SC/D06/J10

Morphometric analysis on stock structure in the Antarctic minke
whale based on JARPA samples.
Takashi Hakamada
The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan

Abstract
In 1997 the IWC Scientific Committee listed up several tasks that could assist the interpretation of the results on
stocks structure of Antarctic minke whales in the JARPA research area. One of these tasks was the conduction ofmorphological and morphometric analyses. In response to that task I conducted a morphometric analysis using
JARPA data of this species obtained in the period 1987/88 and 2004/05. Samples were grouped into the six
primary longitudinal strata used by JARPA surveys. The analysis was confined to mature animals. First theestimated marginal mean length of each measurement in each longitudinal sector for average body length wasestimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Second cluster analysis is applied to the estimated marginal
mean length to examine relationships in morphometric characters among whales in the six longitudinal sectors.
Males and females were separated into two groups at 130oE and 165oE, respectively. Results of themorphometric analysis are consistent with the results of the genetic analysis.
KEY WORDS: STOCK IDENTITY, ANTARCTIC, FEEDING GROUNDS, ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALES,MORPHOMETRICSINTRODUCTION
The study on stock structure in the Antarctic minke whale is conducted under the JARPA research objective
titled ‘Elucidation of the stock structure of the Southern Hemisphere minke whales to improve stockmanagement’. Information on stock structure is important for a) the estimation of biological parameters, whichshould ideally be carried out on the basis of biologically identified stocks and b) the future application of themulti-stock rules of the Revised Management Procedure (RMP) (IWC, 1994). Several genetic analyses havebeen conducted under the JARPA with the aim to investigate stock structure in the feeding grounds of Areas
IIIE-VIW, and results have suggested substantial genetic heterogeneity, which is consistent with a multiple stock
scenario in these areas (see SC/D06/J9 and a review of the studies on stock structure in SC/D06/J9).
In reviewing the results on stock structure derived from JARPA in 1997, the IWC Scientific Committee (SC) has
noted that only preliminary conclusions can be drawn at this stage and that more concrete conclusions will be able to
be made following the completion of different analyses. It further supported the suggestion that additional analyses
using alternative groupings and analytical methods should be conducted (IWC, 2004). These suggestions are related
to the widely accepted concept that the most effective way to address questions on stock identity is to consider resultsfrom several techniques, genetics and non-genetics (Donovan, 1991; Pastene et al., 2000; Perrin, 2001; Rugh et al.,2003). In the case of the Antarctic minke whale the application of multi-approaches to investigate stock identity isparticularly desirable because previous genetic analysis suggested that the effect size in this species is low and then,results obtained by a single genetic marker should be checked using independent markers. Consequently the study on
stock structure under the JARPA was extended by the use of several biological markers, both genetics and nongenetics and more detailed grouping of samples (Pastene et al., 2005).
Morphological and morphometric analyses are useful tools to examine questions on stock structure as
demonstrated in the case of the North Atlantic common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) (Christensenet al., 1990). Some morphological and morphometric studies were conducted on the Antarctic minke whale in
the past using data obtained during commercial pelagic operations (Doroshenko, 1979; Wada and Numachi,1979; Bushuev, 1990). However results of these analyses provided no evidence of unambiguous genetic
differences between Areas in the Antarctic. Although some of these studies showed some differentiation among
longitudinal sectors in the Antarctic (Doroshenko, 1979), the analyses were restricted to some few Areas and theissue of the criteria classification technique among investigators participating in different whaling expeditions
was a common problem in these studies.
Morphometric data obtained from Antarctic minke whales sampled during JARPA surveys provide a valuable
opportunity to examine stock structure questions in a more reliable way. Antarctic minke whales are taken

1randomly through systematic surveys and a team of whale specialists are in charge to get the samples andmeasurement of the animals sampled. A preliminary study on morphometry using JARPA data was carried out byFujise (1996).
In 1997 the IWC Scientific Committee listed up several tasks that could assist the interpretation of the results
on stocks structure of Antarctic minke whale under JARPA. One of these tasks was the conduction ofmorphological and morphometric analyses. In response to that task I conducted a morphometric analysis using
JARPA morphometric data of this species obtained in the period 1987/88 and 2004/05. Results of this analysis
could assist the interpretation of the results of genetic analysis conducted on the same Antarctic minke whalesamples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Samples
Minke whales sampled by JARPA surveys in Areas IIIE (35°-70°E), IV (70°-130°E), V (130°E-170°W) andVIW (170°-145°W) between 1987/88 and 2004/05, were used in the analysis. All samples were taken randomly
along pre-defined track-lines. In the analysis I used only mature animals because body proportion could bedifferent between mature and immature animals (see Document SC/D06/J17 by Bando et al. for details of
determination of sexual maturity)
External measurements
In order to eliminate the effect of bias due to difference among researchers, the measurements that were lesssusceptible to such differences were selected for the analysis. Selection of these measurements took into
consideration the opinion of experienced researchers. I also excluded girth because they are likely to change
according sampling date in the feeding season. The ten external measurements used are shown in Figure 1.
Grouping of samples
For the analysis the six longitudinal sectors used during JARPA surveys, were considered: IIIE (35°-70°E), IVW(70°-100°E), IVE (100°-130°E), VW (130°-165°E), VE (165°E-170°W), VIW (170°-145°W). Initially whales in
sectors IVW and VE sector were sub-divided into southern and northern strata and compared between them.
Because no substantial latitudinal differences occurred (except in the case of a few measurements for males inVE), samples in north and south strata were pooled for subsequent analyses.
Analytical approach
ANCOVAThe ten measurements used in this analysis are dependent of body length of the animals. The first step was toestimate the average of the measurements in each sector allowing the body length to be different among six
longitudinal sectors. For this purpose I used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). First I examined if there issignificant interaction between body length and sectors. If not, I took body length (V1) as a covariate and fit alinear model in formula (1) to exclude the effect of growth on measurements (Vx).

log(Vx) = α log(V 1) + β i + ε(1)where β i is the intercept of sector i. There was no significant interaction between body length and sector so I

assumed a common slope α for all sectors (Table 2). Logarithm of estimated marginal mean length of Vx(denoting this estimate log(Vx) ) for average body length was estimated for each sector.
Cluster analysis
Cluster analysis was applied to the estimated marginal mean to examine relationships in morphometriccharacters among the six longitudinal sectors. A total of 100 bootstraps were conducted. Resamples weregenerated assuming log (Vx) for average body length is normally distributed with mean of log(Vx) and()variance of se log(Vx) in Table 3. For each longitudinal sector i, 100 resamples were generated bylog(Vx)i ~ N (log(Vx)i , se(log(Vx))i )(2).

Then cluster analysis was applied to each resamples.

2

RESULTSANCOVA
Results of the tests conducted to investigate interaction between body length and sectors are shown in Table 2.
There was no significant interaction between body length and sector for all measurement used in this analysis.
This justified statistically that a common slope α can be used for all sectors in formula (1) (i.e. ANCOVA can beapplied). Table 3 shows the estimated marginal mean length of measurements by sex and sector for average bodylength over six sectors. From these results length of skull and length from tip to somewhere became larger for
their body length from west to east.
Cluster analysis
Figure 2 shows the results of the cluster analyses for sexual mature males and females. For mature males, six
sector were separated into two groups, west (Areas IIIE, IVW and IVE) and east (Areas VW, VE and VIW) of130oE. For mature female, six sectors were separated into west (Areas IIIE, IVW, IVE and VW) and east (AreasVE and VIW) of 165oE. For both sexes whales in Areas VE and VIW comprised a single group.
DISCUSSION
In previous studies ANCOVA and discriminant analysis were applied to examine JARPA morphometric data forthe study of stock structure of Antarctic minke whale (e.g. Fujise, 1996; Pastene et al., 2005). In the present
study ANCOVA was used in a different way, only to estimate average length of each measurement. Furthermore
cluster analysis was used to classify estimated marginal mean length of measurements in each sector. The reason
for this new application was because the sample size used is large and then ANCOVA detects small differencesin measurements (at most only 2 or 3% of measured length) as significant. The cluster analysis used in thepresent analysis is preferred.
Genetic analysis based on mtDNA suggested a separation of two stocks in the longitudinal range 150°-160°E,
which is broadly consistent with this morphometric results, which suggest a division at 130°E and 165°E formales and females, respectively. The division for males in the morphometric analysis seems to occur more to thewest in comparison with the genetic data. However there is the possibility that two stocks mix to each other inthe longitudinal sector between 130°E and 165°E, which could explain the apparent differences.
The cluster analysis was well supported by the bootstrap values demonstrating that the estimated dendrogram isreliable. I also conducted a similar analysis using animals with body length larger than 760cm for males andlarger than 800cm for females. These lengths were chosen based on the distribution of body length for each sex.
Data of shorter animals were omitted so that distribution of body lengths looks like normal distribution. Results
were almost the same as those obtained for the criterion of mature animals. This also suggests that the cluster
analysis is reliable.
Fujise (1996) estimated marginal mean length of measurements for mean body length among eastern early,western early and western late group by ANCOVA using samples in Area IV during 1989/90 JARPA. In thisstudy, the estimated marginal mean length of V4, V6-V9 were larger in eastern early than in western early andlate for males and V3-V9 for females. The tendency that the measurements were longer in eastern longitudinal
sector for their body length found in this study agrees with the results of Fujise (1996).
ACKNOWLEGMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to researchers and crews members that participated in the JARPA surveys.
My acknowledgments to Dr. Hirohisa Kishino (University of Tokyo), for valuable suggestion on the analyticalmethod used in this study. I would like to express my gratitude to Ms. Ryoko Zenitani (ICR) and Mr. Takaharu
Bando (ICR) for permission of using JARPA sexual maturity data. I also thank Drs. Hiroshi Hatanaka (ICR),Ruis Pastene (ICR), and Lars Walløe (University of Oslo) for their valuable comments on this manuscript.
REFERENCES
Bando, T., Zenitani, R, Fujise, Y. and Kato, H. 2005. Biological parameters of the Antarctic minke whale basedon materials collected by the JARPA survey in 1987/88 to 2003/04. Paper JA/J05/JR5 submmited toJARPA review meeting hosted by Japanese Gorvenment. January 2005 (unpublished) 38pp.
Bushuev, S. G. 1990. A study of the population structure of the southern minke whale (Balaenopteraacutorostrata Lacépède) based on morphological and ecological variability. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 40:

3317-324.
Christensen, I., Haug, T. and Wiig, O. 1990. Morphmetoric comparison of minke whales Balaenoptera
acutorostrata from different areas of the North Atlantic. Mar. Mam. Sci. 6(4):327-38.
Donovan, G. 1991. A review of IWC stock boundaries. Rep. int. Whal. Commn (special issue 13): 39-68.
Doroshenko, N. V. 1979. Population of minke whales in the Southern Hemisphere. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 29:
361-364.
Fujise, Y. 1996. A preliminary morhometric study in minke whales from Antarctic Area IV using data from the1989/90 JARPA survey Paper SC/47/SH7 presented to IWC scientific committee, May 1996.(unpublished)
15pp.
International Whaling Commission. 1994. Report of the Scientific Committee. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 44:
International Whaling Commission. 2004. Report of the Scientific Committee. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 6(suppl.): 1-411.
Kato, H. 1986. Study on changes in biological parameters and population dynamics of southern minke whales.
Doctoral Thesis, Hokkaido University. 145pp. (in Japanese).
Kato, H., Kishino, H. and Fujise, Y. 1990. Some analyses on age composition and segregation of southern minke
whales using samples obtained by the Japanese feasibility study in 1987/88. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 40:249-256.
Kato, H., Fujise, Y. and Kishino, H. 1991. Age structure and segregation of southern minke whales by the dataobtained during Japanese research take in 1988/89. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 41: 287-292.
Pastene, L. A., Goto, M. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Review of the studies on stock identity in the minke whale
Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the North Pacific. Paper SC/F2K/J1 presented to IWC ScientificCommittee Workshop to review JARPN, February 2000(unpublished).
Pastene, L. A., Goto, M., Kanda, N., Bando, T., Zenitani, R., Hakamada, T., Ohsumi, S. and Fujise, Y. 2005. A
new interpretation of the stock identity in the Antarctic minke whale based on analyses of genetics andnon-genetics markers. Paper JA/J05/JR3 submmited to JARPA review meeting hosted by Japanese
Gorvenment. January 2005 (unpublished) 30pp.
Perrin, W. 2001. Draft review of the utility of non-genetic data for differentiating stocks of whales. Paper
SC/53/SD2 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001 (unpublished).
Rugh, D., DeMaster, D., Rooney, A., Breiwick, J., Shelden, K. and Moore, S. 2003. A review of bowhead whale(Balaena mysticetus) stock identity. J. Cetacean Res. Manage 5(3):267-279.
Wada, S. and Numachi, K. 1979. External and biochemical characters as an approach to stock identification for
the Antarctic minke whale. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 29: 421-432.

4

Table 1. The number of Antarctic minke whales (mature males and females) used in this study by sex, year andlongitudinal sector.

sex
MaleFemale

3E
125
105

4W
219
369

Longitudinal sector
4E
5W
633
492
302
308

5E
523
655

6W
561
64

Combined2629
1803

Table 2. Results of the statistical test to investigate the interaction between body length and sector, for males andfemale.

Malemeasure sum ofment squere
lnv3
0.004
lnv4
0.003
lnv5
0.002
lnv6
0.006
lnv70.001
lnv8
0.001
lnv90.001
lnv19
0.003
lnv20
0.007

DF

mean F statisitcs p values
squere5 0.001
0.4920.782
5 0.0010.601
0.700
5 0.000
0.499
0.777
5 0.001
1.610
0.154
5 0.000
0.484
0.789
5 0.000
0.848
0.515
5 0.000
1.309
0.257
5 0.001
0.575
0.719
5 0.001
0.975
0.432

DF

mean F statisitcs p values
squere5 0.001
0.489
0.785
5 0.0011.018
0.405
5 0.001
0.807
0.544
5 0.001
1.182
0.316
5 0.000
1.009
0.411
5 0.000
0.760
0.578
5 0.000
0.838
0.523
5 0.0021.817
0.106
5 0.000
0.079
0.995

Femalemeasure sum ofment squerelnv30.004
lnv4
0.006
lnv50.003
lnv60.004
lnv7
0.002
lnv80.001
lnv90.001
lnv190.012
lnv200.001

5Table 3. Estimated marginal mean length of measurement for average body length (833.4cm for males and887.9cm for females) in each sector by sex, derived from ANCOVA.

malemeasurement sector
V3
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V4
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V5
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V6
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V7
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V8
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VWVE
VIW
V9
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V19
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V20
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW

mean
5.036
5.044
5.051
5.057
5.069
5.072
5.273
5.280
5.286
5.293
5.301
5.304
5.906
5.910
5.912
5.920
5.927
5.927
6.017
6.021
6.023
6.031
6.036
6.036
6.098
6.100
6.104
6.107
6.111
6.109
6.322
6.322
6.323
6.326
6.326
6.327
6.419
6.421
6.423
6.425
6.424
6.424
5.262
5.270
5.274
5.279
5.286
5.280
4.674
4.678
4.680
4.690
4.689
4.677

se
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003

femalemeasurement sector
V3
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V4
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V5
IIIE
IVW
IVEVW
VE
VIW
V6
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V7
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V8
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V9IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V19
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW
V20
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW

6mean
5.135
5.138
5.149
5.154
5.169
5.169
5.363
5.368
5.375
5.382
5.394
5.395
5.988
5.992
5.995
6.003
6.012
6.013
6.099
6.101
6.101
6.110
6.118
6.121
6.170
6.172
6.176
6.179
6.184
6.189
6.440
6.441
6.442
6.444
6.447
6.447
6.485
6.485
6.486
6.489
6.491
6.490
5.348
5.355
5.363
5.365
5.376
5.369
4.751
4.749
4.760
4.766
4.769
4.761

se
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.004
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.004
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.0020.005

V1: Body length
V3: from the tip of snout to center of eye
V4: from the tip of snout to ear
V5: from the tip of snout to tip of flipper
V6: from the tip of snout to end of ventral gloves
V7: from the tip of snout to center of umbilicus
V8: from the tip of snout to sexual apparatus
V9: from the tip of snout to anus
V19: length of skull
V20: width of skull

Fig. 1. External measurements of the Antarctic minke whale used in this study.

7

Figure 2. Dendrogram based on the estimated marginal mean of length of measurements for males and females.
Number is probability (%) estimated by bootstrap (out of 100 resamples).
Male
C A S E
Label
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW

Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
0510152025+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
86
91
8480

FemaleRescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E
Label
IIIE
IVW
IVE
VW
VE
VIW

0510152025+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
72
9483998