Ueda・Taniguchi・Munakata ／日本保健医療行動科学会雑誌

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34（2），201992－99〈原著論文〉 ���������������������������������������

Development of a Scale to Measure Self-care Behavior for
Temperament to Support Mental Health and the Examinationof Its Reliability and Validity
Toshiko Ueda ＊
＊
＊＊
＊＊＊

Kiyomi Taniguchi ＊＊Tsunetsugu Munakata ＊＊＊Faculty of Education, Ehime University

Faculty of Nursing, Shijonawate Gakuen University

Institute of SAT Emotive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, University of Tsukuba
気質別のセルフケア行動尺度の開発および信頼性と妥当性
上田敏子＊＊

谷口清弥＊＊

愛媛大学教育学部＊＊＊

宗像恒次＊＊＊＊＊

四條畷学園大学看護学部

SAT 情動認知行動療法研究所，筑波大学〈Abstract〉

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure self-care behavior of temperamentand examined the validity and reliability.
Method: Munakata based on Structured Association Technique method (SAT), pointed out that it is necessary
to understand each characteristic of inherited temperament and self-care behavior. We examined the contents
with the first author who has acquired the SAT temperament test (advanced) and the second author who
specializing in psychiatric nursing and has the Health Counseling Society Certified Certificate. We conducted
pre and Pilot survey, finally decided 33 items. We conducted main survey for 448 university students. We also
obtained an approval from the ethics committee from the Faculty of Education of Ehime University.
Results: The participants were 448 students (male 172，female 242，unknown 34) and the mean age
was 19.44 ± 1.29. The collection rate was 93%. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the list of items
has a four-factor structure including “involvement with others”, “respect for others” and “ adjustment ofperfectionism” and “adjustment of the environment”. Confirmatory factor analyses to examine consistency
validity revealed that acceptable fit indices were GFI=.905, AGFI=.867, CFI=.863 and RMSEA=.076. Forinternal consistency reliability analysis, the Cronbach’s α for all 17 items was 0.836 (Sub items: 0.46 - 0.803).
Conclusion: The result indicated that had subscale “involvement with others”, “respect for others”,“adjustment of perfectionism” and “adjustment of the environment” by 17 items. The reliability of scale wasshowed internal consistency〈要旨〉
目的：本研究は宗像らが提唱する気質について、それらのセルフケア行動を測定するための尺度を作成し、尺度の信頼性及び妥当性を検討することを目的とした。
方法：宗像は SAT 法の臨床経験に基づき、気質の特徴および気質のニードに効果的に応えられる気質別の
自己対処についてまとめている。これらについて、SAT 気質検定（上級）を取得済みの筆頭筆者および精神科看護の専門であり、ヘルスカウンセリング学会公認資格を持つ第二著者と内容を検討した．プレ予備調査および予備調査を行い、最終的に 33 項目の仮尺度を作成した。その尺度について、448 名の大学生を対象に本調査を実施した。調査は愛媛大学教育学部倫理委員会による承認の下で行われた。
結果：対象は 448 名（男性 172 名，女性 242 名，未記入 34 名）であり，平均年齢は 19.44 ± 1.29 であった。回収率は 93％であった。探索的因子分析の結果、「他者への働きかけ」、「他者尊重」、「完全主義の調整」、「環境の調整」の 4 因子構造であることが明らかとなった。検証的因子分析を行った結果、適合度指数は

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GFI=.905、AGFI=.867、CFI=.863、RMSEA=.076 であり、概ねの適合度が得られた。尺度の信頼性については、全体でα係数＝ .836 であり、下位尺度では 0.46 - 0.803 であった。
結論：気質別のセルフケア行動尺度を作成したところ、「他者への働きかけ」，「他者尊重」，「完全主義の調整」，「環境の調整」の 4 つの因子からなる 17 項目で構成されることが示された。尺度の信頼性について、十分な内的一貫性が示された。
キーワード
temperament
self-care behavior
scale

気質
セルフケア行動尺度

I. Introductiongroup that scored low recognition of anxious tem-Research on behavior genetics has been report1)

ed for temperament studies by Shimoda M. , Tel2)

3)

lenbach, H. , Kretschmer E. , and Cloninger C. R.
4)

perament, the group that scored high recognition of
anxious temperament had a negative self-image andtended to suppress their feelings as they had a highet al. . In relevance to psychiatric disorders, “cyclo-

sense of depression9). In addition, in case persons

thymic temperament” and “persistent temperament”

are highly aware of their persistence and anxious

are considered to be the premorbid characters oftemperament, although the persons are highly ca-

5)depression and manic depression .   Therefore, inpable of problem solving, it is said that the persons’

psychiatry, diagnostic procedures and treatment pol-emotions are suppressed and their mental health is6)

icies are recommended with careful attention to the

not in a good condition10). Furthermore, it is reported

temperament and personality. Munakata7) summa-that those with stress temperament have poor men-

rized those as “temperament” based on the results oftal health compared with others11).  With regard toprevious inherited research. Temperament consists

such temperament, Munakata et al.8) have discussedof character temperament and stress temperament.

the necessity of understanding the characteristics

The character temperaments are the basis of humanof temperament the person is born with, for smooth

personality and behavior patterns, and it includes

interpersonal relationships and the development“cyclothymic temperament”, “adhesive tempera-

of better coping skills.   It is important to take ad-ment”, and “autistic temperament”. The stress tem-vantage of the strengths of each temperament andperament determines the sensitivity of the charactercope with the weaknesses for a healthy and happy

temperament and the strength of the reaction andlife. Taniguchi K.12) reported that temperament

includes “persistent temperament”, “anxious tem-coaching was incorporated into the self-management

perament”, and “novel temperament”. According toprogram for patients with mental health disorders,8)

Munakata et al. , persistent temperament has been

and improvement in self-efficacy and depressive

reported to have a moderate positive correlation

mood was observed.   On the other hand, Kijima13)

with “persistence” in Cloninger’s Temperament andhas summarized the personality theory of Cloninger

Character Inventory (TCI)4). Anxious temperament

C. R. but has only picked out the characteristics ofalso has a moderate positive correlation with TCI’s

temperament and personality without mentioning“harm avoidance”. It has been reported that the rec-the need for self-coping.  Munakata suggests a meth-ognition of these temperaments have an effect on

od of self-care for temperament, and summarizes it

the mental health. For example, compared with theas the “confidence assessment for self-care behavior

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by temperament”. Ito C. et al.14) reported the results

vey, to examine the construct validity of the scale ofof the exploratory factor analysis of the “confidence

self-care behavior scale for temperament (provisional),

assessment for self-care behavior by stress temper-

we also investigated the scale of self-repression be-ament”, but the scale of self-care behavior of thehavior trait, the trait anxiety inventory, and the scaleentire temperaments has not been studied.   How-of temperament.    The exploratory factor analysis

ever, the measuring of the self-care behavior for

was performed to confirm the factor structure oftemperament has never been attempted in the past.

the scale.  First, we calculated the mean ± standard

Therefore, in this study, we aim to develop a scale todeviation to check the distribution of response. As

measure the self-care behavior for temperament anda result, “I develop relationships with people I canto examine its validity and reliability.  

deeply trust” had a ceiling effect among the self-carebehaviors for anxious temperament, but we decided

Ⅱ . Method

to adopt this based on the validity of contents. From

1. Development of self-care behavior for temper-

these results, it was found that there were partialament
1.1   Selection of items of self-care behavior for

relationships of the scale of self-care behavior for
temperament with self-repression behavioral trait

temperament

and trait anxiety.  Finally, we adopted 33 items in

Based on the clinical experience of the Structured

the main survey．

Association Technique (SAT) method, Munakata

2.  Main survey

8)

et al. has summarized the self-care methods for

In July 2016, we conducted the main survey

each temperament to effectively respond to theusing a self-administered questionnaire methodneeds and characteristics of the temperament. For

having the respondents remain anonymous. The

this study, we examined the contents with the firstparticipants were 448 university students in Kan-author, who acquired the certificate of the SAT tem-to, Kansai, and Shikoku regions in Japan.

perament test (advanced), and the second author,

The contents of the survey were about the 33

who specializes in psychiatric nursing and is certi-

items of self-care behavior for temperament byfied by the Health Counseling Society.   For these

the pilot survey.   The instructional sentence wastemperaments, a total of 41 items were selected (five“To what extent do the following items apply toitems for cyclothymic temperament, six items foryour usual way of thinking and behavior. Pleaseadhesive temperament, six items for autistic tem-circle the applicable items”.

perament, 10 items for persistent temperament, nine

3.  Ethical considerations

items for anxious temperament, and five items forThis research was carried out after providing

novel temperament).  We conducted a pre-pilot sur-written and oral explanation and obtaining agree-

vey on these items targeting 21 university students

ment from the students. We also obtained an ap-

in Japan. We prepared four answer options: “Strongly

proval from the ethics committee from the Facul-

Agree”, “Agree”, “Somewhat Agree”, and “Disagree”.

ty of Education of Ehime University(No.6).

We examined the validity of the expression of thecontents and the items and finally adopted 33 items.
1.2  Pilot survey
In May 2016, a pilot survey was conducted targeting a total of 46 university students (25 males and 21
females) in Shikoku region in Japan. In the pilot sur-

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people and check how others feel when moving for-

Exploratory factor analysis was performed in cre-ward with things” and “I am open to other opinions”.

ating the scale to confirm the factor structure of the

Therefore, we named this section “Respect for oth-scale. We examined the construct validity by confir-ers”. The third factor consists of three items relatedmatory factor analysis.   In the confirmatory factor

to self-care behavior for adhesive temperament, suchanalysis, we set the path from the dispersion of theas “I try not to expect 100% from myself or others”

variables and the error variables to the observation

and “I do not expect the same things from others”,

variables as 1. The goodness of fit index (GFI), ad-which are about making adjustments with how thejusted GFI (AGFI), comparative fit index (CFI), andrespondents deal with perfectionism toward othersroot mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)

and themselves.  Therefore, we named this section

were examined as the fit indices of the model. The“Adjustment of perfectionism”. The fourth factor

standardized estimates were assumed to be 5%. The

consists of two items, “I try to avoid extremely

reliability of the scale was examined using Cron-

stressful situations as much as possible” and “I try

bach’s α. The SPSS 20.0 J for Windows and AMOS

not to put myself in situations that require excess

22 were used for the statistical package.

competition”. These are about the environment
where the respondents are placed. We named thisⅢ . Results

section “Adjustment of the environment”.  

1.  Participants

3.  Confirmatory factor analysis

The participants were 448 students (male 172,The hypothesis model was verified by thefemale 242, unknown 34) and the mean age wasconfirmatory factor analysis. For covariance, as

19.44 ± 1.29. The collection rate was 93%.

a result of correlation analysis of each item, we

2.  Exploratory factor analysis

assumed the variance between items 18 and 19,

We calculated the mean ± standard deviation tothat between items 28 and 29, and that between

confirm the distribution of items. As a result, a total

items 20 and 21. Items 20 and 21 are related to theof 15 items, i.e., two items with the ceiling effect andself-care behavior for cyclothymic temperament.

13 items with the floor effect, were deleted, and 18

The standardized estimates were all significant

items were finally selected. Factor analysis using

and the fit indices were GFI=0.905, AGFI=0.867,

the principal axis factoring and promax rotation was

CFI=0.863, and RMSEA=0.076(Fig.1).

performed for the 18 items. Factors were picked

4.  Reliability by internal consistency

out according to the criteria of the eigenvalue of 1.0

For the 17 items of the scale of self-care behav-

or more, the factor loading of 0.35 or more, and theior for temperament, the internal consistency wascommonality of 0.2 or more. As a result, due to theexamined using Cronbach’s α. The result was

low commonality to Item 31 (.126), it was deleted and0.836 for the overall scale (subscales: 0.460–0.803).

after reanalyzing, four factors were picked out (Table1). The first factor includes “Every day, I make an

Ⅳ . Discussion

effort to talk to people I get along with” and “I am

In this study, we developed a scale to measureinterested in others and I get involved” and consists

self-care behavior for temperament and examinedof eight items related not only to the respondents

its validity and reliability. The results indicatedbut also to others. Therefore, we named this sec-that the scale consists of “Involvement with oth-tion “Involvement with others”. The second factorers” (eight items), “Respect for others” (four items),

consists of four items, such as “I try not to pressure“Adjustment of perfectionism” (three items), andUeda・Taniguchi・Munakata ／日本保健医療行動科学会雑誌

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34（2），2019

Table 1 Factor loading and factor correlation matrix
Item of the scale
Item 18 Every day, I make an effort to talk to people I get along with
Item 19 I try connecting with people and animals through communication and physical contact
Item 6 I develop relationships with people I can deeply trust
Item 29 I am interested in others and I get involved
Item 28 I share personal opinions and respond to others to convey my thoughts
Item 5 I try to keep a stable mind by enjoying my favorite activities
Item 20 I express appreciation toward others
Item 30 I try not to solve everything on my own by asking help from others around me
Item 24 I try not to pressure people and check how others feel when moving forward with things
Item 21 I try to be understanding toward differences (temperament) in others
Item 16 I am open to other opinions
Item 8 I do not force my emotions on others
Item 9 I try not to expect 100% from myself or others
Item 11 I do not expect the same things from others
Item 10 I try to act without getting too caught up with perfection
Item 7 I try to avoid extremely stressful situations as much as possible
Item 12 I try not to put myself in situations that require excess competition

F1
0.71
0.68
0.66
0.63
0.56
0.55
0.53
0.48
0.01
0.20
0.14
-0.22
0.07
-0.19
0.23
0.25
0.05

92－99

F2
-0.09
-0.04
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.30
-0.07
0.80
0.60
0.52
0.43
-0.08
0.39
-0.10
0.10
-0.05

F3
-0.03
-0.00
-0.08
0.20
0.22
0.03
-0.12
0.17
-0.09
-0.13
0.11
0.13
0.65
0.46
0.45
-0.05
0.13

F4
0.15
0.14
0.23
-0.22
-0.25
0.28
-0.11
-0.01
-0.03
-0.02
0.03
0.28
0.33
0.14
-0.08
0.46
0.44

F1
F2
F3
F4
F1 1.000 .467 .237 -.076
F2
1.000 .408 .259
F3
1.000 .108
F4
1.000

.35

㻳㻲㻵㻩㻜㻚㻥㻜㻡㻭㻳㻲㻵㻩㻜㻚㻤㻢㻣㻯㻲㻵㻩㻜㻚㻤㻢㻟㻾㻹㻿㻱㻭㻩㻜㻚㻜㻣㻢.34.25
Item 18

Item 19

Item 6.68.16
Item 29
Item 28.68.57
Item 5

.42

.64

.62

.60

.65
othersothers.63
Item 20.70.48
Item 30

F3 Adjustment ofperfeconism

F2 Respect forF1 Involvement with

.58

.28

Item 24.63

Item 21.70.40

Item 16

Item 8.58
Item 9.74
Item 11F4 Adjustmentof the environment.36
Item 10.85
Item 7.35
Item 12.25ᩘ್䛿ᶆ‽໬᥎ᐃ್䠈ㄗᕪኚᩘ䛿┬␎㻌ᅗ୰䛾ᶆ‽໬᥎ᐃ್䛿㻡㻑Ỉ‽䛷᭷ព

Fig. 1  Results of confirmatory factor analysis of scale of self-care behavior for temperament (N=153)

Ueda・Taniguchi・Munakata ／日本保健医療行動科学会雑誌“Adjustment of the environment” (two items).

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idea, and they become narrow minded trying to

In confirmatory factor analysis, the fit indices ofprioritize their ideas.  As a method of self-care to

the model were sufficiently high, and the validity

this tendency, the idea of respect for other opin-of the factor structure of this scale was confirmed.

ions and positions, was picked out.

It was considered that the small number of items

The third factor, “Adjustment of perfectionism”,

resulted in the low reliability for the subscales.

consists of the self-care behaviors related to per-Cronbach’s α of the overall scale was high, show-

sistent temperament. Perfectionism and meticu-

ing a certain internal consistency.

lousness are the traits of persistent temperament.

The first factor, “Involvement with others”, con-

In extreme cases, people with this temperamentsists of the self-care behaviors related to anxious, cy-

tend to seek the perfection toward themselves andclothymic, and autistic temperaments. The items inothers and force their common sense and values ​​the first factor can be considered as self-care behav-

upon others. Thus far, it has been reported that

ior to achieve peace of mind and are similar to thehigh level of persistent temperament positively

contents of “seeking emotional support” in the Gen-

correlated with anxiety and self-repression be-

15)eral Coping Questionnaire . The characteristic of

havioral trait. In other words, because they havecyclothymic temperament has both cheerfulness anda strong desire for approval and value how they

depression, and anxious temperament is character-are evaluated by others, they tend to feel anxiety

ized by the pessimistic feeling and extreme anxiety.

and to repress themselves resulting in negative

People with these temperaments can achieve peace

behavior. The third factor was picked out owingof mind by having a relationship with a credible per-to these characteristics of persistent temperament.

son. The characteristic of autistic temperament is

The fourth factor, “Adjustment of the environ-sensitive and easily affected by others, they have anment”, consists of the self-care behaviors related toinsensitivity that results from being confined to theiranxious and persistent temperaments. Toshima H.

own world.  It is recommended for those with autis-

et al.17) reported that those who have high anxiety

tic temperament to have a relationship with others

tend to be biased in terms of anxiety-related stimuli.  

consciously as self-care behavior. Thus, it can be said

As mentioned here, people who easily become anx-that the first factor was picked out as a common

ious should consciously adjust the stimulation fromconcept of self-care with emotional ups and downs,

the environment. On the other hand, people withor “actively getting involved with others”.

persistent temperament have thoroughness, strong

The second factor, “Respect for others”, consists

sense of responsibility, and perfectionism. Since per-of the self-care behaviors related to cyclothymic,

sistent temperament tends to keep increasing theadhesive, persistent, and novel temperaments. Peo-

requirement level, it is important to keep an eye

ple with cyclothymic and persistent temperaments

out on excessive competition. As described here,

have a strong desire for approval. People withthe fourth factor was picked out as a common fac-persistent temperament tend to have a narrow

tor of self-care behaviors assuming the exceeding

mind as they try getting their point across. People

environments such as the “extremely stressful en-with novel temperament have strong impulses. As

vironment” and “environment demanding excessive

16)

described by Hamer D. , people with high novel

competition”.  The purpose of the self-care behavior

temperament are quick to make decisions without

for temperament is related to the daily beliefs andsufficient information. The commonality of theseideas. The contents of the scale included are similar

temperaments is that they are obsessed with anto the concepts in the general coping questionnaire

98

Ueda・Taniguchi・Munakata ／日本保健医療行動科学会雑誌(GCQ)15), Kikuchi’s Social Skill Scale: Kiss-1818) thatmeasures social skills, Resilience Scale

19)

and thesub-scale “acceptance of others” in the communica20)

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R.: A psychobiological model of temperamentand character. Archives of General Psychiatry,
50(12):975-990, 1993

tion skill scale ENDCORE . This scale summarizes5) Shimoda, M.: On the Manic-depressive Disease.

the concepts that were measured in these different

Journal of the Yonago Medical Association, 2:1-

scales in the framework of self-care behavior for

2, 1950.

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6) Masthoff, E. D., Trompenaars, F. J., Van Heck, G.

derstand the necessary self-care behavior and how

L., Hodiamont, P. P., De Vries, J.: The relation-

well it is performed. Moreover, the information can

ship between dimensional personality models

be applied in mental health support.

and quality of life in psychiatric outpatients.

Limitations

Psychiatry Research, 149 (1-3):81-88, 2007

The sample group in this study was limited to7) Munakata, T.: Learning Structured Association

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Technique. 107-121, Kaneko Shobo, Tokyo, 2007

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8) Munakata, T., Tanaka, K. and Kobayashi, Y.:
Building collaborative human relationships by

Ⅴ . Conclusion
In this study, we examined the validity and reliability of the scale of self-care behavior for tem-taking advantage of SAT temperament coaching. Journal of Health Counseling, 13:1-11, 2007
(in Japanese)

perament. As a result, the scale has four factors,

9) Ueda, T., Kubota, T. and Munakata, T.: Rela-“Involvement with others”, “Respect for others”,

tionship between the recognition of inherited“Adjustment of perfectionism” and “Adjustment ofanxious temperament and psychological char-the environment”, which consist of 17 items. The

acteristics. ADOLESCENTOLOGY, 30(4) : 358-

internal consistency was sufficient for the reliabil-

364, 2012 (in Japanese)

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the necessary self-care behavior using the scalechological characteristics and mental health ofof self-care behavior for temperament will enable

university students determined by recognition

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well-being way of life.

Japanese Journal of Mental Health Society,19:17-24, 2013(in Japanese)

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