The REDD Research and Development Center of the Forestry and Forest Products
Research Institute2019 International Seminar:“REDD-plus Start-up Year 2020: Roadmap to Result-based and Transferable Outcomes
for Sustainable Development”

An international seminar hosted by the Forestry and Forest Products ResearchInstitute (FFPRI) (organizer: the REDD Research and Development Center) and cohosted by the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the REDD+ Platform, was held on
January 21, 2020, in Ito Hall at the University of Tokyo. This year, which happened tobe the final year of the Forestry Agency Sponsored Project, the “Project to support
private-sector activities promoting REDD+,” we focused on the outcomes of the researchand development carried out under this project by presenting useful guidelines and tools
for reliable implementation of and assistance with programs. We also actively discussed
the opportunities created by REDD-plus to assist with and implement programs indeveloping countries, including their private sectors, which make use of the Joint
Crediting Mechanism (JCM) promoted by Japan.

Opening Session

General of ITTO) said that although

In the opening remarks by the organizer,

timber use and timber-based energy

FFPRI Director General Dr. Sawada

supply had so far been seen as causes ofHaruo provided an overview of the roles

climate change, this perspective hadthat the FFPRI has played for about tenchanged. We now recognize that it isyears to promote REDD-plus. He spoke ofpossible to create win-win situations forhis hope that the initiatives up to thisdevelopment

point, including this seminar, would

through timber use and for climate

contribute to the improvement of forestchange initiatives. He finished his speechconservation and social welfare aroundby noting that ITTO is committed to

the world and measures on climate

addressingchange.

cooperation and collaboration with civil

Delivering the opening speech as a co-andclimateeconomicchangegrowththroughsociety, local communities, indigenous

host, Dr. Gerhard Dieterle (Director

people, and the private sector.

11

Mr. Hongo Koji (Director General of the

REDD Programme

Forestry Agency) spoke on behalf of theguests and stated that Japan would likeDr. Malgorzata Buszko-Briggs

to contribute to the achievement of the(Food and Agriculture Organization

Paris Agreement targets through effective(FAO)/UN-REDD)

use and appropriate management of

FAO has supported REDD-plus in 64

domestic forest resources, long-term use

countries in the last ten years, in order toof timber, and international initiatives onface and solve technical challenges inclimate change supported by REDD-plus.

various countries. Our goal is to halve

Finally,

Dr.

Inoue

Yasuko(Senioremissions by 2030 and to reach net zeroResearcher of FFPRI) explained theemissions by 2050. REDD+, like theobjectives of the seminar. She began by

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),

expressing concerns about the causal

is considered to be making a substantial

relationship between large-scale wildfires,contribution in achieving these targets.

such as those in Australia, and climate

However, the forest area loss in 2018change. She then explained that thewas the fourth-highest loss in the last 20

objectives of the seminar were to shareyears. Although the implementation of

information about technological, policy,

REDD-plus still faces various challenges

and funding statuses, including those on

relatedmonitoring techniques and safeguarding

international

initiatives, and to invite experts aroundtechnological aspect has made muchthe world to discuss challenges to theprogress, with some countries starting afurthertransition

promotionofprivate-sector

topolitics,

industry,andnegotiation,toresults-baseditspayment

participation in REDD-plus, including the(RBP) based on the outcome of Phase 3.

use of private funding through market

Forty countries have developed national

mechanisms based on the decisions madeforest monitoring systems (NFMSs), andin the Framework Convention on Climate

45

Change.

reference levels to the United Nations

countries

Frameworkhave

submitted

Convention

on

their

ClimateChange (UNFCCC). We now need: 1)
Keynote speech 1

additional

capacity

development;

2)

Overview and prospect of REDD-plus

technologies and tools; 3) new funding

and 10 years of experience of the UN-

sources, and; 4) factors that can trigger

12

transformative impacts of REDD-plus.

in Myanmar

Regarding capacity development, FAO
has assisted in the development of NFMS

Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw

in 16 countries since 2015. As for(Forest Department, Ministry of Natural

technologies and tools, we can point to the

Resources

advancement

Conservation, Myanmar)

inremotesensingandEnvironmental

technologies for forest monitoring. FAO,In Myanmar, the deforestation ratewith the assistance of other organizations

remains high, with a loss of 400,000 ha

including JICA and Japan Aerospace

every year due to conversions of land into

Explorationhas

agricultural land and other land types

developed Open Foris and the system forthat are used unsustainably. The use ofearth observation data access, processing

biomass as an energy source is also

and analysis for land monitoring (SEPAL),

causing

forest-monitoring tools that can be used

percentage of forest cover was 58 percent

on smartphones. In terms of new funding

in 1995. According to Forest Resource

sources, REDD-plus currently receives

Assessment (FRA) 2015, it has fallen to 42

only two percent of the Green Climate

percent.

Agency(JAXA),

Fund (GCF). While Phase 1 targeted

Againstforestthisdegradation.

backdrop,

The

Myanmarpublic funding sources and Phase 3 willsubmitted a forest reference level for thefocus on RBPs, private-sector funding andfirst time in January 2018 to makecarbon finance are critical for Phase 2; itprogress in the preparation phase, whichis expected that the GCF will play an

is a requirement for REDD-plus’s RBPs.

important role in this phase. FAO is

The draft of the National REDD-plus

working with the Center for International

Strategy is expected to be completed

Forestry Research (CIFOR) to analyze

shortly, and it is planned for the NFMS totransformative impacts of REDD-plus.

begin a new national forest inventory in

We believe that land tenure will be the2020. We have also worked with thecentral challenge to implementing REDD-

United Nations (UN) to implement a plan

plus swiftly and appropriately at scale.

to create the Safeguards Information
System.

Keynote speech 2

Under

the

Nationally

Determined

REDD-plus for Results-based-payment

Contribution (NDC), REDD-plus uses

and supporting Sustainable Development

ecosystem

13

servicestocontributetoclimate change mitigation and adaptation.

working with partners including the UN

REDD-plus sets out to contribute to thetodevelopment of a vibrant and sustainablefunding sources beyond the RBP-centeredeconomy, particularly rural development.

GCF, and is considering co-financing as

Furthermore, the contribution of REDD-

one of the options.

plus to the SDGs has resulted in

explorevariousopportunities

forDr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw stated that Myanmar

measures addressing poverty and ahasreduction in hunger in rural areas that

attested by examples such as typhoon

live

the

damage mitigated by mangroves) with 70

Sustainable

percent of the population being dependentonforestformulationofproducts,
theandDevelopment Plan.
Policysupportabundant

forestresources(ason forests. In this context, the national
whengovernment must make local people moreforestaware of the importance of forests anddegradation in rural areas. REDD-plus

realize sustainable forest management.

helped to make progress in this matter,He also stated that Myanmar had

providing the means to resolve conflicts

developed strategies and action plans toand empowering women and indigenous

achieve Net Zero Deforestation by 2030,

people. However, Myanmar will continue

and was developing policies to encourage

to need capacity-building efforts andafforestationinternational support in technologies.

Regarding

Myanmar is scheduled to launch RBP in

implementation, the entire Ministry of

the full implementation phase targeting

Natural Resources and Environmental

deforestation on a national scale by 2020.

Conservation and the Forest Department

addressingisessential

deforestation

and

by

the

privatemitigation

sector.
andunder it are working closely together to
Keynote speech: Q/A session

implement policies. Finally, he answered

Dr. Buszko-Briggs stated that wethat in order to improve the level ofshould focus on the notion that theeducation

implementation of REDD-plus would

government

generate numerous benefits from forests,

communities, the country had developed

rather than on the idea that REDD-pluscollege curriculums on climate change

would quickly produce credits with little

and prepared a study abroad program ininvestment.

which master’s degrees can be earned.

Regardingnewfundingsources, he responded that ITTO is

14

about

forests

employees

and

among
local

Session 1:

For the future, it is important to

REDD-plus tools, guidelines andevaluate species diversity. We should

technologies

create long-term monitoring systems by
developing measurement criteria and“What is the point of forest carbon

training

monitoring in REDD-plus?”

cooperation from experts and residents.

personnel,

while

securing

Dr. Sato Tamotsu (FFPRI)
Understanding wider areas throughforestcarbonREDD-plusfor

Nationally

Determined Contributions and ways togroundincorporate to National Inventory Report”

observation data with satellite data.

Dr. Sandro Federici (Intergovernmental

Monitoring methods must be low-cost, but

Panel on Climate Change: IPCC)

without

by

can

of

be

accomplishedmonitoring“Role

combiningsacrificing

measurement

I

would

like

us

to

considertheaccuracy. FFPRI has been developing

challenges in incorporating REDD-plus

various research manuals.

and the Paris Agreement in National

The benefits provided by forests inecosystem

services

includenot

Inventory Reports. Forests are sinks, and

only

serve

as

carbonstocks.

Mitigation

carbon fixation but also other benefits,measures can reduce emissions from

includingconservation.

forests, reduce CO2 in the atmosphere,

Forest stands with a high diversity of tree

and expand carbon stocks. For these

species tend to fix a greater amount ofthings to happen, it is essential to reducecarbon.

harvesting, prevent disturbances, reduce

biodiversity

harvesting losses, and extend the useful

In recent years, among developing

lifetime of harvested wood products.

countries, there has been a rise in thenumber of countries in which greenhouse

However, we report the GHG flux forgas (GHG) emissions are caused to aeach category, not the stock, to thegreater extent by forest degradation than

National Inventory Report. Althoughbyadditional

REDD-plus is included in 55 of 197

disturbance caused by fire—the primary

National Inventory Reports, the reporting

cause of forest degradation—changes themethods

composition of species, makes it morequestions must be examined. Question1:

difficult to recover, and reduces carbon

Should REDD-plus activities be stratified

stock.

indeforestation.

Each

15

the

lack

National

consistency.

Inventory

Three

Report?

Question 2: How should we treat the
REDD-plus

activitiesapatterns.

country

implements when forests are included in

Session 2:

the country’s NDC? Question 3: What if

REDD-plus voluntary cooperative

the

only

REDD-plus

activities

areapproaches and result-based finances

mitigation measures of the NDC?
“Evaluating the performance of REDDSession 1: Q/A session

plus projects at the national level”

Regarding the relationship between the

Dr. Ehara Makoto (FFPRI)

diversity of tree species and the amount of

It is important for REDD-plus vendors

carbon fixation, Dr. Sato answered thatto have the performance of their projects

although analysis of native broadleaf

properly evaluated at the national level.

forests would indicate a greater amount ofHere, we can define “proper evaluation”

carbon fixation, it is important to create

as one in which accuracy (the avoidance offorests according to the purpose of forest

doublemanagement. When asked what must be(evaluation of the contribution level) are

done to implement research-level forest

guaranteed.

counting)

andlegitimacy

degradation emissions evaluations at the

The results of our study indicate thatnational scale, he answered that it isthere are four components in a proper

essential to collect data after clarifying

evaluation: 1) guaranteeing the integrity

the definition of forest degradation. Heof the methodology; 2) providing input on

hoped

project

thecollaboration

between

impactbeyondemissions

Myanmar and FFPRI would be productive.

reduction to the implementing country’s

When asked about the calculation forgovernment; 3) developing a method to

years

such

as

2019,

when

widelydistribute benefits among projects, and; 4)publicized major wildfires took place, Dr.

securing

Federici

responded

IPCC

cooperation

publishesastatisticallyinstitutions.

method

that
to

the

distinguish between natural disturbances

human
with

resources
JICA

and

and
other

We propose two strategies to meet theseand disturbances caused by humans. He

four requirements.

explained that this method could clarify

First, we should develop a method tothe extent of impact by identifying certain

allocate the country’s reference level tofires as outliers, based on historicalprojects in advance. However, we must

16

decide by what amount we should

resources. 3) In concert with the United

determine allocation proportions. Some

Nations

methods

Diversity (UNCBD), the preservation of

can

cause

significant

gaps

Convention

onBiologicalbetween the reference level anticipated bybiologicalvendors and the actual level.

management of protected areas and other

Second,webelievethat

properevaluation

can

be

facilitateddiversity

throughthestrategies.

byRegarding REDD-plus, JICA conducts

conducting it by referencing the cookbook

activities in various places using thethat explains which items REDD-plus

following

vendors should address.

Implementation of assistance in a manner

threeprinciples.

1)that promotes the autonomy of developing“JICA’s cooperation on REDD-plus”

countries and accommodates the reality of

Mr. Morita Takahiro (JICA)

each country. 2) Maximum use of Japan’s

JICA’s goal is to implement projects toachievethesafetyofpeopleexpertise and technologies, such as theandapplication of remote sensing technology

sustainable growth and, as a consequence

in cooperation with JAXA. 3) Emphasis onof these efforts, to gain the trust of the

global-level partnerships in the face ofinternational community toward Japan.

limited resources.

In the areas of the natural environment,
including our cooperation in areas related“Implementation of Article 6 of the Paristo REDD-plus, JICA has established theAgreement

following

Mechanism (JCM)”

threestrategic

issues.

1)

andCoordination between the preservation ofMs.

the natural environment and humanEnvironment)

activities, especially the contribution to
mitigation

measures

under

Framework

Convention

on

Uga

the

Maiko

Joint

(Ministry

CreditingoftheTo achieve the 2°C target of the Paristhe

Agreement from COP21, we need efforts

Climatethat incorporate all kinds of stakeholders,

Change. 2) In the spirit of the United

including the introduction of market

Nations

Combatmechanisms. Issues concerning Article 6,

Desertification (UNCCD), improvement

Paragraphs 2 and 4, are particularlyof the livelihoods of the local people inimportant.

Convention

todeveloping countries who live in harsh

Regarding Article 6, Paragraph 2,

conditions through the use of naturalwhich pertains to the market mechanism

17each country is to implement individually,

village. Targeting seven villages locatedthe rules to prevent double counting ofin 120,000 ha of forests in the Department

mitigationaof Ucayali, Peru, the project has four

particularly important point of discussion

tenets: the proper use of land, capacity

in COP25. Carbon offsetting for thebuilding for forest management, financial

International Civil Aviation Organization

and(ICAO), which is gathering attention as

assistance.

an application of carbon credits, and theaccordance with the Verified Carbon

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme

Standard (VCS) and the Community andfor(CORSIA)

Biodiversity Standards (CCB Standards)

would also be subject to these rules. In

and aims to reduce CO2 at a rate ofaddition, the need to provide funding for

550,000 tons/year for ten years, improve

the adaptation in developing countries

the livelihoods of people, and protect wild

was discussed. Regarding Article 6,

fauna and flora.

outcomes

International

becameAviationmarketlinkages,
It

is

and

technical

implementedinParagraph 4, the main point of the debate

In 2018, tripartite cooperation began

was the transferability of the credits

with the United States Agency for

issuedDevelopment

International Development (USAID) andMechanism (CDM) projects under the

Althelia Funds, a financial assistanceKyoto Protocol.

initiative headquartered in Luxembourg.

in

Although

the

Clean

COP25

could

The goal is for the local people themselves

not,unfortunately, resolve all of the importanttopractice

agenda items related to Article 6, we canthroughevaluate it positively as it has clarified

contributing to the reduction in GHG

the paths toward the upcoming COP26.

emissions. The project period is five years,
withsustainable

management

sustainablebusinesses,

AIDER

servingasthe“Association for Research and Integral

implementation partner and USAID andDevelopment

Althelia Funds providing the money.

(AIDER’s)

experience:

REDD-plus project in Shipibo Conibo andExpectedoutcomes

Cacataibo native communities in the

management of 120,000 ha of forests,

Ucayali region, Peru”

improved conditions in 520 ha of forests,

Ms. Sylvia Mayta (AIDER)

improved livelihoods of 350 indigenous

I would like to showcase a REDD-plus

families,

respect

project implemented in an indigenous

techniques,

and

18

includeforthebettertraditional
creationofsustainablebusinesses.

funding

Regarding the participation of the

aspect of the project is unique. In addition

private sector in the future, Mr. Morita

to having USAID as the donor, Altheliareferred to the example of mangrove

Funds can earn a profit of 20 percent

preservation presented by Dr. Nyi Nyi

through

Kyaw and showed an approach to explore

carbonThecredits.

Challenges

include the adoption of business culture inbusiness

indigenous

measuresmitigation and adaptation. He also said

against land invasions, and scaling-up ofthat JICA is making efforts to prevent

businesses.

forest degradation by considering valuecommunities,

opportunities

thatcombinechains, and touched on the need for
Session 2: Q/A session
Responding

toasharing best practices.
questionaskingRegarding business models that would

whether it is possible to use REDD-plus

lead to forest protection, Ms. Mayta

credits toward offsetting in CORSIA, Ms.

described a case in which a direct sales

Uga stated that it is too early to say, butmechanism for cocoa and crafts was

she is paying close attention to thedeveloped by having business experts

outcomes of the review by the Technicalparticipate.

Advisory Body. She also mentioned thatentry from other industries would have toPanel discussion

wait until the details of Article 6 of theParis Agreement are determined.
Toaquestion

Introductory presentation

concerning

the“JCM REDD+ in Cambodia”

application of VCS credits, Ms. MaytaDr.

explained that they are paid to theInternational (CI) Japan)

investors

ascompensation

for

their

a

question

Aya(Conservation

The presentation introduced a REDD-

investment in the project.
To

Uraguchiplus project using JCM implemented byconcerningtheMitsui

&

Co.,

Ltd.,

Conservation

methodology of JCM in REDD-plus andInternational (CI), and the Cambodian

its coexistence with other mechanisms, Dr.

government. Activities are built on: 1) a

Ehara responded that the methodology isgood relationship with the host country; 2)project-based, and described methods ofstrong interest among stakeholders, and;coexistence3) CI’s past experience in the area. To

that

can

avoid

doublecounting.

agree

19

on

the

components

of

the

methodology, the Cambodian side has

participation to REDD-plus including bybeen exchanging ideas with JICA experts,

market approaches?”

UN personnel in Cambodia, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), andModerator: Mr. Hashiramoto Osamu

the Japanese side has been assisted by(ITTO)

the national government and research Dr.

Malgorzata

institutions. In addition, the project also

(FAO/UN-REDD)

received the consultation of the United Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw

Nations

Development

Programme

Buszko-Briggs(Ministry of Natural Resources and(UNDP) concerning nesting. For theEnvironmental

business to work, measures to prevent

Myanmar)Conservation,

deforestation are becoming essential. The

 Dr. Sato Tamotsu (FFPRI)

project is also attempting to achieve

 Dr. Sandro Federici (IPCC)

transparency and speed through frequent Dr. Ehara Makoto (FFPRI)

communication.

 Ms. Uga Maiko (Ministry of theNecessary conditions for the business

Environment)

model to work include coordination with

 Ms. Sylvia Mayta (AIDER)

relevant

 Dr. Uraguchi Aya (CI Japan)

domestic

parties,

implementation of various activities toprevent deforestation, reduction of risks① What are the expectations of local

through information sharing, flexibility incommunities and investors to thethe budget, and the existence of demand

REDD-plus projects?

for credits.

Dr. Uraguchi said that the companies

Promoting large-scale participation by
privatecompanies

necessitates

that

a

investinprojects

expectthemechanisms, market, and the amount ofsufficient amount of discussion with

reduction

potential partners. The government on its

predictable, and that its projects are “goodpart would have to create the demand for

projects” from the perspective of the SDGs.

credits and risk reduction schemes andHowever, she pointed out that because

provide assistance on the methodology.

stopping a community from engaging in

under

REDD-plus

tobeforest-destroying activities would mean
Discussion

changing its way of life, we must

“What to do to enhance private sector

recognize

20

that

this

would

take

a

considerable amount of time.

addition to understanding the changes in

Ms. Mayta stated that, based on theland use.

experience of implementing a REDD-plus

Ms. Uga stated that the national

project in Peru’s indigenous villages,

government perceives that rule-making iscommunities are expecting to improve

important,andintends

their livelihoods while preserving forests,

experience

on

JCM

and investors are expecting not only tointernational negotiation on Article 6 ofreceive emission reduction credits but

the Paris Agreement concerning thealso to profit from those credits.

market-based approach and international

to

to

use

its

work

on

transfers of mitigation measures. She also
pointed out that it is necessary to② What is needed to promote private
sectorincluding

supporttothrough

REDD-plus

market-establish consistency in the relationshipbased

between the RBP in REDD-plus by GCF

approaches or international transfer

and JCM credits. Furthermore, she saidof mitigation outcomes, such as athat the development of credit markets is

project which applies Joint Crediting

essential to achieve the goal agreed in the

Mechanism (JCM)?

Paris Agreement, and advocated private

Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw stated that tofinancepromote sustainable forest management,

inadditiontogovernment

purchases.

the national government had responded

Dr. Ehara stated that it is important for

to deforestation in Myanmar by actively

REDD-plus to preserve environmental

loaning public lands to the private sector,

integrity

starting in 2006. As part of this effort, hesubstantively

said, plantations were being developed

mitigation. In particular, we must allocate

through foreign investors motivated byappropriate reference levels and outcomesthe corporate social responsibility (CSR)

corresponding to the deforestation risk

and credits, and the government is

unique to each region. In addition, he

actively making efforts to maintain andmentioned that since the private sector isincrease forest areas, with a goal of net

expecting REDD-plus to offer CSR-typezero forest deforestation. He also statedelements

that to promote JCM and REDD-plus, we

scenario is to start with CSR at first, thenmust introduce market mechanisms andoffer credits later on.

implement

technology

transfer,

in

21

first

and

and

then

to

climatecredits,

one

contributechangepotential

③ In

order

to

participation

promoteinfoundations to support this effort.

privateREDD-plus

Dr. Sato suggested that by inviting local

implementation which are regarded

peopleas credible activities, what kind ofmonitoring,supports in technical aspects areunderstand the importance of forests,

needed for REDD-plus countries andleading to forest preservation. To do this,for private sectors which support

we

REDD-plus projects?

monitoring

to

need

participate
they

in

REDD-plus

would

techniques to

come

to

teach

them

in

a

technologies

Dr. Federici stated that the IPCC had

comprehensible manner. He also statedpublished guidelines for the creation ofthat forests have multiple functions. By

national GHG inventories, and they canshowing a landscape design in which

be used to calculate the amount of

biodiversity protection zones and timberemission reduction for REDD-plus. He

production zones are appropriately placed,also said that the amount of national

he said that communities must think andemissions (stock)discuss for themselves.

outcomes

of

and

the

REDD-plus

reduction
shouldbe

integrated at the national level in the
future,

as

they

are

comparable

Q/A sessionor

Mr. Hashiramoto, the moderator, gave

interchangeable with each other. He

his view that amidst the interest in CSR,

mentioned that this would require us to

the SDGs, and environment, social andestablish credibility (establishment of thegovernance (ESG) investment shown bybaseline, linkages, persistence, nesting,companies, REDD-plus projects mustand prevention of double counting).

consider not only emission reduction but

Mr. Morita pointed out that sincealso biodiversity and the improvement ofconditions vary in REDD-plus countries,

local people’s livelihoods. He especiallytheencouraged participants from private

process

to

meet

the

universal

requirements of UNFCCC would require

corporations to ask questions.

flexible measures according to needs. He

A Japanese private oil exploration

also stated that it is important to find acompany said that it is following thebalance between the quality of credits andexample of other international companies

the cost, and that we had to assistincompanies in monitoring technologies andoffsetting emissions in the order of one

developing

million tons per year in forest sectors,

policycommitments

and

22

the

same

industry,toconsiderincluding REDD-plus. The company said
that it would like to hear suggestions as

Wrap-up session

to whether it should purchase credits or

Dr. Buszko-Briggs wrapped up theparticipate in the project. Responding tosessionthis question, Dr. Uraguchi pointed out

investing in REDD-plus must make long-that very few projects had been developedtermin the last few years. She said that we had

improvement of local people’s livelihoods,

to create additional projects as theafter estimating and addressing risks. He

demand for forest credits is expected toalso said that we must support theincrease

participation of the private sector in

and

this

would

take

a

by

statingthatcommitments,

companies

includingtheconsiderable amount of time. She also

REDD-plus

suggested creating portfolios in multiple

mechanisms built on our experience of

projects.

JCM. He identified the establishment of aAnother Japanese company said that it
has

implemented

forestthroughthecreationofbaseline and integration with the nationalpreservation

GHG

inventory

andinternational

projects for about ten years, for social

systems as the issues we should address

contribution and CSR purposes. The

in the future, to establish the credibility

company stated that if it can effectivelyof REDD-plus.

use

REDD-plus

achievement

todemonstrateexternally,

it

its

might

Closing session

participate in REDD-plus, after assessing

Dr. Hirata Yasumasa (Director of thethe risks.

REDD Research and Development Center,

A former employee of a Japanese

FFPRI)

once

again

explained

thecompany requested that in addition tosignificance of the seminar’s title, “Start-developing countries, developed countries

up Year.” He then summarized theshouldbeevaluated,

especiallytheseminar by stating that it generated

effectaofvaluable hints for ways to integrateafforestation implemented in Japan after“mitigation,” a global challenge, andWorld War II. Dr. Federici responded to“adaptation,”

this by stating that they are all properly

concluded by thanking the speakers,

evaluated in UNFCCC’s national GHG

presenters, and the audience in the hall.

mitigationasresultinventories.

23

a

local

challenge.

He