Technical Bulletin

Pedestrian CAE Models & Codes
Version 1.4

June 2015
TB 013

TitleVersionDocument NumberAuthor
Date
Related Documents
StatusApplication Date

Pedestrian CAE Models & Codes
1.4
TB013
Secretariat
June 2015
Pedestrian Testing Protocol
Information
June 2015

Pedestrian CAE model
Honda
Geometric
Human FE
reconstruction derived
model
from CT/MRI scans(Adult)(bones, ligaments) pelvis and lower limb
Version13th June
Articulated rigid body2011
for upper body(lumbar and above) neck and lumbar
divided into 7 and 5segments

Pedestrian Sizes
Baseline model
representanthropometryclose to 50th
percentile male;baseline model
can be scaled toany sizes of adult
population

Level of Biofidelity
whole body
kinematics (head, T1,T8, pelvis) during an
impact against a small
sedan and a large
SUV at 40 km/h

Dynamic lateralcompression of pelvis(Force-deflection at
acetabulum and iliumin both acetabulum
and iliac loadings)

Dynamic 3-point
bending of lower limb
long bones in lateralmedial direction at
mid-shaft, distal thirdand proximal third

References
Small sedan: Kerrigan, J. R., Murphy, D. B.,Drinkwater, D. C., Kam, C. Y., Bose, D.,
Crandall, J. R. : Kinematic Corridors for PMHS
Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests,
19thESV, Paper number 05-0394 (2005)
Large SUV: Kerrigan, J. R., Kam, C. Y.,
Drinkwater, D. C., Murphy, D. B., Bose, D.,
Ivarsson, J., Crandall, J. R. : KinematicComparison of the POLAR-II and PMHS inPedestrian Impact Tests with a Sport-Utility
Vehicle, IRCOBI Conference (2005)
Kikuchi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Mori, F. : Full-Scale
Validation of a Human FE Model for the Pelvis
andLower Limb of a Pedestrian, SAE World
Congress, Paper Number 2008-01-1243 (2008)
Salzar, R. S., Genovese, D., Bass, C. R., Bolton,J. R., Guillemot, H., Damon, A. M., Crandall, J.
R. : Load Path Distribution within the Pelvic
Structure under Lateral Loading, International
Crashworthiness Conference (2008)
Takahashi, Y., Suzuki, S., Ikeda, M., Gunji, Y. :Investigation on Pedestrian Pelvis Loading
Mechanisms Using Finite Element Simulations,
IRCOBI Conference (2010) (To be published)
Kerrigan J. R., Bhalla K. S., Madeley N. J., FunkJ. R., Bose D., Crandall J. R. : Experiments for
Establishing Pedestrian-Impact Lower Limb
Injury Criteria, SAE Paper #2003-01-0895(2003)
Takahashi, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Mori, F., Konosu, A.
: Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for
Pedestrians,
18th ESV, Paper number 218 (2003)

Notes
Source of human
response data

Source of validation
results

Source of human
response data

Source of validation
results

Source of human
response data

Source of validation
results

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Pedestrian CAE model

Pedestrian Sizes

Level of Biofidelity
Dynamic 3-point
bending of thigh andleg (with flesh on) inlateral-medial
direction at mid-shaft,proximal third (legonly) and distal third

References
Ivarsson, J., Lessley, D., Kerrigan, J., Bhalla, K.,
Bose, D., Crandall, J., Kent, R. : Dynamic
Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of thePedestrian Lower Extremities, IRCOBI
Conference (2004)
Kikuchi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Mori, F. :Development of a Finite Element Model for a
Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World
Congress, Paper number 2006-01-0683 (2006)
Dynamic knee
Bose D., Sanghavi P., Kerrigan J. R., Madeleyligament distraction to N. J., Bhalla K. S., Crandall J. R. : Material
failure at different
Characterization of Ligaments using Nonloading rates for
Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization,
MCL, LCL, ACL
International Workshop on Human Subjects for(anterior and posterior Biomechanical Research, (2002)
parts individually) and Takahashi, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Mori, F., Konosu, A.
PCL (anterior and: Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for
posterior parts
Pedestrians, 18th ESV, Paper number 218 (2003)
individually)
Van Dommelen, J. A. W., Ivarsson, B. J.,
Jolandan, M. M., Millington, S.A., Raut, M.,
Kerrigan, J.R.,
Crandall, J.R., Diduch, D.R. : Characterizationof the Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties
and Failure of Human Knee
Ligament, SAE Paper number 2005-01-0293(2005)
Kikuchi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Mori, F. :Development of a Finite Element Model for a
Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World
Congress, Paper number 2006-01-0683 (2006)
Dynamic 4-point
Ivarsson, J., Lessley, D., Kerrigan, J., Bhalla, K.,
bending of knee joint
Bose, D., Crandall, J., Kent, R. : Dynamicin valgus bending
Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of thePedestrian Lower Extremities, IRCOBI
Conference (2004)

Notes
Source of human
response data

Source of validation
results

Source of human
response data

Source of validation
results
Source of human
response data

Source of validation
results

Source of human
response data

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Pedestrian CAE model

Pedestrian Sizes

Level of Biofidelity

GeneralHonda
Human FEmodel(Child)

Geometric
reconstruction derived
from MRI scans froma 6YO child (wholebody external shape,Versionlower limb bones andst1 April 2009 ligaments)
FE model for thighand leg; Articulated
Rigid Body model forpelvis and above
representing freedomof motion of spine
Represent childspecific anatomical
structures such as
cartilaginous layers atends of long bones

Represent 6YO
child
anthropometry

Dynamic 3-point
bending of childfemur and child tibia
in lateral-medial
direction

Leg fracture
prediction validated
against CIREN indepth accident data bymeans of accident
reconstruction

References
Kikuchi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Mori, F. :Development of a Finite Element Model for a
Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower
Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper number
2006-01-0683 (2006)
Takahashi, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Konosu, A.,
Ishikawa, H., Development and validation of thefinite element model for the human lower limb ofpedestrians, Stapp Car Crash journal, Vol. 44,
2000-101-SC22 (2000)

Notes
Source of validation
results

Ouyang, J. et al.: Biomechanical Character ofExtremity Long Bones in Children and its
significance,
Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy, Vol.21,
No.6,
p620-p623 (2003), (in Chinese)
Ito, O., Okamoto, M., Takahashi, Y., Mori, F. :Validation of an FE Lower Limb Model for aChild Pedestrian by Means of Accident
Reconstruction, SAE paper number 2008-011240 (2008)
Ito, O., Okamoto, M., Takahashi, Y., Mori, F. :Validation of an FE Lower Limb Model for aChild Pedestrian by Means of Accident
Reconstruction, SAE paper number 2008-011240 (2008)

Source of human
response data

Source of validation
results

Source of validation
results

TB 013-3/10

Pedestrian CAE model
THUMS

Pedestrian Sizes
AM50, AF05,
6YO, AM95

Level of Biofidelity
injury parameters areaccurately predictedchild, 5th 50th
95thSee references

Version1.0, 3.0, 4.0,Daimler
THUMS-Dbased on v3.0

JLR HumanFE model
Version 8.1,
9.0

References
T. Yasuki and Y. Yamamae, Validation ofKinematics and Lower Extremity Injuries
Estimated by Total Human Model for Safety in
SUV to Pedestrian Impact Test, Journal ofBiomechanical Science and Engineering Vol. 5(2010) , No. 4 Special Issue on Biomechanics in
Cardiovascular Systems
T. Maeno et al., Development of a Finite
Element Model of the Total Human Model for
Safety (THUMS) and Application to CarPedestrian Collisions, ESV 2001
Watanabe, R., Miyazaki, H., Kitagawa, Y.,
Yasuki, T., : Research of Collision Speed
Dependency of Pedestrian Head and Chest
Injuries Using Human FE Model (THUMSVersion 4), 22nd ESV, Paper number 11-0043(2011)
HOWARD, M., THOMAS, A., KOCH, D. W.,
WATSON, J. & HARDY, R.
(2000) Validation and Application of a Finite
Element Pedestrian
Humanoid Model for Use in Pedestrian Accident
Simulations. IRCOBI.
Montpellier, France, IRCOBI.
Developments in the simulation of real world car
to pedestrian accidents using a pedestrianhumanoid finite element modelR Hardy, JWatson, M Howard - International Journal ofCrashworthiness, 2000.
HOWARD, M. S. (2002) Pedestrian Accident
Simulation and Protection. Technology
Evaluation. School of Engineering. Cranfield
University.

Notes
Commercially available(AM50)
Toyota in-house models(AF05, 6YO, AM95)

JLR in-house model

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Pedestrian CAE model
MADYMO
Details see references,
Version 4.2,
MADYMO Human
Models Manual,
Version 7.3, TNO
Automotive, Delft,
The Netherlands,
November 2010

Pedestrian Sizes
3yo, 6yo, 5th F,
50th M, 95th.
These models
result from ascalable mid-size
male pedestrianmodel

Level of Biofidelity
Details see references,
MADYMO Human
Models Manual,
Version 7.3, TNO
Automotive, Delft,
The Netherlands,
November 2010

References
MADYMO Human Models Manual, Version7.3, TNO Automotive, Delft, The Netherlands,
November 2010.

Notes
Commercially available

IEE-WPI FE
Model

50% maleavailable. 5%
female and 6 year
old child underdevelopment

Model aims at ahumanlike interaction
with the vehicle
bumper and therefore
has:- hip- / knee-joint
mechanics (ligaments)- tissue / ligament /bone sub-structure- correct
anthropometricproportions
Rigid-body model
validation accordingtoMadymo (c.f. J.vanHoof)

C. Silvestri - Development and validation of aknee-thigh-hip LS-DYNA model of a 50th
percentile male
PhD Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute,
April 2008

IEE in-house model

Version 1.0

Up-right pedestrianmodel based on WPI
study with following
improvements
1. introduction of
upper body masses
represented by rigidbodies
2. more detailed knee
modelling (a.
ligaments
b. non-linear andstrain-rate dependent
material laws withappropriate failure
criteria
c. introduction of asimplified knee
capsule3. femur and tibia soft
tissue material
4. femur meshed withshell elements

C. Silvestri, M. H. Ray - Development of a
Finite Element Model of the Knee-Thigh-Hip ofa 50th Percentile
Male including Ligaments and Muscles,
International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol.
14, No. 2, pp: 215-229, 2009
FE-based pedestrian modelling to simulate thecollision process with a car front-end
Dr. Wener Bieck (IEE S.A.)
5. pedestrian protection conference, July 2010
(by Carhs & BGS

FE-model validationaccording to- J. Kajzer et al- J.R. Kerrigan et al- J.A.W. vanDommelen et al

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Pedestrian CAE model
PAMCRASH
Version 1.0JAMA
Human FEModelVersion
13th June
2011

Coupling of the upper
body fromTHUMSTM(Ver.1.4)
and the lower bodyfrom H-modelTM
based Honda Human
Pedestrian Model
Modifications weremade to improve
biofidelity andcomputationalstability.

Pedestrian Sizes Level of Biofidelity
3yo, 6yo, 5th F,
Whole body50th M, 95th.
kinematics based on
These models
articulated rigid
result from abodies withscaleable mid-size focus on humanlike
male pedestrian
whole bodymodel
kinematics and headcontact times basedon corridors fromref. 3 + 4References

Baseline model
represent
anthropometryclose to 50th
percentile male;baseline model
can be scaled toany sizes of adult
population

Sugimoto, T., Yamazaki, K., First Results fromthe JAMA Human Body Model Project, 19th
ESV Conference, Paper Number 05-0291 (2005)
Kamiji, K., Yamazaki, K., Development ofFinite Element Model of Human to Reduce
Injuries in Traffic Accidents, Journal of Societyof Automotive Engineers of Japan 62(5), pp. 3439 (2008) (in Japanese)whole body
kinematics (head,thoracic and lumbar
spines, femur, tibiaand foot) during an
impact against fourtypes of vehicles(minicar, sedan, SUVand minivan), only
one trajectory ofwhich is published
Injuries not yet

1. Jason R. Kerrigan, Drew B. Murphy, D. Chris
Drinkwater, Check Y. Kam, Dipan Bose, Jeff R.
CrandallKinematic Corridors for PMHS tested in fullscale Pedestrian Impact Tests University ofVirginia Center for Applied Biomechanics
United States
2. Jason Kerrigan, Carlos Arregui, Jeff Crandall1
Pedestrian Head Impact Dynamics: Comparisonof Dummy and PMHS in small Sedan and Large
SUV Impacts University of Virginia Center for
Applied Biomechanics United States European
Center for Injury Prevention, Universidad deNavarra Spain
3. SAE-Proposal J2782,2007, 'Performance
Specifications for a 50th Percentile Male
Pedestrian Research Dummy'.
4. Ishikawa H., 1993 'Computer Simulation ofImpact Response of the Human Body in CarPedestrian Accidents'.

Notes
Available for
PAMCRASH-users(development project
partners from ESI).

Overview

Source of validation
results

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Pedestrian CAE model

Pedestrian Sizes

Level of Biofidelity
satisfactorily
reproducedReferences

Notes

NissanHuman FEModel

6yo, 50th Male,
5th Female and95th Male

AM50% and AC06(6yr-old): whole body
kinematics (head,thoracic and lumbar
spines, femur, tibiaand foot) during an
impact against
different types ofvehicles to reproduce
real world phenomena
based on PCDS
accident data base.
AF05: Good overall
kinematics,
Excellent detail pelvis
injury estimation.
AM95%: Good(overall kinematics)
Excellent (detaillower injury
estimation based onreal world accident
data)

1. Different Factors Influencing Post-crash
Pedestrian Kinematics
Y. Kawabe, Murakami, C. Pal and T. Okabe,2012 SAE International
paper no. 2012-01-0271
2. Post-crash Pedestrian Head Kinematics inReal World Accidents Using 6-yr Old Child FE
ModelC. Pal, K. Yoshiko, O. Tomosaburo, Nissan
Motor Company Ltd
JSME-CMD symposium
Paper no. 2402
3. Analysis of Pedestrian Kinematics and Injury
Mechanism In Real World Accidents
Murakami, Daisuke; *Pal, Chinmoy; Kawabe,Yoshiko; Okabe Tomosaburo
Nissan Motor Company Ltd., JapanFISITA2012
paper no. F2012-F03-010
4. Human FE Model to Estimate Head Contact
Time for Pedestrian Protection
C. Pal, O. Tomosaburo, Nissan Motor Company
Ltd.
M. Muthukumar, S. Narayanan, RNTBCIPaper Number 13-0376
5. Estimation of Pelvis Injuries and Head Impact
Time using Different Pedestrian Human FE
ModelsChinmoy Pal and Tomosaburo Okabe Nissan
Kulothungan Vimalathithan, Jeyabharath

Accurate for HIT andbody contact
calculation
requirements, as per
Euro NCAP protocol.
Level pelvis injuries areverified with real world
accident data
JAMA AM50 upper
body and GHBMC
AM50 lower leg
models are wellintegrated and modified
to suit Euro NCAP
protocol requirements.

Version 3.0,4.0
AM95 basedon JAMAand GHBMC
model.

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Pedestrian CAE model

Pedestrian Sizes

GM/GME
Human FE
Model

50th Male

Version 8.2.1
Version 1.0

6yo, 5th female &95th male.

Level of Biofidelity

References
Notes
Manoharan, Muthukumar Muthanandam, andSatheesh Narayanan RNTBCI
2014-01-0522 SAE2014
6. Effect of vehicle's front end profile onpedestrian's lower extremity injury pattern in realworld and verification by large male FE Human
Model.
Chinmoy Pal, Tomosaburo Okabe, Munenori
Shinada Nissan
Kulothungan Vimalathithan, Jeyabharath
Manoharan, RNTBCI
2015-01-1467 SAE2015
Model aims to replace 1. Deng B et al, "Human model for real-world
Madymo-Multi-Body vehicle-pedestrian impact simulations."INFATS-Model in case of- Proceedings of the 5th International Forum ofwhole body
Automotive Traffic Safety, China : Hunan
kinematics andUniversity, 2007
contact times
2. Deng B et al, "Human model for real-world
vehicle pedestrian impact simulations." Paper- Whole bodypresented at the International Symposium of
kinematics (head, T1, Human Modeling and Simulation in Automotive
pelvis, left femur and Safety, Aschaffenburg, Germany, 2007
tibia) during an impact 3. Unatriou C et al, “A Finite element model ofagainst a small sedan
the lower limb for simulating pedestrian impact”,(1400 kg) at 40 kmph Stapp Car Crash Journal, 49:157-181, 2005
- Dynamic 3-point
4. Vusirikala N, “ Development of deformablebending of femur inpelvis model for motor vehicle crashes”, GM
anterior-posteriorInternal Report, 2007
direction at mid-shaft 5. Vusirikala N, “ Development of whole hip- Dynamic 3-point
capsule ligament FE model”, GM Internalbending of leg (withReport, 2008flesh) in lateral-medial 6. Vusirikala N, “ Estimation of pedestrian lower
direction at mid-calf
leg injury potential using lower extremity humanbody model”, GM Internal Report, 2008
TB 013-8/10

Pedestrian CAE model

Pedestrian Sizes

Level of Biofidelity- 4-point bending of
knee joint in valgus
bending- 3-point combined
loading test of kneejoint- Quasi-static 3-point
bending of femur,
tibia and fibula inanterior-posterior andlateral-medial
directions- Quasi-static tensile
test to failure anddynamic ramp-andhold tensile test for
the MCL- Dynamic lateralcompression of pelvis(Force-deflection atacetabulum and iliumin both acetabulum
and iliac loadings)- Pelvis – femur hip
capsule ligament
distraction test
- Shearing andbending effects of theknee joint and low andhigh speed lateralloading

References
7. Guillemot H, et al, “Pelvic behavior in side
impact collisions: Static and dynamic tests on
isolated pelvic bones”, SAE Paper # 98-S6-W37, 1998
8. Stewart KJ, et al, “Spatial Distribution of Hip
Capsule Structural and Material Properties”,
Journal of Biomechanics, Vol 35, pp. 14911498, 2002.
9. Kajzer J, et al, “Shearing and bending effects
at the knee joint at low speed lateral loading”,
SAE paper No # 1999-01-0712, 1999
10. Kajzer J, et al, “Shearing and bending effects
at the knee joint at high speed lateral loading”,
IRCOBI Conference, Germany, paper No #1999-01-0712, 1999

Notes

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