第12回地圏と環境セミナー

スリランカ全土の陸水を可視化する
Water Flow in Sri Lanka Estimated by Preliminary
Numerical Simulation

平成２２年１２月１0日

第12回地圏と環境セミナー

Application
ppof GETFLOWS for Sri Lankan Terrestrial
Water Circulation
Contents of the Presentation
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6
6.

7
7.
8.

General introduction to Sri Lanka -スリランカの概要
Geology of Sri Lanka - 地質構造
Climate of Sri Lanka -気候
Sri Lanka’s water resources situation -水資源の現況
1. Surface water
2. Ground water
Water Related Problems in Sri Lanka - 水問題
S i Lanka’sSriL k ’ modeld l byb GETFLOWS
1. Model development
2. Results and Discussion
GETFLOWS to improve the water environment ofSri Lanka - 明日の水環境に向けて
Potential Business Opportunities in Water Sector- 水のビジネス チャンス

General Introduction to Sri Lanka – スリランカの概要•Introduction – Sri Lanka– Location – South of Indian subcontinent(longitude 790 – 820, Latitude 50 – 100)
– Population - 200 万 (20 million) [日本 127 million]– Commercial Capital - Colombo– Total land area – 65610 km2(北海土＞スリランカ＞九州)– Population density – 265 / km2– Maximum Length and width – 417 km and 225 km– Annual average rainfall – 2000 mm (max – 5300 mm, min 935 mm), [九州 ]– Average temperature – 27 0C (low country), 15 0C (up country)– Climate – Tropical [[~ Okinawa]– Number of river basins – 103– Economy – Agriculture and minor industries– Currency – Rupee ( 1 円 = 1.35 rupee)– GDP – US$ 41 billion– Races – Sinhalese (74%), Tamils (18%), Muslims and others (8%)– Religions – Buddhism, Hindus, Catholics and Muslims

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Geology of Sri Lanka ― 地質構造

Lithotectonic Sub-divisionsof Sri Lanka

Soil map of Sri Lanka

Different Types of Aquifers inSri Lanka
Ref. Panabokke and Perera, 2005, Groundwater Resources of Sri Lankazzz

Generally shows a considerable diversity in geology and land forms.
Geologically, 90% of the country’s landmass is underlain by Precambrianbasement rocks and the remaining 10% by sedimentary rocks of Miocene age.
These two geological units along the coast have been modified by thePleistocene and Holocene sea level fluctuations and climatic changes causing
deposition of sand, clay, gravel and peat deposits along low-lying coastal
areas.
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Climate of Sri Lanka－気候 (Rainfall and Temperature)
South-West (High rainfall)
North-East (Low rainfall)Day zoneIntermediatezone
Wet zoneHigh rainfall

Ref. Climate data, Trends and Scenarios in Sri Lanka, Senaka
Basnayake, (CCCS), Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka

Low rainfall

Seasonal rainfall (mm) of Sri Lanka (a) First inter monsoon (season), (b) southwest monsoon, (c) second inter monsoon, (d)northeast monsoon [Suppiah and Yoshino, 1984]

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka’s water resources situation ―水資源の現況

i Surfacei,S fwatert
River Basins of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka's radial network of rivers begins
gin thecentral highlands. There are about 103 distinct
river basins covering 90 percent of the island.
Mahaweli river – Longest river (335 km) basin
area 10,448 km2
6 River basins – basin area 3500 – 2000 km2
10 River basins – basin area 2000 – 1000 km2
11 River basins – basin area 1000 – 500 km2
32 RiverRibbasinsi – basinb i area 100 – 500 kkm2
43 River basins – Small coastal basins withbasin area is less than 100 km2

River map ofSri Lanka

The total runoff in Sri Lanka is estimated at 49.2
(km3/year).

Ref. P.P.G. Dias, Hydrometric Network & Flood Mitigation.pdf Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka’s water resources situation ..contii Groundii,
Gd watert
1, Groundwater resources have been extensively used since ancienttitimes
ffor domestic
dti purposes usingi shallowh ll
open wellsll ini almostlt allll
parts of the country.
2, Sri Lanka's largest aquifer extends over 200 km in the northwesternand northern coastal areas.
3, Northern and northwestern coastal areas excessive concentrations ofiron and nitrates ((due to agrochemicalsgand fertilizers)) have beenreported.
4, Due to uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater for domestic andagricultural uses, brackish water intrusion has occurred in the coastal
areas.
5, Total groundwater demand in 2000 was 10.92 km3(90% - agriculture,agriculture 7% domestic
domestic, 3% industries)

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Utilization of Surface/groundwater
Resources and Tube wells
wells’ distribution―水利用Ref. Panabokke and Perera, 2005, Groundwater Resources of Sri Lanka

Amount ofgroundwater andits percentages
pgof supply overtotal supply inurban,
Rural andindustrial zones
supplyCopyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Generalized National Water Balance of Sri Lanka ―水収支

Evaporation &Transpiration(77 500 MCM)
(77,500Water received
directly fromrainfall(130,000 MCM)
100 %Infiltration
Base flow

Surface water flow to rivers& streams (45,000 MCM)

Groundwater Recharge(7,500 MCM)
Diverted forirrigation,
domestic use,industries etc(11,000 MCM)

Escape to sea(34,000 MCM)

Ref. P.W. Senevirathna, PROMOTION OF PUBLIC AWARENESS OF WATER CONSERVATION SRI LANKA EXPERIENCE

MCM – Million Cubic Meter

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Main Water Related Issues in Sri Lanka ― 水問題
1 Improper
1.
Iplanningli ffor watert managementt 適切な水管理の不足
i, Minor attention for water resources protection and catchment management
ii, Poor flood and drought managementiii Unreliable/non availability of Data and informationiii,iv, Poor coordination
2. Growing demand 需要の増大
3 Unplanned exploitation of groundwater3.
4. Groundwater contamination by fertilizer and pesticides (Agriculture) 農薬汚染
5. High concentrations of Florid/Iron present in groundwater in north central part ofSri Lanka
6. Saltwater intrusion in coastal areas
7. Contamination of river and groundwater due to industrial/domestic waste 排水
Why do we need to model whole country for the water resources of Sri Lanka ?

1,, No detail scientific assessment of terrestrial water environment.
2, Very limited researches and numerical simulations for water environment
3, There is no reliable country map for ground/surface water resources
4, Encourage SL government and researches to pay more attention of water
resources and their development
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model byy GETFLOWS
1, This is the First Time to develop a numerical model for Sri Lanka forcountry scale.
scale
2, Mesh size – 1.0 km x 1.0 km (Total No of grids ~ 5.5 million)
3, Numerical Model – 3D - 2 phase (air/water) 3 components (air/water/salt)
Data Collection and availability
1, Rainfall/Temperature – www.weatherbase.com
1www weatherbase com
2, Land use – ISCGRM http://www.iscgm.org/cgi-bin/fswiki/wiki.cgi
3, DEM – NASA/NSA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) dataset & GTOPO30
data
4, Geology – Geological map of Ceylon, Soil map of Sri Lanka, Soils and AgroEcological environments of Sri Lanka by C.R. Panabokke
5, River flow – Reliable data could not find yet
6, Groundwater levels – Reliable data could not find yet
7, Salinity levels of subsurface water in coastal areas - Reliable data could not findyyet
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

Rainfall/Temperaturep– www.weatherbase.com

Ref. Climate data, Trends and Scenarios in Sri Lanka, Senaka
Basnayake, (CCCS), Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka

1, Highg rainfall in West, Central and Southwest
region2, Less rainfall in North and East region-- Thiessen polygon was created for effective
rainfall concerning temperature, precipitation,sunshine hours, evaporation .. ---Thiessen polygon foreffective rainfall
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

Fluid Flow & Properties ― 流体の物理的性質

Fluidcondition

Surface water flow

Manning’s flow

GGroundwaterd t flow
flGGeneralizedli d Darcy
D’ flowfl

Fluid system

Water – Air, 2 phase 3 component (salt)

Water

1.0 [g/cm ]Viscosity

1.0×10 [Pa・s]‐3‐1

Compressibility 0.45[GPa ]Density
Air

SeaWater

3Density

Density‐33

1.3×10 [g/cm ]‐5

1.82×10 [Pa・s]
F
Formationi volumelffactor（ProportionalPil to thehCompressibility
inverse of pressure）
31.0184[g/cm ]Viscosity

Concentration

330.0160[m /m ]Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

Soil properties, land use ― 土壌と土地利用
DensityDit
Compression ratio
Geology
gySoilProperties

Absolute
Abl t
Permeability

Effectiveporosity

Land use

Top soil
Alluvium
Laterite
Coastal Sand
Deep confine layer
Weathered layer
Bed rockTop soil
Alluvium
Laterite
Coastal Sand
Deep confine layer
Weathered layer
Bed rock

Roughness coefficient32.5[Mg/m25[M / ]‐1
10[GPa ]Top soil layer, Alluvium, Coastal sand,
Laterite,, Deepp confine layer,y , Weatheredlayer, Bed rock
1.0×10‐4 [m/s]
1.0×10‐5 [m/s]
1 5×10‐6 [m/s]
1.5×10
1.0×10‐5 [m/s]
1.3×10‐6 [m/s]
1.5×10‐8 [m/s]
1.0×10‐8 [m/s]
0.50
0.20
0.04
0.35
0.04
0.08
0.01
Forest0.60
0 60
Rice field
2.00
Bare area
2.00
Urban area
0.03
Vegetation
00.30
30
Mangrove
2.00
Water bodies
0.035
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

地形標高-Elevation
地形標高Elevation

FFromGoogleGl EarthE th
Bird’s Eye View - DEM

From GETFLOWS
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

土地利用-Land use
Forests
Vegetation
Paddy fields
Mangrove
Bare lands
Urban areas

International Steering Committee for Global Mapping
http://www.iscgm.org/cgi-bin/fswiki/wiki.cgi
http://www.iscgm.org/cgi
bin/fswiki/wiki.cgi

Generalizedlanduse forTechnology
the Model
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere
EnvironmentalCorp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

水理地質構造-Hydrogeology
yggy
Shallow sea bed

洪積層Deepp confine aquiferqAlluvium

Laterite layer

沖積層
Coastal sandWeathered layer

第三系基盤岩類
Geology map

Bed rock
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Resultsa

Surface Water flow vectors

bab

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

地表水分布-Surface water and river network
RiRivernetwork
tk generatedt d byb GETFLIOWS

Available river network map

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

不圧地下水位-Groundwater contours

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

湧出域分布-Distribution of groundwater springs
Groundwater discharge in large
quantities can be identified in thehighland area. Those areas can be
developed for mineral waterindustry and tourist spots as well.

This area will be developed as a
new city in Sri Lanka. Alreadynewew internationale a o a poport aandd aan
airport are being constructed.
High demand of water will be anissue in future. Deep groundwater
pumpingp
p g will be an option.
p
However seawater intrusion canbe a problem.
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model byGETFLOWS

３Ｄ流動経路-Stream linesSubmarine groundwater
discharge is much not significant
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Seawater and fresh wateri tinteraction
tiSri Lanka model by GETFLOWSYX

Iso surface forseawater interface
YX

Cross sections at
Y – direction

Cross sections at
X – direction Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

Water flow in Sri Lanka with GETFLOWS

Development

W t issues
Water
iEnvironment

Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWSGETFLOWS to improve Sri Lanka’s water environment
明日の水環境に向けて
Vision for the FUTURE of Sri Lanka’s WATER Environment from GETFLOWS
1, How can we use GETFLOWS to improve Sri Lankan Economy ??
- Use available water resources as an economic source- (Tourism, Mineral water, Irrigation, Inland fishery )2, Support to establish a Water POLICY for Sri Lanka
3, How can we use GETFLOWS to improve the sustainability of Sri Lanka’s water
environment ??
4, How can we use GETFLOWS results to establish a Hydrological Database /I f
InformationtiSystemS tf SriforSiLLankak ??
5, Can we see the hidden side of terrestrial water system of Sri Lanka fromGETFLOWS results ??
General applications as a Numerical simulator
1, Flood control and disaster prevent – predict river flow rates during raining
seasons and extreme weather conditions to protect the residence and property in the down steam area.
2 Predict the groundwater levels and effect of pumping in coastal areas and dry zone2,
3, Predict the future affects of surface/groundwater contaminant transport(Industrial waste, domestic waste, agricultural waste etc)
4, Reservoir monitoring
5 Water distribution for irrigation
5,6, Environmental effect due to large scale constructions (Hambantota harbor/air port, highways..etc)
Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.

Sri Lanka model by GETFLOWS

Potential Business Opportunity in Water Industry in Sri Lanka
水のビジネス チャンス
1. Water resource monitoring and assessment 水資源の監視
2. Drinking
g water pprocessingg 上水の製造
3. Water supply and drainage (surface water, groundwater and rain water) 水の供給と排水4. Waste water and sanitation 廃水と衛生
5. Dam management, monitoring and renovation ダム管理とダム機能再生
6. Small scale irrigation projects 灌漑計画
7. Flood control and management 洪水制御
8. Water related infrastructure development (Dams, irrigation, tunnels)
水
水理工作物（ダム、灌漑施設、導水トンネル）
作物（ダ灌漑施設 導水ネ ）9. Mini hydro-power stations’ monitoring and management 小水力発電の管理
10. Port and harbor developments 港湾開発
11 Nuclear
11.
N lpower plantsl t (2020 – 2030) 原子力発電所
Government institutions - NWSDB (National Water Supply & Drainage Board, WRD (Water ResourcesBoard), The Department of Irrigation, The Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka, The Ceylon Electricity Board(CEB), The Meteorological Department of Sri Lanka
Main donor countries and institutions for water resources development – Japan, China, EU, UN,
World Bank, ABD, JICA, NORAD, SIDA

The EndTh
E d !!!
----- Thank you very much ----Copyright@2009 Geoshpere Environmental Technology Corp.