Contents■ Guideline for Assessment of Garbage Grinder Introduction■ New Project Research■ “UK-Japan Road Workshop”■ TECHNICAL NOTE of National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (April, 2004)■ “2005 Annual Report of NILIM” is now on our website (in Japanese only, for the time being)

No.12

N

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March 2005

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N e w sISSN 0389-4150

L e t t e r■ Guideline for Assessment of Garbage
Grinder Introduction

Water Quality Control Department
The impact on sewage and garbage disposal systems
and on society as whole should be examined byestimating the amount of kitchen waste to be cast into
garbage grinders after arranging data on the target
areas. Sewage managers can use this document as atechnical reference when examining the propriety of
introducing garbage grinders.
(1) Basic Unit of Kitchen Waste and Garbage Grinder
Discharge
A method to estimate the amount of kitchen waste
cast into a garbage grinder and change in thequality of wastewater is demonstrated.
(2) Impact on Sewage Systems
Estimating the impact on sewers, pumping stations
and sewage treatment plants is shown. Anydamage to the disposal functions of a sewage
treatment plant can be identified.
(3) Impact on Garbage Disposal Systems• By introducing garbage grinders, the watercontent of kitchen waste will decrease and theamount of combustible garbage will also decrease.
The method for studying the impact on a garbage
disposal system is demonstrated.
(4) Social Impact• Grasping the social impact of introducing garbage
grinders (convenience or inconvenience of utilizing
garbage grinders) is demonstrated throughcommunity awareness research.

(5) Evaluating the Economic and Environmental
Impact• Evaluating the administrative cost, such as

sewerage and cleaning expenses and analyzing theoverall benefit to local communities isdemonstrated.
• LCA (life cycle assessment) as an environmental
evaluation based on loads, such as greenhousegas emissions from users of garbage grinders,sewerage and garbage disposal systems and theamount of energy invested is demonstrated.

START

Grasping Information on Garbage Grinders
Setting the Conditions for Impact Assessment

General Guidelines
Setting the Conditions for Impact Assessment

Planning and Identifying Current Conditions

Sewerage

Garbage Disposal

Examining the Impact of Introducing Garbage Grinders

Sewerage

Garbage Disposal

Social Impact

・EImpact on Private Sewers
・EImpact on Sewage Systems
・EImpact on Pumping Stations
・EImpact on Combined
Sewage Systems
・EImpact on Water Treatment
Systems
・EImpact on Sludge Treatment
Systems

・Impact on Garbage Quality
and Quantity
・Impact on Garbage Collection
and Transportation
・Impact on Intermediate
Treatment
・Impact on Final Disposal
・Impact on Recycling ofKitchen Refuse

・Convenience and Sanitation
・Improvement to Waste Disposal Site
Environment
・Failure and Problems during
Utilization
・Fluctuation in Utility Rates

Ratio of Kitchen Waste to Disposer Discharge
Impact on Sewage System
Impact on Garbage Disposal System
Social Impact

Evaluating the Impact of Introducing Garbage Grinders

Evaluating the Economic andEnvironmental Impact

・Economical Efficiency
・Environmental Impact
・Regional Characteristics

END

Figure 1 Flowchart of Impact Assessment

NILIM

News Letter

N I L I M

3. Strategic Planning for Management of
Coastal Environment■ New Main Projects
1. Research on Effect of Social Overhead
Capital on Beneficiaries
In due consideration of local characteristics orvalue criteria other than economic efficiency, thetechnique for evaluating the benefits of social
overhead capital is to be studied. This study, which
identifies the basic conditions for regional
subsistence and combined effects of various
projects and policies, will contribute to appropriatesocial overhead capital development andmanagement that ensure fairness, economic
efficiency and other value criteria.

Environmental restoration of coastal areas is being
attempted in Tokyo and Osaka Bays. Well organizedsystems have been requested with ecologicalrestorations, a reduction in environmental load andcontinuous monitoring as the key. Thus,
comprehensive planning and a monitoringmechanism for management will be studied taking theunique characteristics of the coastal ecosystem into
consideration.
By developing “strategic planning” that incorporates
planning, construction and management in advanceor by implementing “adaptive management” based on
the ecosystem response for the transition, the new
system will contribute to the sustainable development
and wise use of coastal areas.

OutcomeBackdrop
Need for efficiency in social
overhead capital improvement tomeet a weakening fiscal climate
Problems in evaluating projects
and policy programs･Vague benefits of attaining
improvement goals of social
overhead capital･Existence of value criteria otherthan economic efficiency, such as
impartiality or security･Existence of benefits that are
difficult to convert into pecuniary
units through current skills･Vague interrelationship between
effects brought on by various
projects and external factors

Co-existence of achievements
between efficiency and fairness
in social overhead capital
improvement by upgrading skills
to evaluate project and policy
programs

Goal setting
Review ofmanagement system

Research Output (Development Task)(1) Grasping the disparities in social overhead capital(2) Grasping the benefits of social
overhead capital by observing the
behavior of individuals andcompanies(3) Analyzing the combined effects ofseveral projects and the various
socio-economic factors(4) Examining appropriateness by
integrating data obtained through various methods(5) Re-defining concepts of subsistent leaves of social
overhead capital in due consideration of the abovementioned

Figure2

Improvement inmanagement system
Monitoring

River basins

Sewage system

Inland waters
River mouths
Reclaimed land
Bank protection
Coastal areas

Beaches

Inner bays

2. Technologies to Support Improvements in
Energy Performance of Residential
Buildings
Information on the most effective methods asenergy-saving technologies in new and existing
residential buildings (target 50% reduction in carbon
dioxide emissions) will be verified, and building
envelope and equipment systems, which utilize a
combination of such methods, will be systematized.
In the housing sector as a whole, assistance for
upgrading existing residential buildings to moreenergy-saving ones has become an urgent theme.
Therefore, development associated with suchrenovation technologies especially with regards tohigher energy efficiency will be focused upon.

Technologies and consultation
system for energy-saving reform△
Social demand andowner benefits do notalways coincide

Environment and building equipment
technologies• Improvement of energy performance• Indoor air quality• Indoor thermal environment• Utilization of natural energy• Solar shading, thermal and soundinsulations
Structure and material technologies• Construction technologies• Improvement of durability• Earthquake resistance

50 million
existing homes

Consultations• Regional characteristics
or lifestyles• Demand for amenities• Economic efficiency

Both social demand andowner benefits coincide
as a result

Improved indoor
air quality
Equipment withhigher efficiency

Effective reformand construction
works
Reform investment
with effectivenessand high ownerSupport for policies andAlthough improvement invarious social systems
overall energy efficiency• Public standards
especially for existing• Performance evaluation ofhomes is essential, security
secondhand homes
and reliability of renovation investment
by clients, and support for smallerbuilders are also necessary

Effective utilization ofnatural energy
For example, wind power
generation, photovoltaic
generation, solar-powered
water heaters and day
lighting

Improvement ofStructural
thermal insulation
reinforcement
After remodeling• Reduction in CO2 emissions• Reduction in running cost
• Longer life of buildings• Improvement in indoor environment• Reduction in environment impacts

Outcome of developing renovation technologies
for higher energy performance

Figure3

Figure4

4. Research on Regeneration of Modern
Buildings of Historical and Cultural ValueFor urban improvement, creation of beautiful
landscapes and local revitalization, effective
utilization of historical and cultural buildings, which
are symbols of local history, are effective means.
Therefore, this research will help to promote various
technologies such as the evaluation of social values
and safety, securing a level of public safety that
conforms to current criteria, and recovery ofdeteriorated components essential to promoting
conservation, regeneration and effective utilization ofreinforced concrete structures built during the
Taisho or early Showa periods.

Development ofevaluation andapplication
technology

Matters to be addressed

Technical development•Difficult to determine social
value of historical buildings•No information ontechnologies for historicalbuildings

Techniques used to objectively evaluate the social value(benefits and external effects) of buildings
Improvement of archive on performance evaluation to meetchanges in criteria such as laws and ordinances during thedesign and construction stages
Improvement of archive on technologies and skills to reutilize declining technologies and excavate and train demand

Development ofelemental
regeneration
technology•Difficult to determine
structural condition,
earthquake resistance, etc.
•No diagnosis or reinforcement
techniques can be applied tohistorical buildings

Avoiding damage to historical and cultural value to the utmost•Earthquake resistance technology•Diagnosis of structure foundation and reinforcing technology•Concrete reinforcement technology•Technology that enables reversible regeneration, etc.

Development ofregeneration
planning
technology•Difficult to evaluate technical andschematic relevance of recovery
technologies to meet value andactual condition of buildings

Evaluation and review of recovery technology applications tohistorical buildings◆Preservation of historical and cultural value◆Relevance or degree of recovery technology application◆Reasonable cost

Figure55. Study about Road and RoadsideEnvironment for Preventing Human Error
With the aim of preventing human error that may
cause traffic accidents, research will be carried out tofind out driver’s judgment and behavior (lower driverconcentration or error in judgment) at locations where
accidents often occur to discover if serious and often
fatal traffic accidents,and also find out road androadside conditions (road signs, roadside utilization,
shop signboards, etc.) at these locations. Based on
this research, recommendations on various criteria
and systems, planning and design improvements forroads and the roadside environment will be submitted
in order to prevent such human error from occurring.

7. Regenerating and Reorganizing Suburban
Areas to Meet Social Demand and a
Decreasing Population
From next year the Japanese population is expected
to fall and contribute to the surplus in vacant lots andunoccupied dwellings especially in suburban areas.
Therefore, deterioration in living environment andinefficiency in public services are anticipated.
To reduce the impact of these problems andencourage residents to recreate comfortable housing
and residential areas, regenerating and reorganizing
technology, such as land-readjustment, units
subtracting from collective housing, forecasting thedecline in suburban residential areas, etc. andexamining the cost and benefits of regeneration andreorganization, will be carried out.

Running experiment at locations where accidents are concentrated
Locations where accidents are concentrated

Data for elderly drivers

Framework of the project

Data for other drivers

1. Development of technique to forecast the decline in residential areas•Development of technique to forecast the decline in residential areas based on anassessment of the current conditions, future population and household forecasting

Comparison of both parties

Extraction of factors
common to both parties
Extraction of road and roadside environmental factors inducing human error
Examination of methods to reduce road and roadside environmental factors

2. Development of system of regeneration and reorganization of suburban residential areas, etc.
• “Comfortable and suitable residential areas” by effectively utilizing vacant lots andunoccupied dwellings(i) Development of system of regeneration and reorganization (institution, changing
residences, consensus building, etc.)(ii) Development of technology on regeneration and reorganization (technology for units
subtraeting, technology for changing residences)

Experiment in the environment where methods to reduce factors are reproduced by CG
Inspection of the effects of a reduction in factors

Recommendation to plan design and improve roads in order to prevent accidents
due to human error, including the elderly, from occurring

3. Development of technique to evaluate costs and benefits for regeneration and reorganization•Measurement of social costs due to decline in suburban residential areas, etc.
•Technique to evaluate costs and benefits for regeneration and reorganization andcomparison with social costs

Figure8

Figure6

6. Performance Assessment Methods forInnovative Structures applying Advanced
Structural Materials
By effectively utilizing the characteristics ofadvanced structural materials such as high-strength
steel, high-functional steel and advanced composites,a structural system with exceptional earthquake
resistance, variability and reusability, as well as amethod for assessing and validating its performanceis being developed. Meanwhile, by effectively utilizing
and applying basic technologies on such structural
systems to recovery technologies such as those used
for existing buildings, technologies suitable to theimprovement and regenerating functions of existing
urban structures are being developed.

Research Objectives
Development of advanced structural materials (high-strength steel, highly-functional steel,super-fine grained steel and advanced composites)
potentials for highly-functional
structure system (large span, energy-damping capability)
Council for Science and Technology Policy, Nano-tech and Materials Project TeamInter-ministerial project ’’Innovative Building Systems’’
Anticipated large-scale earthquakes•Obstacles to livelihood and services•Serious consequence andeconomic damage

Tokai/ Tonan-kai andNankai earthquake, etc.
Development and practical use ofadvanced earthquake proofing systems,
variability and re-use by effectively
utilizing innovative structural materials

Needs and expectations for urban regeneration•High demand for improved earthquake resistance ofexisting urban buildings and blocks and minimizationof economic confusion•Creation of space for vital urban functions byeffectively utilizing existing buildings•Variability of infrastructure in the long-termand prospects for re-use

Development of a technical standard system to ensure
the realization of structural performance of advanced
earthquake proofing, variability and re-usable
functional system

Promotion of urban regeneration and social overhead capital improvement

Figure7

8. A Study on International Freight Flow
Network and Infrastructure Development
Policy in the Age of Economic Partnershipin East Asian Region
In the East Asian region, the movements for free
trade agreements (FTAs) have been becoming more
and more dynamic among ASEAN nations, Japan,
China, South Korea and others. It can be expectedthat the trends of international cargo flow will behighly influenced by the advance of such economic
partnerships.
In this study, trade-freight integrated forecasting
system is to be developed, and future demands ofinternational freight such as maritime container
freight and airfreight are to be estimated considering
effects caused by free trade agreements.
Moreover, various policies for developing andmanaging ports and airports related to international
freight flow are to be assessed, based on economic
outcome analysis.
Trade -Freight Integrated Forecasting System
Int'l Bilateral I -O Table
Social and Economic
Data for each Region

Dom estic Multi -Regional I -O Table
Int'l Multi-Regional I -O Table
Transport Variables
not changed by
Network Model(Length, Capacity, etc.)

Trade Estimation Sub -Model(CGE Mod el)-Values
per TEU-Containeri zation Rate

Trade Value by Region

Container OD Volume
Estimation Sub -Model

Int'l Container OD
by Region

Policy for
Int'l Transport
Infrastructure
Investment

Im provement of Productivity andTechnology of Transport Sector, etc.

Transport Technology
Renewal Sub -Model
Transport Technology changed by
Network Model (Time, Frequency, etc.)
Maritime / Land Transport Flowof International Containers

Available Dat a
Need to Estimation

In t'l Container Flow
Estimation Sub -Model(Netw ork Assignment Model)

Amount of Containers,
Transshipment, etc.

Figure915 Other Main Projects
Title of Project
Research on Technologies for Zero Emission and Recycling-Oriented Society
Development of Evaluation and Technologies for Buildings Aiming to Form a Sustainable Society
Research on the Construction of Sound Water Cycles and Sediment Transport Systems
Evaluation Method of Disaster Prevention Performance of Social Infrastructure and Facility in Urban
Regions and Disaster Mitigation Technologies
Research for Improving Safety and Amenity in Road Space
Development of Comprehensive Technology for Advanced Smart Residential Buildings
Research on Comprehensive Management of Chemical Risks in Bodies of Water
Research on the Influence of Soil and Groundwater Contamination on the Watersheds
Development of Synthetic Evaluation Technologies for Improving Urban Thermal Environments
Research on Improvement of Consensus-Building Methods in Infrastructure Management 〜Aiming toPromote Common Understanding and to Raise Satisfaction 〜
Development of Techniques for Assessing and Controlling Overall Cost Reduction Effect in Public Works
Research on Airport Development Policy to Adapt to the Future Airport Service Network in East Asia

management, highway management and traffic control
management were held. Members also inspected thesite of Active Traffic Management (ATM) for Motorway
42 (M42) in the suburbs of Birmingham and the
National Traffic Control Center.
The 7th workshop is scheduled to be held in Japan inautumn 2005. On that occasion, performance
management will be the ongoing theme, and asset
management and ITS policies and technologies will also
be discussed. It is hoped that this workshop will help tostrengthen cooperation between Japan and United
Kingdom in the area of road science and technology.

Research on the Building a Multi-Modal Transport System
Research on Promotion of International Tourism by Networking Local Resources and Transportation
Hubs
Comprehensive Effort for R&D on Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway System■ “UK-Japan Road Workshop”
Traffic Engineering Division

The 6 th U.K. - Japan Workshop on Advanced
Technology in Highway Engineering was held in
London and Birmingham, England between November
9th and December 4th, 2004. Since Japan is currently
promoting “outcome-based road administration”, themain theme of the workshop was “performance
management”. In addition to the opening session, bothparticipants discussed the latest measures taken
through administration and research. Five sessions
covering performance management, pavement

Photo 1 In front of the National Traffic Control Center in Birmingham■ TECHNICAL NOTE of National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (April, 2004)
120 Annual Research Report 2002 of Road Environment Division

Title of Paper

Names of Divisions
Road Environment Division

136 Decrease and Its Variable Factor of Lakeshore Vegetation in Lake Kasumigaura

Landscape and Ecology Division

142 Puncture Resistance of Waterproof Sheets Applied at Coastal Confined Waste Disposal Site
Precision of Estimation by Payment Card Contingent Valuation Method
143-Using Promotion of Increment of Tidal Flat and Shallow Water Area in Mikawa Bay144 A Study on Services and Functions by Sea Ports, With a View to Supporting Global Logistics Strategies

Coastal Disaster Prevention Division
Coastal Zone Systems Division

146 Influence of Rejuvenating Agents upon Performance of Recycled Asphalt

Airport Facilities Division

No.

Port Planning Division
Port Calling League of World Container Ships(2003)- Analysis of the Statistics Concerning with Port Planning Division
145
Port Calling and Influence on Rock-Out of Port in the Western Part of North America-

149 The Street Tree of Our Country V

Landscape and Ecology Division

152 Study for Conservation of Mammal Habitat -Investigation on Prevention Measures Against Animal Road Kill-

Road Environment Division

153 Environmental Impact Assessment Technique for Road Project(2) <Revision of 2004>

Road Environment Division

Erosion and Sediment Control Division
154 Joint Research about the Availability of Compost in Planting WorkNILIM Special Session in the First International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources in Water Management and Dam Division
156
Asia Pacific Region (APHW 2003) -From the History，Today's Issues in Water Management- Report

158 Hydraulic Resistance by Flexible and Tall Plant Communities

River Division

Field Study on Characteristics of Fluvail Processes Induced by Floods, Succession and Area River Division
161
Expansion of Riparian Plant Communities in Gravel Bed Rivers
163 Report of the Evaluation Sub Committee of NILIM in FY 2003 Evaluation Committee of NILIM
Research Administration and Evaluation Division

166 Investigation of Causes and Counter Measures of Dangerous Phenomena on the Roads

Advanced Road Design and Safety Division■"2005 Annual Report of NILIM" is now on our website (in Japanese only, for the time being)
We publish "2005 Annual Report of NILIM" to show our research activities and accomplishments, and you can see its
contents on our website, www.nilim.go.jp. English version will be available in the future.

National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Asahi 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0804, Japan(Tachihara) Tachihara 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0802, Japan(Yokosuka) Nagase 3-1-1, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-0826, Japan
TEL:+81-29-864-2675 FAX:+81-29-864-4322

N I L I M

N e w sL e t t e r

No.12
March 2005w w w. n i l i m . g o . j p