178
Dostuk, 194
Dostuk Mechit (Mosque), 172
döböt, 209, 213
Döölös, 36, 40
döúek, 138-139, 141
Döúemiú, 88
dried foods, 135
dual, — structure, 34, 50; — of the
Kyrgyz community, 35; — wing
structure, 50
duan, 108-110
duban, 108-111, 201
Duban Kechüü Öröönü, 201
Dubanda saƱrap yrdasan / Turuptur köp
el tang kalyp, 109
Dubandan chykkan külük, 110
Dubandy buzgan jorgo elem / Topor
boldum basyksyz, 110
ducks, 174dûd, 95-96
duhan, 95-96
duman, 96Dunghans, 17, 179
dur, 122
durluk, 122, 169
duwan, 108, 110dü÷me, 137

Nomads and NomadismdüƱnük, 118DüƱshö, 37
dükkân, dükkâns, 126, 128, 141; see also
dükön
dükkâncÕ, 140; see also dükönchü
dükön, 126, 128-129, 141; see alsodükkândükönchü, 140
dünlük, 118
Düzce district, 107

East Anatolia, 102, 159, 167
East Tenir Mountains, 199
Eastern Asia, 128
Eastern Mongolia, 26
eb, 22, 94, 113, 120
ebchi, 120; see also epchi
ebe, 139
echki, 139, 211
EdilbaƱ, 37eer, 137-138, 141; see also eyer
egin, 130; see also ekinE÷ribayad, 162eje, 32
Eki jakshy jaƱloogo chyksa kudalashyptüshöt / Eki jaman jaƱloogo chyksa
kubalashyp tüshöt, 81
Eki tukum berdi, 55
ekin, 130, 169
ekmek (nan), 130el, 40; — balasy, 25
elbise, 139elchi, 140; see also elçi
elçi, 140
elechek, 61elek, 130-131, 137
Elji Han, 47
elma, 136
Elmaçukuru, 168
Elmalu, — center and the villages, 106;
— divanÕ, 105, 106; — villages, 106;—’s tax revenue, 106; nefs-i —, 106
elmas, 137, 138

IndexElvan, 56, 89
emerek, — dükönü-magazin, 128; —mebel, 129
Emet, 88
Emir, 88
Emir, — of Mihaliç (Karacabey), 162
emir er, 30-31
en, 211, 212ene, 23, 32, 52, 59
Ene-üƱdün kutu, uyutkusu, 23
epchi, 120; — jak, 120er, 30-31, 59; — jak, 120; the terms —,146
er jigit el chetinde, joo betinde, 31
er jigit el kamyn jeƱt, 31, 147
Er SoltonoƱ Baatyr, 147
Eraliyev, SüƱünbaƱ-, 156
erbaú, 30
Ercilasun, Güljanat Kurmangaliyeva-, 14,
18, 41
Ercilasun, Konuralp-, 202
erdin aty erge ten, 80
ere gitmek, ere vermek, 31
erik, 136
Erikli, 168
eriúte, 130-131
ermen, 207
Ermeni Mountains, 168
ErmenipazarÕ, 164, 168, 170
Ernazar, 187
Erzurum, 95; — hâneleri, 96; — homes,
96
Esenaly, 53
eshik, 117-119, 121, 231; alt —, 120; üst—, 120Eshkoco, 53
Eskiil, 102
eúküncü, 106
et, 133, 134
ethnic groups, 15
Eurasia, 49, 77-80, 83, 84-87; formationof —, 49

263
Eurasian, — community, 49; — history,
49; — nomadic lifestyle, 86Europe, 84
European, 188; — continent, 85
ev, 94, 113-115, 121; the word — , 113
evlenme, 227
Evrenoso÷ullarÕ, 31
eyer, 137, 138, 141
Eymir, 56, 89
Eymir, — of BeypazarÕ, 162; — of ErmenipazarÕ (PazarcÕk) 162; — of ønegöl, 162; — of Kirmasti (M. Kemalpaúa) and Ulubad, 162;— of Sirfihisar(Seferihisar), 162
Eymirli, 166

Familial and social structures, 31family, 21-24, 26, 31, 32, 51, 54, 56, 57,
59, 60; — formation and establishing,
24; — line, 25; — members, 22; —structure, 23, 32; — unit, 42; —’sessential seeds, 24; generations of thelineage of the —, 24; inter— social
relations, 27
fanar, 137-138
far east, — of Asia, 126
fasol, 135; see also fasulye
fasulye, 135
father, —’s blood tie, 24; —’s line ofgenealogy, 45; —’s lineage, 27; —’sseed, 51; —’s tukum (semen), 42
Fatiha, 232; see also Bata
Fatima, 150
fellow countrymen, see aƱyldash
felt, 66, 68, 116, 121-122, 139, 165, 169;
see also keçefener, 137-138
field research, 21, 93
flour, 130-131; — products, 130
forefather line, 52
foreign blood, 24
France, 223
frontier region, see uc
fruit, fruits, 136

Galieva, Farida-, 20

264
gamos, 62
Gar, 163
Gaz-24, 179
Gaz-52, 179
Gaz-53, 179
Gazi, 168; — YaylasÕ, 168
Gazi Hüdavendigar, see Murad I
geda, 60
geese, 174
Gegun, 33
genç, 26
Gendarmerie Forces General Command,202
genealogical, — tradition, 47; — tree, 47
genealogy, 40, 47; — of uruk, 44; — ofuruus and uruks, 47
genetic, 227
ger, 94, 122; — böli, 94, 98; — büli, 94,
98
Germans, see Nemis
Geroi Sotsialisticheskogo Truda, 149
Geroi Sovetskogo Soyuza, 149
Geroy Sotsiyalisticheskogo Truda, 149
geyik, 52gÕcÕ, 84
girl, girls, 25, 52, 65, 66-67
Gisar (Hisor), 199
giyim (giysi), 138
Glasnost, memories of —, 15
Glavnoe Ovsevodsçeskoye Obyedinenie,
220
goats, 61, 78, 86, 128, 132, 182-184, 204,
212, 214, 232
God, 234, 235
gold manufacturing, 203
GOO, 220
göçer, 160; — evli, 160
Göçet, 162
Gök Güvendik, 88
Göksu, 210; see also Kökö-Meren
gömlek, 138, 139
Gönen, 165

Nomads and Nomadism
Göynük, 164, 166göz, 134, 141
gözenek, 121
grandfather, 44
graves, 81
great greatgrandfather, 44
greatgrandfather, 44
Greek western, 33
green tea, 213, 231
groom, —’s guests, 234; —’s relatives,
95; —’s side, 63
ground, 131; — material, 131gum, 207
güldör dükönü-magazin, 128
güldör-svetÕ, 129
Gülmana, 150
Gülsara, 150
Gülshe, 70
gümüú, 137-138, 141
Güncebükü, 162
güne bakan, 84
Gürleyik, 162
Güvendik, 88
güzle, 86, 167
güzlek, see güzle

Haberci, 140HacÕ Bayram oba, 165HacÕ Emiro÷ullarÕ Beyli÷i, 106HacÕ Selim, 115
Halep Türkmenleri, 102halÕ, 139, 138
Halil, 88
Halilo÷lanÕ, 162
Ham, 47
Hammer, Joseph von-, 168-169
hamur, 130-131, 141; see also kamyr
hane, 94, 95
hares, 174
Harzemshahs, Turkish dynasty, 98
hass reaya, 166
Haúim Mehmed, 95

Indexhavlu, 119
hayme, 114
haznedar usta, 72
hediye, 232
hekim, doktor, 140
herd, see atarherders, 225
Hero Mother, 157; see also baatyr ene
Hero of Socialist Labour, 149; see GeroySotsiyalisticheskogo Truda
Hero of the Soviet Union, see Geroi
Sovetskogo Soyuza
heroism, 145HÕntÕ, 162
HÕzÕr, 88hleb, 129; see also nan
home, 22-23
homeland, 40
HonamlÕ, 91; — Yörüks, 100
horizontally, 81horse, horses, 56, 61, 65, 68, 79-80, 86,
95-96, 128, 181-184, 204, 212-214,
220, 232; — graze, 132; — harness,
120; — milk, 224; — riding, 83; —’srole, 204; the role of the —, 209; welltrained —, 30
Horzum, 98
hoút gah gah gah, 84
house, 22, 23
hukukçu, 140
Hun, Huns, 50, 81-82, 98, 108, 114, 198,
218; — groups, 98; period of the —,22
hurma, 136, 141
Hüdavendigar, 165; — subprovince, 163,
165, 167-168, 170; rural areas of —subprovince, 162; the center of —subprovince, 164; yörük groups of —subprovince, 167

Ichkilik, 35, 38, 39, 102-103, 229; —uruus, 38
Iran, 114
Isar (Hisor), 147
Isyk-Ata, 220265
Isyk-Köl, 38, 42, 111, 189, 191, 194; —aƱmagy, 99; — dubany, 110; — oblast,
52; — province 173; — region, 177yshkyn, 207
Islam, 29, 63, 227-228, 235, 237 acceptance of —, 227, 237; —’s spread, 228
Islam, 150
Islam God, 234ÕúgÕn, see yshkynÕúkÕn, 84, see also yshkynúbrahim, 88
ichegi, 133-134, 231
ichköƱnök, 138, 139øçil, 103ødris, 150
ø÷ciler, 106i÷ne, 137
økikilise, 162ilik, 233
imam, 140ømanaly, 65, 66
ømannazar, 65, 66
ømash, — of the Shapak, 55ønce Kethüda, 88, 89
øne Hoca, 88ønegöl, 164-165, 168, 170; — district,166
inek, 83; see also cow
ini, 32, 87, 100
ip, 138-139
ipek, 138
irik, 220; see also ramsørtiú River, 199
øsa, 53øsaev, Kasym-, 53øsabek, 53
øsak, 65, 66
øsakov, Baktybek-, 14, 18-19, 41, 172
ishchi, 140øsmailov, Almaz-, 153øsmailov, Altynbek-, 153øsmailov, Berdibek-, 154

266østanbul, 115, 168østanbul State Printing Office, 72
iú eri, 31
iúçi, 140
it, 84, 204, 209; — ayak, 209øtelgi-Uya, 82
iyne, 137
øznik, 165

Jag, 45jaƱ, 197, 198JaƱyl, ancector of Okatar uruk, 37JaƱyl Baatyr, KonurbaƱ uulu-, 147, 155,203JaƱyl raƱon, 220, 224jaƱloo, 197-198
jak, 120
jaket, 138
Jakyp, 61-62
Jakiev, Beksultan-, 156
jakshylyk and jamandyk, 152
jal, 201
Jalalabat, 38, 82, 111, 175, 177, 189, 191,
194, 198, 200, 224, 232; —oblast,
188; — province, 173
Jamake, 37
Jamal Suleiman, 177
Jamangul, 53
Jamgyr menen jer kögöröt / Bata menen
el kögöröt, 231
jams, 231
jangak, 135Jany tigilgen örgögö bata, 119
Janybek, 64; — family, 64
Janyl Myrza, 148
Janysh, 219
Jankoroz, 41
JantaƱ, 43; — uruk, 43; genealogy of —,43
Jantöböt, 43
Japan, 96
Japaraly, 65, 66

Nomads and Nomadism
Jarban, 151, 153-155; — Baatyr, 153156; — Baatyr monument, 155; —descendants, 154; — descent, 153; —yntymagy, 152; — line, 157; —monument, 154; — uruu, 152-153;
the descendants of —, 151-152, 157;
the descendants of — Baatyr, 154; thegeneration of —, 157; The monumentof — Baatyr, 155; the relatives of —,154
jargylchak, 129
Jarmat, 37
jashylja-jemish: dükönü-magazin, 128JavaƱ, 37
jaz jarysh küz kürösh, 197
jaz, 197, 198
jazdyk, 138-139, 141
Jazdyn bir künü min küngö tete, 198
jazdoo, 197
jazuuchu, 140
Jedi Ögüz, 52
jeen, 32, 54
Jeen el bolboƱt / jelke ton bolboƱt, 54
Jeldeng, 53; — uruk, 52; line of —, 52
jeldet, 140jele, 212
Jemansart, 43
jemish, 135, 141jene, 32
Jerdesh, 190; — yntymagy, 189-191; theterm — yntymagy, 190
Jerge-Tal village, 30, 152jete, 44
jeti ata, 45
Jeti atasyn bilbegen jetesiz, 45, 52, 161
Jeti atasyn bilbegen kul, 45
Jeti atasyn bilbegen myrzasy emes Kyrgyzdyn, 161
Jeti atasyn bilmegen-jetesiz, 45
Jeti dubandan kelgen konokdor, 109
Jeti jurt, 45
Jetigen, 152jezde, 32
Jyldyz Han, 47

Indexjylky, 132, 214, 233; — alarman, 177;
— alyjuu, 177; — turgan jer, 174; —’s milk, 132; see also horsejibek, 138
Jibek Jolu, 203-204
jigit, jigits, 59, 146, 232
jilik, 233
jip, 138, 139
Jogorku Kenesh, 156
Joldosh, 43
Joldubaev, ShaƱdilla-, 235
Joluke, 219; — uruus, 208
Jolumbet, 187
Jookesek, 36
jorgo, 80, 110
Joto, 44
Juji (Zuch), 26
Jumake, 37
Jumakmatov, Asankan-, 156
Jumash uulu, 152
Jumgal, 81, 82, 154, 201, 222- 224; —district, 221; — raƱon, 18; — sovkhoz,
221
Jungar Khanate, 163
Jungars, 163
Junusaly, 65-66
jupka, 130-131, 141
Jusuev, SooronbaƱ-, 156
Jusup, 43Jusupov, Kalygul-, 43-44
Jusup MamaƱ, — version, 109
juurkan, 120, 138-139, 141
Jüdömüsh, 53; elder brother of Temir’s
grandfather —, 52
jük, 120
jün, 138-139, 141
jürek, 133-134
jüz, 107
jüzüm, 136, 235

Kabak, 136
kabarchy, 140, 233
kabyrga, 133-134

267
kabile, 98
kaburga, 133, 134; see also kabyrgakadÕ, 102kadÕn, 71; — efendi, 71, 72; bash —, 71;
ikinci —, 71; üçüncü —, 71
kadimki kychy, 207
Kagan, 166

Kaganovich, Lazar-, 186
Kaganovich Sovkhoz, 186kaƱberen, 213kaƱyn, 32; — aga, 32; — ata, 32; — eje,
32; — ene, 32; — ini, 32kaƱysh, 134; see also kayÕú
kaƱmak, 131, 213-214KaƱnazarova, Zuurakan-, 149, 150
KaƱsar, 208, 217
kakym, 207kalaƱ, 137; see also kalay
kalay, 137
kalbyr, 137-138
kalbur, 137-138; see also kalbyr
Kalemin, N. H., 64, 65
kalfa, 72
Kalygul Oluya (Evliya), 69
kalyn, 63
Kaljigitov, Alymkul-, 230
Kalmak, Kalmaks, 29, 146-147, 199, 203;
— Ashuu, 82; — attacks, 147; —invasion, 147, 199; — pressure, 151
Kalpak, 43
Kamaz, 179
kamchy, 134kamÕú, 236; see aalso kamysh
kamyr, 130-131, 141
kamysh, 84, 236
Kampabekov, ShaƱloobek-, 177
kanat, 56, 116-117, 120, 121, 161
kanchyk, 209
kandek, 209
kandilci, 115
Kangdy, 36
Kangly, see Kangdy

268
Kant, 220kapÕ, 118
KaplÕ, 168
Kapsalan, 219
kara, 202; — kol, 202
kara ev, 115
Kara Evli, 165
Kara Fakihler, 166
Kara Han, 47
kara mal turgan jer, 174
Kara Mergen, 187
Karabagi, 166
Karaba÷, 166
Karaba÷lÕ groups, 166
KarabaƱ, 43
Kara-Balta, 202-204, 222; town of —,204
Karaca, 88
Karaca, — name, 166
Karacada÷, 166; — Yörüks, 166; thename of —, 166
Karacakoyunlu, 102
Karacalar, 166
Karakeçeli, 122, 165; — community,
165; — name, 165; —ler, 165-166;
nomadic group named —, 165;
pronunciation of —, 165; Yörük
group by the name of —, 165
Karakhanid, Karakhanids, 82, 108, 171,
198, 218; — rulers, 227
Karakol, 110, 171; — dubany, 110
Karakol dubanyna Naryn da karaƱ turgan, 110
Karakozu, 53
Kara-MoƱnok, 201-202
KaranaƱ, 37
Karasaev, Husain-, 108-109
karasu, 202
karatal, 116
Karatekin region, 228
Karaulus, 42, 102, 103karÕn, 133, 134
karyndash, 32

Nomads and NomadismKarkÕn, — of Bursa, 162; — of Sirfihisar(Seferihisar), 162
Karl Marks, — village, 228, 235, 237;
village of —, 228-229
Karluks, 198
karpuz, 136
kasap, 140
kashaa, 229
kashkulak, 213
kashyk, 137; see also kaúÕk
Kasymbekov, Tölögön-, 156
KâúgarlÕ Mahmud, 79, 159, 169kaúÕk, 137
katysh, 192
katmer, 130-131, 141; see also kattama
kattama, 130-131, 141, 231
kavun, 136
kavurma, 133-134, 141KayÕ, — clan, 162; — nahiye of Mihaliç,
162; — of ErmenipazarÕ (PazarcÕk),162;— of ønegöl, 162; — of Mihaliç,
162; the name —, 162
KayÕ nahiye, 162
kayÕú, 134
kaymak, see kaƱmak
Kayseri, 105
kaz taman, 207
kaz tandaƱ, 207
KazakbaƱ, 43
Kazakh, Kazakhs, 18, 19, 57, 83, 87-88,
108, 110, 114, 116, 119, 121-122, 136,
147, 151, 161, 169, 179, 199, 218; —clans, 81; — community, 45, 107; —folk song, 83, 200; — language, 117,
129; — Nation, 41; — nomads, 201;
— society, 119-120, 147; — steppes,
81; — tradition, 45; — uruusu, 41
Kazakh kaƱyng saaganda / Kyrgyz Ysar
kirgen, 199
Kazakh kaƱyng saap / Kyrgyz Ysar Kölöpkö kachkanda, 147, 199
Kazakh Kyrgyz dubandan / Karasam
tappaƱym sendeƱdi, 110
Kazakhstan, 136
Kazakov, Toktobolot, 214

Indexkazan, 137
Kazan, 20
Kazarman, 175
Kaziyayla, 168
kebek, 130, 131
keche, 139; see also keçe
kechüü, 201
keçe, 114, 138, 165
Keçelü, 165; Yörük group named —,165
keçi, 83, 139
Keçililer, 166; — group, 166kedeƱ, 60
kefen, 138
kefin, 139
kekik, 84
kekilik chöp, 206-207
kelin, 59, 119kelin alsam kolum uzarat, 68
kemik, 134
Kemin, — raƱon, 152; — region, 191
kench, 26; — kyzdar, 26; — ury, 26
Kenesh, 186; the word —, 186
kenje, 25, 26
KenjebaƱ, 26
Kenjebek, 26
Kenjegül, 26
Kenjekan, 26
Kenjekul, 26
kepek, 130-131
kepin, 138,-139; see also kefin
Kepsut, 164, 166, 168
kerbensaraƱ, 126-127
kerege, 116-122, 169; — kanat, kanats,
118; — topçu, 116
Kerimov, Mambet-, 153
kerme, 210
kerpiç, 209; see also kirpich
kervansaray, 126-127; see also kerbensaraƱ
Kesikköprü caravanserai, 128
kesme, 130-131

269
kethüda, 89
Khwarazm Shahs, see Harzemshahs
Khokand, — Khanate, 171; — Khanate
period, 70; — sovereignty, 171
kychkach, 137
Kydyrshaa, 36
kÕÕz, 100
kyl chöp, 206
Kylaa, 82
Kyljyr, 53
kymyz, 131-133, 206, 213-214, 222;
making of —, 213; weekly —drinking,222
kymyzdyk, 207kÕna gecesi, 227
KÕnÕk, — of Adranos (Orhaneli), 162; —of Bergama, 162; — of Mihaliç(Karacabey), 162; — of Sirfihisar(Seferihisar), 162; — of Yarhisar, 162
Kypchak, 40
Kyrbash, 55; — uruk, 55, 219; —pasture,225; —’s sons, 55KÕrgÕz, 33, 34, 47; see also Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz, Kyrgyzs, 19, - 27, 29, 33- 35,
37-38, 40, 44-45, 47, 50, 53-54, 56-57,
60, 63, 80, 82-83, 87-88, 91, 94, 9899, 103, 108-111, 116, 119, 122, 125128, 130-132, 134-136, 138-141, 147,
149-151, 153, 161, 169, 179, 187-188,
197, 198-202, 204-209, 210, 213, 227,
230, 231-233, 235, 237; —administration, 82; — capital of Bishkek, 91; — citizens, 222; — clans, 29,146, 147, 199; — clans of the Kyrgyz
community, 203; — community, 22,
26, 28-31, 34, 35-40, 42, 44, 46-47,
50-52, 54, 56, 59-64, 68-69, 71- 73,
87-88, 94-96, 99-101, 108, 118-120,
125-126, 161, 213, 232-234, 237; —community’s family tree, 50; —cultural values, 229; — culture, 148;
— custom, 233; — epics and traditions, 148; — families, 184, 212; —family, 24-25, 62-65, 73, 191; —family tree, 34; — folk song, 110; —folklore, 109; — genealogies, 40; —genealogy, 47; — geography, 108,
228; — groups, 108; — hospitality,

270
209, 225; — identity, 41, 56, 161; —independence, 203; — language, 41,
44, 94, 108, 111, 117, 120-122, 157,
206, 229, 232, 237; — leaders, 15; —legends, 36; — line, 63; — literature,232; — migration, 81; — name, 101;
— nation, 41-42, 56; — nationality,
15; — nomad community, 46; — nomadic community, 79, 94, 102, 186;
— nomadic group formation, 56; —nomadic groups, 51, 82, 83; — nomads, 55, 85, 87, 89, 93, 103, 113114, 116, 161; — nomads of Central
Asia, 103; — of Central Asia, 122; —pastoralist families, 183; — people,
31, 35, 39-41, 46, 98, 110, 129, 145,
153, 185, 191, 193, 198, 219, 227,
230, 231; — people of Central Asia,
227; — period, 81; — pronunciation,
29, 70, 232; — proverb, 45, 64; —regions, 203; — representatives, 188;
— Republic, 14, 156, 171-173; — rule,
218; — society, 23- 25, 30, 40, 42,
44-45, 93, 145-147, 151, 157, 183,
184, 227-229, 233; — SSR, 17; —state, 156; — tongue, 232; — tradition, 30, 43, 46, 117, 148, 154; —ulusu (nation), 161; — ulut (nation),
42; — uruu, 41-42; — uruus, 28- 30,
38, 39, 41-42, 148; — words, 141;
certificate of honor of the — Republic,
156; epics of the —, 148; essential
values of — society, 148; familial andsocial structure of the — people, 21;
formation of the — nation, 30;
formation of — nomadic groups, 50;
genealogical tree of — society, 39;
Hero of the — People, 156; name of
the — tribe, 33; nomadic — community, 64; nomadic — family, 212;
non— nationalities, 194; rural —community, 95; socio-cultural structures of the —community, 93; structure of the — family, 24; the ancestorsof — society, 151; the mother heroines of the — Republic, 150; the name—, 33, 50; the protection and preservation of the — community, 94; traditional — family resembles, 26; traditional — life, 26
Kyrgyz baƱysa katyn alat, Özbek baƱysa
tam salat, 64

Nomads and Nomadism
Kyrgyz El Baatyry , the title of —, 156
Kyrgyz in the 20th Century: Oral Historyof the Kyrgyz 1916-1991, 13
Kyrgyz-Kazakh bir tuugan, 59
Kyrgyzstan, 17-19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 39, 42,
52, 69, 81, 87, 90, 99, 103, 105, 108111, 128-129, 153, 155-157, 171,
175-176, 178-179, 182-184, 188, 198201, 203-204, 207, 209, 217, 218-219,
227- 229, 232-234, 235, 237; — area,
228; — geography, 200, 228; —’sgeography, 38-39, 109, 205; —’sindependence, 206; —’s provinces,91; —’s social and economic life, 209;—’s southern region, 237; administration system of —, 193; districts of—, 178; geography of —, 108; mountainous regions of —, 65;north of —,237; northern —, 229; northern regionof —, 228; plants of —, 207; rural
areas of —, 219; rural places of —,195; south of —, 228; southern —, 38,
229, 232, 237; the area of —, 108; thegeography of —, 161
Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 13,
18, 41kÕrkÕn çÕkmasÕ, 227
KÕrkÕz, 33KÕrúehir, 89, 105, 128; — region, 88
kysh, 197, 209; — kirpiç, 209kÕúla, 87kÕúlak vergisi, 209
kyshtan aman esen chyksak, 197
kyshtoo, 197, 208, 212
kÕsrak, 56KytaƱ uruu, 42kÕz, 87, 100
Kyz SaƱkal, female baatyr, 148KÕzÕk, — of Bursa, 162; — KÕzÕk ofSirfihisar (Seferihisar), 162
KÕzÕl, 88
kyzyl chymyndyk, 207
kyzyl kulak, 177
Kyzyl Kulboldu, 187
kyzyl kuuraƱ, 207KÕzÕlcatuzla, 165

Indexkyzylcha, 136
Kyzyl-OƱ, 208, 217
kyzyltal, 116KÕzlar A÷asÕ, 72KÕzpÕnar, 168
Kichi Korumdu, 210
Kichi Shalta, 194
KichinebaƱ, Anarbek-, 177
kidis ög, 114kiƱim, 138, 139kiƱit, 234kiƱiz, 116, 138, 139kiiz, 114; — üƱ, 114, 116, 120, 122
kilem, 138, 139; see also kilim
kilem: dükönü-magazin, 128
kilim, 138
kindik, 201-202
Kindik-Too, 202
kinship, — networks, 41; — relations,
181, 185, 190, 192
KirazlÕ, 168
Kirgiz, 33; see also Kyrgyz
Kirov, SergeƱ-, 186
Kirov Sovkhoz, 186
kirpich, 209
kirve, 230
kis, kis, 84
Kishi Jüz, 107
kishi ölgöndö, 192
kishmish, 135
kitchen items, 137
Kite, 164, 166; — region, 165
kitep: dükönü-magazin, 128
kitep-knijnÕy, 129
Kochkor, 81-82, 154, 171, 175; —bazaar,
175; — raion, 152; district of —, 175
Kochosh, 44
koƱ, 64, 139, 211, 233
koƱ echky turgan jer, 174koƱchus, 220
Kojobekov, Muratbek-, 14, 41, 172

271
Kojomkul (8th Mart), — village, 208,
217; —’s name, 2008
Kojosh, 55
KojotaƱ, 219; — uruk, 211
Kokiki, 96
kokon tikenek, 207kol, 202kol aarchy, 138
kolkhoz, 15, 152, 185-186, 188, 193, 212,
215, 219, 220; — worker, 149; systemof — of sovkhoz, 193
Kolkhozbek, 193
komando er, 30
Komatsu, Hisao-, 13-41
konar-göçer, 160
Konduchalova, KülüƱpa-, 156
kontroler, 177, 179
konur bash jylgan, 207
Konya, — plain, 102
koon, 136, 234
Koran, 154; see also Kuran
korgoshun, 137
Korkutlar, 166; the name —, 166
koroo, 119, 209, 212, 229, 230
koru, 229
Korumdu-Too, 201
KoshoƱ, Aksakal, 109
KoshoƱ-Korgon village, 152
koyun, 83, 139, 169
kozukaryn, 136
köchö, 90, 189
köƱnök, 138-139
kök chaƱ, 213, 231
Kök Han, 47
kök, 116, 121
Kök-Bulak, 82
kökdal, 118kökleme, 121
kökömeren, 207
Kökö-Meren river, 200, 210
Köksuu, 210; see also Kökö-Merenköktal, 116

272
Köktürk, Köktürks, 81-82, 108, 198,
218; — letters, 120
Kölbaev, Kuseyn-, 204kön, 210
Kööbash, 37
köpek, 84, 204, 209
Köpek village, 162
KöprübaúÕ, 106
köynek, 138-139
köz, 117, 121, 133-134, 141
kuaför, 126, 128
kuba, 44KudaƱberdi, 37KudaƱnazar, 53
Kudayar, 43- 44
KuƱaly Baatyr, 148kuƱruk, 133-134
Kulaaly taptap kush kyldym / KuramajyƱyp jurt kyldym, 146
Kulagy, 45
Kulaka Tartuu movement, 91
Kulakdonduraç, 168
Kulanak raƱon, 152
Kulboldu, 90, 186-187; —’s descendants,
187
Kulfâl, 56, 88
Kuljygach, 55, 208 ; — uruk, 55
Kultuu, 186
kulun, 213
Kulyab (Kulab), 147, 199
kum sheker, 135-136; see also toz úeker
kumarbaz, 140; see also kumarpoz
kumarpoz, 140
Kumushalieva, Sabira-, 156
kunduz, 200
Kuran, 231
Kurban, 70
Kurban BayramÕ, 70
KurbancÕyan, 166
Kurbanjan, 70; see also Kurmanjan
Kurbanjan BaƱbüce Dadhah, 69-70; seealso Kurmanjan

Nomads and Nomadism
kurgans, 81, 82
kurjun söktürüü, 69
kurma, 136, 141
Kurmanjan, 70; — Datka, 69-70; —Datka’s 200 hundreth birthday anniversary, 70
Kurmankojo, 55; — uruk, 55
kurúun, 137
kurt, 213
kuru erik, 135
kurut, 132, 206, 214
Kushchu, 19, 40; — uruu, 148
Kushubakova, 222
kuú kanatÕn er atÕn, 79
kuúak, 138
Kutadgu Bilig, 121, 159
Kuu uul, 34, 36-37
kuul, 100
kuurdak, 133-134, 141, 222
Kuu-Söök tarmag, 64
kuzu kula÷Õ, 84
küchük, 209küƱöö, 32, 59
kül, 129
Kül Tigin, 62; — inscription, 87, 94, 100
Kül Tikin, 62; see also Kül Tigin
kül-azyk, 129
kümüsh, 137-138, 141kün, 100Kün Han, 47
kündösh, 69
Küngöy, 39
Küntuu, 90, 185-188, 194; — community, 186; — eli, 187; — nomadic
group, 189; — people, 186, 189; —village, 91-92, 185-186, 189, 190-191,
193, 195; village of —, 90, 194 ;people of —, 187; population of —,187; sons of —, 187; the name —,186, 187; the village of —, 193
kürek, 133-134
kürüch, 135, 234; see also kürüç
kürüç, 135

IndexKüsermambet, 37, 47
Küsermambetov, Kazybek-, 37, 47;
genealogy of —, 37
Kütahya subprovince, 164
küz, 197
küzdoo, 197

Lambs, 212
Latin alphabet, 56
leather, 134; — cord, 116; — products,
134LeƱlek region, 232
Lenin Ordeni, 149
Lepshakov, Konok-, 20Leshoz village, 20
liberal market economy, 218
lineage tradition, 36
LipskiƱ, V. I., Russian traveler, 82
Living History of the Central Asian
People: The Case of Kyrgyzstan, 13,
26, 30, 41
luo, 98
Lyapidevskiy, Anatoliy-, 149

Maaniker, 80
Macmu at-tavarih, 34, 35
Madaniyat, 151; — village, 20; the village of —, 151-154
magazin, 126, 128; also see ma÷aza
Magazin-Dükönü, 128ma÷aza, 126, 128
mahalle, 50, 57, 97, 101, 160-161
MahmudhisarÕ, 162
Makishov, Japarbek-, 217
mal, 83, 86; — algandar, 177; — tartkan,
177, 179, 182; — tartkan group, 179;
the term —, 86
malbazarÕ, 126, 128; see olsa malpazarÕ
male dog, 209
Malika, 150
malpazarÕ, 126, 128
Maltepe University, 13
Mamakeev, Mambet-, 156
Mambet Kazy family, 152273
Mambet Kerim family, 152Mambetali, 43
Mambetaliev, ShamytaƱ-, 25, 43
Mambetaliev, Stambulbek-, 14, 41, 202,
207
Mambetalieva, Kachkyn-, 25Mambetjanov, Abdyjapar-, Aksakal, 30
Mambetsydykov, Karagyz-, 211-214
Mamytov, Mitalip-, 156
mamleket, 41; — tili of Kyrgyz, 128
Mamlekettik Gimn, Kyrgyz national
anthem, 205
manap, 28, 29, 63, 68, 71, 73, 145, 148,
152, 236
Manap BiƱ, 151, 154, 155-156; —monument, 155; the monument of —,155; the revival of —, 154
Manap Kaljigitov, 38, 228-230, 234-236;—’s family, 228; —’s house, 229
Manas, 19, 40, 61, 62, 109, 146; —Baatyr, 73, 148; — Baatyr of Kyrgyz
society, 146; — epic, 146, 148, 173;
— legend, 56, 61, 73, 109; epic of —,40; name of —, 40; Radloff variant of
the — legend, 56
Manas Airport, 228
Manastyn urpaktary, 88, 100
manat, 29
Manchu, 199
mandalina, 136; see also mandarin
mandarin, 136
mankind, 77
mankind, nature and animals, 83, 85, 123
Mankiev, Toktomurat-, 191, 192
mantar, 136mantÕ, 130-131; see also manty
manty, 130-131
Marka, 37market economy, 177
markets, 182; local —, 180
marriage, — principle of exogamy, 24
Masaliev, Absamat-, 156
mashak, 130
maúa, 137

274
Mat’ Geroinya, see baatyr ene
maternal uncle, 56
meal, 231
meat, 131, 133-134, 213; — pilav, 231;
— products, 133
Mediterranean, 123mee, 133-134
Mehanizasiya
Jivotnovodcheskaya
Stansiya, 220
Mehanizatorskaya Traktornaya Stansiya,
220
Melis, 193
menâb, 29
menaf, 29
MendebaƱ, 53
Mendi, 37
mendil, 138
Menteúe, — region, 98; — subprovinceof Anatolia province, 164
mera, 121
merchant, merchants, 222-225
Meren, 210
Mersin region, 103
mesken, 121
Mesud, 88
metal, 136; — items, 136
mÕh (çivi), 137
myk, 137
Myrzakul, 53
Myrzakulu, 53
Middle East, 78
migration, 30; — movement of the
Kyrgyz, 81
Mihaliç, 162, 164, 165, 166
Mihalo÷ullarÕ, 31
militsia, 179, 180, 181
milk, 131-132, 134, 206, 214; — ofhorses, 132; — of young jylky, 133;— product, 214; — products, 206,
214, 131-132; fermented —, 132;
mill, hand —, 129
millet, 103
Min Bulak, 210; — of Taldy Suu, 210

Nomads and Nomadism
Minsterstvo ÇrezveçaynÕh Situatsiy, 208
Mirlan, 42-43, 55
Mirrahimov, Mirsaid-, 156
MirzataƱ, 53moƱnok, 202
moldo, 236; see also molla
molla, 236
Molotov, Vyacheslav-, 186
Molotov Sovkhoz, 186
money exchange, see akcha almashtyruu
Mongol, Mongols, 86, 98-99, 101, 108,
163, 169, 198, 218, 228; —administration, 82; — communities,
99; — Kalmaks, 29; — period, 22; —pressure, 159; — state, 228; —Ilhan
influence, 98; nomadic life of the —,86
Mongolia, 114; northeastern —, 29
Mongolian, 94, 98, 101, 122, 132; —origin Kamalks, 199; — states, 50; —word Jegün, 163; Mongolian traditions, 34
Monoldor, 40, 152; — uruu, 64, 65
moral values, 40, 41; — of Kyrgyz
society, 148
Moskva, 220
Moslem, Moslems, 235; — families,
228; — groups, 227
motels, 223
Mother Heroine, 149
mother’s side, 25
möngü, 205, 210; — suu, 205
möngü water, see möngü
mörön, 210
Mövküshova, Gülbübü-, 150
muallim, 140, 141; see also mugalim
mugalim, 140, 141
Muhammedova, Zuuran-, 20, 150
Munduz, 40
Murad, summer pasture, 168
Murad I, Ottoman Sultan, 163
Murad III, Ottoman Sultan, 115
murun, 133, 134
Murzakulu, 53IndexMusa, 88
Muslim cemetery, 193müren, 210
Müren, Zeki-, 210
Mürök, 171, 173; — bazaar, 172-173,
175-182, 184; — bazaar community,
175

Nadyr, 187
nahiye, 106, 162
nâib, 29; —i manap, 29NaƱman, 40
nal, 137
Namangan province, 63nan, 130-131, 213, 231-234
nan: dükönü-magazin, 129
Naniva, 96
nar, 136
Naryn, 37-38, 81-82, 91, 110-111, 175,
181, 189-190, 194, 200; — aƱmagy,99; — dubany, 110; — oblast, 30, 188,
192; — province, 152, 173; — raion,30, 152; — region, 177, 218; provinceof —, 191; the area of —, 151
Naryndyktar, 91, 191-192, 195; — group,192NarlÕ, 162
NarodniƱ: Magazin-Dükönü, 128
nation, 40-41, 80, 103; term —, 41
nature, 77
Nazaralieva, Fauziya-, 20, 150
near relatives, 97, 99
neighborhood, 47, 97, 179, 182, 189, 194,
224, 225
Nemis, 187-188
Nintoku Tennou, Japan Emperor, 97;
legendary Emperor —, 96
niúan, 227
Niva vehicle, 202niyabet, 107NogaƱ, 20
nohut, 135; see also nokot
nokot, 135

275
nomad, nomads, 21, 31, 49, 79, 80-84,
87, 95, 97-98, 100, 115, 139, 164, 169,
197-198, 209, 218; — community,
103, 212; — community of Anatolia,
103; — families, 211; —’ philosophy,
57; — groups, 80; —’s home, 95; thelifestyle of —, 213
nomadic, 86; — civilization, 21, 141,
200;— clans, 50, 101; — community,
78, 80, 186; — culture, 145; — group,groups, 25, 33, 39, 42, 46-47, 50, 5657, 81-83, 87-92, 97-103, 105, 107,
113, 122, 138, 159-163, 165-170, 200,
210, 212, 218; formation process of— groups, 92; — identity, 57; —leaders, 50; — life, 57, 159, 161; —lifestyle, 49, 50, 78, 86, 132, 134, 161,
214, 218, 227; —nation, 46; — oral
history, 153; — origin, 107; — people,
79, 218; — peoples, 21, 94, 113, 125,198-199, 201, 218; — philosophy,
161; — traditions, 219; — tribes, 114;
— units, 97; — way, 183;
characteristic of — life, 86;
characteristics of — fam, 64; creationof — civilization, 115; formation of
the — groups, 49; formation of —groups, 85, 87, 90, 91; features of —lifestyle, 185; interaction between —tribes, 115; large — groups, 22;
leaders of Kyrgyz — groups, 218;
nomadism, 21, 49, 77-78, 93, 125, 183;birthplace of —, 83; characteristics of—, 93; emergence of —, 85; special
nature of —, 93; the source of —, 161
Nooruz, 191
Norozaly, 43
nökörs, 146
Nuh, Hz., 47
Nurbek, 221
Nurdin, 150
Nurdöölöt Baatyr, 156
Nüzüp BiƱ, 156

Oba, 50, 57, 97, 100-101, 160-161; theformation of an —, 100; the term —,101
obog (oboȖ), 101
obug, 101
obuv, 129; see also but kiƱim

276
oca÷Õn sönsün, 96oca÷Õna incir dikmek, 96oca÷ÕnÕ söndürmek, 96
ocak, 96; see also ochok
ochok, 67, 96
October 1917 Revolution, 70, 73; seealso 1917 Revolution
oduncu, 140O÷uz (Türkmen), O÷uzlar, 34, 50, 87,
159, 162; — structure, 34; — clans,
162, 165; — legend, 47oƱmochu, 140
ok, 50, 98
Okatar uruk, 36
oklava, 131
Okotur uruk, see Okatar uruk
Old Turkic, 60, 113, 121, 200; — family, 62; — inscriptions, 88, 91; — states,
50, 113; — texts, 22
Old Uighur, 23; — texts, 23, 26, 95; —Turkic texts, 159
omog, 101
Omor Jamangulov, 179
omug, 101
omurga, 134, 141
omurtka, 134, 141
On Kanat, 28, 34-36, 38-40, 50, 53, 102,
103, 145, 186; — uruu union, 38
oomin (amin), 231
ooz tiyüü, 233
orak, 137
oral history, 61, 65, 93; — project, 19
Oral Sources, 13
Ordu, 105-106; — area, 107; — region,
105
Orhan, Ottoman Sultan, 168
Orkhon inscriptions, 60, 87, 100, 159
Ormon Baatyr, 148
Ormon Handyn urpaktary, 88, 100
orok, 137
Orozbakty, 53
Orta Jüz, 107
Orta Pare, 107

Nomads and Nomadism
ortomchu, 177, 180
orun basar, 194
Osaka, 96Osh, 38, 39, 82, 91, 111, 177, 189, 191,
194, 200, 204, 211, 217, 223-224,
232; —bazaar, 178; — oblast, 191; —province, 173; — region, 207, 218,
232; — road, 211; — uyazy, 70; —Bishkek highway, 39; city of —, 204;
province of —, 191
Oshtuktar, 91, 191-192, 195; leader of—, 191
Osmangazi district, 163
Osmonov, Almaz-, 177
Osmonov, Öskön-, 153otau, 119otko kirgizmek, 95
otlak, 121
otluk, 209
Ottoman, Ottomans, 48, 94, 98, 102-103,
106, 108, 127, 159, 164, 166-168, 170,
201; —administration, 93, 159; —administrative organizations, 96; —Anatolia, 105; — nomads, 93; —archival documents, 33, 114; —archival records, 87, 162; — archival
sources, 98; — archives, 160; —clerks, 114; — community, 103; —dynasty, 165; — Empire, 41; —geography, 105; — history, 106; —nomadic community, 97; — Palace,
71-73; — period, 60, 93, 98, 101, 103,
105, 107-108, 163, 201; —principality, 159, 162; — provinces,102; — raiders, 31;—records, 107; —rulers, 71; — scribes, 98; — settled or
nomadic people, 96; — society, 94;—society’s nomads, 93; — sources,
33; — spelling rules, 33; — State, 115,
160, 170; — Sultan, 166; — times, 50,
56, 90, 95, 97-98, 100-101, 103, 105,
107-108, 110-111, 113, 116, 209; —world, 108; forefathers of the —, 168;the classic — period, 103
otu küƱüshpödü, 95
Otunbaeva, Roza-, ex-President of the
Kyrgyz Republic,157
otunchu, 140

IndexOtuz oglan (Thirty Sons), 91; — group,
91
Otuz uul, 36, 39; see also Otuz oglan
oymacÕ, 140; see also oƱmochu
oymak, 97, 101; the term —, 98Ögüz Han, 47
ÖƱdö chekti, 219
öƱrök, 134Ölbögön janga jaz da keler, 198ölöng chöp, 206Ömürbek, 43örgöö, 119örmeci, 140; see also örmöchüörmöchü, 140örük, 136, 235ösümdük, 206ötükchü, 140
öy, 122Özbek, 64

Pehluvanlu, — of the Bayad clan, 163
Palace (Saray), 71, 72
palatka, 224
paloo, 233
pancar, 136
Panfilov, 224; — raion, 224
parda, 138; see also perdepare, 107
Paris, 223-225; — Center, 224
pastoral, — life, 183, 225; —organization, 220
paternal uncle, 56patlÕcan, 136
patriarchal, — character, 24, 51; —ethnic groups, 24; — family structure,44; — clan traditions, 66
patrilineal family structure, 87
Pax Mongolia, 83
Pax Ottoman, 83
pazar, 126, 128; see also bazaar
Peçenek, — of BeypazarÕ, 162
perde, 138
Perestroika, memories of —, 15277
Persian, 60, 95, 113, 128, 237; —language, 229, 234
petroglyphs, 81-82, 213
pigeons, 174
pilav, see paloo
Pir Ahmed veled-i Mahmud A÷a, 106
pirinç, 135
piyaz, 136
policemen, 183; local —, 183
polygamy, 62-63, 68, 71-73; — tradition,63
polys, Greek word, 62
post-seven forefathers relative, 25
post-Soviet, — Kyrgyz, 218; —Kyrgyzstan, 185; — period, 151, 154;
— time, 145, 183; — transition, 225
pre-Ottoman times, 103
pre-Soviet, 17; — times, 146, 177, 183
privatization, 14, 218
Prophet Muhammed, 234
Prophet of Islam, 234
Provincial Council, see Beylerbeyi
DivanÕ

Qara-KhitaƱ, 198; — period, 228
Radlov, V. V., 200
Raf (Rigiskaya Avtomobilnaya Fabrika),
183
Rahatbek, brother of Stambulbek
Mambetaliyev, 209
raiders, — of the Ottoman founding, 203RaƱymdar Kibarov, 235-237
rams, 220
Rashid, 47
razor, 236
Razzakov, Iskhak-, 156
reindeer, 78
relations, 181
relationship between nation and family,
26
relatives, 32, 59; the group of —, 181
religious rituals, 15
repair shops, 223

278
resm, 95; —i dud, 95, 209; —i duhan, 95,
209; —i tütün, 95
restroom, see tualet
reyhan, 84
roots, 41ru, 88rug, 232
ruler’s family, 26
Rum province, 105
Runic letters, 113
rural areas, 180-182, 235
Russia, 17, 188; administration of Tsarist—, 214
Russian, 14, 18, 128-129, 200; — oblast,
111; — Czarist administration, 82; —families, 188; — population, 214; —sovereignty, 171-172
Russians, 18, 148, 179, 187-188

Sabirov, Mahmutjan-, 177
sable, 217
sacred animal, 52
saç, 128
Sadykov, TurgunbaƱ-, 156
Sadybakas, leader of Naryndyktar, 192
Sadyr Ake, 156
Sadyr Baatyr, 148
Sadyrbaev, Dooronbek-, 156
Sadovaya, 190
Safar Shaa, 47
Sa÷ Kol, 163SaƱmaly Tash summer pasture, 198
Saka, Sakas, 82, 108; see also Scythiansakchy, 179
salads, 231
salt shops, 175
Salusbek, — Bulgachy, 36
Sam, 47
samannyƱ kirpiç, 209
samyr, 200, 217; see also samur
Samsun, 105
samur, 200
sanat eri, 31

Nomads and Nomadism
sancak beyi, 102
sandyk, 120
sanjyra, 40, 42
Sanskrit word , 113
saray, 209, 221
Sary, 43sary samur, 200
Sarybagysh, 40, 53, 208; — clan, 43, 53;— nomadic group, 91; — uruu, 28,
152, 189; — uruu, 151
Sarybagyshev, ømash-, 52, 53
sarymaƱ, 214, 231
sarymsak, 136sarÕmsak, 84, 136; see also sarymsak
sarpaƱ, 234
Saruu, 19, 37, 40; — uruu, 36satÕcÕ, 140
SatykeƱ Baatyr, 156
Satymkul, 187
satuuchu, 140
Sayak, 40, 43, 152, 208; —period, 198;
— rule, 198; — uruu, 25, 37, 55, 211
saz chöbü / ölöng chöp, 206
Scythian, Scythians, 114, 218; — kings,
82; — period, 81
Second World War, 15, 17-18, 150, 153,
229
Security General Directorate, 202
security guards, 181
seed family, 27
Selçuk domination, 159
sellers, 181
semiz mal, 206
Serhanlar, 164; — group, 164
serpmeç, 121Service Center, 224
seven, — ancestors, 45; — climates,
110; — duban, 110; — forefather
concept, 100; — forefather link, 52;— forefathers, 24-27, 44-45, 51, 52,
88, 161; — forefathers link, 52; —generations, 45; — motherlands, 45;— provinces, 110
seven forefather concept, see 100

Indexseventh forefather, 44-55
Sevindik, 88
sewing clothes, 66
Seydi Ahmed Kethüda, DivanbaúÕ, 106
Seyfeddin Ahsikendî, 34, 36
shabdaaly, 136
Shabdan Baatyr, 155
Shabolot, 219
shadow, 113ShaƱbek, ancestor of Bakachy uruk, 4355; —’s friends, 44ShaƱhidin, 53
ShaƱhidinev, ømash-, 53
Shalta, 194
Shamshy kolkhoz, 152-153
Shanyrag, 116, 119
Shapak, 27, 42, 52-53, 88; — uruk, 42,
52-53, 55; — uruu, 53; — village, 52;
seventh forefather —, 52
Sharipov, Salican-, 156
Sharkyratma bolush, 65
sheep, 65, 68, 78, 84, 86, 128, 132, 139,
166, 181-184, 204, 212, 214, 220, 232,
234; —’s milk, 132; see also koƱ, 184sheƱshep, 138, 139
sheker, 135
Sheker, 42; — aƱyl, 20; — village, 20;
ancestor —, 42
shelters, 221
sheperd, shepherds, 168, 204, 213, 215,
221
Sherifo÷lu,VeƱsel-, 235
shish kebap, 134; see also shish kebek
shish kebek, 134
Shopokova, Kerimbübü-, 150
shops, 223
shorpo, 222, 233
short-term borrowing, 182
shükür, 187
shybak, 207
Sydygaliev, Ashymbek-, 173, 179
Sydykbekov, TugelbaƱ-, 156
syƱkyrchy, 140279
synykchy, 140; see also sÕnÕkçÕ
sÕnÕkçÕ, kÕrÕkçÕ, çÕkÕkçÕ, 140sÕrÕm, 121
syƱ tamak, 230
Siberia, 114Siezdbek, 193
Sifrihisar, 164
Sifrihisar-AydÕnbeylü, 166
sihirci, 140
Silk Road, 77, 128, 171, 199, 204, 217,
223; see also Jibek Jolu
silver metal, 127
Sim, 47
Sinop, 159
Sinor, Denis-, 85Sivas, 95; — region, 105, 107, 111; —subprovince, 163; south of —, 167;
southern —, 102
skin, 134
snowball, 15; — technique, 19
Sobra, 168
social network, 189sogon, 207so÷an, 84, 136
Sohta, 168
sokmo, 209
Sokso, 109
Sokuluk, 171, 220; — raƱon, 185
Sol Kanat, 28, 34-35, 38- 40, 50, 102103, 145
Sol Kol, Mongol administrative andmilitary system, 163
solidarity, 190; — of fellow countrymen,
190
Solodkov, Leonid Mikhailovich-, 149
Solto, 40, 186, 208; — clan, 44; — clanof the Kyrgyz, 203; — uruu, 90, 186son (uul), 24, 25, 67
Son-Köl, 81-82, 183; — summer
pastures, 81, 82, 99
Sooronkul, 37
Sooronkulov, Syrgak-, 36, 37; genealogyof —, 37

280
Sopubekova, Zamira-, 191
Sorkun, 162
sorpo, 233
Sosnovka, 204
Sotsialisttik Emgektin Baatry, see Geroi
Sotsialisticheskogo Truda
Sovetter Soyuzunun Baatyry, see Geroi
Sovetskogo Soyuza
Soviet, — authorities, 185; — citizen, 18,149, 157; — civilians, 149; —economy, 221; — man, 148; —period, 14, 17-18, 149, 152, 156, 171172, 177, 179, 184, 191, 220, 221; —practice, 172; —regime, 148, 157,
185; — rule, 185-186, 219; — rural
entities, 15 — soldiers, 149; — state,
183, 220; — system, 15, 148, 172,
185, 208, 215; — times, 15, 177, 183,
221, 228, 235, 237 ; — Union, 125,148-149, 151, 153, 156-157, 173, 184,
185, 188, 191, 201, 203, 208, 212,
218, 219, 221; — Union period, 91;
collapse of the — Union, 187, 220;
establishment
of
—
Union
administration, 214; Hero of the —Union, 149; new — man, 148; targetsof the — economy, 220; the collapseof the — Union, 157, 184; the word—, 186
Sovietbek, 193
sovkhoz, 15, 152, 185-186, 193, 215,
219-220, 222
Sovkhozbek, 193
Sö÷üt, 164, 168, 170; — area, 165; —dispersal, 165; — region, 164; —Yörüks, 164, 165
söök, 116, 118, 134
söörü, see sörü
sörü, 229
spravka, 180
Stalinist period, 15; — repressions, 17
statehood, 41
su, 130-131, 141
sub-clan, 41, 43, 50
sub-elements, 22
Suci inscription, 87, 100
sucu, 140

Nomads and Nomadism
sucuk, 133-134, 141
sugar factory, 203
Sugihara, Kiyotaka K., 202
Sultanbekova,Tamara-, 19
sulu, 207
suluuluk salonu, 126, 128
summer, 27
summer pasture, 27, 30-31, 46, 80-84, 87,
90, 167-170, 176, 198, 204, 206, 210,
212, 214, 215, 218, 219; — areas,
208; — locations, 92
summer season, 80, 220, 223
SunkursarayÕ, 162
surcha, 213
Susamyr, 200; see also Suusamyr
Suu bashynda üƱ bar / ÜƱ bashynda biƱbar, 56
suu, 130, 131, 141
suuchu, 140
suur, 213
Suusamyr, 82, 83, 183, 200-203, 205211, 214, 217-219, 220; — Öröönü,200-201, 205, 210; — pasture, 221;
— pasturelands, 224; — summer
pasture, 81-82, 206-207, 219; —Valley, 213, 217- 219, 221, 223, 225;
— village, 208, 221, 223; summer
pastures of — Öröönü, 214; exdirector of — sovkhoz, 220; head of— village, 223; population of —, 219;
the center of —, 210-211, 214; The
name —, 200, 217; the village of —,220; villages of —, 217, 219
sünnet, 227; see also sünnöt
sünnöt, 227, 234, 237
sünnötkö oturguzuu, 227
süt, 132, 231SütöƱ, 151
Sütüke, 151; see also Jarban
süü, 132süzgeç, 137-138, 141
süzgüch, 137-138, 141
süzme, 132, 141
süzmö, 132, 141, 214
sword, 120

Indexûahin, ølhan-, 14, 18, 141ùammar, 167ùark Pare, 107úeftali, 136ùehzade, 166úeker, 135ùeyh, 168

Taajene, 32
tabak, 137
Tabyldy, 37TagaƱ, see TagaƱ BiƱTagaƱ BiƱ, 37, 53; — BiƱdin urpaktary,
88, 100
Tahmina, 150
tahrir defters, 56, 106taƱ, 232-233taƱake, 32, 37, 232taƱata, 32, 232taƱeje, 32, 232taƱene, 32, 232
taife, 101; see also tayfataƱgan, 213taƱjenge / taajenge, 232taƱjezde / taajezde, 232TaƱlak, 187; — Baatyr, 1565
TaƱlaryn kaƱaktan?, 233
TaƱlaryn kaƱsy cerden?, 233
Tajik, — cultural values, 229; —culture,237
Tajikistan, 199, 228
taka, 137
Takatsu-no miya Palace, 96tal, 116, 118
talaa, 130TalaƱbek Korgoldoyev, head of thevillage, 194
Talas, 19, 20, 82, 91, 111, 189-190, 194,
200, 222-224; — oblast, 19; — region,36, 38, 91, 200, 218; province of —,191;
Talastyktar, 91, 191, 195
Taldy Suu, 210, 221281
talon, 181
Talpak, 43tam, 208, 214
tamak-ash, 128-129
tamga, 212
Tamgak, 23
tandyr, 130-131
Tang Dynasty, 127TanrÕvermiúler, 106
Tanzimat Period, 106, 167
tarak, 137
taraza, 137
Tarhala, 164, 166, 168
tarhun, 84
tarla, 130
Tash-Döbö, 82
Tashrabat caravanserai, 128
Tash-Tulga, 82
Taskulu, 37
Tatak, 88
Tatar, Tatars, 20, 88, 179, 188; — family,
191
Tatybek, 43
tax, taxes, 25, 95, 97; — income, 102
tayfa, 42, 101; also see taife
Teferrüç, 168
Tegerek KaƱyn, 210-211
tegirmen, 69, 130-131, 141
tegirmenchi, 140TeƱit, 36, 40
tekeƱ chöp, 206tekeƱ sakyz , 207
TeltaƱ, 53
Teltoru, 80
Temir, 37, 52-53
temir kashyk, 137
Temir uruk, 27, 52-53, 88
Temirbek, 43
Temircan, 219
teng-tengi menen, tezek kaby menen, 69
Tenir Mountains, 37-39, 198-199, 201,
205

282
tent, tents, 68-69, 169, 213; — of
nomadic groups, 114; — of the Tuvas,
114; — of the Yörük and Türkmen,
169; — types, 115; — types ofAnatolia, 116; — types of the Yörüks,
123terash, 128
terazi, 137
terbe ög, 114
tereze, 120
teri, 134, 141
terichi, 140
terici, 140
terzi, 140
TeskeƱ, 39
textile, textiles, — goods, 138; —products, 139TynaƱ, 64
Tynalu uulu Bapy, 152
Tynalu uulu Belek, 152
TynymseƱit, 40
tÕrpan, 137
tigilet, 118
tikmechi, 140til, 134, 141tilchi, 140
tilenchi, 140
tilki, 213
Tilkü, 43
timar, 102, 106tîr, 50, 97-98, 101, 160; Persian term —,98
Togan, øsenbike-, 98
Togan, A. Zeki Velidi-, 29, 98
Toguz Toro, 81
Tokat region, 105, 107, 111
Toklukemen, 88; — group, 89; —nomadic group, 88, 89
Toklümen village, 89
Tokmok, 171-173, 175-176, 178-179,
181-182, 184;— city, 155, 171;
outskirts of —, 172TokoƱluu summer pasture, 221-223; —summer pastures, 222

Nomads and Nomadism
tokol, 31, 59-62, 64-69, 71, 73; — at, 61;— buudaƱ, 61; — echki, 61; —elechek, 61; —jygach, 61; — uƱ, 61;—’s children, 69; the word —, 60
tokolduk, 61
tokolduu, 61
Toktobolot, ancestor of Okatar uruk, 37
Toktogon uruk, 219
Toktogul, 37,
Toktogul, ancestor of Okatar uruk, 222
Toktogul, a famous Kyrgyz poet, 110
Toktonazar, 65, 66, 67, 68; — family, 65,
67
Toktor, 219
toktot, 234
tokuuchu, 140-141
Tokuz uul uruk, 37
Tokyo University, 41
Tombakçukuru, 168

TonbaƱ, 187
too chöp, 206, 209
Too Han, 47
too piyazy, 207
Top ArabacÕlarÕ Oca÷Õ, 96
top ev, 115-116, 120, 123topa÷ ev, 115-116, 120, 123
topak, 115-116, 120, 123,
topak ev, 120, 169, 170; see also topa÷
ev
topbashchylar, 194
topbashy, 191, 193
topchu, 137
Topçu Oca÷Õ, 96
topçu, 116
Tophisar, 165
TopkapÕ SarayÕ, 115
topor, 110
topoz, 132
torpok, 233
toz úeker, 135-136
TögölbaƱ, 53
tökmö akyn, 177

Index
Tökö, 187
töö, 64, 139
Töö Ashuu (Camel Pass), 204-205
töö kuƱruk, 207
töö tikenek, see kokon tikenek, 207tör, 68, 120, 213, 230
Törökeldi Baatyr, 148
tört tülük mal, 86, 184
töshök, 120, 138-139, 141trade, — and craft sectors, 125-126, 141;
— places, 126traditional, — administrative structure,26; — costumes, 17; — lineage system, 185traditions, 27transition period, 14, 155-156, 185, 193,
194
tribal, — organization, 18; — relations,
15; — solidarity, 18; — structure, 18;— traditions, 18
tribalization, 91
tribe, tribes, 26; bronze-age —, 114
truck owner, 182
Tsarist period, 18
Tsukuba University, 41
tualet, 175
tugyr, 122
tugyrlyk, 122, 169tuyr, 121-122
tuyrlyk, 122
tukum, 51
Tulegenova, Bibigul-, Kazakh singer,
150
Tulu, 26
tulum, 134
tun, 25; — bala, 25; — kyz, 25; — uul,
25
Tunuk, 208, 217, 219; population of —,219
tur, 121
Turat, 221
Turgut, 102
Turk Ancestor, 47

283
Turkey, 202
Turkic, 68; — communities, 227; —clans, 62; — dialects, 23, 60; — inscriptions, 36, 91, 98; — Khaganates,
171; — language group, 125; —languages, 83; — Mongol culture, 30;— people, 56, 227; — peoples, 82,
141, 199; — ruler Toguluk Timur,
228; — runic inscriptions, 62; —tradition, 34; — tribes, 141; — tribesof Central Asia, 114; — world, 132;
period of — Khaganates, 171
Turkish, 14, 22, 26, 50, 52, 60, 84, 94, 98,
103, 113, 126-130, 132, 136, 168, 170,
210, 229; — culture, 96; — economic
life, 127; — family, 62; — language,41; — language of Anatolian, 30; —groups, 227; — peoples and groups,
213; — Republic, 72; — sources, 47;— texts, 60, 94; — word ‘erkek’, 30
Turkish Cooperation and Coordination
Agency Directorate (TIKA), 13
Turkistan, 69, 70
Turkmen, 83, 121-122;
Turks, 98, 127, 179; — from Akhyska,
18; —’ acceptance of Islam, 97
turluk, 113, 115-116, 121-123, 169, 170
Turluk ev, 123, 169
turug, 121
turuglag, 121-122
turuglug, 121-122
turuluk, 122
tuugandyk, 32, 59
tuugansyz bolsom da, tuurum bek, 122
Tuuma Kashka, 53
tuur, 121-122
tuurduk, 119, 121-122, 169
tuurga, 122, 169TuvaƱ, 37tuz, 135, 136; — salgych, 137, 138
Tuzla, 164
tuzluk, 137-138
Tügöl, 37
Tülöberdi, 43-44
Tündük, 34, 35, 38, 39; the term —, 38284
tündük, 116-119, 121; — cabuu, 119,
121
Tüp, — raƱon, 52; — village, 52
Türgesh (Türgish), 82, 198, 218
Türk, 47
Türk Ata, 37
Türkmân-Õ Halep, see Halep Türkmenleri
Türkmen, Türkmenler, 56-57, 103, 160161, 168-169; — concept, 160;
structure of the —, 161; the name —,161; — Beyliks (principalities), 159;
— clans, 159; — population, 159
Tüshtük, 35, 38, 39; — Kyrgyz, 38; —Kyrgyz nomads, 103; — Kyrgyz
uruus, 39
tüúöt, 81
tütme, 54tütmek, 94
tütün, 22-23, 54, 94, 95-96, 191, 192,
209
tütün bulata alyshpady, 95

Uaz (Uralskiy Avtomobilniy Zavod),
183
uc, 159; — region, 159
uchar, 213
u÷, 118, 121
uƱ, 64, 204, 211, 233
UƱghur, Uighurs, 20, 83, 188; — written
texts, 121
ukukchu, 140ul, 45
Ulaú village, 95
Ulu Yörük, 107-108
Uluda÷, 168-169
Ulugir uruk, 64
ulus, 41-42, 103
Uly Jüz, 107uly, 107
umbrella, 113
un, 130-131
uraan, 40; — of the Bagysh uruu, 41; —of the Basyz uruu, 41
Ural-AltaƱ peoples, 85

Nomads and Nomadism
urban, — animal markets, 182; — bazaars, 182; — markets, 182
urpak, 100
urug, 40, 101; see aalso uruk
uruk, uruks, 25-31, 34, 38, 40- 42, 44- 47,
50-56, 63, 87-88, 100-101, 145, 161,
185, 193, 218; — baatyr, 30; —leaders, 63; leaders of the —, 63; —line, 52, 54-55; — structure, 55; —’shomogeneous social structure., 25; —’s genealogy, 42; creation of —, 42;
family trees in —, 54; family trees of
the —, 63; formation of the —, 27, 52,
89; formation of —, 52; the formationof an —, 44, 47, 100; the name —, 87,
161
Urumchi, 20
uruu, uruus, 26-31, 34, 36, 38, 39- 42,
44-45, 47, 50-54, 56, 63, 69, 88, 101,
145, 161, 185, 193, 218; — baatyr,30; — leaders, 63, 68; — union, 34,
36; — yntymagy, 189; creation of —,42; family trees in —, 54; family treesof the —, 63; leaders of the —, 63;
sub-units of the —, 38; leaders of —,28, 73; the name —, 101ury, 87, 100; see also uruk
Usenbekov, KalyƱnur-, 149
USSR, 17, 19, 149; — leaders, 15
usta, 140-141
ustara, 236
ustukan, 67, 233
Usuns, 198
Usup, 53
Usupaliyev, Turdakun-, 156
uu chöp, 206
uuk, uuks, 116, 117-119, 121
Uulu joktun muunu jok, 24uuz, 132, 141
Uzbek, 83, 108, 179; — cultural values,
229; — cultures, 237

ÜgedeƱ (ÖgedeƱ), 26
üƱ, 22, 56, 61, 94, 114, 213üƱ bülöö, 21, 22, 94, 98, 103ÜƱ bülöö kichine bir mamleket, 68

IndexÜƱ pul boloor, kul biƱ boloor, kün baƱbiche boloor, 69
ütü, 137-138
ütük, 137-138
üzlük, 121üznük, 119, 121üzük, 119, 121üzüm, 135, 136

Valide Sultan, 71
Varsak, — nomadic group, 88; — Türkmen of KÕrúehir, 163
vegetables, 136vertical, 81; — migrations, 81
vertically, 81
veterinarian, 179-181, 183veterinarnaya apteka, see veterinary
pharmacy
veterinary pharmacy, 175vÕdra, 200
village deputies, see aƱyl deputattary
Viranúehir subprovince, 106
Vinnikov, Ya. R., 35, 40
watchman, 205

West Anatolia, 102, 122, 159, 160, 167,
169, 170; — region, 159
West Mongolia, 163
Western Anatolia, 56, 113, 120, 167
Western Chinese provinces, 17
wheat, 130
White Camel, 41
winter, 27; — pasture areas, 164; —pastures, 159; — quarter, 167; —quarters, 27, 30-31, 80-81, 83, 87, 90,
95, 197, 198, 201, 212, 214, 215, 218;
— season, 80, 197; — shelter, 221,
223; — tax, 95
wood, 68, 116, 117
wool, 66, 68, 138, 139, 141; — of sheep,
139
Workers’ Day, 208
woven textiles, 139

Xerxir, the name Kyrgyz in the first
Western sources, 33

285
Yafas, 47
Ya÷cÕ Bedir, 122; — Yörük group, 88;— Yörüks, 56, 89, 100
Yahyalar, villages of —, 107yaks, 78, 183, 184
Yakup, 88-89
yal çana÷Õ, 209
yalak, 209YalgÕn, Ali RÕza-, 169
yan eri, 121yasdÕk, 139, 141
yatuk, the term —, 169YaycÕlar, 166
yayla, 65, 86
yazar, 140
yazla, 86, 167
yemiú, 135, 141; see also jemish
Yeniçeri Oca÷Õ, 96
Yeniil, — Kanunnamesi, 60; — Türkmen groups, 164; — Türkmenleri,
102; — ulusu, 103; nomadic groupsof the — Türkmenleri, 167
Yenisey, 37, 87, 127; — inscriptions, 23,
31, 87, 100, 120, 121yÕlkÕ, 87, 100, 132Yi÷itali, 163
yntymak, 46-47, 190
yntymak bar jerde yrys (yrysky) tögülot,46
yoghurt, see yo÷urt
yo÷urt (yoghurt), 84, 131-132, 206, 224
yohsul, 60
yoksul, 60
yorgan, 138, 139, 141
Yörük, yörüks, 56-57, 87, 103, 114-116,
118, 120-121, 160-161, 167, 168, 170;
— civilization, 167; — concept, 160;
— culture, 167; — district, 106; —group, 122, 164, 167; — groups, 113,
165, 167, 170; — life and philosophy,
169; — origin, 162; — tents, 121;
structure of the —, 161; the meaningof —, 160; the name —, 159, 161; theterm —, 160; the — name, 103; the286— of the Bursa region, 168 yshgyn,
207
yufka, 129, 130 131, 141
yurts, 221, 224, 225
Yusuf Balasagun, 159
yün, 138, 141
yürek, 133, 134
Yürük, 160; see also yörük

Nomads and Nomadism
Yüzde Pare, 107

Zaimlik (a military fief), 106
zeamet (large fief), 102, 106
zerger (kuyumcu), 140
Zil, 179