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Oriental Studies
Volume 6

February 2016

CONTENTS

Articles in their Original Languages
Queen Elizabeth I as a Role Model for President Park Geun-hyeiiJong Il Ro

先秦社会“忠”思想的形成与展开
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English Abstracts
Paradise and Hell in Islam
YOSHIMURA Sakujixxiv

Hospitality and Death: Research on the Hospitality on the Changesof “Morality and Identity” in the West
MIURA Kenichi
xxv

Published annually by the Institute of Oriental Thoughts
In cooperation with the Institute of Confucian Culture
Higashi Nippon International University Pressi■講演・発表論文原文【講演・発表論文原文】
Queen Elizabeth I as a role model for President
Park Geun-hye
Jong Il Ro
Ⅰ. Virgin leaders
President Park Geun-hye said Queen Elizabeth I would be her role model when
she was campaigning as a candidate for president in South Korea in 2012. She
was elected president for 5 year-term on 19 December 2012 and was sworn
on 25 February 2013. She has been working for 2 years with her presidency.
As same women, Elizabeth Ⅰ and Park Geun-hye were daughters of Kingof Henry Ⅷ and President Park Jeong-hee who were absolute and powerfulsovereigns. They have a lot in common such as losing their mothers with
unfortunate tragedies. Elizabeth Ⅰ was born a daughter between Henry Ⅷ of
Tudors and his 2nd Queen Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533 in Greenwich
near London. Elizabeth's mother was Anne Boleyn who was called'a 1,000 day's
Anne' by the famous movie of the same name.
Ann Boleyn was charged with plotting to murder the Henry Ⅷ and twentytwo counts of adultery - eleven of which have since been proved false, whichsuggests the rest, for which there is no corroborative evidence, are equallyunlikely. Anne was taken to the Tower, tried and condemned to death. After
her marriage annulled, she was beheaded on 19 May 1536. Elizabeth was not
yet three when her mother was executed and no one knows when or how or
what she found out about that tragic event.
When her sister Mary emerged triumphantly as queen, Elizabeth rode to
London to greet her. But relations between the half-sisters had never been
easy, and they soon deteriorated - Mary began to suspect Elizabeth of being asecret Protestant.
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Accused of complicity in Sir Thomas Wyatt's rebellion of 1554, which began asa protest against Mary's plans to marry Philip of Spain, Elizabeth spent threemonths in the Tower, expecting daily to be executed.
Nothing could be proved against her, yet although she was eventually freed
without charge, Mary remained convinced of her guilt. By Elizabeth's own
later admission, her spell in the Tower was the most traumatic event of her
youth; in a speech to Parliament, she recalled, 'I stood in danger of my life; mysister was so incensed against me. She never ceased to render thanks to God
for her deliverance, and often spoke of it as a miracle.
Like most educated gentlewoman her day, Elizabeth read and conversed
fluently in Latin, French, Greek, Spanish, Italian and Welsh. She had readthe New Testament in Greek, the oration of Isocrates and the tragedies ofSophocles, amongst other works. Her interest in philosophy and history was
enduring, and throughout her life she tried to set aside three hours each
day to read historical books. Elizabeth was skilled at many of the traditional
feminine pursuits of the England gentlewoman. In youth, she was adept at
needlework and known to have embroidered book bindings. Ascham testifies
to the beauty of her work and the hours she spent engaged upon it. Her
talent as a calligrapher is evident in the many surviving examples of her'sweet Roman hand' that survive. 'Nothing can be more elegant than her
handwriting', commented Ascham. She was an excellent horsewoman and oneof her favorite forms of exercise was to go hunting. At other times she enjoyedwalking outdoors, or shooting with a crossbow. Above all, she passionately
loved dancing, although prior to her accession she had had little opportunity to
indulge in this pastime.
After Queen Mary dead, Elizabeth inherited throne.
Elizabeth was twenty-five years old at her accession. She was tall and very
slender, with a tiny waist, small bosom and beautiful, long-fingered hands,
which it pleased her vanity to display to advantage in a variety of affected
poses. She had inherited also Anne Boleyn's long, thin face, high cheekbonesiii

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and pointed chin. From her father she had her red, naturally curly hair andhigh hooked nose.
Elizabeth received marriage proposal from King Philip Ⅱ but she rejected it.
One of the reason she thought was she could not marry her sister's husband
without dishonouring her father's memory.
Elizabeth's character was something of a mystery to most people in 1558. She
had learned early on to keep her own counsel, control her emotions, and tobehave circumspectly in public, thus giving the lie to any adverse rumours
about her. Although she had lived most of her life away from the public gaze,she had cleverly managed to convey to her future subjects-without making
any public declaration of the fact-that she identified their interests with her
own and that she would be the champion of the true religion, Protestantism.
Elizabeth Ⅰ stated that she has chosen to stay single despite being offeredmarriage by 'most potent princes', and that she considered she already had ahusband and children. Showing them her coronation ring, she declared, as she
was to do on many subsequent occasions: I am already bound onto a husband,
which is kingdom of England. As for children, every one of you, and as many
as are Englishman, are children and kinsmen to me.
Similar to the Queen, President Park stated she has been married with
Republic of Korea.
There were rumours, though not confirmed, that Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ and
President Park Geun-hye have numerous lovers.
Elizabeth declared 'This shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shalldeclare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin'.
Thus was born the legend of the Virgin Queen' upon which Elizabeth would
capitalise to full advantage, and which would achieve cult status in the years
to come. But this decision had produced a lot rumours during her long time
reigns.

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At the beginning of her reign, Sir Thomas Challoner warned Elizabeth: 'A
young princess cannot be too wary what countenance of familiar demonstration
she makes. In other words, she could not be too circumspect in her behavior.
But it was not long before fantastic tales of her alleged promiscuity abounded,particularly in the courts of Catholic princes, where she was sometimes reviled- much as her mother had been - as a virtual nymphomaniac. It was said that
she refrained from marriage so as to gratify her lusts with numerous lovers.
Paolo Tiepolo, Venetian ambassador to the court of Philip Ⅱ, reported theDoge and Senate: Robert Dudley is a very handsome young man, towards
whom, in various ways, the Queen evinces such affection and inclination thatmany persons believe that, if his wife- who has been ailing for sometime- wereperchance to die, the Queen might easily take him for her husband.
There were numerous stories that she had secretly borne children, although
how she could have done so without people knowing of it, given the very
public life she led, remained unexplained.
In Tudor times, the royal image was all-important, much more so than
today, for magnificence was regarded as being synonymous with power andgreatness.
Elizabeth Ⅰ's wardrobe, which was rumoured to contain more than three
thousand gowns, became legendary during her life time, as her costumes grew
ever more flamboyant and fantastic. The image of the godly Protestant virgin
in sober black and white, so carefully cultivated by Elizabeth during her halfsister's reign, soon gave way to an altogether more colourful and showy image.
President Park Guen-hye was born on 2 February 1952 in Daegu city,
Gyengsangbuk-do as a daughter of former President Park Chung-hee, whois well known for developing the country's economy and establishing an
industrial base during his reign, and Mrs Yuk Yong-su who is Park Chunghee's second wife.
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Park Guen-hye has been growing and aging with Korea's tumultuous modern
history. She is 63 years old now and 18th President in South Korea. It had
passed a full two-year from her inauguration on 25 February 2013.
She entered Sogang university in Seoul where she majored in electronics, andgraduated in March 1974. After that, she went over to France and attended
Grenoble university. During her stay in Grenoble, she heard that her motherwas assassinated.
After hearing bad news of her mother, she was back to South Korea andplayed the first lady's role till her father's death in 1979.
She came out of the presidential residence which is called the Blue House,because her father was assassinated by his own Intelligence chief on 26
October 1979. Since then, she held a chairwoman of the Scholarship foundation
and Jeongsu scholarship committee.
Since she entered politics in 1998, she was elected a member of the National
Assembly for a 4-year term and reelected 4 more times. When she was serving
as the head of the conservative Grand National Party, and was speaking
to voters, she was slashed in the face on 20 May 2006 at a rally for a Seoul
mayoral candidate. Voter's fury and sympathy over a knife attack against
Park's face just days before had been resulted in the Grand National Party's
landslide in nationwide provincial election.
Although she ran primary race for the 17th presidential election within Grand
National Party, she failed to be the candidate. In this race, the winner wasformer Seoul mayor Lee Myung-bak who was her rival. She led minority inGrand National Party while President Lee Myung-bak governed for 5 years.
Saenuri Party candidate Park Geun-hye was elected president of South Korea
on 19 December 2012, defeating Moon Jae-in of the Democratic United Party,
by 51% to 49% in the voting. Moon Jae-in was a former human rights activist,lawyer who was imprisoned for protesting Park Chung-hee's regime. She
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became the first single, female and engineer president in Korean history.
On 25 February 2013 Park Geun-hye was inaugurated as the 18th president ofSouth Korea and took over all legal rights including the commander-in-chief ofthe nation's forces from predecessor at midnight on the same day.
President Park Geun-hye interviewed with a Le Figaro reporter in Blue House
just before leaving for Europe. He wrote as follows. She recalled that she heard
grief news about her mother who was assassinated by a North Korea agent
during her stay in France, her father also dead by his own Intelligence chief's
shot in October 1979. She herself could have been killed by a knife attack on
her face while she was campaigning in 2006 but she remained alive with a scaron her face.
The reporter added : "She was born as a daughter of President and witnessed
tragic death of her parents, didn't marry all her life. The life of President
Park Geun-hye who came back to Blue House with her developed politicalpower was itself a 'Shakespearian fate' ". This adjective of 'Shakespearian fate'means a life of dramatic fate in France. Park Geun-hye as seen by a reporterof literature insight seems a heroine in epic drama who seeks disguise fromprincess to president.
On 5 November 2013, when President Park Geun-hye paid a visit to Queen
Elizabeth Ⅱ in Buckingham Palace, she took a large portrait of Elizabeth Ⅰ
from Queen as a gift.
In spite of about 400 years time difference between Elizabeth I era and now,
it is wonder a similarity on life theater repertory of two female power leaders.
As Elizabeth I read and wrote foreign languages such as Latin, French etc.
fluently, Park Geun-hye maintained popularity by addressing with local
language such as Chinese, French including English wherever she travelled.
Elizabeth I had a sense on fashion with more than 3,000 clothes as a fashionista
but also Park Geun-hye wears from one to another various clothes whenevervii

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she goes out.
On 17 December 2012, Park Geun-hye was selected a cover model with a title"The Strongman's daughter" on Time of USA, weekly time magazine, publishedin Asia
Sankei newspaper of Japan once reported that there was a rumour about lover
related to virgin Park Geun-hye in the course of capsizing ship and saving life.
On 16 April 2014, Sewol ferry, Japanese-built Korean ferry, capsized on theway to Jeju island from Inchon carrying 476 people. Only 172 people survived
from this disaster. Most of passengers were Danwon high school students
in Ansan city. It is enough time for all of passengers to be saved for about 3
hours from the beginning of the accident to sinking fully, but Korean Maritime
Police couldn't save them. There was not any attempt, though it could havebeen locked or pushed to the coast to prevent from sinking by making use of
Navy boat or barge.
Despite the accident was reported to Blue House at 10 o'clock same day,President Park Geun-hye had not met and heard from related officials for 7
hours about the news on ferry till she visited Central Disaster and Safety
Countermeasures Headquarters at 5:15 pm. In relation with this, a lawyer of
Lawyers for Democratic Society said that President must have supervised andcontrolled related ministers and officials for rapid countermeasures against
disaster. But she was not in her office during working time. He pointed out toinvestigate her absence that day where she was.
Relating to the tragedy, there was a rumour that Park Geun-hye was in Lotte
Hotel in Seoul with Mr Chung Yoon-hoe who was once her secretary, andthere was no one who knew what happened between them in that hotel.
The number of victims might have been decreased if President Park Geun-hye
had taken some action against the accident after her receiving report.
Chung Yoon-hoe was a close person to her, as chief secretary from 1998 to
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2004. He was known to run his own business after the chief secretary job.
About her 7 hour absence, Sankei newspaper reported that it was to be related
to a man who was Chung Yoon-hoe. When about 300 victims sink under cold
water, some critics doubt where she who is a heroine of scandal was? A lot of
people insist that government must clarify the 7 hours of her whereabouts toprevent these rumours, and they worry 'why this government doesn't say it
simply because it is President's privacy ?'.

Ⅱ. Gloriana for Elizabeth Ⅰ'To be a king wear a crown is more glorious to them that see it than it ispleasure to them that bear it, ' Queen Elizabeth once famously said. At thesame time, She revelled in and jealously guarded the privileges of sovereignty:'I am answerable to none for my actions otherwise than as I shall be disposedof my own free will, but to Almighty God alone'. God, she believed, hadpreserved her through many trials to bring her to the throne, and she wasconvinced that she reigned by his especial favour.
- Via Media police
Elizabeth had resolved religious disputes among Catholics, Protestants andPuritans.
Unlike her sister, she was no fanatic, and hated fanaticism in others, both
Catholic and Protestant, just as she had little time for bishops and despised
those hard-line Protestant divines who went about calling each other 'my
brother in Christ'.
Queen Mary had repealed Henry Ⅷ's Act of Supremacy, and when Elizabeth
succeeded to the throne England was technically a Catholic kingdom under thejurisdiction of the Pope. However, most people expected the royal supremacy
to be restored by Parliament', just as some kind of Protestant religious
settlement was anticipated. Since her accession, Elizabeth had given only hints
as to her intentions regarding the crucial issue of religion, but those hints hadix■講演・発表論文原文

led people to believe that England would once again become independent of
the Catholic Church. As far as Elizabeth was concerned, there could only be
one head of the Church in England, and that was the monarch. She believed
she had been called by the Deity to bring about 'the according and unity ofthese people of the realm into a uniform order of religion, to the honour andglory of God, the establishing of the Church and the tranquility of the realm'.
When a bill to restore the royal supremacy over the Church of England wasintroduced the Commons, the Queen was insisting upon treading a middle
road.
The Protestant faith was to become the established religion of England, but
her watchwords were to be caution, compromise and moderation. Eventually,
the bill passed by the commons.
-The mighty Armada had been vanquished
The Elizabethan age was one of discovery and geographical expansion. During
the century before Elizabeth's accession, Spain had established colonies in theAmericas and the Indies, whilst Portugal had colonised large parts of Africa
and what is now Brazil. New trade routes means wider markets and better
opportunities for plunder, and there were several English privateers who,
succumbing to the lure of adventure and easy spoils, ventured upon the highseas in the quest of riches, new markets for English goods, the chance todiscountenance the Spaniards, or even the opportunity to found new colonies
in the Queen's name. Such a man was Francis Drake, a Devon mariner.
On 29 July 1587, the Pope signed a treaty with Spain, consenting to Philip Ⅱ
nominating whoever he pleased as the ruler of England, so long as that person
would agree to restore the Catholic faith. In September, Philip ordered Parma
to assemble a fleet of barges for the coming invasion.
Aware of the preparations being made, Elizabeth appointed Charles, Lord
Howard of Effingham, Lieutenant General, Lord High Admiral and Commanderof the English navy, and ordered the fleet to be put on standby.

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Moving along the south coast, the stately Armada was making for the
Netherlands, whence it would escort Parma's army to England. Waiting at
Plymouth was the English fleet, 150 strong and flying the white and green
colours of the Tudors from its masts. It was under the command of Admiral
Lord Howard of Effingham, assisted by the much more experienced Sir Francis
Drake.
On 27 July 1588, the Armada anchored off Calais, not far from Dunkirk, where
Parma was waiting with 16,000 troops to cross the Channel. The English
followed the Armanda to Calais.
In this war, the Spanish had suffered the most humiliating naval defeat in their
history. They had lost two thirds of their man and 44 ships , and many more
were so badly damaged that they would no longer be seaworthy. The English,on the other hand, had lost only a hundred men, and none of their ships.
Thanks to the thorough preparations made by the government, the intensive
training and organisation of troops and resources, the skill of the English
commanders, and of course the 'Protestant 'wind, the mighty Armanda has
been vanquished, and England had achieved one of the greatest victories in
her history.
After 1588, the fame of the Virgin Queen spread far and wide, while inEngland, where her people basked in the reflected glow of victory, her legend
grew, giving rise to a new cult figure, 'Eliza triumphant'.
- Economic policy
The economy was rapidly developed in the rural areas because woollencloth industry had encouraged and boosted by the government. Developmentof woollen-cloth industry sparked merchants to advance towards foreigncountries.
On 23 January 1570, the Royal Exchange in London was opened, built by Sirxi■講演・発表論文原文

Thomas Gresham as a central trading place for the City's merchants andbankers.
In fact, having inherited huge debts from her sister, she was determined
not only to clear them but also to live within her means. This meant making
stringent economies that were often unpopular, but these measures kept
England solvent at a time when most European countries were virtually bankrupt.
In 1598, Parliament had passed the famous Poor Law Act. To add to the
problems of dearth and famine, the population of England had increased
considerably during Elizabeth's reign. The practice of enclosing common land
only added to the burgeoning numbers of the destitute, who would once havebeen cared for by monks and nuns, but the Dissolution of the Monasteries in
the 1530s had dispossessed many in the religious life, placing an added burden
upon the state. By the end of Elizabeth's reign, beggars had become a serious
problem. Poor Law Act was published in November 1601, consigning beggars
to the care of their native parishes, who were bound by law to provide relief
for them. Each city or corporate town was to have its poor house - later known
as the workhouse - and the system was to be paid for by local taxation.
- Loving people
In an age of personal monarchy, it was important that the monarch was onshow as often as possible, and Elizabeth Ⅰ ensured that she was highly visible,
travelling on annual progresses, riding out frequently through the streets of
London or being rowed in her state barge along the Thames.
Elizabeth Ⅰ cared passionately about education, and involved herself in the lifeof both Eton College and Westminster School. In her desire for the middle andupper classes to become literate, she founded grammar schools, continuing thework begun by Edward Ⅵ . She also founded Jesus College, Oxford.
Music is another passion. As well as playing skillfully on the lute and virginals,
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the Queen 'composed ballets and music, and played and danced them'. She
patronised Thomas Tallis and William Byrd, the greatest musicians of the age,and they both praised her singing voice. Her virginals, bearing the Boleynarms, are preserved in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
During war against the Armanda, the Queen visited English troop's camp anddelivered the most rousing and famous speech of her reign.
'My loving people', she cried,
we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety to take heed
how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I do
assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people.
Let tyrants fear. I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I haveplaced my chiefest strength and safeguard in the royal hearts and goodwillof my subjects, and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, at this time,
not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved in the midst and heat of
the battle to live or die amongst you all, to lay down for my God and for mykingdom, and for my people, my honour and blood, even in the dust.
In front of all 150 Parliament Members, the Queen's expression to be known
as her 'golden speech' would, in effect, be her farewell words to her beloved
people.
I do assure you, there is no prince that loves his subjects better.
It is my desire to live nor reign longer than my life and reign shall be foryour good. And though you have had and may have many mightier and wiser
princes sitting in this seat, yet you never had nor shall have any that will loveyou better.
- Others
・Virgin Island : Walter Raleigh had been born around 1552 and educated atxiii

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Oxford suggested in 1585s that the English settlement on the eastern seaboardof America be named Virginia in Elizabeth's honour.
・ From an impoverished nation to the greatest powers in Europe
For forty-five years, 'though beset by divers nations', Elizabeth had given her
country peace and stable government - her greatest gift to her people. Duringthat time, England had risen from an impoverished nation to become one of
the greatest powers in Europe. Bolstered by the fame of her seaman, her navy
was respected and feared on the high seas, and not for nothing had Elizabeth
been lauded as 'the Queen of the sea, the North Star'.
Of course, there had been failures.
A careful housekeeper, she had striven throughout her reign to live within hermeans, but towards the end, even she had been defeated by economic forces,
and she died ₤400,000 in debt. Ireland was not fully subdued, Calais remainedin French hands, and the English had so far been unable successfully to founda permanent colony in the New World. Yet, under Elizabeth England defeatedthe might of the Spain, won the respect of the rest of Europe, and establisheda lasting peace with Scotland through the union of the crowns. Elizabeth had
also been extremely fortunate in her advisers, which was due in part to her
having an uncanny ability to choose those men of the greatest merit as her
chief servants.
Within a generation of her death, the unity she had fostered in her realm
would have disappeared, a casualty of an avoidable clash between Crown
and Parliament. Then, people would look back on the reign of Good Queen
Bess with nostalgia, and the legends would become embellished and pass into
popular folk-lore.

Ⅲ. Park Geun-hye government's administration
President Park Geun-hye has a merit of principle, trust, image to keep her
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word, and she emphasizes the importance of principle and have a willing tokeep her words.
She administers her policies without her own self. There is no intention toappoint a person familiar with her privately to any government positions suchas ministers, bank head and so on. There was an example that men who wereprivately close to former President Lee Myung-bak and appointed by him
dominated financial world in Korea during Lee's reign.
- Diplomatic policy
She treats well and safely diplomatic affairs relating to US, China and so on.
In May 2013, President Park Geun-hye visited and met President Barack
Obama in the United Sates. The talk between the two leaders was deemed
overall constructive, especially with the adoption of the Joint Declaration of the60th anniversary of the alliance between South Korea and United States.
In November 2013, President Park Geun-hye visited United Kingdom withinvitation by Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ and met also with President Francois
Hollande in France, and agreed economic cooperation between South Korea
and France.
She makes efforts to introduce external diplomatic experts to her government,
leads smoothly diplomatic area and stable relationship between South andNorth Korea.
In March 2015, she visited Middle East -United Arab Emirate and Saudi
Arabia- and agreed economic cooperation between South Korea and thesecountries- Economy policyxv

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President Park Geun-hye said that timing is important for economic policy andit should be concentrated on stability of ordinary people's life and job creation.
In spite of criticism on welfare policy without increasing tax, it is not badthat government continues to pay basic pensions and guarantees to cure four
acute diseases. Any former government before President Park Geun-hye didn't
widely administer on welfare policy like above mentioned.
The leading opposition, The New Politics Alliance for Democracy, insist thatswing back from tax-cut on conglomerate and the rich could be to solve therevenue deficit problem, to lead combination on social conflict and distrust
being caused by economic inequality. And strengthening welfare policy isessential in Korean society because it faces triple distress -income polarization,
low birth rate and aging society, class and generation conflict. Tax-cut
measures were administered by former president Lee Myung-bak in the nameof economic revitalization- Reunification policy in Korean peninsular
Korea is unique in the world in the sense of being divided by two countries.
Therefore, most people want reunification in Korean peninsula.
In March 2014 in Dresden, Germany, President Park Geun-hye read Dresden
declaration on a subject of 'Plan for peaceful reunification in Korean peninsula'.
This plan includes three major goals - solving the humanitarian issues between
North and South Korean, structuring infra for co-prosperity, recovering
homogeneity'. She suggested setting up 'Inter-Korean Exchange Cooperation
Consultation Office' as one of action program on it. But this plan has a little
advance due to North Korea nuclear, continuing North Korea's security threat
against South Korea, cooling-off relationship between North and South and soon.
But she is in consistent of massage against North Korea and seems to handle
carefully national security.
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- Criticism on her administration
President Park Geun-hye is criticized short of communication with people but
also with members of ruling Party, Saenuri Party.
She has been criticized due to her own dogmatism image. Seoul National
University Law School professor Cho Kuk said that she could not endureinconvenient ask and critics.
Minority of ruling Party, Saenuri Party, point that Park Geun-hye has an
authoritarian leadership and closed organizational culture.
Ⅳ. Transcendence over time and space
From what Queen Elizabeth I governed England in 16th century, about
400 years passed. By the way, it is tried to revive through introducing or
mimicking the govern style of Elizabeth I by female President Park Geun-hye
in South Korea located reverse side in the earth in 21st century. This meansthat great leader's achievement like Elizabeth I can be assets to be emulatedby all of future generations not only United Kingdom through transcendence
over time and space.
Park Geun-hye said that Queen Elizabeth I was her role model. And added"Elizabeth I turned England from a country teetering on the brink ofinsolvency to an empire where the sun never set. She was compassionate
about others because she had hard times and led the country with tolerance
and reason. Indeed, Park and the Queen have a lot in common because theylost their parents to tragedy and remained single".
Queen Elizabeth I is always named as the most respected of state by Britons
as surveys. She filled her nation's coffers with mercantilism, defeated theinvincible Spanish Armada, and opened the Shakespearian era. Her successful
rule was largely attributable to her outgoing nature and brilliant mind. Shexvii

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never wavered in her optimism in numerous crises. She was well versed inhistory and philosophy and spoke several languages including Latin, Greek,
French. The queen also fended of many attempts by her enemies to seize her
throne.
Elizabeth I valued principles but was not a slave to them. She was flexible
enough to grant the title of admiral to pirates. She was a good communicator
who won the hearts and minds of her subordinates and people by manipulating
symbols.
There is a mixed opinions that President Park Geun hye is well done and notgood to date but her term is yet remained about three years. If she might welladministered her government during this period, such as mentioned Queen
Elizabeth I as her role model, she would overcome any difficulties faced to her.
President Park Geun-hye could not be Korea's Queen Elizabeth I just because
she has a family history or mimics the queen. President Park Geun-hye could
be successful when she could internalize the queen's quality and appearance.

References［1］Alison Weir : The life of Elizabeth I, Ballantine Books New York, 2008［2］Scarisbrick, Diana : Tudor and Jacobean Jewellery, 1995
［3］Strong,Roy : Gloriana : The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I, 1987
［4］Tudor and Stuart Portraits,The Weiss Gallery, 1995
［5］Wilson,Jean : Entertainments for Elizabeth, 1980
［6］The Korea Times, Park Guen-hye style, January 10, 2013
［7］The New York Times, Daughter of Dictator wins South Korea
Presidency, December 2012［8］Dong A Ilbo, April-May 2014

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先秦社会“忠”思想的形成与展开
城山陽宣序言“忠”是什么？对这一命题的探求直到现在仍在继续。其原因是，基于“孝悌”“爱敬”“忠顺”原理的《孝经》思想，
两千年以来一直支持着中国的儒教体系；不仅如此，“忠孝”思想也已成为东亚诸国共通的认识。因而，作为社会纽带的“忠”的思想，
自古以来，不仅在中国，在我国对之也有非常激烈的讨论。
1993 年，在中国湖北省荆门市郭店村出土了《郭店楚墓竹简》。这一新资料的出
土使学术界对“忠”的认识也因此改变。
在我国，
李承律与汤浅邦弘两位学者几乎同时提出了对郭店竹简《鲁穆公问子思》
中的“忠”的论考，指出并分析了政治思想化的“忠”思想被用于纵向君臣关系的具体情况。
然而，能够说明“忠臣”的新出土文献，不止此处，也存在于其他地方。中山王
错方壶以及圆鼎的铭文即是。
另外，政治思想化了的“忠”思想，从郭店楚简《忠信之道》等新出土文献中也
能找到。
本文将围绕“忠”——这一先秦时期联结社会的纽带——进行探讨，对于其形成
与展开过程，从人际社会纵、横两方面视点进行分析。文章首先将对至今并未引起
足够重视的传世文献里的“忠”的基本特质进行再讨论，其次将通过对中山王错彝
器铭文与郭店楚简《忠信之道》的分析，
试图阐明先秦社会共通思想“忠”的特质。

一．传世文献中的“忠”
本文首先将以早期的传世文献《论语》为中心，探讨“忠”思想的基本特质。
《论语》中的“忠”大多叙述的是个人关系，且往往与“信”放在一起进行说明，
这在《论语》中占了整个“忠”的用例的一大半。也就是说，为了更好地阐明《论语》中的“忠”，
首先必须理解“忠”与“信”的特性及两者之间的关系。大体来说，《论语》中存在三种类型的“忠”的思想。
类型 A ：自己与朋友之间的“忠”。这其中，首先应该注意到的是《学而》篇中“吾日三省吾身，为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎”这句话。这是曾子
所谓每日要进行的三点反省，“为人谋而不忠乎”，
是说君子自己要以“忠——尽真心”
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待人 ；“与朋友交而不信乎”，是说自己要以“信——不说谎”对待朋友。亦即，自己从内心向朋友发出“忠——尽真心”，朋友感受到了这一“忠——真心”，从而以
“信——不说谎”回报。此二德目可以理解为是自己向对方所发的。（参照 < 图 1>）
这同时也就意味着，若自己由朋友处得到“忠”，从而以“信”回报，进而反过
来朋友又以“忠”回报。可以说，这里的“忠”“信”，将人际关系分为内与外（我与彼），从而构成了横向互动的一对概念。这样，《论语》的“忠”，在“忠信”连
用的情况下，可以理解为联结横向上密切互动的个人关系的社会纽带。
（参照 < 图2>）
〈图 1〉：自己与朋友之间的「忠」①

忠【己】

【朋友】信

⇔⇔

忠【己】

→○【己】

(【朋友】忠信⇔

忠信【己】)②【朋友】○←②【朋友】信〈图 2〉：自己与朋友之间的「忠」②

类型 B ：君子与民之间的“忠”。上述之外，政治思想化的用例在《论语》中也
不难找到。首先，说明作为为政者的君子与民（众）关系的用例散见于《论语》各处。如，《颜渊》篇中，孔子说“居之无倦，行之以忠”，主张作为为政者的君子在
施政时，要以“忠”对民。但与之相反，在《为政》篇中却提到，君子待民时，要“使民敬忠以劝，如之何”，从而将焦点放在了如何从民那里获得“忠”这一点上。
将这两句综合起来考虑，能够看出“忠”在君子与民的社会关系中发挥着双向互动作用。
（参照 < 图 3>）

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〈图３〉：君子与民之间的「忠」

東洋〈图４〉：君与忠臣之间的「忠」

君
忠

⇔

忠

↓礼

↑忠

臣
类型 C：君与忠臣之间的“忠”。其次《论语·八佾》中的“忠”也不能忽视。“君
使臣以礼，
臣事君以忠”，
是指君主以“礼”对臣下，
臣下以“忠”回报君上。很明显，这与《孝经》中所示纵向的君臣关系，亦即与“危身而奉上”这种具有代表性的“忠臣”的“忠”的思想非常接近。这与前述两种类型具有根本性差异，可以理解为臣
下对君主要尽忠。
（参照 < 图 4>）
如上所述，总体来说，《论语》中“忠”的思想可以分为三种 ：类型 A——论述
自己与朋友之间的“忠”，亦即横向的这种个人关系 ；类型 B——君子与民之间的“忠”、个人与社会之间的无关纵横的双向互动关系，以及类型 C——君主与忠臣之间的“忠”，亦即臣下对君主尽忠的这种纵向关系。

二．“忠臣”的诞生——中山王错方壶·圆鼎之“忠”
1974 年至 1978 年之间，河北省平山县三汲公社进行了挖掘作业，在位于战国时代中山国都灵寿城址之城外西北处的一号墓中发现了三种青铜彝器。彝器上因有准确的年代记录
（前 308·309 年）
而引起了极大的关注。其中的中山王错方壶与圆鼎（铁足大鼎）的铭文中刻有“忠”“信”，以及“忠臣”字样，这在有关“忠”的文献资
料中，是仅次于《论语》，可与《孟子》相匹敌的资料。
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中山王错方壶的彝器铭文中，有关“忠臣”有如下说明 ：“天不斁其有愿，使得贤才良佐赒，以补相厥身”。从这句话可以看出，司马赒被视为了天降之“忠臣”以辅佐王错。何以如此？不难推定，既然王与“忠臣”都从
属于天之秩序，那么王作为国家最高统治者，是受天命之存在，在天的权威之下，王当然应该处于“忠臣”之上位。
另外，圆鼎铭文的末尾也有“事少如长，事愚如智”；“非信与忠，其谁能之。其谁能之。唯吾老赒实克行之”。此处，天之权威之下的秩序又再次被强调。也就是说，
中山王想构筑了一个不论贤愚，却既“忠”又“信”的“忠臣”司马赒形象，并使
之成为不可逾越王之地位的典范。
中国古代世界，天之秩序是绝对的固定不变的。中山王错，为了保证由天之权威守护的中山国秩序得以永存，从天之权威的角度规定了“忠臣”的属性，进而将臣
下司马赒视为“忠臣”，以抑制其自我实现。
通过这些对“忠臣”思想的再定义，儒家开启了“忠”思想的新局面，这种行为
最终导致了《孝经》理论的形成。

三．“忠信”的形成与终结——郭店楚墓竹简《忠信之道》
1993 年，湖北省荆门市的郭店一号楚墓出土了大量竹简，称为“郭店楚墓竹简”。
从这些竹简中，能够找到很多关于“忠”思想的文献资料。
其中之一就是《忠信之道》。
《忠信之道》中的“忠信”思想，在笔者看来，是对《论语》中所述政治思想化了的“忠”思想的深化并发展。
《忠信之道》中有如下一句话：“忠积则可亲也，信积则可信也。忠信积而民弗亲信者，未之有也”。
也就是说，君子若对民“忠——尽真心”，则民就会对君子“亲——亲近”；若以“信——不说谎”相待，则同样会以“信——不说谎”回报。在这里，虽然德之双向互动得到了认可的，但并非《论语》中所见“忠”与“信”的互动。在很大程度
上，这可能是为了突显“忠”的存在。
笔者认为，这种转变的内在，确有前章所论“忠臣”之“忠”的潜在影响。无论
是类型 C 的“忠臣”，
还是类型 B 的“忠信”，
在《论语》中都只是少数人的政治思想。
正如前章所指出的，政治思想的“忠臣”一直都只存在于作为臣下的思想家那里。
作为可以说明此转变过程的资料，《墨经》中有如下表述。
《经》忠，以为利而强低也。
《说》忠○不利弱子，亥足将入，止容。（上经校释第十二）这里的“忠”，虽然不能判断其发言对象到底是君主还是民，但不论如何，牺牲
自我家族程度的“尽忠”，如若是对君主而言，则确实可以说是“危身奉上”之忠。
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若对民，即对社会而言，则应该说是“危身效民”之类。然而不管怎么说，这里的
“忠”的思想，已经决非类型 A 的自我与朋友之间的“忠”，而是带有强烈的政治思
想色彩。
正如前章所探讨的，
随着类型 C 的政治思想的“忠”
的扩展，类型 A 与类型 B 的“忠”
的思想范围就逐渐缩小。再者，正如前面提到的《忠信之道》所示，可以确定的是，
随着对政治思想的“忠”的君子的固定化，“忠”与“信”之间的互动就终结了。这样，政治思想的“忠信”的存在意义就从根本上发生动摇，并最终趋于消灭。

结语
本文从《论语》等传世文献，以及中山王错彝器铭文与郭店楚简《忠信之道》等
新出土资料中，以先秦社会“忠”与“信”思想的关联性为轴，考察分析了其时“忠”
的思想特性并论述其形成过程。
原本，周朝是以血缘宗法制与分封制为基础而建立的王朝。到春秋时代末期，虽
然社会基盘依旧主要还是靠血缘维系，但在邑制城市里，商人、工人等社会集团与这种血缘关系错综复杂地纠缠在一起，构成了各自的利益共同体。在这种状况下，
依赖徒具形式的血缘的“孝”进行统治的时代就过去了，一种能够联结、维持复杂
社会的新纽带成为时代的需要。
这样，“忠信”思想就应运而生了。散见于《论语》各处的，这种“忠——尽真心”、“信——不说谎”的思想，构成了横向上人与人之间的相互关系。可以说，“忠信”思想是从横向上维持先秦社会的新的社会纽带。
同时，儒家将“忠”的思想运用于实际的社会统治，在不改变“忠”原本意义的基础上，试图建构纵、横双向的互动关系。这就是作为政治思想的“忠信”。这一
点除《论语》中三个例子之外，在郭店楚简《忠信之道》中也可见相关用例。可以说运用范围相当广泛。
另一方面，为了在战国时代存活下去，列国所需要的是富国强兵，在实现这一目的的过程中，中央集权化是无法避免的。这种时代状况下所需要的不再是建构横向
上的个人关系，而是统合君主与臣下的作为纵向政治思想的“忠臣”。正如在中山王错彝器铭文、郭店楚简《鲁穆公问子思》中所见，政治思想的“忠臣”，通过激烈的讨论，逐渐向适应纵向社会构造的“危身奉上”的意义转变。而自己与朋友之间的“忠”的含义，随着“忠臣”思想的流行，也逐渐向这一方向靠拢。
战国末期，随着更激烈的弱肉强食、集权化时代的到来，“忠臣”思想成为支持
列国政治体制的基础，进而又变为支持中国儒教体制的核心原则。在这一过程中，先秦时代所形成的政治思想“忠信”就慢慢完成了使命，从历史舞台中消失。

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■論文外国語要旨【論文外国語要旨】
Paradise and Hell in Islam

YOSHIMURA Sakuji
Islam is misunderstood in Japan. Furthermore, Japanese people neverunderstand Islam and there are only a really small number of Japanese people
who want to understand Islam. Under this indifference situation, only tragic
news were reported day by day. Thus, Japanese may have the negative image
about Islam. Through this paper, it is difficult to understand about essential
qualities of Islam, but I try to show the true nature of Islam, even just a little.
In this paper, I write about Heaven and Hell of Islam. And I consider how
Muslims recognize about Heaven or Hell.

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Hospitality and Death

Research on the Hospitality on the Changes of “Morality
and Identity” in the West

MIURA Kenichi
It can be said that by understanding the relationship of “morality andidentity” we can understand the history of the west. Hospitality itself is trying
to understand death itself to think about the suffering we get in our lives. It
is also to realize the responsibilities to life, and to grow to become a personwith a mission that enables you to realize the love for others. In contrast
to the western idea of hospitality, Buddhism idea of identity is ambiguous,
becoming positive and negative depending on the situation. It will become vitalto understand the difference between the east and the west idea of love andcompassion, for the future research of hospitality.
Keywords: Hospitality, hospice, thanatology, compassion, Buddhismxxv