Damage situations of ground,infrastructures and others
Yasuo Tanaka
RCUSS (Research Center for Urban
Safety & Security)

Damages caused by GEJET• Human casualties by tsunami & strong shaking• Physical damages by strong ground motions &tsunami: Houses, buildings, roads, railways, water,electricity (including nuclear plant) and gases tsunami and significantly due to ground failures andliquefactions• Societal Impacts: Economical, agricultural,environmental, governmental, psychological, etc.

Strong Ground Motion
Super Wide Areas of strong groundmotion in 2011.3.11 GEJET
1995 Kobe EQ.

2011 GEJET

From 2011 White Paper

Extremely High PGAs Recorded
2933gal@Miyagi

1845gal@Ibaraki

2019gal@Miyagi

1425gal@FukushimaVariation in Strong Ground Motion
NIED Report 2011.3.15
Green: 1st phase is large
Red : both phases arelarge
Orange:2nd phase is large
Blue: no apparent phases

Comparison of Damages between
1995.1.17 and 2011.3.11
Great Hanshin Awaji (Kobe) EQ

GEJET

Direct Loss of 10 trillion yen

Direct Loss of 16.9 trillion yen excluding NP

GDP 489 trillion yen (FY1994) 2%

GDP 479 trillion yen (FY2010) 3.5%Population older than 65: 17.9 million(14.1%)

Population older than 65: 29.6 million(23.1%)

No. of Collapsed House 104,906

No. of Collapsed House 112,528

Death: 6434

Death: 15769 (confirmed), 4227 (missing)burnt

83.3% due tocollapsed houses

92.4% drowned

As ofSept.
6thComparison of Damages between
1995.1.17 and 2011.3.11
Great Hanshin Awaji (Kobe) EQGEJETElectricity down: 2.6 million houses

Electricity down: 8.71 million houses

Gas supply down: 845,000 houses

Gas supply down: 420,000 houses, (plus1,660,000 LP gas)

Water supply: 1.27 million houses

Water supply: 2.29 million houses (including
those due to aftershocks)

Sewage line: 260km damaged line intotal

Sewage line: 946km damaged line in total,
also 48 treatment plants and 78 pumping
stations are damaged

Telephone: 478,000 fixed lines deadTelephone: 1,000,000 fixed lines dead, and14,800 mobile stations deadPopulation

Kobe & other

Iwate

Miyagi

Fukushima

2.3 million

1.3 million

2.3 million

2.0 million

Different Types of Ground Failure
Due to Strong Ground Motion
differential settlement, embankment failure,• Liquefaction  lateral spread• Natural Slope failure• Earth-fill Dam failure• Failure of Reclaimed Land with Cut & Fill
Due to mainly Tsunami• Water Front (Harbor) Facility Failure due totsunami (& shaking?)Locations of Ground GeotechnicalFailures
Water Front Facility@ Souma Port
Earth Fill Dam @ Fujinuma
Natural Slope @ Shirakawa

Road embankment @Hitachi-naka Port

Differential Settlement @ Urayasu City

Liquefaction Sites in Kanto Region
Map by Prof. Yasuda

Tone RiverTokyoUrayasu – near Tokyo Disney Land

Cause of Liquefaction• Near Tokyo (Chiba& Ibaraki), a long
duration ofshaking with low
acceleration atsoft ground.
• Near Sendai, astrong groundmotion at softground.

Seismic record near Tokyo on
non-liquefied ground.

Liquefaction at Urayasu City

Liquefaction: Differential Settlementand Embankment Failures

Differential Settlement at Urayasu

Road Embankment Failure at HitachiNaka Port with LiDar measurement

Natural Slope Failure at Shirakawa

Earth-fill Dam Failure at Fujinuma

Failure of Reclaimed Landwith Cut & Fill
Photo by Prof.
Towhata

Failure on fill ground is large. Poor
construction of fill onto the originalground.

Briefing report for ASCE/TCLEE at JSCE on June 13, 2011
http://committees.jsce.or.jp/kokusai/node/5

Damages of Lifelines

From
Presentation ofProf. Nojima

Briefing report for ASCE/TCLEE at JSCE on June 13, 2011
http://committees.jsce.or.jp/kokusai/node/5

Recoveries of Lifelines

From
Presentation ofProf. Nojima

Briefing report for ASCE/TCLEE at JSCE on June 13, 2011
http://committees.jsce.or.jp/kokusai/node/5

Examples of lifeline facility failures

From
Presentation ofProf. Kuwata

Briefing report for ASCE/TCLEE at JSCE on June 13, 2011
http://committees.jsce.or.jp/kokusai/node/5

Examples of lifeline facility failures

From
Presentation ofProf. Kuwata

Damage to flexible
joint, DIPφ600

Briefing report for ASCE/TCLEE at JSCE on June 13, 2011
http://committees.jsce.or.jp/kokusai/node/5

Examples of lifeline facility failures

From
Presentation ofProf. ShojiCasualties due to Tsunami

Population in total & inundated area
1.045million

342,198

% of Death in Inundated Area

Process for Recoveries andReconstructions
March 11th

• 14:46 Earthquake occurred• 14:50 Emergency Response Offices @ CAO, MoD• 15:14 the Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters• 19:03 the Nuclear Disaster Management Headquarters• April 11 the Reconstruction Design Council (Headed byProf. Iokibe, Emeritus Prof. Kobe Univ)• June 23 the Reconstruction Headquarters for GEJE
3 pillars of Headquarters in Central Government.
the Reconstruction Design Council presented arecommendation report; “Towards Reconstruction– Hope beyond the Disaster” on June 25th

Reconstruction Design Council

Prof. Iokibe @ Kobe Univ. Symp. on Aug 3

Four Panelist @ Kobe Univ. Symp. on Aug 3

Towards Reconstruction–Hope beyond the Disaster–• Our task is to how to derive a solution andimplement DRR for such compound disaster.
• The problems that Japan had kept since theWorld War II lies at the background of suchcompound disaster• This disaster reveals the vulnerability of ourcivilization that overlooked the menace of naturalhazards.
• Question may be posed on how our civilization
should continue.

Key solution is how to bridge the peoples,communities, regions, and countries.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION