Shape the futureof paints and coatings

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Empower your research and production
with advanced analytical solutions

Characterization tools

Paints and coatings have a very long history. Since theancient times of cave paintings, people have experimented
with pigments to transform and color the world aroundthem. This goes beyond decoration in today’s modern
industry: innovations in smart coatings, and an urgent
focus on sustainability, are creating an almost limitlesspotential for growth. From solar paint and smart walls to
military aircraft, paints and coatings have more power tochange the world around us than ever before.

Section 1: Enter the world of particles and dispersions! 				

4Particle size: laser diffraction

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Amid all these possibilities, the future is still being shaped.
Completely new applications demand new formulations –and demand a highly detailed, nanoscale understanding of
those formulations. But achieving all this efficiently can bea challenge, especially when using older analytical methods.

At Malvern Panalytical and NETZSCH Analyzing &Testing, we leverage over six decades of experiencein the design, manufacture and supply of analytical
instruments to offer a complete range of laboratory
and on-line analytical solutions. The unique range ofpossibilities offered – from elemental analysis through tovisco-elastic properties – allow optimization throughout
production and research. Whether you are a producerof pigments trying to ensure consistent particle size,a researcher determining molecular weights of thelatest biopolymer, or a formulator optimizing the flow
properties of a paint, our solutions offer you the levelof insight and control you need to power the paints andcoatings of the future.

																		a. With the Mastersizer 3000, you can analyze particle size with accuracy and ease.  
b. Easily measure the size distributions of spray particles and droplets with the Spraytec system.
c. The versatile Insitec system measures particle size on-line and in real time.
d. Combine particle size measurements and solution stability studies with the Zetasizer system.
Particle shape: imaging analysis																		

7a. Characterize particle shape with the Morphologi 4’s automatic analysis.
b. Add real-time particle images to your laser diffraction analysis with the Hydro Insight.
Elemental composition: X-ray fluorescence														

8a. The Zetium’s enhanced sensitivity makes regulatory compliance a breeze.
b. Gain direct insight into your production processes with the Epsilon range.
Sample preparation: fusion solutions																

10a. Eliminate user error by preparing your XRF and ICP samples with the LeNeo fusion instrument.
b. TheOx Advanced fusion instrument is ideal for higher sample throughput needs.

Optimize through insight

Polymer characterization: gel permeation chromatography						

11a. The OMNISEC system provides a complete method for molecular characterization of polymers.
Crystalline phase: X-ray diffraction																	

12a. Quickly check the properties of your pigments and coatings with the Aeris system.
As consumer demands from paints and coatings become
more complex, manufacturers need an increasingly
detailed view inside their formulations. To deliverconsistent overall quality they need a manufacturing

process that monitors quality at every stage, as any
imbalance or issue may cause more serious problems
later in the process. From raw materials onward, accuracy
at every step matters.

b. The multi-purpose Empyrean range is capable of the widest possible set of XRD measurements.
Dispersion characteristics: Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering					

13a. Measure the size and stability of your colloidal dispersions with the Zetasizer Advance range.

Section 2: Optimize behavior and performance 					

15Rheological properties																							

15a. Understanding flow and viscoelastic properties is straightforward with the Kinexus rheometry platform.
b. The Rosand capillary rheometer measures the viscosity of the sample under process-relevant conditions.
Curing, prediction and optimization																	

16a. Get an in-depth overview of powder curing processes with the DSC 300 Caliris®.
b. The DEA 288 Ionic provides flexible and accurate dielectric analysis.
c. Model reaction kinetics easily with the Kinetics Neo software package.
Thermal compositional analysis																		

18a. The TGA 209 F1 Libra® makes thermogravimetric analysis truly efficient.
Viscoelastic properties																						a. Understand viscoelastic properties with the DMA 242 E Artemis®.

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Enter the world of particles
and dispersions!
The best formulations make the most of even thesmallest components and their properties. Our particle
analysis solutions open a window into your formulations
and ingredients, allowing more precise control, datadriven innovation, and consistency throughout yourproduction process – batch after batch.

From particle size and shape to elemental compositionand dispersion stability, our solutions add value startingwith the micro-level view. Each instrument brings
different benefits, but with this many options you’re sureto find the best match for your research, development
or production needs!

67Particle size analysis
On-line efficiency

Laser diffraction (LD) measures the angular variationin light intensity as a laser beam passes through aparticulate sample, and uses the Mie theory of lightscattering to calculate particle sizes. Replacing legacy
techniques such as sieves and grindometers, it measuresthe entire distribution of particle sizes, enabling much
more accurate control and monitoring of pigment
particles, droplets in sprays and emulsions, and powder
coating particles.

Finding an efficient way to analyze particle size during
production can be difficult, but monitoring on-line allows
cost-effective control of your processes in real time. The
versatile Insitec system eliminates laboratory down-time,delivering analysis every few seconds using a feedback
loop. Insitec can be applied across a wide variety ofprocess streams, from dry powders to sprays, emulsions
and full formulations – enabling easy alignment withsmart factory manufacturing flows. It measures particles
between 0.1 micron to 2.5 mm, and volumes frommilligrams of material to hundreds of tons per hour.

Mastersizer 3000

Imaging analysis
Why particle size matters
The size and shape of particles influences how lightinteracts with a coating, affecting its opacity, tint andlevel of gloss, and can even make it waterproof. Particle
size analysis plays an especially fundamental role inpowder coatings, where optimal size distributions
result in lower heat and less time needed for the curing
process, and ensure a more consistent finish.

Optimize particle size distribution

Spraytec

To meet these needs, the Mastersizer 3000 laser
diffraction particle size analyzer delivers rapid, accurate
particle size distributions for suspensions, emulsions andpowders in the range of 0.01-3,500 µm. It’s well-suited toa range of applications, from research and development(R&D) to monitoring milling processes and quality control
for final products. It packs exceptional performance into
the smallest of footprints, bringing operator-independentmeasurements every user can rely on.
The Hydro Insight accessory gives particle shapeinsights alongside the Mastersizer’s size analysis; readmore in our dedicated Imaging Analysis section [p7].

Imaging analysis takes high-resolution images of particles
and uses several different parameters to build a complete
picture of particle shape. Measurements taken include
aspect ratio, circularity, convexity and solidity. Calculatingthese individual parameters for each particle allows
for distribution curves to be generated, giving insight
into even these small and subtle irregularities. In static
image analysis the sample is immobilized for maximum
accuracy, while our dynamic image analysis instrument
gives results in real time as a suspension flows through ameasurement cell.

Formulation troubleshooting
by particle shape
The variable of particle shape can affect not only theconsistency of manufacturers’ formulations, but also
the final performance of a coating. For example, higher
particle roughness or irregularity can cause an increasein viscosity either in manufacture or during productapplication. Our Morphologi 4 systems use static image
analysis to provide detailed morphological descriptionsof dry powders, wet suspensions and particulates
on filters. They cover a size range of 0.5 to >1,300µm, quickly identifying any processing or formulation
inconsistencies.
The Hydro Insight accessory for the Mastersizer 3000
provides real-time quantitative insight into particle
shape in wet suspensions, alongside the particle
size measurements from laser diffraction. Particles
suspended in a flowing stream by the Mastersizer 3000’s
dispersion unit flow through the Hydro Insight, and areimaged by a high-resolution digital camera at up to 127
frames per second. The live particle images generated
give a comprehensive and in-depth overview of amaterial’s properties, making it easy to understand andtroubleshoot a formulation.

Droplets and sprays
Understanding droplet size and atomization in spray
applications is essential when assessing atomization
efficiency. Being able to manipulate variables suchas nozzle geometry and atomization pressure allows
you to maximize the amount of paint transferred onto
a substrate, reducing waste and costs. The Spraytec
system uses laser diffraction to deliver accurate,
concentration-independent results, measuring across 0.12,000 microns without needing constant optics changes.

Insitec

Hydro Insight

The Spraytec analytical software also controls thesystem during measurement and calculates spray size
distributions by analyzing scattering data. The results are
displayed as a ‘size history’ trend plot, making it easy torecognize any inconsistencies or changes.
Morphologi 4-ID

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Elemental composition andregulatory compliance
In many countries, lead content in final paintformulations is heavily regulated to keep levels withina safe range. Respirable silica is similarly controlled
by safety regulations, and many binders, such as oils
and resins, also need to be carefully quantified andqualitatively measured. To avoid waste or penalties,
the use of elemental analysis is key to knowing exactly
what makes up a formulation and ensuring regulatorycompliance. By using X-ray fluorescence, this is easily
monitored.

ZetiumAt-line analysis for solids and liquids

X-ray fluorescence
In addition to regulatory compliance, the chemicalcomposition of ingredients and formulations is crucial for
manufacturers to provide high-quality performance andbatch-to-batch consistency.
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a measure of thefluorescence produced by the various elements present
in a sample when it is irradiated with X-rays. XRF is easierand often cheaper to run than ICP-MS, and eliminates
the need for high-purity gases or other extras. Where
possible, use of a benchtop XRF goes even further toimproving efficiency.

Eliminate impurities withmaximum sensitivity
Epsilon 4

For maximum measurement sensitivity, our wavelengthdispersive Zetium XRF instruments measureconcentrations down to 0.1 ppm across the full elemental
range (from Be to Am), making them suitable for bothprocess control and R&D applications. The intuitive,
intelligent software empowers non-expert users whileproviding a wide range of possibilities for specialists
measuring both formulated paints and cured coatings.

The energy-dispersive Epsilon series of XRF instruments
offers at-line analysis of solids and liquids in a compact
format, for an easy-to-maintain system. Capableof sophisticated XRF analysis, Epsilon instruments
remain accessible for simpler elemental identificationand quantification. With a sensitivity down to 1 ppm,
they enable direct insight into production processes
through their at-line capabilities – and offer options forautomation too.

Specialized liquids analysis
The Epsilon Xflow is Malvern Panalytical’s specialized
liquids XRF spectrometer, providing on-line processcontrol with fast and accurate results. Simultaneous
multi-element analysis keeps efficiency a priority, and the
instrument’s robust design makes it ideal for demanding
manufacturing applications.

Check film thickness and composition

Non-liquid coatings and films

With our Stratos analytical software you can obtain
information about the compositions of multilayer coatings
and the extent to which elements have ‘bled’ from one
layer into another.

For non-liquid coatings, the Epsilon Xline offers real-time
non-destructive XRF measurement, giving information
on elemental composition and coating thickness. It canaccommodate patch, continuous and multi-lane coatingprocesses, and material widths up to 1,000 mm. With
results every few seconds, sampling time is eliminated.
Epsilon 1

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Sample preparation

Polymer characterization

A major source of error in elemental composition analysis
is sample preparation, as mineralogical or particle size
effects can compromise the accuracy of the results.

When applying polymers in a formulation, understanding
their molecular weight and other characteristics
such as branching is very valuable. These attributes
affect rheology and stability in a formulation, and cantherefore be used to predict and modify the final productcharacteristics.

LeNeo

In order to avoid costly waste and ensure reliable samples
every time, Malvern Panalytical’s sample preparation
solutions LeNeo and TheOx Advanced make use of fusion
to dissolve a fully oxidized sample at high temperature
in a suitable solvent in a platinum, zirconium or graphite
crucible. The melted mixture is then poured into a moldto create a glass disk for XRF analysis, or poured intoa beaker to create the appropriate solutions for atomic
absorption spectroscopy or ICP analysis.

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a size exclusion
chromatography (SEC) method, is also known as gel
filtration chromatography (GFC). It works by separatingout polymers in solution based on their size, passing
them through micron-scale beads containing pores ofdifferent sizes. After separation, up to four detectors areused to determine the polymer’s characteristics.

Tailored solutions for different needs
The LeNeo instrument has the advantage of being easy
to use and ensuring superior analytical performance,
eliminating doubt and driving high-precision quality
control. For high sample throughput needs, our TheOx
Advanced instrument has six fusion positions and provides
equally high accuracy. Both can eliminate error and doubt
in one of the most critical analytical phases of production.

Next-generation GPC analysis

TheOx Advanced

Light-scattering detectors resolve the issues of older
systems that traditionally relied on a single refractive
index detector. Light-scattering detectors can provide
measurements independent of polymer type or structure,using generic calibration standards to determine
absolute values.

Malvern Panalytical’s OMNISEC range offers superior
detector stability, low-concentration measurements andtemperature control. The OMNISEC system provides
absolute molecular weight determination without theneed for calibrations, with applications including productquality control, degradation analysis and R&D. The
system also ensures overall efficiency and productivity,
thanks to its easy-to-use software.

OMNISEC12

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Zeta potential andparticle size analysis
A common way to achieve stability of a dispersionof nanoparticles in a solution is to ensure that theirsurfaces are adequately charged to achieve electrostatic
repulsion between particles. This ensures that they
do not agglomerate into unwanted larger particles.
Agglomeration can lead to poor product performance andseparation of the formulation during processing, storage
or use. The quickest and easiest way to analyze theseproperties is to measure the zeta potential – the overallcharge a particle acquires in a particular medium.

Measuring zeta potential

Crystalline phase analysis
After milling, the crystalline microstructures in pigment
particles can be destroyed or altered, making thoseparticles unsuitable for use. To avoid waste, it isimportant for manufacturers and formulators to identify
and select the materials which are most suitable andcontrol the ratio of crystalline to amorphous phases.
By irradiating a sample with X-rays and measuring theintensities and scattering angles of the X-rays as theyleave the material, X-ray diffraction (XRD) instruments
measure a variety of parameters describing the crystal
structure and microstructure of the sample material.
This method can be applied to solids, thin films andnanomaterials, and can provide a wide range of
information including the layer thickness, the chemicalcomposition and more.

Easy and efficient X-ray diffraction
For ultimate ease of use and efficiency, the Aeris
compact XRD from Malvern Panalytical offers accessible
measurement and data analysis across a variety ofexperiment types. With automated batch measurement
and analysis, no prior XRD expertise is needed and its

Empyrean

dedicated analysis software streamlines workflows. With awide range of additional options providing customization
possibilities, the Aeris is versatile and can accommodatehigh throughput sampling of powders, solids and thin films– with results typically taking just a few minutes.

Expert insight – thousandsof applications
The multi-purpose Empyrean range offers the widest
possible range of measurements thanks to its unrivaled
collection of sample stages and optical components.
Enabling expert use of all functions, Empyrean hardware
and dedicated software remain accessible for novice
users. The Empyrean multicore modules enable automatedbatch measurements on a full suite of measurement types
without requiring manual intervention. Its non-destructive,
reliable and accurate measurements are well-suited tothe characterization of organic materials, thin films andcoatings, as well as routine crystalline phase analysis
alongside the most demanding R&D applications.

Aeris

Zeta potential is measured using electrophoretic lightscattering, measuring the velocity of charged particles inan electric field. A high zeta potential generally indicatesgreater stability, as particles are more likely to repel eachother. In paint and ink formulations, this data is vital inunderstanding how to formulate a stable product that will
perform consistently over time.

Particle size distributions
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) uses the intensity
fluctuations of scattered light, caused by nanoparticles
undergoing Brownian motion, to measure their diffusion
coefficients. These, in combination with physicalproperties of the dispersing medium, are then converted
into size distributions. DLS can be used to measureparticle size distributions between 0.2 nm and 10 µm.

Zetasizer

Monitor dispersion stability andnanoparticle size in any sample
To meet this need, Malvern Panalytical offers the
Zetasizer range of instruments. Measuring both zeta
potential and particle sizes between 0.2 nm and10 µm, the Zetasizer can use a variety of cell types
to accommodate different sample requirements.
Instruments are available in several versions fromstandard to more highly specialized analyses, and can be
upgraded on-site as requirements develop.

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Optimizing behavior and performance
Paints, inks and coatings need to stand the test of time.
Formulations need to be easy to work with, no matter
how high-tech their application – and as the world
moves towards greater sustainability, they need tochange with it. Innovative methods of application andcuring offer great opportunities, but need testing anddata to support them. At the formulation level, all these
considerations affect how a paint or coating behaves,both at the time of application and long after.

Rheological properties
To ensure that a paint or coating is optimized for its
application, manufacturers need to understand all thedifferent aspects of its final behavior, which depends on therheological characteristics of the formulation. Under different
shear stresses, shear rates and timescales, many coatings
will demonstrate different rheological behaviors – especiallyas many formulations are non-Newtonian and visco-elastic.
This makes it vital to test these properties under the relevant
conditions, as without this context, it will be impossible topredict a coating’s final performance.

Rotational rheometry
Rheometers can measure a much broader range of shear
rates than viscometers, allowing for more accurate simulationand measurement and more accurate differentiation between
high- and low-performance products.
The Kinexus rotational rheometer from NETZSCH makes
use of rotational and oscillatory shearing to measure a rangeof important properties, including shear viscosity, thixotropy,
sag resistance, viscoelasticity, dispersion stability andyield stress.

KINEXUS

Optional add-ons
Developed using a wealth of market research and feedback,the modular instrument offers the potential for add-ons suchas the Kinexus UV option, which measures the curing of
coatings under user-defined irradiance levels. Easy to use,
and with comprehensive dedicated software, the Kinexus
provides a plug-and-play solution for all measuring systems.

Capillary rheometry
At extremely high shear rates and low viscosities, such as forprinting inks and spray paints, accurate characterization ismade easy with the Rosand capillary rheometer. Samples are
extruded at user-defined temperatures through a cylindrical
die at a controlled series of speeds.

Better together
Combining the Rosand capillary rheometer with the Kinexus
rotational rheometer gives a uniquely comprehensive
overview of the flow properties of a sample under the whole
range of real-world processing conditions.

Rosand RH2000

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Curing, prediction and optimization
The curing process
is a fundamental partof a paint or coating’s
overall performance.
Alongside how appropriate
the product is for its
application, the conditions
for curing also have an
impact on sustainability,
DSC Caliris
ease of use and final
finish. As the phase inwhich volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released
at the highest concentrations, this is an area seeing
rapid innovation as the modern industry seeks moreenvironmentally friendly solutions.

Understanding curing properties using
DSC analysis
Part of the appeal of powder coatings is that they
release almost no emissions at all into the environment.
But as these types of coatings are being continuously
improved upon, it is vital for manufacturers tounderstand the curing properties and reaction kineticsof their powder formulations. The best way to gain
insight into these properties is through Differential
Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
DSC analysis enables an in-depth overview ofmany different parameters, including melting andcrystallization temperatures, glass transition, degreeof curing, heat capacity, oxidative stability, anddecomposition onset. The DSC 300 Caliris® fromNETZSCH is a highly versatile instrument for thermal
analysis, which offers exchangeable modules to covera wide range of temperatures, heating rates andsensitivities, making it future-proof for users.  

Monitoring curing stateusing DEA analysis
The curing process is affected by the properties ofeach individual additive and component, particularly
accelerators, inhibitors and antioxidants. Understanding
the effectiveness of each of these components allows
manufacturers to optimize and control the development
process. For liquid and paste applications, changes in
the ion viscosity and cure state of resins, paints andother polymers can be measured through Dielectric
Analysis (DEA) – for example, to characterize thecuring of acrylic or polyurethane paints. DEA relies on
two electrodes passing a sinusoidal voltage through asample to monitor curing progress.

Rapid results, reliable insight
The DEA 288 Ionic from NETZSCH covers a wide rangeof measurement frequencies – 1 mHz to 1 MHz – providing
accurate and reliable insight into dielectric propertychanges during reaction. With a minimum measurement
time of less than 5 ms, the DEA 288 Ionic can also be
used for fast-curing systems such as UV curing. Flexibility
is built in through its modular design and capacity for
simultaneous multi-channel measurements, allowing it tobe customized to the user – not only in a lab environment,
but also in-process.

Model reaction kinetics easily

DEA Ionic

Analysis of reaction kinetics is made easy withNETZSCH’s specialized software, Kinetics Neo.
Understanding the reaction rates of chemical processes
can give insight into reaction behavior and, with theaddition of temperature data, enables modeling andprediction of reactions under a variety of user-defined
temperature conditions. These models can also be used
for advanced process optimization.

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Thermal compositional analysis

Viscoelastic properties

Controlling the performance over time of a paintor coating is made possible through sophisticatedmeasurement and testing of its properties.
Thermogravimetrical Analysis (TGA) measures themass change of a sample as a function of temperatureor time, under a controlled and defined environment.
This provides insight into many aspects of a sample’s
composition characteristics including thermal stability,
oxidation, decomposition and aging behavior.

Certain materials, such as polymers, exhibit viscoelastic
behavior – in other words, they show both elastic andviscous properties.

In combination with an evolved gas analyzer system,TGA can also be used to determine composition of thepigment by observing the evolved gases during heating.

Make your TGA analysis truly efficient
The NETZSCH TG 209 F1 Libra® thermobalance ensures
free and safe access to samples through clever
top-loading design, with easy crucible exchange anda stable position for the sample carrier in the furnace.
Alongside ease of use, this ensures homogenous
temperature distribution and high sample-to-sample
reproducibility. Reaching 1,100°C at heating rates of up to
200 K/min, the instrument is well-suited to investigate
the decomposition and thermal stability of materials by
fast QC checks.
The TG 209 F1 Libra®’s autonomous detection software
offers operator-free evaluation of all thermogravimetriceffects, saving time and costs. Its automaticcompensation for external factors also eliminates theneed for time-consuming baseline determinations, often
necessary when using other thermobalances, adding to
its outstanding efficiency credentials.

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is an indispensable
tool for determining the viscoelastic properties ofpaints and coatings during a controlled temperature or
frequency program.

Modular design for ultimate flexibility
The DMA 242 E Artemis® is also highly flexible, with amodular design that allows for a wide variety of sampleholders and cooling systems. Other add-on options
include an immersion bath for the measurement ofsamples in a defined liquid medium, plus coupling options
for a DEA analyzer, a UV lamp, or a humidity generator.

The process applies a sinusoidal force to a sample
and measures the strain in the material. The
sample’s viscoelastic behavior causes shifting of thecorresponding stress and strain curves, allowing thecomplex modulus to be calculated.

User-friendly expert insight
The DMA 242 E Artemis® from NETZSCH makesthese calculations simple with its easy-to-use design
and user-friendly accompanying software, Proteus®.
Capable of measurements in the range between -180°C
and 600°C, it returns rapid results to characterize a
specimen’s dynamic-mechanical properties as a functionof frequency, temperature and time.

DMA Artemis

TG Libra

Contact us
To discuss how we can help with your paints and coatings project, get in touch today!

NETZSCH Analyzing
and Testing

We draw on the power of our analytical instruments
and services to make the invisible visible and theimpossible possible.

The NETZSCH Group is an owner-managed,
international technology company with headquarters
in Germany. The Business Units Analyzing & Testing,
Grinding & Dispersing and Pumps & Systems
represent customized solutions at the highest
level. More than 3,800 employees in 36 countries
and a worldwide sales and service network ensure
customer proximity and competent service.

Through the chemical, physical and structural analysis
of materials, our high precision analytical systems andtop-notch services support our customers in creating abetter world. We help them improve everything from theenergies that power us and the materials we build with,to the medicines that cure us and the foods we enjoy.
We partner with many of the world’s biggest companies,
universities and research organizations. They value us
not only for the power of our solutions, but also for thedepth of our expertise, collaboration and integrity.
We are committed to Net Zero in our own operations
by 2030 and in our total value chain by 2040. This is
woven into the fabric of our business, and we help our
employees and customers think about their part increating a healthier, cleaner, and more productive world.
With over 2300 employees, we serve the world, andwe are part of Spectris plc, the world-leading precision
measurement group.

Malvern Panalytical. We’re BIG on small™

Our performance standards are high. We
promise our customers Proven Excellence –exceptional performance in everything wedo, proven time and again since 1873.
When it comes to Thermal Analysis, Accelerating
Rate Calorimetry, the determination of
Thermophysical Properties, Rheology andFire Testing, NETZSCH has it covered.
Our 50 years of applications experience, broadstate-of-the-art product line and comprehensive
service offerings ensure that our solutions
will not only meet your every requirement
but also exceed your every expectation.

Elevate the understanding of materials

Malvern Panalytical

NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH

Grovewood Road, Malvern,
Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ,
United Kingdom

Lelyweg 1,7602 EA Almelo,
The Netherlands

Wittelsbacherstraße 42
95100 Selb
Germany

Tel. +44 1684 892456
Fax. +44 1684 892789

Tel. +31 546 534 444
Fax. +31 546 534 598

Tel. +49 9287 881-0
Fax. +49 9287 881 505
at@netzsch.com

www.malvernpanalytical.com

www.netzsch.com

Disclaimer: Although diligent care has been used to ensure that the information in this material is accurate, nothing herein can be construed to imply any representation or warranty as to the accuracy, correctness or completenessof this information and we shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for damages in connection with the use of this material. Malvern Panalytical reserves the right to change the content in this material at any time without notice.   
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