Our Development and Beyond

Designed by KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN

Advanced
Air Mobility inJAPAN 2021

Introduction

Japan’s Advanced
Air Mobility
Development
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Designed by KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN

Studies are currently underway around the world to realize Advanced Air Mobilities (AAM).
AAM is expected to solve various regional issues and provide people with new forms oftransportation to enrich their lives. Many companies, from venture companies to major
corporations, have begun to participate in the development of aircraft and related businesses.
This is just the beginning of a new industry for the next generations.
The Japanese government and the private sector have been working together to develop a newmarket and clarify the regulatory framework. In 2018, the Public-Private Committee for Advanced
Air Mobility was established to discuss the development of various services such as passenger
transportation, scenic flights, and air ambulance services throughout the country.
This report covers the developments and use cases for AAM in Japan. We sincerely hope thatthese insights will illustrate the attractiveness of Japan as a new industrial ecosystem and a newmarket in terms of its proactive preparation towards AAM implementation.

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 1

What Japan Can Offer

Japan’s Initiatives on
Advanced Air Mobility Realization
Proactive Implementation

Japan aims to implement AAM in society not only for "Expo 2025
Osaka, Kansai, Japan (Expo 2025)" but also for transportation in
depopulated areas, mountainous regions, and isolated islands, aswell as for logistics in times of disaster. The public and private
sectors, including many key players such as relevant government
ministries, experts, aircraft manufacturers, and service suppliers,
are committed to pursuing studies on technical issues, proactive
use cases, and system designs. We would like to welcome players
outside Japan and create new concepts of mobility and contributeto SDGs.

Safety - A top priority for the Japanese market
For AAM to be accepted in society, it is essential to ensure its
safety. Alongside its active implementation within society, we haveconducted research with experts on how to ensure the reliability ofsafety according to standards of expectation. The Bilateral
Aviation Safety Agreement (BASA) between Japan Civil Aviation
Bureau (JCAB) and US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) /European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has been taken
into consideration to develop appropriate safety provisions
covered by BASA for next-generation AAM in Japan.
Designed by KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 2

Advanced Air Mobility Roadmap
2025

-2025
Objectives

SocialImplmentation

2030-- Completion of operating environments andregulatory framework- Launch flight demonstrations- Commercial services launch at Expo 2025
- Launch package delivery and passenger
transportation services- Expansion of package delivery and passenger
transportation services- Launch air ambulance demonstrations- Launch urban passenger
transportation services- Package delivery services to isolated islands

Two-point passenger transportation
between aerodrome and gulf coasts- Expansion of regions and distances forpassenger transportation services- Launch air ambulance
demonstrations

Passenger transportation
between suburban andurban areas,
air ambulance transportation,
cold district services,and private use

Improve public recognition
throughout Japan

Integrated into
everyday life

- Scenic flights- Two-point passenger transportationin limited areas

Social
Acceptance2025 -

Resident acceptancein certain areas

Improve public recognition
through Expo 2025

Operating
Environment

Operators- Multirotor, Lift + Cruise, Vectored Thrust- Full electric, hybrid- 2-5 seaters- Multirotor- Full electric- Two-seater

Aircraft- Aircraft manufacturers- Aircraft manufacturers- Charging pads/infrastructure providers- Landing area managers- Landing area managers- Communication system suppliers- Operating companies- Operating companies- UAM Traffic Management Service Provider- UAM Traffic Management
Service Provider- Weather data service suppliers

Flight areas

Gulf coast, isolated islands,
depopulated areas, etc.
Takeoff andLanding Areas

Operation Methods
Flight Distances
Enroute Configurations- Aircraft enlargement- Operation diversification

Alternative takeoff
and landing areas

Flight areas
throughout Japan

10 flight areas

Gulf coast, isolated islands,
depopulated areas, etc.
Vertiport (takeoff andlanding areas for eVOTL)

Aerodrome utilization- Flights between suburban
and urban areas- Gulf coast, isolated islands,
depopulated areas etc.

Same standards as conventional aircraft, auto + manual, and remotely piloted

Improvements in automation level

Approx.10-50 km

Approx. 100 km

Approx. 300 km

Short transportation, scenic flights

Fixed-route, scheduled and on-demand operations,high traffic density

Unfixed routes,
on-demand operations

May 2021

Autonomous operations

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 3

Public-Private Committee forAdvanced Air Mobility
METI and MLIT have jointly established the Public-Private
Committee for Advanced Air Mobility, bringing together stakeholders
in the public and private sectors to realize AAM in Japan.
Through this public-private committee, several working groups (WG)
have held discussions to improve the system, including safety
standards for aircraft and flight operations, as well as certification ofpilot skills. These WGs are scheduled to run by 2023.

Committee Board Members
Public Sectors

Secretariat
Director-General, Manufacturing Industries Bureau, METI
Director-General, Japan Civil Aviation Bureau, MLIT

Members
Radio Department, Telecommunications Bureau, MIC
Mutual Aid Management Office, FDMA
Ambulance Service Planning Office, FDMA

Organization

Logistics Policy Division, Policy Bureau, MLIT
Planning and Coordination Division for Public Works and Construction Equipment, Policy Bureau, MLIT
Urban Policy Division, City Bureau, MLIT

PublicPublic-Private Committee for Advanced Air MobilityRiver Management Office, River Environment Division, Water and Disaster Management Bureau, MLIT

METI, MLIT, other related ministries

Performance Management Office, Planning Division, Road Bureau, MLIT

Private Experts, aircraft manufacturers, and service suppliers from26 organizations

Private sectors
Officials' Meeting

Public

METI, MLIT, other related ministries

Private Experts, aircraft manufacturers, and service suppliers from26 organizations

Experts
Shinji Suzuki, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo. Project Professor, Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo
Representative Director JUTM
Masaru Nakano, Professor, Graduate School of System Design and Management (SDM), Keio University
Gaku Minorikawa, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI)

Use Case Review Meeting

Aircraft Safety Provisions WG

Public

METI, MLIT, other related ministries

Private Business operators etc. within the membership of the committee whowish to participate

Public

MLIT, METI

Private Experts (aeronautical engineering),The Society of Japanese

Aerospace Companies (SJAC), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA), Electronic Navigation Research Institute (ENRI), etc.

Pilot Certificate WG

Operational Safety Standards WG

Public

MLIT, METI

Private Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), All Japan Air Transportand Service Association Co.,Ltd., etc.

Public

MLIT, METI

Private Experts (aeronautical engineering, aircraft design), Japan

Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Electronic Navigation
Research Institute (ENRI), All Japan Air Transport and Service
Association Co.,Ltd., etc.

Electronic Navigation Research Institute (ENRI)
All Japan Air Transport and Service Association Co.,Ltd
The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies
Chiba Kotaro, Founder/Managing Partner of DRONE FUND, Guest Professor at Keio University SFC, Investor

Service Suppliers (Developers)

Manufacturers (Developers)

ANA HOLDINGS INC.

AIRBUS HELICOPTERS JAPAN CO., LTD.

Japan Airlines Co., Ltd.

SUBARU CORPORATIONAirX Inc.

Bell Textron Inc

YAMATO HOLDINGS CO., LTD.

BoeingRakuten Group, Inc.

Uber Technologies Inc.

Air Mobility Inc.

SkyDrive Inc.

ORIX Corporation

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Aioi Nissay Dowa Insurance Co., Ltd.

teTra aviation corp.

Aero Facility Co., Ltd

NEC Corporation

KANEMATSU CORPORATION

Autonomous Control Systems Laboratory

Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.

Prodrone Co., Ltd

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION

Joby Aviation.

GMO Internet, Inc (GMO Internet Group)

Volocopter GmbH

Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Company, Limited

Skyward of Mobilities Inc.

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 4

Our Developments
Use Cases and Scenarios

1. Use Cases, R&D Bases, Test Flight Results
2. Use Case Milestones

Designed by KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 5

Use Cases, R&D Bases,
Test Flight Results
The concept of using AAM is accelerating throughout Japan,
and we are actively promoting the development of platforms.

USE CASE

Air ambulance operations

・Emergency transport services in timesof disaster, etc.
・Alternative to medical helicopters

USE CASE

Passenger services incold climates・Services for particular climatic conditions
in cold regions
Services from New Chitose Airport toresorts and tourist destinations

USE CASE

Package delivery services

USE CASE

・To isolated islands, mountainous and・Air taxi services

urban areas

・Long distance and high density

・Scheduled package delivery services
・Premium courier services between multiple

passenger transportation

points with high express delivery capabilities

USE CASE

Services in the tourist areas

TEST FIELD

・Passenger transportation to tourist areas
・Scenic flights

Scheduled passenger transportation

・Between isolated islands anddepopulated areas

Between airports and bay/urban areas
Between suburbs and urban areas

Fukushima Robot Test Field (RTF)

・Major development base for various
types of robots and mobilities
・Capable of conducting performance
evaluations, operation trainings, and flightdemonstrations by reproducing actual
environments such as disaster areas

・Passenger transportation at the Expo 2025

USE CASE

High density on-demandtransportation in urban areas

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

Use of AAM in local government areas
Mie Prefecture

・Use concept for tourism, transportation,
disaster prevention, and civic life
First non-EU municipality to join UIC2,
an association of European municipalities

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 6

The Public-Private Sector
Committee will expand theuse of next-generation
AAM with Expo 2025 as abenchmark. We expect
these milestones toincrease the social
presence and acceptanceof AAM and promote its
use towards 2030.

- 2025

Designed by KEN OKUYAMA DESIGNUse Case
Milestones- 2025- Completion of operating environments and regulatory framework- Launch flight demonstrations
The environmental platform required for the AAM will be completed, anddemonstration tests will begin in preparation for flights at Expo 2025.

services at Expo 2025
2025 -- Commercial
Full launch of logistics and passenger transportation
AAM passenger transport services will be launched at Expo 2025. The
service will transport people from the airport to the Expo 2025 site andurban areas. In addition, scheduled package delivery services for
isolated islands, mountainous and urban areas will also be realized,
alongside the official launch of AAM.

2025 -

2025- Expansion of package delivery andpassenger transportation services- Launch air ambulance demonstrations

In addition to aerodrome/tourist spots, the number of fixed-route andscheduled services between major metropolitan areas and regional cities
will be increased. Flight distances will be expanded to mid-long routes of50-300 km. The use of AAM for air ambulance (doctor dispatch) services
will also expand.

Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry\ Designed by
KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN

Provided By: Japan Association
for the 2025 World Exposition

2025 -

2030 -

launch of passenger transportation in cities
2030 - -- Full
Realization of a wide range of on-demand operations
Passenger transport services and air ambulance services in suburban andurban areas will now be in full swing. Services in harsh climate
environments will be possible, expanding the range of applications
nationwide and realizing high-density, on-demand operations.

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 7Operational
Standards

Discussion points and collaboration

1. Aircraft Safety Provisions
2. Pilot Certificate
3. Operational Safety Standards

Designed by KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 8

1. Aircraft Safety Provisions
Summary of Study Results in FY2020
WG Missions
Short Term｜2023-2025
Clarify special conditions for eVTOL(electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing)aircraft to obtain type certifications.

Mid-long Term｜2025 Common special conditions for eVTOL
and other types of aircraft will be
developed as necessary, and new
airworthiness categories will be
formulated. In addition, safety provisions
will be developed based on the use of
remotely piloted, automatic/autonomous
operations, which are expected to provide
convenience and solve social issues.

Study Results in FY2020
Although various types of AAM are envisioned, the eVTOL, which is currently at the forefrontof development, is classified as an aircraft under the Civil Aeronautics Law as it can beused for aviation with people on board.
As a result of organizing the types of aircraft to be considered in the short term (2023-2025)
and the mid-long term (2025-), unmanned flights will be included in the short-term
screenings.
The workflow of safety provisions developments for eVTOL is in progress.
Requirements are tentatively set based on currently assumed types of eVTOLs (fixed-wing
and rotorcraft types) and their performance, such as maximum takeoff weights, number ofseats, cruising range, intended use, etc.
Following the workflow above, analysis of design requirements, industrial standard
investigations, and preparation of items to be considered as safety provisions will be
conducted from FY2021 onwards.
The current status of safety provisions in Europe and the US, as well as future trends, will beclosely monitored to reflect appropriate safety provisions for Japan.

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 9

2. Pilot Certificate
Prerequisites for studies in FY2020
Requirements for pilots and maintenance engineers who operate eVTOL (including remotely piloted vehicles) were summarizedin FY2020 based on use cases to be conducted in the short term (2023-2025).
From FY2021 onwards, the compiled results of the compilation including remotely piloted, automatic and autonomous
operations, will be reviewed in depth based on domestic and international trends.

Overview of use case review meetings
Package Delivery Services

Passenger Transportation

2023

2025

2023

Overview

Two-point 5 km transportation in Osaka Bay
Above Ground Level: 50-150 m

Transportation between airports and Yumeshima, Expo 2025 site(20-30 km)
Existing helicopter routes in coastal areas or new corridors (dedicatedroutes)Above Ground Level: 150 m or more

Two-point package delivery between isolated islands(5-20 km)Above Ground Level: 300 m above sea level (150 m
distance from obstacles)

Aircraft

Multirotor (eVTOL)
Full electric

Multirotor ／ Vectored Thrust, etc.
Full electric

Multirotor
Full electricOperation
Methods

Pilot in Command (PIC)
Manual + computer-assisted control

Pilot in Command (PIC)
Autopilot + manual response in case of emergency

Remotely piloted
Automatic operations on predefined routes

FlightRegulations

Visual Flight Rules (VFR)

Visual Flight Rules (VFR)ーTimeline

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 10

2. Pilot Certificate
Summary of Studies Conducted in FY2020
Basic Concept
Using the current regulatory framework

Using the current regulatory framework is considered a
realistic solution to achieve social implementation quickly.
However, remotely piloted aircraft and unmanned aircraft,which are expected to be deployed in the mid-long term, will
be taken into consideration for additional requirements or
exemptions.

Setting requirements according toaircraft and operational developments

For the points not covered by the current regulations,additional requirements will be established based oninternational trends, aircraft to be developed, andoperational characteristics.

WG Summary
Pilot and Maintainance Engineer Certificate Requirements
Consideration of progress in remote pilot capabilities

The possibility of changes in pilot certificate requirements must be taken into consideration
due to future developments in autonomous operations and other new technologies.

Flight hours and maintenance experience

Required flight time/maintenance experience for each type of eVTOL will be included in the requirements,
similar to previous aircraft certification. The reduction of required flight hours and maintenance experience
will be explored.

Test applications and items

Determine whether the current tests for each type of aircraft can be applied to knowledge andcompetence and whether special tests are required for anticipated future flight operations.
If so, test items will be identified. Some items may be removed due to operation types.

Remote Pilot and Maintenance Engineer Certificate Requirements
International trends

Envisioning Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
with pilots in command

Requirements for the pilot certificate will be consideredbased on the VFR use case (remotely piloted etc., will
be considered for package delivery services).

Conducting a systematic review for beyond 2025
Regulatory framework for automatic/autonomous operations,
including unmanned aircraft operations, which are expected
after 2025, will be reviewed concurrently with all of the above.

The International standard for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) will become applicable in 2022.
It is recognized that Japan needs to develop a certificate system for remotely piloted aircraft, which are expected
to be used for package delivery services, observing the trends in Europe and other countries.

Skill differentiation

To develop the certification above, it is necessary to clarify the difference between pilot in command
and remotely piloted skills.

Remote pilots

There is a need to clarify the aviation medical examination standards that should be required for remotepilots. The requirements will be flexible to increase the number of pilots and ensure safety.

Maintenance of remotely piloted systems

As a requirement for maintenance engineers in remotely piloted systems, knowledge and experience of systems thatare not equipped in other aircraft, such as Remote Pilot Station and C3 Links (Command, Control and Communication
Links), are particularly essential. The types of knowledge and experience required should be clarified.

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 11

3. Operational Safety Standards
Scope to be Addressed in FY2020
The feasibility of eVTOL operations in AAM will be discussed. Issues regarding theoperations under the current aviation laws and regulations based on the premise of ashort-term use case (2023 to 2025) in which pilots will board and operate eVTOLs will
be summarized. The mid-long term issues raised during the discussions are also
summarized in the interim report.
Note: Package delivery services by unmanned aircraft will be considered from FY2021 onwards,
assuming that operations will start in the short term (around 2023 to 2025).

Overview of use cases based on review meetings
Short term｜2023-2025

Mid-long term｜2025 -Pilot in Command (PIC)

Pilot in Command (PIC)

Limited flight routes and areas

Increase in the number and density of routes

Visual Flight Rules (VFR)

Visual Flight Rules (VFR) / Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)

Electric
Multirotor/Vectored Thrust, etc.
2-5 passengers

Remote Pilot
Remotely piloted, automatic operations, autonomous operations
Increase in the number of routes and densities

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 12

3. Operational Safety Standards
Summary of Studies Conducted in FY2020
The following is an overview of the issues we have identified based on the premise ofa short-term (around 2023 to 2025) use case in which pilots board and operate eVTOLs.
Specific studies to solve these issues will be carried out from FY2021 onwards.

WG Interim Summary
Requirements and processes for setting flight areas, flight routes,
and flight altitudes
Safe flight methods

To ensure safety, it is necessary to establish a flight method that takes congestion
into account alongside existing manned aircraft (e.g., limited routes and areas). It isparticularly important to clarify flight weather conditions and air traffic management
methods for takeoffs and landings at congested aerodromes, based on the flight
performance of the eVTOLs. In the mid-long term, flight methods with Instrument
Flight Rules (IFR), remotely piloted, automatic and autonomous operations will beestablished.

UAM Traffic Management

An advanced traffic management system will be necessary when AAM is implemented
in society. Existing aircraft and drone coordination will be essential. Operation andmanagement dedicated to AAM (UAM corridors) will be considered.

Flying at a minimum safe above ground level of 150 m

It is necessary to fly at a distance of 150 m or more from people/objects on the
ground or water surface (Article 81 of the Civil Aeronautics Law). However, there isno need to follow the rule if there are no people/objects on the ground or water
surface within the flight area. Cases will be studied which are not subject to theminimum safe altitude for appropriate reasons, such as short flight distances, andcontinue to ensure both safety and convenience.

Takeoff and landing area installation
Securing landing areas

Under the current law, in principle, takeoff and landing areas must not be made at
locations other than aerodromes (Article 79 of the Civil Aeronautics Law). Thus, it isnecessary to review operational methods as required. It will be necessary to consider
the installation criteria, including necessary facility requirements such as parking
space and battery charging facilities for dedicated eVTOL landing areas (incl.
Vertiport), as well as protocols for noise and danger of falling objects to be acceptedwithin society.

Equipment requirements and processes
Equipment requirements specific to eVTOL

Ensure clarification of equipment requirements, such as devices for measuring attitude,
altitude, position, or course of eVTOLs, and first aid equipment for an emergency landing
when flying over water. Examples including common equipment: attitude and direction
indicators, precision altimeters, radiotelephones, flight recorders and cockpit voicerecorders, life vests, and emergency floats, etc.

Standards for required onboard fuel adapted for batteries
Examples: Additional battery capacity for in case of emergencies.

Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 13

Recent News

Information

Public-Private Committee for Advanced Air Mobility

Please contact us if you are considering to enter the Japanese Advanced
Air Mobility market or would like to be matched with related companies.

2021.5.21

The public and private sectors discussed the use
cases and the status of AAM developed in FY2020
for social implementation. Overseas manufacturersof AAM, such as Joby Aviation and Volocopter, also
participated in the event and gave presentations on
the use of AAM in Japan.

Contact Us
Operational Rules, Roles & Procedures ｜Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

hqt-jcab_advanced_air_mobility@gxb.mlit.go.jp
Advanced Air Mobility Market｜Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

seizo-evtol@meti.go.jp
Air Mobility Revolution Social Implementation
The Osaka Round Table
The Osaka Round Table was established as aconsultative body to realize AAM in Osaka, with
Expo 2025 as a milestone. The public and private
sectors are discussing a realistic vision for the
implementation of AAM in the Osaka area and areaccelerating efforts for social implementation.

For More Information
METI YouTube Channel - Let's drive in the sky. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-G_C4DTWXQ

Official Website

Public-Private Comittee forAdvanced Air Mobility Official Website

https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/air_mobility/index.html

Provided By: Japan Association forthe 2025 World Exposition© 2021 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry / Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. All rights reserved.
METI’s mission is to develop Japan’s economy and industry by focusing on
promoting economic vitality in private companies and smoothly advancing
external economic relationships, and to secure stable and efficient supply ofenergy and mineral resources.
Please see https://www.meti.go.jp/english for further details.

MLIT is responsible for the comprehensive and systematic use, development
and conservation of the national land, along with the development of social
infrastructure, the promotion of transportation policies, the development ofmeteorological services, and ensuring maritime safety and security.
Please see https://www.mlit.go.jp/en for further details.

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Advanced Air Mobility in JAPAN 2021 | 14