Additional information on calculating the conservative emission factor of Mongolia
It is concluded that net emission reductions are achieved by applying the following emission factors inMongolia:
An emission factor of 0.797 tCO2/MWh, which is the emission factor of the most efficientcoal-fired CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plant in Mongolia, is applied in case the PV system
in a proposed project activity is connected to the Mongolian national grid (supplied by the Central
Energy System (CES), Western Energy System (WES), Altai-Uliastai Energy System (AUES),
Eastern Energy System (EES), and/or Southern Energy Systems (SES)) including internal grid
which is not connected to a captive power generator.

An emission factor of 0.533 tCO2/MWh, which is the emission factor of the most efficient diesel
power generator in the world, is applied in case the PV system in a proposed project activity isconnected to internal grid which is connected to both the national grid (CES, WES, AUES, EES,and/or SES) and a captive power generator or in case the PV system in a proposed project activity
is connected to an internal grid which is not connected to the national grid.

1. Current status of electricity mix in Mongolia
There are five types of fuel used for the national electricity generation: coal (lignite), wind, hydro,diesel, and imported electricity1. The share of the overall electricity generated from 2013 to 2015 by
the type of fuel used is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. The amount of electricity from wind and hydropower plants, regarded as low cost/must run (LCMR) power sources, was 0.11 TWh (2% of total) in
2013, 0.18 TWh (3% of total) in 2014 and 0.22 TWh (4% of total) in 2015.

Net electricity generation in Mongolia by fuel type (TWh)

0.39

0.29

4.18

4.40

4.54

2013

2014

2015

0.42

LigniteImport

WindHydroDiesel

Figure 1. Net electricity generated by Mongolian grids by fuel type, years 2013-2015(Data source: National Dispatching Center, Ministry of Energy Mongolia, 2016)
1

National Dispatching Center, Ministry of Energy Mongolia, 20161

Table 1. Net electricity generation by fuel typeNet electricity generation by fueltype (TWh)

2013

2014

2015

% of total electricity
supply (2015)

Lignite

4.28

4.51

4.67

90%

Import0.420.39

0.29

6%Wind

0.05

0.12

0.15

3%

Hydro

0.06

0.06

0.07

1%

Diesel

0.01

0.01

0.01

0%

Total

4.82

5.10

5.18

100%

(Data source: National Dispatching Center, Ministry of Energy Mongolia, 2016)
The Mongolian national grid is composed of five interconnected electricity systems (Figure 2)2: CES,WES, AUES, EES, and SES. The national grid imports electricity from Russia and China (6% of allelectricity supplied in 2015). Electricity from China is also supplied to the Oyu Tolgoi area in thesouthern region and areas in the southern, western and eastern region. However, these areas are notconnected to the Southern Energy System, Western Energy System, or Eastern Energy System3.
Therefore, these areas and their electricity imports from China are excluded from the calculation of
the national grid emission factor.

Figure 2. Map of the Mongolian electricity grid system
2. Calculation of coal-fired power plants emission factor
2

Current situation and future planning of the Mongolian energy sector (Ministry of Energy, 2015), Investment Plan for
Scaling-up Renewable Energy in Mongolia (Government of Mongolia, 2015); Rapid Assessment and Gap Analysis
Mongolia (SE4All, UNDP Mongolia and Ministry of Energy of Mongolia, 2012); National Dispatching Center, 2015.
3
Result of interview with National Dispatching Center, 2016.

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As reflected in the Table 1, 90% of electricity in the Mongolian grid is supplied by coal-fired CHPplants. In order to identify the conservative emission factor of the electricity system simplistically andto secure the net emission reduction, this methodology applies the lowest CO2 emission factor of thecoal-fired CHP plant supplying electricity to the main grid. The calculation of each coal-fired CHP
plant emission factors was conducted using the specific fuel consumption of each power plant fromthe national authority and default values (Table 2) determined by the national authority and IPCCguidelines.
Table 2. Constants for calculation of emission factor
ItemValues
Reference4
IPCC guideline for National
CO2 emission factor for lignite coal
90,900 kgCO2/TJ Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006,
Chapter 2, stationary combustion
Net calorific value for lignite coal

29.33 TJ/Gg

Mongolian national standard* Since the auxiliary power consumption is unknown, the plant efficiency of gross electricity
generation is applied. This ensures the calculation of a conservative emission factor.

The CO2 emission factors of power generation by each coal-fired CHP plants are obtained using thefollowing equation, applying the values indicated in Table 2.
CO2 emission factor of power generation [tCO2/MWh]= Specific fuel consumption [g/kWh] * Net calorific value of fuel [TJ/Gg] * Effective CO2
emission factor of lignite [kgCO2/TJ] * 3.6 * 10-9

4IPCC default values at the lower limit of the uncertainty at a 95 per cent confidence interval

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The emission factors of each coal-fired CHP plant that supplies electricity to the Mongolian grid are
calculated as listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Calculated emission factors of coal-fired power plants in Mongolian national grid
SystemPlant emission factor (tCO2/MWh)

Power plant

2013
2014
CHP2
1.641
1.669
CHP3
0.928
0.965
CES
CHP4
0.816
0.808
DARKHAN CHP
1.144
1.130
ERDENET CHP
0.870
0.866
EES
Dornod CHP (Choibalsan)
1.773
1.763
Dalanzadgad
1.822
4.394SESUkhaa khudag CHP
2.147
2.082
* The power plant did not supply electricity to the grid in the respective year
(Data source: National Dispatching Center, Ministry of Energy Mongolia, 2016)

2015
1.666
0.896
0.797
1.178
0.866
1.714
4.277
2.069

As a result, the most efficient coal-fired CHP plant that supplies electricity to the grid is identified as
CHP4, with a power generation emission factor of 0.797 tCO2/MWh. This value is lower than the2013 OM and BM emission factors of the CES grid (1.1542 tCO2/MWh and 1.0566 tCO2/MWh,respectively) published by the government of Mongolia.
3. Calculation of the emission factor of a diesel generator
To determine the emission factor of a diesel generator in a conservative and simple manner, the mostefficient heat efficiency is applied.
The CO2 emission factor of diesel power generation is calculated from the heat efficiency using thefollowing equation:
CO2 emission factor of power generation [t-CO2/MWh]= CO2 emission factor of fuel source [kgCO2/TJ] *3.6*10-6/ (Heat efficiency (LHV) [%]*100)Applying the default value of the CO2 emission factor of diesel combustion which is 72,600 kgCO2/TJ
derived from “IPCC guideline 2006, Chapter 2, stationary combustion”, together with the heatefficiency of 49%, the efficiency level which has not been achieved yet by the world’s leading dieselgenerator, the CO2 emission factor for diesel generator is calculated to be 0.533 tCO2/MWh.

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