OFFICIALSNOW VOLLEYBALL
RULES
2021-2024
To be approved at the FIVB World Congress 2022

Official Snow Volleyball Rules 2021-2024
Published by FIVB in 2021 – www.fivb.com
Design, layout and illustrations: © FIVB 2021

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL
RULES
2021-2024

To be approved at the FIVB World Congress 2022

To be implemented in all competitions from 1st November 2021

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

1

CONTENTS
GAME CHARACTERISTICS

7

PART 1: PHILOSOPHY OF RULES AND REFEREEING

8PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

11

CHAPTER 1: FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

12

1

2

3

PLAYING AREA.....................................................................................................................12
1.1

DIMENSIONS...............................................................................................................12

1.2

PLAYING SURFACE......................................................................................................12

1.3

LINES ON THE COURT.................................................................................................12

1.4

ZONES AND AREAS.....................................................................................................13

1.5

WEATHER...................................................................................................................13

1.6

LIGHTING....................................................................................................................13

NET AND POSTS...................................................................................................................13
2.1

HEIGHT OF THE NET....................................................................................................13

2.2

STRUCTURE................................................................................................................13

2.3

SIDE BANDS................................................................................................................14

2.4

ANTENNAE.................................................................................................................14

2.5

POSTS.........................................................................................................................14BALLS...................................................................................................................................15
3.1

STANDARDS...............................................................................................................15

3.2

UNIFORMITY OF BALLS...............................................................................................15

3.3

FOUR-BALL SYSTEM....................................................................................................15

CHAPTER 2: PARTICIPANTS
4

5TEAMS.................................................................................................................................16
4.1

TEAM COMPOSITION..................................................................................................16

4.2

LOCATION OF THE TEAM............................................................................................16

4.3

EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES.................................................................................16

4.4

CHANGE OF EQUIPMENT............................................................................................17

4.5

FORBIDDEN OBJECTS..................................................................................................17

TEAM LEADERS....................................................................................................................17
5.1

2

16

CAPTAIN.....................................................................................................................17

CHAPTER 3: PLAYING FORMAT
6

7TO SCORE A POINT, TO WIN A SET AND THE MATCH...........................................................19
6.1

TO SCORE A POINT.....................................................................................................19

6.2

TO WIN A SET.............................................................................................................19

6.3

TO WIN THE MATCH...................................................................................................20

6.4

DEFAULT AND INCOMPLETE TEAM..............................................................................20

STRUCTURE OF PLAY............................................................................................................20
7.1

THE TOSS....................................................................................................................20

7.2

OFFICIAL WARM-UP SESSION......................................................................................20

7.3

TEAM LINE-UP............................................................................................................21

7.4

POSITIONS..................................................................................................................21

7.5

SERVICE ORDER..........................................................................................................22

7.6

SERVICE ORDER FAULT................................................................................................22

CHAPTER 4: PLAYING ACTIONS
8

9

19

23

STATES OF PLAY...................................................................................................................23
8.1

BALL IN PLAY..............................................................................................................23

8.2

BALL OUT OF PLAY.....................................................................................................23

8.3

BALL “IN”...................................................................................................................23

8.4

BALL “OUT”...............................................................................................................23

PLAYING THE BALL.............................................................................................................. 23
9.1

TEAM HITS..................................................................................................................24

9.2

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIT...................................................................................24

9.3

FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL.....................................................................................25

10 BALL AT THE NET..................................................................................................................25
10.1 BALL CROSSING THE NET............................................................................................25
10.2 BALL TOUCHING THE NET...........................................................................................26
10.3 BALL IN THE NET.........................................................................................................26
11 PLAYER AT THE NET..............................................................................................................26
11.1 REACHING BEYOND THE NET.....................................................................................26
11.2 PENETRATION INTO THE OPPONENT’S SPACE, COURT AND/OR FREE ZONE.................26
11.3 CONTACT WITH THE NET............................................................................................26
11.4 PLAYER’S FAULTS AT THE NET.....................................................................................27
12 SERVICE...............................................................................................................................27
12.1 FIRST SERVICE IN A SET...............................................................................................27
12.2 SERVICE ORDER..........................................................................................................27
12.3 AUTHORIZATION OF THE SERVICE...............................................................................28
12.4 EXECUTION OF THE SERVICE......................................................................................28
12.5 FAULTS MADE DURING THE SERVICE..........................................................................28
OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

3

13 ATTACK HIT..........................................................................................................................29
13.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATTACK HIT......................................................................29
13.2 FAULTS OF THE ATTACK HIT........................................................................................29
14 BLOCK.................................................................................................................................29
14.1 BLOCKING..................................................................................................................29
14.2 BLOCK CONTACT.......................................................................................................30
14.3 BLOCKING WITHIN THE OPPONENT’S SPACE..............................................................30
14.4 BLOCK AND TEAM HITS..............................................................................................30
14.5 BLOCKING THE SERVICE.............................................................................................30
14.6 BLOCKING FAULTS......................................................................................................30
CHAPTER 5: INTERRUPTIONS, DELAYS AND INTERVALS

31

15 INTERRUPTIONS....................................................................................................................31
15.1 NUMBER OF REGULAR GAME INTERRUPTIONS...........................................................31
15.2 SEQUENCE OF REGULAR GAME INTERRUPTIONS........................................................31
15.3 REQUEST FOR REGULAR GAME INTERRUPTIONS.........................................................31
15.4 TIME-OUTS.................................................................................................................31
15.5 SUBSTITUTIONS..........................................................................................................32
15.6 LIMITATION OF SUBSTITUTIONS..................................................................................32
15.7 EXCEPTIONAL SUBSTITUTION......................................................................................32
15.8 SUBSTITUTION FOR EXPULSION OR DISQUALIFICATION...............................................32
15.9 ILLEGAL SUBSTITUTION...............................................................................................32
15.10 SUBSTITUTION PROCEDURE........................................................................................33
15.11 IMPROPER REQUESTS..................................................................................................33
16 GAME DELAYS.....................................................................................................................33
16.1 TYPES OF DELAYS.......................................................................................................33
16.2 DELAY SANCTIONS.....................................................................................................34
17 EXCEPTIONAL GAME INTERRUPTIONS................................................................................. 34
17.1 INJURY / ILLNESS..........................................................................................................34
17.2 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE...........................................................................................34
17.3 PROLONGED INTERRUPTIONS.....................................................................................34
18 INTERVALS AND CHANGE OF COURTS/SWITCHES................................................................35
18.1 INTERVALS..................................................................................................................35
18.2 COURT SWITCHES......................................................................................................354

36

CHAPTER 6: PARTICIPANTS’ CONDUCT

19 REQUIREMENTS OF CONDUCT.............................................................................................36
19.1 SPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT.......................................................................................36
19.2 FAIR PLAY...................................................................................................................36
20 MISCONDUCT AND ITS SANCTIONS.....................................................................................36
20.1 MINOR MISCONDUCT................................................................................................36
20.2 MISCONDUCT LEADING TO SANCTIONS.....................................................................37
20.3 SANCTION SCALE.......................................................................................................37
20.4 APPLICATION OF MISCONDUCT..................................................................................38
20.5 MISCONDUCT BEFORE AND BETWEEN SETS...............................................................38
20.6 SUMMARY OF MISCONDUCT AND CARDS USED.......................................................38
PART 2 - SECTION 2: THE REFEREES, THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES AND OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS

39

CHAPTER 7: REFEREES

40

21 REFEREEING TEAM AND PROCEDURES.................................................................................40
21.1 COMPOSITION............................................................................................................40
21.2 PROCEDURES..............................................................................................................40
22 1st REFEREE...........................................................................................................................41
22.1 LOCATION..................................................................................................................4122.2 AUTHORITY................................................................................................................41
22.3 RESPONSIBILITIES........................................................................................................41
23 2nd REFEREE (if not assigned – authority and responsibilities to be taken over by the 1st referee)............4223.1 LOCATION..................................................................................................................4223.2 AUTHORITY................................................................................................................4223.3 RESPONSIBILITIES........................................................................................................43
24 SCORER................................................................................................................................4324.1 LOCATION..................................................................................................................4324.2 RESPONSIBILITIES........................................................................................................43
25 OFFICIAL SIGNALS................................................................................................................4425.1 REFEREES’ HAND SIGNALS..........................................................................................44

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-20245

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMS

45

D1

THE PLAYING AREA...........................................................................................................46

D2

THE PLAYING COURT.........................................................................................................47

D3

DESIGN OF THE NET...........................................................................................................48

D4a BALL CROSSING THE VERTICAL PLANE OF THE NET TO THE OPPONENT COURT.................49
D4b BALL CROSSING THE VERTICAL PLANE OF THE NET TO THE OPPONENT FREE ZONE...........50
D5COMPLETED BLOCK..........................................................................................................51

D6

DETERRENTS AND SANCTIONS..........................................................................................52
D6a

MISCONDUCT WARNING AND SANCTIONS SCALE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES.....52

D6b DELAY SANCTIONS SCALE AND CONSEQUENCES....................................................526

D7

LOCATION OF REFEREEING TEAM AND THEIR ASSISTANTS.................................................53

D8

REFEREES’ OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS.............................................................................54-59

PART 3: DEFINITIONS

60

INDEX

63

GAME CHARACTERISTICS
Snow Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a snow court
divided by a net.
The team has three hits for returning the ball (in addition to theblock contact).
In Snow Volleyball, the team winning a rally scores a point (Rally
Point System). When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point
and the right to serve. The serving player must be alternated every
time this occurs.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-20247

PART 1PHILOSOPHY OF RULESAND REFEREEING

8

PART 1: PHILOSOPHY OF RULES AND REFEREEINGINTRODUCTION
Snow Volleyball demonstrates the fun, passion and universality of the sport of volleyball, which is
now accessible all year around, from the summer to the winter, from the beach to the mountains,indoor and outdoor. Volleyball at any time, any place, anywhere.
The FIVB is currently developing Snow Volleyball by teaming up with existing sports events to build
awareness of the discipline and create a global movement, built on what has been put in place
already in its popularity on Europe and other territories.
The FIVB has recognised Snow Volleyball as one of its disciplines and this will contribute to thegrowth of the sport at the grassroots and international level.

VOLLEYPASSING

Service

Rotation

Explosive
ActionJumping Power

AttackTEAM GAMEDIVIDED
COURTS

DefenseThis text is aimed at a broad Snow Volleyball public – players, referees, spectators, commentators,
and others – because an understanding of the rules allows better play and personal satisfaction –coaches can create better team structure and tactics, giving players full rein to display their skills.
Additionally, an understanding of the relationship between written rules and actual actions on the
court allows officials to make better decisions.
Snow Volleyball is both recreational and competitive. Recreational sport taps into the human spirit
and promotes “fun” and healthy life. Competition allows people to exhibit the best of ability,
creativity, freedom of expression and fighting spirit. The rules are designed and structured to allow
all of these facets to flourish.
This introduction has at first focused on Snow Volleyball as a competitive sport, before setting out
to identify the main qualities required for successful refereeing.
FIVB SNOW VOLLEYBALL IS A COMPETITIVE SPORT
Although Snow Volleyball is a young and up-and-coming discipline, it is expected to experience a
steady, continuous growth in the years to come.
Snow Volleyball is a sport played by two teams of three players on a playing court (8 x 16m)
divided by a net. The object of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it on
the opponent’s court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent.
In Snow Volleyball, the team winning a rally scores a point (Rally Point System). When the receiving
team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve, and the next player moves to serve.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

9

A team involves three players on the court, plus 1 optional substitute should the team wish. Two
substitutions per team per set are possible.
In this regard, Snow Volleyball has retained certain distinctive and essential elements. Some ofthese it shares with other net/ball/racquet games: – Service – Rotation (taking turns to serve) –Attack – Defense – players able to play anywhere on court.
THE REFEREE WITHIN THIS FRAMEWORKThe essence of a good official lies in the concept of fairness and consistency:– to be fair to every participant,– to be viewed as fair by the spectators.
This demands a huge element of trust – the referee must be trusted to allow the players to entertain:– by being accurate in his/her judgement;– by understanding why the rule is written;– by being an efficient organizer;– by allowing the competition to flow and by directing it to a conclusion;– by being an educator – using the rules to penalise the unfair or admonish the impolite;– by promoting the game – that is, by allowing the spectacular elements in the game to shine
and the best players to do what they do best: entertain the public.
Finally we can say that a good referee will use the rules to make the competition a fulfilling
experience for all concerned.
To those who have read thus far, view the rules which follow as the current state of development ofa great game, but keep in mind why these preceding few paragraphs may be of equal importanceto you in your own position within the sport.

Get involved !
Keep the ball flying !
Understand the game !

10PART 2

SECTION 1: GAMEOFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

11

CHAPTER 1

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
See Rules
1

PLAYING AREA
The playing area includes the playing court and the free zone. It shall berectangular and symmetrical.

1.1

DIMENSIONS

1.1.1

The playing court is a rectangle measuring 16 x 8 m, surrounded by afree zone, which is a minimum of 3 m wide on all sides.

1.1, D1

D1

The free playing space is the space above the playing area, which is freefrom all obstructions. The free playing space shall measure a minimumof 7 m in height from the playing surface.
1.2

PLAYING SURFACE

1.2.1

The surface must be composed of snow, as flat and uniform as possible,
free of rocks, and anything else which can represent risks of cuts or
injuries to the players.

1.2.2

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the snow must be atleast 30 cm deep.

1.3

LINES ON THE COURT

1.3.1

All lines are 5 cm wide. The lines must be of a colour which contrasts
sharply with the colour of the snow.

1.3.2

Boundary lines
Two side lines and two end lines mark the playing court. There is nocentre line. Both side and end lines are placed inside the dimensions of
the playing court.
Court lines should be ribbons made of a resistant material, and any
exposed anchors should be of a soft, flexible material.

12

D2

D2

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

1.4

D2

ZONES AND AREAS
There is only the playing court, service zone and the free zone
surrounding the playing court.

1.4.1

The service zone is an 8 m wide area behind the end line, which extends
to the edge of the free zone.

1.5

WEATHERThe weather must not present any danger of injury to the players.

1.6

LIGHTING
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, played at night,
the lighting on the playing area should be 1,000 to 1,500 lux
measured at 1 m above the surface of the playing area.
D3

2

NET AND POSTS

2.1

HEIGHT OF THE NET

2.1.1

Placed vertically over the middle of the court there is a net whose top isset at the height of 2.43 m for men and 2.24 m for women.
Note: The height of the net may be varied for specific age groups asfollows:
Age Groups
16 years and under
14 years and under
12 years and under

Females
2.24 m2.12 m2.00 m

Males
2.24 m2.12 m2.00 m2.1.2

Its height is measured from the centre of the playing court with ameasuring rod. The net height (over the two side lines) must be exactly
the same and must not exceed the official height by more than 2 cm.

2.2

STRUCTURE
The net is 8.0 - 8.5 m long and 1 m (+/- 3 cm) wide when it is hung taut,placed vertically over the narrow axis at the middle of the playing court.

D3

It is made of 10 cm square mesh. At its top and bottom there are two
7-10 cm wide horizontal bands made of two-fold canvas, preferably indark blue or bright colours, sewn along its full length. Each extremityof the upper band has a hole through which passes a cord fastening
the upper band to the posts to keep the top of the net stretched taut.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-202413

Within the bands, there is a flexible cable in the upper one and a cordin the bottom one for fastening the net to the posts and keeping its top
and bottom taut. It is permissible to have advertising on the horizontal
bands of the net.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, an 8.0 m net withsmaller meshes and brandings displayed between the ends ofthe net and the posts may be used, provided that the visibilityof the athletes and officials will be preserved. Publicity may be
printed on the above items as per FIVB regulations.
2.3

SIDE BANDS
Two coloured bands, 5 cm wide (same width as the court lines) and 1 mlong, are fastened vertically to the net and placed directly above eachside line. They are considered as part of the net.

D3

Advertising is permitted on the side bands
2.4

ANTENNAE

D3, D4a

An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80 m long and 10 mm in diameter, madeof fibreglass or similar material.
An antenna is fastened at the outer edge of each side band. The
antennae are placed on opposite sides of the net.
The top 80 cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked
with 10 cm stripes of contrasting colour, preferably red and white.
The antennae are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit thecrossing space.
2.5

POSTS

2.5.1

The posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 0.70-1.00 m
outside each side line. They are 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the posts supporting
the net are placed at a distance of 1 m outside the side lines.

2.5.2

14

The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires.
There shall be no dangerous or obstructing devices. Posts must be
padded.

D2, D3

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

3

BALLS

3.1

STANDARDS

3.2

The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible material (leather, synthetic
leather, or similar) which does not absorb moisture. The ball has a
bladder inside made of rubber or a similar material.
Colour: light uniform colour or a combination of colours.
Circumference: 66 to 68 cm.
Weight: 260 to 280 g.
Inside pressure: 0.175 to 0.225 kg/cm2 (171 to 221 mbar or hPa).
3.2

UNIFORMITY OF BALLSAll balls used in a match must have the same standards regarding
circumference, weight, pressure, type, colour, etc.
FIVB, World and Official Competitions must be played with FIVB
approved balls, unless by agreement of FIVB.

3.3

3.1

FOUR-BALL SYSTEMFor FIVB, World and Official Competitions, four balls shall be
used. In this case, two ball retrievers are stationed one at eachcorner of the free zone.

D7

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

15

CHAPTER 2PARTICIPANTS
See Rules
4

TEAMS

4.1

TEAM COMPOSITION

4.1.1

A team consists of three players and, possibly, one substitue player.

4.1.2

Only the players recorded on the score sheet may normally enter theCompetition/ Control Area and have the right to participate in theofficial warm up and in the match.

4.1.3

One of the players is the team captain who shall be indicated on thescore sheet.

4.1.4

Players are not allowed to receive external assistance or coaching during
a match.

4.2

LOCATION OF THE TEAM
The team’s areas (including two chairs each) must be a minimum of 3 mfrom the side line and no closer than 3 m from the scorer’s table.

4.3

EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
A player’s equipment consists of shoes with a good grip on snow, which
do not pose any threat to the player’s health, close-fitting t-shirts withlong or short sleeves and long tight pants. Players may wear shorts on
top of the long tight pants. Players may wear gloves and a hat/headcovering.

4.3.1

Players of a given team must wear uniforms of the same colour andstyle.

4.3.2

Players’ jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 4.

4.3.2.1 The number must be placed on the chest and on the back.
4.3.2.2 The number must be of a contrasting colour to the jersey and aminimum of 10 cm in height. The stripe forming the number shall be aminimum of 1.5 cm wide.
4.3.2.3 Compression pads (padded injury protection devices) may be worn forprotection or support.

16

D1

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

4.4

CHANGE OF EQUIPMENT
If both teams arrive at a match dressed in jerseys of the same colour, atoss shall be conducted to determine which team shall change.
The first referee may authorize one or more players:

4.4.1

to play with jackets or rain jackets,

4.4.2

to change wet jerseys and shoes between sets, provided that the newones also follow tournament and FIVB regulations.

4.5

FORBIDDEN OBJECTS

4.5.1

It is forbidden to wear objects which may cause injury or give an artificial
advantage to the player.

4.5.2

Players may wear glasses or lenses at their own risk.

5

TEAM LEADERS

4.3.1, 4.3.2,
4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.2

The team captain is responsible for maintaining team conduct anddiscipline.
5.1

CAPTAIN

5.1.1

PRIOR TO THE MATCH, the team captain:a) Signs the score sheet.
b) Represents his/her team in the toss.

5.1.2

During the match, only the game captain is authorized to speak to thereferees while the ball is out of play in the following three cases:

5.1.2.1 to ask for an explanation on the application or interpretation of theRules; if the explanation does not satisfy the captain, the captain must
immediately inform the 1st referee of his/her wish to Protest;
5.1.2.2 to ask authorization:a) to change uniforms or equipment,b) to verify the number of the serving player,c) to check the net, the ball, the surface etc.,d) to realign a court line by any player.
5.1.2.3 to request time-outs.

15.2.1, 15.4.1

Note: the players must have authorization from the referees to leave
the playing area.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-202417

5.1.3

AT THE END OF THE MATCH:

5.1.3.1 All players thank the referees and the opponents. The Captain signs thescore sheet to ratify the result;5.1.3.2 If the captain previously requested a Protest Protocol via the 1st referee
and this has not been successfully resolved at the time of the occurrence,he/she has the right to confirm it as a formal written protest, recordedon the score sheet at the end of the match.

18

5.1.2.1

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAMECHAPTER 3

PLAYING FORMAT
See Rules
6

TO SCORE A POINT, TO WIN A SET AND THE MATCH

6.1

TO SCORE A POINT

6.1.1

Point
A team scores a point:

6.1.1.1 by successfully landing the ball on the opponent’s court;

D8 (12)

6.1.1.2 when the opponent team commits a fault;
6.1.1.3 when the opponent team receives a penalty.
6.1.2

Fault
A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules(or by violating them in some other way). The referees judge the faults
and determine the consequences according to the rules:

6.1.2.1 if two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one iscounted;6.1.2.2 if two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a
DOUBLE FAULT is called and the rally is replayed.
6.1.3

D8 (21)

Rally and completed rally
A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of theservice hit by the server until the ball is out of play. A completed rallyis the sequence of playing actions which results in the award of a point.
This includes:

8.1, 8.2– the award of a penalty– the loss of service for a service hit made after the time-limit.
6.1.3.1 If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve.
6.1.3.2 If the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and it must serve next.
6.2

TO WIN A SET
A set is won by the team which first scores 15 points with a minimum
lead of two points. In the case of a 14-14 tie, play is continued until a
two-point lead is achieved (16-14; 17-15; etc).

D8 (9)OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

19

6.3

TO WIN THE MATCH

6.3.1

The match is won by the team that wins two sets.

6.3.2

In the case of a 1-1 tie, the deciding 3rd set is played to 15 points with aminimum lead of 2 points.

6.4

DEFAULT AND INCOMPLETE TEAM

6.4.1

If a team refuses to play after being summoned to do so, it is declaredin default and forfeits the match with the result 0-2 for the match and
0-15, 0-15 for each set.

6.4.2

A team that does not appear on the playing court on time is declaredin default.

6.4.3

A team is considered incomplete if there are less than 3 players registeredin the scoresheet, i.e 2 players or 1 player.

6.4.4

A team that is declared INCOMPLETE for the set or for the match, loses
the set or the match. The opponent team is given the points, or the
points and the sets, needed to win the set or the match. The incomplete
team keeps its points and sets.

7

STRUCTURE OF PLAY

7.1

THE TOSS
Before the official warm up, the 1st referee conducts the toss to decideupon the first service and the sides of the court in the first set.

7.1.1

The toss is taken in the presence of the two team captains, whereappropriate.

7.1.2

The winner of the toss chooses:
EITHER

7.1.2.1 the right to serve or to receive the service,OR
7.1.2.2 the side of the playing court.
The loser takes the remaining choice.
7.1.2.3 In the second set the loser of the toss in the first set will have the choiceof 7.1.2.1 or 7.1.2.2.
A new toss will be conducted for the deciding set.
7.2

OFFICIAL WARM-UP SESSION
Prior to the match the teams have a 3-minute official warm-up period
at the net.

20

D8 (9)

6.4.1

6.2, 6.3, 7.3.1

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

7.3

TEAM LINE-UP

7.3.1

There must always be 3 players per team in play.

4.1.1

The team’s starting line-up indicates the service order of the players. Thisorder must be maintained throughout the set.
7.3.2

Before the start of each set, the team captain has to communicate thestarting line-up of his/her team to the 2nd referee or scorer.

7.3.3

The player who is not in the starting line-up of a set is the substitutefor that set.

7.3.4

Once the starting line-up has been communicated to the 2nd referee orscorer, no change in the line- up may be authorized without a regularsubstitution.

7.3.5

Discrepancies between service order and the starting line-up are dealt
with as follows:

7.3.5.1 when such a discrepancy is discovered before the start of the set, theserver must be rectified according to the starting line-up – there will be
no sanction.
7.3.5.2 when, before the start of the set, any player on court is found not tobe registered in the starting line- up of that set, this player must bechanged to conform to the starting line-up – there will be no sanction.
7.3.5.3 however, if the team captain wishes to keep such non-recorded playeron the court, he/she has to request regular substitution(s), by use of thecorresponding hand signal, which will then be recorded on the score sheet.
If a discrepancy between service order and the starting line-up is
discovered later, the team at fault must revert to the correct service order.
The opponent’s points remain valid and in addition, they receive a point
and the next service. All points scored by the team at fault from the exact
moment of the fault up to the discovery of the fault are cancelled.
7.3.5.4 Where a player is found to be on court but he/she is not registered on
the team roster, the opponent’s points remain valid, and in addition,
they gain a point and service. The team at fault will lose all points and/or sets (0:15, if necessary) gained from the moment the non-registeredplayer entered the court, and will have to submit a revised starting lineup and send a new registered player into the court, in the position of
the non-registered player.
7.4

POSITIONSAt the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be positioned
within its own court (except the server).

7.4.1

The players are free to position themselves. There are NO determined
positions on the court.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

21

22

7.5

SERVICE ORDER

7.5.1

Service order must be maintained throughout the set (as determined by
the team captain immediately following the toss).

7.5.2

When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, its players“rotate” one position.

7.6

SERVICE ORDER FAULT

7.6.1

A service order fault is committed when the service is not madeaccording to the service order. The team is sanctioned with a point andservice to the opponent.

7.6.2

The scorer(s) must correctly indicate the service order and correct any
incorrect server prior to the whistle for service.

7.5.1

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAMECHAPTER 4

PLAYING ACTIONS
See Rules
8

STATES OF PLAY

8.1

BALL IN PLAY
The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the service authorized
by the 1st referee.

8.2

12, 12.3

BALL OUT OF PLAY
The ball is out of play at the moment of the fault which is whistled by oneof the referees; in the absence of a fault, at the moment of the whistle.

8.3

BALL “IN”
The ball is “in” if at any moment of its contact with the playing
surface, some part of the ball touches the court, including touching theboundary lines.

8.4

D8 (12)

BALL “OUT”
The ball is ”out” when it:

8.4.1

falls on the ground completely outside the boundary lines (without
touching them);

1.3.2, D8 (13)8.4.2

touches an object outside the court, or a person out of play;

D8 (13)

8.4.3

touches the antennae, ropes, posts or the net itself outside the side
bands;

D3, D8 (13)8.4.4

crosses the vertical plane of the net either partially or totally outside
the crossing space during service or during the third hit of the team(exception: Rule 10.1.2).

D4a

8.4.5

crosses completely the lower space under the net.

D4a, D8 (13)9

PLAYING THE BALL
Each team must play within its own playing area and playing space(except Rule 10.1.2).

10.1.2The ball may, however, be retrieved from beyond the free zone.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

23

9.1

TEAM HITS
A hit is any contact with the ball by a player in play.
Each team is entitled to a maximum of three hits for returning the ballover the net. If more are used, the team commits the fault of “FOURHITS”.
These team hits include not only intentional hits by the player, but also
unintentional contacts with the ball.

9.1.1

CONSECUTIVE CONTACTS
A player may not hit the ball two times consecutively (exceptions, see
Rules: 9.2.3, 14.2 and 14.4.2).

9.1.2

9.2.2.1, 14.2,
14.4.2, D8 (15)SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS
Two or three players may touch the ball at the same moment.
When two (or three) teammates touch the ball simultaneously, it iscounted as two (or three) hits (with the exception of blocking). If theyreach for the ball but only one of them touches it, one hit is counted. If
players collide, no fault is committed.

9.1.2.1 When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net andthe ball remains in play, the team receiving the ball is entitled to anotherthree hits. If such a ball goes ”out”, it is the fault of the team on the
opposite side.

14.2

9.1.2.2 If the ball hits the antenna after simultaneous hits by two opponents
over the net, the rally should be replayed.
9.1.3

ASSISTED HITWithin the playing area, a player is not permitted to take support from ateammate or any structure/object in order to hit the ball.
However, a player who is about to commit a fault (touch the net orinterfere with an opponent, etc.) may be stopped or held back by ateam-mate.

9.2

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIT

9.2.1

The ball may touch any part of the body.

9.2.2

Simultaneous Contacts:
The ball may touch various parts of the body, provided that the contacts
take place simultaneously.

9.2.2.1 During reception of service if the ball is played overhand using fingers,
the ball may not contact the fingers/ hands consecutively, even if thecontacts occur during one action. (Overhand with fingers specificallyrefers to a setting action).
24

9.2.1

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

9.2.2.2 Consecutive contacts:

9.3.4

At the first hit of the team, (except service reception) consecutive
contacts are permitted provided that the contacts occur during one
action and are not made using an overhand fingers action.
9.2.2.3 The ball must not be caught or thrown. It can rebound in any direction.
9.2.2.4 Extended contacts:
In defensive action of a hard driven ball, the ball contact can be extended
momentarily even if an overhand finger (setting) action is used.
9.2.3

Exceptions:9.2.3.1 at blocking, consecutive contacts may be made by one or more players,provided that they occur during one action.
9.2.3.2 at the first hit of the team, unless it is played overhand using fingers(exception Rule 9.2.2.1), the ball may contact various parts of the bodyconsecutively, provided that the contacts occur during one action.
9.2.3.3 if simultaneous contact with the ball over the net by the two opponents
leads to an extended contact, play continues (the receiving team has theright to three touches.
9.3

FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL

9.3.1

FOUR HITS: a team hits the ball four times before returning it.

9.1, D8 (16)9.3.2

ASSISTED HIT: a player takes support from a teammate or any structure/object in order to hit the ball within the playing area.

9.1.3

9.3.3

CATCH: the ball is caught and/or thrown; it does not rebound from thehit. (Exceptions 9.2.2.1, 9.2.2.2).

D8 (14)

9.3.4

DOUBLE CONTACT: a player hits the ball twice in succession or the ballcontacts various parts of his/her body in succession.

9.1.1, 9.2.2.2,
D8 (15)

10

BALL AT THE NET

10.1

BALL CROSSING THE NET

10.1.1The ball sent to the opponent’s court must go over the net within the
crossing space. The crossing space is the part of the vertical plane of the
net limited as follows:

D4a10.1.1.1 below, by the top of the net;
10.1.1.2 at the sides, by the antennae, and their imaginary extension;
10.1.1.3 above, by the ceiling or structure (if any).

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-202425

10.1.2

The ball that has crossed the net plane to the opponent’s free zone
totally or partly through the external space, may be played back within
the team hits, provided that:

10.1.2.1 The ball when played back crosses the vertical plane of the net again
totally, or partly through the external space on the same side of the court.

9.1, D4b

D4b

The opponent team may not prevent such action.
10.1.3The ball is “out” when it crosses completely the lower space under the net.

10.1.4

A player, however, may enter the opponents’ court in order to play
the ball before it passes outside the crossing space, or before it crosses
completely the lower space.

10.2

BALL TOUCHING THE NET

10.1.3

While crossing the net, the ball may touch it.
10.3

BALL IN THE NET

10.3.1A ball driven into the net may be recovered within the limits of the threeteam hits.

10.3.2

If the ball rips the mesh of the net or tears it down, the rally is cancelled
and replayed.

11

PLAYER AT THE NET

11.1

REACHING BEYOND THE NET

11.1.1

In blocking, a player may touch the ball beyond the net, provided thathe/she does not interfere with the opponent’s play, before the latter’s
attack hit.

11.1.2After an attack hit, a player is permitted to pass his/her hand beyond
the net, provided that the contact has been made within his/her own
playing space.

11.2

PENETRATION INTO THE OPPONENT’S SPACE, COURT AND/OR FREE ZONE

11.2.1

A player may enter into the opponent’s space, court and/or free zone,
provided that this does not interfere with the opponent’s play.

11.3

CONTACT WITH THE NET

11.3.1

Contact with the net by a player between the antennae, during theaction of playing the ball, is a fault.
The action of playing the ball includes (among others) take-off, hit (orattempt) and landing safely, ready for a new action.

26

9.1

14.1, 14.3

10.1.411.4.3,22.3.2.3c,
D3

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

11.3.2

Players may touch the post, ropes, or any other object outside theantennae, including the net itself, provided that it does not interferewith the play.

11.3.3

When the ball is driven into the net, causing it to touch an opponent,
no fault is committed.

11.4

PLAYER’S FAULTS AT THE NET

11.4.1

A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent’s space before
the opponent’s attack hit.

11.4.2A player interferes with the opponent’s play while penetrating into the
opponent’s space under the net.

11.4.3

A player interferes with play by (amongst others):

D8 (18)11.3.1, D3

a. touching the net between the antennae or the antenna itself duringhis/her action of playing the ball,b. using the net between the antennae as a support or stabilizing aid
c. creating an unfair advantage over the opponent by touching the net
d. making actions which hinder an opponent’s legitimate attempt toplay the ball,e. catching/holding on to the net
Any player close to the ball as it is played, and who is him/herself trying
to play it, is considered in the action of playing the ball, even if nocontact is made with it.
However, touching the net outside the antenna is not to be considered
as a fault (except for Rule 9.1.3.)
12

SERVICEThe service is the act of putting the ball into play by the correct serving
player placed in the service zone.

12.1

FIRST SERVICE IN A SET

12.1.1

The first service of a set is executed by the team determined by the toss.

12.2

SERVICE ORDER

12.2.1The players must follow the service order recorded on the score sheet.

12.2.2After the first service in a set, the player to serve is determined as follows:

7.1, 7.1.2.3

12.2.2.1 when the serving team wins the rally, the player who served before,
serves again.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-202427

12.2.2.2 when the receiving team wins the rally, it gains the right to serve androtates one position clock-wise, before actually serving. The next player
in the service order serves.
12.3

AUTHORIZATION OF THE SERVICE
The 1st referee authorizes the service, after having checked that bothteams are ready to play and that the server is in possession of the ball.

12.4

EXECUTION OF THE SERVICE

12.4.1The ball shall be hit with one hand or any part of the arm after being
tossed or released from the hand(s).

12.4.2

Only one toss or release of the ball is allowed. Moving the ball in thehands is permitted.

12.4.3The server may move freely within the service zone. At the moment of
the service hit or take-off for a jump service, the server must not touch
the court (the end line included) or the ground outside the service zone.
His/her foot may not go under the end line.

D8 (1)

D8 (10)D8 (20)After the hit, he/she may step or land outside the service zone, or inside
the court. If the line moves because of the snow pushed by the server,
it is not considered a fault.
12.4.4The server must hit the ball within 5 seconds after the 1st referee whistles
for service.

12.4.5

A service executed before the referee’s whistle is cancelled and repeated.

12.4.6

If the ball, after having been tossed or released by the server, lands
without being touched or caught by the server, it is considered as aservice.

12.4.7

No further service attempt will be permitted.

12.5

FAULTS MADE DURING THE SERVICE

12.5.1Serving faults

D8 (11)

The following faults lead to a change of service. The server:
12.5.1.1 violates the service order,

12.2

12.5.1.2 does not execute the service properly.

12.4

12.5.2

Faults after the service hit
After the ball has been correctly hit, the service becomes a fault if the ball:28

12.5.2.1 touches a player of the serving team or fails to cross the vertical plane of
the net completely through the crossing space;

D8 (17)12.5.2.2 goes “out”;

8.4, D8 (13)PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME13

ATTACK HIT

13.1

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATTACK HIT

13.1.1

All actions which direct the ball towards the opponent, with the
exception of service and block, are considered as attack hits.

13.1.2

An attack-hit is completed the moment the ball completely crosses thevertical plane of the net or is touched by an opponent.

13.1.3

Any player may carry out an attack-hit at any height, provided that his/her contact with the ball has been made within the player’s own playing
space (except Rule 13.2.4, 13.2.5 below).

13.2

FAULTS OF THE ATTACK HIT

13.2.1

A player hits the ball within the playing space of the opposing team.

13.1.2, D8 (18)13.2.2A player hits the ball ”out”.

8.4, D8 (13)13.2.3

A player completes an attack-hit using an open-handed finger action or
if using finger tips that are not rigid and together.

D8 (19)13.2.4

A player completes an attack hit on the opponent’s service, when theball is entirely higher than the top of the net.

D8 (19)13.2.5

A player completes an attack-hit using an overhand pass which has a
trajectory not perpendicular to the line of the shoulders. The exception
is when the player is attempting to set to his or her teammate.

D8 (19)

14

BLOCK

14.1

BLOCKING

14.1.1

Blocking is the action of players close to the net to intercept the ballcoming from the opponent by reaching higher than the top of thenet, regardless of the height of the ball contact. At the moment of thecontact with the ball, a part of the body must be higher than the topof the net.

14.1.2Block Attempt

13.2.4, 13.2.5

A block attempt is the action of blocking without touching the ball.
14.1.3Completed Block
A block is completed whenever the ball is touched by a blocker.

14.1.4

D5

Collective Block
A collective block is executed by two or three players close to eachother, and is completed when one of them touches the ball.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

29

14.2

BLOCK CONTACT
Consecutive (quick and continuous) contacts may occur by one or more
blockers provided that the contacts are made during one action. These
contacts may occur with any part of the body.

14.3

9.1.1, 9.2.3

BLOCKING WITHIN THE OPPONENT’S SPACE
In blocking, the player may place his/her hands and arms beyond thenet, provided that this action does not interfere with the opponent’s
play. Thus, it is not permitted to touch the ball beyond the net until an
opponent has executed an attack hit.

14.4

BLOCK AND TEAM HITS

14.4.1

A blocking contact is not counted as a team hit. Consequently, after a
block contact, a team is entitled to three hits to return the ball.

14.4.2

The first hit after the block may be executed by any player, including theone who has touched the ball during the block.

14.5

BLOCKING THE SERVICE

13.1.1To block an opponent’s service is forbidden.

30

14.6

BLOCKING FAULTS

14.6.1The blocker touches the ball in the OPPONENT’S space before theopponent’s attack hit.

14.6.2Blocking the ball in the opponent’s space from outside the antenna.

14.6.3

A player blocks the opponent’s service.

D8 (19)14.6.4The ball is sent ”out” off the block.

D8 (13)

14.3, D8 (18)PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAMECHAPTER 5

INTERRUPTIONS, DELAYS AND INTERVALS
See Rules
15

INTERRUPTIONS
An interruption is the time between one completed rally and the 1streferee’s whistle for the next service.
The only regular
SUBSTITUTIONS.

15.1

game

interruptionsareTIME-OUTSand

D8 (5)NUMBER OF REGULAR GAME INTERRUPTIONSEach team may request a maximum of one time-out per set.

15.2

SEQUENCE OF REGULAR GAME INTERRUPTIONS

15.2.1

A request for time-out by both teams may follow one another, within
the same interruption.

15.2.2

There must be a completed rally between two separate substitution
requests by the same team. (Exception: a forced substitution due toinjury or expulsion/disqualification (15.5.2, 15.7, 15.8).

15.3

REQUEST FOR REGULAR GAME INTERRUPTIONS

15.3.1

Regular game interruptions may be requested only by the captain.

15.3.2

Substitution before the start of a set is permitted, and should berecorded as a regular substitution in that set.

15.4

TIME-OUTS

15.4.1Time-out requests must be made by showing the corresponding handsignal, when the ball is out of play and before the whistle for service. All
requested time-outs last for 30 seconds

15.4.2

During all regular interruptions and set intervals, players must go to thedesignated players’ area.

D8 (4)OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

31

15.5

SUBSTITUTIONS

15.5.1

A substitution is the act by which a player after being recorded by thescorer, enters the game to occupy the position of another player, whomust leave the court at that moment.

15.5.2

When the substitution is enforced through injury to a player in play thismay be accompanied by the captain showing the corresponding handsignal.

15.6

LIMITATION OF SUBSTITUTIONS

15.6.1

The maximum number of substitutions per team per set is 2.

15.6.2A player of the starting line-up may leave the game, but only once ina set, and re-enter but only once in a set. He/she can enter to his/her
previous position or a different position in the line-up/service order.

15.6.3A substitute player may enter the game in place of a player of thestarting line-up, but only once per set, and he/she can be substituted by
the same or a different player.

15.7

EXCEPTIONAL SUBSTITUTION
A player who cannot continue playing due to injury or illness, should besubstituted legally. If this is not possible, the team is entitled to make an
exceptional substitution, beyond the limits of Rule 15.6.
An exceptional substitution means that the player who is not on the
court at the time of the injury/illness may be substituted into the gamefor the injured/ill player. The substituted injured/ill player is not allowed
to re-enter the match.
An exceptional substitution cannot be counted in any case as a regularsubstitution, but should be recorded on the score sheet as part of thetotal of substitutions in the set and the match.

15.8

SUBSTITUTION FOR EXPULSION OR DISQUALIFICATION
An expelled or disqualified player must be substituted immediately
through a legal substitution. If this is not possible, the team has theright to do an exceptional substitution. If this is not possible, the teamis declared incomplete.

32

15.9

ILLEGAL SUBSTITUTION

15.9.1

A substitution is illegal, if it exceeds the limitations indicated in Rule15.6 (except the case of Rule 15.7), or an unregistered player is involved.

15.9.2

When a team has made an illegal substitution and the play has been
resumed the following procedure shall apply, in sequence.

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

15.9.2.1 the team is penalized with a point and service to the opponent
15.9.2.2 the substitution must be rectified.
15.9.2.3 the points scored by the team at fault since the fault was committed arecancelled; the opponent’s points remain valid.
15.10

SUBSTITUTION PROCEDURE

15.10.1 The actual request for substitution starts with the substitution handsignal from the captain to the 1st or 2nd referee.

D8 (5)

15.10.2 If the player is not ready, the substitution is not granted and the team issanctioned for a delay.
15.10.3 The request for substitution is acknowledged and announced by the 1st
or 2nd referee by use of the whistle. The 1st or 2nd referee authorises thesubstitution.
15.10.4 A substitution shall take place on the side-line in front of the scorer
table and shall only last the time needed for recording the substitution
on the score sheet, and allowing entry and exit of the players.
15.11

IMPROPER REQUESTS

15.11.1

It is improper to request any regular game interruption:

15.1

15.11.1.1 during a rally or at the moment of, or after the whistle to serve,
15.11.1.2 by a non-authorised team member,

5.1.2.3, 15.3.1,
15.10.1

15.11.1.3 for a second substitution by the same team during the same interruption(i.e. before the end of next completed rally), except in the case of injury/
illness of a player in play,
15.11.1.4 after having exhausted the authorized time-outs and substitutions.
15.11.2

Any improper request that does not affect or delay the game must be
rejected without any sanction unless repeated in the same match.

15.11.3

Any further improper request in the same match by the same teamconstitutes a delay.

16

GAME DELAYS

16.1

TYPES OF DELAYSAn improper action of a team that defers resumption of the game is adelay and includes, among others:

16.1.1

Delaying regular game interruptions;16.1.2

prolonging interruptions, after having been instructed to resume thegame;
OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

33

16.1.3

requesting an illegal substitution;

16.1.4

repeating an improper request;

16.1.5delaying the game (15 seconds shall be the maximum time from the endof a rally to the whistle for service under normal playing conditions) bya team member.

16.2

DELAY SANCTIONS

16.2.1”Delay penalty” is a team sanction.

16.2.1.1 Delay sanctions remain in force for the entire match.
16.2.1.2 All delay sanctions are recorded on the score sheet.
16.2.2

The first delay in the match by a team member is sanctioned with a”DELAY WARNING”.

D8 (23), D6b

16.2.3The second and subsequent delays of any type by any member of thesame team in the same match constitute a fault and are sanctioned witha ”DELAY PENALTY”: a point and service to the opponent.

D8 (23), D6b

16.2.4

Delay sanctions imposed before or between sets are applied in thefollowing set.

17

EXCEPTIONAL GAME INTERRUPTIONS

17.1

INJURY / ILLNESS

17.1.1

Should a serious accident occur while the ball is in play, the referee muststop the game immediately and permit medical assistance to enter the
court.
The rally is then replayed.

17.1.2

If an injured/ill player cannot be substituted legally or exceptionally, theplayer is given a 3-minute recovery time, but not more than once for thesame player in the match. In the absence of a doctor, the 1st referee isentitled to start the 3 minutes.
If the player does not recover, his/her team is declared incomplete.

17.2

EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE
If there is any external interference during the game, the play has to be
stopped and the rally is replayed.

34

17.3

PROLONGED INTERRUPTIONS

17.3.1

If unforeseen circumstances interrupt the match, the 1st referee, theorganizer and the Control Committee, if there is one, shall decide themeasures to be taken to re-establish normal conditions.

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

17.3.2

Should one or several interruptions occur not exceeding 4 hours in total,
the match is resumed with the score acquired, regardless of whether it
continues on the same playing court or another playing court.

17.3.3

Should one or several interruptions occur, exceeding 4 hours in total,
the whole match shall be replayed.

18

INTERVALS AND CHANGE OF COURTS/SWITCHES

18.1

INTERVALS

18.1.1An interval is the time between sets. All intervals last one minute.

18.1.2

During this period of time, the change of courts and line-up registrationof the teams on the score sheet are made.

18.1.3

During the interval before a deciding set, the 1st or 2nd referee carry out
a toss in accordance with Rule 7.1.

18.2

COURT SWITCHES

18.2.1

The teams switch after every 5 points in all sets.

18.2.2

During court switches the teams must change immediately without
delay.

D8 (3)

D8 (3)

If the court switch is not made at the proper time, it will take place assoon as the error is noticed.
The score at the time that the court switch is made remains the same.

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

35

CHAPTER 6PARTICIPANTS’ CONDUCT
See Rules
19

REQUIREMENTS OF CONDUCT

19.1

SPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT

19.1.1

Participants must know the “Official Snow Volleyball Rules” and abideby them.

19.1.2

Participants must accept referees’ decisions with sportsmanlike conduct,
without disputing them.
In case of doubt, clarification may be requested only through thecaptain.

19.1.3

Participants must refrain from actions or attitudes aimed at influencing
the decisions of the referees or covering up faults committed by their
team.

19.2

FAIR PLAY

19.2.1

Participants must behave respectfully and courteously in the spiritof FAIR PLAY, not only towards the referees, but also towards otherofficials, the opponent, teammates and spectators.

19.2.2

Communication between team members during the match is permitted.

20

MISCONDUCT AND ITS SANCTIONS

20.1

MINOR MISCONDUCTMinor misconduct offences are not subject to sanctions. It is the 1streferee’s duty to prevent the teams from approaching the sanctioning
level.

5.1.2.1

5.1.2

This is done in two stages:

36i.

Stage 1: by issuing a verbal warning through the captain;ii.

Stage 2: by use of a YELLOW CARD to a team member. This formal
warning is not in itself a sanction but a symbol that the teammember (and by extension the team) has reached the sanctioning
level for the match. It is recorded in the score sheet but has no
immediate consequences.

D8 (6a)PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME

20.2

MISCONDUCT LEADING TO SANCTIONS
Incorrect conduct by a team member towards officials, opponents,
teammates or spectators is classified in three categories according to
the seriousness of the offence.

20.2.1

Rude conduct: acting contrary to good manners or moral principles,

20.2.2

Offensive conduct: defamatory or insulting words or gestures including
any action expressing contempt.

20.2.3Aggression: actual physical attack or aggressive or threatening
behaviour.

20.3

SANCTION SCALE
According to the judgment of the 1st referee and depending on theseriousness of the offence, the sanctions to be applied and recorded on
the score sheet are: Penalty, Expulsion or Disqualification.

20.3.1D6aPenalty
The first rude conduct in the match by any team member is penalizedwith a point and service to the opponent.

20.3.2D6a

D8 (6b)Expulsion

20.3.2.1 A team member who is sanctioned by expulsion shall not play for the
rest of the set, must be substituted legally/exceptionally and immediately
if on court and must remain seated in the Team Zone with no otherconsequences.

6.4.3, 7.3.1,
D8 (7)

20.3.2.2 The first offensive conduct by a team member is sanctioned by expulsion
with no other consequences.
20.3.2.3 The second rude conduct in the same match by the same team member
is sanctioned by expulsion with no other consequences.
20.3.3Disqualification

20.3.3.1 A team member who is sanctioned by disqualification must be substituted
legally/exceptionally and immediately if on court and must leave theplaying area for the rest of the match with no other consequences. The
first physical attack or implied or threatened aggression is sanctioned bydisqualification with no other consequences.

6.4.3, 7.3.1,
D6a, D8 (8)20.3.3.2 The second offensive conduct in the same match by the same teammember is sanctioned by disqualification with no other consequences.
20.3.3.3 The third rude conduct in the same match by the same team member issanctioned by disqualification with no other consequences.

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37

20.4

APPLICATION OF MISCONDUCT

20.4.1

All misconduct sanctions are individual sanctions, remain in force for theentire match and are recorded on the score sheet.

20.4.2

The repetition of misconduct by the same team member in the same
match is sanctioned progressively (the team member receives a heavier
sanction for each successive offence).

20.4.3

Expulsion or disqualification due to offensive conduct or aggression
does not require a previous sanction.

20.5

MISCONDUCT BEFORE AND BETWEEN SETS

20.6

38

D6a

Any misconduct occurring before or between sets is sanctioned
according to Rule 20.3 and the sanction is applied in the following set.

D6a

SUMMARY OF MISCONDUCT AND CARDS USED

D8 (6a, 6b, 7, 8)

Warning: no sanction – Stage 1: verbal warning
Stage 2: symbol Yellow card

20.1

Penalty: sanction – symbol Red card

20.3.1, D6aExpulsion: sanction – symbol Red + Yellow cards jointly

20.3.2, D6aDisqualification: sanction – symbol Red + Yellow card separately

20.3.3, D6a

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAMEPART 2

SECTION 2:
THE REFEREES,
THEIR RESPONSIBILITIESAND OFFICIALHAND SIGNALS

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

39

CHAPTER 7

REFEREES
See Rules
21

REFEREEING TEAM AND PROCEDURES

21.1

COMPOSITION
The refereeing team for a match is composed of the following officials:
a. the 1st referee,b. the 2nd referee (if any),c. the scorer.
Their location is shown in the Diagram 7.

21.2

PROCEDURES

21.2.1

Only the 1st and 2nd referees may blow a whistle during the match:

21.2.1.1 the 1st referee gives the signal for the service that begins the rally.

D8 (1)

21.2.1.2 the 1 or 2 referee signals the end of the rally, provided that they are
sure that a fault has been committed and they have identified its nature.
stnd

21.2.2

They may blow the whistle when the ball is out of play to indicate thatthey authorize or reject a team request.

21.2.3

Immediately after the referee blows the whistle to signal the completionof the rally, they have to indicate with the official hand signals:

21.2.3.1 If the fault is whistled by the 1st referee, he/she will indicate in order:a) the team to serve,

D8 (2)b) the nature of the fault,c) the player(s) at fault (if necessary).
21.2.3.2 If the fault is whistled by the 2nd referee, he/she will indicate:a) the nature of the fault,b) the player(s) at fault (if necessary),c) the team to serve following the hand signal of the 1st referee.
In this case, the 1 referee does not show either the nature of the fault
or the player at fault, but only the team to serve.
st40

D8 (2)

PART 2 - SECTION 2: THE REFEREES, THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES AND OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS

21.2.3.3 In the case of a double fault both referees indicate in order:a) the nature of the fault,b) the players at fault (if necessary),
The team to serve next is then indicated by the 1st referee.
22

1st REFEREE

22.1

LOCATION
The 1st referee carries out his/her functions standing on a referee’s standlocated at one end of the net on the opposite side to the scorer. His/herview must be approximately 50 cm above the net.

22.2

AUTHORITY

22.2.1

The 1st referee directs the match from the start until the end. He/she has
authority over all members of the refereeing team and the members of
the teams.

D8 (2)

D1, D7

During the match his/her decisions are final. He/she is authorized tooverrule the decisions of other members of the refereeing team, if it isnoticed that they are mistaken.
He/she may even replace a member of the refereeing team who is not
performing his/her functions properly.
22.2.2

He/she also controls the work of the ball retrievers.

22.2.3

He/she has the power to decide any matters involving the game,including those not provided for in the Rules.

22.2.4

He/she shall not permit any discussion about his/her decisions.
However, at the request of the captain, the 1st referee will give an
explanation on the application or interpretation of the rules upon which
he/she has based his/her decision.
If the game captain does not agree with this explanation and chooses
to protest against such decision, he/she must immediately reserve theright to file and record this protest at the conclusion of the match. The
1st referee must authorize this right of the game captain.

22.2.5

The 1st referee is responsible for determining before and during thematch whether the playing area and the conditions meet playing
requirements.

22.3

RESPONSIBILITIES

22.3.1

Prior to the match, the 1st referee:

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41

22.3.1.1 inspects the conditions of the playing area, the balls and otherequipment;
22.3.1.2 performs the toss with the team captains;
22.3.1.3 controls the teams’ warming-up.
22.3.2

During the match, he/she is authorized:

22.3.2.1 to issue warnings to the teams;
22.3.2.2 to sanction misconduct and delays;
22.3.2.3 to decide upon:a) the faults of the server;b) the faults in playing the ball;c) the faults above the net, and the faulty contact of the player with thenet, primarily on the attacker’s side;d) the ball crossing completely the lower space under the net;

D8 (13)e) the ball that crosses the net totally or partly outside of the crossing
space to the opponent’s court or contacts the antenna on his/her sideof the court;f) the served ball and 3rd hit passing over or outside the antenna on his/her side of the court.
22.3.3At the end of the match, he/she checks the score sheet and signs it.

23

2nd REFEREE (if not assigned – authority and responsibilities
to be taken over by the 1st referee)

23.1

LOCATION
The 2nd referee performs his/her functions standing outside the playing
court near the post, on the opposite side of and facing the 1st referee.

23.2

AUTHORITY

23.2.1The 2nd referee is the assistant of the 1st referee, but has also his/her own
range of jurisdiction.
Should the 1st referee become unable to continue his/her work, the 2ndreferee may replace him/her.

42

23.2.2

He/she may, without whistling, also signal faults outside his/her range ofjurisdiction, but must not insist on them to the 1st referee.

23.2.3

He/she controls the work of the scorer(s).

23.2.4

He/she controls the players in the warm-up areas.

D1, D723.3

PART 2 - SECTION 2: THE REFEREES, THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES AND OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS

23.2.5

He/she authorizes the regular game interruptions, controls their duration
and rejects improper requests.

23.2.6

He/she controls the number of time-outs and substitutions used by eachteam and reports the 2nd substitution to the 1st referee and the captainconcerned.

23.2.7In the case of an injury of a player, he/she authorizes an exceptional
substitution or grants a 3-minute recovery time.

23.2.8He/she checks the snow condition. He/she also checks, during thematch, that the balls still fulfil the regulations.

23.3

RESPONSIBILITIES

23.3.1At the start of each set, at the change of courts in the deciding set
and whenever necessary, the 2nd referee checks that the service ordercorrespond to the starting line-up.

23.3.2

During the match, the 2nd referee decides, whistles and signals:

23.3.2.1 interference due to penetration into the opponent’s court and the space
under the net;

17.1.2

11.2, D8 (20)23.3.2.2 the faulty contact of the player with the net primarily on the blocker’s
side and with the antenna on his/her side of the court;
23.3.2.3 the contact of the ball with an outside object;

8.4.2, 8.4.3,
D8 (13)23.3.2.4 the contact of the ball with the snow when the 1st referee is not in
position to see the contact;

D8 (12)23.3.2.5 the ball that crosses the net totally or partly outside the crossing space tothe opponent court or touches the antenna on his/her side of the Court;

D3, D4a23.3.2.6 the served ball and the 3rd hit passing over or outside the antenna on
his/ her side of the court.

D8 (13)23.3.3At the end of the match, he/she checks and signs the score sheet.

24

SCORER

24.1

LOCATION
The scorer performs his/her functions seated at the scorer’s table on the
opposite side of the court from and facing the 1st referee.

24.2

D1, D7RESPONSIBILITIESThe scorer fills in the score sheet according to the Rules, cooperatingwith the 1st or 2nd referee.
He/she uses a buzzer or other sound device to notify irregularities orgive signals to the referees on the basis of his/her responsibilities.
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43

24.2.1

Prior to the match and set, the scorer:

24.2.1.1 registers the data of the match and teams, according to procedures inforce and obtains the signatures of the captains;24.2.1.2 records the starting line-up of each team from the line-up sheet.
If he/she fails to recive the line-up sheets on time, he/she immediately
notifies this fact to the 1st or 2nd referee.
24.2.2

During the match, the scorer:

24.2.2.1 Operates the manual scoreboard on the scorers’ table ;24.2.2.2 records the points scored;
24.2.2.3 controls the serving order of each team and indicates any error before
the service hit;
24.2.2.4 notifies the referees of a request for regular game interruption that isout of order;

15.5

24.2.2.5 announces to the referees the court switches and the end of the sets;
24.2.2.6 records misconduct warnings, sanctions and improper requests;
24.2.2.7 records all other events as instructed by the 1st or 2nd referee, i.e.
exceptional substitutions, recovery time, prolonged interruptions,external interference, etc.;
24.2.2.8 controls the interval between sets:
24.2.3At the end of the match, the scorer;

24.2.3.1 records the final result;24.2.3.2 in the case of a protest, with the previous authorization of the 1streferee, writes or permits the team/game captain to write on the score
sheet a statement on the incident being protested;

5.1.2.1, 5.1.3.2

24.2.3.3 signs the score sheet, before he/she obtains the signatures of the teamcaptains and then the referees.
25

OFFICIAL SIGNALS

25.1

REFEREES’ HAND SIGNALS
The referees will indicate with the official hand signal the reason for
their whistle (the nature of the fault whistled or the purpose of theinterruption authorized). The signal has to be maintained for a moment
and, if it is indicated with one hand, the hand corresponds to the sideof the team which has made the fault or the request.

44

D8

PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAMEPART 2

SECTION 3:
DIAGRAMSOFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

45

46

Service zone

3m

Free zonemin. 3 m

8m

COURT

Team area

3m

14 m
court

22 m

Free zone

Playing

16 m

Scorers’ table

8m

min. 3 m

COURT

Team area

3m

Service zone

Free zone

DIAGRAM 1: THE PLAYING AREA

Relevant Rules: 1, 4.2, 22.1, 23.1, 24.18m

3m

0.70 m-1 m

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMSDIAGRAM 2: THE PLAYING COURT
Relevant Rules: 1.1, 1.3, 2.5

End line

Side line

0.05 m

8m

Long Diagonal: 17.89 m

0.05 m0.7-1 m0.7-1 m

16 m

8m

0.05 mEnd line

0.05 m0.05 mSide line

8m

Short Diagonal: 11.31 m

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47

DIAGRAM 3: DESIGN OF THE NET
Relevant Rules: 2, 8.4.3

8m
0.80 mCable

Cord

2.43 mMen
2.24 mWomen

1m
2.55 mCord

8.50 m0.70 m / 1 m

Axis

0.01 mCable

For FIVB, World and Official
Competitions, the net should be
adjusted according 2.1 above.

0.10 mTop band0.07 - 0.10 m

Cord
0.10
x
0.10 mSide band

0.05 m48

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMSDIAGRAM 4a: BALL CROSSING THE VERTICAL PLANE OF THE NET TO THE OPPONENT COURT
Relevant Rules: 8.4.3, 8.4.4, 8.4.5, 10.1.1, 23.3.2.5, 23.3.2.6

External space

Crossing space

External space

Lower space= Fault= Correct crossing

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

49

DIAGRAM 4b: BALL CROSSING THE VERTICAL PLANE OF THE NET TO THE OPPONENT FREE ZONE
Relevant Rules: 10.1.2, 10.1.2.1

50

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMSDIAGRAM 5: COMPLETED BLOCK
Relevant Rule: 14.1.3

Ball above the net

Ball lower than
the top of the net

Ball touches the net

Ball bounces off the net

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51

DIAGRAM 6: DETERRENTS AND SANCTIONS
Note: The application of the yellow card is not a sanction. Sanctions are shown in the table below:

6a: MISCONDUCT WARNING AND SANCTIONS SCALE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
Relevant Rules: 20.3, 20.4, 20.5
CATEGORIESOCCURRENCE OFFENDERSANCTIONCARDSCONSEQUENCEMINORMISCONDUCTStage 1

Not considered
as sanction

None

Prevention only

RUDE
CONDUCTOFFENSIVECONDUCT

AGGRESSION

Any member

Stage 2

Yellow

repetition
any time

Any member

Considered as
rude conduct

Red

A point and service to the
opponent

First

Any member

PenaltyRed

A point and service to the
opponent

SecondSame member

Expulsion

Red + Yellow
jointly

Team member must go to
his/her Team Zone for theremainder of the set

Third

Same member

Disqualification

Red + Yellow
separately

Team member must go to
the team’s dressing room
for the remainder of the
match

First

Any member

Expulsion

Red + Yellow
jointly

Team member must go to
his/her Team Zone for theremainder of the set

SecondSame member

Disqualification

Red + Yellow
separately

Team member must go to
the team’s dressing room
for the remainder of the
match

First

Any member

Disqualification

Red + Yellow
separately

Team member must go to
the team’s dressing room
for the remainder of thematch

6b: DELAY SANCTIONS SCALE AND CONSEQUENCES
Relevant Rules: 16.2.2, 16.2.3

52

CATEGORIESOCCURRENCE

OFFENDER

DETERRENT or
SANCTIONCARDSCONSEQUENCE

DELAY

First

Any memberof the team

Delay Warning

Hand signal
No. 25 with
Yellow card

Prevention – no penalty

Second andsubsequent

Any memberof the team

Delay Penalty

Hand signal
No. 25 withRed card

A point and service to the
opponent

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMSDIAGRAM 7: LOCATION OF REFEREEING TEAM AND THEIR ASSISTANTS
Relevant Rules: 21.1, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1

Scorer

1

R2

R1

2
R1

= First Referee

R2= Second Referee

Scorer = Scorer/Assistant Scorer

1= Ball Retrievers (numbers 1-2)

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

53

DIAGRAM 8: REFEREES’ OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS
Legend:FS Referee(s) who must show the signal according to their regular responsibilities
Referee(s) who show the signal in special situations

1

AUTHORISATION TO SERVE
Relevant Rules: 12.3, 21.2.1.1
Move the hand to indicate direction of service

F
2

TEAM TO SERVE
Relevant Rules: 21.2.3.1, 21.2.3.2
Extend the arm to the side of team that will serve

FS
3

CHANGE OF COURTS
Relevant Rules: 18.2
Raise the forearms front and back andtwist them around the body

FS
4

TIME-OUT
Relevant Rules: 15.4.1
Place the palm of one hand over the fingers of
the other, held vertically (forming a T) and thenindicate the requesting teamFS
54

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMS

5SUBSTITUTION
Relevant Rules: 15.5.1, 15.5.2, 15.8
Circular motion of the forearms around each otherFS
6a MISCONDUCT WARNING
Relevant Rules: 20.1ii, 20.6
Show a yellow card for warningF
6b MISCONDUCT PENALTY
Relevant Rules: 20.3.1, 20.6, 22.3.2.2
Show a red card for penalty

F
7

EXPULSION
Relevant Rules: 20.3.2, 20.6, 22.3.2.2
Show both cards jointly for expulsion

F
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55

8

DISQUALIFICATION
Relevant Rules: 20.3.3, 20.6, 22.3.2.2
Show red and yellow cards separately
for disqualification

F
9

END OF SET (OR MATCH)
Relevant Rules: 6.2, 6.3
Cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands openFS
10 BALL NOT TOSSED OR RELEASED AT THE SERVICE HIT
Relevant Rule: 12.4.1
Lift the extended arm, the palm of the handfacing upwards

F
11 DELAY IN SERVICE
Relevant Rule: 12.4.4
Raise five fingers, spread openF
56

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMS

12 BALL “IN”
Relevant Rules: 8.3, 23.3.2.4
Point the arm and fingers toward the floor

FS
13 BALL “OUT”
Relevant Rules: 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, 8.4.4, 23.3.2.3, 23.3.2.5
Raise the forearms vertically, hands open,
palms towards the bodyFS
14 CATCH
Relevant Rules: 9.2.2.3, 9.3.3, 22.3.2.3b
Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand facing upwards

F
15 DOUBLE CONTACT
Relevant Rules: 9.3.4, 22.3.2.3b
Raise two fingers, spread openF
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57

16 FOUR HITS
Relevant Rule: 9.3.1, 22.3.2.3b
Raise four fingers, spread openF
17 NET TOUCHED BY PLAYER – SERVED BALL TOUCHES THE NET BETWEEN THE ANTENNAE AND
DOES NOT PASS THE VERTICAL PLANE OF THE NET

Relevant Rules: 11.4.3, 12.5.2.1, 22.3.2.3c
Indicate the relevant side of the net with thecorresponding handFS
18 REACHING BEYOND THE NET
Relevant Rules: 11.4.1, 14.3, 14.6.1, 22.3.2.3c
Place a hand above the net, palm facing downwards

F
19 ATTACK HIT FAULT
Relevant Rule:– attack hit on the opponent’s service:		13.2.4
Make a downward motion with the forearm, hand openFS
58

PART 2 - SECTION 3: DIAGRAMS

20 FAULTY PENETRATION INTO THE OPPONENT COURTBALL CROSSING THE LOWER SPACE OR
THE SERVER TOUCHES THE COURT (END LINE) OR
THE PLAYER STEPS OUTSIDE HIS/HER COURT AT THE MOMENT OF THE SERVICE HIT

Relevant Rules: 8.4.5, 11.2.1, 12.4.3, 12.5.1.2
Point to the center down the net or to the relevant line

FS
21 DOUBLE FAULT AND REPLAY
Relevant Rules: 6.1.2.2, 17.2, 21.2.3.3
Raise both thumbs verticallyF
22 BALL TOUCHED
Relevant Rules: 22.3.2.3b
Brush with the palm of one hand the fingersof the other, held verticallyF
23 DELAY WARNING / DELAY PENALTY
Relevant Rules: 15.11.3, 16.2.2, 16.2.3, 22.3.2.2
Cover the wrist with a yellow card (warning)or with a red card (penalty)

F
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59

PART 3

DEFINITIONS

60

PART 3: DEFINITIONSCOMPETITION / CONTROL AREAThe Competition /Control Area is a corridor around the playing court and free zone, which includes
all spaces up to the outer barriers or delimitation fence. See diagram/fig 1a.
ZONES
These are sections within the playing area (i.e. playing court and free zone) as defined for a specificpurpose (or with special restrictions) within the rule text. These include: Service Zone & Free Zone.
LOWER SPACE
This is the space defined as its upper part by the bottom of the net and the cord joining it to theposts, at the sides by the posts, and the bottom by the playing surface.
CROSSING SPACE
The crossing space is defined by:– The horizontal band at the top of the net– The antennae and their extension
The ball must cross to the opponent’s COURT through the crossing space.
EXTERNAL SPACEThe external space is in the vertical plane of the net outside of the crossing and lower spaces.
UNLESS BY AGREEMENT OF FIVBThis statement recognizes that while there are regulations on the standards and specification ofequipment and facilities, there are occasions when special arrangements can be made by FIVB inorder to promote the game of Snow Volleyball or to test new conditions.
FIVB STANDARDSThe technical specifications or limits as defined by FIVB to the manufacturers of equipment.
FAULTa) A playing action contrary to the rules.
b) A rule violation other than a playing action.
BALL RETRIEVERS
These are personnel whose job it is to maintain the flow of the game by rolling the ball to theserver between rallies.
RALLY POINT
This is the system of scoring a point whenever a rally is won.
INTERVAL
The time between sets. The change of courts in the third (deciding) set is not to be regarded as
an interval.

INTERFERING
Any action which will create an advantage against the opponent team or any action which prevents
an opponent from playing the ball.
OUTSIDE OBJECT
An object or a person which while outside the playing court or close to the limit of the free playing
space provides an obstruction to the flight of the ball. For example: Overhead lights, the referee’schair, TV equipment, scorer’s table, and net posts. Outside objects do not include the antennae
since they are considered as the part of the net.

62

INDEXA
Antennae.................................................... 14
Attack hit.................................................... 29
Authorization of the service........................ 28
B
Ball at the net............................................. 25
Ball crossing the net.................................... 25
Ball “in”................................................ 23, 57
Ball in play.................................................. 23
Ball in the net.............................................. 26
Ball “out”............................................. 23, 57
Ball out of play............................................ 23
Ball touching the net................................... 26
Balls............................................................ 15
Block..................................................... 29, 51
Block and team hits..................................... 30
Block contact.............................................. 30
Blocking...................................................... 29
Blocking faults............................................ 30
Blocking the service..................................... 30
Blocking within the opponent’s space.......... 30
C
Captain....................................................... 17
Change of courts/switches.................... 35, 54
Change of equipment................................. 17
Characteristics of the attack hit................... 29
Characteristics of the hit............................. 24
Contact with the net................................... 26
D
Default and incomplete team...................... 20
Delay sanctions........................................... 34
Dimensions................................................. 12E
Equipment and accessories.......................... 16
Exceptional game interruption..................... 34
Exceptional substitution.............................. 32
Execution of the service............................... 28
External interference................................... 34
F
Fair play...................................................... 36
Faults in playing the ball.............................. 25
Faults made during the service.................... 28
Faults of the attack hit................................ 29

First Referee................................................ 41– Authority................................................. 41– Location.................................................. 41– Responsibilities........................................ 41
First service in a set..................................... 27
Forbidden objects........................................ 17
Four-ball system.......................................... 15
G
Game delays............................................... 33
Game interruptions..................................... 31
H
Height of the net........................................ 13
I
Illegal substitution....................................... 32
Improper request......................................... 33
Injury / Illness................................................ 34
Interruptions............................................... 31
Intervals...................................................... 35
Intervals and court switches........................ 35
L
Lighting...................................................... 13
Limitation of substitution............................ 32
Lines on the court....................................... 12
Location of the team................................... 16
M
Minor misconduct....................................... 36
Misconduct and its sanctions....................... 36
Misconduct before and between sets.......... 38
Misconduct leading to sanctions................. 37
N
Net and posts.............................................. 13
Number of regular game interruptions........ 31
O
Official signals.................................. 44, 54-59
Official warm-up session............................. 20
P
Player’s faults at the net.............................. 27
Playing area........................................... 12, 46
Playing surface............................................ 12
Playing the ball............................................ 23

OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024

63

Positions..................................................... 21
Posts........................................................... 14
Prolonged interruptions............................... 34
R
Reaching beyond the net...................... 26, 58
Refereeing team.................................... 40, 53– Composition........................................... 40– Procedures.............................................. 40– Responsibilities.................................. 41, 43
Referees’ hand signals...................... 44, 54-59
Requirements of conduct............................ 36
S
Sanction cards............................ 38, 52, 55-56
Sanction scale....................................... 37, 52
Scorer......................................................... 43– Location.................................................. 43– Responsibilities........................................ 43
Second Referee........................................... 42– Authority................................................. 42– Location.................................................. 42– Responsibilities........................................ 43
Service........................................................ 27
Sequence of regular game interruptions...... 31
Service order............................................... 22
Service order fault....................................... 22
Side bands.................................................. 14
Sportsmanlike conduct................................ 3664Standards.................................................... 15
States of play.............................................. 23
Structure..................................................... 13
Structure of play.......................................... 20
Substitution................................................ 32
Substitution procedure................................ 33
T
Teams......................................................... 16
Team composition....................................... 16
Team hits.............................................. 24, 30
Team leaders............................................... 17
Team line-up............................................... 21
The toss...................................................... 20
Time-out..................................................... 31
To score a point........................................... 19
To score a point, win a set and the match.... 19
To win a set................................................. 19
To win the match........................................ 20
Types of delays............................................ 33
U
Uniformity of balls....................................... 15
W
Weather...................................................... 13
Z
Zones and areas.......................................... 13

MEMO

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