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Yakushima National Park and World Heritage:
Political Ecology Approach
idayat Herman1* and agashima Shunsuke2**

1: Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Gatot Sbroto Street No. 10, Jakarta 12710,
Indonesia
esea h en e o he a is an s agoshima ni e sio imo oagoshimaJa ano es on ing au hoesen
esse o s an sa aha a a onma hi Sa o iiiga aJa an
mai he manhi a agmai om

Abstract

Achie in national park and world herita e site status was a major e ort and i stru

le forstakeholders. his paper e amines the way that o ernmental officers, whether central or local,
pro ided re ulation, funds, and encoura ement of infrastructure facilities. Additionally, the nationalpark officer is acti ely in ol ed re ardin local communities participation,

Os, academics,

a hydrolo ical electricity company, farmers, tra el a ency owners, hotel and minshuku (privatehouse) owners, and so forth.

he conceptual and theoretical framework was political ecolo y,which hi hli hts the role of stakeholders to analy e partnership mana ement, landscape protection,
protection of animals, iodi ersity, and plants, patrollin to control the protected and special one,and academic research in the wilderness area. The findings of this fieldwork were that partnershipmanagement among stakeholders at Yakushima National Park as a World Heritage site was necessaryand e entually in uenced the maintenance of the ecosystem, water supply, and en ironmental ser ices
to increase tourism.
Key words:

national park, partnership mana ement, political ecolo y, stakeholders, tourist industry,
world heritage――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Recei ed: April,
Accepted:
March,

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Introduction
Japan s land territory co ers,
km2, positionin her as the st largest territory
in the world. owe er, Japan s territorial waters and economic e clusi e one com ined istimes as lar e as its land area ( ,,km2), the si th lar est in the world u ahara()1. hirty re istered national parks co er ,,million ha and occupy .
ofthe country s total landmass. hey play a si ni cant part in forest conser ation and ha ea crucial role in protectin Japan s rich ecosystems, such as forests, waters, wetlands,
seashores, coral reefs, and oceanic wildlife, and preser in them for future enerations.
he ational ark System aims to protect the scenery that represents Japan s natural
eauty and to pro ide opportunities for isitors to e perience, enjoy, and learn a out thecountry’s natural environment2. akushima is a national park located
km south-southwestof the yushu mainland in a oshima refecture. a oshima refecture comprises
islands, of which
are inha ited. As a orld erita e site, akushima atural ark is a
uni ue ecosystem of forest trees, particularly sugi (Japanese Cedar), in akusu i and. Oneof the biggest trees is Jomon Sugi, which has a circumference of . m, a hei ht of . m,
and is estimated to e etween ,and ,years old.
Yakushima National Park was designated as a World Heritage site in 1993 by the
UNESCO Committee for its significant ongoing ecological and biological processes inthe e olution and de elopment of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems
communities of plants and trees iodi ersity and animals. rom an economic and social
perspecti e, reco nition of akushima ational ark as orld erita e had the effectof rapidly de elopin tourism in a oshima City, particularly on akushima Island.
It influenced the rapid de elopment of infrastructure (roads, ports, and an airport),
transportation (ferry, toppy jet ship, rental cars and uses and airplanes),3 and it increased
the need for accommodations for the tourists that isit the island (restaurants, hotels,minshuku (pri ate houses that pro ide food and lod in ), okan (Japanese-style hotels),uest houses, youth hostels, and so on).
This study takes a political ecology approach which appears the actors movement on
how far akushima ational ark s mana ement to e implemented. In addition, it focuseson partnership management among stakeholders in the management of Yakushima Nationalark and orld erita e site re ardin aspects, such as a landscape protection, animal andplant protection, patrols of protected and special ones, implementation of re ulations on
portable toilets for visitors to Jomon Sugi, and academic research in wilderness areas. hepositi e e ects of partnership mana ement e entually maintained the ecosystem and water

2
3

irst is the S, Australia, Indonesia, ew ealand, Canada, and Japan. Also, refer to Japan Institute of Construction n ineerin : http: www.jice.or.jp ui kaisetsu.html , accessed on January ,.
ational arks of Japan. or further information, see the we site (http: www.en . o.jp park), last accessed on e ruary ,.
he toppy jet ship was ori inally used for transportation amon islands inin a oshima refecture.
owe er, it rapidly de eloped for sea transportation after askushima ational ark was desi nated as orld
erita e inecause domestic and forei n tourists isited this site (inter iew on January ,).

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage3

supply, contri uted to Yakushima Denko (en ironmental ser ices usin electricity), andincreased tourism in Yakushima National Park.

Methodology
The term “political ecology” was the theoretical framework used in this study tohighlight the stakeholders' activities. Scientists use a variety of definitions (B ai ie andBroo ie d, Bryant and Bai ey, Peterson, Tu - o e a,
Hidayat, Biersa and reen erg). aterson (: ) considers political
ecology as an approach that combines the concerns of ecology and political economy torepresent an e er-chan in dynamic tension etween ecolo ical and human chan e, andbetween diverse groups within society at scales from the local individual to transnational
as a whole”. The above discussion on political ecology suggests that political ecology
is a framework for investigating the subject of stakeholders that are actively involvedin managing aspects of national parks and World Heritage. It is a generic term used forfield research that connects two types of studies by bringing the political and economic
perspectives into the study of environmental disruption. It includes small studies centeredon local societies (e. ., cultural anthropolo y, applied anthropolo y) and lar e studies fromthe national or lo al standpoint (e. ., political economy). After re iewin the pre ious
literature, the political economy framework was adopted in this study to analytically discuss
the nature of the activities and logic of stakeholders (actor analysis, such as the role ofthe o ernment, pri ate sector, non- o ernmental or ani ations (Os), and the local
community) amon the other frameworks of political ecolo y used in this study ( i . ).
To explain some of the study’so ser ations, the concept of partnershipmanagement” was employed to support
the stakeholder (actor) analysis. A“partnership” in this study refers to
an arrangement in which two or moreindi iduals share the pro ts and lia ilities
of a usiness enture. enerally, apartnership is any cooperative endeavor
undertaken y multiple parties, which cane o ernments, non-pro t or ani ations,i . . Analysis of Stakeholder Mana ement ofusinesses, indi iduals, or com inations
Yakushima National Park and World
thereof, and partnerships oals canerita e, modi ed from ieldwork data and4widely vary. Similar to the definition
adapted theoretical framework of B ai ieof partnership mana ement , it is theand Broo ie d (4).

artnership de nition In estopedia. See http: www.in estopedia.com terms p partnership (accessed,).

ecem er

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process of monitorin and maintainin e ecti e, producti e, and harmonious relationships
among partners. Partnership management can be as informal as telephone or e-mailinteractions or social isits and it can e as formal as written, si ned a reements thatpartners periodically review.
Re ardin the mana ement of akushima ational ark as orld erita e, partnershipmanagement concerns the extent to which stakeholder activities (direct and indirect
actors) acti ely in ol e mana ement of concerns, such as landscape protection animal,
iodi ersity, and plant protection patrols to control special and protected ones andimplementation of regulations on portable toilets in Jomon Sugi. The results of partnershipmana ement ultimately in uenced the sustaina ility of the ecosystem, water supply, and thedevelopment of tourism.

Site and Data Collection
Yakushima Island was chosen as the study site because Yakushima National Parkis considered the most popular national park and World Heritage tourist destination in
Japan. In addition, to analy e the application of the partnership mana ement model fornational parks and orld erita e sites that acti ely in ol e stakeholders acti ities, thestudy considered the roles of the O ce of the Ministry of n ironment (MO ), orestry
A ency, and local o ernment ( a oshima refecture), the pri ate sector ( ourist A ency
Association otel, Minshuku, Ryokan Association and akushima lectric Company), andlocal communities.
ieldwork was conducted on akushima Island for days etween January and Marchof. he data comprised in-depth inter iews athered throu h purposi e samplin
and iodi ersity ( ora and fauna) o ser ations in the akushima ational ark and orld
erita e Area. he field o ser ations co ered the Shiratani nsuikyo (Shiratani Area),
akusu i and ( atural Recreation orest, Arakawa istrict), orest railroad, Senpiro-notaki aterfall, Ohko-no-taki aterfall, and a ata illa e.
The key informant identified targets for interviews who were actively involved inpartnership management at both sites (Miyanoura and Anbo) and owned a minshuku (apri ate house that pro ides food and lod in ). ifteen inter iews on akushima Island
were conducted: ( ) a mem er of the Ministry of n ironment O ce, ( ) a mem er of theorestry A ency office, () two mem ers of akushima o ernment office, () twoo cers of the akushima O ce for Statistics A ency, ( ) three minshuku owners, ()
threeO o cers for nature and animal conser ation, ( ) an oran e farmer, and ()
two o cers of Yakushima Denko (Hydrology Electricity) Company. The interviewees weretoyears old, with a median a e of .

artnership and artnership Mana ement.
. In artnership Resources for Implementin theect.
etwork Standard (accessed ecem er ,
).

roj-

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage

Results and Discussion
Review of Natural Parks
Natural parks are established to preserve beautiful scenic areas and their ecosystems
and to contri ute to the health, recreation, and culture of citi ens. he law was enacted in. he Japanese natural park system includes three types of parks: national parks, uasinational parks, and prefectural natural parks. Currently, there arere istered naturalparks in Japan:
national parks,uasi-national parks, andprefectural natural parks(Table 1). The Natural Environment Bureau of the MOE is responsible for managing allof Japan s national parks. uasi-national parks are desi nated y the MO in responseto re uests from local o ernments, and the prefectural natural parks are desi natedand managed by local governments. The budgets for national parks are responsible for
their mana ement, and the MO has esta lished ud ets for the atural ark acility
e elopment ro ram, the reen orker ro ram, ni ht soil disposal impro ement, andthe auxiliary ranger program. The missions of the natural parks are to conserve natural
resources and pro ide pu lic access to nature for enjoyment. o achie e these oals, thenatural parks pro ide recreation, such as natural recreation forests (Arakawa and Shiratani
areas) in akushima ational ark, trails, and camp rounds.
he national parks were esta lished in Japan in. arliament discussed theesta lishment of national parks ased on a petition, and their de elopment inwasdiscussed y mem ers of the iet (Japanese arliament) to prepare le islation. he ationalark aw was finali ed in. he first desi nated parks were desi nated in March of, namely, Setonaikai (i.e., Seto Island Sea), n en, and irishima. In, the aturalarks aw was enacted to replace thele islation .
ositi e de elopment occurred etween thes and thess ased on theincreasing numbers of visitors to the national parks. Many visitors enjoyed the nationalparks mountain clim in , hikin , and recreation in the natural forest and e periencin
a le . Statistics on Japan s natural parks.
Park typeNo. of parks

Park area (ha)Percentage of total land areaa

National parks

,

,

,

uasi-national parks

,

,

,

Prefectural natural parks

,

,

,

Total

,

,

,

Source: Ministry of n ironment O ce.
ahe total land area of Japan is ,,ha (Area Sur eys for Japan y
Municipality as conducted y the eo raphical Sur ey Institute,).

refecture ande nition of ational ark : laces of e cellent scenic eauty and important ecosystems and worthy of desi nation as national scenic sites. e nition of uasi-national ark : laces of natural scenic eauty almost e ual
to that of the national parks. e nition of refectural atural ark : laces of local si ni cance as desi natedy the local o ernment (MO).
MO.

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the fascinatin landscapes of the alleys, ri ers, and coastal seas were amon the popularacti ities at the parks. hese acti ities ena led isitors to deeply interact with nature, theecosystem, forests, and marine resources. Accordin to the Japan ourist A ency, in,
isitors to the national parks reached . million, . million people isited uasi-nationalparks, and . million people isited prefectural natural parks . Claims of increasing
num ers of tourists at the end of thes are de ata le ecause, accordin to Jones(), in Japan and other de eloped countries, isitation at ature-Based ourism ( B)destinations such as national parks rose steeply in the postwar Japan, ut has since peaked
and is now in a state of decline.”9 owe er, I disa ree with Jones opinion, and I ar uethat the num ers of isitors to national parks are still increasin ased on the ndin s ofakushima ational ark and orld erita e () that the num er had reached,, ut was predicted to e ,
in
and ,
in
.
Environmental pollution occurred in urban areas along with development and excessivede elopment acti ities su se uently created social pro lems. o sol e the pro lems, theo ernment esta lished the n ironmental A ency inand nally decided to esta lish
the MO . In
, a new law re ulated the acti ities in special ones, created re ulated use
areas, and prepared new systems for scenic landscape protection a reements.
arkland ownership is comple in Japan, incorporatin pri ate land, state land, andlocal o ernmental land. herefore, one characteristic of Japanese natural parks is that avariety of landowners cooperatively maintain the parks’ landscapes. The rationale for this isthat Japan has a small land area and is densely populated with a lon history of pri ate landownership. rom this perspecti e, the Japanese o ernment needed to create natural parks
in places reco ni ed as needin nature preser ation, which were not necessarily owned y
the government.
Yakushima National Park
Summa o Yakushima a iona a k as a a iona a k an oe i age Si e
akushima ational ark s history can e traced ack to the si teenth century ()
when the Shima u clan directly controlled the area. o ain control in, the Shima uesta lished an o cial ship o ce and major ports and checkpoints to monopoli e trade inYakusugi11.
ater, the Meiji o ernment () proposed a forestry sector as pu lic
ownership and a large part of the forest on Yakushima Island was established as a national
forest. Yakushima Island gave a logging concession in 1923 to a private company.
osu idani illa e, located up the Am o Ri er etweenand ,m a o e sea le el
was esta lished to house the workers. In addition, Ishi uka illa e was a residential area
created four km up from osu idani illa e. he area of concession included a out ,MO.
or further discussion, see Chan inemo raphics in Japan s ational arks: owards a ar eted Marketin
Strategy for Nature-Based Tourists.” Please refer to ou ism an
os i a ianagemen , ol. , o. , pp.
,.
akushima own O ce Statistic, pu lished y akushima ocal o ernment O ce.
11 ia ram akushima: , pu lished y akushima n ironmental Culture oundation.
9

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage

ha of akusu i prime al forest tar eted for cuttin . he workers num eredpeople withhouseholds at the hei ht of the lo in in( u ahara e a).
Massi e lo in of akusu i e an inand lasted until thes, and thee cessi e cuttin e entually influenced the forest.
Os and local people respondedwith a hu e protest of the serious e ects of deforestation, which was causin soil erosionand downstream flooding. The resulting negotiations among the four types of interested
stakeholders ( o ernment, pri ate enterprises, local people, andOs) were canceled and,in
, osu idani and Ishi uka illa es were completely shut down y the o ernment
after nearly e decades in operation.
As stated a o e, the national parks occupied a out .
of Japan s land and preser edthat land for future enerations. akushima Island, which is num er
of Japan snational parks, is located
km south-southwest of the yushu mainland in a oshima
refecture. It is a rou hly circular island a out
km around. he island s center isdominated y peaked mountains more than ,m tall, such as Mt. Miyanoura, which,at ,m, is the hi hest mountain on yushu Island. hus, akushima is well known as
the Alps on the Ocean ( ia ram akushima). his uni ue topo raphy has createda ran e of climates on the island, from su tropical in the coastal areas to su arctic in themountains, where it snows in January and e ruary.
akushima Island comprises a out ,ha, which mostly is co ered with national
forest ( ,ha co erinof the island) ( orestry A ency). In
, akusu iforest ( ,ha) ecame a national park with the oal of pro idin opportunities toe perience, enjoy, and learn a out akushima Island s natural en ironment of forests,
waters, trees, ecosystems, and marine resources. he ational ark Special Area ( irishimaaku ational ark) was a ette inunder the ational arks aw and comprises landon aku Island and irishima ational ark on mainland yushu. A orest cosystem
Reserve was established in 1992 of the nominated area and some adjacent blocks of land.
Its development in the center of Yakushima Island and parts of the island’s southern and12western coastal lowlands was accepted as a Biosphere Reser e in.
In ecem er, part of akushima Island was inscri ed on the orld erita e ist
durin the Committee Meetin in Colum ia. he total orld erita e area is ,ha,which is appro imatelyof the total land area of akushima Island. he area stretchesfrom Miyanoura-dake in the central mountains, westward toward the ocean o er uniwaridake, south to Motchom-dake, and east to Aiko-dake. hus, the orld erita e area
includes mountains and hills, and ran es from latitude
tonorth, andtode rees east.
here is a lon history of conser ation on akushima Island, e innin with thedesi nation of an Academic Reference orest Reser e in the national forest implemented
in 1924 to establish conservation measures in the area. The area was named the Yakushima
Old rowth Japanese Cedar orest atural Monument, which was chan ed intoSpecial atural Monument, and it was incorporated as a national park in. A decade12

akushima

orld erita e Area Mana ement lan, pu lished y Ministry of n ironment Japan (MO ).

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later, in, the area was further desi nated as a ilderness Area,13 and it was establishedand e panded into ecome the Biosphere Reser e site. In, it was appointed as aorld erita e area (includin the akushima ational ark), and, in, a ata illa ebeach was designated as a Ramsar Site to protect the indigenous turtle population14. i .
shows the types of protected areas on Yakushima Island.
Based on the orld erita e con ention, the area was deemed an outstandin e ample
representin si ni cant on- oin ecolo ical and iolo ical processes in the e olution andde elopment of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems, and communitiesof plants and animals.” It was also considered to “contain superlative natural phenomenonor areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance” . herefore, the rationale
for selecting Yakushima National Park as a World Heritage site included its unique forest
flora, such as the ancient aku-su i cedars (Jomon Su i, i ensu i, ahakosu i, and soon), and it was o iously ased on an ecolo ical perspecti e. akushima ational ark is
stron e idence for forest conser ation practices. he iodi ersity of its species is identi ed
and cate ori ed usin the iolo ical di ersity and fauna of orld erita e properties, suchas ies ma (Japanese r), o emus s e iousus ( ar e Japanese ield Mouse), Ardisia
crenata (Coral erry), ame ia sasan ua (Camellia), as ano sis us i a e (Chin uapin),i . . rotected areas on akushima Island y type, modi ed from akushima rotected Areas Map.
13 It is de ned as an area that ful lls the followin conditions: ( ) it has not een a ected y the acti ities of man,( ) it has preser ed the primiti e conditions, ( ) it is of considera le area in si e, and ( ) its natural en ironment is to e conser ed. his de nition is y the irector- eneral of the n ironment A ency, accordin to theature Conser ation aw (MO document).
14 akushima orld erita e Area Mana ement lan, pu lished y Ministry of n ironment Japan (MO ).
akushima orld erita e Area-Mana ement lan: , pu lished y Ministry of n ironment Japan(MOE).

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage9

e us i on (Sika eer), h o an hus g a eo um a an hina (Japanese oodi eon), an
ome ia a oni a (Japanese cedar) .
here is just one town on akushima Island, named akushima-cho, within which
there areilla es. he total population inwas ,persons ( ,males and,females). he workin population ( toyears old) was .
of the population( ,men and ,women) . Recently, the population has mostly worked in the
primary industry (a riculture, forestry, and fishery). rom this perspecti e, the islanders
and outsiders ha e interacted, and, therefore, a harmonious coe istence etween nature andpeople should be maintained on Yakushima Island.
Implementation of Partnership Management
The discussion on partnership management at Yakushima National Park as a Worlderita e site, which acti ely in ol es stakeholders, such as direct and indirect actors( o ernment, pri ate sector,
Os, academics, and local people), co ers some issues to e
considered, such as a landscape protection, protectin animals and plants, patrols to control
the special and protected one, rin in in porta le toilets, and conductin research inwilderness areas. In addition, it was interestin to re iew local farmers responses re ardin
oran e farms en ironmental ser ices, such as water use from the dam and waterfall forelectrical power supplies provided by Yakushima Denko (Yakushima Electricity Company).
As discussed a o e, three institutions (the MOorestry A ency of yushuakushima ranch o ce and the local o ernment, namely, akushima own O ce) areresponsible for developing partnerships to manage and monitor the Yakushima National Parkand orld erita e site. herefore, the rst part of the discussion concerns a andscaperotection A reement as an o jecti e of the atural ark aw. he rele ant actors, such as
the orestry A ency, local o ernment, MO , park mana ement or ani ations, and otherstakeholders (e. ., local community and local authorities), must reco ni e that constructinbuildings or other structures that might alter the natural environment or landscape isrestricted. Moreo er, fellin trees and remo in other plants, e tractin soils or rocks,
capturin animals, in uencin iodi ersity, and other acti ities in the special and core ones
are strictly forbidden.
In this conte t, park operations can e conducted throu h necessary partnershipmana ement amon landowner ( orestry A ency), MO , local o ernment, and park
management organizations that have the ability to manage lands in national parks anduasi-national parks. Based on the a reement, park mana ement or ani ations are
created to mana e and protect the land on ehalf of the landowner. In this sense, park
mana ement or ani ations ha e a duty to perform e etation restoration, maintain park
facilities, disseminate information, and so on. Another task of the MO , the akushiman ironmental Culture earnin Center, and the akushima orld erita e Conser ation
Center near Anbo is to hold poster exhibitions about national parks. They provide necessary
akushimaSCO orld erita e Centre
ational Census, akushima O ce.

, see the we site (http: whc.

SCO.or en list).

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information on World Heritage performance by disseminating information and offering
trainin on awareness to students, isitors, and local communities that focuses on protectin
the en ironment and the forest ecosystem (inter iew on January ,).
he MO o ce holds trainin s and academic scienti c committee discussions on theen ironment and natural ecosystem for local communities, students, isitors, andOso cers at least twice per year. In addition, the orestry A ency pro ides si n oards on thecharacteristics and a es of the trees, plants, animals, and e etation in the natural recreation
forest. he orestry A ency also constructs oardwalks in the natural recreation forests of
Shiratani nsuikyo, the Jomo Su i Cedar area, the natural recreation forest in akusu iand, Arakawa district, and hikin areas in the mountains. he funds for the wooden
walkway, stairs, forest operations on reforestation, salaries, and maintenance of forest
trees deri es from the sales of trees at least
years old that are identi ed for cuttin in
the national forest areas y a pri ate company. or e ample, the prices of Sugi and inoki
were J,
m3 and J,
m3, respecti ely, in. Meanwhile the local
government ( agoshima e e u e) was tasked to construct and maintain the transportation
infrastructure, such as roads and rid es toward recreation facilities from An o to akusu iand and from Miyanoura to Shiratani nsuikyo and its surroundin s.
The second part of the discussion considers the need to protect animals and plants. One
mission of Yakushima National Park and the other natural parks is to protect exceptional
natural landscapes (forests, coral reefs, fauna, and ora). Capture or collection of animals
and plants inside national parks' and quasi-national parks' special zones is prohibitedwithout permission to ensure the diversity of the natural parks' ecosystems. According toan inter iew with a orestry A ency o cer in An o, the increasin num ers of monkeys
and deer (populations of appro imately ,and ,, respecti ely), which e ceed the
local human population of akushima of ,persons, threaten forest reha ilitation (yountree lea es) and local a riculture (oran es and e eta les). he orestry A ency has een
tasked to cover fences for forest rehabilitation in the special zones to protect young trees
from monkeys and deer (inter iew on January ,). o slow the increase in the num erof deer, the orestry A ency in ited a Sakura Jima untin Association from a oshima
City to cull the deer ( i . ). or e ample, it was determined that, in
,
to
deer
could be culled and returned to the earth.
One deer costs J,
to e e actly
paid for the hunter.
The third part of the discussion
is about establishing patrols to control
activities in the special and protected zone.
o achie e these patrols, a partnership isneeded amon the orestry A ency, theMO , and local sta . urthermore, ran er
staff under the authority of the orestry
A ency has increased fromtoi . . Yakusika (pro le iew of a eer of akushima).
rangers using volunteers.

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage

11

ourth, the discussion concerns
plans to provide portable toilets for
Jomon Sugi and to charge each visitor an
entrance fee of J,
. Both issues
were put forth by the Yakushima Town
Office, which in ited other stakeholders,such as the MOranch office, theorestry A ency, the ourist Association,and members of the local community.
ltimately, the akushima own Office
took responsibility for handling theportable toilets in certain places and arecycling system for the waste (interview
on January ,). he oal of the plan
was to reduce the number of tourists to
Jomon Sugi, particularly durin the peakseason, which e periences a out,
visitors. This huge number of people
were causing environmental damage andi . . i ensu i tree in akusu i and area. he tree
pollution. The plan was implemented in
has a circumference of . m and is estimatedto e ,
years old.
the middle of.
urin the peak of tourism season (July and Au ust) and the olden week in May,
tourists pour into akushima for hikin , mountain clim in , and isitin the natural
recreation forest in Jomon Sugi, Shiratani nsuikyo, and akusu i and ( i . ). he role of
the ark Mana ement O cer, which is supported y the local o ernmental o ce (policin
enforcement aspect) is to strictly ban the use of individual vehicles in certain recreational
areas ecause of limited parkland. herefore, isitors should use pu lic transportation (e. .,bus) from Miyanoura and Anbo to certain destinations in the recreation natural forest. The
prohi ition of indi idual ehicles is intended to pre ent dama e to e etation, ha itats, andthe breeding environments of wild animals by road vehicles in the parklands.
ifth, there is a discussion on conductin research in the wilderness areas. Studies on
ecolo y should create professional research partnerships, such as uni ersities, akushimaorld erita e Conser ation Center, and the akushima orest n ironment Conser ation
Center. The goals of the ecological research are to learn about the current naturalenvironment by collecting new plant and ecosystem specimens. The results of the researchshould produce academic reports and documents, and should disseminate information topu lic users (inter iew on January ,).
NPOs (Non-Profit Organizations)
One rele ant
O is akushima Biodi ersity, which aims to protect endan ered species
and to collect asic data on plants, such as en iana Yakushima inus amamiana and inus
a man i, in the special one. enshi etsuka is a leader of akushima Biodi ersity, who12South aci c Studies ol.

, o. ,

mana esmem ers and conducts eldwork on endan ered species durin the summer.
Alto ether, there are ,plants andendemic species re istered in akushima ationalark. o conduct eldwork o er a three to four day period, theO esta lishes a camp in
the forest and uses a
S system to map and monitor conditions. he
O collects asic
data on endan ered species for akushima own O ce. It also disseminates information
to educational institutions in akushima, such as elementary throu h hi h schools, a out
the ways that they work to maintain nature and the ecosystem (forest trees and plants) andpublishes basic data for the socialization of the next generation. The NPO’s funds derivefrom the Yakushima Town Municipality Office and Yakushima Environmental Culture
oundation.
The importance of protecting umigami (sea turtle) is urgent in the Nagata Inakahama Beach area. In addition, the Japanese elief that the kame (turtle) is the symbol oflife is ecause it can li e toyears of a e (inter iew on e ruary ,). he turtle isidentified as an endangered species by the CITES ( on en ion on n e na ionaa e inn ange e S e ies oild lora and auna Con ention, and the Japanese o ernmenthas worked to protect it. he turtle actually mi rated from Inaka-hama each to Canada,
United States (USA) beach while they still baby and median age and returned again in adulta e to ori inal place (Inaka-hama), a ata area for ha in e s and reedin in summer
time namely in June and July. As shown in the passway picture that most turtle had color red
and and lue color ( i . ).
he local o ernment colla orated with akushima mi ame- an, an
O, toprotect the turtles. he local o ernment pro ided o ce space for the
O in the a ata
village area near the Inaka-hama Beach by renting houses to NPO volunteers and providing
infrastructure for a turtle life e hi ition. ickets to the e hi ition cost J
for a ideo
and lecture on the re ulation campai n (such as not usin arti cial li hts at the each, notwalkin on certain sandy areas, pro idin a uide for e ery isitor to the each) (inter iew
on March ,). he
O o cer also campai ned and is acti ely in ol ed in increasin
the participation of local people and elementary throu h secondary school students. ore ample, the officer has campai ned
to an the use of turtle e s as food, toprotect the landscape, and to clean thebeach twice each year.
In fact, there are two species of turtle(red and blue) visited at the Nagata village
beach. Both species must be protectedaccording to the CITES Convention.
Because of theO s campai n, thelocal people have gained awareness ofprotecting the turtle population of the
Nagata Inaka-hama Beach and visitors'
behaviors are friendlier toward the i . . he red and lue turtles at Inaka- ama Beach,ecosystem (inter iew on e ruary ,Nagata village.

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage13

a le . Blue turtle reedin ariations from April throu h ecem er in the Inakahama Beach Area.
Month
No. of landings No. of breeding Normal Abnormalof fre uency reedin
4
9
4
339
44.4
,
.
,
,
,
11
.
,
,
,
24
.
141
.
9
11
12
Total
,
,
,
94
.
Source: Yakushima no ke u migame Se ai hosa okoku (Research Report on urtle ife inakushima,
O akushima mi ame- an,).

). or e ample,
turtle e s were found in, ,turtle e were counted in(an a era e ofper year), which increased to ,e s in(ana era e ofper year). his chan e was ery likely due to the success of the campai naimed at the local community to protect the turtle eggs.
A eld sur ey estimated that e ery e in a ran e of ,,units just li e to e
childrenand amon of them could to e an adult reached. It is fre uently oftenthat turtle almost the ran e timeyears do not i e e s ecause of lack their meal andhappened on environmental pollution. The reason for the declining numbers of baby turtles
is that, althou h most of them could swim as far as Canadian and the S eaches, most ofthem are eaten y predators, such as sharks or whales. Some of them die ecause they are
cau ht in shin nets. owe er, some adults just make swimmin in near distance, such as
the surroundin South orean and China Sea. O iously, the campai n to protect turtle isvery necessary. This means that the campaign directed at the local people and students tomaintain turtle ha itat has had a positi e e ect. In June and July, which is the peak of theturtle reedin and e -layin period in the Inaka- ama Beach sand, many isitors come towatch this fascinating process of turtle life (Table 2).
heO o ce in a ata illa e also colla orated with ukuoka and Miya akiOsto help them maintain turtle life in their areas. Sharing among NPOs for turtle maintenanceis ery si nificant. here are challen es, such as climate chan e, which is influencin
ocean currents changes in the sea and is related to El Niño storms. These factors should beconsidered as threats to future e orts to maintain the turtle population.
Environmental services
The stakeholders' maintenance of Yakushima National Park has produced sustainableecosystems, reen forests, water supplies, and an ad anta eous en ironment. A sustaina lewater supply from the forest to the river and waterfall eventually could be used for
O O ce Report.

14South aci c Studies ol.

a le . enerator production (k ).
Type
Water

iesel

Total
Source: akushima enko (, o. ,

enerator
Tenpirodaki
Anbo River 1
Anbo River 2
Total
1
2
3
Total

Permitted Power
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

).

hydropower y an electricity company and for a riculture. or e ample, there are se eralwaterfalls, such as Sen i o no aki, o ohki no aki, and hko no aki, and the ri er in
An o. In this sense, en ironmental ser ice deri es from forest resources that ultimately
produce water for akushima enko. he electricity company re ularly produces ,k , of which almost
is used for local household ener y supplies, pri ate companies,o ernmental offices, and pu lic uses in akushima. his company started operation as
Yakushima Denki og o in June of. A out .
of the shareholders elon to aeheo
Semento, .
elon to Showa enko, .
elon to i ashi-sho, .
elon toMi uho Cop Bank, .
elon to ihon Rutsu o, and .
elon to ihonkoe. hereakdown of the ,k of hydropower produced for electricity production is shown ina le . he tur ine enerator en ine uses the uji enki rand.
The Management System
he electricity company independently uses a clean mana ement system, and it usuallyaudits its finances using a public accountant. It is necessary to implement managementthat is responsible to all of the shareholders. The company is very healthy in its operations
and achie es annual pro ts. he company seeks no economic incenti es or su sidies fromthe o ernment. It functions in a normal market. As a result, akushima enko distri utes
electricity to consumers based on a rational market. The company annually pays Kagoshima
refecture for en ironmental ser ices to maintain the water supply, which costs a out J,,(inter iew on e ruary ,).
In, akushima enko cele rated
years in operation. he company showsits commitment to participate in maintaining the sustainability of the Yakushima Nationalark ecosystem y usin one to two percent of its pro ts on corporate social responsi ility
throu h donations to and sport competitions in local communities and o ernmental o ces.
or e ample, the company donated a us withseats to the akushima own O ce, andit has sponsored competitions, such as soccer, cyclin to the mountainside, and sea shin .
hese e ents acti ely in ol ed theO, local community, and elementary, secondary, andhi h school students. riendships and mutual understandin s etween consumers and thecompany resulted from these events. These activities are very important to healthy andHidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage

accountable businesses on Yakushima Island.
here are some challen es to maintainin ade uate water supplies, which had
happened at least twice annually. he temporary outa es were due to climate chan e, suchas i l i o e ects, taifu (storms), and electrical acti ity in the atmosphere. hen thewater supply stops, it e entually stops the hydropower needed to enerate the electricity,and the company then makes an e ort to use diesel to uarantee that the electricity always
ows.
The Yakushima protected areas were designated as World Heritage in 1993. The
water use is very strictly monitored because the public and the NPO can participate inmana ement control y readin information and empirically understandin the situation, ut
tourists simply hike and clim mountains. he company o tainsof its water supply
from forest resources. hus, the company is acti ely in ol ed in maintainin forested areas,
particularly protected forests and wilderness areas, y partnerin with the orestry A ency
and the MOE.
Local farmer Responses to Plant Orange Grovesarmers own land outside the akushima ational ark forest, and they ha e occupied
the land that orders the national forest for a lon time. Accordin to the informant, theirland originally was passed down from their grandparents (the current farmers are third
eneration). In Mu io district near An o, there arehouseholds, of which a out
arecate ori ed as farmin households. urin theyears since a out, while akushimaIsland was ein considered for orld erita e desi nation, most of the farmers culti atedoran e ro es that were ery fruitful and producti e. owe er, circumstances ha e recently
chan ed. Most of the farmers are a in (years old) and there is no re eneration. Mostof the young adults work in Kagoshima City or other cities. Only a few households continue
to work the oran e ro es. or e ample, Michihiro isyears old and his wife, Chiyomi,
isyears old. e has two dau hters, one of whom is married, and she and her hus andwould like to continue working as farmers. This family owns four ha of orange groves.
Michihiro previously worked as a shop manager in Miyanoura. He gained experience
with local a ricultural products, distri ution, and the marketin of a ricultural oods. e
is familiar with tradin and ecame licensed with a certi cate in a ricultural mana ement
through institutional training in Kagoshima City before he decided to be a farmer. To operate
their farm, this family ets support from olunteers from okyo A ricultural ni ersity.
or e ample, in, olunteers worked at the oran e ro e for one to two months andrecei ed accommodations, ut no pay. Accordin to aisuke, an informant, he prefers to ea olunteer to learn in the eld for practical farmin , production, distri ution, and marketin(inter iew on e ruary ,). his alua le e perience is necessary to his future jo to
be an entrepreneur in agro-bisness.
he an kan Oran e tree ( i . ) from a oshima was ori inally de eloped in
Okinawa, O asawara, and Miya aki, ut most of those areas ha e declined in production.
or e ample, Okinawa suffered an insect contamination and production declined o er a
decade. In contrast, the oran e trees planted without fertili er or other chemicals are ery

South aci c Studies ol.

, o. ,

fruitful. The Tangkang Orange from an
or anic farm is appealin , and akushimaIsland has a suita le climate, weather, andsoil to plant and develop the Tangkang
Oran e. Ori inally, farmers used fertili ermade of waste and animals. The brandof the Tangkang Orange product fromthe eco-farm is the Hankan Tangkang.
roduction e anyears a o (),
and, when the oran e trees were youn ,they yielded
tons per ha. he hi hest
i . . an kan Oran e tree in Mu io, akushima.
production occurs in January and e ruary(winter) or durin the rainy season. Recently, production only reachedtons per haecause most of the trees are a in . he a in trees will e cut down ecause, theoretically,
the ases renew soon after they reachyears old (inter iew on e ruary ,).
a oshima refecture, throu h the akushima Cho o ce, i es economic incenti es
to the farmers, particularly the oran e farmers. he incenti e has een a su sidy to farmers
not as direct money, ut indirectly y payin for a outof the cost of fences to protect
the fruit from monkeys to help maintain the farms. The government also installed a watersupply pipe under the road to water the cultivated land. The reasons for the incentive
highlight maintenance of the brand image that Yakushima Island is the largest orange
producer in a oshima refecture. herefore, the an kan Oran e is ery fruitful andfascinating as an omi age (special gift) for tourists and is displayed in shops in Kagoshima
City, particularly in Miyanoura and An o.
he purpose of the an kan Oran e should hi hli ht sustaina le usiness. herefore,
to achie e the company s oal to share knowled e with youn people, particularly those
who want to e plore olunteer work on oran e farms, the company focuses on the alues on
mutual help, understandin , and friendship to deli er the product throu hout the Japanesemarket on time through entrepreneurship and accountable management. The company isprepared for regeneration and to compete with other companies in the future. To reachthis oal, the ankan Company is open to any students who want to practice a riculturalprinciples, production, and mana ement. Because the company has had success as a
producer of oran es and in processin products from oran es, such as juice, ice creams,
chocolates, and sweets, the processin aspect is economically ia le and i es additionalalue, such as income, jo creation, and di ersi cation. he constraints of oran e farminin the eld are threats, such as irds, monkeys, hea y rains, and sometimes taifu (storms)
during the winter.

Tourists and Hotels
urin the process of ecomin a national park, the num ers of tourists isitin
akushima Island were relati ely low ( a les). hen akushima ational ark was

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage

Table 4. Numbers of three largest tourist visits to the Kagoshima Islands.
Islandiscal year
iscal eariscal year
Nagashima,,,Tanegashima,,,
Yakushima,,,
Source: agoshima ikaku u i o Shinkoka ( romotion of e elopina oshima refecture,).

a le . ourist accommodations y island,.
IslandNo. of inshuku and hotels
NagashimaTanegashima
Yakushima
24
Source: agoshima ikaku u Shinkoka,
.

Total
,
,
,
roject of ourism

Capacity / No. of people,

a le . ourist isits to akushima Island ( y ship or airplane) after orld erita e desi nation.
Year
Ship
Airplane
Total
Compared( ) to pre ious year
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
1999
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
93.3
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
Source: ane Yaku anko en aku ogikai ( akushima ourist Bureau, pu lished y akushima
own O ce Statistic ().

desi nated a orld erita e site in, tourism on akushima Island y air and ship
rapidly increased etweenand, and there were
re istered tourist a encies.
Accordin to a akushima own o cer, the rapid rowth in tourism hi hli hts two factors.
irst, the esta lishment of the natural recreation forest in Jomon Sugi Shi a ani nsuik oYakusugi an , and so on were well mana ed and maintained y stakeholders. Second, thetourist a encies launched an e ecti e campai n for eco-tourism in the mass media (tele ision
and Internet) that in uenced domestic and forei n tourism (inter iew on January ,).
The increasing numbers of tourists after 1993 positively correlated with the rapid

South aci c Studies ol.

, o. ,a le . Yakusugi Shi enkan ( isitors to akusu i Museum), iscal ears
throu h.
iscal earNo. of visitors
iscal earNo. of visitors
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Source: Yakusugi Shi enkan ( isitor in akusu i Museum, pu lished y akushima own O ce
Statistic ()

development of minshuku,19 okan, and hotels on Yakushima Island. Transportation
modes for tourists, such as ships and airplanes also rapidly de eloped ( a le ). he
num ers of isitors to akusu i Museum increased ( a le ), su estin that eco-tourism at
the akushima ational ark and orld erita e site was a fa orite amon tourists in Japan
from thes until. In addition,the paper focuses to appeal the pro le of akushima
Nature Activity Center (YKNA) as Tourist Agency and also three owners of Minshuku in
Yakushima as integral part of participation to establish tourist sector.
Tourist Guide Agencies
Matsumoto Takashi is the President of Yakushima Nature Activity Center (YKNA/
our A ency). e pre iously li ed in okyo. Currently, his wife is the editor of the journal
Shemeno shima ( he Island ife). e likes to stay on akushima Island ecause of theatmosphere, his children s educations, and ecause there is no pollution. e stated that
tourism is rapidly developing into an industry and that urban people inherently appreciate
the e cellent en ironment (inter iew on e ruary ,).
The company was established in 1993. He needed only eight months to decide whether
to esta lish the company, after which he conducted fieldwork and a feasi ility study tostart the usiness. he company s philosophy is to help maintain the ecosystem, nature,
forests, and waters, and to acti ely in ol e tourists to appreciate and to maintain the natural
19 Minshuku : A pri ate house own y an indi idual person pro idin ed and meals. he minshuku has rapidly
de eloped to more thanunits the cost is a out J,
per ni ht since akushima ecame a orld erita e in
. he hotels accounted forunits in, such as the i hotels (Iwasaki, Sankara, JR otel,
akushima rand otel, Seaside otel, and so on). he cost of hotels were more than J,
per ni ht(see ractical ra el uide, akushima Island,) (http:www.jnto. o.jp), accessed January ,.
Ryokan are Japanese-style hotels. here are a few okan in akushima, such as Shisuikan, amome-so, andTashiro Bekkan. The cost of okan e ceeds J,,
per ni ht. Most older isitors prefer okano er hotels. or the students, there are youth hostels, such as ortside and akushima outh ostel, and thecost is less than J,. here also are uest houses, such as a no o age Sen no ie and hin u an.

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage19

en ironment. In this sense, eco-tours are tourists fa orite tar et, which is to Jomon Sugi,
ecause tourists can o ser e the ecosystem of forest, landscape, eolo y, plants, animals,
insects, and so on. ourist can tra el to Jomon Sugi, with takes a out e or si hours on
foot, and can use their fi e senses alon the way. akushima ational ark and orld
erita e site represents a complete en ironmental ecosystem, such as forests, plants, waters,
and animals.
The company has an obligation to maintain and conserve nature programs throughlectures to Shogakko huogakko and o ogakko (elementary through high school) at least
once per year. The subject of the training and discussion with students in school and ofpractice in the eld is ecosystem interaction amon plants, animals, and so on. In addition,
the lessons on eco-guide how to keep pupils’ mind and behave in order to appreciate thenature. Many high school students are interested in becoming tour guides and they can join
the company. This company is widely open to any tour guide who wants experience andincome. The rationale is that Yakushima National Park has many resources and is interesting
to the many tourists to visit here.
The Workforce
he company has four permanent staff, ut the tour uide profession has a out
workers. hese workers can work with the company, particularly durin the olden timein May and in summer (June-Au ust) when tourism is at its peak, for hikin , mountainclim in , kayakin the An o, and isitina ata Inka-hama to see the turtles on theeach. In July throu h Septem er of, the num er of tourists reached ,per day.
urin ten days in Septem er, tourists spent two or three days there, and the num er wastopeople total. he ood of tourists durin the summer has created a usy time
for the company's tour guide service. The tour guide fee for a one-day trip to Jomon Sugi
is J,
per person. he hei ht of the tourist e perience is a isit to Jomon Sugi insummer, where tourists usually spend one ni ht. his has led to the discussion on porta letoilets and char in e ery tourist J,
to enter the Jomon Sugi area (which would
go to maintenance of the environment and nature). The stakeholders related to the Tourist
Association include the tra el a ency s hotels, indi idual hotels,
Os on en ironmental
nature, the MO , and the orestry A ency s ranch o ce. In, akushima own O ce
invited these stakeholders to discuss a regulation to bring portable toilets and the entrance
fees. According to the Yakushima Cho (town) O cer, it will e decided this year ().
o this point, the company has not een payin ta es to the akushima own O ce, ut it
gives a voluntary donation.

Conclusion
akushima was a lo in area fromuntil
, when it was stopped due toforest de radation that e entually created soil erosion and oodin . he ecolo ical dama eshifted attention to ecolo ical conser ation, which focused on tourism in the newlySouth aci c Studies ol.

, o. ,

esta lished national park. As discussed, akushima ational ark and orld erita e site
is cate ori ed as a uni ue and fascinatin area of Japan for eco-tourism. One aspect of theuniqueness of Yakushima Island is that nature and humans have worked together to create
an en ironmental conduci e to a healthy lifestyle. In this sense, the close relationship andcoexistence of the local community and the environment on Yakushima Island is being
encouraged as a community development model based in Kagoshima Prefecture.
The effect of best quality on environment could encourage urban people with highincomes to isit as tourists and return to the natural life. hey are deeply aware that, toreco er health, spirit, inspiration, and moti ation to impro e work performance, nothin isetter than a isit to the hi hest uality en ironment and ecosystem, such as forests, plants,
animals, waters, and seaside eaches. he need for etter performance is pro ided y thehigh quality of the Yakushima environment as an eco-tourism destination.
The tourism industry after Yakushima National Park was designated as a Worlderita e site inoomed from,re istered tourists into,re istered
tourists in. In, there were,
re istered tourists. he rowth of tourism
created a need for pu lic transportation (airplane, ship, us, and rental car), restaurants,
hotels and minshuku, tour uide tra el a encies, electricity, and so on which correlated withthe economic growth on Yakushima Island in particular and Kagoshima City in general.
ence, akushima as a ational ark and orld erita e site should e properly
managed through partnership management in synergic cooperation with other institutions
on some strate ic issues, such as a protectin landscapes, protectin animals and plants,
patrollin to control the protected and special one, and maintenance of the Jomon Sugi
en ironment (most fre uented tourist destination) y installin porta le toilets, andconductin research in the wilderness area. or e ample, the partnership mana ement model
has een practiced y the MO , orestry A ency, local o ernment ( akushima own
O ce), and park mana ement or ani ations to share ideas and cooperate on construction in
the atural Recreation orest (Shi a ani nsuik o Jomon Sugi, and Yakusugi an ). orts
are directed at pu lic infrastructure (roads and rid e), stairs, si ns, control of animal
populations (e. ., deer and monkeys), forest reha ilitation, and research in the wildernessarea.
In addition, the roles of other stakeholders, such as
Os Yakushima Denko( akushima lectric Company) ourist uide A ency Association and otel, inshuku
okan, outh otel, and uest ouse Association are ery si ni cant. In this conte t, theprotection of turtle life re ardin reedin and e s in Inaka-hama Beach, a ata illa e,through the socialization of local people and tourists has been very productive and fruitful.
The turtle is categorized as an endangered species (CITES A reement) and Japan is asignatory to the agreement.

Hidayat and Nagashima: Yakushima National Park and World Heritage

21

Acknowledgements
e are thankful to the resident of a oshima ni ersity and to the irector of the
Research Center for the aci c Islands for the fundin support the author ( ) recei edfor e months ( o em erthrou h March). his alua le opportunity was used
to share ideas with other academics and to lecture students. In addition, the rest of January
and March was used to conduct eldwork to inter iew informant stakeholders at akushima
ational ark and orld erita e site. Special ratitude oes to the host scientist,
amamoto Sota. e also sincerely thank our collea ues, oda Shinichi, a ai ei,
u ahara Sueo, ishimura Akira, anaga a idetoshi, oneda suyoshi, ishimura
Satoru and others for their cooperation. We deeply appreciate the reviewers of this paper
for their sincere critical comments and re ision notes, which helped the paper to e of hi hquality.

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