Shock Breakout inDense Circumstellar
Material
Annastasia Haynie
Advisor: Anthony Piro
University of Southern California and Carnegie Observatories
2/27/2023

Image: NASAMassive Stars and Extended Material

Morozova + 2018

Yaron + 2017

+ Luc Dessart, Takashi Moriya, Sung-Chul Yoon, Jim Fuller, Ben Margalit,Keiichi Maeda, Nathan Smith, Roger Chevalier, Christopher Irwin, andmany more
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Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

2Expected Properties of Shock Breakout
PS1-13arp
Gezari + 2015

See Waxman & Katz 2017
review and references therein:

Stellar Surface𝑐𝜏!"# ≈𝑣!

𝑅∗𝑡!"# ≈𝑐𝑇!"# ≈ 10% K

2/28/23Core

Goldberg + 2022: 3D modelingpushes SBO to ~3-6hr
timescale
Shock

Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

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Framework• A steady state wind (Chevalier & Irwin 2011)
• 𝑅!
"%̇

• 𝜌! = # ! = &'( # !
"• Considerations• Compactness• Timescale
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Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

4Framework: Compactness• A steady state wind (Chevalier & Irwin 2011)
• 𝑅!
"%̇

• 𝜌! = # ! = &'( # !
"• Diffusion Radius*"(#• 𝑅) =+• Compact: 𝑅! < 𝑅)
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Compact
ExtendedInteracting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

𝑹𝒅5

Framework: Timescale• Diffusion vs. Light TravelDiffusion• Light Travel Dominance:• 𝑡,- ≈.#$%+• 𝑅! < 𝜅𝐷
2/28/23Light Travel(# /+Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

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D

Impact of CSM•Haynie & Piro 2021
'𝑐𝑅&𝑡"#$% ≈𝜅D𝑣$'

R𝐿$() ≈ 4𝜋𝐷𝑣$*•

Numerical modeling with SNEC
(Morozova + 2015)
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Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

Haynie & Piro 2021

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Fitting PS1-13arp
𝑅& ≈ 1900𝑅⨀
𝐷 ≈ 10,-𝑔 𝑐𝑚.,𝑀& ≈ 0.08𝑀⨀

Haynie & Piro 2021

Haynie & Piro 2021

2/28/23

Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

8Numerical Grid compared to SCE events• Large amount ofparameter space toexplore• Some degeneracy alonglines of equal CSM mass

Haynie & Piro 2021
2/28/23

Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

9Numerical Grid compared to SCE events• Large amount ofparameter space toexplore• Some degeneracy alonglines of equal CSM mass
• CSM inferred from SCE
tends to be more dense
and more confined
Haynie & Piro 2021
2/28/23

Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

10Other SBO + CSM Events to Explore• SN 2018fif•

Inferred to be a typical RSG
with small amount of CSM• SN PTF 09uj•

Compact vs Extended regime
Ofek + 2010

Bersten + 2018

• 2016gkg•

Exact CSM properties not
explored• Your cool extended SBO
event!
Soumagnac + 2020
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SESN and CSM• Wu and Fuller 2022

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Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

12Summary and Future Work• Observations of the shock breakout luminosity and rise time can constrain
properties of the circumstellar material (Haynie & Piro 2021, ApJ, 910, 128)
• There is still a large parameter space to explore, especially with respect to stars
stripped via binary interaction• More detailed treatment of thermalization, wind density profiles, and modeling in
the extended wind and light-travel dominant regimes are necessary to bettercharacterize SBO observables
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A Caveat on Thermalization• We consider our models to be roughly thermalized at the SBO depth on thecondition that: (Rybicki & Lightman 1986, Hansen & Kawaler 1994, Waxman & Katz 2017)!⁄!"⁄.,/8𝜏%// ≈ 𝜅%// 𝜌 𝑅& − 𝑅012 ≈ 0.24 𝐷,- 𝑣4.*- ,5𝑅,6≥1• Region above SBO depth is not necessarily thermalized, therefore (see Sapir & Waxman 2017)
𝑇9:%"; ≈ 1.2 𝑇11• Could result in an up to ~10% decrease in estimate of 𝑅&

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RSG vs RSG+CSM
SN 2013fs
Courtesy of Anthony Piro

With CSM

No CSM

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15Derivation of SBO threshold𝑡; < 𝑡<𝜏𝑙𝑡; =𝑐𝑙𝑡< =𝑣<𝑐𝜏 < ≈ 30𝑣<
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Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

16Extended Wind and Light Travel Regimes

2/28/23

𝜅𝐷𝑣0𝑅! >𝑐𝑣0 /𝑅! < 𝜅𝐷𝑐𝜅𝐷𝑡#102 ≈𝑐𝑅!
𝑡#102 ≈𝑐

𝐿034 ≈ 4𝜋𝐷𝑣05

4𝜋𝑣0 𝑐 / 𝑅!
𝐿034 ≈
𝜅Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

17Derivation of Rise Time

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18Supernova Explosion Codestellarcollapse.org/SNEC.html• Open-source 1-D hydrodynamic
radiative transfer code

• Developers:• Viktoriya Morozova• Anthony Piro2/28/23

Interacting Supernovae - Annastasia Haynie

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