DRI UPDATEMARCH | 2021
0

EDITORIAL

Dear Readers,
In last three editions I have been expressing my concern about the restricted availability ofiron ore, its ever rising prices and their impact on the sponge iron and steel industry. During
last two months situation is changing. Availability of iron ore particularly from Odisha
segment is gradually increasing and the domestic prices o f iron ore have started coming
down. This will definitely have a saluting impact on the financial performance of the Indianiron and steel industry.
Productions of sponge iron and sponge iron based steel plants are continuously increasing
and we expect that in next two to three months we will come to pre-Covid 19 level. If welook into the JPC data from April – January, 2020, the production of sponge iron have shown
negative growth of 12% as compared to the similar period of last year. We expect thatsponge iron production in the current financial year should be around 35% million tonnes
against 37.10 million tones of last year.
JPC under the aegis of Ministry of Steel had carried out a comprehensive survey in IndianSponge Iron Industry in association with SIMA. In their report, JPC has acknowledged thecontribution of SIMA. Highlights of the survey are on page no. 21 of this edition.
We wish our readers a very promising financial year ahead.

Deependra Kashiva
Executive Director

1Carbon Neutral DRI/Steel Making - Beginning of A New Era?
Deependra Kashiva
Executive Director, Sponge Iron Manufacturers Association

1. Indian DRI Industry
Forty years old Indian DRI industry made a modest beginning when a demonstration plant was set up at
Paloncha district, Khammam, Telengana to test the suitability of Indian iron ore and non coking coal basedon Lurgi Technology, Germany. This was necessitated to conserve second highest foreign exchange outgo
due to the import of steel melting scrap to meet the domestic metallic requirement. Thereafter, other coalbased DRI plants like IPI Tata Steel, Bihar Sponge Iron Ltd, Odisha Sponge iron Ltd etc were set up. Major
growth in coal based sector from 2003-04 to 2008-09.
In early 90’s three gas based DRI plants were set up in the west coast due to the availability of natural gas at that time.
No Greenfield natural gas based DRI/HBI plant came up after 1994 (26 years) due to non-availability of naturalgas. Subsequently, one syn gas based plant and one corex based plant were set up.

1.1 Capacity
The current operating capacity is 47.84 million tonnes per annum. The DRI operating capacity build up during 2014 15 to 2020-21 is as follows:
All figures are in '000 tonnes
Year
Capacity

2014-152015-16

2016-172017-18

2018-192019-20

2020-21

46234

43360

46007

49617

46556

47849

47849

Thousand tonnes

Capacity
51000
50000
49000
48000
47000
46000
45000
44000
43000
42000
41000
40000

Source: JPC

2014-152015-16

2016-172017-18

2018-192019-20

2020-21

Year

2

1.2

Production

Route wise Production of the DRI from 2014 -15 to April-October’20 is as under:

All figures are in '000 tonnes
Production
Gas Based
Coal BasedTotal

2014-152015-16

2016-172017-18

2018-192019-20

2354
21889

2440
19987

4854
23908

6458
24053

6899
27806

6564
30539

Apr-Jan 21
4983
22700

24243

22427

28762

30511

34705

37102

27684

Production

40000

Gas Based
Coal Based

Thousand Tonnes

35000

Total

30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2014-152015-16

2016-172017-18

Year

2018-192019-20

Apr-Jan21

Source: JPC

From the above, it can be seen that coal based DRI industry with a contribution of about 80% is dominating.
The total production of DRI in 2019- 2020 was 37.14 million tonnes. In fact, Indian is the largest DRI producer
in the world for the last 18 consecutive years and accounts about 30% of world production.

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1.3 Export
Export of DRI is mainly consists of coal based DRI and it has exported to the neighboring countries. Details of which
are as under:

All figures are in '000 tonnesYear2014-152015-16

2016-172017-18

2018-192019-20

Apr-Oct 20

98

127

130

390

618

837

272

2017-18

2018-19

Thousand tonns

ExportExport

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2014-152015-16

2016-172019-20 Apr-Oct 20

Year
Source: JPC

1.4 Technological Profile
To increase the DRI production from the current level of 37.14 million tonnes to 80 million tonnes by 2030-31, as
envisages in the National Steel Policy 2017, the industry has following options:

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Coal based DRI production
Natural gas based production
Natural Gas + Coke oven gas
Syn Gas +Coke oven gas
Corex gas based production

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From the above, it can be noticed that Indian DRI industry uses various reductant namely non coking coal, producer
gas, natural gas, syn gas, corex gas, coke oven gas etc. All these fuels / reductant have carbon footprints. Coal basedroute has higher CO 2 emissions compared to other above mentioned routes. Natural gas based route is much cleaner
routes. Following global natural gas prices offer a good opportunity for India to expand natural gas based production.
However, there is element of its uncertainty on continuous basis. Syn gas based route offers another good
opportunity but the capital expenditure on production of syn gas and its transportation are currently to deterrents.

2. Low Carbon Hydrogen / Carbon Neutral DRI World Scenario
There is growing concern about the GHG emissions and need to reduce it drastically. Therefore, many advanced
countries are contemplating to opt for low carbon hydrogen based DRI / Steel production. Many of them havealready declared to be carbon neutral by 2050. We, in India have to start thinking in this direction also.
Many producers in Europe have made announcements to scale –up hydrogen direct reduction technology which
include ThyssenKrupp, Voestalpine and Salzgitter. It is a matter of great satisfaction that one Hybrit project has
already started to use green hydrogen for the production of 0.2 MTPA DRI. This project also aims to tackle emissions
all the way along the supply chain. Details of the project are as under:

Hybrit (Hydrogen Breakthrough Iron making Technology) is a joint venture between Swedish companies,
SSAB, LKAB and Vattenfall, aiming to replace coal with hydrogen in steelmaking process. In this process, iron
metal is produced by using hydrogen gas as the main reductant. The production route is similar to existing
DR processes, except for CO 2 emissions.Hydrogen reacts with iron oxides to form water instead of carbon
dioxide. In the demonstration project in Sweden, hydrogen will be produced by electrolysis of water using
fossil-free electricity.

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Apart from this technology, there is existing Midrex® Process and HYL ENERGIRON technologies but all they
have some amount of carbon footprints.
Further to the above, as per the press release dated Feb. 28, 2021 Mikhailovsky HBI, which was jointly
established by USM and Mikhailovsky GOK (part of Metalloinvest), signed a contract with Primetals
Technologies and consortium partner Midrex Technologies, Inc. to supply a new Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI)
Plant in Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region, Russia. The plant is designed to produce 2.08 million metric tons of HBI
per year. Latest design features ensure reduced energy consumption and environmental impact. The contract
includes engineering, supplies and advisory services. Startup is expected in the first half of 2024. This initiallywould be on grey hydrogen and have the provision to subsequently switch over to green hydrogen.

2.1 Indian Scenario
In India, substantial amount of hydrogen is being already used for the production of DRI/ HBI. One gas
based DRI plant is using hydrogen 75% and another syn gas based plant is using 60% hydrogen. To becompletely carbon neutral, we have to opt some other reductant. Hydrogen production through electrolysis
process using some renewal energy offers such options as demonstrated in the Hybrit. It is imperative to
produce the hydrogen at a competitive cost which can be subsequently used in the vertical shaft reactor to
produce the DRI / HBI. This metallics can subsequently be used for steel production either in the Electric arc
furnace or in the Basic oxygen furnaces. India is emerging as the lowest renewable energy (RE) producer inthe world.

For the hydrogen route, gas based capacity could be build up in the 2020’s using natural gas for which
infrastructure for transportation is being set up and its prices have reduced substantially. Alternatively, coalbased syn gas, which is being promoted presently by the Government of India, can also be another option.
Subsequently, this could be switched to low carbon hydrogen over a period of time which would lead
reduction in emissions.
There are also specific issues about the use of hydrogen some of which are listed as under:i.

Hydrogen has a high energy density by weight, but a low energy density by volume when notcompressed or liquefied. Thus, the cost of infrastructure for storing and transporting hydrogen canbe a major obstacle in its development.

ii.

Hydrogen purity, material compatibility, and concerns for safety.

iii.

Production of DRI through the hydrogen route will have 0% carbon with pure hydrogen. The majorityof DRI has to be used in induction furnaces of electric arc furnaces which need carbon in the chargematerials for proper metallization and to generate the heat for faster melting. Therefore, it will beneeded to add some hydro carbons to achieve the desired carbon level.

iv.

Main barrier is low cost of hydrogen and access to renewable energy. It is understood that main cost
component in the electrolysis process, the cost of electrolyte is about US $ 1000 per piece. Today
cost of electrolytic hydrogen is about US$ 8/Kg. To be cost competitive, it should be between US$ 2 4/ Kg. Therefore, it is imperative to produce the hydrogen at the minimum cost.

62.2 National Research & Development Project
To resolve the above mentioned issues and other related issues, it will be appropriate to have a National
Demonstration Project to establish the techno economic parameters. For this there is a need to have R&D
project which can be funded from the R&D mechanism in vogue in Ministry of Steel and supported by BEE,
GIZ, and International Funding Organization(s). There will also be need to have foreign collaboration forcarrying out the R&D activity to conclude its logical conclusion and its suitability under the Indian conditions.
As per the various TERI’s studies, India will have initially need to go in big way for grey hydrogen based DRI/ steel production and subsequently to green hydrogen based DRI / steel production and have to phase out
coal based DRI route by 2050. This would be necessitated to reduce carbon footprints and to fall in line withthe world trend in spite of the fact that the production cost through this route would be initially higher thanthe conventional BF-BOF route. A carbon price is a well understood policy lever to motivate a switch tocleaner fuels across a number of sectors. Many companies already apply an internal carbon price to aid
investments decisions thus reducing stranded asset risk. For the steel sector, where steel is globally traded,a carbon border adjustment would be required to limit dirtier steel being imported at lower costs. This iscurrently being taken forward by the EU under their ‘Green New Deal’.

2.3Latest developments
While presenting Union Budget 2021, Finance Minister, Mrs. Nirmala Sitharaman announced the National
Hydrogen Mission. This new initiative will benefit the domestic companies. Experts are of the opinion thatthe need of the hour is a collision of stake holders like the Hydrogen Council or the European Hydrogen
Coalition. Some of the experts are of the opinion that India has the potential to be the one of the world
leader in the hydrogen driven economy.

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Prospects in DRI production and cost
D.P. Deshpande, Ex-MD, Tata Sponge Iron Ltd.

The DRI kiln operations have to compete with other iron ore reduction processes such as blast furnace, to survive inthe long run, rather than competing amongst themselves. The cost advantage in logistics would be limited to a point.
Rotary kilns are intrinsically low productivity equipments when compared to the BFs. But they can compete well incarbon rates and therefore cost, given a little more effort and insights.
Currently, the Indian DRI kilns operate with South African Coal and produce at a rate of 100+% of capacity. The feed
rates of iron ore/pellets when South African coal is used are much higher than what they would be when Indian highash coals were used. When the feed rates of iron ore or pellets are high, it means in other words that the coal rate is
low and other contents of the kiln such as coal ash, or dolochar are also low.
This point provides further insights into the process of coal based Sponge Iron.

Basics of Iron ore reduction
Let us look at the stoichiometric requirement of coal and the heat; for DRI manufacture.
For a complete and stoichiometric reduction ofMagnetite , Fe3O4......... 24/168= 0.143 t of carbon per tonne of Fe.
Fe3O4 + 2 C = 3 Fe + 2 CO2(3*56+4*16) + 2*12 = 3*56 + ( 2*12+4*16)
Hematite, Fe2O3 ...........36/224= 0. 16 t of carbon per tonne of Fe
2 Fe2O3 +3 C = 4 Fe + 3 CO2( 4*56 + 6*16 )+ 3* 12= 4*56 + ( 3*12 + 6*16 )Reduction is an endothermic process and requires heat. This heat is supplied by the coal when it oxidises in the kiln.
Stoichimetrically, the net effect of reaction with carbon is 758 kcal of heat generation per Kg of DRI. The VM
associated with fixed carbon also burns and gives 1300 kcalof heat per kg of Fe . DRI process at stoichiometric levelgives a heat of about 2060 kcal per kg of Fe. But the sensible heats of reactants, products , demoisturisation etc
consumes about 1800 kcal/kg of Fe, leaving a net surplus of only 250 kcal/kg of Fe. ( 0.09 MW for 1 tph of DRI
production @ 30% energy conversion in the power plant )The kilns usually operate at a C/ Fe ratio of 0.45 or so ( for a stoichiometric ratio of 0.16) If the Fixed carbon in the coalis 55%, the coal per tonne of DRI gets to 0.82 or so. This means that there is a significant excess coal is being used in
the kiln normally, and it leads to more power generation. If there is an excess of 0.29 kg ( 0.45-0.16) of carbon per Kgof Fe, all this carbon and its associated VM will deliver about 3600 kcal/kg of Fe.

Production at 110 +% of Capacity
When the production rates are high, it is usually associated with lower coal rates. Which means the process moves
closer to stoichiometry. A rotary kiln can be fed volumetrically only to the extent of about 30% by a mix of coal andiron ore/pellets. The higher coal content in the feed material means limitation to metallic feed. In other words, lower
feeding of coal means that much extra opportunity for ferrous material to be fed. And feed rates for iron ore andpellets shall go up accordingly. Higher the feed rate, higher is the production rate. The lower the coal rate, the lower isthe air requirement and lower is the waste gas volume, and even specific power generation. These things can also bequantified as per computations made above

8

One aspect that also needs attention is that usually high FC coals leave quite a lot of un reacted FC in the char. At thedischarge end of the kiln, the FC runs into an oxygen deficiency zone and therefore FC goes unreacted, because mostof the iron ore has got reduced and source of oxygen is only the air from the blowers that will get into the bed. This
loss of carbon often goes as unavoidable and can be expensive. In other words, it presents an opportunity to drop thevariable costs by fine tuning the kilns or by use of lower graded coal. The trick is to reduce the FC loss to the charwhich would reduce the setting of C/Fe ratio.

Possibilities to reduce cost.
Once we see a high loss of FC to the char, one starts to look at creating more opportunity for increasing iron ore feed
rate further. Or vice a versa, an opportunity to use cheaper lower FC coal, when you want to drop the variable cost, letproduction rate drop for overall profitability.
Let me take the second argument and explore the opportunity to reduce variable cost of DRI.
When the ash goes up by 10% or VM goes up by 10%, the fixed carbon shall drop as much and for the same C/ Fe
ratio, the coal rate will go up about 20 %.( 0.55/(0.55-0.1)) The coal rate will change from 0.88 to about 1.06, and feed
rate or production rate would come down also by about 20%. If the high VM or high ash coal is cheaper in percent
cost, by more than the percentage drop in FC, the it will lead to a drop in variable cost.
What are the associated effects of such actions ?
The waste gas volume per tonne of DRI would go up, if the VM is allowed to go up by almost the same percentage as
the drop in FC . The waste gas system.....the boiler, the ID fan and the ESP........ should be able to handle it.
Even though the increase in coal rate is 1.2 times the percentage drop in FC at a drop level of 10%; the ratio will
increase faster beyond that level. May be to 1.3 times, if the FC drops by 15%.
The rate of combustion of VM is different from that of FC. So if FC is substituted by VM, the overall combustion rates
would go up. The temperature profile would undergo a change as a result. In order to contain the wasteful burningaway of coal, the air adjustment becomes necessary to maintain the required temperature profile.
Usually, with increase in VM, the inherent moisture would also go up. It has its own impact on the temperature profileand causes a delay in combustion. All these effects can be visualized against a standard temperature profile and air
adjustment
planned.
The key to change the production or the variable cost level thus stays with ensuring that the wasteful coal burning orloss of fixed carbon to char is reduced. The burning of coal is facilitated or impeded by availability of air/O2. So air
adjustment becomes a good tool to operationalise the idea; a model for air adjustment needs to be developed. The
installation should have the capability to alter air flows as needed, even if we have a model to do so.
Reducing CO2 emission
Going by the stoichiometric requirements, it becomes clear that reduction of iron ore would require the same tonnageof carbon, irrespective of the fact whether the reduction is in the BF or DRI kiln. In reality, both the routes are nonstoichiometric, for reasons of economics. It would be obvious that the process which runs closer to the stoichiometry
would have the least carbon consumption. The BFs have a fuel rate of about 525 kg/t, which also works out to 450 kg
of carbon per t of hot metal, almost the same as that of DRI kilns. But BFs score over the fact they deliver liquid ironfor the same carbon rate. DRI process is just about that much more expensive and also generates that much extra
CO2.
The process needs to be pushed closer to stoichiometric levels by studying and modeling internal dynamics. Also thesensible heat from the products needs to be recovered to preheat the air. ( compare the BF operations ). Preheated air
shall reduce the total heat requirement of the process, even reduce the unburnt fixed carbon at the discharge.

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9

D.R.I - Developed Through Research and Innovation
Vivek Agrawal, COO, Godawari Power & Ispat Ltd.

Abstract:India is largest DRI producer in the world with a total capacity of 46.56 mn tonnes/yr, with coal based units
accounting for a share of approx. 80% (37.25 mn tonnes). In January –December 2019, producing 36.86
million tonnes sponge iron with 80% efficiency and growth rate 7.7% over the corresponding year. While only
coal based DRI production has been only 28 mn tonnes (75% capacity). Today we are operating at very low
capacity the major reasons are raw material, machinery and most important cause is innovative minds , I
strongly feel that no process or plant can deliver and sustain peak performance even with best input andmachines until, unless innovations are being done .Godawari power & Ispat ltd is a perfect example where
we achieved not only turnaround performance rather excellence through innovative and creative thinking
and had been able to save huge costs as such we redefined D.R.I as Developed Through Research andInnovation. Here an effort had been put to highlight some key areas of cost reduction through innovations.

Company Profile:
GODAWARI POWER & ISPAT Ltd (GPIL) located in Raipur- Chhattisgarh is first generation BSE/NSE listedcompany of Raipur based HIRA group. Company started its operations in Raipur-Chhattisgarh as a sponge
iron manufacturer and later progressively expanded operations across a significant part of the value chain of
the iron and steel industry, eventually covering Iron ore Mining , pellet, Sponge Iron, Steel, Ferro Alloy, Wires, & Power segments by venturing into green field Projects. RR Ispat Limited which is engaged in theoperation of Rolling Mill (primarily based on Billets produced in GPIL) is a GPIL promoted company.
GPIL is the first company in Chhattisgarh to be awarded with ISO.9001;2015 For QMS, ISO 14001:2015 forenvironment management system and OHSAS ISO 45001 ; 2018 For occupational health and safety.

Production Profile:

Captive iron ore

FACILITY

INSTALLED CAPACITY
2.10 MTPA

Iron ore Pellets

2.10 MTPA

Sponge Iron (DRI)

4,95,000 TPA

Steel Billets

4,00,000 TPA

Ferro Alloys

16,500 TPA

Rolled Product ( TMT+ Wire Rod)

6,14,000 TPA

HB Wires1,50,000 TPA

Power

73.00 MW

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DRI Through coal based route:In Indian context still coal based DRI making is best technology and process due to less cost of project and cost of
production, if it is properly operated and innovations are being done. In DRI process we not only make DRI rather also
make highly important electricity from heat of flue gases through WHRB route.

No process of plant can deliver peak performance in absence of innovations. Innovative and creative
working are the secret of success of any plant. All of us can put best technology and use best raw material ,but having innovative and creative minds at work place are the biggest assets. At GPIL the team under the
dynamic leadership of MD Sh B.L.Agrawal and ED Abhishek Agrawal always think in innovative way , as aresult this less known company had done so well in last 5-6 years and had emerged as one of the mostefficiently operating plant in its profile of operation.

“All we need is ‘Vision, Passion’ and Authority to do”
DRI: A NERVE CENTRE FOR STEEL MAKING IN INDIA

India is the largest producer of DRI/SI in the world.



1/3 of total steel production is by DRI route.

Search for alternate routes based on non-coking coal and iron ore / ore fines
resulting in growth of DRI and other hybrid routes.



Played the role of catalyst - in Steel Industry Growth in recent years by providing big impetus to
Secondary Sector.

Technological improvements favor enhanced usage of sponge iron in all theroutes of steel making on economic and environmental grounds.



Substantial Value-Addition.



Relatively low cost of investment.

Ease of setting up of a sponge iron plant.



Clear-cut technology of direct reduction.

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The areas where Innovations are required: SAFETY& ETHICS ENVIRONMENT. CLEAN AND GREEN WORKING.
 AVAILAIBILITY OF THE PRODUCTION PLANTS-SHUTDOWN STRATEGY PREVENTIVE AND PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE- VIBRATION REPORTS
 MANPOWER OPTIMISATION AND PRODUCTIVITY
 CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES- COAL-ENERGY EFFICIENCY REFRACTORY.
 STEAM AND POWER MAXIMISATION FROM WHRB.
 STRIVING FOR PEAK PRODUCTION & STORE COST/INVENTORY.
 WASTE AS A RESOURCE (BEST FROM WASTE).

Safety is never costly, no safely is more costlier
Safety & Ethics:Safety is the back bone of any company , it had been experienced that most of the DRI plant/steel
plant had seen accidents due to various reasons.
When some body focus on human values, performance is maximised and profit generates naturally,
Prime concern for any company should be safety. Because of injury and lack of safety every 100 days
-2 days are lost, safety is the biggest innovation and profit in any company, safe culture develop
feeling that some one at top is concerned about human assets. safe culture improves commitment,
cost goes down and profit multiplies. There are profits in values, safety is love and commitment thatmakes environment healthy. If we have heart the heart should speak and we should listen it. Safety
culture starts from the top. Safety is everything.

ENVIRONMENT:- CLEAN AND GREEN WORKING:Labour capital is an essential element in every nation's economy. human capital increases
productivity and economic growth. While health is increasingly seen as an important part of humancapital, environmental protection, which typically promotes health, has notbeen viewed through thislens. Indeed, such interventions are typically cast as a burden on producers and consumers, and thus
a drag on the labour market and the economy in general. it seems likely that efforts to reduce
pollution could in fact also be viewed as an investment in human capital, and thus a tool for
promoting, rather than retarding, economic growth.
Pollution is also likely to have productivity impacts on the intensive margin, even in cases where
labour supply remains unaffected. Since worker productivity is more difficult to monitor than labour
supply. Hence if we had to achieve peak performance than working environment had to be clean andgreen, this shall help in direct cost reduction significantly.

HUMAN ASSET IS THE BIGGEST ASSET OF ANYH COMPANY
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AVAILAIBILITY OF THE PRODUCTION PLANTS- SHUTDOWN STRATEGY:In GPIL we follow a unique and all together different strategy of FILL IT, SHUT IT, FORGET IT.
Means During shutdown we do very minute, meticulous and strategic planning to attend andaddress each and every corner of the plant and left no area un-attended even at the cost of moredays and production loss, we are kind enough of the Top mgt for never ever asking us for reduction
in shut down days, at times we had taken even 30 days shutdown but after this we had been
confident for 300-400 days where no breakdown/shutdown had happened and our kilns had given
as high as 99.8% availability. All this had helped in uninterrupted operation and saved huge losses
due to idle coal, quality loss and production loss. Our operating days and availability trend isfollowed in coming slides.

Trend of Running days at a glance:

Enhancement in steam generation:Thermal efficiency of merely 51.3% in coal based DRI kilns may seem low, but since the reduction
reactions require such high temperature energy losses are inevitable. A material and energy balancearound the kiln indicates that due to chemical reactions and combustion, heat generated inside thekiln is 272 GJ/h, which is the total theoretical energy required for the kiln. However, the actualenergy consumption in a conventional plant in the kiln comes out to be 498 GJ/h. This value is 45.2%
more than the theoretical energy consumption. The above departure in energy consumption figuresdecreases efficiency of the kiln.
WHRB is highly
successful in Indian conditions . If proper combustion is done then we canmaximise steam generation, in GPIL with lot of innovative work in combustion we had increased 1015 tonnes steam generation which accounts for 3-4 mw power generation /hr or cost reduction of
200-225 Rs per mt tonne of DRI.
13

MANPOWER OPTIMISATION AND PRODUCTIVITY MAXIMISATION
At GPIL we had constantly, consistently and continuously worked on Innovative ways of optimization of
manpower, multiskilling , mechanisation, simplification, highest level of workmanship, housekeeping
safe and clean environment. These are the mantras for running plant at peak with optimum manpower.
Our productivity had been multiplied 4 times in last on 5-6 years due to these success mantras.

Productivity Per Head

Conservation of natural resources:-Yield maximization and carbon reduction:Pellet ore yield maximised to 71.5
In any DRI plant 75-85% cost goes to raw material hence efficient use of raw material is mostimportant, Ideally yield of pellet had to be 71-72 while safe carbon consumption should be below
400 kg Gpil operates its kiln through pre-heater route , due to pre-heaters our fines generation andfly-ash fet was very high and yield was low we did number of innovative solutions in pre-heaters andaddressed all losses and made process world class as a result we are getting 71-72 yield with pellets
and our carbon consumption is 395 kg considering all losses, by doing small small-small innovative
things in process control, design modification, quality stabilisation and peak production, we had
been able to save substantially in pellet and coal.

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GPIL IS THE ONLY PLANT WHERE 400 TPD KILNS ARE RUNNING THROUGH PREHEATERS AND
MAKING 500 TPD.

Conservation of natural resource- Coal Energy Efficient operation:Elimination of domestic coal and use of imported coal:Benefits of Imported Coal :•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Coal loading Reduced by 50%
Specific Air Requirement Reduced 30%
Approx 30% Load Reduced on SAF,FD Fan & ID Fan Dolachar and char Generation
Reduced by 50%
Kiln Main Drive & Cooler Main Drive RPM Reduced by 50%,Resulting reduction in Power Consumption and higher feed rates by 10-20%.
Overall production increased by 20%. Accretion reduced to almost negligible.
Campaign life gone up to 300-400 days.
Cost of coal remains same (as compared to domestic coal).
Variable and Fixed cost reduced significantly, due to higher production, less shut down ,less store costs and higher yields.

Refractory:Refractory is the most vital part of any DRI Kiln. No kiln had to be operated with any hot spot as
losses due to hot spots are much more then what we see, any small refractory problem may spoil theshow and may lead to shutdown of the plant and huge losses, As per my experience following are theimportant areas for refractory. Strength and Porosity plays major role in refractory, higher alumina
leads to more heat loss and increased conductivity,

Important areas of refractory are:1. Selection
2. Application and Installation
3. Utilization

Proper selection, installation and utilization reduces
1. Shell temperature.
2. Total weight.
3. Heat loss.
4. Coal consumption.
5. Power consumption.

Use of MPB (Micro porous board) and proper thickness of castable to retain heat inside kiln and minimise
energy loss from shell of kiln by reduction of shell temp 20-25* C and sp.coal by 15-25 kg.

15Trend of Specific Energy Consumption

Trend of Specific Energy Consumption

16

Trend of Specific Energy Consumption

Sp. Water Consumption

17Striving for peak Production and maintenance cost reduction
If we do all preparation for a smooth run after thorough predictive, preventive maintenance, then no
one can stop us in achieving and sustaining peak performance. Achieving production at optimum cost isalways the outcome of meticulous planning and fine working, at GPIL our team had adopted same
concept and did record performance year on year basis. Achieving peak performance and sustaining at
peak always bring down cost significantly.

SPECIFIC COST OF MAINTENANCE AND INVENTORY COST IS ALSO ONEGREY AREA FOR COST OPTIMISATION, OVER A PERIOD OF TIME WE
HAD STANDARISED MOST OF THE CONSUMABLES AND HAD TRIED TO
KEEP ONLY CRITICAL INVENTORY WITH QUALITY SPARES , THIS HAD
HELPED US IN SAVING MAINTENANCE COST SIGNIFICANTLY AND ALSOHELPED IN COST REDUCTION DUE TO CARRYING OF INVENTORY.

DRI Production at a Glance

18

Best from waste:As the coal based DRI process generates valuable bye products, the company has adopted several
measures to adopt proficient waste management practices and become zero waste company.
Waste is not waste if it is converted to useful resources. In Godawari power we had worked onfollowing waste generation areas.
1. Accretion: - After change in raw material and much better control on process, accretion
generation is almost negligible; accretion is also having good mkt and is a saleable waste.
2. Refractory:-Used refractory is sold in the market.
3. Bag filter dust is fired in ABC and steam generation is maximized, increased steam
1.5-2 tons per hour per kiln.
4. ABC & DSC dust is also having good mkt.
5. All back flow is rescreened and used as raw material while its fines is sold in the mkt.
6. All the above waste had been converted to resource and GPIL is ‘zero waste’ discharging company.

Outcomes of Innovations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Ever Highest yield (Iron ore + Pellet) of 71.69 % (1.395 Mt).
Lowest Specific Carbon consumption from 610 Kg↓ 396 Kg.
Lowest Specific Energy (Gross) from 7.83 G Cal ↓ of 5.12 G Cal
Lowest Specific Energy (Net) from 5.28 G Cal ↓ of 2.61 G Cal
Highest Man power Productivity from 256 Mt/ Head ↑ 825 Mt/ Head
Highest specific productivity 0.46 mt/m3 ( This is a new concept)
Zero waste generation

GPIL Glimpses

19And the results of our vision and passion is100 to 500**************STATISTICS
Item

Performance of Indian Steel Industry
April-Jan
April-Jan%
2020-21*(mt)2019-20(mt)Changes*

Crude Steel Production

83.30791.604-9.1

Hot Metal Production

56.07460.776-7.7

Pig Iron Production

3.827

4.725

-19.0

Sponge Iron Production

27.68431.444-12.0

Total Finished Steel (alloy/stainless + non-alloy)
Production

76.40891.604-12.0

Import

3.792

5.991

-36.7

Export

8.837

7.213

22.5

85.409-12.3

74.941
Consumption
Source: JPC; *provisional; mt=million tones

20Details of the JPC survey of Indian sponge iron industry
JPC under Ministry of Steel carried out a survey of Indian sponge iron units in association with the SIMA. The
report also carries two articles from Chairman and ED, SIMA
Highlight of the report are as under:

Parameter

Survey Finding: Ref Year: 2019-20

Number of working /operational units

285

Number of units in coal based route282

Number of units in gas based route3

Year of Commissioning

90% of units commissioned after 2002

Annual Capacity

47.85 million tonnes

Production

37.102 million tons

Share of Coal Based Route82%

Exports

0.836 million tonnes

Employment

84,632

Source of Power

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Number of units with Forward Integration
Number of units with Backward Integration

Grid (102 units)
Captive (48 units)
Both (135 units)
Air type (24 units)
Water type (6 units)
Both (255 units)
Chemical (242 units)
Physical (251 units)
Spectography (76 units)
Metallography (64 units)
116
23

Number of units under expansion

20

Capacity under expansion

5.3 million tonnes

Pollution Control Measure

Testing Facilities

21NEWS ITEM_____________________________________________
Primetals Technologies and Midrex Technologies sign
contract with Mikhailovsky HBI for world´s largest HBI
plant•

Plant will produce 2.08 million metric tons of hot briquetted iron (HBI) per year•

Latest design features reduce energy consumption and environmental impact•

Contract includes engineering, supplies and advisory services•

Startup of the plant is expected in the first half of 2024

Dubai, United Arab Emirates, February 28, 2021 - Mikhailovsky HBI, which was jointly established by USM
and Mikhailovsky GOK (part of Metalloinvest), signed a contract with Primetals Technologies and consortium
partner Midrex Technologies, Inc. to supply a new Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) Plant in Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region,
Russia. The plant is designed to produce 2.08 million metric tons of HBI per year. Latest design features ensure
reduced energy consumption and environmental impact. The contract includes engineering, supplies andadvisory services. Startup is expected in the first half of 2024.
The agreement was signed by Pavel Mitrofanov, Deputy CEO of USM; Stephen Montague, President andCEO of Midrex; Etsuro Hirai, Chief Technology Officer of Primetals Technologies and CEO of Primetals
Technologies Austria; and Aashish Gupta, Executive Vice President and Head of Global Business Unit
– Upstream.
Ivan Streshinsky, CEO of USM, said: “This is the start of an important project for the Russian metals and mining
industry that will further strengthen our country's leadership in the global market for hot briquetted iron (HBI), thebase product for the green metallurgy of the future. One of the world's largest HBI plants will be built andcommissioned in close technological cooperation with Metalloinvest.”“Mikhailovsky HBI project will help fill the growing demand for low CO2 metallics that our industry
desperately needs,” Stephen Montague, President and CEO of Midrex said. “We are proud of ourContribution in development of HBI production and the role that Midrex plays in helping steelmakers to decarbonize.”

Midrex Technologies, Inc
3735 Glen Lake Drive, Suite 400
Charlotte, North Carolina, 28208 USA Phone: 704-373-1600 www.midrex.com
Page 1 of 4

22

“Previously we have successfully completed HBI 2 and HBI 3 at Lebedinsky GOK. That Primetals
Technologies and Midrex have been selected by Mikhailovsky HBI as the technology supplier underscores trust
in expertise of our specialists and in our solutions,” Etsuro Hirai, CEO of Primetals Technologies Austria said.
“This project will include all the latest technological features and will be one of the largest and most modern HBI
plants in the world.”
Nazim Efendiev, CEO of Management Company Metalloinvest, said: "Metalloinvest is the world leader in themarket for merchant HBI. In 2020, almost 4.8 million metric tons of briquettes were shipped from Lebedinsky
GOK. The Company will bring its accumulated experience in organising HBI production processes to ensure
successful implementation of the project. Andrey Varichev Mikhailovsky GOK will be a supplier of high-qualityiron ore for the new plant. It is vital that the new plant is designed based on the principles of carbon-free
metallurgy, with the prospect of fully transitioning to the use of "green" hydrogen as a reducing agent. This
project creates strong basis for further development of “green” metallurgy and active implementation of eco
technologies of steel production in the industry”.
The new contract once again proves Midrex-based direct reduction technology as the leading technology in themarket with a market share of 80%.
The new plant will be the largest HBI plant in the world and is equipped with the latest design features. The
plant includes a 7.15m diameter Midrex shaft furnace, a 19-bay reformer with 280mm MA-1 reformer tubes andlow NOx burners for NOx reduction. An increased top gas pressure ensures higher furnace productivity andreduced power consumption. A flue gas hot fan additionally reduces electric power consumption. Also, a hotfines recycling system will be included. The level 1 and level 2 automation systems, including the DRIpax
expert system, are also part of the project.
Midrex and Primetals Technologies will be responsible for engineering and supply of mechanical andelectrical equipment, steel structure, piping, ductwork, as well as for training and advisory services.
The Midrex plant produces high-quality HBI from iron ore pellets using the natural gas-based Midrex Direct
Reduction Process (Midrex NG) - the most environmentally friendly technology for ore-based ironmaking.
Compared to traditional ironmaking technologies, the carbon footprint of a Midrex NG plant is reduced by morethan 50% compared with blast furnace ironmaking. By replacing natural gas with green hydrogen there ispotential to further decrease carbon emissions in the future. The contracted plant is capable of being converted in
the future to use up to 100% hydrogen as a reducing agent. The feed for the new HBI plant consists of pellets produced
from Mikhailovsky GOK iron ore.

Midrex Technologies, Inc
3735 Glen Lake Drive, Suite 400
Charlotte, North Carolina, 28208 USA Phone: 704-373-1600 www.midrex.com

Page 2 of 423

Investment in the construction of the plant is estimated at over 40 bn roubles excluding VAT. The projectwill create around 400 highly qualified jobs in Zheleznogorsk. Mikhailovsky HBI (55% owned by USM,
45% by Mikhailovsky GOK) will implement the project based on the principles of project financing.

MIDREX is a registered trademark of Kobe Steel, Ltd.

MIDREX NG is a trademark of Midrex Technologies Inc.

Midrex plant LGOK III at Lebedinsky GOK. A comparable plant will be built in Zheleznogorsk

Media Contacts:
Metalloinvest: Anton Troshin, +7 (495) 981-55-55, pr@metalloinvest.com
Midrex: Lauren Lorraine, +1 (704) 378-3308, llorraine@midrex.com
Primetals Technologies: Dr. Rainer Schulze, +49 9131 9886-417, rainer.schulze@primetals.com

Midrex Technologies, Inc
3735 Glen Lake Drive, Suite 400
Charlotte, North Carolina, 28208 USA Phone: 704-373-1600 www.midrex.com
Page 3 of 424

Metalloinvest is a leading global iron ore and merchant HBI producer and supplier, and one of the regional producers of high-quality
Steel . The Company has the world's second-largest measured iron ore reserve base and is one of the lowest-cost iron ore
producers. Metalloinvest is wholly owned by Holding Company USM LLC. Alisher Usmanov is the major beneficiary of Holding
Company USM LLC (49%).
Midrex is the world leader for direct reduction ironmaking technology and aftermarket solutions for the steel industry. As the technology
provider of the MIDREX® Process for 50-plus years, Midrex designs, builds and services Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) plants.
The MIDREX Process fits the need of steelmakers seeking a dependable and clean source of iron. Each year, MIDREX Plants
produce more than 60% of the world's DRI in its three forms: cold DRI (CDRI), hot DRI (HDRI), and hot briquetted iron (HBI). The
MIDREX Process is unsurpassed in the industry in terms of production and process flexibility.

The company’s headquarters and research and technology development center are located in Charlotte, NC, USA. Midrex Technologies
also has offices in the United Kingdom, China, India, and Dubai, and will execute this project through its wholly owned subsidiary Midrex
UK Limited. For more information, please visit www.midrex.com .
Primetals Technologies, Limited, headquartered in London, United Kingdom, is a pioneer and world leader in the fields ofengineering, plant building, and the provision of lifecycle services for the metals industry. The company offers a complete technology,
product, and services portfolio that includes integrated electrics and automation, digitalization, and environmental solutions. This covers
every step of the iron and steel production chain—from the raw materials to the finished product—and includes the latest rolling
solutions for the nonferrous metals sector. Primetals Technologies is a joint venture of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and partners, witharound 7,000 employees worldwide. To learn more about Primetals Technologies, visit the company website www.primetals.com.
USM is a diversified Russian holding company with significant interests across the metals and mining, telecommunications, technology
and Internet sectors. The group's assets include industry leaders such as Metalloinvest, Udokan Copper, MegaFon and ICS Holding.
USM is a shareholder of the Centre for Research in Perspective Technologies and an indirect shareholder of Mail.ru Group. USM isregistered in Russia. Its key shareholders are Alisher Usmanov, Vladimir Skoch, Farhad Moshiri and Ivan Streshinsky.

Midrex Technologies, Inc
3735 Glen Lake Drive, Suite 400
Charlotte, North Carolina, 28208 USA Phone: 704-373-1600 www.midrex.com***** XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX*****

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