Additional file
Supplemental Text 1. Details of urine analysis
In brief, urine was thawed, stirred, allowed to stand for 1 hour at 4 oC and the supernatant extracted asfollows. One hundred µL of internal standard mixture (each IS at 10 µg/kg) was added to 100 µL ofurine samples; and the samples were mixed well. Then 2800 µL of distilled water was added into eachsample. Two different types of solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used for the purification.
The first SPE was InertSep Pharma (60 mg/3 ml) (GL Science, Inc, Tokyo, Japan), and was preconditioned by 3 mL of acetonitrile/ dichloromethane (1/ 1) reagent followed by 3 ml of distilledwater. The second SPE was InertSep PSA (100 mg/1ml) (GL Science), and pre-conditioned with 1 mLof acetonitrile/ dichloromethane (1/ 1) mixture. Prepared samples were loaded to pre-conditioned
InertSep Pharma and washed with 0.5 mL of distilled water. The sample-loaded InertSep Pharma (top)was combined with InertSep PSA (bottom) and the target chemicals were eluted with 3 ml ofacetonitrile/ dichloromethane (1/ 1) mixture. After concentrating and dry-solidifying with a centrifugal
concentrator (CVE-200D with UT-2000, Eyela, Tokyo, Japan), the samples were reconstituted with
100 μL of 3% methanol aqueous solution containing 10 µg/kg of cotinin-d3, and transferred in vials
for analysis.

Supplemental Text 2. Details of ion analysis in urine
In brief, urine was thawed, stirred, allowed to stand for 1 hour at 4 oC. 990 µL of distilled water wasadded to 10 µL of urine samples in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube, and the samples were mixed well. The
diluent was centrifuged at 15000 g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was transferred to an HPLC
vial for analysis. Cation (Na +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ , NH4+) concentrations were measured by ion
chromatography using an ion chromatograph (ICS-1500, Dionex), auto-sampler (AS-50, Dionex),
IonPac CG12A for guard column, IonPac CS12A for analytical column and CERS-500 for cation
suppressor. The degassed 20 mM methanesulfonic acid solution was used for eluent. Anion (Cl -, NO3-,
PO43-, SO42-) concentrations were measured by ion chromatography using an ion chromatograph(ICS1500, Dionex) and auto-sampler (AS-50, Dionex), IonPac AG12A for guard column, IonPac
AS12A for analytical column and AERS-500 for anion suppressor. The degassed 2.7 mM Na 2CO3 / 0.3
mM NaHCO3 solution was used for eluent.

Supplemental Text 3. Details of hair analysis
Briefly, hair samples were ground to a fine powder in a tissue lyser (Retsch MM 400, Germany) for 2
min at 30 Hz using a 20 mm stainless bead. Twenty-five mg of hair powder was transferred to a 2.0
mL microcentrifuge tube, and 1.5 mL of acetonitrile as well as 10 µL of internal standard solution
containing the five isotopically labelled neonicotinoids (125 ng/mL in acetonitrile) were added to thetube. The mixture was shaken in the tissue lyser for 3 min at 30 Hz, centrifuged and the supernatant
was reserved. The centrifuged tube containing the hair pellet was re-extracted in 1.5 mL of1acetonitrile; and the second extract was combined with the first one. A QuEChERS (Quick, Efficient,
Cheap, Easy, Rugged and Safe) procedure was then applied to the acetonitrile extracts by adding 2 mLof acetonitrile, 5 mL water, and 3.25 g of a mixture of salts composed of anhydrous MgSO 4 (2.0 g),
NaCl (0.5 g), sodium citrate dehydrate (0.5 g) and sodium citrate sesquihydrate (0.25 g). The tube wasvigorously shaken by hand, centrifuged; and the epiphase was recovered and transferred to anothertube containing 0.15 g MgSO4, 0.1 g C18 bulk phase, and 0.1 g primary-secondary amine bulk phasefor dispersive SPE. After another round of shaking and centrifugation, the supernatant was evaporated,reconstituted in 0.25 mL of methanol 25%, filtered and transferred to an HPLC vial for analysis.
Extracts were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass
spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) using a well-established method [1].
1.

Bonmatin JM, Mitchell EAD, Glauser G, Lumawig-Heitzman E, Claveria F, Bijleveld van Lexmond M, etal. Residues of neonicotinoids in soil, water and people's hair: A case study from three agricultural regionsof the Philippines. Sci Total Environ. 2021; 757:143822.

2

Supplemental Table 1. Neonicotinoids and metabolites quantification in urine from thegeneral population
Country of residence of participantsnQuantified neonicotinoids/metabolites

Ref.

Japan

33

6CNA

1

Japan

3

DMAP

2

Japan

147

6CNA, 2TCA, 3FA

3

Japan

52

IMI, ACE, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO, DIN

4

China

295

IMI, 6CNA

5

Japan

85

DMAP, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO

6

Japan

20

IMI, ACE, THI, NIT, CLO, TMX

7

Japan

373

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

8

Japan

223

IMI, ACE, NIT, TMX, CLO,

9

Sri Lanka

40

IMI, DMAP, TMX, CLO,

10

USA

60

IMI, 5OH-IMI, ACE,DMAP, THI, CLO

11

China

275

IMI, 6CNA

12

US

3038

IMI, 5OH-IMI, DMAP, CLO

13

Japan

46

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO, DIN

14

Japan

57

DMAP, DIN,

15

China

324

IMI, ACE, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

16

USA
Japan
Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, India, China, Greece, US

20

IMI, 6CNA , ACE, DMAP, TMX, DMTX, CLO, IMZ, SFO

17

50

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

18

566

IMI, 6CNA, ACE, DMAP, THI, TA, NIT, TMX, CLO, DIN

19

China

275

5OH-IMI, Of-IMI, DMAP, DIN-G, DIN-U

20

China

129

IMI, IMI-ole, DN-IMI, ACE, DMAP, TMX, CLO, DIN

21

China

289

IMI, ACE, DMAP, NIT, TMX, DMTX, CLO, DIN

22

Thai

100

IMI, IMI-ole, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN, SFO

23

Japan

1036

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

24

Japan

109

IMI, ACE, DMAP, TMX, CLO, DIN

25

China

408

IMI, 5OH-IMI, IMI-ole, DN-IMI, ACE, DMAP, TMX, CLO

26

Ghana

75

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO, DIN

27

143

IMI, IMI-ole, ACE, DMAP, THI, TA, NIT, TMX, CLO, DM-CLO,
DIN

28

China

40

IMI, 5OH-IMI , ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

29

China

386

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, CLO, DIN, SFO, IMZ

30

Sri Lanka

92

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

31

China

25

IMI, ACE, 6CNA

32

Thailand

China

20

IMI, IMI-ole, IMI-guanidine, IMI-urea, ACE, THI, TMX, CLO,
DIN, THI-amide, 6CNA

33

Switzerland

14

IMI, IMI-ole, DMAP, SFO

34

China

305

IMI, ACE, ,THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

35

USA

1381

IMI, 5OH-IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, CLO

36

China

20

IMI, 6CNA, IMI-ole, IMI-G, IMI-urea, ACE, DMAP, THI, THIamide, NIT, TMX, DM-TMX, CLO

37

Japan

68

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN

38

USA

171

ACE, CLO, IMI, DMAP, 6-CNA, NIT, TMX, SFO,

39

China

774

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO, DIN, SFO,I MZ

40

China

296

IMI, ACE, DMAP, 6CNA, 2TCA

41

Germany

77

IMI, ACE, THI, TIMX, 5OH-IMI, IMI-ole

42

China

151

IMI, ACE, CLO, THI, TMX, NIT, IMZ, DMAP, TA

43

China

118

USA

1397

IMI, 5OH-IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO, DM-CLO,
DIN, IMZ
5OH-IMI, DMAP, CLO

44
45

3

USA

47

CLO, NIT, TMX, 6CNA, THI-amide, DIN, IMZ, DMAP, DMTMX,

46

Germany

38

6CNA-glycine

47

China

8

IMI, ACE, CLO, THI, TMX, DIN, 5-OH-IMI, IMI-ole, DMAP

48

China

380

IMI, ACE, CLO, THI, TMX, NIT, DMAP, 6-CNA

49

China

500

IMI, IMI-ole, IMI-dn, DMAP, CLO, THI, TMX, 6-CNA

50

Japan

8538

IMI, IMI-ole, ACE, DMAP, THI, THI-amide, NIT, TMX, CLO,
CLO-dm, DIN, SULA, SULB

51

China

35

IMI, ACE, CLO, DIN, IMZ

52

China

3123

IMI, IMI-ole, 5OH-IMI, DN-IMI, DMAP, TMX, CLO, DM-CLO

53

USA

21

5OH-IMI

54

China

442

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO, DIN, IMZ, DMAP,
DM-CLO, DMTX, 5OH-IMI

55

USA

1192

IMI, 5OH-IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, CLO

Philippines

99

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO, DIN

56
Current study

Abbreviations: IMI, imidacloprid; 6-chloro-nicotinic acid; 5OH-IMI, 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid; IMI-ole, imidacloprid-olefin;
IMI-urea, imidacloprid-urea; IMI-G, imidacloprid-guanidine; DN-IMI, desnitro-imidacloprid; 6CNA, ACE, acetamiprid;
DMAP, N-desmethyl-acetamiprid; THI, thiacloprid; TA, thiacloprid-amide; NIT, nitenpyram; TMX, thiamethoxam; DMTX,
N-desmethyl-thiamethoxam; CLO, clothianidin; DM-CLO, N-desmethyl-clothianidin; DIN, dinotefuran; 2TCA, 2-chloro1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid; 3FA, 3- furoic acid; DIN-G, 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl) guanidine; DIN-U, 1methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl) urea; SFO, sulfoxaflor; SUL.A, sulfoxaflor A; SUL.B, sulfoxaflor B; IMZ, imidaclothiz;
FLU, flupyradifurone; 5OH-FLU, 5-hydroxy- flupyradifurone; df-FLU; 4OH-THI, 4-hydroxy-thiacloprid; 4/5OH-IMI, 4hydroxy-/5-hydroxy-imidacloprid;

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Wrobel SA, Koslitz S, Belov VN, Bury D, Hayen H, Brüning T, Koch HM, Käfferlein HU. Quantitation of 6-chloronicotinic acid and2-chloro-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and their glycine conjugates in human urine to assess neonicotinoid exposure. Environ Res.
2023 Jun 1;226:115609. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115609.
Gao Y, Lu S, Zhao Q, Zhang B, Song S, Gui M, Wang Y, Sun H, Zhang T. Within-person variability of urinary neonicotinoids andtheir metabolites and recommendation for sampling strategy. Sci Total Environ. 2023 Aug 10;885:163898. doi:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163898.
Lu Z, Hu Y, Tse LA, Yu J, Xia Z, Lei X, Zhang Y, Shi R, Tian Y, Gao Y. Urinary neonicotinoid insecticides and adiposity measuresamong 7-year-old children in northern China: A cross-sectional study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023 Jun;251:114188. doi:
10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114188.
Sun J, He P, Wang R, Zhang ZY, Dai YQ, Li XY, Duan SY, Liu CP, Hu H, Wang GJ, Zhang YP, Xu F, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Yang HF.
Association between urinary neonicotinoid insecticide levels and dyslipidemia risk: A cross-sectional study in Chinese communitydwelling elderly. J Hazard Mater. 2023 Jul 26;459:132159. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132159.
Nishihama Y, Nakayama SF, Isobe T, Kamijima M; Japan Environment Child’en's StudyGroup. Association between maternal urinary
neonicotinoid concentrations and child development in the Japan Environment and Child’en's Study. Environ Int. 2023
Nov;181:108267. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108267.
Gu S, Fu L, Wang J, Sun X, Wang X, Lou J, Zhao M, Wang C, Zhang Q. MtDNA Copy Number in Oral Epithelial Cells Serves as a
Potential Biomarker of Mitochondrial Damage by Neonicotinoid Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study. Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Oct
24;57(42):15816-15824. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03835.
Wang A, Wan Y, Mahai G, Qian X, Li Y, Xu S, Xia W. Association of Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate, Pyrethroid, andNeonicotinoid Insecticides with Child Neurodevelopment at 2 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect.
2023 Oct;131(10):107011. doi: 10.1289/EHP12097.
Zahid M, Taiba J, Cox K, Khan AS, Uhing T, Rogan E. Pesticide residues in adults living near a bioenergy plant with 85,000 to ns ofcontaminated wetcake. Chemosphere. 2023 Dec 11;349:140941. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140941.
Yang Z, Wang Y, Tang C, Han M, Wang Y, Zhao K, Liu J, Tian J, Wang H, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Urinary neonicotinoids and metabolites
are associated with obesity risk in Chinese school children. Environ Int. 2023 Dec 2;183:108366. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108366.
Zhao H, Gui W, Tan X, Chen Y, Ning Y, Wang X. Exploratory analysis of the associations between neonicotinoids insecticides andserum lipid profiles among US adults: A cross-sectional, population-based study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023 Dec;268:115724. doi:
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115724. Epub 2023 Nov 22. PMID: 37992647.

6

Supplemental Table 2. Neonicotinoids and metabolites quantification in body fluid
except urine and in hair from the general population.
Blood

Serum

Umbilical cord serum
PlasmaCerebrospinal fluid
SalivaSemen
Breast milk

Bile
Tooth
Hair

Countryn

Detected neonicotinoids/metabolites

Ref.

Pakistan

109

IMI

1

Pakistan

184

6CNA

2

China

196

IMI, IMI-ole, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN, DIN-U

3

China

374

IMI, IMI-ole, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN, DIN-U

4

China

200

IMI, IMI-ole, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN, DIN-U

5

China

120

IMI, ACE, THI, NIT, TMX, CLO

6

Saudi Arabia

25

IMI, 6CNA, ACE, DMAP, TA ,TMX, CLO, DIN, SFO

7

China

1483

IMI, ACE, CLO, THI, TMX, NIT, DIN, FLU, SUL, DMAP

8

China

95

IMI, IMI-ole, ACE, DMAP, CLO, THI, TMX

9

Switzerland

14

IMI, DMAP, TMX, SFX

10

China

2525

IMI, ACE, CLO, THI, TMX, NIT, IMZ, DMAP, THI-amid

11

Switzerland

14

IMI, DMAP, TMX, SFX

10

China

188

IMI, 5OH-IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN, DIN-U

12

China

191

IMI-ole, DMAP, DM-CLO.

13

China

80

IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, NIT, CLO

14

China

32

IMI, TMX

15

China

137

IMI, ACE, CLO, NIT, TMX, DIN

16

China

201

IMI, ACE, IMZ, CLO, THI, NIT, TMX, DIN

17

China

127

IMI, 5OH-IMI, ACE, DMAP, THI, TMX, CLO, DIN, DIN-U

18

Greece

32

IMI

19

Burkina Faso

101

IMI, ACE,

20

China

204

IMI, ACE, THI, TMX, CLO

21Philippines

100

IMI, ACE, THI, TMX, CLO

22

Abbreviations: IMI, imidacloprid; 5OH-IMI, 5-hydroxy imidacloprid; IMI-ole, imidacloprid-olefin; ACE, acetamiprid;
DMAP, N-desmethyl acetamiprid; THI, thiacloprid; NIT, nitenpyram; TMX, thiamethoxam; CLO, clothianidin; DM-CLO,
desmethyl clothianidin; DIN, dinotefuran; DIN-U, 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl) urea; SFO, sulfoxaflor; IMZ,
imidaclothiz; THI-amid, thiacloprid-amid
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2.
3.

4.
5.

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7.

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Zhang H, Bai X, Zhang T, Song S, Zhu H, Lu S, Kannan K, Sun H. Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Their Metabolites Can Passthrough the Human Placenta Unimpeded. Environ Sci Technol. 2022 Dec 6;56(23):17143-17152. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06091.
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Lehmann E, Oltramare C, Nfon Dibié JJ, Konaté Y, de Alencastro LF. Assessment of human exposure to pesticides by hair analysis:
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8

Supplemental Table 3. Profiles of two participants urinary natrium were less than 15
mEq/L, and Five Participants Urinary Strong Ion Difference were more than 40 mEq/L
Sampling
Area

Mindanao

Age

Gender

Occupational
Pesticide
exposure

15

M

No

Hair
Dye

Neonicotinoids
detected in hair

32

M

Yes

Na+ inurine(mEq/L)

Na/K
in
urine

(mEq/L)No

Thiamethoxam
Clothianidin
Imidacloprid

Mindanao

Neonicotinoids
detected in urine

Strong Ion
Differencein urineNo

Thiamethoxam
Clothianidin

Imidacloprid
Acetamiprid

5.1

13.6

2.7

none

1.1

11.8

3.6

Imidacloprid
Luzon

47

M

Yes

No

Imidacloprid

thiamethoxam,
imidaclorpid

54.5

217.0

5.3

Luzon

38

F

No

No

none

imidacloprid

84.6

205.6

6.0

Luzon

33

F

No

yes

none

imidacloprid

43.7

113.8

5.0

DMAP

45.7

64.8

4.8

none

42.1

95.3

3.6

Thiamethoxam,
Marinduque

9

F

No

no

Clothianidin,
Acetamiprid

Mindanao

39

M

Yes

yes

Thiamethoxam,
Imidacloprid,
Thiacloprid9Supplemental Table 4. Comparison of urine and hair analysis of the three islands
Luzon (n=31)
>LOQ
Urine

Marinduque (n=31)

Meana

Max

(μg/L)(μg/L)

0.03

0.36

Mindanao (n=37)

Meana

Max

(μg/L)(μg/L)

45.1%

0.05

0.15

<LOQ

12.9%

0.03

>LOQ

Meana

Max

(μg/L)(μg/L)

35.1%

0.05

0.45

N.C.c

0.09

27.0%

0.04

0.30

N.C.

>LOQ

p valueb

Thiamethoxam

12.9%

Clothianidin0

Imidacloprid

61.3%

0.06

0.55

41.9%

0.04

0.22

43.2%

0.04

0.19

N.C.

Acetamiprid

3.2%

0.01

0.07

6.5%

0.01

0.09

18.9%

0.01

0.13

N.C.

Thiacloprid

0

<LOQ

0

<LOQ

2.7%

0.01

0.12

N.C.

Σ five NEO

64.5%

0.55

80.6%

0.16

0.26

67.6%

0.18

0.80

0.35

Nitenpyram

0

<LOQ

3.2%

0.03

0.25

2.7%

0.03

0.66

N.C.

Dinotefuran

19.3%

0.04

0.95

3.2%

0.03

0.20

24.3%

0.04

0.66

N.C.

DMAP

3.2%

0.01

0.27

3.2%

0.01

0.21

10.8%

0.01

0.09

N.C.

Σ NEO

71.0%

0.25

1.1

83.9%

0.24

0.35

78.4%

0.30

1.02

0.19

(μg/kg)(μg/kg)(μg/kg)(μg/kg)(μg/kg)(μg/kg)

Hair

0.15

Thiamethoxam

12.9%

0.01

0.25

3.2%

0.01

0.08

67.6%

0.16

129.28N.C.

Clothianidin

22.6%

0.02

0.33

45.1%

0.03

0.53

64.9%

0.08

6.72

N.C.

Imidacloprid

61.3%

0.06

0.63

25.8%

0.02

0.24

89.2%

0.27

341.40N.C.

Acetamiprid

12.9%

0.01

0.07

12.9%

0.005

0.06

13.5%

0.01

0.07

N.C.

Thiacloprid

3.2%

0.01

0.01

0

<LOQ

18.9%

0.01

0.02

N.C.

Σ five NEO

77.4%

0.13

0.66

61.3%

0.53

94.6%

1.03

350.52<0.001

0.09

a geometric mean on assumption <LOQ data is a half of LOQ; b one way ANOVA; c not calculable

10Supplemental Table 5. Comparison of hair neonicotinoid concentration in adult women
between hair dyed and hair un-dyed
Total

Hair dyed

Hair un-dyed(n=26)(n=9)(n=17)

Age (mean±SD)37.4 ± 19.3

34.9 ± 9.0

0.64

Pesticide related workers

n=3 (33%)

n=2 (14.8%)

0.22

>LOQ

>LOQ

Urine

Mean

>LOQ

(μg/L)

p valueb(μg/L)

Thiamethoxam

50.0%

22.2%

Clothianidin

15.4%

0

Imidacloprid

38.5%

66.7%

Acetamiprid

0

0

0

N.C.

Thiacloprid

0

0

0

N.C.

Total 5 NEO

80.8%

77.8%

0.178

88.2%

0.205

0.71

Dinotefuran

15.4%

22.2%

0.038

11.1%

0.032

N.C.

Nitenpyram

0

0

DMAP

3.8%

11.1%

Total 8 NEO

84.6%

77.8%

Hair

0.038

Mean

p valuea

0.076

70.6%

0.089

0.061

23.5%

0.036

N.C.

23.5%

0.036

N.C.

0

N.C.

0.008

0

N.C.

0.277

88.2%

(μg/kg)

0.290

0.83

(μg/kg)Thiamethoxam

15.4%

11.1%

0.006

17.6%

0.008

N.C.c

Clothianidin

34.6%

22.2%

0.013

41.2%

0.026

N.C.

Imidacloprid

57.7%

33.3%

0.023

76.5%

0.073

0.014

Acetamiprid

7.7%

0%

N.C.

11.8%

0.004

N.C.

Thiacloprid

7.7%

11.1%

0.005

5.9%

0.005

N.C.

Total 5 NEO

73.1%

44.4%

0.061

82.4%

0.144

0.017

a t-test; b Mann-Whitney U test; c not calculable

11Supplemental Table 6. Relationships between neonicotinoids detection in urine and in hair

Total

Category A

Category B

Category C

Category D

Urine>LOQ

+

+

-

-

Hair >LOQ

+

-

+

n

n

Thiamethoxam

11

Clothianidin

Sensitivity

Specificity

Positive

Negative-

Likelihood

Likelihood

n

n

ratio

ratio

20

19

49

0.35

0.72

1.27

0.90

9

5

36

49

0.64

0.58

1.52

0.62

Imidacloprid

25

22

34

18

0.53

0.35

0.81

1.35

Acetamiprid

0

10

13

76

0.00

0.85

0.00

1.17

DMAP/ Acetamiprid a

2

4

11

82

0.33

0.88

2.82

0.76

Thiacloprid

0

1

9

89

0.00

0.91

0.00

1.10

Total 5 NEO

53

16

24

6

0.77

0.20

0.96

1.16

Thiamethoxam

0

6

8

14

0.00

0.64

0.00

1.57

Clothianidin

0

0

18

10

N.C.

0.36

N.C.

N.C.

Imidacloprid

5

7

12

4

0.42

0.25

0.56

2.33

Acetamiprid

0

4

2

22

0.00

0.92

0.00

1.09

DMAP/ Acetamiprid a

1

1

1

25

0.50

0.96

13.00

0.52

Thiacloprid

0

0

0

28

N.C.

1.00

N.C.

N.C.

Total 5 NEO

12

4

11

1

0.75

0.08

0.82

3.00

Thiamethoxam

3

5

0

5

0.38

1.00

N.C.

0.63

Clothianidin

2

1

4

6

0.67

0.60

1.67

0.56

Imidacloprid

1

1

8

3

0.50

0.27

0.69

1.83

Acetamiprid

0

1

1

11

0.00

0.92

0.00

1.09

DMAP/ Acetamiprid a

0

0

1

12

N.C.

0.92

N.C.

N.C.

Thiacloprid

0

0

1

12

N.C.

0.92

N.C.

N.C.

Total 5 NEO

8

3

2

0

0.73

0.00

0.73

N.C.

Thiamethoxam

7

8

10

19

0.47

0.66

1.35

0.81

Clothianidin

7

4

12

21

0.64

0.64

1.75

0.57

Imidacloprid

17

8

11

8

0.68

0.42

1.17

0.76

Acetamiprid

0

5

10

29

0.00

0.74

0.00

1.34

DMAP/ Acetamiprid a

1

2

9

32

0.33

0.78

1.52

0.85

Thiacloprid

0

1

5

38

0.00

0.88

0.00

1.13

Total 5 NEO

28

5

9

2

0.85

0.18

1.04

0.83

Thiamethoxam

1

1

1

11

0.50

0.92

6.00

0.55

Clothianidin

0

0

2

12

N.C.

0.86

N.C.

N.C.

Imidacloprid

2

6

3

3

0.25

0.50

0.50

1.50

Acetamiprid

0

0

0

14

N.C.

1.00

N.C.

N.C.

DMAP/ Acetamiprid a

0

1

0

13

0.00

1.00

N.C.

1.00

Thiacloprid

0

0

3

11

N.C.

0.79

N.C.

N.C.

Total 5 NEO

5

4

2

3

0.56

0.60

1.39

0.74

a : Relationship between urine N-desmethyl acetamiprid concentration and hair acetamiprid concentration.

12