A. Toureille83

Water Dipole and Climate of the Earth
A. ToureilleInstitut Electronique des Systèmes, University of Montpellier France
Abstract - Without our atmosphere, the mean temperature on Earth should be -18 °C. With our atmosphere in fact themean temperature is +15 °C. This very important phenomenum is due to one « greenhouse » effect. Our atmosphere contains
locally between 0.4 to 4 % of water vapor : it is the principal actor of this « greenhouse » effect (50 to 60 % following different
climatologists). But the last reports (2010-2018) of GIEC (International Group for the Evolution of Climate) or IPCC
(Intergovernemental Panel on Climate Change) are claming that the increasing of carbon dioxide during the industrial
period (1750-today) from 300 ppm to 400 ppm is the principal actor of the Earth Global Warming. The reasons evocated by
the GIEC are : the water cycle is very short (one week) but the life time of carbone dioxide is long (one century). On ourplanet water quantity is constant and is not considered as an anthropic gas. It is very surprising to read all these assertions.
So, to clarify them, we’ll analyse the total absorption electromagnetic spectra of H2O and CO2 (from 0.6 micron to very
far infrared) to show that the water dipole has an absorption area much more large and much more active than thesymmetrical dioxide molecule one. If you take into account all the total quantity of water (oceans, vapor, clouds, rains,watering, anthropic origin…) the conclusions show that water (after the sun) determines the climate of the Earth.
Keywords - water dipole, greenhouse, electromagnetic absorption, climate

I. INTRODUCTION
Following last reports of IPCC (Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change) without our atmosphere, themean temperature on the Earth should be −18 °C(Appendix I). With atmosphere it is +15 °C. This effect isdue to one greenhouse effect: it allows the life. It is linked
with infrared absorption of the gas in atmosphere(essentially H2O and CO2).
The greenhouse effect is explained here: Earth surface
is heated with the short waves (around 0.5 micron) givenby the sun (with some reflections), then the warm surface
reemits this energy with long waves (Infrared around 1015 microns).
The greenhouse gas absorb and then reemit theseinfrared waves increasing the warming of the Earthatmosphere so in infrared [1].
Today the global warming of the Earth is recognised
everywhere. The different reports of GIEC (InternationalGroup for the Evolution of Climate) and IPCC give anincreasing of the mean temperature about 0.8 °C andforecast an increasing of several degrees in future (2050).
These groups explain that the carbon dioxide is theprincipal actor concerning this increasing because its
concentration has evaluated strongly (from 300 ppm to400 ppm) during the last centuries where the industrial
activity has been developed very well (from 1750 to 2019).
However, these groups say that the greenhouse effect isdue to 60 % by H2O, 20 % by CO2, 8 % by O3, and 6 % by
N2O + CH4 [2]. But the relative concentration increasingof CO2 is the strongest during the last centuries (+30 %)and so it is the principal cause of the global warning. In
fact, these groups assert the concentration in water isstable and the water cycle is very short (one week) while
the CO2 which is the main anthropic gas has a cycle long(100 years) [1].
These assertions must be discussed: first, water vapor isthe principal greenhouse gas in atmosphere (concentration
Corresponding author: Alain Toureilletoureille.alain@orange.fr
Presented at the 4th ISNPEDADM 2019 (New electrical technologiesfor environment) in October, 2019
Submitted: Dec. 4, 2019, Accepted: Dec. 24, 2019

between 0.4 % to 4 %) and then it is so an anthropic gas(we have produced in same time water and carbon dioxide
in combustions). To say that its concentration is stablelocally seems problematic. More, the oceans contain anenormous quantity of water and play an important role on
the climate of our planet [2].
Therefore, it is necessary to analyse deeply theelectromagnetic spectra of water and carbon dioxide andto understand the effects of the water on the climate
considering the entire water on the Earth.

II. SPECTRA ABSORPTIONS
A. H2O
The water molecule is a strong dipole with the value
1.84 Debye: the distance O-H is 0.9564 Å and the angle
between the two O-H is 104.45°, we have calculated theequivalent charge on each H, it represents 0.527 ofelementary charge.
Due to this very particular structure this light moleculecontains a very great number modes of vibrations
symmetric asymmetric and bend in electromagnetic
spectrum. But its very small moment of inertia on rotation
gives rise to reach combined vibrational and rotational
spectra containing tens of thousands of absorption lines.
Calculations give theoretically [3-5] 20 modes ofvibrations corresponding to wavelengths from 0.6 micron
to 10 microns and so 32 modes of rotations corresponding
to wavelengths from 10 microns to 500 microns. In fact, it
appears in our atmosphere experimentally 10 absorption
bands in visible and large bands from 1.0 microns toinfrared (Fig. 1). But, so water absorbs in short waves (theclouds are grey and sometime almost black) and so ininfrared and far infrared to very long waves giving 12 248
sites to 2 GHz (see micro waves cooking at 2.45 GHz) [6].

84International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, DECEMBER 2019

Fig. 1. Electromagnetic absorptions of atmosphere gas after HITRAN (C C)

B. CO2 molecules
On the contrary the carbon dioxide molecule is not alight polar molecule and has essentially 4 absorption bands
in infrared (IR):1.80 micron, 2.0 microns, 4.3 microns, 15microns [4], as shown on Fig. 1 given by HITRAN

C. Comparison
The total effect of absorption is essentially due to thewater vapor in particular in the visible, infrared, farinfrared and very far infrared.
On Fig. 1, we can see that water vapor has 10 absorption
bands (0.55-0.70 micron) in visible. So, a very great
energy is taken by the water directly from the sun in air.
Ozone has some absorption.
So during the sunny day, it appears that the sun activate
the water essentially in our atmosphere.
From data [3-6] it is easy to calculate in considering thetotal absorption areas that the energetic effect ratio
between water vapor and CO2 is at least 10. Taking
account into the concentrations between water and CO2 in
atmosphere is from 10 to 100 following the regions (desert,poles, equator), we deduce that the total energy ratio
between water and carbon dioxide for the atmosphere is
between 100 (dry air) and 1000 (humid air).
GIEC and IPCC do not value to this effect for the water
pretexting that the concentration of the vapor is toovarying. Their reference is CO2 with a ratio of 1 comparedto others gases (CH4, O3, NO…) only [1].
Then, an interesting aspect of the heat absorption by thehumid air is the variation of the specific heat with thewater concentration. Dry air has a specific heat of
1.0 kJ kg−1 K−1. Strong humid air (ratio 0.001 in weight)
reach 3.0 kJ kg−1 K−1. The specific heat of carbon dioxide

is only 0.6 kJ kg−1 K−1 and has few action on air like said
previously. The atmospheric pressure has a gradient andthe Laplace law permits to calculate the thermal gradientin troposphere. This gradient is linked with presence ofwater (Appendix (II)) [11].

III. EFFECT OF THE LIQUID WATER
The particular structure of the water molecule induces
other important effects on the climate. This particularstructure is due the O-H link (hydrogen bond).
In the liquid a cluster of several molecules are formedand bring new vibration modes increasing the absorption[7-11]. More, this hydrogen bond has an energy of boilingof 2264 kJ kg−1, and a heat capacity (specific heat) of4185 J kg−1 K−1. So these strong energies allow a great
absorption in oceans coming from the sun.
The oceans cover more 72 % of the planet surface andtheir depth can reach several kilometres. So, they
accumulate an important quantity of heat (1000 times
more than atmosphere). The evaluations are about several
hundred zeta Joule: 10 times the energy consumed by thehumanity per year. In fact, it is concluded that first the sun
warms directly the Earth by the water. This accumulation
allows the climate regulator for our planet. But they can so
provoke many disasters.
When the temperature of water reaches about 28 °C, it
appears the possibility to form the hurricanes during a longtime with the vapor which is absorbing and thenrecovering still more energy by raining (condensation).
Therefore this hurricane grows up and continue to grow up
to the lands where the source of water disappears (end ofrun away).
The clouds (other water concentrations) absorb the sunenergy and create a local cooling following the altitude
where they are.

A. Toureille85

In fact when the evaporation is strong the creating ofclouds limits the solar energy: it is the second aspect ofclimate regulator of water.
Concerning the ice the structure is like a hexagonal
crystal due to the structure (Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics). The weak melting energy is 334 J/g. The densityof water is maximum at 4 °C due to the O-H bond which
is maximum at this temperature: this effect allows the life
in deep water. The ice is a good thermal insulating andprotects the deep water of freezing. When the pressure
increases this weak link disappears and the glaciers basis
are melting in iceberg and fall down. So, the water is notconcentrated in poles.
Concerning the liquid water this surface tension is thegreatest among the liquid. We remark that the water has
the greatest boiling and melting temperatures.
We add another effect: the lightning in the clouds. Forus, the quick crystallisation of the ice contains manyelectrically charged defects. In the cloud the wind moves
the insulating lumps of ice and the numerous chocks
fracture the ice and give much little lumps charged
positively or negatively. When the electric field reach
locally the Paschen field (ionisation field), the lightning isappearing.

move called upwellings and downwelling which act as aconvection effect to heat the sea in depth. So certain
effects (El Nino, El Nina) begin to be explained, but thestudy will take a long time (Fig. 2). The ocean is therefore
the second source of heat after the sun.
The climatic phenomena (overflood, hurricanes…)
registered today are local and depending of the water
concentration in this region.
Another important new phenomenon is the watering forthe cultivations. This quantity is enormous: 250 Gt/year(more 20 % of phreatic layer) and principal use of water(USA, China, where some rivers are drained). Thisquantity was multiplicated by 4 for 1960. So, thecultivation ratio was multiplied by 10 and by this way
decreasing the CO2 but increasing locally the vapor ofwater from 4 to 6 %. So, with the strong watering from1960, the electromagnetic absorption of air has increased.
On Fig. 3, historic humidity anomalies are presented from1971 to 2012 on land and ocean.
Another important factor for the climate is the albedo:
it is the reflecting ratio of the electromagnetic waves. For
the earths is about 20-30 %, snow and ice: 75-95 %, ocean:2-7 %.
About the cultures, albedo varies from 15 to 25 %. With
the development of culturing (green space) the albedo

IV. DISCUSSION ON THE CLIMATE
We have seen that the water has a fundamental role on
the climate on our planet (particular structure numerous
sites of absorptions and great quantity in ocean).
But for the GIEC it is CO2 which is responsible of planetwarming because it is growing while the water is stable [1].
For the GIEC the greenhouse effect due to the water
vapor is recognised as important (50-60 % only) but stablebecause the cycle of water is short (one week) while thecycle of carbon oxide is long (one century). It is said that
we have created a lot of CO2 in industrial period giving a
concentration of 0.04 %. But so the water vapor has beencreated in this same industrial period. The chemical
reaction with coal, gasoil, petrol and oxygen give water inmean half of weight of CO2. The GIEC does not give noinformation about it, evocating the short cycle of the water.
If we use the GIEC data, 545 Gt of CO2 have been
produced for 1870, to day 230 Gt are added in theatmosphere, 155 Gt are added in ocean and 160 Gt in thelands. Therefore, 270 Gt of new water have been producedin the same time. Total water in atmosphere is 12 900 Gt,
so this new water represents a ratio of 2 %. Certainly, agreat part was absorbed by plants forest wastes and rivers,
but if we want to explain an increasing of meantemperature of 0.32 % (0.8 deg K on 285 °K), thisphenomenon must be considered because the watercompared to CO2 has the energy ratio greater than 100.
We have seen that the oceans play a very important rolewith one mass of 1.4 × 10 kg (300 times atmospheremass) [12]. It is the greatest tank of heat of the planet. Thesea currents (surface and depth) are now studied and thecycle of water is in fact very long. It is not one week assaid by IPCC but in hundred years. [12] The effects oftemperature and salinity gradients provoke several sea

Fig. 2. Oceanic Currents(given by National Oceans Service)

Fig. 3. Historic humidity anomalies(given by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)

86International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, DECEMBER 2019

decreases and contributes to the global warming(Appendix I).
So, it appears the great complexity of the climate:variation of parameters on the Earth (humidity, clouds..),but so the cycles of the sun (11, 22, 60 years…),
inclination of Earth axis [13].
Today some authors begin to critic so the theories of
GIEC or IPCC [14-16] on the climatic models and eventhe greenhouse effect saying that is impossible for theatmosphere to heat the Earth because it is cooler.

[8]
[9]

[10]

[11]

V. CONCLUSION
The predictions for the climate in short duration of someten years are very difficult, because the enormous quantityof water plays a fundamental role: by electromagnetic
absorption: direct effect from the sun (in visible) andgreenhouse effect in infrared and far infrared. The climate
seems chaotic because many phenomena are active(humidity, clouds, oceanic currents...) and very long tostudy. But the particularity of the water molecule form
(dipole and lightness) allows the life on the planet Earth.
The carbon dioxide cannot play the important role given
by IPCC and GIEC, the water is the second heat source
after the sun and could be responsible of global warmingof Earth.
To understand the mechanism of the global warming today, it is necessary to study the great accumulation of heatin the oceans and the exchanges atmosphere-sea.

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APPENDIX(I) Solar flux at the top of the Earth: 1365 W m
Stefan constant st: 5.67 × 10 W m deg
Mean Albedo A of the Earth: 0.30
Radius R of the Earth:
Equation giving the Equilibrium of Absolute Temperature
without atmosphere:
Power by radiation Planck = Power received by the sun= 1−4
T = 255 °K = −18 °C [1,2](II) Thermal Gradient of the Troposphere:
Due to the gravitation g:
dT/dz = −g/Cp
g = 9.81 m s−2;
Specific Heat of air Cp = 1005 J kg−1 deg−1 for dry air,
1510 J kg−1 deg−1 for humid air. So, this gradient varies
between −6.5 deg kg−1 and −10 deg kg−1 for humid anddry air [11].