Kobe University
Academic Research and Education Forumin Indonesia
Language, law and technology: Research Frontiers
between Kobe University and Universitas Indonesia

Date: December 23 2016

Organized by: Institute for Promoting International Partnerships, Kobe University
Co-hosted by: Universitas Indonesia
Kobe University
1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 JAPAN
TEL：+81-078-803-5043 FAX：+81-78-803-5141
Email:intl-relations@office.kobe-u.ac.jp

巻頭言
Kobe University Academic Research and Education Forum (KUAREF)
は、神戸大学グローバルリンク・フォーラム（KUGL）をその基礎としています。KUGL は、国際的な知的情報リソースである海外同窓会ネットワーク及び海外協定機関との積極的な連携を通し、本学の教育研究活動を促進し、神戸大学ブランドを世界に発信することを目的とし、2011
年に、第 1 回をタイ・バンコクで開催したのを皮切りに、第 2 回は韓国・ソウル、第 3 回は中国・北京、第 4 回はベトナム・ホーチミン及びハノ
イ、第 5 回はマレーシア・クアラルンプール、第 6 回は台湾・台北にて開催されました。
KUAREF は、KUGL の良い面を受け継ぎながらも、教育研究を前面に出したよりアカデミックな行事として位置づけるため、名称を変更し、記念すべき第 1 回を、インドネシアにて開催いたしました。今回のフォーラムでは、12 月 21 日にプレカンファレンスとして、ガジャマダ大学、
12 月 23 日にはインドネシア大学との共催をいただき、実現に至りました。また、在インドネシア日本国大使館、国際交流基金ジャカルタ日本文化センターからもご協力をいただきました。各機関の皆様に厚く御礼申し上げます。
現在、本学で学ぶ留学生は 1,100 人を超え、そのうちインドネシアからの留学生は 53 人を数えます。
本学はインドネシアとの研究交流も活発に行なっており、平成 27 年度は 75 名の研究者をインドネシアに派遣し、インドネシアからは 21 名の研究者を受入れました。
近年のアジア経済の著しい発展に伴い、日本とインドネシアの間での協力関係がより一層重要度を増す中、12
月 23 日開催のフォーラムにおいては、「Language, law and technology: Research Frontiers between Kobe
University and Universitas Indonesia」をテーマに、日本・インドネシア両国の専門家がそれぞれの立場から現状と課題を報告し、議論を行いました。
神戸大学は、教育研究両面において、今後さらに、インドネシアの教育研究機関との連携を強化し、共に卓越した研究成果を創出していくとともに、フォーラムに参加いただいた本学の卒業生のように、世界で活躍する指導的人材を共に養成して参りたいと存じますので、今後もご協力のほどよろしくお願い申し上げます。
以上、簡単ではございますが、私の挨拶とさせていただきます。
神戸大学長

武田

廣

Preface
The Kobe University Academic Research and Education Forum (KUAREF) is the successor of theKobe University Global-Link Forum (KUGL). This Forum aims to promote our education and research
activities and the Kobe University Brand overseas by forming stronger links with overseas academic
associations and the International Alumni Association Network, which provides an invaluablerepository of knowledge for the University. We held the first Kobe University Global-Link Forum in
Bangkok, Thailand in 2011, the second forum in Seoul, South Korea, the third in Beijing, China, thefourth in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam, the fifth in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, and the sixthin Taipei, Taiwan.
In 2016 the name of this annual event was changed to the “Kobe University Academic Research and
Education Forum” to emphasize a renewed focus on research and education. The first KUAREF
symposium was held in Indonesia. The preconference event was held on December 21 at Universitas
Gadjah Mada while the symposium itself took place on December 23, co-hosted with Universitas

1Indonesia. The Forum was also supported by the Embassy of Japan in Indonesia and the Japan

Programme

Foundation, Jakarta. I would like to express my gratitude to everyone in these organizations for theirsupport.

Friday 23 December 2016
KOBE University Academic Research and Education Forum in Indonesia

Currently over 1,100 international students are studying at Kobe University, including 53 students
from Indonesia. Our University is also actively engaged in collaborative research with Indonesia: in the【Opening Ceremony】

2015 academic year 75 researchers travelled to Indonesia, and 21 researcher from Indonesia visited

Opening Remarks

Prof. Hiroshi Takeda

President, Kobe University .................................................. 4

Kobe University.

Complimentary SpeechProf. Heri Hermansyah

Director, Research and Community Engagement,

With the recent rapid economic development in Asia, deepening cooperative relations between
Indonesia and Japan is more important than ever. This year’s forum theme was “Language, law andtechnology: Research Frontiers between Kobe University and Universitas Indonesia” and experts fromJapan and Indonesia presented their insights on contemporary issues within these fields.
Kobe University will continue to strengthen its education and research alliances with Indonesian
institutions, working together to yield excellent research results and foster human resources who cantake on international leadership roles, just like the talented alumni who participated in this forum. I
look forward to your continued enthusiastic support in these international partnerships.
TAKEDA Hiroshi, President of Kobe University

Universitas Indonesia ......................................................... 6
Complimentary Speech

Mr. Ryo Nakamura

Minister, Embassy of Japan in Jakarta ................................. 7

Complimentary Speech

Mr. Norihisa Tsukamoto

Director General, The Japan Foundation, Jakarta ................ 9【Comparative Studies of Social Sciences and Humanities from Indonesia and Japan】
Lecture 1

Prof. Yuka Kaneko

Law Reforms in Asia: Outcomes of two decades of “legal transplant” after
the Asian Crisis ..................................................................................... 10

Lecture 2

Dr. Daisuke Madokoro

Bringing Human Security Back into the Responsibility to Protect: A
Human-Centered Approach to International Assistance ........................ 14

Lecture 3

Dr. Julian Aldrin Pasha

Geopolitics Changes in Asia: -- Indonesia’s Global Maritime Fulcrum
Doctrine – ............................................................................................. 17

Lecture 4

Prof. Multamia RMT Lauder Distribution and origins of the indigenous languages of Indonesia....... 24

Lecture 5

Dr. Shin’ichi Tanaka

Phonological structure and loanword adaptation: a case study fromJapanese ................................................................................................ 28【Innovative Membrane Technology for Resolving Energy and Environmental Issues】

KUAREF preconference event (December 21)

Lecture 1

Prof. Hideto Matsuyama

Membrane Technology for Water Treatment in Kobe University ......... 33

Lecture 2

Prof. Tjandra Setiadi

Production of Biodegradable Polymers (Polyhydroxyalkanoate - PHA)
through Biological Processes: Challenges and Opportunities ............... 36

Lecture 3

Dr. Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi

CdS Sensitized Highly Titania Nanotubes Assemblied in a
Modified Dyes Sensitized Solar Cell for Hydrogen Generation ........... 38

Lecture 4

Prof. Tomohisa Yoshioka

Membrane Technology for CO2 Separation in Kobe University― Ionic Liquid Impregnated Gel and Ceramic Membranes ― .......... 40

Lecture 5

Dr. Muhamad Sahlan

Using Propolis from Indonesian Honey Bees to Develop Products that
Promote Human Health ......................................................................... 44【Preconference Report Session（Medicine and Healthcare）】

KUAREF (December 23)

LectureProf. Sunartini

Professor, Department of Medical Practitioners
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada .................................... 45【Closing Ceremony】
Closing Remarks

Ms. Orchida Ramadhania, Head of Research and Information & Communication,
Universitas Indonesia

Closing Remarks

Prof. Noriyuki Inoue

Executive Vice President in charge of International Exchange
and Internal Control, Kobe University ............................... 55

Kobe University alumni networking event in Indonesia (December 23)

2

3

Opening Remarks: Professor Hiroshi Takeda
President, Kobe University

membrane and related technologies in the afternoon session.
Prior to today’s Forum, the KUAREF preconference was held at Universitas Gadjah Mada two days ago. The

Distinguished guests, honorable speakers, ladies

preconference covered topics in child neurology, infectious diseases, disaster and gender – the content of which will be

and gentlemen, welcome to the KOBE University

reported before the closing ceremony this afternoon by Prof. Sunartini from Universitas Gadjah Mada. I am happy to

Academic Research and Education Forum inhear that, thanks to the warm support of UGM, the preconference ended on a high note. Please allow me to express my

Indonesia. First of all, on behalf of Kobe

cordial appreciation to the organisers from UGM and KU.

University, I would like to express my profoundgratitude to all the speakers and participants for

Kobe University will continue to strengthen its education and research alliances with Indonesian institutions, working

their attendance today in spite of their busy

together to yield excellent research results and foster human resources who can take on international leadership roles.

schedules.

I look forward to your continued enthusiastic support in these international partnerships.

I consider it a great honour to be able to hostThank you very much for your attention.

today’s Forum with Universitas Indonesia today.
I would also like to express my deepest
condolences to the victims of the recent earthquake in Aceh, as well as to their families and friends. As the city of Kobe
itself underwent similar experience, I feel a deep empathy and I sincerely hope that recovery takes place as swiftly as
possible in the affected areas.
Today’s Forum is a successor event of the Kobe University Global-Link Forum (KUGL), which has been organised
since 2011. The Global-Link Forum aimed to promote our education and research activities and the Kobe University
Brand overseas by forming stronger links with overseas academic institutions and the International Alumni Association
Network, which provides an invaluable repository of knowledge for the University. We held the first Global-Link
Forum in Bangkok, Thailand in 2011. After the successful launch of the Global-Link Forum, Kobe University held thesecond forum in Seoul, South Korea, the third in Beijing, China, the fourth in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam,
the fifth in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, and the sixth in Taipei in Taiwan last year. From this year, turning our focus
more on aspects of education and research, we renamed the event to the Kobe University Academic Research and
Education Forum (KUAREF).
Today’s Forum could not be held without the generous cooperation of our co-host, Universitas Indonesia. I would liketo express my appreciation for the presence of Prof. Heri Hermansyah from Universitas Indonesia as well as Mr.
Nakamura from the Embassy of Japan, and Mr. Tsukamoto from the Japan Foundation. I would also like to express mygratitude to the eminent professors who are speaking at this Forum from Universitas Indonesia, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, and Universitas Gadjah Mada. Our speakers are celebrated academics who stand at the top of their fields,
and it is an honor to have them with us today.
Kobe University has close academic ties with Indonesia. Currently over 1,100 international students are studying at
Kobe University, including 53 students from Indonesia. Our University is also actively engaged in collaborative
research with Indonesia: last year 75 researchers travelled to Indonesia, and 21 researchers from Indonesia visited Kobe
University.
With the recent rapid economic development in Asia, deepening cooperative relations between Indonesia and Japan ismore important than ever. This year’s Forum theme is “Language, law and technology: Research Frontiers between
Kobe University and Universitas Indonesia”. Experts from Japan and Indonesia will present their insights oncontemporary issues, focusing on law, politics, international relations and linguistics in the morning session, and45

Complimentary Speech: Professor Heri Hermansyah
Director, Research and Community Engagement,
Universitas Indonesia

Complimentary Speech: Mr. Ryo Nakamura
Minister, Embassy of Japan in Jakarta
Professor Takeda, President of Kobe University,

Good morning ladies and gentlemen, my fellow Professors andProf. Dr. Heri Hermansyah from Universitas

researchers from Kobe University and from University

Indonesitas, Mr. Tsukamoto, Director General ofIndonesia as well as colleagues from other Indonesian

the Japan Foundation Indonesia, Distinguisheduniversities.

guests, ladies and gentlemen,

It is a pleasure for me to be able to open this event today. Kobe
University has been a partner of Universitas Indonesia formally

My name is Ryo Nakamura, Minister of thesince 2004 when we first signed our Memorandum of

Embassy of Japan in Indonesia.

Understanding. Later on this cooperation was followed by aFirst of all, I would like to express my sincere

more specific agreement on student exchange between Kobe

gratitude for inviting me to the Kobe University

University with our Faculty of Law and Faculty of Economics.

Academic Research and Education ForumAn established research collaboration has also been made withtoday. I am delighted to see the successful

our Medical Faculty.

opening of this Forum and would like to thank everyone who has been involved in organizing it. At the Embassy, we

I am pleased that the first Kobe University Academic Research and Education Forum (KUAREF) in Indonesia withare very pleased to be able to convene this commemorative first Forum in Indonesia with one of the best, or the best,

title, “Language, law and technology: Research Frontiers between Kobe University and Universitas Indonesia" will

universities in the country, namely Universitas Indonesia.

focus more on the research and education aspects. This forum originally started as the Kobe University Global-Link
Forum (KUGL) in 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand. But this year, the name of the symposium has changed to the Kobe

We know that Kobe University is located in Hyogo Prefecture; Kobe is one of the most popular cities in Japan. Since

University Academic Research and Education Forum (KUAREF). It is an honour for Universitas Indonesia to be one

it was established in 1902, Kobe University has achieved many educational academic successes in many fields. Here Iof the first significant partners since that change has been made.

would like to take this opportunity to highlight one of the research achievements of Kobe University that is being
applied in Indonesia.

This year we will hold a memorable first symposium under the theme of “Language, law and technology: Research
Frontiers between Kobe University and Universitas Indonesia”. The morning session will focus on humanities andI am referring to the safety monitoring scheme using the onsite visualization measuring technology that is right now

social sciences and the afternoon session will focus on engineering. Lastly, I hope we will all have a meaningful learning

being implemented in the Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) construction sites. This technology is used to check safety

exchange and this symposium can produce more fruitful collaborations in the near future between UI and Kobelevels of construction sites. It measures any irregularities for tilting and traffic lights to indicate the level of danger

University.

using colors where for example blue means low irregularity while yellow or red may mean danger or collapse. The
project was evaluated highly by the head of the construction at Jakarta MRT, who stated that we can now expect higher

Thank you.

standard of safety management. As a Japanese living here in Indonesia, it gives me tremendous pleasure to know thatthe research achievements made by Japanese universities are contributing to Indonesia’s development. It is also anhonour and pride for us.
In terms of education, Kobe University has been dedicating its efforts to cultivating talent for the future workforce byproducing many excellent graduates. Among the graduates, for example, who have recently become world-renowned
is Professor Shinya Yamanaka, who won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Kobe University’s talented
graduates are achieving much not only in Japan but across the globe. Many of Kobe University’s alumni are active intheir fields here in Indonesia too.
Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, as Japan and Indonesia actively build linkages in many fields, I would liketo emphasize that exchanges which occur in the field of education and academia are particularly important. At present,
there are many Indonesians who are studying in Japan and many researchers from our two countries who arestrengthening their linkages with each other. Kobe University has also accepted many international students fromIndonesia and is devoting their efforts to cultivate talent from across the globe. Your international students will actively

67contribute to academia as well as other fields upon their return to Indonesia.

Complimentary Speech: Mr. Norihisa Tsukamoto,Director General of the Japan Foundation, Jakarta

I have heard from Kobe University that the present Forum that we are convening here with the Universitas Indonesia
was made possible by the efforts of people-to-people linkages like these, which are extremely important. I believe that

Dear Professor Hiroshi TAKEDA, President of Kobe

the friendship and the cooperation between Japan and Indonesia will grow as we build on these exchanges.

University,
Dear Prof. Heri Hermansyah from Universitas Indonesitas,
Dear Mr. Ryo NAKAMURA, Minister, Embassy of Japanin Jakarta,
Dear Professor Yasushi OGATA, Director of Center for
Asian Academic Collaboration, Kobe University,
Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,
My name is Norihisa TSUKAMOTO, Director General of
the Japan Foundation, Jakarta. Today I would like tocongratulate the opening of Kobe University Academic
Research and Education Forum (KUAREF).
The Japan Foundation is a governmental institution, established in 1972, and having 24 overseas offices in 23 countries.
Our Jakarta office is one of the oldest offices in the world, opened in 1974, right after the Malari Incident in January ofthat year, where there was a big anti-Japan demonstration by Indonesian citizens, at the visit by the Japanese Prime
Minister, Kakuei Tanaka.
Since then, our vision and mission has been fostering mutual understanding among people of Indonesia and Japan inorder to develop better people to people relationships, through three program areas: art & cultural exchange, Japanese
language education, as well as promoting Japanese studies in Indonesia.
Among these three program areas, promotion of Japanese studies in Indonesia is very relevant to today’s event. One ofour main programs in this area is organizational support to University of Indonesia’s Master’s Program in JapaneseStudies, at School of Strategic & Global Studies, so that each year young and talented masters’ students from all aroundIndonesia studies at this program. Another example is support for Association for Japanese Studies in Indonesia for its
academic symposium and lectures. For individual researchers who conduct research in Japan in humanity and social
sciences, we provide Fellowship Program for Japanese Studies.
Last year in November, Professor Yasushi Ogata conducted Forum for Japanese Studies at Kobe University. Then, wewere delighted to collaborate by nominating some prominent scholars to be invited to the forum. Thank you Ogata
sensei for the invitation for today as well. I hope we can develop further collaboration in the future.
To end my short welcoming speech, I hope today’s forum will foster fruitful discussion and that will provide insights
for all of us who are here today.
Congratulations once again, and thank you for your very kind attention.

89

Law Reforms in Asia
― Outcomes of two decades of “legal transplant” after the Asian Crisis ―American law as the global standard.
This wave of “legal transplant” in transition economies in the first half of the 1990s thenturned to Asia in the latter half of the 1990s, in the context of post-Asian Crisis law reforms.

Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University

The major Crisis-hit countries, including Indonesia, came under the control of a rigorous law

Yuka KANEKO

reform agenda set as the conditionalities attached to the Structural Adjustment Loans in partof the emergency financial rescue package. The same set of models for the “legal transplant”

1. Introduction

was imposed on the Asian countries, under an even more compulsory pressure by way of

The author intends to introduce the present status of the field of Asian Comparative Law asquarterly tranche-based loan disbursements of the rescue package, which was after all anwell as its future challenges, with a particular focus on the outcomes of economic law reforms

obvious intervention in the legislative function of the target countries. The validity of such an

rigorously led by international development agencies since the 1990s.

imposed mode of legal reforms is questionable unless the substantive validity of such models

While the academic field of Comparative Law has a century-long tradition since the year 1900

is proven.

when the first international congress of comparative law was held in Paris, its conservative
dualist habit of categorizing the world’s entire jurisdictions into either “common law” or “civil

3. Validity of Model Laws

law” has remained unchanged, recognizing the laws in Asia and Africa merely as “culture” (seeDespite the active campaigns by neo-institutionalists on the “convergence” or the superiority

David 1985, Zweigert, K. & Köts,1998). This West-centered discipline of Comparative Law hasof common law family, the model laws applied to the transition and/or the post-crisis reform

constituted the basis of contemporary “legal transplant,” from either “common law” or “civil

countries reveal that each has peculiar characteristics far from universality. The modellaw” systems, to the newly emerging “transition” economies and the post-financial crisis reform

insolvency law that appeared in the first stage of the post-Asian Crisis reforms, for example,

countries (Reimann 1998, Berkowitz, Pistor & Richard 2003). The question remains, however,

was a duplicate from the notorious Chapter 11 of the U.S. Federal Bankruptcy Code (World

whether such West-centered reforms have successfully attained their goals, even though we

Bank 1999/2004), which has been criticized for abuse in strategic bankruptcies to evadesuspend the fundamental concern of a reviving neo-colonialism. A perspective of the Asianmarket disciplines, by enabling cutoffs of existing creditors only to benefit vulture investors

Comparative Law, or an empirical analysis from inside Asia could successfully identify thewith a super priority. The model secured transaction law was also a product from the U.S.

outcomes of the “legal transplants” in the present time.

Uniform Commercial Code Section 9 (Asian Development Bank 2002), which invites a practiceof comprehensive monopolization of collaterals by a single creditor as a basis of strict

2. Contemporary Legal Transplants

foreclosure and/or power of sales, to the impediment of competitive, analysis-based financing.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the contemporary wave of “legal transplants”

Only countries having a qualified academic resource of legal studies can resist the rigorous

occurred, involving a great many common law lawyers rushing to the “transition” economies

imposition of model laws. Indonesian law-makers defended well in the post-Asian Crisis

for legal and judicial reform projects funded by leading international donors from thephases, without conceding the systematic consistency of target financial laws: in the area ofcapitalist world, such as the USAID, the World Bank, and the EBRD (European Bank for

insolvency law, the 1998 amendment to the 1905 Law No. 217 introduced the Commercial

Reconstruction and Development). These reforms covered a wide range of economic law,

Court in response to the IMF conditionalities, while maintaining the basic legal design of the

including anti-monopoly law as the fundamental basis of market function; company law,priority of existing secured creditors meant for the market discipline. In the area of secured

security law and bankruptcy law as the basis of organizational law for market participants;

transactions, the 1999 Law on Fiduciary Security introduced the registration system forlaws on ownership and mortgage and secured-transaction law as the substantive basis of

movable properties without conceding the fundamental principles for fair transactions such as

properties and their transactions; as well as the reforms of the court and the procedural law

the identification of maximum amount, description of credits, and the prohibition of strict

meant for efficient contract enforcements (Shihata 1991, Posner 1998). A unique

foreclosure (Kaneko, 2012b). In the area of company law reform to respond to the 2006 ROSC

characteristic that differentiates this contemporary “legal transplant” from the historicallyevaluation by the World Bank, the 2007 Company Law to replace 1995 Law featured therenowned “legal transplant” or the voluntary reception of Roman law by European states instrengthened role of traditional commissioners by newly introducing the independent

the 16th century has been the demanding frameworks used to realize the donor-driven law

commissioners for corporate social responsibility.

reforms: namely, the promotion of “model laws” by leading international development

Other countries with limited history of jurisprudence often face more difficulties in coping

agencies, based mainly on the American law. Model laws were often linked with loan

with these model laws. Vietnam, for example, in the process of pressing negotiation for theconditionalities, and with “legal indicators” such as the ROSC (Report on the Observance of

WTO entry, had to assume various law models in response to the loan conditionalities and theStandards and Codes) which evaluated the degree of the conformity of local legislations withROSC evaluations.

each model law (Kaneko 2010a). A series of academic theories by the neo-institutional
economists, such as the “convergence theory” (Pistor & Wellons 1999, Hansmann &Kraakman 2000, etc.) and the “legal origin” (La Porta et al. 1996, etc.), emerged to justify the10

4. Model Conflicts
Sometimes the complexity is aggravated due to the conflicts of law models between the11donors from different legal traditions. Japanese assistance to the Civil Code drafting in•

Kaneko, Y. (2009a) “A Review of Model Law in the Context of Financial Crisis: Implications

Vietnam, Cambodia, etc. for example, has faced numerous model conflicts with the common

for Procedural Legitimacy and Substantial Fairness of Soft Laws,”

law donors who push for the priority of special laws over the general law, while the JapaneseInternational Cooperation Studies (Kobe University), Vol.17, No.3, p.1-16,

assistance asserts the priority of basic principles provided under the fundamental codes••

Kaneko, Y. (2010a) “An Alternative Way of Harmonizing Ownership with Customary
Rights: Japanese Approach to Cambodian Land Reform, Journal of International

5. Integration under the AEC?: Challenge of the Asian Comparative Law

Cooperation Studies (Kobe University), Vol.18, No.2, p. 1- 21.

In the present drive for an integrated ASEAN market under the ASEAN Economic•

Kaneko, Y. (2010b) “A Procedural Approach to Judicial Reform in Asia: Implications fromJapanese Involvement in Vietnam,” Columbia Journal of Asian Law

formed and how they should be applied. Some countries (Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar, etc.)
have common law tradition, but others (Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia,

Kaneko, Y. (2009b) “An Asian Perspective on Law and Development,” in Symposium: theFuture of Law & Development, Part III, 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 186.

(Kaneko 2009b, 2010b, 2011b, 2012a).

Community that started in 2015, questions arise as to what kind of common rules should be

Journal of•

23:2, 315-358.

Kaneko, Y. (2012a) “Accompanying Legal Transformation: Japanese Involvement in Legaletc.) have established a civil code to follow the civil law tradition. Perhaps, a fundamental

and Judicial Reform,” in Cordero, J. A. S. eds., Legal Culture and Legal Transplants, Vol. I

challenge for the Asian Comparative Law is the exploration of common rules which can go& II, International Academy of Comparative Lawbeyond the constraint of the dualism that has bound the Western Comparative Law.

•

Vietnam,” Journal of International Cooperation Studies (Kobe University), Vol.19, No.2-3,

Comparative Law was, after all, a product of the era of colonialism when the Westernsuperpowers competed with each other in coloring the Asian territories with their respective
laws. If there is any risk of hindering the achievement of the ideal of the AEC only because ofp.1- 37.
•

the colonialist-oriented differences in legal systems from the past between ASEAN members,
it seems extremely senseless.

•
•
•
•
•
•

Davis, K. E. & Trebelicock, M.J. (2008) “The Relationship between Law and Development:
Trubek, D. & Santos, A. eds.(2006) The New Law and Development: A Critical Appraisal,
Cambridge University Press•

World Bank (1999/2004) World Bank Principles and Guidelines for Effective Insolvency

Systems, World Bank

numerous ASEAN member countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar in thepresent time, as well as Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines back in the pre-war period,

Reimann, M. (1998) “Stepping Out of the European Shadow: Why Comparative Law in the

Optimists versus Skeptics,” 56 AM. J. COMP. L. 895

since the 1970s toward the ultimate goal of ASEAN integration. Japan, with its experience ofbeing deeply involved in the area of drafting Civil Code and Civil Commercial Code in

Posner, R. A. (1998) “Creating a Legal Framework for Economic Development,” 13(1) World

United States Must Develop Its Own Agenda,” 46 AM. J. COM. L. 637

ASEAN citizens in such areas as consumer protection, labor rights, and environmental
protection, which have long been focused in the continuous endeavors of common rule studies

Pistor, K. & Wellons, P./ Asian Development Bank (1999) The Role of Law and Legal

Bank Research Observer, p.1-11

Community Councils particularly in the economic areas (Art.21, Sec.2). An ASEAN-wide codeof contract law will probably be the first target, including the issues of protection of individual

Shihata, I. (1991) “World Bank and ‘Governance’ Issues in Borrowing Members,” in 53

Institutions in Asian Economic Development 1960-1995, Oxford University Pressin domestic matters is a firmly established principle in the areas of public policies (Art.2, Sec.2),
the ASEAN Charter admits flexible methods of formation of common rules by the ASEAN

Shleifer, F. & Vishny, R. W.(1996) “Law and Finance,”

WORLD BANK IN A CHANGING WORLD

can deny as being directly and equally relevant to all ASEAN citizens who share the same goalof human rights and welfare of people (see ASEAN Charter preamble). While non-interference

La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F.,
NBER Working Papers 5661

One desirable approach to overcome such fruitless differences might be an initiative for
ASEAN common law formation from the basic areas of civil and commercial law, which no one

Kaneko, Y. (2012b) “Reevaluating Model Laws: Transplant and Change of Financial Law in•

Zweigert, K. & Köts, H. (1971/1998 rev.) An Introduction to Comparative Law.

might be able to play a certain catalytic role in this challenging enterprise of common ruleformation to attain a truly independent law for the region.
<Reference>•

Asian Development Bank (2002) Law and Policy Reform at the Asian Development•

Berkowitz, D., Pistor, K. & Richard, J. (2003) “The Transplant Effect,” 51 AM. J. COMP. L.

Bank: A Guide to Movables Registries, ADB

163•

David, R. & Brierley, J. E. C. (1985) Major Legal Systems in the World Today.

•

Hansmann, H. & Kraakman, R. (2000) “The End of History for Corporate Law,” Yale Law
School Working Paper No.235; Harvard Law School Discussion Paper No.280

1213Bringing Human Security Back into the Responsibility to Protect:
A Human-Centered Approach to International Assistance

European Union (EU) placed emphasis on “effective preventive efforts,” “[n]ational ownership andinclusiveness of process addressing RtoP issues” and “building resilience in the face of possible future
atrocities.”6 The UN Security Council has also increasingly mentioned R2P in its resolutions since 2011 andAssistant Professor, Graduate School of Law, Kobe University
Daisuke Madokoro

decided a wide range of measures including deployment of peacekeeping missions and provision ofhumanitarian aid for the purpose of the protection of civilians from mass atrocities7.
It is here necessary and important to take seriously the relationship between R2P and human security, sinceNormative concepts of responsibility to protect (R2P) and human security have been deliberately separated
in a political forum of the United Nations (UN) since being endorsed at the UN World Summit in 2005,
though they have the same origin as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) first advocatedthe idea of human security in 1994. While both concepts can be distinguished in terms of measures to be
applied, in particular the use of force, for human protection purposes, this research argues instead that whenstates and the international community are engaged in fulfilling their responsibility to protect populations, ahuman-centered and bottom-up approach based on human security would be needed to balance the morestate-centric and top-down quality of R2P. This is important and feasible, given that lots of state governments
have now come to express their commitment to implementing R2P especially through international assistance,
including those who used to be skeptical of it.
Some of the previous literature which mentions the relationship between human security and R2P are
generally critical by stressing the distinctions and in particular stating that the use of force is envisaged as alast resort in the application of R2P.1 Meanwhile, others point out the similarities between them mainly interms of a variety of means which the international community can adopt, particularly when engaging in
activities of international assistance and capacity building, core components of the second pillar of R2P alongwith the first pillar, national responsibility of civilian protection, and the third pillar, international timely anddecisive response. 2 However, they do not explore how UN member states have understood theimplementation of R2P and how the concept has been implemented in the UN. Such an analysis is ofimportance because member states have come to understand the necessity and significance of international
assistance in the context of the implementation of R2P.
Indeed, the UN Secretary-General report on R2P and international assistance and the following debate in
the UN General Assembly in 2014 were long awaited and broadly welcomed by member states.3 China at
the debate, for instance, described R2P as “a prudential norm” with which “in providing assistance to statesin implementing their responsibility to protect, the international community should adopt measuresappropriate to the local conditions.”4 Indonesia stressed that “[a]ssistance and capacity building can help
foster national resilience to atrocities, while also including a wide range of economic, political, humanitarian,and, in some cases, military tools, to assist States in upholding their protection responsibilities.” 5 The
1 Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, “In Defense of the Broad View of Human Security,” in Routledge Handbook of
Human Security, edited by Mary Martin and Taylor Owen, Abingdon: Routledge, 2014, p. 54; Shaun Breslin

and George Christou, “Has the Human Security Agenda Come of Age? Definitions, Discourses and Debates,”Contemporary Politics, 21-1 (2015), p. 8.
2 Yukie Osa, Nyuumon Ningen no Anzenhoshou: Kyoufu to Ketsubou karano Jiyuu wo Motomete,
Chuukoushinsho, 2012, p. 221; Toshiya Hoshino, “Nihon no ODA to ‘Ningen no Anzenhoshou,’”
Kokusaimondai, 637, 2014, p. 11.
3 UN Document, Report of the Secretary-General on Fulfilling Our Collective Responsibility: International
Assistance and the Responsibility to Protect, A/68/947-S/2014/449, 11 July 2014.
4 UN Web TV, “(Part 1) The Responsibility to Protect – General Assembly, 68th Session, Informal Interactive
Dialogue,” 8 September 2014, http://webtv.un.org/search/part-1-the-responsibility-to-protect-generalassembly-68th-session-informal-interactive-dialogue/3773978325001?term=responsibility to protect,accessed 19 November 2016.
5 Permanent Mission of Indonesia to the UN, “Statement by Deputy Permanent Representative of the14

it has been recognized that procedures and principles of R2P “need to be complemented by a larger and morebottom-up vision of R2P that privileges the responsibilities and agency of individuals and groups as well.”8On the other hand, human security per se has been gradually criticized because of its “fragility … as apolitically convenient/expedient narrative,” and unfortunately “[d]eprived of charismatic policy
entrepreneurship, the commitment to human security has waned in almost all cases except in Japan.”9 Thisobservation enables skeptics to convincingly claim that the notion of human security has arguably“fade[d].”10 These positive and negative developments of the concepts therefore urge us to accelerate theimplementation of R2P by bringing human security back into R2P, and to reaffirm the significance andimplications of human security in the issue area of civilian protection from intolerable tragedies.
First, by paying careful attention to a human-centered and bottom-up quality of human security, it would
be possible to visualize the potential gap between those who play a protection role and those who areprotected in implementing R2P. Such a human-centered approach to R2P would make a difference in“developing a more informed and differentiated understanding of who are the critical players on the ground,what motivates them, and what tools of suasion or coercion external actors have to influence their choices,”and also “developing better means of getting sharper, more specific, and timelier information and analysis todecision makers in external capitals and international bodies about the social, economic, and political
dynamics in countries under stress.”11 In addition to these policy implications to national and international
decision makers, R2P with a human-centered and bottom-up quality should also highlight the empowerment
and capacity building of vulnerable populations for increasing their resilience.12
Second, a human security approach would re-emphasize the centrality of preventive measures in theimplementation of R2P and make it more effective. Although the centrality of the preventive dimension of
R2P has been continuously underscored by advocates since its appearance in 2001, vigorous discussions haveremained centered on its more controversial but core constituent, namely coercive measures with the use offorce as a last resort. However, UN member states have expressed their commitment to preventive efforts
Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations at the Informal Interactive Dialogue on the Report of theSecretary-General on ‘Fulfilling Our Collective Responsibility: International Assistance and the
Responsibility to Protect’,” 8 September 2014.
6 Delegation of the European Union to the UN, “Intervention Delivered by Mr. Thomas Mayr-Harting, Headof Delegation, Informal Interactive Dialogue on the ‘Report of the Secretary-General on the Responsibility toProtect: Fulfilling Our Collective Responsibility: International Assistance and the Responsibility to Protect,’”
8 September 2014.
7 For more information about R2P references in Security Council resolutions, see
http://www.globalr2p.org/resources/335.
8 Edward C. Luck, “The Responsibility to Protect at Ten: The Challenges Ahead,” Policy Analysis Brief, The
Stanley Foundation, May 2015, p. 8.
9 Taylor Owen and Mary Martin, “Conclusion,” in Routledge Handbook of Human Security, edited by Mary
Martin and Taylor Owen, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 332.
10 Aidan Hehir and James Pattison, “Introduction: The Responsibility to Protect after the Arab Spring,”
Cooperation and Conflict, 51-2 (2016), p. 143.
11 Edward C. Luck and Dana Zaret Luck, “The Individual Responsibility to Protect,” in Reconstructing
Atrocity Prevention, edited by Sheri P. Rosenberg, Tibi Galis and Alex Zucker, New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2016.
12 David Chandler, “Resilience and Human Security: The Post-Interventionist Paradigm,” Security Dialogue,43-3 (2012), pp. 213-229.

15

through international assistance, whereas, as the UN Secretary-General argues, in reality, “there is still too

Geopolitics Changes in Asia:

little will to operationalize prevention” in the context of R2P. 13 In operationalizing prevention, it iscommonly understood that we need to engage in both structural or root cause prevention and direct or--- Indonesia’s Global Maritime Fulcrum Doctrine ---operational prevention.14 The perspective of human security would enable us to dealing with such longerterm issues by paying intense attention to the grief and needs of vulnerable people and local communities

Julian Aldrin Pasha, MA., PhD
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
japasha@ui.edu

which may trigger a crisis leading to genocide or crimes against humanity to which R2P is supposed to be
applied.
Third, Japan in the UN could take a leadership role in implementing R2P through international assistance.
The Japanese government has promoted the idea of human security mainly in the UN by setting up the UN
Trust Fund for Human Security, the Commission on Human Security and an informal intergovernmentalgroup of the Friends of Human Security. While Japan has been fully aware of the importance of civilian
protection in armed conflict as an issue of human security, it used to be reluctant to be involved with theimplementation or even discussions of R2P. However, Japan has come to show its willingness to engage inthe process of discussions over the implementation of R2P, by appointing a R2P Focal Point and taking partin the Group of Friends on R2P since 2015.15 Given that there has been a growing awareness of the need to“Indonesia realizes that a substantial transformation is taking place in the
21st century. The center of gravity of the geo-economic and geo-politicalworld is shifting from West to East. Asian countries are on the rise.” Joko
Widodo 1

take into account a human-centered and bottom-up quality in implementing R2P and a heightened sense ofconcern that human security has almost disappeared, now is the time for Japan to take a strategic initiative inreviving spirits, principles and procedures of human security by bringing human security back into R2P. This
would be feasible, for example in partnership with member states of the Association of South East Asian
Nations (ASEAN) which have to date attempted to mainstream R2P in the region.16

BACKGROUND
As we may know, four of the World’s nine strategic choke points are in Southeast Asia
which are dominated by sea. Hence, it is not an overstatement to conclude that geopoliticalthis region is always related to maritime domain. Vis-à-vis geopolitics changes in Asia,
particularly Southeast Asia cannot ignore Indonesia, since two-thirds of Southeast Asia is
the sovereign territory of Indonesia. Again, two-thirds of Southeast Asian waters is ajurisdictional sea of Indonesia. Indonesia, as geopolitical nexus of the Pacific Oceans andIndian, and with territory distended into the South China Sea, which is one of the reasons
why President Widodo stated to transforming Indonesia into a “Global Maritime Fulcrum”(Poros Maritim Dunia). The Global Maritime Fulcrum serves as Jokowi’s flagship policy.
Due to its strategic geopolitical maritime domain in this region and to realized a Global
Maritime Fulcrum, Indonesia should always follow changing aspects of maritime domain.
This study illustrates a geopolitical change in this region related to the Indonesia's Global
Maritime Fulcrum Doctrine.

SPACE CONSCIOUSNESS ISSUE
In contemporary geopolitics, there is an interaction between space and people who gavebirth to space consciousness. Awareness was either directly or indirectly related to interestsof security and prosperity for mankind. In the context of modern state, a concept of spatial
UN Document, A/68/947-S/2014/449, p. 18.
Alex J. Bellamy, “Mass Atrocities and Armed Conflict: Links, Distinctions, and Implications for the
Responsibility to Protect,” Policy Analysis Brief, The Stanley Foundation, February 2011.
15 Permanent Mission of Japan to the UN, “Remarks by H.E. Mr. Motohide Yoshikawa, Permanent
Representative of Japan to the United Nations, on the Occasion of an Informal Interactive Dialogue on the
Responsibility to Protect,” 8 September 2015.
16 Report of the High-Level Advisory Panel on the Responsibility to Protect in Southeast Asia,
13
14

1 President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) announced his ideas about Indonesia as a global maritime fulcrum at the East Asia

summit on 13 Nov 2014. The leaders of the 10 ASEAN nations and US President Barack Obama, Japanese Prime
Minister Shinzo Abe, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi are among the luminaries attending the summit.

Mainstreaming the Responsibility to Protect in Southeast Asia: Pathway Towards a Caring ASEAN
Community, 9 September 2014.

1617

awareness is manifested by their claims of sovereignty, which is limited by state boundaries
with a set of laws and authorities to ensure the security and sovereignty.2

This can be seen from the many countries that emphasize the issue of maritime safety as
part of the national interest, as well as energy security issues.

Raising to concept of geopolitics, space is a core of geopolitics, so there is always achallenge to expand the area of influence of each nation that goes far beyond its territory.3
In the era of globalization with a free market economy and information technology as
pillars, non-physical boundaries among nation-states have become blurred. However,globalization cannot completely eliminate nationalism of each nation, which can be seen
by practicing any market-protections by some countries to their own domestic products.
Whatever any reason for protections of market, all of those things based on their own
national interests, particularly in the economic field.

DISPUTE ON A MARITIME DOMAIN

Related with globalization, the role of maritime domain is very dynamic because more than90 percent of world trade across the seas. (see figure below). No overemphasis on one
occasion Sam J. Tangredi 4 stated that globalization starts from the sea. Because it is so
strategic sea, the maritime security has become one of the global and security issues toattention of all interested parties, both state and non-state actors. Non-state actors such as
shipping industry, insurance industry, banking industry and various other industries thatare directly or indirectly related to maritime security in the distribution of its products.
FIGURE : INTERNATIONAL TRADE BY SEA

The dispute on a maritime domain 5 as in the South China Sea is an interface between
maritime security and energy security. Increasingly scarce sources of energy in the mainland
forced many countries to explore and exploit energy resources in the ocean. It often led
to disputes among countries, especially in the territorial waters of which the limits on
territorial sea, contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) has not been
definitively settled.
Southeast Asia geopolitical dynamics are always influenced by power relationships among
the countries of Southeast Asia as well as some countries as extra power of the region.
Although the countries of Southeast Asia are now all been assembled in ASEAN as visionof the founders of ASEAN on August 6, 1967, but the role and influence of the extra
power of the region such as the United States, Japan, Australia, China and India cannot beignored anyway. It is common-sense to ASEAN embrace those forces become dialogue
partners in term of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).
Geopolitical landscape of Southeast Asia when portrayed quite complex, because it
involves many actors with their own interests that are not always the same. Even
unavoidable also the geopolitical rivalry among ASEAN countries themselves and with theextra power of the region in which to strengthen their role and influence in the region. In
short, here is a description of the geopolitics of East Asia maritime perspective, particularly
by two extra main power in Asia, China and Japan.
Geopolitical Landscape of Southeast Asia

Contemporary geopolitics characterized by competitions and simultaneously co-operation
among nations in the fields of politics, economy and military. Maritime domain is one
vessel at a time of cooperation besides competition among nations. Issues of maritime
security and energy security dye contemporary geopolitics. Maritime security and energy
security are two sides of the same coin where one cannot be separated from each other.

2 Over the next 10 years, the challenge for all stakeholders in Asia-Pacific maritime disputes will be to move from a‘persistent crisis’ mode towards a more stable order. See, Justin Nankivell, ‘China’s Use of Lawfare in the South China
Sea Dispute’, in Stefan Halper, China: The Three Warfares, May 2013, p. 429.
3 Nowadays, Asia has become the region not only most prone to territorial and maritime disputes but also the one
most resistant to conflict settlement. M. Taylor Fravel, ‘Territorial and Maritime Boundary Disputes in Asia’, in Saadia
Pekkanen, John Ravenhill and Rosemary Foot (eds), Oxford Handbook of the International Relations of Asia (Chapter 27),
New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
4
Sam J. Tangredi is a defense strategist whose studies of future warfare prompted Defense Department officials tolabel him "the Navy's futurist." His thirty-year naval career included command at sea, service in key strategic planning
positions in the Pentagon, earning a PhD in international relations, and research fellowships at two think tanks. His
over one hundred publications have won numerous awards, including the U.S. Naval Institute's Arleigh Burke Prizeand the U.S. Navy League's Alfred Thayer Mahan Award. In his book, Globalization and Maritime Power (Paperback),
US- Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defence University, 2012.

18

SEA LINES OF COMMUNICATION (SLOC)
China as a new force in the Asia Pacific region is very concerned to protect its interests
throughout Southeast Asia. Geopolitical interests of the country is expanding its influence
to the Asia Pacific region and simultaneously controlling closer pathways toward their
5 The Maritime Domain is all areas and things of, under, relating to, adjacent to, or bordering on a sea, ocean, or othernavigable waterways, including all maritime-related activities, infrastructures, people, cargos, vessels, and otherconveyances.

19

territory. Therefore, China's geopolitical interests are aligned with the maritime domain, as
pathways to China is by sea. In addition, as an industrial country has dependency on oil
importers, this condition requires China should be able to control its SLOC stretchingfrom the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea.6
Chinese interests associated with the maritime domain that is what makes China insists on
its claim to the entire South China Sea, including the Senkaku Islands as Diaoyu (named
Chinase) 7 , the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands, which are known as U-Shaped.
Particularly dispute between Japan and China; according to Japan, the number of Chinese
vessels entering the waters around the islands has jumped from around zero per month
before September 2012 to upwards of 28 per month since.8 The Japanese coastguard has
augmented its activities and capabilities accordingly.9 Conflict between the two countries
could bring to a standstill six of the world’s largest ports (responsible for half of allcontainer traffic) and stop flights from five of the world’s top 20 airports (which handle 8
per cent of all passenger traffic and 46 per cent of air freight).10 Even China set the South
China Sea as one of the four core national interest in addition to Tibet, Taiwan and Xinjiang,
where the waters are predicted have oil and natural gas in large quantities. Related to this,
China gives strong reactions, both politically and operationally, to the presence of foreign
warships in the South China Sea, in particular while US warships routinely sailed in thosewaters.11

6This ‘securitization’ of non-traditional security issues could contribute to the politicization of interstate disputes. For
example, the previously well-accepted concept of freedom of navigation and access to resources has given way tonational-interest discourses on sea lines of communication (SLOC); these strategies have restrictive implications.
Analysts have pointed out that national resistance to flexible airspace and timely release of relevant data hamperedinternational coordination in search,rescue and recovery efforts for Malaysia Airlines flight MH370. See, Carl Thayer,‘Flight MH370 Shows Limits of ASEAN’s Maritime Cooperation’, The Diplomat, 18 March 2014; Adrian Schofield,
Jeremy Torr and Bradley Perrett, ‘MH370 Search Coordination Lapses Echo Global Issues’, Aviation Week, 20 March
2014. C. Raja Mohan pointed out that the Chinese military learned from the Indian navy’s rapid response in reaching
the Maldives, Sri Lanka and Indonesia after the 2004 tsunami disaster. A decade later, the Chinese navy far
outperformed the Indian navy in a show of non-combat military deployment in MH370 search and rescue. ‘Chinese
takeaway: PLA Goes Out’, Indian Express, 26 March 2014.
7
In the East China Sea, the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands dispute has been a major obstacle to the development of SinoJapanese relations since the end of the Cold War. The islands were controlled by Japan from 1895 until 1945, when
they became subject to the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu (Senkaku) Islands until 1972. The islands
were then returned to Japan under the Okinawa Revision Treaty, despite the fact that both Japan and China raised
sovereignty claims over them before the UN Security Council in that year. From the 1970s until the early 1990s there
was a tacit understanding between both countries to keep the dispute under wraps as they pursued diplomatic
rapprochement and economic development. However, the Japanese government explicitly denied such anunderstanding in the 2010 and 2012 crisess. See, Reinhard Drifte, ‘The Japan-China Confrontation Over the
Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands – Between “shelving” and “dispute escalation”’, in Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12,
Issue
30, No. 3.
8 M. Taylor Fravel and Alastair Iain Johnston, ‘Chinese signaling in the East China Sea?’, Washington Post, 13 April
2014; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, ‘Trends in Chinese Government and Other Vessels in the Waters
Surrounding the Senkaku Islands, and Japan’s Response – Records of Intrusions of Chinese Government and Other
Vessels into Japan’s Territorial Sea’, 18 February 2015, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/ page23e_000021.html.
9 Japan Coast Guard beefing up fleet for patrol of Senkaku Islands’, Asahi Shimbun, 5 October 2014.
10 Andrew Coburn, ‘Planning for war: a guide for businesses’, The Conversation, 17 February 2015,or see:http://theconversation.com/planning-for-wara- guide-for-businesses-37297.
11
However, recent debates have blurred the lines between civilian and military roles and forces, with the Japanese
Self-Defense Forces intervening regionally, the US navy coordinating exercises and Beijing claiming the right toconvert civilian vessels for military use. See, New rules mean ships can be used by military’, China Daily, 18 June 2015.

20

China claims U-Shaped
Meanwhile, as an industrial country, Japan has geopolitical aspirations that transcend
broader area outside its jurisdiction. The geopolitical aspirations associated with majorityof maritime domain, in which Japan should be able to secure its SLOC stretching from thePersian Gulf to the Sea of Japan. 12 Japan has concerned in energy security, because
majority of energy supply to Japan to rely on sources that are far away from its territory.
Japanese geopolitical influence is still quite felt in Southeast Asia, although not in term of
military power. Due to high tensions in this region and warmth of using military forces,
Japan routinely sends patrol boats of the Coast Guard to patrol the waters in Southeast
Asia, especially in the Malacca Strait. That's because the Malacca Strait listed as one of thestrategic choke points for Japan, even several times Japanese-flagged vessels has been everhijacked on the waters a long time ago.
In Southeast Asian region, Japanese interests cannot be separated from its SLOC security
which will have a direct impact once conflicts broke out in waters of this region. As morethan 70 percent of the Japanese tankers carrying oil to Japan through the South China Sea,
despite the fact that the vessel could be avoided through Indonesian waters towards the
Pacific Ocean. Last track however takes time and huge costs that are not economical andunreasonable costs.
This is illustrates the Japanese SLOC security is closely related to its energy security. Energy
security is a strategic issue for many in the world as dependence on energy resources in the
Middle East nowdays are characterized by various threats such as terrorism, hijacks, andpiracies at the sea. Disruption of energy security is a direct threat to Japan's national
security. SLOC security issues particularly influence characteristics of the Japan Maritime
12 The ideal situation would be to convince states to cooperate in managing maritime disputes with a view to realizing

tangible and relatively equitable benefits such as resource development, environmental protection and control of highseas crimes. A few bilateral and minilateral treaties in the 1990s and early 2000s – such as Sino-Japanese agreements
on joint development of resources (2008) and fisheries (1997) – have been put forward as the potential basis forfurther cooperation. See, Zhang Xinjun, ‘Why the 2008 Sino-Japanese Consensus on the East China Sea Has Stalled:
Good Faith and Reciprocity Considerations in Interim Measures Pending a Maritime Boundary Delimitation’, Ocean
Development & International Law, Volume 42, Issue 1–2, 2011: 53–65; James Manicom, ‘Sino-Japanese Cooperation in
the East China Sea: Limitations and Prospects’, Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs,
Volume 30, Number 3, December 2008, pp. 455–478; Suisheng Zhao, ‘China’s Global Search for Energy Security:
cooperation and competition in Asia–Pacific’, Journal of Contemporary China, Volume 17, Issue 55, 2008, pp. 207–227;
Zou Keyuan and Wu Shicun (eds), Maritime Security in the South China Sea: Regional Implications and International Cooperation,
Ashgate, 2013.

21

Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) since its establishment in 1952 until these days. Since its
inception JMSDF designed so as to protect the Japanese sea, so then born the doctrine ofoperations 1,000 nautical miles. It’s interesting to note in the current JMSDF development
is the presence of Hyuga class helicopter carrier (型護衛艦)13and the future is still going todevelop similar ships. Hyugas built for the JMSF. Two varians - Hyūga and Ise - were built;
upon completion, the class were the largest ships built for the Japanese navy since1945.
The presence of helicopter carriers will support the deployment of forces (JMSDF) that
had been carried out in the Asia Pacific region.
IMPLICATIONS FOR INDONESIA
Associated with geopolitical dynamics of the region, there are two implications that need
to be faced and anticipated by Indonesia. First, Politically implications. Geopolitical
dynamics of the region's maritime perspectives will have negative implications onIndonesia as well as regional stability if not properly handled. Currently, the issues are to
the forefront in the area of maritime security, energy security and territorial disputes.
Indonesia is well aligned with these three issues. The challenge is how to keep naval forcesdevelopment in order to reduce the gap balance of powers14, because the gap that will be
trigger those who feel themselves stronger to take actions for some reasons, which
potentially makes this region lean to unstable. If Indonesia does not have bargaining powerof high aspect military forces, especially the navy, emerging opportunities will be arecurrence of acts of harassment and does not respect the sovereignty and authority ofIndonesia on maritime domain, especially in waters that are still in dispute Indonesia andneighboring countries as well as in the waters such strategic choke points and sea lane
Indonesia (ALKI).
Second. Economic implications. By Indonesian maritime perspectives, economic
implications can be both positive and negative at the same time. As positive implications,due to these dynamics circumstances is increasingly open opportunities for cooperation
among the countries in the region to retort to threats and challenges relating to maritime
security and energy security, as asymmetric threats such as piracy and maritime terrorism.
Answering such threats, one of key word is cooperation among countries in addition totheir political attitudes are congruent. Meanwhile, negative implications are an increasingly
possibility of using the Navy to secure marine resources in disputed waters, both fisheries
and oil and gas. It thus can be seen in the disputed South China Sea and the Celebes Sea,
13

The Hyūgas were followed by the larger Izumo class, the first being commissioned in March 2015. The Izumos
replaced the Shirane-class helicopter destroyers. The Hyūgas were originally meant to replace the Shiranes,

where the strength of the Navy used by other countries to seize the natural resources
claimed by Indonesia as its Indonesian exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Such negative
implications should have been anticipated early so it is not expected to harm national
interest of Indonesia.
Indonesia, as the geopolitical nexus of the Pacific Oceans and Indian, and with territory
distended into the South China Sea, is one of the reasons why President Widodo stated totransforming Indonesia into a “Global Maritime Fulcrum” (Poros Maritim Dunia). As adoctrine, Jokowi invited all Indonesian stakeholders to recognize " the Axis of the Maritime
World, Strength Between Two Oceans". This doctrine emphasizes geographic reality,
geostrategic, and geo-economics tnat the future of Indonesia depends, and at the sametime, comes to influencing dynamics of the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. For
illustration, the development of maritime highway concept (Tol Laut) 15 to ensure
connectivity between or among islands, development of shipping industries and fisheries,
ports, transportmenships, improvement of sea transport, as well as a focus on maritime
security, reflecting the seriousness in realizing Indonesia as the world's maritime fulcrum.
In other words, the idea of a maritime fulcrum is also an important part of the national
development agenda.

Finally, since it was declared by President Jokowi on Nov 2014, challenges in achieving the
Global Maritime Fulcrum is certainly not easy. Indonesia does not have any other choices
to withdraw the doctrine, and immediately makes endorsement to restore its national
identity as an island nation—which is located between two pivotal oceans in the world—
to realize an idea of a Global Maritime Fulcrum. And, it must begin to act, beginning today.

14

Hans Morgenthau’s theories of International Relations on the development of the discipline it will be necessary toinitially consider the specific concepts of the ‘balance of power’ in the context of his notions of ‘national interest’ and‘power politics’ in order to create a frame of reference for his broader ideas elucidated in Politics among Nations (1948)
and later writings, especially on the Cold War. The aspiration for power on the part of several nations. each trying
either to maintain or overthrow the status quo, leads of necessity to a configuration that is called the balance of power.
Recently, The term "balance of power" is used in the text with four different meanings: (1) as a policy aimed at a
certain state of affairs, (2) as an actual slate of affairs, (3) as an approximately equal distribution of power, (4) as any
distribution of power. Whenever the term is used without qualification, it refers to the actual state of affairs in whichpower is distributed among several nations with approximate equality.

22

15 Term “Tol Laut” as one of Jokowi’s ideas to tackle transportation complications, as the maritime highways
concept, known technically as short-sea shipping, is in essence an alternative to land-freight transportation, by
moving cargo along the coastline between ports of close proximity. See, ”Tol Laut”: From Idea to Reality” in
The Jakarta Post, 20 Nov. 2014.

23

Distribution and origins of the indigenous languages of Indonesia

Nearly all human languages can be classified as belonging to one or other of a number of language families.
The identification of language families is made using the methods of comparative historical linguistics. This

Professor in Linguistics

branch of linguistics compares the lexicons of different languages in order to determine the degree ofProf. Dr. Multamia RMT Lauder, Mse, DEA.

relatedness so that a genealogical family tree can be produced. A family tree allows us to trace back present
day languages to some hypothesised ancestral language. The branches of a tree reflect time depth, the further

Demographics, Language and Society
Indonesia is an archipelagic nation consisting of over 17,000 islands spread over three time zones from

The principle in the historical linguistic method is that when words in pairs of languages are being

Sumatra in the west to Papua on the island of New Guinea in the east. Its population is 252.200,000 (Badan

compared, and structural similarities are detected, two logical possibilities exist: that they are related throughPusat Statistik, 2015). It is a country of great linguistic diversity. Apart from the national language,

sharing a common ancestor or that any similarity is purely coincidental and one of the words has been

Indonesian, there are about 700 indigenous, regional languages.

borrowed at some point before the present. That is, any similarity may be a sign of relatedness but is not

With so many languages in Indonesia, the situation is complicated and we need a broad perspective to getenough in itself to define it as such. Linguists use evidence to eliminate words from their data which are

an overview of some of its features. The way to do this is to define some broad language types with regard

borrowed. Then, on the basis of the remaining words, they work out the degree of similarity between words.

to their identity or function in society, and get an idea of the demographic distributions. All the languages in

The more similar that word pairs in two languages are, and the larger the number of words like this in theIndonesia can be categorized into three main categories: (1) the Indonesian language, (2) regional, indigenous

two lexicons, the closer the relationship between the languages, and also the nearer the present time for any

languages, and (3) foreign languages (Alwi and Sugono, 2000, Renandya, 2000: 115). These language

hypothesized branching point. To investigate the internal structures of a language, the methods of language

categories have different functions in society. A national language like Indonesian is the national language,

typology can be used and these involve consideration of both the lexicon and syntactic features.

the language of unity, and the language of education, business, media and politics. Regional languages’

The regional indigenous languages in Indonesia all belong to either the Austronesian or the Papuan (Non-function is as markers of identity and culture. The foreign languages’ function is to provide access toAustronesian) language family (Lewis et al., 2015). Out of 706 living languages recorded for Indonesia,

knowledge for development. A linguistically diverse nation needs a national language as a unifying force andabout two thirds of the languages are from the Austronesian language family, but 255 languages, or about

for economic efficiency.

one third, can be classified as Papuan or Non-Austronesian (Lewis et al., 2015). All 255 of these languages

Census data tells us that Indonesian is not yet spoken by all Indonesian citizens. About 140 million
Indonesians or around 55.51% of the population still speak one of the regional languages and have Indonesian24

towards the proto-language, the further back in time.

are found in the eastern part of Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, the western part of Nusa Tenggara, and in
Papua.

as a second language. However, over the last three decades, and supported by government policy, a significant

Austronesian and Papuan Language Features

sized community of people who speak Indonesian as their first language has been growing. At the last census,

It is not easy to identify the typological characteristics of languages in the Austronesian family due to thethere were 22,800,000 native speakers of Bahasa Indonesia, 9.04% of the whole population. If you add thisnumber of languages in it, the wide geographical spread of member languages, and the time for languages topopulation of native speakers of Indonesian to the 140 million for whom it is a second language, after one ofhave changed since the point of common origin. However, three definitive typological features have been

the regional languages, you get a total of 162.8 million Indonesian speakers (Lewis et al., 2015).

pointed out by Himmelmann (2005) which are found within Austronesian languages: (1) the use of

The size of speaker populations for the regional languages is not even and this means that this category

reduplication of nouns; (2) inclusive and exclusive marking of first person non-singular pronouns; (3) acontains languages which although all classified as regional languages are in fact very different in character

causative morphology structure. Another feature that marks Austronesian languages is sentence order (Wurm,and status from each other. The demographics for the regional languages consist of a small number of large2007). Sentence formation order tends to be S-V-O (subject-verb-object) with the subject first followed bylanguages, after which the remainder, a large number of languages, have varied speaker populations steadily

the verb and the object at the end of the sentence (Pawley, 2009, Wurm, 2007).

dwindling from hundreds of thousands to near zero. A total of 706 living languages have been recorded in

Non-Austronesian/Papuan languages exhibit such great variation that linguists tend to consider that they

Indonesia. Of these, the fourteen largest languages each have more than a million speakers. The speaker

are most probably not members of a single language family, but of several. This variation and the extremely

population sizes for these large languages is as follows: Javanese (84, 300,000), Sundanese (34,000,000),

deep time frame that they have existed, along with limits to the quantity of data that can be found make it

Malay (13,040,000), Batak (7,045,000), Madurese (6,770,000), Minangkabau (5,530,000), Betawi

difficult to generalize them. However, there is one structural feature that can be used to distinguish them from(5,000,000), Buginese (5,000,000), Acehnese (3,500,000), Balinese (3,330,000), Makassarese (2,130,000),Austronesian languages, S-O-V (subject-object-verb) sentence order with the verb at the end of the sentence

Sasak (2,100,000), Lampungese (1,834,000), and Gorontalo (1,000,000) (Lewis et al., 2015). The total(Pawley, 2009, Wurm, 2007). Other features characteristic of languages in the Non-Austronesian language

number of the speaker populations of these fourteen large languages is 174,579,000 people. This makes up

family are dual structures and gender, and also a restrictive numeral system, such as counting sequences

approximately 70% of Indonesia’s overall population of 255 million people in 2015. Geographically, thewhich do not have specific numerals for words above two, for example: one, two, then one-two for ‘three’,larger and smaller regional languages follow a geographical pattern of distribution with the larger languages

two-two for ‘four’, hand for ‘five’ and so on. The word “people” (fingers in both hands, and toes in both feet)in the west of the country, and the smaller languages in the east of Indonesia.

is sometimes used for ‘twenty’ (Pawley, 2009).

Language Families

Language Origins and Migrations

The observation that words in different languages often bear a striking resemblance to one another led to

One feature of languages is that they are in a state of constant change. This means that the language at one

the discovery that such similarities were evidence of languages being related to one another genealogically.

point in time will be different from that language at other times. Language can change significantly over long25

periods such as centuries or millennia and become very different from its parent version. However,

Statistik. Online Address: http://www.bps.go.id/linkTableDinamis/view/id/960. Accessed: 3 November 2015.

investigation will usually be able to reveal the relatedness of an older version of a language with its present

Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2005. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar: Typologicalday form (Sihler, 2000: 135). One question that arises from the observation of present day language

Characteristics. In The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. eds. Alexander Adelaar anddistribution is what the picture was like in the past. In particular, we can ask whether the ancestors of present

Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, 110-181. Oxford and New York: Routledge.

day populations also lived in the same place or whether they migrated from some other place. In order toanswer that question, no one scientific discipline is adequate. Researchers have therefore worked with parallel
studies from other fields.
Apart from linguistic data, it is also possible to use data from fields such as archaeology and genetics. Each

Lewis, M. Paul, Simons, Gary F., and Fennig, Charles D. eds. 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
Eighteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
Pawley, Andrew. 2009. Papuan Languages. In Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. eds. Keith
Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, 836-844. Oxford: Elsevier Science.

of these has its own data, methods, inferential processes, scope and limitations. By comparing data acrossRenandya, Willy A. 2000. Indonesia. In Language Policies and Language Education: The Impact in Eastdisciplines, we can build a clearer picture of the present distribution of languages and how these came to be

Asian Countries in the Next Decade. eds. Wah Kam Ho and Ruth Y. L. Wong, 113-137. Singapore: Times

as a result of migration patterns and paths. The most widely accepted view at present of the origins of the

Academic Press.

Austronesian people is that they originated in an ancestral homeland in Taiwan around 5,000 years ago. They

Sihler, Andrew L. 2000. Language History: An Introduction. Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History

migrated, most likely not in one wave, but over time and in stages, southward. Passing through the Philippines,of Linguistic Science: Series IV - Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John

Borneo, towards Java. They then moved eastward eventually spreading throughout the entire Pacific. There

Benjamins.

was also a later westward movement to Madagascar. The ancestors of the Papuans, most likely not one single
group, but many, arrived in the region much earlier, some estimates put it at around 50,000 years ago. They

Wurm, Stephen A. 2007. Australasia and the Pacific. In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered
Languages. ed. Christopher Moseley, 425-578. London: Routledge.

spread throughout the archipelago as far as Papua New Guinea and some of the Pacific islands. The arrivalof the Austronesians saw contact between the two groups. We do not know with great detail about what
happened. However, there is evidence of intermarriage and also of linguistic and cultural borrowing.
Conclusion
The language situation in Indonesia is complex. From a socio-political perspective, language management
is needed to properly shape legislation that can guide the development and use of language in society. Proper
legislation can also help prevent problems from emerging.
Certainly, as in some western and developed societies, a single, unifying language for development isrequired. In Indonesia, this role is fulfilled by Indonesian. However, as specified in the constitution andsubsequent legislation, diversity is also part of the Indonesian national identity. The problem is how to valuethat diversity and to preserve its balance. This is especially important because languages are in constantchange and many of the regional languages are being lost. This is a widespread phenomenon recognized by
the United Nations.
The fact that linguistics has research methods that allow us to see relationships among languages, toidentity language areas, and to build language family trees all go to support our understanding of the uniquepicture of languages in Indonesia. Language policy and planning can play a significant part in guiding these
irreplaceable resources to optimum benefit. Fortunately, in present day Indonesia, the process of language
legislation production is proceeding and there is reason to believe that Indonesia can indeed manage its
regional languages well as well as seeing the Indonesian language evolve to carry the communicative functionof a national language in an emerging state as well as preserving and maintaining its rich regional language
heritage.
References
Alwi, Hasan, and Sugono, Dendy. 2000. Dari Politik Bahasa Nasional ke Kebijakan Bahasa Nasional[From National Language Politics to National Language Policy]. In Politik Bahasa: Risalah Seminar Politik
Bahasa. eds. Hasan Alwi and Dendy Sugono, v-xiv. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa dan Departemen Pendidikan
Nasional.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2015. Perkiraan Penduduk Beberapa Negara, 2000-2014. Jakarta: Badan Pusat

26

27

Phonological structure and loanword adaptation: a case study from JapaneseAnother important point of accent in Japanese is that, as in (2c), accentless words do occur, occupying
about half of the vocabulary (Tanaka 2008, Tanaka and Kubozono 1999). We discuss the adaptation patterns

1.

Shin’ichi Tanaka

of accent in the case where Japanese is a host language in section 2 and that where it behaves as the source

Kobe University

language in section 3.

Introduction

2．Japanese as a host language

1.1. Loanword adaptation in languages

2.1．Case 1: English loanwords borrowed by Japanese (Tanaka 1996, 2008, Kubozono 1996)

Loanword adaptation is a phonological (linguistic) process that is observed when a language borrows

English has borrowed words from many languages. At the same time, in recent years, it has beenwords from other languages. It can be considered as a type of a language experiment, with valuable

providing words to various languages. Japanese is no exception, and it has borrowed many words

implications for phonological (linguistic) theory. In this presentation, using Japanese as an example, I analyze

from English.

how languages adopt the prosodic features of other languages.

Rule (3) is the Loanword Accent Rule (LAR) of Tokyo Japanese. The symbol ‘.’ denotes a syllable
boundary.

1.2. Typology of accent
With respect to accent, the following three types of languages are known (the languages discussed in(3) LAR in Japanese (Kunozono 1996, Tanaka 2008)
a. Place an accent on the (heavy) penult syllable of the word.

this study are underlined):b. If the penult syllable is light, place an accent on the antepenult syllable.
(1) a. Tone languages: Chinese, Taiwanese Southern Min, Thai, Vietnamese, Mende, etc.
b. Pitch-accent languages: Japanese, Ancient Greek, Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.

(4)Englisha. chócolate→Japanese→tʃo.[ko.ré]e.to,calendar→ka.[ré]n.daa,

alligator→a.[ri.gé]e.taa

crócodile→ku.[ro.ko.dá]i.ru,

Éurope→yo[o.ró]p.pa,

Olýmpic→o.[rin.pí]k.ku

In the languages specified in (1a), the shape of the pitch in a word is relevant to word recognition. On theb. Chrístmas→ku.[ri.sú].ma.su,

banana→[bá].na.na,

tomato→[tó].ma.toother hand, in the languages in (1c), the prominent position in a word plays a critical role in word recognition.

musícian→ [myú]u.zi.syan,

McDónald’s →ma.[ku.do.ná].ru.do

Languages in (1b) have both the aforementioned properties (pitch shape and salient position in a word). Here,c. América

→a.[me.ri.ka,

stereoc. Stress languages: English, Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, etc.

→su.te.re.o,occúrt→o.[ka.ru.to

we will briefly show the relationship between the properties by taking Japanese (1b) as an example.
The stress positions in the source language (English) are not inherited. They are accentuated regularly
1.3. Prosodic structure of Japanese

based on the syllable structure of Japanese. However, this does not mean that the accent structure of theJapanese is known as a pitch-accent language. It has two different pitches, that is, H(igh) and L(ow),source language was ignored. Interestingly, the occurrence of the accentless pattern that accounts forat the moraic level. Japanese is similar to both tone languages (1a), in that each mora in a word is associatedapproximately 50% of the vocabulary in Japanese is extremely small (10% of loanwords) (Tanaka 1996).

with a specific tone or pitch, and stress languages (1c), in that the accented position in a word plays anThis can be understood as the reflection in Japanese pitch accent of the requirement that a word necessarily

important role in word recognition.

has stress in English. In this sense, it is understood that the phonetic structure of the donor language (English),Tokyo Japanese has two restrictions on the pitch pattern in a word: (i) the initial two moras must haveas well as the phonological structure of the host language (Japanese), is involved in the accentuation ina different pitch (#HL, as in (2a), or #LH, as in (2b, c)), and (ii) once the pitch lowered, it never rises again

Japanese. In summary, stress in English is reinterpreted as pitch accent in Japanese. However, interestingly,

within the word (McCawley 1968, Akinaga 1985, Tanaka and Kubozono 1999). It is noted that ‘-’ represents

in the case of the most common phonological structure for Japanese words (i.e., four- moras long with thea mora boundary, ‘[’ a pitch rise from L to H, and ‘]’ a pitch fall from H to L. In addition, the symbols above

sequence of light syllables), accents are lost as shown in (4c).

vowels represent accents.
2.2. Case 2: Italian loanwords borrowed by Japanese (Tanaka 2016, forthcoming)(2) a. [jú]-u-do-o ‘judo’,[kó]-o-be ‘Kobe’, [né]-ko ‘cat’, [gá]-mu-ra-n ‘gamelan’

The accentuation is basically the same as the adaptation in English loanwords. It is interesting that theb. mo-[no-gá]-ta-ri ‘story’， na-[gá]-sa-ki ‘Nagasaki’, i-[n-do-né]-si-a ‘Indonesia’,

long vowel in the penult syllable in Italian is adopted as it is into Japanese as shown in (5), whereas the longc. ka-[ra-o-ke ‘karaoke’,

vowel in the antepenult syllable (the third syllable from the end of the word) is adopted not as a long vowel

ma-[n-ga ‘manga’, ja-[ka-ru-ta ‘Jakarta’,su-[ma-to-ra ‘Sumatera’

but as a short vowel into Japanese as shown in (6) (Tanaka 2016).
Based on these restrictions on the pitch pattern, given the location of the accent, the pitch or tonal pattern ofan entire word is predictable, unlike the case with the tone languages in (1a) (Tsujimura, 2007). Importantly,

28(5) ItalianJapanesethe pitch fall ‘]’ in (2a, b) corresponds to the place of pitch accent. In this sense, in Tokyo Japanese, theVerona /ve.ró:.na/→

ve.[ró]o.na(*ve.[ró].na,*[vé].ro.na)

features of the pitch and accent are related.

Rossini /ros.sí:.ni/→ro[ʃ.ʃí]i.ni(*ro[ʃ.ʃí].ni,*[ró]ʃ.ʃi.ni)

29

Lamborghini /lam.bor.gí:.ni/ → ra[m.bo.ru.gí]i.ni (*ra[m.bo.ru.gí].ni, * ra[m.bo.rú].gi.ni)

syllable (i.e., the heavier the syllable, the greater the degree).
In addition, though the host language is a tone language, pitch is assigned to the entire(6) Padova /pá:.do.va/
basilico[pá].do.va(*[pá]a.do.va,*pa.[dó]o.va)

word as a unit. This can be interpreted as Taiwanese inheriting the input pitch pattern of→ ba.[zí].ri.ko(*ba.[zí]i.ri.ko,*ba.[zi.rí]i.ko)

Japanese, despite the fact that the positions of accent are not inherited. In particular, the→(*ba.[ru.sá]a.mi.ko,*ba.[ru.sa.mí]i.ko)

sequence of the MH rising tone at the beginning of the word can be understood as the→/ba.dzí:.li.ko/

balsamico /bal.sá:.mi.ko/

ba.[ru.sá].mi.ko

realization of the initial lowering in Japanese (2b, c).
This can be interpreted as a consequence of reflecting the LAR in (3). In the loanwords in (5), a heavy syllable
is formed by accepting the long vowel in the penult syllable and preserves/satisfies the position of the source

3.2. Case 4: Japanese loanwords borrowed by Italian (Tanaka 2016, forthcoming)

language and LAR (3/4a) at the same time. On the other hand, in (6), even if the long vowel in Italian is

When Italian borrows a word from Japanese, the default stress pattern of Italian (stressadopted as a short vowel and it forms a light syllable, the Italian stress position and LAR (3/4b) are preservedon the penult syllable (Borrelli 2002, Krämer 2009)) occurs. The Japanese pitch accent isor satisfied at the same time. In summary, in order to satisfy both the Italian stress position and the LAR in

identified as stress in Italian. In adopting the Japanese pitch accent, Italian focuses on theJapanese, the adaptation of vowel length is adjusted.

final syllable of the source word alone.

3. Japanese as a donor language
3.1. Case 3: Japanese loanwords borrowed by Taiwanese Southern Min (Tu and Davis 2009)(9)

Japanese→

Italian ((default) penult stress)a.

[wá].ka→wá:.ka‘waka’

pitch, H(igh), M(id), and L(ow), and seven tone patterns. Similar to Mandarin Chinese, tones are assigned tosu.[mó]o.to.ri→

su.mo.tó:.ri‘sumo wrestler’each syllable (morpheme) in Taiwanese Southern Min. Here, we examine how the Japanese pitch accent iska.[ra.o.ke→

ka.ra.ó:.ke‘karaoke’

pa.[tʃín.ko→pa.tʃín.ko‘pachinko’ba[n.tʃa→bán.tʃa‘bancha’Taiwanese Southern Min, as well as Mandarin Chinese, is a tone language. It has three degrees ofadopted into this language. The symbols ‘[’ and ‘]’ in Taiwanese represent the points at which the pitch risesb.

and falls in one step (i.e., between H and M, or M and L), respectively, while ‘[[’ and ‘]]’ represent the points
where the pitch rises and falls in two stages (i.e., between H and L), respectively.

(10) Japanese (word-final heavy syllable with low pitch)→ Italian ((default) penult stress)

Taiwanesegloss[í]p.pon→

íp.pon*ip.pón

‘ippon’→[[su].ʃi‘sushi’[ké]n.doo→

kén.do*ken.dó‘kendo’sa.[si.mí]→[sa.[ʃi].mi‘slices of raw fish’[ká].me.ra→[kha.[me].la‘camera’(11) Japanese (word-final heavy syllable with high pitch)→ Italian (word-final stress)→[[ba].ta‘butter’a.

ba[t.te.rii→[ba.[te].li‘battery’tá].ku.sii→[tha.[khu].si‘taxi’

c. ka.[ban→[kha.[ba]]n‘bag’

o.[dé]n→[o.[le]]n‘kind of Japanese dish’(7)Japanesea. su.[shí]b. [bá].taa

(8)

b.
c.

ze[n.shuu→

dzen.shú*dzén.shu‘zenshu’te[n.ri.kyoo→

ten.ri.kjó*ten.rí:.kjo‘tenrikyo’mi.[rin→mi.rín*mí:.rin‘mirin’ʃa.[mi.sen→

ʃa.mi.sén*ʃa.mí:.sen‘shamisen’kyo[o.gé]n→

kjo.gé

*kjó:.gen‘kyogen’ba[n.zá]I→

ban.dzái*bán.dzai‘banzai’me[e.si→[[me]]e.[ʃi‘business card’[bí]i.ru→[[bi]]i.[lu‘beer’

pa.[tʃin.ko→[pha.[thi]]n.[ko‘pachinko’placing stress on the default position. However, it is only in the case of the ultimate heavy syllable with highba[n.soo.koo →[ba[n.so]]o.[ko‘Band-Aid’

pitch in the source language (Japanese) that stress is placed on the final syllable in the host language (Italian).

Basically, the phonological structure of the host language (Italian) is taken into consideration in terms ofThis suggests that Italian speakers recognize the property of the pitch of Japanese at the word-final position.
The adaptation patterns of pitch accent in loanwords adopted from Japanese into Taiwanese

The fact that a heavy syllable attracts a high pitch, pitch accent, or stress is well-known in phonologicalhave many interesting features. First, it can be said that the pitch pattern (accent position) intheory (Prince and Smolensly 1993/2004, Kager 1999). It is clear that Italian adopts pitch accents as stress.

Japanese is not inherited and the original pitch in Taiwanese is assigned. Specifically, if the
final or penult syllable is heavy in Taiwanese, HL tone (]]) is assigned within the syllable;

30

4. Concluding remarks

however, if both final and penult syllables are light, HM tone (]) is assigned to these syllables.

Using Japanese as an example, we analyzed how a language accepts prosodic structures from

The pitch accent in the source language (Japanese) corresponds to the falling tone (‘]]’ or ‘]’) indifferent languages, as well as how the prosodic structures are accepted into other languages. The results of

the host language (Taiwanese), and the degree of descent is determined by the weight of the

our analyses are summarized as follows:31First, the phonetic properties of HL tone, pitch accent, and stress are related to each other, as shown in (12).

Membrane Technology for Water Treatment
in Kobe University(12) HL tone ← → pitch accent ← → stress

Hideto Matsuyama

Second, even in loanword adaptation, heavy syllables attract HL tone, pitch accent, and stress.
(13)Heavy syllable →a. HL tone

Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University(Japanese → Taiwanese Southern Min (§3.1))

b. Pitch accent (English → Japanese (§2.1), Italian → Japanese(§2.2))
c. Stress

Director, Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University(Japanese → Italian(§3.2))

Water shortage is widely recognized as one of the major social issues in 21st century. According to anumber of research, it is estimated that 2/3 of the people in the world would suffer from shortages of water

Finally, it is clear that the prosodic output is determined by a mixture of both the phonetic property of thedonor language and phonological structure of the host language.

by 2015. Hence, it is believed that 21st century is the age of water, shifting from the age of petroleum in 20th
century.
In Kobe University, with the aim at tackling the global issues such as water shortage, the Center for
Membrane and Film Technology (MaFTech center) was established in 2007, along with Kobe University’s
strategic focus on environmental studies. Within this presentation, firstly an introduction on the center andReferences (selected)
Borrelli, Doris (2002) Raddoppiamento Sintattico in Italian: A Synchronic and Diachronic Cross-Dialectal
Study. London-New York: Routledge.
De Mauro, Tullio and Marco Mancini (2003) Le Palore Straniere nella lingua italiana. Milano: Garzanti.
Kager, René (1999) Optimality Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krämer, Martin (2009) Phonology of Italian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kubozono, Haruo (1996) “Syllable and accent in Japanese: Evidence from loanword accentuation”, The
Bulletin (Phonetic Society of Japan) 211, 71−82.
McCawley, James. D. (1968) The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. The Hauge:
Mouton.
Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky (1993/2004) Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative
Grammar, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Tanaka, Shin’ichi and Haruo Kunozono (1999) An Introduction to Japanese Pronunciation: Theory andPractice, Tokyo: Kurosio Publishing.
Tanaka, Shin’ichi (2008) Rhythmic and Accentual Variations and Phonological/Morphological Structure,
Tokyo: Kurosio Publishing.
Tanaka, Shin’ichi (forthcoming) “The Relation between L2 Perception and L1 Phonology in Japanese
Loanwords: An Analysis of Geminates in Loanwords from Italian”,

The Phonetics andPhonology of geminate consonants, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tanaka, Shin’ichi et al. (eds.) (forthcoming) A New Development of the Phonological Studies: A Festschrift
for Professor Haruo Kubozono on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday, Tokyo: Kaitakusha.

its recently activities including international linkages will be presented. Secondly, research on the water
treatment will be focused. Throughout the content, we hope you can easily obtain an overall understandingon the MaFTech center’s activities and seek collaboration opportunity with Kobe University.
The MaFTech center is now the largest academia-driven
membrane research center in Japan. In April of 2015, it
opened its newly constructed research facility, with totally 6
floors and 6000 m2 space (Figure 1). At MaFTech center,currently there are 15 faculties as well as over 100 students
engaging in membrane engineering research. They aremainly divided into 6 research groups: 1.Bio-process group,
2.Organic membrane group, 3.Gas separation group,
4.Water treatment group, 5.Film and membrane coatinggroup, 6. Membrane material synthesis group. By
integrating the work of these groups, MaFTech’s researchcovers a great variety of membrane technology from basic
to applied perspectives. Now the research is conducted
intensively and synergistically at the new building.
MaFTech’s academic focuses are not only domestic but
also international. It has been paying effort on building up
connections with world renowned membrane research

Figure 1 – MaFTech building with uniquemembrane structure designed decoration

centers. Currently, it has established official

Tu, Jung-yueh and Stuart Davis (2009) “Japanese Loanwords into Taiwanese Southern Min”, Proceedings oflinkages with 15 famous membrane research

the Second International Conference on East Asian Linguistics, Simon Fraser University.

centers in Asian and Oceanian areas (Taiwan,
Korea, China, Hong Kong, Australia, Indonesia,
EU, Singapore and Malaysia). In order to enhanceresearch and educational collaboration among
MaFTech and its overseas partners, MaFTech
center initiated an annual international membrane
Figure 2 - Representatives from overseas partners (iWMK2016)32

workshop called iWMK in Kobe in 2014. It is a33

Kobe University based academic event supposed to be held every year at Kobe University (Figure 2). Within
iWMK, we invite all of our partners with MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) signed to givepresentations on their latest research. Then all of the members have closed discussion and exchanges on suchpresentations. We welcome all people from academic and industrial domains to join the iWMK. Apart fromacademia, MaFTech center also play a key role in collaboration with industry. By cooperating with the offcampus organization called Organization for Membrane and Film Technology, it is now collaborating withmore than 74 membrane related companies in Japan (Figure 3). Over tens of co-research projects are now inprogress by utilizing MaFTech’s latest research facilities.
Regarding the research which focuses on
Figure 4 – Mechanism of membrane foulingmembrane utilized water treatment, now we are
implementing

the researchmainly via the

The fabrication of membrane is another major field in our research. Regarding the FO membrane research,following aspects, 1) membrane for water reuse andwe have successfully developed high performing FO membrane with the highest fluxes in world, not only

desalinationenergythe FO flux can be controlled as desired but also it suits the configuration of flat sheet and hollow fiber

consumption, 2) strong anti-fouling membrane

flexibly (Figure 5). Moreover, when considering the industrial use, since the module analysis is important tobased on new materials, 3) energy production by

design and optimize full-scale FO desalination plant, our research also covers the FO module performancemembrane process, 4) innovative separation

analysis. This approach will accelerate the laboratory research outcome to real industrial application.

withconsiderablylowsystem by using our newly developed membrane.
The major activities will be introduced as thefollowing.
The membrane process for water treatment such

Figure 3 – Members of the Organization for Membrane
and Film Technology keep increasing

as desalination, wastewater treatment and enrichment of products mainly includes three processes, i.e. reverse
osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD). In principle the transport mechanism
of RO and FO is basically the same. The MaFTech center focuses on the development of novel materials andmembranes such as mixed matrix membrane, biomimetic membrane to applications environmental andeconomic processes.
One of the MaFTech’s focused membrane research is on membrane fouling.

Membrane fouling is causedby the adsorption of organic macromolecules to the membrane surface (Figure 4). It results in a severe
permeability decline during the water filtration. To improve the antifouling property of the membrane,
MaFTech center aim to develop novel blend or copolymer membranes. Since nowadays there are still too

Figure 5 – High performing FO membrane with the highest fluxes in the world

many factors in the membrane fouling not yet understood, we pay a large amount of effort on the study of

Other research such as the study on biomimetic membrane and its fabrication method is also conducted atfouling mechanism. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of membrane fouling, our research

MaFTech center. We believe the research outcome will help develop the next generation membrane withcovers experimental and theoretical perspectives. Additionally, via co-research with companies, the outcome

great performance increase. Also, we propose hybrid system with low energy, cost as well as high recoveryof our study is not only limited to the laboratory level but close to the industrial use.

ratio for waste water treatment and desalination process, as FO/RO, NF/FO/RO hybrid system, moreover,investigate fouling behavior and mechanism on the membrane surface through molecular dynamics (MD)and three dimensional phase-field simulations.
As an integrated large scale research unit of membrane
technology, MaFTech center’s research is highly diverse andmulti-perspective. Apart from water-centric research, we also
conduct advanced research on gas separation, organic thinfilms, coating process etc. Our goal is to contribute to theachievement of a sustainable society in future, by utilizing
membranes and the innovations in membrane processes.

34

35

Production of Biodegradable Polymers (Polyhydroxyalkanoate - PHA) throughBiological Processes: Challenges and Opportunities

presentation.
References:

Tjandra Setiadi1)2), Rety Setiawaty3) and Martha Aznury4)

Bengtsson, S., Werker, A., Christensson,

M., and Welander, T. (2008). Production ofpolyhydroxyalkanoates by activated sludge treating a paper mill wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 99,
Centre for Environmental Studies (PSLH), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Sangkuriang 42 A, Bandung

1)

40135, Indonesia, Email: tjandra@che.itb.ac.id509-516.
Din, M.F.M., Mohanadoss, P., Ujang, Z., van Loosdrecht, M., Salmiati, M. Y., Chelliapan, S., Zambare,2)

Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132,

V.,andIndonesia

production and its storage in mixed cultures of palm oil mill efﬂuent (POME), Bioresource Technology, 124,

Akademi Farmasi Kusuma Husada Purwokerto, Jl. Supardjo Rustam 170, Sokaraja 53181

208–216.

3)

Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, J. Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar,

4)

Palembang 30139, Indonesia.

Olsson, G. (2012). Development of Bio-PORec system for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Du, G.C., Chen, J., Yu, J. and Lun, S.

(2001). Feeding strategy of propionic acid for production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with Ralstonia eutropha, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 8, 103–
110.

Abstract:
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) belongs to the polyester group with physicochemical properties similar tovarious plastics made from petroleum. However, it is biodegradable and can be produced biologically using
various substrates including organic wastewater (Du et al., 2001). This makes PHA an alternative topetroleum-based plastics used today. Currently, the commercial PHA branded with different trade names,such as Biopol, Metabolix, Nodax, etc. is produced from glucose using different species (Magdouli et al.,2015). It was developed as early as 1976 by ICI, however the production was terminated in 1998 for a numberof reasons (Koller et al., 2016). Recently, on July 6, 2016, Newlight Technology (USA) and Paques Holding
bv (the Netherlands) have come to an agreement that will allow Paques to manufacture, process and sell
bioplastics (PHA) based on Newlight’s biocatalyst process to convert greenhouse gases (methane) to PHA(named AirCarbon) at a rate of up to 1.3 million metric tons/year.
However, the drawback is that the PHA production cost is still much higher than that of petroleum plastics,
due to the cost of the substrate (Bengtsson et al., 2008). On the other hand to use the pure culture also involves
the high operational costs due to media sterilization and reactor maintenance (Reddy and Mohan, 2012a).
The potential reduction in cost is using organic material from agriculture and food industry wastewater as
much as possible and mixed cultures system as the microbial agent (Din et al., 2012; Reddy and Mohan,
2012b).

Magsouli, S., Brar, S.K., Blais, J.F. and Tyagi, R.D. (2015), How to direct the fatty acid biosynthesis
towards polyhydroxyalkanoates production?, Biomass and Bioenergy, 74, 286-279.
Koller, M. Marsalek, L. de Sousa Dias, M.M., Braunegg, G. (2016). Producing microbial
polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA)

biopolyesters

inasustainable

manner,New

Biotechnol.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2016.05.001
Reddy, M.V and Mohan, S.V. (2012a). Effect of substrate load and nutrients concentrationon thepolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production using mixed consortio through wastewater, Bioresource
Technology, 144, 573-582.
Reddy, M.V. and Mohan, S.V. (2012b). Influence of aerobic and anoxic microenvironments onpolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production from food waste and acidogenic effluents using aerobic consortia,
Bioresource technology, 103, 313 -321.
Setiadi, T., Aznury, M., Trianto, A. and Pancoro, A. (2015). Production of polyhdroxyalkanoate (PHA) by
Ralstonia eutropha JMP 134 with VFAs from palm oil mill effluent as precursors. Water Science &Technology, 72(11), 1889-1895.
Setyawati, R., Setiadi, T., Katayama-Hirayama, K., Kaneko, H. and Hirayama, K. (2012).
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from tapioca industrial wastewater treatment: Influence of
operating conditions on PHA content, Sustain. Environ. Res., 22 (2), 123-127.

In this paper, an example of PHA production from tapioca industrial wastewater using mixed
culture from an activated sludge done in our laboratory is presented. The aims of our study weretreating tapioca- processing wastewater to produce PHA and remove COD. We carried out experiments using
a SBR under four conditions of aerobic-anaerobic period combination. The content of PHAs produced andremoval efficiency of COD were observed (Setyawati et al., 2012). And other example of PHA
production from VFA (volatile fatty acids) using a pure culture of is also discussed. This study is
focused on the production of PHA by Ralstonia eutropha JMP 134 in bioreactors with different operation
modes by utilizing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from palm oil mill effluent (POME) as precursors (Setiadi etal., 2015).
Although there has been an increase in research on this topic in the last twenty years, the industrializationof this product is still a challenge. The sustainability of PHA production in the near future will be dependent
on several factors, such as strain selection, feedstock selection, bioreactor cultivation mode, downstream
processing and product processing development. This challenges and opportunities will be discussed in this36

37

"CdS Sensitized Highly Ordered Titania Nanotubes Assemblied in a Modified Dyes
Sensitized Solar Cell for Hydrogen Generation“

The proof of concept and features for further development will be discussed.
Key words: Water Splitting; Hydrogen; Titania nanotubes; Artificial photosynthesis

Position: Senior Lecturer
Name: Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi

References:
1. Fujishima, A., Honda, K.: “Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode”, Nature,

Water splitting induced by visible light is one of the interesting methods to produce fuel (hydrogen), since(1971), 238, 37-38.

water and solar rays are abundant in our earth, while hydrogen is considered as a clean fuel. However to split

2. Luo, J., Ma, L., He, T., Ng, C.F.,Wang, S., Sun, H., Fan, H.J.: “TiO2/(CdS, CdSe, CdSeS) nanorod

the water into hydrogen and molecular oxygen by visible light induction is a difficult task. The process is anheterostructures and photoelectrochemical properties”, J. Phy.Chem, (2012), 116, 11956–11963.

Up Hill reaction, thus needs a proper catalyst and catalysis system reaction to do so. Titania (TiO2 crystal)

3. Ratnawati, Gunlazuardi J., Slamet: “Development of titania nanotube arrays: The roles of water

was reported as being able to split the water , but needs light with a wave length less than 410 nm (not often
1)

content and annealing atmosphere” Materials Chemistry and Physics, (2015), 160, 111-118.

present in solar rays that have reached the earth surface). Fortunately, Titania can be composited with other

4. Ratnawati; Gunlazuardi, J., Dewi, E.L., and Slamet: “Effect of NaBF4 addition on the anodic synthesis

small band gap semiconductors which have slightly higher conduction band levels (e.g. CdS). Thus theof TiO2 nanotube arrays photocatalyst for production of hydrogen from glycerol-water solution”,

visible light can excite the electrons of CdS to its conduction band level, then flow down to the Titania’s

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, (2014), 39, 16927-16935.

conduction band. Hence the CdS/Titania system is considered as a visible light active semiconductor

5. Lee, H.J., Bang, J., Park, J., Kim, S., Su-Moon, P.,: “Multilayered Semiconductor (CdS/CdSe/ZnS)-

composite2). Having this system along with the ability to morphologically control of Titania film having

Sensitized TiO2 Mesoporous Solar Cells: All Prepared by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and

3,4), we develop a system that has the potential to produce hydrogen fromhighly ordered nanotubes arraywater under induction of visible light.

Reaction Processes”, Chem.Mater, (2010), 22, 5636-5643.
6. Qin, G., Zhang, Y., Xuebin, K., Tong,X., Sun,Z., Liang,M., Xue, S.: “Photocatalytic Reduction of
Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid, Formaldehyde, and Methanol using dye-Sensitized TiO2 Film”,

Highly Ordered Titania Nanotubes (HOTN) arrays have been successfully prepared by electrochemical

App.Cat.B: Environ, (2013), 129, 599-605.

oxidation (anodization) of titanium metal sheets in a viscous electrolyte. The electrolyte is comprised ofethylene glycol and water containing fluoride ion. By varying anodization voltage (20 – 60 volts) and time
(30 – 120 minutes), at certain electrolyte composition (ethylene glycol/ water/F-), a typical tube length (2 - 7μm), inner tube diameter (40 – 80 nm), and thickness of the tube’s wall (10 – 27 nm) can be controlled. The
prepared HOTN then was sensitized by CdS nano particle by a SILAR (successive ionic layer adsorption andreaction) method5). The resulting CdS/HOTN showed an excellent response toward visible light
The obtained CdS/HOTN was then employed to construct a modified dyes sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
with catalysis zone extension6). To assemble the modified DSSC, the HOTN sheet was prepared carefully, inwhich half of the HOTN was sensitized by CdS (hence CdS/HOTN), dedicated as DSSC zone and the otherhalf part was left uncovered, managed as a catalysis zone. The DSSC zone is a sandwich of CdS/HOTN,
electrolytes (Na2S/S; KCL in methanol water), and Pt/SnO2-F Glass. Upon absorbing light, the CdS in the
DSSC produce excited electrons that flow to Titania and subsequently migrate to the catalysis zone. Free
electrons in the catalysis zone eventually reduce protons (water) in its adjacent to generate hydrogen. The
deficit electrons in CdS semiconductor (valence band) will be compensated by electrolytes in the DSSC zone,
which will have uptake electrons from the counter electrode in the catalysis zone. So in the catalysis zone
there will be reduction reaction of water (proton) to produce hydrogen (acceptor electron from the DSSCzone) and oxidation reaction of water to produce molecular oxygen or hydroxyl radical (donor electron to
the DSSC zone). As long as light strikes the DSSC zone the catalysis zone will eventually produce hydrogen.
The above modified DSSC which is employing CdS/HOTN absorbs visible light and converts it to energy
which induces a chemical reaction in the catalysis zone to produce hydrogen from water. In our typicalmodified DSSC, when the active counter electrode (semiconductor) was being employed, the system cansplit water to hydrogen and molecular oxygen, by solely visible light, thus a kind of artificial photosynthesis.

38

39thickness was 58 μm showed CO2 permeance of 110 GPU and
CO2/N2 selectivity of 100 for CO2/N2 gas mixture (CO2

Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University

partial pressure = 10 kPa) at 373 K (Fig. 2). The ion gel

Tomohisa Yoshioka

membrane can hold a large amount of ionic liquid in a gel
network, which guarantees its stability, and also provided a

1. Introduction

high CO2 permeance and CO2/N2 selectivity as a normal

A membrane separation process is known to be energy saving in comparison with other separation processes

liquid membrane. A thinning technology of the membrane issuch as sorption or adsorption, and also a small footprint process due to its compact module volume. Gas

currently a key factor for the practical application of the ion

separation is one of the potential applications of membranes and is under active research and development.

gel membrane.

Carbon dioxide separation by membranes, however, has not led to practical use on an industrial scale. Since

1000

Gas permeance / GPUhigh mechanical strength. The ion gel membrane whose

100
10
1

0.1
1000

CO2/N2 Selectivity

Membrane Technology for CO2 Separation in Kobe University― Ionic Liquid Impregnated Gel and Ceramic Membranes ―

0

20
40
60
80
CO2 partial pressure at feed / kPa

100
10

Iongel membrane
SILM

the increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is recognized as one of the reasons for recent global

3. Ceramic-based organic-inorganic composite membranes

warming and climate change, a high reduction target of CO2 emissions was put forward after the Kyoto

Microporous amorphous silica membranes and metal doped

Protocol in 1997, and several research projects on CO2 capture, storage, and its effective utilization are insilica membranes were reported to have high CO2 permeanceprogress in Japan. Organic polymeric membranes such as polyimide, cellulose acetate, polysulphone, andand CO2/N2 selectivity17-19). However, due to instability ofpolycarbonate membranes have been developed and were well studied for their applications to gas separation

silica membranes in water vapor and difficulty in membraneprocesses1). In addition to these membranes, new polymeric membranes of thermally-rearranged (TR)fabrication, silica membranes have not been in practical use

polymer membrane and PIM (Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity) membrane are also recently developed

for CO2 separation processes yet. In order to improveand are expected to be used for CO2 separation processes2,3). A facilitated transport membrane is anotherinstability of silica membranes, silica-zirconia composite

candidate that can be applied to CO2 separation processes. This type of membrane contains alkali metal salt,

membranes for CO2 separation have been studied, while their membrane performance is not still insufficientamine compound, or polyamidoamine dendrimer as a CO2 carrier that have special high affinity to CO24,5,6).

because of difficulty in pore size control of the membranes 20). The advantage of the sol-gel derived ceramic

These organic based polymeric membranes seem to be promising, while even more improvements for theirmembrane is its high permeance, however, since the affinity to CO2 of amorphous silica membranes is notmembrane performance such as mechanical strength, stability, gas permeability and selectivity are required.

so large compared to organic polymeric membranes, a precise pore size control technology is required to

In Kobe University, we have the first Center for Membrane and Film Technology in Japan, and are working

utilize molecular sieving effect of microporous ceramic membranes for gas separation17). Therefore, fromon development of membrane and membrane separation processes for water treatments and gas separations.

the viewpoint of pore size control in sub-nano scale and CO2 affinity control, ceramic-based new CO2

Concerning CO2 separation membranes, other than the above organic polymeric type membranes, we are

separation membranes are under research and development.

focusing on ionic liquid impregnated gel membranes, and ceramic based organic-inorganic composite

TiO2 and ZrO2 materials have excellent thermal and chemical stability. However, since both of the above

membranes.

materials have a crystalline structure, it is not easy to control the pore size of sol-gel derived TiO2-ZrO2

1

0
20
40
60
80
CO2 partial pressure at feed / kPa

Fig. 2 CO2 partial pressure dependency of theion gel membrane and supported ionic liquid
membrane containing tetrabutylphosphonium
prolinate as the CO2 carrier (T = 373 K, Pfeed =Ppermeate = atmospheric pressure, and relative
humidity = 0%).12)

membranes with micropores for gas separation. It is reported that a useful amorphous structure for gas
2. Ionic liquid impregnated gel membranes
In recent years, CO2 separation membranes which utilize

104.1°
TiO2–ZrO2–ISOH
top layer

top surface

thermally and chemically stable ionic liquid as a CO2
separation medium are being developed all over the world.
There are several scientific and technological reports on

SiO2–ZrO2
intermediate layerintermediate layer(surface)developments and research works carried out in Japan about
facilitated transport membranes with CO2 reactive ionic liquid
as a CO2 carrier7-10), ionic liquid impregnated gel (so-called
ion gel) membranes11,12), polyimide-ionic liquid composite
membranes15,16).
The Center for Membrane and Film Technology in Kobe
University has successfully developed ion gel membranes with

Fig. 1 Snapshot of an example of ion gel
membrane. The membrane thickness isaround 300 μm.

CO2 reactive ionic liquid as a CO2 carrier. Figure 1 is an example of the appearance of the ion gel membrane.
The concentration of CO2 reactive ionic liquid impregnated in a gel network was 80 wt%, and it showed

40α-Al2O3 support

α-Al2O3 support

membranes13,14), and porous ceramics-ionic liquid composite

Surface

2 µm

Cross section

500 nmFig. 3 FE-SEM snapshots of TiO2–ZrO2–ISOH membrane.23)

41

separation could be prepared by combination of TiO2 and ZrO221). In addition, gas separation membranes

3) Kazama, S, Teramoto, T, Haraya, K : J. Membr. Sci., 207, 91–104 (2002)

could be prepared by addition of chelating ligands22,23). The aim of the investigations is the development

4) Kai T, Kouketsu T, Duan S, Kazama S, Yamada K : Separ. Purif. Technol., 63, 524–530 (2008)of new TiO2-ZrO2 membranes for CO2 separation and we considered the effect of dopamine (DOA) with

5) Taniguchi I, Duan S, Kazama S, Fujioka Y : J. Membr. Sci., 322, 277–280 (2008)

amino group as chelating ligands on CO2 adsorption and permeation characteristics. Figure 3 shows FE-

6) Duan S, Kai T, Taniguchi I, Kazama S : Energy Procedia, 63, 167–173 (2014)

SEM snapshots of an example of TiO2–ZrO2–organic chelate composite membrane for two different

7) Kasahara S, Kamio E, Ishigami T, Matsuyama H : Chem. Commun., 48, 6903-6905 (2012)

magnifications focused on the surface and cross section. A very thin smoothed TiO2-ZrO2-ISOH top layer

8) Kasahara S, Kamio E, Otani A, Matsuyama H : Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 2422-2431 (2014)

on SiO2-ZrO2 intermediate layer was formed whose thickness was less than 100 nm. Figure 4 shows N2 and

9) Kasahara S, Kamio E, Matsuyama H : J. Membr. Sci., 454, 155-162 (2014)

CO2 adsorption isotherms for ordinal silica and TiO2-ZrO2-chelate gel powders. TiO2-ZrO2-DOA gel

10) Kasahara S, Kamio E, Shaikh AR, Matsuki T, Matsuyama H : J. Membr. Sci., 503, 148-157 (2016)

powder showed higher CO2 adsorption loading than silica in spite of its lower BET surface area. This result11) Kasahara S, Kamio E, Yoshizumi A, Matsuyama H : Chem. Commun., 50, 2996-2999 (2014)

suggests that amino group remained in the TiO2-ZrO2 amorphous structures and it effectively worked to12) Moghadam F, Kamio E, Yoshizumi A, Matsuyama H : Chem. Commun., 51, 13658-13661 (2015)

enhance the affinity to CO2 molecule. Figure 5 shows molecular size dependence of gas permeance at 20013) Kanehashi S, Kishida M, Kidesaki T, Shindo R, Sato S, Miyakoshi T, Nagai K : J. Membr. Sci., 430, 211-222°C for TiO2-ZrO2-DOA membranes calcined at 350 °C in N2.

The TiO2-ZrO2 membranes withmetalalkoxide:DOA ratio of 2:1 and 2:1.5 showed He/N2 permselectivity of 42 and 160 respectively, andCO2/N2 permselectivity was around 6. These values are larger than the Knudsen selectivity. The remaining(2013)
14) Shindo R, Kishida M, Sawa H, Kidesaki T, Sato S, Kanehashi S, Nagai K : J. Membr. Sci., 454, 330-338(2014)

organic matters originated from DOA might reduce the pore size of pinholes and also effectively have15) Albo J, Tsuru T : Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 8045-8056 (2014)

loosened the TiO2-ZrO2 amorphous structures to increase permeance of small He and CO2 molecules.

16) Albo J, Yoshioka T, Tsuru T : Separ. Purif. Technol., 122, 440-448 (2014)

100

10

Pure TiO2-ZrO2

TiO2-ZrO2-ISOH

0

0.2

TiO2-ZrO2-DOA

0.4 0.6
p/p0 [-]

0.8(b)

CO2 adsorbed amount [cc/g]

N2 adsorbed amount [cc/g]

(a)
SiO2

0

10-5

20

Permeance [mol / (m2 s Pa)]

200

1

0

0

20

40 60
p [kPa]80

Fig. 4 Adsorption isotherms of N2 at 77K (a) and CO2 at 308 K (b).

He

N2
CO2 CH4

CF417) Yoshioka T, Nakanishi E, Tsuru T, Asaeda M : AIChE J., 47(9), 2052-2063 (2001).

SF6Intermediate layer

10-6

TiO2-ZrO2-DOA 2:1

10-8

Temperature 200℃
Pu=0.2 MPa
Pd= 0.1 MPa

10-919) Yoshioka T, Maki T, Asaeda M, Tsuru T : Membrane, 32(1), 45-53 (2007)20) Coterillo CC, Yokoo T, Yoshioka T, Tsuru T, Asaeda M : Sep. Sci. Technol., 46, 1224-1230 (2011)

Intermediate layer

10-718) Asaeda M, Yamasaki S : Sep. Purif. Technol., 25, 151-159 (2001)21) Aust U, Benfer S, Dietze M, Rost A, Tomandl G : J. Membr. Sci., 281, 463-471 (2006)22) Spijksma GI, Huiskes C, Benes NE, Kruidhof H, Blank DHA, Kessler VG, Bouwmeester HJM : Adv. Master.,
18, 2165-2168 (2006)
23) Fukumoto T, Yoshioka T, Nagasawa H, Kanezashi M, Tsuru T : J. Membr. Sci., 461, 96-105 (2014)

TiO2-ZrO2-DOA 2:1.5

100

10-10
0.2

0.3
0.4
0.5
Kinetic diameter [nm]0.6

Fig. 5 Kinetic diameter dependencey of gas
permeance.

4. Conclusions
A membrane separation technology is promising for CO2 separation from flue gas, syngas, natural gas andbiogas due to its energy saving and low cost features. The Center for Membrane and Film Technology inKobe University is working on development of CO2 separation membranes, especially focusing on facilitatedtransport, ionic liquid gel, and ceramic membranes. Potentiality of the above mentioned membranes would
give a significant impact on the current CO2 capture technologies. Since CO2 separation performance of themembranes developed in the membrane center is world top level, and some of them would meet to a required
performance and be waiting for practical applications. These membranes and membrane processes would be
implemented in the not-distant future.

References
1) Robeson LM : J. Membr. Sci., 320, 390–400 (2008)
2) Scholz M, Melin T, Wessling M : Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 17, 199–212 (2013)

42

43

―

Using Propolis from Indonesian Honey Bees to Develop Products that Promote
Human Health ―Lecturer and Researcher in Universitas Indonesia
Dr. Muhamad Sahlan

Indonesia has several kinds of honey bees such as Apis dorsata, A. cerana, A. melifera and stingless bee【Preconference Report Session（Medicine and Healthcare）】
PRECONFERENCE SEMINAR
IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE
Kobe University Academic researchand Education Forum (KUAREF)
Universitas Gadjah Mada

Trigona. There are 30 species of Trigona in Indonesia that have been identified. As well as honey, stinglessdeveloping products of Indonesian Propolis for advanced applications, especially for promoting humanhealth. Our technology can separate resinous extract and wax. We applied the extract and the wax to several
health care products such as liquid propolis extract for food supplements, hard candy, the propolis fluoride,

Universitas Gadjah Mada is one of 3 Core
University in Collaboration with ICMR Kobe
University

SUNARTINI
Kobe University Alumni
Dept. of Pediatrics, Fac. of Medicine UGM
1

2

PRECONFERENCE SEMINAR
IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE

PRECONFERENCE SEMINAR
IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE

wax to create a sealing material in their hive, smooth out the internal walls, and protect the entrance againsthas an aromatic odor. Our research focus is exploring the novel concept of the separation process andKobe University Academic Research and Education Forum (KUAREF)
Universitas Gadjah Mada

The Programs are under the JSPS Exchange
Scientists Program and Ronpaku Doctorate
Program start from 1979
During that periods Universitas Gadjah Mada
more consentrate in Perinatology
We conduct more than 5 times International
Seminars in Perinatology

bee Trigona produces much propolis. Propolis is a complex material containing resins, and it is mixed with
intruders. Propolis color varies depending on its sources; mostly it seems yellowish green to dark brown and

PRECONFERENCE SEMINAR
IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE

the CPP-ACP propolis gel, mouthwash containing propolis extract, and chewing gum containing wax
propolis for oral health care. The wax propolis is also applied in medicated soap, especially to treat
Leucorrhea disease.
Keywords: Indonesian propolis, separation, products, health care.

Since 2003 the collaboration improve and extend
especially with Department of Public Health andEpidemiology Genetics under Prof. Nishio andFaculty of Health Science under Prof Takada
Beyond this period there was a big earthquake therole of Our Colleague from Kobe were very big andhelp full. We had no experience how to manage
this condition. Start after that in very intens
collaboration with Kobe University we conduct
Annual Seminar on many aspects of Disaster. Tentimes of seminar and workshop have aleady done.
That’s why the 3rd session is about Disaster
3

PRECONFERENCE SEMINAR
IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE

Kobe University Academic Research and Education Forum (KUAREF)
Universitas Gadjah Mada

Session II : Infectious Diseases and Treatments• Anti-Flavivirus Compounds From Natural
Resources : Prof. em Hak Hotta (Kobe Univ)• Molecular Mechanisms of Anti Tuberculosis
Drugs Resistance : Triwibawa MD PhD (UGM)• Self Expanding Resilience through Well-Chained
and Partnership-Based Disaster Preparedness
Program : Prof. Djoko Legono (UGM)544

Kobe University Academic Research and Education Forum (KUAREF)
Universitas Gadjah Mada

Seminar Overview Prof. Satoshi Takada
Session I : Genetic Analysis ln The Field of Child
Neurology• Diagnosis of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Prof. Hisahide Nishio* Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA): Advances intherapeutic development : Nur Imma Fatimah
Harahap, MD, PhD. (Kobe University, JAPAN)• The role of SCN1A gene in genetic /generalized
epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS+) in
Indonesian population : Prof. ES Herini (UGM)4

PRECONFERENCE SEMINAR
IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE
(KUAREF) - Universitas Gadjah Mada 20176

Session III : Establishment of UNESCO Chair• Drawing Disaster and Recovery: Five Years of the
Popoki Friendship Story Project : Ronni Alexander(Kobe Univ)• Disaster and Gender Inquiry in a Stricken Area : :Tomoko Nakahara (Kobe Univ)• “Kobe Style” How to share the gender aspects ofdisaster Yunko Okada (Kobe Univ)• Interprofessional Teamwork in Community
Rehabilitation Affected by Earthquake onMay 27th
2006 In Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia. Prof. Sunartini(UGM)• Maternal Health in Disaster Situation ‘ Elsi Dwi
Hapsari
645

Educational Collaborate Projectsof
Kobe University and Some
Indonesian Universities
Takada Satoshi

Professor, Graduate School of Health
Sciences andVice President of Kobe University

7

Educational Collaborate Projects
3. Another important project is the Educational
Disaster Management undertaken incollaboration with Universitas Gadjah Mada
4 JGID stand for the Japan Initiative for Global
Research Network on Infectious Disease (JGRID)

9

Diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy
1. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common
neuromuscular disorder with an autosomal
recessive inheritance trait.
2. In 1995, the survival motor neuron gene (SMN)
was identified as a candidate gene for SMA. ,SMN1 and SMN2. SMN1 is absent from morethan 95% of SMA patients and deleteriously
mutated in the remaining patients. SMN1 has
been recognized as an SMA-causing gene.

11

46

Educational Collaborate Projects
1. Continuous education collaboration between
the Kobe university and several universities inIndonesia
2. “Education of medical and health science
leaders in the coming generation, in
cooperation and collaboration with ASEAN
countries”, as a currently project of Kobe
University

Summary
SMA diagnostic methods
PCR-RFLP* method*Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism
MLPA* assay*Multiplex Ligation Probe
Amplification
HRMA* method*high-resolution melting curve
analysis

8

Diagnosis ofspinal muscular atrophy
Hisahide Nishio, MD, PhD.
(Kobe University, JAPAN)

Prof. Nishio explained about clinicaland laboratory confirmation using
genetic analysis of SMA disease
It is very useful not only for diagnosis
but it is more important for treatment
and prevention

Conclusion

1. SMN1 deletion causes SMA.
2. SMN2 copies modify SMA
symptoms.

3. Filter paper card can be used
for gene analysis.

13

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA):
Advances in therapeutic development
Nur Imma Fatimah Harahap, MD, PhD.
(Kobe University, JAPAN)

Dr. Ima as an assistant of Prof Nishio work hardin basic and clinical research in Kobe University
to find out the new model for management of
SMA. The results of this research will besuitable for managing SMA in children. Hope forthe future live

14

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA):
Advances in therapeutic development
1. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is aneuromuscular disorder with autosomal
recessive inheritance trait
2. SMN2, the homologue copy of SMN1 which
always retains in SMA patients. SMN2 isconsidered to be an SMA-modifying gene.
3. Current strategies can be classified into
three groups.
 The first , “SMN1-introduction strategies”
 The 2nd “SMN2–targeting strategies”
 The 3rd “Non-SMN-targeting strategies”
4. confidence that SMA will be able to be treated in

the near future.

10

15

16

Diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy

Treatment Strategy

Valproic Acid

3. SMN2 was previously considered to bedispensable because approximately 5% ofnormal individuals do not carry the gene Highcopy number of SMN2 can partiallycompensate for the lack of SMN1.
Thus, SMN2 is now considered to be an SMAmodifying gene.
4. Identify the mutation in SMN1 and determine
the copy number of SMN2. the outline of
methods for SMN gene analysis in mypresentation, as well as molecular findings
observed in our SMA patients.
12

1. Promoter activation
2. Splicing correction
3. Protein stabilization

17

2009
VPA improved the motor function in
SMA patient. (Swoboda et al.)2012
VPA increased SMN transcript andprotein. (Harahap et al.)
18

47

Salbutamol
2007
Salbutamol increases SMN transcript
and protein level in SMA fibroblasts
cells. (Angelozzi et al.)4

2011
Salbutamol might increase SMN
transcription level in SMA patients.
(Tizziano et al.)1

SMA fibroblasts
treated with Salbutamol

2

GEFS+
Relative ratio to Tubulin

0
Mock

1H

6H

8H

12 H

24 H

36 H

20

Summary

The role of SCN1A gene in
genetic/ generalized epilepsy withfebrile seizure plus (GEFS+) in
Indonesian population

26

The role of SCN1A gene

The role of SCN1A gene
3. Clinical manifestation is Dravet syndrome
and 3 of 20 (15%) patients that diagnosed
as GEFS+, had SCN1A mutation.
4. more than 60 heterozygous pattern
SCN1A mutations, which many are
mutations, have been detected in Dravet
syndrome and GEFS+.

24

Conclusion

Genotype-Phenotype Relationship SCN1A gene has a role in the pathogenesis
of GEFS+ in Indonesia Further study to investigate the othergenes involved in GEFS+ is mandatory forbetter understanding of its pathogenesis
and therapy in the future.

Prof. Herini done her research in Kobe. This
research was a part of her dissertation
She found that SCN1A gene has a significant
role in clinical manifestation of generalized
epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS +)
22

23

25

Prof. Elisabeth S. Herini
Dept. of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine UGM

21

1. Genetic/Generalized epilepsy with febrile
seizure plus (GEFS+) is the most importantfamilial epileptic syndrome
2. Clinical manifestation of GEFS+ spectrum
varies from classic febrile seizure to the most
severe type which is Dravet Syndrome/ severe
myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI).

• The most important familial
epileptic syndrome• It links febrile seizure with various
other epileptic seizures/syndrome• Genetic relations between (1)benign and severe and (2) focal
and generalized epileptic
disorders

0.005 ȝM0.05 ȝM
0.5 ȝM

19

Salbutamol inhibits
ubiquitin-mediatedSMN degradation

48

3

GEFS+

Channelopathy

SMN Protein Levels

27

28

References

1. Herini ES, Gunadi, et al. (2010)Generalized epilepsy
with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) spectrum: clinicalmanifestations and SCN1A mutations in Indonesianpatients. Epilepsy Research 90(1-2):132-9.
2. Herini ES, Gunadi, et al. (2010) Novel SCN1A mutationsin Indonesian patients with severe myoclonic epilepsy ininfancy. Pediatrics International 52(2):234-9.

29

Anti-Flavivirus Compounds From
Natural Resources
Hak Hotta, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus, Kobe University
Endowed Chair and Professor, Department of Vaccine
and Drug Development
Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences

30

49

Anti-Flavivirus Compounds
From Natural Resources

Anti-Flavivirus Compounds
From Natural Resources

1. Dengue virus (DENV) and hepatitis C virus(HCV) belong to the same virus family
Flaviviridae
2. DENV infection and HCV infection cause aglobal health problem
3. The potential use of those substances as seed
compounds to develop antiviral drugs against
ENV and/or HCV

4. Natural resources are a good candidate fordrug screening. It has been aiming at
identifying an antiviral compound(s) against
DENV and/or HCV isolated from natural
resources, such as medicinal plants,
microbes, insects and other animal products
5. It had identified a number of antiviralcompounds against DENV and HCV frommedicinal plants, microbes and anils.

1. The attempts those have been made toestablish the community resilience against
possible disasters those might take place ata certain area.
2. The well-chained process is applied toprovide the concept of the ‘working with’rather the ‘working for’ as stated by previous
worker (Salter, et al., 1987).
3. The partnership-based is underlined as apart of self funding and initiative activities
and preparedness those become essential
factors towards the self expanding activities
and therefore also maintain further
sustainability of the program

31

32

37

Molecular Mechanisms of Anti
Tuberculosis Drugs Resistance
Tri Wibawa

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Dr. Tri Wibawa explain that Tuberculosis control
is further hampered by the emergence ofmultidrug resistance (MDR), which is strain that
resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid
More recently, severe forms of drug resistancewhich is called as extensively drug-resistant (XDR)

Molecular Mechanisms of Anti
Tuberculosis Drugs Resistance
1. Tuberculosis is a serious health problem inIndonesia. In a recent decade, there was no
significant invention of new anti tuberculosis
drugs reported
2. Tuberculosis control is further hampered by
the emergence of multidrug resistance(MDR), which is strain that resistance to atleast rifampicin and isoniazid,

Self Expanding Resilience ……….

Drawing Disaster and Recovery:…..
1. This project, run by the Popoki Peace Project,began in Sendai, and has included many
locations within and outside of Japan, with aparticular emphasis on Otsuchi-cho, Iwate
Prefecture
2. How the Popoki Friendship Story Project has
evolved over the past five years. In particular
at:




33

34

39

Molecular Mechanisms of Anti
Tuberculosis Drugs Resistance

Self Expanding Resilience through WellChained and Partnership-Based Disaster
Preparedness Program

Disaster and Gender Inquiry in
A Stricken Area

3. The tuberculoses therapy relay on theconventional drugs, such as; Isoniazid,
Rifampicin, Pyrazinamides.Ethambutol, andStreptomycin.
4. Tuberculosis control is further hampered by
the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR),
which is strain that resistance to at least
rifampicin and isoniazid
5. More recently, severe forms of drug
resistancewhich is called as extensively drugresistant (XDR)
3550(1) the importance of art-making in theexpression of the experience of disaster andrecovery;(2) the importance of emotion and feeling safe innarratives of disaster and recovery; and(3) what this project can tell us about genderand disaster.

Djoko Legono
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada36

1. To clarify present situation in a area
whichisone of the stricken area by The
Great East Japan Earthquake, especially todisaster effects on gender.
2. The disaster situation, living condition, work
condition, individual income, householdincome, health condition, family relation,
hope for the future and so on.

41

Drawing Disaster and Recovery: Five
Years of the Popoki Friendship Story
Project

Ronni Alexander

Professor Graduate School ofInternational Cooperation Studies Kobe University

38

Disaster and Gender :Inquiry in A Stricken Area

Tomoko Nakahara
Assistant Professor Gender Equality Office,
Kobe University

40“Kobe Style” How to share thegender aspects of disasterYunko Okada (Kobe Univ)

42

51

“Kobe Style” How to share thegender aspects of disaster1. The Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake was first
one that women advocated the need forconsideration of the gender aspects of disasterin Japan
2. The Gender Equality Office of Kobe University
decided to establish the UNESCO Chair focus
on this issue in cooperation with researchers ofKobe University and of foreign institutions

43

Integrated Mobile Rehabilitation
A Model of Interprofessionals Teamwork
Cummunity Rehabilitation After
Earthquake
MAY 27 2006 IN BANTUL DISTRICTYOGYAKARTA SPECIAL AREAS INDONESIA

Sunartini

Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Gadjah Mada

“Kobe Style” How to share thegender aspects of disaster3. To consider the gender aspects of disaster for
Kobe citizens and the government officers ofsome countries in Africa in preparation for the
UNESCO Chair

Jogja Earthquake 2006

INTEGRATED MOBILE REHABILITATION
4. About 3750 victims were received medication,wound care and rehabilitation, physiotherapy,
occupational therapy, psychological therapy.
5. Traning for producing handicraft or food andsnacks for people with disabilities after
earthquake so they can work daily return
6. Build Children House for Trauma healing,
physiotherapy, occupational therapy andcontinued with establishment of inclusive
underfive early education program,

44

INTEGRATED MOBILE REHABILITATION• The greatearthquake,magnitude 6.2
happened in
Yogyakarta
and Central
Java inIndonesia on
May 27,2006.

49

50

Jogja Earthquake 2006

EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION NETWORKContent of Presentation
1. Description of Earthquake on May 27, 2006
2. The problems of victims health care in theemergency phase
3. The role of Universitas Gadjah Mada after
Yogyakarta earthquake
a. Mini Hospital became the Real Hospitalb. The Role of Nursing School - Faculty of
Medicine UGM
VICTIMS : MORE THAN 30.000 WERE INJURESDEATH : 6.700
6-Feb-17

45

46

INTEGRATED MOBILE REHABILITATIONINTEGRATED MOBILE REHABILITATION
4. Integrated Mobile Rehabilitation, CBR-CEP
SNUGM-JICA
a. First Bathb. Second Bathc. Children House “ Griya Lare Utami”(Kobe Funds)
5. Future Plan of School of Nursing UGM andChildren House “Griya Lare Utami)

47

52

1. E
Earthquakethk magnitude
it d 6
6.2
2 RC struckt k
Yogyakarta and Central Java on May 27th
2006.
2. Conducting Mobile Rehabilitation and Trauma
Healing provided by Integrated Rehabilitation
Team (nurses, physiotherapist, medical
rehabilitation doctors, psychologist, andpediatricians)
3. Mobile Rehabilitation with Interprofessional
teamwork empowering local community tosupport the victims to improve their own
capacity and quality of live
48

51

Diagnosis, Mentoring
Case Invention, Taruma
Healing

Assessment. Diagnosis or clinicalproblems and medical treatment

Physiotherapy,
speech therapy,
aids, etc

PHYSIOTHERAPIES
TEAM

Handling,
nutritionalcounselling andenvironmental
health

MEDICALTEAM

PSYCHOLOGICAL TEAMTEACHERVICTIMS
JOGJA
EARTHQUICKE
JUNE 27th2006

Medical Record
And Reporting

SOCIAL
WORKERSSECURITYSPIRITUALTEAM &CADER
TRANSPORTAMBULANCE& IT

53

The problems of victims healthcare in the emergency phase

Wound care,including postoperative
maternal care

NURSES &MIDWIFE

NUTRITION& HEALTH
PROMOTION
TEAM

52

52

IPTW COMMUNITY REHABILITATION
Policy, Training
Coordination,Collaboration

Seminar Nasional : Peran perawat dalam bencana /PSIK FK UGM 27 Feb 07

Data, social economy, andemployment of
the victims, etc

Supporting andSustrengthening inspiritual, religion
and beliefs

Providingof transportation,
Prov
vidi
ambulances, local transportation(motor trycicle/becak)

Difficult transportation
Health facilities were destroyed
A big number of victims with various type of injury
It needs many operations Æ FIELD HOSPITALS
54

53

First Bath Mobile Rehabilitation

CHILDREN HOUSE “GRIYA LARE UTAMI”
The objective of Children House :1. Providing rehabilitation services by integrated
healthteam(consistofnurses,physiotherapists,
medicalrehabilitation
doctors, psychologists, and pediatricians) inthe targeted areas in sub-districts/village level
2. Period : July – January 2007

To become the centre for childpotential development in rural area
after earthquake- To improve the welfare of children inrural area after earthquake- To rehabilitate the victims (children)from physical and psychological trauma-- To givea special training for improving- capacity and potency of children in art and handicraft- To improve funds rising and social economy of themother / family- To improve community Empowerment
55

56

Closing Remarks: Professor Noriyuki INOUE
Executive Vice President in charge ofInternational Exchange and Internal Control,
Kobe University
Distinguished guests, honorable speakers,
ladies and gentlemen.
It is truly an honor to make the closing
remarks here since I am sure that today’s forum
was a meaningful event. Each and every
presentation was illustrative of advanced
research ongoing at Kobe University andUniversitas Indonesia, and also of our sharedinterest in wide-ranging academic disciplines,frompolitical

sciencetomembranetechnology.

Maternal Health in Disaster Situation

Maternal Health inDisaster Situation
Elsi Dwi Hapsari
Department of Pediatric and Maternity Nursing,
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada

57

1. Health of women during pregnancy, childbirthand postpartum period in Indonesia is still
become priority to be improved
2. In disaster situation, pregnant woman is one ofvulnerable population because they are at riskof poor physical, psychological, or social healthafter disaster3. Contraceptive method is a unique aspect inreproductive health of a woman that needs
involvement of her partner/husband
4. several efforts are proposed to improve thematernal health in Indonesia especially indisaster situation
58

Moreover, the preconference held two days ago in Universitas Gadjah Mada was also fruitful as weheard from the report.
I am delighted to have witnessed the success of these events, which I am sure will be a further step
toward closer cooperation between Kobe University and prestigious Indonesian universities, fromwhich we had the honour of welcoming today’s eminent speakers.
In recent years Kobe University has been rapidly and actively deepening its connection with overseas
universities. One major strategy in this area is holding an international academic symposium like
today’s, and I sincerely hope that today’s forum has provided a valuable opportunity to bringIndonesian and Japanese researchers closer and to move advanced research still forward.
On a final note, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the generous support of
Universitas Indonesia and Universitas Gadjah Mada in organising the preconference and today’s
forum. We sincerely look forward to cooperating with you again in the near future.

KUAREFAND UNESCO CHAIR ARE GIVING
US AN OPPORTUNITY TO
IMPROVE OUR MUTUALCOLLABORATION WITH
KOBE UNIVERSITY

59

54

Thank you very much for your attention.

60

55

< notes >56