★★★ ＜第37回知的財産翻訳検定試験【第18回英文和訳】＞ ★★★
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問１．以下の背景技術を日本語に翻訳してください。
Almost all organisms on Earth apply an internal biological timer toanticipate changes that accompany the daily solar cycle.

The possession ofsuch an internal timer allows organisms to inherently “know” where in thedaily solar cycle they are, absent of external cues. Such internally generateddaily rhythms are called “circadian rhythms”, and are endogenous to theorganism.
The mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms involve circadian oscillationsin processes such as gene expression and protein modifications. A core clock
controls these circadian oscillations by signal generation.
The mammalian circadian clock in the brain conveys 24-hour rhythmicity torest-activity cycles, temperature, sleep, and virtually all other behaviouraland physiological processes. The imposition of an internal temporalframework is an essential part of an organism's biology; it allows all of theinternal processes to work in harmony, such as gene expression, cell divisionand metabolism. In order for such rhythms to be adaptive, they must besynchronised, or entrained, to the external environment, predominantly
produced by the 24 hour light/dark cycle due to the rotation of the Earth,and/or to other entraining signals, known as “time givers” or zeitgebers.

問２．以下の実施の形態を日本語に翻訳してください。
The default mode network, as referred to herein, refers to a neural networkthat provides an offline processing mode during resting behavioral statesand is reciprocal in function to the active processes of the salience network.
The function of the default mode network allows the brain to stay on-line
without other parts of the brain, such as those associated with cognition,
being active.

In healthy individuals, activation of the default mode network

is normally reduced during cognitively intense activity, such as memory
encoding, but the default mode network is more active during states wherecognition and memory functions are not actively engaged.

The default

mode network may be thought of as an idling process, whereby in a healthybrain the nuclei/locations/clusters of the default mode network are active
while the cognitive areas of the brain are relatively inactive. The default
mode network may be particularly active when a person is conscious but is
not currently entertaining a conscious thought or prevailing perception. A
person who has mindlessly stared at a wall or lost his or her train of thought
for a period of time may have activation of his or her default mode network
during these episodes.

問３．以下の実施例を日本語に翻訳してください。
The endothelial integrin ligand VCAM-1 and the selectins E- andP-selectin are expressed by endothelial cells in blood vessels, including
meningeal vessels and first layers of the cortex and hippocampal vessels of
5×FAD and 3×TG mouse models during early phases of disease of
Alzheimer's

diseaseandarenotexpressed

innormalbrain.

Neutrophils/myeloid cells were observed (using immunohistochemistry ofsections) adhered inside blood vessels and migrated into the parenchyma
mainly in the meninges in deep cortical layers, and also in the choroid plexus
and in close proximity to the hippocampus and amygdala in both mousemodels of AD but not in normal healthy mice. GR1+ cells, quantitated usingflow cytometry, were increased in AD mice as early as 2 months, peaked at
approximately 4 months in 5×FAD mice and 5-6 months in the 3×TG model,
and declined gradually but remained well above the levels observed innormal mice out to the last time-point observed (10 months).
We describe for the first time the behavior of neutrophils inside
cerebral vessels and inside CNS parenchyma in animal models of AD.

問４．以下の請求項６５～７０を、図７Ａに記載の実施形態を参考にして、日本語に翻訳してください。図７Ａ及びその説明文は翻訳する必要がありません。
65. A method comprising:a) providingi) endothelial cells,ii) astrocytes, andiii) a microfluidic device, said microfluidic device comprising a gel, said gelcomprising a surface;b) embedding said astrocytes in said gel;c) seeding pericytes on said surface of said gel;d) seeding endothelial cells on said surface of said gel such that they adhere
to said surface;e) culturing said endothelial cells under flow conditions to create a layer ofendothelial cells on said gel; andf) culturing said astrocytes such that said astrocytes extend processes toward
said endothelial cells.
66. The method of claim 65, wherein said microfluidic device furthercomprises a channel, wherein said gel is in said channel.
67. The method of claim 65, wherein said gel comprises collagen.
68. The method of claim 65, wherein said astrocytes are primary humanbrain astrocytes.
69. The method of claim 65, wherein said layer of endothelial cells comprises
VE-cadherin-containing junctions.

70. The method of claim 65, wherein said endothelial cells comprise primary
human brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells.
（翻訳不要）
・・・・・以下、図７Ａ及びその説明文

FIG. 7A illustrates a schematic diagram of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
structure used to generate a three-dimensional blood brain-barrier (BBB)
chip 700 (left) and an illustration of a cross-section through the chip 700
showing the PDMS channel 702 containing a collagen gel 704 made withviscous fingering and a central lumen (right).