From Ingot to Target:
A Cast Bullet Guide for Handgunners
Glen E. Fryxell and Robert L. Applegate
Foreword by John Taffin1

From Ingot to Target: A Cast Bullet Guide for Handgunners
A joint effort by Glen E. Fryxell and Robert L. Applegate
Foreword by John Taffin
About the Authors . . . Pg 5
Acknowledgements . . . Pg 7
A Few Words about Safety . . . Pg 9
Chapters
1. Introduction: A Brief History of Bullet Casting . . . Pg 11
2. Bullet Casting 101 . . . Pg 19
3. Alloy Selection and Metallurgy . . . Pg 27
4. Fluxing the Melt . . . Pg 37
5. Cast Bullet Lubrication . . . Pg 41
6. Throat and Groove Dimensions . . . Pg 56
7. Leading . . . Pg 58
8. Idle Musings of a Greybeard Caster . . . Pg 66
9. Moulds and Mould Design . . . Pg 73
10. Gas-checked vs. Plain-based Bullets . . . Pg 87
11. The Wadcutter . . . Pg 97
12. The Keith SWC . . . Pg 106
13. Casting Hollow Point Bullets . . . Pg 118
14. Making Cast HP moulds . . . Pg 131
15. Hunting with Cast Bullets . . . Pg 136
16. A Few of our favorites . . . Pg 148
Appendix A: How old is your mould? . . . Pg 173

Above: Left to right
MP Molds Clone of the RCBS 45 caliber 270 Gr. SAA
SAECO #382 35 caliber 150 Gr. PB SWCSAECO #068 45 caliber 200 Gr.
SAECO #264 6.5mm 140 Gr. SP GC

On the cover:
Two RCBS 44 Caliber 300 Gr. Flat Point Mould Halves.
One Mould was converted to Cramer style HP by Erik Ohlen with gas check shankremoved from one cavity, casting one HP GC and one HP PB.
Second mould casting both cavities flat point, one plain base, one gas check.
Two moulds, four cavities, four different styles of hunting bullets.
This book is copy right protected (copyright © 2011). All rights are reserved by the authors. No partmay be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any fashion without written permission of the authors.
Cover and index page photography by Rick Kelter
Published exclusively at www.lasc.us2Foreword: by John Taffin
In many ways it seemed like only yesterday I began casting bullets. In
fact it has been nearly one-half century since I started pouring that first batchof molten alloy into a single cavity mould, or mold if you prefer. It was in mymother's kitchen, at my mother's stove, next to my mother's refrigerator. It
wasn't long before the whole top half of the side of her refrigerator was covered
with speckles of lead. Now my mother was the most fastidious of housekeepers,
however she never complained. Looking back I can only assume she thought itbetter to have me making a mess in her kitchen rather than running arounddoing something of which she didn't improve.
At the time I was working for a large wholesale warehouse catering toplumbing and building contractors. This gave me access to both 100# bars oflead and one pound bars of tin. There was also a reciprocal agreement with afew other businesses allowing employees from one place to purchase from theother at wholesale prices. From the now long gone Buckeye Cycle I was able toorder two Lyman single cavity molds, #454190 for the .45 Colt and #358311
for the .38 Special; a Lyman #310 “Nutcracker” Reloading tools with the diesfor both .45 Colt and .357 Magnum, and I was ready to cast bullets. Those twomolds are gone as it wasn’t long before I graduated to multiple cavity moulds;
however, I still use that #310 tool to pop primers from cartridges cases firedwith black powder.
Living as we do in the Instant Information Age, it is sometimes difficult tobelieve how little information was available or how difficult it was to find in the
middle of the 20th century. I had read Elmer Keith’s “Sixgun Cartridges andLoads” which gave me the very basics. Much of the rest I learned over the next
four decades by trial and error and casting and shooting thousands upon
thousands of cast bullets in hundreds of sixguns. Casting bullets opened all
kinds of doors for me. Most importantly, casting allowed the shooting of vast
amounts that would never have been had I found it necessary to buy my bullets
from other sources. The only way to become even reasonably adequate with asixgun is by shooting a lot, and only casting my own bullets allowed this. All of
my shooting experiences, the vast majority of which has been with home castbullets eventually led to my position as Field Editor with “American
Handgunner” and Senior Field Editor with “Guns” magazines. Along the way, I
not only managed to acquire a pretty good knowledge of cast bullets but also aworking collection of approximately 250 bullet moulds from virtually every
manufacturer. With this background in mind I now turn to the volume you holdin your hands.
Glen Fryxell is a chemist by trade and a bullet caster by choice. He knows
more about casting bullets than anyone else I know. Rob Applegate is both anexcellent gunsmith as well as a maker of custom bullet moulds. Put the two ofthem together, and virtually every aspect of cast bullets is covered in whatcomes the closest to ever being called “The Complete Book of Cast Bullets.”
Only their modesty prevents them from using this title and instead of goingwith “From Ingot to Target: A Cast Bullet Guide for Handgunners.”
I found two things of major importance as I read this book. 1) The things3

I've learned about cast bullets and casting bullets are true. 2) There was stillmuch I needed to learn. Both what I know and what I needed to know are
found in this book. Any well-informed sixgunner, even if they never intend tocast their own bullets, will find information here that simply make shooting
more enjoyable. Which is better, plain-based or gas checked bullets? Why dosoft bullets shoot well while hard bullets lead the barrel, and vice versa? How
does bullet lube work? What is this mysterious thing called flux? How importantare cylinder throat and barrel dimensions? Do cast hollow point bullets reallywork? Can one hunt with cast bullets, and if so which ones work the best?
As important to me as the how-to information is the historicalbackground. Over the years many men have contributed to our knowledge ofbullets in general and cast bullets in particular. In these pages you will find such
cast bullet pioneers as Elmer Keith, Phil Sharpe, Jim Harvey, Ray Thompson,
Veral Smith, and my dear friend, J.D. Jones. Understanding their contributions
simply makes shooting sixguns all that more enjoyable.
If you have never cast a bullet but are planning to start, read this bookfirst. Keep it at hand, and refer to it often. If you are an experienced bullet
caster, stop; do not cast another bullet until you have read this book. Youmight be surprised at how much you have to learn. Rob and Glen have done anadmirable job of gathering and presenting valuable information on what many
think is a somewhat mystical or magical art. The doors are open, the lights areon, and the magic and mystery have been dispelled. This volume is a mostvaluable addition to both my loading room and my library. I expect all otherdedicated sixgunners to also find this to be true.
John Taffin
Boise, Idaho

4About the authors:
Glen Fryxell has been fascinated with guns and hunting his entire life,and started hunting early, primarily with a bow and arrow during his teenyears, and more recently with handguns. He obtained his B.Sc. in chemistryfrom the University of Texas at Austin in 1982, and his Ph.D. in chemistry fromthe University of North Carolina in 1986. Professionally, his interests havecentered around environmental chemistry, nanostructured materials, molecular
self-assembly and biomimetic processes. On the personal side, he is a hunter,shooter, reloader, and guitar player (of marginal ability). He has been castingbullets and reloading since the 1980s, and has hunted primarily with handguns
over the last 20 years, taking dozens of head of big game and thousands ofvarmints, over much of the western US. His fascination with the use andperformance of cast bullets in the hunting fields, in conjunction with his
technical background in materials science and chemistry, led him to study thefascinating field of metallurgy in his spare time in an effort to more deeply
understand bullet performance in the hunting fields.
Rob Applegate was born with an innate passion to explore anythingmechanical. If it moved, or had moving parts, he could not resist thetemptation to dismantle all of the various parts in their entirety and find thecauses of all the various movements and the forces behind the movements. In
short, he was fixated on levers, grooves and pressures.
The keen interest he had in mechanics manifested itself with firearms. Asa little boy, he sat in stillness and watched with awe as his father patiently
dismantled his sporting weapons and carefully cleaned and oiled each part
before reassembling the rifle, revolver or shotgun upon which he was plying his
gifted skills. This interest continued throughout all of his young life and beyond
high school.
His post high school education was centered around learning as much as
possible about mechanics and eventually led to further education as to all of thevarious methods used to make the parts necessary to assemble machines of all
types. After twenty five years of working "under the time clock", theopportunity presented itself for Rob to become a full-time gun maker.
Being an avid shooter and tireless experimenter, Rob eventually became
interested in casting bullets for a couple of old rifles passed down through thefamily to his dad. Bullets for the .40-82 Winchester were not readily available
back in the late '50s and '60s, so Rob decided to he would make his own fromthe Winchester mould that was with the old '86. At that time, all that Rob knew
about casting bullets was that "you melt lead in an iron pot, poured it into amould, and after it cooled you opened the mould and out fell a bullet". Ahem, to
say that he had much to learn is an understatement! But learn he did. As time
passed, his skills and knowledge about casting bullets improved, along with thisskills and knowledge about machining and tool-making.
Most of his work as a custom gun-maker centered around single-shot andlever-action rifles, as well as revolvers. Nearly all of his barrel jobs and related
work was for firearms that were dedicated solely for shooting cast bullets.
5Whether they were black powder cartridge rifles, or the highest quality castbullet bench rest rifles, the majority were to be used shooting cast bullets. All of
the work on rifles and revolvers eventually led to the culmination of a dreamand desire that Rob had had since childhood -- to make a bullet mould. Once hehad refined mould-making to his satisfaction, he decided to make moulds on afull-time basis. For a number of years he made mould cherries and bullet
moulds. During these mould-making years he learned more about bullet design
than he thought possible. Eventually, several personal crises befell him, and theshop had to be closed. With most of these tragedies behind him, he would liketo share some of his knowledge with the bullet casting fraternity.
With Glen Fryxell's excellent help in all aspects of the entire bullet castingscience, we have compiled a work that is hoped will provide assistance to those
who desire to shoot cast bullets in handguns. Glen is one of Rob's closest
friends.

6

Acknowledgements:
I am a student of the gun; or perhaps more accurately, I am a student of
the bullet. I learn something every time I cast, load or shoot. Such an
education clearly did not take place in a vacuum. I have the unwavering
support of my lovely wife (who is still the nicest person I have ever met), a
couple of great kids, and the most wonderful grandkids in the world (OK, so I’ma little biased!). My parents have always been loving and supportive teachers,
who valued education (and paid for much of mine), ensuring that I would havethe ability to be a good provider. The resulting career has provided me with thewherewithal (and occasionally enough free time) to pursue those things thathave fascinated me since early childhood; guns, hunting, bullet casting andhandloading ammunition. Building upon that foundation are the contributions ofa multitude of teachers, who have taught me these things, as well as
gunsmithing, metallurgy, machine work and the art of integrating all of these
disciplines in the pursuit of my own personal vision of ballistic perfection. The
list of such teachers is far too long for any sophomoric attempt at completeness, but there are several men that I have been privileged to call friend whose
guidance and insights must be acknowledged; Colonel Loveless of PleasantAcres (College Station, Texas), who taught me marksmanship and ethics as apart of the NRA Junior Marksmanship Program when I was growing up back incentral Texas; Dale Harber, who adopted me as a “kid brother” and took me
hunting and nurtured my fascination with guns and handloading; Reo Rake,
who got me started handloading and taught me the joys of the lead pot; Lyle
Eckman, who taught me much, including how to shoot, listen and teach (onceagain, as a part of the NRA Junior Marksmanship Program); Dave Ewer, who ispatiently teaching me the art of gunsmithing, and has helped me rediscover thejoy of plinking; and John Taffin, for his guidance, advice and encouragement,
for contributing to this book and for being a shining example of what agentleman and gun-writer should be. Each one of these men is a crack shot,seasoned competitor, knowledgeable handloader and darned fine man. Thankyou gentlemen.
Lastly, I would like to thank Rob Applegate for being the ideal partner towrite this book with. Rob is the kind of man that is met all too rarely thesedays, unfortunately. He is a hard-working, good Christian man. He is honest
and industrious not just because he was taught that was the right way for a
man to handle himself, but because he simply cannot operate any other way. It
is his fundamental nature. He is a quiet gentleman, usually of few words, butwhen he speaks I listen, because Rob is a goldmine of knowledge on all thingsballistic (among other things). Rob is the kind of friend that you can walk formiles through the mountains with and never say a word, because nothing needs
to be said -- the mountains, wildlife, wind and clouds speak volumes, and hehasn’t the rudeness to interrupt. He’s the kind of man that can be caught a mile
and a half from the truck in his shirt sleeves in a surprise rainstorm and inconversation during the soggy walk back never once complain about theweather. He’s a giddy little boy who can spend hours out in his shop talking
about the vice he made to cut mould blocks with, and while he’s justifiably
proud of his gadget, his real joy comes from the fact that his skills have createdthe ability to build new things, and to build them right. Much of Rob’s life
revolves around building things. My Mother taught me many years ago, “Any7

fool can destroy. It takes a real man to build.” Rob is a real man, a man who
builds. He is a meticulous craftsman whose attention to detail is exquisitely
apparent from the exceptional quality of his work. His nickname is“Persnickety”, and for good reason. Rob, we live too far apart. We should get
together more often; you and Marilyn are special people. Thanks for everything,
my friend.
This book is a partial summation of these educational gifts, my primarycontribution being my fascination with the subject and my unquenched desire tolearn (and shoot) more. If the reader finds this book enlightening, educational
or in some way of value, it is simply a reflection that I have been blessed withso many good teachers. Any flaws in the presentation are clearly my own.
Glen Fryxell
Kennewick, Washington
Without Glen, this book would most likely have never happened in its
completeness of text on the subject of casting bullets for handguns. His
education in the sciences put a finality to the quandary about how and why
alloys perform (or don't perform), both in the mould and in the bore. Glen is
one of a handful of friends I have who looks past my stubbornness and basicanti-social behavior to have many deep discussions about cast bullet use andperformance.
To the men who were responsible for my education and training (myfather, Uncle Rex, great-Uncle Gus Perot, etc.), I have said thank you andfarewell, for they have all passed from this earth, as I will one day also.
I have a few of the dearest friends anyone could hope for. To them I owe
many thanks, not only for their encouragement for me to keep writing, but inmany other things as well. For anyone who learns anything from this book, or
who receives much needed help of advice, you can thank my lovely wife Marilyn
for sorting out my hand-written scribbling and putting it all into an intelligible
type-written manuscript. Without her, none of this would be possible.
Each and every day, I thank God for the wonderful life I've had and for
his Son, Jesus, the Great Forgiver.
Robert L. Applegate
Prineville, Oregon8A few words about safety…
OK, let’s get one thing straight right from the beginning: casting bullets
from molten lead can be dangerous. So can handloading ammunition, shooting
a gun, driving a car, or operating power tools. However, if one thinks about thehazards associated with each of these practices, recognizes what and where
they are, applies a little common sense, follows established safe practices andtakes appropriate preventative precautions, the risks can be mitigated to thepoint that bullet casting is pretty much as safe as collecting butterflies. If you
choose to cut corners, ignore safety rules, be lackadaisical or just flat don’t
think about what you‘re doing, you will get burned, and you may well poison
yourself and those around you. Just like handloading, bullet casting is as safe or
as dangerous as you make it.
Bullet casting inherently involves hot metal, both the molten alloy that
we fashion bullets from and the hot moulds and lead pots. Leather gloves are agood idea (and remember, a hot mould looks just like a cold mould, this is why
we put wooden handles on them!). Even very small splashes of molten lead cancause nasty burns and leather does wonders for preventing them. And lead pots
do splash -- when adding metal, stirring in flux, or if (heaven forbid!) theyencounter any moisture. Keep all sources of moisture well away from your leadpot! A single drop of water can empty a 10 pound lead pot explosively, coating
everything in the immediate vicinity with molten lead. If your lead pot is out on
an open work bench, even minor splashes mean that safety glasses are a must.
I cast with my lead pot wholly enclosed in a laboratory grade fume hood, with aglass sash in place between my face and the lead pot. I leave the little leadsplatters in place on the glass sash as a reminder to myself as to how easily
these things happen, and for instructional purposes for any new casters that I
may be teaching.
Good ventilation is very important to the bullet caster. My fume hoodalso serves to provide suitable ventilation, not only for the smoke coming off
the pot but also for the heavy metal fumes emanating from the pot. Lead fumes
are an obvious concern, but more subtle is the fact that wheel-weight alloy also
contains small amounts of arsenic. Arsenic is kind of a quirk in the periodic
table in that it forms an oxide that is more volatile than the metal, and in factat lead pot temperatures, some forms of arsenic oxide are fully gaseous, so if
the arsenic gets oxidized all of it evaporates from the lead pot and is easily
inhaled. Use of a reducing cover material helps to prevent this oxidation (seechapter on fluxing).
Fumes are not the only exposure vector that we need to be aware of,teething children like to put anything small and chewable into their mouths,
especially if it’s bright and shiny. This includes cast bullets and discarded
sprues, making housekeeping an important issue if small children have accessto your casting area. This is easily dealt with, keep the sprues contained (heckjust recycle them!) and keep the bullets packaged and out of reach of small
fingers. Big fingers are an issue too: wash your hands thoroughly after eachand every casting session, and again before you eat.
We’ve all heard about lead poisoning, but what does it really look like?
9The symptoms of lead poisoning in adults include: loss of appetite, a metallic
taste in the mouth, constipation, pallor, malaise, weakness, insomnia,
headache, irritability, muscle and joint pain, tremors and colic. Lead poisoning
can cause elevated blood pressure, sterility, and birth defects. The mostsignificant site of lead toxicity is the central nervous system, but lead poisoning
also impacts the red blood cells and chronic exposure to lead most often resultsin kidney problems. A child’s body is more efficient at absorbing and retaining
lead than is an adult’s, and lead gets stored in a child’s growing bones. The net
result is that children are far more vulnerable to lead poisoning than are adults,
and since their central nervous systems are still growing and developing, theimpact of lead poisoning on a child’s life can be far more severe than it might
be for an adult, and may include brain damage, mental retardation, convulsions
and coma. Responsible handling of lead can prevent these exposures,
symptoms and health hazards.
Remember, safety first. Think about what you are doing, takeappropriate precautions, use adequate ventilation, and keep your lead out ofreach of small children. Bullet casting is a wonderful hobby and one that willallow you to get so much more out of your shooting, but just like handloading,bullet casting is only as safe (or as dangerous) as you make it.

10Chapter 1: Introduction
A Brief History of Bullet Casting: American Independence
Bullet casting contributed significantly to the independence of thewestern cowboy, trapper and mountain man. That independence is still valuable
today. Just like the mountain man, once the modern caster buys a particularmould he can produce that bullet for the rest of his life, and he doesn’t have toworry about whether commercial bullet makers will alter or drop a particularfavorite from their line. The ability to produce countless thousands of identicalbullets for decades to come reveals what a miniscule investment a bullet mould
really is.
History
Originally bullet moulds were made and sold by the firearms manufacturers themselves. Colt was an early player in the mould manufacturinggame, making ball and conical bullet moulds for their early cap-n-ball revolvers.
Shortly after the advent of the self-contained centerfire (i.e. reloadable)
cartridge more sophisticated reloading tools became available. Soon after S&W
graduated from rimfire cartridges to their centerfire Number 3 .44 American in
1870, they also added loading tools, including bullet moulds, to their productline. In the Remington catalogs of the 1870s are listed bullet moulds made by
the Bridgeport Gun Implement Co. (BGI was a partner company, started around
1870 specifically to make loading tools for Remington). Winchester started
making iron-handled bullet moulds in 1875 (and in a humanitarian gestureadded wooden handles in 1890). In their 1876 catalog, Sharps advertised bullet
moulds to make paper-patched bullets for their popular and powerful rifles.
Marlin (Ballard) was also making moulds in the 1870s, and in 1881 enlisted
none other than John M. Browning’s input for a mould/loading tool that hedesigned and patented, and was subsequently manufactured by Marlin. The
Maynard 1873 cartridge had a 5-piece case, very thick cartridge head andBerdan primer. The Maynard loading tools had a bullet mould, as well as a hook
and a chisel for prying the spent primers out of the spent cartridge case. One of
the more unique moulds from this era is that for the Maynard exploding bullet,
a HP designed to be fitted with a .22 blank cartridge, advertised in the 1885
Maynard catalog in .40, .44 and .50 caliber. The 1870s were indeed a time ofgreat change in the firearms industry.
In 1884 John H. Barlow took his experience as a shooter and as a tooland die maker and founded the Ideal Company, offering his patented tong tools
to reload spent cases, and later separate bullet moulds for those using benchmounted presses. These bullet moulds were either single cavity, or 6- or 7cavity Armory moulds, all with fixed handles at this point.
The landscape was changing dramatically in the firearms industry in thelate 1800’s and early 1900’s, and John Barlow kept pace with his contributions.
His Ideal Handbooks (first published in the 1880's) were the first reloading
guides published in America, of critical importance as shooters moved into therelatively uncharted territory of the then new smokeless powders. In Ideal
Handbook #4 (published in 1890), he described the use of cast hollow-pointed
bullets for enhanced performance on game animals. In Ideal Handbook #9(1897) he unveiled the now familiar mould numbering scheme for Ideal's first
150 mould designs. In 1906, Barlow patented the first American gas-checked
11

cast bullet designs to take advantage of the higher velocities available from the
new smokeless powders (described later that year in Ideal Handbook #17). In
May of 1910, after leading the Ideal
Manufacturing Co. for 26 years, Mr.
Barlow retired and sold the company to
The Marlin Firearms Co., with whom hehad worked closely for many years.
Marlin sold Ideal a few years later
during the first World War to Phineas
Talcott (but Marlin remained involved
with production of the Ideal
Handbook). By 1925 things were notNote the lack of alignment pins and the handgoing well and Phineas Talcott sold thecut vent lines.
struggling Ideal Reloading Tool
Company to the Lyman Gun Sight
Corporation (founded by William Lyman in 1878), along with the rights to the
Ideal Handbook (which was later renamed “The Lyman Handbook“ with #27,
published in 1926). Lyman scaled up manufacturing capacity and continued
production of the Ideal line of bullets moulds, using the Ideal name into the late
1950s. During this time Lyman introduced interchangeable mould blocks in theirsingle cavity moulds (first advertised in the American Rifleman in 1927, andcataloged in 1931), and phased out the older fixed handle style. In 1940-1(Ideal Handbook #34), Lyman added a special retaining pin to hold their hollow
point plug in place during casting. Interchangeable double cavity mould blocks
didn’t appear until after World War II (first listed in the Ideal Handbook #36,
which was published in 1949), followed soon thereafter by venting lines cut inthe faces of the mould blocks. Interchangeable 4-cavity mould blocks wereintroduced in 1958. Lyman continues to produce many of these mould designs
to this day.
Early Ideal rifle bullets were
designed not only by John Barlow,
but also by such notable shooters
as Harry Pope, Col. Townsend
Whelen, and Phil Sharpe, among
others. In the early 1920s, avociferous northwestern cowboy,
rancher and competitive shooter
named Elmer Keith went to
An Ideal Armory mould for the 360344 wadcutter.
Belding & Mull with some of his
ideas for experimental revolver bullets. Belding & Mull made the moulds(interestingly, B&M moulds were made out of solid nickel) and Keith assembled
and evaluated many test loads using these bullets. Keith learned much fromthese experiments with cast bullet design, but he never quite got to where hewanted to be. In 1928, shortly after Lyman bought the Ideal Co., he turned to
Lyman and asked them to make some bullet moulds according to his optimized
designs. Thus was born the Keith SWC. The Keith SWC's have 3 equal width
driving bands, a square-cut grease groove, a beveled crimp groove, a sharp
wad-cutting shoulder, a compound-radiused ogive for stable long-range flight,
and a healthy, meat-crushing meplat. They have proven themselves over thelast three quarters of a century as some of the finest revolver bullets of all
12

time. The original Keith SWC was for his beloved .44 Special (#429421), but
Keith/Lyman went on to produce similar moulds in other calibers (e.g. .357,.45, etc.) and in hollow-base and hollow-point variations.
Similar fixed handle moulds were also made by the Yankee Specialty
Company. These were made out of bronze and were commonly cut with thesame designs as used by Ideal, including the Keith SWC's. Yankee Specialty
made 1, 2 and 3 cavity moulds, as well as HP moulds (they claimed to haveover 600 designs available). Yankee Specialty was in business from 1916 until
the owner died in 1954, although their business volume after 1940 was small.
Yankee moulds are commonly unmarked and have simple cylindrical wooden
handles that are wired on (although a few are reported to have ferrules).
Things got busy on the American bullet casting scene in the second
quarter of the 20th century. George Hensley was a machinist involved in the
manufacture of all sorts of things (like bicycles, a gasoline fired marine engine,etc.), as well as doing general machine work and repair, with his company thathe started in 1893. In 1932, he started turning out some top-notch moulds
from his shop in San Diego in response to the demand for multiple cavity
moulds needed by police departments. The P.D.'s had to supply practiceammunition for their officers and needed moulds capable of casting larger
numbers of bullets than what was generally available at the time. The Great
Depression meant that budgets were tight, and affordable practice ammo wasa significant need, just as it is today.
James Gibbs was a farm boy from theMidwest who was very mechanically
inclined and was operating a small
gunsmithing shop on his own.
James met up with George Hensley inthe late 1930s as a result of theircommon interest in firearms, and Mr.
Hensley quickly saw James’ talents
A copy of the Ideal 452423, made by Yankee
and the two struck on an agreement
Specialty Co. with integral handles (Yankee
for James to help George out in theSpecialty also made a few moulds withinterchangeable blocks). This Depression-era
shop making moulds. Hensley &mould is made from bronze, not iron.
Gibbs worked together from 1938 to
1940, when George became too old
to work in the shop. Eventually, he sold the business to James in 1950. The
partnership of Hensley & Gibbs produced some of the finest moulds ever made,including 6, 8 and 10 cavity gang moulds that were the mainstay for many
Police Departments and shooting clubs. Their reputation for quality was suchthat Elmer Keith went
to H&G in the early
1960s to get them tore-introduce theoriginal Keith SWC
designs after Lyman
had modified his
design (much to his

A well-used Hensley & Gibbs 10-cavity #51BB .38 semi-wadcutter
mould (note the particularly massive sprue plate).
13

displeasure) by changing the width of the driving bands and going to a smaller,
rounded grease groove. Keith was very pleased with the H&G products. Initially,
H&G operated out of San Diego, but in 1964-1965 moved to Oregon's historicApplegate Valley, to the small town of Murphy. Wayne Gibbs eventually took
over for his James (his father) and Wayne continued to run the family business
until the mid-1990s. Hensley & Gibbs moulds are now available through BallistiCast Manufacturing.
Cramer Bullet Mould Co. (of North Hollywood, CA) started producing
some very well-made cast-iron moulds sometime around 1937. They made 2, 3
and 5-cavity moulds, as well as the more typical 6, 8 and 10-cavity gangmoulds. Cramer's 10-cavity gang moulds were constructed of a unique,patented design. There were two parallel rows of 5 cavities each, with 3 mould
blocks (a center block, and the two outer blocks with handles mounted). The
sprue plate, instead of swinging through an arc (as most do) was grooved suchthat it was struck to move down the long axis of the mould, away from thecaster. Only after the sprue had been struck could the mould be opened. It wasclaimed that this enhanced production rate and efficiency. In December of 1951
Santa Anita Engineering Co. (better known as SAECO, who made lead-pots andlube-sizers in Pasadena, CA) took over production of the Cramer line of moulds,
and focused mainly on 2 and 4-cavity moulds. In 1971, Saeco added 8-cavity
gang moulds to their product line. In 1985, Saeco was bought out by Redding(the well-respected makers of precision reloading dies) and moved to Cortland,
NY. Redding has made Saeco bullet moulds ever since. The 8-cavity bullet
moulds were phased out in 2002.
Bond Manufacturing Co. appears
to have started in the
mould-making
business sometimearound 1910. Shortly
before WW I, they
teamed up with
Modern Equipment
Corp., and officiallychanged the name toModern-Bond shortly
after the War to End
All Wars. They madeall manner of reloading
tools, but especiallybullet moulds. ModernBond appears to haveclosed up shop in1951.
“The Modern-Bond
Advertisement (circa 1939) of the unique Cramer 10-cavity gang
Corporation was themould.
originator of the Interchangeable block moulds which have been extensively copied by othermanufacturers.”, so states the Modern-Bond ads appearing in the American
Rifleman back as early as 1927 (in response to Lyman/Ideal's ad claiming to14

have invented the concept). This was turf-staking claim was brought on when
Lyman/Ideal started making Inter- changeable single-cavity mould blocks in
1927 (even though they weren't
cataloged until 1931). Modern-Bond may
have had some sort of patent protection
on multiple cavity moulds withexchangeable blocks, which might explain
why Lyman didn’t produce such moulds
until 1949 (although George Hensleycertainly did in the 1930s). In any event,
Modern-Bond turned out an extensive
line of both rifle and pistol designs inwell-made 2-cavity moulds during the
A single-cavity Herter's .38/.357 SWC mould
1920s up through about 1950. If a
cut by Lyman, with a 358156 cavity, withprospective customer wanted to examine
the Herter's sprue plate.
a Modern-Bond bullet design “in theflesh” they would send sample bullets through the mail for a nickel apiece.
The Herter’s mailorder catalog contained gearto outfit just about any
flavor of outdoor adventure,from fly-fishing, to backpacking, to bow-hunting, to
fur trapping. Included in thisNirvana of the Northwood's
was an extensive selectionof bullet moulds for the
casting enthusiast.
Generally, these mould
designs and mould
numbering scheme were

Picture of a Modern-Bond F-257-730 mould (a .25 caliber 86
grain GC-RN), showing the unique black lacquered handlesof the Modern-Bond moulds.

identical to Lyman's,
revealing the origin of theirmould blocks (which by theway are un-marked),although sometimes Herter's
just labeled the mould withbullet diameter and weight.
All of the Herter's moulds
A Cramer 5 cavity .38 wadcutter mould.
I've seen were single-cavity,
but their catalogs listed
double-cavity moulds as well. The Herter's sprue plates were slightly different
than the Lyman sprue plates, having a small tab bent over the edge of theblocks to serve as a stop instead of the Lyman method of having a stop-pin
mounted in the mould blocks. The sprue plate was also stamped with
"HERTER'S INC. WASECA, MINN. U.S.A.", along with the mould design number,and the sprue plate pivot screw had no "keeper" screw. Herter's extensive
selection of moulds included HP moulds for the .32-40 and .45-70 rifles, but the15

only pistol HP cataloged in 1969 was for the .32-20 (31133). A number of HB
mould designs were cataloged for both rifles and pistols. The 1968 Gun Control
Act seriously bit into Herter's business, and they eventually folded up shop.
Used Herter's mould are still encountered today, albeit infrequently.
Lachmiller of Glendale, California entered the loading tool business in
1952, and offered a complete line of reloading tools, dies, sizers, presses, etc.
In 1969 Lachmiller introduced a line of well-made 2 and 3-cavity bullet moulds.
Lachmiller continued to make bullet moulds into the 1970s, but then sold off
their product line to RCBS in the later part of that decade.
Ohaus started offering bullet moulds
in a big way in 1972, entering the market
with 68 different bullet designs, as well as
19 round ball moulds. Ohaus moulds were
cut with tungsten carbide cherries fordurability and consistency. A few years later
RCBS bought out Ohaus, and continues to
produce many of these bullet moulds today.
Lee entered the bullet mould market
in 1973, offering inexpensive aluminum
moulds that have allowed beginning casters
RCBS mould .40 caliber.
to get started affordably. Their 6-cavity
pistol moulds (which were introduced in 1989) provide an affordable way tomake a pile of pistol bullets in a hurry.
Stepping back and looking at theoverall picture of bullet mould
manufacture in America, we see
production of bullet moulds shifting fromthe firearms manufacturers to standalone companies that made reloading
tools from the 1880s through the early
1900s. This was followed by a flurry ofactivity in the middle half of the 20th
century, especially in the post-war 40s
A Lachmiller 3-cavity .38 SWC mould.
and 50s. Then, through the course ofmergers, buy-outs, and closures we see the number of outfits making bullet
moulds dropping off towards the end of the century. As the 20th century closed,
there were 4 major manufacturing houses still producing bullet moulds; Lyman,
RCBS, Saeco (Redding) and Lee. Of course, there were also a number ofsmaller shops
offering specialty
and custom mould
making services,such as NEI,
Hoch, LBT and
Lee 6-cavity .45 ACP TC mould.
Rapine. Sadly
however, great mould makers like Cramer, Lachmiller, and Modern-Bond are16

heard from no more. To cast with one of their rugged moulds is to relive history
with sweat, smoke and vintage iron in your very hands.
Why do we cast?
Back in the days when Elmer Keith was drawing up 429421, a shooter’s
need for bullet casting equipment was much more of a driver than it is for us
today. Living on remote ranches in the Pacific Northwest in the 1920s,
availability of reloading components was limited and mail-orders were slow andof spotty reliability. Keith’s ministrations (as well as those of other gun-writersof the day) were well-received by the American shooting public and the
popularity of casting grew in the 1940s and 50s to a kind of Golden Age of
Bullet Casting, in which most serious handgunners had an assortment ofmoulds with which to feed their “flock”. In recent decades, this tendency has all
but disappeared. Today, we have more manufacturers turning out a greater
selection of higher quality components than ever before. High-volume
businesses, with massive inventories, have sprung up to scratch most every
conceivable shooter’s itch. As a result, in today’s world of e-business, it’s no
problem to rattle off an online order and have it accurately filled and on yourdoorstep in 24-48 hours. Times have changed, indeed! Given this “Land of Milkand Honey” why would anyone want to cast their own bullets? Why not justreap the advantages of cast bullets by shooting those available commercially?
There are quite a few cast bullets available commercially, and virtually all ofthem have a Brinell hardness number (BHN) of 20 or greater, and aredecorated with some mysterious flavor of gaily colored hard lube. We, as
Americans, have a tendency towards the thinking that “if a little is good, thenmore is better,” so if Elmer Keith’s beloved 429421s cast of 16-to-1 alloy had a
BHN of 12 and were good, then a commercial hard-cast bullet with a BHN of 22
must be better, right? Nope, hard bullets certainly have their place, but they
are generally not ideally-suited for routine revolver shooting (these reasons
behind this will be developed in more detail in the alloy selection chapter). So
why are commercial cast bullets so hard? Remember the bit about living in aworld of overnight delivery? The reason that commercial casters make theirbullets so hard is so they can withstand the rough and tumble conditions ofshipping. What good are those lovely 429421’s at a BHN of 12 if they show up
on your doorstep, dinged, dented and out-of-round? Commercial cast bullets
are cast that hard as a means of damage control, plain and simple. The homecaster has the freedom to cast bullets whatever hardness his specific load andgun require, without worrying what some unknown freighter is going to drop on
them. Once again, the ability to cast one's own bullets provides independence
from external worries.
Commercial casters generally tend to cast only those bullets that areavailable for casting machines (e.g. Magma), in an effort to maximize their
output. After all, their bottom-line is “time equals bullets, and more bullets
equal more money“. Almost invariably, these machine moulds have roundedfeatures, and are bevel-based (BB) to insure that the bullets release easily fromthe mould, thereby speeding up production rate. If you don’t want one of thesegeneric designs, or you’re looking for a specific profile for a specific application,or if you don’t like BB bullets, then you’re pretty much stuck. On the brightside, there are a few shops that still cast from hand-held moulds and offer
traditional PB designs like the Keith SWC’s, etc. But remember, these are hand17

made bullets, not mass-produced from a casting machine, so you can expect to
pay extra for their hand-crafted services.
If you want designs that are even more time-consuming to cast, liketraditional hollow-base bullets for some of the old black powder cartridges, orcast hollow-points for hard-hitting hunting loads, not only are these mould
designs slow to cast and therefore more expensive to produce, but they arevery poorly served by the hard alloys used by commercial casters (BHN of 20).
Casting your own bullets provides the independence to produce these bullets atwill, in your exact alloy of choice -- no worries, no waiting.
Commercial bullet casting is a business, plain and simple, and the
product line is going to be dictated by business volume. The commercial casteris going to sell a lot of .38 WC’s, 9mm RN’s and .45 SWC’s, so that’s what they
are going to produce. That’s just good business sense! But what if you have a.40-50 Sharps Bottle-neck, or a .405 Winchester, or a .41 Long Colt, and needbullets of an unusual diameter and you don’t feel like paying a buck apiece (ormore) for custom jacketed bullets? Or you don’t want to wear out a valuable
old, soft barrel? The purchase and use of one bullet mould will keep you andyour cherished piece of firearm history shooting for many, many years.
Imagine being able to call up Hornady (or Nosler, or Sierra, or Speer)
and saying, “You know, I really like your .357 JHP’s, but they don‘t expand
quite the way I want in my favorite load. I need some with a core composition
of 2% tin, no antimony. When can you have, say, 500 of them ready for me?”Or, “Your 250 grain .45 RNFP is a great bullet, but it’s .451” diameter and I
need it made with a diameter of .454” for my old Colt SAA. How soon can I geta couple hundred?” Obviously, a major commercial bullet manufacturer would
go broke trying to satisfy such requests, but the shooter who casts his own
bullets can make these adjustments easily, and have the results ready to shoottoday. Once again, we return to the central theme of “independence”.
With the resurging interest in cowboy action shooting and traditionalguns and loads, once again shooters are turning to hot, smoky moulds to
produce their projectiles. Partly for nostalgic reasons, partly for period
authenticity, but also I think partly because the modern day shooter likes tofeel that same independence that the cowboys and mountain men of the late
19th century felt. There is something very satisfying about making your own
bullets.
Yes, the hobby of bullet casting can fuel large volumes of inexpensive
shooting; yes, cast bullets are gentler on the rifled bore; yes, it is a verysatisfying hobby that allows the shooter to put more of themselves into theirshooting and therefore to get more out of it; and yes, cast bullets allow somefine old guns to be shot that could not be shot otherwise, but in the end, bullet
casting all boils down to independence. It provides the shooter with the ability
to produce as many bullets of whatever diameter, whatever design, and whatever composition, as they want, for the rest of their life. It is precisely this sortof self-reliant independence that made America strong. God bless America!

18

Chapter 2: Casting 101
Casting Basics
Shooters who cast their own bullets add a whole new dimension to theirhandloading endeavors. As a bullet caster, you will open new doors toexperimentation with ammunition and you will become your own bullet supplier.
This chapter will deal with the physical details of casting bullets.
The old phrase “the best place to start a task is at the beginning”, is in away, humorous, but also very true in learning the techniques and the science
involved in casting bullets. Safety of the bullet caster is of utmost concern tothe authors and it is at this point that you are reminded to please study thechapter on safety before undertaking the melting or pouring of lead alloy.
Assuming you have studied the chapter on safety, we will proceed to learn theart and science of casting your own lead alloy bullets. The chapters following
this one will go into detail about the various bullet alloys, bullet hardness, bullet
lubes, to gas check or not to gas check, and fluxing the alloy.
Cleanliness and purity in the alloy you use and a good clean mould areparamount to making good bullets. Any volatile solvent, even in the form ofvapor, will prevent complete fill-out in the cavity and no useable bullets can bemade until the mould is completely free from any petroleum distillates or othersolvents.
If you are a beginning caster and are starting with a brand new mould,
you may have a patience-taxing task ahead of you; please do not lose heart!
Breaking in a new mould will net more than just a good casting mould; it will
give you a life-long companion for your shooting activities. Mould break-in
involves oxidizing the cavity interiors. This is accomplished first by pre-heating
the mould on top of your melting pot (provided you have a large enough ledge
on your pot to safely hold the mould with its handles), and second, by castingbullets in the mould. The time you spend pouring bullet alloy into the cavities ofyour new mould will give you experience in the techniques of pouring,
controlling the alloy, learning how it reacts to temperature changes, and theeffects that the pouring rate and temperature have on the quality of the bullet.
Working with good equipment will make it easier for you to learn the skillof bullet casting. High quality expensive equipment is not mandatory for casting
good bullets, although it certainly makes learning easier for the beginner andlessens the likelihood of frustration. As our good friend John Taffin likes to say,"Cheap equipment is too expensive!" Good tools make the job go easier, andwill provide a lifetime of service.
Your first need in getting started will be a very well ventilated and dry
area in which to set-up your equipment. No water can be allowed to come incontact with the molten alloy. A fan may be necessary to move hot andcontaminated air away from the casting area. It is best to situate the fan so themoving air flows over the top of the pot and does not blow directly on it.
A good quality melting pot will be your first large investment. Whether
the pot is a ladle pour or a bottom pour, it should have a temperature control19

on it calibrated in degrees (although this calibration scale may not be all that
accurate, it gives you a means of reproducing those conditions that work bestfor your particular equipment). If you choose a bottom pour pot, it should havea rugged, adjustable pouring valve. If you choose to use a separate heating
source and melting pot, it will be necessary to purchase a casting thermometerso you can keep track of the alloy temperature (these are available from avariety of sources and commonly cost around $30).
Your next investment will be a mould suitable for the caliber you wish to
supply bullets for. Generally it is easier to cast bullets of .38 caliber or larger
and of short, simple design. Learning the skills of obtaining good quality bullets
will require much less effort and concentration on your part by starting out witha mould designed to cast bullets designed for handgun use. The beginning
caster will learn how to regulate the flow of the alloy to achieve complete fillout of the cavity for high quality, uniform bullets. You will become familiar withthe feel of the mould/handle assembly in your hand as the alloy fills the cavity
and the sprue countersink. Each type of cavity and each size of sprue hole havea particular flow rate and temperature where it produces the best results.
The next two purchases you make will be the alloy and flux you intend touse. As mentioned earlier, separate chapters on fluxing and the properties ofthe various alloys follow this one and you will need to study those before doing
any casting or making any purchases.
The next two items are ones you most likely already have. You need an
old towel folded up so the still hot and slightly soft bullets will have a soft
surface to fall upon ejection from the mould. The other item is a hardwood stickor piece of 1” dowel about 12” – 14” long. The length and diameter are notcritical as long as you are comfortable using it. This hardwood rod will be used
to either push or tap open the sprue plate after making a cast in the mould. A
piece of handle from a rake or hammer can work well for this purpose and may
be something you already have in your garage or shop.
The last remaining item will be a scooper/stirrer you can use to stir in theflux and scoop the sludge from the top of the melt. A wooden handle is very
valuable here as this tool routinely gets very hot in use. Do NOT use aluminumor anything containing zinc in your alloy. Also do not use any kind of eatingutensil, as it will be heavily contaminated with lead in use and might get mixed
back in with the silverware, poisoning whomever eats with it.
Now that you have accumulated all of the necessary tools and equipment
and have studied the pertinent casting information in this book, you are readyto heat up the pot, warm the mould blocks which are assembled to theirhandles, and start pouring bullet alloy into your mould cavities.
Just a reminder before you start heating up the pot:
REVIEW THE CHAPTER ON SAFETY FIRST!
Make sure the mould is completely clean. Alcohol can be used for a final
cleaning (and is good for removing petroleum distillates and other solvents).
Most of the solvents used for electrical and automotive brake lining degreaser
20

work well for initial cleaning and removing preservatives and cutting oil residue
left in the mould from the manufacturer.
Assuming you are using an electric melting pot, plug in the power supply
cord as per the manufacturer’s recommendation. Set the thermostat to about
750o. While the pot is warming with the ingots of clean bullet alloy restinginside the pot, place the complete mould on the ledge of the pot so the blocks
themselves are actually on the ledge and NOT the wooden handles. This willallow the mould blocks to slowly preheat.
Once the alloy in the pot has melted, it will need to be fluxed, stirred,
and later skimmed of the dross (crud) that has floated to the top. After thefluxing operation is concluded, you are then ready to take hold of the wooden
end of the mould handles and start filling the cavities with molten bullet alloy
from the pot. If you are using a ladle, place the ladle over the pot and begin
allowing it to heat, by very slowly lowering the ladle into the melted alloy.
When fully submerged, leave the ladle head in the alloy for a couple of minutes
to thoroughly heat soak it to the same temperature as the alloy. Go ahead andremove the ladle full of alloy and pour the alloy back into the pot using thepouring nozzle. Repeat this process a few times to get used to the feel ofpouring through the nozzle and seeing how the alloy behaves while being
poured. The lead alloy, when at the correct pouring temperature, will flow much
like water or very thin oil. Now you are ready to pour lead alloy from the ladle
into the mould cavities.
If you are right handed, it may be easier to hold the ladle in your righthand and the mould in your left. Turn the mould top face (sprue plate)vertically so the sprue holes face to the right. Now place the ladle's pouring
spout (or nozzle) up against one of the sprue plate holes with the ladle pouring
nozzle firmly pressed to the sprue pouring hole, and turn both the mould andladle together as a unit upright, thereby causing a portion of the alloy in theladle to flow into and fill the bullet cavity in the mould. If you have a two-cavity
mould, repeat this process with the second cavity. Place the ladle back in thepot. Wait a few seconds for the alloy in the sprue hole countersinks to solidify(this metal is commonly referred to as "the puddle"). With your wooden rod,push or knock the sprue plate open. Swing the plate fully open. Open the mould
and let the bullets fall onto the soft towel you prepared. It may be necessary to
tap the handle hinge to eject stubborn bullets. Repeat this whole pouring
procedure as many times as needed until you are comfortable with the entire
process. As you cast with the ladle you will see a dull looking sludge begin tobuild up on the ladle and inside the pot. This needs to be fluxed and stirred
back into the melt. Now that you have some experience in pouring bullets, you
can refine your technique by learning to pull the ladle back enough after thecavity is filled, to leave a puddle of alloy in the sprue countersink. Filling thecountersink prevents voids in the bases and concave bases. Both conditions
invite leading and inaccuracy caused from improperly filled-out bullet bases.
The process with bottom pour pots is essentially the same as with using aladle except that the alloy flows directly from the bottom of the pot through thenozzle. A valve to which the handle is attached controls the flow. The handle ismounted toward the front of the pot for easy access.
21

Some casters have trouble casting good bullets with a bottom pour pot.
The only difference between the ladle method and bottom pour method is thatthe bottom pour pot has the entire vessel full of alloy sitting on top of thenozzle. This condition is generally termed head pressure. Only experiencewrought through trial and error will teach you how best to adjust and regulate
the flow of alloy on a bottom pour pot for complete fill-out with each design ofmould cavity you cast bullets in. Normally, higher temperatures are required
when using a bottom pour pot. It may be necessary for the pot temperature to
be set as high as 850o. It is recommended that a layer of charcoal or sawdust
be placed on top of the melt to protect it from oxidation. This subject is
discussed in the fluxing chapter. Keeping the pot only half full may also help
eliminate some of the fill-out problems and render the regulation of flow easier
to adjust and less sensitive to the technique of the caster. Whether using aladle or bottom pour casting, the flow of alloy into the cavities of the mould has
to be sufficient in volume and pressure to adequately fill out the cavity. You
may need to develop a technique of rocking the mould away from the pouring
nozzle ever so slightly just as the cavity comes to near full. This allows any air
to escape from the top of the cavity during the critical base fill-out phase and it
makes it easier to leave a full size sprue puddle. It may be necessary to have aslight air gap between the sprue hole and the nozzle. The amount of gap willvary from one mould to the next and can only be determined by experimenttation. Different moulds can have differing "tastes" in terms of how they"prefer" to be fed: some cast best with a half an inch of free fall for the alloy
below the pour spout, whereas others (especially HP moulds) may perform bestwhen "force-fed" (i.e. the mould held directly against the pour spout so the fullforce of the head pressure helps to force the alloy into the cavity). Recording
the settings and adjustments for each mould may save you much set-up time infuture casting sessions. Mould guides are available from the pot manufacturers
for most of their bottom pour pots. Always fill the sprue plate countersinks witha puddle of alloy after the cavity is full to allow for any shrinkage as the bullet
cools. Keep your pour constant and fill both the cavity and the sprue in one
continuous smooth motion. Experience is the best teacher in learning theseskills, and the more you do it, the better caster you will become.
Do not expect your first bullets to be shoot-able. You will be very
disappointed if you think your new mould will make perfect bullets the first timeout. They WILL get progressively better with time (and practice), and soon you
WILL be casting perfect bullets. Bullet casting is both fun and profitable because
it is something you do for yourself. Relax and enjoy doing it and don’t demand
too much from yourself at first. As you progress further along with your casting
practice you will notice that your bullets will improve in quality and appearance.
This is due to the mould warming up and breaking in and improvements in yourskills as a bullet caster. Under normal circumstances once a mould is broken in,
it stays that way. Our learned skills and abilities are pretty much the same way.
Once learned, they are not quickly forgotten.
Bullets that come from the mould wrinkled, not well filled out, are brightand shiny indicate either a too cool mould or alloy or both. When bullets
become frosted and possibly eject stubbornly from the mould, the mould itself
is too hot. Moulds that have small cavities and large blocks may need to beplaced on a warm hot plate until they begin casting properly. You may need to22

do this occasionally throughout the casing session. Moulds with small blocks
and large cavities may need to be set aside for brief periods to cool throughout
the casting session. Advanced casters sometimes cast with two moulds
alternating between the two to keep them at ideal operating temperatures. If
the mould has a tendency to overheat, a fan can be located to blow on the
mould while you are ejecting the bullets. NEVER, EVER, PUT YOUR MOULD IN
WATER WHILE IT IS HOT! The mould will be warped beyond repair and steam
and hot water may scald you.
Bullets with unfilled bases or air pockets may need a bigger sprue
puddle. If the bullets are frosted, you will need to cool the mould slightly andturn down the temperature setting on your pot to about 50o – 100o. Bullets thatshow a cold mould condition will require the alloy temperature to be increased
by 50o – 100o and more casting with the mould to bring it up to efficient
operating temperature.
The following paragraphs are a brief summary of what we have coveredin this chapter and can be used as a quick reference.
1. Safety is the primary concern when working with molten metal. A
ventilated workplace is mandatory. Make sure the type of ventilation
method you choose, pulls the harmful vapors and hot air AWAY fromyou. Always dress yourself in suitable protective clothing, such as
closed top work boots, leather apron, gloves, and face protection
before the alloy melts. NO WATER should be allowed anywhere near
the casting area. Water coming in contact with molten lead will cause
a violent explosion.
2. Pre-heat the mould on the large ledge at the top of the pot. Castbullets for awhile to finish warming the mould.
3. Shiny, wrinkled bullets indicate a cold mould. Keep casting bullets
until the mould is up to temperature and/or turn up the pot
temperature 50o to 100o.
4. Frosted bullets indicate a too hot mould. Allow the mould to cool forawhile and/or decrease the pot temperature 50o – 100o.
5. Wrinkled, poorly fill-out bullets coming from a hot mould indicate
petroleum distillate in the mould or on the sprue plate. If the mould
was thoroughly cleaned before casting was begun, the heat from thealloy should eventually remove the petroleum vapors with further
casting. This will be obvious if the quality of the bullets improves withfurther casting.
6. An adequate flow of lead has to be maintained while the cavity isfilling and to also fill the sprue countersink. Alloy has to be forced into
all areas of the cavity to make a fully formed bullet. Head pressure inbottom pour pots can only be regulated by the level of the lead in thepot. The flow is regulated by the adjustment at the handle that limits
the amount that the valve is opened. Too much head pressureaccompanied by overheated alloy can actually force lead into thecavity with such force that it causes bullets to stick in the cavity andwill also cause fins on the bullet where the lead has flowed out into
the vent lines. Sticking bullets will require using the wooden rod thatyou use to open the sprue plate with, to whack the hinge area of the23handles to jar the bullet loose from it’s stuck position in the cavity. If
the alloy is at normal casting temperature and the bullets are notfilling out, try either increasing or decreasing the rate of flow at thenozzle. And record your settings for future set-ups.
7. If the sprue plate swings back over any part of a bullet's base, it will
prevent that bullet from falling freely from the cavity.
8. Drop the bullets from the mould onto a soft towel-like surface toprevent damage to the still hot and somewhat soft bullets.
9. SAFETY FIRST!
Before the bullets can be loaded and shot, they must be lubricatedand sized. Several manufacturers of casting equipment offer excellent
sizer lubricators. The basic lubrisizer unit is fitted for interchangeable
sizing dies and nose punches. Study the chapter on determining thecorrect size bullet for your application. Once the correct bullet diameterhas been determined and the die and nose punch has been acquired, you
are ready to fill the lubrication reservoir and ready the device for use.
Follow the manufacturer's directions for installing the die, nose punch,and filling the reservoir. For flat-nosed bullets, a universal nose punch
can be used, which insures that the bullet will self-center in the sizer die.
Some bullets require the use of a gas check. So long as the gas
check shank of the bullet fits the gas check, the check can be placed on
the shank with the fingers before placing the bullet on the plunger of thedie. A separate section on annealing gas checks is included in Chapter
10.
Once the lube-sizer is set-up and ready for operation, you areready to set your first bullet on the sizing die, lower the operating handle
and push the bullet down into the die. For the Lyman and RCBS stylelube-sizers, turning the handle counter clockwise on the lube plunger
screw pulls the lube plunger into the lube changer and forces lube
through the holes in the die and into the lube grooves in the bullet. It
may take several cycles of lubricating bullets to bleed all the air from thechamber and die. Air pockets in the lubricant chamber and die will resultin incomplete filling of the lube grooves. On occasion, portions of lube
grooves will not want to fill and will require cycling the bullet back into
the die with lube pressure applied on the die to fill in the vacant area inthe lube groove. It may not be necessary to tighten the screw any
further if enough pressure is already applied. Most of the time, passing
the bullet back through the die once will be adequate enough to fill thegroove with lube. The die has holes drilled through it at intervals to allow
the lubricant to pass from the chamber of the lube-sizer into the interiorof the die. With handgun bullets it is a fairly easy matter to align thegrease groove(s) in the bullet with the holes in the die by adjusting thedepth stop located at the bottom of the lube-sizer. With most handgun
bullet types when the grease groove in the bullet is aligned with thegrease hole in the die, the groove will fill with grease on the first pass.
Bullets with multiple grooves will have the grooves filled as the grooves
pass by the holes in the die on the way down into the die and on the way
back. Now that your first batch of bullets are lubricated, sized, and/or24

gas-checked, the lube chamber plunger screw needs to be backed off
about one full turn. This prevents grease from bleeding past the dieplunger and from between the die body and lube-sizer bore. It alsorelieves pressure from the internal parts and body.
Backing off the screw between uses is also important, if the tool isgoing to sit unused during seasonal changes where the weather passes
from the cold of winter to the heat of summer. Bullet lube expands as itwarms. As a result, excess pressure can build inside the tool and crack
the housing of the pressure chamber ruining the tool. Heaters areavailable for your lubrisizer in the event that you want to use a hard lubethat requires heat to flow properly. Always remember to back off thescrew BEFORE using a lube heater. A light bulb placed near a cold tool
can warm overly stiff grease so as to make it more fluid to better fill thebullet grooves. Pressure to the screw should only be applied AFTER the
lube is fully warmed. If pressure is applied before or during the warming
process, excessive pressure can build in the tool and crack the housing.
During the lubricating process it will be necessary to maintain enoughgrease (lube) pressure to fill the grease grooves of the bullet and at thesame time not to allow excessive pressure to build that will force lube
between the die plunger and the bullet base. With combinations where
the bullet is slightly smaller than the die lube will leak around the bullet.
Other than being messy and wasting lube this is not a problem as long as
the grease grooves are being filled. As in the skill of casting, lubricant
pressure regulation will be learned through the experience of operating
the tool.
Some bullet designs have a smaller front driving band than thebullet body. With such designs it is essential that you do not allow thebullet to go too deeply into the die. If the undersized driving band of thebullet is allowed to pass below the lube holes in the die, lube will pushout into the void and make a mess, which slows production and wastes
lube.
Moulds that are not made properly or are out of adjustment may
cast slightly out of round bullets. For handgun use this is not generally aproblem. The authors of this book have shot surprisingly tight groups
from handguns shooting bullets up to .009" out of round. In some cases,
no difference in group size was detected between groups shot withperfectly round bullets and these out of round bullets. In other cases, thisasymmetry can make a tremendous difference. The only way to know forsure if out of round bullets will have an impact on your shooting, withyour gun, is to shoot them and see (adjusting an out of round mould isaddressed in more detail in the “Idle Musings“ chapter). When sizing
bullets that are slightly out of round, the only noticeable effect will bethat of varying depths of crimp and lube grooves. One side will havenormal depth grooves and the other side will have more shallow grooves
and the variation in depths will depend on the amount the bullets are outof round.
Occasionally, a lube-sizer will leave the factory with the bores for25the ram and die slightly offset from one another. If you happen to obtain
one of these units, please do not attempt to repair it. Return it to the
manufacturer for a replacement. It is easy to determine if the unit you
are using has offset bores. The bullets you size, no matter how perfectlyround they come from the mould, will always be sized heavier on one
side than the other. Normally, lube-sizers are perfectly made and will last
most folks an entire lifetime.
The care you give your equipment both while using and in storing
it will determine how well it performs and how long it will last. The
modest investment of a bullet mould and a lead pot can provide you witha lifetime supply of bullets.

26

Chapter 3: Alloy Selection and Metallurgy
Lead was one of the first metals that Man learned to purify andmanipulate. There are lead figurines still in existence that date back to 3800
BC. Ancient Phoenician trade in lead is described in Ezekiel, XXVII, 12. The
ancient Greeks, Romans and Hebrews also mined and worked lead long before
the birth of Christ. It has been used for millennia, in a wide variety of
applications. Lead-based plumbing (from the Latin name “plumbium” and hence
its chemical symbol “Pb”) and lead containing pewter goblets and wine casks
were thought to be one of the primary reasons for the downfall of ancientRome. Lead-based solders made the graceful beauty of medieval stained glass
windows possible. Chronic lead poisoning is now known to have killed themusical genius Ludwig von Beethoven (although the source of lead is still amystery). The United States continues to be a leading producer of lead and it
has been mined here since 1621, when the first North American lead mine andsmelter were opened near Falling Creek, Virginia. Lead has played a central rolein human history.
Lead has been the principle ingredient of bullets for centuries, and its
choice for this application is logical: it is dense, easily formed, and widely
available. Back when projectiles were patched round balls, it wasn’t necessary
to alloy it with anything to make it harder or to get it cast well, because thesurface tension of the molten lead made it “want” to go to a sphere anyway.
But when bullets started taking on convoluted shapes and started getting
stuffed into cartridge cases, then the limitations of pure lead surfaced. In orderto get the molten alloy to properly fill out the ridges and grooves of the mould
cavity it was necessary to add something to the lead to lower the surface
tension. In addition, breech-loading cartridge rifles had arrived on the scene,
and brought with them higher velocities that required harder bullets. Initiallythe answer to both of these problems was found in the addition of small
amounts of other metals (e.g. tin) to harden the alloy moderately. To form asimple substitutional alloy, it is necessary that the added metal have a similar
atomic size and electronegativity to the primary metal. Tin satisfies theserequirements, mixes with lead very easily, significantly improves castability bylowering both viscosity and surface tension, and hardens the alloy moderately
well. Everything was rosy, but then those confounded chemists started playing
with nitrate esters of various organic materials and suddenly smokeless powder
made its somewhat awkward, but spectacular entry. These new developments
meant that much higher pressures and velocities were now possible. The castbullet would need to get harder.
Cast bullets have always been a natural fit for handguns. But keep inmind that the American handgunner of the first quarter of the 20th century wasworking with loads at less than 1000 fps for the most part. The .38 Colt
Automatic and the .38-40 were the hot-rods of the day at roughly 1100 fps (theexception being the .30 Mauser, but there weren’t that many in the US during
this time, and the .38 Super wouldn’t appear until 1929). Men like Phil Sharpe,
Major Wesson and Elmer Keith experimented with high pressure loads in someof the stronger guns of the day, but the .357 Magnum wasn’t to see the light of
day until 1935, and the .44 Magnum had to wait until 1956 to make its
appearance. The handloading handgunner of the first quarter of the 20th27

century was, for the most part, loading cast bullets at about 850 fps. The
modest binary alloys of the black powder era (e.g. 20:1 to 30:1 range) wereentirely adequate for this ballistic regime.
Three things happened, slower pistol powders were developed (2400
came out in 1933), magnum revolver cartridges were invented, and tin got tobe progressively more and more expensive. It was found that magnum
handguns could be made to shoot well with cast bullets IF they were sufficiently
hard (“hard” in this case being somewhere in the 10:1 to 16:1 range, with aBrinell Hardness Number, or BHN, of 11 to 12). One of the cast bullet’s
desirable attributes is affordability, but if you’re dumping a full pound of tin into
every 10 pound pot of bullet metal, it can get expensive fast! Thus othersolutions were sought for hardening bullet metal.
Metallurgy of the Cast Bullet
Lead-tin (Pb-Sn) - Which metals do we add to lead to make betterbullet metal and why? The first and most obvious need here is to make thealloy harder, but there are other factors that play into this answer as well.
Historically, tin was used because it was readily available in pure form, mixed
easily with molten lead and contributed desirable properties to both the molten
and solidified alloy (castability and hardness, respectively). Tin also increases
the hardness of the alloy but does not interfere with the malleability of lead (akey point that we‘ll return to). Tin lowers the viscosity and surface tension of
the molten alloy, allowing it to fill out the mould more effectively, resulting in ahigher quality bullet. Tin is limited in its ability to harden lead, achieving amaximum hardness of about 16 BHN at 40% tin. These binary lead-tin alloys
undergo slight to moderate age softening upon storage (1-2 BHN units), withthe harder alloys undergoing more of a change than the softer alloys. The
hardness of a binary lead-tin alloy generally stabilizes after about 2-3 weeks.
Heat treating binary lead-tin alloys does not provide any change in hardness. At
typical lead pot temperatures, lead and tin are infinitely miscible with one
another, at the eutectic temperature (361o F) tin is still soluble to the tune of
19%, but at room temperature tin is still soluble in lead at the 2% level,
meaning that as the bullet cools down there is significant precipitation of a tinrich solid solution in the form of granules and needles in a matrix of lead-richsolid solution.
It is important to recognize that tin is well-mixed in the matrix and it
hardens lead by making the matrix itself harder.

BHN

Lead-antimony (Pb-Sb) - Antimony on
the
other
hand hardens lead alloys much more
BHN of Binary Lead-Tin A
efficiently, with only 1% antimony producing a
BHN of 10 while it takes 5% tin to do the20same, and it takes only 8% antimony to15
10
achieve a BHN of 16, as compared to 40% tin.
5
The name “antimonial lead” refers to binary
0 10 20 30 40 50
lead alloys with 1-6% antimony, with thePercent Tin
higher antimony alloys (i.e. those with >1%
antimony) commonly being called “hard lead”
in industry. While antimony increases the hardness of lead, it does so by28

impairing its malleability. At typical lead-pot temperatures (ca. 700o F),
antimony is only moderately soluble in lead alloys, and as the temperaturedrops, the solubility of antimony is markedly lower than that of tin. At theeutectic temperature for a binary lead-antimony alloy (484o F), only 3.5%
antimony is soluble (note that this is 123o F hotter than of the tin eutectic
temperature, but the antimony solubility is less than 1/5 that of tin). At room
temperature the equilibrium solubility of antimony in lead is only 0.44%. The
precipitated antimony appears as small rods, at the grain boundaries and within
the grains themselves. Electron micrographs of lead-antimony alloys clearlyshow discrete particles of antimony surrounded by a matrix of lead-rich solid
solution. In contrast to lead-tin alloys, lead-antimony alloys age harden,sometimes as much as 50% or more. When these alloys are air-cooled, some
antimony is retained in the lead-rich matrix and as a result these alloys ageharden as this antimony continues to slowly precipitate. This usually takes 1020 days to achieve full effect.
It is important to recognize the antimony hardens lead alloys by afundamentally different mechanism than does tin. Antimony hardens the alloy
by precipitation of a separate crystalline antimony phase, which reinforces thesquishy plastic lead phase that’s in
between the hard antimony crystals.
These alloys tend to be brittle because
16
the plastic (squishy) lead phase gets its
14
hardness from the reinforcing hard
12
antimony rods. As the matrix gets
10
deformed the brittle antimony rods
8
6
shear off and the soft metal fails. In the4case of the lead-tin alloys, the tin is
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
more uniformly distributed through out
Percent Antimony
the matrix, making the matrix itself
harder, so plastic deformation of thealloy is more uniform and progressive, not the slip/shear of lead-antimony
alloys.
BHN

BHN of Binary Lead-Antimony Alloys

Multi-component alloys - Tin still improves castability by lowering
viscosity and surface tension. Antimony hardens the alloy via precipitation. The
tin also helps to alleviate brittleness by combining with the antimony to form anintermetallic adduct thereby improving the solubility, maintaining the hardness.
Antimony also helps to reduce shrinkage as the alloy cools. The harder thealloy, the less it shrinks (lead shrinks 1.13%, linotype shrinks 0.65%). In
molten lead alloys, tin and antimony react with one another to form anintermetallic compound (shorthand is “SbSn” to show the adduct between
antimony, Sb, and tin, Sn). This does a number of things. First of all, SbSn ismore soluble in lead than is Sb. In addition, both free Sb and Sn are soluble in
SbSn, as is Pb, meaning that the formation of this phase serves to enhance themixing of the alloy and limit phase segregation and precipitation. When Sb andSn are present in roughly equal amounts, the alloy behaves as though it’s apseudobinary system of SbSn in Pb. Electron micrographs of 94% Pb, 3% Sb
and 3% Sn (an excellent bullet metal, very similar to WW alloys with 2% addedtin) shows globular grains of lead rich solid solution, with an interdendritic
29

pseudobinary eutectic of SnSb phase (for example see: the Metals Handbook:
Volume 7, Atlas of Microstructures of Industrial Alloys, page 304). Similarelectron micrographs of linotype alloys show very thin dendrites of lead-richsolid solution, surrounded by a matrix of SnSb intermetallic phase, with much
precipitated antimony rich solid solution (this precipitated phase is why linotype
bullets are so brittle and tend to shear upon impact).
How these alloys are hardened depends on the composition. The
malleability of lead-tin-antimony tertiary alloys depends heavily on composition,
particularly on the tin/antimony ratio. When the concentrations of tin andantimony are equal, the alloy behaves as though it’s a binary system with
“SnSb” as the diluents in the lead matrix. The phase behavior of SnSb isnotably different than that of Sb -- both in terms of solubility and in terms of
crystal morphology. Sb is highly crystalline and only soluble in Pb to the tune of
0.44% at room temperature. SnSb appears to be significantly more soluble in
Pb and based on electron micrographs of chemically etched samples,significantly more amorphous. As mentioned before, the SnSb phase serves asa mixing agent, serving to help dissolve excess Sb (or Sn for that matter), andhaving greater solubility in the Pb matrix. This enhanced mixing, along with the
reduced crystallinity means that the lead alloys with a 1:1 ratio of tin to
antimony behave somewhat like simple binary lead-tin alloys, only harder (thisis why Lyman #2 is 90% Pb, 5% Sb, 5% Sn). Hold this thought…
As the concentration of antimony increases over that of tin, at first the
SnSb phase serves to dissolve the small amount of excess Sb. At higher Sb
concentrations however the SnSb phase becomes saturated and a separate
antimony phase begins to precipitate. At this point, the alloy begins to take onsome of the brittleness properties of the binary lead-antimony alloys. As theantimony concentration increases, this brittleness becomes more pronounced.
So those tertiary alloys which have 2 or 3 times as much antimony as tin (e.g.
linotype, 12% Sb, 4% Sn) tend to be more brittle than those alloys of similarhardness with similar Sb and Sn levels. OK, here’s a subtle point, WW alloy (3%antimony, 0.3% tin) can fall prey to this issue as well, although not as severely
since it’s not as hard. But by adding tin and making the alloy slightly harder,
the alloy also becomes less brittle and more malleable due to the formation of
SnSb and the elimination of the precipitated Sb phase. Thus, WW alloy withapproximately 2% added tin makes an excellent bullet metal with hardness
suitable for a variety of applications, and it still can be made harder throughheat treating or water quenching. This can also be made using Lyman #2 mixed
with an equal amount of pure lead.
Hardness of Tertiary Lead/Antimony/Tin Alloys
Alloy
Lead
Wheelweights
Lyman #2
Linotype
Lead based Babbitt
Lead based Babbitt

Composition--95% Pb, 3% Sb, 0.3% Sn, 0.2% As
90% Pb, 5% Sb, 5% Sn
84% Pb, 12% Sb, 4% Sn
85/10/5
80/15/5

Hardness
5
12
15
22
19
20
30

In “Cast Bullets” by E. H. Harrison (NRA Publications) WW alloy +2% tin islisted as giving very good castability and a BHN of 13.6. My own measurements
run more like a BHN of 11-12 (undoubtedly due to the variation in WW
content), but this alloy does indeed cast very well. Recovered range scrap
varies from range to range, depending on the nature of the shooting at thatparticular locale, but it commonly runs fairly soft (in the BHN range of 8 or so)
as a result of all the .22 Long Rifle and swaged .38 wadcutter ammo depositedin with the jacketed and hardcast bullets.
Age hardening of the tertiary alloys is more pronounced in the softer
alloys, suggesting that at the higher antimony concentrations precipitation
occurs more readily during the cooling process. This age hardening can be
accelerated by increasing the aging temperature. In general, measuring bullet
hardness 24-48 hours after casting provides the most useful and timely
information.
Age Hardening of Tertiary Lead/Antimony/Tin Alloys (In BHN)
Alloy
Lead
97/2/1
94/3/3
82/12/

As-cast
5
9.2
12.4
20.3

6h
17.1
14.1
20.3

48h
No change
20.2
16.9
20.1

6 days6 months

21.6
18.2
19.9

18.0
16.6
17.7

(electrotype)(stereotype)

In addition, arsenic (As) is commonly added to industrial lead-tinantimony alloys to improve the strength (this strength enhancement is only
observed when As is added to a Sb containing alloy, As is virtually worthless inthe absence of Sb). Arsenic also significantly enhances the ability of the alloy tobe hardened via heat treatment. All that is needed is 0.1% (more does nogood). Wheelweight alloy commonly contains about 0.17% As.
Heat treating and water quenching - This age hardening of antimony
containing alloys can be accelerated at higher temperatures, i.e. heat treating
the bullets. This is most commonly done by sizing the bullets first (since leadalloys work soften, and hence sizing would negate a significant portion of thehardness imparted by the heat treating process) then heating them to about
450o F in the oven and quenching by dumping them in cold water. The
hardened bullets are then lubed using the same sizing die that was used before(so that no actual sizing takes place). Done in this manner, bullets cast with analloy containing 5% antimony, 0.5% tin and 0.17% arsenic, which would
normally have a Brinell hardness of a little over 16 (after aging for 6 days), canbe hardened to a BHN of over 35 (see Dennis Marshall‘s chapter “Stronger
Bullets with Less Alloying“ in “Cast Bullets” published by the NRA). Notice that
this alloy is not tremendously different from the common wheelweight. Muchthe same sort of result can be obtained by casting with a hot mould and waterquenching directly from the mould (place a towel over the water bucket with a4” slot cut in it to contain the splashes). Mould temperature is critical for
maximum effective hardness. Bullets water quenched from a “cool” mould (i.e.
one from which the bullets were smooth and shiny) were found to be similar to
air-cooled bullets. But bullets dropped from a mould that was “hot” (i.e. hot
enough that the bullets were frosty over their entire surface) were found tohave BHN of over 30 when water quenched. In a separate study, such a mould31

was found to have temperature of 430o F, very similar to the optimum oventemperature found in the heat treatment study (ca. 450o F). I don’t normallycast quite this hot, but even so, water-quenching WW alloy routinely gives mebullets with a Brinell hardness of 18. One of the advantages of hardening
bullets in this manner, as opposed to using linotype to make them hard, is thatthey are tougher and not as likely to shear or fragment on impact.
Why are we so worried about hardness?
In the old days, there was a lot of talk about bullet hardness, and how
soft bullets could cause leading by having the bullet metal getting scraped off
as the overly soft bullet traversed the bore. But keep in mind, in the old days;
they considered a pure lead bullet “soft” (with a BHN of 5) and a 16-to-1 bullet“hard” (with a hardness of 12 BHN). We cast with harder alloys today, and what
is considered “hard” and “soft” today is very, very different than in pre-WWII
America. The problem is, the Old-timers spoke in terms of “hard” and “soft“,
not in terms of measured hardness values, so a new caster going back andreviewing the older casting literature is easily confused about what causes
leading (addressed in detail in a later chapter). Commercial casters almost
universally exploit this confusion and use it as a part of their sales pitch, touting
their hard-cast bullets (commonly with a BHN of 18-22) as being the perfect
remedy to prevent leading. T’ain’t necessarily so, Compadre. Extra hard alloys
can actually cause leading (again, see the chapter on leading for a detailed
explanation of this). The bottom-line is if you’re casting bullets for typicalrevolvers (standard and magnum, ignoring rounds like the 454 Casull, which isa case unto itself, see the chapter on GC bullets), and if you are using an alloy
with a hardness of at least 11 BHN, any leading you observe is not caused by
the alloy being too soft. Remember, Elmer Keith used the Lyman 429421 castof 16-1 with a BHN of about 11 for the .44 Magnum. What is surprising is thattoday all these newcomers that get all hot and lathered worrying over whether
their 20 BHN bullets are too soft!?!
Obturation - OK, if we know that soft bullets with a BHN of 6 can cause
problems, why don’t we just cast everything out of linotype? If a little hardness
is good, then more is obviously better, right? Well, aside from being a reallyexpensive way to make cast bullets, there are some physical drawbacks to thisapproach. Obturation is the plastic deformation of the bullet metal in responseto the applied pressure (from the burning powder). Cast bullet obturation was
extensively studied and characterized by Dr. Franklin Mann over a century ago,and summarized in his most excellent treatise The Bullet's Flight from Powder
to Target. Using soft cast bullets, he observed bullet swelling from several
thousandths of an inch to several calibers, depending on the conditions
employed (pressure, barrel condition, etc.). Modern barrels are exceptionallywell-made, but there are minor imperfections (one or two ten-thousandths ofan inch) in groove diameter, the width of the lands and grooves, minor local
variations in twist rate, etc. As the bullet is engraved, these minute
imperfections result in an imperfect seal between the bullet and the bore. The
defects in this seal will be the same size as the variation in the dimensions.
Since the hot gas molecules that are driving the bullet down the bore are lessthan one ten thousandth this size, gas leakage is a problem. A lot of attention
has been paid to groove diameter and hand-lapping or fire-lapping to make thisdiameter more uniform through the length of the bore. Another issue that is32

also addressed by such lapping is that of the grooves and lands. If the grooves
and lands vary in width, then this seal also is compromised. The forward edgeof the land isn’t so much of an issue because the bullet’s forward momentum
continuously drives it into this edge, forcing this seal closed. It’s the trailingedge where the seal is compromised if the dimensions vary. This is why it’s notuncommon to see leading “follow the rifling”, the trailing edge seal wascompromised and the gas-leak cut the bullet metal at this point and depositedthe metal fouling at its point of generation. By matching the bullet hardness tothe pressure of the load, we can exploit obturation to prevent this problematic
fouling. By reacting to the applied pressure, the bullet metal can undergo
plastic deformation to conform itself to the local profile of the barrel, and help
to maintain the seal.
It is important to recognize that obturation is not simply an
increase in bullet diameter, it is also a backfilling of defects obtained in
the engraving process, and therefore plays a role in every shot firedwith a cast bullet, even those that are properly (or over-) sized for thebore.
Some folks don‘t like to believe that obturation plays an important role incast bullet performance. These “naysayers” like to point out that thismechanism only operates at the peak pressure of the load, which only applies
to a short period of time and a small stretch of the barrel. This is not true. The
models and correlations that experimental ballistician’s have put together toexplain the observed behavior generally tend to correlate peak pressure tobullet hardness. This is simply the model that we use to explain the observed
data. All metal undergoes some response to applied pressure, the magnitude
and speed of that response depend heavily on the hardness of the metal, butlead alloys are soft and the degree of deformation is proportional to the appliedpressure. It is important to also note that the rate of gas leakage (and hence
gas-cutting) is also a direct function of applied pressure. Thus, peak pressure
induces the most and fastest obturation, and enhances the bullet/bore seal
when it is needed most, at peak pressure. Lesser pressures at other points
along the P vs. T curve induce smaller (and slower) degrees of obturation, thatstill play a role in maintaining this seal. Obturation is not an on-off switch that
only operates at peak pressure, which is simply how the models that have been
applied to explain it work.
Obturation is also supported by the sealing effects of the bullet lubricant(see lube chapter). In the absence of obturation, the entire burden of sealing
the bullet/bore interface falls on the lube. With a top-notch lube this can beaccomplished, but building teamwork between the alloy and the lube is a betterway to do things. Is obturation necessary for good cast bullet performance? No.
But it IS a tool that we can make use of and make work for us, so why not takeadvantage of it?
Hardness - So we want to make sure that a bullet isn’t too soft, or
leading will result through galling and abrasion, and we want to make sure that
it isn’t too hard so we don’t lose the beneficial effects of obturation, and fallprey to leading through gas-cutting. Does that mean that we have to hit a very
specific hardness for each cast bullet application? Thankfully, the answer to that33

question is “No”. Rather, there are ranges of hardness's that serve very well foreach pressure/velocity level.
Application
Light target loads (<800 fps and 10,000 psi)
Standard revolver loads (800-1000 fps, 16,000 psi)
+P revolver loads (1000-1200 fps, 20,000 psi)
Magnum revolver loads (1200-1500 fps, 35,000 psi)
454 Casull (1400-1800 fps, 50,000 psi)

Useful Hardness Range
BHN 6-12
BHN 8-14
BHN 10-16
BHN 12-20
BHN 16 and up

The lower end of each of these hardness ranges will expand somewhat ineach of these applications. Harder bullets can be used, but they won’t obturate
meaning that you’ll have to use a lube capable of sealing the system, since thebullet cannot contribute to this critical job. Hard lubes probably won’t work
here. Note the recurrence of BHN 12 in many of these ranges, and remember
that’s what the Old-timers used to think of as a hard bullet. We’ll come back tothis thought…
Alloy Selection
OK, let’s review: antimony hardens lead alloys considerably more
effectively than does tin, and costs much less, meaning that you get
significantly more hardness for your casting dollar. Where do we get leadantimony alloys so we don‘t have to use up all of our valuable tin? In the firsthalf of the 20th century, the most common source of lead/antimony/tin alloys
was linotype (84% lead, 12% antimony and 4% tin). As this was the age ofoffset type printing and “spent” linotype could be found virtually anywhere that
had a local newspaper. By mixing linotype and pure lead in various ratios, one
could obtain bullet metal suitable for widely varying applications. Now thatvarious electronic printing methods have displaced offset type, linotype isbecoming increasingly difficult to come by, and relatively expensive. On thebright side however, we have more automobiles in the United States than evertoday, and with cars come tires, and with tires come wheelweights (96% lead,
3% antimony, 0.3% tin and roughly 1% “mixed stuff”, some of which is added
intentionally, some of which is just junk). The lowly wheelweight has
supplanted linotype as the bullet caster’s antimony source of choice -- it ischeap, widely available, easily processed, and makes an excellent foundation
for bullet metal.
Wheelweight alloy can be used directly to cast perfectly good bullets, but
it has a tendency to be a little difficult to work with if alloy and mould
temperatures aren’t ideal. Due to the variation in composition of wheelweightalloy, bullet hardness tends to vary somewhat, but generally comes out in therange of BHN of 10 to 12 for air-cooled bullets. Please note the similarity to the“hard” bullets of yesteryear (10:1 at BHN of 11.5). WW bullets are considered
moderately soft today, when in fact they are just as hard, if not harder, thanwhat Elmer Keith, Phil Sharpe or Major Wesson considered “hard”. What’smore, since WW alloy contains not only antimony, but also trace amounts ofarsenic, WW bullets can be heat treated for additional hardness. For example,
water quenching bullets cast of WW alloy produces a bullet with a BHN of about
18. Heat treating WW bullets can get this number well above 20. Also note thatupon the addition of about 2% tin, the bullet metal now becomes very similar to34

the old electrotype (94% lead, 3% antimony and 3% tin) which casts
beautifully, has been reported to age harden to over BHN 16, and can be heat
treated to a BHN of well over 20. We are now in the hardness range of linotype(which can cost upwards of $1 a pound), from a metal source that is either free
or at most 20% the cost of linotype. In addition, the hardened WW bullets are
tougher than and not nearly as brittle as the linotype bullets, meaning lesslikelihood that the bullets will shatter on impact. Extensive field testing by anumber of different hunters has borne this out.
At magnum handgun velocities (e.g. 1400 fps), bullets with a BHN ofabout 12 (e.g. air-cooled WW alloy) will expand somewhat. This is an excellent
alloy for deer and black bear sized game. Water quenched WW alloy at BHN 1618 is quite tough and will neither expand nor shatter at these speeds. This is an
excellent alloy for maximum penetration. For higher velocity applications (e.g.
.357 Maximum, .454 Casull), these harder bullets also commonly provide better
accuracy.
So, what alloy do we want for what applications? After experimenting
extensively, my choices are:Standard revolver loads - For this category, a Brinell hardness of 11 to 12 isdesired, so WW alloy + 2% tin is an excellent all-round alloy. It casts well,shoots well and is very versatile. Included in this group are the +P loads (up to
about 20,000 psi and 1100 fps).
Standard revolver HP’s - To get a cast HP to expand at velocities below about1000 fps, it is generally necessary to keep the alloy hardness down to around 8.
Traditionally, the preferred alloy for this application was 20:1 lead: tin, which
both casts beautifully (if you have that much tin to spare) and expands well ataround 1000 fps. Today this level of hardness is more easily achieved using a
1:1 mixture of WW to pure lead, sweetened with a pinch of tin (roughly 1.5%
antimony and 1% tin). Field testing at ~1000 fps reveals that this alloy expands
just fine (depending on the mould design). Another way to make a similar alloy
would be 1 1/4 lbs of linotype and 8 3/4 lbs of pure lead. Remember that Sn
hardens lead without any sacrifice in malleability, while Sb increases hardness
at the cost of malleability. Thus the linotype approach to this alloy may besomewhat more brittle than the WW recipe, which in turn may be slightly morebrittle that the traditional 20-1 (however, brittleness shouldn’t be a major issue
since the added tin takes us below the Sb solubility limit, and since thesebullets are being shot at only ~1000 fps). In addition, both of the tertiary alloys
can age harden which will have a negative effect on HP expansion in thisvelocity range, so the best alloy is still 20:1.
Magnum revolver loads - The target hardness here is generally something in
the range of 12-18 BHN. Achieving this hardness is easy, use the same alloy as
described for the standard revolver loads (WW + 2% tin), cast hot and waterquench the bullets as they drop from the blocks. According to my LBT hardness
tester, these water quenched WW bullets (WQ-WW) has a Brinell hardness ofabout 16 and is useful up to about 1700 fps. For loads above 1700 fps, I
generally just use linotype (although WW alloy heat treated up to a BHN of over
30 can also be used with excellent results).
35

Magnum HP loads - Here the target hardness is generally around 12(depending on the HP design). I use the same thing use for standard revolverloads (WW sweetened with 2% tin), or if I want them a little softer I sometimes
use 8 lbs WW alloy + 2 lbs Pb. Either way, they are going to expand at
magnum velocities.
Do you note a recurring theme here? WW + 2% tin (or its equivalent)gets used in a lot of my shooting, sometimes air-cooled, sometimes waterquenched. The two specialty applications are low velocity HP’s where I turn to
20:1 or 1:1 WW/Pb (or its equivalent), and extremely high velocity, where I use
linotype. It’s really pretty simple. I have the raw materials and can custom mix
virtually any alloy I want for my cast bullets, but I almost always start with the
lowly wheelweight. Why? Because it’s an excellent starting point for a lot of myshooting.
Bullet hardness measurements are an imprecise science; bullets castfrom the same pot can, and do, give different hardness values due to thenature of the measurement. In addition, alloys that on the surface appear to be
identical can produce bullets with widely different hardness's based solely on
issues like casting technique, mould temperature, pot temperature, and where
and how the bullets are dropped. The results you obtain may, or may not,agree exactly with those reported in this chapter as a result of these variables,
but the general trends presented here will hold true.
Much of the technical information presented in this chapter was obtained fromthe following references:

These first three references are invaluable and should be in every bullet caster’s
library:“Cast Bullets” by Col. E. H. Harrison, published by the NRA, 1979.
“Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook” 3rd Edition, C. Kenneth Ramage, Editor;
published by Lyman Publications, 1980. Since this printing the Lyman 4th Edition
has been published.
“The Art of Bullet Casting”, published by Wolfe Publishing Co., 1981. Available
from Wolfe on CD/DVD
Additional information on the history and metallurgy of lead alloys was obtainedfrom:“Metallurgy of Lead”, by H. O. Hofman, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1918.
“Lead” by J. A. Smythe, published by Longmans, Green and Co., New York,
1923.
“Lead in Modern Industry”, published by the Lead Industries Association, New
York, 1952.
“Metals Handbook: Volume 7 -- Atlas of Microstructures of Industrial Alloys” 8th
Edition; published by the American Society for Metals; Metals Park, Ohio; 1972.
“Metals Handbook” Edited by Taylor Lyman, published by the American Society
for Metals, Metals Park, Novelty, Ohio; 1948.

36

Chapter 4: Fluxing the Melt
In metallurgical circles, “flux” is defined as “a substance that can be
added to a molten alloy to entrain impurities in a fusible mass, making themeasy to remove”. When we dig up an ore out of the ground and process it, there
are invariably problematic impurities carried along with it. The nature of these
impurities will vary from ore to ore, but the general concept of using a flux tocombine with these impurities to form a fusible slag, allowing their easy
removal has value throughout the industry. Fluxes have been used for millennia
to purify ores and metals, and slag heaps dating two thousand years before thebirth of Christ are known.
The use of a flux to purify metals is a simple, brute force chemical
separation. As with any separation process, fluxes can be alkaline (e.g. calcium
carbonate), acidic (e.g. silica) or neutral (e.g. calcium fluoride). What kind offlux gets used depends on the nature of the ore, its impurities and therequirements for the separation. Silicate fluxes are commonly used throughout
the metal industry, but have little application for lead processing because their
melting temperatures are much too high.
Fluxes can also be oxidizing or reducing, and can be used to selectively
remove a targeted impurity by oxidizing it or reducing it. Oxidizing fluxes
include the various peroxides (lead, manganese and sodium are the mostcommon), and nitrates (sodium and potassium) which are used in refining
precious metals. True reducing fluxes are few in number, but include
compounds like sodium or potassium cyanide; however their danger and costlimit their use to high return processes like refining precious metals. Although
not strictly satisfying the formal definition of “flux” (since they don’t form afusible slag) there are a number of reducing agents that are also useful inprocessing metal alloys. Such reducing agents would include coke, coal andcharcoal. We will return to this concept of using a reducing agent to processbullet metals shortly.
Perhaps the most commonly encountered use of flux would be in welding
and soldering. Here the “impurity” is the inherent oxide coat on the metal being
worked and the purpose of the flux is to remove this oxide coat to expose abare metal surface. Molten metal (e.g. solder or molten steel) wets the surfaceof bare metal much more effectively than it does an oxide coat, allowing for
more intimate contact between the molten and solid metal phases. Therefore,
the soldered or welded joint is much stronger if a flux is used to remove theoxide coating.
The important thing to recognize is that all fluxes are not born equal. Just
because something is used as a flux in one application, doesn’t mean it will
have any value whatsoever as a flux in a different application. For example, acalcium carbonate flux used to remove silaceous impurities from iron ore would
be useless for removing calcium from lead battery plates. A flux is used toeffect a chemical separation of specific contaminants from a specific metal (oralloy). As such, it must be tailored to fit the metal, the impurities and thetemperature of the process in which it is being used. Just because a materialshows up in a can with “Flux” printed on the label doesn’t mean it will perform37

the separation you are asking of it.
A related concept used in the metal industry is that of the “covermaterial”. A cover material forms a physical barrier between the surface of themelt and the atmosphere. Molten metal is hot, and hot metal oxidizes more
rapidly than does cold metal. Since the rate of oxidation of the molten alloy will
be proportional to the amount of surface area exposed to the atmosphere, thecover material effectively inhibits the oxidation of the molten alloy. The covermaterial can be something as simple as an inert atmosphere (e.g. argon or
nitrogen), a liquid pool (e.g. molten paraffin on top of lead) or a floating layerof solid material (e.g. granular clay, aka “kitty litter“). In each case this coverlayer forms a physical barrier between the molten metal and the oxygen in theatmosphere, thereby preventing the combination of the two. Some covermaterials (e.g. charcoal) also serve as a sacrificial reductant and react withoxygen, essentially forming an oxygen depleted zone immediately above thebarrier layer.
OK, so much for the definitions and generalities, what do we want toaccomplish by fluxing our bullet metal? What are we asking our flux to do for
us? To answer these questions, let’s review a little basic chemistry first (Ipromise to keep this relatively painless). The elemental state of a metal is thatin which it has its original compliment of electrons, it is neither positively nor
negatively charged. This is also referred to as the metallic state. Removal of
one or more of those electrons is called oxidation, and the most common formof oxidation is for a metal to combine with oxygen (hence the name). Additionof one or more electrons is called reduction, so if we have a metal oxide andwant to get back to the metallic state, we must reduce it and we do this byadding some material that can give up electrons easily. Different metals
undergo oxidation with varying ease. By placing the metals in descending orderof reactivity, we obtain what is called the “activity series” (also called the"electromotive series"). Those metals high on the activity series are easily
oxidized, while those lower on the activity series are less easily oxidized. Of
importance to the current discussion is the fact that calcium, magnesium,
aluminum and zinc are all fairly high on the activity series (i.e. easily oxidized),
while lead and tin are much lower (less easily oxidized, or conversely, theiroxides are more readily reduced back to the metallic state). This difference inreactivity can be exploited to effect the desired separation. When a metal isoxidized it forms a positively charged ion (called a “cation”). These cations canbe bound by negatively charged ions (called “anions”). OK, now that didn’t hurtmuch, did it?
Remove impurities from lead -- Ah yes, “impurities”! That wonderful catchall heading that encompasses everything except the desired metals. If we wantto effect an efficient separation we need to know what these impurities are,which depends heavily on the source of the lead. Battery plates are commonly
contaminated with calcium; some kinds of wheelweights contain small amountsof aluminum; Babbitt metals can have zinc or copper; and range scrap can havea little of all of the above in it (not to mention dirt and gilding metal jacket
material). The good news is these impurities are all electropositive metals thatare more easily oxidized than is lead (i.e. they are higher on the activity series)
and the oxidized metals are all Lewis acids meaning they can be entrained in a38

sorbent matrix that has suitable anionic binding sites for them. We want toaccomplish this without removing any of the tin, antimony or arsenic present inour bullet metal (WW alloy, linotype, etc).
Reduce tin -- Tin helps to keep surface tension and viscosity of the alloy down
so it can fill out the mould cavity properly. If the tin metal gets oxidized to tinoxide, then it is no longer soluble in the melt (oxidized tin is insoluble in leadand forms a “skin” across the surface) and thus is no longer able to impart its
desirable qualities to the alloy. Therefore, we want our flux to be able to give up
electrons and reduce any oxidized tin back to the metallic state to keep it in themolten alloy.
Prevent oxidation -- Ideally, the flux material could also be a cover material
and form a barrier layer to protect the molten metal from subsequent oxidation,
thereby maintaining optimum casting properties throughout the course of thecasting session. We also want to prevent the oxidation and loss of arsenic.
Arsenic oxides have very high vapor pressures and are readily lost throughevaporation, not only depleting the alloy of a potentially valuable component(arsenic allows the alloy to be heat treated, if desired), but also creating asignificant health hazard to the caster. A reducing cover material prevents thisloss.
So, in summary, the job description of bullet metal flux is to remove,
reduce and protect.
OK, so how do all the different materials that have been used to flux leadalloys work, and which ones work best for the bullet caster? Pretty much
everything that smokes, fizzles, pops and burns has been used to flux bullet
metal. What do each of these candidate fluxes offer and how do they work? Or
do they?
One of the more common classes of “flux” (the quotation marks arebeing used here because these materials don’t form a fusible mass and hence
don’t fully satisfy the formal definition of “flux”) described in the older castbullet literature are the various oils (e.g. used motor oil, vegetable oil, etc.) andwaxes (e.g. paraffin, beeswax, etc.). Whoever came up with using used motor
oil to flux his lead pot was either a lifelong bachelor, or must have liked
sleeping on the couch, ’cause that CAN’T be a good way to make points with
one’s Better Half! Aside from smoking like a chimney and stinking to highheaven, used motor oil also has the disadvantage of being a source forcontaminating metals (ferrous alloys, aluminum alloys, bearing metal alloys,
even magnesium depending on what motor it came out of). Oiled sawdust wasanother popular choice in years gone by. It would have suffered from many of
the same smoky, stinky drawbacks that used motor would have. Let’s all doourselves (and our families) a favor and just scratch those two off the list….
Various waxes have also been used to clean bullet metal. Most commonly
these have been paraffin, beeswax, various forms of tallow, or even lard. These
have the advantage of being cheap, universally available, and working
reasonably well (depending on the alloy). These materials are very good atsatisfying two out of the three selection criteria for bullet metal flux in that they39

are excellent reductants and can reduce any oxidized tin present, and they canbe used in sufficient quantity to form an excellent barrier layer, thereby
preventing any subsequent oxidation of the alloy. Unfortunately, they offer nomeans for removing any Ca, Zn or Al impurities. If one is working with arelatively clean source of bullet metal (e.g. linotype or foundry metal), then thewaxes can serve admirably in this capacity. However, if one is using a dirtiersource of lead (e.g. range scrap, battery plates, or WW alloy), then there areprobably better choices. Then there is also the minor issue of distraction; using
lard as a cover material makes the lead pot smell like a deep fryer. To thisdisplaced Southern Boy, the odor of fried chicken coming from the lead pot
makes it difficult for me to concentrate on the matter at hand. One should not
be licking one‘s fingers while casting bullets….
One of the materials that is currently sold as bullet metal flux includes
pine rosin. While pine rosin smells nice (it makes the lead pot smell like a pine
campfire) and does a reasonably good job, it operates pretty much the same
way that the oils and waxes discussed above do, and is therefore limited in its
ability to remove detrimental impurities.
Some of the commercial fluxes on the market today contain boric acid,borax, or other borate containing materials (e.g. Marvelux). These materials arefluxes in the true definition of the term since they melt to form a borate glass
which entrains any oxidized materials and extracts these contaminants into themolten glass phase. These fluxes have the significant advantage of being
smoke-free and odorless. They are also extremely effective at removing
contaminants. This is because the borate anion binds all metal cations andextracts them into the molten borate glass. Unfortunately, this includes any
oxidized tin, and so the alloy is depleted of this valuable component. The borate
fluxes do nothing to reduce the oxidized tin, nor do they protect the melt fromfurther oxidation. You’ll note that this behavior is exactly opposite to that of thewaxes, described above.
Is there anything that combines these two modes of operation so that we
can get all three of the desired attributes? Fortunately, there is. What’s more,
you probably already have a pile of it in your shop. It’s good ol’ fashioned
sawdust (hold the motor oil, thank you). The benefits of sawdust are that it‘s asacrificial reductant that can reduce any oxidized tin back to the metallic state,
and it‘s cheap enough that the caster can use enough to form an effective
barrier layer to protect the alloy from subsequent oxidation. What’s more, as
the sawdust chars on top of the melt, it forms activated carbon, which is a highsurface area, porous sorbent material that has a large number of binding sites
capable of binding Lewis acid cations like Ca, Zn and Al. So it not only keeps
the tin reduced and in solution, but it effectively scavenges those impurities
that raise the surface tension and viscosity of the alloy (Al, Zn and Ca), keeping
the alloy in top shape for making good bullets. Vigorously stirring in a heapingtablespoon of sawdust into a pot full of bullet metal does a fine job ofconditioning and protecting that alloy. Sawdust doesn’t really qualify under theformal definition of “flux” as it doesn’t produce a fusible slag, but it does very
cheaply and very effectively accomplish the three primary goals that we set out
for cleaning up bullet metal. Reduce, remove and protect, sawdust does it all!
40

Chapter 5:Cast bullet lubrication
In the days of the matchlock and flintlock, the cast lead balls used for all
military and hunting operations had no need for lubrication. The cloth patch
served as a physical buffer to prevent galling and abrasion, thereby limiting
metal fouling. In addition, it (in conjunction with the ejected solids inherent toblack powder) helped to seal the gases behind the projectile, limiting gas
cutting. Everything was fine until it was discovered that bullets flew straighter if
spun in a tight spiral. Although numerous methods for imparting this spin weretried out, it was found that the best method was to cut rifling grooves into thebarrel, which in turn cut into the bullet’s surface and forced it to spin, resulted
in significantly more predictable flight (i.e. better accuracy). Prior to this theballistic inefficiency of the round-ball projectile was not considered a problem
because accuracy of the smooth-bore was more of a limitation than was thearching trajectory of the ball.
However, once rifling was introduced into the mainstream, the limitationsof the round-ball projectile quickly became apparent. In order to takeadvantage of the new accuracy capability, longer, heavier and more ballisticallyefficient projectiles were necessary. It was also necessary to engrave the metal
bearing surface of the projectile in order to impart the desired spin, a cloth
patch was no longer adequate (although greased wads were occasionally loaded
beneath the elongated bullets). Several problems were immediately
encountered. First, it was very hard to engrave these bullets during the muzzleloading process. Something was needed to ease and speed this process.
Second, the newfound accuracy quickly degraded after only a few shots. In an
ideal world this wouldn’t be a significant limitation in the hunting fields since(hopefully) the first shot would drop yon buck and feed the family, but in a
military or defensive situation this was clearly unacceptable (and keep in mind
the American frontier during this time, the middle part of the 19th century, was
not a gentle place, the family firearms might well be needed on a moment’s
notice for defense from outlaws, hostile tribes, or pack of wolves). Thirdly,
metal fouling was severe when these longer bullets were loaded and fired“bareback”. What resources did the frontier sharpshooter have on hand toaddress these problems? Darned few, but one of the commodities thateverybody hoarded in those days was tallow. If these longer bullets were castso that they had a groove around their waists, then a dab of tallow, grease,wax or whatever could be applied to this groove. This material would thenlubricate the passage of the bullet down the bore during loading, significantly
speeding up the loading process. In addition, it was found that by adding this
dollop of grease, the accuracy of the firearms lasted for significantly more shots
than earlier, and when cleaning was required to restore the fading accuracy,
metal fouling was considerably less (now the problem was primarily black
powder fouling). Given this history, it’s easy to see why we call it “bullet
lubricant” today – it lubricated the passage of the bullet down the bore andmade it easier and faster to load the early muzzle-loading rifles.
Modern sixgunners don’t need to ram a ball down a rifled bore, so islubricant really still necessary? After all, the projectile starts off lovingly seatedinto a carefully prepared brass cartridge case, crimped into exact position, over41

a precisely measured powder charge. Once the primer is struck, the burning
powder provides all the horsepower needed to drive the bullet from the caseand out the barrel, so why would we need to lubricate it? In fact, how cangrease contained in a simple groove in the cast bullet lubricate the bearing
surface of the bullet, much of which is in front of the lube groove? Is this gooey
stuff really serving a function to the modern sixgunner, or is this just an archaic
holdover from days gone by? This chapter aims to address these, and other,issues.
Phil Sharpe, in his landmark treatise “Complete Guide to Handloading”
encourages the novice handloader to load 10 un-lubricated cast bullet rounds
for his favorite revolver, and carefully and deliberately fire them from sandbags
at a fixed target and watch accuracy degrade with each shot. Direct experiencecan be a powerful teacher! Suffice it to say that we still need to lubricate ourcast bullets. Without lubrication, the cast bullet will lead a barrel horribly, and invery few shots. You can think of it as being rather like a lathe bit and turning
stock – the steel rifling grooves are the hard cutting edge of the lathe bit, andthe softer bullet metal is the round stock being turned. The bullet lubricant
serves the same sort of role that cutting fluid does in preventing galling of thesoft metal onto the harder cutting edge. However, a key difference is thatinstead of having a steady stream of cutting fluid directed straight onto the
cutting tool from a conveniently located nozzle, the bullet is asked to carry its
entire supply of cutting fluid with it across the entire bore surface. What’s more,
it is asked to efficiently and uniformly deliver that limited pool of cutting fluid tothe entire bore surface in a matter of milliseconds. As a result, the flow
properties of bullet lube are one of its most important properties (we’ll comeback to this in just a little bit). This is a tall order indeed.
OK, so we know that we need to use bullet lube, that lubrication of thecast bullet is necessary to prevent leading and that how it flows under applied
force is important to how well it performs in your loads, but how does bullet
lube work? And how can we make it work better? How can a groove full ofgrease lubricate those portions of the bearing surface that are in front of it?
Lube flow properties - Many things can act as lubricants, and virtually
anything that can be squirted into a cast bullet’s lube grooves has been
evaluated at one time or another as bullet lube. Oils have been found to leakout of the lube grooves of bullets, contaminate the powder charge and severely
impact the performance of the propellant. Historically, tallow of various
descriptions has been used to lubricate bullets with moderate success. Manydifferent greases have been tested (petroleum based, animal fat based, etc.),
but most greases are mobile enough that some sort of stiffening is required toachieve the necessary consistency. Such stiffening is usually accomplished by
the addition of some sort of wax, most commonly beeswax which is ideallysuited to this application. Also used have been ozocerite, Japan wax, Carnauba,
paraffin, and numerous others. Ozocerite (also spelled “ozokerite”) is a noncrystalline naturally occurring hydrocarbon wax, mined from Miocene
formations near petroleum deposits. It is slightly higher melting than beeswax,
and not as brittle as paraffin. Japan wax is another wax encountered in some ofthe older bullet lube recipes. Japan wax is obtained from the berries of certain
Oriental species of sumac trees. It is not a hard wax, but rather malleable and42slightly tacky. Japan wax is a softer wax and has notably lower melting point
than beeswax, making it less effective as a stiffening agent than beeswax. It isa fat (a triglyceride) composed largely of palmitin and palmitic glycosides, aswell as other fatty acids and diacids. As a result, like any other fat, Japan wax
eventually breaks down and becomes rancid, which may explain the accuracy
problems commonly encountered with Japan wax based bullet lubes. Carnauba
wax is obtained from tropical palm trees, and is an amorphous, hard, lustrouswax (hence its use as car polish). It is composed of hydrocarbons, higher
alcohols and their esters. It melts considerably higher than beeswax, and in fact
is one of the hardest, and highest melting, natural waxes used commercially,making it a very effective stiffening agent for bullet lube (in fact Winchester
used pure carnauba for years as a bullet lube). The fatty alcohols and fatty
acids themselves have also been used for bullet lube, but were found to be oflimited efficacy. Greases derived from the fatty acids have been found to haveexcellent lubricating properties for cast bullet shooting (especially the lithiumbased greases, like Alox 2138-F), but these greases require stiffening. Various
synthetic polymers have also been used in bullet lube formulations. The
polyglycols, better known as “Carbowaxes”, have been used effectively in lubes,
as have microcrystalline polymers like polyethylene and fluoropolymers like
Teflon.
A detailed discussion of tribology (the study of friction and lubrication) is
beyond the scope of this book, but suffice it to say that there are several
different mechanisms by which a material can lubricate the passage of one
material over another. The wettability of the lube on both steel and leadsurfaces is a critical parameter for enhancing lubricity. If the lubricant doesn’t“wick out” and wet these surfaces efficiently (and remember, to lubricate thepassage of a cast bullet, it only has a couple of milliseconds in which to do this),
it will not do a very effective job of lubricating. However, lots of hydrocarbon
greases are very effective at wetting polished metal surfaces, so the wettability
issue is pretty well addressed by virtually all bullet lubes (except perhaps thefluoropolymers like Teflon). So, while lubricity is indeed an important property
for cast bullets, the flow properties (viscosity, thixotropic properties, etc.) areperhaps the most important. This is because even the slipperiest lubricant won’t
do you one whit of good if it doesn’t get to the surface in need of lubrication,and to get where it’s needed it needs to flow. But faster flow isn’t necessarily
better since this is a pressurized system and if the lube flows too quickly, thenit gets squirted right past where it’s needed, and still can’t do its job. So it
really comes down to a balancing act. Nor is it simply a question of viscosity,
since the viscosity of the mix can, and does, change as a result of applied shear(thixotropic flow), pressure and heat. So it really becomes a question of theintegrated flow properties over a range of conditions that dictate the success or
failure of bullet lube. This is a particularly important issue for the hard bullet
lubes (we’ll come back to this later).
This is why the stiffening agent chosen can be so important to theperformance of a given bullet lube. The lube will perform better if the stiffenerhas an intermediate plastic phase that allows for viscous flow. Paraffin isn’t
nearly as effective as is beeswax as a stiffener for bullet lube – paraffin is a
microcrystalline wax that goes directly from a crystalline solid phase to molten
liquid phase, there is no viscous plastic phase intermediate. Beeswax on the43other hand has an extended plastic range exactly where it does the most goodas far as bullet lube is concerned.
Lube pumping mechanisms - Now that we recognize that lube must beable to flow from its reservoir (I.e. lube groove) to wherever it’s needed, thequestion becomes "What makes it flow from point A to point B?" The fluid
dynamics of lube flow has many components: simple displacement,
compressive pumping, linear acceleration, radial acceleration, and pressureinduced pumping. When the bullet is engraved, the lands displace not only
bullet metal in the driving bands of the cast bullet, but they also displace acertain volume of lube in the lube grooves (assuming the lube grooves arecompletely filled). This displacement serves to compress the lube somewhat,
thereby forcing it into contact with the rest of the bore, as well as into thenooks and crannies of the bullet/bore interface. This is the first and simplest
lube pumping mechanism. As the pressure builds, the force applied to the baseof bullet may grow to the point that it surpasses the compressive strength of
the alloy (particularly for magnum revolver or rifle cast bullet loads). At thispoint the central core of the bullet in the lube grooves is compressed, getting
fatter and shorter, which in turn reduces the volume of the lube groove. Onceagain this compresses the lube within that groove and forces it to the bullet
bore interface. In the early moments of the fired shot, the bullet is being
subjected to tremendous acceleration forces. The inertia of the lube in its
groove forces it to the rear of the lube groove as the bullet essentially getsaccelerated out from underneath it. As the lube encounters the rear face of the
lube groove (either beveled or radiused), it is forced outward until it hits thebore surface. This is the linear acceleration mechanism, and it operates
primarily in the first few inches of the barrel, and so is of particular interest tohandgunners. As the bullet starts to rotate faster and faster as it travels down
the bore, the radial acceleration (think “centrifugal force”) increases to thepoint that it starts to pump lube from the bullet’s lube groove outward to thebullet/bore interface. This mechanism starts to take over later in the trip down
the bore, so is more of an issue for longer barreled revolvers, carbines andrifles. The last mechanism for pumping lube from the lube groove to the bore
surface, and perhaps the most important mechanism of all, is pressure induced
pumping. As the bullet is engraved and travels down the bore, small defects are
created on the bearing surface of the bullet, particularly along the trailing edgeof the land. While these defects are usually quite small (almost always smaller
than .001”), they are nonetheless large enough for high pressure gas molecules
to traverse. This channel basically constitutes a microscopic high-pressure gas
nozzle. The high pressure, high temperature gas molecules that are driving thebullet down the bore are buzzing like a mad swarm of hornets. When they findthis leak, they run up it instantly. What this does is it virtually instantly
pressurizes the lube groove and drives the lube forward. There are also
microscopic defects in the bearing surface of the forward driving forward of the
lube groove, so the pressurized lube gets forced into these crevices and forced
to the forward portions of the bearing surface, where it is desperately needed
because all of the other lube pumping mechanisms (coupled with the forward
motion of the bullet) favor the rearward bearing surfaces of the bullet.
Lube grooves - Elmer Keith designed his semi-wadcutters with what hecalled “square-cut” lube grooves. These grooves were flat-bottomed with44

sharply beveled sides (but not actually a full 90 degrees). Some of the older
cast bullet designs did indeed have lube grooves cut at 90 degree angles, butthese old moulds can be frustrating to cast with as the bullets commonly “hangup” in the mould and don’t release easily. When bullet metal cools, it contracts,shrinking towards the geometrical center of the bullet. With 90 degree lube
grooves, the shrinking bullet metal can “pinch” these grooves and hold fast.
Keith avoided this problem by putting a slight bevel on the edges of his lube
grooves (on the order of 60 to 70 degrees) so the bullets would release fromthe mould more readily. Sometime later Lyman modified Keith’s designs bygoing to a rounded radiused lube groove, which was easier to manufacture andreleased bullets very smoothly. Keith was highly critical of the radiused lube
grooves because the rounded groove didn’t hold as much lube as his original
design (he was firm believer in using enough lube). It’s important to recognizethat there is nothing wrong with the shape of the radiused lube groove, and it
does allow the bullet to release more readily from the mould, but what Keithdidn’t like was the size – it just didn’t hold enough grease to satisfy the Old
Master.
One can make up for this lack of capacity by using multiple lube grooves,and that is exactly the tact taken in the excellent SSK and LBT bullet designs –several smaller, rounded grease grooves instead of one large flat-bottomed
groove. The overall lube capacity is similar; it’s just spread out over a larger
area in these more modern designs. When one looks at each of the designer’s
goals this only makes sense; Keith was generally interested in making hisbullets the “standard” weight for the caliber (e.g. 250 grains for .44 and .45) asa general purpose all-round bullet, and thus didn’t have room for multiple lube
grooves, while J. D. Jones and Veral Smith (of SSK and LBT respectively) wereprimarily interested in making bullets that were heavy for their caliber, for deep
penetration while big game hunting. These designs, by their very nature, havesignificantly more bearing surface and thus benefit from having their lube
supply somewhat more spread out.
Note that the angled rear faces of both the beveled flat-bottomed lube
groove and a radiused lube groove are equally well-suited to pump lube to thebullet/bore interface by the linear acceleration mechanism (the only form that is
handicapped in this regard is the old BP lube groove with the 90 degree edge).
One place where the two groove designs may well differ in performance
would be in the compressive lube pumping mechanism. The radiused grease
groove may well distribute the compressive stress more effectively and thus
resist compression somewhat, limiting how effectively lube might be pumped bythis one mechanism. The flat-bottomed grease grooves have stress risers at thevertices which may very well serve as inherent “crumple zones” whose buckling
would subsequently benefit this mode of pumping lube to the bullet/bore
interface.
The other lube pumping mechanisms should work equally well for all ofthese lube groove designs.
Sealing the bore - The microscopic defects discussed earlier are also
the source of leading as a result of gas-cutting. Bullet lube plays a very45

important role in preventing this source of leading by acting as a sort of “stopleak”. The most important bore sealing mechanism is obturation of the bullet
metal itself, but the bullet lube can play a strong supporting role if the lube is of
the proper consistency. When the hot gases driving the bullet start to leakthrough the channels left by engraving, they pick up lube and force it into thecrevices as they both move forward. By filling these channels with lube, theflow of gases is effectively stemmed, thereby limiting gas-cutting. If these
defects are sufficiently large (i.e. rough bore, undersized bullet, irregularlands/grooves, etc.) then the lube simply gets blown forward and out the bore,
leaving the bullet naked and severe leading is the observed result. Once again,
we see that the flow properties of lube are critical – if it’s too thin (i.e. liquid)and has a low viscosity, then this sealing mechanism is lost and the lube isn’t
able to do its job because it’s an aerosol out in front of the bullet. Thus, the“stiffness” of bullet lube is a compromise between being fluid enough to beeffectively pumped from the reservoir (i.e. lube groove) to the bullet/bore
interface, and being thick enough to form an effective seal once in place. The
old adage “Moderation in all things” once again holds true – viscous flow, withmoderate thickness is a key virtue for a quality bullet lube. There is no suchthing as a perfect bullet/bore seal, there will always be channels and defects
that are not sealed. It’s a question of whether or not obturation and lube canteam up and make an effective seal.
Hard lubes vs. soft lubes - A veritable plethora of bullet lubes arecommercially available today, both hard and soft, and the hard lubes can be
had with a variety of melting temperatures (usually by varying the molecularweight of the polymer used to stiffen the formulation). Most commercial hardcast bullets come with some gaily-colored hard lube, sometimes with a welldefined pedigree, other times from a somewhat more mysterious origin. Is thisbecause hard lubes are better than more traditional soft lubes? No, it’s because
hard lubes handle the rigors of shipping better and are amenable to simple bulk
packaging, whereas bullets lubed with soft lube need to be packaged a little
more tenderly to keep the lube in the groove and not smeared all over thepacking materials. The extra packaging and handling makes them more
expensive.
But do hard lubes offer any substantive performance advantages oversoft lubes? Aside from being a little less messy, no, not really. It all comes backto the flow properties of the lube. Obviously, a solid doesn’t flow very well, atleast not in the few milliseconds the bullet is traveling down the bore, so manyof the lube pumping mechanism outlined above really can’t do much with asolid hard lube. The modest lubrication needs of low-pressure cast bullet loads
are generally satisfied by the hard lube being displaced by the lands during
engraving, but the other mechanisms are pretty much shut down. The key hereis that for a hard lube to be pumped, it must melt first. The key word in that
sentence is “melt”, as in “undergo a phase transition from the solid phase to aliquid phase”. The current formulations of hard lubes use stiffeners that melt(and they are advertised according to their melting temperatures) instead ofgoing to a plastic flow phase (which is how the soft lubes work). Once a hard
lube melts, it can be pumped to the bullet/bore interface very efficiently, but it
requires that the bullet metal do virtually all of the bore sealing since the low
viscosity liquid lube will get blasted out past the bullet if there are any channels
46

left unsealed by bullet obturation. So for effective use of a hard lube, theshooter needs to pay closer attention to alloy hardness than he does whenusing a soft lube.
For magnum revolver loads, hard lubes tend to work pretty well because
the higher pressure of the load is generally sufficient to induce obturation of all
but the most extreme of alloys, the higher operating temperatures (as a resultof both the larger powder charges and the frictional forces from the higher
velocities) can melt some of the hard lube to ensure adequate delivery of lubeby the various pumping mechanisms, and the higher pressures can inject small
amounts of lube to the forward portions of the bullet and effectively lubricate
those surfaces as well.
Where hard lubes run into trouble is in the intermediatepressure/temperature ranges of +P loads. There are greater needs for
lubrication in these velocity ranges than in the range for “standard” revolverloads (i.e. 16,000 CUP and 850 fps). However, current hard lubes generally
melt very little in this range, so the only lube pumping mechanism is still simple
displacement by the lands. Since very little of the lube has melted, it can’t playmuch of a role in bore sealing and significant leading is commonly encounteredwith loads in this ballpark that are lubed with hard lubes.
Most American shooters are devoted magnum fans, and so they pushcommercial hard-cast bullets at full-house magnum levels, and the hard alloys
and hard lubes do just fine in this ballistic regime. There are also quite a few
bullseye shooters running .38 WCs at 725 fps and these commercial offerings
do just fine in this regime as well. Where problems are encountered is in the +P
range, around 1000-1100 fps. The 6-2 alloys, with their Brinell hardness of 20
or so, are too hard to obdurate at intermediate pressures, and the hard lubes
are not effectively melted or efficiently pumped in this pressure regime, so thebore sealing process breaks down and severe leading can result. Shooting
oversized bullets may help, but probably not much because this leading is
caused primarily by variations in the land/groove width, and once the bullet isswaged down to groove diameter in the forcing cone it is subject to all of thesame variations that a groove diameter bullet would be subjected to. Softer
alloys and/or softer lubes are the key to success here.
Not all of the hard lube has to melt to lubricate, only partial melting isneeded, so when a shooter tells you that a hard lube is no good because he’srecovered bullets from the backstop that still had lube in their grooves, he’sraising an interesting observation, but one that needs to be looked at in moredetail because only part of the hard lube has to melt to effectively lubricate thebullet’s passage, some may very well be left behind (and wasted). What wereally need is a formulation for hard lube that doesn’t melt to a liquid phase,but rather undergoes a pressure-induced transition to a plastic phase that
demonstrates moderate viscous flow.
Molybdenum disulfide - Molybdenum disulfide is an excellent dry (i.e.
solid) lubricant with exceptional chemical and thermal stability. Moly coating
bullets and barrels has gotten a lot of press in recent years. For jacketedbullets, Moly coating is claimed to reduce metal fouling, reduce barrel
47

erosion/wear, increase barrel life, lower pressures, allow the use of more
powder for higher velocities, and protect the bore against oxidation. Some ofthese issues may well apply to cast bullets, others may not. So the question
arises does Moly coating a cast bullet provide any of the same advantages as
Moly coating a jacketed bullet? If so, how do we best apply Moly coating to acast bullet?
Two issues need to be remembered, bullet lube serves to lubricate thebullet’s passage and it also serves to help seal the propellant gases behind thebullet’s base. A dry coat of Moly can contribute somewhat to the first issue, but
can do nothing for the second. What’s more, while a dry coat of Moly is highly
adherent to a metal surface, it’s only a fraction of a thousandth thick.
Therefore, if it gets damaged or abraded away, there is nothing left to do either
job, and a dry Moly coat cannot be pumped from one spot to another like a soft
lube can be. The net result is that a dry Moly lube can be useful for those loads
that have modest lubrication demands and do not require the lube to actively
support the sealing operation, i.e. relatively low pressure loads. In nonmagnum applications, dry Moly can provide entirely adequate performance,
assuming a good, smooth bore. Lee’s tumble lube, which paints a thin coat of“lubricant” over the entire bullet’s surface in a thin coat of varnish, operates inmuch the same manner and with much the same limitations. Both of theselubricants fail when used in a revolver with a significant barrel/frame
constriction.
However, if Moly is incorporated into a traditional soft lube formulation,then the benefits of both the soft lube and the Moly are obtained. The soft lube
lubricates the bullet, is pump-able and goes to where the leaks are and helps toseal the propellant gases. It also serves as a carrier for the Moly and helps todeliver it to the bore surface, where little by little it forms an adherent coatingthat protects against adhesion of lead fouling and oxidation. So how does soft
Moly lube stack up against Moly coated jacketed bullets? Well, in both cases the
Moly clearly serves to reduce metal fouling. In terms of barrel erosion/wear,
cast bullets are already considerably more gentle on throats and bores than arejacketed bullets, and I doubt that Moly can really do much of anything to
improve on that situation. Likewise, it is doubtful that Moly lube does much tolower pressures with cast bullet loads since relatively little energy is required toengrave the projectile to begin with, and my personal experiments haverevealed little velocity difference between Moly lubed cast bullets and thoselubricated with more traditional soft lubes. So in conclusion, many of thebenefits obtained by the jacketed bullet rifle shooter are lost to the cast bullet
handgunner, but the elimination of metal fouling is clearly a benefit shared byall. In a sense, shooting Moly-lubed cast bullets is bore conditioning at its
finest.
Sizing/Lubing bullets
Sizing and lubing cast bullets is the act of pushing a cast bullet into asteel die that is the desired diameter (and round, which many cast bullets are
not as they fall from the blocks), and then lubricant is forced into the lube
grooves, either concurrently, or in a separate step. Before we get into thedetails of sizing, a decision must be made as to what size you want the bullet tobe, and therefore which sizing die to buy, so let's address that first.
48

For the subject of this book (cast bullets in handguns) there are basicallythree different classes of handgun that we need to consider -- revolvers, singleshots and semi-autos. As a general statement, the fastest road to good
accuracy with cast bullets it to size the bullet to fit the throat (if there is one).
For a revolver, you want to size the bullet fit it to the cylinder throats. You don't
need any special gauges or tools to determine this, just find out what size bullet
will pass through the throat smoothly and snugly. You can use either jacketedbullets or cast bullets for this test. This will commonly be about .001" overnominal groove diameter, but not always, so see what fits (and shoots) best in
your gun. If your revolver's cylinder throats are smaller than the groove
diameter, then you might want to consider opening them up to match thebarrel.
For a single-shot (like a Contender) size your bullets to fit the barrel
throat, this can be as much as .003" over groove diameter (e.g. .311" for a.308" barrel). Making a chamber casting is really helpful for this determination,
but if you aren't set up for that, then you can drop an oversized (and un-sized!)cast bullet into the throat and give it a light smack with a hammer and piece ofwooden dowel, then knock it back out and mic it to see what the throat
diameter is on your barrel. I generally aim for about .001" less than actual
throat diameter to insure ease of chambering.
In the case of semi-autos, the way these guns are chambered there isn't
really much of a throat at all, so I generally size these cast bullets for nominal
groove diameter.
Sizer dies - You can use RCBS sizer dies in a Lyman sizer, and viceversa, but Star sizer dies will only work in Star sizers, and Saeco sizer dies will
only work in Saeco sizers. Some of the really old Lyman/Ideal sizer dies weremade with a step inside the sizer die so that they shaved the bullets down. I
don't like these dies as they can distort a bullet upon sizing (if I come across
one of these dies they get chucked up in my lathe and tapered very quickly).
Newer sizer dies are all tapered and swage the bullet to size. This works very
well.
Sometimes old sizer dies have been abused and can be scratched.
Scratched dies will give you scratched bullets, so take a close look at old sizer
dies before you buy them. A light polish will generally clean them right up.
Many of my sizer dies are older than I am and are still going strong.
Nose punches - Nose punches fit the nose of the bullet and keep it
centered as it goes into the sizer die (assuming that your sizer is square, andwhile most are pretty good, a few individual sizers are out of square....). These
are generally made by the bullet mould manufacturers to fit the exact nose
profiles of their respective moulds, and are available for a few dollars. Since thevast majority of my handgun cast bullet shooting involves flat-pointed bullets, I
have cobbled together a short-cut that works pretty well for me. I've mademyself a couple of "universal" flat-point nose punches which allow the flatnosed bullets to self-center in the sizer die by trapping them between parallel
planes (this approach doesn't work for bullets smaller than about .30 caliber,
but for .32 caliber and above this works pretty well). This allows me to use 249

different universal flat-point nose punches (one about .300" diameter, and asecond about .350" diameter) for virtually all of my bullet-sizing chores. (I still
use regular nose punches for round-nose bullets).
Lube-sizers - Again, Lyman sizer dies can be used in RCBS sizers, andvice versa, but Saeco machines only use Saeco dies, and Star sizers only use
Star dies (the Star sizer is available through Magna), etc. Lee push-throughsizers fit into a standard reloading press and offer the advantage of being a
nose-first (i.e. self-centering) system that does not need different nose punches
for different nose shapes. The Lee system is intended for their tumble-lube. I'm
not a big fan of tumble-lubing as it puts lube in all kinds of places where it doesno good, and it doesn't put very much lube where it IS needed, but the Lee
sizing system is a clever idea for getting bullets the right size, round and squareto the base.
Lyman/Ideal has been making lubrisizers since the 19th century, andtheir tools have used the traditional way of sizing/lubing a bullet -- push it down
into a sizing die, squeeze lube into the lube groove(s), then pull the sized/lubed
bullet back up out of the die. Lubrisizers from RCBS and Saeco use the same
basic principles. This is a simple and straightforward process, but it involves 2
separate strokes of the press to size/lube a bullet (not to mention that theoperator has to remove the sized bullet manually). While perfectly adequate interms of the quality of final product, the overall process can be somewhat slow
in practice. This has led folks to try other designs in an effort to speed things
up. For example, Lee Precision has come with a clever sizing method that uses
sizing dies that screw in to a standard reloading press and have a container tocapture the sized bullet as they come out the top of the die. This allows thecaster to use equipment that he (or she) already has, and has the added
advantage of being nose-first sizing (i.e. self-centering and doesn't needseparate nose punches for different bullet profiles). The Lee sizer has noprovision lubing the bullets, but they have addressed that by inventing their Lee
Liquid Alox Bullet Lube and the Tumble Lube method. In short, the sized bullets
are coated with an Alox containing varnish and allowed to dry, then loaded
normally. Some folks really like the Lee tumble lube method. The Lee sizer isprobably the most affordable sizing tool available today.
Another clever approach to speeding up bullet sizing was reduced topractice by Star. In the Star lubrisizer (now available through Magma
Engineering Company, PO Box 161, 20955 East Ocatillo Road, Queen Creek,
Arizona, 85242, (602) 987-9008) the bullet enters the sizing die nose down andthe ram is pressing on the bullet's base. After the bullet is sized, there is noneed to remove the bullet as it passes all the way through the sizing die andout the bottom. By placing a small shelf below the sizer and putting a box onthat shelf a caster is able to size a lot of bullets in a hurry, and they all go
straight into the box waiting below. The Star system is a very fast system, andbeing a nose-first sizing system it allows the bullet to self-center and you can
use the same ram for all bullets of the same caliber (i.e. no need for separate
nose punches for different bullet shapes). Perhaps the only drawback of theStar system is that it requires a certain amount of "tweaking" to make sure thatthe lube only goes where you want it, and not all over the rest of the bullet. The
Star sizer is one of the more expensive sizers on the market, but those folks
50

who use them tend to go to great lengths singing their praises, and about the
only time you see one on the used market is when an old caster passes away
and his estate is being liquidated. Folks don't tend to let go of Star lube-sizers
voluntarily...
I have used many of the lubrisizers available (RCBS, Ideal, Lyman, etc.)
and I must confess that my primary tools are a pair of old Lyman 450s, both
equipped with Midway heaters, one typically set up with whatever commercial
hard lube I may be working with at that time, and one set up with myhomemade Moly lube. I have an extensive set of sizing dies (Lyman, Ideal, andRCBS, unknown and custom) to fit these sizers and see no reason to retool toanother format. These two sizers have sized many, many thousands of castbullets each, and will likely still be going long after I'm gone. I have a third
Lyman 450 that I picked up at a gun show for cheap, sitting on the shelf above
my sizing bench just in case I need a back-up, but so far all it has done isaccumulate dust.
Commercial lubes - There are all kinds of bullets lubes available to thebullet caster today. Some are brightly colored, some are soft and gooey, andsome are hard as a rock. Which ones work best? Well, let's take a look...
The traditional favorite for smokeless cast bullet loads is the old NRA Alox
formula. Back in the 1950s E. H. Harrison, working on the NRA's American
Rifleman staff, set out on a detailed, systematic study of cast bullet lubricants,
and this formulation was the final product of all of his research. This lube is
simple to make by using equal parts (by weight) of beeswax and Alox 2138F
grease (a lithium based grease used in automotive applications). This lube has
been used for decades and has come to be the landmark by which all otherbullet lubes are judged. Javelina, RCBS, and Lee lubes (as well as several
others) use this basic formulation. It is a very good lube for general purpose
cast bullet shooting and will handle all of the shooting chores that a revolver
shooter will have.
SPG is a special formulation of soft lube that is put together specificallyfor black powder shooters (but it can be used with smokeless loads too). It
helps to keep BP fouling soft and helps to preserve the accuracy potential of therifle and load. SPG is arguably the best BP lube out there (although there arealso some homemade formulations that are also quite good).
Over the last 20 years, with the growth seen in the commercial castbullet industry, the prevalence of hard bullet lubes has increased significantly(e.g. Thompson, Rooster, Apache, etc.). Commercial bullet casters want to beable to ship their bullets to their customers and not have to worry about the
lube being smeared all over everything when they arrive. Thus, a hard bullet
lube, that forms a solid ring of lubricant in the lube groove, stays in place anddoesn't smear readily during handling or shipping has become the standard of
the industry. New casters, seeing all these gaily-colored hard lubes oncommercial wares, commonly go with hard lubes when they start casting theirown thinking that the commercial casters use the hard lubes because they offersome ballistic advantage that the soft lubes don't. While they may paint a
glorified picture of the performance these lubes will deliver for the shooter, the51main reason they are using these hard lubes is to avoid customer complaints
from using a messy lube. That's not to say that hard lubes don't do a good job,in many cases they perform superbly. For example, for many years I usedvarious commercial hard lubes for my bullseye target loads, and I shot
thousands and thousands of .38 wadcutters in practice and in competition withthese hard lubes, all with complete satisfaction. Similarly, for many years I
used a commercial hard lube for all of my magnum revolver hunting loads (circa
1400 fps), with zero complaints. These loads were accurate, clean and easily
assembled. However, when I went to put together mid-range loads for thesesame guns using the same bullets at 1000-1100 fps, there were times that I
got leading so severe that I couldn't see the rifling after only 6 rounds! In anumber of other cases there were no overt leading problems, but accuracy was
so poor that not all my shots even hit the paper at 25 yards! As a result of
these mid-range experiences, my fondness for hard lubes has waned
somewhat. Hard lubes can be very good, but soft lubes are far more versatile,
particularly in mid-range loads.
Hard lubes require some sort of heater to warm the lube up so that it canflow through the lube-sizer. These heaters come in a variety of sizes andvarieties, but there is a cute little base-plate heater marketed by Midway thatworks very well for this application (I've had two for over 15 years, and likethem). For folks that would rather cobble together their own solutions, I
understand that but some hard lubes can also be softened suitably with a 100
watt light bulb placed right next to the lube-sizer.
Homemade lubes - Making your own bullet lube is one of the oldest
traditions in shooting. Pretty much everything that was slimy, gooey, greasy or
smoky has been tried as a bullet lube at one time or another. In the early days
it was mainly things like bear fat or deer tallow because those were the only
greases they had available. In more recent years folks have incorporated allsorts of high tech lubricants into bullet lube like fluorocarbons, various
polymers, or exotic Polynesian waxes. Flow and consistency is very important
for a bullet lube, so homemade recipes tend to include both lubricants (e.g.
greases and oils) and stiffeners (e.g. waxes and polymers), and in some cases
mixing agents (soaps and surfactants). Occasionally, a component can serve
multiple roles (e.g. lard). We've already talked about the NRA Alox formula, andmixtures of beeswax and grease are in general a good starting point for bullet
lube (as described above, beeswax has a number of very desirable properties
for bullet lube in terms of plastic flow range, most waxes don't work as well as
beeswax in this role), but what other combinations work well?
My friend Charles Graff has been making his own bullet lube for decades
and his preferred recipe is simply a mixture of beeswax and Vaseline (which ispetroleum jelly, not a lithium or aluminum-based grease) in approximately a60/40 ratio of beeswax to Vaseline (this recipe is based on achieving aparticular consistency, not exact weight ratios). Charles reports that he has
used this lube for all of his handgun cast bullet shooting for 50 years, and thatit has served admirably.
Recently, in cast bullet circles "Felix lube" has taken on almost mythicalattributes. Competitive target shooters report unequalled accuracy is possible52with Felix lube, and hunters report that they can achieve much higher velocities
using Felix lube than they can with other lubes. Everybody who uses Felix lube
reports that barrels remain shiny and clean, with no leading. So, what is "Felixlube"? It is the creation of Felix Robbins, a master caster that has been an
active cast bullet experimenter for many years who has shared the fruits of his
research and his optimized bullet lube recipe for others to use. Making Felix
lube is a somewhat complicated process, but it results in a product that is very
highly regarded. With no further ado (this recipe was taken from the Researchand Data section of http://www.castpics.net/):Felix Lube formula
2 Tablespoons mineral oil
1 Tablespoon castor oil
1 Tablespoon Ivory (sodium Stearate, grated)
1 Tablespoon Lanolin
Beeswax - Piece approximately 3 1/2" X 3 1/2" X 1 "Heat mineral (baby) oil until it starts to smoke. Add castor oil, and thenraise the heat until the smoking level is again approached while continuously
stirring for at least a 1/2 hour. Grate the soap, or very finely sliver it, and thenbarely add it into the mixture until all of it is thoroughly melted. Now, add thecarnauba wax slowly, again raising the heat until just below the smoking level.
After the Carnauba is well mixed into the solution, add the beeswax while
maintaining the heat level high. Finally, reduce the heat of the mixture to about
125F, using a thermometer when available. Add the lanolin while stirringcontinuously until the whole shootin' match is homogenous. Lanolin isextremely sensitive to heat during the mixing stage, but not otherwise after the
mixture had been cold for a while and the mixture (new lube) reheated formodification(s). The lube can be re-melted effectively using a microwave, andthen poured into a lubrisizer.
Adding paraffin to the batch makes it a harder pan lube or it can be used
when beeswax is scarce. A special ingredient which impresses friends is the
Carnauba wax. It's not required to do the job, but it keeps the barrel mirror
bright after each shot. The next time a cheese shop is visited, pick a selection
having a thick "plastic" looking wrapper. The Laughing Cow brand comes tomind. After enjoying the cheese, wash off the cover and mash up about arounded teaspoon (not tablespoon) and melt this into your freshly made lube.
Also, Maker's Mark whiskey has the same type of sealer and can also be used
for its carnauba content.
A little more info on this lube -- beeswax is the base, castor oil is the real
lube, lanolin makes the lube sticky (viscosity), and sodium Stearate glues themess together so it does not separate into components upon cooling, carnauba
wax adds the shine, and paraffin is the ultimate hardener, only to be used as alast resort. Add more castor oil to make the lube slicker for smaller bores
and/or a winter lube. There are also variants of Felix Lube made with peanut oil
and Dexron III automatic transmission fluid, but the bottom line is they all work
well.
Actually, reheating the lube multiple times improves its shooting
53

qualities. This is because castor oil requires polymerization with the otheringredients to prevent a leaking lube. Polymerization is a function of both timeand heat level, and this is why there is a minimum 1/2 hour requirement at thehighest heat level without the production of smoke.
Favorites - Invariably the question arises as to what our favorite bullet
lube is. Well, this is one case where our tastes diverge. Rob swears by the old
Lyman "black goo". While there is no question that "black goo" is a very goodbullet lube, I have never liked the almost Vaseline-like consistency, or the messthat I inevitably make when working with it. But the bottom-line is that it goes
through a lube-sizer with ease, prevents leading very effectively and delivers
very good accuracy.
Personally, my favorite is my homemade Moly lube, made from equalparts by weight of beeswax (either yellow or white, color doesn't matter) mixed
with Sta-Lube Extreme Pressure Moly-Graph Multi-Purpose Grease. This grease,like Alox 2138F, is also a lithium-based grease, so this lube is basically just avariant of the old NRA formula for Alox lube, with a little molybdenum disulfide
and graphite thrown in. I have used this lube in loads that operate from 500 fps
to over 2300 fps, and it has worked well in all of them. This lube is easily
handled (i.e. not overly tacky/messy), flows smoothly through a lube-sizer, anddelivers good accuracy. In addition, it helps to condition the bore by laying
down a little bit of Moly with each shot. I have found that over the course of
testing a wide variety of diverse load combinations that sooner or later, evenwith the best of lubes, one stumbles across evil-tempered loads that lead up abarrel. If the bore has this Moly conditioning, then these leading deposits don't
stick as steadfastly and are easily cleaned up. This lube is also quite affordable
to make -- between beekeeper friends and clearance sales at auto parts stores;
I am pretty much set for bullet lube for life (and all for less than $20).
Making lube - In order to mix beeswax with anything, you have to beable to melt the wax in a controlled fashion. Done over direct heat (i.e. on thestove) this is invariably a smoky process and one that will likely get you introuble with your Better Half (do not use any of her cookware for this process!).
One solution is to perform this maneuver on a camp stove outdoors. Anothersolution is to boil water on the stove and heat your lube mixture in the boilingwater (like a double-boiler). A friend of mine related a slick solution that he has
used for years -- he mixes his lube components in a mayonnaise jar and melts
them in the microwave and pours the melted lube directly into his lube-sizer. I
tried this and was amazed at how well it works -- no smoke! I used this method
for a couple of years and then had the mayonnaise jar break in the microwave
during heating, and make a big mess, so I switched over to 1-quart canningjars (tempered glass to handle the heat better). This worked fine for anothercouple of years, but eventually I had one of these break in the microwave too,so I moved to a thick-walled Pyrex measuring cup, complete with a convenient
handle and pour spout for pouring the melted lube into the lube-sizer (bought
at the grocery store for less than $2). Ultimately, this shattered too, so I have
moved over to using a ceramic coffee mug to melt my bullet lube in the
microwave now. I have friends that use hot-plates, old coffee pots, even a FryDaddy deep-fryer to melt their lube; there are lots of ways to do it.

54Summary and conclusions
Cast bullets require lubrication to prevent leading. Bullet lube serves not
only to lubricate the passage of the bullet down the bore but also to seal thepropellant gases behind the base. One of the most important properties of thislubricant is that it must be able to flow to be most effective. This property
allows lube to be pumped to the bullet/bore interface by a variety ofmechanisms. The shape of the lube grooves (i.e. either beveled or radiused)
are not overly important, as both are able to effectively pump the lube to thebore. Hard lubes need to melt partially before they perform their best as
lubricants; soft lubes simply flow in their native state, and as a result are moreversatile. Lubes that form a hard film (for example either dry Moly or Lee’s
tumble lube varnish) can only lubricate the bullet, they can’t flow and form aseal, and these lubes therefore have their effectiveness limited to lower
pressure loads. Putting Moly into a soft lube formulation combines theadvantages discussed for of all the above bullet lubes.
Reference material
An entertaining read on all manner of waxes, both natural and synthetic, can befound in:“Commercial Waxes”, edited by H. Bennett, published by the Chemical
Publishing Co., Brooklyn, NY, 1944.

55

Chapter 6:
Throat and Groove Dimensions: Cast Bullets and Revolvers Do Mix
Inaccuracy and leading are problems normally associated with castbullets and often are caused by the handgun itself and not the cast bullet.
Cylinder mouth diameter is often overlooked as a cause of problems with firing
cast bullets. The ideal cylinder mouth diameter is about one half a thousandthover the maximum groove diameter of the barrel. Sometimes it is impossible toachieve this magical combination since the cylinder mouths are occasionallylarger than the groove diameter of the barrel. In this case the bullets will need
to be sized the same diameter as the cylinder mouths. Extreme cases do exist
where the cylinder mouth is as much as .005 larger than the barrel groove
diameter. This is an extreme case, but it does happen occasionally. The only
thing you can do here is to shoot exceptionally light loads and hard or gaschecked bullets, or resort to jacketed bullets. More than one revolver has been
traded off because of this situation. When the cylinder mouths are too small,they can be opened up to a larger diameter by honing or lapping. Yes, reamers
can be used to resize small cylinder mouths; provided you can purchase one
the exact size you need. Reamers leave a good, but imperfect finish. Afterreaming each hole, the finish will need to be polished afterward with a lap orvery fine abrasive cloth. This little bit of polishing will remove more material
and that needs to be accounted for before obtaining the reamer. Normally
about one half to three quarters of a thousandth will be removed in the final
polishing process to remove the tool marks left behind from the reaming
operation. The finish inside the cylinder mouth, ideally, needs to be as smoothas a well polished die since the expanded bullet will be forced through it at highspeed upon firing. Can opening up a cylinder mouth cause any other problems?
Yes, one. When large amounts of material are removed from cylinder mouths(say about .005" or so), a burr and sharp ledge can form at the front end of thechamber (where the taper leads from the chamber into the throat), and where
the bullet begins its journey into the cylinder mouth. As the bullet leaves the
cartridge case and enters the throat, the burr and/or sharp ledge actually
shears off a ring of lead and leaves it in the front of the chamber. This reduces
the diameter of the bullet (probably asymmetrically), causing loss of accuracy,
leading and deformation of the driving bands. A polishing or lapping tool will beneeded to remove that sharp edge and will be turned from the rear of thechamber. Brownells sells a product called the flex hone and it might be enoughof a lap to remove a sharp edge or small burr.
Barrel constrictions - Restrictions can occur over the threaded area ofthe barrel where it screws into the frame. This mechanical malady is loosely
called "thread crush" in the machinists’ trade. It is more relevant in the larger
calibers where the barrels are much thinner than; say the .357 variety ofcalibers. The thinner, more fragile, .44 and .45 caliber barrels crush moreeasily, and it is not uncommon for these big bore barrels to have a slight
constriction just beyond the forcing cone as a result of this phenomenon.
Sometimes this constriction is modest enough that it's not a problem, and inother cases it can completely ruin a sixguns accuracy. In these cases, theconstriction needs to be removed before cast bullets can be shot successfully.
Some success with removing this restriction has been obtained by fire lapping.
Fire lapping is nothing more than impregnating cast bullets with lapping
56

compound and shooting them out of your revolver (preferably at modest
velocity). Several commercial cast bullet companies sell fire lapping kits.
“Beartooth Bullets” sells cast bullets specially made for fire lapping.
If you are a good enough gunsmith or bench fitter, you will be able tohand lap the restriction without the fire lapping. A barrel can be ruined from
improper lapping practices, so hand lapping is best left to the trained andexperienced hand.
After reading the above information on how to check out and prepare
your revolver for cast bullet shooting, you may well ask why it is necessary forthe bullet to have such a perfect transition from the chamber for it’s journey
down the bore. Well, consider what it is we are doing with the cast bullet.
Basically, the cast bullet is a slug of nothing more than cheap solder that is
lubricated, loaded into a cartridge case in front of an adequate charge ofpropellant which, when ignited becomes a mass of extremely hot gas, forcing
the slug ahead of it into the tube of twisting spiral grooves. The spiral grooves
cruelly force themselves into the sides of the bullet now speeding through thebore, perhaps as fast as 1600fps. Three factors come to play against the bullet.
Hot gas from behind, rapid forward motion and the resistance and damage
caused by the rifling. In short, we need to tune our firearm to be as kind to thebullet as possible. Restrictions (reduced diameter) anywhere inside the cylindermouth or barrel cause the bullet to be reduced in size. After the bullet leaves
the tight spot it is smaller than the remainder of the spinally grooved tube
through which it has to travel. The bullet then being smaller than the bore has
lost its ability to keep the hot gasses safely sealed behind it. Once this seal isbroken, the hot gases are free to rush past the delicate sides of the bullet andact as a circumferential cutting torch blowing liquid alloy ahead of the bullet
essentially tinning the bore ahead of the bullet causing even more lead to bewrenched from the already damaged circumference of the bullet. What all thisboils down to is severe leading and poor accuracy. These are the two main
reasons why many shooters are scared away from using cast bullets. Ideally, acast bullet should be fired through a long taper. A taper of about .0015 is ideal,
if it can be achieved. The old time barrel makers who made match grade target
rifles actually lapped a long taper into their barrels tapering from .002 larger atthe breech to minimum diameter at the muzzle. This allowed the bullet tomaintain a positive gas seal though the entire length of the bore. If such a
condition could be achieved in a revolver starting with the cylinder mouth, thatrevolver would shoot cast bullets with perfection. Tapered barrels are notcommonly encountered today. Smoothness and continuity of diameter
throughout the cylinder mouth and bore will ensure accuracy and cleanliness inshooting.

57

Chapter 7:
Leading -- The Cast Bullet Nemesis
In Greek mythology, Nemesis was the goddess of retribution, justice anddivine vengeance. She was the daughter of Nyx (the goddess of night), making
her the granddaughter of Chaos. She was "the woe of all gods and mortals" andheld a deep disdain for excessive pride, boastful or violent behavior, and theabsence of moderation. She and her sisters (the Fates) inspired fear due totheir vindictive punishment of mortal transgressions. Young Greeks were taughtthat her wrath was best avoided, and this was done by leading an honorable
and humble life, paying homage, and not being proud or boastful. Some stories
have the beautiful Nemesis (said to be even more beautiful than Aphrodite)taking the form of a swan and mating with Zeus. From this union an egg waslaid, that ultimately delivered Helen of Troy, teaching that even from an angry,
vengeful, chaotic force, beautiful things can be born (even though they may be
awash in both conflict and controversy, as the rest of Helen's life would be).
The parallels to cast bullet shooting are almost poetic. The cast bullet isunleashed upon the world from the chaos and darkness of a revolver's cylinder.
Moderation is well tolerated with cast bullets, and excessive behaviors arepunished. The wrath of leading is best avoided, and this is easily done, simply
by being sensible. Those who pay homage through attention to the details of fit,hardness, lubrication and care of assembly are rewarded with beautiful shooting
ammunition (although raucous disbelievers may challenge the virtues of theirammo).
Leading is the number one fear that most non-casters have that prevents
them from starting to cast their own bullets. Part of the problem is however,that many of these would-be casters aren't really even sure what "leading"really is, or what causes it; it's just something they've heard, or read, about,and they understand that it can have a negative impact on a gun's accuracy. It
is basic human nature to fear the unknown. Some shooters experiment withcommercial cast bullets to see how they work and find foreign looking deposits
in their barrels and think it must be leading, when in fact it's just residual bullet
lube. Sometimes these shooters will experience legitimate leading at
intermediate velocities (say 1000 fps or so) and wrongly assume that these
deposits would be more severe at higher velocities, and just give up on castbullets in general. The purpose of this chapter is to define what leading is, what
it's root causes are, how a shooter can avoid it, and if afflicted, how a shooter
can remove it easily; in short, to dispel the unknown.
Definition of leading - Leading is the deposition of significant amountsof bullet metal on the bore. It can take many forms -- streaks, chunks,
splotches, films, etc. (more on this in a minute). It's important to recognize thatthe mere presence of streaks in the bore is not an indication of leading; many
types of bullet lube (especially the commercial hard lubes) leave perfectly
innocuous streaks in the barrel that have no negative impact on firearm
performance (if a wet patch removes the deposit, it probably wasn't lead). Nor
is a gray "haze" on the bore surface necessarily a problem; it can be anindication of a leading problem, but it can also be simply a reflection of the alloyof barrel steel used, how the rifling was cut, or a reflection that the barrel isn't"broken in" yet. The inexperienced cast bullet shooter commonly (and falsely)58

believes that leading has but a single cause -- the bullet was too soft for thevelocity, and lead was stripped off the bullet as it raced down the bore. To thisnovice shooter, the only solution to leading is to cast the bullet harder, which
may solve the problem, but in many cases it won't (and in certain cases it will
actually make the leading worse). If the harder bullets don't solve his leading
problem, the novice generally walks away thinking that it's impossible to shootcast bullets without leading a barrel, when in fact the real problem is simply oneof misdiagnosis. So let's look at some of the firearm and ammunition issues
involved in leading, so our forensic examination of a leaded revolver can
provide an accurate diagnosis of the cause.
Location of the leading
Location, location, location! Perhaps the single most telling piece ofevidence is the location of the leading in the gun. Are the dark gray, firmly
adherent metal deposits in the forcing cone of the revolver, a patch just forwardof the forcing cone, random splotches over the central portion of the bore, dothey form a light general gray haze of the entire bore, do they specifically"follow the rifling", or are they concentrated near the muzzle? Clues, my dear
Watson. The answer is written in the clues.
Throats - Starting from the rear of the revolver and working forward:
the first place that leading can appear is in the cylinder throats. This is rare, but
it does occasionally happen when the throats are rough or undersized. For
example, I have a Ruger SP-101 .22 revolver that used to build up long streaksof lead in the cylinder throats every time I shot it. Turns out the throats were
undersized and rough, and a quick regimen of fire-lapping with 600 grit siliconcarbide cured the problem nicely. That gun is a nice little shooter now, and nolonger leads at all. Another potential cause of leading in the throats is severely
oversized throats or undersized bullets, but these extreme dimensional
mismatches are rarely encountered today.
Cylinder gap/barrel face - Leading can also be found on the face ofthe cylinder or the rear face of the barrel. In this case there are multiple
possible causes. Most often this is seen in revolvers with an oversized cylinder
gap. Ideally a cylinder gap should be between .003" and .006", and mostquality production revolvers fall in this range, but every so often one happens
across a gun with a gap of as much as .020", and these invariably plate theforcing cone area when shooting lead bullets. Bevel-based bullets are
significantly more prone to this kind of leading than are plain-based, for thesimple reason that the cylinder seal is broken while there is still a large amountof ablatable lead exposed in the gap, allowing gas-cutting of the beveled face.
Seriously oversized throats also can contribute to this form of leading as well.
Forcing cone - Leading found in the forcing cone proper can be theresult of the cast bullet being significantly over-sized relative to groove
diameter and being swaged down as it enters the forcing cone. It can also be
due to the forcing cone being poorly or roughly cut, or cut off-center (it does
happen...). Or it can be due to poor cylinder timing leaving the chamber(s) inpoor alignment with the barrel at ignition. This last case will generally have an
asymmetric build up on one side or the other, and the revolver will commonly"spit lead".
59Immediately in front of the forcing cone - If the leading is observed
immediately in front of the forcing cone, then it's almost always due to a
constriction in the barrel caused by an overly tight barrel/frame thread. This ismost readily diagnosed by slugging the bore, and feeling for added resistanceas the slug passes through this portion of the bore. Fire-lapping will usuallyclean this up pretty quickly and effectively. Hand-lapping requires more
knowledge and experience, but allows the shooter to feel when the job is done
and results in a more uniform bore surface throughout the length of the barrel.
Random splotches in the bore - Perhaps the most commonly observed
form of leading is that composed of random splotches of metal throughout thebore. This can be caused by the bullet being too soft for the velocity/pressure(e.g. a bullet with a BHN of 6 being fired at 1100 fps) and it is this single casethat has spawned the widespread knee-jerk reaction among the uninformedthat all leading is caused the bullet being too soft. Historically, "soft" bullets
were cast with 40-to-1 lead to tin (BHN of about 6.5) and "hard" bullets were
cast from 10-to-1 (BHN of 11), and if velocities crept much over 1000 fps, it
was necessary to be closer to the harder end of the spectrum. Hence, the Oldtimers spoke of the need for "hard" bullets with rounds like the .357 Magnum.
They were speaking of bullets with roughly the same hardness as everyday WW
alloy (BHN of 10-12), which seems to be considered moderately soft thesedays. With commercial hard-cast bullets having a BHN of 22 or more andvirtually all home-cast bullets falling in the range of BHN 12-18, overly softbullets are rarely the cause of leading in handguns today (rifles can be adifferent story).
Random splotches of leading in the bore can also be due to rough or
pitted bores. Diagnosis of this problem should be obvious.
These days, random splotches of leading are most commonly due to poor
lube flow. This has become a much more common problem over the course of
the last decade or so, due to the popularity of the various hard lubes, both oncommercial hard-cast and bullets cast at home. Before anyone gets "their tailtied in a knot" over that statement, let me emphasize that this is not meant asa condemnation of commercial hard lubes. A bullet lube must be delivered tothe bullet/bore interface for it to do any good. For low pressure loads (e.g. midrange target loads), hard lube works just fine since the lube displaced by theengraving process of the lands is sufficient to provide for the modest lubricationneeds of the bullet in these mild loads. For high-pressure loads (e.g. .44
Magnum), hard lubes also work just fine since the heat and friction of theseloads is enough to melt a portion of the lube, and the melted portion of the lube
flows extremely well and lubricates the bullet's passage very nicely. Where I
have encountered leading with commercial hard lubes is in the intermediatepressure regime, a little over 1000 fps and 20,000 psi. In this regime thelubrication needs of the bullet are not met by the small amount of lube
displaced by the lands, and at these more moderate pressures and velocities,
little if any of the hard lube melts. A lube that does not flow cannot do its job.
In the past, poor lube flow was not an issue because virtually all bullet lubes
were soft lubes (e.g. the NRA's Alox formula), and they flowed just fine (in fact,some involving motor oil flowed too well and would leak down and contaminate
the powder charge of the round; recall the value of "moderation in all things").
60

If a shooter is encountering this problem, a quality soft lube is called for.
Streaks, following the rifling - If the leading is seen to "follow therifling" (i.e. streaks that twist down the barrel in close association with therifling grooves), then this is a tell-tale sign that the bullet is cast too hard andfailing to obturate. Obturation is usually thought of as a plastic deformation thatswells the bullet's diameter, but it also leads to a back-filling of engraving
defects along the trailing edge of the land. If the bullet is cast too hard to
obturate, these defects will not be back-filled and gas-cutting will take placethrough these voids, following the trailing edge of that particular land. Thiseffect can be mitigated somewhat through judicious choice of lube, but lube byitself can only do so much. The real solution here is to go with a softer bullet
and a better lube.
Splotches near the muzzle - If the first half of the revolver barrel isshiny and clean and the lead deposits are only found near the muzzle, thenthat's a clear indication that the lubrication capacity of the lube/bullet system isbeing overwhelmed. The shooter has several options to fix this: if the bullet has
multiple lube grooves and not all of them were filled, then fill more lube grooves(I know shooters who refuse to fill more than one lube groove on bullets withmultiple grease grooves, "Don't wanna waste lube!", I guess they prefercleaning guns to shooting...). If the bullet has no other lube grooves to fill, thena shooter can move to a more efficient lube, or one with better viscous flow
properties. If all else fails, the shooter can go to another bullet design capableof carrying more lube. The problem of muzzle leading is more commonly
encountered in rifles than it is in handguns.
General haze over the entire bore - If the lead deposits show up as agray haze over the entire bore it may not be an indication of a leading problem.
Sometimes this is just an indication that a barrel still needs to be broken in. The
way some barrel steels behave when cut, there can be microscopic surface
roughness that accumulates a fine-grained film of lead over the surface for the
first few hundred rounds or so (this used to be particularly common withstainless revolvers, especially Rugers, but the situation has improved in recent
years). If this haze bothers you and you want it to go away, just go out andshoot the gun, a lot! If you're impatient, then fire-lap it.
If the haze is more than just a fine-grained, light gray haze, and amounts
to more serious leading over the entire bore, it is most likely due to the castbullets being undersized relative to groove diameter. Slug the barrel andthroats and make sure that the throats are indeed larger than groove diameter,
and that the bullets are sized at least as large as groove diameter.
Causes of Leading
Now that we've seen what leading looks like, and have some idea as towhere it's coming from, let's look at the different factors that cause leading andwhat we can do to eliminate it. In other words, let's look at it from the otherside of the fence and start with the cause and work backwards.
Leading caused by the bullet - The cause of leading can be traced tothe bullet if it's the wrong hardness for the application, the wrong size for that61

particular gun or a plain base design in an application that calls for a gas-check.
As discussed above, too soft of a bullet (e.g. BHN < 8) can be stripped if
pushed too fast, while a bullet that's too hard (e.g. BHN 22) can fail toobturate, and lead the trailing edge of the lands. This is a common problem
with commercial hardcast bullets pushed at intermediate velocities. The bullet
can also be the source of leading if it is sized too large (lead build up in theforcing cone) or too small (coated over the entire bore). The bullet can also be
the cause of leading if the sixgunner is using a PB bullet in a load thatgenerates more than about 40,000 psi peak pressure or 1500 fps muzzle
velocity; these applications are better served by GC bullet designs.
Leading caused by the lube - Lube can also be the cause of leading,either by there not being enough of it on the bullet, or by having poor
lubricating abilities, or by having inadequate viscous flow properties. The telltale signature of a bullet running out of lube is leading concentrated up near the
muzzle. The solution here is to go to a thicker lube or a bullet design with more
lube capacity. Make sure that your bullet carries enough grease, and that you
put good stuff in those grooves. Soft lubes (e.g. NRA's Alox formulation) aremuch more versatile, hard lubes work well for soft loads and magnum loads,
but can be problematic in between.
Leading caused by the gun - There are certain critical dimensions of
the gun that can cause leading if they are "out of spec". Again, starting with therear of the gun and moving forward, the first of these would be the cylinderthroats. If the throats are grossly oversized (> .004" larger than groove
diameter) then if the cast bullet is soft enough it can "bump up" when fired,becoming oversized for entry into the forcing cone, creating lead deposits when
it gets swaged back down at this point. With harder bullets, oversized throats
do not usually cause a leading problem (although accuracy may suffer due topoor alignment during the cylinder gap transition). On the small side, tightthroats can be more problematic. If the throat diameter is .001" (or less) undergroove diameter, poor accuracy and serious leading are commonly the result
since the cast bullet gets swaged down too small and rattles down the bore withpoor alignment allowing lots of gas leakage. Fortunately, this is an easy
problem to fix, just hone (or polish) the throats to the proper diameter. It's
important to recognize that not all revolvers with tight throats will necessarily
shoot poorly, or lead the bore (tight throats coupled with the right amount ofbarrel constriction will often shoot just fine with moderate pressure loads), but
the general trend is that tight throats are usually problematic.
If the barrel/cylinder gap is excessive (> .010") then the forcing conearea can become plated with lead deposits. This is fairly common with .22
revolvers, but is also occasionally seen in centerfire revolvers as well. The
solution here is to have a gunsmith set the barrel back one thread and re-cut
the barrel face so that the gap is more reasonable (say .004-.005").
Perhaps the most common cause of leading that can be blamed on therevolver is the barrel/frame constriction. Sometimes, when the manufacturer
cuts the threads on the barrel and screws it into the frame, it's a tight enoughfit that the frame slightly constricts the barrel so that the groove diameter inthat portion of the barrel is ever so slightly smaller than in the rest of the barrel62

(the difference is usually less than .001"). The crude swaging process that
occurs when a bullet is fired generally results in a heavy lead deposit at thebarrel frame juncture. Fire-lapping (or hand-lapping) will generally cure thisproblem in straightforward fashion.
Variations in steel hardness or slippage in the indexing of the cutting
tools when the rifling grooves were cut the barrel can be left with inconsistentgroove diameter, or groove/land widths, or tool chatter leading to a roughly cut
bore. All of these inconsistencies can be treated with some degree of success by
fire-lapping or hand-lapping. Likewise a bore that has become pitted can also
be smoothed out in this fashion (but only up to a point). Note that most of the
gun related causes of leading are “treatable” by fire-lapping.
Leading caused by the load/components - Perhaps the mostcommon source of leading resulting from the components is due to the use of
too little, or inappropriate, bullet lube. Some bullet designs have skimpy little
shallow lube grooves and simply do not carry enough lube to be shot at any
kind of serious velocity without leading. These bullets will never provide
satisfactory service at anything other than moderate velocities. Lube quality is alittle muddier issue; one of the things that confuses many cast bullet shooters isthat a lube can be very well suited for one velocity range and lousy at anotherspeed. A common (and somewhat shaky) belief is that a given lube will be good
up to a certain velocity (at which point it will reach the limit of its lubricating/sealing ability), therefore if it works at one velocity it will work fine at all
velocities below that point. This is commonly true, especially for the soft lubes(also the varnish lubes and dry Moly coatings), but not always true for the hardlubes (particularly the crystalline hard lubes). If you're getting leading that you
can trace to the use of a hard lube, try replacing it with a quality soft lube.
Another source of leading that can be traced to the components of theload is the mismatch of the powder burn rate to pressure generated by theload. Many years ago Elmer Keith used to write about the "balance point" of agiven powder; the range of pressures at which that powder delivered smooth
uniform ballistics. Basically this boiled down to fast powders for light target
loads (e.g. Bullseye, W231, HP-38, AA #2), medium burners for standard
pressure loads (like Unique, Universal Clays, AA #5), medium slow powders for+P loads (powders like HS-7, Blue Dot, AA #7) and slow powders for full-house
magnum loads (like W296, H110, 2400 and AA #9). Match the powder to thepressure curve. The use of fast powders for higher than normal pressures withplain-based bullets can cause bad leading, due to the very rapid pressure risetime early in the P-T curve leading to high pressure faster than the bullet alloy
can obturate in response to the pressure, and as a result severe gas cutting canresult. The other issue here is that the slow pistol powders reach their pressure
peak when the bullet is an inch or two in front of the forcing cone, when thebullet is fully supported and contained by the barrel. Sealing and lubrication are
fully functional in this environment. The fast pistol powders reach their peakpressure when the bullet is in the throat or traversing the cylinder gap. This isfine if the load involves modest pressures, but if a plain-based cast bullet issubjected to magnum pressures as it crosses the cylinder gap, then serious
leading problems can arise. The take-home lesson here is to not use fast
powders for magnum pressure levels in the first place! Just match the powder63to the pressure curve.
The bottom line of all this analysis? Use a bullet that's the right size, of ahardness suitable for the pressure/velocity, with a healthy dose of quality lube,in a decent gun, powered by a well-balanced powder charge, and you'll be able
to shoot all day long with no leading. It's really pretty easy, all told.
Removal of leading
The default method for removing lead deposits is a bronze bore brush, ahealthy dose of elbow grease and an hour or two of scrubbing. If your time is asvaluable to you as mine is to me, this is not a good solution!
One solution that gets recommended is to fire a couple of rounds ofjacketed ammo to clean up majority of leading deposits -- in my experience
jacketed ammo tends to remove most, but not necessarily all of the lead (itseems to iron some of it into the grooves since jacketed bullets tend to beslightly undersized). Some have even gone so far as to suggest loading
jacketed bullet upside-down to enhance the scraping effect -- I've never done
this, but it seems rather odd to me, all you need is the harder jacket metal incontact with the leaded bore so what purpose does loading the bullet upsidedown accomplish? And if the jacketed bullet is undersized it won't make any
difference whether it's right side up or upside-down. The best solution I've
found yet, is to simply shoot some GC ammo through the leaded bore. The
sharp forward edge of a GC seems to do a much better job of removing leaddeposits than a typical bullet jacket, and I can't think of a better way to clean a
gun than to keep shootin'!
What if you don't have any GC ammo handy? Well then, there are a few
other options....
Veral Smith, of Lead Bullet Technologies (LBT), published a method in his
excellent (and highly recommended) book Jacketed Performance from Cast, anifty and highly effective method for removing lead deposits from inside abarrel. His method involves taking a copper or brass kitchen scrubbing pad(commonly marketed under the "Chore-Boy" or Chore-Girl" brand names) andcutting a patch off of it and wrapping it around a bronze bore brush. The way
this "tool" cuts through even severe lead deposits has to be seen to bebelieved! I have had revolvers that I literally could not even see the lands thatcame clean and lead free in less than a minute!
The only drawback to Veral's method is that it requires a pair of scissors
to slice off a patch of the scrubbing pad, and scissor slicing launches a thousand
little pieces of shrapnel off into the unknown (at least its unknown until you
walk back through that particular room barefoot), and it only allows you to geta dozen or so swatches out of one scrubber pad. If one replaces the copper(bronze) kitchen scrubbing pad with a pad of bronze wool (available forrefinishing work at your local hardware store), one can take a small pinch off
the pad with your fingers and get about a hundred or so pinches from one pad - and there's no mystery shrapnel to stab your (or your Better Half's) tender
tootsies! It's important to emphasize that one should use bronze wool, and notsteel wool. Steel wool will scratch the bore, and why a shooter would want to64

save a few cents and use steel wool instead of bronze wool and risk damaging
several hundred dollars worth of barrel is beyond me when he could just as
easily buy a cheap cleaning accessory where a $3 investment will last the next
couple of decades with zero risk to his precious barrel steel. Your call...
Shooting bullets lubed with Moly lube not only prevents leading, but also
makes lead deposits easier to remove when they do occur. This is the one casewhere a wet patch can remove light leading deposits, they don't stick very welland a good tight-fitting patch wrapped around a bore brush can remove leading
deposits from a lightly leaded barrel if that barrel is Moly treated.
Conclusions
So look at the variables involved with yourgun -- bullet diameter, bullet hardness, throat
diameter, groove diameter, lube quantity andquality, possible barrel constrictions, bore
roughness, cylinder gap, etc. Gentle fire-lapping
can cure several, but not all, of the causes ofleading. It may very well be that your gun justneeds to be broken in, so just get out and go
shootin'!
Fear of barrel leading is one of thegreatest barriers to shooters taking up castbullet shooting and bullet casting. In the final
analysis, leading is easy to avoid, and it is mucheasier (and quicker) to get rid of than is copper fouling from shooting jacketedbullets. That a cast bullet shooter must live with leading is a myth, just like
Nemesis of ancient Greece.
Chore-Boy and bronze wool
can be used to remove leading
very quickly and easily.

65

Chapter 8:
Idle Musings of a Greybeard Caster….
There are a number of things that a caster learns with experience that
don’t necessarily fit neatly into a well-defined, compartmentalized chapter
format. We decided to include these tid-bits in kind of a catch-all section to pickup all the “little things” that we would like to teach a new caster that might not
fit in elsewhere. With no further ado….
Getting started - A very common question is, "I'm thinking about
getting into bullet casting. What's the best way for me to get started?" Well,that depends on what kind of shooter you are, how much shooting you do, andwhat you want to get out of your shooting. While shooters and goals differ,
there is a common solution that will teach a great deal to the novice caster, do
it affordably and generate a lot of fun in the process. Stock up on .38 Specialand .357 Magnum brass, buy a pound of Bullseye and a pound of 2400, pick up
an RCBS 150 grain SWC mould and a 10-pound lead pot, and a 5-gallon bucketof wheelweights from your local tire store. Cast as many SWC's as you can, andtry a variety of loads to satisfy yourself what works best. Try a handful ofdifferent lubes, crimps, primers, etc. so you get a feel for what works and what
doesn't. When you've finished either the 2 pounds of powder or the 5-gallon
bucket of wheelweights, you will be a better pistol shot, and you will have agood working knowledge of the fundamentals of bullet casting, cast bullet
loading and you'll be ready to move on. Now you can start picking up new bullet
moulds to scratch different itches...
Flaring the cases - ALL CASES (straight, tapered, bottleneck, etc.) need
to be flared before seating a cast bullet. A cast bullet needs to be able to entera case smoothly and easily. If you just cram a cast bullet into a re-sized caselike you would a jacketed bullet, you will almost certainly damage the bullet andget very poor accuracy when you fire the round. The case mouth needs to beflared slightly to allow the bullet to slide in as though it was greased (it is, afterall). If you can feel the stop-n-go resistance of the driving bands during theseating process, you are almost certainly damaging the bullet, and you’ll needto flare the case mouth a little more. This can be done with a standard flaringdie (e.g. .38 Special), with a Lyman M-die, or by using a home-made universal
flaring die.
Excessive Processing - Excessive manipulation of bullet metal will leadto a depletion of some of the valuable components (e.g. tin). Fluxing too often
is one way to do this. A friend of mine likes to “flux” the metal even before its
melted! (“It makes it melt better.” he says…) He is confusing the use of roadsalt to melt snow (colligative properties of liquids, solutes lower the melting
point) with fluxing molten metal (which does not dissolve in the alloy andserves to extract certain impurities, and minimize the oxidation). He also likes
to flux the pot about every 10 or 12 pours. All this activity does nothing to
improve the alloy, is a waste of flux, and just cruds up the lead pot (he prefers
pine rosin for flux, which does a fine job and smells nice). When he skims thedross after each of these fluxings, then the alloy can be depleted of some of theminor components, like tin, arsenic, etc., resulting in the quality of the bullet
metal dropping off with time. Melt the alloy, skim the dross, flux the metal onceat the beginning of the pot and cast your bullets. If you’re oxidizing your tin too
66

quickly to make it to the bottom of your pot, then you’re casting too hot, turnthe pot temp down. I prefer to use a heaping tablespoon of sawdust for flux andleave it in place to inhibit oxidation from taking place.
Smoking moulds - The same casting buddy likes to smoke his moulds 2
or 3 times during each casting session. Smoking bullet moulds is a timehonored tradition in bullet casting and is done to help the mould release thebullet by coating it with a thin layer of soot (poor man’s graphite). I have seencases where his moulds were so sooted up that the blocks wouldn’t close fully
and bullets were coming out frosted -- not because of crystallization of theantimony, but rather because the cavity surface of the mould was physicallyroughened as a result of the carbon deposits. The idea behind smoking moulds
is to enhance their ability to “let go”, but if the cavity gets rougher, just howeasily is it going to “let go”? In addition, soot quickly fills up and blocks the ventlines in the mould faces, preventing the mould from venting properly during thepour, leading to a steady stream of rejects. I have much better results getting
moulds to release easily by cleaning them with a toothbrush and cleaning
solvent (e.g. Ed’s Red or WD-40) than by smoking them. If you must smoke
your moulds, do it once. If the bullets start to get sticky after that, then clean
mould before you smoke it again. Building up coal deposits inside your mould
cavity is a lousy way to make good bullets.
Cleaning the Lead Pot - I’ve heard of just about every method
imaginable for cleaning lead pots -- wire-brushes, electric drills, cold chisels,
scrapers, even sand-blasting. By far the easiest and best way to clean out theresidues that eventually accumulate is with hot water. Take a cup of nearboiling water, pour it into the room temperature pot (it should be obvious thatyou DON’T do this with a hot pot!), let it stand for a minute or two (stirringoccasionally), then drain it out. Your pot (and pour spout) will come out
remarkably clean. A word of caution: don’t try to heat the water by putting acup of cold water in a cold pot and then turning the pot on. It takes a while toheat the water to its boiling point, and by the time the water approaches
boiling, the heating element has gotten MUCH hotter. The water will go fromwarm and steaming slightly, to Mt. St. Helens in a matter of seconds. Bad
idea…..

Heating an aluminum mould sprue plate
down

Heating the Sprue Plate - Mould
temperature and pot temperature are twovariables that are addressed in virtually all of
the cast bullet literature. A problem that iscommonly encountered and not generally
addressed is bullets that are poorly filled out
and wrinkled, and frosty, suggesting that the
mould and/or alloy might be too hot. This
problem is especially prevalent in thealuminum moulds that are so popular today.
The caster usually figures his alloy must be
too hot since the bullets are frosty, so heturns the temperature down and the problem
just gets worse. His next conclusion is thatproblem must be with his alloy or how it wasprocessed, and so he goes back and fluxes it
67

again and again, and once more no improvement is seen. The mould and pot
temperatures may well be too hot, but the real problem is that the sprue plateis too cool. The steel sprue plate takes longer to heat up than does thealuminum mould, so the molten alloy is getting poured through a chiller before
it gets into the mould cavities, the viscosity increases, the alloy is no longer
able to fill out the cavity properly, and the bullet comes out wrinkled. It’s frosty
because the mould blocks are indeed hot and it takes a long time for the alloy
to cool down from that point on so the antimony gets a chance to segregate,
but the problem lies in the fact that the alloy is too cool when it enters thecavities. The solution to this problem is to make sure the sprue plate is fully
heated up before casting. For typical iron/steel moulds, this is no big deal sinceboth the mould blocks and the sprue plate have similar thermal conductivities
and heat up at the same rate (this is why the problem isn‘t addressed in theclassic casting literature, historically ferrous moulds have been used). But foraluminum moulds, the aluminum blocks heat up much faster than does thesprue plate. The caster can either heat up the sprue plate by casting a bunch of
rejects, or he can pre-heat the mould upside down on the rim of the pot, so theheat enters the mould blocks through the sprue plate, thereby ensuring goodthermal equilibrium between the two. This is also an issue when casting withthe 8 and 10 cavity H&G gang moulds, with their gargantuan 3/8” plate steel
sprue cutters. There’s more steel in one of these sprue cutters than there ismost 2 cavity moulds! The sprue plate must be hot to cast good bullets!
Seating stubborn GCs - Most of the time, I just snap them on with mythumb, but as we all know, every so often you run across a mould that has anoversized GC shank and getting the GC onto that shank takes more than thumbpressure. In the past, the way I dealt with this was to place a small piece of
1/8" flat-stock over the sizer die and use the nose-punch to push the bullet
down into the GC. This works fine (if the bullet isn't too long), but it's kinda
slow.
Recently, I found a pair of well-used channel lock pliers at a pawn shopthat a previous owner had taken the jaws to a belt sander and ground off all theteeth, leaving the jaws smooth. They cost me all of 50 cents, and it turns outthat they work quite nicely for seating GCs onto recalcitrant shanks. I use thechannel locks to seat the GC's onto the bullet shank, then I size the bullets
normally. The flat faces of the channel locks get them seated squarely on thebase, and the crimp keeps the GC solidly in place. The adjustable jaws of thechannel locks allow me to keep the jaws more or less parallel, and squarely
seat GCs on a wide variety of bullet lengths. And my thumb is grateful...
Preventing damage - Anytime your mould faces are open or when the
mould blocks are not attached to the handles, the mould is vulnerable todamage from dings and dents. Please remember that any time the mould faces
or top are exposed, they can be easily nicked, dinged, or dented in the area ofthe cavities; possible ruining your mould. Also, remember that should you
accidentally drop your mould, it can be ruined. Storing mould blocks rubberbanded together is a good way to prevent much of this damage.
Venting - It is very difficult to cast a useable bullet from a mould that isinadequately vented. Some of the more common mass produced moulds usually68

come out of the box with vent lines that are partially blocked at the cavity. Thiscan occur in most any mould made with vent lines. The partial blocking of thevent lines occurs in moulds that have the blocks vented before the cavities are
cut with the cherry. Almost all machine-able material leaves small burrs at theedges of the machined area. In moulds this occurs at the edges of the cavities.
The burrs themselves are normally quite small, but can be enough to partially
block the very thin vent lines. These burrs can be easily removed with the bladeof a pocket knife, but is recommended that a 60o bent checkering file, fine cut,be used as it leaves no inside burrs and does a much cleaner job. Only remove
the burr. Do not attempt to cut the vent lines deeper. After the burrs in thevent lines are removed, the edges of the cavity can be lightly rubbed with apiece of 0000 steel wool to ensure smoothness at the site of the vent.
Proper fit of mould blocks - For many years gun writers have written
about their opinions as to how mould faces should fit together. Some say you
should not be able to see any daylight between the halves when held up to astrong light. In reality, a small amount of light showing through the mould
halves is good for venting the air from the cavities. Moulds fitted too tightly canbe frustrating to use if not adequately vented. Frequently, a new mould has
been made to cast more easily by getting the mould and the alloy at muchhigher than normal operating temperatures. While using the mould at thisextreme temperature, the user notices that all of a sudden the mould starts
casting perfect bullets with little effort. What has happened here is that theblocks became so hot that they warped just a little, but enough so that the
mould became self-venting as light was then visible through the halves. Oncethe mould “opened up” it allowed the cavities to properly vent and the alloy
could then fill into the cavities completely without fighting with the trapped air.
Misaligned Mould Blocks - If you find that a mould is throwing bullets
that are significantly out of round, or if after sizing you notice that the bullets
are heavily burnished on one side of theseam and untouched on the other, then the
problem is likely to be that one (or more) of
the alignment pins are not properly
engaging. After the blocks have cooled
down, remove them from the handles; when
the two halves of the mould are brought
together there should be little or no lightvisible at the interface, and there should bezero slippage of the blocks relative to one
another. If you can see a significant line oflight between the faces, the blocks could be
warped, there might be small particles ofmetal holding them apart, or the alignment
pins could be pushed too far out of theirPicture showing how to properly tap out
foundation holes and are preventing thealignment pins. (Lyman Mould shown)blocks from closing fully. If there’s any
slippage between the blocks, then the alignment pins are seated too deeply into
their holes and need to be adjusted. Take a piece of 2 x 4 with a ¼” groove
routed in it. Place the mould block face down with the alignment pins in this69

groove and the blocks supported on both sides of the groove. Using a 3/16”
drift punch and a hammer, gently tap the backside of the pin until it extends far
enough out of its hole to engage the alignment hole in the opposite block.
Check to make sure that there is no gap between the faces of the mould blocks
caused by the pin protruding too far and holding the blocks apart (if so thengently tap it back in). Once the alignment pins are properly adjusted, thenbullets should drop much closer to round and proper size.
Cleaning a Mold - Valuable tools for cleaning moulds include an old
toothbrush, flat tooth-picks and Q-Tips, in conjunction with a good cleaning
solvent like WD-40 or Ed‘s Red. For aluminum moulds, these are the only tools
I use for cleaning. Using steel tools, or steel wool, to clean any mould canround off cavity edges, scratch the faces and otherwise do damage to yourprecious mould, making it a bad idea. For steel moulds, you can also use
bronze wool, or a bronze brush for cleaning along with a suitable cleaning
solvent. This is an excellent way to remove surface rust from a rusty old mouldand do so without rounding the edges on the cavity or scratching the faces ofthe mould blocks. A bronze brush also is a great way to clean out thoseinsidious little flakes of metal that like to get stuck in the vent lines and block
them. For long-term storage of an iron/steel mould, I paint them liberally with
Ed’s Red using an old toothbrush. The carrier solvents help the Dexron III
penetrate into the pores of the metal, and inhibit oxidation.
Mould release - Some folks get all wound up about how it's impossible
to get a mould to drop bullets cleanly without spraying some kind of magic
goop all over it. I've seen moulds that were so heavily coated that the blocks
could not close completely, and all of the vent lines were filled. You will never
get a quality bullet from such a mould. If you want to use a release agent, thenfine, go ahead, but use it lightly. Just like smoking the mould, if a little doesn't
do the trick, then clean the mould. In my opinion, there is no need for mould
release, all is does is gunk up a mould and block vent lines. If your mould is not
dropping bullets easily, then it probably needs to be cleaned (or lapped).
Cleaning Solvent - Ed Harris developed a formula for a cleaning solventthat he preferred for general all-round firearm cleaning that he called “Ed‘s
Red“. It’s an excellent cleaning solvent. He had half a dozen ingredients thatwere included for various reasons, some well-founded, some a little
questionable. Now that I’m well into my third decade as an experimentalorganic chemist, I have a pretty good feel for solvents, how they work, what
they do, and how to best achieve the desired properties. I did some minor
tweaking (and simplification) of Ed’s Red formula and have a cheap, simple andhighly effective cleaning solvent that I use for almost everything gun related,particularly bullet moulds. Basically, I replaced the acetone with the less volatile
MEK, and got rid of the lanolin and mineral spirits (which is a poor solvent forthis application), and kicked up the xylene content (an excellent solvent forremoving powder fouling, petrified greases, bullet lubes, etc). With no further
ado:
Ed’s Red: Revisited
1 quart Dexron III automatic transmission fluid
1 quart methyl ethyl ketone (aka “MEK”)
1 quart xylene

Mix in a 1 gallon glass jug. Mixture is
flammable, handle/store
appropriately. As with any cleaning
solvent, use with adequate
ventilation.
70

Gravity segregation - Some folks like to think that if you don’t stir yourlead pot, the components will separate according to their differing densities.
Nope. They’re all soluble in the melt and Brownian motion insures that they
stay well mixed. No gravity segregation will take place in your lead pot. A little
test you can perform for yourself at home: dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glassof water. Stir it thoroughly and set it aside overnight. Table salt is over twice as
dense as water (just like lead is approximately twice as dense as either
antimony or tin). If homogenous solutions spontaneously gravity segregated,then this one would do so just like the hypothetical segregating lead alloys. Let
this salt-water stand undisturbed over night, then carefully remove a spoonful
from the surface of the glass and taste it, is there still salt in that surface
water?
Lapping a mould - It’s not uncommon for a mould cavity to be out ofround, in some cases this can amount to several thousandths difference
depending on where the diameter is measured. One way to clean this up is tolap the mould (check the alignment pins first!). Lapping can also be used toenlarge the diameter of the bullets if they are dropping out undersized, orsmoothing out a rough cavity (either tooling marks or pitting). Keep in mind
that this (like any lapping process) is a metal removal process and as suchshould be done slowly and carefully, stopping to check dimensions on a regularbasis. The simplest way to lap a mould is by hand. One simple method forhand-lapping a mould cavity is to take a nail, hammer the tip flat and thenbend the flattened portion in a right angle to form the lap handle. Remove thesprue plate from the mould. The flattened portion is then inserted into thecenter of the cavity and the mould cavity filled with bullet metal around the lap
handle (make sure no part of the steel nail is “peaking out” of the lapping
surface as this can scratch your mould). Allow the lap to cool, then wipe a dropof oil across the entire surface of the lap, followed by a coating of abrasive. I
generally start with 400 grit silicon carbide. Valve grinding compound isgenerally either 180 or 220 grit alumina, either of which will remove a lot ofmould metal fast, and should be avoided if you are just smoothing the cavity
out. Mould metals (aluminum, brass, leaded steel, iron, etc.) are all pretty soft
stuff, and all of the commercially available lapping compounds are considerably
harder, so the identity of the lapping compound (i.e. alumina, silicon carbide,silicon nitride, etc.) isn’t as important as the particle size (grit). Once thelapping compound is in place, then the coated lap is inserted in to the mould,
the blocks closed and the lap turned by hand, using the handle to rotate. There
will be resistance, and in fact it’s not uncommon for the lap to only turn part
way at first. Just keep working it until complete, free rotation is achieved, atwhich point the lap is spent. Clean the mould, heat it up, cast a bullet andmeasure it to see how close you are to the desired diameter and roundness.
Repeat as necessary with a freshly poured lap (you can melt the old lap off ofthe handle by simply immersing it in the lead pot). This isn’t really as timeconsuming as it sounds like, but it does take a while. Just look at it this way,
you can spend the rest of your life shooting poor quality, out-of-round bullets,or you can invest an hour or two and spend the rest of your life shooting nearperfect bullets. Your call.
If you have access to the appropriate power tools, moulds can also belapped under power. In this case one takes a bullet cast from the mould, wraps
it in electrician's tape, chucks it up in a 3-jaw chuck on the lathe, center drills
71the base and taps it. The lap is then threaded onto an appropriate shank (e.g.
bolt, all-thread, etc. -- do NOT use any kind of pointed or self-starting screw!).
If a bolt is used, cut off the bolt head. The shank is then chucked up in a drillpress, the lap coated as before, inserted into the mould cavity and the drillpress started with the mould braced against the drill press table.
Pressure measurement - psi vs. CUP - Questions often arise about
these two methods of measuring pressure and whether or not they can becorrelated to one another. In short, both scales measure pressure, they just go
about doing it in different ways. Piezoelectric strain gauges have a very fast
response time and give you pressure (in psi) as a function of time, and thepeak chamber pressure is simply the top of the P vs. T curve. The older crusher
method had a standardized metal pellet (typically either copper or lead,depending on the pressure range being monitored) inserted into a hole drilled
into the side of the chamber, and was then backed by a monolithic anvil. Whenthe cartridge was fired, the pressure generated distorted the pellet, and theamount of distortion was directly related to the peak pressure exerted on thepellet. The length of the pellet was then measured and the length looked up ina table of reference values to determine the peak pressure. These reference
pressures were also in psi.
So why do we call these pressure determinations CUP (copper units ofpressure)? Very simple, the table of reference values is in psi, but they are
determined under static equilibrium conditions. For example, when a static loadof 50,000 psi is applied to a copper crusher pellet, it will compress a specificamount, but when that same pellet is subjected to a .30-06 cartridge at 50,000
psi, it will compress somewhat less, leading to an apparent chamber pressure ofsomewhere around 40,000-42,000, so instead of calling it psi, it was decided toname these units CUP so this offset would be inherently included in themeasured result. Why is there this discrepancy? Very simple, TIME. It takes
time to move metal, so when a load is applied to the copper pellet it takes time
for it to achieve its new equilibrium conformation. The millisecond or so that it
experiences the peak chamber pressures of the fired cartridge may not be longenough to complete this rearrangement. How far is it off? That depends on thepressure being measured. For pressures below about 30,000 the two pressure
scales are virtually identical (at these lower pressures, the pellet doesn't changemuch and it doesn't take very long for it to achieve its new conformation).
Between 30,000 and 40,000, the CUP scale starts to lag behind the psi scale,and above 40,000 the two scales start to differ significantly (60,000 psi
corresponds to roughly 50,000 CUP and 100,000 psi corresponds to about
70,000 CUP). There is a calibration curve correlating the psi and CUP pressure
scales in "Firearms Pressure Factors" published by Wolfe Press (this is an
excellent book, and is recommended for anyone who handloads ammunition).

72

Chapter 9: Moulds and Mould Design
What goes into making a bullet mould? What should you consider if you
want to make your own design? What are the variables involved and what
decisions will you have to make in the process?

Belding & Mull made many of their moulds outof nickel. This one (for the Himmelwrightwadcutter (left)) appears to be made out ofbrass. Yankee moulds were commonlymachined out of bronze (like this 452423
mould (right)).

Mould making materials
Traditionally, bullet moulds have been
made out of iron or brass, and more
recently aluminum has become popular
as a result of its availability, ease ofmachining and high thermal conductivity. But do moulds have to be madefrom such stuff? Are there better
materials out there? What else has
been tried?

Iron isn't all that hard, so it
machines fairly easily, but the ironcarbide inclusions in cast or forged iron make it very abrasive and hard on the
cutting edges of the cherries (this is why RCBS uses tungsten carbide cherries
to cut their moulds). Brass cuts very smoothly and isvery gentle on cherries. Aluminum also machines
easily, but the cut faces are not as smooth as thoseon brass. Aluminum alloys are also more prone to
warpage than brass (although this can be dealt withthrough appropriate stress relieving).
Belding & Mull cut their mould blocks out ofnickel. Meehanite (a cast iron alloy) has also been a
popular mould making material, as has bronze.
There are also a few experimental modern bullet
moulds made from fired ceramic, with hardened
steel alignment pins. There are a number ofadvantages to using ceramics to make mould blocks(excellent thermal stability, very smooth surfaces,
ease of manufacture, lack of warpage, etc.), just
don't drop it!
In the Field Museum of Natural History in
Chicago there is an Inuit bullet mould that was
Bullet moulds can be madehand-carved out of a single, split Walrus tusk. I
out of many materials. Popularstood staring at that display for quite some time,
materials include brassimagining the many long, cold, lonely nights spent(Applegate 45 315 WFNcarefully splitting, facing, hinging, and shaping thatmould, top), aluminum(Mountain Molds .40 caliber
ivory in some remote igloo until the round balls that
200 grain Keith-style SWC,
fell from it were just right for whatever musket that
middle), and various ferrous
hardy soul used to feed himself with. I have also
alloys (RCBS 40 180 Cowboy
seen similar handmade Indian bullet moulds mademould, bottom).
from bone (buffalo, as I recall), and even bullet
moulds in which the cavity was hollowed out from well-worn river-bottom
stones (a stone mould with no handles has got to get HOT!).
73

Number of cavities - Historically bullet moulds were single cavity. After
WWI, 2x and 4x moulds gradually started to appear, and after WWII became
quite popular with individual casters. "Gang moulds" (6 or more cavities, also
called "Arsenal moulds" or "Armory moulds") were traditionally used for thehigh volume, bulk casting needed by law enforcement groups and shooting
clubs. These mammoth moulds take a long time to heat up and are of limited
utility to a hobby caster who wants to cast only
a few hundred bullets at a time (this is less of anissue with aluminum gang moulds due to theirability to heat up quickly).
Alignment pins - Early bullet moulds had
no alignment pins, relying instead on themassive hinge pin to keep the mould blocksaligned. Later fixed handle moulds from Ideal
incorporated alignment pins. Detachable mould
blocks must have alignment pins as there is toomuch free play and too much variability in mass
produced blocks; without this alignment
mechanism to make sure the mould faces line
up perfectly, your bullets would come out lopsided.

Examples of an early Ideal singlecavity mould (the 3118 for the .3220) and multi-cavity Armory moulds(an Ideal 7-cavity mould for the360344 wadcutter).

Venting - Early Ideal moulds (i.e. fixedhandle, single cavity) had no vent lines cut inthe mould faces by the factory. The transition was made to interchangeable
mould handles/blocks, but the mould faces remained un-vented. In 1949
Lyman introduced 2-cavity mould blocks, and virtually all of the double cavity
moulds I have seen have been vented, but there are a few exceptions (e.g.
Himmelwright 2x), suggesting that factory cut vent lines came about after thisdate. Reviewing the Ideal
Hand-books, moulds are
not shown as being vented
until Handbook number 43(1964), but no mention ismade of this in the text, or
Early moulds relied on the hinge to align the mould blocks
when the change was(e.g. this early Ideal .38 wadcutter mould). Later on alignment
made. The purpose ofpins were added (e.g. Ideal 429251).
these vent lines is to allow
air to escape as the cavity is filled, allowing the mould to fill out properly andprevent voids in the finished bullet. Virtually all bullet moulds are vented insome way today.
Aspects of cast bullet design
Every cast bullet design has the same set of variables that can be
tweaked according to the desires of the designer. There is very little "new under
the sun" it's really more of a question of refining what is already out there, andplaying some subtly mix-n-match games to combine all of the desired featuresin one bullet (heck, even this sentiment is recycled -- Elmer Keith said the samething about his Keith SWC's back when he started designing those back in
1928!). These variables include the bullet base design (PB, BB, GC, etc.), the74amount of contact bearing surface employed, the shape, number and location oflube grooves, the location and configuration of the crimp groove, the diameterand thickness of the forward driving band, the length of the bullet's nose, theshape of the ogive and the diameter of the meplat. Sounds like a lot of fun,right?
Bearing surface - Traditionally, handgun bullets have had about half of
their length used as bearing surface (rifle bullets generally use more). Morerecently, there has been a move towards heavier handgun bullets for deeper
penetration, and this in turn has lead to longer handgun bullets with morebearing surface. Bearing surface is a good thing in that it makes sure that thebullet stays concentrically aligned within the throat and transitions smoothly
from the throat to the forcing cone to become engraved in a symmetric andconcentric fashion. The SSK designs are excellent examples of handgun bullets
that take advantage of lots of bearing surface (60+ %) and deliver excellent

Originally Lyman's double-cavity detachable mould blocks
were unvented, just like all the early single-cavity moulds(e.g. the Ideal 360302 Himmelwright wadcutter mould
shown). Later on the double-cavity mould blocks werevented by the factory (e.g. the Lyman 357443).

accuracy. The bottom line ismore bearing surface makes
for an accurate bullet since it
helps to keep the bullet wellcentered during engraving andas it travels down the bore(the Loverin rifle designs areanother excellent example of
how lots of bearing surface
contributes to an accurate
design).

Lube grooves - All castbullets need to be lubricated(see lube chapter), and thislube has to go somewhere.
Way back when, 90 degreeright-angled grooves were cut
into mould designs for thisSome of the early cast bullet designs had relatively little
bearing surface (e.g. the Ideal 403168). Designs withpurpose, and if you've evermore bearing surface (e.g. the SSK 44 320 TC) arecast with these moulds you
generally easier to get to shoot accurately.
know what a pain they can be
to deal with! As bullet metal
shrinks, it shrinks towards the geometric center of the bullet, meaning that thedriving bands end up "pinching" the mould at the 90 degree grooves, so thebullet holds fast and does not release from the mould readily. Two methods arecommonly used to get around this problem: one is to cut these grooves with aslight bevel to them, and the second is to cut round lube grooves. Bothapproaches work just fine to provide "pinch-relief", but the rounded lube
grooves generally hold less lube than a beveled flat-bottomed lube groove(what Elmer Keith liked to call a "square-cut" lube groove). Usually, this is oflittle concern since the rounded lube grooves are smaller and more of them canbe used to decorate the bullet's bearing surface, resulting in the same overall
quantity of lube. The important issue is how much lube is carried in the lube
groove(s), and that they be capable of pumping the lube to the bullet/bore
interface (see lube chapter).
75

Crimp groove - Originally, handgun bullets had no provision forcrimping; they were simply seated to a depth that allowed the case to be rollcrimped on the ogive. Heel bullets were simply crimped on the heel shank. A
very few of the early (pre-1900) rifle bullets had crimp grooves, but most did
not. It's important toremember that these plainbased bullets were designed
for black powder, or lightcharges of smokeless powder("gallery loads"). The recoil
impulse of the gallery loads
The original Ideal 454424 (left, with "square-cut" grease
was light enough that bullets
groove) alongside the later Lyman 454424 with a rounded
didn't move around in thegrease groove. Later Lyman would re-number this tocase, and when these rifle
452424, and at different times has offered that designbullets were seated on top of awith both flat and round grease grooves (right handcase full of black powder, thephoto).
compressed powder charge
prevented them from being forced into the case when "waiting in line" in atubular magazine. Thus, the only need for a crimp was to keep a revolver bullet
from inching forward under recoil and a roll-crimp over the ogive was usually
sufficient for black powder level ballistics. Smokeless powder would change allthis. Suddenly handgun cartridge cases had empty space in them, andvelocities were no longer limited to about 900 fps. Beveled grooves dedicated tocrimping had been introduced in rifle bullets with designs like the Ideal #3083(for the Marlin .30-30), and were a natural next step in the evolution ofhandgun bullet design. As near as I can tell, the first handgun bullet to containa beveled crimping groove was the Ideal 313226 (the 98 grain round-nose forthe .32 S&W Long). This system worked so well that others soon followed (e.g.
313249, 358311, and 429251). Elmer Keith identified the 358311 as his
inspiration and identified the beveled crimp groove as one of the more
important design features of his SWC designs (his .38-44 Heavy Duty loads andheavy .44 Special loads generated significant recoil and required a strong crimp
to keep the bullet from inching forward). Beveled crimp grooves have beenstandard fare on all revolver bullets ever since (although the angle, depth andlength can vary considerably from one design to the next).
Ogive/meplat - The ogive and meplat play a central role in determining
how stably the bullet will fly and how efficiently it works upon impact. But thesefeatures also play a role in the internal ballistics of the load as well. How long isnose of the bullet? In other words, how much of the bullet is seated outside of
the case? What is the resulting powder capacity? This will have a direct impact
on how fast that bullet can be driven and still stay within sensible pressure
limits.
The role of the meplat in crushing tissue and leaving a permanent crush
cavity is well established; the larger the meplat, the larger the hole it leaves in
its wake. This is why hunting bullets (e.g. Keith SWC's, SSK FP's or LBT WFN's)
all have flat noses that are greater than half the bullet's diameter. Flat-nosed
bullets are simply more effective and more humane killers. What is notcommonly discussed is the role that ogive/meplat play in the aerodynamic/hydrodynamic stability of the bullet. The dynamics of how a bullet flies through76

the air, as well as how it flies through meat is an important consideration whenchoosing a bullet to huntwith. Does a given design
lead to deep, straightwound channels, or does it
tend to tumble and veer off
in unpredictable directions?
Aerodynamics - The
meplat and ogive play asignificant role indetermining the
aerodynamic stability (andhence accurate flight) of agiven bullet design. When a bullet is traveling faster than the speed of sound,
there is a high pressure bow wave that emanates from just in front of themeplat, and trails back behind the bullet. The bullet is basically acting as apiston, compressing the air in front of this cone, with somewhat rarified air(partial vacuum) behind the cone, along the bullet's body. (As an interesting
aside, high power rifle competitors will commonly "de-tune" their spotting
scopes to focus about halfway down to the target in order to be able to readmirage and dope the wind. This also allows them to "see" the bullet in flight andread the trajectory and wind drift in flight and see where the bullet is being
blown of course. This conical pressure wave, and the change in the air's
refractive index from the high/low pressure regimes, is what is being observedby these shooters.) Back to the story -- tests have shown that the ballisticcoefficient is more heavily influenced by the ogive, than it is by the meplat. The
reason for this is quite simple; the drag experienced by a bullet in super-sonicflight is due to the size and shape of this conical bow wave. The surface area ofthe meplat is actually quite small relative to the surface area of this entire cone,and so the amount of drag actually due to the flat nose of a bullet (again, insupersonic flight) is fairly small. However the size and shape of this conicalbow-wave are directly dependant on how easily it can "wrap itself around" theshape of the bullet, and with a shapely ogive the cone angle is smaller, andtherefore the size of the conical bow-wave is smaller and the bullet experiences
less drag going downrange. Likewise, when viewed from the side, the crosssectional area of the cone is smaller, and since it is the "sail area" of this bow
wave that dictates how susceptible the bullet is to wind drift, the more shapely
bullet gets blown around in the wind less because it has a smaller sail. The
combination of these two factors, less drag (hence greater retained velocity,and shorter time of flight) and smaller bow-wave cross-sectional area (a smaller
sail for the wind to blow it off course with) are the reasons why boat-tailed
bullets drift less in the wind than do flat-base bullets.
Early revolver bullet designs did not include a dedicatedcrimp groove (e.g. the Ideal 360271 and 360345 target
bullets shown at left). Elmer Keith integrated a beveled crimp
groove into the Ideal/Lyman 358429 (right) and most
revolver bullets designed since then have followed suit.

The forward portion of the ogive is thus a very important part of theequation, as it plays a heavy role in shaping the bow-wave and determining
how well the nose of the bullet "fits" inside of it. A sharp edge at the meplat/
ogive juncture (such as one would get from a truncated cone, e.g. the Gordon
Boser or Lee SWC designs) leads to a situation where the only stabilizing
influence this bow wave can have on the bullet is through this perimeter aroundthe edge of the meplat. By placing curvature at this juncture and making the77

ogive radiused, the bow-wave is able to wrap around the nose of the bullet,
leading to a contact surface instead of just a contact edge. Why is thisimportant? Well, this bow-wave acts as a dampening agent to damp out any
yaw that the bullet might experience. Ever hear of a bullet "going to sleep"?
That's just a reflection of how long it takes for any yaw inherent to thelaunching of a given bullet to bedamped out by this mechanism(in combination with a couple ofother factors). The efficiency ofthis damping mechanism isbasically proportional to theamount of surface area that thepressure wave can act upon. In
the case of the contact edge,
there's relatively little that thebow wave can do to stabilize thisyaw, but with a radiused contact
surface this damping mechanism
becomes much more efficient.

A shadowgraph of a supersonic bullet in flight. Note thebow wave -- how the ogive of the bullet interacts with thisbow wave can have a significant impact on the stability ofthe bullet's flight. Note also the smaller pressure waves
emanating from the grease grooves. Photo courtesy of:
http://www.efluids.com/ efluids/gallery/gallery_pages/bullet
shadowgraph.jsp

Hydrodynamics - Clearly,
a large flat meplat results ingreater ability to crush tissue
upon impact, however, it is also well established that extremely large blunt
meplats (e.g. wadcutters) are aerodynamically unstable and prone to tumbling
upon perturbation. It is important to recognize that while the meplat
determines the shape and nature of the wound channel when a bullet plows
through meat, the ogive determines how stably the bullet "flies through meat".
All of the arguments given above in the discussion of aerodynamics also apply
here. It is interesting to note that J.D. Jones once noted that all of the castbullets he recovered from big game animals all looked pretty much the same,and he used that shape as part of his inspiration for his SSK designs. He figuredthat if that's the equilibrium shape that a bullet achieved after punching
through a critter, then starting it off in that shape should provide a reasonablysmooth "flight" through more meat.
Optimum meplat diameter - OK, so we know that a big meplat is agood killer, but that too much meplat makes a bullet unstable in flight. How
much meplat is too much meplat? Let's look at a few successful designs forsome guidance here. Elmer Keith started off with a meplat diameter of 65% byborrowing Heath's ogive and meplat for the Ideal 429336. Keith then used 75%
on his 452423, then settled on 68-70% for his 454424, 358429 and H&G #258(.41 Magnum). J.D. Jones has used 70-75% meplats for his SSK designs. The
LBT WFN is profiled by making the meplat .090" less than bullet diameter, so
the relative diameter is not constant (75% for .358", 78% for .410", 79% for.429" and 80% for .452. The Keith SWC's and the SSK FP's are some of themost accurate handgun cast bullets that I've ever shot, and while the WFNbullets are superb hunting bullets, and are capable of fine accuracy, there arereports that they can be finicky about delivering their best accuracy, and cantumble upon impact (just like a wadcutter). In contrast, the big-bore LFN
bullets are generally regarded as being inherently more accurate than their78

WFN brethren, with far better long-range stability than the WFN designs, andthe LFN's have a reputation for penetrating nice and straight and deep. The LFN
meplat is approximately .140" smaller than bullet diameter, or 67% for .429"
and 69% for .452". Ignoring the contribution of the forward driving band for a
moment, a purely empirical correlation suggests that the optimum compromise
between stable aerodynamic flight and maximum tissue crushing capability
occurs with a meplat of about 70-73% of bullet diameter.
The concepts outlined above for the ogive/meplat apply for supersonicflight, subsonic flight is a little different matter that we'll tackle shortly in our
discussion of the driving bands and lube grooves. When the bullet is flying at
subsonic velocities, then all of the arguments that you hear about shapely
bullets really do apply, simply because in subsonic flight all of the features ofthe bullet's profile are in intimate contact with the slipstream, particularly below
a Mach number of 0.85, or about 900 fps, where the slipstream is particularly
conformal (at higher Mach numbers there are local pressure ridges along the
projectile body, these grow into the bow wave and other pressure features at
Mach 1). In subsonic flight, the primary source of drag is now that big, flat
meplat since the conical bow-wave no longer exists. Again, in terms ofinfluencing the aerodynamics of a handgunners cast bullet, the ogive exerts the
major influence in supersonic flight, while the meplat dominates in subsonicflight.
For competition (silhouette, bullseye, PPC, etc.) meplat diameter isimmaterial, and the ogive is all important for optimum bullet performance. This
is why cast bullets designed for silhouette competition tend to have smaller
meplats and more curvaceous ogives.
Forward driving band - Elmer Keith felt very strongly about a full-sizedforward driving band, both in terms of bullet diameter (to insure that the bullet
was properly centered upon engraving) and in terms of width (to provide
enough bullet metal for the lands to grip firmly and prevent slippage during
engraving). The forward driving band probably doesn't do anything in terms of
cutting the wound channel through yon deer since these forward driving bands
have the tendency to get "wiped off" while traversing flesh, but they DO play asignificant role in the flight behavior of cast bullets.
A full diameter forward driving band is very important to keep the bullet
properly aligned, however if this is much longer than about .100" then it cancause problems with chambering the round unless the bullet is seated in aperfectly concentric fashion (a rarity) and is smaller in diameter than the throat(which is not always a good thing). Therefore, by keeping the forward driving
band to .100" or so, it is readily accommodated by the taper of the leade fromthe chamber into the throat, and will chamber easily.
How tall should the forward driving band be? In other words, when viewed
from the side, how far should the driving band stand up over the base of theogive? A shorter driving band means that the stresses associated withengraving are able to be distributed to the monolithic portion of the bullet, but
if the base of the ogive is too small in diameter then this leaves the forward
driving band to absorb the engraving forces all by itself, which can lead toslippage if the alloy isn't up to the task. By making this forward driving band as79

short as possible (i.e. by making the base of the ogive as large as possible) the
forward driving band is provided the maximum amount of support. At thispoint, the bullet designer has a bore riding nose, which maintains the desirable
turbulence of the driving band edge (vide infra), provides maximum bearing
surface and provides positive engagement during engraving.
Aerodynamics - A very important consideration to long range highpower rifle shooters (e.g. 1000 yard) is the need to keep the bullet supersonicthrough the target. This is because as the bullet slows back down through thesound barrier and the super-sonic bow-wave collapses, these long, sleek BTHP
match bullets become destabilized and eventually start to tumble. Accurate
flight is a thing of the past at that point. Therefore it is critical to thesecompetitors that the bullet stays supersonic at least as far as the target
distance.
Why was this not an issue for the 1000 yard shooters of the 1870s
shooting the Trapdoor Springfield? Those loads started out supersonic, andtransitioned to sub-sonic about halfway to the target and yet those bullets
continued to fly in a stable and predictable manner for hundreds of yards. The
BPCR silhouette shooters of today are able to pull off the same feat, but theircompatriots shooting the bolt-guns and the BTHP jacketed match bullets suffer
key-holing, tumbling and non-visible misses once their projectiles transition
sub-sonic. Why? What do the BPCR shooters have working in their favor thatthe hi-power riflemen do not? The same questions apply to IHMSA shootersarmed with .44 Magnum revolvers. There are many facets to the answer, but
probably the most important is understanding HOW the bow-wave collapses
during this transition, and recognizing the influence that certain cast bullet
features have on that collapse.
The key is found in the nature of the airflow in the boundary layer,
specifically whether this flow is laminar or turbulent. Allow me the indulgence ofa historical caveat to introduce this concept. In the early days of aerial bomb
design, engineers added fins to make the bombs fall "nose forward" andtherefore in a predictable trajectory, giving them the best chance of hitting theirtarget (kind of like the fletching on an arrow). As bombs got bigger and bigger,
so did the fins. With really large bombs, it was found that even over-sized finswere just barely able to stabilize the flight attitude of the bomb, and that
relatively minor perturbations would lead to loss of aerodynamic stability. Windtunnel tests revealed that the large volume of air displaced by these hugebombs, coupled with a more or less smooth, laminar airflow, resulted in theslipstream basically "missing" much of the surface area of the fins (as well as
generating destabilizing "eddies" back around the fins). A laminar airflow
basically makes the bomb much larger in diameter, so most of the air basicallyhas to go around what behaves like a much larger object. It was found that
adding three small, radial ridges around the midsection of the bomb cured thisproblem. The thinking here is that the turbulence induced by these tiny ridges
collapsed the large laminar airflow, and allowed a more conformal airflow thatnow flowed smoothly across the control surfaces of the fins. The take-homelesson here is that small amounts of controlled turbulence at the surface of abody leads to smoother airflow and more stable aerodynamic flight, just like theseams on a baseball allow for a predictable curve ball to be thrown by creatinga small amount of turbulence at the surface which leads to smoother air-flow
80

(somewhat counter-intuitively, a smooth ball would break even more and be
difficult for the pitcher to control, see The Physics of Baseball by Robert K.
Adair, Professor of Physics, Yale University).
In supersonic flight, the bow wave is typically a little ways in front of thenose of the bullet (roughly 1/8" to 1/4"). It is parabolic in shape. How theforward portion of the bullet's ogive "fits" inside this parabola is important todetermine long-range stability. As the bow-wave collapses, the parabola starts
to flatten out, and the nose of the projectile starts to penetrate the forward
point of the bow wave, which then slips back over the projectile. The parabolacontinues to flatten due to the reduced pressure differential between thecompressed air in front of the bow-wave and the rarified air behind it. This
collapse/penetration leads to a cascade of events: first as the nose of the bullet
penetrates and the pressure-wave slips farther back on the bullet. Sharpshoulders, or surface features, create secondary shock waves, due to the better
ability of these surfaces to compress the air they encounter. Shadowgraphphotography of supersonic cast bullets clearly shows shock waves emanatingfrom the lube grooves and other structural features of the bullet's surface. As
the bow wave slides back over these structural features, these shock waves
serve to dissipate the energy of the bow wave in small pieces as the bullet
slows back down through the sound barrier. The forward driving band is thefirst such structural feature that the dying bow wave encounters, and as such it
has the biggest chunk of energy to dissipate since it's taking on the full brunt of
the bow wave. The shock waves emanating from the crimp groove and lube
groove(s) continue this break-up process as the fractured bow wave slides
farther back, creating a turbulent boundary layer and dissipating the bow
wave's energy in benign fashion. Bullets lacking the perpendicular face of theKeith SWC forward driving band can get a similar effect from lube grooves,although these are less efficient and more are required (a la the Loverin
bullets).
It's important to recognize that this bow wave is in fact what the air"sees" in terms of the wind resistance and drag that the projectile experiences,
so by slowing the departure of the pressure wave it serves to maintain drag on
the rear portion of the bullet, helping to keep the bullet oriented nose forward.
The boundary layer turbulence resulting from the forward driving band and lube
grooves disrupts this pressure wave as it collapses towards the bullet base. As aresult, the pressure wave is broken up over a period of time and dispersed insuch a way that the airflow becomes turbulent conformal in a way conducive tostable flight (basically the energy is dissipated in small "packets" as turbulence/heat). For the smooth-surfaced jacketed BTHP, this penetration/ collapse
happens in much the same way, but the relative lack of surface features tobreak up the pressure wave, means that this wave collapses quite quickly, as ashock wave, and with a clap (quite literally a "sonic boom"). At the extended
ranges that a high-powered rifle bullet is slowing through the sound barrier, it istraveling with a significant angle of incidence, which in turn means that thispressure wave moves backwards at different rates over the top of the bullet
than it does over the bottom of the bullet. Therefore, these pressure waves
leave the bullet's base at different times, resulting in an asymmetric force on
the bullet's base as the shock wave ("sonic boom") collapses. This sonic "kick inthe backside" can induce significant yaw (or amplify any yaw that is already81present), and for a bullet spinning at well in excess of 100,000 rpm, that's all ittakes to start tumbling. The important take-home message here is that thiseffect is transmitted through the bullet's base -- whether the bump comes as asingle, massive, axle-breaking pothole, or a series of several smaller"washboard" bumps. Which one is easier to steer through? It is interesting torealize that some of the very things that make a cast bullet ballisticallyinefficient overall, also make it aerodynamically MORE stable when slowing backthrough the sound barrier.
Specialized designs
Elmer Keith designed his SWC's to be general, all-purpose bullets so ashooter could buy one mould and use that one bullet for just about any taskthat he was likely to encounter. When we distill down all of the discussion
above, it is readily apparent why these bullets work as well as they do.
However, many cast bullet designs have been put together around very
specialized features, for highly specific applications (especially in recent years).
After all, bullet casting is affordable enough that a shooter can afford to haveone mould specifically for one flavor of competition, another mould for adifferent form of competition, a third for hunting small game and yet anotherfor hunting big game. Sometimes these specialized features amount to little
more than passing fads, or reflections of shooting disciplines that came andwent, but some of these specialized cast bullet designs stake a claim within theshooting community and take up permanent residence.
Nose pour - By placing the sprue on thebullet's nose, the bullet's base can be mademore rigorously square to the bullet body since
it’s now being turned as a part of the cavity,and hence on the same axis. Since the bullet'sbase is it's "steering end" (i.e. the last part ofthe bullet to leave the muzzle, and the partmost heavily influenced by the blast of gas
escaping from behind as it leaves) having thisfeature perfectly square is a critical component
to obtaining top accuracy. As a result, noseAn example of a nose-pour mould
pour moulds are popular with long-range rifle(Hoch .41 caliber 210 grain mould).
shooters and Schuetzen competition. Most
commercially available base-pour moulds are pretty good in this regard, but if amould has got a loose or bent sprue plate, or if the top edge of the cavity has
gotten dinged, or the top face of the mould has been damaged, then the qualityof bullets coming from that mould are suspect. The quality of bullets emerging
from a nose-pour mould will not be seriously compromised by these injuries.
Dr. Franklin Mann's book (1909) The Bullet's Flight from Powder toTarget stressed the importance of symmetrical and well-formed bullet bases.
Asymmetries, distortions, fins, defects will destroy the accuracy of a cast bullet,
and Dr. Mann's detailed, systematic experiments revealed exactly how thesedeformations impacted accurate flight. By making a nose pour bullet the basewill be perfect and will not be susceptible to asymmetries resulting from a bent
or loose sprue plate or trapped air pockets, inclusions or voids. Note that byhaving the base at the bottom of the mould, since lead is much denser than airor particulate impurities, that these detrimental defects are forced away from82

the all-important base simply by the force of gravity (a base pour mould canconcentrate these defects at the bullet's base with dirty alloy or sloppy casting
conditions).
Harvey Prot-X-Bore - In the mid-1950s, Jim Harvey designed a seriesof moulds that were made to accommodate zinc washers so that bullet metal
was cast through the hole in the center of the washer, thus permanently
affixing the bullet to the washer. (Interestingly, these are seen in both basepour and nose-pour configuration. Most of the Harvey moulds I've seen havebeen the nose-pour configuration. In base-pour format the molten alloy has tobe poured through a cold zinc washer and I suspect wrinkled bullets were thenorm with this style of mould. With a nose-pour mould the only lead that has togo through the washer is the rivet that holds it in place). The idea behind thisdesign was to allow
the use of pure lead(or very soft alloys)
so that bullet
expansion could be
maximized at typicalhandgun velocities,
and also to eliminate
Examples of the Harvey Prot-X Bore cast bullet designs (e.g. the .38
gas cutting and theand .45 Harvey moulds shown). Some of the Harvey designs wereneed to sizeeven available in HP form (e.g. the .44 HP mould shown).
lubricate the bullet
after casting. The zinc washer was touted as being a bore scraper and removing
lead fouling, as well as depositing a zinc layer on the bore, protecting it fromoxidation and leading. These Harvey bullets were promoted as not needing to
be lubricated, but that was pretty much limited to standard velocity loads andleading could get to be pretty severe at higher pressures/velocities.
Two part bullets - The idea of controlled expansion has been with us fora long time. The 1915 Marlin-Ideal catalog lists four 2-part bullet moulds -- the308291 (165 grain GC-RN for the .30-30, .303 Savage and .30 Remington), the319295 (a 175 grain GC-FP for the .32-40), the 321297 (a 182 grain GC-FP for
the .32 Winchester Special), and the 375296 (a 253 grain GC-FP for the .3855). Note that these cherry numbers are all in the 290's, which would suggestthat their introduction was right around 1902. Note also that these moulds all
represent medium caliber arms. Apparently the thinking was that producing
shootable 2-part bullets in smaller calibers would be too difficult, and that thelarger bore weapons already made big enough holes. Anyway, the idea here
was to cast the front quarter or so of the bullet with either pure lead or a very
soft alloy, and then to place this soft "mushroom" (it had a "stem" to help bondthe two halves) in the regular mould cavity and pour the back half with a harder
alloy. The design concept is not unlike the Partition and H-mantle bullet designs(just a little bit older). These moulds are occasionally encountered on the usedmould market today, but commonly command premium prices. Mountain
Moulds of Pocatello, Idaho offers 2-piece moulds for a wide variety of mould
designs @ (http://www.mountainmolds.com).
A few years ago, Ross Seyfried wrote up a similar project (Handloader,
April-May 2003) which could be pulled off with standard moulds and likely
83produce higher quality
projectiles. The drawbacks ofthe 2-part bullet process as
originally promoted by Ideal(outlined above) is that thebullet results from 2 separate
casting operations; the noseis done first and then the
An example of a 2-part bullet (Ideal 375296). The smallbase is poured later. This
mushroom-shaped tip would be cast out of a soft alloy (like pureprocess schematic creates 2lead), then that piece would be inserted into the regular cavity ofsignificant roadblocks for thethe bullet mould and the remainder of the bullet would be cast of
efficient production of highsomewhat harder alloy.
quality projectiles. First, it
requires that the nose portion be handled and inserted into the hot mould (agood way to burn fingers! using tweezers prevents burned fingers, but
significantly slows production); and second, the nose portion is cold when thebase is being poured over it (which can cause voids and defects). Ross
formulated a very clever strategy to get around all of these problems, and do itwith standard moulds. His process involves the use of 2 separate lead pots, one
filled with soft alloy (say 30-to-1), the other filled with hard (like wheelweightor 6-2 alloy). A special fixed-capacity ladle is made for the soft nose portion (Iused a fired 9mm casing with a coat-hangar wire handle wrapped around it),this ladle is filled to the brim with soft alloy and poured into a hot mould. As
soon as this pour is completed, the ladle is set aside and the mould istransferred to the bottom pour pot containing the hard alloy and the cavity
topped off normally. This method obviates the need to handle the soft nose
portion and the hard base is poured when the nose is still hot, so an effective
soldering is achieved between the two portions. Yes, this process is somewhat
slower than just plain casting, but there is no need to do this for garden variety
plinking bullets, only those bullets that are going to be used for hunting.
More recently (around 1982), Lyman revived this idea with a series of 2part revolver bullet mould designs that they called "composite bullets" (mould
numbers 358624, 429625 and 452626) that were designed by Kenneth
Ramage. These were variations on the SWC theme in which the soft nose wasglued into a conical cup in the harder base. These moulds apparently didn't sellvery well and were dropped from the Lyman line later in the 1980s.
Multiple projectile loads - Shooters have been interested in multiple
projectile loads for centuries. Whether grapeshot from medieval cannon, or
Buckshot from a farm-boy's shotgun, the ability to land multiple projectiles on atarget has always had both strategic importance, as well as functional appeal.
The modern revolver shooter is no different. One of the early attempts to bring
multiple projectile loads were the Remington .38 Special loads that contained acouple of buckshot pellets. Accuracy was marginal, but they were designed for
close-range self-defense. Around 1980, Dean Grennell got H&G to make him amould that cast a short, flat WC that contained a single grease groove andcould be stacked inside a .38 Special or.357 Magnum case to allow the homecaster to create similar home-brewed self-defense loads.
JDJ - In the 1980s, J.D. Jones of SSK Industries brought out a new line84

of cast bullets that were specifically designed for the handgun hunter who
wanted to take on the heaviest big gamewith a revolver. These bullets were typified
by being heavy for caliber(e.g. 280 grains for.41, 320 grains for .44, and 350 grains for.45), having lots of bearing surface, multiple
lube grooves and a healthy meplat (typically
70-75% of bullet diameter). These bullets
were the first "heavier than normal" bullets
designed for revolvers, and are designed fordeep penetration, with a truncated cone
design. Their meplats are typically a little
The H&G #333, a stackable wadcutter
larger than those found on Keith SWC's. The
for the .38 Special and .357 Magnum.
320 grain .44 Magnum bullet
has been used to kill prettymuch everything, up to andincluding elephant. I have
SSK moulds in a number ofdifferent weights in .357, .41,
.44, .45 and .475 diameters
A couple of representative examples of the heavyweight
and they have all consistently
truncated cone SSK designs.
delivered excellent accuracy.
These moulds were available in PB, GC and BB form. Originally, these moulds
were commissioned by SSK and manufactured by NEI (these moulds arestamped SSK), and later the rights to sell these moulds was sold to Peter Pi at
Cor-Bon. The SSK designs are still cataloged by NEI, now located in El Paso,
Texas.
Silhouette - IHMSA was amajor form of competition in the
1970s and 1980s. To be(No
competitive in silhouette
picture)shooting, one needed to shoot alot. Cast bullets were a natural
solution. Various mould-makers
RCBS 35
RCBS 44
RCBS 30
RCBS 7mm(like Saeco, RCBS, and others)
Caliber
Caliber
Caliber
145 Gr.
unveiled a new line of mould
180 Gr.
240 Gr.
165 Gr.
Silhouettedesigns specifically for silhouette
Silhouette
Silhouette
Silhouettecompetition. These moulds are
typically gas-checked and feature a narrow truncated cone (similar to the SSK
design, but with a smaller meplat and slightly radiused ogive, reminiscent of"Old Homely" 357443). In addition, they are usually of moderate weight (e.g.
180 grain for.357, 240 grain for .44), and are designed for maximum retained
momentum at the 200 meter ram line. Cutting a wide, deep wound channel is
not an issue here, the focus instead being on momentum in an aerodynamic
package.
LBT - Veral Smith of Lead Bullet Technologies (aka "LBT") brought out
his own line of hunting oriented cast bullet designs for the handgunner. While
the SSK designs focused on weight first and meplat second, LBT took the
opposite approach and focused on meplat first and weight second. In contrast
to the SSK designs the WFN's and LFN's are generally a little closer to the85

"standard" weights for a given caliber, and are made to maximize woundchannel diameter, not necessarily to maximize penetration depth. The WFNdesigns accomplish this with meplats that are75-80% of the bullet diameter,while the deeper penetrating LFN's are typically 67-69% of the bullet's
diameter.

A few representative examples of LBT cast bullet designs (the .357 180 FN loaded into .357
Magnum, the LBT .357 200 grain LFN-GC, the LBT .417 305 grain LFN, the LBT .432 320
grain WLN.

The WFN's have a well-established reputation to hit harder than virtually all castbullet designs. The LFN's have a reputation to be a little more accurate, and forpenetrating deeper and straighter. As with the other designs discussed, the LBTdesigns are available in a variety of weights and in PB, GC or BB versions.
This is just the tip of the iceberg, there are many other designs that
could have been included, but this chapter has run on long enough! There arethousands of interesting cast bullet designs out there, and many more waiting
to be cut into metal. All it takes is a desire, an active imagination and a goodmachinist who knows the subtleties of how to make a bullet mould. Everybody
has their own vision as to what the perfect bullet looks like, so now you see
why there are custom bullet mould makers!

86Chapter 10:
GC vs. PB Bullets:or "PB, or not PB, that is the question....""Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows from thephantoms of leading or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by gaschecking end them…"(With apologies to both Hamlet and The Bard, I just couldn't help myself…)
Stop me if you've heard this one before -- a handgunner walks into yourneighborhood gun shop and says, "I'd like to start casting my own bullets, but
I'm a bit confused about all the different choices that are out there. I don't havea lot of money to get started with and I don't want to buy moulds that aren't
going to work well for me in the long run. Should I buy a gas-check (GC) mould
design, or would plain-base (PB) work better? Are GC's expensive, or hard tofind, or hard to put on? I read all this stuff about cast bullets, leading and bad
accuracy, and I'm confused. Which bullet design is better?" Yeah, I thought
you'd heard it before. Well, what do we tell our budding young bullet caster?
Let's look at why GC's were invented so we can gain some insight as totheir best use. In August of 1902, Dr. Franklin Mann tested a new bullet for his.32 caliber muzzle loading rifle made by none other than Pope (described in his
landmark treatise The Bullet's Flight from Powder to Target). These bullets werehollow-based and cast in a Zischang mould. They had a cavity on the base thatwas made to accept a brass machine screw, swaged into place in the cavity.
The head is approximately bullet diameter. Dr. Mann's goal here was to create
the perfect bullet base by preventing its distortion during the loading and firing
process. These bullets were found to deliver approximately 1.5 MOA accuracy
from the muzzle-loader. The ammunition was experimental and was created bycustom, experimental loading tools and methods. Clearly, the concept ofprotecting a cast bullet's base with a harder, more durable metal was clearlytaking form.
The gas-check proper was patented by John Barlow in 1906, andsubsequently described later that year in his Ideal Handbook #17. The year thistook place is particularly relevant. Many of the rifle shooters of the day hadlearned about shooting cast bullets in rifles like the .44-40, .40-82, .45-70 and.38-55, but ballistically speaking a new day was dawning at the turn of the
century. The .30-30 Winchester and the .30 US Army (a.k.a. ".30-40 Krag")
were less than a decade old, and were harbingers of things to come. The factthat shooters were getting more interested in skinnier bullets, higher pressuresand more velocity was not lost on John Barlow. The older cartridges shot PB
bullets just fine with full-throttle loads. The .30-30 and .30-40 Krag could bemade to shoot PB bullets acceptably well at somewhat reduced pressures andvelocities, Barlow realized that the new cartridge that the US Government
adopted in 1903 (the short-lived .30-'03) would leave shooters wanting morethan was realistically achievable from a standard PB bullet. He set about todesign a cast bullet that would allow higher performance from the newer,
higher pressure .30 caliber rounds. He refined his ideas during the same yearthat the Army refined theirs, 1906. It is fitting that the GC was unveiled in thesame year that that .30-'06 was; this was neither coincidence nor accident. It is87

clear that the GC was well-received by rifle shooters of the day as a variety ofother GC cast bullet designs were introduced over the next several years, bothin .30 caliber and various other rifle calibers (e.g. 7mm, 8mm, .35, and .375).
Handgun shooters of that era by and large operated in a pressure/velocity regime served perfectly well by PB cast bullets, so GC handgun designs
generated little interest in pre-WW I America. The exception was the 311316
GC .32-20 bullet. Although it was designed for high velocity rifle loads, it could
be fired from both rifles and revolvers. Elmer Keith mentions GC bullets only inpassing in his 1936 Sixgun Cartridges and Loads (on page 86), specificallyaddressing their use in high velocity loads in the .32-20 Colt Single Action Army(and similar loads for the .44-40, using the Ideal 429434 221 grain GC-RNFP).
This is one of the few instances where he had anything good to say about GC'sin revolvers. Hold that thought, we'll return to it a little later.
The introduction of the .357 Magnum in1935 would change the landscape of handgunning.
It introduced high-pressure, high-velocity loads tothe mainstream revolver shooter. Factory .357
Magnum ammo was loaded with soft, swaged leadbullets, and lubed with some flavor of marginal
mystery grease. Leading was reported to behideous. As a result the .357 Magnum quickly
developed a reputation for insidiously problematic
The Lyman 311316, the first GC
leading, and that reputation scared people intobullet suitable for use in athinking they should probably have GC's on bullets
handgun.
they cast at home for their .357 Magnums, or
suffer a similar fate. It is important to realize that the bullets used by Phil
Sharpe in the development of the .357 Magnum, as well as those used by Elmer
Keith in his .38/44 load development, were virtually all PB bullets, and both ofthese expert handgunners obtained excellent results with them (see forexample, the groups published in Sharpe's Complete Guide to Handloading).
Indeed, the Ideal Handbook #34 (published in 1940) lists the PB Ideal 358446
as "the Standard Bullet for the .357 Magnum". Sharpe and Keith cast their .357
bullets with a BHN of 10-12, used quality bullet lubes, and had no problems
with leading. The same is true today. But, the seeds of suspicion had beenplanted...
So, when did the first GC cast bullet designed specifically for a handgun
come out? Cramer listed two GC handgun designs (#13 and #14) for the .357
Magnum in their 1939 catalog. These bullets are very similar to the 358156
HP/SWC, except with a somewhat shorter nose, and were designed by Ross
Sernow of Los Angeles, CA. They were reported to perform equally well in the.38 Special and "the Magnum", and to be especially well adapted to hunting. It
seems clear that these bullets were designed to prevent leading in highperformance field loads in the .357 Magnum. However, several of Cramer's
other PB designs were listed identified as being specifically for "the Magnum",so Cramer recognized that a GC was not necessary in the .357.
Ideal Handbook #37 published in 1950 showed most of their rifle bullet
designs as being gas checked. However, none of their handgun bullet designs
were gas checked at that time. GC cast bullet designs specifically for handguns
88

did not appear until about 1953 when Ray Thompson’s GC handgun designs
were cataloged in the Lyman-Ideal
Handbook #39. In that issue was it
cataloged for the first time the Thompson
GC under #358156 and recommended forthe .357 Magnum. This same issue also
listed Thompson’s two .44 SWC-GC designs
as #431215 and #431244. It is interesting
The Lyman 358156 GC-SWC (designed by
Ray Thompson in the early 1950s), andto note that Lyman apparently reused
its plain-based progenitor, the 357446
some of their cherry numbers. For("the Standard Bullet for the .357
instance, the design originally carrying
Magnum") shown for comparison.
cherry #156 was actually #308156. It wasused in the .32-40 Remington which was designed as a mid-range match
cartridge for use in Remington’s single shot target rifles. Remington designed it
as .32 caliber, but in fact, it was actually .308-.309 caliber. The cherry
originally carrying #215 (429215) was a 205 gr. RN designed by Anderton foruse in the .44 S&W Russian. The cherry originally assigned #244 (308244) was
an 89 gr. RN for use in the .30 Luger. Ideal Handbook #39 only listed loading
data for the358156 (both SWC and HP) in both the .357
Magnum and .38
Special. No other GC
bullets were listed in
the handgun loading
data even thoughthe .32-20 and the.44-40 have GC
bullets listed in therifle section of the
The Cramer #14 GC-SWC
design dates back to theloading data. Several
1930s.
Some of the GC revolver bullets that
new GC handgun
Ray Thompson designed in the 1950s
designs were listed at the end of the loading(top photo, l-r: 429244, 429244HP,
section in Ideal Handbook #40 (1955) as
429215, 429215 HP) (bottom photo, l-r:
New Bullet Designs available from Lyman.
358156, 358156 HP, 429244HP,
These designs included the 452484, a 225
452491, 452491 HP, 452490).
grain GC-RN for the .45 ACP; the 452490,
the 230 grain Thompson GC-SWC for the .45 Colt; and the 454485, a 250 grain
GC-RNFP also for the .45 Colt, derived from the old 454190. The gas-checked
cast bullet was clearly gaining acceptance amongst handgunners. In terms of
their long-standing record of outstanding performance, the Thompson GC-SWC
designs rank right along side the Keith SWC's; they are truly excellent bullets.
A GC allows one to shoot a somewhat softer bullet without leading, andthis can be useful for getting cast bullets to expand at revolver velocities, andsuch was the motivation behind one of the more creative variations on the GC
theme that's been tried. Introduced in 1953 (Ideal Handbook #39), anddescribed in detail in Handbook of Cast Bullets (1958), were a series of moulds
designed and developed by Jim Harvey that allowed the caster to insert a zinc(Zn) washer into the mould cavity and cast the bullet metal through a hole inthe center of the washer, permanently joining the two when the bullet metal
solidified. The bullets were ready to shoot as-cast, with no sizing or lubrication.
Harvey's motivation for designing these bullets was to be able to shoot very89

soft pure lead bullets that would expand while hunting, without leading
problems. These moulds were marketed under the "Harvey Prot-X-Bore" nameand were made by Lyman. The mould numbers were in the 500 series, which
Lyman had set aside for their experimental designs. The most commonly
encountered of these moulds today is the 358500 SWC for the .38 Special (seeFigure 11.3); note that this bullet had no provision for crimping or lubrication.
The .44 Harvey SWC's, the 220 grain 429508, 170 grain 429509 and the 245
grain 429518, as well as the .45 Harvey SWC's 190 grain 452505 and the454506 also lacked lube and crimp grooves. Interestingly, the .357" diameter
119 grain SWC (Lyman 358502) had a crimp groove and the Harvey 125 grain
wadcutter (Lyman 358503) not only had a crimp groove, but 2 lube grooves aswell. The absence of these features on the later, larger caliber Harvey designs
indicates that Harvey felt they were not needed. In fact, wildly exaggerated
claims were made about the "dry lubricating" ability of the zinc washer. The
Handbook of Cast Bullets (an excellent reference published by Lyman in 1958)
has a section on Jim Harvey and his bullets, and in it they admonish the shooter
to seat and crimp his bullets in separate operations, as crimping during theseating step can distort the shoulder to the point of preventing the loadedround from chambering. The absence of a crimp groove means that thecrimping operation must displace bullet metal and if this happens while thebullet is still going into the case a bulge is formed. The loading data for theHarvey Prot-X Bore bullets suggests that these lightweight bullets are capableof exceptional velocities in the 1600-1900 fps range. Although their accuracy atthese speeds has been criticized by multiple sources, at modest velocity they
seem to shoot fairly well.
For those of you that have Harvey moulds, andneed a source of Zn washers, they are available fromthe following manufacturers:
Sport Flight Mfg., P.O. Box 1082, Bloomfield Hills MI
48303;
4-D Custom Die Co., 711 N. Sandusky, Mt Vernon
Ohio 43050 740-397-7214 (http://www.ch4d.com/)
Back in 1990, in the first Handloaders Bullet
Making Annual, Dave Scovill reported on theperforated GC developed by Edmund Wilk. The basic
idea was to remove the center of a normal GC, andThe Harvey Prot-X-Borecast the bullet through the center, much like themould for the .38 SWC
Harvey Prot-X-Bore concept. The difference is that
(Lyman 358502).
the bullet still needs lubrication and the GC can beplaced on any of the driving bands of the mould, aimed at accomplishingdifferent tasks. For example, Scovill found that placing the GC on the forward
driving band of the Keith 454424 eliminated skidding on this band during
engraving, whereas he reports evidence of skidding of the original SWC's that
he cast. In other loads he found that the Wilk GC reduced or eliminated leading.
In general, Scovill found that good loads were not improved upon, or
surpassed, by bullets fitted with the Wilk GC, but that the accuracy of marginalloads was generally improved.
Now that we've seen where the GC came from, why they were invented
90and some of the variations on the GC theme that have been toyed with, let's
get back to our gunshop novice and his concerns. A very common misconception is that if you drive a PB cast bullet faster than about 1000 fps,
horrendous leading will result, and the sixgunner won't be able to hit a barnfrom the inside. This just flat ain't true, folks! This "old-wives tale" is simply ahold-over from the reputation that the original .357 Magnum factory ammo had
for leading (and remember, that was due to extremely soft bullets and poor
lube quality). PB bullets can be driven considerably faster than 1000 fps with noleading whatsoever, all day long. Leading is a complex issue and one that isaddressed in a separate chapter. But, in a nutshell, the primary variables
involved in leading and its prevention are alloy hardness and obturation,
matching bullet diameter to throat/groove diameter, lubricant quality andquantity, powder selection and bore condition. Note the distinct lack of any
mention of the presence or absence of that cute little copper diaper that we calla GC. For routine revolver shooting up to about 1500 fps, PB bullets can shootjust as cleanly and accurately as a GC bullet. They can at even faster speeds,
but that requires that the shooter pay a little closer attention to a few very
specific details.
As always, the new bullet caster wants to know, "Which bullet is better?"Well, this requires that we ask the budding young caster-to-be what criteria arebeing applied to determine "better"? Usually, the answer is "Accuracy". Oh
yeah, and he wants to avoid that mystical triple-horned demon of the
netherworld, "leading". We've already touched on the issue of leading so let's
focus on accuracy - which cast bullet design (GC or PB) is inherently moreaccurate? I'm going to let you in on a little secret here, known only to grizzled
old alchemists, gun-hacks and other ne‘er do wells. Lean over close so I can
whisper, neither design is inherently more accurate than the other. Shhhh,
don't tell...
When we think of cast bullet accuracy in revolvers, what is the most
universal benchmark you can think of? My vote is for the classic .38 wadcutter
target load. Have you ever seen a GC on a .38 wadcutter? Believe it or not,moulds have been made for GC wadcutters (and Terry Murbach tells me thatthese moulds were offered by more than one maker). Bottom line? This is anexperiment that has been tried several times over the years, and it just didn't
bear fruit. You never see them around because the results are simply not worth
the effort. You can be sure that if the GC improved accuracy, bullseye shooterswould burn them by the bucket-load. The take-home lesson here is that a GC
does not make a cast bullet inherently more accurate. Inherent accuracy ismore an issue of cast bullet quality, the care with which the ammo wasassembled and the inherent "tastes" of a particular sixgun, than it is a questionof whether or not the cast bullet is wearing a GC on its backside. To quote myrespected friend John Taffin, "Every sixgun is a law unto itself."
As an example, I have a S&W 657 Classic Hunter .41 Magnum that isdelightfully accurate with the plain-based Hensley & Gibbs #258 Keith SWC atfull-throttle, and likewise does very well with most other PB bullets, like the
RCBS 210 SWC. Feeding that gun cartridges loaded with GC SWC's will makegroups open up considerably to the point of looking more like buckshot
patterns. Why? I don’t know. It just does. As a counterpoint, I have a stainless
4 5/8" Ruger Super Blackhawk .44 Magnum that is just plain mediocre with91

pretty much everything loaded with PB bullets, with groups generally running inthe 2 1/2" range at 25 yards. Nothing great, nothing horrible, just, well, boring.
But, feed that gun the Lyman 429244 GC-SWC, or its hollow-pointed kid
brother, and groups become one ragged hole. Some guns like PB bullets, someguns like GC bullets, some guns like 'em both, but neither bullet design isinherently more accurate than the other overall.
That was about the level of my understanding of bullet casting operations
back in the early days of my casting career -- just get a bunch of different
moulds, cast a bunch of different kinds of bullets, shoot them all and see what
cartridge does well with which bullet(s). Then I read Veral Smith's handbook("Jacketed Performance from Cast" available from LBT). Among the numerous
pearls of wisdom scattered therein is the observation that a GC becomes criticalwhen a cast bullet load combines high velocity and high pressure (Veral was
primarily addressing rifle loads here, but his conclusions are equally valid forrevolvers). It's not just a question of velocity, or of pressure, but rather the
combination of the two. Suddenly the clouds parted, the sunbeams camestreaming through, the angelic choirs sprang into song and a small dose ofenlightenment was bestowed upon this humble caster. Now, all of my scattered,independent observations started forming "The Big Picture"! A lead alloy bullet
could handle things just fine up to a point, but beyond a certain pressure andvelocity it needed that little copper crutch to perform its best.
For example, the LBT .358-200 grain LFN plain-based bullet loaded toabout 1500 fps in a Ruger .357 Maximum resulted in severe leading and horrid
accuracy. In contrast, the same bullets cast of the same alloy, loaded to similarpressures in the .357 Magnum at about 1200 fps were very accurate and cleanshooting (and in fact, is one of my favorite long-range plinking loads). The
combination of roughly 35,000 psi and 1500 fps velocity resulted in leading, but
35,000 psi and 1200 fps didn't.
Shooters generally tend to first think in terms of velocity whenaddressing the PB/GC dichotomy. This is because we, as shooters, are obsessedwith velocity. We pour over ballistics tables and reloading manuals, wechronograph load after load, we tailor loads for specific power levels based on
velocity, and we create new cartridges in the pursuit of more (e.g. .44
Magnum), or less (e.g. .40 S&W) velocity. After all, it's velocity that allows
bullets to do their job, and then dictates how well they do it. A bullet at 1000
fps is a lot more useful and interesting than the same bullet sitting on yourdesk next to your laptop. But leading is not simply the result of velocity. Look,for example, at the cast bullet loads for the .45-70. It's no trick at all to put
together the low-pressure PB .45-70 loads at 1600-1700 fps that shoot very
cleanly. Nor is leading simply the result of pressure. The SSK 350 grain FP canbe shot at 1400 fps from a Freedom Arms 454 Casull with 26.0 grains of H110.
Accuracy is very good and leading is not an issue, in spite of the fact that this isa 40,000+ psi load. No, a sixgunners cast bullet problems arise when one
combines high velocity with high pressure, and that is precisely where the gascheck earns its keep.
What does a GC do? Quite a bit! But perhaps the most important is thatit helps to seal the bullet's base to minimize gas leakage. This can also be
accomplished with a PB bullet through the appropriate choice of alloy for the92

load, allowing plastic deformation (obturation) of the bullet so it can seal thebore. Factored in to all of this (and commonly overlooked) is the fact that bullet
lube serves as a floating, fluid gasket that follows the bullet down the bore, also
helping to seal the system. It has been recognized for many years that the flow
characteristic of bullet lube is one of its most important properties. So with theright alloy and a good lube, we don't need a GC to seal the system for run-ofthe-mill sixgun loads. But both of these sealing mechanisms can be overwhelmed at some point. Increased velocity results in increased abrasion defects
along the engraved face of the bullet following the trailing edge of the lands. At
high pressures, gas can and does, leak through these velocity induced defects.
For the sixgunner, where do pressure and velocity both rise to the pointof making a GC important? Well, it depends on the alloy hardness, lube
viscosity, etc.. Perhaps this starts to happen at the magnum revolverpressure/velocity level? Remember the horrible leading and accuracy that was
obtained with the original .357 Magnum lead bullet loads? Please, recall thatthose were swaged lead bullets and therefore extremely soft, and the lube wasmarginal at best, thereby offering a clear demonstration of how these sealingmechanisms can be overwhelmed when substandard materials are used. Cast ofa suitable alloy, e.g. BHN >11, PB bullets work just fine in all of the Magnum
revolvers. These guns generally operate around 35,000 psi peak pressure, withvelocities in the 1300-1400 fps range. With good alloys and good lubricants, PB
bullets work just fine at this level.
When we start to ratchet pressure and velocity much beyond this level, a
PB bullet can run into some serious problems. What does this mean for the
sixgunner?
Well, there are 3 factory cartridges that make methink of GC bullets as a "knee-jerk" first choice for standard
weight bullets - the .30 Carbine, the .357 Maximum, andthe .454 Casull. These are sixguns that routinely operate atpressures above 40,000 psi, and their bullets generally
leave a revolver barrel in excess of 1500 fps. Now I'm nottrying to say that PB bullets can't be made to shoot well outof these guns (they can), but rather when these cartridges
are run at their normal, full-throttle level, they can makelife very hard on a PB bullet. As an example, one of theloads my OM .30 Carbine Blackhawk just dotes on is 13.0
grains of W296 underneath the plain-based Lyman/Ideal
The .30 Carbine and311008 HP (112 grains) for 1440 fps. This is not a
Lyman 311316 GCmaximum load pressure-wise (I would guess that it's only
HP, an excellent
about 25,000 psi peak pressure), but it's about the limit ofvarmint
combination!
what I can squeeze out of this particular PB bullet before
running into leading and accuracy problems. Don't get me wrong, this is an
outstanding varmint load; it's just not loaded to the full potential of the
cartridge and gun.
To run the peak pressures up to the 40,000+ psi range and velocities up
to almost 1600 fps in this gun, I like to use the Lyman 311316 GC-SWC-hollow
point cast of WW alloy with 2% added tin, air-cooled weight is 109 grains
checked and lubed. 13.0 grains of Accurate Arms #9 give very good accuracy in93the .30 Carbine Blackhawk, and generate 1570 fps. No two ways about it, thisis a high performance varmint load!
The .357 Maximum is a kind of "red-headed step-child" of the cartridge
world; it's gotten beat up for all kinds of things that weren't really its fault. The
top-strap gas-cutting issues, forcing cone and barrel erosion problems can be
mitigated through the proper choice of
powder. My favorite loads are powered by
4227 and sparked by the CCI 450 primer.
The .357 Maximum is a fine hunting
round, and one that handles cast bullets
just fine, but they had better have a GC
on them if you're going to run this roundat full-throttle. An excellent hunting bullet
for the Maximum is the LBT 180 grain.357 Maximum and the LBT 35-180-WFN-GC
WFN-GC, cast with water quenched WW
alloy and lubed with homemade mollylube. This bullet leaves very little room for clearance at the end of the Super
Blackhawk cylinder. It must be fully seated and firmly crimped in place to avoid
tying up the cylinder. Fortunately, the .357 Maximum doesn‘t have much recoil
to jar this bullet loose. By putting as much of the bullet outside of the case as
possible, it leaves significantly more case capacity than do other 180 grainbullets, which are generally seated much deeper. This helps to keep pressures
down and allows the use of more powder for potentially higher velocities, thanwould be possible with other 180 grain bullets. For this bullet, I use 23.0 grainsof 4227 and the CCI 450 primer for excellent accuracy and 1600 fps.
An excellent all-round choice for the .454
Casull is the RCBS 45-300-SWC-GC (312 grains
checked and lubed). I had a 7 ½” Ruger Super
Redhawk that was partial to this bullet over 30.0
grains of H110, sparked with a CCI 400 primer,
which generates 1650 fps. I generally cast thesebullets fairly hard (BHN of 18 or so) using WW alloy,
sweetened with a little linotype, cast hot and waterquenched as they drop from the blocks. This is a
50,000+ psi load that leaves the barrel spotless, andshoots pretty dog-gone well. Ruger didn’t make the.454 Casull loaded with thesame mistake with this gun that they made with
RCBS 45-300-SWC-GC.
some of their .45 Colt Blackhawks. There have been
several Blackhawks with .484” chambers and .450” throats that have passed
through this writer’s hands. The excellent accuracy that this 454 Super
Redhawk delivers is likely due to the tighter chambers and properly-sizedthroats that Ruger used on this gun. Cases come out of the cylinder at .478”
and the throats are a snug .452”. In short, this is a very well-made revolver.
I’ve had mis-informed blow-hards vociferously preach at me that they nevershot cast bullets, only jacketed bullets, because they wanted “magnum
performance” from their revolvers. Well Friend, I’m here to tell you that a 310
grain Keith-style SWC at 1650 fps with pin-point accuracy qualifies as “magnum
performance” in my book!
94One other place where a GC can make a real difference is in a ported or
braked handgun. Here the difference between PB and GC depends on portpressure and how much base erosion takes place as the PB bullet crosses theport. As the bullet’s base crosses over the port, the escaping gases can cut theunsupported and exposed portion of the bullet’s base, creating small divots thatcan lead to instability when the bullet leaves the barrel and enters free flight.
This was observed as far back as 1900 in Dr. Franklin Mann's ballistic research.
The harder copper GC prevents this erosion, and leads to more stable bullet
flight. I have never had a ported/braked barrel NOT shoot GC bullets well, while
PB bullets have almost always given me poor accuracy in ported guns.
Presumably this could be countered by using some sortof felt or plastic wad or some such addition to protect the PB
bullet’s base, but I haven’t tried this as a GC bullet gets me
where I want to be quicker and easier. As an example of this,my .405 Winchester Contender is Magna-ported, and PB
bullets don’t shoot worth beans out of this gun, but GC
bullets like the NEI .411-350-GC cast of linotype and lubed
with home-made Moly lube shoots exceptionally well over
49.0 grains of H4895 at 1700 fps. (Yes, recoil is brisk).
Is there a time where the GC is a detriment? No, butthey do add significantly to the expense of the cast bullet,
they add an extra step to the loading process, and they aren‘t
always readily available at your friendly local gun-shop if yoursupply runs out a few hours before you leave for the statechampionship, or a hunting trip. A while back, I went on a.405 Winchester
tour of all the major gun-shops in my community looking forloaded with the
300 grain Mountaina box of .45 caliber gas checks, and on that afternoon I foundMolds GC-FP
a grand total of 4 boxes of 6mm GC's, period. Elmer Keithdidn‘t like GCs for these reasons for his revolver loads, and I
tend to share that opinion (although, I do keep a supply on hand). Why add
something if it isn’t necessary? What‘s more, it almost seems sacrilege to load
GC bullets into time-honored traditional (and relatively low pressure) cartridges
like the .45 Colt, .38 Special .44 Special and .45 ACP. Loading a GC into one ofthese grand old rounds at 850 fps seems almost as silly as loading them withboat-tailed spitzer bullets. And while a GC is sometimes useful in higher
pressure rounds, they just aren’t necessary in cartridges like .357, .41 and .44
Magnums; useful sometimes, necessary no.
Annealing Gas Checks
Gas checks as they come from the factory, can benefit from being
annealed. The stamping and forming process work hardens the copper andgives it a springy nature. The gas check lip when compressed in the sizing die
can spring back and lose its grip once it leaves the confinement of the die.
Since the gas check is harder than the bullet alloy, it may not obturate as one
with the bullet when the assembled unit (bullet) is fired. The annealing process
requires the use of heat. Preferably, the checks should be taken to faint red
heated and quenched in water. A steel container will need to be acquired tocontain the loose checks while heating. A discarded open mouth can will work
well as a container. The container can be heated with a propane or acetylene
torch. Red heat will render the checks fully softened. Ideally, this will give the95

best results. However, if it is not feasible to bring the checks to full softness,the checks can be placed in a steel container that will sit on the melt of the leadpot.
Your lead pot will generate sufficient heat to anneal the checks to asatisfactory level of softness. 750o is sufficient to provide good performance ofthe check. At this heat, the checks can be air cooled. Now, this is not ideal, but
it will suffice until you can acquire or devise a better method of annealing tobring the checks down to dead soft.
Occasionally a mould will be encountered that casts bullets with oversize
gas check shanks. Needless to say, this is aggravating as it causes an extra
step in the gas checking process. If you run into this condition with a mould,
one solution is to expand the gas check enough so it can be pushed onto thebullet shank. This requires the use of a punch and a stripper so the expanded
gas check can be removed from the punch.
So, getting back to our gun shop casting novice, "Which bullet design isbetter?" Neither one. We can't tell you which one of your pet .44 Magnum isgoing to shoot best, only your revolver and a little range time can tell you that.
We can tell you that both will probably shoot just fine (assuming the gun andshooter are up to the task). PB cast bullets are simpler, cheaper, and faster toproduce and offer a more traditional approach to the handgunners art than do
GC bullets. If the shooter understands how to assemble quality cast bullet
ammunition, and is using a lubricant and alloy that are suitable to the ballisticsof the load, then a GC provides no advantage for the majority of revolver
applications. What a GC buys the sixgunner is the ability to be a little sloppy inthe selection of alloy, lube or powder and still achieve good results. As a resultof this flexibility, it may be a little easier to find an accurate load with a GC castbullet. PB designs will also shoot very well in most guns, and significantly betterin some. A GC is not a cure-all, and mis-application of GCs will result in poor
accuracy. Quality control, both in terms of casting technique and loading
technique, is what's really important for both GC and PB bullets, period. For a
new caster, the most important thing is to start with a bullet design that has awell-established track record for accuracy, and I can't think of a better place tostart than the Keith SWC’s. If the new caster decides to go with GCs, then the
SWC’s designed by Ray Thompson are similarly excellent bullets. Where GCs
really become necessary is when the shooter combines high pressure (>40,000psi) and high velocity (>1500 fps), or is shooting a ported gun. While there is
any number of custom wildcat cartridges in this pressure/velocity regime, themore common factory sixgun cartridges that really benefit from the use of GC
cast bullets are the .30 Carbine, the .357 Maximum and the .454 Casull.

96Chapter 11:
The Wadcutter
OK, how many of you read the title and immediately thought, "Oh great,
another re-hashing of the .38 Special..."? And your next thought was probably
either "2.7 grains of Bullseye." or "3.0 grains of W231.", right? That's all welland good, but there's a whale of a lot more to the kindly old wadcutter thanbullseye loads for your pet K-38 Masterpiece (you do have a pet K-38
Masterpiece, don't you?). There's a lot of fertile ground here, so let's go backand start at the beginning.
History of competitive pistol marksmanship and the role of the
wadcutter
Competitive marksmanship has been around ever since that second
caveman learned how to throw a rock. It's simple human nature that he takehis newfound skill and challenge the first rock-throwing caveman to see who
could throw their rock more accurately, or farther, or who could throw thebigger rock, or hit a moving target, or be the first to knock over yonder rotten
stump (you know, the pretty much same games we play today with guns). As
new technologies appeared, these primitive competitions evolved to keep pace,and assimilated weapon systems like slings, spears, atl-atl's, boomerangs,
bolos, throwing knives and axes, short bows, long-bows, crossbows, Handcannons, muskets, rifles, pistols and shotguns. It's entertaining to recognizethat skeet, IPSC, basketball, hockey and golf all share this common origin -- allare manually directed competitive events with the goal of placing a projectile ona remote target. Even events like the javelin, discus and shot-put are related toarchery flight shooting as a distance competition, and bowling and silhouetteshooting are related by the need for accurate placement of the projectile with
sufficient force to knock their targets down. Our history as warriors and hunter/gatherers is apparent from the games we devise today; whether Frisbee golf,
lawn darts, Olympic archery, baseball or bullseye competition, we as a species
are obsessed with the accurate placement of a projectile on a distant target.
Such marksmanship competitions undoubtedly started off as simple,
informal affairs, much like current day plinking ("Betcha can't hit that pinecone!"). However, because of the vital importance of the hunter/warrior's
marksmanship skills to early societies, these competitions soon became
important affairs, with the pomp and pageantry befitting a hero, because thesewere public demonstrations of the skills that would create heroes, both on thebattlefield and by providing protein to hungry families. Quite simply, the ability
to shoot well was a commodity that was valued and respected by thesurrounding community.
Human society has always valued marksmanship, and surrounded
marksmanship skills with ceremony and respect. The Old Testament tells us thestory of David and Goliath, in which the precise placement of a single projectile
slew the fearsome giant. Formal archery training and competition is depicted inancient Egyptian paintings, dating back to before 1500 BC. The Chinese
philosopher Confucius (born in 551 BC) was schooled in the art of the bow andorganized classes in archery for all of society, and has been quoted as saying,"By the drawing of the bow one can know the virtue and conduct of men."97

(Think about that for a minute). Stone markers ornately carved in marble still
stand where arrows landed long ago in medieval flight shooting competitions
outside of Istanbul (the Turks were highly regarded for their exceptionalarchery skills). In medieval England, obligatory marksmanship practice andregular competitions were royally decreed, and failure to participate waspunished by imprisonment. In 1520, Henry VIII of England staged amagnificent show of arms called "The Field of Cloth of Gold" where he "cleft themark in the middle and surpassed them all". These are just a few testimonials
to the importance that each of these societies placed on the shooting skills of aman to hit a distant mark.
While the military significance of the longbow has decayed since themiddle ages, the social importance of marksmanship has not. Through the1800s toxophilites (archery enthusiasts) continued to organize large, formal
archery contests "at the butts". About this time, other groups of shooters also
started having gala social shooting events. Often these were ornate, formal
dress, multi-day affairs, with engraved invitations, and focused on shooting
skills with a variety of guns, particularly rifles and shotguns. Firearm technology
evolved rapidly in the last half of the 19th century, transitioning from muzzleloaders to cartridge loaded repeating arms. Handgun design went from cap-nball revolvers to double action revolvers and autoloading pistols. Once again, as
technology evolved, so did the format of marksmanship competition. For the
first time in history the skill of a shooter armed only with a handgun wasviewed as more than the stuff of last ditch combat gallantry, and was now
gaining recognition as grounds for serious (and socially valued) competition.
Smith & Wesson had been interested in manufacturing a large caliber,
cartridge firing revolver throughout the 1860's, but the Civil War, as well as avariety of design problems and patent licensing issues, slowed their entry into
this market. The S&W Model No. 3 (i.e. large frame break-top), patented in
1869 with production starting in 1870, would be a harbinger of the birth ofbullseye pistol competition. In 1871, Russian General Alexander Gorloff ordered
20,000 Model No. 3's for the Russian Army, requesting a number ofmodifications to the standard design and that they be chambered for a new"inside lubricated" centerfire cartridge that was to become known as the ".44
S&W Russian". The pocket revolver had established S&W as a viable American
manufacturing enterprise, but the large framed Model No. 3 cemented S&W's
reputation as a major international arms producer. Over the next several years,
various design changes were incorporated into these guns and additional
production runs were sold to the Russian Army, eventually totaling over
130,000 guns. S&W was also selling variations of the Model No. 3 at a brisk
pace here in the States. These guns were offered in a variety of chamberings,
but the .44 caliber guns were the most popular (.44 Henry Rimfire, .44/100
centerfire and .44 S&W Russian). The New Model No. 3 .44 Single Action was
unveiled in 1878 and made enough of a splash that its manufacture wasfeatured on the cover of Scientific American (January 24, 1880). The first
revolver designed and built specifically for competitive target shooting was the
S&W New Model No. 3 Target developed in 1886, inspired by a group of pistol
shooters who competed regularly in a 100-shot match. Bullseye pistol
competition had been born. Chevalier Ira Paine set a record of 791 points (outof 1000 possible) on October 15, 1886 using a S&W New Model No. 3 in .44
S&W Russian, and then later bested his own mark with an 841 (March 17,981887). Later, on November 4 of that same year, F. E. Bennett set a new record
with a score of 857. Serious competition grew at these pistol matches, andpublic interest grew as well. The shooting industry was quick to take notice, andS&W quickly offered their Model No. 3 chambered in the inside lubricated .3244 and .38-44 cartridges, specifically for such target competition. However, inthe long run, the .44 S&W Russian chambering was by far the most popularwith the competitive target shooters. As an aside, this new form of pistol
competition was one-handed shooting since traditionally the handgun was an
officer's weapon, and an officer (of course) was mounted, so he had to use his
non-shooting hand to hold the reins of his horse! The one-handed pistol form
was retained in military training since in combat the shooter might be wounded
and only have one good hand. Thus, NRA bullseye pistol competition was bornwith its left thumb hooked under its belt.
Initially, the bullets used in these pistol matches were simply thestandard 246 grain lead round nose .44 S&W Russian offered by the factories,
or cast by the competitors. Unfortunately, these bullets, while superbly
accurate, did not cut clean or full-diameter holes in the target, which madeaccurate scoring problematic and missed points a very real possibility.
Competition grade guns and shooters had arrived; it was time for the bullets tocatch up.
There were 146 mould designs listed in the Ideal Handbook #9 (1897)
and not one of them was a wadcutter; all of the pistol bullets listed were either
round-nosed, or round-nose flat-points. The original wadcutter made specificallyfor competitive target shooting was the Himmelwright wadcutter (Ideal#429220), which was unveiled in 1900 (and cataloged up through HB #39,
1953 and listed in the Handbook of Cast Bullets, 1958). This bizarrely shapedbullet was designed to cleanly cut full diameter holes in the target to makeaccurate scoring of target a snap, but also to have enough of an ogival nose to
insure stable, aerodynamic bullet flight. This unique projectile was specificallydesigned for the S&W Model No. 3 chambered for the .44 S&W Russian (the .44
S&W American used an outside lubricated, heel-type bullet and the .44 S&W
Special would not be introduced for another 7 years).
The next wadcutters on the
The first bullet
scene were J. B. Crabtree's Ideal
explicitly designed for360345 in 1903, B. F. Wilder's Ideal
target shooting was
360271 in 1904 and Himmelwright's
the Himmelwright
Ideal 360302 in 1905, primarily
wadcutter (Ideal
designed for the .38 S&W, as well as429220), designed forthe newly introduced .38 Special.
the S&W #3 .44
Today, we would call the Crabtree
Russian. Loaded in theand Wilder bullet "semi-wadcutters".44 Special.
to differentiate them from thecylindrical bullets we call wadcutterstoday, but the era of the wadcutter had just dawned and this distinction hadn't
yet been drawn in 1905 (these two bullets were still labeled as wadcutters in
the Ideal Handbook #37, circa 1953; the term "semi-wadcutter" doesn't seemto have gained general usage until the mid-to-late 1950s, and was used in the
Hand-book of Cast Bullets in 1958 to describe the 358480, 452460 and a coupleof other similar bullets, but interestingly enough, was not applied to either the99

Keith or Thompson bullets, those most commonly associated with the term
today). Wadcutter experimentation continued, primarily focused on the effect ofnose profile on bullet stability and accurate flight, with the dome-topped
454309 and square-nosed 360344 (150 grain), 429348 (180 grains) and M. L.
Holman's 429352 (245 grains), all of which came out during this same timeframe.

The wadcutter Class of 1905/1906 (l-r: Ideal
360271, 360345, 360344, 429348, 429352 and452309)The Peters Cartridge Company
was the first to produce factoryloaded wadcutter ammunition in or
around 1914. In 1915, Ed McGivern
designed an experimental hollowbased wadcutter mould that hecommissioned Ideal (then owned by
Marlin) to make. McGivern's bullet
would eventually be known as the

Ideal #358395. The incorporation ofa hollow base into the wadcutter is
not surprising since the wadcutter
was designed explicitly as a target
bullet and the hollow-base design
was (mythically) believed to be
inherently more accurate. In 1919,
Classic wadcutter bullet moulds: the H&G #50
McGivern, along with Phineas Talcott
plain-based wadcutter.
(remember Phineas? was the ownerof Ideal from about 1918-1925) and several Remington engineers tested thisbullet extensively. It performed so well that Remington adopted is as part of its
ammunition line, and Western Cartridge Company followed shortly thereafter in
1920. Bullseye pistol competition had definitely caught on and a great deal ofwork was put into the developmental of bullets and ammunition specificallydesigned for this pastime.

Classic wadcutter bullet
moulds: the Ideal 358395
hollow-based wadcutter.

As an aside, it is interesting to note that in1897 Ideal had 146 bullet designs, and in 1915 they
were assigning cherry number 395. In less than 18
years, they had added approximately 250 bullet
designs to their line, and most of these new numbers
came about between about 1900 and 1905! Also,
keep in mind that a number of the original cherry
numbers (particularly those of the round ball moulds)
were recycled, making the total number of newcherries even higher than this simple analysis would
suggest. John Barlow, and Marlin, were clearly being
aggressive in serving the needs of the shooting publicduring this time-frame.

After Lyman bought Ideal in 1925, theevolution of the wadcutter continued, first with the dainty 112 grain 358425(1930), and the somewhat more robust 160 grain 358432 (1931?). The
pinnacle of the target wadcutter design was achieved in the early-1930s with
the now familiar design settled on by George Hensley as his classic #50 (which
100

Lyman later emulated with their 358495 in 1955).
Obviously, one of the principal design features of the wadcutter is to cut
full diameter holes in the target for easier and more precise scoring in bullseyecompetition. However, there are also several other aspects of the wadcutterthat are commonly overlooked. Wadcutters are generally designed to be deeply
seated in the cartridge case to eat up case capacity, to produce better
uniformity with the light powder charges used fortarget loads. The wadcutter also generally has
extensive bearing surface that provides betteralignment in the throat and forcing cone of arevolver, thereby favoring concentric engraving, andbetter short range accuracy (before the lousy
aerodynamics of the "flying trash can" destabilize thebullet and ruin flight stability).
Gil Sengel wrote up a nice little piece on
wadcutters in the Jan/Feb 1990 issue of Handloader
magazine (#143), and he coined a terminology todifferentiate between different styles of wadcutter
based on how deeply they were seated in the case (or more accurately how
much was left sticking out of it).
An example of a transitional
wadcutter from around 1930
(Ideal 358425).

Type I wadcutter - A Type I wadcutter has no crimp groove, only lube
grooves, and is seated entirely within the case. If a crimp is to be applied on aType I wadcutter, it is applied over the nose of the bullet. The primary
application of this bullet is in semi-automatic bullseye guns like the S&W Model
52 and the Colt 1911 National Match.38 Special Gold Cup. These guns
require the wadcutter to be fully seatedwithin the case for reliable cycling of
the action. Perhaps the best known
example of a Type I wadcutter is the
Lyman 358063, introduced in 1963 in
An example of a Type I wadcutter (H&G #280,
response to demand from bullseye.32 caliber wadcutter). Note the lack ofshooters competing with custom made"button-nose" and no crimp groove.
1911s chambered in .38 Special and.38 AMP, the S&W Model 52 (introduced in 1961), and the Colt 1911 National
Match .38 Special Gold Cup Mid-Range. This bullet design was the direct resultof the popularity of these guns and bullseye competition. (As an aside, cherry#63 is a recycled cherry number, the original being a round ball for the .32-44
S&W Gallery). Successful loading of these bullets requires that seating andcrimping be performed in separate steps.
These same issues apply to the target pistols built for the .32 S&W Long.
These semi-auto target guns made by Walther, Pardini-Fiocchi, Erma, andothers are specifically chambered for the .32 S&W Long loaded with deeply
seated Type I wadcutters.
Type II wadcutter - It's easier to seat the bullet with one driving bandoutside of the case and to crimp using a traditional crimp groove, thereby
101allowing seating and crimping to be performed in a single stroke, andhistorically this is how wadcutters have been most often employed. This is thedesign that is most commonly encountered (and thought of) today when one
mentions the terms "wadcutter". The classic example of a Type II wadcutter is
H&G #50 or Lyman 358495. These bullets have 3 grease grooves, followed by acrimp groove, one driving band and a small "button nose". This design provides
all of the advantages of the Type I (deep seating,wad-cutting ogive, full-length bearing surface, etc.)
but it also allows for easier and more uniform
seating and crimping. For over 3/4 of a century,
this bullet design has established itself as thedefinitive bullseye pistol competition bullet. Moulds
for the Type II wadcutters have been made invirtually all of the common revolver calibers, and ina variety of bullet weights. Loaded to 900 fps or so,
An example of a Type II
wadcutter (George Hensleythese bullets make excellent small game hunting#66, 98 grain .314"
loads. The Lyman 358495 over 4.5 grains of W231
wadcutter).
Note the "buttonfor 950 fps is a personal favorite for such activities.
nose" and the crimp groove.

That cute little vestigial nose left on theseType II wadcutters is intended to provide additional aerodynamic stability bybreaking up the air-flow and starting the slipstream. Since these are virtuallyalways subsonic bullets (not only sub-sonic, but below 0.85 Mach, or roughly
900 fps), the airstream is roughly conformal to the bullet's profile, withturbulent flow in the boundary layer at these velocities. There is no super-sonic"bow-wave". A flat face with a sharp shoulder (e.g. Ideal 358348) can induce
substantial turbulence just aft of the shoulder. This is because the slipstream isunable to flow smoothly around a sharp 90 degree corner, so there areturbulent "eddies" formed just aft of this shoulder, which can destabilize thespinning wadcutter and lead to tumbling. By putting a small nose just forwardof the flat face, the airflow is more gradually redirected as a result of the eddies
formed along the sides of the nose, resulting in somewhat greater stability inflight, and therefore longer accurate range before the wadcutter starts totumble. This "aerodynamic re-direction concept" was most pronounced in the
Himmelwright wadcutters, and tapered off with subsequent designs. Since
virtually all bullseye shooting is done inside of 50 yards, that's all the accurate
range that's needed from a wadcutter target load, so the extended proboscis of
the Himmelwright wad-cutter really isn't necessary. Because of the complexity
this proboscis adds to the seating/crimping step, it was simplified (or dropped
altogether) in subsequent wadcutter designs.
There were also a number of very lightweight Type II wadcutters thatwere made for the very light loads used in gallery (or "parlor") target shooting.
An example of this kind of bullet would be the Ideal 358101 (this is anotherrecycled cherry number; the original was a .424" RB). Looking at this bullet, I
have to wonder if the conversation surrounding its genesis didn't start out
something along the lines of, "Hey! Wouldn't it be neat if....?” This 77 grainbullet was presumably originally designed for light gallery loads, but I suspect it
may have also found application in discrete urban rodent control. Similar lightweight wadcutters, such as the H&G #239 (.44 caliber, 200 grains), and H&G#155 (.45 caliber, 200 grains) have also been produced.
102

Type III wadcutter - The Type III WC was intended to extend the WC's
capabilities to the hunting fields by seating the bullet out of the case to more
typical SWC seating depths. By seating it out of the case there is more capacity
for powder and pressures of full-velocity loads are kept moderate. For thisreason it is sometimes referred to as a "full-velocity wadcutter". Long range
stability is still a problem with these bullets, but they can be very effective
hunting bullets at modest ranges.
Ogival Wadcutters - In recent years,
LBT and NEI have marketed moulds they havecalled "ogival wadcutters" which combine theType III concept with a very small amount ofcurvature added to the ogive to improve theWC's flight characteristics without sacrificing
too much meplat. This
was a revision of an
old idea that had been
Example of a lightweight Type IIaround for many
wadcutter (77 grain Lyman 358101).
decades, originally
being captured in early Frankford Arsenal bullet
designs (circa 1890). The Frankford Arsenal bullet was
An example of a Type III
for police use, back in the days (in the words of one
wadcutter (250 grainballistic historian), "when the police actually shot bad
Lyman 429352)
guys with the hopes of killing them". For those PD's
using service revolvers, the ogival wadcutter makes a great deal of sense inthat close range lethality is great, while the bullets will generally start tumblinginside of 100 yards, rapidly losing velocity/energy in the event of an errant
shot, thereby minimizing risk to innocents.
In any event, in more
recent years the focus of theogival wad-cutter has been moreon hunting applications, wherethese bullets serve admirably,
although they have a limited
effective range due to poor flightFrankfurt Arsenal gang mould for a bullet design
stability. While most handgun
similar to the ogival wadcutter or WFN profile.
hunters are perfectly content tolimit themselves to moderate ranges before they shoot, it's important torecognize the limited value of a bullet that can't be relied upon to finish off a
rapidly departing wounded game
animal before it gets out of range,
An example of an ogival
should the first shot not prove quickly
wadcutter (the 365 gain
fatal. There are a number of excellent
NEI .44 OWC loaded in thehunting designs (Keith, SSK, LBT, etc.).44 Magnum). This bullet
gives fine accuracy for thethat allow a skilled handgunner precise
first 40 yards or so, but atbullet placement at extended revolver
longer ranges accuracy
ranges, thereby allowing such a cripple
can be pretty iffy.
to be finished off in a responsible andhumane fashion. The ogival wadcutter,although a short-range sledgehammer, can't be relied on to finish off an
outward bound cripple before it escapes, due to the ogival wadcutter's poor
103

long range accuracy, leading to the possibility of a long and perhaps fruitless
tracking job. In heavy brush or black timber, such a follow up shot is unlikely
anyway and shot opportunities will be at close range, allowing precise first shot
placement. The ogival wadcutter would be right at home in "the thick stuff", likeone encounters when hunting feral hogs, but could be a poor choice on theplains of Wyoming for hunting antelope.
Base design
Which is better, plain-based wadcutters or bevel-based? Are hollowbased wadcutters really more accurate than solid bullets, or not? Why doesn't
anybody make gas-checked wadcutter moulds? Let's examine these issues, one
at a time.
Originally, wadcutters were plain-based (PB). The reason some folks
wanted to put a beveled base on their wadcutters was to facilitate the loading
process. This is a significant concern if you're a junior officer on the local PD,
stuck at the loading bench on a sunny Saturday and you can't leave until you
have a couple thousand rounds loaded for your departments' qualification
course next week. Bevel-based bullets also tend to drop more easily from themould, expediting the casting process. As the bevel-based wadcutter gained
acceptance, some shooters claimed that they were in fact more accurate thantheir plain-based cousins. Detailed testing (see for example John Zemanek's
article in Handloader #161, Jan/Feb 1993, or E. H. Harrison's article on "Making
Accurate .38 Handloads" in NRA Handloading) suggests that in certain guns thebevel-based wadcutters are indeed slightly more accurate than plain-based
wadcutters. However, it is important to point out (as both authors do) that incertain other guns the reverse is true. In my own extensive testing on thissubject I can find no significant difference between the two, both shoot very
well out of my guns.
What's more, I have found no significant advantage to using cast hollowbased wadcutters over solid based wadcutters. I have hollow-based moulds for.38, .41, .44 and .45 caliber wadcutters, and while these bullets shoot just fine,
there is nothing to recommend them over other target loads that I assemble
using solid-based wadcutters (either plain-based or bevel based). Commercial
hollow-based wadcutters are also quite accurate. This is only partly due to their
being hollow-based (which makes sizing less important since they will swell to
fit the bore when fired), but also due to the fact that they're formed under highpressure and therefore have no voids. It is important to remember that swaged
hollow-based wadcutters must be limited to mild pressure loads to prevent"popping the cork" and leaving a lead sleeve in the bore of your revolver.
As for gas-checked wadcutters, this is an experiment that was tried many
years ago and their virtually complete absence today makes it pretty obviousthat the final conclusion was, “Why bother?”. If you have a GC wadcutter
mould, you have a unique conversation piece, and quite likely a collector’s item.
Target bullets need to be accurate and they need to be produced in large
quantities; adding a gas-check didn’t help the accuracy and slowed down the
production rate, leaving the project to die an ignoble death. May it rest inpeace.
The bottom line is that there's nothing wrong with shooting bevel-based104

or hollow-based cast wadcutters, butthere's no evidence to indicate thateither is more universally accurate thanthe plain-based wadcutter. The hollowbased wadcutter is considerably slower
to produce than the plain-based
wadcutter, and both the bevel-based
and hollow-based wadcutters are best
limited to moderate pressure loads
since the hollow-based wad-cutter
gives poor accuracy (and marginalsafety) at higher pressures, and bevelAn example of a bevel-based wadcutter mould
based bullets can lead to cylinder gap(Lyman 358091).
leading at higher pressures. The plainbased wadcutter is every bit as accurate as it hollow-based and bevel-basedbrethren, and more versatile than both since it's not limited to mid-range loads
and can be loaded to full-velocity. For mid-range target loads all three are
equally capable of fine accuracy at moderate ranges.
Wadcutters in the field
While I have used many, many .38 wadcutters for bullseye practice andcompetition, perhaps my favorite use of wadcutters is found in hunting small
game with a .32 S&W Long. I have used all manner of .32 wadcutters in these

Ideal 429106

Ideal 429107

Ideal 452309

Ideal 452389

guns (RCBS, NEI, H&G), and they all shoot remarkably well over 2.0 grains of
Bullseye, but for use in the hunting fields I prefer the Lyman 313492 (Type III
wadcutter), which weighs about 90 grains when cast of WW alloy. Seated on
top of 2.5 grains of Red Dot, this little pill generates about 950 fps withexcellent accuracy, and it hits small game hard at moderate ranges, but without
excessive meat damage. This load is well suited for shooting bushytails in thetreetops as the inherent instability of the flat-nosed wadcutter shape (as well as
contact with leaves and branches) will have this little wadcutter tumbling, andrapidly losing velocity, in short order. A pleasant afternoon stroll, with a favorite.32 S&W Long revolver, in pursuit of small game is an excellent way to shake
off the tensions of modern life.
The wadcutter is indeed the bullet of champions. The importance of the
wadcutter to PPC and bullseye pistol competition is emphasized in the writingsof champion pistol shooters like Jim Clark and Gil Hebard. To achieve masterclass proficiency, these shooters have sent literally tons of wadcutters downrange. The social ceremony of marksmanship continues to this day in the
National Matches at Camp Perry, national PPC matches, Olympic competitionand events like the Bianchi Cup, and for the pistol shooter the prestige of thesematches is borne on the back of the workhorse wadcutter. The ability to shoot105

well is still a valuable commodity, to both the individual and to society. But thewadcutter is not merely a match bullet, it also finds application in very lightgallery loads, vermin control, law enforcement, and as a short-range hunting
bullet in the thick stuff. Surprising versatility for such a specialized bullet.

106Chapter 12:
The Keith Semiwadcutter (SWC)
The cast handgun bullet started out as a simple sphere, and stayed thatway for centuries. Even after the introduction of the rifled barrel and revolving
cylinder, the default form of the handgun projectile was still “ball”. It wasn’t
until the middle part of the 19th century, after elongated projectiles had a firm
foothold in long-guns that conical projectiles started to gain a following in
handguns. After all, handguns were viewed as last ditch, self-defense tools,
adequate only for short range, so who cared if they weren’t all that accurate, or
what their downrange trajectory was like? Manufacturing tolerances were loose(by today’s standards), cylinder gaps were generous, and the soft metals,
simple lockwork and lack of a top-strap meant that barrel/cylinder alignment
was often less than precise. The round ball was up to the accuracy potential ofthese early revolvers, and it was entirely adequate for the uses to which theseearly guns were put, so why bother with anything else?
That was to change with the introduction of the self-contained cartridge,
the bored-through cylinder and the top-strap. The revolver underwent a series
of wondrous transformations from the late 1850s through the early 1870s inwhich these design features were incorporated, and emerged a tool of vastly
improved accuracy, range, and reliability. The elongated bullet figured strongly
in these improvements.
Now, in the 1870s, these elongated bullets were pretty much limited tobeing either simple round-nosed bullets or primitive conical (pointed)
projectiles, as the focus was improving the trajectory of the round by finetuning the aerodynamics of the projectile (BP was limited in terms of pressure/velocity, so aerodynamics was the only real avenue open for improvement).
The round-nosed lead bullets shot just fine, giving excellent accuracy andrange. Unfortunately, they weren’t the most efficient of killers. This was viewed
with little surprise and concern at the time because handguns had generally
been viewed as under-powered, last ditch weapons. The fact that a trained
pistolero could hit a man-sized target at 100 yards instead of 50 feet was real
progress, and while the round-nosed bullet might not kill a ne’er-do-welloutright, the impending septicemia surely would. This was of little solace to thewestern cowboy who found himself face to face with a grizzly, however;
handgun killing power could definitely stand to be improved.
This was the 1870s, the heyday of the Winchester 1873 repeating rifle,
often chambered for the .44 WCF. One of the things learned during this period
was that blunt or flat-pointed bullets seemed to hit harder and kill faster than
did similar round-nosed slugs. Autopsies revealed that the blunt or flat-pointed
bullets did more tissue damage, left bigger holes and resulted in far more
bleeding than the puncture wounds of the round-nosed projectiles (thesewounds had a tendency to close over and bleed little). Such observations were
not lost on the handgunners of the day, and soon flat-pointed bullets started
finding their way into handgun cartridges. Initially, this took the form of dainty
little meplats on top of the traditional round-nose ogive (for example the454190, the traditional .45 Colt bullet), in an effort to maintain as much of the
aerodynamic form as possible. While these RNFP bullets offered some107

improvement over the RNs, with the limitations that BP placed on velocities, thekilling power of these bullets was still unremarkable (by today's standards).
This led to a slow, but steady evolution of bullet shape throughout theremainder of the 19th century. Several of these antiquated designs look almost
comical to us today, but were designed with a specific function in mind (e.g.
Himmelwright wadcutters). Meplats got larger, specialized features started
getting incorporated into bullet designs (crimp grooves, wadcutters, etc.),
tolerances started getting tighter and handguns
started becoming more accurate and were viewed as
more of a general purpose tool, rather than just alast ditch defense weapon.
In 1904, B. F. Wilder put together the firsthandgun bullet design that would today be called asemi-wadcutter (SWC), so named because it
The round-nose flat point
combined the wadcutting shoulder of the newly(RNFP) was the state of thedeveloped wadcutter with a more traditional roundart in terms of handgun bullet
nose, flat-pointed ogive. Wilder’s design is now
design before the turn of the
known as the Ideal 358271 (originally 360271). In
20th century.
1905, Crabtree followed with his somewhat blockier
360345, and C. E. Heath of the Boston Pistol Club did likewise with his design,
the 429336. These early designs are all notable in that they contain 2 small
lube grooves and no crimp groove. This is presumably because these bullets

The Himmelwright wadcutter(Ideal 429220).

RNFP.

were primarily intended for
low impulse target loads andthe bullets were held in placeby neck tension, or were
crimped lightly over theforward driving band. Other
designs followed, but thestandard revolver bullet was
still either round-nosed or aTarget bullets were
evolving rapidly justafter the turn of the20th century (Ideal
360271 and 360345).

At first glance Heath's 429336 looks rather like thebullet that Elmer Keith would later draw up as the429421, especially the ogive. The major difference is that Heath's bullet has 2
small lube grooves, and no crimp groove. If one of the grease grooves wasused as a crimp groove, then there wasn't very much lube capacity in theremaining grease groove, and if both were used for lube then the bullet either
wasn't crimped or it had to be seated deeply and crimped over the shoulder.
Neither of these scenarios is conducive to heavy .44 Special loads; the recoil
generated would have unseated an uncrimped bullet, and deep seating would
have raised pressures tremendously. A better bullet design was needed.

While this evolution of bullet shape was taking place, smokeless powder
made its rather awkward entry onto the scene. The rules for loading one’s own
ammunition changed drastically, and more than one fine old revolver was blown
to bits in the learning of these lessons. As a result, the acceptance of smokeless108powder was gradual amongst handgunners. By the 1920s, the ground rules forloading smokeless powder were pretty well laid out, accepted and understood.
Some of these new smokeless powders
were delivering unprecedented velocities tothe revolver shooters of the day, and there
was a real need for bullet design whose
performance would match these newvelocities.
Enter Elmer Keith, stage west. He wasa northwestern cowboy, with a love for guns
and shooting. He understood guns, how they
worked and how they killed. He studied theexperimental cast bullet designs of the day,
The Heath target bullet (Ideal 429336,
left) compared to the Keith SWC (Ideal
and put together a few experimental designs
429421, right).
of his own. He took these first ideas to
Belding & Mull, who cut the moulds for him.
Elmer and his shooting partner Harold Croft spent the mid-1920s working up
loads for these bullets, testing them at all sorts of ranges and evaluating theirperformance on all manner of critters from jack rabbits to elk. These early B&M
designs were blunt, round-nosed flat-points, with large meplats, of various
weights in .44 and .45 caliber. While there were a number of things that Elmer
liked about these designs, they didn’t provide the long-range accuracy that he
was looking for, and so he went back to the drawing board.
He wanted an all-round bullet, one that was useful for target shooting, as
well as hunting and self-defense. This would require a wadcutting shoulder, on
a semi-wadcutter (SWC) frame. Others had made SWC’s before, but the meplat
was small, the crimp groove was little more than an empty grease groove,bullets were seated too deeply, and other details were not to Elmer’ssatisfaction. He took the features that he liked from his B&M designs andcombined them with features of these other SWC designs and drew up what hefelt was the perfect bullet for his pet .44 Special. The meplat was 65% of thebullet diameter (this meplat and ogive was taken directly from Heath's 429336,
Keith would ultimately settle on approximately 70% for later designs in othercalibers). The ogive had a double radius to insure stable long-range flight. The
crimp groove was beveled to match the profile of the case when crimped, for afirmer grip. The crimp groove was located to seat as much of the bullet outsideof the case as possible (in fact this turned out to be a problem in the case of
the .357 Magnum when S&W started making those guns a few years later, as
the cylinders were too short to accommodate the 358429, this was S&W’s
oversight, not Elmer Keith’s -- Keith solved this problem by either using .38
Special cases or seating the 358429 deeply and crimping over the forward
driving band). Keith’s SWC had three equal width driving bands. A full-width,full-diameter forward driving band is a very important feature of the Keith SWC
as that band is what aligns the bullet with the bore as it traverses the barrel/
cylinder gap and what starts the engraving/rotation process. These three fullwidth driving bands insured that over half of the bullet length was bearing
surface to ensure that the bullet was well-aligned within the bore. Another key
feature of the Keith SWC was the “square-cut” grease groove (this is perhaps
more accurately described as a “flat-bottomed” grease groove since the sides
109are beveled slightly to allow the bullet to release from the mould upon
opening). And finally, Keith’s bullet was plain-based. Elmer Keith felt that GC’s
were useless on revolver bullets.
While Keith and Croft had been evaluating the initial B&M designs, thestruggling Ideal Co. had been sold to Lyman and both the company and mould
production were now in much better shape. Elmer took his revised design to the

In the late 1920s Elmer Keith
modified the Heath target
bullet to have a beveled
crimp groove and a larger
grease groove and the Ideal
429421 was born.

newly revamped Ideal/Lyman in 1928. The result
was to become known as the Lyman/Ideal 429421, a
250 grain SWC that would change forever how
shooters thought of handguns and handgun bullets.
The 429421 provided match-grade accuracy, cutclean holes in target paper, delivered excellent longrange (e.g. half mile) accuracy, and crushed big,
leaky holes in meat. In short, it did all the things
Elmer wanted his sixguns to do, and it did them allsuperbly. It was truly a landmark in the evolution ofhandgun bullet design. He was well pleased.

The 3-point mulie buck stood about 50 yards
distant, along the crest of a harvested wheat field.
He knew that danger was near, but held his groundunsure of what to do next. An unknown hunter's
errant shot had left him wounded across the top of his hams, unable to run
away from the packs of coyotes that would be working the canyons after thesun set, so I resolved to end his suffering quickly. I shot him just behind his leftshoulder. The bullet passed through both lungs and heart and shattered the far
shoulder. The buck spun and went down hard, but adrenalin is a powerful drug
(he had been wounded by an unknown hunter several hours before). He
struggled to regain his feet, with no success. A second 429421 went through hisneck and the life drained quickly from his eyes. That's pretty much how it
generally goes with this bullet; put it where it counts and you have meat topack out.
One of the concepts popular in the
1890s was to take a proven bullet design andincrease the velocity by decreasing bullet
weight. This was done by removing metalfrom the bullet by making either a hollowbase, or a hollow-point. Thus, the length of
the bullet stayed the same and it wouldn’t benecessary to re-think the rifling twist to makethe lighter bullet perform its best. Given that
manufacturing tolerances of the day weren’t
always overly precise, a revolver’s cylinderthroat and barrel groove diameters didn’t
Shortly after designing the 429421,
always match-up as well as one might like.
Elmer Keith followed up with a hollowOne solution to this problem was to use a HBbase version (Ideal 429422).
bullet that would swell to fit both diameters
no matter how well they matched. Thus, Elmer’s second design was simply the429421 made with a hollow base. This design was numbered 429422.
110

In many circles HB bullets are revered as being inherently more accurate
than other bullet designs. Is this reputation deserved and where does it comefrom? Well, in the middle part of the 19th century, when various methods ofmaking a bullet spin were being evaluated, experimental ballisticians were
trying to find a bullet that would be easily loaded (from the muzzle, of course),
but would also "take" the rifling and spin. A hollow cavity on the base of thebullet was found to be a very effective way to do this. Thus was born the
Minnie' ball, which delivered greater accuracy (and downrange punch) than theother projectiles of the day. Hollow-based bullets do indeed deliver greater
accuracy in muzzleloaders. Note that this reputation was garnered in a lowpressure, long-barreled firearm, in which the muzzle-pressure would be quite
low. For cartridge firing guns, loaded with groove diameter bullets, this inherent
advantage is lost. In the shooting community however, we don't tend to let goof "proven concepts" easily...
In his landmark treatise, the “Complete Guide to Handloading” (firstpublished in 1937, last reprinted in 1953), Phil Sharpe argued that hollow-basebullets were obsolete and had no legitimate place on the handloader’s bench.
The hollow base had originally been employed in revolver bullets to allow thegases from the burning black powder to expand the base and seal the base of
the bullet as it jumped from the case, to the throat, to the forcing cone, to thebore, many of which had considerably different dimensions from one anotherback in the 19th century. This design also keeps the weight forward andtherefore (some will claim) the bullet will act like a badminton birdie and staynose forward for a more stable flight (and with low pressure black powderloads, this may be true). It also reduces bullet weight, thereby allowing higher
velocities while keeping a solid nose construction for better penetration. Sharpe
goes on to report that, in spite of their reputation, hollow-base bullets arecommonly less accurate than are solid base bullets, especially in higher
pressure loads, because of distortion to the skirt as it leaves the muzzle due tohigh muzzle-pressure, leading to unstable flight. Personal experience reveals
that hollow-based bullets, in light to moderate pressure loads (i.e. less thanabout 12,000 CUP) where the muzzle-pressure is lower, demonstrate fineaccuracy (but not necessarily better than PB bullets), but at higher pressures,
accuracy suffers notably. As usual, Sharpe’s arguments are well thought-out,well organized and well explained. However, there is one issue that Sharpe
probably didn’t foresee back in 1953, and that is the impact that nostalgia has
had on the shooting sports in the new millennium. Back in the 1950s, the rage
was modernization and magnums; the shooting world was looking forward, notbackwards. Black powder cartridges like the .38-40 and .44-40 were dead in
the water, and the grand old .45 Colt wasn’t doing too well itself. The focus wason higher pressures and velocities, stronger steels and slower powders. Today
we have cowboy action shooters dressing in the styles of the 19th century andspecifically seeking out old guns and old cartridges, just for the sense of style
bestowed by these classic old pieces. The hollow base bullet fits in perfectly
here, and indeed may well be a necessary accoutrement for complete period
authenticity. Sharpe was right, hollow-based bullets are obsolete, but his
thinking is outdated by being too modern!
OK, let’s get back to the story of Elmer Keith and his SWC’s. To review -it’s 1929, The Great War ended a decade ago, the '20s have been roaring forsome time, flappers, big bands and jazz have taken the country by storm, the111

stock market is about to crash, prohibition is in effect and organized crime has
moved in to supply the thirsty US of A with libations. The transition has been
made from black powder, and the shooting public now has some understanding(and trust) for the new smokeless powders. But magnum handgun cartridges(and magnum pressure levels) are still unknown to the American handgunner.
This is the Golden Age of the .45 ACP -- from the newly refined Colt 1911-A1
and the S&W 1917 revolver, to the Thompson sub-machine gun, the .45 ACP
was definitely basking in the center stage spotlight. Military surplus ammo andcomponents were widely available, as wererevolvers, semi-autos and fully automatic
firearms with which to fire it. The importanceof this market was not lost on Elmer Keith.
He was so pleased with how well his 429421
had worked out in the .44 Special that heapplied those same design concepts to the.45 ACP, and it’s thick-headed younger
Elmer Keith designed the Ideal 452423
brother the .45 Auto Rim. The result was thefor the .45 Auto-Rim.
Lyman/Ideal 452423, a 238 grain Keith SWC
that started off with 3 equal width driving bands, a “square-cut” grease groove,a beveled crimp groove (for use in the revolvers), a short nose (to keep OAL
length down so that loaded rounds worked in the magazine guns), and a big,fat meplat (.340”, or 75% of bullet diameter) to maximize their effectiveness inthe hunting fields. The excellent performance of the 452423 in the .45 ACP was,in large part, overshadowed by the subsequent release of the .357 Magnum
with its unprecedented velocities and kinetic energy figures, but that doesn’tchange the fact that Keith’s first SWC in .45 caliber was, and is, both deadly
and accurate. Standard loads for this bullet worked in the 800-900 fps range,
and Keith worked up some +P loads that delivered 1100 fps from large frame
revolvers. These old guns are best limited today to loads generating 900 fps orless (newer guns, with better steels and heat treatment, work just fine with
Keith’s +P loads).
As with their other designs, Lyman modified the 452423 at a later date touse a rounded grease groove. Virtually all of the 452423’s you see nowadays
are round groove moulds. (I have never seen a HB version of this bullet). As
the .45 ACP and .45 AR were smokeless only cartridges, and the HB wasfeature commonly intended for BP cartridges, there was no need to incorporate
the HB into this design. HP versions of this mould were made (picture shown in
Sixguns) but came about at a later date and are hard to find today.
Mostly I shoot the 452423 in the .45 Schofield cartridge, where it makes
a good all-round bullet. Loaded on top of 6.8 grains of Unique, it delivers 868
fps from a 7 1/2" Blackhawk, and makes a delightfully pleasant rodent round. I
also like to shoot the 454423 HP (cast soft) in the .45 Colt over 9.0 grains of
W231 for right at 1000 fps, which is really spectacular varmint medicine!
Elmer had two homeruns under his belt with the 429421 and the 452423,
so he stepped into the batter’s box once again, this time to apply his designconcepts to the cartridge that gave birth to the modern sixgun, the .45 Colt.
Staying within the baseball metaphor, he hit a Grand Slam with the 454424.
The traditional weight for the .45 Colt was 250-255 grains, so that was his
112

target weight (while Elmer experimented with heavyweight bullets, he generally
aimed for standard weights to keep pressures moderate, remember this was ina day and age when most of the .45s in existence were made of soft steels andpowders were still limited to pretty fast burning numbers, 2400 wouldn’t bereleased until 1933, and he already knew
from personal experience that heavyweight bullets in a first generation Colt
SAA, even with black powder as thepropellant, could wreck a gun). Like its
predecessors, the original Lyman/Ideal
Elmer Keith's original design for the .45 Colt
454424 had three equal width driving
was the Ideal 454424 (on the left, flatbands, a “square-cut” grease groove, abottomed grease groove). Later, Lyman
deeply cut beveled crimp groove, amodified Keith's design to include a
double-radiused ogive and a heartyrounded grease groove (on right). Latermeplat (.320”, or 70% of bullet
on, Lyman modified this design and rediameter). The nose was longer than that
numbered it as the 452424, which has alsoof the 452423 since the .45 Colt cylinders
been produced in both a flat-bottomed
allowed for more room than did a 1911
grease groove and rounded grease groove.
magazine (this longer nose may explain
why the meplat is slightly smaller than that of the 452423). It was, of course,
plain-based. Taken in summation, these attributes joined to create what isunquestionably one of the finest handgun bullets of all time.
Over the course of the years, Lyman has vacillated back and forth overwhether or not this bullet has a square or rounded grease groove. First Lyman
went to a rounded grease groove so that bullet would drop from the mould
more easily. Later they reduced bullet diameter slightly and changed thenumber to 452424. With this later design change, they also changed thethickness of the various driving bands and simplified the ogive from a doubleradius design to a single radius design. One does occasionally find Lyman
452424 moulds that have the square-cut grease groove, but they are unusual.
If there has ever been a 454424 HB, I’ve never seen it, nor even heard any
mention of one. This is rather curious as the hollow-base design was commonlya feature of black powder cartridges/bullets and the 454424 was designed
explicitly for the .45 Colt, one of the original black powder cartridges. If the429422 was such an obvious choice to make, and as we shall soon see, the .38
version was too, then why not the .45 Colt? Perhaps the explanation is found in
the reputation of both the .44 Special and .38 Special as target rounds and thethrow-back thinking (from muzzle loading days) that HB bullets were inherently
more accurate, while the .45 Colt was thought of as more of a working man’s
gun. Or perhaps it was simply that the .45 Colt was seen as falling out of favorwith the American shooter in the middle part of the 20th century.
In 1929, Elmer Keith also drew up the design that would become known
as the 358429. Keith didn’t send this design in to Lyman until about 1931 (wellbefore the unveiling of the .357 Magnum in 1935 and the publication of Keith’sbook “Sixgun Cartridges and Loads” in 1936). This bullet was specificallydesigned for the so-called .38/44 loads (loads assembled in .38 Special cases,
loaded to very high pressures for use in .44 frame guns). The .38 Special caseleaves lots of room for the bullet to be seated long when housed in the N-frame
cylinder of the S&W Heavy Duty or the Outdoorsman. Thus, the 358429 SWC
113

was designed to have a long nose to leave as muchroom for powder as possible (crimp groove tomeplat measures a full .385", whereas more recent.38 SWC designs generally measure .300-.330" inthis dimension). When the .357 Magnum wasunveiled in 1935, it was made with the samelength cylinders as had the Outdoorsman (when
one takes into account the difference of therecessed cylinder on the Magnum), and when
Elmer Keith designed thecrimped in the crimp groove in Magnum cases the358429 173 grain SWC for the358429 was simply too long for these cylinders.
.38 Special.
This led to the practice of seating these bullets
more deeply and crimping them over the forward driving band. The meplat
measured .250" (or 70% of the bullet diameter). Keith tested his new bullet on
all manner of critters (jack rabbits, grouse, porcupines, etc.) and the 359429
loaded into .38/44 loads at 1100-1200 fps was far more effective than any ofthe existing .38 Special loads of the day. The bar was raised even higher withthis bullet launched even faster from the .357 Magnum case.
Later .357 Magnum revolvers would take this OAL into account and weremade with longer cylinders so that the 358429 could be seated and crimped in
the crimp groove, but the N-frame .357 Magnums (and Colt Pythons) weremade with the shorter cylinders, forcing the deeper seating. ‘Tis a shame, if
there ever was a gun made for the 358429 it’s the Model 27, smaller guns are
better served by lighter bullets and lower pressures.
This bullet is one of the classics in terms of long range plinking. My
favorite load with this bullet is 14.5 grains of IMR 4227 for about 1250 fps, andvery good accuracy. For whatever reason, softer loads don't seem to shoot aswell for me with this bullet. The 358429 is also very good at boring throughthings to get at critters on the other side. I've given more than one rodent a
rude surprise as he hid on the backside of a fallen log, just peaking out over the
top. Jack rabbits, cottontails, rattlesnakes have all been handled with authority
by the 358429 from my sixguns.
As with the 429421, the hollow-based versionof the 358429 soon followed. In this case it was given
the designation of Lyman/Ideal 358431. The profileand the crimp groove are the same as the original, so
this bullet still required deep seating in the .357
Magnum revolvers, but the concave base left moreroom for powder. It weighed 160 grains and as aresult gave somewhat higher velocity than did theparent 173 grain SWC. Keith promoted this bullet for
its higher velocity when loaded in Magnum loads, but(as discussed above) experience with hollow-basebullets has taught that accuracy generally suffers withhigh pressure loads. HB bullets deliver their best
accuracy in moderate loads, and the 358431 can
The Lyman 358431 hollowbase SWC.
deliver exceptional accuracy from standard .38 Special
loads (if higher velocity is desired from a .357 SWC
load, move to a lighter bullet like the H&G #51, or the Lyman 358156 or114

358477). Keith ultimately decided that 160 grain bullets were probably best for
the .38 Special, although he favored his 173 grain SWC for .38/44 and .357
Magnum loads.
Keith had suggested in his writings that if a shooter wanted even more
shock than was afford by his SWC designs, they could get it by adding a HP
cavity to his bullets. Capt. Frank Frisbie and Harold Croft ordered the first such
mould from Lyman for their .38 Specials (cavity size of .150” was determinedthrough their discussions with one Mr. Pickering, of the Lyman Co.). The result
was to ultimately receive its own design number around 1933-4, becoming
known as the 358439, and one of the finest varmint bullets ever dropped into a
revolver cylinder. The 358439 delivered devastating expansion in the .38/44
loads, and was nothing short of explosive when later loaded into .357 Magnum
cases and launched at 1400+ fps.
I will confess right up front that I am highly biased; this is one of my alltime favorite bullets. In .38 Special cases over 8.5
grains of HS-7 (1000 fps), it provides the shooter
with truly remarkable performance, particularly ifcast moderately soft (BHN of 8-9). Tough, stringy
Montana jack rabbits fold up right now when hit
with this load. When I'm loading the 358439 into
.357 Magnum brass, I prefer to use 14.0 grains of2400 for 1350 fps. This is one very flat-shooting,hard-hitting and explosive varmint combo. I would
Elmer Keith's first hollow-point,
like to officially go on record as “tipping my cap” tothe Ideal 358439 (154 grain .38
Mr. Keith, the 358439 is truly a great bullet design.
HP).

Keith designed the429421 HP and
454424 HP for the.44 Special and .45
Colt (respectively).

The popularity of the 358439 proved to be so greatthat Elmer went back and designed HP versions of his
429421 and 454424 SWC’s in the mid-1930s. Both of thesebullets weighed a nominal 235 grains when cast of his pet
16-1 alloy and expanded readily when driven to the higher
velocities that his loads generated (1200 fps in the .44
Special and 1100 fps in the .45 Colt). In Sixguns Keith
reported that both of these HP’s tore “unbelievably large
holes in game” and proved to be excellent hunting bullets
for medium-sized game (e.g. porcupines, coyotes, antelopeand deer). All of these HP cast bullets were described in
Keith’s Sixguns Cartridges and Loads, which was firstpublished in 1936.

The HP cavity of the 429421 HP was slightly smaller(.140”) than that for the 358439, which leaves notably
thicker walls surrounding the cavity, leading to slower,
more controlled expansion (in contrast to the violent explosion of the 358439).
The HP cavity on the 454424 HP is somewhat larger (.170") than the 429421
HP, but the walls are still quite thick, and expansion is still controlled. The
bottom line is the 358439 is a varmint bullet, while the 429421 HP and 454424
HP are also well suited to deer and antelope sized game. The violent
fragmentation of the 358439 may have influenced Ray Thompson later on in
the design of his .357 HP (the 358156 HP), which has a smaller cavity diameter115

of only .125” at the mouth. The 358156 HP expands in a somewhat moresubdued fashion than does the Keith bullet. The Thompson HP is also an
excellent varmint bullet; it’s just that it mushrooms more slowly than does thefragmentary 358439.
When shooting the 429421 HP in the .44 Special, I generally cast it to a
BHN of about 8 or so using either range scrap or 1:1 WW/pure lead, and load it
over 10.0 grains of HS-6. This load delivers between 900 and 1000 fps
depending barrel length, and gives controlled expansion upon impact. For .44
Magnum loads I just cast them from WW alloy sweetened with 2% tin and loadthem over 23.0 grains of W296 and a CCI 350 primer for 1400 fps from afavorite 7 1/2" Ruger Super Blackhawk Liberty Model. This is one of my all-timefavorite hunting loads.
The 235 grain 454424 HP also gets cast soft (i.e. range scrap or 1:1
WW/lead, BHN 8) if I'm going to use it below 1000 fps. I particularly like thesesofter bullets loaded on top of 9.0 grains of W231 (1000 fps), which isparticularly consistent shot to shot, and very accurate. When I'm taking thisbullet deer hunting, I cast them from sweetened WW alloy and load them on
top of 26.0 grains of W296 with s CCI 350 primer (1350 fps from a 7 1/2"
Blackhawk; this is a "Ruger only" load). This is an exceptionally accurate
hunting load.
At some later point, Keith also followed suit with a HP version of the452423, which weighed 225 grains and was pictured later on in Sixguns (1956).
However in Sixguns Cartridges and Loads (1936) he specifically discussed how
the 454424 HP was designed to be used in both the .45 Colt and the .45 AR,
thereby bracketing the timeframe of theintroduction of the 452423 HP as sometime
between 1936 and 1956. With theresurging interest in .45 ACP/.45AR
revolvers in the 1950s with S&W
introducing the Model of 1950 and Model of1955 revolvers, it wouldn’t be too
surprising if the introduction of the 454423
HP coincided with the production of S&W's
new revolvers. Mostly I shoot the 452423
HP in the .45 Colt and .45 Schofield
cartridges. The 452423 HP weighs about
232 grains when cast of range scrap (soft,
basically .22 lead, about BHN of ~8). In the
The Ideal 452423 HP came along a little.45 Colt, a pet load is 9.0 grains of W231,
later, after the other Keith HP’s.
which delivers over 1000 fps comfortably,
making an excellent varmint load that would also serve just fine for larger gamelike Javelina, coyote, antelope and deer.
It is interesting to note that HP cavities had been originally used toincrease velocity of rifle bullets by reducing bullet weight without changing
length; here Keith was intentionally incorporating them into handgun bullets toenhance handgun lethality as a result of their superior expansion properties. We
take such thinking (and expansion) for granted today, but in the early days of116

the Great Depression, with handgun ballistics generally being defined by leadround-nosed bullets at around 850 fps, these were some pretty advanced
theories that Elmer reduced to practice. The sun had risen on high-performance
handgun ammunition. Between the deeply penetrating Keith SWC’s and theviolent expansion of the Keith HP's, the handgunner could pick-n-choose awound channel suitable for virtually any species he wanted to hunt. His SWC’s
were a first major step forward in terms of optimizing handgun performance,and his HP’s were the second (and remember, all this was happening before
there were any magnum handguns!). Trying to envision the modern
handgunning landscape without these landmarks is an unpleasant thought
indeed.
Over the years, Lyman has altered Elmer Keith’s SWC designs. They
shortened the forward driving band and made it smaller in diameter, theychanged the “square-cut” grease groove to a rounded groove that simplified
cherry production and allowed bullets to drop a little more easily from themould blocks. They also changed the ogive slightly. Elmer was not happy. The
new rounded grease groove held significantly less grease than his original
design, and Elmer liked lots of grease (and for good reason). The new bullets
still shot just fine, but they were NOT what Elmer had designed and put his
name on. He did not care for the alterations made to his bullets.
In 1963-64, the .41 Magnum made its appearance (as a result of Keith’s
lobbying) and shortly thereafter Lyman released a new “Keith SWC” for thisnewest Magnum, the 410459. This announcement surprised Elmer because he
had neither designed the bullet, nor had he even been consulted about what itshould look like. Lyman had simply taken what they were then currently
producing as "Keith SWC's", distilled some of those features into a .41 caliber
form, and started making moulds, completely unbeknownst to Elmer. Keith was
miffed because there were a number of things he didn’t like about the “Keiththat wasn’t really a Keith” -- the grease groove was rounded, the forward
driving band was too narrow, and the meplat was too small (.235”, 57% of thebullet diameter, in fact it was smaller than the meplat he had designed into his.38 SWC some 30 years earlier!). This would not do! Hensley & Gibbs had been
making moulds that had faithfully incorporated Keith’s design features into their.38 SWC’s (design #43, their 173 grain SWC, and design #51, their 160 grain
SWC) for many years, so Keith turned to H&G for his new bullet. He asked
James Gibbs to make a proper .41 Keith SWC, and the two men settled down todraw up exactly what that bullet should look like. The result was H&G
design#258 which produces a 220 grain SWC, and has a full-width and fulldiameter forward driving band, a “square-cut” lube groove and a meplat thatmeasures a full .275” (67% of the bullet diameter). This was to be the final
Keith SWC, unveiled in 1964. He also asked H&G to re-create his original SWC
designs in .44 and .45 caliber (they were already making the .357). This theydid (and H&G added some nice subtleties like radiused filets in the lube
grooves) and now not only were Elmer’s original designs now once again
available, they were now available in H&G quality gang moulds! These moulds
were #501 (.45 Colt), and #503 (.44 Special/Magnum). It’s interesting to notethat Elmer’s ideas about bullet proportions evolved over time, with the meplat
diameter starting out at 65% of bullet diameter (429421), then 75% (452423)
then he settled on 67-70% for his last three designs (454424, 358429 and H&G#258). As a result, his .41 SWC actually has the same size meplat as his
117original .44 SWC!

In 1964 Elmer Keith designed the H&G#258 for the .41 Magnum.

The moniker “Keith SWC” gets slappedon all sorts of bullets that Elmer Keith nevereven SAW much less designed. While they
commonly capture many (if not all) of his
ideas, it’s really only fair to limit use of theterm “Keith SWC” to those bullets that heactually designed, shot, and promoted, andTools to gladden a sixgunners heart! H&G gang moulds, cut to Elmer Keith's specs for the Keith
SWC’s.

refer to the more recent variations on his theme as “Keith-style” SWC’s (Elmer
Keith DID have style after all!). As to those designs with bevel bases, gaschecks, straight ogives, undersized forward driving bands, or itty-bitty grease
grooves, well, there are other names for those…
In the decade from 1925 to 1935, handgun bullets and handgun
performance changed dramatically. In part this was due to experimental highpressure loads worked up by men like Sharpe, Wesson and Keith; in part thiswas due to the invention and release of 2400 powder by Hercules; and in part
this was due to better steels and heat treatment processes used to make theguns stronger. But those facets only tell the beginning of the story, thelaunching of the bullet. It is the bullet that must fly true, it is the bullet thatcarries the energy, and it is the bullet that performs the work upon impact. In
short, it is the bullet’s design and construction that dictate how effectively the
gun and the shooter are able to accomplish their goal. Elmer Keith understood
how a revolver bullet started its journey from the cartridge case into the throat,
across the cylinder gap into the forcing cone and down the barrel, how it flew,
how it carried its burden downrange and how it delivered its promise upon
impact. His insights resulted in his landmark SWC and HP designs that changed
forever how the world viewed handgun bullets and handgun performance.

118

Chapter 13:
Casting Hollow Pointed Bullets
In the original Ideal Handbook(published in 1888), John Barlow summarized
his results using cast hollow-pointed bullets
for hunting and how the HP cavity enhanced
the bullet’s killing effect (showcased with the
330 grain Gould HP for the .45-70). In the
low pressure loads of the black powder era,
one of the primary goals of the HP cavity was
to reduce the bullet's weight, and hence
increase muzzle velocity, without changing
The Gould bullet (Ideal 457122), a 330
bullet length. Since the rotational stabilization
grain cast HP for the .45-70.
required for stable bullet flight is (to a first
approximation) a function of bullet length, this meant that the twist rate of thebarrel didn’t need to be modified to accommodate the lighter faster load("express load"). This increase in muzzle velocity undoubtedly contributed to
the greater killing power of these early HP loads, but the facile expansion
behavior of these bullets was clearly an important factor. Bullets of this era
were generally quite soft, commonly cast of 30-to-1 alloy (BHN of 7-8) which
expands somewhat at typical black powder rifle velocities (1300-1400 fps)
anyway, so the expansion of these early rifle HP’s was nothing new (perhaps
somewhat more dramatic than what those shooters were used to, but nothing
they hadn’t seen before). As the HP cavities got wider and deeper, theexpansion became more pronounced and became a property that shooterssought out and exploited (even augmented with percussion caps and .22
blanks, like the Maynard exploding bullet of 1885).
While bullet expansion was nothing new to these riflemen, the pistolerosof the day were generally limited to far more pedestrian velocities (typically
700-900 fps) and even 30-to-1 alloy doesn’t expand much at these speeds withtypical RN pistol bullets. Thus, the handgunner of the 1890s generally thought
basically in terms of bullet diameter, and not so much about bullet expansion.
Early experimenters incorporated HP cavities into traditional revolver/lever-gun
rounds like the .44-40 (Ideal #42499), and these “express” bullets developed areputation for “increasing the killing capacity of their rifles by 50%“ (so statedthe Ideal Handbook #9, published in 1897). The concept of increasing handgun
lethality through enhanced bullet performance (as opposed to just dumping in
more powder or going to a bigger round-nosed bullet) was just starting to takeroot.
The next major step in terms of handgun bullet performance was theinvention of the Keith SWC in 1928. Shortly thereafter, these twoenhancements (HP’s and the Keith SWC) were united in Keith's cast HP designs,
first with the 359439 (no, that’s not a typo, this HP was given a separate
numerical designation from its parent SWC, the 358429) in or around 1932-3,
then the 429421 HP and 454424 HP shortly thereafter, and ultimately the452423 HP. The first three bullets were described in Keith’s 1936 “Sixguns
Cartridges and Loads”, and then all four were covered in more detail in his 1956
epic “Sixguns”. Harold Croft and Capt. Frank Frisbie ordered the first 358439,
and had it made with a .150” diameter HP cavity (with a 5 degree taper). This119

bullet proved to be an explosive bullet at.38/44 and .357 Magnum velocities,
ideally suited to vermin control (reliable controlled expansion at .38 Special
velocities). When Elmer Keith went back to the drawing board for the 429421
HP and 454424 HP, he incorporated .140” and .170” HP cavities (respectively),
for thicker walls around the cavities and expansion would be more controlled for
hunting larger animals (deer, black bear, elk, etc.) in his +P loads at 1200 and1100 fps (respectively). A subtle, but nonetheless important feature of theKeith HP’s is that they all have a tapered cavity (approximately a 5 degree
taper), usually with a rounded bottom. This allows the molten alloy to flowsmoothly around the HP pin and avoids trapped air pockets. In addition, as

The first HP moulds suitable for use in handguns. These bullets were designed as "express
bullets" for use in rifles, but also could be fired in revolvers (all were listed in the Ideal Handbook#9, circa 1897); the Ideal 31133 HP for the .32-20; Ideal 40090 HP for the .38-40, and the Ideal
42499 HP for the .44-40.

expansion progresses towards the bottom of the cavity, this design avoids theformation of stress risers at the bottom of the cavity (no sharp corners),
thereby helping the bullet stay intact. The broad meplat of the Keith SWC's
bludgeons its way through meat, leaving a deep wound channel with apermanent hole through the middle of the crushed tissue (round nosed bullets
crush far less tissue and fail to leavethis permanent hole, leaving instead asphincter-like wound channel thatcloses up on itself, severely limitingblood loss). The expansion of theKeith HP’s leads to significantly more
shredded tissue than does the SWC‘s,leaving a wider wound channel(although they don’t penetrate as
The hollow-points of Elmer Keith (l-r: 358439,
429421 HP, 452423 HP, and 454424 HP)
deeply as Keith SWC‘s). In my
experience, the Keith SWC’s tend toleave a wound channel with 2-3” of bloodshot tissue, with a permanent holeabout ½” across. The Keith HP’s leave as much as 6” of tattered, bloodshot
tissue and a permanent hole about an inch across.
Sadly the Keith HP moulds are no longer available from Lyman, but they
can be found on the used mould market, often commanding premium prices.
As a result of his development of the .357 Magnum cartridge in the
1930s, Phil Sharpe designed his own HP in which he took his inspiration from
Keith’s 358439, but with 5/6 the bearing surface (for higher velocities) and ashorter ogive (so as to fit within the short cylinder of the brand new N-frame.357 Magnum). The mould was made by George Hensley and produced a 146
grain HP (Hensley’s #51). Accuracy was found to be excellent and expansion
120

violent at 1500+ fps. The Sharpe HP had
straight-walled .100” diameter cavity, with aflat, square-edged bottom. A flat-tipped HP
pin can create turbulence when the molten
alloy is poured, trapping air bubbles in thebullet, so it is important to cast fast and hotwith such a mould. In addition, the flatbottomed HP cavity of the Sharpe HP focusesstress at the corners of the cavity during
expansion, leading to shear at this juncture,making this HP design more prone tofragmentation (which may explain why
Sharpe went with a smaller cavity diameter).
The original .357 Magnum HP (the"Sharpe HP"), a George Hensley #51
HP.

The original Lyman/Ideal HP’s werestandard mould blocks simply drilled to allow
entry of the HP pin, with no provision forholding the pin in place other than friction, nor was there any way to be surethat the pin would be held at the same depth for each pour. George Hensley
solved this problem by devising a cleverly milled collar that addressed bothissues very effectively and he used this design for all the HP moulds made in his
shop. In 1941 Lyman modified their design to include the pin/set screw design
they used for years. In the latter part of the 20th century, Lyman went to using
a simple snap ring to hold the HP spud in place.
After WW II, Douglas Sorenson designed the 40388 HP for the.38-40(this bullet was also available in solid form). The Sorenson HP was first listed

The Sorenson HP (Ideal 40388 HP),
originally designed for the .38-40.

in Ideal Handbook #37, published in 1950
(This is another example of a re-issued cherry
number, the original #88 was the famous 330
grain 38-55 paper patched target bullet
designed by Rabbeth). The .38-40 had areputation for "hitting hard", and theSorenson HP was designed in this spirit, but inpost-war America the .38-40 cartridge waswaning in terms of both popularity and sales.
The mould design quickly and quietly faded
away, as did the cartridge. It's a shame
because this bullet is nothing short ofamazing in the Herter's .401 Powermag. 20.0
grains of Accurate Arms #9 produces over
1600 fps and excellent accuracy. This bullet is

explosive at 1600 fps!
Ray Thompson also designed a series of HP's right World War II. The
Thompson HP’s (and SWC's) were protected by GC's on their bases, and also
had narrower lube grooves to accommodate the GC. The .38/.357 designs alsocame with two crimping grooves so the shooter could load these bullets to .357
OAL's in cheaper and more plentiful (at that time) .38 Special cases. The
Thompson GC-SWC designs 358156, 429215, 429244 and 452490 are
main-stays in the Lyman product line to this day. An interesting historical121

sidebar: the Lyman mould numbering
scheme identifies the nominal bullet
diameter with the first three digits,
followed by a sequential design
number (or "cherry number"). The
Thompson design numbers of 156,
215 and 244 would suggest that they
pre-date the Keith designs (421, 423,
The hollow-points of Ray Thompson (l-r: Lyman
424, etc.), when in fact they clearly
358156 HP, 429215 HP, 429244 HP and 452491
did not and came along over twoHP).
decades later. This is an example ofcherry numbers that had been dropped from the Lyman/Ideal line that were“recycled” (for example, the original cherry #156 was a 150 grain .32-40 FN
bullet, #215 was a 205 grain .44 RN and #244 was an 89 grain RN for the .30
Luger). Rumor has it that Ray Thompson requested these previously dropped
design numbers since they were approximately the weight of his .38 and .44
designs (actually, the larger .44 bullet is closer to 260 grains). His 452490 was
obviously numbered sequentially. In any event, each of Thompson’s GC-SWC
designs was also made in HP form -- 358156 HP, 429244 HP, 429215 HP and
452490 HP (these moulds are encountered today in roughly that order of
frequency).
Ray Thompson stuck with the same HP pin diameter and design (i.e.
tapered and rounded) that Elmer Keith used in the .44 bullet (.140”), but went
with a somewhat smaller pin diameter for his .357 HP (.125”), about halfway inbetween the Keith HP and the Sharpe HP. This leads to a more moderate,
controlled expansion of the bullet relative to the 358439. The 358156 HP is still
an excellent varmint bullet, but just not as explosive as the 358439 in its
expansion behavior. It could easily be argued that the 358156 HP is the mostversatile, all-round bullet for the .357 Magnum. While I prefer larger calibers for
hunting deer, if I were to use a .357 Magnum for deer, the 358156 HP wouldbe, far and away, my first choice of projectile, jacketed or cast, it's that good.
The 429215 HP is an explosive, high velocity varmint bullet out of either the .44
Magnum or .44 Special. The 429244 HP has very similar expansion
characteristics to the Keith version (429421 HP), it simply carries a little moreweight, and a gas-check. The 452490 was also available in HP form, but can bevery hard to find. Both the Thompson and Keith HP’s are excellent hunting
bullets. Like the Keith HP’s, the Thompson HP’s have also been dropped by
Lyman, but can be found on the used mould market (gun shows, mail orderbusinesses, online auction houses, etc.).
In the past, Lyman offered the service of custom cutting HP versions ofvirtually any mould they offered at the customer’s request (sadly this is nolonger true). As a result, one can encounter a little bit of everything whenperusing used moulds at gun shows, online, etc. Some of these designs leave
you scratching your head, and some are clearly very useful designs. This
unexpected joy of discovery is one of the things that makes collecting bullet
moulds so much fun!
For example, there is a rather unusually proportioned SWC for.32 caliber
revolvers (the 313445) that was a popular target bullet back in the middle partof the 20th century. I stumbled across a HP version of this mould several years
122ago and gave it a home for no other reason than,well, it was different. The HP cavity is quite
narrow (only .078" at its widest point) andshallow (only .270" deep), and as a result
expansion is minimal when fired from the .32
S&W Long that it was designed for. Even thehigher velocity of the .32 H&R Magnum doesn‘tinduce much expansion. However things can getvery interesting with this bullet in the .30
Carbine Blackhawk!
Occasionally one runs across somerather odd HP moulds, in this casethe Lyman 313445 HP.

Other
examples of HP
variations of
traditional Lyman designs include moulds liketheir .25-20 bullet (the #257420 HP), and the.32-20 HP mould like the 313316 HP. As ahistorical aside, it is interesting to note that the257420, the younger of these two designs, wasthe cherry number immediately preceding Elmer
Keith’s 1928 landmark design for the .44
Special. Small caliber HP’s like these commonly
benefit from being force-fed (see casting
discussion below).

The Lyman 257420 HP, a dandy
varmint bullet in the .25 Hornet or.25-20 Winchester.

The advent of the Thompson-Center Contender brought certain bore
diameters traditionally thought of as being rifle calibers into the Hand-gunners
realm. Some of these old Lyman/Ideal HP moulds serve this branch of thehunting community quite well indeed. For example, the Lyman 266455 HP
makes a very nice coyote bullet in the 6.5 TCU wildcat cartridge when sized.266"; 28.0 grains of H4895 generates 1850 fps from a 10" Contender andexpansion is violent. A 10” .45 Colt Contender is extremely well-served by the
330 grain Gould HP (#457122) sized .454", and is capable of launching thisbullet at 1250 fps. In fact, the cast HP can make a given cartridge a legitimate
hunter in the Contender when it might not be such when loaded with jacketedbullets. For example, none of the .270 jacketed bullets will expand at .270 Ren
velocities, but when loaded with the280412 HP over 9.0 grains of H110 (1425fps) the .270 Ren makes a very effective coyote load, and expansion is positive.
Another example
would be the .3030 Winchester ina 10” T/C; thisgun is somethingof a fish out ofwater since thecase has toomuch capacity forCast HP’s can extend the effectiveness of the Thompson-Center Contenderwith rounds like the 6.5 TCU, .30-30 Winchester and .270 Ren.
good ballistic
uniformity withlight bullets (hence the advent of the .30 Herrett), but the heavier, moreaccurate jacketed bullets are going too slow to expand. However the 10“ .30-30
123Winchester T/C is an excellent cast bullet gun and a hunting weight cast HP caneasily be tailored to expand at the velocities attainable with this gun throughjudicious choice of alloy, making an excellent load for deer-sized game. The 157
grain 311466 HP loaded over 32.0 grains of H4895 generates right at 1790 fps
from a 10" T/C and expansion is violent. Similarly, the .357 Hartley (kind of a.35/.30-30 Ackley Improved, if you will) makes a fine hunting round for deer
and black bear sized game in a 10" T/C with the 288 grain Lyman 358009 HP.
32.0 grains of H4895 pushes this behemoth out of short-barreled Contender
1460 fps. Once again, expansion is positive. In each of these cases, the cast HPvery nicely "fills in the middle ground" between the velocities that can bereasonably achieved in these short-barreled guns and those needed to maketypical jacketed rifle bullets expand, making for very portable and hard-hitting
hunting arms.
Back in the days that Elmer Keith, Phil Sharpe and Ray Thompson were
designing their HP moulds, most bullet casters used binary alloys composed oflead and tin. These malleable alloys were well-suited for HP’s in that they
expanded smoothly, and were not prone to brittle fracture. As a result, thesebullets were designed with a fairly narrow HP cavity (since the alloys were fairlysoft), that extended fairly deeply into the bullet (since they didn’t tend to breakup, and a deep cavity led to more expansion). In more recent years, the mostcommon source of bullet metal is wheel-weight alloy, which tends to vary
somewhat in composition, but generally has 3-4% antimony and roughly 1/2%
tin (among other “stuff”). This alloy is of similar hardness to the previously
preferred 16-to-1 HP alloy, but is more brittle than is 16-to-1 meaning thatwhen HP’s cast of straight WW alloy expand, they may be more prone tofragmentation (depending on impact velocity). Perfectly usable bullets (SWC’s,
RNFP’s, TC’s, etc.) can be cast from straight WW alloy, but trying to cast highquality HP’s from straight WW alloy can be an exercise in frustration (depending
on how cantankerous your particular mould is). Adding a small amount of tin to
the mix does wonders in terms of casting high quality HP bullets, as well as
improving their expansion behavior (see chapter on Alloy Selection). However,there is another strategy that also works very effectively -- change the natureof the HP cavity. By making the HP cavity wider and more conical, the bullet will
still expand when cast with antimony containing alloys (like straight WW), andby making the cavity shallower, if the expanded “petals” of the bullet should
break off, there is still adequate bullet mass left behind the cavity to punchthrough the other side of yon critter (much like the concepts behind the Nosler
Partition bullet design). This is precisely the tact taken by Lyman when they
Rejuvenated the concept of the cast HP byintroducing their line of Devastator HP’s back inthe 1990’s. This next generation of HP moulds
reflects the changing tastes of the American
handgunner, and is aimed largely towards
semi-auto cartridges; the 9mm, the .40 S&W
and 10mm Auto, the .45 ACP, as well as the
The Lyman Devastator HP’s, shown
perennial hunter the .44 Magnum. The HP
loaded in (l-r) 10mm, .44 Magnum“spuds” on these moulds are conical, and startand .45 ACP.
off with a “mouth” diameter of .200-250”! In
addition, they extend less than .290” into the bullet (as compared with over.410” for the 429421 and 429244 HP pins). As a result, these designs expand
124

very readily when cast of WW alloy, and if the “petals” do break off, so what?
There’s still plenty of bullet metal left. In a nutshell, the old Keith andThompson HP designs were built around malleable alloys of lead and tin. The
Devastator HP’s were designed specifically with WW alloy in mind. Timeschange and Lyman has changed to keep pace.
The 9mm Devastator (Lyman #358637
HP) is simply a 125 grain HP version of their
excellent 147 grain RNFP for the 9mm
Parabellum, and this HP is clearly a varmint
bullet. Note that 22 grains of bullet metal havebeen removed to generate the HP cavity -folks, that’s a big hole! For the sake ofcomparison the Keith and Thompson HP‘sremoved about 12-14 grains of alloy to make
Browning Hi-Power paired up with
their HP‘s. Running jack rabbits are a real
the Devastator HP.
challenge for the handgunner, and a doublestack magazine 9mm loaded with these bullets is just about ideal for such
pursuits. This bullet also serves well in .38 Special varmint loads at 1000 fps.
The 10mm Devastator (Lyman#401638 HP) is also a derivative of
their standard mould line, this time a
155 grain HP of their 175 grain TC
design (again, 20 grains of bullet
metal removed for the cavity). This isan excellent varmint bullet launchedfrom a 6 ½” S&W 610 at 1374 fps by
11.5 grains of HS-7 (1220 fps from a
The S&W 610 shoots the 10mm Devastator HP
3"). Expansion at this velocity isquite well.
positive and early. This load would be
adequate for coyotes, feral dogs, badgers, porcupines, Javelina, etc.
The classic .45 ACP 230 grain
RN (Lyman #452374) was modified
with a similar flat-nosed HP plug tocreate the Devastator .45 HP. This
HP is listed at 180 grains but theydrop from my mould at about 186
grains (44 grains of metal
removed!). When launched with 7.5
grains of Unique they deliver right at
1100 fps and very good accuracy
from a full-sized Kimber 1911. This
The .45 Devastator HP shoots (and feeds) quite
bullet feeds quite nicely too. Once
nicely in the 1911.
again, expansion is positive andearly. I also limit use of this big-mouthed bullet to game no larger than 110120 lbs. Loaded into .45 Schofield cases on top of 7.5 grains of Unique this HP
makes a vintage varmint load extraordinaire!
The lighter semi-auto Devastator HP’s can be something of a challenge to
get a “good mouth” on as a result of the relatively small amount of hot bullet
125

metal going into the cavity to warm up the rather large HP pin. Turning up the
pot temperature somewhat helps to counter this, and I have had good successcasting at about 750 F or so. The caster can also dunk the pin into the lead pot
to pre-heat it. This problem seems to be less of an issue with the much heavier
429640 HP.
The .44 Magnum
Devastator is the real hunterof the new generation ofHP's. The 429640 HP is a HP
version of their now
discontinued RNFP design (anexcellent bullet that shouldhave never been dropped).
When cast with sweetened
The Devastator HP in the .44 Magnum makes a powerful
WW alloy, these HP's drop
hunting combination.
from the blocks at 260 grains(the parent GC-FP drops from my mould at 284 grains when cast of a similar
alloy, revealing the removal of 24 grains of bullet metal to create the cavity;
again, these are big holes!). Excellent accuracy is obtained with this HP when
loaded over 22.5 grains of W296 and a CCI 350 primer in .44 Magnum cases,
developing over 1400 fps from a 7 ½” Ruger Super Blackhawk. Expansion onmule deer is positive, and as a result of the greater bullet weight of this HP(relative to the lighter semi-auto Devastators) penetration is very good. Deer,
black bear, and even elk are fair game for this bullet. This is arguably the single
most useful cast bullet on the market today for the American handgun hunter.
Lee also makes a line of HP moulds. On the Lee HP’s the HP spud is
physically attached to the mould so it can never be lost. Due to the mechanics
of how these moulds operate, the HP cavity is by necessity fairly shallow andslightly conical, so the bullets will release readily. For the handgunner, they
make various HP moulds in .38, .44 (both GC and PB versions of their SWC
designs) and .45 ACP (a PB RN design). Because of their shallow cavities,
expansion of the Lee HP’s is rather limited and not as dramatic, but as a result
weight retention is good, leading to deeper penetration. Thus, the Lee HP’s offer
the handgunner a somewhat different “flavor” of cast HP performance. The Lee
HP moulds are not as solidly built as the Lyman moulds, but they arenonetheless moderately serviceable and offer the caster an affordable entry into
casting HP’s.
Hensley & Gibbs also offered HP versions of their mould designs. As with
all H&G moulds, these were beautifully made. Today, HP H&G moulds are notoften encountered and when you do happen across one, it’s usually wearing asteep price tag.
Casting High Quality HP’s
In order to cast high quality HP bullets, it’s important to remember to dofour things; first make sure to use an alloy with at least 2% tin (see chapter on
Alloy Selection), secondly, turn the pot temperature up about 50 degrees hotter
than normal (750F or more), thirdly, fill the cavity quickly, and fourthly cast as
quickly as is you can comfortably and safely. There is a common sentiment that
HP moulds are demonically possessed, and that it’s difficult to cast high quality126

HP bullets. Not true! It IS true that casting
HP’s is a slower process than casting SWC’sfrom a gang mould since the HP mould is asingle cavity mould, and requires manual
manipulation of the pin with each cast,however if one pays attention to these four
points then making high quality HP’s is no
more difficult than any other cast bullet. It allcomes down to making sure that the molten
alloy can fill in around the HP pin completely
before solidifying, so let’s go through theseissues, point by point.
The tin content of the alloy is importantto keep viscosity down so the alloy flows
quickly and easily around the HP pin (it also
lowers the melting point of the alloy so it stays liquid longer). Two percent tin is
all that’s really needed to accomplish this, certainly more won’t hurt, but withthe cost of tin, why bother? Tin also helps to keep the alloy malleable so theresulting HP mushrooms smoothly instead of fragmenting. Keep the antimony
content low, preferably 3% or below to prevent brittleness of the cast HP.
Starting with WW alloy and diluting it down with lead-tin alloy, is a good way to
do this.
H&G #45 HP mould for the .44 Specialand Magnum.

Casting a little hotter than normal helps to keep the blocks and pin up totemperature. I normally cast at about 650-700° F, and turn the pot up to about750 F or so for HP's. HP moulds are commonly single cavity moulds, so there’s
only one “bullet’s worth” of hot metal going into the block with each cast. In
addition, a HP mould requires extra processing steps (i.e. removing the pin andlaying it down, and putting it back in again), so the time between each pourmay be a little longer than for a typical 2-cavity mould. Heating the alloy up alittle hotter than normal helps to counteract this. This is particularly true for the
new Devastator HP’s with their much thicker pins (I cast these at 750-800 F).
Fill the mould quickly so the “mouth” of the HP doesn’t get a chance tosolidify prematurely (this will create wrinkles and voids in the HP walls andmake for an inaccurate bullet). Many HP moulds, but certainly not all, “prefer”
to be force-fed (i.e. held in direct contact with the bottom pour spout or ladle).
Smaller bullets in particular tend to respond well to force-feeding as it allows fora faster casting pace and helps to keep the mould and pin up to temperature.
Whether a given mould prefers to be force-fed or not, the faster the cavity isfilled, the higher your percentage of quality HP’s will be.
Cast fast! By running as much metal as possible through the mould
keeps both the mould blocks and the HP pin hot, and minimizes the amount oftime that the HP pin is outside of the mould. The HP pin starts to cool down assoon as it’s removed from the blocks, so a fast casting pace keeps it out of theblocks the shortest amount of time, and exposes it to the most amount of hotbullet metal. A cool HP pin is an unhappy HP pin (you will never get high quality
HP’s from a cool HP pin). Do not inspect your HP bullets as you cast! This
will only slow down your casting pace, and increase the number of defective
bullets. As with any casting session, there will be rejects. Ignore them! Just
127cast fast! There will be plenty of time at the end of your casting session to sort
through your bullets, cull the rejects and dump them back into the lead pot for
next time.
Cast HP Performance
The performance of a cast HP depends on the alloy that the bullet is castfrom, cavity diameter, cavity depth, and cavity taper. Thus the caster has theability of fine-tuning the expansion properties of his load by changing the alloythat the HP’s are cast with, or (if the caster is a machinist) by making alternate
HP pins to change the depth or taper of the cavity.
How a HP expands depends on the amount of hydraulic fluid that fills thecavity, and the forces applied by that fluid. So the key variables involved are
the diameter and depth of the cavity, and the impact velocity. As the cast HP
enters an animal, the body fluids are forced into the HP cavity. The hydraulicpressure acts upon the internal surface area of the cavity, pushing it outward.
The more surface area, the more force gets applied. A smaller cavity allows lesshydraulic fluid in, and has less surface area for it to press against. A smaller
cavity also gives rise to thicker walls in the bullet's nose (for a given bullet
diameter), resisting this force more effectively. Therefore, smaller cavities
result in slower expansion than do larger cavities.
For those HP designs with a relatively large cavity relative to bullet
diameter (e.g. the 358439 and the Devastator HP’s), an alloy with a BHN of 11(e.g. WW alloy sweetened with 2 % tin) provides controlled expansion at 900
fps, and rapid expansion above 1200 fps. Alloys with a BHN of 8 (e.g. 50/50
WW/Pb or 25-to-1) allow smooth expansion down to about 800 fps with these
big mouth bullets.
For the rest of the Keith and Thompson HP’s, alloys with a BHN of 11 givecontrolled expansion at 1200 fps, and rapid expansion at 1400. Alloys with a
BHN of 8 will provide modest expansion down to about 900 fps.
Selected Cast HP Loads
Starting with the smaller bores and working up, the .30 Carbine
Blackhawk is at its best with the Lyman 313316 HP, a GC-SWC that drops fromthe blocks at 105 grains when cast with sweetened WW alloy. Loaded over 13.0
grains of AA #9, this bullet leaves a 7 ½” Blackhawk at almost 1600 fps. This
makes for a flat-shooting, hard-hitting varmint load, with violent expansion.
Staying with the .32’s, the .32 H&R does very nicely with the 108 grain Ideal
31133 (the hollow point version of the timeless 3118). This PB HP is very
accurate when loaded over 6.5 grains of AA #7 for 1100 fps. Peeling rodents offof their mounds from 75 yards is no problem for this load in a 6” S&W Model
16. Once again, expansion is positive when cast to a BHN of about 11 or lower.
Moving to the mid-bores, the .38 Special could fill volumes with accurate
cast bullet loads, and it’s equally well-served by cast HP’s. There are threecombinations for the .38 Special that have served with distinction. The first, andquite possible the most versatile .38 Special load in existence, would be Elmer
Keith’s first HP, the 154 grain Ideal 358439, over 8.5 grains of HS-7 for 1050
fps from a 6” S&W Model 14 (this is a +P load at about 20,000 psi). This is a128

very accurate load, somewhat similar to thehighly regarded “FBI Load”, and it just flattens
vermin, even wiry Arizona jack rabbits, rightnow. Expansion is positive, but not violent or
explosive when cast to a BHN of 11 or less. Thisis simply as good as the .38 Special gets. I
have shot many thousands of these rounds andcan think of no way to improve it. My second
pet load for cast HP’s in .38 Special involves the358480 HP, a 128 grain SWC-HP. This HP is alittle more stoutly constructed than is the
The 358477 HP is an excellent
358439 (it has a shallower cavity, surroundedvarmint bullet in the .38 Special.
by thicker walls) and must be cast pretty soft inorder to expand at .38 Special velocities, so I
generally cast it using 25-to-1 alloy. Loading this PB bullet over 4.5 grains of
Bullseye generates 1025 fps and makes an excellent small game and varmint
load. It’s not terribly destructive, but it’s a clean and efficient killer. The last of
my favorite .38 Special loads is the “Johnny come lately” of the group. The old
Lyman #358477 (150 grain SWC) has always been a personal favorite, as has
Elmer Keith’s HP (#358439), so it should be no surprise that a HP version of
the 358477 was a long sought after goal. This can be thought of as revisiting
the 146 grain Sharpe HP that was used in the original development of the .357
Magnum (the old 358477 has a very similar profile to the original Sharpe HP,
made by George Hensley). Recently, I sat down and did a little lathe work andmade just such a mould (after years of fruitless searching, then I found a358477 HP a couple of months later!). Since this was envisioned as principally
being a varmint bullet, the channel was cut at .160” and the pin turned to.158”. The cavity was taken down to the bottom of the crimp groove,
terminated with a 5 degree taper, and rounded. One way to think of this bullet
is the Sharpe bullet, with a Keith HP pin design. Bullets drop from the mould at
140 grains, and are exceptionally accurate when launched with 4.4 grains of
Bullseye (956 fps from a 6" S&W K-38 Masterpiece). At this velocity, expansion
is modest when cast of WW alloy, but when cast at BHN of 8 these HP's expand
very nicely.
For the .357 Magnum, my list has 4 entries. The time-honored, oldstand-by's are either the 358439 or the 358156 HP over14.0 grains of 2400 for
about 1350 out of a 6” S&W 686, or a little over 1400 fps from an 8 3/8” S&W
586. The third entry is more recent, and once again involves the 358477 HP,
this time over 15.0 grains of 2400 (for 1571 fps from an 8 3/8", 1502 fps froma 6"). This bullet has the advantage of providing the same kind of explosive
performance as the 358439, but it also functions in all .357 Magnum revolvers(the long nose on the 358439 makes it too long for the N-frame .357s and theColt Python, and requires that it be seated deeply and crimped over the forward
driving band and not in the crimp groove). The 358477 HP is very similar to thebullet that was specifically designed for the .357 Magnum at its birth, anddefined a completely new level of handgun performance at 1500 fps in 1935.
The fourth entry would be the first magnum HP, the 146 grain H&G #51 HP
over 15.0 grains of 2400 for about 1500 fps. This is Phil Sharpe's bullet thatstarted it all back in 1935. The 358439 pre-dates the .357 Magnum, andprovided inspiration for the first Magnum in the form of the .38/44 Heavy Duty
129

loads, but the Sharpe HP was designed
specifically for the S&W's N-frame cylinders.
The Keith and Sharpe HP's ushered in the Eraof the Magnum Handgun. All four of theseloads are exceptionally accurate, and allow theshooter to pick what level of expansion isdesired. The Thompson HP provides a good mixof controlled expansion and penetration. The
Keith HP (359439) provides more violent
expansion and somewhat less penetration, as
does the H&G #51 HP (the Sharpe HP). The
358477 HP just flat explodes at 1500+ fps. To
my way of thinking, these bullets define .357
Magnum performance.

Both the Keith HP (Ideal 358439)
and Sharpe HP (H&G #51 HP) are
truly explosive when loaded to .357
Magnum velocities.

The .44 Special is one of my favorite cartridges,
and for general plinking there is no finer bullet for the.44 Special than the 429421. For hunting, the 429421
HP is an excellent compliment to its SWC parent. I
generally load the .44 Special to “Skeeter Skelton
levels” (i.e. about 950 fps and 20,000 psi, as opposed
to Elmer Keith’s loads at 1200 fps and 34,000 psi)
using either Skeeter’s load of 7.5 grain of Unique, or
10.0 grains of HS-6. Either of these powder charges
will deliver about 925 fps from a 4” S&W 624, and will
The .44 Special and thecrowd 1000 fps from longer barrels. At these velocities
Lyman 429421 are an
the 429421 HP must be cast pretty soft to expand,excellent, time-tested
generally a BHN of 8 or so. I generally cast these withcombination.
recovered range scrap (BHN of about 7.5 or 8), but one
can get similar results using either range scrap, 1:1 WW/Pb, or 25-to-1
lead/tin. This is usually the load that accompanies me in the mountains during
my summer firewood cutting chores.
Ah yes! The .44 Magnum! The
huntsman of the handgun clan. Froma 7 ½” Super Blackhawk the 429421
HP can be comfortably launched theat 1400+ fps and 1350 fps or sofrom a 6” S&W 629 Classic Hunterusing 23.5 grains of W296. This is a
hard-hitting hunting load that I haveused with complete satisfaction on
Both the Lyman 429421 HP (L) and Ohlencritters ranging from prairie dogs tomodified RCBS 300 grain HP (R) are excellent
mule deer. The new Devastator HP
hunting bullets in the .44 Magnum.
(the Lyman 429640 HP) shoots
extremely well using 22.0 grains of W296 with a CCI 350 primer for 1400+ fps
from a 7 ½” Super Blackhawk, and does a fine job on deer-sized game. Ray
Thompson’s HP (the 429244 HP) does very nicely indeed over 23.5 grains ofW296 (again, the CCI 350) for about 1300 fps from a 6” S&W 629 (about 1400
fps from a 7 ½” SBH, and 1750 fps from a 20” Marlin 1894). This is a goodbullet in the Marlin lever-gun since it cycles so smoothly, shoots so well and hits
like a sledgehammer (the Lyman 429640 certainly has the right ogive for the130

lever-guns, but the fragile mouth of the HP version gets dented and tends tohang up when cycling the action of my rifle, whereas the 429244 HP feeds
much more smoothly). I have a 300 grain HP mould (made from a modified
RCBS 44 300 GC-SWC mould) that is my personal favorite in the .44 Mag; it isan excellent hunting bullet and kills hogs very quickly. Any one of these loads
would make a fine companion for the handgun hunter in the Lower 48(assuming the shooter is up to the task).
The .45 ACP is
traditionally thoughtof in terms of a 230
grain RN at around
850 fps, or bullseye
loads built around a
200 grain cast SWC
at about 750 fps.
Nice, but, so what?
The Ohlen-modified 452374 HP shoots, cycles and expands very well
In more recent years,
in the 1911.
a number of more
sprightly loads have come on the market pushing 185 grain JHP’s to 1100 fps
for defensive and law enforcement applications. I wanted to mimic some ofthese loads using a cast HP for coyote, badger, porcupine, skunks, etc. In my
experience, one of the more accurate and reliable bullets in the .45 ACP has
been the Lyman 452460, 200 grain SWC. A single cavity 452460 mould wasconverted to drop HP bullets that weighed 186 grains (see chapter “How to
Make HP Moulds” for details). When loaded on top of 7.5 grains of Unique thisbullet generates 1121 fps and groups well from an 5" Colt Government Model.
When fired into water bottles and ballistic gelatin at this speed, expansion was
positive. The 452374 HP also weighs about 185 grains and can be pushed thesame speed. It expands easily and cycles smoothly in my 1911’s. My personalfavorite is a 452374 2-cavity mould that I had modified by Erik Ohlen, that now
drops 210 grain HP’s that shoot, cycle and expand perfectly when cast of 25-1
alloy and shot at 965 fps.
For the .45 Colt, the list
is once again short and sweet, I
like to load the 454424 HP, cast
to a BHN of about 8 using
recovered range scrap over14.0 grains of HS-7 sparked
with a CCI 350 primer for 1050
fps and excellent accuracy. Thisis my preferred hunting load for
The beautiful work of Miha Prevac (45-270-SAA HP
my N-frame .45’s. When a little
mould)
makes bullets that shoot and expand very wellmore horsepower is called for, I
indeed.
cast these bullets out ofsweetened WW alloy and load them over 26.0 grains of W296 (once again witha CCI 350) for my .45 Colt Blackhawks for about 1400 fps. This load gives 1732
fps and excellent accuracy from .45 Colt Marlin 1894 lever-gun.
Many of the top handgun hunters (like John Taffin, J. D. Jones, Hal
Swiggett, Mark Hampton and others) have gone on record recommending an
131expanding bullet as the best choice for the handgun hunter when hunting game
animals under 400 lbs. We read all these wonderful stories about hard-working
handgunners hunting exotic corners of the globe and smashing massive beasts
with iron-sighted revolvers launching hardcast heavyweight slugs at tobaccospitting distances, and we figure, “Well, if that bullet will hammer a 2000 lb
Cape buffalo, it’ll handle a 150 lb deer with no problem, and I’ll feel like a bigleague stud hunting with such a beast-smasher load.” The only problem is,those hardcast heavyweights don’t get a chance to do much damage to a dainty
little 150 lb deer before they exit the far side, and so that deer may run a long,
long ways before it finally falls to it’s modest wounds. Heavyweight hardcast
bullets are best suited to thick-skinned, heavy-boned game, weighing
thousands of pounds that require wound channels 4-6 feet deep to die in aforthright manner. Typical American hunters spend most of their time hunting
deer-sized game (and maybe elk), and for these lighter thin-skinned animals an
expanding bullet is generally a better choice. The cast HP allows theindependent handgunner to make his own expanding bullets and feel thesatisfaction of slaying big game animals with ammo that he crafted from its raw
materials. Cast HP’s are in no way suited to hunting dangerous game like
Asiatic water buffalo, elephant or the big bears, but for thin-skinned game fromrodents up through elk there is a cast HP handgun load that will flat do the job,and do it well.

132

Chapter 14:
How to make a HP mouldSome hollow-point (HP) moulds can be pretty hard to find, other worthy
designs may have never been offered commercially. The ability to convert aregular bullet mould to drop a HP version of that bullet offers the caster readyaccess to hard-to-find HP designs, or allows the caster to experiment with novel
HP designs that may have never previously seen the light of day.
When you get right down to it, there isn’t really a whole lot involved inconverting a regular bullet mould to cast HP bullets: drill a hole for the HP pin,make a HP pin and install some means of holding the pin in place while you
pour the bullet metal. The kicker is, that hole has to be exactly centered on thebullet’s axis. OK, so you just chuck your mould up in a 4-jaw chuck, dial
indicate off of the cavity to get things centered and then center-bore with a bitof the desired size, right? Maybe, maybe not… virtually nothing about a typicalmass produced bullet mould will be square with anything else, much less have
any trueness in its relationship with the cavity (it might be close, but it’s
doubtful that it will be truly square). Yes, it’s easy to center the mouth of thecavity using a 4-jaw chuck, but since the faces of the mould blocks aren’t
parallel or square with the cavity’s axis, the posture of the blocks in the chuck
results in the cavity’s axis not being parallel to the lathe’s axis, so the holemight start in the right location, but it wanders farther and farther off axis thedeeper you drill (unless you invest significant time and effort into shimming theblocks and dial indicating off of several portions of the cavity).
So, how do we drill a simple hole that is indeed concentric with the bullet
so we’ll make a stable bullet that flies true? Easy, we ignore all externalsurfaces and index off of the cavity itself. This requires that we turn a dummybullet that snugly fits the mould cavity in question, and use this to guide ourwork. This can be done 2 different ways: we can make a center-bored pilot that
we use to guide our drill bit, or we can use a mandrel to turn the mould on thelathe and center-bore the mould blocks from the tailstock. Examples of each are
discussed below.
First, buy the parent mould for whatever bullet design you want a HP for.
Single cavity moulds are ideally suited to this conversion and are usually pretty
cheap and widely available since most bullet casters want to make lots ofbullets in a hurry and sell off their single-cavities to buy gang moulds. The
external condition of the mould doesn’t matter; just make sure that the cavity
is crisp and sharp. I have always wanted HP moulds for the Lyman 410459 forthe .41 Magnum and the Lyman 452460 for the .45 ACP. Both parent SWC’s
have proven themselves to be exceptionally accurate, and I was hoping to
combine that heritage with an expanding HP for hunting small and medium
game (coyote, antelope, etc.). I looked for both of these moulds in HP form foryears, and wasn't able to find either one (although I did find a 410459 HP abouta year after I made this one). Therefore, I was forced to convert SWC moulds
to HP form to scratch this particular itch.
Method A - The conversion of the 410459 started off with a piece of ½” drillrod (W-1) and a #27 (.144”) drill bit. The drill rod was chucked up in a 3-jaw
chuck and center-bored to a depth of about 1”. This piece was then turned to133about .416”, or slightly greater than final finisheddiameter (.410-.412” depending on the mould).
Next, the features of the bullet’s profile wereturned (crimp groove, lube groove, ogive, etc.).
The important parts of this step are fitting thebearing surfaces of the driving bands and themeplat of the bullet to the cavity, matching theexact ogive isn’t as critical. Fitting, de-burring andpolishing were continued until a snug fit of the pilot
410459 PB-HP
inside the cavity was achieved. At this point, thepilot was cut from the drill-rod with a parting tool,and flame hardened with a propane torch (heated to a bright red and waterquenched). The pilot was then placed in the mould cavity, the mould clamped ina vice, the pilot hole filled with cutting oil and the hole drilled through thebottom of the mould blocks using the same #27 bit with a hand-held electric
drill.
The HP pin was
turned from ¼” mild
steel round stock to.142”, so that it would
extend to the top of
the first driving band
when in place. The
exposed portion of thepin was tapered
slightly (5 degree
Turning the 410459 pilot (roughtaper), the tip
pilot profile)rounded, and thewhole unit polished. The knob was cut from a pieceof oak scrap using a 1 1/4” hole saw, and the
profile cleaned up on the lathe. The bottom of themould blocks were drilled and tapped for 6-32 x
3/8” pan-head screw to serve as a keeper. A
groove was turned in the pin to hold the retaining
clip such that it was a snug fit just inside of theretaining screw when the pin was in place. The
knob was installed and oiled with teak oil,completing the HP spud.

Center boring

The finished pilot and Lyman
410459 mould; the pilot inplace.

Bullets cast from the new HP mould weighed 207 grains when cast withWW alloy sweetened with 2% tin. The bullets dropped very easily from themould and were visually beautiful, with perfectly centered cavities (better thanseveral of my factory HP moulds in fact). These bullets shot reasonably well,
but not to the level of accuracy that I had hoped for. A micrometer revealed thereason why -- the bullets were undersized and nowhere near round, withdiameters varying from .408” to .412”. The mould cavity was lapped to a more
uniform and better fitting .411-.412” with 120, 280 and 400 grit silicon carbide.
Bullets cast from the larger, rounder cavity shot much better. Opening morningon the Snake River had a mulie doe wander within 50 yards of my position
hidden in a basalt outcrop. I launched the 410459 HP using21.0 grains of W296
over a CCI 350 primer (1320 fps from a 6 ½” S&W 657 Classic Hunter). Her
134

lunge told me she was heart-shot, and then she circled tightly to her left tocome back around to her original position and collapsed. The 410459 HP
entered the middle ofher left shoulder, justbehind the leg, andranged forward anddown, exiting low on
the forward edge of theright shoulder.
Expansion was positive,
Mould blocks after HP channel
with the forward third
has been drilled out, and theof both lungs shreddedroughed out HP pin and knob.
The 410459 blocks after being
and the heart centerdrilled
punched. In short, the bullet performed exactly has
hoped, expanding smoothly and punching all the way through.
After I completed the mould described above, I proudly described theprocess and results to my good friend (and pistolsmith extraordinaire) DaveEwer. He looked at me with that comical expression he gets (all too frequently)
when I do something in a more
convoluted orround-about way
than was needed.
When he finishedchortling at all theextra work ofparting, hardening,.41 Magnum loaded with thehand-drilling, etc.,
410459 HP.
he congratulated
The .41 Magnum loaded with theme on my success and suggested a simpler
Lyman 410459 HP makes anand more straightforward method, and one
excellent deer load.
that allows even more precise alignment of thehole with the bullet‘s axis. Hence was born Method B, to be forever more known
in my shop as “Dave’s Method for a Hole in the Head” (the “hole in the head” inthis name refers to the hollow-point cavity, or at least that's what he toldme...).

452460 mandrel and dog.

Method B
In this case, work started with a ½” pieceof aluminum round-stock, which was turned tomatch the profile of the 452460 mould (similar tothat described above, except no center bore, oh
and by the way, turning aluminum goes MUCH
faster than drill rod). Once the fitting wascompleted, the mould blocks were clamped firmly
in place on the mandrel with an automotive hose
clamp. A“ dog” was made out of scrap aluminumflat-stock and clamped onto the mandrel’s shaft
to anchor the sprue plate stop pin and preventthe mould from slipping on the mandrel (this135could also be done with a hose clamp). A 5/32” end-mill (.156”) was used tomake a plunge cut from the tailstock to start the HP pin channel (a drill bit canwander when starting a hole, so the end mill chosen for the initial cut to insurethat the hole was maintained on center). After the initial hole was made, it wasreamed to the desired final diameter using a#18 bit (.169”). The pin was turned
from ¼” mild steel round stock to a diameter of.167”, set to penetrate to the middle of the top
grease groove. The tip was given a 5 degree
taper, rounded off, and polished. The bottom
face of the mould was drilled and tapped forthe retaining screw and the keeper clip andknob were fabricated as described above.
Bullets cast from this mould weighed
186 grains using WW alloy, sweetened with 2%452460 mould clamped onto mandrel
tin. Bullets dropped easily from the mould andand held in place with dog.
cavities were well-centered. Initial .45 ACP test
loads were assembled using 5.0 grains of Bullseye and CCI 300 primers. From afull-size (un-tuned) Kimber 1911, these bullets produced a 10-shot group at 50
feet that could have been completely covered by a silver dollar. Yes, this is an
accurate bullet.
From a full-sized Colt Government Model 1911, these bullets deliver 1121
fps when loaded on top of 7.5 grains of Unique. Impromptu expansion testingon 2 liter plastic bottles filled with water revealed that these HP’s indeed
expand readily. More formal testing with ballistic gelatin confirmed this. The
first shot fired into a 16” block of ballistic gelatin expanded fully and stopped

Taking the plunge cut with anend-mill to cut the HP pinchannel.

452460 with the block drilled.

less than an inch fromthe end of the block.
Based on the “woundchannel” left
behind, the second shot
also expanded, but it
exited the block andimpacted the backstop,
100 yards downrange.
The final 3 shots all
The drilled 452460 blocks, andexpanded nicely andthe drilled mould with the
stopped after penetrating
rough cut pin and knob.
12-14” into the gelatin.
The four recovered bullets weighed 186, 183, 171
and 150 grains. In short, expansion is positive,
weight retention is good and the design flat works.
Advantages/disadvantages of each method
Method B is faster if the gunsmith is only
converting a single mould, and arguably results in amore precisely centered HP pin as the cavity itself isturning on the lathe‘s axis. If multiple moulds aregoing to be converted, it would be advantageous to136

turn the mandrel out of steel for greater durability. Method A takes a little
longer, but if the gunsmith is going to convert more than one mould of a given
design, once the pilot is made, then subsequent jobs are very quick and easy,requiring only a vice and an electric hand-drill (no lathe work), and can behanded off to an assistant to perform. If this conversion is being contemplated
on a fixed handle mould, or on one (ormore) cavities of a gang mould, then
Method A would avoid having to swing themould in a highly eccentric fashion.
Method B also allows the channel tobe cut over a much wider range ofdimensions. The advantage of a wider
channel (and pin) is that a wide variety ofcavity diameters, profiles, etc. can be madeThe 452460 HP loaded into the .45 ACP
to fit a single set of mould blocks, allowing
cartridge.
the caster to experiment widely with aminimum of investment. The thicker pin also has a larger thermal mass andwon’t cool down as quickly (conversely, it will take longer to heat up). The
traditional pin design (.150-.170"), while simpler to make and fit, can also bevaried as to cavity depth and taper, but ismore limited in terms of cavity diameter. With
proven HP designs (e.g. the Keith andThompson HP’s) this is of little consequence
however.
For those that don’t have access to alathe, these HP mould conversions can be
performed by Hollow Point Bullet Mold Service
Fired with a muzzle velocity of 1100
(http://www.hollowpointmold.com/,fps, the 452460 HP demonstrated
erik@hollowpointmold.com , (541) 738-2479).
positive expansion in ballistic gelatin
Erik has converted a number of moulds to HP(bullets were cast of WW alloy).
configuration for me and I have been very
pleased with the quality of his work in every case. What’s more, Erik offers avariety of different conversions, including multiple cavity HP conversions(Cramer-style and inset-bar style), that allow the caster to make a bunch of HP
bullets very quickly. He did a 4-cavity 429421 HP conversion for me and I canroutinely cast 10 HP’s a minute with this amazing mould. The 2-cavity Cramerstyle HP moulds that he’s done for me can produce 5-6 HP’s a minute with noproblem.
Cast HP bullets provide the handgunner with excellent expansion
properties for hunting medium and small game. Some HP mould designs can befound on the used mould market, some are difficult or impossible to find (orvery expensive), others only exist in someone's imagination. Conversion of astandard mould to drop HP bullets allows the caster to have access to these
designs. A small investment (of either time or money) can provide a lifetime
supply of high performance hunting bullets.

137Chapter 15:
Handgun Hunting with Cast Bullets
I stood atop the basalt rimrock, 2000 feet above the mighty Snake River,but I could have been standing behind a barn in an Indiana cornfield for all I
could tell. The fog was patchy and blowing, and the canyons below me looked
as though they had been cast to the brim with a milky white alabaster. It was,mid-November, a little after sunrise, cold and damp. I knew that there were 8
or 9 mule deer in the canyon below me, with 3 good bucks in the group (I had
been following them for almost an hour), but where were they? They could
have been 20 yards away and I would have no way of knowing. I pondered my
options as the fog condensed onto and dripped from the brim of my favorite
hunting hat. As though delivered by some divine nostril, a blast of crisp, cold air
swept the fog from below me, revealing the carefree band of mulies only 35-40
yards down canyon. My scoped Contender came to bear on my chosen target,
and I swore silently as the heavy condensation ran from both lenses of thescope, obscuring all hope of making a shot. A dry bandana was quickly
extracted, and the lenses blotted to some vague semblance of dryness, but mymovements were too much for the deer's comfort and the window in the fog too
short-lived. The fog closed in and the now spooked bucks disappeared into it,
not to be seen again for the rest of the season. My opportunity had beenpresented and I had failed to make good on it. An iron-sighted revolver has
been my preferred damp weather hunting tool ever since. These revolvers areinvariably loaded with cast bullets.
What are the best cast bullets for handgun hunting? What issues areimportant, and which designs are best suited for what classes of game? Toanswer these questions, let's look at the physics and physiology of the bullet's
impact.
How Does a Bullet Kill?
Big guns kill big critters, so a big gun is going to absolutely disintegrate asmaller species, right? A common misconception is that if a gun/load/bullet iswell-suited for quickly and cleanly killing a charging 1000-lb grizzly, then it will
kill a 150-lb whitetail even faster and more dramatically. Sure, it’ll kill the deer
eventually, but that little whitetail may run a whole lot farther than the grizzly,
and may very well be lost. Does that mean the dainty Southern whitetail is thatmuch tougher than a huge coastal grizzly bear? Not hardly. It just means thatthe wrong bullet was sent to do the job.
In the ads for specialty hunting bullets we see terms like “rapid
expansion”, “controlled expansion”, “and deep penetration”. What’s best? What
do we want for hunting? How do we cast our bullets to deliver optimum hunting
performance? Well, that depends on what we’re hunting.
A bullet kills by crushing soft tissue, rupturing blood vessels, inducing
hemorrhage, ultimately reducing the blood pressure to zero, thereby denying
the brain of oxygen. Unconsciousness and death quickly follow. How quickly theblood pressure drops to zero depends on how much tissue is crushed and how
quickly blood flows out of that tissue (which is directly related to how muchblood flows into that particular organ). The key concept here is that of wound138

volume -- the total number of cubic inches of soft tissue that are left crushed
and bleeding by the passage of the bullet. Blood has to leak out of the
cardiovascular system from somewhere, and it has to have somewhere to go.
The larger the volume of the wound the more tattered tissue is left along theperiphery for the blood to leak out of, and the greater the wound volume themore space the blood has to flow into. An exit wound also helps to drain the
blood, by giving it somewhere to go.
Hydrostatic shock
Let’s deal with a couple ill-defined and over-used buzz-words.
“Hydrostatic shock” is held in almost mystical regard by some shooters. What ishydrostatic shock? High velocity bullets tend to have a larger diameter woundchannel than just the tissue crushed by the bow wave of the bullet as it passes
through (the bullet is generally less than 1” in diameter and the bow wave thatsets up in front of the bullet will usually crush 2-3” of tissue, hydrostatic shock
can rupture blood vessels in a foot or more of soft tissue). The British military
performed extensive ballistic and forensic studies after World War I (back in thedays when "high velocity" was all new and shiny and exciting and different) andfound that “hydrostatic shock” became a significant issue when the bullet's
impact velocity was greater than about 2600 fps.
OK, let’s do some simple analysis. The speed of sound in air is roughly
1000 fps, the speed of sound in water is roughly 4000 fps. If we assume thatthe vital zone of a typical game animal is approximately equal parts air (thevolume of the lungs) and water (the primary component of the surrounding soft
tissue), and further approximate that the speed of sound in mixed media issimply a weighted average of that of its components, then the prediction is thatthe “speed of sound” in the vital zone of yon critter is going to be roughly 2500
fps, quite similar to the point that the Brits started to note the presence of thismysterious phenomenon they called “hydrostatic shock”. Hydrostatic shock is
the result of a high speed pressure wave that ruptures blood vessels, greatly
increasing the amount of hemorrhaging in the wound channel. In a nutshell, it’sa sonic boom traveling through living tissue. As the bullet passes through thevitals of an animal going faster than the speed of sound (that is, the speed ofsound in that particular tissue), the “sonic boom” helps to rupture blood vessels
and crush tissue. As the bullet slows down to below the speed of sound (again,
the speed of sound in that particular tissue) this pressure wave collapses, andthe wound channel beyond this point becomes the traditional (sub-sonic) woundchannel. This behavior is obvious when one observes wound channels inhomogenous media like ballistic gelatin, especially with rapidly expanding
bullets (i.e. those that tend to slow down rapidly) that retain significant mass,
like the Nosler Partition. Inspecting the ballistic gelatin wound channels of thesebullets; one sees a large cantaloupe-sized cavity just beneath the surface,which later collapses to a long, narrow channel. This collapse takes place when
the bullet slows down below the speed of sound in that particular medium. It is
important to recognize that ballistic gelatin has a different density (and hence a
different speed of sound) than does the vital zone of your typical buck, so thesize of each of these features and the point where the bullet slows to below the
speed of sound will be very different in the buck’s vital tissues than in thedenser ballistic gelatin.
139

It is also important to recognize that hydrostatic shock is only delivered
very early in the bullet’s impact, while it is still moving very fast. This mode oftissue destruction drops off very quickly as the bullet slows down. So, if you
have a large muscular beast with lots of hide, muscle and bone between theentry point and the vitals (e.g. Cape buffalo, grizzly bear), hydrostatic shock
isn’t likely to play any role at all because the bullet has slowed down to below
the speed of sound (in soft tissue) by the time it reaches the vital organs. But asmaller animal with relatively little meat between the outer skin and the vitals(e.g. pronghorn antelope) is more prone to fall over as if electrocuted whenshot with the latest hyper-velocity Eargesplittenloudge-boomer. The reason is
simple, the bullet is still traveling at supersonic (soft tissue supersonic) speeds
as it traverses the vital organs.
A point that is commonly ignored is that hydrostatic shock causes
bloodshot meat (although it's not the only mechanism that causes meat tobecome bloodshot), which helps to explain why moderate velocity rounds likethe .30-30 Winchester, .35 Remington, .444 Marlin and .45-70 are so popularwith “meat hunters”.
Since the focus of this book is on cast bullets and since cast bullets arealmost always used at velocities below 2600 fps, hydrostatic shock can belargely ignored. This 2600 fps is not a fixed number because each species isbuilt differently, and each animal has a different amount of breath in its lungs
when the bullet hits, and each shot presentation involves different tissues ofdifferent densities. This number undoubtedly varies several hundred fps,
depending on the prey species, shot presentation, elevation, etc. However, theconcept of supersonic impact and its relationship to the nature of the woundchannel is nonetheless important for higher velocity jacketed bullet loads. The
bottom line is that hydrostatic shock can play a significant role in how the .2506 kills, it’s probably not much of a contributor for the .44 Magnum.
Penetration vs. Expansion
For a given power level (e.g. .44 Magnum), changing the cast bullet’s
hardness or bullet design will have a direct impact on the bullet’s ability topenetrate. The softer a cast bullet is, the more it can expand, leading tobroader wound channels and less penetration since part of the kinetic energy is
being used to deform the bullet metal, and the bullet is crushing a wider paththrough the meat. The harder a cast bullet is, the less it will deform and the
deeper it will penetrate. As penetration depth increases, wound channel
diameter tends to decrease. Said another way, any given bullet is capable ofcrushing only so much tissue (i.e. converting it's kinetic energy into the work ofcrushing/displacing tissue), and it can expand quickly and make a short, wide
wound channel, or it can expand not at all and make a long narrow woundchannel. The vital zone on each animal is of different size and the hunter needs
to take this into consideration when choosing a bullet design, alloy and load.
The nature of the wound channel needs to be matched up with the vital zone
dimensions and shape of the animal being hunted. It is up to the hunter tomake sure the bullet’s construction is appropriate for the prey species, and tothen place that wound channel where it can be most lethal and humane.
Tailoring the bullet to the quarry - The obvious issues involved inmatching the bullet to the quarry are bullet weight and diameter, but the caster140

also has the advantage of being able to specifically tailor his bullets by varying
alloy hardness and HP cavity diameter and depth.
OK, so what sort of wound channel works best for big game? For any
game animal, it’s important that the wound channel not only reach the vitals
but go all the way through them (again, it’s good if the blood has somewhere togo). As a result, penetration depth is critical for large and dangerous game.
This means that the bullet can’t waste its energy distorting the bullet metal andslowing down too early (i.e. expanding). All the work must be used to crush
tissue, none to deform the bullet. Thus, the blunt-nosed non-expanding solidbullet that is favored for this type of hunting produces a long wound channel
that tends to be fairly narrow, but added up over its total length of many feet,this creates a significant amount of wound volume.
However, if this same load is used on a pronghorn antelope, the bullet
punches through from side-to-side with the same narrow wound channel(assuming no major bone is hit), but since the antelope is a much smaller
animal, this shorter wound channel results in significantly less tissue damage
than it does on larger game, and the antelope may run quite a distance before
eventually succumbing to it‘s modest wounds. Smaller animals don’t generally
need 4-8 feet of penetration, 18-24” is usually adequate, and therefore an
expanding bullet generally results in a much quicker kill than does a nonexpanding solid, as a result of the larger wound diameter (and hence woundvolume) produced by the expanding bullet. When hunting with a handgun, thisbecomes particularly important. Notable handgun hunters like J. D. Jones, Hal
Swiggett, John Taffin, Mark Hampton, and others, agree that while heavyweightsolid flat-pointed bullets are desirable when pursuing large, dangerous game,that some sort of expanding bullet is usually a better killer when pursuinglighter-bodied, thin-skinned game like deer and antelope.
Rapid expansion - Hunting medium and small game is precisely where
the cast HP comes into its own. It provides all the advantages of the cast bullet(longer barrel life, lower pressures, higher velocities, the pride of making yourown hunting projectiles, etc.), along with the enhanced lethality of the
expanding JHP, as well as the weight retention of the specialty highperformance bullets (e.g. partition). The lighter, more frangible cast HP's (e.g.
those for the .30 Carbine, .357 Magnum, etc.) are superbly suited for the
sixgunning varmint hunter, while the heavier, larger caliber cast HP's (e.g.
those for the .44 Magnum, .45 Colt, etc.) are excellent for deer and antelope
sized game.
Controlled expansion - Larger animals, like elk and moose, call for aheavier, more stoutly constructed bullet, like the .300+ grain designs available
for the .44 Magnum, 454 Casull and .480 Ruger. Expansion of the cast bullet isfine in these cases, but it needs to be a more moderate, controlled expansion
than a hollow point delivers to insure that the bullet digs deep. Controlled
expansion can be attained by using one of the fine hunting moulds (e.g. Keith
SWC, SSK FP, LBT WFN/LFN, etc.) and casting the bullets with a soft enoughalloy to allow for modest expansion at the expected impact velocity (e.g. BHN
of about 12 for typical .44 Magnum velocities). This approach sacrifices very
little in the way of penetration depth, and can provide the hunter with a slightly
wider wound channel. This level of penetration is far more than needed for141deer, but it can be useful for "Texas heart shot" presentations. For loads in thiscategory, I normally cast these bullets using air-cooled wheel-weight alloy (orsomething similar), and they are very well-suited for elk.
Non-expanding solids - Large, dangerous game animals (e.g. Capebuffalo, the big bears, etc.) have their vital organs shielded by thick layers ofdense muscle and heavy bone. A cast bullet must be hard and heavy (300
grains at a minimum, and preferably more) to reliably make it through thisobstacle course to perforate the vitals. Bullet impact on these heavy bones cancause deformation that may lead the bullet to veer off track and miss the vitals
completely. In this case, the bullet needs to be both hard and tough. One
common method used to address this need is to cast the bullets from straightlinotype (BHN = 22), but this approach suffers from the drawback of increased
brittleness and possible fragmentation. While I have never hunted Africa (Ihope to someday...), extensive research by a number of handgun hunters who
have suggests that the best bullet metal for large and dangerous game iswater-quenched (or heat treated) wheel-weight alloy. This bullet metal is not
only hard enough to resist expanding at handgun velocities (BHN of 16-18), but
the modest antimony content (ca. 4%) also means that this alloy is tough, andresists fragmentation. Excellent penetration is obtained, and bullet deformationis negligible. For those who want their bullet a little harder, this alloy can be“sweetened” with as much as 20% linotype before any brittleness problems
arise (again, these bullets are water quenched from the mould).
Cast bullets in the hunting fields
Varmints - I have burned countless thousands of rounds of ammo all
over the western US in pursuit of various “flavors” of vermin over the years.
Sometimes the weather is hot and dusty, sometimes cold and foggy, but theguns I’m carrying are almost always loaded with cast bullets. For example,
several years ago I was in southeastern Arizona hunting Javelina. As the trip
wound to a close, I was able to spend a memorable afternoon hunting jackrabbits with a favorite 5-screw K-38 Masterpiece, loaded with Elmer Keith‘s
358439 at 1000 fps. It was mid-February and the afternoon was cool andcloudy, and the scent of sage flavored what little breeze there was. I kickedup the first jack shortly after leaving the truck, andhe ducked and dodged his way through thesagebrush as only a jack rabbit can. He came to astop about 35 yards out, tucked into the shadowsbehind this one clump of sage, and sat there towatch me to see if I amounted to any kind of threat.
Classic bunny stance, broadside, facing my left. The
Partridge front sight of the K-38 Masterpiece slid
under the “armpit” of the rabbit as I mentally
pictured a 6 o’clock hold on an imaginary bullseye on
his shoulder. Just as I dropped the hammer, I
remembered that the gun was sighted in for a 6
o’clock hold... but only when using wadcutter target
The Keith HP (Ideal 358439)
loads. When loaded with these +P cast HP’s it was
at 1000 fps makes ansighted in for a center hold! Aarrgh! The results
excellent jack rabbit load.
downrange confirmed my fears -- white fluff erupted
everywhere, in a 6-8 foot explosion. The rabbit ran off, absolutely terrified, but142

clearly in excellent physical shape. I inspected the scene thoroughly and foundonly tufts of white fur, no sign of any meat or blood. I pursued the rabbit, andsaw him several more times (with his shaved armpits he was easy to identify),
but was never able to get a second shot at him. We parted ways, him
fashionably coifed, me chastising myself. A few minutes later, I kicked up asecond jack (this one larger, and medium brown), he ran about 40 yards andhid behind a clump of sage. There just so happened to be a small window
through the scrub brush and I threaded one of Elmer’s finest through thatnarrow window into the center of the rabbit’s shoulder. It landed with an
audible “thump!”, and punched though leaving a gaping exit wound in its wake.
Mr. Keith certainly designed good bullets.
There was another jack rabbitthat was memorable, this one incentral Montana. A group of us had
spent a hot July day out shooting
prairie dogs, and we were headed backto town to get a hot meal and a cold
beverage (or two). We were a good 20
miles from the nearest paved road, inthe middle of nowhere, when a verylarge jack skeedaddled across theroad, right in front of the car. I asked
Reo to stop the car, and I got out,
The Lyman 452460 and 4.0 grains of Bullseye
loading my 1918 vintage Model 1911
makes this old warhorse a good jack rabbit gun.
as I went. The jack had stopped tohide in a thick clump of sage, but when I dropped the slide home, he took of
running again, cutting a wide arc across the Montana plains. I swung the old
warhorse 1911 to lead him, and at each window in the sage, 4.0 grains of
Bullseye launched an Ideal 452460 200 grain SWC off in the direction of that
long-eared pin-ball. I guess this rabbit thought that I was shooting a revolver,
because after missing him 6 times, he stopped about 100 yards out to catch hisbreath and look me over. I knew from previous experience with the finebattlefield sights on this WWI 1911 that it was spot on point of aim at 25 yards
or so, and with this load when the base of the front sight was held on the top of
the rear sight, that it was spot on at 100 yards. With the sight picture so
configured, and my last round in the chamber, I centered that needle-fine frontsight on this husky jack and let fly. With a hollow “thwock!” (and no dust cloud
to indicate a miss) the jack slowly and stiffly fell over backwards, as though hewere a silhouette cut from 1/4” steel plate, and then disappeared from sight! I
reloaded and went to investigate. Turns out he was standing next to a truly
monstrous prairie dog hole (almost 2 feet in diameter) and when he fell, he fell
directly into the hole. There were several splashes of bright red blood,indicating a solid upper body hit. A small patch of rabbit fur was visible about 5
feet down into the dark recesses of the hole, but not wanting to tangle with any
possible rattlesnakes, I didn’t investigate further.
Several years ago, I was on my way back from some technical meetings
and was able to stop off and spend a few days prairie doggin’ in south-central
Wyoming. On one afternoon, my 629 Classic Hunter was loaded with Elmer’s
429421 HP at 1350 fps. In one area the landscape undulated like a giant
washboard, and I could sneak up out of one gully and peak into the next,143

getting several shots in the 50-100 yard range. As soon as the critters in thatgully got too spooked for me to get any more shots, I’d sneak over and peakinto the next gully. That revolver spent most of that afternoon quite warm.
Elmer Keith sure did design some fine bullets -- the 429421 HP expands welland it just flat hammers rodents.
One of my favorite ways to spend a sunny summer afternoon is hiking
around the mountains of the Pacific Northwest with a favorite revolver, inpursuit of ground squirrels. A few summers ago, we had a group of sixgunners
getting together for a mountain rendezvous, varmint shoot and campfire
gabfest. I got there early, to prep the campsite and to cut a weekend supply of
firewood. As the early arrivals started to dribble in, I was describing the area tothem and showing off the 400-500 yard stumpfield that we would be using as
our plinking range. A rather portly ground squirrel (aka “greydigger”) chosethat moment to hop up onto a stump, about 40-45 yards in front of us. Now
when I’m cutting firewood, I wear my 3” S&W 624 Lew Horton .44 Special on
my belt; this occasion was no exception, and it was loaded with 429421 HP’s(cast soft, BHN about 8) over 7.5 grains of Unique for about 900 fps. As thoughon cue, one of the early arrivals asked, “What exactly do these greydiggers look
like?” I pointed over towards the rodent and said, “Well, there’s one right overthere,” and as he was trying to pick it out from the stumps, the 624 came out
and spoke its piece. The soft HP flipped the rodent and turned him inside out.
“Nice shot” came the drawn out response. That’s one of the reasons I like thatrevolver so much, it makes nice shots.
The first time I encountered a Ruger Blackhawk in .30 Carbine, my only
thought was “Why?” This was back in the days before I started handloading,and all I was thinking of was shooting milsurp FMJ though it, and if you want toplink, why not just do it with a .22 or .38? They’re cheaper, quieter and moreversatile. Well, now that I’m a handloader and bullet caster, I view the cartridge
and the gun in a whole ‘nother light! Loaded with GC cast HP’s, the .30 Carbine
Blackhawk can generate 1600 fps with superb accuracy, with a remarkably flat
trajectory and some truly impressive terminal performance. This just may be
the perfect varmint sixgun. I have a 3-screw Blackhawk in .30 Carbine that has
made some very satisfying shots on ground squirrels. One afternoon Rob and I
were hiking through the mountains. As we crested one ridge, we found a rather
large digger sitting up on his stump, surveying his kingdom. A stiff charge of
Accurate Arms #9 launched a 311316 HP down the hill, across the 80 yards
between us. The impact was clearly audible, and expansion obvious, as he waslaunched several feet into the air, spinning in a triple back flip. “Wow, I gotta
get me one a those....” was all Rob could say. The cast HP turns the .30
Carbine Blackhawk into a whole different gun.
Medium Game - For deer-sized game, I like the added wound-channel
width delivered by an expanding bullet, so I commonly hunt using cast HP’s,
generally weighing 200 grains or more. For revolvers, these cast HP’s are
generally 40 caliber or larger. It's tough to beat the good ol' .44 Magnum as acast bullet hunting round, but there are other fine rounds for game in this class,like the .401 Powermag, .41 Magnum, .44 Special and .45 Colt; they all do wellwith Keith-style SWC's and cast HP’s on deer sized game. When I'm hunting
with a Contender these cast HP’s are generally .33 caliber or larger. I'm partial
to my own wildcat (the .338 GEF) for obvious reasons, but there are any
144number of other good rounds for game in this size range, including the .35
Remington, the .375 Winchester, .375 JDJ that also do well with suitable castbullets. When hunting deer-sized game withrifles, I commonly just hunt using solids
cast soft enough to expand at whatevervelocity I'm shooting them at (or HP’s at
1600-1700 fps). In this case, my preferred
round is the .35 Remington or .35 Whelen.
One such memorable morning started
off crisp and cold, with a heavy frost on the
ground, and the eerily morning colors slowly
leaking into the gray rocky canyons of the
The .44 Magnum loaded with the Lyman
Snake River. Shortly after sunrise, a mulie
Devastator HP (429640 HP) makes adoe snuck into the basalt-lined canyonvery effective deer load.
below me with a large yearling. I followed
her with my revolver's sights as she moved across the hillside she heard themetallic "Snick" as I eased the hammer back to full-cock, and she skidded to astop. She quickly turned back and led her yearling back across the hill, uneasy
about her surroundings. About 35 yards in front of me, she stopped and waslooking down canyon, straight away from me. The front sight blade settled onher spine, a little below her ear, and the .44 Magnum roared. The Lyman
429640 HP (at 1350 fps) went exactly where it was told and the doe folded on
the spot. In the timeless words of one of my long-time hunting partners, "Shebounced three times on the way to the bottom of the canyon." By midafternoon, I had the venison packed up and out of those rocky Snake River
canyons and was back at camp enjoying a hot cup of coffee. I like the .44
Magnum, and the .44 Magnum likes cast bullets.
I also like the .44 Special. On another hunt, I had already filled my bag
and was just along for the ride while a friend of mine was looking to shoot anice sized feral boar with his.45-70. We were working over a muddy hillsidewhen we heard a deep grunt come from up thecreek channel in the drainage below us. Stevemade a nice stalk on this boar, and hit him with his.45-70, loaded with the 330 grain Lyman 457122(the Gould HP) at about 1500 fps. He placed theshot well, breaking the left shoulder and justmissing the heart, but this was one tough old boar,
and he wasn't go to go down easy (the bullet
expanded well and exited, and it just missed theheart by a little bit). The boar got into some thick
stuff and Steve wasn't able to get into position to
The 429251 HP recovered fromshoot again. The boar wandered my way and camea huge old boar.
out of the brush about 10 feet in front of me. I had
my 7 1/2" stainless Ruger New Model Blackhawk .44 Special that my goodfriend Dave Ewer built for me. It was loaded with the Lyman 429251 HP (BHN =8) loaded over 17.0 grains of 2400 for 1235 fps. When the black-n-white boar
stepped out of the brush, I put two quick shots into his ribs and though hislungs, knocking him off his feet. Steve then came up and finished him off withhis .45. One of my two shots exited, the other was found under the hide on the145farside. Both had expanded nicely, and done significant damage to the lungs.
The recovered 429251 HP had expanded to approximately .60 caliber andweighed 194 grains. Steve's boar weighed a little over 700 lbs on the hoof, andthe skinned and gutted carcass weighed over 350 lbs.
Back in 1993, along with the help and guidance of the good folks at SSK
Industries, I designed my own wildcat cartridge for the Contender, the .338
GEF. It’s based on the.356 Winchester case, necked down to .338 with the bodytaper blown out and a 40 degree
shoulder. More recently, I converted asingle cavity Lyman 33889 to drop HP
bullets specifically for this wildcat. It
weighs 245 grains when checked andlubed (WW alloy). The first load I tried
put 3 shots into 1” at 50 yards. A lateseason doe tag was burning a hole in
my pocket, so I took off for the breaksof the Snake River, outside of Pullman,
WA. Dawn broke cold and gray over thebasalt encrusted canyons of the SnakeThe 33889 HP is a fine deer bullet.
the next morning. I had worked my way
down into one of my favorite canyons, and had nestled myself into a rockoutcropping to break up my outline and get out of the biting wind by the time
the sun came up. It was a beautiful morning, but there was relatively little deer
activity. Around 10 am, a nice 3x3 mulie buck (I wish I had seen him duringbuck season!) and a large muscular doe slipped in quietly below me, side-hilling
their way around the ridge I was on, trying to quietly sneak into the thick brush
100 yards below me. They hadn’t spotted me, but they may have scented meas they were clearly antsy about something (I was the only hunter in this groupof canyons). As they milled about below me, it was clear that they were getting
uncomfortable and ready to leave. The doe was not giving me very goodpresentations, so I tracked her in the scope, and when she stopped, angled
strongly away from me, I lined up a raking shot and fired. The 33889 HP
entered at the rear of the right ribs, angling through the lungs, passing justbehind the heart and exiting through the middle of the left shoulder. Expansion
was moderate and controlled (velocity of this load was only about 1250 fps),
and it penetrated about 2 1/2 feet of deer and exited. She ran about 50 yards
side-hill and died in the middle of a thicket that Br’er Rabbit would have been
proud to call home. This rocky roost is one of my favorite spots as I have taken
half a dozen deer from this very spot; the last three in three consecutive years,
all using cast HP’s.
Occasionally, I also hunt with a rifle, and when I do it is virtually always
loaded with cast bullets. One recent trip that comes to mind had me hunting
with an early Marlin 336 in .35 Remington (one of my favorite rifle cartridges).
Once again we were hunting for feral hogs. On this trip, the load I was using
was the RCBS 35-200 GC-FP over 38.0 grains of H335 for 2100 fps and very
good accuracy. I was looking for a good eatin' pig on this trip, and so I was
hoping to take something less than 300 lbs. Bill and I worked out way up to anarea where we could hear hogs working in the bushes around the creek, but wewere having a hard time seeing them. Eventually, a 150-lb hog wandered out
146into the open sunshine, about 30 yards infront of me and I hit him just behind theshoulder with a 200 grain RCBS cast bullet.
He went down so hard he kicked up a cloudof dust. I guess that's why I like the .35
Remington so much; it works, and it works
particularly well with cast bullets.
Certain special cast bullets can also
play a role in how you remember certain
special hunting trips. A group of us were insouth central Wyoming, hunting antelope. We
had spilt up into two groups to scout out thecountry; Dale and Wayne had gone one
direction, and Jeff and I had gone another.
We were going to just cover as much country
as possible and then meet back at central
rendezvous point for supper. Jeff and I had
The .35 Remington loaded with theseen a whole bunch of wide open Wyoming,
RCBS
200 grain GC-FP is a fine recipe
but not a trace of any antelope, when wefor making pork!
came to a bend in the deeply rutted road andsaw a small band of antelope off to the left about 150 yards. The road-cut was
deep, and the sage even deeper, so the profile of the truck, and my exit from it,
was largely hidden from view. As I crawled up the embankment and into thesage with my Contender, I noticed that the antelope were getting skittish, but
their attention was focused on something off to my right. I tried to work myself
into position for a Creedmoor shot, but my movements were spotted by the
sharp-eyed antelope and they spooked. It was at this point that I spotted thecab of Dale’s pick-up, beyond a similar hillock a quarter mile off to my right. As
I stood up to walk back to the truck, so did Wayne, who had belly-crawled 150200 yards through the sage to try to set up a shot for his .40-90 Sharps(loaded with a 385 grain paper-patched bullet and Pyrodex). He and Dale had
been following this group of antelope for a while now, and he had spent the last
20 minutes snaking his way through the sagebrush, prickly pear and rocks, only
to have all of his efforts laid waste by some goofball spooking his quarry. His
displeasure was palpable, but unspoken. However, he soon got over thefrustration of our little comedy/tragedy, as he was able to unleash his .40-90
Sharps at an antelope doe from 90 yards away. It was a quartering shot thatraked her from the front left shoulder to the front of the right ham. That great
big gob of soft lead dropped her as though she had been struck by lightning. My
indiscretions were now forgiven (although I am periodically reminded of themaround a campfire). Every time I see a .40-90 Sharps loaded with a cast bullet,
I think of Wayne and Wyoming.
Big game - For big game (i.e. anything over 500 lbs), a recipe that I liketo follow, and it has worked well for me, is large (.40+) caliber, 300 grains or
more, and a good flat-nosed meplat. For revolvers, this recipe gets combinedwith my favorite hunting guns chambered in .44 Magnum, .45 Colt, 454 Casulland the .480 Ruger. In Contenders and rifles, we're both fond of the .405
Winchester, .444 Marlin, .45-70, and cartridges of that ilk. All of these guns
serve the big-game hunter very well when loaded with flat-nosed cast bullets of147

300 grains of more.
For example, several years ago I used this recipe on a feral hog hunt. I
was hunting with a Ruger Super Blackhawk that I had converted to .45 Colt. It
was loaded with a 325 grain cast FP bullet that I had drawn up using the online
bullet design program at Mountain Molds (www.mountainmolds.com). A stiff
charge of H110 had this bullet running a little over 1200 fps from the 7 1/2"
sixgun. Bill and I had found a large, old, golden-bristled boar, who was sporting
an impressive set of tusks, snoozing away above his favorite pond. Given thefact that he was asleep, the stalk wasn't overly difficult, I simply swung arounddownwind of him and quietly walked up. I had to get close because he was
bedded down next to a fallen log, and it was shielding his vital organs. From 15
feet away, I fired the 325 grain Mountain Molds cast FP through his chest, and I
instantly knew that it had exited due to the large dust cloud kicked up on thefar side of the hog. One shot was all it took. He weighed between 500 and 600
lbs.
I used a similar strategy when I was
hunting buffalo. This time, I was hunting withthe masterpiece in stainless steel known as theFreedom Arms Model 83, chambered in the 454
Casull. It was loaded with the Lyman 454629
300 grain GC-FP that Lyman had madespecifically for the Freedom Arms 454 (theyeven went so far as to stamp FREEDOM ARMSin the mould blocks). The load I had settled on
was 30.0 grains of H110, which produced 1650
fps from this 7 1/2" five-shooter. The bullets
This grizzled old boar fell to a 325
were cast of water-quenched WW alloy and had
grain Mountain Molds cast bullet
a BHN of about 18. It was February and thefrom a custom .45 Colt Superbuffalo hides were in their prime. The weather
Blackhawk.
was cold; dipping down into the mid-20s
overnight, but was clear and sunny, warming into the 40s during the days. I
was hunting for a young "meat bull" on this trip, but my two hunting partners
were each looking for hogs. We had covered a lot of ground that day, and seen
a lot of animals, but no shots had been fired. Bob decided that he wanted to go
back down the hill and go after one of the black-n-white boars we had seen
earlier in the day. As we worked our way through the woods looking for bedded
down hogs, we stumbled across a herd of buffalo, bedded down in an out of theway spot, back in the thick stuff. I dropped onto the backside of a line of trees
to stalk the herd and managed to get within about 35 yards. The herd stood up
and was staring at me, and there were several "meat bulls" of the size I waslooking for, but all the animals were bunched up tightly, thereby preventing mefrom shooting. Eventually, the lead cow started to drift off into the thick stuff tomy left, and the herd started to follow. The last one to move was a3 1/2 year
old meat bull, about 800 lbs, just the size I was looking for. The front sight
blade settled in low on his shoulder and I fired. The 300 grain cast bulletsmashed through his shoulder, clipped the heart and lungs and exited throughthe ribs on the far side. He reared up on his hind legs like a stallion and lunged
forward to catch up with the slowly departing herd. They bunched around him
to help out their stricken comrade, but it was clear he wasn't going to go far, sothey soon wandered off, and a second shot through the lungs put him down for148keeps. Neither bullet expanded, and bothshots exited.
It just wouldn't be right to talk about
cast bullets and buffalo and not talk about
the .45-70, right? Rob used this combination, in the form of his Winchester 1886,
to take a fine young meat bull a few years
ago. His .45-70 loads were composed of the
Lyman 457124 (an older version with asmall flat meplat, so it's safe to use intubular magazines), cast of air-cooled WW
alloy (BHN of about 10-11), loaded over
Buffalo bull taken with Freedom Arms
50.0 grains of 4895, to produce a muzzle
454 Casull and the Lyman 452629.
velocity of 1650 fps. We had seen several
groups of buffalo that day, and he had decided to take a meat bull. We
found a group of three buffalo
out in the open which had a fineyoung meat bull in it. Rob
approached to within about 7580 yards of the group and shot
the young bull though the lungs
using this load. The cast bullet's
impact resonated across themeadow like distant thunder. A
second shot produced similar
results, and still the strickenbull just stood there. Rob's third
shot knocked the bull of his feet
Rob with his buffalo.
with finality.

Bullet recovered fromRob's buffalo.

During the skinning process, one of Rob's castbullets was found under the hide on the far side (theothers passed through and exited). The recovered bullet
weighed 386 grains (starting weight of 393 grains), so it
basically lost its lube weight and virtually no bullet metal.
It was one of the most beautiful lead mushrooms thatyou'll ever see. Generally speaking, 1600 fps will not beenough to get most jacketed rifle bullets to expand, andas a result they tend to produce poor wound channels.
However, 1600 fps can be a very effective muzzle velocity
with cast bullets because they can be tailored to expand
very nicely indeed, and hence produce far superior woundchannels at moderate velocities.

Cast bullets won’t make you a better hunter, but they may allow you to
extract more pleasure from your hunting by allowing you to put more ofyourself into your hunting. That little bit of extra work, that little bit of personal
tailoring, that little bit of extra preparation that makes the moment of truth thatmuch more satisfying because you’ve earned that trophy, and that venison, alittle bit more completely than if you’d done things with generic factory stuff.
You know the load, you know the bullet, you know the alloy, giving you
149confidence when you align the sights and drop the hammer. That’s what bullet
casting offers the hunter. Good luck, good casting and good hunting! And
remember -- cast smart and hunt ethically!

150

Chapter 16:
A Few of Our Favorites...
Now that we've seen a little bit of the history of cast bullets, understandsomething about the metallurgy of bullet metals, the how’s and why’s offluxing, what lube does, what leading is and how to avoid it, where some of thecast bullet designs come from, and how to best exploit cast bullets in hunting
loads, we decided to wrap things up with a laid back discussion of a few of ourfavorite cast bullets and loads. Since handguns get used for a lot of different
things, we decided to break this down in terms of application -- plinking,competition, and hunting. So, let’s talk guns, bullets and loads -- the fun stuff!
Plinking Bullets and Load
Plinking is a wonderful pastime, andone that is amenable to just about anythingthat goes "Bang!". That being said, I haveprobably burnt as many rounds of .38
Special ammo plinking as I have all othercenterfire handgun cartridges combined. In
many ways, the .38 Special is the perfectplinking round -- cheap to reload, accurate,
sufficient power to make tin cans and pinecones dance merrily, low recoil and muzzle
blast (so large volume shooting doesn't havea tendency to cause bad habits), and highly
amenable to being loaded with cast bullets.
In the .38 Special, I have assembled plinking
ammo with dozens and dozens of different
cast bullets, from a wide variety of mould
For plinking it just doesn't get muchmakers and historical periods, and the vastbetter than a K-38!
majority of them have served their intended
purpose admirably. For the .38 Special, I have many favorites from Cramer,
H&G, RCBS, Lee, etc., but if I were forced to choose my all-time favorite
plinking bullet for the .38 Special, it would have to be the old 150 grain versionof the Lyman/Ideal 358477. This bullet is very accurate and is the right weight
to extract optimum performance from the .38 Special loaded to standard
pressures (about 950 fps when loaded to 16,000 CUP). I generally use 5.4
grains of Unique with this bullet to achieve this velocity, but also occasionallyuse 4.5 grains of Bullseye. Both loads are very accurate, and make excellent
plinking loads. Years ago, I made a believer out of a friend of mine by using thisload to put 5 out of 5 shots into a basketball-sized burnt log end at about 150175 yards, using the 3" S&W Model 60 that I was carrying that day. Not bad fora snubby!
Another personal favorite for plinking is the classic .44 Special. There isno finer plinking bullet in .44 caliber than the legendary Lyman/Ideal 429421,
Elmer Keith's first SWC design. The 429421 is a very accurate bullet, even out
at extended ranges. Perhaps the two most famous .44 Special loads were thosechampioned by Elmer Keith and Skeeter Skelton, and both were built aroundthe 429421. Elmer used stiff charges of 2400 (ultimately settling on 17.0 grains
in solid head cases) to achieve 1200+ fps with this bullet from a 7 1/2" sixgun.
151

Skeeter's pet load was 7.5 grains of Unique for a little over 900 fps from his 4"
Model 1950 Target. Elmer was a rancher/hunter/trapper who had occasion touse his ever-present sixgun to kill mountain lions, renegade livestock (bulls,
broncs, etc.), or targets of opportunity (mule deer or elk) for the Keith family
freezer. As a result, he tailored his pet load for the penetration required bythese tasks. Skeeter was also a hunter, but his primary use for the .44 Special
was in his duties as a law enforcement officer. If he was in a gunfight withsome ne'er-do-well, he needed to have adequate punch, pin-point accuracy andmoderate enough recoil for quick recovery in case a follow-up shot was needed.
So he tailored his .44 Special load to emulate the time-honored .45 Colt -- a
250 grain bullet at 900 fps, except this time it was from a 4" S&W N-frame,instead of a 7 1/2" Colt Single-Action Army. Better sights and tighter tolerances
allowed him to place his shots quickly and with precision, and this load provided
enough "thump!" to take the fight out of a felon. Each load served its intended
purpose very well indeed (and they still do).
My general purpose load for the .44 Special also involves Keith's 429421,
although it is more akin to Skeeter's load than to Elmer's. I load the 429421
over 10.0 grains of HS-6 for about 950 fps. I originally developed this loadusing Winchester 540, and used 540 for several years with complete
satisfaction, but when that powder was dropped from the market, I switchedover to HS-6 and I've stuck with HS-6 ever since. This is an excellent plinking
load.
The historical aspects ofguns, bullets, and cartridges are afascinating part of the shooting
sports. So I guess it's no surprisethat special guns, which were
owned by special men, also have a
special place in my heart. One
such example would a 1930s
vintage S&W Military & Police that
The .44 Special is indeed special, and this USFA FlatI own. It is chambered for the .32top Target is VERY special.
20 cartridge, has a 5" barrel, andis in excellent shape. I bought this gun from the late Hal Swiggett several years
ago, when he started selling off his collection. Hal has always been one of myfavorite gun-writers, and I figured
this would be a way for me topreserve a little piece of his
legacy in my gun safe, as well as
add a special something to myplinking for years to come. Thisgun is very particular about what
it wants to shoot well. It wants.314" bullets (not .312" and not.315"); it wants velocities
between 900 fps and 1000 fps
Hal Swiggett's .32-20 M&P.
(not 800 fps and not 1050 fps),
and it wants its bullets loaded
over HS-6 (not Unique, 231, Red Dot or HS-7). But with the Cramer #52D 93
152

grain SWC (this bullet is very similar to the Saeco #325), sized .314" and lubed
with homemade Moly lube, loaded over 6.5 grains of HS-6 and sparked with a
CCI 550 primer for 1000 fps, it shoots very nicely indeed! Hal once told a story
about how he had been asked what his favorite trophy was (a jeweler wanted
to make Hal a silver pendant of his favorite trophy, and had envisioned someexotic game animal like a mountain goat, Cape buffalo, or kudu, or some such).
Hal put a lot of thought into and finally decided that "favorite" had to mean the
one that he had derived the most pleasure from, and spent the most time
pursuing. His conclusion? The lowly tin can. He told the jeweler this, andapparently his first reaction was disbelief, but eventually he came to recognizethat Hal was serious and this was a genuine sentiment. He made Hal a silver
pendant of a shot-up tin can, which Hal wore with great pleasure. Every time I
shoot this M&P, I think of Hal and his unique style (and unique jewelry!).
Guns and cartridges that might not otherwise get shot very much areright at home in the plinker's gravel pit. Sometimes a quieter, gentler form ofplinking is called for, one that harkens back to the simpler, more refined timesof days gone by. On these occasions, I break out an old S&W I-frame
chambered for .32 S&W Long (Model 1903). These dainty little pre- World War
I guns are capable of exquisite accuracy,
but they are not strong and must be
loaded gently. I assemble special, easily
identified loads for these guns, using fullwadcutter bullets. I have .32 wadcutter
moulds from RCBS, H&G, NEI and
Lyman, and for this activity I probably
use the H&G bullet the most (but all ofthem are excellent bullets). The H&G is a
98 grain "button-nose" (i.e. Type II)
wadcutter, and for this load I use 2.0
Plinking with the old I-frame .32s is great
grains of Bullseye. This load runs aboutfun!
650-700 fps. It is quite accurate, andmakes an excellent "stopping load" for those occasions when a renegade tin can
decides to charge...
Speaking of the historical aspects ofsixgunnery, perhaps the most significant sixgun
landmark was the introduction of the .45 Coltcartridge, back in 1873. And there is no finer
plinking bullet for the .45 Colt than the traditional
RN-FP, like the Lyman/Ideal 454190. I don't likethis bullet for formal target shooting (because it
doesn't cut clean, full-caliber holes in paper) and I
The traditional RNFP for the .45
don't like it for hunting (because the meplat is too
Colt.
small, so it doesn’t kill as quickly as a SWC orHP), but it is a very accurate bullet, it carries very well at long range, and it
does a dandy job of hammering inanimate impromptu targets of opportunity(tin cans, pine cones, rocks, etc.). While I do have a mould for the old Ideal
454190, it is an old single cavity, and so production can be a little slow with it. I
have a 3-cavity Lachmiller mould for an identical bullet, and this mould turns
out a pile of bullets in a hurry! I load this bullet over 6.5 grains of Red Dot, for153

about 800 fps (depending on barrel length). These plinking loads are easily
identified because this is the only load I assemble using this bullet.
Sometimes plinking is done at close range (i.e. pop cans or pine cones)
and sometimes it's done at hundreds of yards, using rocks or stumps on yonder
hillside as targets. I have spent many a sunny summer afternoon up in themountains, flingin' lead at yonder stump,across a draw to a clear-cut on the far slope.
The hillside makes an excellent backstop, andon a hot dusty summer day, it is easy to spot
your shots from the dust cloud. Ranges can beanything from 100-600 yards, and arecommonly 300+. The previously mentioned.44 Special and .45 Colt plinking loads are
excellent for these afternoon blast sessions.
Another fine load for this is the .357 Magnum
The Keith SWC (Lyman 358429) is an
loaded with the Lyman/Ideal 358429 173
accurate long range revolver bullet.
grain Keith SWC over 14.5 grains of 4227 forabout 1250 fps. This 4227 load is not the fastest load out there for this bullet,
but in my guns it's the most accurate load I've shot with this bullet. The Keithbullet is very stable and flies well over long distances, making it an excellent
choice for long range plinking. One afternoon, I was out at our local shooting
range while a friend of mine had RO duty. This was his first shift as RO and hehad asked me to come out and shoot so he could have an experienced RO on
hand just in case things got busy. I had finished up with the load development
work that I had planned for the day, so I was just lazing the afternoon away,
plinking at the gongs. At that time, this range had gas cylinders cut in half,stuck up on t-posts for plinking gongs -- cheap, durable and they ring like achurch bell when they get hit with a gob of lead. I had a large coffee can full ofammo and was burning it up plinking away at the 300 yard gong using afavorite S&W 686. I use the method that Elmer Keith taught for years about
holding up a little extra front sight and "walking the shots in to the target".
Once the proper amount of front sight is determined, then the fun begins! Well,
I had the sight picture figured out for the 300 yard gong and was just blazing
away, having a great time. Offhand I was having no trouble hitting the gong ona regular basis (roughly 40% of the time), and when I missed, it generally wasleft or right by less than a foot (with the elevation right on). I was having fun,and had a lot of ammo to burn up (I wanted to free up the brass for a loading
project I had planned), so I was just loading and shooting, loading andshooting, with my attention focused on the gun and the gong. Suddenly I
realized that I was the only one shooting, so I looked around to see if the othershooters were waiting on me, so that they could go downrange and change
their targets. That's when I found out that all of the other shooting benches
were unoccupied, and the other 5-6 shooters (and the RO) were all standing
directly behind me watching me ring the gong! I felt bad because I was holding
them up and keeping them from their shooting, but the other shooters said it
was no problem, they were enjoying the show! (plinking as a spectator sport…)
The RO called a cease-fire and sent people downrange to change their targets,and as he walked past my bench he quietly said, "Remind me to never piss you
off!” The Keith bullet is accurate.
154

Some days plinking is not so much about distance as much as it is about
making an impact. Some days the plinker just wants to see his shooting makesomething happen; take some inanimate object and knock it over, spin it
around, or just flat pulverize it. On these days, one of my favorite plinking
rounds is the venerable .44 Magnum. Makin' small rocks out of large rocks is
one of the .44 Magnum's many talents. Once again, I have used many different
cast bullets in these plinking sessions, but looking back over the years, I haveundoubtedly shot more
429421s over 23.5 grains of
296 (1350-1400 fps) thananything else. For many
years I had a gravel pit about
5 minutes drive from myhouse, and it was an
excellent place to shoot (inthe intervening years
Cast bullets in the .44 Magnum make a fine recipe forcivilization has encroachedplinking happiness!
and residential neighborhoods now surround this gravel pit, and shooting is not allowed there
anymore). There was an excellent backstop and a large population ofindigenous targets (i.e. rocks). After the paper-punching was done, we would
line up suitably sized rocks (at a safe distance) and reduce them to rubble. The
429421 is an excellent projectile for this work; with a hearty "thwap!" and apuff of dust, another chunk of basalt would go tumbling across the dusty hardpan. Chunks of cinder blocks were always favorite targets, and this load would
just flat pulverize them in a cloud of dust.
We had a fun variation on this theme that turned into something of a
tradition in one of the hunting camps I've been a part of over the years. One of
the guys in camp had a large apple orchard (and his wife made the best apple
pies!). Every year, Terry would come to camp with a large box of "rejects"(along with a couple of homemade pies), and inform us that he was not allowed
to take any of these home. Most of these apples were as good as you
commonly find in the grocery stores, so the rest of us would go through the box
and pick out a bunch to take home to our families. Eventually, we would get
down to about 15-20 lbs of apples that were bruised, wormy or otherwise
blemished. On the last day, we would fix a big breakfast and break camp,
giving ourselves lots of time for the drive home. We had to dispose of thesebruised apples somehow, so we would set them up in the gravel pit we camped
in and have a blast session right before leaving. Apples make excellent plinking
targets! As far as cleanup goes, the local deer population was more than happy
to help with that chore.
As long as we're on the subject of favorites and rock bustin', a personalfavorite for rock crushing is Ruger's big .480 -- nothin' busts basalt like the.480
Ruger! When you get 400 grains of motivated bullet metal flying along,
momentum gets transferred and small rocks result from big rocks. Lee makes
an excellent 400 grain FP for the .480 Ruger, and for plinking loads I like to size
this bullet .476", lube it with homemade Moly lube, and load it over 22.0 grainsof 4227. This load is very accurate, gives right at 1000 fps, and leaves noleading whatsoever in my Super Redhawk and hits like a ton of bricks. I also155like the Lee 6-cavity 400 grain
Keith-style SWC (from a GroupBuy) for the .480 Ruger for these
activities.
Competition Bullets and Loads
For as long as Mankind hasrecorded history (and probably
much longer), the ability of anindividual to place a projectile on
400 grain cast bullets in the .480 Ruger carry a lot ofthump!
a distant target with great
precision has been revered. The value that human society places on marksmanship skills dates back through antiquity, and isn't likely to go away anytime
soon. The tools of marksmanship, and the concept of "precision" in this context
are constantly evolving, but that doesn't change the underlying value we placeon the ability of the individual to honorably use these skills to defend innocent
life and depose tyrants. Thus, the motivation behind marksmanshipcompetitions. Over the years, these have taken every imaginable form, but inthe context of this book (cast bullets in handguns) we will focus on only a few -bullseye, silhouette, bowling pins and PPC (for those of you wanting to readabout cowboy action shooting, let me recommend my good friend John Taffin'sbook "Action Shooting: Cowboy Style").
Bullseye
The basic bullseye course of fire involves .22, centerfire and .45 caliber
sidearms. The full course of fire is a 2700 point match, with 900 points possible
for each of the 3 guns, each of which contains slow fire, timed fire and rapid firestages. There is a great deal of flexibility in the centerfire and .45 stages, but
most people shoot their 1911s for both stages. A common misconception is that
one must shoot a 1911 for the .45 stage. This is not true -- the rules stipulatethat a competitor must shoot a .45 caliber sidearm, with a sight radius of notlonger than 10" (hence S&W making revolvers with 8 3/8” barrels), and a
trigger weight of not less than 2 1/2 lbs. It not only doesn’t have to be a 1911,it doesn't even have to be a .45 ACP! Just .45 caliber. I have shot a .45 Colt
Ruger Blackhawk in state championship bullseye matches and did just fine withit (yes, a single action revolver can be competitive, even in a rapid fire string).
For the revolver aficionado, the centerfire stage is most commonly shot with a.38 Special, and the .45 stage with a .45 ACP.
The .38 wadcutter is almost synonymous with bullseye competition. The“standard” loads are 2.7 grains of Bullseye or 3.0 grains of Winchester 231
underneath a 148 grain wadcutter. I have always gotten slightly better
accuracy using 3.0 grains of Bullseye, and so that’s the load I use. I don’t recall
ever chronographing this load, but I would imagine that it’s doing a little over
700 fps. For this load I use both the H&G #50 and the Lyman 358495 more orless interchangeably, depending on whichever I have on hand at the time, andboth shoot very accurately (as does the Cramer #16H).
I have shot a variety of different .38 revolvers in bullseye competition
over the years, but I eventually settled on a 6” K-frame gun, and thenultimately a full-lugged K-frame to make it a little muzzle heavy and “hang” ontarget a little better. S&W did make a run of Model 14s in the 1990s that were156

full-lugged, but this gun is actually a 60s vintage gun that was fitted with one of
the 90s vintage barrels. The action has been slicked up, and the gun shootsquite nicely. There’s a funny story behind this gun -- I found it at an out-oftown gun show. I had forgotten my checkbook out in the car and as I walked
out to get it, Lyle (who had driven over with our group, and had watched meogle the gun) bought the revolver. I walked back into the show just in time tosee him tear the check out of his checkbook and hand it to the dealer. Thinking
that he might have bought it for me to prevent anybody else from buying it, I
asked him how much I owed him. His response was simply, “Nah, I’ve decided
to take up bullseye shooting” (he‘s a rifle shooter). I knew he was pulling myleg, but he kept up the charade for the rest of the show. When the group of us
made it back to the car to drive home, we managed to come up with a ruse to
get Lyle out of the car for a couple of minutes and we stashed this revolver insome of my stuff (a 50-cal ammo can with some 10mm brass in it). On the way
home, we stopped off for a quick burger. Later, as were we dropping Lyle off,
he made a big spectacle about not being able to find his revolver. The rest of us
kept a straight face and eventually started to tease him about paying the man
and then leaving the gun behind at the gun show. Each of us drove homechuckling to ourselves about how we had pulled a quick one over on Lyle (apractical jokester whose quick wit usually zinged us). When I got home, I
opened the 50-cal ammo can of 10mm brass that I had used to stash the K-38
in, and the gun was gone. There was a message waiting on my answeringmachine admonishing me not to mess with the Master. I still haven’t figured out
how he got that K-38 out of my ammo can and stashed away without any of us
seeing him, but he did. He traded it to me a week later, and we both got ahearty laugh out of the whole deal.
Nor do the bullseye
rules require the centerfire
gun to be a .38 Special, justthat it fire a centerfire
cartridge, .30 caliber orlarger, have a sight radiusof less than 10” (again the
motivation behind S&W
making 8 3/8” barreled
The Master's .38 Special sixgun.
revolvers), and have a
trigger weight 2 lbs or more. An elegant and very accurate way to fulfill thecriteria is with a revolver chambered for the .32 S&W Long, shooting wadcutter
loads. Years ago, with this in mind, I commissioned the construction of a tight.32 wadcutter gun, for bullseye competition and small game hunting. I started
off with a centerfire K-frame (a Model 15) and bought a 6” full-lugged barrel
that S&W had made for the .32 H&R Mag guns of the early 1990s. I also bought
a K-22 cylinder and a set of chambering reamers for a tight .32 S&W Long(.0015” clearances) and .3125” throats (the groove diameter of the S&W barrel
is .312”). As I dropped the parts off with my good friend and master pistolsmith
Dave Ewer to perform the conversion, he told me that this project would reallywork better if I was using a Model 19 instead of a Model 15. He pointed out thata Model 15, being built for a narrow-ribbed barrel, has the front end of the topstrap scalloped, and that wouldn’t look right with the wide lug of the .32
Magnum barrel. He also pointed out that the front edge of the frame and yoke157

are shaped differently for the nonmagnum and magnum K-frames, andthe bottom of the full-lugged barrel
would join the frame just slightly below
the flat face milled to receive it. I had
been looking for a .32 S&W Long Kframe revolver for many years and was
hot-n-lathered up to get going on the
project, so I told him to go ahead anddo it with the parts I had on hand. As aresult of my choices, this revolver hasa couple of cosmetic flaws (Dave was
Custom K-32 is very accurate with wadcutters.
right, it would have been better tostart off with a Model 19), but the bottom line is that Dave built a work of art
with this gun, and it shoots extremely well! When paper-punching is on theagenda, I load this gun with the H&G #66 98 grain wadcutter, sized .312” andlubed with homemade Moly lube, over 2.0 grains of Bullseye. I don’t recall everchronographing this load (Why bother for a bullseye load? It’s going fastenough to punch its way through paper!), but I would guess that it’s goingsomewhere around 700 fps. This is a very accurate load, and does a good job
on small game and small vermin as well.
Another line of reasoning holds that larger caliber bullets cut larger holes
in the target and therefore, for the same shot placement, have a greater
chance of cutting a higher scoring ring and getting the shooter a few extra
points over the course of a match. This line of thinking assumes that theshooter is capable of shooting the large caliber sidearm just as accurately as
the smaller caliber (as a general statement, most shooters shoot higher scoreswith the smaller guns). However, that being said, it’s not at all unusual for amatch to be decided by a 1 or 2 points (or 1 or 2 X’s), and many times I haveseen how one or two shots on the losing target could have made up the
difference if they had just been made by a larger caliber bullet, so you have towonder...

Model 1950 Target .44 Specials.

When I’m in this mindset andwant to shoot a larger caliber for thecenterfire stage (and I’m not trying torattle somebody’s cage by shooting a“cowboy gun“), I pull out a very
special revolver, and one that wasliterally made for the bullseye game -a 6 1/2” S&W Model 1950 Target in.44 Special, fitted with thumb-resttarget stocks. For bullseye shooting,with the .44 Special, my favorite load
is the Lyman/Ideal 429421 loaded
over 6.5 grains of Unique for rightaround 750 fps. This mild load isextremely accurate.

While the 1911 is a fine gun, and one of my personal favorites, I am atheart a revolver man. And let’s please keep in mind that the game of bullseye158was invented for the revolver, before there were any semi-automatic handguns
to compete with! Given the admirable track record that the .38 wadcutter has
amassed over the years I felt that it only made sense to try shooting a .45 Colt
N-frame loaded with fullwad-cutters for the .45
stage. Dave Ewer built one
for me by re-chambering andre-barreling a Model 29, tohave tight .480” chambers
and tight .452” throats. It
was fitted with a Partridge
front sight and a wide target
trigger and target hammer. I
The .45 Colt in full target dress.
have moulds for several .45
caliber wadcutters, but the load that I have used for such activities is NEI 225
grain wadcutter, sized .452” and loaded over modest charge of Winchester 231
for around 700 fps.
Of course you can’t talk about bullseye competition without talking about
the venerable 1911! Perhaps the all-time favorite cast bullet for bullseyeshooting in the 1911 is the H&G #68, a 200 grain SWC with a long nose forsmooth feeding. I have shot a number of bullseye matches with the H&G #68,
and it is a fine, accurate bullet. But this chapter is about favorites, and if I wereforced to pick a favorite it would be the Lyman 452460, also a 200 grain SWC.
Some people report having problems with the shorter nose of the 452460
leading to feeding problems, but I’ve never had any such problems in any of my1911s. My favorite bullseye load is the 452460 over 4.0 grains of Bullseye forabout 725 fps. This is a very accurate load, and one that will cycle every 1911
I‘ve tried it in; yes, even the ones with the GI recoil springs.
Years ago, I wanted to build up a 1911 specifically for bullseyecompetition. Because I was working on a limited budget, I started off with anaffordable Model 1927 Argentine, oneof the guns that Colt made undercontract with the Argentine
government. I tightened theframe/slide fit, and fit a Bar-Sto
National Match barrel and NM
bushing. I replaced the trigger,
hammer, sear, mainspring andmainspring housing. Dave Ewer
milled the slide down and mounted a
Bo-Mar rear sight, along with a
The Argentine 1927 bullseye gun.
Partridge blade of suitable height.
Everything came together quite
nicely, and this gun is both highly reliable and very accurate. When it was all
said and done, putting this gun together was a really fun project, as well as
surprisingly affordable (compared to what competition 1911s can run). This gun
gets fed a steady diet of the 452460 over 4.0 grains of Bullseye.

159

Silhouette
Dynamic targets are always fun, and if you get a target that not only
moves around or falls down, but also rings like a church bell, what more canyou ask for?! Such is the allure of silhouetting. The standard IHMSA course offire is two banks of 5 each of chickens, pigs, turkeys and rams at 50, 100, 150
and 200 meters, respectively. Scoring is simple, if it falls down it counts, if it
doesn’t fall down, it doesn’t. For an iron-sighted sixgun, it takes a pretty flat
trajectory and lots of downrange momentum to knock those rams down at 200
meters. The .357 Magnum was accurate enough and flat-shooting enough, butjust didn’t have the gumption to knock over the full-footed rams that were usedin the early days of silhouette competition (“full-footed” meaning the entire“foot” of the steel target was on the railroad tie base; later on otherconventions were adopted in terms of target placement). This led to thedevelopment of new wildcat cartridges (e.g. the .357 Maximum) and the use oflarger magnum handguns (like the .41 and .44 Magnums). Being a student ofother people’s experimentation, I have followed
their lead.
The .357 Maximum was originallydeveloped by Elgin Gates with the specific goalof knocking down stubborn steel rams. Guns
were made by Ruger, Dan Wesson and others,
and the cartridge was immensely successful atachieving its intended goals. Paranoia
The .357 Maximum is a fine castsurrounding the issue of top-strap cutting
bullet load for IHMSA.
ultimately deflated the surge in popularity thatthe .357 Maximum briefly enjoyed, and the cartridge has been left for dead. ‘Tisa pity, because for hammerin’ steel the .357 Max is a real peach. When distantsteel targets are on the agenda, my favorite load is the Saeco #395 200 grain
GC truncated cone bullet over 19.5 grains of 4227. I use the CCI 450 Small
Rifle Magnum primer for this load because it gives me better uniformity andaccuracy (small rifle primers are recommended for the .357 Max due to thepressures the cartridge develops). This load delivers 1570 fps from my 7 1/2”
Ruger SBH and excellent accuracy. It is remarkably flat-shooting, and delivers asolid punch at 200 yards. Just like it was designed to do.
Another favorite of mine for ringin’steel is the .41 Magnum. I have a S&W
Model 657 Classic Hunter that absolutely
dotes on the Lyman 410459 SWC over21.0 grains of Winchester 296 (almost
1400 fps). It is very accurate, and theskinny nose of the 410459 makes for anice, flat-shooting load.
Bowling pins
Bowling pins are fun to shoot! But
they can be stubborn about leaving thetable if hit around the edges, or hit withinsufficient momentum, so an accurate handgun, with good sights and a certain
amount of thump is required to play this game (.38 Special and 9mm are
generally considered too light; .40 S&W and .357 Magnum are rounds that start
150 meter 1/2 scale turkey silhouette 5
shot group. Freedom Arms 10" 41 Mag
scoped w/Burris 10X, from the bench.

160

to get a bowling pin's attention). Too much power can mean that recoil
recovery time starts to eat up precious tenths of second, so cartridge selection
is worth giving some careful consideration to (a .44 Magnum is very effective at
sweeping pins off the table, but the heavy recoil tends to slow down follow up
shots). A shooter's time is very important in pin-shooting, and since stages arecommonly set up to require a reload in the middle, being able to recharge one's
handgun quickly is obviously a significant advantage. The .45 ACP is popular for
pin-shooting, both in 1911 form and in the S&W N-frame, where the full-moon
clips amount to built in speed-loaders. The .45 ACP provides adequate power tosweep the pin off the table, yet has moderate enough recoil to be controllable
for fast recoil recovery. A variety of accouterments (ports, muzzle-brakes, fulllugs, etc.) were devised to help with recoil recovery and facilitate faster followup shots on "pin guns". Around 1990, a new revolver came on the scene thatwas destined to pound pins. It was the S&W 610, a stainless steel 10mm
revolver. As a result of being built for a rimless semi-auto cartridge, it wasloaded with full-moon clips. It had a non-fluted cylinder and a full-lugged barrel
to keep weight up, and make the modest recoil of the 10mm cartridge evenmore controllable. The chambers and throats of the 610 were cut with great
precision, and held to tighter than usual tolerances, making them exceptionallyaccurate revolvers. And it had the fine sights and action of the S&W N-frame.
The 610 was born to bowl!
Flat-nosed bullets arethought to be better for pin
shooting as they "grab" the slick,rounded surface of the pin for
better momentum transfer.
Round nosed bullets, eventhough they facilitate speedloading, glance off to the side
too easily and tend to knock pinsover, but just leave themS&W 610 makes a good bowling pin gun when loaded
spinning on the table (andwith the Lee 175 grain truncated cone.
remember, if the pin doesn't
leave the table, it doesn't count!). As a result, the truncated cone bullet design
tends to be popular in this form of competition (smooth ogive for speedloading, flat meplat for momentum transfer). The gun that I own that is bestsuited for bowling pins these days is a 4" S&W 610. It has a wide, smooth
trigger for fast double action work, and a black Baughman front ramp to standout nicely against the white enamel coat of the bowling pin. My favorite load forthis kind of shooting is the Lee 175 grain truncated cone, cast of WW alloy andsized .401", loaded over 10.0 grains of HS-7 for right at 1100 fps. The Lee 6cavity mould makes a pile of bullets in a hurry, and the simple form of thetruncated cone design allows the bullets to drop free of the mould with ease.
PPC

I don't shoot formal PPC competition because I'm not a law enforcement
officer, but I have a number of friends who do, and do quite well at it (so I hear
about their matches all the time). On occasion I have set up some impromptu
courses just to run through the paces and see what it's like. Several years ago I
got lucky and was able to pick up a first-class PPC revolver for a very friendly
price when a dealer was clearancing his remaining inventory. This gun was161made by Spokhandguns, and is based on the S&W 681. It is a switch barrel gun(like a Dan Wesson) with a heavy shroud and a full-length rib. The barrel that it
currently wears is a 6" Douglas Air-gauge barrel. The full-length rib was madeby Aristocrat, and is topped off with some excellent target sights. Dave Ewer(the honcho behind Spokhandguns) worked this action over with his usual
golden touch, and both double and single action is light and smooth. This gun ispure joy to shoot!
Mostly I just plink with this gun, and occasionally shoot a few varmints.
On these occasions, it generally gets loaded with various .38 Special SWC and
HP loads, whatever I'm playing with at the moment. But when I break this gun
out in a "PPC frame of mind", this gun gets loaded with .38 Special ammo
loaded with the Lee 38-158RF cowboy bullet over 4.2 grains of Bullseye forabout 900 fps. I use this bullet for several reasons. Firstly, the rounded ogive of
this bullet allows for smooth reloads using speed-loaders (the SWC shoulder
gets hung up entering the chambers and slows things down). Secondly, it's avery accurate bullet, so I know if I miss, it's my fault. Thirdly, this is a 6-cavity
mould, so I can cast a lot of bullets in short order, making this practice easy to
prepare for. And lastly, this is the only load I use this bullet for in .38 Special,making the ammo easy to identify.
Hunting Bullets and Loads

Edible small gameIf there is a finer way tohunt small game than with a.32 caliber revolver, I don‘tknow what it is. The .32s haveadequate power to cleanly
dispatch rabbits and squirrels,
but they are not so powerfulthat they destroy lots of meat(and you’re not starting off
Wadcutter loads in the .32 S&W Long make a greatwith all that much to begin
combination for small game.
with!). The .32s tend to bevery accurate, and easy to shoot. They are cheap to reload, and they are highly
amenable to shooting cast bullets.
When shooting up into the treetops for bushytails, my favorite is to use a.32 caliber revolver shooting Type III wadcutter loads (i.e. where the bullet isseated out of the case to standard SWC seating depth). This allows the bullet tobe launched at reasonable hunting velocities, while still keeping pressuresmodest. The bullet I use for these loads is the Lyman 313492 88 grain
wadcutter over 2.6 grains of Red Dot for 965 fps. This load kills squirrels
cleanly, doesn't tear up a lot of meat, and if you miss the bullet quickly starts totumble, and loses velocity quickly. This is a very accurate load, and one thatanchors small game very effectively at moderate ranges.
The RCBS 32 caliber 90 grain cowboy mould is another personal favorite
for small game. I also load this one up over 2.6 grains of Red Dot for a little
over 950 fps. This is a flat-shooting load and one that will reach out nicely to 50
yards or so. An excellent first ingredient for Brunswick stew. If I want to reachout farther than that, then I favor the RCBS .32 caliber 98 grain SWC in the .32
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H&R Magnum. My favorite load for this combination is 6.5 grains of AccurateArms #7 for 1100 fps out of a 6” S&W Model 16. This load will anchor small
game with authority out to at least 85 yards. It is starting to get a little
destructive for edible small game, but not too bad.
There’s more to hunting than just seeing and shooting critters. Somedays I want to go back in time and reminisce -- think about old friends, oldmemories, simpler and more innocent times. There is no reason to give up
performance just for nostalgia’s sake though! In times like these, my favorite
small game gun is Hal Swiggett’s 1930s vintage 5” M&P chambered in .32-20. I
load this gun with the Cramer #52D 93 grain SWC cast of WW alloy, sized .314”
and lubed with homemade Moly lube and loaded over 6.5 grains of HS-6,
sparked with a CCI 550 primer for
right at 1000 fps. This is a very
accurate load, and one that does afine job on small game (and does
it with a lot of “old school”
charm!).
Varmints
For varmint shooting we’re
not concerned with limiting meat
Old school small game revolver, the 5" M&P .32-20.
damage, and in fact dramatic
expansion is desirable to ensure humane results from any “hits around edges”.
As a result, for varmint loads I strongly favor cast HP’s, most often at fairly highvelocity. The enhanced performance provided by the cast HP also allows theseloads to be used effectively for somewhat larger vermin (skunks, coyotes, jackrabbits, rock chucks, etc.).
A few years back I built
a .25 Hornet on an Old Model
Ruger Blackhawk. My dearfriend Rob Applegate had
given me a take-off barrel
from a Ruger 77 .25-06 (witha 1 in 10” twist), and I had
taken a chunk of this barrel
and turned it down to fit an
The .25 Hornet loaded with the Lyman 257420 HP makes
OMBH that I bought for thea fine varminter.
project. One of Hamilton
Bowen’s cylinders was re-chambered with a reamer from Dave Manson. Bullets
are sized .258” and the gun is capable of excellent accuracy. My favorite
varmint load is the 257420 GC-HP over 6.0 grains of HS-6 for right at 1600 fps,
and this load will put 5 shots into less than an inch at 25 yards. This load
produces very little recoil, and shoots amazingly flat. This dainty little bullet
expands very well at this speed. All in all, an excellent (and economical)
varmint loads.
When the .30 Carbine Ruger Blackhawk came out, my first response wasbasically, “Why?”. It was being sold as a plinker for those guys that wanted toshoot milsurp ammo. Well, if somebody wanted to play “roll the can” with cheap
163

ammo, why not .22, or .38 Special? Why go with a cartridge that is going to
generate belligerent muzzle blast and extreme velocity that basically offers noadvantage to the plinker? It just didn’t make sense to me (still doesn’t, in fact).
Then I started casting bullets, and more importantly, I started casting hollowpointed bullets. The .30 Carbine Ruger Blackhawk loaded with cast HP’s is awhole ‘nother beast! The velocity, accuracy and muzzle blast are still there, but
now instead of a .30 caliber FMJ round nose sneaking its way through the ribsof yonder ground squirrel, there is an explosion of flesh and lead that has to be
seen to be believed. My favorite bullet for the .30 Carbine is the Lyman.311316
GC-HP, sized .311” (I have polished out the throats on my revolver to .310”)
and loaded over 12.5
grains of either AccurateArms #9 or 2400, either ofwhich produces around1500 fps and excellent
accuracy. Since this gun
headspaces on the casemouth, it is important totaper crimp these loads
lightly (a roll crimp or a
The .30 Carbine Ruger Blackhawk, when loaded with cast HP
severe taper crimp willbullets, is an amazing varmint gun!
cause misfires). .30
Carbine brass is very strong and will provide many years of service with theseloads.
When varmint
hunting with a handgun,
can it really get any better
than with a .357 Magnum?
After many years of
researching the answer tothat question, I have cometo the conclusion that it ishighly doubtful (but I'm
When the .357 Magnum is loaded with cast HP’s, like the Keithalways willing to do moreHP, varmints beware!
research!). There aremany excellent bullets for varmint hunting in the .357 Magnum, but my favoriteis the Lyman/Ideal 357439. This is the HP version for the 358429 SWC that
Elmer Keith designed back in 1928. He suggested that its shocking power could
be greatly enhanced by adding a HP cavity, and a couple of his friends thought
this sounded like a good idea and had Lyman/Ideal make moulds for this new
design. It was given its own number designation of 358439, and became a very
popular bullet. For use in the .357 Magnum, I generally cast this bullet to a BHNof about 12 or 13, where it weighs about 154 grains. I size it .358” and load it
over 14.0 grains of 2400, which generates 1350-1400 fps (depending on thegun). At this speed, this bullet is violently explosive, even out at 100 yards ormore. The biggest critter I’ve personally shot with this bullet has been a big
Montana jack rabbit, but I would have no qualms about using this load on
coyotes, or badgers. My fondness for this bullet is due to two factors. The first
factor is its performance - the ease with which accurate loads can be assembled
and the violent expansion it delivers when it gets to where it’s going. The
164

second factor is its history -- the fact the Elmer Keith designed it and it was oneof the bullets he used in his .38/44 loads (the mere mention of which conjures
images of Lemhi Valley jack rabbits...). These two factors are also reflected inanother .357 Magnum favorite, the H&G #51 HP. After many years ofsearching, I finally was able to buy a bullet mould for the H&G #51. This is the
146 grain HP that Phil Sharpe designed for his work developing the original load
data for the .357 Magnum (along with the corresponding SWC). He
commissioned George Hensley to make the moulds, and both were found todeliver superlative performance in the first magnum handgun. I generally load
the 146 grain Sharpe HP over 15.0 grains of 2400 for 1600 fps (from an 8 3/8”
barrel) and expansion is truly explosive at this speed! The Keith bullet is toolong to fit in some .357 cylinders (like the N-frame), but it fits just fine in the
newer K-and L-frame 357s. The H&G #51 fits in all .357 cylinders. It is mucheasier to find a Lyman 358439 than it is to find a H&G #51 HP, but both are
outstanding varmint bullets, and both are important landmarks in the history of
handgun performance.
The .38 Special isanother of my favorite
varmint cartridges. Onceagain there are many
excellent bullets for the .38
special, and many of them
are favorites in one way or
another, but overall I would
say that my favorite
Long-barreled S&W Model 14 makes a fine varminter with thevarmint bullet for the .38
Lyman 358477 HP.
Special would be the 140
grain Lyman 358477 HP. For the .38 Special, I cast these bullets fairly soft, outof range scrap that has a BHN of about 7.5 to 8, and load them over 4.5 grainof Bullseye for about 950-1000 fps (depending on barrel length). Cast this soft,these bullets expand nicely at this speed; not explosively, but they domushroom well. An excellent load for ground squirrels, prairie dogs and the like.
A sentimental favorite of mine in .38
Special is Elmer Keith’s 154 grain Lyman/Ideal
358439, also cast from range scrap to a BHNof about 8, and loaded over 8.5 grains of HS-7.
This is a +P load (the data in the Hodgdon
manual suggests that this load generates
around 19,000 CUP peak pressure), anddelivers about 1050 fps from a 6” revolver, andis very accurate. This load was inspired by theso-called “FBI Load” and has proven itself tome time and time again on all manner ofvermin. This is one of my all-time favorite
jackrabbit loads.

5-screw K38 Masterpiece loaded with
the Keith HP (Ideal 358439) performs
superbly.

Little guns make good verminators too! The .32 H&R is a fine little varmint
load, especially when loaded with the Lyman/Ideal 31133, the HP version of thetimeless 3118, originally developed for the .32-20. This bullet drops from the165blocks at about 108 grains when cast soft.
Sized .312” and loaded over 6.5 grains of
Accurate Arms #7 (1100 fps), I can shootthis little varminter all day long and get noleading at all. Performance? Outstanding!
This load has made dramatic impacts onvermin out to 85 yards, and more (toodestructive for edible small game though).
The Herter’s .401 Powermag is alittle-known and under appreciatedcartridge. It’s basically the same cartridgeas the wildcats put together by “Pop”
Eimer and Gordon Boser(in the 1920s and 1930s, respectively). It was broughtout by Herter’s in the early 1960s in their large framed single-action revolver(made under contract by Sauer and Sohne in Germany). It is basically a.40
caliber version of the .41 Magnum, and as such, it is an excellent round forthe handgun hunter. I have beenworking with the .401 Powermag forseveral years now, and my favorite
varmint load for it is the old
Lyman/Ideal 40388 HP (originallydesigned by Douglas Sorenson back in1950 for the .38-40) loaded over 20.0
grains of Accurate Arms #9 for 1610
fps. This load is very accurate (5 shots
The Herter’s .401 Powermag loaded with the
Ideal 40388 at 1600 fps makes an explosive
into about 1 1/8” at 25 yards) andvarmint package.
leaves no leading behind (I know, I
was surprised too). What this 165
grain HP does at 1600 fps has to be seen to be believed!
S&W Model 16 .32 H&R Magnum
loaded with the Ideal 31133 HP isexcellent rodent medicine.

I am very fond of the .44 Special
cartridge. It is a very well-balanced
cartridge that delivers a very useful level ofpower in a classy and controllable package.
Friend John Taffin even went so far as tolabel it as being the Cartridge of the Century(that would be the 20th century), and I
must admit that I tend to agree with him.
The .44 Special is an excellent round forvarmint hunting on sunny summer
afternoons, and I have burnt much powder.44 Special with 429421 HP and 4” Modelin such pursuits. Generally speaking, my1950 Target and ground squirrels.
favorite load for these strolls through themountains in search of ground squirrels is
the Lyman 429421 SWC over 10.0 grains of HS-6 for about 950 fps (dependingon barrel length). Sometimes a rodent will hide behind a log or stump and justpeer out over the top to watch the hunter make his approach. The 429421 at
950-1000 fps has the gumption to just punch right through these sun-bleachedlogs and nail the varmint hiding behind them. I also use this powder charge
when shooting the 429421 HP. For the HP loads, I cast them soft (BHN ofaround 8, using either range scrap or 1:1 WW to lead) and they expand
166moderately well at 950-1000 fps.
The .45 Colt is a grand old varmint cartridge! I have shot many, manydifferent bullets out of various .45 Colt sidearms, and for varmint hunting thewide flat meplat of the Keith SWC cannot be improved upon in my estimation. I
am partial to Elmer Keith’s original SWC design for both sentimental andpractical reasons. While I do have an early Lyman/Ideal 454424 that drops abullet to Elmer’s original specifications, it is a single cavity mould andproduction is slow (I do break it out and cast with it every so often though,when the mood strikes me to shoot “the real thing”). Mr. Keith wasn’t happy
with the changes that Lyman made to his mould designs, and so in theearly1960s he went to H&G and had them re-create his original SWC designs,
with a few added refinements (like increasing the bevel on the grease grooves,and adding filets to the bottoms of the grease grooves, etc.). The original
design criteria were still there -- the three equal width driving bands, the flatbottomed grease grooves, the beveled crimp groove, the radiused ogive and big
flat meplat -- the H&G bullets were Keith SWC's through and through. Yearsago, I was able to pick up an 8-cavity H&G #501, and once this behemoth gets
warmed up it generates a mountain of Keithbullets in hurry! My favorite load forvarminting is 9.0 grains of Universal Claysfor a little over 900 fps (again, depending on
barrel length).
Generally speaking, I don’t care to gochasing my brass through the weeds, butevery so often I just get a hankerin’ to go
varmint hunting with the grand old 1911.
The Keith SWC (Lyman 454424) makes
The .45 ACP makes a dandy varmint round,an excellent varmint load in the .45
especially when loaded with cast HP’s.
Colt.
Lyman’s 452374 HP (the .45 Devastator HP)
cycles through my 1911s very nicely and shoots quite well. I generally castthese 185 grain bullets to a BHN of about 8 with range scrap and load themover 7.5 grains of Unique. This load delivers right at 1100 fps, and gives very
good accuracy. I use a similar load
assembled using the 452460 HP thatwas described in an earlier chapter. For
both of these loads expansion is
excellent! These bullets hammer groundsquirrels and jack rabbits, and would bejust the ticket for Javelina, and similar
sized game.
Medium Game
These are some my favorite loads
that I've hunted deer and hogs with
The Lyman 452460 HP makes a dandy varmint
over the years, and enjoyed. My
bullet in the .45 ACP.
philosophy here is simple -- medium to large caliber cast HP’s or Keith SWC's atdecent velocity (1100-1600 fps), with a bullet weight generally in the range of
200-250 grains. Since most serious hunting loads will shoot through a deer, oneof my primary interests here is getting good expansion to make the woundchannel wider.
167

I’m going to start off with a personal favorite,
the .338 GEF, a wildcat that I put together with thehelp of J. D. Jones back in 1993, based on the .356
Winchester case. From a 12” Contender, it will
comfortably shoot 200 grain jacketed bullets (mostnotably the Nosler Ballistic Tip) at 2100 fps and 250
grain Partitions at 1900+ fps. I’ve shot hogs,
antelope, whitetail and mule deer, and a Corsican
ram with the .338 GEF Contender, as well as awhole pile of vermin (varminting is a great way to
fire-form brass!), and I’ve been completely satisfied
with its performance. This cartridge was originallyenvisioned as a jacketed bullet wildcat, but in more
recent years, I’ve been more interested in shootingThis tasty little meat hog fell tocast bullets, so the transition was quite natural.
a Lyman 33889 HP at 1600
After playing around with a variety of cast bullets infps.
the .338 GEF, I have settled on my favorite, theLyman 33889 HP. I have gotten my best cast bullet accuracy in this cartridge
using very slow powders. For the 238 grain Lyman 33889 HP, I use 46.5 grainsof H4831 to generate right at 1600 fps, a very useful velocity for a cast HP.
Expansion is excellent at this speed and it punches right on through the otherside, even on thick-skinned hogs. This is an excellent bullet!
The 429421 SWC has been a standard by which other handgun bullets
have been judged against for many years, and it was among the first handgun
bullets I ever cast. It was several years later that I cast my first 429421 HP, but
I had been fascinated with that bullet ever since I first saw that picture (in“Sixguns”, on page 240) of that perfect mushroom that Elmer Keith recoveredfrom under the far-side hide of a mule deer. Both the 429421 SWC and HP havebeen personal favorites of mine for many years. Over the years, I have shot(and seen shot) a large number of animals of all different sizes, shapes andvarieties, that were shot with the Lyman/Ideal 429421 SWC and HP. From
prairie dogs, up through mule deer, big hogs and elk, Elmer Keith’s design has
made short work of them all. But instead of telling one of my hunting stories
here, I’m going to share one of my friend’s hunting stories because it showcases what this remarkable bullet is really capable of. Years ago, I sent a batchof 429421 HP’s to my respected friend John Taffin, as a way of saying “Thankyou.” You see, several years earlier he had dug through his extensive archive ofhandloading articles and dug out some early references on casting HP bullets
that dated back to the 1930s and 1940s and sent them to me. These references
really helped me to understand the important role that tin plays in themalleability of bullet metal, and why tin is important to cast HPs. These
references also laid a solid foundation for which alloys were suitable for which
velocity ranges, so I was very quickly able to improve upon the very good bullet
performance that I was already getting from cast HP’s. John is a very graciousman. In any event, I sent him some 429421 HP’s as a token of gratitude. I
know how much John loves to hunt with his .44 Specials, so I cast these bullets
with 20-to-1 alloy, tailoring them for excellent expansion at 1200 fps (theapproximate velocity of “the Keith Load“). I sent them to him unsized, so thathe could size and lube them to his preference. A little while later I got a polite
note in return, thanking me for the bullets. Some time later, I got an e-mail168

from John extolling the virtues of the 429421 HP and telling me what aremarkable killer it was. He had just gotten back from a hunting trip where he
had the opportunity to take two very large wild boars (650 and 550 lbs). He
had shot them with a Texas Longhorn Arms 7 1/2” .44 Special, loaded with the
20-to-1 429421 HP’s over 17.0 grains of 2400 (1200+ fps). He had “doubletapped” each of these boars (John is fast with a single-action!), and both of theanimals had dropped quickly. All of his shots were in the heart/lung area, and ineach case one of the shots had exited, and one had remained inside the hog.
John said that the recovered bullets were beautiful little mushrooms, and thatthe bullets had lost very little weight. The wound channels of all of the shots
made it obvious why the big boars went down so quickly. Pictures of John withthese two monster boars can be found on page 69 of his excellent book “Single
Action Sixguns” (highly recommended reading!). Pigskin on hogs of this size isvery thick, and to be honest with you, I’m surprised that any of his shots exited
after traveling through thick-muscled boars of this size. But they did! You just
can’t argue with the facts. It’s results like this that cause me to scratch myhead when somebody tells me that they need to hunt with some “Ubermagnum” loaded with 300+ grain hard-cast bullets loaded to 1500 fps to makesure that they get “enough penetration” to kill a deer. If the .44 Special, loadedwith a soft 429421 HP at 1200 fps is capable of penetrating completely througha 650 lb boar hog, then you can rest assured that penetration will be more thanadequate to kill a thin-skinned deer weighing 1/3 of that (or less). In my
experience, the Keith HP’s (and obviously the SWC's too) will reliably exit deeron broadside shots when fired at 1200-1400 fps, and the HP expansion makes
for a wider wound channel that kills quickly. In the .44 Special, my favorite
hunting load for medium game is the same one that John was using -- the429421 HP cast to a BHN of about 8, loaded over 17.0 grains of 2400 for a little
over 1200 fps. This is a very accurate load, that hits hard and penetrates well. I
have a very special revolver built up by Dave Ewer, with this load in mind -- thestarting gun was a stainless steel New Model Blackhawk .357 Magnum, that here-chambered the cylinder to .44 Special and fitted a 7 1/2” barrel. This gun is
exquisitely accurate, and being a large-framed Ruger, it handles the pressuresof the Keith load (which has been measured at 34,000 CUP) without any
problems at all. I also like this load with the Lyman 429251 round-nosed HP,
and have gotten similar performance on large hogs as Taffin did with the429421 HP.
The .44 Magnum occupies the same niche in the handgun hunter’sbattery that the .30-06 does in the rifleman’s battery -- that of the tried andtrue workhorse that delivers the goods with a reliability that borders on themonotonous. It may not be flashy, but it’s effective. I like the .44 Magnum. One
of my favorite loads for the .44 Magnum is 23.5 grains of Winchester 296 and a
CCI 350 primer underneath the Lyman/Ideal 429421, in either SWC or HP form.
This load delivers about 1400 fps and very good accuracy. Like Elmer, I prefer
the original version of his bullet, with the full-width forward driving band andthe flat-bottomed grease groove. Lyman’s newer version, with the smaller
forward driving band and the rounded grease groove, shoots just fine and will
kill deer just as dead, it’s just that Elmer’s original version appeals to my senseof aesthetics and nostalgia more directly. The .44 Magnum round loaded withan original Keith SWC just looks right. For the 429421 SWC, I generally castthese up a little harder than WW alloy, to a BHN of maybe 13-14, or sometimes
169just use WW alloy and water quench them from the mould (which for my WW
alloy gives me about BHN of about 16 or so). Prepared thusly, this ammunition
provides outstanding penetration (I have yet to recover one from an animal).
When deer-sized game is on the agenda, I
really like to hunt with the 429421 HP. Whenloading for the .44 Magnum, I generally castthis up to a BHN ofabout 12-13. WWalloy will work justfine for this bullet at
this speed, but willlead to some
.44 Special, the Keith SWC (#429421),
fragmentation at
1000 fps, an excellent all-round field
full-throttle Magnum
load.
velocities (not that
this is really a problem with deer-sized game as thebullet’s base will generally still penetrate and exit). I
Excellent expansion andlike to add a little tin to offset this behavior and topenetration from the 429251
HP at 1200 fps.
help the cast HP to mushroom more smoothly. My
other favorite load for the .44 Magnum is the 300
grain HP from the RCBS 44-300-SWC mould I had Erik Ohlen modify for me. I
load this bullet over 21.0 grains of W296 and spark it with a CCI 350 primer, togive 1300-1400 fps (depending on the barrel length). I generally cast thesebullets to a BHN of about 12-13 and they have proven themselves to be very
effective at killing hogs very quickly.
The .41 Magnum
is kind if the “redheaded step-child” ofthe handgun hunting
clan, but it isnonetheless an
excellent round for
hunting deer andhogs. Hands down,
The S&W 657 .41 Magnum loaded
my favorite deerwith
the Lyman 410459 HP is a fineThe 429421 HP is a finehunting bullet for the
combination for deer.
hunting bullet in the .44.41 Magnum is theMagnum.
410459 HP that was described in an earlier chapter. I
really like how quickly this bullet kills deer, as well as the relative lack ofbloodshot meat. I load it over 21.0 grains of Winchester 296 and a CCI 350
primer for 1350-1400 fps. This load is flat-shooting and does a fine job withdeer.
The .45 Colt loaded with the Keith SWC is an excellent hunting
combination no matter how you look at it. Elmer’s concepts were originallycaptured in the Lyman/Ideal 454424, but as discussed earlier in this chapter, I
most often cast this bullet using the H&G #501 gang-mould these days. There
are a large number of capable hunting loads employing this bullet in the.45
Colt cartridge, assembled with a whole host of different powders. In this case,picking a personal favorite is tough to do, because so many of these170

combinations offer such topnotch performance. I havehunted with this bullet loaded
over Red Dot, Winchester 231,
Unique, Universal Clays, HS-6,
HS-7, 2400, H110 and
Winchester 296 (and probably a
few others that slip my memory
at the moment). If forced to pick
The Ruger Bisley Blackhawk .45 Colt is an outstanding
a single favorite for hunting
hunting revolver.
deer, I would probably have togo with a “Blackhawk only” load of 26.0 grains of Winchester 296 with a CCI
350 primer. This load produces 1400 fps from a 7 1/2” Ruger Blackhawk, and is
exceptionally accurate. I size the bullets .452” and lube them with homemade
Moly lube. This load hits hard, and kills quickly.
Another favorite in
the .45 Colt is the 454424
HP, cast soft (BHN about8), loaded over 14.0 grainsof HS-7, once again
sparked with the CCI 350
primer (standard primers
work just fine with thisload, it’s just that I’ve foundthat the magnum primer
The S&W 25-5 is a fine deer gun when loaded with the Keith
provides much better
HP (Lyman 454424 HP).
uniformity in cold weather,and since this is a hunting load, and hunting season can be cold, I use themagnum primer). This load generates 1050-1100 fps (depending on barrel
length), at surprisingly modest pressures. This is my favorite hunting load for
my S&W .45 Colt revolvers, in particular my 8 3/8” Model 25-5. From thelonger barrel, this load gives right at 1100 fps and very good accuracy, and thesoft HP expands nicely at this speed. I am also fond of this powder charge
underneath the Lyman 454190 HP, cast soft and assembled similarly. I also likethe “Keith load” of 18.5 grains of 2400 with the 454424 HP. This combination
generates around 1100 fps and exquisite accuracy.
Big Game
When the critters get large (like elk and buffalo) heavy cast bullet loads
can inspire real confidence. Once again, my philosophy is simple -- large
caliber, heavy cast flat-pointed bullets and good velocity (1100-1900 fps). For
these loads I generally prefer bullets .40 caliber and larger, and bullet weightsof 300 grains and up. My primary motivation here is to get bullet weight/
momentum up to maximize penetration, making the deepest possible woundchannel and increasing the probability of the bullet exiting the far side of theanimal.
The Keith SWC (Lyman/Ideal 429421) at 1400 fps is a dandy elk load,
but generally speaking when I’m going out after anything over about 400 lbs, I
reach for a bullet that is somewhat heavier. A landmark in terms of handgun
hunting heavy bullet designs is the SSK 320 grain designed by J. D. Jones of171

SSK Industries for the .44 Mangum. These moulds were made by NEI, and J. D.
went on to design a whole series of bullet designs for the handgun hunter. The
320 grain SSK bullet has been used to kill all manner of big game, including
Cape buffalo, the big bears and elephant, all out of .44 Magnum revolvers. J. D.
likes to test guns, cartridges and bullets, particularly by traveling to exotic
locations and shooting big critters. It’s tough, hard, nasty work, but hesomehow manages to suffer through it. The story goes that J.D. was testing abunch of different cast bullet designs (including the Keith SWC) and found thatwhen he recovered these bullets from large thick-skinned carcasses that they
all tended to look pretty much the same -- more or less the profile of atruncated cone, with the shoulders, etc. all “wiped off” from the impact. He
figured that if that’s the way they’re going to end up, why not start them outthat way too? He had previous experience with the 9mm truncated cone bullets
and had a high opinion of them, and so that’s how he drew up his first design.
The 320 grain SSK has lots of bearing surface and lots of lube, and has beenvery accurate in all of the guns I’ve shot it in. I generally cast this bullet withwater-quenched WW alloy (BHN of around 16-18), size it .430”, and lube it withhomemade Moly lube. I load the 320 grain SSK bullet over 21.0 grains ofWinchester 296 and a CCI 350 primer for 1345 fps and excellent accuracy (thisload also works well with a number of other fine 300 grain cast bullets, like theNEI RNFP, Saeco RNFP, RCBS and Lyman SWC's, etc.). I have a 7 1/2” stainlessRuger Super Blackhawk that is my “heavy bullet gun”, with the sights zeroed
for heavy bullet loads, and the SSK bullet is the “go-to” bullet for this gun. Thisbullet has a well-established reputation for deep penetration, and killing well.
My personal favorite for the .45 Colt? Several years ago, I commissioned
Dan Lynch of Mountain Molds to make a mould for me to make a .45 caliber
RN-FP (plain-based) that weighed 325 grains and had a 73% meplat. The
mould he made for me was exactly what I had hoped for. When loaded in to .45
Colt cases over 21.0 grains of Winchester 296, and sparked with a CCI 350
primer, this bullet leaves the muzzle at 1235 fps and delivers good accuracy
from a 7 1/2” Ruger Super Blackhawk that I converted to atight-chambered, tight-throated .45 Colt. I used this load tokill a large boar that weighted over 500 lbs. One shot throughthe heart/lung region was all that it took. The 325 Mountain
Molds bullet went completely through the grizzled old boar,
slammed into the dusty slope behind him and whined off into
the distance. He was a tough ol’ boar, but slow-cooked in a
crock pot with some of my wife’s homemade tomatillo salsa he
was rather tasty!
The 454 Casull is arguably one of the best all-roundhunting handguns for big game animals, especially when they
are 500 lbs and up. The quality of Freedom Arms revolvers iswell known, and the 7 1/2” Premier grade 454 that I havelives up to this reputation. This revolver is exquisitely
accurate, and it is easily capable of shooting sub-inch groups
at 25 yards (on those days that I am up to it). My favorite bullet for the 454 is
the Lyman 452629 300 grain FP-GC cast to a BHN of about 16-18 by waterquenching either a 2:1 mixture of range scrap and linotype, or WW alloy. It is
The Mountain
Molds .45 caliber
325 grain FP used
to kill a 500+ lb
boar (45 Colt).

172important to use a fairly hard alloy withthe 454 Casull as the pressures in thiscartridge are enough to upset thebullet’s base while the ogive is startingto get engraved, and when thisoversized base hits the forcing cone it
has to get swaged back down to size.
This stresses the forcing cone, and canultimately cause damage to the gun.
Hard bullets avoid this problem. My
favorite load is 30.0 grains of H110
over the CCI 450 small rifle magnum
primer for 1650 fps and excellent
accuracy. This is the load that I used totake a buffalo from about 30 yards. I
The Freedom Arms 454 Casull loaded with theshot him twice (broadside -- shoulder,
Lyman 452629 can handle pretty muchheart and lungs) and both shots
anything.
penetrated fully and exited. He went
down quickly after the second shot. I don’t know that you can ask much morethan that of a revolver.
The .480 Ruger is another “Hammer of Thor” type handgun cartridge thatis very well-suited to the pursuit of big game. It is also very well served by castbullets, very heavy cast bullets, and therein lies its appeal to me. Having astandard-sized revolver that comfortably launches 400 grains of bullet metal atuseful velocities is something that is very interesting to me. Factory ammo forthe .480 Ruger has a 325 grain jacketed bullet traveling along at 1350 fps. For
400 grain cast bullet handloads for hunting, I generally aim for 1100-1150 fps,
even though higher velocities are possible within SAAMI pressure specs. John
Linebaugh has showed in his extensive penetration testing, that a 400 grainbullet from his .475 Linebaugh at 1100 fps will out-penetrate everything up to
the 400 grain .475 load at full throttle (1450 fps), including the 300 grain 454
Casull at 1650 fps (which, as we have already seen, will shoot through abuffalo). The cylinder walls between the chambers of the .480 Ruger are awfully
thin, and now that the .480 Ruger Super Redhawk has been dropped fromproduction, I see no reason to stress a limited edition handgun with “red-line”
type loads. 400 grains of bullet metal at 1100 fps will shoot through anything
I’m going to point it at, and will do so without stressing the gun. There areseveral good .475” bullets suitable for the .480 Ruger, but if pressed to pick afavorite at this point it would either be the RCBS 400 grain SWC, or the Lee 400
grain FP, both of which are superbly accurate over 21.0 grains of Winchester
296 (1100 fps).
Cast bullets get loaded into my big bore single-shot handguns as well.
Take, for example, my Contender .405 Winchester. This barrel started off life asa 14” .41 Magnum barrel. It has a .411” groove diameter and a 1 in 20” twist. A
quick visit with a .405 Winchester chambering reamer converted this barrel intoa very interesting, and very accurate big game gun. A few years ago, I had
Mountain Molds make a 300 grain FP-GC mould for me to fit this gun. I size
them .412” and use Hornady .416” crimp-on GCs. These bullets get loaded over
55.0 grains of H4895, which delivers right at 1900 fps from the 14” Magnaported barrel. This is an accurate, and flat-shooting load, and one that is173

capable of reaching out and hammering yon beast.
The .405 Winchester has a certain
panache to it (it was Theodore Roosevelt’s“Big Medicine” after all), but I must confessthat my personal favorite big bore Contenderis my .444 Marlin. Part of this sentimentcomes from the fact that the .444 Marlin was
my first serious big-bore Contender, part of itcomes from the fact that I learned a great
deal about how to load high-performance
cartridges in the Contender, and part of itcomes from the fact that I have burned up
literally thousands of rounds in load
development working with the .444 Marlin
Contender, and so I have a very good feel for
The Mountainwhat the gun and cartridge are capable of. It
The Mountain
Molds 300 grain
is an old friend. I am also very fond of theMolds 300 grain
GC-FP in the .405
GC-FP designed.444 Marlin levergun. A few years ago, I had
Winchester is afor the .444
Mountain Molds make a mould for me thatcapable hunting
Marlinshootswould drop a 300 grain GC-FP designed
combination.
very well in both
specifically to cycle in the levergun, and to fit
the Marlin
the .444 Marlin factory throat. It shoots quite well in both thelevergun and theContender and the levergun. My current .444 Marlin Contender
T/C Contender.
barrel started off life as a 14” stainless .44 Magnum Hunterbarrel. It was re-chambered using a minimum tolerance chambering reamer,
and cut with a short throat, similar to (but not identical with) the SAMMI throat.
My favorite load for the Mountain Molds 300 grain GC-FP in the Contender is49.0 grains of H322, sparked with a Federal 215 primer. This gives 1900 fps,
and hits like a ton of bricks.
The last entry on this Favorites list is also one of the oldest -- thetimeless .45-70. This Contender is a 12” Hunter model, and was a gift froma dear friend of mine. He told me that recoil was brutal with this gun and he
was right, but there is something special about shooting a .45-70, even in a
handgun. I’ve done a fair amount of load development for this gun, and none ofit has involved jacketed bullets. If forced to pick a favorite load for this gun, thepowder charge would be easy -- 40.0 grains of Reloader 7, with a Fed 215
primer; the bullet would be a little tougher. It would be toss up between the
RCBS 45-405-GC and the Lyman 457193 (the 405 grain plain-based analog to
the RCBS bullet). I size these bullets .459” (bullets sized .458” keyhole), andlube them with homemade Moly lube. This combination delivers about 1475 fps,
and will keep 5 shots within about 1 1/2” at 50 yards (in the absence offlinching). I have absolute confidence in this load to kill anything that I will everpoint it at (and I genuinely hope to point it at Cape buffalo at some point in the
future).
So, as you can see from the fore-going discussion, casting your own
bullets can generate a whole new world of adventures for you and your favorite
handguns. It has certainly been an adventure for us!

174

The RCBS .45 405
GCFP is a very
accurate bullet in
the .45-70 ("Whilevisions of Cape
Buffalo dance intheir heads...").

The Last Word
A long time ago, Elmer Keith wrote an article entitled"The Last Word" in which he described the design andconstruction of a very special .44 Special sixgun that he called"#5". He called this gun "The Last Word" because it captured
all the features that he felt a sixgun should have. #5 fit thehand well, balanced and pointed well, had throats thatmatched the groove diameter, had excellent sights, waschambered in his favored (at that time) .44 Special cartridge,
would handle Keith's powerful loads, was very accurate evenat long range, was stylishly engraved, and was finished off
with a classic pair of carved ivory stocks. In short, it was both
functional and elegant. I have had the opportunity to inspect
Keith's #5 closely, and I can understand why he felt this way
about it; it is a very special sixgun. Was it the perfect gun forbullseye competition? Nope. Was it the perfect law
enforcement sidearm? No way. Was it the perfect concealedcarry handgun? Not a chance. Elmer Keith designed #5 to be

Elmer Keith's #5, "The Last Word" in sixguns.

an outdoorsman's tool that would be on the belt when needed and would
reliably and precisely deliver a powerful blow when called upon. He designed it
to reflect the style and character of its owner -- an outdoorsman’s tool that was
powerful, portable and elegant.
While Keith never called it "The Last Word" in cast bullets, the concept
applies to his first SWC design, the Ideal 429421, just as succinctly. The Ideal
429421 is both functional and elegant. It is a very accurate bullet that is clearly
capable of delivering the goods when called upon, and it reflects the style andcharacter of its designer. From plinking, to competition, to hunting, the 429421
can do it all. In my book, “The Last Word” in cast bullets is the Ideal 429421.
175

Appendix A:
How old is your mould?
The Original Ideal Handbook (originally published in 1888) lists both
single cavity and Armory moulds (as well as a multitude of loading tools).
Obviously, an Ideal mould cannot be older than its cherry design, so that's thestarting point for determining the age of any given mould (see attached plot ofcherry number vs. year). There have been a handful of recycled cherry
numbers (usually from old round ball numbers, but also from a few phased out
designs, like paper patched bullets), making it appear that a cherry number ismuch older than it really is. As a result, one must be careful using this mode ofanalysis, and perform various "reality checks". For example, the 31141 appears
to be a very old mould design, but GC's were not invented until 1906, after
cherry numbers were well into the 300s, indicating that cherry #41 got recycled(the original #41 was the 30841, an adjustable cylindrical mould for making
paper patched bullets). One must also ask if there were suitable guns around at
the time from which to shoot the design in question; for example the 41028
and 41032 are clearly .41 caliber pistol bullets, suitable for use in the .41
Magnum. These cherry numbers would suggest adoption well before the turn ofthe 20th century! Recall that the only re-loadable .41 caliber handguns in theearly days were the .41 Long Colt and the .41 Short Colt, both of which tookheel-type bullets, or seriously undersized hollow-base bullets. The .41 Magnum
wasn't introduced until 1964 and Lyman was well over cherry number 500 bythat point (the original #28 was the 25728, a .25 caliber round ball for gallery
shooting; the original #32 was the 31032, a heel-type bullet for the .32 Swiss
Ordinance, "For those who have any use for this bullet, we can furnish mouldfor same." states the Ideal Handbook #9, 1897). Most of the cherry numbers
assigned by Lyman/Ideal were done sequentially, making this a useful exercise,but there are exceptions that one must look out for.
Another complication is the presence of gaps
and discontinuities in the sequential assignment ofcherry numbers. An example is found with theenigmatic Lyman 410459. The Lyman 452460, 200
grain SWC for the .45 ACP, was released in theearly 1950s (cataloged in Ideal Handbook #39,
1953), and since the 410459 is the cherry number
right in front of #460, one might suppose that it too
The 41028 is an example of acame out in this timeframe. The only problem is no
recycled cherry number.
one was manufacturing a .41 caliber revolver
suitable to shoot a .410" diameter SWC from at the time. I have not been able
to find any other bullet design that was listed with cherry #459, but the 410459
was not released until 1964, concurrent with the introduction of the .41
Magnum. If one surveys the cherries in this range, most of them were rifle
designs drawn up by Guy Loverin (#'s 454, 455, 457, 462-471). Gordon Boser
had cherry numbers 452 and 453. These bullets had all been issued by the mid1950s, well before the .41 Magnum. Given the tendency of bullet designers to
get "chunks" of cherry numbers (since they would commonly come in withmultiple designs), it is possible that perhaps one of these gentlemen may havealso had the first #459, which for whatever reason didn't make it into
production. Or maybe Lyman just skipped that number for whatever reason and176then went back and used it. Cherry numbers #456 and #458 and #461 are,likewise still missing…
The 500 series cherry numbers were set
aside for experimental designs. The mostnotable of these are the Harvey Prot-X-Borezinc washer designs, but there were others,
like Harvey's experimental designs using
conventional GC's whose only bearing surface
was the forward driving band and the GC, as
many everything in between was lube
reservoir (357511 and 357512). After perhaps
a couple dozen cherries in this series, Lyman
Ideal single-cavity 3118 mould for thethen skipped to cherry numbers in the 600's.32-20 (integral handles).
(e.g. the 410610 GC-SWC for the .41 Magnum,
listed in the Lyman Handbook#44, 1967). As of this writing Lyman is currently
producing cherry numbers approaching 680.
Initially all Ideal moulds were available insingle cavity form, with fixed handles from the1880s up through the late 1920s. Exchangeable
mould blocks were first advertised in theAmerican Rifleman in 1927, and first cataloged by
Lyman/Ideal in 1931. So, if you have a fixedhandle single cavity mould, these are the dates
that likely bracket its production. For example, if
it's for mould number 3118 (cherry #8) thenthat's one of the original Ideal designs and thatmould could have been made as far back as the
1880s, or as recently as about 1930.
Originally, the single cavity detachable
mould block made by Lyman/Ideal was smooth
and un-vented. This practice was continued fromtheir introduction up through the introduction of
double cavity mould blocks in 1949. Vented
mould blocks were introduced shortly thereafter.
Originally Ideal HP moulds had no
hardware for pin retention other than friction, andLyman didn't add the keeper pin until 1940, so all
fixed handle HP moulds had no keepers, anddetachable block HP moulds without keepers weremade between 1931 and 1940. HP blocks madewith keepers and no vent lines were made during
the 1940s, while vented HP mould blocks madewith keepers were made after that. The move wasmade to using Snap-rings as HP keepers insomewhere around 1990.

Early Ideal HP moulds had no"keepers" to hold the HP pin in(e.g. the old Ideal 25727 mould
shown (top)). After 1940, Lyman
HP moulds had keeper pins tohold the HP pin in place (e.g. the454424 HP mould shown(bottom)), and after about 1990
they used a snap-ring to hold thepin in place (e.g. the 429244 HP
mould shown (center)).

Armory moulds were listed in the original Ideal Handbook (1888) andwere still cataloged up through Ideal Handbook #39, indicating that Armory177moulds were produced from the 1880s up until the early 1950s. Double cavity
mould blocks were first cataloged in 1949, and continue to be a mainstay in
the Lyman product line today. In some ways, one can think of the popular

Ideal Armory moulds were multiple cavity gangmoulds (5, 6, 7-cavities, etc.). Rugged moulds forhigh production casting.

double cavity moulds displacing theArmory moulds from Lyman's
product line. Initially these double
cavity moulds were stamped "Ideal",
but in the late 1950s this waschanged over to "Lyman".

Detachable 4 cavity mould
blocks were introduced in 1958 first
listed on the poster that came with
the Handbook of Cast Bullets. The
switch-over from stamping moulds"Ideal" to stamping them "Lyman" isthought to have occurred in
An example of a 4-cavity Ideal mould (Ideal
the1957-8 timeframe (when they358477).
changed the stamping on the tong
tools). This suggests that 4 cavity mould blocks were stamped "Ideal" for only ashort period of time, while double cavity moulds were stamped "Ideal" for about
a decade. 4-cavity moulds continue to be produced today.

A Hensley #51, made in the 1930s.

An example of an Ideal 2-cavity mould(308291).

George Hensley started making moulds in 1932, and then later teamed
up with James Gibbs in 1937. So a mould stamped "Geo. Hensley" was madebetween 1932 and 1937. Hensley & Gibbs continued production from San Diego
until 1964, so H&G moulds stamped with that location were made between
1937 and 1964. After that time, they were made in Oregon. After the company
was sold in the mid-1990s, the H&G mould designs were subsequently available
through Cast Performance in Riverton, WY.
So, how old is your mould?

178

Notes:179

Notes:180

Notes:181

Notes:182