20085654

cOmbmiOnLnprovement for hteml Combustion Engine
Using aFunctional Glass Catalyttinto Cooling W由Takashi Wanabe YasuhitoNakatake QifengShi
As a tnctional」 郎s ofmelted grainy was s血 鰐 鰤 dveけ intO the cooling watg ofan engme9憮

heakone and巌

mgnetite based ontt silica■ rere cofmed"詭 reduction」 the melcOnsmpti帆 憮 knocking contol ofSI田 山 e,and
畿 exhaC emissions ofSI and CI englnes.As for■
晨 roduction oftt coolingwaterloss dueわ

ese charactaistics,thecombWion impDvelllentbecamepossibleけ憮 eductim m tt suce ttiOn Ofcooling waterttLtt hCtionalglass andkinematicviscosivandthechatingenciengFiSe,
Key words:Intmal Combustiontthe,Cclolin3 Fuel Economy/Glass,Coolant HedTFaSfel・(lx3p.h饉 s resettL when paticulate mctional glb as

1.Introduction

Vuilents in憮 回ば mmy

engineshave become indi「…

ofint―l combniOn

ale wim abnomal五 se in

mde 01 pFiCeS,and all possible il■ provement measures are晦

臨As exampl∝ of such measlEs2 not only鵬

impovements h tt mOod of combustion tt also
reduction h vmollslosses such as exhan α∞hし tictioL
繭0・ gaS CXChI喝 ら c ・ IS mp…

④obtained by dissolving each of tt maifan stone andmagnetite ontt basis ofsilica(4phas beeni― redh儀

coolant ofan呻 ,control oftt knoclcing ofan SI engine
and reduction in tt■ lel economy and a鯉 漱 emissions

have been r鞭 頭 麗 ,and SO its basic山 画 由 無
reported below.

Among tese

2.Chacteristics of… 」ass

losses,機 loss duc to cooling waterin mter cooling engmcs

む樋 8reatest beingroughly equaltoせ Ю loss due to exhausth騨 颯 Optimm coolingお Equied accodingわ 鵬

chge h temalltt of缶 製 Ⅲ ,but h tt event ofmttcient師 範 a decrease in tlle themal ttiguc
Of metalic materials,a mpid incasc h themal

Ofsmss,an mccase in memal expansloL…
bOnary lubidion duc to tt oil propmies oflubrinic―

魏 ald a dectase in output a"∝ ね鯰d wim a dccline inEEing emciencywill EsuL AIso,m spat liriliOnc鴨 脚∝,

abnomal combSion such as knocking willc

砒2.l Composilion ofhctional glass
Functional glass eio GlassIおby tlsing silica(Siのm山,as shown in Table l,as a base and usmg mifan stone(quat and feldspar porphwl and magnetite c゛ めasmaiOr maleiat by diSSOlving each of mese tt a hintmperc― ofabout 1300‑1組 К .As for面 s IDarticulate
hdionalまぷ ,tlle Ono of8 1mlllin diametcrwllosc lmHial:)and搬
is mai量 l stone L"騨 議r'oereaner ded
酬1●
one whose material b maretite t"u慶ピ ereaner dedH帥 鳴

undcr ttE pEsent cmmstances,slintly OVer― cooling isrequired in orderto avoid tt above phenomm m enuCSfOr輝 銀 use‐Altough reduction h cooling loss L mployed tt a means

ofmyovmg meleconomy ofengmes,there are notso many
Esearches olll coOlant as a mmod of such impDvment

F二 ふ lAppea■ ance cfttio CIasゞ'l ofF6BI● 01aご '(、 v=・/●￨Table l Clte鵬 注al ComIDositi●■―Society ofAutomotive Engheers ofJapan,AcademにaFe

Lectc Meeting Pre‐ p」 hting Pape

Collcction,No.90‐ 08

:Ъ:)器 shOWn h Fig.1,and江 撫 time of lISe equal

回 ご

mountSご these m are ptt m a ninless steel tt and2.3 pH value ofanctional glassi̲evd in cooling wmr.h chemical cOmpOSilion of

pH 00Wer Of hydrogerll shOWS tt degree of acidity ormctioml glatt samplesお shOm in Table l.L haS beenaMinity of a subsmce by means of tt expnent ofconmed mat搬 "gleen"maim stone has tOng
鳴 ddOrizing両ar̲血 灘 diaiOn―
antibacteFial轟 吼andulmhydrOphilic ptte五 鳴

掟由rまma五 宙サ mctiOns,and is used foF Water treamentand a―

Black magnetitc has an iron oxide as itsma」 orCOnstiblent having magnetim and eldiCal赫

宙け,and tt red as a"∞ l mlcing mterial.

22 Far‐ inhred emissivity=通 hydmilic pperties oftmional glass

A comp8on of far‐ itred emissiviv and hymphilic
propenies between hctional glass samples and ordinary

glass Csoda lime glass)iS ShOm in Table 2.AIso,acompanson of h COntact angles of dropleご water m a
subuce cOmposedご glass hat showS hydrophilic
propelties in a similar ttHmげtr‐b shOWn in Fig.2.¶ 臨

i― d emissivity offunctional glass L 87‐ 890/o Which政鮮∴重朧 鰍 織器 ∬InaddilioLttcOntactages ofdrOplets OfwatFOnaglass
sucefOr畿 枷 。Nes ofglass were measmd by∬ ing acOnm angle meas― g i―

・ W油 regFわ m、―
pH=O for hydrochloric acit wim電 調 tO nalinivpH=hyngenionsCH‐ )h血14 for sodim球 面 対亀 and Widl tgardわ ng曲 鞠
7 forptte mer.

Fig.3 mows Validion in tt pH value wim temperame

chates bmeen 30 and 85℃ せ滅 Wee measured using

31ass in脚 騰WatercdiStilldwaterl andasOluion
ofcoolant ott C00hlち 300/oin cornmionD.Fig.
D OreSentS a tendencyぬ 誠 憮 pH Values of p「 e wa凱∞olat sol面鳴 mCtiOml glass/plE w」 er and mctiOnal
glaCcoolant solution tt sli■ tly Wim atempmm tt heach of tt liquids.ThiS tendency of lncrease m pH
FeSulting of immersiOn of hCtional glass was夢 謝 Whenllsng pure w軸 鳴 Widl arlse ofabom 70/0,whereas tere w零hardly any change htt Case Jcoolant節 輸 臨
is noticeable in tte case ofplE Watr―

based mmples.К iS

that tt iOn exchange characteFiStiCsご耐申

mctional glasS exeFt a s畷 厳 liducnce when rtte Wateris

直・・ 1・ iit(30%)
・――《)一―卜i● =1■ ,奪 rc..lattt(■ 0%)● ´diettiled ttt● =二II● d=● teF― ― tio 31攀 ノmanu■ cttred by Kyowa l由 氾劇助re Sciencel. As a result Of
contact anglcs‐ mg mctiOnal」 ass Were 4‐ 5° inthis,憮〕
Fig。

He購,鷺

has been fomdthatthellise m pH caused by hdiOna1 81ass

ent (CA‐ X150

畿 case Of"が ば 'and 6・ in tt case of"b献pH=

̀1,●l aS ShOwn in

2,whichshowedtatboth nes ofmdiOnal glasshaveult‐ hydrophilic propenies as compatd Wi■62°wit

ordiD87 81ass.

雪墨 e2

C矯 呼 arttn of Far・ il臨 車 d Enlisi● ty Ratt anttWatel・CCntact 愚 ぎe On ・ Bb Glas♂

ユ瀑晨To澤 ゛eratureく13)■■g.3 Va■■ュt競 嗅 0■ Pfr● f。 'Bお Cttasず'■=EIbtttea VVaterana ccolant,に LII T3mpeFattl■ o CI菫 議lgety亀 幽■:■ ■〜̲勁■4̲

VLCOSiw and釧劇扇bH引 は急m pOmial of24

waterinwhich mctional glass L i―

med

Table 3 shows variation in visSiv μ Whm 100 CC each ofin whiCh 4・ 騨∝ポ Smples and 4
pure wtt and崎

1‑leS Of mctiOnal
glass were immcrsed and伽…

"bL霞 でwan was曲 敵 ifOr И days wim a pedalpmp郷∞ 町 田誠 WimttviscosityofttEW観ContentiolMIC騰

Bic Class°taCt Anglo
Fig.2 EtttOf=駆o01aご ctt Water O〕 ヽAs a
曲sult Of饉 s the vimsiv

μttr00m tempe― llint

meaSlmment Was O.8050 mPa・ s bOt in dК Case ofpure waterin WhiCh mctional JaSS Was i― med and in゛
守a趣 :o3露 稲む=ダusingasolutionofcoolantccOncenmim:300/0ゝ 押 3報亀andand l∞ cc eachご tesc h Which師 懸 ゴ￨…

¶I● rth彗 ゞ 読t,D轟 痙機銀 響 ,1参 Fa無 豪■よF綺 o"bhば 'samples ofmnctiOnal glass are i― ersed.職

resultoftis meastEmenthas showntattt srace nion
oftt coolant‐ based solutionsぶ relatively loweFthan ttt ofpure water‐ lDased liquids as a matter of collrse and鷺

程 議 4露騰

ぼ籠 鰺畿 ぶ '競 謗管諄 軍繭dgeases wim an increase in temperam.It calll be seen
tom Fig.4」 蹴 搬 Suface tcnslon ofboth tt coolant‐ based

雛露 纂

soldions and脚鳴 Water― based liquids has d― ased byabout 5‐ 2%in proponiOn tO a rise in勧甲 瓢 購 減 び 薇samples of mctiOnal glass have been i―Hence,仕 撚

w亀 and i4 days later憮 )vallles were.

been found tt hctiOnal glass has

itti、 tat decFeaSe ttx〕
F瘤 訓dh劉配憮〕case of μtt

med in麟

suce tenslon of、 汀akF in

which tt L i―sed bysevmlpement hisphenomenon

O.8023 and O.8009 mPa―s,Espdiveけ ,Wim a decreasc h

SJ魂

VISCOStt in bOm caset tt nes of 04%and O.17‰

propdies ofhctiOnal glass.

tO be caused by the aforesaid ulphyhphilic

respectively.With regard to the viscosity μ of the tap
water― based solutitt the vlscoslty Of Water in w・ hichm gIS Wasi̲ersed decreased by O.060/O Fight
atr measmmentお COmpand wim mat」 ●̲p tt anda decrease of O.690/c in a simila

cOmp8on,alld畿 お Were decreases h vvostt Elatively
lll plDporiOn to elapse of time亜 血 bOth ptt water‐ based
and tap water‐ based solutions.鴨

amomt of such

FeduCtion was g藤 れぽ 宙 m pure water han輛 血 tap w由 乳and憮 )dccreasc hViscositywas slintけ smaller wim waterin which anctional glass was i― med man water tat

師 鰯 爾

電 ＞τ撃 ξ ８ ｔ虜畿 r14 days ttEヽ 旧111塁

懲:13● tC30%)
襲‑4‑dlsti11● 4 撃ator=露biO glass/distilied vater

一006

fomed tt basc m propOnionto elapse oftime.Therefore9
Ql has been found tat water in which hCtional」 ass iSTe撻 ,。 raturo(■ 3)immelsedhas charadcristicstatdecaseviscosiv.

Ntt TabL 4 shows tt esult of measu― ent of機は 挽 歯 H灘 面 m pomtial(Ott Of mCtiOna1 81ass江Dom観 甲 鹸 using tap watrnbased solutions.鴨Of"W由 誠 Was■ 45き 、whereas」鸞 aRP ofmter
躍in which tnctiOml glass was i― ersed was‑558 mV Fint

ater i‑510L thus Showing a valuc of l.7 times of搬
valuc oftap穏 颯 and量 競 圏 Sd in proponionto e10se ofme,but測詢140‐ 70 minmes it becameま 麓u匠油釧i after
Cemceasulg to‐ 690 to‐ 692 mV which iS a value abOut m■麟

oftap w減恥,・ hasbem found tt Warin

whiCh ftmctioml glass is i― med has c慮 擁 bHd面

20304030

銀lsxtt Of 3t● ●接婆s h■ g. 4 Va■■atio濃 Of Stt■・Face 嘔ヽ■IantwithTemperatuFe Change●≫轟回 :ed■VateSand C●

3.Hluence when llsng f油 面 敵 d glassin憮 〕coolingsystem ofadiesd engine
3■

muence exmed m ewme p」 omance andenust gases
Functional glass was i― redinl麟 C001ing systm for 24

鴎 ,and偲 皿 圏 露 Was checked wilmtt sample engine

shown h Table 5 by a pmid load test tt an enpe]i鸞

Tablo 5 Spec散 燃ti●￨￨,ゞ 笠

potential tt L■ 7‐ 2.Otimes ttOftap watertt foms鮨
base.

2.5SACetension of報 鵞 r in青 Hch mdional glass

isimmmed
Fig.4 mows tt resl of measIIrmmtof伽〕vanation ofsuce tensIon wim mFttE change h tt Fange Of
abo滅 25‐ 70° C bylneaFIS Oftt pendanthpme■ od⑥ け̲̲

1

̲̲̲̲…

100X160 oIIn…

Wi■ 伽 3 cooling wan inlet

h cylinderwan tmperatLE WaS measwd at 8 pomt PltempmtLE SCt誠 65■2・ C,機 engme perfo― ncep emust

樋 疑鼻 P8,in tt axial dimion at tt exhaW side tom

評 chardistics,and cylinder wal tmp―W∝ alSO

TDC to amund BDC simulmeously Wim ale measmment

measmd at血 3 Salne time. L result ofmeastument of憮 cogine pJomance and軸 面 gas charareisticsぶfor tt engine pJomance test tt mmuFement ofFeVOluionspeed of 1000 1Pshownin Fig.5.

As a esult of嶋 鷺has been coned matl麟 fonowing
are Obtainedけ暴b田 ∝ 電 mctioml glass h搬

cooling systm9 as com13aFed Wi■ tt Ordinav condilion
easel.W澁 蟹琴 灘 tO he tel coSmption BSFC,EniOns Of13‑11.60/o in all 10ad ranges and a reductiOn
嘲 3 ratof5,1%on aVmge could be Ob歯 ∝ and轟 鑢 ヽ面 面 餞lDdiCularly in loW load mnge and in hi■onge.The chning eaCiencytlC Dse by l.5‐10ad3{%in auload ranges,and憮 lubricating oil temp― TO decreasedby 4‑12 K in all 10ad ranges,and tt exham gas
騰 Teg decreased by 4‑23 K in highload mge.
中BSCO decreased by 7‐ 54%at tt load ofPmc=200‐ 600

tempeme was done by輛 皿 蝿 Seeds,「m̲。 。。uples 警 ,1.6 nlln m dimeteru at a den ofl.5mm■ om tt cylinderinner wallsrace.Asa駕 戯 Of
this,Lrdly any畿 電 e Was obSmed h tt temp― cin P2■ ЮttP8,htPl hadtt mostnoticeable―dtt and tt result of t騒 曜澪餡織Юmea― entfortttloadOfPlぶ shom in Fig,7.nis Pl―
ζ騰 画 near tt pistOnmg誠 駆,andwiL regadわ 憮

畑 町 題血 E direence bem/een ttt base and ftndional繁the lder decreased by 8‑12・ C tt Pme=400‑600 Pa

nis hctshows m mctional glass otve alloticeable erecton tt te鴫 脚 熊 demase on搬 Ⅷ 駐 sA̲ce of畿cOmbniOn赫挽ち憮飛け imprOving cmbustion as aresultoflncase in charging eaCiency asmentionedabove.

d― ased by 20‑300/O atぬ eload ofPme=decFeaSed by 3.7‐ 14.70/O at憮
21XI‐ 600 Pa¨

麟 Landload ofPme=100‑500 HL Ascan beseen債 腱 above,by smg hCtiOul glass htt cooling w・蜘 ,Crects wereidentiSed h FeduCing hel con― ption and imprOVing
山 越 gaS Cha― rigics.

商3.6卜 職■鱒 輌

I・

●tt颯

=o「Cメ t:lttCr w● ll

1■ ●11̀)

'(1,レ

締一■ル孵
薔

rr

f llll :こ ,霧:田 ゞ'Cnriル 7じ at∝ oF・ ̀lli●
̀子F建卜SE■ は■ ●1 BIo G:留 も'=● I【het‖諄 3辟 乗鶏闘劇К短32

hfl― Ce exeredon cylinderwans

4.Sttldy:イ :′与(に■1 ￨ :1■' itlll̀
摯:1,■ ,「 1',1田3諄 Fatu健
Cy:Lidtt W,tt■ ●F田面はd nss has hin tt・ inhFedemS盪、

exhaust gas cmeFiStiCs.

ulm̲hyhphilic脚 顧 ∝,iOn exche Charatristics,
viscosけ reduCtiOn chacteristics,high oxidationrdmilon

Ref― Cepo使 買面ぬ軋and eduction of srace telslot etc.,and it isMCAssy,C.Stisoni Comparative

ce tesion
erlsideFed mat among■ ese reduction of su」 陶血On搬
即eint興COntFibuted騨 的 tO能 山 団(1)M・combustion cmber wat tereby having a ratiCluence切at」 C001antS in tt convective andお酌 ∞レon ttt incase in charging emciency.CoOling in aPaper 9514533,No.9504

wancooled engme involVes coexince of foFed②

convdion heat hnsfer and subcooled bo血 g hcat unsfer

mixttrecompaFiSOnOnengmeheatttecti10nttt,SAE paper

側 りand since tt is a Ⅵ嵯 価 酬 n fact hat in tesc heat

9610635,No.960275,p.1‐ 10(1"6)

続醜V・

perfomance of O■ ylene由 ∞ L柘 由and propylene
既 魂 SAE,p.1‐ 7(1995)

ToMa P,K.■ Sh親 軋

J・P,Chick:Ett of coolanta result ofo)M.Y.E.Sdtt A‐H.Bo Helali:EfFect of Coolant

in tt SA‐ Ce tension of coolingゝ 由 ち 麓 もAdditives on Th― al of a Diesel B電 灘s I Mech E

fer―s機 厳軸fer tte increases②…
cosided tat畿 面 圏 eh―

On tt Cylinder

wau shOe was caused by tt Eduction h tt suce
眈 ion of cooling w畿 ■ ■ ヽ 施 崚t m tese霞 鵬

maJor actors tatimproved engme combWion and叔ぬ直2(Ю2(又43c2001)",Vol.215
No.D10,p.1131‐Matsuo,d ttI Materials made of glass and感)Y盤

memOds Of wan treament tting tt salne,Unexamined

Patentulidion

2000‐ 191338, PublishedNo.

gases.

Unexamined Patent Application cL Japan Patenth addilioL mdional glass has characteristics that rene

2007

viscosity and kinematic visCosけ

cooling systm belongsわ

霞 welt and Since鵬

areas of trbulence・性 Lα職 ,o)Ryoii Watanabe d d.:Fuel i%air mter and c∞ lant
cleaning mateFialS,Unexmined P滅 薗Publication No.

cosidered mattt hH団 腱 in tt heat機器 fer rate was also

2005‐ 25̀802,Published Unexamined Patent AppliniOn

鐵 遷 by an lncFase in the velociv Off10w of缶 OoolingmVeちwafr ttLmd tt COmbustion 赫 be■

体 LJapallPatentO饉 ∝,2005
Chmical S∝ 彎)Tmdional glassも hiry elduated on tt mmet h mat

P師1996,H― 碑…
①

EcL:面 機鋼ら SCientiSc Handbook Basics R離 二 Tё 190,knoclcin Can alsO be reduced substantiany in sl tines,

meCialy m GDIengmes.

Of J電 聰Kazu T…

liquidcooled歯.

Yasublko O肱 Design ofl engines,Tokyo,b帽 由 ら

1977,

pp.84‑87
5.Concl∬ ion

騰 VariOus(1)It has been made possible to daril■ 」chemical charaeristilcs ofhctional」

asS・の L haS beenゎ und tt hlctional gass reduces thestace tenslon ofcooling驚 軌 and as a result ofan
incase h temal mnsfer tt the山弓 咤 eaciency
b incased wilL tt result utt a 10t ofimprovements

轍made m melecOnOmy9 mme perfomallce,and6)J.Fenton Cditedl:Gasoline Engine Analysis for
Computer Aided Desin LondoL Ⅳは 施 面 温 Lgineering
Publk翅 面に圧s,1986,p.151‐ 155,p261
ぅY.Tc型 ‰ M・ MOllde:EIlhancement ofpool
boiling heat hnsfer in water ad山 即 V恥 由 minEso)T.鹸

覇饉 ncedive agent lntaional JOmal of Hcat andMass T錮 濃L47,p.5555‐ 55〔期路)