Life Insurance Distribution Systems in Japanese Market--- Series 3: From the High Growth Period to the Bubble Economy Period --The insurance demand increased significantly as the Japanese economy
entered a high growth period from the late 1950s. Since either the price or the policy
design discriminations were prohibited de facto by the Finance Ministry at the time,
the sales competition was simply carried out through a human-wave tactics of sales
agents. Females still accounted for most of the sales agents. Especially theprevalence of electrical appliances such as rice cooker and washing machine fromthe end of 1950s also facilitated the housewives’ entry into the insurance sales
business because those home appliances enabled them to make more free time fromdoing the housework.
However, the productivity of sales agents began to deteriorate as the life
insurance subscription rates rose and the sales competition became more furious.
Some agents whose sales activities were mostly based on their personal connections
occurred. They tried to sell policies to their relatives and friends who might buy aninsurance policy not because of a necessity but because of a sense of social
obligation or compassion which are generally called Giri and/or Ninjyo in Japanese.
There were also some agents who first tried to make and/or maintain a close
personal connection with certain people by frequent home-visit with presents, andthen tried to get them to purchase insurance policies. Such sales activities werecalled G-N-P solicitations, namely to sell an insurance policy by means of Giri, Ninjyo
and Present respectively.
The subscriptions acquired via G-N-P sales promotions tended to have a low
persistency
cancelledrate.
theirSomepolicyholders

subscriptions

beforematurity to purchase some new policies
from different agents or sometimes they
just wanted to terminate these policies
because which were not necessary fromthe beginning. On the other hand, theemployment relationship between sales
agent and insurance company seemedvery vulnerable. Many of sales agentswere apt to quit when they became
unsatisfied

with

their

employment

conditions or when they failed to meet the1ⓒ JIANG

quota assigned by the company. Because, however, most sales agents at the time
were part-time employees, job-hopping will not harm their careers as much as it
does to the full-time employees. Also, it was not so difficult for them to find anothersales agent job from a different insurance company.
For the last few decades, the problem of low persistency rate of policies which
was largely caused by the G-N-P solicitation method, and the problem of low
retention rate of sales agents which was presumably due to the furious sales
competition in the absence of price and product design discriminations, and thelack of sufficient professional training, had been drawing lot of attentions andconcerns from various societies especially the regulatory authorities. For instance,in September 1958, the Ministry of Finance urged the insurance companies to takesome countermeasures against the aforementioned issues. However, no significantimprovement had been observed.
Then, in April 1959, as an advisory committee of the Finance Ministry, theInsurance Council, which consists of specialists from the different fields such as
insuranceindustry,

institutions,financialscholars

andpolicyholders, was established. Theissues regarding the sales agents had
undoubtedly

been

agendathiscommittee.

thattheofsuggested

placedontheThey

insurancecompanies should set some clear
requirements

and/ormakethemstricter for sales agents, and should
reinforce the professional training for
new recruits as well. In the meantime,
the committee also emphasized theimportance of developing a full-timesales agent system.
As a result, a Universal Examination System for sales agents was introduced in
April 1963, and a professional education system for sales agents was standardized
in 1965. Nevertheless, no significant improvement had been observed in the above
problems regarding sales agents particularly from the late 1960s since when thepenetration rate of life insurance has reached a peak and the sales competition has
become more intense, although there was a slight increase in the number offull-time sales agent.
2ⓒ JIANGOn the other hand, consumer needs also began to diversify from the late 1960s
as the Japanese economy develops and the citizens’ living standards are being
ameliorated. Besides the demand for larger amount of life insurance coverage, theneeds for medical care increased rapidly. Some insurance companies started toprovide healthcare coverage by adding special arrangements to the existing life
insurance policy. Meanwhile, some foreign insurance companies such as Alico
Japan and Aflac Japan which specialize in the medical coverage successively
entered into Japanese market since December 1973.
Accompanying with the entry of foreign insurance companies into Japanesemarket, a new distribution channel, namely the OTC (over-the-counter) sales
occurred. This channel was mainly set in such as the department store or thesupermarket. Moreover, Sony Prudential Life, a joint life insurance company
established in August 1979, also brought a revolutionary sales agent system intoJapan. The sales agents in this company are called Life Planners. All of them are
full-time employees with strong sales skills before entered the Sony Prudential Lifeand will receive a professional training in financial planning after entered thecompany. The distinctive characteristics of this Life Planner system are thecomprehensive sales skills and financial knowledge owned by the sales agents,
which enable them to provide optimal products to meet the various needs of theconsumers.
However, there had been no change in the fact that the part-time female agentswere still the main sales force in most of domestic companies from 1970s to 1980s.
Especially in the late 1980s when Japan entered a bubble economy period, theconsumer needs became more diversified associated with the liberalization ofinterest rates and the deregulation of finance. Although some domestic companies
began to introduce new channels such as the OTC sales or to put more attention on
developing the full-time sales agent channel.

To be continued…
(YingYing Jiang, Ph.D. in Commerce of Hitotsubashi University )3ⓒ JIANG