1You need a framework

I

would like to start by considering part of a discussion on presentation
skills with Dr. Alexander Cools that was recorded at Nihon University
School of Dentistry on October 10th, 2008.

1

L : I'm interested in ways of starting presentations. I'd like to ask you
about the best way to start.
C : I think you need a framework that shows where you will go in thepresentation.
L : Do you mean some kind of overview?
C : Yes, that's correct.
L : Do you think it is possible to start a presentation without a frameworkor overview?
C : No, I don't. I think you couldn't make a bigger mistake.
L : W hat about if it is a closed meeting? One where everyone is working
in the same field and known to each other.
C : You have to remember that no two specialists are the same. Starting
without at least some kind of framework would be like going into a
new area without a map.
L = C.S.Langham C = Dr.Alexander Cools

The following is an analysis of the key points made in the above discussion onpresentation skills.

1. I think you need a framework that shows where youwill go in the presentation.
The first word I want to focus on in the above sentence is framework. It
refers to an outline or overview of the presentation which is often in theform of a list of contents. For most presenters, this is the second slide in
their presentation and comes after a slide showing the presentation title,
as well as the presenter's name and affiliation. The phrase, where you will
go in the presentation, is also important, since it shows how a framework
will indicate the structure and direction of your talk. In some presentations
I see, presenters refer to their contents slide several times during theirpresentation. This is to show where they are now, where they have been
and where they are going. Doing this will help the audience to follow thepresentation.

Key Point●これから何について話そうとしているか，まずその枠組みを示す．

2

Part ❶ Starting your presentation

Quick Guide 1

Starting your presentation − Key Sentences
This is a summary of the main points made in this part, along with a list of all
the key sentences and vocabulary. It is designed so that you can easily accessthe information you want and use it to improve your presentation.

❶ Thanking
Use these sentences in regular presentations.
• Thank you, Chairperson.
• Thank you very much for your kind introduction.
Use these sentences in formal situations, such as when you are an invitedspeaker.
• It's a great honor to be able to speak to you today.
• It gives me great pleasure to speak here today.
• I'm very pleased to have the opportunity to present my research atthis conference.
• I'm delighted to have this chance to present my work here today.

❷ Introduce the title / topic of your presentation• Today, I'd like to talk about + topic.
• This morning, I want to talk about + topic.
• This afternoon, I'm going to talk about + topic.
• Today, I'm going to be talking about + topic.
• My topic / theme / subject today is + topic.
• My presentation today is on / about + topic.
• The subject of this presentation is + topic.
Here are some concrete examples of how to introduce a difficult and complicated title in a simple way. Please remember that your title is already in theconference handbook, the Chairperson will have read it out and it will also appear on your first slide. This means you do not need to read the title again.
Instead, you should aim at something much more dynamic, as in the following
examples.
Title: Protein tyrosine phosphatases, red-ox-regulated antagonists of receptor tyrosine kinases
Opening: This evening, I would like to talk about the involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases - an enzyme family - in cell signalling.
Title: Improved Secretion Level of Human Fas Ligand Extracellular Domain by N-terminal Part Truncation in Pichia pastoris
Opening: Today, I'd like to talk about some improvements in the expression and purification of Human Fas Ligand Extracellular Domain.

30

Part ❶ Starting your presentation

1Starting a new section

In the presentations I see, a lot of presenters fail to tell the audience
when they are moving on to a new section.
Here are some examples of how to start a new section. The keywords areunderlined. Using these sentences will significantly improve the connectivityof your presentation.
• Now, I would like to move on to the results and discussion section.
• Next, I want to go on to part three of my presentation and focus on computer simulations.
• Let's take a look at some of the data from the second series of experiments we conducted.
• I would now like to turn to part two of this presentation and consider theadvantages of the new system I have introduced.
• Okay, so I've mentioned all the symptoms of the disease. Now, I am goingto have a look at possible treatments for depression.
Please note that the while the expressions take a look at and have a look at
are widely used in oral presentations they are too informal for written scientific papers and are generally not used.
Also, note that move on to and go on to have exactly the same usage. Theverbs take a look at and have a look at also have the same usage.

KeyPoint●新しいセクションに移るときは，上記のフレーズを用いると講演内容に流れができて質が上がる．

50

Part ❷ How to handle the main body of your presentation

2

Defining question typesT

he question and answer session is probably the most difficult part ofthe presentation to handle, since it is unpredictable and therefore difficult to prepare for. To help presenters, I have classified the main types ofquestions that occur in the Q and A session. I also provide information on thefrequency of these question types. Questions can be divided into five types
which I will explain here with examples.

Type 1: More information
Approximately 50 percent of all questions in Q and A sessions are requests formore information about the data presented. This is quite natural as people
want information which will help them in their own research.
Here are some examples of questions where the speaker asks for more information.
• I have a question about the catalyst. How did you select it? And, on whatbasis?
• Could you give me some more information about / on the recycling process?
• I was interested in what you said about computer simulation. Could youtell me how long a typical simulation takes?
• I'd like to know some of the advantages of your new system.
• You didn't mention the role of ligands. Could you give me some more information about / on that?
Please note that the following sentence is NOT correct.
Please teach me the reaction temperature.
You should change the word please to could you, and the word teach to tell.
Could you tell me the reaction temperature, (please)?

KeyPoint●質疑の 50％は，より詳しい情報を求めるものである．

96Part ❹ The question and answer session

■音声データのダウンロードとご利用について
・本書中の1 の番号は音声データのトラックナンバーを示しています．

・音声データは下記の URL または QR コードから無料でダウンロードすることができます．
https://www.ishiyaku.co.jp/ebooks/433680/＜注意事項＞
・再生には MP3 形式の音声データを再生できるプレイヤーが必要です．
・お客様がご負担になる通信料金について十分にご理解のうえご利用をお願いします．
・音声データを無断で複製・公に上映・公衆送信（送信可能化を含む）・翻訳・翻案することは法律により禁止されています．
＜お問合せ先＞
https://www.ishiyaku.co.jp/ebooks/inquiry/This book is originally published in Japanese
under the title of :Kokusai Gakkai Ingurisshu Supikingu Ekusasaizu(English for Oral Presentations : Speaking Exercises)
C. S. Langham
Professor at Nihon University School of Dentistry© 2023 1st ed.
ISHIYAKU PUBLISHERS, INC.

7-10, Honkomagome 1 chome, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-8612, Japan