Global Focus on Knowledge 2005
Science of Matter
2. The Birth of Matter-Elementary Particles Atoms, and the
UniverseThe University of Tokyo, Theoretical Astrophysics
Group (UTAP)
Research Center for the Early Universe(RESCEU)
Katsuhiko Sato
The figures, photos and moving images with ‡ marks attached belong to their copyright holders. Reusing or
reproducing them is prohibited unless permission is obtained directly from such copyright holders.

Introduction
 Throughout history, we human beings have searchedfor our place in the cosmos.
 Encouraged by this intellectual curiosity, we havestudied our world and become a survivor in the processof natural selection.
 We have chosen to develop a huge brain in our feeble

body as a survival tactic.
 In the 20th century, we learned the mechanisms at both

extremes; from the elementary particles to the end of
the universe. The physical laws of the evolving
universe were studied though, remain incomplete.

Learning the World Means the Learning
About Ourselves.
“Where do we come from?” “What are we?” “Where are wegoing?” Gauguin’s masterpiece during his later years.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ‡In the physical world, in the universe;
We know who we are.
Human beings are the most fascinating creature existing in the universe.

The Universe: the Location of
Human Beings in the Physical World
Human bodies are made of hydrogen, which was instantly
filled by the Big Bang, and the chemical elements such ascarbon, nitrogen, and oxygen combined through the supernova
explosion.
 The galaxy, the Sun, the Earth, and the lives on Earth ofhumanity were born during the structural evolution of theuniverse.
 Life is another phase of its own functional morphology ofmatter. In addition, the evolution of living organisms isanother phase of its own evolution of matter. The brain
function follows the principles of magnetism and chemical
reaction.
 Evolutionary psychology treats the human mind as a productof evolution. Nevertheless, whether the human brain made upof physical principles actually has free will or not, has not yet
been found.
An objective learning of the self may provide guides
to life.

2. The Birth of Matter-Elementary Particles, Atoms, andthe Universe-

Lecture 1

How do we conceive the physicalworld? –Structural hierarchy of matter-

Lecture 2

The motion of physical world–
physical laws-

Lecture 3

Space-time –the “stage” of matterSpace-time and matter unite in motion todetermine the world’s structure.



Lecture 4

The creation and evolution of the universe –fora comprehensive understanding of nature-

How Do We Understand the PhysicalWorld?-Structural Hierarchy of Matter History
 Structural hierarchy of the physical world World of the atomic nucleus and its birth World of the elementary particle and its birth Dark matter and dark energy Where are the end points of the structural

hierarchy?

History: How Do We Conceive of the
Physical World?
Start from a human-scale perspective to a larger-scale perspective .
 The visible world seen by the human eye.
Small world: insects, the sand, and the soil.
Large world: large-size animals, mountains, oceans, continents, and the earth.

The visible world by tools.

Cosmicexpansion

Small world: microscopes, electron microscopes, and accelerators.
Large world: telescopes.

Not only can we conceive of visible light, but we canalso conceive of waves including radio waves, gamma
rays: every wavelength of the electromagnetic waves,particle beams, neutrinos, and gravity waves.

Telescopes: Deeper, Wider,
Multiwavelength, Particle Beams,
Neutrinos, and Gravity Waves

LISA

SDSS Telescope‡‡

PLANCK (2007年）

‡

‡

ALMA

‡

Astro-F (IRIS)

Telescope
Array
‡

‡
‡

“CANGAROO”
Telescope

SubaruTelescope

BESS

astroEII‡‡The Macroscopic System The Earth

6,000 km

Eratosthenes (ca. 276-ca.196 BC) 7,400 km

NASA ‡
Solar rays

7° 12‘
The sun’smeridianpassage
Alexandria
Syene
Well

The Macroscopic System Aristotle’s system
The EarthThe solar system

6,000 km Eratosthenes (ca. 276-ca.196 BC)

5.5 light hours (distance to Pluto)
Aristotle (ca. 384-ca.322 BC)

The galaxy (Milky Way Galaxy)
The radius of fifty thousand light years. W. Herschel (18C) and Kapstein (1915)



Superclusters and the Great WallA few hundred million light years.

The farthest reach of the observable universe
Between 10 to 20 billion light years.

gand its Structural
Hierarchy
Solar system

SDSS Project
COBE/DIRBE/TNPJP/nineplanets/Sudo

The galaxies of one hundred billion stars hang together in clusters,
containing countless number of galaxies in the universe.

‡

Andromeda Galaxy

2.3
millionlight Milky Way
銀
銀
years
天の川銀河：太陽など２，０００億個の星の集まり。
河河
河

The Small Magellanic Cloud

団
Th L

M

ll i Cld

Galaxies form a“honeycomb

The universe is filledwith galaxies over theThe Microscopic SystemLet
Let usus divide
divide aa mattermatter into
into
smallersmaller pieces.
pieces.
Atom

MatterAtomic nucleus

Atomic nucleus

ElectronProtonFurther
Further divide
divide them
them into
into
smallersmaller pieces.
pieces.

NeutronUp-quark

ProtonProtonProtonandandneutron
neutroncontaincontainthree
threequarks.
quarks.
Quark

Gluon

The Microscopic World

KEK
Accelerator‡

The world of microbes.

~100 nanometer

Optical microscope: A. Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to discover
microbes by monocular glasses.


The world of molecules and atoms≥ 0.3 nanometer

Invention of the electron microscope by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska. (1931) The
scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is used these days.


The world of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles≤ 10-14
meter
Particle accelerator: Lawrence invented cyclotrons.(1930)(Gh / c )3 1/ 2

The Planck length(theoretical research)~ 10-36 meter

The smallest measurement in space: quantum fluctuation in space. (no moreproduction of BH and WH)
Planck constant h, velocity of light C, and gravitational constant G.

Gr
ea

tW

all

We have learned the structure of the physical universe
from microcosmic to macrocosmic in 60 digits, which
solidly follows physical laws.

y
x
a
l
Ga

Solar system

e
n
t
ary

p

ar
t
i
c
le

s

Ele Atomic nucleus
m

Sun

es
ul
ec
ol
s
M
om
At

A
m
oeb

Human

Earth

a

(c) Sato 2003‡

In Search of the Smallest
Measurement of Matter
The atomic theories of ancient Greece.
 Thales (ca. 624-ca.547 BC) The world

originated from water.
 Empedocles (ca. 493-ca.433 BC) The world ismade of four elements: water, air, earth, andfire.
 Democritus (ca.460-ca.370 BC) All matter ismade of indivisible “atoms.”

These days: All ordinary matter is made ofatoms; the fundamental unit of the elements.

2002 Motizuki & RIKEN ‡Period 1 Group

1

2

3

5

6

7

2

HydrogenHeliumH:Essential elements to human body in
sufficient quantity.
:Essential elements to human body invery small quantities.
:Elements possibly essential tohuman body.
6
7
8
9
11
12
10

2

3

4

Lithium

Beryllium

Li

Be

11

12

SodiumMagnesium

Na Mg
20

19
4

18

Periodic Table of the Elements

1

Potassium Calcium

3
21

5

4
22

Scandium Titanium

23

24

25

26

Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron

27

28

CobaltNickelK

Ca Sc TiVCr

Mn Fe Co Ni

37

38

41

42

43

Rubidium

Strontium Yttrium

39

40

Zirconium Niobium

44

29
Copper

13

14

15

16

17

He

5

6

7

8

9

10

Boron

CarbonNitrogen

OxygenFluorine

Neon

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

13

14

15

17

18

Chlorine

Argon

16

Aluminum Silicon

PhosphorusSulfur

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

Zinc

Gallium

Germanium Arsenic

Cu Zn

47
6
La 4Palladium
Silver45

MolybdenumTechnetiumRuthenium Rhodium

Selenium Bromine

Kryptonﾘ

Ga Ge As Se Br

Kr

48

49

50

51

52

54

Cadmium

IndiumTin

Antimony

Tellurium IodineSn

Sb Te I

Xe
86

53

Xenon

Rb Sr

Y

55

56

5 7 〜7 1 7 2

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

CesiumBariumLanthanum Hafnium

Tantalum

Tungsten

Rhenium

OsmiumIridium

PlatinumGold

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

BismuthPolonium Astatine

Radon

Cs Ba

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

Ir

Pt

Au Hg Tl

Po At

Rn

105

106

107

109

110

111

Zr

87

88

8 9 〜1 0 3 1 0 4

Francium

RadiumActiniumFr

Ra

Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In

Rutherfordium
Dubnium Seaborgium

108

Bohrium Hassium

Rf

Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

Rg

5 7 〜7 1

57

Lanthanide
seriesLanthanum Cerium

La Ce Pr

Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb

8 9 〜1 0 3

89

92

ActinideseriesActinium Thorium

90

65

Praseodymium
Neodymium PromethiumSamarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium

91

93

94

95

96

Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium

Ac Th Pa

U

Np Pu

112

Roentgenium
MeitneriumDarmstadtium

97

113

Pb Bi

85

114

115

116

117

68

69

70

71

ErbiumThulium

Ytterbium Lutetium

118( GSI) (RIKEN)

66

67

Dysprosium Holmium

Dy

Ho Er

Tm Yb

98

99

101

100

102

Berkelium CaliforniumEinsteinium Fermium MendeleviumNobelium

Am Cm Bk CfLu103
Lawrencium

Es Fm Md No Lr
2002 Motizuki & RIKEN ‡The World of Atoms
An atom is composed of a nucleus and the electrons that are traveling in orbit
around it.

N=1 can contain 2electrons.

H

He

Li

Be

N=2 can contain 8electrons.

Ne
N=3 can contain 18
electrons.

Na

Chemicalcharacteristics of theelements are
determined mostly
by the characteristics
of electrons in theoutermost orbit or theones in the second
outermost orbit.

Periodic table stems from periodicity of theelectron’s shell structure.

Atomic Nucleus is a Cluster ofProtons and Neutrons
H

D

He

Li

B

All matter naturally existing on the Earth is composed of threeparticles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons bonds with neutrons by the force called nucleus force.

The physical world is extremely rich in its structure.
It is amazing to learn how this complex, diverse, andrich world is made of only three kinds of particles: theproton, the neutron, and the electron.

The World of the Atomic Nucleus
Nucleus GraphZ

Number of protons→(types of elements)

N=Z nucleus is stable in thesmall nucleus.
Known

le
b
Sta

ar
e
l
c
nu

le
b
a
(st

)
il ne

Magic number

Number of neutrons→(types of isotope)

Existing 256 types of stable nucleus(naturally 278 types of nucleus exist)
Already discovered RI about 2,900
types of nucleus
Limit of existence for atomic nucleus(theoretical hypothesis)
N
Magic numbers

2002 Motizuki & RIKEN‡

MagicNumbers
Follow the
Periodic Lawof the Atoms

A structure of such
orbital energy is calledshell structure.

‡radius20

Magic
Numbers

Shell Gaps

The amount of particles
stuck in the orbits
below the shell gaps iscalled a magic number.

Orbital energy of thenucleon

8
2

K.OtsukaThe Binding Energy of the Atomic
Nucleus

Binding energy per nucleon

One million
times theenergy used inchemical bondEnergyyield ofnuclearfusionEnergy yieldof nuclear
fission‡

Mass number

2002 Motizuki & RIKENThe Most Familiar Energy In Our
Everyday Life is Nuclear Energy+2e++2ve+26.7MeV
4 Hydrogen

Helium Energy of the Sun is

the energy of thenuclear fusion.
Direct sun light, the solar battery, thehydraulic power generation, and thefossil fuels (coal, mineral oil, and naturalgas) all come from the same source;
nuclear energy.

Consists mostly of light andthermal energy, which will
be emitted from the surfaceof the Sun ten to one
hundred years later.

p + p → 2H + e + + ν e

p + e − + p → 2H + ν e
2

3

H + p →3He + γ

He+ He→ He + 2 p
34

The Most Familiar Energy In Our
Everyday Life is Nuclear Energy Nuclear reactors and atomic bombs utilize

energy of nuclear fission.
+ n → 137 Ba + 97 Kr

235

U

235

U + n→

95

Mo +

139

La

+ 2n + Q+ 2n + Q

 Fusion reactors and hydrogen bombs takeadvantage of the energy of nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fusion energy takes placewhen the helium is being generated
by the fusion of the deuterium andtritium.

Origin of Atoms: All Existing
Atoms Including Our Body Are
the Product of the Universe’s
History
 Lightweight atoms such as hydrogen and helium

were produced in the primordial universe; theBig Bang.
 Almost all the rest of the atoms are composed in
the inner part of a star in a supernova explosion.

We are made of stardust.

12

In old stars,
1
H
Relative Distribution of Atoms abundanthydrogen and
4He
αNuclearin the Solar System
helium exist,
while the rest of
16
O12
the atoms exist
Peaks of r-process
C 20NePeak of iron group28
only ten
Combine rapidly
Si
56
24
Fe
Mg
32
thousandth ofwith neutrons.
S36
Ar 40Ca
Peaks theof ssun’s.
process
58
Ni
Combine slowly
with neutrons.

10

Log(existing amount)

8
6

4
2

80

Se

88

Sr
96

Mo

0

130

Te

127

Sn I

120

208

138

Ba

195

Pt

209

Bi

L,Be,B-2

Pb

Composition via
nuclear fusion.

Composition by combining
with neutrons.

232

Th

197

Au

238

U

-4
Anders & Grevesse 1989

-6

0

50

100

150

Mass number A

200

250

2002 Motizuki & RIKEN

Gamov’s Hope
 Gamov advocated that all atoms from hydrogen to uranium were created in
the Big Bang. (1946)
 A predominant theory back then; the expansion of a cold universe, which
could not explain further beyond the generation of iron. The composition
distribution of the atoms was not revealed.
 In order to explain the composition of naturally-existing atoms, Gamov
noticed the necessity of the hot fireball model.

 The Big Bang theory was proposed.


However, the standard Big Bang model of nuclear conversion suggests only
the formation of up to lithium is possible.

In the First Three Minutes,
Deuterium (D) and Helium(He) Are FormedTime

http://pdg.lbl.gov/pdg.html

Systemic Circulation of Matter Caused by Supernova
The first formation of a star: 200
million years after the birth of the Inner part of a massive star:
universe.
Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. (±1%)

C, N, O, and Fe.

BH, NS, (WD)Supernova explosion.

H, He
Birth of next generation star.
Accumulating
83 types ofheavy atoms:
4.6 billion
years ago.

Birth and evolution of life.

C, N, O,
Si, FeAu??, U??
The supernova remnant forms interstellar m

Triggered by other supernova.

2002 Motizuki & RIKEN ‡We Are Made of Stardust
Until a hundred years ago, the atom was considered to haveexisted from the beginning of the universe as a fundamental
component necessary to construct the world.
We have learned both theoretically and observationally that thecomposition of the atom is a product of the universe’s evolution. The
progress in nuclear physics, astrophysics, and the establishment of
quantum theory and relativity theory have helped to reveal theanswer.
We can trace back the origin to the Big Bang.
In the interminable cycle from the star forming to the gas and dust, theatom is continuously composed in the evolution of universe as if awander in samsara.

The World of Elementary Particles
Three Types of particles (protons, neutrons, andelectrons) and photons form the physical world.
Ever since the discovery of
positrons in 1932 and muonsin cosmic rays in 1937, there
have been many discoveriesof unstable elementary
particles.

CERN

Positron: positively charged antiparticle of the
http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html
electron.

Hideki Yukawa’s Meson Theory(1934)
 What kind of force is applied

between protons and neutrons toform the atomic nucleus?
 Yukawa proposed a theory of
nuclear force and the existenceof meson in the nucleon such as
protons and neutrons
 Yukawa predicted the existenceof mesons in 1934. At that time,
only a few elementary particles
were known.

The first Japanese to be awarded
Nobel prize.
photo by Karsh, Ottawa, Dec.1969

The nuclear force is the source of the atomic bomb as well as the energy source of astar such as the sun.

Streams of Discovery Over New
Elementary Particles
1900

1920
19２0

1900

1940
19４0

1950
19５0

19３0

1930

1960
19６0

1940

19４0

1970
19７0

つづく

Classification of Elementary Particles
Due to the development of better accelerators, new elementary particles in cosmic
rays were discovered one after another.


Two types of elementary particles.
○Fermion: half-integer spin.
1 3
s =
,
,⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Proton, neutron, electron, and the respective antiparticles.
2 2○Boson: integer spin.
s = 0,1,2,⋅ ⋅ ⋅Photon and πmeson.
(According to the supersymmetry theory, fundamental particles come in pairs.)



In another way of classification, there are two types of elementary particles as
well.
○Particle: proton, neutron, and electron.
○Antiparticle: antiproton, antineutron, and positron.
When a particle and its associated antiparticle collide, they annihilate eachother with the emission of light. (Does the other side of contrasting world
exist?)

Hadron (Baryon and Meson) is Made of
Quarks M. Gell-Mann (1964)
Baryon and Antibaryon
Hadron: Approximately 120 Types.
SymbolName

Quarkcontent

Electric
charge(e)

Mass

Spin

(GeV/c2)

proton

1

0.938

1/2

antiproton

-1

0.938

1/2

n

neutron

0

0.940

1/2

Λ

lambda

0

1.116

1/2

Ω－

omega

-1

1.672

3/2

Hadron (Baryon and Meson) is Made of Quarks
M. Gell-Mann (1964)

Meson
Hadron that follows Bose statistics: approximately 140 types.
SymbolName

Quarkcontent

Electric
charge(e)

Mass

Spin

(GeV/c2)

+1

0.140

0

kaon

-1

0.494

0

ρ＋

rho

+1

0.770

1

B０

B-zero

0

5.279

0

ηc

eta-C

0

2.980

0

π＋

pion

K－

パイオン

ケイオン

ロー中間子

Bゼロ

イータC
イータC

Lepton

Quark

Fundamental Particles are Classified
into Either Quarks or Leptons
1st generation

2nd generation

Electric
chargeUp

Strange

Top

Electric
charge

Down

Charm

Bottom (beauty)

Electron neutrino

Muon neutrino

Tau neutrino

Electron

Muon

Tau

Neutrino
Charged lepton

3rd generation

All Predicted Quarks are
Discovered
Up, down,
and strange

1960

Bottom

Charm
1970

1980

1990

19８0

1990

19９0

19７0

1960

Top

2010

２０１０

1990

2000

Quark Model

Elementary Particles which
Mediate Forces
W＋,W-, and Z are also discovered
in1982 and 1983.

Gauge Boson

PhotonWeak Boson

Mediate electromagnetic force
Mediate weak force

Gluon

Mediate strong force

Graviton

Mediate gravity

The strong force mediator, Gluon cannot be detected by itself alone.
Graviton has not yet discovered.

Summary:Present Elementary
Particles

Gauge Boson

LeptonQuark

1st generation

2nd generation

3rd generation

Electric
chargeUp

Strange

Top

Electric
charge

Down

Charm

Bottom (beauty)

Electron neutrino

Muon neutrino

Tau neutrino

Electron

Muon

Tau

Neutrino
Charged lepton

PhotonWeak Boson
Gluon
Graviton

Mediate electromagnetic force

Mediate weak force
Mediate strong force
Mediate gravity

Does a Supersymmetry Particle
Exist?
Supersymmetry: symmetry property in which elementary particles must come inpairs. Each pair of particles have different spins.
Superpartner: Every fermion has an associated boson superpartner, and every bosonhas an associated fermion superpartner.

Ordinary Particles

Superpartner(very large mass)

Quark
ElectronW bosonZ bosonPhotonGluon
Graviton

Scalar quark
Scalar electron
Wino (Chargino)
Zino (Neutralino)
PhotinoGluinoGravitino

Neutralino: A mixed state of zino, photino, and higgsino.

Discovery of Superpartner and Verification ofSupersymmetry are the Biggest Assignments for
Elementary Particle Physics
World’s largest particle
accelerator:
LHC
Located in suburb of
Geniva.
The size of Yamanote
Line in Tokyo.
50 m underground.
University of Tokyo

CERN: http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html

International Center
for Elementary Particle
Physics (ICEPP)
collaborates with the
ATLAS experiment.

Can Neutralinos be a Strong Candidate of the
Dark Matter?
Dark Matter: We understand the existence of the Dark Matter by observing thepoint where it seems as if covering the inner periphery of the galaxy, cluster ofgalaxy, and the supercluster of galaxy to form a source of unseen gravity. It is as
yet unidentified source of gravity.
The Dark Matter consists roughly 23% of the total physical energy in the universe.
Rotation of a spiral galaxy; an outmoded theory.

Actual rotation of a spiral galaxy

Globular star cluster

Gravity
Gravity
Diameter
one hundred
thousandlight years

Speed of rotation

Gravity

Centrifugal force

In balance
The speed of rotation is greater
toward the center.

Dark Matter‡

The speed of rotation at insideand outside stay almost the same.

Halo(c)Sato 2003

The Dark matter has at least 10x the total mass of the visible stars in our galaxy.

‡What is the True Nature of Dark
Matter?
Classification

Candidate

Mass

Lightweight neutrino
Primitive Black Hole
Quark Nugget
Heavy neutrino
Supersymmetry particle

Neutralino
Axion
Monopole
PyrgonShadow matter
Baryonic

Brown dwarf starWhite (black) dwarf starBlack Hole

About the mass of Jupiter
About the mass of the sun
Twice the mass of the sun

Temperature
at formation

Are There Any Generations Beyond
Quarks and Leptons? Are They the
Origin of Particles?
 With current particle accelerator experiments with thehighest energy, no trace of future generations, thefourth, nor the fifth generations have been identified.
 Likewise, the quark and lepton are the point particles,in which no measurement of their sizes have been
conducted.
1. Does matter have infinite hierarchy? How many layers do onions have?
2. Progress has brought us into the era of only one highest energy particle accelerator
in the world.
3. Do we have to wait for a new invention of particle accelerator (microscope) tofurther explore the elementary particles?

The International Linear Collider

40-km, Electron-Positron Collider: >>100 billion yen
ILC http://www.interactions.org/cms/

The Birth of Elementary
Particles Paradigm of modern cosmology:

1. The quantum gravity effect created an
infinitesimal universe.
2. The repulsive force applied to the vacuum energy ofa new born universe, and which caused the inflation.
3. During the process toward the end of the inflation,
the vacuum energy was converted into the thermalenergy; quarks, antiquarks, leptons, and antileptons
were produced in pairs.

Paradigm of the Creation and Evolution of
the Universe
Time

FutureNow: 15 billion years

The universe clears up:
3 billion years
Big Bang:
the phase transition ends

Inflation

Birth of a fireball
universe: emission of
vacuum energy

Creation from nothing
Nikkei Science
‡

Time

Evolution of
Elementary
Particles andMatter byStandard
Model

0.4 million years:
the first creation of
atoms.
100 seconds:
creation of the firstatomic nucleus.

End of inflation:

10-36 seconds: the birth ofelementary particles.

birth of a fireball universe.

⎛ __ ⎞ ⎛ __ ⎞±⎜ q, q ⎟, ⎜ l , l ⎟, γ , g ,W , Z , gr⎠⎝⎠⎝

Particle Data Group, LBNL
http://pdg.lbl.gov/pdg.html

Quantum theoretical creation



Why Our Universe Form PhysicalWorld? Is There a Non-physicalWorld?

The laws of the physics suggest thesymmetry property of particles andantiparticles.
What caused the physical world toappear so asymmetrical?

A. Sakharov (1966): participated in the Soviet
atomic bomb project. Known as the father of the H-bomb.
He later turned to be an advocate of the reform of theSoviet Union.

The theory associated with the origin ofasymmetrical “physical” and “non-physical”
world in the universe: symmetry property of theparticular law was broken, thus generating
greater number of particles [physical] over the
antiparticles [non-physical]. (Yoshimura argued, basedon the Grand Unified Theory.)

A. Sakharov
http://www.photos.aip.org/

Symmetry in Physics and Asymmetry
in the Subsistent Universe
1. Physical laws assume
symmetry relation between
matter and antimatter.

Non-physical region

2. If the physical laws held its
symmetry property, can we
suppose the symmetry
breaking be carried even in
reality?
3. The physical world must be
realized in a particular place,while non-physical world isrealized in another distinctive
place.

Physical region

The Spontaneous Symmetry
Breaking
donkeycarrots

Physical laws
strictly follow thebilateral symmetry.

The symmetry
will ultimately
be broken due toits unstable state.
The donkey was here

Nature, 1969.

Search For Antimatter and Nonphysical World
The measurement of antiprotons in the cosmic radiationand the detection of the antihelium can help to reveal thepossible existence of non-physical world.
The antiprotons, on the one hand, are generated by the collision of cosmic rays,
thus excluded from the evidence in verifying the non-physical world. The
antiheliums, on the other hand, are generated by nuclear fusion between
antiprotons and antineutrons, which can only take place in the stars during the
Big Bang in the non-physical world.
BESS Experiment (Balloon Experiment with Superconducting Spectrometer):Japan-America Collaboration was launched by the late Dr. Orito and Dr.
Yamamoto.
An instrument, a huge balloon loaded with a superconducting magnet, wascarried to detect antimatter: measurement of antiprotons, detection of antiheliums
in the cosmic radiation.

BESS Experiment in
CanadaBESS Experiment
Launched at Lyn Lake, and recovered in the Alberta area after a few days flight.

‡

Experiment in Antarctica(December, 2004)

BESS Experiment‡BESS Experiment Results (Chronological Order)

Among the detected
6.6 million heliums, noantihelium has beenfound.

Antihelium ratio upper limit

Possible existence of
non-physical world
has not been
confirmed in thisexperiment.
BESS Experiment collaboration

Energy of antihelium

‡

Gr
ea

tW

all

We have learned the structure of the physical universe
from microcosmic to macrocosmic in 60 digits, which
solidly following the physical laws.

a
r
t
i
cle

s

es
ul
ec
ol
s
M
om
At
Ele Atomic nucleus
m
e nt
a
r
y
p

A
m
eob

Human

y
x
a
l
Ga

Solar system
Sun
Earth

a
‡

(c)Sato 2003

Is This the Ultimate End of theLayer?
 Are the quark, lepton, and gauge boson thesmallest units among the physical world? Does
the smallest unit of particles really exist ? Could
it be the ten-dimensional space-time “string”?
 Are there any larger physical constituents
underlying further beyond the 11 to19 billion
years of the observational end.
 Is there any possibilities for existence of otheruniverses beyond our space-time manifold?

Do Other Universes Exist Beyond Our
Own Space-time Manifold?

Nikkei Science149 SCIENTIFICAMERICAN Japanese Japanese
Edition p.99

Multiverse (countless number of universe) M. Rees
-possibility and nature of other universe beyond our own universe-

Bibliography









Sato, Katsuhiko. Uchu 96% no Nazo. Tokyo: Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha, 2003.
Sato, Katsuhiko. Uchu wa Wareware no Uchu Dakedewa Nakatta. Tokyo:
PHP Research Institute, 1998.
Sato, Katsuhiko, ed. Uchu Nanafusigi. Tokyo: PHP Research Institute, 2005.
Sato, Katsuhiko, ed. Zukai: Ryoshi Ron. Tokyo: PHP Research Institute,
2004.
Sato, Katsuhiko, ed. Zukai: Soutaisei Riron. Tokyo: PHP Research Institute,2003.
Sato, Katsuhiko, ed. Ryoshi Ron Wo Tanoshimu Hon. Tokyo: PHP ResearchInstitute, 2004.
Sato, Katsuhiko, ed. Soutaisei Riron Wo Tanoshimu Hon. Tokyo: PHP
Research Institute, 1998.
Sato, Katsuhiko, ed. Soutaisei Riron no Sekai e Youkoso. Tokyo: PHP
Research Institute, 2004.

All excerpts are used with permission of the
publishers.