IEEJ : July 2013

Ms. Lindiwe Mashimbye
Department of Energy
South Africa

Content
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PurposeEnergy Polices
Energy Resources
Energy Transformation, Transmission and Distribution
Energy Demand by sector
Energy and Economy
Energy and Carbon Emission

Purpose
To provide a summary of recent and topical energy policies andanalysis of the energy sector from primary resources of energy tothe final consumption of energy by the various economic sectors inSouth Africa.

Energy Policies
The Energy White Paper is the premier policy document which guides all
subsequent policies, strategies and legislation within the energy
sector. Several key energy policy documents are briefly outlined
below
 The White Paper on Energy Policy, 1998: consists of four parts:
context and objectives for energy policy; demand sectors; supply
sectors and crosscutting issues. Its objectives are to The White Paper on Renewable Energy, 2003 :provides a national
context for the White Paper on Renewable Energy by emphasising
integrated resource planning. This ensures that necessary resources
are provided to promote renewable energies.

Energy Policies
 Integrated Resource Plan, 2010:The Integrated Resource Plan(IRP2010) supersedes the Energy Security Master Plan for Electricity
which was approved by cabinet in 2001. The IRP2010 determines thedemand profile for electricity over the next 20 years and details how
this demand can be most effectively met from various resources,
such as nuclear energy, coal, gas and renewable energies.
 National Energy Act 2008:is a framework legislation whichempowers the Minister to undertake certain measures to ensure
energy security. It also serves to address gaps in existing legislationor those elements in the Energy White Paper which have not been
implemented.

Energy Policies
 Integrated Energy Planning (IEP):involves estimating how much energy
all the different consumers (e.g. industry or households) will need in the
future to deliver certain services; and then identifying a mix ofappropriate sources and forms of energy to meet these energy service
needs in the most efficient and socially beneficial manner. focuses on
the energy service needs of energy users. To meet users needs
effectively, different fuels or a mix of fuels or possibly alternative
investment in conservation or efficiency measures need to beconsidered. Energy systems analysis and subsequent policy formulation
has to manage effectively the balance required by the complex set ofinteraction between individual supply sector and wider socio‐economic,policy and environmental considerations.

Energy Policies
 National Nuclear Regulator Act, 1999:The aim of National Nuclear
Regulator Act,1999 (Act No.47 of 1999), is to provide for theestablishment of a National Nuclear Regulator in order to regulate
nuclear activities; to provide for safety standards and regulatory
practices for protection of persons, property and the environmentagainst nuclear damage.

Energy Resources
Energy in South Africa is dominated by fossil fuels with highdependence on cheap and abundant coal. Imported andsynthetically produced crude oil provides about 16% of South
Africa’s primary energy needs. A limited quantity of natural gas isavailable. South Africa has considerable renewable energy potential.
Biomass is estimated to comprise 8% of South Africa’s primaryenergy supply used for cooking and heating in households

Primary Energy Supply

DoE, 2010

Energy Transformation,Transmission and Distribution
Transformation converts primary to final and include power stations
such as; coal, oil refining, synthetic fuels production, uranium enrichment
and electricity generation
There are two kinds of energy transmission in SA:
 ELECTRICITY GENERATION: Is dominated by coal due to cheap
coal and Eskoms programme of building large, standardardised
coal stations.
 LIQUID FUELS: This includes petrol, diesel, paraffin, Jet fuel,liquid petrol gas (LPG). This are produced in RSA in three ways;
CTL, GTL and Crude oil to liquid fuels.
 Electricity is at present distributed by Eskom, municipalities andtown councils. In the past, there were large differences between
the performance and revenue of the distributors of electricity.

Capacity to generate electricity by energy source 2008 (DME,2009:45)

Domestic supply of petroleum products 2008

Consumption of petroleum products by sector 2008
Industry SectorIndustry Sector
Construction
Mining2.1%
0.4%

Transport Sector
Road
61.0%

Other Sectors
Agriculture
4.0%
Other Sectors
Other Sectors
Commerce
Residential
3.7%
2.6%

Other Sectors Non‐
specified(Other)
9.8%

Transport Se
Domestic
Transport Sector
TranspoInternal Navigation
3.9%
9.1%
Transport Sector
International CivilAviation
Transport Sector Rail
0.2%
3.2%

Energy Demand by sector
The South African economy can be divided into five economic
sectors: industry (including mining); commerce and publicservices; transport; agriculture; and residential. The commerceand public services sector includes government buildings, offices,shops, hospitals, education, entertainment and museums
The Industrial sector is the largest consumer of the final energy
in the country. The sector may be subdivided into mining, ironand steel, chemicals, non‐ferrous metals, non‐metallic minerals,
pulp and paper, food and tobacco, and other.

Final Energy Demand by sector

Energy and the Economy
 The energy intensity of the county shows how much energy isneeded to produce a single unit of GDP. High energy
intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy
into GDP. Low energy intensities indicate a lower price or costof converting energy into GDP
 South Africa’s energy intensity is above average, with only 10
other countries having higher commercial primary energy
intensities (EIA, 2010). This is largely due to the economy’s
structure with dominating large‐scale, energy‐intensive
primary mineral beneficiation and mining industries

Energy and Carbon Emissions
 The highest proportion of carbon is contained in the coal
which is locally produced. Some of this coal is exported alongwith small quantities of petroleum products.
 The most significant emitters of carbon are the generation ofelectricity, liquefaction and refining processes All the carbon contained in coal used electricity generation isreleased at the power plant.
 For the transformation of coal and crude oil to petroleum
products some of the carbon is emitted at the synfuel andrefinery plants but the petroleum products coming out ofthese processes also contain carbon. This carbon is released
at the port at final consumption

Challenges
 Energy Balances Demand Projections/Supply optimization
 Carbon Emissions

Thank you

Contact : report@tky.ieej.or.jp