FREL and REDD+ in Indonesia

Ms. Novia Widyaningtyas
Head of REDD+ Division

Directorate of Climate Change Mitigation
Directorate General of Climate Change
Ministry of Environment and Forestry - Republic of Indonesia
International Seminar on REDD+Forests and Forest Products Research and Development Center – JapanTokyo, 28 January 2016

REDD+ ARCHITECTURE IN INDONESIA
Historical Emission/
Projected Emission
Scenario (MoEF,Local Govt)
Dec. COP 15, COP17, COP-19• Forest Land CoverChanges and Carbon Stock(MoEF, LAPAN, BIG,REDD+ Agency)• Dec. COP-15, COP-19

1Dec. 1 COP 16

NAT STRATEGY2CO2REL/RL

Providing Information on
Safeguards
Implementation (MoEF)
Dec. COP 17, 19

3

4

NFMS-MRVSISPara 71
1.

2.
3.

Awareness raising,
Capacity building, Accessto data, Access totechnology, Stakeholder
communications/participa
tions
Safeguards (governance,social and environmental)
Non-carbon benefits$5Finance

Para 72 :•MoEF•

Addressing Drivers ofDeforestation and Forest
Degradation
Addressing tenurial Issues,
Governance, Gender,
Safeguards, Stakeholder
Involvement, customary andlocal people.

Warsaw REDD+ Framework (COP-19)

Source: Developed from IFCA study (2007)

Financing Institution:(MoF)
Dec. COP 16, COP-17,
COP 18, COP-19

Indonesia FREL Submission
Background :Climate Change is an issue that based on ‘science’
Indonesia’s commitment in G-20 Pittsburg 2009: to decrease emission to26 - 41% by 2020 from the Business as Usual (BAU)
COP-16 Cancun Decision 1/CP.16 Paragraph 70: encourages developing
country to contribute on mitigation action in forestry sector
COP-16 Cancun Decision 1/CP.16 Paragraph 71: encourages developing
country to develop:• REDD+ National Strategy or Action Plan• Forest Reference Emission Level/Forest Reference Level (FREL/FRL)• A robust and transparent National Forest Monitoring System• Safeguards Information System

Background
FREL submitted to UNFCCC has to complete the concept of TACCC “Transparency, Accuracy, Completeness, Consistency, Comparability”, aswell as concept of “practicability and cost-effectiveness” when
implementing MRVThree documents to be submitted by Indonesia to the UNFCCC Secretariat :• Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL), specific for REDD+ (for RBPs),• Biennial Update Report (BUR), covers 5 sectors• Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) that covers all
sectors for post 2020 (2021- 2030)
Warsaw REDD+ Framework : the importance of consistency – need to use aconsistent data for FREL and BUR (especially for the same activity)

Indonesia FREL Submission
The Objectives :To present a national FREL figure for REDD+
implementation including step-by-step analysis thathas been exercised for establishing FREL for Indonesia
To provide broader audience and stakeholders withclear, transparent, accurate, complete and consistencebasis of emissions projection as a basis for furtherdiscussion with other agencies who have expressed aninterest in supporting Indonesia in this undertaking
To share with many other countries interested in theREDD+ mechanism, the process that Indonesia has
followed in approaching the entrance of full REDD+
implementation on the basis of result-based payment

ForestFormal definition (formaldefinition)

Practical definition (workingdefinition)

Ministry Regulation 14/2004 on A/R
CDM : “Land spanning more than 0.25
hectares with trees higher than 5 meters
at maturity and a canopy cover of morethan 30 percent, or trees able to reachthese thresholds in situ”.

SNI (Indonesia National Standard) 8033:2014– on method for calculating land coverchange that based on visual interpretation of
optical remote sensing imagery --- to produce
land-cover maps through visualinterpretation of satellite images in a scalethat min.area for polygon deliniation is 0.25
cm2 at 1;50,000 of scale which equals to 6.25
SNI 7644:2010 on land cover classes and its
description (23 classes, forests were classified
into 7 classes based on forest types)

Area Coverage & Activities

Area ofcalculation

NATIONAL FREL : All land (mineral and peat lands) area that wascovered by natural forest in year 1990, accounted for 113.2 million
ha or 60% of the country land area (187 mill.ha). This includes
primary and secondary forests, regardless forest status undernational forest area defined by MoFor (2013).
(the non-natural-forested peatland was excluded
fro this FREL, but will be included in the BuR)

Activities
consideredfor the FREL
submission(1) Deforestation – a conversion of natural forest cover into other land-covercategories that has only occured one time in particular areas(Ref. MoF Decree No. 30/2009 : permanent alteration from forested area
into a non-forested area as a result of human activities)(2) Forest degradation - a change of primary forest classes, to secondary
forest classes(Ref. MoF Decree No. 30/2009 : a deterioration of forest cover quantity andcarbon stock during a certain period of time as a result of human activities)

Reasons 1) Major contribution to the total emission from land-use, change and forestry(LULUCF –accounted for 37.7% from total nat. Emissions in 2005, SNC)
2) Availability of the data in the context of Transparency, reliability/Accuracy,
Completeness, Consistency and Comparability; practicality and costeffectiveness in MRV
Constraints 1) Wall-to-wall monitoring for various level of forest degradation is still
problematic (very wide range of bioregion over natural Indonesia’s forests –3 eco zones), high uncertainty of the estimates.
2) Limited reliable data related to carbon sequestration.
 Other activities (forest degradation at more detail level, conservation ofcarbon stocks, sustainable management of forests, enhancement offorest carbon stocks) were excluded in the current FREL construction
 Use of model and assumption are not preferable during the process ofreview (Technical Assessment)

Pool

1. Aboveground biomass (AGB)
 AGB is the most important carbon pool LULUCF emission since AGB is thedominant element (71.2%) to the other four carbon pools (i.e. below
ground biomass, debris, litter and soil organic).
 The current record (data) in Indonesia regarding other non-AGB carbon poolis very limited.
2. Soil carbon in peatland area experiencing deforestation and forest degradation
1. Emissions from peat decomposition are calculated not only at the time of
deforestation occurred, but it continues to the future for a certain period oftime (inherited emission).
2. Soil carbon in peat forest is included because of their significant
contribution to the overall the emissions from peat decomposition.
3. Emission from peat fire was excluded because of the uncertainty estimatesremain high. However, the current methodology and results were proposedin the annex.
(emission from the loss of AGB due to fires was taken into account when
deforestation and forest degradation were calculated)

Gases

Carbondioxide (CO2)• CO2 is the dominant constituent element of the GHG emissions from LULUCF,
contributing to more than 99.9% of the total GHGs (Indonesia’s Second NationalCommunication, 2011).

Approach for Indonesia’s FREL
Reference period 1990 – 2012
Reasons (1) Availability of land-cover data that transparent, accurate, complete
and consistent(2) Reflect the general condition of the forest transition in Indonesia, and(3) The length of time that describes the national circumstances andpolicy dynamics that may affect it (biophysical, social, economicgrowth, political and spatial planning).
Reference Historical emission from deforestation and forest degradation, i.e.
emission average annual emission from 1990 to 2012
calculation
Emission •calculation
method••Deforestation : carbon stock different (gross deforestation – emission
were derived from the total loss of forest biomass regardless biomassgain)
Degradation : carbon stock different
Peat emission : emission from peat decomposition (adopted fromIPCC, 2013) where deforestation or degradation occurredActivity Data: NFMS (National Forest Monitoring System)– the 23 land cover classes – KLHK on the SNI 7645-2010

7 classes on Forest:• 6 classes of natural forest• 1 class of man-made forest(plantation)
16 classes of Non-forested cover,including class of cloud/no-data

Forestclasses

NonForested
classes

Official data, describes land cover classes and forest cover change over years, have been developed and updated regularly since 2000, +1990s
data – data set of 1990, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2012 were used to capture historical land cover data(the land-cover data has been stored in NFMS webite : http://nfms.dephut.go.id; linked to the One Map Web
GIS, http://tanah air.indonesia.go.id)Systematic Stratified
Sampling 20 km x 20 kmGrid UTMForest state area
Seven (7) forestclassifications
100m• Data stock carbon generated from 4,450 Permanent
Sample Plot (PSP) of the National Forest Inventory (NFI)
year 1989 – 2013 (MoF, FAO and WB)• PSP for mangrove forest has not yet sufficient formeasuring the stock carbon, so that the stock carbon frommangrove forest (primary and secondary) taken fromavailable researches (e.g. Krisnawati et al., 2012; Donato.,et al., 2011; Murdiyarso et al., 2009)

TSP

TSP

TSP

TSP

PSPTSP

TSP

TSP

TSP

100m

Peat Spatial Data

Emission factorfor peat
decomposition(3) Papua(2) Kalimantan(adopted from ‘the 2013
Supplement to the 2006
IPCC Guidelines fornational GHG Inventory :Wetlands (Hiraishi et al.,2014)(1) Sumatera••

Produced by the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), basedon several related maps, field survey and verified byground check (Ritung et al. 2011)
The map is published in the One Map WebGIS,
at http://tanahair.indonesia.go.id 13

Result :National FREL of Indonesia
DEFORESTATION annual rate of deforestation in the period of 1990 –2012 : 918,678 ha
 723,628 ha from mineral soil and 195,050 ha frompeat (organic) soil
 78% deforestation in Sumatra and Kalimantan, 8%Sulawesi and Papua
 High rate (1996-2000) : caused by large fire events (ElNino), IL, HTI, palm oil expansion
 Low rate (2000-223) : soft landing policy (reduction ofAAC – from 200m3 /thn to 70m3/thn); Gerhan, OMOT The average of historical emission from AGB due toDEFORESTATION in period 1990-2012 acc.for approx.
293 MtCO2/yr (238 + 55)
FOREST DEGRADATION
 Annual rate 1990-2012 : about 507,486 ha 490,329 Ha on mineral soil, and 17,157 ha on peatsoil
 Very high rate (1996-2000) : 1.3 million ha, andreduced gradually to 44 thousands ha (2012) The proportion at island level varied dynamically The average of historical emission from AGB due to
FOREST DEGRADATION in period 1990-2012 acc.forapprox. 58 MtCO2/yr (56 + 2)

National FREL of Indonesia
1,200

Peat Decomposition
Deforestation
Forest Degradation

1,000

Annual emission from deforestation
Annual emission from forest degradation
Emission (MtCO2e yr-1)

800

600

400

FREL from deforestation and forestdegradation
0.351 GtCO2e yr-1
Additional emission 0.217 GtCO2e yr-1
from peat decomposition with annual
increment of 1.6% due to inheritedemission.

293.2 (MtCO2e yr-1)
200

58.0 (MtCO2e yr-1)-

Contribution in general, the emissions : from deforestation (51%), from peat decomposition (39%), from forest degradation(10%)

Projection of FREL up to 2020

calculated using linear projection based on conservative historical data of 1990-2012

YearDeforestation(MtCO2e yr-1)

Forest Degradation(MtCO2e yr-1)

PeatDecomposition(MtCO2e yr-1)

Total annualemission(MtCO2e yr-1)

2013

293,208,910

58,002,762

217,648,209

568,859,881

2014

293,208,910

58,002,762

221,143,831

572,355,503

2015

293,208,910

58,002,762

224,639,453

575,851,125

2016

293,208,910

58,002,762

228,135,075

579,346,747

2017

293,208,910

58,002,762

231,630,697

582,842,369

2018

293,208,910

58,002,762

235,126,319

586,337,991

2019

293,208,910

58,002,762

238,621,941

589,833,613

2020

293,208,910

58,002,762

242,117,562

593,329,235

How FREL is required for REDD+?
COUNTRYCOMITTMENT

INTERNATIONALGUIDANCETo reduce emission fromforestry sector

Forest Governance

Performance BasedDATA• Activity Data (DA)• Emission Factor (FE)• Policy/Planning

MRV• Transparency• Accuracy• Completeness• Consistency• Comparability
COP Decision

FREL : as benchmark forevaluating performanceon REDD+ activities

 Emission reduction
 Performance / result
based payment
 Financing• Practicality• Cost EffectivenessHow FREL is linked to other REDD+
instruments/elements

1
NAT STRATEGY2CO2

REL/RL

MoEF

Source: Developed from IFCA study (2007)

34

NFMS-MRVSIS$5Finance(Pustanling, Min.of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia, 2014)

Acknowledgement/sources :•••••••

Document of Indonesia National Strategy of REDD+Document of Indonesia FREL Submission
Technical Team of Indonesia National FREL
Document (draft) of Strategic Plan 2015-2019, DGCC – MoEF, Indonesia
Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forestry - Indonesia
Directorate of Forestry Planning and Environment Governance, Ministry of Environment and Forestry – Indonesia
Division of REDD+, Directorate of Climate Change Mitigation, DGCC, MoEF - Indonesia

terima kasih