30 Voices
on 2030
The future of space
Communal, commercial, contested

May 2020

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30 Voices
on 2030
The future of space

Communal, commercial, contested© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

2 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

30 Voices on 2030:
The Future of Space
Our 30 Voices on 2030 cover every facet of the global space industry
and beyond – from space agencies and start-ups to VCs and media
organisations. Taken together they create a valuable chorusof insight and expertise.
Many of the views expressed in this report may be personal and notnecessarily represent those of the Voices’ organisations or KPMG.

Visit KPMG.com/au/30voicesonspace to viewthe report online.
Share online #KPMG30Voices© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 3© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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4 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Mike Kalms
KPMG

Right now, nothing invigorates
business more than space.
I’m serious. When the opportunity ofspace comes to the board, or anotherexecutive group in business, the firstthing that happens is leaders smile.
They smile because space reminds
us all of something in our soul – thatyouthful quest for adventure, toexplore and to grow.
What’s amazing is we now live in atime when space isn’t science fiction.
When you read this 30 Voices on2030: The Future of Space paper,
you’ll quickly realise space is a today
opportunity for business. To workin space, to grow food, to conduct
medical research, to mine, to explore
and expand – all this will happen
in your lifetime. That’s why you’resmiling now.
But as your business starts to movefrom abstract consideration of space
as a market to the mechanics ofexactly what you might do, there
are a number of considerations andinsights you might take into account.
Our 30 Voices offer perspectives.

Space and Defence Industry
Lead Partner,
KPMG Australia

The three that most resonated forme were: firstly, space will be mademore accessible, making it likelythat by 2030 you may well know
someone who has been to space.
Secondly, the use of space data will
expand significantly and turn into acommodity, which will provide value
across different industries – fromemergency services to agriculture.
And finally, the potential of medical
research and manufacturing may
well unlock breakthroughs many
once thought impossible.
In your business, the insights you
take from 30 Voices on 2030 will
no doubt be different. I hope thispaper and the informed, insightful
predictions it offers, in some small
way, influence you to either make oraccelerate your first steps into thebusiness of space.
If there is one thing we know aboutbusiness, considered investment andactive engagement with new markets
trumps abstract consideration andPowerPoint slides. Now is the time to
explore the business of space.
These 30 Voices will help you, andthe industry as a whole, challenge
thinking on what the future of spacebusiness holds.
Stand still and you will miss yourlaunch window.

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 5

Jacob Hacker

Space Industry Account Lead,
KPMG Australia

KPMG

If we look back ten years, the spaceindustry was quite different to how
we see it today. The Space Shuttle wasstill flying, adding the final modules
to the International Space Station,
Hayabusa was about to return toEarth with samples from Itokawa,and Space X were yet to launch their
Falcon 9 rocket. The space sector was
dominated by large government-led
projects, with the idea of commercial
space being little more than a theory.
When considering the space sector
advancements of the past ten
years, in particular the volume ofcommercial activity and investment
we are seeing, the intersection of
space with our daily lives and thewell-funded global programs to go
further with human exploration, while
benefiting our lives on Earth, it isinspiring to imagine what we will list
as achievements by 2030.
We have interviewed 30 people
with an incredibly diverse range ofperspectives on the space sector andexplored how they see it changing
in the coming ten years. The articles
that follow look at the way barriers
to entry will fall away, the evolutionof involvement of a wider range ofcountries and the way new technology
will drive new applications.

However, the environment that will
result in 2030 is one where space has
been democratised. Already many
companies use space data every day timing data for payments, positioning
for logistics, communications formining and imaging for agriculture. In
2030, all companies will benefit fromthe data, insights and services available
from space, without necessarily owningand operating assets. We will know
people who have been to space as
tourists. People will be on the Moon
developing an extended presence indeep space. And the benefits of space
to our lives on Earth will be profound– whether through the developmentof medical transplants, unlocking thereasons for aging or the managementof global warming.
None of this is beyond our reach andthere is a role for all to play in theadvancement of space – whether you
are teachers, lawyers, doctors, trades
people or public servants (to name afew), everyone can be involved.

There are challenges we will facealong the way, ensuring we can keep
space clean of debris, avoiding conflictin space, and helping commercial
ventures to be sustainable and thrive.
© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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6 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Contents
Agnieszka Lukaszczyk

16

Genevieve Bell40

Nobu Okada

64

Alice Bunn 

18Inbal Becker-Reshef

42Pamela Melroy 

66

Ariane Cornell 

20James Morhard 

44Peter Beck 

68Carissa Christensen 

22

Jan Wörner 46

Rebecca Cowen-Hirsch 

70Chris Boshuizen

24

Jason Crusan 

48

Rick Ambrose

72

Christian Davenport

28

Josef Schmid 

52

Ruth Pritchard-Kelly

76

Dan Nevius

30

Karen Andrews

54

Salem Humaid Al Marri

78

Dylan Taylor

32

Larry Marshall 

56

Steven Freeland

80

Elizabeth Jens 

34

Megan Clark

58

Susmita Mohanty

82

Flavia Tata Nardini

36

Nikolai Khlystov

60

Tory Bruno 84© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space| 7© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

8 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

30 Predictions for 2030
Humans will live, work and holiday in space1.

 pace travel will be a collaborativeS
multinational venture.

3.

 ero gravity – new medicalZ
conditions and new treatments.

5.

You will know an astronaut.

2.

 iving in space will be easier but
L
not easy.

4.

 any will experience space – butM
not all will go.

6.

 he human genome willTchange to support human deep
space exploration.

 e’ll operate assets remotely on
W
the Moon like mines in the Pilbara.

11. Virtual companions will assist withthe mental health challenges oflong space travel.

Deep space exploration
7.

 e’ll successfully mine the Moon
W
for water by 2030.

9.

8.

 e may finally discover evidenceWof life in space.

10. Growing and eating food in space
will be commonplace.

12. We will look back in time morethan 4 billion years.

Space business models
13. Every business will bea space business.

15. Long-established terrestrial
industries will build a presencein space.

17. Multinational co-operation,
while challenging, will drive
the peace dividend.

14. The leading space businessesof 2030 are start-ups today.

16. Government will be a customerof civil space business.

18. Manufacturing in space will bereal and viable.

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 9Space data comes back to Earth
19. Space data will becomecompletely commoditised.

21. AI will be commonplace in space.

23. Governments will conduct theircensus from space.

20. An international regulatory bodyfor space data will be established.

22. Data will not be owned –rather shared.

24. Personal privacy will be challenged.

25. Sustainability in space will benefit
sustainability on Earth.

27. Space ecology will be imperativefor our millennial generation.

29. Space will be forced to accelerate
quickly as an operational domain
for armed forces.

26. There will be a ‘CFC moment’in space which will trigger amoratorium on space debris.

28. Space will get its own
legal jurisdiction.

30. A Master’s of Space Ecology will
be offered at universities.

Sustainability in space© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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10 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

30 Predictions for 2030
How will new players, technological advancement andhuman curiosity shape the space industry by 2030?

While space has been the subject of human interest and a quest for discovery for a very long time,
today we are at a pivotal point. Many national governments are launching ambitious space strategies.
Private-sector players are making major breakthroughs to open the space sector to more people.
And other industries – from agriculture to energy and natural resources – are looking at space toimprove and transform their own businesses.
But, by the time the dust settles, what will the space industry look like?
At KPMG Australia, we believe that space will be communal, commercial and contested. Deliberately,
three principles that cannot sit easily together. As the industry opens up and more developments are
made, the industry will grow and generate opportunity and risk for all players.
Estimates suggest the global space industry could be worth US$600bn by 20301. The fastest area ofgrowth, with a predicted 55 percent compound annual growth rate from 2021 – 2030, will likely besecond order impacts. This covers ‘second wave’ or ‘unanticipated growth’ in tangential areas – forexample, increased space traffic could create new markets, like congestion planning or debris clean-up.
It’s clear that the next ten years offer significant opportunities for those in the space industry– and beyond.
To bring to life what our presence in space in 2030 may look like, we spoke to 30 industry leaders– heads of agency, lawyers, surgeons, investors, entrepreneurs, academics and politicians – who
painted a very vivid, exciting and challenging vision of what we can expect.
Their predictions for the industry align to the five pillars where KPMG Australia envisages significant
change in the next ten years:•

Humans will live, work and holiday in space;•

Deep space exploration;•

Space business models;•Space data comes back to Earth; and•Sustainability in space.

This paper highlights that the potential of space to open up to new businesses and customers, create
new products and services, and speak to our sense of curiosity and desire to understand the world
beyond our planet is huge. Organisations across different industries – and not just traditional spaceindustry players – that lack in adaptability and imagination will be left behind.

1

https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investing-in-space© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 11

Humans will live, workand holiday in space

Deep space exploration

1.

Space travel will be a collaborative
multinational venture.

7.

We’ll successfully mine the Moon for water by 2030.

2.

Living in space will be easier but not easy.

8.

We may finally discover evidence of life in space.

3.

Zero gravity – new medical conditions
and new treatments.

9.

We’ll operate assets remotely on the Moon
like mines in the Pilbara.

4.

Many will experience space – but not all will go.

5.

You will know an astronaut.

6.

The human genome will change to support humandeep space exploration.

In 2030 expect society’s interaction with space
and in particular the Moon to revolutionise. Whilein recent years we have flirted with the idea oftravelling to the Moon commercially, by the end of
the decade we will move ahead in leaps and boundswith many having completed this ‘once in a lifetime’ experience.
In a world where leisurely travel to the Moon is
viable, expect open discussion of the prospectof people permanently residing on its barren
terrain. While it will be a possibility by the end of
the decade, the financial, logistical, physical, andpsychological implications will mean it’s still a hardtask for humans to conquer.
Space travel will still be costly and not accessible
to all. With technology improving at a rapid speed,
virtual reality will play a large role in giving people
the experience of space travel. This will be critical toincrease interest in space.
While we will need to identify solutions to challenges
to enable us to stay in space and on the Moon
for longer, easier access to space and increased
presence in space will enable us to conduct more
medical research in zero gravity. This will provide
opportunities to discover new treatments forconditions we thought weren’t possible. Furthermore,
we may start to see the ability to deliberately alter
the human genome to further support humanity’ssustained exploration of space.

10. Growing and eating food in space will
be commonplace.
11. Virtual companions will assist with the mental
health challenges of long space travel.
12. We will look back in time more than 4 billion years.
As space industry technology continues to improvein the new decade, so will our ability to expand ourhorizons and more deeply explore all aspects of thesolar system, in particular our Moon.
With a much greater appetite to have permanenthuman residence on the Moon by 2030, there will
be a focus on ensuring we are able to use water on
the Moon for fuel and life. Through new extraction
technology we will be able to separate water into
the basic constituents of rocket fuel (hydrogen andoxygen) and support agriculture on the Moon.
Traveling further into space means astronauts will
be isolated for extended periods of time. With theassistance of technology, ‘virtual buddies’ will
ensure that these people will stay in a healthymental state while away from Earth.
New telescope technology will enable us to see
the first galaxies being formed after the Big Bang,through projects like the James Webb Space
Telescope, which will expand our understanding of
the solar system.
We now have a much better idea of what we arelooking for on other planets for signs of life. Over the
coming decade, missions to other planets like Mars
2020 with the Perseverance rover and Europa Clipper
to one of Jupiter’s Moons will help determine if weare alone in the universe.

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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12 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of SpaceSpace business models

Space data comes back to Earth

13. Every business will be a space business.

19. Space data will become completely commoditised.

14. The leading space businesses of 2030 are
start-ups today.

20. An international regulatory body for space data
will be established.

15. Long-established terrestrial industries will build
a presence in space.

21. AI will be commonplace in space.

16. Government will be a customer of civil
space business.

23. Governments will conduct their census from space.

17. Multinational co-operation, while challenging,will drive the peace dividend.

22. Data will not be owned – rather shared.
24. Personal privacy will be challenged.

18. Manufacturing in space will be real and viable.
Already in 2020, many multi-national businesses
are investing in the space sector and understanding
how it can add value to their business on Earth. By
2030 we expect all businesses across all industries,
whether related or not, to benefit from space, withmany having dedicated space teams and resources.
Operations that have long been run on Earth will
now take place beyond our planet. Organisations
will be trialling experiments – from medical research
to manufacturing – in space, introducing new
products and solutions into the market. This may
include growing tissue and artificial transplants inzero gravity, as well as manufacturing fibre optics
for communication.
Rather than space programs being purely
government-led, we will see more and morepartnerships between the public and private sectors.
These partnerships will drive new activities andpush technological boundaries as we aim to develop
new commercial applications from the sector andmake new discoveries about the solar system.
Global levels of cooperation will help enhance
economic and political ties between nation states.
What were considered to be ‘small start-ups’ inthe space industry in 2020, by 2030 will become
the leaders of this sector. As space becomescommercially focused, more businesses will realisethe value of space, and new business cases will
become viable. The majority of space companies
will be valued in the billions of dollars and operate
across multiple countries.

Data collected in space will continue to increasein value over the next decade as volume, variety,velocity and veracity increase. With the increased
use of space data, a central international governing
body will need to be established, employing new
agile approaches to regulation as new issues appear– but getting there will not be easy.
Much of the data collected will be analysed byedge analytics in-orbit to reduce the volume of datathat needs to be transmitted to Earth and stored.
At the same time, in-orbit relays will increase ourtransmission capacity to Earth, providing moredata to input into analytics. AI will also be used indeep space missions to overcome communications
delays due to distance, and help pre-empt andcorrect problems.
We expect that space data will be prolific, thoughprovide little value on its own. Companies willfind real value in generating and selling actionableinsights from the data they collect and intersectwith other sources. New data will help identify
and drive new business opportunities acrossdifferent industries.
Governments by 2030 may conduct their own
census from space rather than by the ten-yearlysurvey we’ve become used to filling out. This will
enable more precise humanitarian and medical
support in developing countries and enable more
frequent updates.

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 13

Sustainability in space
25. Sustainability in space will benefit
sustainability on Earth.
26. There will be a ‘CFC moment’ in space which
will trigger a moratorium on space debris.
27. Space ecology will be imperative for ourmillennial generation.
28. Space will get its own legal jurisdiction.
29. Space will be forced to accelerate quickly
as an operational domain for armed forces.
30. A Master’s of Space Ecology will be offeredat universities.
Business are already putting sustainability at
the forefront of what they do on Earth, and in
the years ahead the same will be applied to ouractivities in space.
Debris in space has long been an area of concern.
This will only escalate as we are more active inspace, to the point where international agreements
will have to be made to find sustainable solutions.
The recovery of decommissioned satellites in space
will also involve a strategy to recycle and find a new
purpose for them. As access to space is opened up
and deep space exploration grows, legislation andtreaties governing space will need to evolve. Expect
space to become its own legal jurisdiction.
Space is already softly militarised, with many
countries leveraging it as an operational domain
for armed forces. There are however deliberate
efforts and treaties to ensure this doesn’t become
hard militarisation. With the applications possible inspace constantly expanding, treaties and regulations
must evolve to ensure it is not exploited.
Expect a Master’s degree in Space Ecology to
become a viable degree for students wishing tohave prosperous careers in the sector.

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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14 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Credit: Planet© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 15

“In 2030, we expect tosee the rapid uptake
and use of space databy everyday people. Our
hope is it wil become aregular commodity.”
Agnieszka Lukaszczyk
Senior Director for European Affairs, Planet© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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16 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Agnieszka Lukaszczyk is the SeniorDirector for European Affairs at Planet,
an Earth observation company which
images the entirety of the planet eachday. Prior to joining Planet, Agnieszka
worked at the European Commission
focusing on space data and policy andwas the Brussels Office Director of the
Secure World Foundation.

Agnieszka
Lukaszczyk

When it comes to Earth observation
and what it means for humanity, weare still figuring out what we can do.
At the end of the day, satellites are
just a tool. They are not an end, they
are simply a means to an end, andwe are only just at the beginning.

“We are only just at
the beginning.”

In 2030, we expect to see the rapid
uptake and use of space data by
everyday people. Our hope is it will
become a regular commodity where
anybody will have access to it, likethe way people currently access theinternet on their phones.
However, the key to unlocking the vastpotential presented by Earth observation
data will be artificial intelligence (AI). The
combining of these two elements will bewhat brings value to the data.
There are so many satellites in spacecollecting data, it’s impossible for thehuman eye to find the needle in thehaystack. We would need an army ofpeople to be able to make use of thedata. That’s why AI is essential.
With AI we will be able to index the
Earth the way Google has indexed theinternet. We will be able to find, quickly
and easily, the answers to a range ofquestions such as how many trees havedisappeared in the Australian bushfires?
How many people reside in a particularcountry or region? And, how many trees
in the north east Amazon have been
cut between March and April? Space
data will even help us answer the trivial
but still deeply relevant questions.

These capabilities will be facilitatedby the growth of on-board processingof satellite data which means when
the data is downloaded it will be
pre-processed, containing only the
essence of the information.
Traditionally, when we think of sectors
who rely on Earth observation data
we think of agriculture, emergency
services, government and forestry.
But new frontiers in space data will
also bring with it a whole new clientele
who are not necessarily interested in
the images per say but are interested
in answers that the images provide.
As a result, by 2030 Earth observationcompanies will not be reliant on only
a handful of sectors to survive.
Two challenges still facing the Earthobservation industry are the trade-off
of privacy and transparency and theneed for space sustainability.

Firstly, the resolution for commercial
satellite imagery is set at thirty
centimetres due to regulations not
because of technology limitations.
Satellite image resolution could
be much higher, though it is notnecessary and personal privacy willcontinue to be important. At the sametime some actors are concerned about
the transparency of open space data,
though people are moving away fromthese views. At Planet, we believe ina transparent and open world, as themore we know, the better informed weare and therefore the better decisions
we can make. By 2030 we will see
more transparency, with a move awayfrom classified data.
Secondly, space sustainability isa key issue that will need to beresolved within the next ten years– if not sooner. The growth of Earthobservation has seen the rise ofmega constellations and the spaceenvironment is becoming crowded
and potentially dangerous.
My hopeful vision for 2030 is that we
can harness the true power of Earthobservation to help us solve global
issues. The next ten years are crucial
for addressing climate change andspace will play a vital role in that. In
order to achieve this, our approach
towards how we address global
problems needs to shift from one ofnational protectionism (i.e. ‘America
first’ or ‘buy European’) to an ‘Earth
first’ attitude.

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 17

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

18 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space“What’s surprising
is that space isn’t
surprising by 2030.”

Alice Bunn

Teleconferencing will no longer feelclunky with pixelated images and oddtime delays, rather it will be like you’rein the room with your colleagues orclients. We already have a maturetelecommunication sector and I predict
this will persist with the addition of thetechnology and experiences space willbring. It will narrow the gap between
developed and developing countries.
Essentially, space will give us thecapabilities to provide everyone on
the planet access to the basic digitalworld. The ability to have ubiquitousaccess to communicate with the digitalworld will benefit the public good.

Alice Bunn is the International
Director at the UK Space Agency
and Vice Chair of the Council of theEuropean Space Agency, a memberof the Board of Directors of the US
Space Foundation and co-chairs theWorld Economic Forum Future Global
Council on Space Technology.

There’s a legacy viewpoint that space
is something you have as part ofyour national prestige or a vanity
project, but by 2030 I see it normalised– a basic commodity rather thana prestigious extra. Everyone will
understand the benefits of space.
Space offers unique vantage points
and by 2030, it will be recognisedthat we use them every day. It’s
remarkable what we can alreadymeasure from space and by 2030 thesize and resolution of this imaging will
be even better. Mapping the effects
of climate change from space alreadyprovides huge contributions to ourunderstanding, from sea surface
heights, temperatures and more
recently sea salinity.

A project in Vietnam (supported by
the UK through the International Aid
Program) predicting the outbreak ofmosquito borne diseases was madepossible by using imagery from space.
If you can measure surface waterlevels, you can correlate water levels
and mosquito population with theoutbreak of disease. A vantage pointfrom space over a wide area of water
enables the data collection to moreaccurately make the correlation. And
then you start thinking about floodand drought management, and coastal
defences – space can provide thatunique vantage point.
When we think about travel, we think
land, sea or air. By 2030 it’s going to
be land, sea, air, space or cyber with
virtual reality taking us to other worlds.

But this all needs cooperation within
the international space community.
I’m optimistic that by 2030, landing on
the Moon will be routine although I’m
sceptical we will land on Mars by then.
But I am hopeful we will be trying.
I like to compare orbits around theplanet to ring roads around major
cities. If you break down in a car,you’re going to cause a traffic jam but
ultimately people are going to be able
to clear the road and continue using it
quite swiftly. That’s not true in space. If
you have collisions in space it’s going
to damage everyone, be it deliberateor accidental. Another very importantreason for a cooperative community
in space.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 19

Finally, space is full of phenomenathat has relevance to life on
Earth. Especially the research into
microgravity. Why do astronauts
come back from a mission in spacewith weakened immune systems but
after a couple of months their immune
systems return back to the normal? If
we were able to understand this, wemay be able to unlock the secret of
how bodies can regenerate. Will space
unlock the secret to ageing? Equallyfascinating is how bats go into deep
hibernation and then instantly fly aftercoming out of hibernation, so theirmuscle response is immediate. So, if
you think about human explorationin deep space, can we apply thescience behind bats and recreate thatfor humans? If so, then if you go into
deep hibernation during travel someof these long-distance explorations
could be possible.
In 2030, space exploration and travel
will no longer be a ‘trophy exercise’of single nations, but rather what
all nations can achieve throughcollaboration in space will benefit thewhole world. Be it communication for
all, new ways of mapping and reportingon climate change or maybe, just thepossibility of finding a novel way tocombat ageing.

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20 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Ariane Cornell

Do you think space tourism will
be a reality by 2030?
I think in the next ten years, suborbital
space tourism will have hit its stride, bywhich point the price point will comedown. Suborbital space flights will beavailable from different locations andfrom a couple of different companies.
Not only will more people be able
to experience space, but I think that
suborbital space tourism will also bring
space into people’s periphery – notmerely as something that is there but assomething that is attainable, touchable
and can be experienced, and eventually
as something that they can use. This will
have significant importance, in the same
way that Boeing creating United Airlines
about 100 years ago did. I think it’s goingto lay the seed for orbital space tourism
in a prolific way.
While I don’t think orbital space tourism
will be attainable in the next ten years
for most people beyond high-net worth
individuals, we’re going to see more of
it as more companies are getting into
orbital human space flights.
What do you see as some of the biggest
challenges in the coming ten years?
There are two key challenges ahead
for space tourism. First of all, thecompanies in the market are goingto have to prove themselves from areliability standpoint. Also, I think that
ultimately for space tourism to reallytake off, the price point is going tohave to come down.

Ariane Cornell is the Director of
Astronaut and Orbital Sales atBlue Origin, a rocket manufacturer
and spaceflight services company
working towards a future of humans
living and working in space. She
is also a member of the Board of
Directors of The Society of Satellite
Professionals International.

“Reduction in price wil be crucial for space
tourism to take off, but so wil proving thesystem and the experience.”

With that said, I’m optimistic thateven if the price stays high, with more
people experiencing space travel andseeing how transformative and cool it
is, market interest will grow. When we
look at who our potential customers
are, there are numerous people whohave the means, but you need tohave the money and the interest. So,
the reduction of price will be crucial
for space tourism to really take off,
but proving the system and theexperience will also be key.
What role do you see the government
playing in the sector in 2030?

For instance, we might see the growthof commercial space companies, whichis great, but there will always be an
exchange between the private andpublic sectors. There will be commercial
companies pulling in commercial
revenue, but I still think that they’ll also
be pursuing government contracts.
As our space capabilities increasingly
benefit our lives on Earth, we’re going
to see more government interest,and governments doubling down on
their own capability. This also means
doubling down on securing space andsecuring access to it.

I think that governments have always
and will always play a very importantrole in space – and I don’t see thisdiminishing in either the civil ormilitary side. However, the kind ofrole they play may alter by 2030.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 21

What nations do you think in thenext ten years will be the main players
in human space flight?
I think there will be several players in
the international space community
continuing to develop human spaceflight. Definitely the United States willcontinue to be a strong player and I
don’t think Russia is ever going to giveup their human space flight capability.
The Chinese will also continue theirsteady pace towards more humanspace flight. While I don’t see theEuropeans launching humans in thenear term, they will continue having
a strong astronaut corps for others tolaunch into space.
What is a key technologicaldevelopment you think we’ll needin the next ten years to really drive
the industry?
Reusable rocket technologies will bea game changer in the industry. There
was a landmark moment recently
where two companies made theirlandings and subsequently reused
their rockets. I think this marked the
beginning of changing access to space.
The development of reusable rocket
technologies would really bring down
the costs of space flight, and this in
turn, will allow us more access into
space. In the next ten years, we’regoing to get much better at reusability
and this will really change the industry.

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22 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Carissa
Christensen

What have we achieved in the spacesector by 2030?
Existing satellite telecommunication,
imaging, and navigation/positioning/timing businesses will continue togrow. There are real opportunities
to make global telecommunications
infrastructure more robust, including
dynamically switching space andterrestrial capabilities. For example,
if you think about fibre optic cables,
sabotage stress associated withthese can make having satellites as
backups useful.
We are also seeing the interestinguse of small satellites in mega
constellations for telecommunications.
There are multiple companies
currently trying to do this and threefront-running companies, including
SpaceX and Amazon, both having
different advantages. SpaceX’s
system has the advantage being
integrated with a launch capability,
while Amazon’s system is being
developed by a company that is in
every household and has direct accessto over 100 million consumers. Bothseek to offer enhanced Telco capability
for end users, though it is not yet
clear who will triumph and be able tooffer services that are reliable and at acompelling price point.
Satellite imagery and remote sensing
technologies will really hit their stride.
This field has taken a while to find its“Success in thespace sector may
mean being lessidentified as aspace company.”market, as is often the case when you
have implemented new capabilities
and seek new customers. By 2030 we’ll
see satellite imagery fully integrated
into financial decision making, policy
decision making and a wide range ofsectors in the economy.
In ten years’ time, what do you thinkspace business will look like?
We’re going to see erosion of ‘space
identity’ by some businesses. For
example, I’m not sure that Planet reallywants to be characterised as a spacebusiness so much as an analytics
business, that serves a wider range ofcustomers. So, success in the spacesector may mean being identified lessas a space company and more as anentertainment or logistics or financial
analytics company. The fact thecompany’s success is built on spaceassets is interesting but not the mostimportant point. These companies seek
to serve market demand, current or
anticipated, and space is just a means
to achieve that.
We are also going to see moremarkets driven by commercial end
users and increasingly flexible
government customers in engaging
commercial companies to meet theirneeds. But in 2030 governments
are still going to be very importantcustomers for space businesses.

Carissa Christensen is the Chief
Executive Officer and founder of Bryce
Space and Technology. Christensen is
an internationally-recognised expert
on the space industry. She serves on
the World Economic Forum Global
Future Council, the Advisory Councilof the Aerospace Corporation’s Centre
for Space Policy and Strategy, andthe National Research Council SpaceTechnology Industry-GovernmentUniversity Roundtable, which advises
NASA. Christensen is a Fellow of theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics. She is also an active
investor who serves on several earlystage boards.

Do you see venture capital getting
returns in ten years?
With venture investments in a newarea, there’s a surge of investment
and then companies either succeed
or do not. Failure rates are high. Even
when many individual companies fail,there is generally forward movementin the sector. I like to point to the dotcom bubble which was profoundly
disruptive, with huge inconsequence
to investors and highly-visible businessfailures. But, if we look around theworld now, we’re certainly not living ina dot-com free universe. E-business has
transformed our world.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 23

So, important assets become a sourceof tension. This will result both inmore focus on national space systems
and, because space assets are costly,
more interest in opportunities forallied countries to share. We’ll see
more collaboration among allies indeveloping, deploying, and using spacesystems for national security purposes.
On the commercial side, we will
see the integration of smaller, nichecompanies into larger companies. For
space activities, the general benefitsof network effects, costs of technology
development and maintaining systems
are factors that push towards larger
organisations on an infrastructurelevel. In ten years, we’re going tocontinue to see space dominated bylarger companies.
How do you think we’ll see space
applied into our daily lives by 2030?
So, there’s a difference between
outcomes in terms of the performancethat a given investor sees and theoverall growth of the sector. The money
going into technology and capabilities
right now in innovative companies may
or may not advantage investors today
who are supporting those companies.
But there’s a high probability that theinvestment will advantage future usersof the resulting capability.
There has also been disproportionately
less investment in ground segment todate, which I expect will be filled in the
coming ten years.

The ability to easily leverage alternate
capabilities from different satellite
providers across the spectrum will
be a compelling value proposition formany customers.
What do you think collaboration
will look like in 2030?
We’ll see greater use of spacefor national security purposes.
Space capabilities underpin the
security of nations, their competitors
and their allies. Space is being
recognised for its growing militaryand intelligence importance.

By 2030 probably the biggest
transformation coming to our daily
lives is the integration of AI using data
analytics as a routine part of how cities,business, utilities, entertainment
and infrastructure operate, withmachines making more and moredecisions and executing thosedecisions with few humans in the loop.
Space systems will play a critical partby providing unique data and enabling
ubiquitous global connectivity.

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24 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Chris
Boshuizen“Space is goingto go big again.”

Chris Boshuizen is an Operating
Partner at Data Collective VC, an
investment firm specialising indata-driven science and engineering
companies. Chris was also theco-founder of Planet, a company
providing global mapping of Earthfrom space daily. He was previously
a Space Mission Architect at NASA
Ames Research Center. Chris cocreated Phonesat, a spacecraft built
out of a regular smart phone that
demonstrated that space was withinreach of regular people.

What the space industry will
look like by 2030 really depends
on the development of advanced
technologies that we don’t haveyet. Will we make technologicaldevelopments in the areas ofmaterials science, precisionnavigation and human space flightthat will really drive the industry
forward toward meeting our goalsof venturing into deep space missions
and unmanned space exploration?
Or will our innovation stall, leaving
us in exactly the same place that
we are today?
Currently the space industry presentsa somewhat even playing field.
Advances such as high-quality
semiconductors from the costconscious mobile phone industry, 3D
printing of parts on the ground andaccess to the spare capacity of large
rockets via ridesharing opportunities
have allowed more people than everbefore to fly things in space – smaller
nations, universities, school groups,
and even individuals can now take partand space is no longer the domain of afew superpowers. But these advances
are widely available, so a lot of theactivities people chose to do in space
are the same. We mostly build small
satellites and vehicles, because thisis what the technology affords, butwhat if a technology comes along thatallows us to build bigger things at
cheaper prices? Some companies, like
Made in Space, are working with new© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 25

technologies like 3D printing things
directly in space, which is much harderthan on the ground, and that may
see a real commercial breakthrough,allowing us to move from launching
things we’ve built on Earth into space
to actually building things in space.
Another area I believe will change overthe next ten years is our navigation
systems, which are quite immature. In
Star Wars, droids are so capable they
are flying around spaceships. That typeof autonomous control is something
we couldn’t comprehend on theInternational Space Station – we’dnever let a free-flying robot preform an
automated task outside! Solving someof these issues in precision navigation
begins with the development of more
precise control thrusters, propulsion
systems and software systems, andthis will really open the doors toeven more innovation in the sector.
Precision navigation and spaceassembly go hand-in-hand. If we
can implement really good precisionnavigation systems, we could more
comfortably assemble large, more
complex structures in space.
Space tourism and long-term travel into
space is very exciting, but presently
it is still expensive and frankly quite
inaccessible. SpaceX and Blue Origin
are trying to chip away at this problem,
but there is still an extremely long
way to go. Advancements in humanoccupied vehicle technologies are
not transformational, and I would bevery surprised if there are any serious
human space activities by 2030. There
are a lot of other technologies that need
to be developed first before we canestablish safe deep space explorationand commercial space travel.
I believe in the last decade we’ve been
riding a wave which was the real startof commercial space, where people
really started to believe that they
could have space companies. This
cycle was driven through innovation– from the utilisation of off-the-shelf,high performance, lower-cost hardware
for building small satellites and small
launch vehicles. All of this meant thatspace projects were cheaper and more
affordable for companies without
heavy reliance on the government
anymore. Innovation was a key factor
in the past and it will continue to playa significant role. I see the industry
progressing at a steady state until
another big technological breakthroughcomes along to disrupt it. If something
really interesting and innovative comesalong, I think we’ll see an explosion ofideas and investments coming along toreally drive the industry.
Because of this even technologicalplaying field, I see investors in the
sector having some losses in the
short-term; there are just too many
companies trying the same ideas forthem all to be successful. I’m not too
worried about the investment climate
in the industry in 2030 though as there
will be breakthroughs that lead to
new ideas. In the ten-year timescale,as new tech comes into play, and as
the needs of people on Earth change,these companies will get funded andbe successful, and investors will see
returns on their investments.
Finally, the deeper understanding wehave of the data around us throughthe AI and machine learning toolsthat are being created will have amajor impact on the space industry.
These tools help us make sense of
the increasing amounts of data we’recollecting, and space, a new frontier ofdata collection, will only benefit fromthese innovations. There’s already alot of Earth observation data being
gathered, we’ve got CubeSats being
utilised for research purposes out inspace, gathering lots of data. Hopefully,
by 2030 we will become much better atunderstanding all of this data to help us
in our goals to better understand space.

But with observational data on Earthimproving, on a global level there
will definitely be security and privacy
issues coming up. We’re currently ina transitional phase of our society
where gathering Earth observationand surveillance data might justbecome part of the fabric of a newtechnological society. But alongside
the benefits of this influx of data will
be drawbacks, namely in privacy.
We’re in the midst of a mini cultural
revolution. Will people reject thissort of large-scale data gathering,
sacrificing its benefits for the sake ofour privacy? Or will we learn to accept
it and take the benefits that come with
it? Only time will tell.

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26 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 27

“Space travellers wil go
further and space missions
wil be deeper and longer withadvancements in medicine
and technology. The space travel
we envisage in 2030 means
people, who would previously be‘disqualified’ as astronauts, wil
now be fee paying tourists.”
Josef Schmid
Flight Surgeon, NASA© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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28 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space“Space is criticalto the way we live
and work every
single day.”
Christian
Davenport

This year, in the Washington Post,
I predicted a year of, “significant
moments in space exploration: NASA
astronauts flying from United Statessoil for the first time since 2011;
the first paying tourists traveling to
the edge of space; rockets sending
hundreds of satellites into Earth orbit
to beam the internet to remote partsof the globe; and the first serious
steps toward returning a human being
to the surface of the Moon.”
By 2030, I see a self-sustaining
economy based in space. Space
is critical to the way we live andwork. The blue dot on our phone,showing us (and others) where weare, the time code signals that banks
use to synchronise payments andan avalanche of data waiting to beanalysed and used.

The first step is more efficient andreliable access. There is a burgeoning
commercial space industry that will
only expand in the coming decade withcompanies like SpaceX charging lessto get more technology up into space
while trying to make space exploration
more sustainable by developing
technologies to re-use their rockets.
NASA, under the leadership of theWhite House, is pushing to return to
the Moon by 2024. This is a hugely
ambitious effort that will require not
only a lot of money and support fromthe United States Congress (theircurrent budget request is US$28.6
billion by fiscal year 2023), but alsointernational partnerships. Just in
the year ahead we could have NASA,through Boeing and SpaceX, restoring
human space flight from the UnitedStates. We could also see companies
like Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic
begin taking people on space tours.
But human space flight is tricky,
particularly when you are developing
new vehicles from scratch. The
Commercial Crew Program for NASA
aimed to put astronauts into orbit by2017 and Richard Branson has beentalking about space tourism for years.
Despite no flights yet, they appear tobe very close to doing both. Virgin
Galactic have now had two successful
trips to space, Blue Origin has
launched its suborbital vehicle multiple
times and the SpaceX test flight of its
Dragon Spacecraft was successful.

Christian Davenport is a staff writerat the Washington Post covering
the space and defence industries
for the financial desk. Christian is arecipient of the Peabody Award in2010 and was on teams that were
finalists for the Pulitzer Prize in 2005,2010 and 2011. He has also authored
two books “The Space Barons: Elon
Musk, Jeff Bezos and the Quest
to Colonize the Cosmos” and “AsYou Were: To War and Back with theBlack Hawk Battalion of the Virginia
National Guard.”

Beyond the technical challenges,
there are also political ones. Right
now, the space program, nicknamed
Artemis, is being pushed by the Trumpadministration. If there is a change
in leadership, then the direction
may change. Recent history records
multiple policy changes – the Bushadministration pushed a return to
the Moon, President Obama focusedon going to an asteroid and Marsand most recently President Trump
has pursued the Moon then Mars
agenda. New administrations often
have different priorities and perhaps
that’s why the Trump administration ismoving so fast. What they don’t want
is another program where goals are
set-out, money is spent and rockets
are developed to then have theprogram scrapped. Putting all politicalbiases aside, if the US goes throughwith Artemis, I think it’s possible toget humans back on the Moon within
ten years, something we haven’t seen
since 1972.
By 2030, the number of satellites inspace will also increase. Satellite
technology has developed in the past
decade causing the size and cost ofsatellites to decrease. Commercial
space companies are putting
constellations of satellites into lowEarth orbit. There’s an estimated three
to four billion people without accessto the internet. This can be solved withsatellite constellations. SpaceX aims to
put up a few hundred satellites by the© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 29

end of this year, as are companies likeAmazon. I’m optimistic that by 2030,
through space technology we willachieve global internet connectivity.
Large satellite constellations
facilitating internet access could
generate a lot of money if they
are successful, but it is also risky.
Companies have tried and failed
before. Large scale manufacturing andlaunching of satellites is still expensive
and once companies have succeeded
in launch, there are other risks
involved. Space is big but it’s getting
more crowded and there are concerns
about operators and their ability toprevent collisions.

The risk is there’s nobody who has theauthority to tell satellite operators
what to do in space. The US Air Forcetracks spacecraft and debris and cangive satellite operators warnings if
there’s risk of collision, although they
can’t force companies to move theirsatellites onto another course. The
Space Safety Coalition has gatheredcompanies together to try to create
best practices, so we are seeingsome steps to address this issue.
But this is a protocol rather than alaw, so adherence to the code will be
another step.
Finally, by 2030 countries will start tothink about space as a war domain,
like land, air and sea. The Trumpadministration is already talking
about the ‘Space Force’. There are realconcerns about how vulnerable assets
are in space and other countries haveshown they have the ability to target
them. The Pentagon is committed tomake sure they have the systems inplace to protect their assets.
This is a really interesting time to
be a space reporter with the media
playing an important role in the sector.
The coming years are going to be
unpredictable and incredibly exciting.
The reality is we don’t know what’s
going to happen in the future. In theend we will just have to wait and see.

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30 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Dan Nevius is the co-founder and
CEO of Analytical Space. Foundedin 2016 and based in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, Analytical Spacefocuses on addressing how toquickly bring large amounts ofremote sensing data down to
Earth using a network of data
relay satellites.

Dan Nevius“Near real-time data transmission in
LEO is going to enable more actionableapplications of space.”

What can we expect for the spacesector over the next ten years?
It will be a pretty exciting decadefor space. The industry is gathering
a lot of momentum and now hascommercial solutions for many ofthe pieces of basic infrastructurethat allow new capabilities to be
developed quickly on top of them.
Government groups like NASA,and even defence agencies, areworking more with commercial
space companies, and start-ups are
becoming increasingly key to theirinnovation strategies.
I think the next ten years will behuge for Analytical Space as we canbuild the in-orbit communication
infrastructure needed to get better
connectivity for commercial andgovernmental remote sensing assets.

In addition, as costs for space-based
platforms continue to come down
remote sensing startups will be able
to focus on building ideal data sets
for smaller target markets and that
information will be able to arrive to theend user on an actionable timescale.
What role do you see AI playing
in filtering the data collectedfrom space vs. what is actuallytransmitted to Earth?
As computational power on theseplatforms increases you have theability to do edge computing. There
are applications where that makes a
lot of sense, especially ones that havewell defined analysis and are not too
computationally expensive. However,there’s also huge value in trying to
get down as much data as possible,
because you can use it as training

data to develop new machine learningalgorithms. The more training data you
have, the more applications you canthen start to model.
What is perhaps an unlikely
development, but one you are still
hopeful for in the next ten years?
As an early member of Planetary
Resources, I still have hopes foreventual asteroid or lunar mining. It
is energetically expensive to explore
the solar system if you have to fight
Earth’s gravity all the time. As aprecursor to that and along thosesame lines I am also hoping we’ll
see the combination of two reallyinteresting developments – spin launch
and in-space manufacturing. Instead ofdesigning satellites to the constraintsof the launch vehicle, if we could
launch bulk building material that canwithstand thousands of Gs and thenmanufacture in orbit it would open up
the design space for new spacecraft
concepts and could dramaticallyreduce costs. It would be a huge leapin how satellites are built and could
have ripple effects across the industry.
What are some of the challenges thespace industry still has to overcome?
Recently space is being talked about
more broadly as a new domain of war,
whereas previously space was seen
as a kind of global commons. That
could lead to some interesting geopolitics that may actually accelerate
space development but it obviously© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 31

creates less stability for the spaceenvironment when it comes to solving
shared issues such as space debris orspectrum management. These affecteveryone operating in space.
More specific challenges exist
depending on the sub industry. A key
challenge for remote sensing operatorsthat Analytical Space work with is
how we overcome the geographic
limitations to connectivity in space.
There are only so many places where
you can place ground terminals, with
70 percent of the Earth covered byoceans. On top of that, sensitive data
can only be downlinked within specificregions due to security concerns.
Analytical Space is focusing on creating
infrastructure where you can relay datain orbit to specific locations with low
latency and high data rates which will
enable new applications where thesensor is either very data intensive (likeSAR or Hyperspectral) or where theinformation has an expiration date.
What does a space business of the
future look like?
The biggest change that we are
already starting to see play out is thatthe barriers to developing, launchingand operating hardware in orbit will
come down significantly. Much of
the infrastructure to enable this now
exists, which means that companies
can now specialise on a specific pieceof the value chain and outsource
things like satellite manufacturing,launch and communications. As aresult, new ideas will be able to betested at a much faster rate, the paceof innovation will accelerate andspace will have an increasing rolein our lives on Earth whether it istelecommunication, geointelligenceor space tourism. In addition to
the explicit space businesses that
operate hardware in orbit there will
be increasingly more businesses who
have space in their supply chain anddepend on those in-orbit assets on adaily basis.

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32 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Dylan Taylor“A tril ion dollar spaceeconomy.”In the range of ten to 20 years’ time,
we are expecting to see a trillion
dollar space economy. Now that wehave reliable, inexpensive launch, weeffectively have built the space elevator
which enables many new businessmodels to be viable, particularly
those with data and analytics asfoundational components.
I see the use of space data and the
products and services you can derivefrom it taking about ten years to fullybuild out. This is very similar to theinternet phenomenon and the time it
took to develop. In 2030 we will havea hyperspectral, ubiquitous, always on
data collection mechanism through allof the constellations of satellites which
are currently being developed.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 33

Dylan Taylor is the Chairman and
CEO of Voyager Space Holdings,
a privately held global holding
company acquiring and operatingcompanies in the space explorationindustry. In addition, Dylan is aleading angel investor in the spacesector investing in over 50 early-stage
companies. He is also former Global
President of Colliers Internationaland founder of the global non-profit
Space for Humanity.

The convergence of all of the data
these assets generate, with bettercloud infrastructure and the additionof better AI and machine learning will
enable better products and services
that are predictive and thus hugely
value creating. This will have profound
impact on Earth. The extensive cell
infrastructure we have today is likely
to be greatly diminished in ten years’
time, with almost all data transmission
being space-based.
Today we are dependent on space –most of the business plans built inthe tech community for the iPhone
are reliant on the GPS constellation.
In 2030, the vast majority of ourcommerce will be facilitated throughspace-based assets, and this will have
far reaching implications.
From here, we have a relatively quick
path to a multi-trillion dollar spaceeconomy. The way I think about it is,
we have roughly an US$80 trillion
global economy. If you have nearly
perfect, real-time information aboutnearly all elements of the Earth, and it
is continuously being fed into a cloud
to process the information in realtime, you are able to make predictive
recommendations. Could you make theglobal economy three percent more
efficient as a result? The answer ispretty clearly yes and right there you
have US$2.4 trillion in value creation.
I see the investment landscape in thespace sector evolving over the next ten
years as well. Retail investors are going

all as part of the same enterprise,
you are capable of doing much morevaluable missions than just launch forexample. There are bonus points forbuilding capability and building scale.

to seek opportunities in space, and wehave already seen that through theexcitement that Virgin Galactic’s stock
has generated. Venture is essentially
growth equity that sits between angel
capital and traditional private equity
and the public market. I believe therole of venture will remain, however
the industry will be less reliant on it,
while private equity will remain largely
unsuited to the space sector as you aredealing with an operational challenge
rather than a purely capital one.
There are still some challenges inachieving that scale. Many companies
in the space sector are smaller,
founder-led companies with highly
technical people, but they don’t always
know how to build a US$1billion
business. Obviously if you have alaunch capability, space craft capability
and data and analytics capability

We have recently created Voyager
Space Holdings to address thischallenge. We plan to build baseinfrastructure and get multiple
companies to fly in formation in a
way that is more elegant. The Voyager
model is to have a permanent capital
structure, where we take a majority
stake in companies, without the needto constantly raise money and return it
to our investors within five years. The
dream is that we can undertake any
mission that people conceive. With thismodel we can push the envelope ofwhat’s possible, particularly in building
space-based infrastructure.
The missions already being
undertaken in the space sector aregoing to result in people living on theMoon in 2030 and I think that is going
to be very powerful. When people lookup at the Moon and think that there are
actually humans living up there, I thinkthat will dramatically shift our world
view. It will create inspiration for STEM
education in a way we haven’t seen
since Apollo.

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34 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Elizabeth Jens is a propulsion
and systems engineer at the NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL),
which constructs and operates
planetary robotic spacecraft andconducts space missions. She has
hardware on NASA’s Mars 2020
rover, Perseverance, due to launch
in July 2020.

Elizabeth Jens

When I look ahead to 2030, and what
could be the biggest impact of us
as a species, I believe that there’s areasonable chance of us knowing
if we are alone in the universe anddiscovering the origins of life on Earth.
That’s a big statement, I know. But
we’re already making huge progressin the deep space exploration field.
In July 2020, NASA JPL will launch
our Perseverance Rover mission,
which will – for the first time since
the Viking missions in 1975 – actively
search for life on Mars. And we havea much better idea today of what
we’re looking for than ever before. For
instance, we know that Mars was amuch warmer and wetter planet, hada magnetic field to give protection
from radiation and could have been
habitable. We are also enhancing
exploration capabilities, including
taking a helicopter with us. This will
be a whole new way to explore theplanet and may enable us to cover amuch broader area than we have beenable to before with rovers, giving us
more scope for new discoveries.
It will be exciting to see what we learn
from this mission. And the samples
that we’re able to take back and study
on Earth could give us insights into
what constitutes life itself. We may
discover that life on Mars is similar tothat of Earth and perhaps even that lifeon our planet could have originatedfrom Mars – and that in fact we’re all
fundamentally Martian!

“Deep space
exploration could
help us discover
the origins of life on
Earth by 2030.”
Beyond Mars, there are other missions
and areas of space to explore that
could make us rethink our place inthe universe. Take Europa Clipper as
an example, our next mission to theJupiter system and – more specifically– to Europa, one of Jupiter’s Moons.
Europa is particularly interesting as it
has an ice shell, and there is evidence
that there is a salty ocean that could
have enough to heat and energy fromtidal flexing to support life. Life there
might also be similar to some formsof life on Earth. And then there’s Titan,
one of the moons of Saturn, on which
the conditions are near the triple pointof methane, just like water here on
Earth, suggesting that this moon could
support life as well. If this is true, life
there would likely be very different andcompletely alien to us.

The impact of these discoveries on
how we see ourselves and the universe
more broadly will be very interesting.
Deep space missions could also
provide us with solutions to challenges
we face on Earth. Venus, for example,
has conditions resulting in an extreme
runaway greenhouse effect. Studying
the planet can help us to understandwhat, if the worst happens, thefuture could hold for Earth and, more
optimistically, what we can do to avoid
it from happening here.
Space research on improving lifesupport systems can also have hugevalue on Earth, from water recycling
to CO² removal, or any technology thatcan facilitate a closed system, where
we use our resources in perpetuity
instead of wasting them. We are a longway away from this but if we work
towards it, we can make progress
to both preserve our planet but alsoenable these longer space missions.
We humans are explorers by nature,whether it’s historically been within
our own little celestial body or beyond
with the Apollo programme. And it’s
this passion to explore and discoverthat triggers a lot of commercial
entities to drive their own space
programs. This passion also makes
them commit to the long timeframes
to develop hardware, overcome
technology challenges and embark on
the missions themselves.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 35

These new players will transform thespace sector in the next ten years,
pushing boundaries beyond just what
we do here on Earth and likely making
exploration progress much faster.
A major challenge that we must
address in the years ahead will be toensure collaboration and alignment
between space agencies globally andthe commercial sector, especially as
everyone will have different ambitions
and priorities. For instance, how do wealign our research for finding life on
Mars with projects to send humans to
the planet, which could impact these
discovery missions by introducing life?
Planetary protection will be crucial toensure we don’t record false positives.
We will need to work together acrosscompanies and countries. If we canmaintain the alignment for human
exploration between governments andcommercial entities, together we canachieve more – and there’s so muchthat can learn and discover in space inthe next ten years.

All opinions expressed here are her own, and do
not represent the opinion or policy of NASA, JPL,
or Caltech.
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36 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space“The challenges
wil be enormousand the rewards
available for all
humanity.”
Flavia Tata
NardiniIn the next ten years space will open
up in a way never seen before. Mars
seems within our reach and thistime it will not be government or
big industry that gets us there. The
challenges will be enormous and therewards available for all humanity.
When you look back to the years
leading up to the Apollo mission– the United States, through theirspace agency NASA, prepared tocomplete what was previously
thought impossible. While getting
man on the Moon was a collaborative
effort, it was the US government
who had both hands on the throttle
and took the recognition for theachievements. Fast-forward 50 years
and the quest for Mars is going to bevery different.

This time it will no longer begovernment led but an interactive
and often interdependent relationshipbetween start-ups and businesses.
Australia will have an important roleto play in space exploration andcolonisation with its expertise in
the development and use of remoteasset management.
I believe getting to Mars is a distinct
possibility and expect, in the nextten years, to see society much more
involved in the quest. With these future
missions being a collective effort moreindustries will be involved, from energy
corporations to mining companies. It’sthese companies not used so heavily inthe past that will enable us to set up acolony on Mars and I can’t wait to see it.
Start-ups will be a big part of it as well.
While we can no longer say that SpaceX
is a start-up, perhaps Elon Musk’s
passion for space was a catalyst for allof the NewSpace companies that we areseeing. So just as in the past it was arace to the Moon led by governments,
now it will be a start-up race to develop
the right technologies to see us on Mars.
While Mars will be the forefront of
our aspirations over the next decade,I also see a continual development insatellite technology and how we usethem. With nano-satellites alreadybeing manufactured, I expect thisto be key to our advancements. The
satellites we manufacture at Fleet are
all involved in the Internet of Things(IoT). We do IoT from space with theFlavia Tata Nardini is the CEO
and Co-Founder of Fleet SpaceTechnologies, a start-up which aims
to transform Earth from Space byconnecting the Internet of Things
around the world using a massive
fleet of small low-cost satellites.
She is a Board Member of theSouth Australian Entrepreneurship
Advisory Board and was previously a
Co-Founder and CEO of LaunchBox.

ability to view, monitor and measurelarge areas of the Earth’s surface. If
you consider the bushfires in Australia,
how can you monitor them by justlooking horizontally? Only in space canyou get the real perspective.
In the end, it is about the huge quantityof data these satellites absorb andwhat we do with it. Helping industry
to be more efficient with water, food,crops and livestock. Maybe I might benaive or ambitious enough to think thebiggest climate issues can be partly
solved from space with the ability toremotely check and verify that changes
are happening and interventions
working. The beauty of it is that this is
not constrained by infrastructure on
the ground and remote areas are justas accessible as built up cities.
With Mars (and the Moon) being
so remote, many of the skills andtechnologies we use on Earth will
also be needed when we get there.
Australia, with its internationallyrenowned reputation for outstanding
remote asset management, will play
an instrumental role in the quest withmuch attention on how Australia uses
remote management, especially inmining and agriculture.
However we need to be cognisantof the level of due diligence neededin moving forward with this goal.
On a personal level, visiting Mars
reminds me of Christopher Columbus
discovering the Americas. While© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 37

Columbus’ discovery was amazing,much of what he discovered was
exploited for its resources and notproperly or sustainably maintained. We
need to make an extra effort to ensure
this doesn’t occur on a planet likeMars, a planet whose potential we stillknow little about.
One of the things that brings me
a lot of confidence came from myexperience talking at last year’s panel
event, Australia’s race for space. I
saw lots of young people interested
in space, which is great news for the
future. One thing I urge these young
people to do is to place a focus on theconstruction and implementation of
new technology in space.
If you asked an expert ten years ago
what was the best course of action
going forward in reaching space, they
probably would have said that we needto build better rockets and equipment.
I am of the opinion that we are behind
where we need to be with software.
This is a software driven economy
and space will be the same. The otherthing holding us back is better battery
technology. We are getting so muchbetter with so many things that were
just a dream ten years ago but withoutstorable power to drive them, many will
be useless in space.
I am still confident. If asked about myultimate dream it would be that therace to space spills over into aviationand in the next ten years I can go toMars, but more importantly I can gohome to Rome in under an hour. Now
that would be really cool.

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38 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 39

“The private
sector wil play asprominent a roleas government
agencies in shaping
the future of space
exploration andapplications
for Earth.”Susmita Mohanty
Co-founder and CEO, Earth2Orbit© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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40 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Genevieve BellDr Genevieve Bell is the Directorof the 3A Institute (3Ai) and aDistinguished Professor at theAustralian National University (ANU)
as well as a Vice President and Senior
Fellow at Intel Corporation. She is acultural anthropologist, technologist
and futurist best known for her workat the intersection of cultural practiceand technology development.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 41

Australia’s place in these stories is adistinctive and complicated one. We
have a 60 to 80 thousand year legacy ofpeople imagining and transacting witha broad ecosystem of which the stars
were no small part of. The indigenous
people of this country understood the
movement of the stars, they tracked
constellations in space to inform when
they did certain things. There werestories about how the stars came to be
and about what those pieces of spacemeant to them.

I find it hard to talk about 2030
without putting it in a broader
context. For me, one of the mostinteresting things about space is not
the place it occupies literally, but theplace it occupies in our imaginations.
Our imaginings of space travel are
hardly new stories; in my doctoral
research, I came across a lovely essay
written more than 100 years ago by
a Native American boarding school
student who wrote about going to
the Moon. It’s interesting to think
about why the idea of propelling ourbodies into space has been such a
preoccupation of the Western science
fiction narrative for so long. What is
it about the idea of space that is so
perennially seductive? What is the roleof space in our imaginations? Is it asafety valve, the notion that we get toreset and try again? Is it somewhere
where we won’t have all the same
complications, a blank space that we
can fill with new stories?
Even as we start to imagine what space
will be like in 2030, we are living intimes that previous generations alreadyimagined for us. We are in a moment intime where a whole lot of the science
fiction we grew up with is ‘now’—Blade
Runner was set in Los Angeles in
November 2019 and we’re well past The
Terminator’s Judgment Day. Space is a
destination that has been predetermined
for us, and how we think about the
future is profoundly coloured by a whole
series of stories we’ve already told.

There’s something interesting about
notions of perspective too. That moment
when Buzz Aldrin sees the Earth as it’srising from a point of view that hadn’t
previously been seen by people. His
description of this is beautiful, andit’s a beautiful set of images that arecaptured, and it represents a very literalperspective shift. There is somethingfascinating about what a different pointof view can give you. Once you cansee everything from space, what doesthat mean? The capacity of low orbit
satellites to see back to Earth, and the
granularity of what they can see isvery different than what we have seen
previously. 20 years ago, you could
see a backyard square, by now you’re
down to what is on the phone screen inyour hand. Then there is more sensor
technology overlaying that, and thepossibilities are quite extraordinary.
It used to be that if someone wastaking your picture, you knew it was
happening. Now there’s a whole seriesof objects that can sense you, and it
is not knowable to you. So there’ll be
issues about sensor technology, aboutdata, data provenance, where thatdata is being stored and under whatcircumstances, how long it’s stored
for, who gets access to it.

“We’ve had a longand complicatedrelationship withspace.”Take an Australian example: we want
to be able to protect the canyon inwhich the Wollemi pine live frombushfire. How would you balance
the tension between wanting to beable to find fires and fight them,along with wanting to be able toprotect a prehistoric plant that exists
in one place only, whose location
has been kept secret for more than
15 years? Because you know that
if you disclose it, it would make itvulnerable. There is a balance about
what it means to be seen and whogets to be unseen, and what isnecessary to keep things secret.
My suspicion is that, by 2030, there
will have been some emergent
moments where we start to ask thequestion of what systems do we needto manage this? People are not often
good at speculating who will be thenon-traditional users of technology,
and what other uses they might put itto that wouldn’t have been imagined.

On one hand, there will be argumentsthat say this technology will allow us
to sense fire breakouts in real time andtarget resources; we’re going to be able
to track trafficked goods and manage
this; we’re going to be able to look atwildlife that’s endangered and manage
its perimeters. But this same technology
creates points of vulnerability.

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42 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of SpaceInbal BeckerReshef

NASA Harvest is truly a demonstrationof public, private and researchcollaboration – a nexus that many
find hard to bridge. The consortiumof partners is improving the use ofsatellite data to address food security
and agriculture problems globally, fromsmall-holder farmers to large corporates.
So, what does 2030 look like?
2030 is simply not that far away.
If you consider how rapidly satellitedriven agricultural monitoring has
evolved over the last ten years, picturing
it in ten more years is a continuation
and acceleration of this revolution.
In 2030 we will see much morewidespread and diverse adoption ofsatellite data and products across the
agricultural sector for driving real timedecision-making, whether for guiding
policies, informing trade, producing
agricultural statistics, implementing
sustainability commitments, mitigating
impending food shortages, advancing
precision agriculture, or providing
farmers financial services. I anticipate
a greater flow from ‘research’ into
‘operations’. This will be enabledby the trend towards free and open
data sharing, increased data quality,
higher spatial resolution, and faster
revisit time of satellite observations
combined with advances in machinelearning and cloud computing
alongside large investments by the
public and private sectors.

This uptake and routine integrationof satellite information across the
agricultural sector will help inform
decisions that enable our foodproduction systems to meet increasing
food and caloric demand sustainably,
even in the face of a changing climate
and scarce resources.
In many ways we are already starting
to see the impact of these technologicaladvances and open data sharing
developments. Take programs suchas Copernicus, or the proliferation ofsmall satellite constellations. These
are already successfully disrupting theway in which satellite data is being
used. Where 250m spatial resolution
data was the standard for global
monitoring just six years ago, today
the European Copernicus program isproviding free and open 10m resolution
imagery globally every 2-5 days, andsmall-sat constellations are providing
inexpensive daily imagery at 3-5m
resolution. With these new capabilities,
we are moving towards monitoring
our dynamic planet on a daily basis
at the scale of individual fields or
paddocks. This is a clear demonstrationof a paradigm shift towards open data
policies and more accessible datafrom both government and privately
owned constellations and infrastructureserving industry and the public alike.
This has allowed faster innovation
and an ability to meet the needs ofagricultural end users more quickly.
To continue to feed this advance, it
is important that by 2030 we havewidely adopted open data policies
for high quality, high volume Earthobservation with high spatial andtemporal resolution. But even more so,
we will need to ensure that we havethe readily accessible infrastructure
and platforms to process this data todeliver actionable information acrossthe sector. To do so, we will need totake advantage of the growth in cloudcomputing, machine learning andartificial intelligence; and will likely
need to rely on expanded industry
investments to enable this.

Dr Inbal Becker-Reshef is the Program
Director of NASA Harvest, NASA’s
Applied Sciences Food Security andAgriculture Program. Inbal’s work
is focused on the application ofsatellite information for agriculturalmonitoring from the field to global
scales, supporting decisions in foodsecurity and agricultural markets. She
is Program Scientist at the GEOGLAM
Secretariat and a Co-Director of
the Centre for Global Agricultural
Monitoring Research at UMD.

“Data driven,precision
agriculture fora food secure
Earth.”We are likely to see increased
frequency of extreme weather
events, and we need to make surethere is enough food for everybody
while managing our land use
sustainably. Why is it so importantthat decision-making capabilities
are enabled for agriculture?
The forecasts are well known: weneed to produce nearly 50 percent
more food by 2050 to feed nearly ten
billion people, yet we are alreadyat near 100 percent agriculturally
suitable land-use capacity. We willcontinue to experience extreme
weather conditions, and extreme
events will become more frequent.
We will need innovation to be able
to feed the world sustainably. In thenext decade, I foresee that Earthobservation data and the associatedinformation services will help increase© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 43

the productivity of existing agricultural
systems, while simultaneously reducing
agriculture’s environmental impact.
For example, precision agriculture
is increasingly using satellite data
to improve fertiliser use, help
manage water resources and enable
sustainable crop intensification.
Additionally, commercial start-ups
have been able to develop interfaces
and platforms to process this satellitesourced data and provide services
used by farmers, straight into theirtractors and machinery.
Monitoring agriculture across space
and time using Earth observation
satellites allows us to measure theimpact of decisions and policies—
for example, we can measure
the adoption rate of conservation
practices, or impact of policies on
cropping intensification or expansion.
In 2030, decision-making capabilities
driven by accessible, timely, and open
data and derived insights are going
to be key to feeding the world andthe continued agricultural revolution– across both small and large scale
farming operations.
What is holding us back? What are
the challenges?
Firstly, while Earth observation data
is increasing rapidly, to be able to get
to a desired future state we are goingto need to better collaborate acrossthe public and private space andtechnology sectors and to ensure close
stakeholder engagement.
We have seen a huge amount ofinnovation come out of the private
sector which has helped spur the
revolution in agricultural monitoring.
Both government-funded and private
sector research are developing highquality data capture mechanisms
and analytics, providing insights
faster than traditional approaches. To
continue to cultivate the agricultural
revolution, we will need to find useful,productive pathways to operationalise
these innovations in a way that isuseful to end-users.

NASA Harvest is an experimental
program that is trying to work inthis private, public and end user
nexus, investigating and developing
collaborations between the threegroups to increase the chances for
adoption and traction.
Secondly, and perhaps mostimportantly, in this ‘big-data’ era wecannot benefit from the increased
quality and quantity of Earthobservations without high quality
and accessible ground data, which is
critical for developing and validating
satellite products such as crop typemaps and crop yield estimates. This is
an area where private, public and end
user collaboration could havethe most impact.
As satellite data and tools become
more accessible to a wide range ofusers (rather than limited to remotesensing experts and researchers), it
will be critical to develop standards
and mechanisms to ensure the qualityof the products and insights derived
from satellite data. In addition, as
new satellites are launched it will be
important to ensure interoperability
across data streams. The benefits ofinteroperability are already being
demonstrated: for example, Sentinel-2
and Landsat data have been combined
to enable interoperable use, and weneed to facilitate more of this data
harmonisation.
If we can address these challenges
we will be able to unlock the huge
potential that Earth observation
data offers to inform local to global
decisions on policy development andfiscal decision making, and enhancemarket transparency in support ofagriculture and food security. For
example, in Uganda, NASA Harvest’s
work with the Office of the Prime
Minister has been able to develop
alerts for in-season crop stress fromdrought that trigger the release ofgovernment funding to proactively
mitigate the impacts on food security
and consumption in the long-term,
rather than post-fact.

We are starting to see regulation, suchas the Common Agriculture Policyin Europe, requiring the use of Earthobservation data to monitor andensure compliance. I expect this typeof uptake of satellite data to continue
and expand to other countries in thenext ten years.
We are starting this decade amidst
a revolution in Earth observation
capabilities as well as analytic andcomputational capabilities, whichholds great promise for realising thebenefits of satellite Earth observation
data for agriculture and food security
in the next ten years.

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44 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space“As a species, we’re
explorers. It’s in our
DNA.”

James
Morhard

What do you think we will haveachieved in the space sector by 2030?
This is a pivotal time for NASA. I lookat this as one campaign with threedomains: first, our focus over the nextten years is to expand the economy inlow-Earth orbit, getting to the Moonand staying there sustainably to learn
so that we can hopefully land on Marsin the 2030s.
Second, the United States aims to get
the first woman and next man on theMoon by 2024. This time, it’s morethan flags and footprints. We are goingsustainably, not just to go there, but tostay there for longer. By doing so, we
can build our understanding on what
we need to get into deep space; ourthird domain.
On Earth, we are limited by the “rocket
equation.” As the payload weightincreases, so does the amount ofpropellant you need. This is the sameon the Moon, but due to the Moon
only having 1/6 of Earth’s gravity, it’sa lot easier to launch from there. So,
if we are physically and economicallyable to mine the water ice on theMoon and convert it into hydrogen tofuel rockets, then we can go further
into deep space. If we are able toachieve this endeavour, it will decrease
the cost of space exploration.

James Morhard is the 14th
Deputy Administrator of NASA. He
helps provide overall leadership,planning and policy direction andis also responsible for articulating
and representing NASA’s vision.
Prior to his tenure with NASA,Morhard was the U.S. Senate
Deputy Sergeant at Arms.

What are some of today’s challenges
you see us solving in the next decade?
We haven’t built a human landing
system like that of Apollo in over 50
years and we’re currently reviewing
the options on how best to approachit. Those who worked on the Apollo
program aren’t with us anymore. So,
we’ve got to reinvent a lot of what has
been done.
To get to the Moon, we have the Space
Launch System (SLS) rocket, the Orion
capsule and the ground systems. But
the challenge now is to create theLunar Gateway – a command postthat will orbit the Moon and could bea transfer point to get to the Moon, as
well as a point to get to deep space.

Another challenge we’re facing issafety and logistics. I’m not worried
about our astronauts performing
what they’ve been trained to do. But I
need to make sure that I can get them
there safely and keep them alive whenin deep space with the challenge ofradiation, food supplies, blood flow,
and bone and muscle degradation.
Humans are the most fragile elementof space exploration, and safety issuch a key factor to think about. This
will all have to be solved for us toachieve our space ambitions.
What do you see the role ofgovernment in space being in ten
years’ time?
For the US, we can’t do this without
commercial and international
partnerships, they play a huge role.
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 45

being squeezed, we need to leverage
our commercial partners to expand
competition in the space economy. With
the Apollo program, we developed it,
we built it and we operated it. Now,
we’re helping companies develop thetechnologies and the hardware and wewant to be a customer.
Australia is a great example of a key
international partnership. Its great
robotic mining capabilities could be
extremely helpful on the Moon. Again,
we’re not looking to own these things,
we’re looking to be one of the manycustomers that want that service.
What are some of the benefitsof space to life on Earth in ten
years’ time?
A key focus of NASA’s mission is
studying the Earth. For instance, we
recently launched the Solar Orbiter togather important data on solar weather
and take never before seen photos of
the Sun. The orbiter will be looking at
the Heliosphere which is the immense
magnetic bubble containing our solar
system, solar wind, and the entire
solar magnetic field. It extends wellbeyond the orbit of Pluto and protects
us from solar radiation and flares.
We’re trying to better understand ourplanet to benefit life here on Earth.
Solar phenomenon, such as the 1859
Carrington Event which damaged
our telegraph wires and impacted
compasses, will have a much larger
impact today than it did then. If we getanother event such as this, with theamount of technology we have today,
it could be very bad for power grids,
our mobile devices and much more.
There is enormous value in scientificmissions such as Solar Orbiter, as wellas others like Psyche and Bennu, bothof which will study asteroids.
I see a lot being done for biology andmedicine through NASA. Some of
our work on pancreatic cancer andAlzheimer’s is quite personal to me,
having lost my dad to pancreatic cancer
and my mum having had dementia.
Currently on the International Space
Station, NASA astronauts are doing

research on the creation of tissue fororgan production and mass retinal
implant production. I also expect we’ll
see a proliferation of commercial spacestations in low Earth orbit that’s goingto allow for a lot more research.
What’s your dream for the spacesector and NASA in 2030?

I hope that we’re going to keep
learning. As a species we’re explorers,
it’s in our DNA. We’re always goingto want to push our boundaries
further out because we’re curious tounderstand who we are and where wecame from. My dream for 2030 is tokeep exploring and learning as we go
further and further into space.

If you Google NASA and blue dot,
there’s a famous picture of just a dot
in space, which is a picture of the
Earth from space. That gives you theappreciation that we’re just a dot reallyand makes you wonder is there evenan edge to the universe…

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46 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Jan Wörner

As a young man, I dreamt of being
an astronaut. Astronauts are the eyes
and ears of space. Long before Life
Magazine published the famous photoby Bill Anders of the fragile blue andwhite planet, the three men of theApollo 8 crew had already experienced
it. Anders described the moment as,“in a darkened room with only one
visible object, a small blue-green
sphere about the size of a Christmastree ornament.” I am not an astronaut,but my dream of space lives with me
every day.
As I look towards 2030, my firstthought is, ten years is not reallyenough time to imagine or predict
where we will be in space. Most
programs’ time frame is far greaterthan this including ESA programs.
So where do I think we will be? In
this matter, my opinion differs fromothers and is best explained through
ESA’s four pillar narrative. The record
budget voted last November at theSpace 19+ Council in Seville willallow breakthrough discoveries about
the Earth, our Solar System and thewhole Universe, while making the
responsible choice to strengthen theefforts to safeguard our planet and its
immediate space environment.
The first pillar is Science andExploration.

“Travelling forward.
Fascination,
inspiration andmotivation.”
Dr Jan Wörner is the Director
General of the European Space
Agency (ESA). Prior to starting hisrole in 2015, he was a civil engineer,
university professor and presidentof Technische Universität Darmstadt.
He also served as chairman of theexecutive board of the German
Aerospace Centre DLR.

Science is mandatory for every memberof ESA – everyone participates.
Exploration is optional. Science looks at
the stars and other phenomena far awayfrom the Earth. Exploration is closer tohome, it brings us to low Earth orbit, theMoon and Mars.
The next is, Applications, Earth
Observation, Telecommunications
and Satellite Navigation.
The third is Enabling and Support.
This is where we create and develop
new technologies and run spacetransportation.
The fourth is a new one: Safety andSecurity. It deals with space hazards
such as solar flares, space debris
and asteroids and also with Earthly
disasters such as Earthquakes, floods,
hurricanes, etc. or any disaster where

communication means are affected,
including a cyber-attack.
As we look to the future we will see
more and more private ownership andaccess with small fleets of company
focused – commercial satellites. In
telecommunication it is even morecommercially focused. Navigation ismore difficult. There is the general use
of navigation and with this comes theneed for security. In the next 30 years
what remains with the public agencies
will be science exploration and allsafety and security aspects. The rest
will become commercial.
Agencies like ESA are looking towards
collaboration with industry.
A customer, buying services like spacedebris removal. A broker, a long way
from our origins, bringing different
actors together in a common activity.
One question I am asked is, how do
we convey the benefits of space?
Space is an infrastructure. Many see
this as boring, just roads and bridges.
But personally I see infrastructure
as integral to everyday life. Just
as we need space, for weather
prediction, navigation, climate change
assessment and telecommunications.
But it is also an enabler – beyond justtechnical solutions.
To make it easier to see these I
developed three ‘destinations ofspace’ in no particular order; society,economy and environment.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 47

Space influences society. The Apollo
missions fascinated the world. Space iscaptivating especially the science andthe exploration missions. Fascination
is a positive emotion that leads toinspiration and motivation. This was
my story – inspired by space – a civilengineer building dreams in structures– something better for our society.
Space benefits the economy.
Developing industry, this is part of
ESA’s convention, developing European
industry and making it competitive on
the global market. Competitiveness isthe answer to the destination economy.
The third is environment, the surfaceof the Earth including climate change
and all around it. Missions have
responsibility to the Earth and thespace around the Earth.
These three are the value of space.
To look at it another way, we asked theEuropean people what they thought
they would like to contribute to space.

The mean answer was €287 per year
per person. Interestingly our ‘ask’ forSpace19+ was only €8 per person. So
we definitely have potential.
From space we can observe, of course,
but we can also take action. We canbe strong player in the fight against
climate change. Climate change is an
example of thinking about somethingrather than just ‘doing it’. We first
had to discover there was climatechange. And we found it not on Earthbut on Venus where we observed agreenhouse effect. So we thought,“could this also be happening on
Earth?” Discovery is number one.
Monitoring is next. We monitor some 26
parameters, climate variables, to allow
us to see what is really happening.
The next is to raise awareness. The
data is there, but you have to explain
it, so politicians and the general public
really understand. Astronauts can dothis – they can express their feelings
for this shiny planet in the darkness of

the universe. Their observations andemotion helps people understand.
The final is to mitigate; this is what wemust do now. The technology of solar
cells, a provider of clean energy, wasfirst developed for space. Navigationfrom space satellites allows us togo the shortest, the fastest and now
the greenest routes from A to B.
Space could see aircraft congestion
reduced with more efficient routes
and queuing to reduce emissions andspace will help aircraft fly at altitudes
that minimise contrails and theirimpacts on the climate.
Space is also a geopolitical equaliser.
As we aspire again to the Moon I dreamof a ‘Moon Village’. A village is a place
where different actors come together
to create something bigger. I’m notthinking of colonising the Moon,
because to live together in a tin can on
a dusty planet should not be the future
for anyone. Aspiring to leave this planet
and live on another is a poor excuse for
not taking care of Earth.

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48 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Jason Crusan“Forward to
the Moon – anopportunity for all.”Over the past decade, organisations
have focused on commercial spaceflights to the edge of space, low Earthorbit, to the Moon and beyond. Uponreflection, it has been a lot tougher
than expected and has taken more timethan everyone thought it would. With
continual improvements in technology
and an increased societal desire toreach space, it is my view that by theend of the decade, people can lookforward to regular flights to the edge ofspace, commercial space stations, thecomplete transition to small satellites
providing a wide array of new services,and the Moon’s surface being exploredfrom every angle. Interestingly too,
it will not just be “state sponsoredastronauts” who have ventured into
space and onto the Moon, it will behigh-net-worth individuals, artists,
engineers and storytellers who will

share the story of space from theirdiverse perspectives and in so doing,
foster further exploration and care of
our home planet.
Right now, how we fuel our travel
and even life in space presents aninteresting challenge. By way of
example, we will need hydration tolive and propellant to travel. If wesolve the problem of transportingwater into space by releasing thestores on the Moon - we will have asolution to both. Splitting hydrogenand oxygen molecules throughelectrolysis provides oxygen tobreathe, a propellant to travel andin its original form, water to sustain
life. Interestingly, that is the same
technology we use for hydrogenproduction on Earth and so I see somany technical overlaps between
the roadmaps we see in space andthose related to the energy transition
on Earth. The consequence of this isthat space travel and the technology
to enable living on the Moon have abenefit for all.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 49

Jason Crusan is the Vice Presidentof Technology at Woodside Energy.
With over 20 years’ experiencein the space industry and as aformer director at NASA, Jason is
passionate about the opportunities
that space provides for asustainable future.

In the past, space was extraordinarily
expensive. GEO satellites were built‘not to fail’ with large amounts ofmoney spent on redundancy thatcreated a vicious circle of increasing
costs. Now the standardisation of
CubeSats and small satellites, forexample (originally designed andbuilt for research), we are seeing thisindustry sector transforming. Satellite
costs have dropped to fractions of theoriginal price and so too has the risk
coefficient. CubeSats have evolved tomega constellations of small satellites
supporting Earth observations and/or communications promoting
more and more investment, further
driving down the cost of space. It is
the organisations associated withthese types of technology that will
influence more of what we do inspace - challenging more than weever thought possible. It is this realmof possibility that has now created a
global and robust space industry.
Australia’s space industry is onlyin its infancy. This is an economic
advantage to Australian industries- we have a diverse set of industry
players whose research, development
and technology investments arecomplementary to those of the spaceindustry. So instead of founding a newspace robotics autonomous remote
operations company, Woodside hashelped establish the Australian Remote
Operations for Space and Earth(AROSE) consortium – consisting of

the people who already do remoteautonomous operations. At Woodside,
we are advancing our remote
operations and autonomy for Earthcapabilities. We have every belief that
this can be leveraged into space.
While there are some companies
that are purely space orientated,all companies will see space asa medium to acquire data andfacilitate communication. New
collaborations are starting to form,
for example in agriculture planning,
if you do not have a space acquired
data set or hyper-spectral imagery,you are missing a major data
segment to advance your business.
As such, we will see agriculturalcompanies merging and partneringwith companies that have spacecapabilities and thereby improving
farming methods and production.

A mission to Mars is a bit of a fantasy
unless we know how to harvest
resources to get to and from Mars
along the way. I have always been a
big supporter of using the Moon to
get to Mars. I believe that we will use
resources from the Moon to actually
get to Mars. If you only want to repeat
the past and just go to the Moon, you
would not put any infrastructure on
or around the Moon, you’ll just go
to the surface of the Moon and bringeverything with you for each trip. If
you want go to the Moon and havethe sustained ability to go somewhere
else as well, you will put in orbital
depots around the Moon and surface
infrastructure in place to enable thestaging of propellants and the space
ships that will take us beyond theEarth-Moon. The robotic probes that wehave already sent to Mars are telling us
a lot about the Mars environment andthe history of potential life. Perhaps by
2030 we will know.

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50 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 51

“The missions alreadybeing undertaken in thespace sector are goingto result in people livingon the Moon in 2030.
When people look up
at the Moon and thinkthat there are actuallyhumans living up there,
it wil dramatically shift
our world view.”
Dylan Taylor
Chairman and CEO, Voyager Space Holdings© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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52 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Josef SchmidSpace travel is no mean feat. It takes
tremendous energy to hurtle your bodythrough space at 17,500 miles per hour
and then you need to dissipate thisenergy when you return. How do you dothat safely?

Dr Josef Schmid is a Flight Surgeon at NASA and a Major General in the UnitedStates Air Force Reserves. He is the former lead for Space Medicine Training,
responsible for training medical students, other flight surgeons, astronaut crew
medical officers and biomedical engineers. He is also the former Lead for theElectronic Medical Record system. He has been a crew surgeon for shuttle
missions STS-116, STS-120 and for the long duration missions to the International
Space Station. He became an aquanaut during a 12 day mission to NOAA’s
undersea Aquarius habitat. Dr Schmid is also the Co-director for the Aerospace
Medicine Residency at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.

“The sky is nolonger the limit.”

By 2030, many more people will want toand be able to fly on sub-orbital, orbital
and maybe even lunar orbital flights.
They may even land on the Moon.
‘Astronauts’ will no longer be the young,fit and healthy; rather older people, andeven people with medical conditions
will be flying in zero gravity. Space
travellers will go further and space
missions will be deeper and longer
with advancements in medicine andtechnology enabling these people to fly.
The space travel we envisage in 2030
means people, who would previously be‘disqualified’ as astronauts, will now be
fee paying tourists.
The increase in space travel will
open up unbelievable benefits
and opportunities.
Zero gravity is actually a good analogue
for how the body develops. In thewomb, the foetus is in zero gravity and it
is here that the heart, lungs and kidneys
develop. Understanding how the cells
come together to form tissues and how
the tissues form structures and then
how they interact with other organs in
the body all happens in zero gravity. This
introduces the possibility – and potential
opportunity – of growth of new organs
and the repair of others in space.

Treatments for medical conditions
that accelerate in space may also lead
us towards prevention and a cure forthese diseases. Astronauts can lose one
percent of their bone per month when
they don’t exercise, and when they do
exercise the bone may position itself in a
new manner into the cortex of the bone.
This may be similar to the impact ofwhen people are bed ridden, and elderly
people who are at risk of fractures. So
understanding and treating this will not
only have a benefit for space travellers
but terrestrial benefits as well.
Presuming you have avoided colliding
with space debris you have now landedon the Moon, what do you need to do to
keep healthy?

which occur regularly. Other ‘dust’is sharp and if this gets into yourlungs or eyes it could cause damage.
It’s hard to defend yourself against
those. If it hits your spacesuit, how
are you going to repair it instantly?
And then there’s radiation. On Earth,
we’re protected by the Van Allen belt
and also by our own atmosphere. On
the Moon, there are no protections.
We will have to find a way to defend
against not only background radiation,
but also the constant risk of coronalmass ejection or other events fromdeep space which may deliver a morelethal exposure.
I believe there are four steps tomitigate these risks.
First of all, prevention – identifying
potential risks early on and keeping
everyone who is going to fly healthy.
Next, we need to prepare for what
we cannot prevent. AI and othertechnologies will play a key part
here, looking at past medical issues
in orbit and on land, augmenting ourability to recognise potential medical
issues through diagnosis, testing andpotentially assisting with treatment.
We also need to empower and support
our astronauts, equipping them withthe skills and knowledge to be able
to make quick decisions and act fast
when issues arise.

The Moon is dusty, not dusty likeyour home, but rather Moon dust is
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 53

The opportunities for cooperation andpeace are absolutely paramount andthat’s what got me excited way backwhen I saw the Apollo Soyuz. As longas we cooperate on an international
level, we’ll have more chance for peace
and the human race will advance.

And finally, when packing for a trip, AI
can help us prepare, analysing from pastmissions and from reams of available
health data informing what we need
and what can be used for multiple
purposes, from IV fluids to surgicaltools that can also be used to repair
broken equipment. This is the exciting
part, using what we know from the pastthrough the use of technology to find
new solutions.
Finally, psychosocial support issomething that is overlooked, but it is
an important issue. We send people toextreme environments in dangerous andisolated locations. Space can be lonely
and communication often difficult.

Think of how much we communicate
through touch and smell. How wedeal with mental health will be vital.
In the absence of a physical counsellor,
AI may have a role. Changes inbehaviour can be picked up by AI withthe potential of developing appropriate
and effective support.
When it comes to the future of space,
the sky is no longer the limit. I’m
excited about what the next ten years
will bring – and with the medical
progress we make in space, we will
see tangible benefits on Earth. To
make it successful, we need to ensure
cooperation between all players.

The views expressed are those of the authorand do not reflect the official policy or positionof NASA, the US Air Force or the US Government.

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54 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Karen
Andrews

The Hon. Karen Andrews MP is
the Minister for Industry, Scienceand Technology in the AustralianGovernment, a role that she’s had
since August 2018. She represents theDivision of McPherson in Queenslandand is a member of the Liberal
National Party.

Moving towards 2030, Australians
have plenty to look forward to with arapidly growing space industry. In thewords of our Prime Minister, The Hon.
Scott Morrison MP, “space captures
the imagination and inspires us all.
It develops new technologies that
improve life on Earth, offering hugeeconomic and job opportunities.” These
opportunities are only going to continue
to grow. Australians will be surprisedby the variety of people and businesses
who will benefit from this emerging
ecosystem, with the sector tripled insize to AU$12 billion a year with job
opportunities for 30,000 people.
Space is already a big part of our
day to day lives, with the integration
becoming more pronounced. The
evolution of technologies fromspace are growing at a rapid rate,“One of the greatchallenges isbringing thecommunity with uson the journey.”presenting incredible opportunities
for Australian people and business.
For example, satellite positioning
technology and the work to improve
the accuracy of positioning services
from metres to centimetres is very
exciting, benefitting developments
in autonomous vehicles and making
them closer to reality.
One of the great challenges isbringing the community with us on
the journey. Space is awe-inspiring
but we need to make sure every day
Australians can see themselves aspart of the story. We need people toknow job opportunities are not justfor astrophysicists and engineers but
also for our tradies, from electricians
to boiler-makers.

The benefits are real and tangible– whether it’s helping our farmers
manage their crops, better mapping
bushfires or getting our ride share topick us up from the right spot.
By 2030 it will not just be spacebusinesses but the businesses that
support those space businesses thatwill grow. Gilmour Technologies, arocket company in Queensland, hasover 300 local small and medium
sized businesses that form part oftheir supply chain making their space
projects come to life.
It’s these flow-on effects that makespace such an exciting industry
proposition that will continue to growthe Australian economy.
The space sector is no longer justthe domain of governments, it’s afast-growing and fiercely commercial
sector, driven by the falling costsof launch and rapid technology
development.
Engagement between the public
and private sectors is central to thespace sector thriving in Australia.
The Australian Space Agency isdesigned to be the welcome mat forinternational partners who want toengage with our businesses.
One of the Australian Space Agency’s
key roles is to open up a dialogue
with Australian businesses anduniversities. Their headquarters at Lot© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 55

Fourteen in Adelaide allows Agency
staff to walk around and engage withindustry partners also based there,
like the Smartsat CRC and Myriota.

industry to tap into global markets.
Our most recent agreements are withthe likes of NASA, Germany and theEuropean Space Agency.

In order to continue growth in theindustry, the Australian Governmentis investing AU$150 million into
Australian business to help them bepart of NASA’s return to the Moon andthen on to Mars.

In closing, Australians have much to
look forward to looking towards 2030.
Continual investment in the spaceindustry is helping us make betterbusiness decisions, improve our
productivity, open up our markets,
create new jobs, and build our skills.
It is literally revolutionising how we
do business and how we live.

Our AU$15 million International
Space Investment (ISI) initiative will
also back strategic space projects thatbuild relationships with international
space agencies for the benefit of theAustralian space industry.
In addition to supporting thetransformation of our space industry
into new supply chains, moreinternational agreements are being
signed to open doors for Australian

working on the biggest missions in
the world. And I am confident it will
also help Australians see the endlesspossibilities of careers in space – andinspire our younger generation to
pursue STEM studies.
I look forward to the exciting months
and years ahead – as the AustralianSpace Agency takes shape and becomesa permanent part of our economy.

For the first time in Australia’s
history, we will have a national
space agency that will co-ordinate allthese activities, and bring Australia’s
businesses to the world. The Agency
will showcase our incredible
talents. It will open the door forour businesses to create jobs by© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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56 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Larry Marshall

including through artificial intelligence
and advanced analytics will continue
to push transformation.

“New frontiers of
the space industry
wil open up.”

Australia’s geographic location in
the southern hemisphere has always
been attractive for space related
activities. Profound transformationof space technologies alongsideincreasing demand for space-based
services will drive the emergence ofa new space age, and with it, many
new opportunities for the growth ofAustralia’s own space sector.
Our country’s attributes of large landmass, low light and electromagnetic
interference will be capitalised on, withintegration into global value chains.
By 2030, Australia will be developing
positioning services and technology,
Earth observation calibration,

validation and data analytics, provisionand management of world-class spacetracking facilities and space situationalawareness activities to leverage andunderpin our natural advantages.
Over the next decade, the space value
chain will broaden, covering upstream
activities which focus on groundsystems, launch and operating objects
in space, together with downstream
activities that utilise space data andtechnologies across a range
of applications.
Innovation at the downstream end of
the space value chain will lead to an
expansion of the applications for space
derived data and services, creating
new businesses, new industries andnew ways to solve grand challenges.
We’ll see breakthrough solutions
in areas like precision agriculture,environmental management fromforests to reefs, mining, and manyother sectors.
‘Space 2.0’ will continue to change theindustry, based on the introduction ofminiaturised, low cost technologies,
and more sustainable and reusable
systems, with improved power
and propulsion on the horizon.
Convergence with advances in highperformance computing, materials,
robotics, and increased data exchange,

New frontiers of the space industry will
open up, including space-based tourism,
energy, manufacturing, asteroid mining,
deep space missions and living ‘offworld’ in closed-loop systems. Australia
as an established supplier of R&D tointernational space agencies will beembedded in the NASA Artemis mission
to the Moon.
Data derived from space will provide a
unique view not available from othersources. Australia will be operating
satellites as national research facilities toinform our Earth observation monitoringand management practices.
Innovative space technologies, services
and business models will be gamechanging for the space industry, but alsotransformative to on-Earth industries
through diffusion of innovations into
everyday life. Completely new disruptive
industries will be enabled, such as ‘data
mining’ industries that derive value fromspace data.
The deluge of data is amplified by
space, almost beyond our ability tocope – at CSIRO alone we alreadyreceive more data from space than
the global internet generates! And
globally, the daily volume of data
generated will continue to increase,driven by increased sensorisationand digitalisation across industries,
governments and households.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 57

Dr Larry Marshall is a scientist,
technology innovator, businessleader and the Chief Executive of
the Commonwealth Scientific andIndustrial Research Organisation(CSIRO), Australia’s National Science
Agency and innovation catalyst.
Prior to joining CSIRO in 2015, he
was the Managing Director andFounder of a number of companies inbiotechnology, telecommunications,semiconductors and venture capital.

So artificial intelligence will needto step up and help us turn thatdeluge from commodity or worse,
waste – into genuine insights andactionable decisions.
Data exchange and associatedbig data analytics will be creating
significant value across industries.
When used intelligently, the larger
variety, access speed, and volumesof data from space-based platforms
will allow for more informed decisionmaking and increased productivity.
This will require a step-change in data
analysis techniques including artificial
intelligence, machine learning and onboard processing.
National research agencies like
CSIRO will continue to lead thetechnical research sector and operate
our national research facilities. We
will continue with the ‘deep tech’research that is too expensive forsmall companies, and work with SMEs
who will take the products of ourresearch to market here and overseas
and support the commercialisation
pathway of the research including
spin-outs from CSIRO.
Our 2030 integrated end-to-end
Australian space value chain, withboth domestic and internationalcustomers, will continue to bestrengthened by Australia’s wellestablished relationships, like with
NASA, for the national benefit.

I’m looking forward to more Australian
lives benefiting from technologies
developed for space missions. I
remember when we got excitedabout food and drink productsthat astronauts ate and drank, but
amplify that into more life-changing
technologies that tackle environmental,
industrial and energy challenges.
Australia has grown industries fromour natural resources, like agriculture
and manufacturing, which will be
critical to developing solutions fromthe resources we find on other planets.
The new materials we create to solve
problems in space could in turn help
us transform commodity markets
based on raw materials into uniqueand higher margin, value-added
products for national export.
To grow the national space industry,
Australia must take advantage of its
natural advantages and strengths, andalign them with industry trends. To
fully exploit these advantages requires
investment in key foundational enablers,
including infrastructure, businessecosystems and R&D capabilities.
The success of our space industry
will depend on our ability to inspire
and to demonstrate the connection
between the space economy, its
impact on the lives of Australians andthe competitiveness of the nation’s
industries. Growth of Australian spaceventures will see more opportunities
to both spin in leading Australiantechnologies and capabilities, and tospin out space derived technologies
into everyday life.
Growing our nation’s space industry
requires an innovative culture andambition to challenge and inspire our
future generations.
CSIRO is an integral link between
public research and commercial
industry. Technology diffusion andknowledge transfer is a key driver for
space exploration, and R&D is theapplicability of these technologies toland-based industries and daily life.

To fully exploit the value of spacetechnology, the industry must beconnected with all established
Australian industry sectors. A
dedicated forum focused ontranslation of these technologies into
other industries could help fast-track
international collaborations andtechnology and knowledge transfer
both into and out of space programs.
For example, the impetus for deep space
missions to make equipment smaller,
lighter and more robust is particularly
useful for the mining industry.
Alongside commercial market
development, judicious government
procurement of locally developed
space innovations will encourage andhelp build Australia’s space industry
and help to maintain a critical mass ofcapabilities in the country.
For example, continued open
government repositories for data are
critical for development of valueadding space-derived services.
Australia has many strengths toleverage as we grow our national
space industry – we bat above ourweight in scientific and technologicalexpertise, and we have many natural
assets in our landscape. But space is a
global industry and Australia is a newand small player, so to engage andultimately compete we must grow ourinternational network by strengthening
existing partnerships and forging newones based on common interests,
shared values, and reciprocal benefit.
I am confident we have exciting andunique expertise to offer the world, but
we must always make sure Australia
benefits along the way.
There is a risk that we try to boil theocean – forgetting how small weare compared to space and to theinternational space community. We
need to focus on where we can bereally valuable and differentiated, if we
don’t focus, we’ll smear out like theproverbial bug hitting the windshieldof the rocket as it flies past us.

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58 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Megan Clark

The next ten years holds great
opportunity for Australia in terms of
its role in space. By 2030, we will be
participating in joint space missions
with commercial partners andinternational space agencies such asNASA and the European Space Agency.
Australia will use its unique positionin the Southern Hemisphere to behome to ground stations in every state
and territory to send commands andreceive information from satellites andspace craft in low orbit. Australia will
be a critical geographical location forcommunication with space, not just in
our lowest orbit and middle orbit, butalso as part of the lunar communication
network. I’m certain that we will have
live feeds from Mars and from theInternational Space Station, which
will beam right to the main street ofAustralia, inspiring our next generation.
Remember, Australians areinnovators, we’re the country thatinvented Wi-Fi. Australia can play apivotal role in the next generationof communication technology as we
use laser light to communicate inspace and between space and Earth.
Australia is a big island with large
remote areas. By 2030 space will be aubiquitous part of our communication
networks linking our land, sea andairspace. Our trains, trucks andairborne taxis will know their precise
positioning to within centimetresusing global positioning satellites andmobile phone networks.

“In 2030 we wilhave created jobs
we can only dreamabout today.”Dr Megan Clark is the Head of theAustralian Space Agency and a
director of Rio Tinto, CSL Limited
and CARE Australia. Prior to this,she was Chief Executive of the
CSIRO, Director at NM Rothschildand Sons (Australia) and Vice
President of Technology andsubsequently Vice President of
Health, Safety and Environment
at BHP Billiton.

The third area where Australia will
participate actively in space is inusing our knowledge in robotics
in remote asset management.
Put simply, we will utilise themaintenance and operations robots
we already use in the oil and gas
industries – but on other planets. The
robots will assist with the work weknow we must do on the Moon andMars. The future will see us bringthese advances in working remotely,back to our shores, allowing Australia
to continue to position itself as theleader of remote operations, as weare today.
While some may be concerned about
the impact of technology on jobs – Ifeel we’ll actually be creating jobs,
jobs we can’t fully imagine today.
Jobs building and controlling robots

that are not on Earth, but on the lunar
or Martian surface or on celestialbodies that we’re exploring. By 2030,
many kids will be going into these jobs
thinking that they are quite normal.
We often think of the space industry
as being focused in STEM. In reality,
there is actually such as broad
range of opportunities that if thoseinterested in joining the industry keep
their eyes open, they will be quite
surprised to see that there is a place
for all. For example, philosophers andethicists will be needed to analyse theimpact of possible discoveries of lifein space; lawyers to draw-up multilateral agreements as we cooperatein space; communication specialists
as we enable longer and deeper
space missions; and electricians to
set up these connections. There arean extraordinary number and range© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 59

of jobs required. For those keen to
be involved, giving advice to ouryounger generation now, I think
the most important thing is to stay
curious, learn about what the industry
is doing and make sure that you
follow your passion.
But to be able to achieve ourambitions for 2030, there are areas
where we need technology toadvance. Firstly, for missions of
longer duration we desperately needlarger rockets and novel propulsion
systems, which can refuel while inorbit. As well, one of the biggest
challenges we will face while working
on Mars will be the exposure toradiation. The International Space
Station sits only about 400km fromthe Earth, meaning that it is within the
shadow of our magnetic field. When
we go beyond that towards Mars andthe Moon, we will be in a realm where
we are not so well protected. Whilewater is a good barrier to radiation,and possibly part of the solution, thisissue has not been fully solved forhuman missions yet.
Much of what we do in space isbeing automated as seen on theInternational Space Station, which
was of course originally designed
to be for humans. We will haveautomated lunar gateways orbiting
the Moon and missions to otherplanets. However, space exploration
goes into something much more
innate in human nature. I do thinkpeople will continue to be part ofour exploration programs. For years
we have sent rovers, orbiters andsatellites to space, providing insights
to space that we have never seen
before, however this has never reallyquenched our thirst for truly ‘human’
space exploration.
Certainly by 2030, I’m hoping that
we’ll look back and reflect on a
growing, robust and vibrant spaceindustry in Australia. We’ll have jobs
that we couldn’t have dreamed of forour kids to pursue. I hope we’ll lookback from the Moon and Mars andknow that we’ve been at all times safe
as we explore and expand into space,that we’ve never lost an Australianleaving Earth, in space or coming
back, and that we have operated
in that environment as a very
responsible global (galactic) citizen.

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60 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Nikolai
Khlystov“Space wil becomemuch more visible
and accessible.”

What big changes do you think we’ll
see in the space sector in 2030?
I think it will be no surprise to space
enthusiasts that there will be anincrease in commercial activity,
including space tourism that will get
space into the headlines and into
people’s minds. As people can start toafford it, we’re going to start meetingpeople who have actually been able totake a trip to space. We’ll see the launchof large satellite constellations which
will also introduce risks, particularly
relating to orbital debris. There’s a goodchance we’ll land people on the Moonby 2030. We may even see countries orcommercial actors start to establish apermanent base.
These factors are going to make spacemuch more visible and accessible to
the general public, and especially tochildren and how they perceive thesector. The next ten years are going tohave a profound cultural impact.
How do you think we ensure asustainable future and what does thatlook like in ten years’ time?
One of the biggest risks we have issustainability. The orbital debris issue
is very serious and it is important towork on several different fronts to preempt and to tackle the debris issue.
It is going to be really important
for the large constellations that areproposed to have robust management
systems, to be autonomous and able

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 61

Nikolai Khlystov is the Lead for
Future of Mobility Platform at theWorld Economic Forum and also
manages the Global Future Council
on Space Technologies, which brings
together global multi-stakeholder
experts in the space sector.
Passionate about the potential of
humankind to expand its existence
beyond Earth by conquering new
frontiers, Nikolai is a thoughtleader
and promoter of space exploration.

to respond quickly to any incidents.
Hand in hand with the development of
this is active debris removal, and how
to take satellites out of orbit.
On the assurance side, the guidelines
need to be strengthened. A lot ofexperts in the field feel that theguidelines are too relaxed at this point,that the ‘25-year rule’ for time to deorbit does not correspond to the realityof the 21st century.
There are aspects that the industry
will build from the bottom up insteadof waiting for formal guidelines orregulations. I believe the industry isinterested in doing the right thing andwill start taking action voluntarily toensure the overall health of orbits. Thatmakes sense on a commercial side,
as well as for sustainability. Orbits
are difficult to clean up, so one or
two accidents could really ruin it for
decades if not centuries to come.
Another big threat — a threat andopportunity — is the resource race.
By 2030 we could see public or private
actors planning missions to asteroids
or the Moon for resource extraction.
Guidelines are needed to prevent a‘wild west’ scenario in space: how canthose resources be used, and who hasa right to them. We need to ensure that
there is opportunity for the commercial
sector to develop that industry, butthat it is done sustainably.

In ten years’ time what sort of spacebusinesses do you think we’ll see?
Space tourism will be a big thing overthe next ten years. I think we’ll have arange of offerings in sub-orbital space,including high-altitude balloons. Thatmight be a more accessible option thatgets people closer to space. Space
hotels could take off, we could evenstart seeing the first of these taking
shape or launching by 2030.
In terms of productivity, there arelarge constellations with hundredsof satellites planned, and that’s
going to provide for some exciting
opportunities and connectivity. Linked
to that on the business front, is theactive removal of old satellites, rocket
bodies and large pieces of debris.
Servicing, repairing and refuelling as
a business is going to grow, and withthat you’ll have additional innovation
technologies that come online foron-orbit servicing, which is going tosupport the growth of the sector andfuture developments.
Launch of course is going to support
all of these developments. Launchproviders of different sizes are trying
to develop the optimal launch vehicle.
Reusability is going to be a big
commercial factor, and I think that’s
going to become the norm by 2030.

What do you think the role of groups
like the Forum will be in the coming
decade for the space sector?
This is an area where you see multistakeholder collaboration increasing- commercial actors of different
sizes, government bodies, the UN,various foundations and even private
individuals - who are becoming activein the field. The Forum can support thedevelopment of formal processes andthe development of various and bestpractice guidelines, but also provide
a more informal, neutral platform for
multi-stakeholder engagement andcollaboration. The Forum can provide
the means where these stakeholders
can come together to discuss theissues and opportunities where eachof them plays a role. Everybody has avoice in such an environment and thatbuilds trust.

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62 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 63

“When you see theEarth from space, itfeels like the Earth isour spacecraft and thepeople that inhabit it are
its crew. Such a view
convinces us we needto look after our Earthand protect it.”
Pamela Melroy
Adviser, Australian Space Agency
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64 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of SpaceNobu Okada

What can we expect for the spacesector in the next ten years?
The space sector is expanding rapidly
in terms of investment, innovation,utilisation and discovery. In thenext ten years society will reap
untold benefits from this growinginterest in space, but there will beconsequences. This rapid expansion
will lead to one of two scenarios: asustainable space environment or
an unsustainable one. The densityof objects in space is approachinga critical level already and when
we add thousands more satellites
in the near future, the potential forcollisions that lead to a proliferationof debris becomes more likely. It is
crucial to take action now, otherwise
we will head in the direction of anunsustainable future.
What do you think are the key
challenges to achieving sustainabilityin space?
To use an analogy, if we look at
any highway and there is a brokendown car, roadside assistanceservices will remove the car so that
it is not a hazard to other vehicles.
To facilitate this, there are roadrules, a traffic control system anda car removal service. The same
systems can be applied to space.
The orbital “highways” are alreadyvery congested with more than
23,000 pieces of debris larger thanten centimetres in diameter and“. .take action now
for a sustainable
space.”

Nobu Okada is the Founder and
CEO of Astroscale. Founded in 2013,
Astroscale is developing solutions
for active debris removal services tomitigate the growing and hazardous
build-up of debris in space.

hundreds of millions that are smaller.
We need more clear space traffic
management, which includes betterawareness of the orbital environment,
and safe and reliable debris removal
technology. The space community is
taking steps forward on both of these
topics as there are global discussions
on developing more accurate andtransparent observations – also called
space situational awareness (SSA) –and companies like ours are working
on the technology and policies tofacilitate active debris removal (ADR).
Do you think we’ll be able to achieve
agreement over the next ten years on
what space laws should exist?
Compared to six or seven years
ago, we have seen a proliferation ofregulatory discussions around theworld. If we look back two to three

years ago, only the United Nations
and the Inter-Agency Space Debris
Coordination Committee (IADC) had
intense discussions about spacedebris matters. Now we see tradeassociations, industry coalitions,academia, and sometimes evenindividual countries coming together
to create rules and guidelines, so theawareness of the issue has greatly
improved. One of the things thatmakes me more confident about
the future is that in June 2019,
the United Nations Committee on
the Peaceful Uses of Outer Spaceapproved Guidelines for the Longterm Sustainability of Outer Space
Activities. Of course, these arejust guidelines, but it’s generally
quite difficult to get a unanimous
agreement on international matters,so I think it shows that the UN is a

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 65

good platform to obtain international
consensus on global issues. I’m more
optimistic about the future now as
we’ve seen some progress compared
to several years ago.
How do you think we will overcome
some of the cost-related challenges toachieving space sustainability?
If a service costs a lot then people
will be reluctant to use it. We
need a reasonably priced debris
removal service and we are getting
there. If we use the example
of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
everybody knew that CFCs weredepleting the ozone layer but at
the time there was no technology
to replace it. Thanks to innovation,companies came up with alternatives
to CFCs, and at first, they were very
expensive. However, governments
came together and cooperated toregulate the removal of CFCs andas a result, the alternatives became
affordable. I believe cost-effective
debris removal solutions will become
the incentive for countries to agree
on the next steps for a sustainable
space. In 2020, Astroscale will launch
the world’s first commercial debris
removal technology demonstration
using magnetic capture technology.
After researching various options, we
decided that magnets are the mostlight-weight, minimally intrusive
and low-cost solution for capturing
objects. At least one constellation
provider has the same opinion - in

December 2019, OneWeb announced
that they will mount docking plates
on their satellites for debris removal
which are compatible with magnets.
This is a step in the right direction forthe standardisation of best practices
on how to be a responsible player inspace.
What will debris removal activities
look like in 2030?
In 2030, I hope to see debris removal
as routine work in space, much like
waste management on the ground.
We want it to be so routine that weeventually don’t make headlines for

simply taking out the trash. As for
Astroscale, we also want to expand
our business to in-orbit servicing.
Let’s say ten percent of satellites
become defunct in space. First, wemust address the defunct satellites
by removing them from orbit, but
the next question is how can wehelp make sure the remaining 90
percent of active satellites stay active?
With in-orbit services such as life
extension, satellite relocation, repair
and refuelling, we can prevent thesesatellites from becoming debris in the
future. I think this is going to become
quite a big market.

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66 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Pamela Melroy

By 2030 there will be substantialchanges in the role of government
within the space sector. We should
expect to see space becoming much
more commercialised. You only haveto look back to 2010 in the UnitedStates when just a few people hadheard of or understood commercial
space - it seemed highly unlikely tomany that we could have commercial
achievements in something astechnically challenging as going tospace. Today though, it’s a completely
different ballgame. Organisations
such as Virgin Galactic are beginningto become big players and this trend
will only continue over the next ten
years as it has in other transportationrelated industries.
While commercial ventures into
space will become more common,government support will continue toplay a role. For example, in less than
two years since forming their own
space agency, Australia has alreadytaken steps that can be described as
nothing short of astounding. One of
the things that I always tell people isthat all space agencies have challenges.
At some point Australia will have thesame problems as other more mature
space agencies, the effect being thatthey get to the same collective point,
all wrestling with the future together.
At that point, Australia will be firmly
embedded in the Global Space
Community as a big player.

“Australia’s
astounding
progress as aninternational playerin space.”
Pamela Melroy is an adviser to theAustralian Space Agency and Directorof Space Technology and Policy at
Nova Systems. She is also a retired
United States Air Force Colonel andtest pilot, former NASA Astronaut andShuttle Commander and has spentover 38 days in space.

I’m convinced we will see interesting
technologies and ideas in the coming
decade. The mining, oil, gas and remoteasset management sectors are thecrown jewels in Australia’s technology
arsenal; I expect these industries will betranslated into space.
When it comes to skills, all kinds ofengineering will continue to be very
important within the space industry. I
also think that cyber and automation
technologies will have greater
importance to the sector within the nextten years. These are exciting times forour next generation!
Past human spaceflight programs have
had enormous challenges around life
support systems. They are still bespoke,exquisite designs, and firmly tied
to the spacecraft. The Holy Grail is aself-contained life support system thatyou could put into any spacecraft thatwould allow humans to thrive.
Another technological issue we will
likely face is being able to maintaineffective communication networks,
especially over long distances suchas between space and Earth. To meetthe connectivity objectives requiredin space, we will have to improve
the robustness of networks so that
continual communications dropouts do
not occur. Business depends on it.
With autonomous technology on therise, some immediately equate thatto the loss of jobs. I think instead weshould be looking for the up-scaling
and growth in the type of jobs that
support automated outcomes, such as
vehicles and decision-making systems,
many of which are jobs that don’tnecessarily require a university degree.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 67

There has been a tendency to silo andisolate commercial, civil and national
security space. I believe we have tothink about it as a more integrated
strategy – what is it we are trying
to achieve as a whole? What are thecapabilities we collectively need todevelop? If we have routine spacecommerce back and forth between the
Earth and the Moon, and you havea commercial version of GPS andmultiple entities performing activities
on the surface of the Moon, how doyou together protect commerce?
What happens if your scientificoutpost has a dispute related toaccess to a resource that is required
to keep humans alive? How do wework through that? Having a globally
integrated approach is the major
challenge that all governments face.

I would argue a challenge we have isthat the people that currently maintain
important sub-systems in the spacesector have university degrees –I believe we need to move away fromthis as a baseline requirement. We
need to design and establish a spacework force of the future which isn’t
exclusively tertiary educated, one more
open to talent of all types.
Another challenge we face is ensuring
regulation is fair and equitable,
particularly around the use of resourcesin space. This will allow all to thriveand enable commercial industry
to undertake major infrastructureenhancements which will benefit
everyone – on terms that are
predictable and fair. We currently relyon space regulations dating back to
the 1960’s, I think we will require newthought leaders to drive the dialogue

around the most responsible way touse resources on/from the Moon, Marsand elsewhere in our solar system.
When you reflect on our world, it’s
hard not to conclude that there may
be national security challenges arisingover the next ten years. While effective
discussion and dialogue will help
mitigate these, the rising capabilities
and competing interests of major
powers as they seek to control space
will again see the need for effective
legal parameters.

Finally, while I do not believe that spacetravel will begin to become affordable
to the wider public by 2030, the newand evolving world of virtual andaugmented reality will help give people
a deeper understanding of what spaceis actually like, especially around theenvironment and how we look after it.
When you see the Earth from space,it feels like the Earth is our spacecraft
and the people that inhabit it are its
crew. Such a view convinces us weneed to look after our Earth and protect
it in order to keep it healthy. I canconfirm this through my own personal
experience seeing the Earth from justthat perspective.

Today, China has a rover on thefar side of the Moon and a lunar
communications relay. This is thestart of a push that many believe willcontinue. Such actions – from multiple
nations – will have national security
implications that are difficult to predict
and respond to.

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68 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of SpacePeter Beck“I hope that accessto space wil
be completely
democratised”
Where do you think the space industry
will be in 2030?
Space is quite cyclical in its
advancements. Every decade or so
there’s a big project that takes place.
At the moment, it is the proliferationof small satellites in low Earth orbit
providing internet services. I think there
will be huge numbers of spacecraft inorbit, and a lot of the terrestrial services
that we utilise today will be provided inorbit, with low latency, and be prolificanywhere on the planet.
That’s the positive outlook. However,some would say that the space industry
is in a bubble right now and while thatbubble may not burst, it’s certainly going
to deflate a bit. The potential downsideof the bubble is that extra-terrestrial
constellations fail to be economic andare outpaced by the terrestrial rollout ofservices such as 5G – the space industry
falls into a slight recession as it has donein previous cyclical decades. The benefit
with the kind of dedicated small satellite
launch we’ve made possible, is that it’sfaster, easier and more affordable toget new technology on orbit to try new
things and develop new capabilities
to replace obsolete ones, those on the
ground and in space.
Generally, people in the space sector
are very optimistic about what
the future holds for space and thetechnologies being developed.
What do you think launch frequency
will look like in 2030?
Rocket Lab’s Electron was the fourthmost launched vehicle in the world
last year, following China’s Long
March, Russia’s Soyuz and SpaceX’s
Falcon 9. And we launched six times.

If you look back to the 1960’s, there
were around 20 launch pads active
at Cape Canaveral alone, all firing
up Atlas, Titan and Delta rockets. So,
we’ve got some way to go before weget back to the 1960’s rate of launch.
I certainly hope access to space by
2030 is completely democratised. It
shouldn’t have the level of complexitythat it has now. Provided the market
stays buoyant, you’re going to see acontinual drive of increased launchfrequency and easier access.
If you build the internet in space and it’saccessible, we’re never turning that off.
We may be maintaining up to 30,000
spacecraft in orbit, and that requires avery high launch frequency. These kindsof space applications, these very large
infrastructure builds are going to drive
launch frequency.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 69

Peter Beck is the founder and CEOof Rocket Lab, a leading US and NZ
based launch and small-satellite
service provider specialising in low
cost access to space.

What will help bring down the cost oflaunch by 2030?
Production and reusability are the twoelements that are going to have thebiggest impact on cost. The more you
produce something, the cheaper it gets.
The more you fly, the cheaper it gets.
For us, the majority of the composite
work is fully automated, which helped
to bring down the time of production
from hundreds of hours to just 12. We
3D print all of our rocket engines andhave done since day one. 3D printing
as a technology in space propulsion
has been revolutionary.
It’s going to be challenging to make amassive jump all the way through toaircraft-like reusability. But I do think
we will see reusability as the norm andat least some attempts at complete
vehicle reusability.
Will new types of fuels play a role inbringing down cost?
Governments have spent billions ofdollars and decades researching this.
Take the highest energy combinationon the periodic table: hydrogenand oxygen. The space shuttle usedhydrogen and oxygen, and there
are no new elements that are goingto yield more chemical energy thanwhat we’ve already got. The hydrogenand oxygen combustion devices
we have are operating at 98 percent
combustion efficiency. You can argue
there’s another two percent there, but
that’s not an order of magnitude. My

personal view is the way you achieve
an order of magnitude is to walk awayfrom burning fuel – it is a crude way topropel yourself. The rocket engines ofthe future are not going to look like therocket engines of today. They’re going
to be microwave or laser transmitted
energy.
If you think about chemical combustion,
the highest exhaust velocity thatyou can achieve is only a minisculefraction of the speed of light. If you go
up into space and you accelerate foran eternity, you’ll only ever reach theexhaust velocity of those combusted
products. We need propulsion that has
exhaust velocities higher than that.
Ion propulsion can potentially be agreater fraction of the speed of light.
Laser propulsion, where you beam alaser onto the back of spacecraft, mayreach as high as 0.25 the speed of light.
There needs to be new technologies
to support the bigger ambitions wehave. But that’s getting a little beyond adecade of research.
What does Rocket Lab look
like in 2030?
Very different to what we look like now.
We’re trying to make space accessreally easy. Launch has been a hugebarrier which we believe we’ve solved.
We’re now transitioning from a launch
company to a space company and havestarted building our own satellites. The
next barrier is helping companies reach
their ultimate use case for space. For
example, if you’re building a spacecraft
to take pictures, you actually just want
the pictures. You don’t want to have todesign, build and operate the spacecraft.

democratising space. It’s not just about
launch, it’s not just about spacecraft, it’s
about how we make data access andinformation from space easy.
This is an incredibly exciting time. As I
was growing up I always used to wish
I was born in the Apollo era because I
figured that was the most prestigious
and best time there in was space.
But I honestly believe today is thattime, because you just see so muchinnovation. We’ve flown high school
students’ spacecraft, we flew the firstAustralian academic spacecraft. WhileI think there are big bets being placed
and maybe not all those bets are going
to come off, it’s a net upwards trend.

I want commercial entities to worry
about the revenue that they want togenerate from space and governments
to worry about the capabilities thatthey need. In my opinion, anythingelse should be a commodity including
the spacecraft and launch. Without
having to build your own constellationor build your own spacecraft, thenwe can throw a sensor on one of ourplatforms and provide that information.
It’s really taking the next step towards© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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70 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Rebecca
Cowen-Hirsch“To innovate beyond
what we cannot
even begin to
imagine today.”For a long time, ten years was notconsidered a distant horizon in thesatellite realm. Today, with technology
advancing faster than ever before,
the cost of deploying space assets
reducing significantly and the growing
competitive environment, we areseeing a significant acceleration oftimelines throughout our industry.
We successfully forecast these trends
within Inmarsat and have beenwell-positioned to invest ahead ofthe demand curve. By 2030, we’ll
have more buyers, a greater range ofapplications and users more focusedon the betterment of lives for people
who today don’t even consider how
dependent they already are on space.
Currently, approximately 80 percentof the roughly US$400 billion global
space economy is commercial
space activity*, and this will only
continue to expand over the next ten
years. And in doing so, there will beapplications that are much broader
than just navigation and well beyond
satellite communications. These
new applications span from known
knowns such as on-orbit servicing
and debris removal, known unknowns
such as space weather predictions,precision farming and environmental
assessments, and finally, unknown
unknowns, which leverage the vast
amount of space data available tocreate solutions that we cannot
possibly anticipate.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 71

Rebecca Cowen-Hirsch is the SeniorVice President for Government
Strategy and Policy at Inmarsat
Government Inc. Rebecca is
responsible for establishing
Inmarsat’s strategic direction withrespect to the US government andhas worked in defence, aerospaceand executive leadership over the
past twenty-five years.

In terms of new innovations in thesatellite communications space, wewill have a whole range of additional
services that can be consumed by amuch broader range of international
stakeholders. By 2030, technology willallow for optics to have a different
ground architecture that supports
satellite communications or services.
As a result, we expect there to be
an integration between the spacesegment, the terrestrial segment
and the wireless segment, with
communications flowing between
satellite communication, terrestrial
communication or wireless, whicheveris more appropriate for that particularapplication, atmospheric condition or
regulatory environment.
Satellite communications will also
play a foundational role in any future
Cislunar economy which will be very
interesting to watch and hopefully
play a role in. In the next ten years
we will really see what it means to do
Cislunar. The question of whether there
is an economic and imperative routeto Cislunar still remains to be seen.
However, one thing is clear, it is notpossible to accomplish any of thesemissions without resilient, reliablecommunications.
The two key challenges still facing
the space industry are firstly, space
situational awareness and secondly,
the role of government.

The need for space situationalawareness will only become more
pertinent as space becomes more
crowded. By 2025, it is predicted that
there will be 25,000 additional satellites
in space, the vast majority in low Earthorbit, and with the forecast arrival ofspace tourism, the risk of a collision will
only increase. Once you have people inspace, the risk increases dramatically.
That is why space situationalawareness and debris mitigation is key
to the success of the space sector overthe next ten years.
Directly related to this, is the role ofgovernment in the space sector. In
the past, governments were out infront in terms of space innovation,
investment and technology. Morerecently, we have seen a pivot
towards the commercial sector, where
innovation, technological advances
and the capital available to industry
now outpaces government. This
shift, however, does not alleviate
the governmental responsibility
to create regulatory and policy
frameworks so that standards of
behaviour can be established andimpressive objectives such as the
pursuit of economic opportunity andfreedom of navigation are equallyavailable to any nation. Otherwise,
the commercial industry may do what
is in its best business interest, which
may or may not be in the best interestof shared global value. Ultimately,
it will need to be an international

coalition of likeminded nations that
establish norms, because there is nosovereignty in space.
Looking forward to the future, inorder to sustain momentum, a verysignificant and continued investment
is required into the talent and skills
behind these advancements. So,
being able to invest in the next
generation of scientists, technologists,
engineers and advocates who cancontinue to innovate beyond what wecannot even begin to imagine today
is more important than ever before.
This investment is going to paybackin economic prosperity, global impact
and can provide benefits to mankind
on a daily basis.
*Source: The Space Report 2019 Q3, SpaceFoundation© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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72 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Rick Ambrose

In 2030 we will have a vibrant spaceeconomy, with space exploration andthe presence of humans in space at
the core. There’s a lot that needs tohappen to make this a reality, and it’s
my hope that by then, we’ve got atleast dozens of people living on theMoon and small ferries of ships backand forth.
While we can get onto the Moon
quickly with our current technologies,
the real issue is keeping astronauts out
there. Even on the International Space
Station we have trouble with supplies,
especially water. And that’s why if wewant to stay in space for a sustained
period of time, we need to come up
with new systems of communicationand navigation as well as localising the
supply of raw materials.
When you travel out into deep space,
you have to anticipate the unexpected.
How do you handle food and water
resources? How do you manage
different medical impacts in zerogravity? Doctors will be well-trainedon these missions, but this knowledge
still needs to be developed. Looking
further towards settlements in space,can we produce agriculture on the
Moon? And how do we support
tourists? These are all the things weneed to master before we achievesustainable journeys into space, andsome, like agriculture in space, mayeven be beyond ten years.

“We wil haveastronauts
sustainably livingon the Moon in ten
years.”

Rick Ambrose is the Executive
Vice President of Lockheed
Martin Space with four decadesof experience in the defence andaerospace industry. He is also a
National Association of Corporate
Directors Governance Fellow, aFellow of the American Instituteof Aeronautics and Astronautics
and an International Academy of
Astronautics
Full Academician.

Going to the Moon is importantbecause, just like the Apollo missions,
there are endless discoveries we canmake. In the next ten years, we’re going
to experience quite a few breakthroughswith materials. We can learn from theseand rapidly evolve the technology
before we go further away. At first, we’regoing to have to source a lot of the
supplies from Earth, but we’ll eventually
start to develop the technologies toactually build in space. Some people
are focused on manufacturing in zerogravity, which I’d love to see happen –but doing this will be tough.

This will reduce risk of injury fromwalking off a cliff, for example. We’llalso face these challenges when goingto Mars, and we’ll need to develop
infrastructure there as well.

Communication and navigation will also
be essential areas for us to develop in
the coming decade. In the early days,
having two to four satellites in orbit
around the Moon will enable us tocommunicate with astronauts and help
them navigate with 10m accuracy.

AI is an area I think will produce
great developments in the coming
decade and ultimately support long
distance communication. At Lockheed
Martin, we’re already running basic
AI algorithms in space, such as our
experimental satellite called Pony
Express 1. This will enable AI, data
analytics, cloud networking andadvanced satellite communications.
Essentially, we’re trying to use
Pony Express 1 to learn how to
anticipate a problem and performpredictive actions before the problem
manifests. In ten years’ time, I see
this kind of technology being routine
onboard satellites.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 73

Additionally, with Digital Twintechnology, we have an integrated
system of production and operational
data from an ‘as-built’ system that isanalysed and can deliver predictive
capability using advanced machinelearning and data analytics to cometo life. This allows our customers tovisualise how a corresponding physicaltwin will perform a specific mission.
One stress scenario we’re looking at
is what happens if people on Mars
have a major crisis? These problems
will happen fast, and you can’t callback to Earth with ‘Houston, we havea problem’. That’s why we’re thinking
about how we put a tool in the handsof astronauts with predictive AI to alert
them and correct the problem. And
we’re currently running 4th Gen Digital
Twin technologies on large satellites
for the US Government. The next step?
My team has a term called ‘Cognisant
Digital Twins’, which means it has an AI
or machine learning algorithm inside it
aggregating data. Even the individual
twins that have AI can now cometogether using broader AI aggregationof the whole system. And I think that’s
well within ten years.
Space is an exciting place. How do weunlock the secrets of the solar system,
universe and how life is formed? I
often tell people that when I was inschool, I thought ‘Earth is so special.
It’s the only place in the solar systemwith water’. But now we find water
everywhere – we just didn’t know how

to look for it before. That’s part of thenature of science and exploration. You
keep learning and improving. But it
also tells you that you have to build ina lot of agility and flexibility, because
you’re going to encounter unknowns
and whatever you do, you have to keeppeople safe. I think the first time wefind water – true water – in deep space,
there’s a high probability we’ll findsome form of life, and I can’t think ofanything more exciting than that.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 75

“As I was growing up I
always used to wish I
was born in the Apollo
era because I figured thatwas the most prestigious
and best time there wasin space. But I honestly
believe today is that time,
because you just see somuch innovation.”
Peter Beck
CEO, Rocket Lab© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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76 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Ruth PritchardKelly“This is what
humans do,they go for thestars, literally.”
We are in Space 3.0. The next ten years
hold a lot of potential for satellite
communications that will transformthe world as we know it today.
Unquestionably, by 2030 being
remote will no longer mean being
disconnected. We will have worked
the kinks out of broadband fromspace so that regardless of where youare – whether on land or on a plane;at sea or under the sea – you will beconnected. And that’s pretty amazing.
The holy grail of space age
communications – that is, going fromouter space directly to a personal handheld device – is the goal for engineers
to achieve by 2030. Today, with power
and life limitations, viable service fromouter space has not been achieved. Butthat doesn’t mean that it can’t be done.
The invention of the transistor 75 years
ago transformed the way we listened
to music – from anywhere, even on thebeach! So why can’t there be a similar
shift in communications over the nextten years?
And who says that it has to besatellites that enable communication?
Personally, I think that there are otherspace age technologies and platforms
that could be viable – such as balloons
and drones – and maybe we’ll evendecide that something that’s in air
space as opposed to outer space isthe most effective way to get accessconnectivity. Most likely, it’s going to
be a combination of technologies.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 77

may become a problem because these
are not controllable. A lot of the small
satellites that are being designed haveno propulsion or controls. Designers
say they’re only going out for a shorttime, but that’s how long it takes for an
accident to happen - there will likely
be a huge market coming up for debris
removal companies.

Ruth Pritchard-Kelly is the Vice
President for Regulatory Affairs
for OneWeb with over 25 yearsof experience in the commercial
communications satellite industry.
She oversees a global team who
work to reform regulatory andspectrum policies internationally,
specifically on behalf of thenewer non-geostationary satellite
constellations such as OneWeb.

When space exploration first started,
it was inconceivable that more than acouple of governments would be able
to be involved. But within ten years
it was private companies that really
got involved, with the communicationcompanies putting up satellites inspace. And now, we’re at the point
where we have individual billionaires
with the money and desire to go to
space. They’ve all got their own rockets
and are building satellites and theirown tourism vehicles and they want to
go to Mars.

In a highly populated urban area, you
won’t need access in space, you’ll
have great terrestrial connectivity,
whether it’s wireless or wired (withfibre optic). Issues around WIFI will
also have been worked out to stop us
from being suddenly disconnected
as is often the case today. People talkabout the last mile, but often it’s justthe last metre!
The opportunity that enhanced
connectivity offers to help those indeveloped countries to get a decent
education and job is something I’mvery passionate and excited about.
Think about it. Instead of travellingoverseas – often risking their lives– they will be able to get a degreefrom Harvard or Sydney University
by logging in anywhere and getting
the qualification they need to workin a financial hub, for which they will
not need to be in New York, Londonor Tokyo. These hubs have comeabout due to density of population.
But when you no longer need to be
in a place physically to be connected,
why couldn’t your financial centres be
anywhere in the world?
One of the big kinks that we need to beclear on is what is the best architecture
for us to use? Traditional satellites arein geostationary orbit – orbiting at thesame speed as the Earth – enablingthem to cover a third of the globe. It’sa very efficient technology. However,they are too far away resulting in acommunications delay. We need to be

Currently, there’s a gold rush mentality
when it comes to space. Many people
think they’re going to literally find goldon asteroids or the Moon, and they’rewilling to risk a lot to get there to findout. I can’t speak to that, I haven’t reallyresearched that industry, but people aregoing to try. This is what humans do,they go for the stars, literally.
much closer, and they call that nongeostationary. But frankly, there are an
infinite number of ways to be nongeostationary.
Regulation will also need to adapt to
the new era. Regulations for traditional
satellites are written in very specific,
technical language. When regulations
are so specific, it’s hard to updatethem when a new technology comesalong. Part of my job is to try to help
regulators to be less focused on thespecifics of technologies and more
focused towards providing a certain
service level.
Debris is one of the biggest issues
facing the space industry – and we’ve
got to solve it by 2030. Outer space
is vast and although debris is not yet
a problem, the proliferation of small
satellites and objects at low orbits© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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78 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Salem Humaid
Al Marri

Salem Humaid Al Marri is theAssistant Director General for
Scientific and Technical Affairs andHead of the UAE Astronaut Programat the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space
Center in the United Arab Emirates(UAE). He has over ten years’
experience in the space industry andone of his major goals is to achieve
domestic satellite development
through Emirati engineers.

What do you think we can achievein the space industry in the nextten years?
I think that we will definitely see
the return of humans to the Moon.
This is very achievable based on
the investments we are seeing
globally, specifically by NASA andthe European Space Agency. I also
think countries like the UAE that haveformed space agencies more recently,
will play a role in these programmes.
Furthermore, I see the industry’s
reliance on governments decreasingover the next ten years. With
companies like SpaceX and Boeing
coming into play, we can alreadysee how space is becoming morecommercialised. I also believe space
tourism companies such as Virgin“Investing in spaceis investing inhumanity.”

Galactic and Blue Origin will be quite
active by 2030, however, actuallyachieving commercial space tourism
will be difficult and might be further
than ten years away.
Finally, the number of people thathave gone into space will drasticallyincrease in the coming ten years.
In the history of human spaceflight(the past 60 years) there have been
approximately 500 people that havegone into space. I see this number
doubling or even tripling by 2030.
What do you see as some of thechallenges we will face in getting
humans into space?
I believe that one of the biggest
challenges is developing thetechnologies for people to remain inspace for sustained periods of time.

Astronauts on board the International
Space Station are around two to threehours from home and protected by
the Earth’s atmosphere. We need tokeep astronauts comfortable, healthyand safe and this requires systems
to manage water, energy and food.
We’ve been to the Moon before andcan reuse the technology to get there
but staying there for a sustained
period is the biggest challenge. The
next ten years will play a big part indeveloping technologies to achievesustained journeys into space, but
I think actually achieving thesesolutions might be further than ten
years away.
What is UAE’s vision for the spaceindustry for 2030?
Currently, the UAE is investing inspace; we look at space as a way ofinvesting in science and technology
in a way that it can come back andbenefit people on the ground, not justin the UAE but humanity in general.
Our major vision is the ‘Mars 2117
Project’ – a 100-year vision for the
UAE to lead international efforts
in establishing a human colony on
Mars. There are many steps involvedin achieving this goal and we have anumber of missions already in train
as a means to reaching this goal.
One of these is the Emirates Mars
Mission where we aim to launch anorbiter to Mars by 2021. The probe will

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 79

conduct analysis on the atmosphereof Mars hoping to give insight into
its Martian atmosphere. This will bedata that has never been produced
before and will be ground-breaking
data in assisting our mission. The
more we are able to study the Martian
atmosphere, the more you’re able
to understand it and potentially thisinformation will be key in our goal ofsetting up human colonies on Mars.
Another focus area is water, energy
and food; three components vital tosupporting human life anywhere.
These areas line up with international
challenges here on Earth wheresecuring our own food, waterand energy are common challenges.
Any technologies or research thatis done towards that aim for deep
space exploration can directly benefit
humanity on Earth.
Essentially, I see countries like theUAE, with more modest investmentsin Space compared to say Russia
and the USA, working collaboratively
with the international spaceindustry to achieve big objectives.
By 2030 I definitely see the UAE
playing a significant role within theinternational community of space.

What role do you think governments
have to play in the space industry in
the next ten years?
I think it’s very important forgovernments to help nurture aspace industry in their countries
in the upcoming years. With thecommercialisation of the industry withsmall to medium enterprises coming
into the equation and contributing
significantly to the industry, I believethat it’s important for governments
to invest and support businesses.
Governments should see that theseinvestments will help sustain growthand ultimately come back into thecountry in their contributions to thespace missions.

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80 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

StevenFreeland“The Three plus
Four C’s of Space.”

Space is an extraordinary and multifaceted area, encompassing at thesame time issues of a scientific,
cultural, strategic, commercial,military, economic, exploratory, socialand religious nature, depending on
one’s frame of reference. In essence,
the future of humanity is inextricably
tied to our ability to ensure a viablelong-term future for space activities. At
a minimum, this requires consensus
on the most appropriate legal andregulatory frameworks necessary to
promote the ongoing safety, security
and sustainability of space.
Space is also hard, and despite ourremarkable technological progress,
we need to understand that eachstage of progression brings withit many challenges, which aresometimes conflicting. A carefulbalancing is required when agreeing

Steven Freeland is Professor of International Law at Western Sydney University,
specialising in Commercial Space Law, and previously the Dean of the Schoolof Law. He has also been an advisor to the Australian, New Zealand, Norwegianand several other governments on issues relating to national space legislative
frameworks and policy and has represented the Australian Government at the United
Nations Committee on the Peaceful Users of Outer Space (UN COPUOS) meetings.
He has recently been appointed by UN COPUOS to co-chair multilateral discussions
on the exploration, exploitation and utilisation of space resources at the forthcoming
meeting of the UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee in Vienna in 2020.

on the appropriate frameworks toapply to new technology. This ishighlighted, for example, by ourincreasing awareness of the risks
associated with space debris and, inthat context, the future managementof proposed large constellations ofsmall satellites. Space debris has
become a growing problem over time.
If we maintain a ‘business as usual’approach, the increasing proliferationof debris threatens the very future ofhumankind’s relationship with space.
The emergence of large (somecommentators rather disparagingly
refer to them by the descriptor ‘mega’)constellations of small satellites offers
great benefits, but we must avoid
being ‘seduced’ by just that side of theledger without developing an effective
way to manage the way they will alter
the paradigm of space as we know it.
After all, if the well-publicised plansof just a few large corporations cometo fruition, the number of objects
launched into space over the coming
years will dwarf the number thus far
launched since the 1957 Sputnik 1
mission by a factor of up to ten times.
Just in the past few months we haveseen several ‘near misses’ in space.
Last September, the European Space
Agency undertook a conjunction
avoidance measure when faced with
an abnormally high possibility of acollision with one of the Starlink small
satellites. In late January 2020, wewere all watching helplessly as twomuch larger ‘dead’ satellites – IRAS
and GGSE-4 – passed within metresof each other. NASA often moves theInternational Space Station when
it calculates a higher than normalrisk of collision with debris. We
are increasingly likely to see morepotentially serious situations in the
coming years.
While there are some widely-acceptedand practical mitigation guidelines
in place, as well as promisingdevelopments with regards toremediation, each proposed solution
brings with it other questions. Most
significantly, these technologicalmeasures will never resolve theissue in the absence of responsible
behaviour by all space actors.
To add to the already complex
technical challenges, as we debate themost effective space debris mitigation
and remediation measures, manydifficult geopolitical, policy and legal
questions also arise. Who is going to
pay for space debris removal? Whose
responsibility is it? And, as somestates will argue, if a state develops
the capability to remove or deflect
space debris, how can we be sure thatthe same technology will not be used
to do the same to another country’s‘live’ satellites?
Further, as more objects are sent into
orbit, and we increase our ability also
to return them to Earth for reuse – itself
a potentially important mitigation© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 81

measure - we will need an improved
and, importantly, coordinated space,
air, sea and ground traffic management
regime. To remain sustainable in space,
we must ultimately develop a unified
traffic management system and we willneed it soon.

in maintaining a stable spaceenvironment. None of them stand to
gain if certain ‘red lines’ of behaviour
are crossed. Whilst this is easily stated,
it is much harder for some elements
within those countries to publicly
accept. Already we hear that space is‘just another war fighting domain’, orthat (quite wrongly) it is simply to be
regarded as the ‘wild wild west’. The
carefully calibrated regulatory andbehavioural frameworks that have
served us well in space for 60 years
clearly debunk such claims.

Then and now: what regulation isrequired for the future?
Up until now, the fundamental
principles and behavioural guidelines
for most space activities haveemanated from international andmultilateral organisations such as
the UN COPUOS. In June 2019, thatbody adopted some important Space
Sustainability Guidelines, which
represents another positive move
forward. Yet, the discussions leading
to this consensus took ten years regulation at the multilateral level istypically slow moving.
In an increasingly burgeoning
commercial space environment,
countries are at the same timedeveloping their own national spacelaws. These national regulatory
frameworks typically not only reflect
the international obligations of therelevant state but go further in aneffort to enhance its indigenous spacecapability, industry and independence.
The development of national space
law and policy will become moreprevalent in the coming decade.
As more countries and their actors seek
to be involved in space activity and theuse of space broadens through evenmore diverse potential activities suchas resource utilisation and on-orbit
servicing, national space law are themechanism by which countries regulate
those non-governmental entities andpersons within their jurisdiction tofurther promote responsible behaviour,while still accommodating innovationand entrepreneurship.

In the end, we need to engage witheach one of the multiple facets ofspace and not just reflect on whatmight be the loudest voices in theroom. There are many voices to beheard. Space is so much more than
the well-worn mantra of ‘Contested
and Congested and Competitive’. It isalso ‘Communal and Cooperative andCollaborative and Commercial’.

However, even as we shift towards
this new normal, the internationallaw principles will remain highly
relevant, and will become even moreso through their implementation into
the national legal sphere. Multilateralconsensus will always be required foressential, large and globally important
space issues.
Will common interests drive
regulation?
Space has become increasingly
dual-use, meaning that the historical
divide in the regulation of peaceful– as opposed to non-peaceful - usesof space is no longer a reflection ofreality. The use of space for both civiland defence applications shines adifferent light on the need for agreed
frameworks and norms of behaviour.
Despite obvious terrestrial tensions
and geopolitical differences, themajor space nations generally havevery significant common interests

By changing the language of space,
we can unlock and promote the notionof common interest. In the end, anylegal framework around space isdesigned to promote these common
interests, so as to ensure that spaceremains sustainable and that humanity
can therefore garner the benefits that
responsible uses of space give rise to.
There is a lot at stake here. If ouractions lead to a ‘tragedy of thecommons’ situation in space, it will be
the large and most powerful countries
that will suffer the most. They are themost dependent on space, they havethe greatest competitive advantage
through their use of space, and they
are therefore the most vulnerable
if our ability to access space iscompromised. In the end, of course,
we will all suffer, but the power ofcommon interests, even among Statesthat are not on friendly terms, must berecognised so that we will not all be‘lost in space’.

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82 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

SusmitaMohanty“In the 21st
century the space race
wil not be between
nations, but between
private companies.”
In the 21st century the space race
will not be between nations, but
between private companies. The private
sector will play as prominent a roleas government agencies in shaping
the future of space exploration andapplications for Earth. We’ve alreadyseen this happen. A slew of start-ups
worldwide have started to go beyond
building CubeSats to developing
sophisticated satellites, affordable
rockets, green propulsion, new-age
materials, 3D printing, space catapults,
debris mitigation technologies and soon. These new entrants will define theway we use, explore, exploit, monitor
and conserve space. By 2030, it’s likelythat Virgin Galactic will have flown
paying tourists on sub-orbital flights,
while Blue Origin and SpaceX willattempted their debut missions to theMoon and Mars.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 83

advancements in quantum computing,some of the data processing can start
happening onboard satellites before
being beamed down to Earth. Privatecompanies will start offering in-orbit
debris capture, de-orbiting, graveyarding, and refuelling services.

Dr Susmita Mohanty is a spaceshipdesigner and serial space
entrepreneur. She is the co-founderand CEO of Earth2Orbit, India’s
first private space start-up. She
has cofounded and led two othercompanies, MoonFront in San
Francisco [2001-2007] and LIQUIFER
in Vienna [2004-ongoing]. Prior toturning entrepreneur, she did a brief
stint at NASA and worked for theInternational Space Station programat Boeing.

Nation states will also have madeconsiderable progress in the next ten
years. China will have landed humanson the Moon and mastered soft-lunarlanding through a series of robotic
missions that include recent successes
in 2013 and 2019. India will have a minispace station in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
and will be getting acquainted with thechallenges of living and working in LEO.
Indian Space Research Organisation’s(ISRO) current lead as provider ofreliable, affordable, frequent access to
LEO for private satellite constellationcompanies will be challenged by startups from China and the USA. India’s
core focus will continue to be leveraging
its space assets to improve the quality oflife of its 1.3 billion people.
By 2030, NASA won’t have to dependon the Russian Soyuz to ferry its
astronauts to LEO, but will haveregularised the use of SpaceX’s Crew
Dragon. Russia’s leadership in thespace arena may well decline due
to funding issues. NASA will phaseout the International Space Station(ISS) in favour of its Artemis program
which will attempt to land humanson the lunar South Pole. It is difficult
to say whether Russia and the nonUS ISS partners – European Space
Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (JAXA), CanadianSpace Agency (CSA) – can continue tosustain the ISS after the focus shifts to
Artemis. ESA, JAXA, CSA are also partof the American Artemis program.

In the coming decade, space-faring
nations and the United Nations Officefor Outer Space Affairs (UN-OOSA) will
be compelled to upgrade the outdated
1967 Outer Space Treaty with the goalof mitigating the growing menaceof space debris through enforceable
laws. They will also address issues
regarding space resource mining
and ownership through a newinternational treaty that could override
unilateral legislation by USA andLuxembourg. Exclusive ownershipof communication bandwidth byprivate companies will probably attract
national security and global monopoly
concerns. Prominent companies will
run the risk of being broken up.

The USA, Europe and China will leadin supporting their space start-up
ecosystems, while Japan and India willlag due to conservative national spacepolicies and lack of an aggressivecommercial mindset.
There are also huge issues that may
emerge. By 2030, with the addition ofseveral new satellite constellations,the menace of near-Earth orbital debris
will have peaked and the crisis will
mirror the current climate crisis on
Earth, worrisome and out-of-control.
Not only will these constellations
further exacerbate the problem oforbiting debris, but will also likely kill
Earth-based astronomy as we know
it. On the positive side, affordable
internet access will become available
planetwide. Power efficient highthroughput satellites will become
the new normal. With further

Finally, as climate takes its toll on ourplanet, our activities in space may help
us understand and reduce its impact.
Earth Observation (EO) Analytics will
mature and be used widely for diverse
use cases including those related toclimate-adaptation and climate-action.
Cities and countries will leverage‘open-source’ satellite imagery fromLandsat and Sentinel constellations
to create their own ‘data cubes’
and applications. If done right, EO
Analytics can help propel humanity
towards a planet-friendly and climatesmart future. This will be crucial in theyears ahead.

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84 | 30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space

Tory Bruno

Let’s presume by 2030 we have apermanent presence on the Moon,
infrastructure is in place and now
there are real economic
opportunities in space.
The landscape of space is changing.
An area once dominated bygovernment is now open to allbusinesses and organisations to invest.
With a continually expanding window
for commercial infrastructure due toimprovements in technology, expect
to see organisations over the next ten
years dramatically increase their levelof investment.
We already see space is now acontested domain and by 2030
expect a momentous shift into
countries viewing space with a lensof heightened national security.
Currently governments are working
closely with business as providers ofspace technology. This collaborative
partnership originally saw investment
from government and a lot of
innovation from industry. So thestrictly military security missions wesaw funded by governments moved
into public private partnerships
where the private sector supplieda larger proportion of the funding
than government.
As we move towards 2030, the defence
and security needs of governments will
force a shift, a separating of capabilities
secured from the technologies ofcommercial spacecraft and commercial“Towards a
space economy.”

Tory Bruno is a rocket scientist,
who worked at Lockheed Martin
before becoming CEO of United
Launch Alliance (ULA) in 2014.
ULA is the nation’s premier
launch services provider and has
successfully delivered more than
135 missions to orbit with 100
percent mission success.

launch to more bespoke defence andsecurity needs. As the government’s
requirements become more specific,
business will no longer be able torecover the costs of these partnerships
and governments will once again be
the primary funding partner.
When I move to the cislunar side,
the funding ratio will revert becauseof the tremendous natural resourcesthat exist on the Moon and asteroids
within reach of the lunar surface. Here
we have the game changing potential
to manufacture goods in microgravity- goods unable to be manufactured
here. The potential to unlock this value
is enormous, so the infrastructureneeded for business to profit will
fuel a more profitable partnership forbusiness with government.

Everyone in the industry is talking
about Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
constellations or proliferated LEO – aterm used to describe large numbersof small satellites in LEO. Initially
it looked like this would be hugewith thousands of small satellites inconstellations, each one requiring aseparate launch with the potential of
replenishing, when one failed witha micro launcher. But the economicsof this doesn’t really work. It is muchbetter to initially launch more thanneeded, so when they fail there isalready another to take over. One of
the cool things about a proliferated
LEO constellation is it’s inherently
robust, but if two or three small
satellites fail at once then we have aproblem with a blank space circling
the Earth. Many start-ups saw this asa potential money maker with many

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 85

seeking venture capital to build micro
launchers – at the last count morethan 150 companies. We will needthese, but probably only two or three,
the rest just won’t get up and theventure capital lost.
Finally without fuel in space, long
haul space flight will be tricky. I
predict in ten years, NASA will
have a gateway station in orbit
and permanent research facilities
on the ground. The lunar poles arerich in deposits of water ice, someten billion or so metric tons at eachpole. Easily converted to rocket fuel(hydrogen and oxygen), with theopportunity to sell propellant inspace. This is research well worth
pursuing. Initially ‘fuel’ you buy inorbit will be as expensive as bringing
it from Earth, but the right, primarily
government funded, infrastructure
will revolutionise this.
This infrastructure is being
jumpstarted by government withprivate enterprises co-investing,taking advantage of excess
capability. Benefiting from theresearch and infrastructure to build
capacity, fuel will be a commercial
traded commodity, allowing
more interplanetary research andempowering the future of ‘spacemining’. This investment will be thecatalyst for a growing economic
future as we proceed towards a
space economy.

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entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 87

“From space we canobserve, of course, but wecan also take action. We
can be a strong player inthe fight against climatechange… aspiring to leavethis planet and live onanother is a poor excuse
for not taking care of Earth.”
Jan Wörner
Director General, European Space Agency© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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30 Voices on 2030: The Future of Space | 89

© 2020 KPMG, an Australian partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss
entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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Mike Kalms
Space and Defence Industry Lead
Partner, KPMG Australia
T: +61 3 9288 6426
E: mkalms@kpmg.com.au

Jacob Hacker
Space Industry Account Lead,
KPMG Australia
T: +61 2 9346 5886
E: jhacker1@kpmg.com.au

James Mabbott
National Lead Partner,
KPMG Innovate, KPMG Australia
T: +61 2 9335 8527
E: jmabbott@kpmg.com.au

Sofia Lanfranconi
Manager, KPMG Innovate,
KPMG Australia
T: +61 2 9273 5607
E: lsofia@kpmg.com.au

Acknowledgments:
This report was very much a team effort.
A special thank you to Linda Davies, Nathan Hassett, Nayanatara Samarasekera,
Olivia Reeves, Liam Stow, Alana Kunz, Jacques Joubert, Sophie Finemore, Evie
Murdoch, Peter Schroeder, Steve Beckey, James Arnott, Steve Cen, Zac Parkhill
and Amy Congalton for their help in making it possible.

KPMG.com/au/30voicesonspace

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