Learning from baseline surveys and pioneers’ experiences:
Introduction of Session 2
Taka Furuichi
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute

ベースライン調査結果と先行経験から学ぶ：セッション２の趣旨
古市剛久（森林総合研究所）

Mountain slopes and valleyin Mu Cang Chai,
Yen Bai Province,
Northern Vietnam

International Seminar, 1 February 2023

©Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteStructure of the Seminar
Our project:‘Development of technologies toenhance the functions of forestsfor disaster prevention andmitigation in developing
countries’ (a 5-year plan)
Three components:
1) Research and analysis
2) Technical development(field-based in Vietnam)
3) Provision of information
This seminar has been organizedbased on the major outputs fromthe component 1 (Research andanalysis) in this project for thelast 3 years.

Session 1:
Policy-levelstatus anddirections
Panel discussion:
Sharing comments
between sessions

Session 3:
Perspectives
from recipient
countries

Session 2:
Field-levelknowledge andexperience© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteContents of the Session

Participation of Japanese private sectors ininternational development projects

Country-specific baseline survey

Baseline surveys

Pioneers’ experiences© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteForest-based disaster risk reductionin Japanese contexts(Mountain Chisan)© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteMountain landscapes in Japan and Southeast Asia
Kure, Japan

Shan state, Myanmar

2011

Landslides
Soil erosion

Soil erosion
Ina, Japan1949

Landslides

1961
1983

2011

(© Taka Furuichi)

2022

Yen Bai Province, Vietnam(Source: Forestry Agency, Japan)

Landslides(Source: Forestry Agency, Japan)(© Taka Furuichi)© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteMountain Chisan (Forest-based erosion control)
Main objective: Prevent and reduce mountain disasters

Combined approach:1) Maintenance of forest (i.e. afforestation) and2) Allocation of complementary facilities (i.e. erosion control)on slopes and along creeks in mountains.

Mitigation, not perfect prevention:
Mountain Chisan can not perfectly control erosion processes.
→ Must be along with long-term land-use planningMultiple effects:- Mitigate landslides and debris flows- Mitigate soil erosion (sediment discharge)- Restore groundwater- Conserve forest ecosystems- Mitigate greenhouse gas emission

Soil erosion
Landslides

1980s1) Afforestation

Present(Source: Tochigi Prefecture)

Debris flow2) Complementary facility(Source: Nagahime Survey and DesignCo., Ltd.)© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteResults from a baseline survey:
Participation of Japanese private sectors ininternational development projects

A joint survey in 2022 with the Asia Air Survey, Co., Ltd.

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstitutePoint 1
Japan is a major financial contributor forinternational development banksand UN conventions© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteWorld Bank
Unit: USD million

FundJapan
DAC countries
Japan's share

2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Total
1,813
1,738
2,119
2,475
1,360
9,505
11,073
10,273
14,22811,80011,42058,794
16%
17%
15%
21%
12%
16%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Author's calculation. Figures are rounded to the closest million.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#Unit: USD million

Donor country
1. United Kingdom
2. Japan
3. United States
4. Germany
5. France

Amount% of DAC
11,210
19.1%
16.2%
9,505
7,192
12.2%
5,360
9.1%
3,401
5.8%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Period: 2016-2020. Author's calculation.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteAsian Development Bank (ADB)
Unit: USD million

Fund
Japan
DAC countries
Japan's share

2016

2017

423
1,191
36%

2018

403
1,176
34%

2019
383
897
43%

2020
378
920
41%

Total
531
2,118
1,017
5,201
52%
41%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Author's calculation. Figures are rounded to the closest million.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#

Unit: USD million

Donor country
1. Japan
2. Australia
3. United Kingdom
4. United States
5. Canada

Amount% of DAC
40.7%
2,118
838
16.1%
557
10.7%
373
7.2%
317
6.1%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Period: 2016-2020. Author's calculation.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteGlobal Climate Fund (GCF)
Unit: USD million

2016
JapanDAC countries
Japan's share

2017

354
1,661
21%

2018

343
2,00117%

2019

349
1,188
29%

2020
0604
0%

Total
386
1,432
2,414
7,868
16%
18%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Author's calculation. Figures are rounded to the closest million.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#

Unit: USD million

Donor country
1. Japan
2. United Kingdom
3. United States
4. France
5. SwedenAmount% of DAC
1,432
18.2%
1,214
15.4%
1,000
12.7%
982
12.5%
869
11.0%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Period: 2016-2020. Author's calculation.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteGlobal Environment Facility (GEF)
Unit: USD million

2016
Japan
DAC countries
Japan's share201713892815%

2018
13587415%

201909970%

2020
217
941
23%

Total
22280128%

712
4,541
16%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Author's calculation. Figures are rounded to the closest million.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#Unit: USD million

Donor country
1. Japan
2. Germany
3. United States
4. United Kingdom
5. France

Amount% of DAC
712
15.7%
709
15.6%
622
13.7%
409
9.0%
319
7.0%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Period: 2016-2020. Author's calculation.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteUnited Nations office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
Unit: USD million

2016
Japan
DAC countries
Japan's share

2017
1.6
10.9
14%

2018
2.2
13.5
16%

2019
4.8
23.0
21%

2020
3.3
23.5
14%

Total
3.4
34.3
10%

15.2
105.1
15%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Author's calculation. Figures are rounded to the closest USD 100,000.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#

Unit: USD million

Donor country
1. EU Institutions
2. Sweden
3. Japan
4. Germany
5. Norway

Amount% of DAC
26.4
25.1%
24.7
23.5%
14.5%
15.2
13.6
13.0%
10.3
9.8%

Source: OECD, 2022 [1]. Gross Disbursements, Current USD. Period: 2016-2020. Author's calculation.
[1] Members' total use of the multilateral system. As of August 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MULTISYSTEM#© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstitutePoint 2
However, Japanese private sectors have only
minor participation in those projects.

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteWorld Bank
(Source: The workshop document of the World Bank Tokyo Office)Ranking of World Bank project contracts by country in 2021 (provisional data)
TotalAmount(100 M$)

GoodsAmount(100 M$)

Civil works

Amount(100 M$)

Consultant works

Amount(100 M$)

Services except
consultant works

Amount(100 M$)

Data are summarised for a registered country of a bidder. Records of subsidiary companies are added to countries of their registration.
‘World’ means ‘international organizations’, such as UN agencies.

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteAsian Development Bank (ADB)
Ranking of ADB project contracts by country in 2021
(Source: 2021 Annual Procurement Report, ADB)

Total
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

China
India
Bangradesh
Philippines
VietnamIndonesia
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Mongolia
Nepal

21JapanTotal

Amount(Million USD)

3,329.5
2,812.9
1,117.0
490.2
355.1
334.8
311.4
241.1
169.8
142.4
58.1
10,658.4

Goods, Civil works,others
1China2India3Bangradesh
4Philippines
5Vietnam
6
Pakistan
7
Indonesia
8
Sri Lanka
9Mongolia
10Nepal34JapanAmount(Million USD)

3,294.9
2,719.8
1,108.4
467.2
343.1
297.7
281.0
231.7
159.9
134.4

Consultant
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10India
Indonesia
Japan
FranceAustralia
China
Spain
Korea
Singapore
TurkeyAmount(Million USD)

93.1
53.8
50.4
48.1
35.1
34.6
34.2
28.5
18.3
16.6

7.7
9,961.4

697© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstitutePoint 3
Also, the numbers of projects related to F-DRR
have been limited.

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteWorld Bank
2001-2021
All contracts
AmountForest1. China
50,119.3 1. Russia
2. India
28,817.8 2. Internat. Org.
3. Brazil
11,149.6 3. Congo Dem.
4. International Organization
8,758.8 4. Uruguay
5. Turkey
7,326.7 5. Argentina

Unit: USD million

AmountDisaster
78.8 1. Bangladesh
56.1 2. India
46.9 3. Viet Nam
40.0 4. China
37.7 5. Cambodia

AmountForest + Disaster Amount
409.6
262.4
124.9 No contract
74.4
71.0

n/an/an/an/an/a

Source: World Bank, 2022 [1]. Author's calculation. Period: 2001-2021. As of March 2022.
[1] https://finances.worldbank.org/Procurement/Major-Contract-Awards-Prior-reviewed-since-FY-2001/4bhp-2q7b© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteAsian Development Bank (ADB)
2017-2022
All contracts
1. India
2. China
3. Philippines
4. Indonesia
5. Pakistan

Unit: USD million

AmountForest15,035.9 1. China
12,353.6 2. Philippines
9,181.4 3. Indonesia
8,936.0 4. Pakistan
6,035.2 5. Mongolia

AmountDisaster
71.6 1. Indonesia
15.4 2. Philippines
12.6 3. Nepal
8.6 4. Pakistan
3.6 5. Tonga

AmountForest + Disaster
1,000.0 1. UK
500.7 2. Mongolia
124.9
80.7
24.1

Amount0.1
0.1

Source: ADB, 2022 [1]. Author’s calculation. Period: 2017-2022. Based on contract amounts.
[1] Operational Procurement Database 2017-2022. https://data.adb.org/dataset/operational-procurement-database© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstitutePoint 4
Why Japanese private sectors have onlyminor participation?
How to promote more participation?

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteConsultant services – Competition with firms in developing and emerging countries1) Price competitivenessConsulting firms of developing and emerging countries can offer lower price, significantly due to lower
salary of engineers. Japanese firms are facing to hire engineers internationally through various channels.

2) Human resource
Not only technical ability, but also communication/negotiation skills with recipient countries andinternational organizations and ability for policy design and coordination are desired.

3) Globalization, meaning localization
Again, it is not feasible to win a bid by a team organized only by Japanese engineers. Consultantsin other DAC countries are said to have tried to localize themselves for being competitive.

4) Partnership with local and international firms for credentials in local markets
Experience and records in a specific country, in a specific area, in a specific organization promotecompetitiveness. Good partnership with reliable local and international firms will enhance
opportunity to win a bid.

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteGoods and civil works – More complicated challenges
1) Price competitivenessJapanese goods and civil works have high quality but high cost.

2) Appropriate techniqueHigh quality Japanese goods and civil works may not necessarily fit the specification and price inrecipient countries. High quality alone cannot be an advantage to win a bid.

3) Various risks for investment
Initial investment is far larger than consultant businesses. Manufacturers are generally need alonger payout period which increases various risks.

4) Creating a joint project with differently specialized firms, finding relationship withlocal partners, gaining credence from government
Creating these relationships takes time and efforts which need investment and increase risks.

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteOpportunities and challenges 1: Private sectors
Be competitive with firms of developing and emerging countries1) Leadership and management for being a global firm
Need a corporate decision if a firm will invest for winning bids in international development projects,
because business manners and framework are very different between Japanese ODA projects andinternational development projects.

2) Still, leverage the experience through Japanese ODA
Japanese ODA experiences are still useful to create a joint venture, to find local partners, to gain credence
from local government. For instance, JICA TA → JICA loan →[Get experience]→WB TA →WB loan.

3) Adapt the F-DRR technique beyond forestry
Appeal and utilize Chisan technique in various disaster-related projects, such as for stabilization ofroadside and riverside slopes by afforestation. This would be enhanced through networking on
various platforms and/or collaboration between private sectors and academics.

© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteOpportunities and challenges 2: Donors and governments
Private sectors cannot participate in if projects are not planned and implemented.
1) Embrace Chisan as an approach of NbS for disasters due to the climate change
The World Bank has a clear policy to enhance the benefits of NbS for disaster risk reduction. As such,the international development banks (World Bank, ADB) and UN Conventions (GCF, GEF) are likely
increasing investment in this area. The Chisan projects have the significant potential to contribute to themovement.

2) Better assess multiple benefits of mountain forest management
The multiple benefits of Chisan projects below may not be clearly and easily assessed and valued. It
would be worth studying these aspects in a model project.
- Mitigate landslides and debris flows- Mitigate soil erosion (sediment discharge)- Restore groundwater- Conserve forest ecosystems- Mitigate greenhouse gas emission© Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteFor more information:
Taka Furuichi
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institutetfuruich@ffpri.affrc.go.jp

Road

Mountain slopes and valleyin Mu Cang Chai,
Yen Bai Province,
Northern Vietnam

International Seminar, 1 February 2023

River(Turbid water)©Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute