TEConomy/BIO

The U.S. Bioscience Industry:
Fostering Innovation and Driving
America’s Economy Forward2022

BIO is the world’s largest trade association representing biotechnology companies, academic institutions, state
biotechnology centers and related organizations across the United States and in more than 30 other nations.
BIO members are involved in the research and development of innovative healthcare, agricultural, industrial andenvironmental biotechnology products. BIO also produces the BIO International Convention, the world’s largest
gathering of the biotechnology industry, along with industry-leading investor and partnering meetings heldaround the world. BIOtechNOW is BIO’s blog chronicling “innovations transforming our world.”

TEConomy Partners, LLC is a global leader in research, analysis and strategy for innovation-driven economic
development. Today we’re helping nations, states, regions, universities and industries blueprint their future
and translate knowledge into prosperity. The principals of TEConomy Partners include the authors of the priorBattelle/BIO State Bioscience Development reports, published since 2004. For further information, please visit
www.teconomypartners.com.

Public Affairs Consultants
PMP Public Affairs Consulting, Inc.—PMP— is an independent consulting firm serving the public and constituent
relations needs of bioscience-related companies and associations.

The Council of State Bioscience Associations (CSBA) is a confederation of state-based, non-profit trade organizations each governed by its own board of directors. The common mission of the members of the CSBA is topromote public understanding and to advocate for public policies that support the responsible development of
the bioscience industry. These groups are recognized by BIO as affiliate organizations in their respective states.
To learn more please visit: bio.org/csba

TEConomy Partners, LLC (TEConomy) endeavors at all times to produce work of the highest quality, consistent with our contract commitments. However, because of theresearch and/or experimental nature of this work, the client undertakes the sole responsibility for the consequence of any use or misuse of, or inability to use, any information
or result obtained from TEConomy, and TEConomy, its partners, or employees have no legal liability for the accuracy, adequacy, or efficacy thereof.

Table of Contents

Introduction, Highlights, and Key Findings .......................................................................................1
National Industry Highlights

2

State and Metropolitan Area Industry Highlights

3

Innovation Ecosystem Assessment Highlights

3

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: ................................................................................................................5
A Steady, Long-Term Growth Driver for the Nation’s Economy Accelerates its Growth
Through the Pandemic Years

5

The Biosciences Continue to Generate High-Quality, High-Wage Jobs Driven
by Outsized Demand for Highly Skilled STEM Talent

12

Bioscience Industry Economic Impacts: A $2.9 Trillion Contribution to the U.S. Economy

14

State-by-State and Metropolitan Area Bioscience Industry Key Findings and Highlights

17

University Bioscience R&D Activity: Pace of Growth Slows23

The Innovation Ecosystem for the Biosciences: ............................................................................. 23
NIH Research Funding Sees Slower Growth in 2021

26

Bioscience Patent Awards Reveal Breadth of U.S. Innovation, Though Recent Totals Have Declined

27

Bioscience Venture Capital Reached Impressive Record Highs in 2021

31State and Metropolitan Area Performance Across the Bioscience Industry Subsectors....... 37
Agricultural Feedstock & Industrial Biosciences

38

Pharmaceuticals

41

Medical Devices & Equipment

44

Research, Testing, & Medical Laboratories

47

Bioscience-Related Distribution

50

Industry Employment, Establishments and Wages

53

Appendix: Data & Methodology......................................................................................................... 53
Industry Economic Impacts and Employment Multipliers

55

Bioscience Academic R&D Expenditures

55

National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding

55

Bioscience Venture Capital Investments

55

Bioscience Patents

56

Figures
Figure 1: Economic Impacts of the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2021

2

Figure 2: Employment, Establishment, and Wage Trends for the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2018-21

5

Figure 3: Employment Growth Trends—Biosciences vs. Other Technology Industries, 2018-21

6

Figure 4: Employment Growth Trends for the U.S. Bioscience Industry and Private Sector, 2001-21

7

Figure 5: Employment Growth Trends, Bioscience Industry and Major Subsectors, 2018-21

8

Figure 6: Economic Impacts of the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2021

15

Figure 7: University Bioscience R&D Expenditures, FY 2015-20 ($ in Billions)24

Figure 8: National Institutes of Health Awards, FY 2018-21 ($ in billions)26

Figure 9: Bioscience-related U.S. Patents, 2018-21

28

Figure 10: Bioscience-related U.S. Patents by Segment, Cumulative 2018-21

29

Figure 11: Bioscience-related Venture Capital Investments, 2018-21 ($ in Billions)31

Figure 12: Bioscience-related Venture Capital Investments by Segment, Cumulative 2018-21 ($ in Millions)33

TablesTable 1: U.S. Bioscience Establishment and Employment Summary, 2021 and Recent Trends

9Table 2: Average Annual Wages for the Bioscience Industry and Other Major U.S. Industries, 2021

13

Table 3: Economic Impacts of the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2021 ($ in Millions)16

Table 4: State Specializations and Job Growth by Bioscience Subsector, 2021

18

Table 5: Leading States in Academic Bioscience R&D Expenditures and Growth25

Table 6: Leading States in Per Capita and Concentration of Academic Bioscience R&D Expenditures, 2020

25

Table 7: Leading States in NIH Funding, FY 2021

27

Table 8: Leading States in Bioscience-Related Patents, Cumulative 2018-21

29

Table 9: Leading States in Bioscience-related Patents by Class Group, Cumulative 2018-21

30

Table 10: U.S. Bioscience Venture Capital Investments by Stage, Cumulative 2018-21

32

Table 11: Leading States in Bioscience Venture Capital Investments, Cumulative 2018-21

34

Table 12: Leading States in Bioscience Venture Capital Investments by Segment, Cumulative 2018-21

35

Table 13: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Agricultural Feedstock and Industrial Biosciences, 2021

39

Table 14: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Largest Employment Levels in Agricultural Feedstockand Industrial Biosciences, 2021

39

Table 15. Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Agricultural Feedstockand Industrial Biosciences, by Size of MSA, 2021

40

Table 16: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Pharmaceuticals, 2021

42

Table 17: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Largest Employment Levels in Pharmaceuticals, 2021

42

Table 18: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Pharmaceuticals, by Size of MSA, 2021

43

Table 19: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Medical Devices and Equipment, 2021

45

Table 20: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Largest Employment Levels in Medical Devices and Equipment, 2021

45

Table 21: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Medical Devices and Equipment,by Size of MSA, 2021

46

Table 22: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Research, Testing, and Medical Labs, 2021

48

Table 23: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Largest Employment Levels in Research, Testing, and Medical Labs, 2021

48

Table 24: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Research, Testing, and Medical Labs,
by Size of MSA, 2021

49

Table 25: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Bioscience-Related Distribution, 2021

51

Table 26: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Largest Employment Levels in Bioscience-Related Distribution, 2021

51

Table 27: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Bioscience-Related Distribution,
by Size of MSA, 2021

52

Table A-1: Bioscience Industry Definition

54

Table A-2: Bioscience-Related Patents—Classes and Groups

57

Introduction, Highlights,
and Key Findings
The bioscience industry and its supporting ecosystemhave always focused on bold innovations to address
unmet human needs in the U.S. and around theworld. The collective efforts between the industry
and its public and private stakeholders have met

In 2021, the U.S. bioscience industry
represents:•

2.1 million employees in more than
127,000 business establishments•

A high-growth engine, increasing
employment by 11% since 2018, while
the overall economy shed 1.5% of its
jobs base•

A high-impact contributor to the U.S.
economy with economic output impacts
totaling $2.9 trillion

head-on the challenges of the COVID pandemic,
while working to lessen the impacts of climatechange and nourish a growing world population. The
bioscience industry is also a significant contributor to
the economic vitality of states and regions where its
diverse companies operate. This report provides an
updated assessment of the U.S. bioscience industry
with data that both highlight its economic value, andthe performance of its supportive ecosystem withrespect to research funding, patents, venture capital,and other major efforts for continued success amidst
increasing global competition for the industry.

But this industry continually delivers on its dual
characteristics of intensive innovation that saves andMarking the tenth edition in a biennial series dating

improves lives and contributes a breadth of diverseback to 2004, this report finds an industry thriving

employment opportunities with wages and incomes

amidst the economic and public health challenges ofthat sustain families and strong standards of living.

the last two and a half years. The industry has steadilygrown during this period and has yet again offered a

In this 2022 edition, and in the accompanying statecritical buffer against national economic challenges,

profiles made available online, the report maintains

generating high-wage jobs and significant economic

its focus on the industry’s footprint and economic

impacts while the overall economy has struggled.

opportunities across states and regions, as the bioscience industry offers extensive economic reach andYet economic headwinds and ecosystem challenges

broad-based impacts that benefit every region of thepersist, including the ongoing struggle in 2022 to

U.S. Unlike in past editions, the 2022 report includes

tame national and global inflation, a slower paceindustry employment data from the immediate pastof economic growth, and continuing supply chain

calendar year, rather than the previous 24-month lag.

challenges. Couple these macroeconomic factors
with slower growth in NIH funding and academic
R&D, as well as recent declines in patent awards andapplications, and the near-term outlook is concerning.

1The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

National Industry Highlights

also have risen at double-digit rates over the

The nation’s bioscience industry steadily grew duringlatest three-year period.

the last three years—a period that included the significant economic and public health challenges of the•

global pandemic—bolstering the struggling national

The bioscience industry has outperformed theoverall economy in recent years in its employ-economy while generating high-wage, high-quality

ment growth, including other knowledge- andjobs, and substantial economic impacts for the U.S.

technology-intensive industry sectors such astech and aerospace manufacturing.

•

In 2021, national bioscience industry employment reached 2.1 million jobs across more than
127,000 business establishments spread acrossevery state throughout the U.S.

•

All five of the industry’s major subsectors—agricultural feedstock and industrial biosciences;medical devices and equipment; pharmaceuticals; research, testing, and medical labs; and•Since 2018, bioscience employers grew theirbioscience-related distribution—have contrib-

payrolls by 11 percent while the private

uted to the employment growth seen sincesector overall experienced a net jobs decline

2018, led by impressive, double-digit job gainsof 1.5 percent, due to the steep job losses

in research, testing, and medical labs; and inexperienced during the initial pandemic wave

pharmaceutical manufacturing—not surprisingand economic shutdowns of 2020. Biosciencegiven the intense mobilization and expansion

industry establishments and average wagesof these sectors during the pandemic.

Figure 1: Economic Impacts of the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2021

DIRECT IMPACT

Bioscience Industry
Employment

2.14M

Source: TEConomy Partners data and analysis using U.S. IMPLAN Input-Output Model.

2

TOTAL IMPACT
Employment

10.3M

Wages &
Benefits$796B

Economic
Output$2.9T

State &
Local Taxes$102B

Federal
Taxes

$169B

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward•

The bioscience industry continues to generate
high-wage jobs reflecting the industry’s
outsized demand for STEM talent and a highly

Innovation Ecosystem
Assessment Highlights

skilled workforce. In 2021, U.S. bioscience

For a science- and technology-driven industry

workers earned nearly $126,000 per year, on

powered by innovation, the supporting ecosystemaverage, which is $58,000 or 85 percent greater

providing access to scientific R&D from the nation’s

than that earned by their counterparts in the

research institutions, federal funding, strong intel-

overall private sector.

lectual property protection in the form of patents,
and access to vital sources of risk capital is especially•

The total economic impact of the bioscience

critical for bioscience industry development. The

industry on the U.S. economy, as measured byfollowing headlines and highlights show theoverall output, totaled $2.9 trillion dollars inecosystem’s continued progression, though recent

2021 (Figure 1).

signals point to potentially challenging slowdowns inresearch activity, funding, and innovation outcomes

State and Metropolitan Area
Industry Highlights

in terms of patent awards.
•

Bioscience Patent Awards Reveal Breadth of
U.S. Innovation, Though Recent Totals Have

The nation’s bioscience industry spans every U.S.

Declined. Patent awards with at least one

state, with a well-distributed geographic footprint.

U.S. inventor or assignee in bioscience-related

The industry’s breadth and diversity translate into sig-

technology classifications totaled nearly 28,000

nificant market and economic development opportu-

in 2021. This total has declined for two consec-

nities for most states; in fact, a majority of states haveutive years from the more than 30,000 awards

a “specialized” concentration of employment in atrecorded in 2019.

least one of the five bioscience subsectors.
••

Thirty-four states and Puerto Rico have a spe-

Bioscience Venture Capital Reached Impressive Record Highs in 2021. The 2021 venture

cialization in at least one of the five bioscience

capital investment total reached $79.4 billion

subsectors in 2021.

for biosciences, or two times the average level
invested during the prior three years.

•

Industry job growth has been widespread—over the 2018 to 2021 period, 48 states and•University Bioscience R&D Activity: Pace

Puerto Rico experienced job growth in theof Growth Slows. In 2020 U.S. biosciences

bioscience industry.

academic R&D exceeded $51 billion, an
increase of 9 percent since 2018. U.S. research

Likewise, the industry is an important economic

universities have significantly increased theirengine for the nation’s metropolitan regions.

bioscience-related R&D activities since 2015
by $11 billion or 28 percent. Since 2015, R&D•

Just over half of all U.S. metropolitan areas haveexpenditures have averaged 5 percent growtha specialized employment concentration in

year-over-year, however that growth slowed in

at least one bioscience industry subsector. Of

2020, increasing just 2.8 percent from 2019.

the nation’s 384 metropolitan regions, 205 (53percent) can claim this distinction.

•

NIH Research Funding Sees Slower Growthin 2021. In 2021, NIH awarded $34.8 billion in

3

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

external or “extramural” research and related
funding, representing lower growth from 2020
to 2021 relative to the stronger pace of growth
in prior years.
The report is divided into three major sections—first,
an assessment of the national bioscience industry’s
position and recent performance and economic
impacts, as well as highlights of state and regional
industry performance; second, an assessment of theperformance of key innovation ecosystem elements
for biosciences development; and third, a section
focused on the position of states and metro regions
across each of the industry’s five major subsectors.

4

The U.S. Bioscience Industry:
A Steady, Long-Term Growth Driver for the Nation’s Economy
Accelerates its Growth Through the Pandemic Years

The nation’s bioscience industry steadily grew during the

Biosciences job growth has averaged 3.6 percent

last three years—a period which included the significant

from 2019 through 2021 while the private sector’s

economic and public health challenges of the global

average annual growth rate has been flat (-0.4pandemic—and by 2021 exceeded 2.1 million jobs inpercent) as the overall economy continues to claw

more than 127,000 business establishments spreadback the jobs shed in 2020. The industry—called

across every state throughout the U.S. Since 2018,upon to innovate, manufacture, and distribute criticalbioscience employers grew their payrolls by 11 percent

COVID-related diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeu-

while the overall private sector experienced a net jobs

tics during this period—has not only outperformed

decline of 1.5 percent, due to the steep job losses expe-

the overall economy, but also other knowledge- andrienced during the initial pandemic wave and economic

technology-intensive industry sectors in its employ-

shutdowns of 2020 (Figure 2). Industry establishments

ment growth (Figure 3).

and average wages also have risen at double-digit rates.

Figure 2: Employment, Establishment, and Wage Trends for the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2018-21

22.3%

Growth Trends, 2018-21

Annual Employment Growth
5.1%

18.9%
16.4%

3.6%
1.5%

9.3%

Establishments

4.0%

1.9%

11.0%

-1.5%
Employment

-6.7%
Wages
Total Private Sector

2019

2020

2021

Bioscience Industry

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

The bioscience industry—called upon to innovate, manufacture, and distribute critical COVID-related
diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics during this period—has not only outperformed the overall economy,
but also other knowledge- and technology-intensive industry sectors in its employment growth.

5The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Figure 3: Employment Growth Trends—Biosciences vs. Other Technology Industries, 2018-21
11%

1%

-1%

-2%
-5%

Biosciences

Software &ComputerServices

Total Private
SectorComputerHardware

Aerospace
Products & Parts

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

The steady growth of the bioscience industry is aeconomic growth driver. The industry has bolstered thecontinuation of a longer-term trend over nearly all

U.S. economy during recent recessions and downturns.

of the two decades this report has tracked industry
progress. Recent years have seen growth accelerate

All five of the major industry subsectors have con-

(Figure 4). In the last decade the industry has gener-

tributed to the employment growth seen since 2018ated especially strong job growth, increasing employ-(see Figure 5, Table 1), led by impressive, double-digit

ment by 35 percent since 2010—compared with 15

job gains in research, testing, and medical labs; andpercent for the private sector. In just the last six years

in pharmaceutical manufacturing. The recent strong

hiring has gained speed, more than double the pace,

growth in these subsectors has been driven by

on average, of the previous five years.

the intense mobilization and expansion during the
pandemic of diagnostic lab testing, industrial R&D in

6

The two-decade trend for the biosciences clearlybiotech and the biosciences broadly, and vaccine anddemonstrates its resilience and role as a consistenttherapeutic production.

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Figure 4: Employment Growth Trends for the U.S. Bioscience Industry and Private Sector, 2001-21

150
145

U.S. Bioscience Industry

Employment Index (2001 = 100)

140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105

U.S. Total Private Sector

100
95
90
2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

Defining the Bioscience Industry
Defining the biosciences is challenging due to its diverse mix of technologies, products and markets, R&D focus, and companies
themselves. The industry includes companies engaged in advanced manufacturing, research activities, and technology services but
has a common thread or link in their application of knowledge in the life sciences and how living organisms function. At a practicallevel, federal industry classifications do not provide for one over-arching industry code that encompasses the biosciences. Instead,two dozen detailed industries must be combined and grouped to best organize and track the industry in its primary activities.
The TEConomy/BIO biennial reports have developed an evolving set of major aggregated subsectors that group the bioscience
industry into five key components, including:
Agricultural feedstock and industrial biosciences—Firms engaged in agricultural production and processing, organic chemical
manufacturing, and fertilizer manufacturing. The subsector includes industry activity in the production of ethanol and other biofuels.
Bioscience-related distribution—Firms that coordinate the delivery of bioscience-related products spanning pharmaceuticals,
medical devices, and ag biotech. Distribution in the biosciences is unique in its deployment of specialized technologies including
cold storage, highly regulated monitoring and tracking, and automated drug distribution systems.
Pharmaceuticals—Firms that develop and produce biological and medicinal products and manufacture pharmaceuticals anddiagnostic substances.
Medical devices and equipment—Firms that develop and manufacture surgical and medical instruments and supplies, laboratory
equipment, electromedical apparatus including MRI and ultrasound equipment, and dental equipment and supplies.
Research, testing, and medical laboratories—Firms engaged in research and development in biotechnology and other life sciences, life
science testing laboratories, and medical laboratories. Includes contract and clinical R&D organizations.

7

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Figure 5: Employment Growth Trends, Bioscience Industry and Major Subsectors, 2018-21

19.3%

11.9%

11.0%

6.6%
5.5%

1.9%

-1.5%
Research,
Testing, &Medical Labs

Pharmaceuticals

Total Bioscience
Industry

Bioscience related
Distribution

Medical Devices& Equipment

Ag Feedstock &Industrial Bio

Total Private
Sector

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

Highlights across the subsectors and their respective performance include:•

With total employment at nearly 720,000 U.S. jobs, research, testing, and medical laboratories is thelargest of the major subsectors, and since 2018 it has been the fastest growing. Accounting for one of every
three biosciences jobs, the subsector has seen extremely strong growth of 19 percent over the last three
years. In the years leading up to the pandemic, the subsector had strong growth, averaging 4.4 percent
annually from 2015-18, then from 2018-21 employers accelerated their hiring to average 6.1 percent
growth annually. The subsector’s commercial research and development component—including biotech
and other biosciences R&D conducted by biopharmaceutical, medical device, and agtech firms—accounts
for two-thirds of employment and has been the leading employment growth driver, increasing its jobs baseby 23 percent since 2018. The remainder are employed in medical labs, which has grown by 13 percent.

•

Growth in pharmaceutical manufacturing has been similarly impressive, with employers increasing their
payrolls by nearly 12 percent from 2018 to almost 345,000 employees in 2021, accounting for 16 percent
of U.S. bioscience jobs. Job growth rates for the three years since 2018 each exceeded that for any individual year since 2010, averaging 3.8 percent growth year-over-year. While accounting for 16 percent of
U.S. bioscience jobs, the subsector can and should be thought of as more extensive as it is closely tied tocommercial R&D firms and establishments, including biotechnology R&D, that are included within research,
testing, and medical labs. Within the pharmaceuticals subsector, each component industry has grown since
2018, with most growing by double-digits.

8The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward•

Medical device and equipment manufacturers employ nearly 400,000 in the U.S., accounting for
19 percent of the nation’s biosciences jobs. Since 2018, the subsector has grown by 5.5 percent andhas averaged 1.8 percent growth annually, about the same average growth rate seen since 2015 formedical device jobs. Performance across the individual component sectors has been mixed, with strong
double-digit job growth in electromedical equipment production and analytical lab instruments andabove-average growth in medical and surgical instrument manufacturing offset by slower growth inother sectors.

•

Agricultural feedstock and industrial biosciences grew its employment base by 2 percent from 2018
to reach nearly 70,000 jobs, or 3 percent of all U.S. biosciences jobs. Over the last 3-year period, subsector
employers increased their job totals by 0.6 percent annually, on average. This compared with averageannual declines seen during the prior three years. Net job gains in the agricultural chemicals components
and in sectors contributing bio-based feedstocks were somewhat offset by declines in the biofuels(ethanol) sector.

•

Bioscience-related distribution operations added nearly 7 percent to their payrolls from 2018 through2021 to employ more than 602,000 across nearly 63,000 individual business establishments throughout
the country. Accounting for 28 percent of U.S. biosciences jobs, the industry’s growth has been led bystrong gains in medical, dental, and hospital equipment distribution (up 13 percent since 2018), and moremodest gains in pharmaceutical distribution.

Table 1: U.S. Bioscience Establishment and Employment Summary, 2021 and Recent Trends
Bioscience Industry &Major Subsectors

Establishments

Employment

Count,
2021

Change,2018-21

Count,
2021

Change,2018-21

Agricultural Feedstock & Industrial Biosciences

1,948

10%

69,573

2%

Bioscience-related Distribution

62,697

15%602,589

7%

Medical Devices & Equipment

10,26817%

398,847

5%

Pharmaceuticals

5,973

35%

344,839

12%

Research, Testing, & Medical Laboratories

46,50335%

719,856

19%

Total Biosciences

127,38922%

2,135,704

11%

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

9

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

An Industry Addressing Global Challenges by Advancing
Agricultural and Environmental Solutions
A major focus for numerous BIO member companies

BioPreferred Program established in 2011 and its

is advancing innovative solutions to meet global

associated product labeling, has catalogued morechallenges in the agricultural and environmental

than 16,000 registered products. The Department

space. The industry, in partnership with BIO andmeasured the economic impacts of the biobased

other stakeholders, is working to address climate

economy in 2020 and according to the report, inchange via decarbonization with strategic shifts

2017,3 the biobased products industry:

toward biobased products and the development and•deployment of sustainable fuels. At the same time,

Supported 4.6 million American jobs throughdirect, indirect, and induced contributions.

the industry is addressing how to feed and nourish
a growing global population by developing and•Contributed $470 billion to the U.S. economy.

leveraging more productive and sustainable agri-•

Generated 2.79 jobs in other sectors of theeconomy for every biobased job.

cultural inputs, technologies, and applications. BIO’s
agricultural and environmental division1 is emphasizing three areas for its advocacy and support:

Further, the report finds that biobased products
displace approximately 9.4 million barrels of oil each•

Biobased manufacturing andyear and have the potential to reduce greenhousethe biobased economy

gas emissions by an estimated 12.7 million metric•

Food and farm innovation

tons of CO2 equivalents annually.4•

Sustainable fuels
Sustainable fuels represent an important opportunity

According to the USDA, biobased products are

and avenue for meeting the ambitious decarboniza-

those that are “composed, in whole or in significant

tion targets set out by the Paris Climate Accord andpart, of biological products, including renewable

other agreements. While electric vehicles are a criticaldomestic agricultural materials, renewable chemicals,

path toward decarbonization, they must be adopted

and forestry materials; or an intermediate ingredientin concert with sustainable fuels for remaining internalor feedstock.” The benefits of biobased products

combustion engine vehicles particularly in aviation andinclude providing an alternative to petroleum-derived

heavy-duty trucks, buses, and other transportation. To

products; offering more options to manufacturers tothis end, McKinsey estimates that sustainable fuels

develop their products; opportunities for new bio-

could account for up to 37 percent of transportation

based brands and growth markets; and ultimately

energy demand by 2050.5 McKinsey is tracking major

addressing environmental issues and challenges suchinvestments across the globe in sustainable fuels

as recycling or disposing of single-use plastics.

production facilities totaling $40 to $50 billion.

Biobased products span a diverse range of solutions

The recently passed Inflation Reduction Act (IRA)

and markets including many in the chemicals space

included support for the nation’s efforts to reducesuch as lubricants, detergents, inks, fertilizers, andtransportation-related emissions via tax credits forbioplastics. The USDA, under the Department’s

cellulosic biofuels, creation of a sustainable aviation

2

1

See: https://www.bio.org/agriculture-environment.

2

See: https://www.biopreferred.gov/BioPreferred/faces/pages/BiobasedProducts.xhtml.

3

U.S. Department of Agriculture (UDSA), “USDA Releases Economic Impact Analysis of the U.S. Biobased Products Industry,”

4

Ibid.

5

McKinsey & Company, “Charting the global energy landscape to 2050: Sustainable fuels,” July 7, 2022.

News Release, July 29, 2021.

10

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

fuel (SAF) tax credit, additional funding for blender

BIO recognizes that supporting innovative agricultur-

pumps and other biofuels infrastructure, and a grantal biotechnology will be critical to enacting many ofprogram to incentivize production of SAF.

the climate-smart agriculture provisions in the recent
IRA legislation.

Food and farm innovation is driven by agricultural
technology or “agtech”—inclusive of a range ofFrom an economic development perspective, eachtechnologies, including ag-biotech, that boost cropof these priority areas support high-wage, fami-yields and enhance farming efficiency, productivity,

ly-sustaining jobs in rural areas of America where

and resilience. These technologies include biotech

biomass is sourced and crops and livestock are

inputs (e.g., seeds, organic agricultural chemicals)

harvested. Supporting the biobased economy andas well as leverage software and hardware, sensing

innovative agtech also has a strategic benefit withtechnologies, geospatial data and technologies, andrespect to domestically-sourced energy and inputs.

modern farm machinery in an increasingly “precision”
approach to agriculture.

11

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

The Biosciences Continue to Generate High-Quality, High-Wage Jobs
Driven by Outsized Demand for Highly Skilled STEM Talent
The bioscience industry stands out for being a steady“In 2020, nearly half (47%) of life science industry

generator and source of high-wage jobs. Industry

employment was in high-skilled occupations

wages are consistently significantly higher, on average,

compared with 27% for all other industries. These

than those for the overall economy, reflecting the mix ofinclude the vast majority of scientist, engineering,skilled, high-quality jobs in demand within an industry

IT, and data sciences roles, or “STEM”-related

advancing a wide range of value-adding products andtalent and reinforce the critical need for robust

services, and it further reflects the importance of thenational postsecondary education degreeindustry as a national economic engine.

programs to meet industry talent needs.

A recent assessment of biosciences talent by TECon-At the same time, about one-in-three life scienceomy and the Coalition of State Bioscience Institutes

industry jobs fall in the middle skills categories,(CSBI) highlighted the especially intensive employment

again well above the share for all industries. As

within the industry of “STEM” related roles, finding that:a leading advanced manufacturing industry, life
science companies rely heavily on the skilled“The life sciences are among the most intensive intechnician workforce, both in engineering andtheir deployment of STEM talent—nearly one-scientific domains; production workers within-three industry workers is employed in a STEM

varied skills; transportation and material moving

occupation, a concentration five times that of all

occupations; installation, maintenance, andU.S. industries.”6

repair; and more. These workers are operating inincreasingly digital and automated manufacturing

In 2021, U.S. bioscience workers earned nearlyenvironments, a shift represented by “Industry$126,000 per year, on average (Table 2). This average4.0” with significant and important implications forwage is $58,000 or 85 percent greater than that

community colleges and other training providers.”7

earned by their counterparts in the overall U.S.
private sector ($67,826), reflecting the outsized

Each bioscience subsector has average wages wellindustry demand for more highly-paid STEM talent

above those for the overall private sector, as well as

and a highly skilled workforce. The TEConomy/CSBI

exceeding those for most other major U.S. industries.

study found that not only is the industry especially

Employees within the research, testing and medical

STEM-intensive in its jobs requirements but also has

labs; pharmaceuticals; and distribution subsectors

a much greater concentration of both high- and mid-earn average wages exceeding $120,000 annually.

dle-skilled roles requiring postsecondary credentials,
including certifications. Specifically, the study found:“The life sciences are among the most intensive in their deployment of STEM
talent—nearly one-in-three industry workers is employed in a STEM occupation,a concentration five times that of all U.S. industries.”—TEConomy/CSBI Life Sciences Workforce Trends Report, 2021

12

6TEConomy Partners LLC and CSBI, “2021 Life Sciences Workforce Trends Report: Taking Stock of Industry Talent Dynamics Following a Disruptive Year,” June 2021.

7

Ibid.

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 2: Average Annual Wages for the Bioscience Industry
and Other Major U.S. Industries, 2021
Biosciences & Other Major U.S. Industries

Average Annual Wages, 2021

Information$152,605

Research, Testing, & Medical Laboratories$147,396

Finance and Insurance$131,637

Pharmaceuticals$126,153

Total Biosciences$125,750

Bioscience-related Distribution$121,606

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services$114,379

Medical Devices & Equipment$98,481

Agricultural Feedstock & Industrial Biosciences$91,989

Manufacturing$76,572

Construction$69,892

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing$69,885

Total Private Sector$67,826

Health Care and Social Assistance$58,071

Transportation and Warehousing$57,959Retail Trade$39,729

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

13

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Bioscience Industry Economic Impacts:
A $2.9 Trillion Contribution to the U.S. Economy
The 2.1 million U.S. bioscience industry workers employed across every U.S. state and Puerto Rico create a

Generating a direct value added of $582
billion and supporting a total value added of$1,468 billion, the U.S. biosciences industry
accounted for 2.9 percent and 7.3 percent of
U.S. GDP, respectively, in 2021.

substantial national economic impact. The biosciences
have an extensive, interdependent supply chain forresearch, production, and distribution activities. The industry both supports and depends upon other sectors
to supply everything from business services to commodity inputs. In addition, industry employees whoearn high average wages generate demand for goods

The sum of these three effects is referred to as the to-and services through their own personal spending.

tal economic impact. TEConomy estimated the total

As a result, the biosciences have a national economic

economic impact of the U.S. bioscience industry inimpact that extends and multiplies well beyond the2021 based on employment values for each detailed

industry’s direct employment and earnings.

industry sector within the biosciences and evaluatedthe impacts across several key economic measures:

Economic impact analysis measures these types ofimpacts and effects described, including:•

Employment. The total number of full- andpart-time jobs in all industries;•

Direct effects: the direct employment and othereconomic activity generated by the bioscience•

Personal Income. The wages and salaries,
including benefits, earned by the workers andindustry’s operations and expenditures;proprietors holding the jobs created;•

Indirect effects: the economic activity generated by supplier firms to the bioscience industry;•

Value-Added. The difference between an
industry’s total output and the cost of its laborandand other inputs or its contribution to gross•state or domestic product (GSP or GDP); andInduced effects: the additional economic
activity generated by the personal spendingof the direct bioscience employees and theemployees of the supplier firms in the overall•

Output. The total value of production or sales in
all industries.8

economy.
Additionally, the model allows for a high-level estimation of tax revenues generated by the economic
activity at the local/county, state, and federal levels.
These tax revenues include estimates of a varietyof corporate and personal tax payments, including
both the employer and employee portions of social
insurance taxes.

8

14

The total output impacts are often referred to as the “economic impact” of an industry, project, or investment.

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

The total economic impact of the bioscience industry

million additional jobs throughout the entire econo-on the U.S. economy, as measured by overall output,

my through both indirect and induced effects. These

totaled $2.86 trillion dollars in 2021 (Figure 6 and Table

additional jobs span numerous other industries

3). This impact is generated by the direct industry

including key purchased product inputs, real estate,

output ($1.21 trillion) combined with the indirect

consulting, legal services, transportation, informationand induced impacts, which total $1.65 trillion fortechnology, and utilities. The industry’s employment

an industry output “multiplier” of 2.36. This means

multiplier is 4.82, which means that for every one

that for every $1 in industry output, an additional

bioscience job an additional 3.82 jobs are supported$1.36 in output is generated throughout the rest of

throughout the rest of the U.S. economy.

the national economy. A key economic indicator of
the importance of the bioscience industry to the U.S.

Additional economic impacts of the industry extend

economy is estimated via the industry’s value added.

to local/county, state, and federal tax revenues

Generating a direct value added of $581.69 billion andthrough the corporate, personal income, and othersupporting a total value added of $1,467.86 billion, thetaxes paid by bioscience firms, their suppliers, andU.S. biosciences industry accounted for 2.9 percent

their workers. These total taxes, through combined

and 7.3 percent of U.S. GDP, respectively, in 2021.

direct and multiplier effects, are estimated to havecontributed $44 billion to local/county governments,

The 2.14 million bioscience employees and their$57 billion to state governments, and $169 billion toassociated economic output support nearly 8.2

the federal government in 2021.

Figure 6: Economic Impacts of the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2021

DIRECT IMPACT

Bioscience Industry
Employment

2.14M

TOTAL IMPACT
Employment

10.3M

Wages &
Benefits$796B

Economic
Output$2.9T

State &
Local Taxes$102B

Federal
Taxes

$169B

Source: TEConomy Partners data and analysis using U.S. IMPLAN Input-Output Model.

15

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 3: Economic Impacts of the U.S. Bioscience Industry, 2021 ($ in Millions)

Impact Type

Employment$ in Millions
Labor
IncomeValue Added

OutputLocal/County
Tax Revenue

State Tax
Revenue

FederalTax Revenue

Direct Effect

2,135,704$266,560$581,686$1,214,649$15,539$20,924$64,543

Indirect Effect

3,577,568$266,350$421,836$825,804$11,205$15,941$54,556

Induced Effect

4,581,896$263,020$464,339$823,887$17,474$20,512$50,005

Total Effect

10,295,167$795,929$1,467,861$2,864,340$44,218$57,376$169,103

Multiplier

4.82

2.99

2.52

2.36

Source: TEConomy Partners data and analysis using U.S. IMPLAN Input-Output Model.

The Industry’s Response to COVID-19:
Tracking the Pipeline for Ongoing Therapeutic Development
The bioscience industry’s response to the health challenges of the global pandemic may now feel like “old news” tosome, but it deserves recognition and an acknowledgement that challenges remain, and the industry continues to work
steadfast toward innovative solutions, as well as maintaining vigilance in looking ahead to the next potential pandemic.
The Industry Analysis Team at BIO has developed the COVID-19 Therapeutic Development Tracker (available at https://www.bio.org/policy/human-health/vaccines-biodefense/coronavirus/pipeline-tracker) synthesizing and updating
detailed pipeline data from BioCentury and Biomedtacker within an interactive online tool. The Tracker, according to BIO,
reveals two key themes:••

Biopharma companies, particularly small
biotech companies, are undertaking amonumental campaign to combat, andhopefully eradicate, COVID-19.
Innovation is being led by U.S.-based

Unique Compounds in Development
Antivirals

companies.
As of this writing, the Tracker identifies 747 unique active
compounds in various stages of development/approval.
These span the categories in the chart to the right.
In addition to novel compounds, the industry is andhas further met the challenges of the pandemic
through innovation in diagnostic testing.

Vaccines

Treatments

27%
41%

32%

Source: BIO, COVID-19 Therapeutic Development Tracker.

16

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

State-by-State and Metropolitan Area Bioscience Industry
Key Findings and Highlights
The nation’s bioscience industry spans every U.S. state, with a well-distributed geographic footprint. The industry’s
breadth and diversity translates into significant market and economic development opportunities for most states;in fact, a majority of states have a “specialized” concentration of employment in at least one of the five bioscience
subsectors. Likewise, the industry is an important economic engine for the nation’s metropolitan regions.

Highlights of State Industry Performance•

Thirty-four states and Puerto Rico have a specialization in at least one of the five bioscience
subsectors in 2021 (see Table 4). These include:{

17 states specialized in Agricultural
Feedstock & Industrial Biosciences{

9 states and Puerto Rico specialized in
Bioscience-related Distribution{

12 states and Puerto Rico specialized in
Pharmaceuticals{

14 states and Puerto Rico specialized in
Medical Devices & Equipment{

Measuring Industry
Concentration and State/
Regional “Specialization”
Employment concentration is a usefuland valuable way in which to gauge therelative importance of an industry like thebiosciences to a state or regional economy.
State location quotients (LQs) measure
the degree of job concentration within thestate relative to the national average. States
or regions with an LQ greater than 1.0 are
said to have a concentration in the sector.
When the LQ is significantly above average,
1.20 or greater, the state is said to have a“specialization” in the industry.

9 states and Puerto Rico specialized in
Research, Testing & Medical Laboratories•

Puerto Rico is the only territory that is specialized in four of the five bioscience subsectors.
While eight states have a specialization in threesubsectors (see sidebar), no state has a specialization in all five subsectors.

•

Industry job growth has been widespread—over the 2018 to 2021 period, 48 states andDiverse & Varied Strengths:
Eight States and Puerto Rico
have a Specialized Employment
Concentration in Three or More
Bioscience Industry Subsectors
California, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota,
Nebraska, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, South
Dakota, Utah

Puerto Rico experienced job growth in thebioscience industry.

17

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 4: State Specializations and Job Growth by Bioscience Subsector, 2021

State

AL

Agricultural Feedstock& Industrial
Biosciences
LQ

GrowthPharmaceuticals
LQ

GrowthResearch,
Testing, & Medical
Laboratories
LQ










CO



LQ

GrowthCAGrowthBioscience-related
Distribution





AZ































CT











DE













DC









FL









GA







HI







ID





IL





IN



IA





KS





KY
LA



ME














MS



MO



































































MN












MI








MT






NV





NH





NJ



NM





MA

NE







MD

18

LQ



AK

AR

GrowthMedical Devices &Equipment






























































The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

State

Agricultural Feedstock& Industrial
Biosciences
LQ

GrowthPharmaceuticals
LQ

NY



OH
OK



GrowthLQ

Growth


































PR







RI

LQ





PA

GrowthBioscience-related
Distribution



OR





SC
SD

LQ

Research,
Testing, & Medical
Laboratories



NC
ND

GrowthMedical Devices &Equipment






















































TN







TX



















































UT







VT
VA



WA
WV









WI



WY









Note: Dots represent either a “specialized” employment concentration (LQ >= 1.20) or employment growth (> 0%).
Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

19

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Highlights of Metropolitan Area Industry Performance
Just over half of all U.S. metropolitan areas have a specialized employment concentration in at least one bioscience industry subsector or market. Of the nation’s 384 metropolitan regions, 205 (53 percent) can claim this
distinction, further evidence of the industry’s widespread footprint and development.

A Varied Set of Metros Exhibit Diverse Strengths
in the Biosciences Spanning all U.S. Regions
Nineteen metro areas have an especially diverse set of bioscience industry
strengths, with specializations in at least three of the five industry
subsectors. These metros span all regions of the U.S., and regional sizes,
and reflect the broad distribution of the industry nationally. These include(number of specializations in parenthesis):
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

20

Boulder, CO (4)Madison, WI (4)Ames, IA (3)Bloomington, IN (3)Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (3)Burlington-South Burlington, VT (3)Durham-Chapel Hill, NC (3)Fort Collins, CO (3)Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN (3)Lima, OH (3)Memphis, TN-MS-AR (3)Morgantown, WV (3)Raleigh-Cary, NC (3)Salt Lake City, UT (3)San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA (3)San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA (3)San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA (3)Trenton-Princeton, NJ (3)Worcester, MA-CT (3)The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Advancing the Nation’s Biomanufacturing Sector:
A Strategic Imperative for the U.S., States, and Regions
As transformative research and development of a

Biopharmaceutical/Biologics
Represent a High-Growth Market:

medicine continues to be an early and mid-stage
focus of the bioscience industry, downstream in theprocess is the need to have that medicine manufac-

Emergen Research pegs the global biologics
market size at $300B in 2020 and expects it
to reach $568B by 2028, an annual growthrate of 8.4%.

tured for distribution to the patient. COVID-19 andthe potential for future pandemics have placed a new
strategic emphasis and focus on biomanufacturing
efforts in the U.S., and the need to develop the

National employment in the biologics
manufacturing sector has averaged nearly
5% annual growth over the last decade.

facilities and processes to adequately accomplish
the goal of maintaining a strong on-shore presenceof this vital product manufacturing and distribution
network all across the nation.

Source: Emergen Research; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, CEW
program data.

But scaling-up to meet the demand requires better
understanding the complex and lengthy process ofestablishing the manufacturing capacity. Building amost critical and strategic industry sectors globally.

new biomanufacturing facility, for example, can cost

Biopharmaceuticals reflect an ongoing paradigm shift

up to $2 billion and take five to ten years before it isfrom traditional small-molecule therapeutic productoperational, including the time and costs related to

manufacturing to products based on biomaterials

comply with various federal and state regulatory re-and biomolecules with applications expected toquirements. This special section provides an overview

continue growing rapidly. Many of the leading

and background on biomanufacturing, its unique

pharmaceuticals on the market today are biologics/

context and technology and production challenges

biopharmaceuticals that span monoclonal antibodies,facing the industry, and public-private initiatives tovaccines, recombinant hormones, cell and geneaddress these challenges.

therapies, and others.

Biomanufacturing uses living cells and biologicalBut biopharmaceutical manufacturing is highly com-systems to make commercial products, or to extract

plex and requires novel processing and production

and utilize a particular molecule via the bioprocessing

approaches to ensure safety, quality, and reliabilityof tissues or cells. These products or biological mole-under strict FDA regulations. The biology-driven con-cules are used across a varied set of applications andtext of biopharmaceutical manufacturing is especiallymarkets for medicines and vaccines (biopharmaceuti-

challenging recognizing the implications for qualitycals); food and beverage ingredients and processing;

control amid process variability including: the sensi-

and industrial uses in plastics and other commercial

tive nature of living cells to variations in raw materials

products and applications. Biomanufactured prod-or environmental conditions in the scale-up process

ucts can be harvested from animal or plant cells,

requiring especially close monitoring; purificationfrom blood, or from microbes.

requires ongoing optimization due to variability from

Exciting innovation in biopharmaceuticals is yielding
medicines that save and improve millions of lives bybatch to batch; and formulation requires sterilizationand sensitivity to temperature conditions.

treating and preventing some of the most prevalent

Areas of innovation in biopharmaceutical manufacturing

and devastating diseases affecting humans including

aimed at addressing these and other challenges include:

cancer, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases, and therefore represents one of the•Continuous manufacturing

21

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward•

Novel, single-use systems•

Use of modular bioreactors•

tion’s $1 billion Build Back Better Regional•

Next-generation cell expression platforms

Challenge, is investing millions in several•

Advanced purification technologies

regional signature initiatives in the bioeconomy•

New cell preservation, distribution,and biopharmaceutical development in statesand handling methods

and regions including North Carolina, Greater
Oklahoma City, the City of Manchester New

Manufacturers are increasingly seeking to improve

Hampshire, and Virginia.

the speed and scale of their production to enhancepatient access, while ensuring compliance with strict
FDA guidelines. To resolve complex manufacturing•

manufacturing Initiative, with funding of morecluding expensive industry-grade equipment, accessthan $2 billion, which has numerous strategic aims

to cell lines and consumables, access to talent andthat span the broader bioeconomy but includes

customized workforce development programming,

several directed at strategic U.S. biopharmaceuti-

and other enabling infrastructure.

cal development. These include funding for HHS
to expand the role of biomanufacturing for active

There is fierce competition globally for both innovation

pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), antibiotics,

and production capabilities in biopharmaceuticals. The

and key ingredients for essential medications for

sector has strategic importance with respect to humanpandemic response and preparedness.

health, national security, and economic competitiveinitiatives are actively investing to grow capacity, to implement new production and processing technologies,
and to address unique infrastructure and ecosystemneeds for a robust biomanufacturing sector. Examples
of some of the nation’s recent, notable initiatives andinvestments include:•

The National Institute for Innovation in
Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL),a public-private partnership that is part of thefederally-sponsored manufacturing innovation
institutes known as Manufacturing USA, andwhose mission is to “accelerate biopharmaceutical innovation, support the developmentof standards that enable more efficient andrapid manufacturing capabilities, and educate
and train a world-leading biopharmaceuticalmanufacturing workforce, fundamentally advancing U.S. competitiveness in this industry.”9
NIIMBL brings together an impressive networkof companies, universities, states, government
agencies, NGOs, and others to collaborate oncommon challenges they face.

922

https://niimbl.force.com/s/about-niimbl

President Biden’s recent Executive Orderlaunching a National Biotechnology and Bio-challenges, companies have a need for test beds, in-ness. In this context, many public-private partnership

The U.S. Economic Development Administra-•

Just some examples of states, coalitions, andindividual organizations that have invested
significantly in biomanufacturing development assets include California through the
California Biomanufacturing Center; North
Carolina and Massachusetts’ long-standing
biomanufacturing workforce development
efforts and shared-use facility capabilities; theNortheast Biomanufacturing Center and Collaborative (NBC2) located in Pennsylvania andserving the broader region in education andtraining; investments by individual universities
such as the Waisman Center at the Universityof Wisconsin-Madison, and the National Center
for Therapeutics Manufacturing at Texas A&M
University; and many more.

The U.S. and numerous states, recognizing thepromise of and intense global competition for biomanufacturing, are prioritizing domestic production
to reduce offshoring, to ensure secure suppliesof medicines and pandemic preparedness, and toadvance health outcomes for their citizens.

The Innovation Ecosystem
for the Biosciences:
National Highlights and Leading States

The strong, continuous and long-term industry
growth and resulting outsized economic impacts
generated by the biosciences do not exist without arobust and supportive innovation ecosystem in which

University Bioscience R&D Activity:
Pace of Growth Slows
The nation’s colleges and universities are steadily

to thrive. As a highly innovative science and tech-increasing their R&D expenditures in key life sci-nology driven sector, the biosciences are especiallyence-related research fields in recent years, withdependent upon and enabled by a high-functioning

2020 U.S. biosciences academic R&D exceeding

national ecosystem that supports basic and applied$51 billion (Figure 7). These fields, which span andresearch and development with appropriate resourc-

include health, biological, biomedical, and agricul-

es, protects intellectual property, and allocates capitaltural sciences, as well as biological and biomedical

to promising new, emerging and existing businesses.

engineering, form a critical and valuable foundation

Each of these elements, combined with the appropri-in both fundamental, basic scientific inquiry as well as

ate access to and pipeline for talent at all skill levels,

applied research and important collaborative partner-

combine to determine hard-earned economic out-

ships with both emerging and established industry

comes and benefits, as well as the products and ser-players to advance commercialization.

vices that improve lives. This ecosystem and industry
success cannot be taken for granted, particularly in a

Following a period of stagnation in the early part ofhigh-stakes, globally competitive environment.

the last decade, U.S. research universities have signifi-

This section takes stock of the nation’s overall$11 billion or 28 percent. Since 2015, R&D expendi-

position and performance of this ecosystem andtures have averaged 5 percent growth year-over-year,

highlights leading states across four key elements of

however that growth slowed in 2020, increasing justthe industry’s unique innovation ecosystem.

2.8 percent from 2019.

cantly increased their R&D activities since 2015 by

Across the nation’s academic research complex, bio-

Elements of the U.S. Innovation
Ecosystem Assessed••••

University Bioscience R&D Expenditures
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Funding
Bioscience-Related Patents
Venture Capital (VC) and Angel
Investments in Biosciences Companies

science disciplines account for a majority of all R&D
activity. Combined, they account for 59 percent of all
U.S. university R&D expenditures in 2020, a share that
has increased from 43 percent a decade earlier as
growth in biosciences R&D has outpaced growth foroverall science and engineering disciplines.

23

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Figure 7: University Bioscience R&D Expenditures, FY 2015-20 ($ in Billions)

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

$39.8

$42.0

$44.3

$47.0

$49.7

$51.1

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of National Science Foundation (NSF), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,
Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey.

Table 5 highlights leading states in both the latest

their populations and others as a share of their overalllevels of academic bioscience R&D spending andacademic science and engineering research complex.

growth. These leading states tend to be both larger

Smaller states/districts with multiple research institutions

overall, home to multiple research universities andsuch as Washington, DC, Connecticut, and Wisconsin

sizable medical schools. The majority of leading

lead relative to their size on a per capita basis (Table 6).

states now exceed $2 billion in annual academic

In addition, some leading life sciences R&D states suchbioscience-related R&D expenditures. High-growth

as Maryland, Massachusetts, and North Carolina do notstates include numerous smaller states where growth

have the larger populations of other leaders and so therates are calculated on a smaller, more modest base.

intensive concentrations are much greater.

An exception is the growth of Texas’ academic R&D
complex, which is not only among the leading states

For other states, the biosciences are an especiallyin overall magnitude, but also among the fastest

intensive component of their broader academic R&D

growing since 2018.

complex and therefore account for the vast majorityof overall expenditures—which, in several cases, are

Additional states stand out in the intensive nature of
their university biosciences R&D relative to the size of24

as high as 80 percent or more.

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 5: Leading States in Academic Bioscience R&D Expenditures and Growth
Academic Bioscience R&D
Expenditures, 2020

Academic Bioscience R&D
Growth, 2018-20

Leading States

Total R&D Expenditures($ Billions)Leading States

Growth Rate, %California$7.0

Vermont

30%

New York$4.7

Nevada

27%

Texas

$4.1

Indiana23%

Pennsylvania

$3.0

Texas

17%

North Carolina$2.5

Colorado

16%

Maryland$2.1

Montana16%

Massachusetts$2.0

Oregon15%

Illinois$1.7

Wyoming

14%

Michigan$1.6

Wisconsin

14%

Ohio

$1.6

Missouri14%

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of National Science Foundation (NSF), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,
Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey.

Table 6: Leading States in Per Capita and Concentration of Academic Bioscience
R&D Expenditures, 2020
Per Capita Expenditures

Share of Total Science & Engineering R&D

Leading States$ Per Capita

Leading States% ShareDistrict of Columbia$545

Missouri

84%

Maryland$336

Connecticut

82%

Connecticut$312

Kentucky82%

Massachusetts$285

Arkansas

81%

North Carolina$238

Vermont

79%

New York$235

Oregon77%

Pennsylvania$233

North Carolina

77%

Vermont$223

Nebraska

76%

Nebraska$211

Minnesota

74%

Wisconsin$196

South Carolina

71%

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of National Science Foundation (NSF), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,
Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey.

25

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

NIH Research Funding Sees
Slower Growth in 2021

In 2021, nine of the leading states in total NIH funding
received awards exceeding $1 billion across all state
institutions and organizations (Table 7). Two of theFederal funding for bioscience-related researchleading states in funding totals—Massachusetts andis critical to continually advancing scientific R&D

Maryland—are smaller and also rise to the top on aand innovation. Several agencies fund life sciences

per capita basis with these normalized funding levels

research at U.S. colleges and universities, with theseveral times higher than the national average ($105).

National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognized as
the “gold standard” for the largest component of

Nationally, NIH funding levels grew by 23 percent

bioscience research—biomedical. NIH also funds

from 2018 through 2021. During this period, several

research at hospitals and other biomedical researchstates surpassed that growth rate and are highlight-

institutions as well as industry, to a lesser extent.

ed in Table 7. Already among the national leaders inoverall funding, North Carolina institutions saw their

In 2021, NIH awarded $34.8 billion in external or

NIH funding increase by 60 percent from 2018—es-“extramural” research and related funding, represent-

pecially impressive given its already large base.

ing lower growth from 2020 to 2021 relative to the

Smaller states including Arkansas, North Dakota,

stronger pace of growth in prior years (Figure 8). AfterWest Virginia, and Delaware had increases exceeding

several years of declining or flat funding levels in

40 percent, though these growth rates can reflect a

the early 2010s, NIH funding returned to a stronger

modest base from which they grew.

growth trajectory and from 2016 through 2020 averaged 8 percent growth annually. In 2021, however,growth slowed to 3 percent over the year.

Figure 8: National Institutes of Health Awards, FY 2018-21 ($ in billions)

2018

2019

$30.6

2020

$33.9

2021

$34.8

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of National Institutes of Health RePORT data..

26

$28.2

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 7: Leading States in NIH Funding, FY 2021
Total NIH Funding
Leading States

Funding($ Billions)

Per Capita NIH Funding
Leading States$ Per Capita

NIH Funding Growth, 2018-21
Leading States

Growth Rate

California$5.1

Massachusetts$458

North Carolina

60%

New York$3.2

Maryland$378

Arkansas

58%

Massachusetts$3.2

District of Columbia$331

North Dakota

43%

Maryland$2.3

Rhode Island$223

West Virginia

42%

North Carolina$2.2

North Carolina$211

Delaware42%

Pennsylvania$2.0

Connecticut$191

New Jersey

41%

Texas

$1.5

Washington$181

Washington

36%

Washington$1.4

New York$162

Louisiana

35%

Illinois$1.1

Pennsylvania$158

Oklahoma

33%

Ohio

$0.9

California$130

Indiana32%

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of National Institutes of Health RePORT data.

Bioscience Patent Awards Reveal
Breadth of U.S. Innovation, Though
Recent Totals Have Declined

An examination of patent activity during the first yearof the pandemic (2020), published in Bloomberg
Law,10 finds that:

Bioscience-related innovation is uniquely challeng-“The number of patent applications filed in the U.S.

ing—the time, talent, and resources required to suc-

Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from 2000

cessfully navigate the research and development andto 2020 only experienced two prominent drops—

regulatory requirements of a commercial therapeutic,

one in 2009 when the U.S. economy tanked

medical device, or a biobased product is daunting.

and one in 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic

Robust and enforced legal protections of intellectual

reached the U.S.” And further that:property, in the form of patents, are necessary to
encourage and incent these types of investments“From 2016 to 2019, the percentage ofboth in the U.S. and globally.

applications that were abandoned dropped from
49% to 41%. Then in 2020, the abandonment rate

Patent awards with at least one U.S. inventor or

jumped to 62%.”

assignee in bioscience-related technology classifications totaled nearly 28,000 in 2021 (Figure 9). And

The arrival of COVID impacted company decisions on

while this represents a 7 percent increase from 2018

whether to apply for and maintain patent applica-

levels, the total has declined for two consecutive years

tions, with costs certainly a consideration. The author

from the more than 30,000 awards recorded in 2019.

finds no evidence that patent applications at USPTO
were affected by a shift to telework, which the Office
had in place back to 1997.

10

Gzybowski, Michael, “Covid-19’s Impact on U.S. Patent Filings,” Bloomberg Law, May 24, 2021.

27

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Figure 9: Bioscience-related U.S. Patents, 2018-21

2018

25,8882019

30,082

2020

29,4712021

27,821

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Patent & Trademark Office data from Clarivate Analytics’ Derwent Innovation patent analysis database.

From an ecosystem evaluation perspective, analysis

California and Massachusetts represent clear leadersof patent classifications provides a window andin bioscience-related patenting, with the two com-

progressive snapshot of technology innovation

bining to account for more than four in ten national

and product and process development areas inpatents (Table 8). Massachusetts, given its relatively

which major investments are concentrated as wellsmall size, is far and away the leader on a per capita

as emerging areas. A high-level assessment, shown

award basis. Other smaller states have strong con-in Figure 10, shows cumulative patent awards from

centrations of biosciences patents including Min-2018 through 2021 and the impressive range andnesota, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,

breadth of areas of bioscience-related innovation.

Delaware, and Maryland.

In the latest 4-year period, the segments related toTable 9 presents the leading states across the breadth

medical and surgical device innovations remainedof patent class technology groups, with darker circles

by far the largest, accounting for one of every two

signifying the leading five states and open circles

biosciences patents. Pharmaceuticals and biochem-

rounding out the top ten. A number of states are

istry represent other large and significant segments,

leaders across many areas of innovation, including:but the analysis also finds innovation advancing in

California, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts,bioinformatics and health IT, genetics, and agricultur-

Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina,

al biotech. Compared against the prior 4-year period,

Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Other states demon-bioinformatics and health IT patenting activity, instrate more focused areas of strength for example:

particular, has risen substantially.

Missouri in genetics and areas of agtech; Iowa innovel plant variants; Indiana in agricultural chemicals;and Arizona in biopolymers.

28

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Figure 10: Bioscience-related U.S. Patents by Segment, Cumulative 2018-21

1,780

Ag Chemicals
Biochemistry

12,145

Bioinformatics & Health IT

4,102

Biological Sampling & Analysis

4,041

Biopolymers

103
3,327

Genetics

55,878

Medical & Surgical Devices
Microbiology & Enzymes

8,127
18,980

Pharmaceuticals
4,779

Plants

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Patent & Trademark Office data from Clarivate Analytics’ Derwent Innovation patent analysis database.

Table 8: Leading States in Bioscience-Related Patents, Cumulative 2018-21
Patent Totals, 2018-21

Patents Per 1M Population

Leading States

Total Patents

Leading States

Patents per 1M
Population

California

34,389Massachusetts

524

Massachusetts

14,154

Minnesota

260

New York

7,980

Connecticut

258

New Jersey

7,309

New Hampshire254

Pennsylvania

7,298

California

215

Minnesota

6,425

New Jersey

197

Ohio

5,810

Rhode Island

192

Florida5,805

Delaware

189

Texas

5,312

Maryland159

Maryland

4,066

Colorado

146

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Patent & Trademark Office data from Clarivate Analytics’ Derwent Innovation patent analysis database.

29

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Genetics

Medical & Surgical Devices

Microbiology & Enzymes

Novel Plant Variants

CA

Pharmaceuticals

AZ

Biopolymers

Biological Sampling &Analysis

Bioinformatics & Health IT

Biochemistry

Agricultural Chemicals

Total Biosciences

State

Table 9: Leading States in Bioscience-related Patents by Class Group, Cumulative 2018-21






















CO



CT
FL






IL




IN










MA










MI
MN




IA








MD





























MO

















NE



NJ















NY



























NC
OH



PA











TX















WA
































WI

Note: a shaded circle signifies the state ranks in the top 5 and an open circle signifies a ranking in the next 5 for that particular patent class group.
Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Patent & Trademark Office data from Clarivate Analytics’ Derwent Innovation patent analysis database.

30






The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Bioscience Venture Capital
Reached Impressive Record
Highs in 2021
Investment capital is critical to emerging technolo-

Over the last decade, the bioscience industry’s
average annual share of total U.S. VC funding has
been 25 percent, and in the latest four-year period,
this average has held. Though in the record-breaking year of 2021, that share dipped to 23 percent,gy-driven companies developing new products, but

indicating IT and other VC-backed sectors were also

especially vital for R&D-intensive bioscience compa-

experiencing especially strong investment totals. The

nies that face difficult, expensive, and lengthy time

jump in biosciences VC investments in 2021 were nothorizons to commercialization and steady revenues.

necessarily at the expense or in lieu of private equity

This is particularly true for seed- and early-stage

funding to other sectors.

bioscience companies that often require multiple
rounds of funding to sustain product development

Comparisons of average investment deals highlightand conduct rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing

the record-breaking totals—two years ago thisunder regulatory frameworks.

publication reported average bioscience-related
investments per deal of $8.9 million and that figure

The 2021 investment total for biosciences VC funding

has reached $12.9 million, a figure that is smoothed

reached $79.4 billion, an impressive new high thatas an average over four years (Table 10). Average in-is two times the average level invested during thevestment levels per company were $15 million in theprior three years (Figure 11). As PitchBook succinctly

2016-19 period and now top $22 million for 2018-21.

summarizes in a recent article, “The need for scien-

A recent report by Evaluate Vantage highlighted thetific innovation during the height of the COVID-19

shift toward much larger investment rounds fromoutbreak fueled investor interest in pharmaceutical2020 to 2021 among biotechs.12

and biotech startups.”11

Figure 11: Bioscience-related Venture Capital Investments, 2018-21 ($ in Billions)

2018

$35.0

2019

$33.1

2020

$50.2

2021

$79.4

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of PitchBook Data, Inc.

11

Temkin, Marina, “Biotech VC funding softens amid macroeconomic headwinds,” PitchBook News & Analysis, June 23, 2022.

12

Evaluate Vantage, “Biopharma and Medtech Review, 2021,” February 2022.

31

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Later-stage investments tend to be significantly

VC funding has held relatively strong through thelarger than those at the earliest stages, although

first half of the year—recording a funding total of $33

deal volumes tend to be higher among those earlier

billion. So, while the industry is not on pace to matchstages as investors often fund multiple, smaller

the record funding levels seen in 2021, funding is onrounds. In 2020 and 2021, investment levels (dollars)

pace for a strong year with respect to recent history.

tilted even more significantly toward later-stage
companies relative to historical averages, explaining

Since 2018, just over half of bioscience-related VC

some of the underlying shifts toward record levels ofinvestments (53 percent) have been in companies

funding. From 2020 through 2021, 60 percent of theengaged in biopharmaceutical development inclu-

dollars invested in the biosciences were in later-stage

sive of biotechnology, drug discovery and delivery,

companies, much higher than the average share overand pharmaceuticals segments, shown in dark

the prior five years of 54 percent.

gray in Figure 12. Nearly one-third of funding (31percent) has been directed toward companies in the

Looking ahead to the first half of 2022, and amidst

digital health and health technology segments, athe current macroeconomic headwinds, biosciences

rising share for the sector.

Table 10: U.S. Bioscience Venture Capital Investments by Stage, Cumulative 2018-21

Stage

Number of
Deals

Number ofCompanies

Total VC
Investments($ Millions)Average
Investment
Per Deal($ Millions)Average
Investment
Per Company($ Millions)

Pre-Seed

3,087

2,360

$406

$0.13

$0.17

Angel

1,134

989

$1,145

$1.01

$1.16

Seed

3,300

2,724

$9,406

$2.85

$3.45

Early Stage

3,751

2,825

$72,061$19.21$25.51

Later Stage

4,107

2,782

$114,657$27.92$41.21

Total

15,3798,820$197,675$12.85$22.41

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of PitchBook Data, Inc.

32

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Figure 12: Bioscience-related Venture Capital Investments by Segment, Cumulative 2018-21($ in Millions)

Healthcare Technology Systems
Other Software$53,278$2,351All Other Digital Health$5,222

Drug Discovery & Delivery$71,714All Other Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology$33,054

Diagnostic Equipment$8,505

Therapeutic Devices$7,327

Surgical Devices$4,413

Monitoring Equipment$3,840All Other Medical Devices and Supplies$3,944

Healthcare Laboratories$2,693

Agricultural Chemicals$1,265

Digital Health

Healthcare Distribution$48

Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology

Biofuels$19

Medical Devices & Supplies
Other Biosciences

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of PitchBook Data, Inc.

Among states, VC investments in biosciences com-

totals. The remainder of leading states had funding

panies continue to be highly concentrated in two

totals exceed $3 billion.

states—California and Massachusetts, which combine
to account for 61 percent of cumulative national

Per capita concentrations stand out in smaller states

totals since 2018 (Table 11). Investments in New York

including Delaware, Connecticut, Washington,firms exceeded $18 billion, or 9 percent of national

Minnesota, Utah, Colorado, and Maryland.

33

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 11: Leading States in Bioscience Venture Capital Investments, Cumulative 2018-21
Total VC Investments, 2018-21

Per Capita VC Investments

Leading States

Total ($ Billions)Leading States$ Per Capita

California$79.3

Massachusetts$5,963Massachusetts$41.4

California$2,012

New York$18.4

New York$931

Washington$5.7

Delaware$861

Pennsylvania$5.3

Connecticut

$789

Texas

$4.9

Washington$745

Illinois$4.2

Minnesota$682

Minnesota

$3.9

Utah

$678

Colorado$3.4

Colorado$592

Maryland$3.4

Maryland$554

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of PitchBook Data, Inc.

States with leading areas of VC funding across the varied segments of the industry are shown in Table 12.

34

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

State

Agricultural Chemicals & Biofuels

Healthcare Technology
Systems

SoftwareAll Other Digital Health

Table 12: Leading States in Bioscience Venture Capital Investments by Segment,
Cumulative 2018-21

CA









CO



CT



Healthcare Laboratories

Diagnostic Equipment

Monitoring Equipment

Surgical Devices

Therapeutic Devices

All Other Medical
Devices and Supplies

Drug Discovery &DeliveryAll OtherPharmaceuticals &Biotechnology




















FL



GA



IL







IN



MA



MN













MO



























NY

















PA



TX

WI





NM

WA





NJ

NC

Pharmaceuticals& Biotechnology

Medical Devices and Supplies

Healthcare Distribution

Digital Health




















Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of PitchBook Data, Inc.

35

State and Metropolitan Area
Performance Across the Bioscience
Industry Subsectors

This section provides an in-depth examination of the

While employment size reveals the largest

employment position and recent performance trends

geographic components, employment concen-

for states across each of the five major bioscience

tration can reveal the relative importance of theindustry subsectors. Data were tabulated for eachsubsectors to a regional or state economy.

state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, andfor every U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) to{

State and regional location quotients (LQs)

determine the size and relative employment concen-

measure the degree of job concentration

tration within each subsector. In addition, employ-

within the region relative to the nation.

ment gains and declines were calculated to highlight

States or regions with an LQ greater thanrecent trends.

1.00 are said to have a concentration in thesubsector. When the LQ is significantly above
average, 1.20 or greater, the state is said to

The key metrics used in this section include:

have a “specialization” in the subsector.
•

Employment size measuring the absolute levelof jobs within each region.

{

For metropolitan regions, a table is provided presenting the top 15 metropolitan{

To allow for meaningful comparisons, eachareas according to LQs, based on the total

region’s share of total U.S. subsector em-

employment size of the region (either

ployment was analyzed. States with more

small, medium, or large).

than 5 percent of national employment
are designated “large”; states with more•

The level of employment growth or loss overthan 3 percent but less than 5 percent are

the 2018 to 2021 period provides a way inreferred to as “sizable.”which to measure the performance of a state’s
bioscience industry. In this analysis, job growth{•

For metropolitan regions, a table isor loss was measured by absolute employment

included for each subsector presenting

gains or losses, as percentage changes may

the top 25 metropolitan regions in total

overstate trends in those states with a smaller

employment.

subsector employment base.

Employment concentration is a useful way inwhich to gauge the concentration of a region’s
employment relative to the national average.

37

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Agricultural Feedstock &Industrial Biosciences

State Share of Total U.S. Employment, 2021

The agricultural feedstock and industrial biosciences
subsector applies life sciences knowledge, biochemistry, and biotechnologies to the processing andproduction of agricultural goods as well as organic
and agricultural chemicals. The subsector also includes activities around the production of biofuels
and feedstocks for biobased polymers.

Examples of Products•

Fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides•

Corn and soybean oil•

Ethanol•

Organic chemicals made from renewable•

Polymers, plastics and textiles synthesized

and agricultural microbials

Large (5% or more)
Sizable (3% to 4.9%)
Small (1% to 2.9%)
Undersized (0% to 0.9%)

Employment Concentration Relative to the U.S., 2021

resources or through biological processes
from plant-based feedstock or throughbiological processes•

Biocatalysts•

Biobased ingredients for cosmetics, personalcare products, flavors and fragrances

Examples of Companies•

Amyris•

BASF Enzymes•

Bayer CropScience•

Corteva Agriscience•

Evolva

•

Genus

•

Novozymes

•

Poet

•

Scotts Miracle-Gro•

Simplot Plant Sciences•

Syngenta

Specialized (L.Q. ≥ 1.20)
Concentrated (1.00 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 1.19)
Expanded (0.80 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 0.99)
Under Average (L.Q. ≤ 0.79)

Employment Gains and Losses, 2018-2021

States that are Both Large
and Specialized*•

Illinois

•

Iowa

•

Indiana*States are listed in descending order by subsector employment levels.

38

Job Gain of 500 or more
Job Gain of 1 to 499
Unchanged or Job Loss of -1 to -499

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 14: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Largest

Agricultural Feedstock &Industrial Biosciences

Employment Levels in Agricultural Feedstock andIndustrial Biosciences, 2021

State Leaders & Highlights

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Employment Size: Employment is relatively concentrat-

2021
Employment

Decatur, IL

5,557

Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI

2,397

Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX

2,168

Large States: Illinois, Iowa, Texas, Florida,

Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL

1,519

California, Indiana

Baton Rouge, LA

1,285

Sizable States: Missouri, Ohio, Louisiana,

Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN

1,245

Nebraska, North Carolina

New Orleans-Metairie, LA

1,166

Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN

1,075

Cedar Rapids, IA

1,005

Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA

1,001

Kansas City, MO-KS

980

St. Louis, MO-IL

861

Columbus, OH

810

Specialized States: Iowa, Nebraska, South

Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL

774

Dakota, North Dakota, Illinois, Louisiana, Wyoming,

Mobile, AL

721

Idaho, Indiana, Missouri, Alabama, Kansas, Oklaho-

Memphis, TN-MS-AR

712

ma, Arkansas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Mississippi

Stockton, CA

657

Concentrated States: North Carolina, Ohio

Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA

653

Madison, WI

641

St. Joseph, MO-KS

595

Peoria, IL

579

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX

556

Fresno, CA

556

Large and Specialized States: Three states have

Greensboro-High Point, NC

555

both large employment shares and a specialized

Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL

537

ed in the top 11 states, which account for 68 percent of
employment in this subsector. Those states are:••Employment Concentration: Seventeen states havea specialized concentration of jobs in the agricultural
feedstock and industrial biosciences subsector, morethan for any other subsector. These concentrations
are primarily in the Midwest and South.
••

Employment Growth: Over the 2018 to 2021 time
period, 27 states experienced some increase in subsector employment, with Illinois, Missouri, California,
Virginia, and Alabama experiencing the largest gains.

concentration of jobs in agricultural feedstock andindustrial biosciences (Table 13).

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data;enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

Table 13: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Agricultural Feedstock andIndustrial Biosciences, 2021
State

Establishments, 2021

Employment, 2021

Location Quotient, 2021

Share of U.S.
Employment

Illinois

102

9,035

3.24

13.0%

Iowa

136

8,017

11.20

11.5%

Indiana

69

3,542

2.39

5.1%

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

39

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 15. Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Agricultural Feedstock and Industrial
Biosciences, by Size of MSA, 2021
Metropolitan Statistical Area

Location Quotient

2021
Employment

7.41
4.69
4.37
3.76
3.54
3.22
3.05
2.39
2.13
1.97
1.64
1.51
1.35
1.31
1.29

1,285
1,166
1,001
641
653
555
556
712
1,075
980
810
2,168
861
272
296

29.22
14.75
12.47
8.58
7.38
7.07
5.23
5.10
4.60
3.01
2.71
2.63
2.13
2.00
2.00

1,245
1,005
1,519
721
511
579
657
329
314
185
203
135
172
108
121

248.12
23.57
17.63
15.53
15.00
13.75
13.04
10.95
9.98
8.90
8.28
6.03
5.87
5.67
5.08

5,557
595
442
404
378
504
225
332
236
215
154
120
174
94
211

Large MSAs (Total Private Employment Greater than 250,000)
Baton Rouge, LA
New Orleans-Metairie, LA
Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA
Madison, WI
Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA
Greensboro-High Point, NC
Fresno, CA
Memphis, TN-MS-AR
Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN
Kansas City, MO-KS
Columbus, OH
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX
St. Louis, MO-IL
Tulsa, OK
Rochester, NY
Medium MSAs (Total Private Employment Between 75,000 and 250,000)
Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN
Cedar Rapids, IA
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL
Mobile, AL
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX
Peoria, IL
Stockton, CA
Lubbock, TX
Fargo, ND-MN
Fayetteville, NC
Evansville, IN-KY
Greeley, CO
Sioux Falls, SD
Yakima, WA
Kennewick-Richland, WA
Small MSAs (Total Private Employment Less than 75,000)
Decatur, IL
St. Joseph, MO-KS
Rocky Mount, NC
Decatur, AL
Mankato, MN
Sioux City, IA-NE-SD
Pocatello, ID
Yuma, AZ
Valdosta, GA
Lima, OH
Cheyenne, WY
Kankakee, IL
Greenville, NC
Gettysburg, PA
Bellingham, WA

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

40

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Pharmaceuticals

State Share of Total U.S. Employment, 2021

The pharmaceuticals subsector produces commercially available medicinal and diagnostic substances.
The subsector is generally characterized by large
multinational firms heavily engaged in R&D andmanufacturing activities to bring drugs to market.

Examples of Products•

Biopharmaceuticals•

Vaccines•

Targeted disease therapeutics•

Tissue and cell culture media•

Dermatological/topical treatments•

Diagnostic substances•

Animal vaccines and therapeutics

Large (5% or more)
Sizable (3% to 4.9%)
Small (1% to 2.9%)
Undersized (0% to 0.9%)

Employment Concentration Relative to the U.S., 2021

Examples of Companies•

Acorda Therapeutics•

Alkermes•

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals

•

Amgen

•

Bayer

•

Biogen•Eli Lilly and Company•

GlaxoSmithKline•

Novo Nordisk•

Pfizer•Roche Group-Genentech•

Sangamo Therapeutics•

Vertex Pharmaceuticals

Specialized (L.Q. ≥ 1.20)
Concentrated (1.00 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 1.19)
Expanded (0.80 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 0.99)
Under Average (L.Q. ≤ 0.79)

Employment Gains and Losses, 2018-2021

States that are Both Large
and Specialized*•

California•

New Jersey•

North Carolina•

Illinois•

Indiana•Pennsylvania*States are listed in descending orderby subsector employment levels.

Job Gain of 500 or more
Job Gain of 1 to 499
Unchanged or Job Loss of -1 to -499
Job Loss of -500 or more

41

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Pharmaceuticals
State Leaders & Highlights
Employment Size: Pharmaceutical manufacturing has a

Table 17: Metropolitan Statistical Areas
with the Largest Employment Levelsin Pharmaceuticals, 2021

relatively high concentration among the leading states.
The six largest employer states in this subsector accountfor nearly half of U.S. employment.

2021
Employment

Metropolitan Statistical Area
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA

34,510Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI

20,596

San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA

16,545

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD

15,777

Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN

14,603

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA

12,510San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA

8,696

Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH

8,390

Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV

6,824

Durham-Chapel Hill, NC

6,498

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX

4,925

San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA

4,868

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL

4,546

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI

4,348

Raleigh-Cary, NC

4,211

Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ

3,980

St. Louis, MO-IL

3,778

Employment Growth: Over the 2018 to 2021 time

Trenton-Princeton, NJ

3,701

period, 41 states and DC experienced some increase in

Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY

3,514

subsector employment. Of those states, Indiana, New

Portland-South Portland, ME

3,255

Jersey, Florida, California, and New York experienced

Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX

3,237

substantial job increases.

Madison, WI

3,171Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC

3,164

Large and Specialized States: Six states have both a

Kalamazoo-Portage, MI

3,127

large employment share and a specialized concentration

Bloomington, IN

2,893

•

Large States: California, New Jersey, New York,North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania•

Sizable States: Texas, Puerto Rico

Employment Concentration: Eleven states andPuerto Rico have a specialized concentration of jobs
in the pharmaceuticals subsector.
•

Specialized States: Puerto Rico, Indiana,
New Jersey, Maine, North Carolina, Utah,
Maryland, Illinois, West Virginia, Pennsylvania,
Kansas, California•

Concentrated States: Rhode Island,
New York, South Carolina, New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Iowa

of jobs in pharmaceuticals (Table 16).
Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data;enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

Table 16: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Pharmaceuticals, 2021
State

Establishments, 2021

Employment, 2021

Location Quotient, 2021

Share of U.S. Employment

California

812

49,252

1.21

14.3%

New Jersey

343

25,562

2.70

7.4%

North Carolina

130

23,9672.24

7.0%

Illinois310

22,400

1.62

6.5%

Indiana101

20,801

2.83

6.0%

Pennsylvania

151

20,317

1.45

5.9%

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

42

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 18: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Pharmaceuticals, by Size of MSA, 2021
Metropolitan Statistical Area

Location Quotient

2021
Employment

8.57
5.84
3.82
3.75
2.95
2.71
2.60
2.40
2.38
2.21
2.11
1.95
1.84
1.75
1.67

6,498
14,6033,514
3,171
16,545
4,211
8,696
1,964
15,7772,596
1,885
20,596
1,748
4,868
34,510

10.76
7.90
7.36
4.96
4.69
4.55
4.34
3.47
3.35
3.35
2.55
2.49
2.42
2.34
2.13

3,127
1,925
3,701
3,255
2,063
1,292
1,333
2,124
2,300
1,299
963
887
876
541
482

21.48
19.87
17.97
16.49
14.45
12.93
7.62
6.48
4.76
4.55
4.51
2.70
2.55
2.39
2.05

2,634
2,893
2,234
2,421
1,423
1,785
954
759
758
672
501
407
271
198
243

Large MSAs (Total Private Employment Greater than 250,000)
Durham-Chapel Hill, NC
Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY
Madison, WI
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA
Raleigh-Cary, NC
San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA
Columbia, SC
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD
Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY
Worcester, MA-CT
Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI
Greenville-Anderson, SC
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA
Medium MSAs (Total Private Employment Between 75,000 and 250,000)
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI
Norwich-New London, CT
Trenton-Princeton, NJ
Portland-South Portland, ME
Boulder, COWaco, TX
Vallejo, CA
Ogden-Clearfield, UT
Provo-Orem, UT
Lincoln, NE
Salisbury, MD-DE
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC
Fort Collins, CO
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA
Gainesville, GA
Small MSAs (Total Private Employment Less than 75,000)
East Stroudsburg, PA
Bloomington, IN
Rocky Mount, NC
Greenville, NC
Kankakee, IL
Morgantown, WV
St. Joseph, MO-KS
Lebanon, PA
Iowa City, IA
Harrisonburg, VA
Decatur, IL
Terre Haute, IN
Ames, IA
Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH
Columbus, IN

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

43

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Medical Devices & Equipment

State Share of Total U.S. Employment, 2021

Firms in the medical device and equipment subsector
produce a variety of biomedical instruments and other
healthcare products and supplies for diagnostics,
surgery, patient care, and laboratories. The subsector
is continually advancing the application of electronics
and information technologies to improve and automate
testing and patient care capabilities.

Examples of Products•

Bioimaging equipment•

Surgical supplies and instruments•

Orthopedic/prosthetic implants and devices•

Genomic sequencing equipment•

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs)•

Vascular stents and other implantable devices•

Dental instruments and orthodontics

Large (5% or more)
Sizable (3% to 4.9%)
Small (1% to 2.9%)
Undersized (0% to 0.9%)

Employment Concentration Relative to the U.S., 2021

Examples of Companies•

3M Health Care•

Auris Health•

Baxter

•Boston Scientific Corp.

•

Cook Medical•

DuPuy Synthes•

GE Healthcare•

INSIGHTEC•

Medtronic•

Outset Medical•

Regenesis Biomedical•

Stryker•

Zimmer Biomet

Specialized (L.Q. ≥ 1.20)
Concentrated (1.00 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 1.19)
Expanded (0.80 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 0.99)
Under Average (L.Q. ≤ 0.79)

Employment Gains and Losses, 2018-2021

States that are Both Large
and Specialized*•

California•

Minnesota•

Massachusetts*States are listed in descending orderby subsector employment levels.

Job Gain of 500 or more
Job Gain of 1 to 499
Unchanged or Job Loss of -1 to -499
Job Loss of -500 or more

44

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Medical Devices & Equipment
Table 20: Metropolitan Statistical Areas

State Leaders & Highlights

with the Largest Employment Levels

Employment Size: The medical device subsector has

in Medical Devices and Equipment, 2021

a well-distributed geographic footprint, with large orsizable states from every region. The top ten employing

2021
Employment

Metropolitan Statistical Areastates continue to account for 60 percent of employLos Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA

30,988Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI

30,278Large States: California, Minnesota,

Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH

19,385Massachusetts

New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA

14,324

Sizable States: Indiana, Florida, Pennsylvania,

San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA

13,812

Puerto Rico, Utah, Texas, New Jersey

San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA

11,615ment in this subsector.
••

Salt Lake City, UT

10,990

Employment Concentration: Thirteen states andChicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI

10,561

Puerto Rico have a specialized concentration of jobs in

San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA

9,501

the medical device and equipment subsector.

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD

7,375

Memphis, TN-MS-AR

7,038

Specialized States: Puerto Rico, Minnesota,

Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ

5,744

Utah, Delaware, Massachusetts, Indiana, South

Pittsburgh, PA

5,486

Dakota, Nebraska, Connecticut, California,

Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI

Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Wisconsin,

5,484

Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA

Colorado

5,417

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX

5,233

Bloomington, IN

4,830

Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA

4,474

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL

4,382

Providence-Warwick, RI-MA

3,962

Cleveland-Elyria, OH

3,808

Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO

3,758

Kalamazoo-Portage, MI

3,551

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA

3,224

Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL

3,148

•

•

Concentrated States: New Jersey, Arizona,
Vermont, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Michigan

Employment Growth: Over the 2018 to 2021 time
period, 34 states and Puerto Rico experienced someincrease in subsector employment, led by California,
Arizona, Texas, Minnesota, and Utah.
Large and Specialized States: Three states haveboth a large employment share and a specialized
concentration of jobs in medical devices and equip-

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data;

ment (Table 19).

enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

Table 19: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Medical Devices and Equipment, 2021
Establishments, 2021

Employment, 2021

Location Quotient, 2021

Share of U.S.
Employment

California

1,556

77,510

1.65

19.4%

Minnesota

375

30,591

3.93

7.7%

Massachusetts

321

23,407

2.38

5.9%

State

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

45

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 21: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotients in Medical Devices and Equipment,by Size of MSA, 2021
Metropolitan Statistical Area

Location Quotient

2021
Employment

5.79
5.22
4.12
3.01
2.96
2.95
2.62
2.37
2.19
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.05
1.88
1.87

30,278
10,9907,038
11,615
3,003
9,501
19,3855,484
2,494
13,812
3,962
2,012
2,117
1,648
30,988

10.57
5.41
4.60
3.64
2.60
2.54
2.53
2.27
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.06
2.05
1.98
1.94

3,551
2,753
2,058
1,269
1,844
1,195
1,061
810
1,252
1,224
879
1,530
1,145
672
1,327

28.68
11.11
10.61
8.86
5.63
5.30
4.45
4.30
4.17
3.47
3.25
3.00
2.61
2.31
2.16

4,830
1,644
1,387
1,001
895
716
777
618
531
597
503
257
353
355
475

Large MSAs (Total Private Employment Greater than 250,000)
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI
Salt Lake City, UTMemphis, TN-MS-AR
San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA
New Haven-Milford, CT
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH
Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA
Providence-Warwick, RI-MA
Madison, WI
Worcester, MA-CT
Durham-Chapel Hill, NC
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA
Medium MSAs (Total Private Employment Between 75,000 and 250,000)
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI
Boulder, CO
Naples-Marco Island, FL
Gainesville, FL
Ogden-Clearfield, UT
Reading, PA
Fort Collins, COSouth Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA
Manchester-Nashua, NH
Ann Arbor, MI
Syracuse, NY
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA
Small MSAs (Total Private Employment Less than 75,000)
Bloomington, IN
Flagstaff, AZ
Glens Falls, NY
Sumter, SC
Niles, MI
State College, PA
Logan, UT-ID
Auburn-Opelika, AL
Staunton, VA
Sheboygan, WI
Dover, DE
Elmira, NY
Lebanon, PA
Jackson, MI
Florence, SC

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

46

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Research, Testing, &Medical Laboratories

State Share of Total U.S. Employment, 2021

The research, testing, and medical laboratories
subsector includes firms performing a range ofactivities; from highly research-oriented companies
working to develop and commercialize new industrial
biotechnologies, drug discovery/delivery systems,
and gene and cell therapies, to more service-oriented
firms engaged in medical and other life sciences
testing services. The subsector is closely tied topharmaceuticals and unique in that some companies
will “graduate” or shift out of the subsector and into
pharmaceuticals when technologies or discoveries

Large (5% or more)
Sizable (3% to 4.9%)
Small (1% to 2.9%)
Undersized (0% to 0.9%)

are successfully commercialized.

Examples of Products•

Stem cell/regenerative research•

Molecular diagnostics and testing•

Preclinical drug development•

Drug delivery systems•

DNA synthesis•

Research/laboratory support services

Employment Concentration Relative to the U.S., 2021

Examples of Companies•

Charles River Laboratories•

Covance

•

IQVIA

•

Laboratory Corp. of America

•

PPD

•

Quest Diagnostics•

Rallybio

•

Sema4

•

VirentSpecialized (L.Q. ≥ 1.20)
Concentrated (1.00 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 1.19)
Expanded (0.80 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 0.99)
Under Average (L.Q. ≤ 0.79)

Employment Gains and Losses, 2018-2021

States that are Both Large
and Specialized*•

California•

Massachusetts•

New Jersey•

North Carolina•

Pennsylvania*States are listed in descending orderby subsector employment levels.

Job Gain of 500 or more
Job Gain of 1 to 499
Unchanged or Job Loss of -1 to -499
Job Loss of -500 or more

47

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Research, Testing, &Medical Laboratories

Table 23: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with theLargest Employment Levels in Research, Testing,and Medical Labs, 2021

State Leaders & Highlights

2021
Employment

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Employment Size: With the largest employment baseamong the five subsectors, the research, testing, andBoston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH

74,478

medical labs subsector has a significant presence in most

New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA

58,475states. The top ten employer states make up 68 percent

San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA

48,413of national employment, and the top 19 all have more

San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA

32,717than 10,000 subsector jobs.

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA

27,052

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD

26,985

Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV

24,405

Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA

15,502Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI

15,331San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA

13,454

Employment Concentration: Eight states and Puerto

Durham-Chapel Hill, NC

12,606

Rico have a specialized concentration of jobs in theBaltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD

11,225

research, testing, and medical laboratories subsector.

Salt Lake City, UT

10,121

Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX

9,258

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL

9,018

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX

8,984

Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ

8,706

Raleigh-Cary, NC

8,567

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA

7,986

riod, 48 states, DC, and Puerto Rico experienced someKansas City, MO-KS

7,920

increase in subsector employment, led by California,

Madison, WI

7,781

Massachusetts, Texas, North Carolina, and New Jersey.

Pittsburgh, PA

6,882

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI

6,456

Large and Specialized States: Five states have

Knoxville, TN

6,412

both a large employment share and a specializedTampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL

5,703

•

Large States: California, Massachusetts, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina•

Sizable States: Texas, Florida, Maryland,
Washington•

Specialized States: Massachusetts, Maryland,
New Jersey, North Carolina, California, Utah,
Puerto Rico, Washington, Pennsylvania•

Concentrated States: Kansas, Delaware, Maine

Employment Growth: Over the 2018 to 2021 time pe-concentration of jobs in research, testing, and medicallaboratories (Table 22).

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data;enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

Table 22: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Research, Testing, and Medical Labs, 2021
Establishments, 2021

Employment, 2021

Location Quotient, 2021

Share of U.S.
Employment

California

6,069

136,656

1.61

19.0%

Massachusetts

2,701

81,468

4.59

11.3%

New Jersey

1,834

40,7702.06

5.7%

North Carolina

2,971

37,1931.28

5.2%

Pennsylvania

1,841

37,042

1.66

5.1%

State

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

48

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 24: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotientsin Research, Testing, and Medical Labs, by Size of MSA, 2021
Location Quotient

2021
Employment

7.96
5.57
4.69
4.41
4.13
3.31
2.66
2.64
2.37
2.32
1.97
1.95
1.81
1.79
1.56

12,60674,47832,717
7,781
48,413
6,412
10,121
8,567
4,543
13,454
3,669
26,985
11,22524,405
15,502Wilmington, NC

5.05

3,392

Trenton-Princeton, NJ

4.46

4,680

Kennewick-Richland, WA

4.26

2,666

Boulder, CO

3.31

3,046

Oshkosh-Neenah, WI

3.15

1,468

Barnstable Town, MA

2.20

996

Norwich-New London, CT

1.95

994

Syracuse, NY

1.86

2,497

College Station-Bryan, TX

1.80

818

Gainesville, FL

1.70

1,071

Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN

1.61

708

Huntsville, AL

1.52

1,642

Ann Arbor, MI

1.41

1,055

Rochester, MN

1.20

740

Lincoln, NE

1.16

940

10.45
4.64
2.39
2.02
1.75
1.30
1.28
1.26
1.24
1.16
1.10
1.03
1.02
0.97
0.95

3,413
1,771
436
481
396
373
319
397
476
458
293
229
199
288
242

Metropolitan Statistical Area
Large MSAs (Total Private Employment Greater than 250,000)
Durham-Chapel Hill, NC
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH
San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA
Madison, WI
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA
Knoxville, TN
Salt Lake City, UT
Raleigh-Cary, NC
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
Worcester, MA-CT
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WVSeattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA
Medium MSAs (Total Private Employment Between 75,000 and 250,000)

Small MSAs (Total Private Employment Less than 75,000)
Burlington, NC
Idaho Falls, ID
California-Lexington Park, MD
Ithaca, NY
Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA
Morgantown, WV
Lima, OH
Logan, UT-ID
Athens-Clarke County, GA
Florence, SC
Warner Robins, GA
Ames, IA
Brunswick, GA
Jefferson City, MO
Santa Fe, NM

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

49

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Bioscience-Related Distribution

State Share of Total U.S. Employment, 2021

The bioscience-related distribution subsector coordinates the delivery of bioscience-related products spanning pharmaceuticals, medical devices and equipment,
and ag biotech products. The subsector leverages anddeploys specialized technologies such as cold storage,
highly regulated product monitoring, RFID technologies, and automated drug distribution systems.

Examples of Products
Distribution of:•Pharmaceuticals•

Vaccines•

Plasma/blood•

Veterinary medicines•

Surgical instruments/appliances•

Diagnostic and bioimaging equipment•

Plant seeds•

Agricultural chemicals

Large (5% or more)
Sizable (3% to 4.9%)
Small (1% to 2.9%)
Undersized (0% to 0.9%)

Employment Concentration Relative to the U.S., 2021

Examples of Companies•

AmerisourceBergen•

Apria Healthcare•

Cardinal Health•CuraScript SD•

McKesson•

Omnicare•Owens & Minor•

Park Seed•

Patterson Companies•

PharMerica Corporation•

Seminis Vegetable Seeds•

Wilbur-Ellis

Specialized (L.Q. ≥ 1.20)
Concentrated (1.00 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 1.19)
Expanded (0.80 ≤ L.Q. ≤ 0.99)
Under Average (L.Q. ≤ 0.79)

Employment Gains and Losses, 2018-2021

States that are Both Large
and Specialized*•

Illinois*States are listed in descending orderby subsector employment levels.

Job Gain of 500 or more
Job Gain of 1 to 499
Unchanged or Job Loss of -1 to -499
Job Loss of -500 or more

50

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Bioscience-Related Distribution

Table 26: Metropolitan Statistical Areas
with the Largest Employment Levels

State Leaders & Highlights

in Bioscience-Related Distribution, 2021

Employment Size: The distribution subsector’s large
employment base is well distributed across the U.S.,

2021
Employment

Metropolitan Statistical Area

with the top 10 employing states making up just 55

New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA

34,577

percent of all employment and every state having a

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA

24,807

presence to some degree.

Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI

21,438Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX

17,970Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL

14,578

Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH

12,296

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA

11,142Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI

10,668

Employment Concentration: Eight states and Puerto

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD

10,499Rico have a specialized concentration of jobs in the

Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ

9,928

bioscience-related distribution subsector.

Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX

8,713

Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO

8,254

Columbus, OH

6,037

Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA

6,031

Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI

5,819

St. Louis, MO-IL

5,501

North Carolina, Arkansas, Kentucky,

San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA

5,482

Wisconsin, Idaho, Utah, Indiana

Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA

5,262

Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN

5,244

Employment Growth: Over the 2018 to 2021 time

Memphis, TN-MS-AR

4,926

period, 43 states, DC, and Puerto Rico experienced

Raleigh-Cary, NC

4,722

some increase in subsector employment, led by Texas,

Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC

4,650

Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL

4,641

Kansas City, MO-KS

4,523

Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN

4,504

•

Large States: California, Texas, Florida,
New York, Illinois•

Sizable States: Ohio, New Jersey,
North Carolina•

Specialized States: South Dakota, Iowa,
Nebraska, Puerto Rico, North Dakota,
New Jersey, Minnesota, Tennessee, Illinois•

Concentrated States: Florida, Missouri,
Massachusetts, Ohio, Colorado, Kansas,

Massachusetts, North Carolina, Minnesota, and Florida.
Large and Specialized States: One state, Illinois,
has both a large employment share and a specialized
concentration of jobs in bioscience-related distribu-

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data;tion (Table 25).

enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

Table 25: States with Large and Specialized Employment in Bioscience-Related Distribution, 2021
State

Establishments, 2021

Employment, 2021

Location Quotient, 2021

Share of U.S.
Employment

Illinois

2,135

30,5261.26

5.1%

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

51

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table 27: Metropolitan Statistical Areas with the Highest Location Quotientsin Bioscience-Related Distribution, by Size of MSA, 2021
Location Quotient

2021
Employment

1.99
1.91
1.74
1.65
1.43
1.41
1.35
1.34
1.30
1.22
1.20
1.16
1.14
1.10
1.07

3,176
4,926
4,722
2,192
3,885
6,037
10,668
14,578
8,254
5,244
1,895
21,43817,97012,296
3,406

2.48
1.89
1.74
1.69
1.62
1.62
1.41
1.40
1.35
1.33
1.32
1.19
1.17
1.17
1.17

1,675
2,266
1,102
1,483
1,608
1,129
1,485
828
633
860
1,013
811
1,212
549
519

Albany-Lebanon, OR

3.89

780

Harrisonburg, VA

2.41
2.33
2.32
1.97
1.94
1.88
1.77
1.76
1.52
1.40
1.39
1.37
1.37
1.31

622
517
589
475
360
450
491
289
337
512
231
348
297
312

Metropolitan Statistical Area
La rge MSAs (Total Private Employment Greater than 250,000)
Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA
Memphis, TN-MS-AR
Raleigh-Cary, NC
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA
Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN
Columbus, OH
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO
Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN
Fresno, CA
Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH
Salt Lake City, UT
Medium MSAs (Total Private Employment Between 75,000 and 250,000)
Naples-Marco Island, FL
Provo-Orem, UT
Fort Collins, CO
Trenton-Princeton, NJ
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY
Sioux Falls, SD
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL
Fargo, ND-MN
Burlington-South Burlington, VT
Visalia, CA
Boulder, CO
Canton-Massillon, OH
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA
Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA
Greeley, CO
Small MSAs (Total Private Employment Less than 75,000)

El Centro, CA
Dubuque, IA
Morgantown, WV
Ames, IA
Jonesboro, AR
Iowa City, IA
Longview, WA
Twin Falls, ID
Springfield, IL
Hammond, LA
Bloomington, IN
Texarkana, TX-AR
Altoona, PA

Source: TEConomy Partners analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW data; enhanced by Lightcast (Datarun 2022.3).

52

Appendix:
Data & Methodology

Industry Employment,
Establishments and Wages

Since 2001, the QCEW has been producing and publishing data according to the NAICS. Compared with

The bioscience industry employment analysis in thisthe prior classification system—the 1987 Standard

report examines national, state, and metropolitan

Industrial Classification (SIC) system, NAICS betterarea data and corresponding trends in the bioscienc-

incorporates new and emerging industries. Employ-es from 2001 through 2021. For employment anal-

ment, establishment. and wage data produced by theysis, TEConomy Partners used the Bureau of LaborQCEW program for 2001 to present are not compa-

Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment

rable with SIC-based industry data from prior years.

and Wages (QCEW) data. The QCEW data provide

This limits the ability to construct a longer time series

the most current, detailed industry employment,for data analysis; however, 21 years of NAICS-based

establishment, and wage figures available at both adata (2001-2021) are now available.

national and subnational level. TEConomy utilizes anenhanced version of these data from a private vendor,

Twenty-five NAICS industries at the most detailed

Lightcast (formerly known as Emsi Burning Glass).

(6-digit) level make up the TEConomy definition of
the biosciences and its subsectors. These detailed

The QCEW program is a cooperative program involv-

industries are aggregated up to five major subsectors

ing BLS and the State Employment Security Agencies.

of the bioscience industry. Six of the detailed NAICS

The QCEW program produces a comprehensive

industries, Testing Laboratories (NAICS 541380);

tabulation of employment and wage information for

Research and Development in Nanotechnology

workers covered by state unemployment insurance(541713); Research and Development in the Physical,(UI) laws and federal workers covered by the Un-

Engineering, and Life Sciences (except Nanotech-employment Compensation for Federal Employees

nology and Biotechnology) (541715); Drug and(UCFE) program. Publicly available files include data on

Druggists’ Sundries Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS

the number of establishments, monthly employment.

424210); Medical, Dental, and Hospital Equipment

and quarterly wages, by NAICS (North Americanand Supplies Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS 423450);

Industry Classification System) industry, by county

and Farm Supplies Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS

and by ownership sector, for the entire United States.

424910) are adjusted in this analysis by TEConomy

These data are aggregated to annual levels, to higher

to include only the share of these industries directly

industry levels (NAICS industry groups, sectors andinvolved in biological or other life science activities.

supersectors) and to higher geographic levels (national,

To isolate these relevant life science components,

state, and metropolitan statistical area [MSA]).

TEConomy used the most current available data fromthe U.S. Census Bureau’s Economic Census.

53

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Table A-1: Bioscience Industry Definition
Bioscience Subsector

Agricultural Feedstock &Industrial Biosciences

Pharmaceuticals

Medical Devices &Equipment

Research, Testing, &Medical Laboratories

Bioscience-related
Distribution

NAICS CodeNAICS Description

311221

Wet Corn Milling

311224

Soybean and Other Oilseed Processing

325193Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing325311

Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing325312

Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing325314

Fertilizer (Mixing Only) Manufacturing

325320Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing

325411

Medicinal and Botanical Manufacturing

325412

Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing

325413

In-Vitro Diagnostic Substance Manufacturing

325414

Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing334510Electromedical and Electrotherapeutic Apparatus Manufacturing334516

Analytical Laboratory Instrument Manufacturing334517

Irradiation Apparatus Manufacturing339112

Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing339113

Surgical Appliance and Supplies Manufacturing339114

Dental Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing541380*

Testing Laboratories

541713*

Research and Development in Nanotechnology

541714

Research and Development in Biotechnology (except Nanobiotechnology)

541715*

Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences(except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)

621511

Medical Laboratories

423450*

Medical, Dental, and Hospital Equipment and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers

424210*Drugs and Druggists’ Sundries Merchant Wholesalers

424910*Farm Supplies Merchant Wholesalers*Note: Includes only the portion of these industries engaged in relevant life science activities.

National and state data were tabulated and presented in both summary analytical and state profile tables. Data
for Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia are included in this report at both the “state” and national level. U.S.
employment, establishment and wage totals in this report reflect the sum of all state data and include both
Puerto Rico and DC. For all states and DC, the enhanced data from Lightcast were utilized. Because Lightcast
does not provide enhanced data for Puerto Rico, the original QCEW files from BLS were used instead.
For more information on the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, see http://www.bls.gov/cew/.

54

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Industry Economic Impacts andEmployment Multipliers

National Institutesof Health (NIH) Funding

The economic impact of the U.S. bioscience industry

NIH extramural funding data for FY 2021 (the mostis estimated using national employment at a detailed

current full year available) and for previous years

industry sector level as inputs; and was developed

were obtained using the NIH RePORTER tool withinusing a custom national Input-Output (I-O) model

the RePORT database. Data are provided for total

from IMPLAN. The IMPLAN model’s data matrices

NIH extramural funding, while growth from FY 2018

track the flow of commodities to industries fromthrough FY 2021 and FY 2021 per capita measures

producers and institutional consumers within theare also calculated.

nation. The data also model consumption activities
by workers, owners of capital and imports. The

For more information on the NIH Awards data, seeinter-industry trade flows built into the model permit

https://reporter.nih.gov/.

estimating the impacts of one sector on all othersectors with which it interacts.
The model’s estimated results provide the impacts
typically measured in an economic impact study
quantifying direct, indirect, and induced job creation,

Bioscience Venture
Capital Investments
Venture capital investments, while not the only

associated personal incomes, business value addedsource of equity capital for bioscience firms, are often

and output, and associated revenues to federal, state,

the largest and typically the most publicly known

and local taxing jurisdictions.

and reported source of investment funds allowing forcomparability among states.

Bioscience Academic
R&D Expenditures

Venture capital data were collected using the PitchBook venture capital database capturing all venture
capital (including “Angel” and pre-seed investment

Based upon data from the National Science Founda-

activity) from January 1, 2018 through December

tion’s (NSF) Higher Education Research and Devel-31, 2021. The analysis includes selected investments

opment Survey, national and state totals (summation

categorized in PitchBook in the Healthcare indus-of all state’s responding institutions) are calculated

try sector, including all companies in Healthcare

for FY 2020 (most current year available) as well as

Devices and Supplies, Healthcare Technology

the previous two years (FY 2018 – FY 2019). Data

Systems, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology andare provided for total R&D expenditures (including

Other Healthcare as well as all additional companies

per capita measures) as well as in chart form for the

included in PitchBook’s Digital Health and HealthTech

bioscience fields including Health Sciences, Biologicalindustry verticals. Only Healthcare Distributors andand Biomedical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences,

Laboratory Services companies are included from

Biological/Biomedical Engineering, Natural Resources

PitchBook’s Healthcare Services industry group; theand Conservation, and Other Life Sciences.

analysis excludes hospitals, clinics, elder care facilities
and other healthcare service companies. Investments

For more information on the NSF Higher Educationin Agricultural Chemicals within PitchBook’s Materials

Research and Development Survey, see http://www.

and Resources industry sector were also included.

nsf.gov/statistics/srvyherd/.

Additionally, specific investments in venture capitaldeals related to ethanol/biofuel/biodiesel-relatedcompanies were included from the Alternative Energy

55

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Equipment and Energy Production industry codes

IP is being generated by researchers as opposed tolocated within the Energy sector in PitchBook.

being retained or licensed by companies which may or
may not align with the same geographic context.

Bioscience Patents

The United States Patent and Trademark Office

The use of patent data provides a surrogate (though(USPTO) assigns each patent with a specific numeric

not perfect) approach to understanding those innova-

major patent “class” as well as supplemental second-

tions that bioscience-related industrial organizations,ary patent classes which detail the primary technology

research institutions and general inventors deem

areas being documented by the patented IP. Thesesignificant enough to register and protect. Patents

classes are assigned to patents by dedicated classifica-

provide some measure of comparability amongtion staff who examine the documented IP’s key focus

regions in one facet of innovation in terms of activity

and end uses. For example, a patent for a new bio-

levels within distinct technology areas. Furthermore,

pharmaceutical may have a main patent class detailingexamining recent patent activity provides some insightthe therapeutic activity or formulation of the drug

into firms’ recent R&D investment areas and strategies,

with supplemental classes documenting any novel

and hence, potential future lines of business.

synthesizing or manufacturing processes critically tied
to creation of the drug. The major patent class andEach patent document references at least two

supplemental patent classes are chosen by the USPTO

distinct entities who are associated with the intellec-

classification staff during the process of reviewing pat-tual property (IP) that was generated—the inventor(s)ent applications. By combining relevant patent classesof the patent, or the person(s) who generated theacross the wide array of bioscience-related activity,

IP disclosed in the patent, and the assignee(s) of thethese class designations allow for an aggregation

patent, or the entity(ies) which currently have owner-

scheme that focuses around broad technology themes

ship of the IP outlined in the patent. Each patent canthat are specific to the biosciences. TEConomy has

have multiple inventors and assignees, and multiple

grouped US-invented patents into broader bioscience

inventors are very common. For this analysis, TECon-

patent class groups for the purposes of bioscienceomy uses the address location of the named inven-innovation trends analysis.

tor(s) in the analysis of geographic distribution ofbioscience patent areas across states, with the credit

Beginning in 2010, the UPSTO and the European

for invention being “shared” across all the unique

Patent Office (EPO) began the process of moving

states represented by the set of listed inventors intowards a Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)

the patent document. Hence, if a bioscience patent

system enacted as a harmonization and compati-

is invented by individuals in two states, each state

bility effort to provide consistent technology classwill receive “credit” for generating the patent, but at a

documentation of disclosed IP across international

national level the patent is counted only once. Sim-borders. The new class system uses a structure that is

ilarly, when two or more named inventors are fromsimilar to and complies with the International Patent

the same state the patent only gets counted once.

Classification (IPC) system but expands on it in documenting detailed new technology areas. TEConomy

It is important to note that this analysis uses only theuses this CPC scheme to group US-invented patents

inventors of the patent as a measure of bioscience

into broader bioscience patent class groups for the

innovation activity levels. As companies acquire

purposes of bioscience innovation trends analysis.

ownership of IP being generated by others, patents

56

can be assigned to different geographies without any

Patent data were collected using the Clarivate

addition of significant innovative value to the original

Analytics’ Derwent Innovation patent analysis data-

patent. As a result, tracking patent innovation levels

base and includes all granted patents from January

by inventor allows for a more consistent and accurate

1, 2018 through December 31, 2021 as documented

assessment of the places where innovative bioscienceby USPTO. Table A-2 provides a listing of the patent

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

classes and class groups that were used in thispatents as well as how they are grouped into major

analysis to determine the set of bioscience-relatedareas of bioscience-related technologies.

Table A-2: Bioscience-Related Patents—Classes and Groups
Bioscience PatentClass Group

Agricultural Bioscience

Biochemistry

Bioinformatics &Health IT

Biological
Sampling & Analysis

Pharmaceuticals

Medical & Surgical
Devices

Patent Class

Patent Class Description

A01H

New plant varieties, cultivars, genotypes, and processes for engineering them

A01N

Preservation of human or animal bodies and plants,
biocides/pesticides, and plant growth regulators

C05B

Phosphatic fertilizers

C05C

Nitrogenous fertilizers

C05D

Inorganic fertilizers

C05F

Organic fertilizers

C05G

Fertilizer mixtures

C07D

Organic chemistry (heterocyclic compounds)

C07H

Sugars and derivatives thereof; nucleosides; nucleotides; nucleic acids

C07J

Steroids

C07K

PeptidesG16B

Bioinformatics

G16H

Healthcare and patient informatics

G01N 24

Assays (e.g. immunoassays or enzyme assays)

G01N 25

Screening methods for compounds of potential therapeutic value

G01N 26

Assays involving molecular polymers

G01N 28

Detection or diagnosis of specific diseases

G01N 33 (partial)

Investigation and analysis techniques pertaining
to specific biological substances

G01R 33 (partial)

NMR spectroscopy analysis of biological material(e.g. in vitro testing) and NMR imaging systems

A61K

Pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, and biologics

A61P

Specific therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations

G06K 9 (partial)

Microscopic inspection of biological structures

G06T 7 (partial)

Biomedical image processing and analysis

A61B

Surgical and diagnostic devices

A61C

Dental instruments, implements, tools or methods

A61D

Veterinary instruments, implements, tools or methods

57

The U.S. Bioscience Industry: Fostering Innovation and Driving America’s Economy Forward

Bioscience PatentClass Group

Medical &Surgical Devices(cont.)

Microbiology &Genetics

58

Patent Class

Patent Class Description

A61F

Orthopedic and prosthetic equipment, implantable devices (e.g. stents),
bandages and first aid devices, and other medical supplies

A61G

Medical transport devices, operating chairs and tables
for medical/dental patient applications

A61H

Physical therapy apparatus, artificial respiration

A61J

Containers and devices for administering pharmaceuticals,
medicine and food and other medical materials; baby comforters

A61L

Sterilizing/deodorization of materials; chemical materials for bandages,
dressings and other surgical articles

A61M

Devices for introducing or removing media from the body;devices for producing or ending sleep/stupor

A61N

Electrotherapy; magnetotherapy; radiation therapy; ultrasound therapy

C12M

Enzymology or microbiology equipment and devices

C12N

Genetic engineering, culture media, and other microbiology
methods or compositions

C12P

Fermentation or enzyme-related synthesis of chemical compounds

C12Q

Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes or microbiology