6th International Workshop
on Decentralized Domestic Wastewater
Treatment in Asia

Decentralized Wastewater
Management in Vietnam
Tokyo, September 2018

Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Anh

1Director, Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE),Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
Add. 55 Giai Phong Rd. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel. 04-3869 1604, Fax 04-3869 3714, MP. +84-91320 9689,
Email: anhnv@nuce.edu.vn; vietanhctn@gmail.com; www.iese.vn

Content• Classification of DWWM models andCountry DWWM statistics• D-B-O issues of DWWM models• Solutions for improvement

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Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

Classification of DWWM models• Group 1: on-site sanitation systems– 1a. Low-cost on-site sanitation systems– 1b. Mechanized on-site sanitation systems• Group 2: Cluster DWWM systems– 2a. Wastewater management scheme andwastewater collection network– 2b. Low-cost cluster wastewater treatment
systems– 2c. Mechanized cluster wastewater treatment
systems• Different ownership, sources of funding, modes ofmanagement, etc.

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Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

Recent situation of the wastewater treatment in Vietnam
Centralized
Wastewater
Treatment system(Ex: Sewer system)

Middle scale orcluster typewastewater
treatment system

Decentralized wastewater
treatment system(Ex: Septic tank, johkasou,pit latrine)

Without any
wastewater
treatment- HHs + Collection + WWTP
for city scale serving basin
or sub-basin catchment
area- Septic tanks at HHS as
preliminary treatment arein most cases- Serving towns, townlets,development areas withsewers- Non-sewered areas, or shortdistance sewer lines (resorts,individual apartments, shops,restaurants, hospitals, factories,etc)- Sewered + directdischarge- Non-sewered
areas

Installed plant
number- 39 WWTPs in >20 cities- 10% of 4,000 urban
development areas = 400
WWT stations (WWTS) in
paper, 50% of them arefunctioning in realty = 200
WWTS such as 2 in Phu My
Hung, 1 in Ecopark, 1 inRoyal city, 1 in Dang Xa, etc

Number ofPopulation using
each wastewater
treatment systems- 17% of urban population =5.5 million persons- 200 WWTS x 50% of
design capacity x 500
m3/d or 3,000 persons =30,000 persons- Handcraft villages: justfew- Country: 90% of 13,600 medicalpoints (hospitals, clinics, etc) =12,250 WWTS, among which 35%
are in good operation condition.
- 1,000 WWTS in factories- 200 WWTS in restaurants, shops,resorts- 1,000 WWTS in hotels- Total: 14,500 WWTS
- Besides: 25,000 systems with
Septic tanks only
- Livestock farms: 400,000 m3/d x
30% with biogas digester

Definition of eachtreatment system
in your country*Reference: figures are calculated by author based on various sources- Hospitals: 1,012,500 persons areserved- Hotels, resorts: 1,260,000 p.
served- Factories: 300,000 p.

DBO issues of Group 1, on-site
sanitation systems, septic tank
Design:• No official DesignStandard (MOH:Manual only)• Volume if notenough?
• No water proof?
• Some use housefoundation to maketank wall• “Not allowed”
Infiltration chamber(soak pit)

Build:• No water proof• No access forcheck anddesludging• No ventilation• Misconnection(inlet, outlet,inside the tank)

Operation:• Septic tank is aproperty ofhousehold• No desludging
unless clogging• Sludge
management isnot controlled• Miss-use:hazardous waste
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Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

DBO issues of Group 2a, Wastewater management
scheme and Wastewater collection network
Design:• Connection is not aconcern of many
wastewaterprojects• Wrong selection ofcollection networktype• Lack of low-cost
sewerage solutions• Lack of integration
with drainage
systemBuild:• Quality ofconstruction
works• Misconnection(rainwater andwastewater,householdconnection,manhole, reverse
flow, etc)

Operation:• Solids clogging• No fund for O&M• No clear solutionfor dredged
sludge treatment/disposal• Poor publicinvolvement

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DBO issues of Group 2b,Low-cost wastewater treatment systems
Design:• Lack of DesignStandard• Vietnamesestandard QCVN
14:2008/BTNMT,N, Coliforms: notachievable.
• Lack of adequate
HH connection
and wastewatercollection
components

Build:• Quality ofconstruction
works• Planning andphasing• Start up
difficulties

Operation:• Solids clogging• Hydraulic loads• No fund for O&M• No clear solution
for dredged
sludge treatment
and disposal• Limited capacityof operators

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QCVN 14:2008/BTNMTNoParameters

Column A(a)Column B(b)

1pH

5-9

5–9

2

BOD5 (20oC), mg/l30

50

3TSS, mg/l

50

100

4NH4-N, mg/l

5105NO3-, mg/l30

50

6PO43-, mg/l

610

7Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml

3,000

5,000

(a) - Maximum allowable values for wastewater discharged to water bodies serving

domestic water supply purpose.
(b) - Maximum allowable values for wastewater discharged to water bodies serving
another purposes (irrigation, water transport, etc.).
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BASTAF for 160 households

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BASTAF for handcraft villages(food processing, livestockbreeding, …)

WWT for 100 HHs in Lim
townlet, Bac Ninh prov.

WWTS Q = 100 m3/day, Vietnam Friendship Village,
Tu Liem, Hanoi

Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

BASTAF for 400 HHs, Xuan Mai townlet,
Chuong My, HN

4 WWTS for 2,600 HHs, Cho Moi townlet,
Bac Kan

WWTS for Minh Quan commune clinic, Yen Bai
province
Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

BASTAF-GREEN FOR CANALRESTORATION

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DBO issues of Group 2c,
Mechanized wastewater treatment systems
Design:• Lack of DesignStandard• QCVN 14:2008, N,
Coliforms: notachievable.
• Lack of adequate
wastewater collection
component• Double investment inurban areas• Too shallow: limited
aeration and settlingefficiency• Limited access,especially forunderground tanks

Build:• “Small” thinking,not adequate
attention for QA• Quality of
construction
works: leaking,sinking, etc.
• FRP tanks: very
different quality,
not certified• Start up• Media wash-out

Operation:• Solids clogging• No fund for O&M• Smell control• C/N ratio is to low• No professionalO&M team

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Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

DWWM in urban areas

PACKAGED WWTS AFSB-C

PACKAGED WWTS AFSB-F

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DWWM in urban areas

VIDB building, Hanoi
Planning Palace,
My Dinh, Hanoi
Ngo Thi Nham apartment,
Ha Dong, Hanoi
Pacific building, Hanoi
35 FRP tanks
VCB bldg, Hanoi

Sofitel Plaza, Hanoi
PVN bldg, Hanoi

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AFSB-F at Vicostone Factory

AFSB-F for Residential – Office Complex
12 Thuy Khue, Hanoi

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BASTAFAT-F FOR 12 HIGH-CLASS VILLASAT NCC MY DINH, HANOIBASTAFAT-F FOR CAT BA ISLAND, HAI PHONG

BASTAFAT-F FOR ECO-RESORTDONG ANH, HANOIBASTAFAT-F FOR HISTORICAL PLACE K9(DA CHONG, BA VI, HANOI)

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BASTAFAT-F FOR MEDICAL CENTER
FOR DRUG EDICTS, YEN BAI PROVINCEBASTAFAT-F FOR HISTORICAL PLACE K9(DA CHONG, BA VI, HANOI)UV DISINFECTION CHAMBER, BASTAFAT-F20Faecal Sludge Management• One of key components ofDWWM• Poor management
practice in most places• Already mentioned inDecree 80 and someprovincial regulations• Resource recovery fromsludge is potential, butsludge reuse Guidance is
not yet available.
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Solutions for improvement
••
•

•
•

•

•

Early decision making, integration of DWWM options into urban
planning
Design standards are to be issued
Effluent standards are to be reviewed, especially on N, andpathogens removal in DWWM systems, and to avoid double
investment
Testing and Certification for technology, equipment, operation ofw/w systems, sludge management services is neededHousehold connection should be compulsory. All components
should be considered in a whole chain: HH facilities – collection
network – wastewater treatment – disposal or reuse
Professional O&M service providers are needed, on-site or outsourced. Branch of provincial sewerage and drainage company is
one among options
Promotion center(s) with strong networking is needed
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Nguyen Viet Anh, IESE: DWWM

Example: ADB (CDTA 7885-VIE) project, Support to Central and Local
Governments to Implementation of Urban Environmental
Improvement Programs
Ben Tre Option 2-Decentralized

Vinh Long- CSS Option 2-Decentralized

Vinh Long- CSS Option 3-Centralized/Decentralised23

Thank you very muchfor your attention

Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Anh

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Director, Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE),Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
Add. 55 Giai Phong Rd. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel. 04-3869 1604, Fax 04-3869 3714, MP. +84-91320 9689,
Email: anhnv@nuce.edu.vn; vietanhctn@gmail.com; www.iese.vn