siTi§kmµkrqøgRbeTssBVéf¶ kmµkrqøgRbeTs RtUv)andwgB¤edaymnusSCaeRcIn edayehtufasmaCik
TaMgLayénRKYsarrbs;eKCakmµkrqøgRbeTs b¤kmµkrqøgRbeTsTMagLay)anrs;enAkñúgshKmn_rbs;eK. kmµkrqøgRbeTs kMBugEtRTRTg;]sSahkmµTMagLayEdl
CaTUeTABak;B½n§nwgkMlaMgBlkmµdUcCa ksidæan nigeragcRkCaedIm. kmµkrxøHeFVIkar
enAtameKhdæan. mankrNImYycMnYn vtþmanrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs manPaBcaM)ac;
edIm,IeFVIkargarxagelIedayehtuRbeTsNamYyenaHxVHkMlaMgkmµkrkñúgRbeTs .
mankrNICaeRcIn kmµkrqøgRbeTseFVIkarenAkñúgRbeTsmYyEtmYyry³eBlNamYy
b:ueNÑaH. kmµkrqøgRbeTsCaeRcIn eBjcitþnwglkçx½NÐkargarrbs;eK. Etk¾mankrNI
CaeRcInEdr EdlkmµkrqøgRbeTsQWcab;edaykarrMelaPBIefAEk mandUcCalkçx½NÐ
kargarlM)aklMbin eFVIkarmin)ankMér sßanPaBrs;enAlM)akevTnaCaedIm. kmµkrqøg
RbeTsxøHk¾rgeRKaHedaysarGñkeRCIserIsxusc,ab;pgEdr. edayBicarNadl;plRbeyaCn_EdlkmµkrqøgRbeTs)annaMmkeGay TaMgRbeTskMeNIt TaMgRbeTseFVIkar
siTi§rbs;BYkeK RtUvTTYlkarkarBar. BYkeKsmEtTTYl)ankar]btßmÖsmrmü ¬TMag
Epñkfvika TaMgEpñkdéTeTot¦ CafñÚrnwgkMlMagBlkmµd¾mantMélrbs;eK.
cMNgeCIgemeron ³ kmµkrqøgRbeTs
kMritfñak;³ mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi
muxviC¢a³ sikSasgÁm
eKalKMnitsiTi§mnusS ³ siTi§edIm,Ilkçx½NÐkargarRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’ry³eBl
³ mYyem:agsikSa
1 vtßúbMNg
eRkaykarsikSa sisSRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgGac ³- erobrab;BIsßanPaBlM)akrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTsenAkñúgRbeTsxøÜn nigRbeTs
kñúgtMbn;.
- niyayfamnusSRKb;rUbmansiTi§eFVIkargar mansiTi§manlkçx½NÐkargarRtwmRtUv
nigyutþiFm’.
2 Éksareyag sMPar³- maRta 23 ¬3¦ énesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiTi§mnusS ³GñkeFIVkargar
mansiTi§TTYl)anlaPedaysmFm’ nigeBjcitþ edIm,IFanaGtßiPaBrs;enA
rbs;xøÜnnigRKYsar [smRsbnwgesckIþéføfñÚrCamnusSnigRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßm
eTotedaymeFüa)ayepSg²énkarkarBarEpñksgÁm RbsinebIcaM)ac;.
- GtßbTsarBt’man b¤TsSnavdþIsþIBIkmµkrqøgRbeTs bgðajCak;c,as;GMBI
visalPaBénskmµPaBkmµkrqøgRbeTs enAkñúgtMbn; b¤ TUTaMgBiPBelak.
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 85 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

- ÉksartamvIedGU b¤ esovePABum< sþIBIkmµkrqøgRbeTs tYy:agÉksartam
vIedGUerOg{yMsMgat;} CaedIm.
3 dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgonk> lMnMaepþIm
elak GñkRKUbgðajrUbPaBkmµkrsMNg; kmµkrksidæan nigGñkbMerItampÞH ¬ykl¥GñkbMerICakmµkrqøgRbeTs¦ EdlmankñúgRbeTs ¬b¤ kñgtMbn;¦.
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSrayeQµaHRbeTskMeNItrbs;kmµkrenaH ehIyerob
rab;BIGVIEdleK)andwg GMBIRbeTsTaMgenaH. elak GñkRKUsresrcMelIy TaMgenaHenA
RCugmççagénkþarexon b¤ enAelIRkdaspMÞagFM ehIyniyayfaeyIgnwgvilmkemIlvijenA
eBlbBa¢b;emeron.
¬sMKal; ³ cMNucsMxan;énlMhat;enH KWrkrUbPaBkmµkrqøgRbeTsenAkñúgRbeTs
xøÜn EdlRsg;mkBIkarpSayBt’mannigBIRbPBBt’manminpøÚvkarnana.¦
x> lMnaMGPivDÆ
1> skmµPaBepþIm
elak GñkRKUBnül;sisSfarUbPaBrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs EdlBYkeK)ankt;RtaGM)aj;mijenH GaceRbobeFobeTAnwgbTBiesaFTaMgLayrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTsEdl
manenAkñúgÉksartamvIedGU.
elak GñkRKUbBa¢MagvIedGUerOg {yMsMgat;} b¤krNIKµanvIedGU elak GñkRKUniTan
erOgtamGtßbTxageRkamenH ³
segçberOg {yMsMgat;}
Gab;Dul CnCatiGasIuxagt,Úgmñak; eFVIkarenAeragPaBynþmYy kñúgTIRkugmYyén
RbeTsmYyenAGasuIGaeKñy_. tMagBIeBlEdlKat;)anbgðajlixitqøgEdneTAefAEk
rbs;Kat; kalBI2qñaMmkenaH Kat;min)aneXIjlixitenaHeToteT. efAEkrbs;Kat;
GHGagfa lixitqøgEdnenaHenAÉkariyal½yGenþáaRbevsn_enAeLIy. erogral;éf¶Gab;Dul RbfuyRbfannwgkarcab;xøÜnedayb:UlIs eRBaHEtKat;minGaceFVIÉksarpøÚvkar
NamYy dUcCalixitqøgEdnCaedIm edIm,IbBa¢ak;BIkarsñak;enArbs;Kat; kñúgRbeTs
eLIy.
RbeTsEdlGab;DuleFIVkar CalMenAbeNþaHGasnñrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTsRbmaN
3lannak;.kmµkrTMagenaHmkBIRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ nigGasIuxagt,Úg
edIm,IRbkbkargarciBa©wmCIivit. CIvitCakmµkrqøgRbeTs minEmnCIvitsuxRsYleT.
2> karviPaK
elak GñkRKUsYrsMNYrdUcxageRkam ³- etIGab;DulTTYlkarQWcab;edaykarbMBanRbePTNa BIefAEkrbs;Kat;?
- etIGñkmanGarmµN_y:agNacMeBaHsßanPaBlM)akrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs?
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 86 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

- etIkmµkrqøgRbeTsRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaGVIxøH?
- etIsiTi§rbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs KYrTTYlkarkarBardUcemþcxøH?
elak GñkRKUsresrcMelIyrbs;sisSdak;elIkþarexon.
3> GrUbIkmµelak GñkRKU segçbcMelIyrbs;sisSedaysgát;F¶n;elIsßanPaBkargarepSg²
rbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs.
elak GñkRKUBnül;fa tamRbB½n§siTi§mnusSGnþrCati {kmµkrqøgRbeTs} sMedA
dl;mnusSEdl {nwgcuHkic©snüa b¤Cab;kic©snüakñúgskmµPaBrkkMérkñúgrdæmYy Edlmin
EmnCaRbeTskMeNItrbs;xøÜn}. dUcenHBakü {qøgRbeTs} sMedAdl;CnbreTs
rbs;RbeTsmYy. elak GñkRKUk¾Bnül;pgEdrfaman{kmµkrqøgRsuk} Edlpøas;TIBI
PUmiPaKmYykñúgRbeTs ¬CaTUeTABICnbT¦ eTAkan;PUmiPaKmYyeTot¬CaTUeTA KWTIRkugb¤tMbn;]sSahkmµ¦ edIm,IeFVIkargar CnTaMgenaHKYrTTYlkarrab;rkeGaydUcCaRbCaBlrdædéTeTotkñúgRbeTs b¤kñúgmUldæanpgEdr.
elak GñkRKUbnþeTABiPakSaelImaRta 23¬3¦ énesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBI
siTi§mnusS. elak GñkRKUbBa¢ak;fakmµkrqøgRbeTs mansiTi§dUcKñanwgkmµkrdéTeTot
EdredIm,I {TTYlkMérRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’EdlFana)ankarrs;enAedayesckþIéføfñÚr
cMeBaHrUbeKnigRKYsarrbs;eK ehIyTTYlkarbMeBjbEnßm kñúgkrNIcMa)ac; nUvmeFüa)ay
déTeTotGMBIkic©karBarsgÁm}.
elak GñkRKUR)ab;sisSfa shKmn_GnþrCati ¬EdltMNagedayGgÁkarsh
RbCaCati¦ )anGnum½trYcehIynUvkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§rbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs¬GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIkic©karBarsiTi§rbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTsTMagGs;RBmTMagsmaCik
TMagLayénRKYsarrbs;eK¦. ¬sUmemIlkMNt;sMKal;xageRkam¦.
bnÞab;mkelak GñkRKUBnül;fa RtUvmanRbB½n§mYyedIm,ICYyeGaykmµkrqøg
RbeTsTTYlRbeyaCn_BIkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatienH.
4> karRbtibtiþ
elak GñkRKU eGaysisSEtgsuPasit b¤esckþIRbkasdéTeTotEdleK
GaceFVI)an edIm,IelIkkMBs;siTi§kmµkrqøgRbeTs.
5> esckþIbBa©b;elak GñkRKUR)ab;sisSfa kmµkrqøgRbeTsk¾dUcCakmµkrdéTeTotEdr eKman
siTi§TaMgkñúgn½yTUeTATaMgkñúgn½yedayELk Cakmµkr. bc©úb,nñmanbTdæansiTi§mnusSGnþrCatiRKb;RKan;EdlRtUv)anbegáItCaeRcInqñaMknøgmkehIy edIm,IkarBar elIkkMBs;nig
eFVIeGayR)akdeLIgnUvsiTi§kmµkrqøgRbeTs. karCYyeGaykmµkrqøgRbeTssMerc)ansiTi§rbs;eK)anpþl;RbeyaCn_minRtwmEtcMeBaHxøÜneKb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgcMeBaH
shKmn_EdleKeFVIkarpgEdr.
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 87 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

4> rgVaytMélelak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobrab;BIsiTi§sMxan;rbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs nigmeFüa)ay
TMagLayEdlrdæaPi)alKYrerobcMeLIg edIm,IkarBarsiTi§TMagenaH.
5> kic©kareFVIenApÞH
elak GñkRKUeGaysisShat;sresrlixiteTAfñak;dwknaMrbs;sßab½nrdæaPi)al
EdlTTYlbnÞúkkmµkrqøgRbeTs edIm,IrMlwkBIviFankarEdlGacGnuvtþ)ankñúgkar
karBarkmµkrqøgRbeTs.
Bt’manbEnßm
enAExFñÚ qMña1990 mhasniñ)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anGnum½tGnusBaØaGnþr
CatisþIBIkarkarBarsiTi§kmµkrqøgRbeTsTMagGs; RBmTaMgsmaCikRKYsarrbs;eK. dUc
Kñanwgkic©RBmeRBogsiTi§mnusSGnþrCatidéTeTotEdr GnusBaØa)ankMNt;bTdæanEdl
begáItCaKMrUmYysMrab;c,ab; ehIynignItiviFIrdæ)al nigvinicä½yrbs;rdænImYy². rdæaPi)alénrdænImYy²Edl)anpþl;sc©anum½t b¤cUlCasmaCik ykGnusBaØaeTAGnuvtþtamxmaRta
TaMgLaytamry³karGnum½tviFankarcMa)ac;nana.
siTi§mnusS nigkmµkrqøgRbeTs
kmµkrqøgRbeTsminEmnCaplitplkñúgstvtSTI20eT. RsþI nigburs)ancak
ecjBImatuPUmirbs;eKEsVgrkkargarenATINamYyEdldwgfamankarpþl;kMérdl;kMlMag
BlkmµeRcIn. PaBEbøkkñúgbc©úb,nñenHKWmankmµkrqøgRbeTseRcInCagmunq¶ayNas;
eFobnwgsm½ykalnanaénRbvtþisaRsþrbs;mnusSCati. bc©úb,nñmanmnusSrab;lannak; EdlkMBugRbkbkargar b¤kMBugrkkargareFVI CaCnbreTskñúgrdæEdleKsñak;enA.
minmanTVIbNa tMbn;NamYykñúgBiPBelakEdlminmanRkummYyCakmµkrqøgRbeTseT.
ehtu GVIBYkeKcakecjBIRbeTskMenItxøÜn?
PaBRkIRk nigkgVHlT§PaBrkkMér b¤begáItplitpleGay)anRKb;RKan;edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉg b¤RkumRKYsar KWCamUlehtucMbgénclnaEsVgrkkargarBIRbeTsmYyeTA
RbeTsmYyeTot. TaMgenHminEmnRtwmEtCalkçN³sMKal;énkarpøas;TIkEnøgBIRbeTs
RkIRkeTAkan;RbeTssþúksþmÖeT PaBRkIRkk¾CMrujeGaymanclnabMlas;TIBIRbeTs
kMBugGPivDÆmYyeTAkan;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYyeTotpgEdr Edlmankargarpþl;kþIsgÇwmtic b¤eRcInRbesIrCagRbeTsmYyeTot.
kareFVITukçbukemñjmanmUlehtudéTeTot EdlmnusSecjeTAeRkARbeTsedIm,I
eFVIkargar. sRgÁam CMelaHkñúgRsuk Gsnþisux b¤bNþalmkBIkarerIseGIgcMeBaHBUC
sasn_ CnCati BN’sMbur sasna Pasa b¤TsSn³neya)ay TMagGs;enH rYmcMEnk
eGaymanclnaénkmµkrqøgRbeTs .
Éksar ³ Fact Sheet No.24, The Rights of Migrant Workers,UN Office ofthe High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland;
website: www.unhchr.chlMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 88 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

kumartamcieBa©ImpøÚv

kumartamcieBa©ImpøÚv )ankøayCaTidæPaBFmµtaedayELkmYy kñúgTIRkugnana.
BYkeKcuHeLIgtampøÚvedIm,IRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit dUcCakarxat;Es,keCIg karlk;)arI
nigsárRKab; karkayKMnrsMram nigkarsMuTan. kumarxøHkøayCaGñkrgeRKaHedayGñkCYj
eRKOgejón b¤Rbkan;ykTMlab;hitkavb¤sIuQñÜlRbRBwtþ]Rkidækmµ. kumartamcieBa©ImpøÚv
RbEhlCasubineTArkCIvPaBd¾smrmümYy EdlminmanCYbkarxVHxat. CaGkusl
minman»kaseRcInsMrab;BYkeK edIm,IecjeGayputBIsßanPaBenHeLIy. BYkeKmansiTi§
dUckumarTaMgLayEdlminrs;enAkñúgCIvPaBlM)akdUecñHEdr. BYkeKmanbuBVsiTi§TTYl
karkarBar k¾dUcCaTTYlesvakmµ EdlGacCYyeGayBYkeKrs;enACamnusSeBj
lkçN³.
cMNgeCIgemeron ³ kumartamcieBa©ImpøÚv
kMritfñak;³ mFümsikSabzmPUmi
muxviC¢a³ BlrdæviC¢aeKalKMnitsiTi§mnusS ³ siTi§rbs;kumarRKb;rUb edIm,IkarkarBarRbqMagnwgkarekgRbv½Ba©Epñkesdækic©
ry³eBl
³ mYyem:agsikSa
1 vtßúbMNg
eRkaykarsikSa sisSRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgGac ³- Bnül;fa kumarRKb;rUbmansiTi§rs;enAkñúgCIvPaBsmrmümYy ehIymanesrI
PaBrYcputBIkarekgRbv½Ba©NamYy b¤BIskmµPaBbgáeRKaHfñak;.
- kMNt;rkviFI nigmeFüa)ayCYyseRgÁaHkumartamcieBa©ImpøÚv.
- BiPakSaelIkar]btßmÖrbs;rdæ rdæaPi)al edIm,ICYyeGay«Bukmþay b¤GaNa
Büa)alRsbc,ab;rbs;kumartamcieBa©ImpøÚvyl;dwgGMBIsiTi§kumar.
2 Éksar- sMPar³- maRta 32 énGnusBaØasþIBIsiTi§kumar ³
1> rdæPaKI TTYlsÁal;siTi§karBarkumar RbqaMgkarekgRbv½Ba©esdækic© nigkar[
kumareFVIkargarRbkbedayeRKaHfañk; b¤EdlGacb:HBal;dl;karsikSarbs;
kumar b¤EdlGacbMpøajsuxPaB b¤karGPivDÆragkay stibBaØa sµartI sIlFm’b¤sgÁmrbs;kumar.
2> rdæPaKI RtUvcat;víFankarxagnItibBaØtiþ rdæ)alsgÁm nigkarGb;rM edImI,Fanadl;karGnuvtþmaRtaenH. kñúgTisedAenH nigeyagtambTbBaØtþiBak;B½n§nwg
lixit]bkrN_GnþrCatiepSgeTot rdæPaKI CaBiess ³
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 89 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

k¦ RtUvkMNt;GayuGb,brmamYy b¤GayuGb,brmaeRcInsRmab;cUleFIVkar.
x¦ RtUvEcgbTbBa¢asmRsbsIþBIem:ageBl nigl½kçx½NÐkargar.
K¦ RtUvkMNt;eTas b¤TNÐkmµsmRsbepSgeTot edImI,Fanadl;karGnuvtþ
RbkbedayRbsiT§PaBnUvmaRtaenH.
- GtßbTdkRsg;ecjBIesovePA Children of the Dust
- GtßbTGMNan {kumarsuMTan}
3 dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgonk> lMnMaepþIm
elak GñkRKUeGaysisS GanGtßbTxageRkam ³
CIvti tamcieBa©mI pøvÚ mankarRbfuyRbfanCaeRcIn. Gñkrs;myY éf¶ edIm,ImyY éf¶.
GñkmanesrIPaBmYyxN³ b:uEnþenATIbBa©b;GñkeFVIeGayxøÜnGñkGs;stiedayxøÜnÉg.
´)anlYcrbs;rbrCaeRcIn kalEdl´rs;tamcieBa©mI pøvÚ . ´minEdldwgfa ´køayCa
mnusSGaRkk;kMritNaeT rhUtmkTl;nwgeBlEdl´sMerccitþfaQb;RbRBwtþ. ry³
eBlenaH´dwgfaebHdUg´s¶ÜteRkomBak;kNþal ´enAmanebHdUgEtBak;kNþal
eTEdlenAl¥Rss;. ´cg;seRgÁaHGVEI dlenAesssl;GBM eI BlenHrhUteTAmux.
GtItkumartamcieBa©mI pøvÚ Gayu 16 qñaM ¬dkRsg;BI Ngo Kim cucand Mikel Flamm, Children of the Dust,World VisionInternational {Bangkok: 1996} page 5¦bnÞab;mkeTot elak GñkRKUeGaysisSKitGMBIkumartamcieBa©ImpøÚv EdlBYkeK)anRbTHeXIjenAkñúgshKmn_rbs;eKpÞal; ehIyerobrab;fa etIkumarTaMgenaH)anBüa
yamKitBIGnaKtrbs;eKdUcGtItkumartamcieBa©ImpøÚvxagelIenHEdrb¤eT.
x> lMnaMGPivDÆ
1> skmµPaBepþIm
elak GñkRKUbBa¢MagExSPaBynþmYy sþIGMBIkumartamcieBa©ImpøÚv b¤eGaysisS
GanGtßbTxageRkam ³
kumarsuMTansan;TI CakumartUcmñak;manGayu 10qñMa. eKemIleTAdUcCaminmansuxPaBl¥eT
ehIymansMelokbMBak;ryIkryak. )atédeKeLIgBg² ehIyEs,keKmanCMgW.
san;TIniyayfa «Bukrbs;eK)ansøab;edayCMgW Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñMamkehIy.
mþayrbs;eKciBa©wmbI)ac;kUn7nak;Etmñak;Ég edaymanmuxrbrlk;)arIenAkñúgpSar.
sBVéf¶ bgRsIeRcInnak;rbs;eK eTAeFVIkarenAextþepSg. san;TI minGaccMNMa)anfa eK
mkBITINaeLIy eRBaHkalEdleKcakecjBIpÞH eKenAekµgeBk.
san;TI )anniyayfa eKmkTIRkugCamYydUncas;mñak; EdlminEmnCasac;jati
rbs;eKeT. eKniyaybnþeTotfa bursmanLanmñak; cab;ykeKBIkñúgPUmiehIynaMeK
eq<aHmkkan;TIRkug.
dUncas;)anbgçMsan;TIeGayedIrsuMTan tMagBIRBlwmrhUtdl;kNþalGRFaRt.
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 90 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

san;TIRtUv)aneKnaMykeTATIkEnøgCaeRcIn edIm,IsuMTan. eKminsÁal;eQµaHkEnøg
TaMgenaHeT. eKRtUvEtrkR)ak;eGay)anRKb;cMnYnCaRbcaMerogral;éf¶ ebIrkmin)aneT
eKRtUvdUncas;vay. san;TI niyayfa dUncas;ykR)ak;TMagGs;eTAelgEl,g.
{´s¥b;Kat; eRBaHKat;vay´erogral;éf¶. CYnkal ´Büayamlak;R)ak;xøHkñúg
Gav´ b:uEnþKat;rkeXIjehIyKat;vay´y:agF¶n;. ´cg;rt;ecjBIKat; b:uEnþ´mindwg
eTATINa. ´cg;Rtlb;eTApÞHenACamYyRKYsar´ b:uEnþmindwgeFVIy:agNaeT}. san;TI
niyayfa maneBlmYy san;TI nigdUncas;RtUvb:UlIscab;xøÜn ehIyXuMXMagenAsñg
karb:UlIs Gs;ry³eBl 10éf¶. bnÞab;mk eKTMagBIrRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAPUmirbs;eKvij.
b:uEnþmin)anb:unµanpg dUncas;;)annaMsan;TIRtLb;mkTIRkugvij ehIyskmµPaBGaRkk;
k¾)ancab;epþImCafµI.
¬sMrYlBI “Santi a 10-year-old Cambodian Boy Begging in Bangkok,”Child workers Asia,vol.14,nos.1-2,January-August 1998,Page 38¦
2> karviPaK
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSeFVIkargardUcxageRkam ³
sresrkñúgxÞg;TImYyéntarag GMBIkarBN’nasßanPaBrbs;san;TIeGay)an 5sßanPaB. bnÞab;mksresrkñúgxÞg;TIBIréntarag GMBItMrUvkarCamUldæanrbs;san;TI EdlRtUv
xkxanminGacbMeBj)an. ]TahrN_ ³
sßanPaBrbs;san;TI
BN’naGMBIsßanPaBrbs;san;TI
tMrUvkarCamUldæanRtUvxkxan
1> RtUvbgçMeGaysuMTan.
2> RtUvbMBanelIragkay.

1> »kaselgkMsanþ b¤eRbIeBlevla
edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_ b¤edIm,IécñbegáItGVImYy.
2> suvtßiPaBpøÚvkay.

3> sßanPaBragkay manPaBRTuDeRTam. 3> kar]btßmÖfñaMeBTü GaharRKb;RKan;.
4> RtUvenAhaléf¶ ral;éf¶.
5> min)aneTAeron.

4> karkarBar BIFatubgáeRKaHfñak; dUcCa
kMedAéf¶ b¤ ]s½µnbeB©ajBIyanynþ.
5> karsikSa.

sMKal; ³ enAeBldak;eGaysisSbMeBjtaragenH minmansMenr kñúgxÞg;TMagBIreT.
bnÞab;BIeFVIkMENelIkic©karxagelIehIy elak GñkRKUsYrsisStamsMNYrxageRkamdUcteTA ³
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 91 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

- etInrNaTajykRbeyaCn_BIsßanPaBrbs;san;TI?
- etIsßanPaBenHekIteLIg dUcemþcxøH? bNþalmkBIGVI?
- etInrNamankatBVkic©bMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;san;TI?
¬cMelIyrMBwgTuk ³ «Bukmþay sac;jati buKÁlBak;B½n§¦.
- RbsinebI«Bukmþay b¤ sac;jatidéTeTot minGacbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;kumar)an
etInrNaGacCYyeK)an?
¬cMelIyrMBwgTuk ³ rdæaPi)al GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al GaCJaFrmUldæan nigsßab½nsgÁmnana¦.
- etIsan;TIcg;)anGVIxøH?
- etImþayTaMgLayKYreFVIGVIedIm,IkYn? etIrdæaPi)alKYreFVIGVIedIm,Ikumar?
elak GñkRKUkt;cMelIyTaMgGs;rbs;sisSdak;elIkaþrexon bnÞab;mkeFVIesckþI
segçb. elak GñkRKU niyaysgát;F¶n;elIsßanPaBrbs;san;TIfaCakrNIekgRbv½Ba©
edIm,IRbeyaCn_esdækic©rbs;GñkdéT. san;TImin)anTTYlsuvtßiPaBpÞal;xøÜneLIy.
3> GrUbIkmµelak GñkRKU Bnül;GMBIsiTi§TTYlkarkarBarBIkarekgRbv½Ba©Epñkesdækic© edayEp¥kelImaRta 32 EpñkTI1 énGnusBaØasþIBIsiTi§kumar.
elak GñkRKU bBa¢ak;fa GnusBaØasþIBIsiTi§kumar maneKalbMNgCabzmFana]tþm
RbeyaCn_rbs;kumar EdlCamnusSmanGayueRkam 18qñMa. ]tþmRbeyaCn_rbs;kumar
RtUv)antMkl; tamry³karGnuBaØateGaykumarmankarlUtlas;EpñkrUbragkay
stibBaØa sµartI EpñksIlFm’ nigsgÁm. Gacniyaymü:ageTot karGPivDÆskþáanuBl
rbs;kumarRtUvTTYl)ankarRTRTg;eGayGs;lT§PaB.
elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa mUlehturYménkarxkxanrbs;kumarkñúgkarGPivDÆskþáa
nuBleBjeljrbs;eKKW PaBRkIRk. elIsBIenHeTot PaBRkIRkbgáeGaykumarenA
Cab;kñúgskmµPaBEdlbgáeRKaHfñak;cMeBaHsuxPaB suvtßiPaB nigkarlUtlas;rbs;eK.
elak GñkRKU Bnül;pgEdrfaedayehtufaPaBRkIRk eFVIeGaykumareFVIkargaredIm,I
CaRbeyaCn_dl;xøÜneK b¤RkumRKYsareK edayminGacecosrYc eTIbmaRta 32
énGnusBaØa)andak;EdnkMNt;énsßanPaBenH. kumarminRtUvTTYlkarekgRbv½Ba¢
edIm,IeKalbMNgesdækic©eT . karCYyrbs;eKenAkñúgskmµPaBesdækic©RKYsarGacCa
karcMa)ac; b:uEnþminRtUvsßitkñúgkMritEdlbgáeGayeKmaneRKaHfñak;eLIy. ebImindUc
enaHeT KWmann½yfaCakarekgRbv½Ba¢edIm,Iesdækic©. GnusBaØaemIleXIjfa karekg
Rbv½Ba¢edIm,Iesdækic© CakarrMelaPsiTi§kumar EdlrYmmansiTi§TTYlkarGb;rM karEfTMasux
PaB suvtßiPaBpøÚvkay nigkarsMrakkMsanþ . GnusBaØaCMrujeGaymankarKaMRTBI«Bukmþay GaNaBüa)aleBjc,ab; sßab½nnana rdæaPi)al k¾dUcCashKmn_GnþrCatii
kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðad¾lM)akenH.
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 92 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_rdænImYy²RtUvmanmaRtac,ab; EcgGMBIGayuGb,brma cMnYnem:ageFVIkar nigsßan
PaBkargar EdlnwgRKb;RKgsßanPaBTMagLayrbs;kumarEdleFVIkar. bEnßmelIenH
rdænImYy²RtUvmaneTasbBaØtþicMeBaHkarrMelaPelIesckþItMrUvkarTMagenaH . tamviFIenH
karekgRbv½Ba¢edIm,Iesdækic©GMBIkumar GacRtUvbgáarCamun.
elak GñkRKU k¾niyaybBa¢ak;pgEdrfa GnusBaØaTTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;kumarkñúgkar
sMEdgmtieyabl;rbs;eK nigkñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkarRbwgERbgedIm,IkarBareK b¤
sMrYlkarlUtlas;rIkcMerInrbs;eK.
c,ab;kargarénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa CMBUkTI8 maRta177 EcgBIBlkmµ kumar
dUcxageRkam ³
1>GayuGb,brmaEdlGacGnuBaØateGaybMerIkargarykkMér)an KWRtÚvkMnt;
Rtwm15qñaM .
2>GayuGb,brmaEdlGacGnuBaØateFVIkargar rWbMerIkargarRbePTNamYyEdl
GacbgáeRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB rWsIlFm’rbs;yuvv½y KW18qñaM . RbePTénkar
bMerIrWkargarEdlmanEcgenAkfax½NÐTI1 RtÚvkMnt;edayRbkasrbs;RksYg

EdlTTYlbnÞkú kargar edaymankarBieRKaHCamYyKN³kmµaFikarRbwkSakargar.

3>edayminKitBIxEdlmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐTI2xagelI RksYgTTYlbnÞúkkargar
edaymankarBieRKaHCamYyKN³kmµaFikarRbwkSakargar Gacpþl;siT§idl;karbegáItmuxrbr rW kargarsMrab;yuvv½yEdlmanGayu15qñaM nigelIs15qñaM
kñúglkçx½NÐEdlmuxrbr rWkargarenaH mankarFanaTaMgRsugdl;suxPaB
suvtßiPaB sIlFm’ nigEdleFVIeGayBYkeKGacTTYl)ankarbgðat;beRgon
rWkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RKb;RKan; nigCak;lak; Bak;B½n§nwgvis½ykargarenaH .
4>edayminKitBIxEdlmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐTI1xagelI kumarEdlmanGayuBI12
qñaM dl;15qñaM GacRtÚvCYleGayeFVIkargarRsal²eday ³
k>kargarenaHminpþl;eRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB rWbBaØasµartI nigkarlUtlas;pøÚvkay
rbs;BYkeK .
x>kargarenaHminb:HBal;dl;vtþmaneTogTat;enAsalaeron rWkarcUlrYmrbs;
BYkeKkñúgkmµviFIENnaM rWkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³EdlTTYlsÁal;edayGaCJaFr
mansmtßkic© .
5>RbkasEdlecjedayRksYgEdlTTYlbnÞúkkargar edaymankarBieRKaHCamYyKN³kmµaFikarRbwkSakargar RtÚvkMnt;GMBIRbePTénkargar nigbegáIt
lkçx½NÐkargar CaBiesscMnYnem:ageFVIkarGtibrma EdlmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐ
TI4xagelI .
6>bnÞab;BI)anBieRKaHCamYyKN³kmµaFikarRbwkSakargar RksYgTTYllbnÞúkkar
garGacpat;ecjTaMgRsug rWedayEpñk nUvRbePTmuxrbr rWkargarmYycMnYn
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 93 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

ecjBIkarGnuvtþmaRtaenHRbsinebIkarGnuvtþmaRtaenH eTAelIRbePTmuxrbr rWkargar
TaMgenaH begáIteGaymankarlM)akKYrBicarNa .
4> karRbtibtþi
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSbMeBjxÞg;TMagLayEdlmankñúgtaragxageRkam
tamsMNYrfa ³ edIm,ICYydl;kumarTMagLay dUcCa san;TICaedIm etIGñknwgeFVIGVIxøH?
¬]TahrN_kñúgtaragCaCMnYysµartIsMrab;elak GñkRKU¦.
karCYydl;san;TI
Qb;
cab;epþIm
bnþ
eFIVmindwgminlW cMeBaHkumar kt;sMKal;vtþmankumartam Binitütamdan kñúgshKmn_
cieBa©ImpøÚv enAkñúgshKmn_. edIm,IeGayeXIjfa etIsßan
tamcieBa©ImpøÚv.
sikSaBIRbvtþirbs;eKehIy PaBku m artamci e Ba© I m pø Ú v
sYreyabl;eKGMBIviFIEklMG mankarpøas;bþÚrb¤eT.
sßanPaBrbs;eK.
esñ I d l; P ñ a k; g arrdæ a Pi ) al
EdlTTYlbnÞúkkmµviFIGb;rM
kumarGMBIkarCYykumartam
cieBa©ImpøÚv.
5> esckþIbBa©b;elak GñkRKU bBa©b;em:agsikSa edayrMlwksisSGMBIsubinrbs;kumareFVIkar.
elak GñkRKU niyayfakumartamcieBa©ImpøÚvTMagLay smEtTTYl)annUvsiTi§rbs;eKtamry³karRbwgERbgrbs;eKpÞal; nig rbs;GñkdéTCaBiess KW «BukmþayeK.
4> rgVaytMélelak GñkRKU GanGMBIsßanPaBTMagLay kñúgxÞg;xageqVgéntaragxageRkam
ehIyeGaysisSpþl;cMelIykñúg xÞg;TI 2 TI 3 nigxÞg;cugeRkay ³
sßanPaBsiTi§RtUveKrMelaP TMnYlxusRtUvrbs; Pñak;garTTYlxusRtUv«Bukmþay
kumareFVIkar
siTi§TTYlkarGb;rM bBa¢ Ú n BY k eKeTAsa salardæ ¬ edI m ,IlaeronsikSaKµanbg;éfø¦kumarsÁmsÁMag
ku m armansM e lokbM
Bak;rEhkryIréy:lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 94 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

kumaredkeRkamedIm
eQI b ¤ e dktamtU b
lk;\v:an;kñúgpSar
kumareTAeroneBléf¶
ehIyeFVIkareBlyb;¬sMKal; ³ karbMeBjkñúgxÞg;epþkTImYy KWRKan;EtCa]TahrN_¦.
5> kic©kareFVIenApÞH
elak GñkRKU dak;kic©kareGaysisSeFVIenApÞH tamkarENnaMdUcxageRkam ³
k¼cUrGñksMPasCamYykumartamcieBa©ImpøÚvkñúgshKmn_rbs;GñkedIm,IeGaydwg
fa ehtuGIV)anCaeKFøak;kñúgsPaBEbbenH etIeKmanerOgra:vya:gNaxøH?
x¼cUreFVIBRgaglixitmYyedIm,IepJIeTAPñak;garmYy¬rbs;rdæaPi)al b¤ minEmnrdæa
Pi)al¦ EdlGacCYydl;kumarTaMgenH.
K¼cUreFVIr)aykarN_GMBIkic©sMPasehIyelIkbgðajBRgaglixitenAema:gsikSa
eRkay.
X¼sßanPaBrs;enAdUcsan;TI nigsßanPaBrs;enACamYy «BukmþayedayRtUvCYy
eFVIkarKat;xøH etIGñkyl;fa sßanPaBmYyNaRbesIrCag? eRBaHGVI?

lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 95 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

siTi§mankarcYlrYm
RbB½n§c,ab;bc©úb,nñrbs;sgÁm manbBa¢ak;BIGMNacrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarRTRTg;rdæaPi)alrbs;eK eGaymanTMnYlxusRtUvcMeBaHskmµPaBrbs;xøÜn . KMnitTaMgLayman
dUcCa GPi)alkic©l¥ TMnYlxusRtUv nigtMlaPaB )anelIkkMBs;TsSn³enH . kñúgn½y
Cak;Esþg RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§ ¬CabuKÁl nig smUhPaB¦ edIm,Idwgfa etImaneKalneya)aykmµviFI nig skmµPaBGVIxøHrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlbMerIeGayplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ .
BYkeKGacQanmYyCMhaneTAmuxeTot kñúgkarrYmcMEnkCamYyrdæaPi)altamry³
kareFVIBRgagesckIþENnaMGMBIviFIEklMGRbB½n§TaMgLay b¤pøas;bþÚrGaTiPaBTaMgLay
rbs;rdæaPi)al . BYkeKk¾GacbMeBjskmµPaB ¬dUcCaerobcMBakübNþwgGMBIm®nIþrdæaPi)alCaedIm¦ edIm,IeFVIeGaym®nIþrdæaPi)alTTYlsÁal;tYnaTIsMxan;rbs;xøÜncMeBaH
esvakmµsaFarN³enAkñúgkargarrbs;m®nIþrdæaPi)alTaMgGs; . siTi§mankarcUlrYm Ca
siTi§mUldæanrbs;mnusS bMerIplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæxøÜnÉg nigplRbeyaCn_sgÁm
TaMgmUl .
cMNgeCIgemeron³ fvika nig RbB½n§Bn§darCati
kMritfñak;³ mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi
muxviC¢a³ esdækic© sikSasgÁm
eKalKMnitsiTi§mnusS³ siTi§mankarcUlrYm nigTTYlBt’man
ry³eBl
³ mYyem:agsikSa
1>vtßúbMNg
eRkaykarsikSa sisSRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgGac ³- vaytMélBItulüPaB b¤ GtulüPaB rvagcMnUlfvika nig cMnayfvika
rbs;Cati .
- TTYlsÁal;fa RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§cUlrYm nig siTi§TTYlBt’mansaFarN³ .
- kMNt;rkmeFüa)ay EdlRbCaBlrdæGaccUlrYmkñúgkarerobcMfvikaCati.
2>Éksar-sMPar³- maRta 21 ¬1¦ énesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS ³mnusSRKb;rUbman
siTi§cUlrYmkñúgkardwknaMkic©karsaFarN³énRbeTsrbs;xøÜnedaypÞal;b¤tam
ry³tMNag Edl)aneRCÍserIsedayesrI.
- rUbPaBpÞaMgFM EdlmansresrBIFatucMbgkñúgfvikaCati ¬cMNUlfvika nig
cMNayfvika¦ nigbrimaNBak;B½n§rbs;va .
- GtßbTGMnan ³ fvikaCati
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 96 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

3>dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgon
k- lMnaMepIþm
elak GñkRKU bgðajpÞaMgrUbPaBsresrBIfvikacMnUlrbs;rdæaPi)al nigkarcMnay
epSg² . elak GñkRKUR)ab;sisSfa bBa¢IenH bgðajBIfvikaCati .
x - lMnaMGPivDÆ
1- skmµPaBepIþm
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSGanGtßbT EdlmancMngeCIgfa fvikaCati ¬b¤
ÉksardéTNamYyBnül;BIfvikaCati¦ ry³eBl 10 naTI .
fvikaCati
fvikaCatimYymanBIrEpñkKW fvikacMnUl nig fvikacMnay . fvikacMnUlrYmbBa©Úl
ral;kMérrk)anrbs;rdæaPi)al tamry³RbPBepSg² . cMEnkfvikacMnay KW karcay
vayEdlrdæaPi)alRtUvr:ab;rgelImuxcMnayepSg² . RbsinebIfvikacMnayrbs;CatieRcInCagfvikacMnUlrbs;rdæaPi)al enaH»nPaBfvikaCatinwgekItmaneLIg .
fvikaCati)anRtUverobcMCaerogral;qñaM . KMeragfvikaCati )anRtUvRBageday
RksYghirBaØvtßúEp¥kelIKMeragBRgagfvikaEdlesIñedayRksYg nigsßab½nrdæaPi)al
TaMgGs; . KMeragfvikaCati)anRtUvyl;RBmedayGgÁkarrdæBIr KW GgÁnItiRbtibtiþ ¬tam
ry³rdæaPi)al¦ nigGgÁnItibBaØti ¬rdæsPa RBwT§sPa¦ . rdæsPamanCMnajedayELk
elIkarRsavRCaveGayeXIjfa etIkarEbgEcktamKMeragfvikamanPaBsmRsbb¤eT .
rdæsPaGacsMerccitþkñúgkarEbgEckeLIgvij edaybegIánfvikaeTAeGayRksYgNa
EdlRtUvGnuvtþkargarCaGaTiPaB nigCabnÞan; .
karcMnayCaGaTiPaB ¬cMnayEdlRtUvpÁt;pÁg;eRcInCageK¦ )anRtUvkMNt;
edayrdæaPi)al Ep¥kelIsßanPaBRbeTsCati .
rdæaPi)alRtUvrkfvikacMnUledIm,IpÁt;pÁg;karcMnay kñúgvgVg;fvikaCati. rdæaPi)alrkcMnUlBIRbPBepSg² mandUcCaBn§cMnUlCaedIm . buKÁl nig Rkumh‘unbg;Bn§CUnrdæaPi
)alerogral;qñaM b¤tamry³eBlCak;lak;RbcaMqñaM Ep¥kelIbrimaNfvikacMnUlrbs;eK .
eRkABIBn§cMnUlEbbbuKÁl nig smUhPaB rdæaPi)alGacrkcMnUlBIRbPBepSg
eTotmandUcCa ³- lk; b¤ CYlsm,tiþCati dUcCa eragcRk b¤ shRKas dIsaFarN³ nigéRB
eQICaedIm .
- Bn§elIkareRbIR)as;pvøÚ fñl; Gakasyandæan nigmeFüa)ayeRbIR)as;éRbsNIy_
nigTUrKmnaKmn_ .
- karbg;éføesvakmµrbs;rdæaPi)almandUcCa karecjlixitsñamepSg² lixit
bBa¢ak;GaBah_BiBah_ niglixitGnuBaØatepSg²CaedIm .
fvikaCatiKWCaRbPBEdlrdæaPi)aleRbIR)as;edIm,IbMeBjmuxgarpþl;esvadl;
RbCaBlrdæ.
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 97 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

2-karviPaK
elak GñkRKU eGaysisSBinitüeLIgvijpÞaMgrUbPaBGMBIfvikaCati ehIysYrsMNYr
dUcxageRkam ³
k¦ etIRbCaBlrdæmansiT§idwgGMBIrebobeRbIR)as;fvikarbs;eK ¬fvikabg;Bn§¦
Edrb¤eT?
x¦ etIkarcMnayCaGaTiPaB KYrCakarcMnayelIEpñkGVI?
K¦ GMBIrebobeRbIR)as;Bn§rbs;rdæaPi)al etIGñkyl;Rsbb¤eT?
X¦ etIGñkmaneyabl;y:agNa eTAelIkarEkERbfvikaCati? cUrBnül; .
g¦ ehtuGVI rdæaPi)alRtUvkarcMnUl?
c¦ etIRbCaBlrdæmankrNIykic©y:agNaxøHedIm,ICYyeGayrdæaPi)almanfvika
cMnUl?
q¦ etIRbCaBlrdæKYrcUlrYmkñúgkarerobcMfvikaCatib¤eT? ehtuGVI?
C¦ etImanRbCaBlrdæb:unµannak;Edl)ancUlrYmerobcMfvikaCati ?
elak GñkRKUsresresckIþsegçbéncMelIyTaMgGs;dak;elIkþaexon .
3- GrUbIkmµ
edayeRbIR)as;esckIþsegçbEdl)ansresrelIkþarexon elak GñkRKUQaneTAbgðajsiTi§mnusSEdlBak;B½n§ mandUcCa siTi§mankarcUlrYm nigsiTi§TTYlBt’mansa
FarN³ .
elak GñkRKU sresrXøaRbeyaK dUcxageRkamdak;elIkþaexon ³
mnusSRKb;rUbmansiTi§cUlrYmkñúgrdæaPi)alénRbeTsrbs;eKedaypÞal; b¤ tam
ry³GñktMNag Edl)aneRCIserIsedayesrI .
elak GñkRKU Bnül;faesckIþenHdkRsg;BIesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS.
siTi§enHsMedAdl;karcUlrYmGMBIRbCaBlrdækñúgrdæaPi)altamviFIepSg² manedaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyal . RbCaBlrdæGaccUlrYmkñúgrdæaPi)aledaypÞal;tamry³ rbbkargar(Mechanism) smRsbdU c CacU l rY m kñ ú g karRbCM u r bs; r dæ a Pi ) al ¬rY m TaM g svnakar
erobcMedayrdæsPa¦ b¤cUlrYmkargarrdæaPi)al ¬cUleFVIm®nIþraCkar¦ .
karRbCMunanarbs;shKmn_mUldæanGMBIbBaðasaFarN³ k¾CaTMrg;mYyén {karcUlrYmkñúgrdæaPi)al} Edr . karcUlrYmedayRbeyal GacsißtkñúgTMrg;énkare)aHeqñat .
BYkeKGace)aHeqñateGaymnusSTaMgLayNa EdleKeCOCak;fanwgGnuvtþtamKMnit
eyabl; nigesckIþR)afñarbs;BYkeK .
elak GñkRKUerobrab;fa sßiteRkamÉksarc,ab;siTi§mnusSmYyeTot xmaRtarbs;
esckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusSenH )anRtUvbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTot . maRta 25 ¬k¦énGnusBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay )anelIkeLIgfa ³BlrdæRKb;rUbmansiTi§ nig »kas edayKµankarEbgEckRbePTNamYyEdl)anlMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 98 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

erobrab;kñúgmaRta2 nigeday Kµankardak;kMhitminsmRsbnana ³¬k¦ cUlrYmkñúgkarcat;Ecgkic©karsaFarN³ edaycMeBaH b¤tamry³kareRCIs
erIsGñktMNagedayesrI .
elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa xmaRtaenH )anRtUvbkRsayedIm,IbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarcUlrYme)aHeqñat k¾dUcCakarcUlrYmkñúgkarerobcM nigGnuvtþeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al .
elak GñkRKUk¾RtUvbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa siTi§edIm,IcUlrYmenH tMrUv[mankarpSay
Bt’manedayesrITak;TgnwgbBaðasaFarN³pgEdr .
elak GñkRKU P¢ab;xmaRtasiTi§mnusS eTAnwgbBaðafvikaCati edayBnül;fa Bn§
darnigkareRbIR)as;edayrdæaPi)al KWCabBaðasaFarN³ EdlRbCaBlrdæGacelIkyk
eTAedjedalcMeBaHrdæaPi)al . elak GñkRKUeFVIesckIþsniñdæandUcxageRkam ³
siTi§cUlrYmkñúgkarcat;Ecgkic©karsaFarN³man karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
kñúgdMeNIrkarrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarerobcMfvikaCati . cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IeRbIR)as;siTi§enHeGaymanRbsiT§PaB siTi§TTYlBt’mansaFarN³k¾RtUvmanpgEdr. rdæaPi)almankatBVkic©pSBVpSayBt’mansMxan;²CasaFarN³ dUcCaÉksarsIþBIfvikaCati nig»kasEdlRbCaBlrdæGacsMEdgTsSn³rbs;BYkeK GMBIfvikaCatienaH . karman»kassMercBIkareRbIR)as;R)ak;Bn§ KWCasiTi§rbs;RbCaBlrdæ .
4- karRbtibtiþ
RbsinebImaneBl elak GñkRKYsYrsMNYrEtseGaysisSeqøIykñúgfñak; . EtebI
minmaneBleT elak GñkRKUGacdak;kargareGaysisSeFVIenApÞH .
sMNYr ³k¦cUrerobrab;BItulüPaB b¤ GtulüPaBkñúgfvikaCati rvagfvikacMnay nig
fvikacMnUl .
x¦cMeBaHqñaMenH etIcMnayGaTiPaBrbs;rdæaPi)aleRbIeTAelIGVI?
K¦RbsinebIGñkCasmaCiksPa etIGñknwgpþl;eyab;GVIxøH eTAelItulüPaBrvag
fvikacMnay nig fvikacMnUlrbs;Cati?
4>esckIþbBa©b;elak GñkRKU rMlwksisSeGaycgcaMKMnitBicarNadUcxageRkam ³
karbg;Bn§ nigkarcUlrYmkñúgviFIeRbIR)as;fvikaBn§dar CatMélmYyEdlRtUvRTRTg;
edayRbCaBlrdæRKb;rUbedIm,IkarGPivDÆesdækic©kñúgRbeTs .
5>rgVaytMélelak GñkRKU GaceRbIR)as;meFüa)aysmRsb edIm,IvaytMélkMrityl;dwgrbs;
sisSelIkarcUlrYmkñúgkic©karsaFarN³ . rgVaytMélGaceFVIeLIgmunesckIþbBa©b; .
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 99 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

niymn½yénvakSs½BÞ
siTi§neya)ay ³ siTi§rbs;buKÁlBak;B½n§nwgkarcUlrYmrbs;eKkñúgrdæaPi)al .
siTi§cUlrYm ³ siTi§cUlrYmkñúgGPi)alkic© nigskmµPaBsgÁm .
siTi§TTYlBt’mansaFarN³ siTi§esIñeGayrdæaPi)alpþl;Bt’manGMBIkic©kar
saFarN³ dl;RbCaBlrdæ .
Bt’manbEnßm
ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay KWCaÉksarc,ab;Gnþr
CatiEdlGnuvtþxmaRtaénsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay kñúgesckIþRbkasCa
sklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS . mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anGnum½tktikasBaØaenH
enAéf¶TI 16 ExFñÚ qñaM1966 . ktikasBaØa)anRtUvGnuvtþenAéf¶TI 23 Ex mIna qñaM
1976 edaybNþaRbeTsEdl)aneFVIsc©ab½n . CaFmµta kareFVIsc©ab½nmann½yfayl;RBmedaysPatMNagénkarcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogedayRbtiPUrdæaPi)al .
RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_RbeTskm<úCa hIVlIBIn éf nigevotNam )ancuHhtßelxa nig
eFVIsc©ab½nelIkic©RBmeRBogenH .

lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 100 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

siTi§TTYlkarkarBarbTdæansiTi§mnusSGnþrCati KYrRtUvbkRsaykñúgc,ab; nigrebobrbbkargarrbs;
Cati . RbB½n§tulakar ¬rYmman ecARkm RBHraCGaCJa nig emFavI¦ KWCarebob
rbbkargarmYyEdlCH\Ti§Bldl;siTi§mnusS . RbB½n§edaHRsayCMelaH enAfñak;PUmi
k¾CarebobrbbkargarmYyEdr . nItiviFImYycMnYnGacRtUveRbIenAdMNak;enH . mankrNI
énkarrMelaPsiTi§mnusSCaeRcIn ekItmaneLIgedaysarEtkgVHkaryl;dwgGMBInItiviFI
EdltMrUveGaymankarkarBar b¤ eRbIR)as;siTi§TaMgenaH . dUcenH cMenHdwgGMBInItiviFImansar³sMxan;cMeBaHsiTi§mnusS .
cMngeCIgemron³ nItiviFI
kMritfñak;³ mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi
muxviC¢a³ sikSasgÁm
eKalKMnitsiTi§mnusS³ siT§iTTYlkarkarBar
ry³eBl
³ mYyem:agsikSa
1>vtßúbMng
eRkaykarsikSa sisSRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgGac ³- sMKal;)anGMBIsiTi§CnCab;ecaT .
- BN’naBInItiviFIBak;B½n§kñúgkarkarBarsiTi§CnCab;ecaT .
- GnuvtþdMeNIrc,ab;kñúgkaredaHRsayTMnas; .
- edaHRsayTMnas;mYy tamry³dMeNIrc,ab; nig meFüa)ayGhigSadéTeTot .
2>Éksar-sMPar³- esckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS.
- sMPar³beRgon ³ rUbPaBbBa©aMg b¤ pÞaMgrUbPaB GMBImaRtaénesckIþRbkasCa
sklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS .
- rUbPaBbBa©aMg GMBIeKalKMnitKuNtMél.
- esckIþdkRsg;BIesovePATaMgLaysIþBInItiviFI .
3>dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgonk> lMnaMeepþIm
elak GñkRKU niyayfa³ {enAkñúgnItirdæ buKÁlKYreFVIkargarRKb;y:agedayRsb
tamc,ab;. mnusSmñak;EdlCab;ecaTkñúg]Rkidækmµ b¤kMhusNamYy RtUvEtTTYleTas
RbsinebItulakarrkeXIjfa mankMhustamkarecaTRbkan; . b:uEnþ eTaHbIc,ab;)anRtUv
GnuvtþRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBk¾eday k¾CMelaHnigkarrMelaPc,ab;enAEtekIteLIgCajwk
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 101 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

jab;rvag mitþPkiþ sac;jati nigGñkCitxag . dMeNIrc,ab;RtUveKeRbIR)as;edIm,IedaH
RsayTMnas;TaMgenaH.
x- lMnaMGPivDÆ
1- skmµPaBepþIm
elak GñkRKU esIñeGaysisSbMeBjtaragtamkarENnaMdUcxageRkam ³
cUrGñksresrGMBIRbePTepSg²énCMelaH nigkarrMelaPc,ab; EdlekItmaneLIg
kñúgshKmn_rbs;Gñk .
elak GñkRKUGacsresr]TahrN_mYy b¤ BIr elIkþarexon ³
CMelaH nig karrMelaPc,ab;
karlYc karbøn; nig kare)akR)as;
karbgárbYssñam
karElglH
kareQøaHRbEkk
karbgçÚcekrþ×eQµaH
kardeNIþmGMNacrvagGñkdwknaMshKmn_
karT®nÞancUlpÞH b¤ dIkmµsiTi§GñkdéT
kareRbIGavuFxusc,ab;
Xatkmµkarcab;CMrit-l-.
2- karviPaK
elak GñkRKU sYrsMNYrdUcxageRkam ³
k¦kñúgbNþabBaðaEdlGñk)ansresr etIbBaðaNamYyEdlGñk)anCYbjwkjab;?
x¦etIbBaðaenaHpþl;plvi)aky:agNa ?
K¦RbsinebICMelaH b¤ karrMelaPc,ab;ekItmankñúgRKYsarrbs;Gñk etIGñknwgedaH
Rsayy:agNaxøH ?
X¦etIGñknwgmanGarmµN_y:agNa RbsinebIkarrMelaPc,ab;mankarekIneLIgkñúg
shKmn_rbs;Gñk? etIGñknwgedaHRsayy:agNa ?
3- GrUbIkmµelak GñkRKU P¢ab;karsikSaeTAxøwmsaremeron ³
GhigSaskmµ KWCakareqøIytbmYyedIm,IedaHRsayTMnas;edaymeFüa)aysnþiPaB .
siTi§Rbkan;PaBs¶at;es¶óm ehIybdiesFkarcuHhtßelxa eBlminTan;
BieRKaHCamYyTIRbwkSac,ab; KWCasiTi§mYyrbs;CnCab;ecaT .
nItivFi I)anRtUveRbIR)as; edIm,IkarBarmnusSRKb;rUbRbqaMgnwgGMeBIhigSa GmnusSFm’b¤karrMelaPbMBan .
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 102 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

siTi§rbs;CnCab;ecaT
mnusSRKb;rUb RtUvcat;faesIµPaBKñaenAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; . c,ab;minGnueRKaHcMeBaH
GMeBIGmnusSFm’rbs;CnNamñak;eT . c,ab;karBarCIvit esckIþéføføÚr nigkitiþysrbs;
buKÁlmñak;². karkat;kIþeGayCab;eTas karcab;xøÜn b¤karXMuXaMgbuKÁlNamñak;
RtUvGnuvtþRsbtamc,ab; .
CnCab;ecaTGMBIbT]RkidæNamYy mansiTi§rksakSI nigemFavIedIm,IkarBarxøÜn .
enAeBlEdlb:UlIscab;xøÜnmnusSmñak; b¤ ekaHehAeGayeKcUleTAtulakar eKmansiTi§
sYrrkdIkacab;xøÜn b¤ dIkaekaHrbs;tulakar nigBinitürkeQµaHxøÜnelIlixitenaH .
kñúgsßanPaBenH CnenaHKYrrkSaPaBes¶óms¶at; ehIymincuHhtßelxaNamYyeT rhUt
dl;eBl)anBieRKaHCamYyemFavI . karCMritR)ak; karbMP½y b¤ kareRbIhigSaKYrray
karN_dl;emFavICabnÞan; . RbsinebIRTBüsm,tþi nigFnFanrbs;mnusSmñak; RtUvrwb
GUs CnenaHmansiTi§esIñeGayb:UlIsecjbgáan;édrayeQµaHRTBüsm,tiþ b¤FnFanEdl)anrwbGUsenaH . b:UlIsGacXMuxøÜnCnCab;ecaT luHRtamandIkaXMuxøÜnBItulakar .
siTi§rbs;emFavI
emFavICYyerOgkIþmYykñúgtulakar eRkayBICnCab;ecaTesIñsMueGayelak
elakRsIkarBarkIþ . kñúgGMLúgeBlénkarkat;eTas emFavIGacR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYyCnCab;ecaT . RbsinebICnCab;ecaTminmanlT§PaBCYlemFavIeT ecARkmnwgcat;
taMgemFavImñak;eGaykarBarCnenaH.
CMelaHenAfñak;PUmi
CMelaHrvagGñkCitxag b¤ sac;jatikñúgPUmiGacbNþalmkBImUlehtu NamYy
xageRkamenH ³
1- karbgçÚcekrþ×eQµaH
2- karElglH
3- CMelaHbgárbYssñam
4- karrMelaPpøÚvePT
5- karvaytb;KñaedayRsvwg
6- karvaydMmnusSmñak;
7- KMnabsgát;minRtwmRtUvBIbuKÁlmanGMNac
8- GMeBIbøn;
9- El,gsIusg
10- Xatkmµ
11- CMelaHdIFIø-l-.
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 103 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

dMeNaHRsaybBaðakñúgPUmiKYreRbImeFüa)ayRbkbedaysniþPaB ehIyepþateTArkkar
pSHpSar . GaCJaFrmansmtßkic© KYrCYbR)aRs½yCamYyPaKITaMgBIrEdlCab;Bak;
B½n§nwgCMelaH ehIyriHrklT§PaBedIm,IeFVIkarpSHpSarenAdMNak;kaldMbUg . m®nIþfñak;
PUmiEdlTTYlbnÞúkedaHRsaybBaðaRtUvmanqnÞ³ nigmanPaBminlMeGog Tn;Pøn; suPaB
rabsa nigrYsrayrak;Tak; . m®nIþTaMgenaH RtUvmanBiesaFn_Epñkc,ab; edIm,ITTYl)an
TMnukcitþBIsaFarNCn .
BlrdæEdleFVIkarecaTRbkan; RtUvbgðajPsþútagénkarecaTRbkan;rbs;eK .
BlrdæEdleKecaTRbkan;fa CaGñkbgáCMelaH KYrman»kasniyaybkRsay b¤ karBarxøÜn .
kñúgkrNIminGacpSHpSar)an erOgkþIRtUvbBa©ÚneTAtulakar.
elak GñkRKU eGaysisSGanGtßbTxageRkamenH ³
edIm,IkarBarsnþiPaB snþisux suxumalPaB nigsuvtißPaBrbs;mnusSRKb;rUb
RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; nigRbCaCatiTaMgGs;RtUveKarBesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS .
bnÞab;mk elak GñkRKURtUvENnaMsisSeGayGanxmaRtamYycMnYnénesckIþ
RbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS Edl)anelIkeLIgCaPasasamBaØ ³
maRta5 ³ KµannrNamñak;mansiTi§eFVITaruNkmµelIGñkeT .
maRta6 ³ GñkRtUvTTYlkarkarBartampøÚvc,ab; tamviFIdUcKñaRKb;TIkEnøg nigdUc
GñkdéT .
maRta7 ³ mnusSmantMélesµIKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; . c,ab;RtUvGnuvtþdUcKñacMeBaH
mnusSTaMgGs; .
maRta8 ³ GñkGacrkCMnYypøÚvc,ab; enAeBlEdlsiTi§rbs;GñkRtUveKrMelaP .
maRta9 ³ KµannrNamñak;mansiT§iykGñkeTAdak;Bn§naKar XMuXaMg b¤ nIreTs
GñkedayGyutiþFm’ b¤ KµanmUlehtuRtwmRtUveT.
manRta10 ³ GñkRtUvcat;Tukfa KµankMhusrhUtebIKµanPsþútagbBa¢ak;faGñkman
kMhus . ebIGñkRtUveKecaTGMBIbT]RkidæNamYy GñkmansiTi§
karBarxøÜnCanic©. KµannrNamñak;mansiTi§dak;eTas nigeFVITaruN
kmµelIGñk edaysarEterOgNamYyEdlGñkmin)aneFVIeLIy .
Éksar ³ ABC - Teaching Human Rights, United Nations(New York : 1989)

lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 104 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

4- esckIþbBa©b;elak GñkRKU esIñeGaysisSrkPasit b¤ BaküesøakTaMgLayNaEdlmann½y
Tak;TgnwgkarkarBarsiTi§rbs;xøÜn . ]TahrN_ { eyIgminGacRtUvh‘MuB½T§edayesckIþP½yxøaceT eyIgRtUveTAmuxehIyRtUvrt;ecj rYceRtomxøÜnRbkYt}.
4>rgVaytMélelak GñkRKUeGaysisSKUssBaØayl;Rsb ¬ ü¦ enAkñúgxÞg;EdleKyl;faniyayGMBIsiT§i b¤ katBVkic©rbs;CnCab;ecaT emFavI nig ecARkm ³
siTi§ nig katBVkic©
tulakar
1-sYrrkdIkacab;xøÜn
2-rkGñkkarBarkIþ
3-eFIVBakübNþwg
4-pþl;karRbwkSadl;CnCab;ecaT
5-esI ñ e Gayb: U l I s ecjr)aykarN_ r w b
GUsRTBsm,tiþ
6-bBa¢ak;elIdIkacab;xøÜn
7-BinitüBakübNþwg
8-mi n cu H htß e lxaelI É ksarNamY y
edayKµankarBieRKaHCamYyemFavI
9- RtUvcab;xøÜnedaymandIkaBItulakar

emFavI

CnCab;ecaT

5>kic©kareFVIenApÞH
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSrknItiviFIcMeBaHerOgkIþmYyGMBIecarkmµ EdlGñkPUmimñak;
CaCnrgeRKaH)andak;BakübNþwgeTAtulakarrYcehIy .

lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 105 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

siTi§mankarGPivDÆPaBRkIRkGacnaMmknUvkarrMelaPsiTi§mnusS . CnRkIRkgaynwgkøayCaGñkrg
eRKaHedaykarrMelaPsiTi§ edayehtueKsßitkñúgsßanPaBgayrgeRKaH nigmanRBMkMrit .
Cajwkjab; CnRkIRkminmanlT§PaBrkdMenaHRsayenAeBleKrgeRKaHedaykarrM
elaPsiTi§eT eRBaHeKmanGarmµN_fa xøÜnTn;exSay .
sßanPaBesdækic©rbs;mnusS mankarb:HBal;d¾xøaMgkøadl;karkarBar nigkar
GnuvtþsiTi§rbs;xøÜn . mnusSkan;EtRk kan;EtTTYlkarrMelaPsiTi§mnusS . dUcKñaenHEdr
RbeTsRkIRkTaMgLay gayrgeRKaHedaykarTTYl)anRbeyaCn_tictYcBIesdækic©rbs;
RbeTsxøÜn EdlsißteRkamkarRbkYténRbB½n§esdækic© b¤ hirBaØvtßúGnþrCati .
PaBRkIRkkan;EtCabBaðaelIkeLIgCacMbgrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati . GgÁkar
shRbCaCati )anGnum½tesckIþRbkasstvtSedIm,IeFVIeGay ³{siTi§mankarGPivDÆ TTYlkarFanasMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb nigrMedaHmnusSCati
eGayecjputBIPaBRkIRk} . GgÁkarshRbCaCati emIleXIjfavDÆnPaBRtUvEp¥kelI
karlUtlas;Canirnþr_elIEpñkesdækic© EdleKRtUvykcitþTukdak;dl;CnRkIRk edayyk
siTi§mnusSCamCÄmNÐl . vtßúbMNgénesckþIRbkas KWkarelIkkMBs;viFIsa®sþd¾TUlM
TUlaymYy ehIynigyuT§sa®sþsMrbsMrYlmYykñúgdMenaHRsaycMenaTbBaðaCaeRcInEdl
mancMeBaHmuxRBmKña .
esckIþRbkasRtUvkar karkat;bnßycMnYnRbCaBlrdæsrubEdlmancMnYlfvika
eRkam 1 duløakñúgmYyéf¶ eGayenARtwmBak;kNþal enAqñaM 2015 . karRbwgERbgenHk¾
manTak;TinpgEdr nwgkarEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaycMeBaHkarGt;Xøan kgVHGaharUbtßmÖ nig
CMgWtMkat; karelIkkMBs;smPaBePTnigsiTi§GMNacrbs;®sIþ karFanakarGb;rMmUldæan
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nigkarKaMRTrebobvar³éneKalkarN_21 énkarGPivDÆCanirnþr_. kar]btßmÖedaypÞal;BIRbeTsGñkman tamTMrg;CMnYyBaNiC¢kmµ kMcI nigkarvinieyaKTunRtUv
pþl;edIm,ICYydl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ . ¬1¦cMngeCIgemeron³ karGPivDÆ nig siTi§mnusS
kMritfñak;³ mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi
muxviC¢a³ sikSasgÁm ¼ esdækic©
eKalKMnitsiTi§mnusS ³ siTi§mankarGPivDÆ
ry³eBl
³ mYyem:agsikSa
1>vtßúbMNg
eRkaykarsikSa sisSRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgGac ³- BiPakSaGMBIviFIeFVIkarGPivDÆedayeRbIR)as;FnFanpÞal;xøÜnrbs;RbCaBlrdæ .
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 106 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

- niyayfa mnusSRKb;rUbmansiTi§esIµKñakñúgkarcYlrUmGPivDÆRbeTsCati.
- rkmeFüa)ayNamYy EdleKKitfardæaPi)alGacGnuvtþ)an edIm,ICYydl;
karGPivDÆrbs;RbCaBlrdæ .
2>Éksar-sMPar³- maRta22 énesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS ³kñúgzan³CasmaCíkénsgÁm mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ansniþsuxsgÁm nigmanbuBVsiTi§seRmc)an
siTi§xagesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;esckIþéføfñÚr nigkarrIk
cMerInedayesrIénbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;xøÜn tamry³karxitxMrbs;Cati nigsh
RbtibtiþkarGnþrCati nigedayeyageTAtamkarerobcM nigFnFanrbs;
RbeTsnImYy².
- maRta28 énesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS ³mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)annUvsNþab;Fñab;sgÁmnigGnþrCati EdleFVI[siTi§ nig esrIPaB EcgkñúgesckþIRbkasenH GacseRmc)anedayeBjelj.
- c,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØrbs;RbeTs .
- rUbft b¤ rUbKMnUrGMBIRkumepSg²énRbCaBlrdæ .
3>dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgon
k- lMnaMepþIm
elak GñkRKU bgðajdl;sisSrUbft b¤ rUbKMnUr EdlmanrUbPaBdUcxageRkam ³
RbCaCnRkIRk RbCaCnGñkman pÞHFM² tMbn;rs;enArbs;mnusSRkIRk ekµgTuK’t
mnusSsuxPaBl¥ mnusSmanCMgW pÞHRbNit pÞHetaky:ak .l.
bnÞab;mkelak GñkRKUeGaysisSbgðajkaryl;eXIjcMeBaHrUbPaBnImYy² .
x- lMnaMGPivDÆ
1- skmµPaBepIþm
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobrUbft b¤ rUbKMnUrxagelICaRkum Rkum {k} nigRkum{x} elIkþarexon b¤ elIRkdaspÞaMgFM .
bnÞab;mkelak GñkRKU sresrBaküsMxan;²EdlCacMngeCIgénrUbPaBnImYy²
eday tMerobtamRkum {k} nig {x} . ]TahrN_
Rkum {k}Rkum {x}GñkmanGñkRkmnusSmansuxPaBl¥
GñkCMgWpÞHFMpÞHtUcGaharRKb;RKan;
GaharminRKb;RKan;sMelokbMBak;s¥atsMelokbMBak;kxVk;.
elak GñkRKU sYrsMnYrdUcxageRkameGaysisSeqøIy ³
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 107 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

- etIGñkyl;RsbeTfa RbCaBlrdæxøHman RbCaBlrdæxøHRk ?
- etImUlehtuGVI EdlbNþaleGaymanGñkman nig GñkRk ?
¬cMelIyGaRs½yelIkMritsmehtuplrbs;sisS.¦- etIGñkcUlcitþGñkman b¤ GñkRk ?
- etIGñkKYreFVIGVIedIm,ICYyGñkRk ?
elak GñkRKU sresrcMelIysisSelIkþarexon .
2- karviPaKbnÞab;mk elak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobKñaCaBIrRkum edIm,IBiPakSaEvkEjksMNYr
dUcxageRkam ³=etIRbPBFnFanEdlmanbc©úb,nñGacpÁt;pÁg;RbCaBlrdæd¾eRcIn)anEdrrWeT ?
=RbCaBlrdæxøHmaneBk xøHRkeBk etICacMenaTbBaðaEdrb¤eT ? ehtuGIV ?
eRkaykarpþl;cMelIy elak GñkRKUsYrsisSfaetIBYkeKeBjcitþnwgsgÁmEdl
manmnusSRKb;rUbmansmPaB b¤ eBjcitþnwgsgÁmEdlmanGñkmannigmanGñkRk ?
bnÞab;mkeTot elak GñkRKUeGaysisSKitBicarNaGMBIxøÜnÉg elIbBaðadUc
xageRkam ³
etIGñkcUlcitþCYyGñkRkb¤ EckrMElkdl;mitþPkiþRkIRkEdrrWeT RbsinebIGñkman
RTBüsm,tiþFnFanelIsBIesckIþRtUvkar ?
elak GñkRKU eqøIytbeTAnwgcMelIyTaMgGs;rbs;sisS edayniyayfa
manRbkarmYy KWkarEbgEckedayKµanyutiþFm’nUvFnFanEdlmankñúgRbeTs nigkñúg
RbB½n§BiPBelak EdlbNþaleGaymanPaBRkIRk ]TahrN_ sm,tþiCatiRtUvEteRbIR)as;CaRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTAkñúgRbeTs. RbeTsmYycMnYn Edlcat;Ca
RbeTsbribUredayFnFanFmµCati KWmincaM)ac;ehAfaCaRbeTsGñkmanrWeTebIRbCa
BlrdæénRbeTsenaH BitCaRkIRk.
3- GrUbIkmµelak GñkRKU Bnül;fa esckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS )anEcgGMBIsiTi§mYycMnYnEdlTak;Tgnwg ³- karkan;kab;RTBüsm,tiþ- karmanmuxrbr nigmankarTTYlkMér l½kçx½NÐkargar nig plRbeyaCn_déTeTotd¾RtwmRtUv- karbegIát b¤ cUlrYmkñúgshCIBBaNiC¢kmµ- karTTYl)ansniþsuxsgÁm
- karmanCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü ¬manGahar sMelokbMBak; pÞHsMEbg esvakmµ
suxPaB esvakmµsgÁmepSgeTot.¦- karGb;rM .
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 108 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

elak GñkRKU bgðajfa esckIþRbkasCasaklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS ¬maRta22¦ )anpþl;eGaymankarGnuvtþsiTi§mnusSenaHbnþicmþg² edayBicarNaeXIjfaRbeTs
mYycMnYn RbEhlCaminTan;manFnFansMxan;²sMrab;CYydl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenA
eLIy .
elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa KMnitenHCamUldæanénsiTi§fIµmYyEdlmanEcgkñúgÉksarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiqñaM 1986 GMBIesckIþRbkassiTi§mankarGPivDÆ . bnÞab;mkelak
GñkRKU bgðajBt’manEdl)andkRsg;BIÉksarGgÁkarshRbCaCati¬2¦ ³
esckIþRbkasBIsiTi§edIm,IkarGPivDÆ
maRta1énesckIþRbkassIþBIsiTi§mankarGPivDÆEcgfa { siTi§mankarGPivDÆ
KWCasiTi§EdlminGacpþac;ecj)an eBalKWGaRs½yedaysiTi§enaHehIy EdlbuKÁlRKb;rUb
ehIynigRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;mansiTi§cUlrYm rYmviPaKTan nigmankarGPivDÆesdækic©
sgÁm vb,Fm’ nig neya)ay EdlkñúgenaHsiTi§mnusS nig esrIPaBCamUldæanTaMgGs;
GacsMerc)anedayeBjelj . }siTi§enaHmanrab;bBa©Úl³- GFibetyüPaBeBjeljelIFnFanFmµCati- karsMerccitþedayxøÜnÉg
- karcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarGPivDÆ
- smPaBén»kas- karbegIátlkçx½NÐsmRsbkñúgkarGnuvtþsiTi§Blrdæ neya)ay esdækic© sgÁmnig vb,Fm’ .
mnusSRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaGñkTTYlplGMBIsiTi§mankarGPivDÆ k¾dUcCasiTi§mnusSTaMgGs; .
siTi§mankarGPivDÆ GacRtUvykmkeRbIR)as;edaybuKÁl nigRbCaBlrdæ . siTi§
enHdak;katBVkic©eTAeGayrdænImYy² eGayFanasmPaB nigPaBRKb;RKan;énkarTTYl)anFnFansMxan;² nigdak;katBVkic©eTAeGayshKmn_GnþrCati eGayelIkkMBs;
eKalneya)ayGPivDÆedayyutiþFm’ nigkic©shkarGnþrCatiRbkbedaysnþiPaB .
4- karRbtibtiþ
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobKñaCaBIrRkumedIm,IBiPakSa nigrayeQµaHsmas
Fatu3énRbB½n§esdækic©GnþrCati nigBnül;faetIsmasPaKTaMgenaHKaMRT b¤ eFVIeGayeTA
CaemaX³nUveKalKMnitGMBIsiTi§edIm,IkarGPivDÆ . elak GñkRKUeGayeKeLIgerob
rab;lT§plBiPakSaenAkñúgfñak; .
5- esckIþbBa©b;elak GñkRKU bBa©b;emeronedayniyayfa ³
siTm§i nusSedaHRsaytMrvU karkñgú karlubbM)at;PaBRkIRktamry³karRbwgERbg
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 109 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

rbs;RbCaBlrdæ rdæaPi)al nigshKmn_GnþrCati . kmµvFi GI PivDÆRtUvpþlp; lRbeyaCn_
Cabzmdl;RbCaBlrdækñúgRbeTsedaykareFVIeGaysMercsiTi§mnusSrbs;eK
EdlTak;TgnwgtMrvU karCamUldæan manGahar sMelokbMBak; lMenAsßan kareronsURt
snisþ xu sgÁm kargarGaCIB esvakmµsxu PaB kñgú bNþatMrvU kardéTeTot . KMeragGPivDÆ
RbeTsCatiBGI tItkal minGacedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH)aneT. dUcenHehIy eKal
KMnti GMBs
I Ti e§i dIm,IkarGPivDÆmansar³sMxan;kgúñ karrMlkw rdæaPi)alGMBkI atBVkci R© TRTg;
karTTYl)ansiTT§i aMgenH . enAkñgú eBlCamYyKñaenH k¾mankarTTYlsÁal;fa RbCaBlrdæmansiTe§i FVkI arGPivDÆrbs;xnÜø edaypÞal;pgEdr edayeRbIR)as;FnFanpÞal;xnÜø .
4>rgVaytMélelak GñkRKU GaceRbIR)as;meFüa)aysmRsbNamYyedIm,IvaytMélTsSn³
rbs;sisSGMBIGñkman nigGñkRk nig sñaédkic©kareFVIenApÞH .
niymn½yénvaküs½BÞmYycMnYn
GFibetyüPaB ³ siTi§GMNacdac;xat nig ÉkraCPaBmYy .
siTi§minpþac;ecj)an ³ sMedAdl;siTi§Carbs;mnusSRKb;rUb ehIyminGacRtUvhUtecjBI
mnusSNamñak;)ankñúgsßanPaBNamYy {mandUcCasiTi§manCIvit
esrIPaBrYcputBITaruNkmµ esrIPaBrYcputBIPaBCa´bMerI b¤ PaBCa´kBa¢H esrIPaBrYcputBIkardak;Bn§naKardaysarbMNul
esrIPaBrYcputBIc,ab;RBhµTNÐeRkAGaCJayukal (retroactive
penal laws c,ab;Edlman\Ti§BlcMeBaHGMeBIEdlekIteLIgmun
eBlc,ab;enaHcUlCaFrman¦ siTi§edIm,IkarTTYlsÁal;fa Ca

mnusSmñak;enAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; esrIPaBénKMnit sm,CBaØ³ b¤sasna

CaedIm .}karsMerccitþedayxøÜnÉg ³ karsMerccitþedayRbCaBlrdæénEdndImYy GMBIGnaKtneya)ayrbs;eKpÞal; edayKµankarbgçitbgçM BIGMNacTaMgLayEdlenAeRkAEdndIenaH .
RbPBÉksar ³ The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical

Principles, Clarendon Press (Oxford : 1993)
Nancy Flowers, editor, Human Rights Here and Now, Human
Rights Educators Network, Amnesty Internatioal USA (Chicago: 1998)SALAG, Understanding Human Rights, Structural Alternative
Legal Assistance for the Grassroots (Makati : 1989)

kMnt;sMKal;¬1¦ RbPBÉksar ³ http : //millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mi/
mi_highlights.asp¬2¦ RbPBÉksar ³ www.unhchr.ch/developement/right-02.html
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 110 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

siTi§mnusSTaMgGs;edIm,ITaMgGs;Kña
Caerogral;qñaM TivasiTi§mnusS)anRtUvR)arB§eFVIeLIg. éf¶ 10 FñÚ CaTivasiTi§mnusS. enAéf¶10 FñÚ1948 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anGnum½tesckIþRbkas
CasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS . bnÞab;BIkarGnum½tenaHmk ÉksarsiTi§mnusS)anRtUvpSBV
pSayCaeRcInPasa . bc©úb,nñesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS)anRtUvbkERbCag
103PasaTUTaMgBiPBelak . ÉksarsiT§imnusS RtUveKcat;TukfaCaÉksarmankarbk
ERbCaeRcInenAkñúgBiPBelak . eKGaceGaytMélcMeBaHkarRbwgERbgeFVIeGay
esckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS pSBVpSayeTAdl;mnusSRKb;RsTab;vNÑ³enAesIÞr
EtRKb;knøúkkenøóténBiPBelak CaPasarbs;eKpÞal; .
esckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS GMBavnaveGayRbCaBlrdæ nigrdæaPi)al
TaMgLayeFVIkaredIm,IelIkkMBs;karkarBar nigkarsMerc)ansiTi§mnusSTaMgGs;edIm,ITaMg
Gs;Kña . BIeRBaHsiTi§mnusSmanGtßn½ysMrab;mnusSRKb;rUbedayKµankarerIseGIg.
siTi§mnusSCaeKalKMnitsklEdlRtUvGnuvtþCaskl ehIyvaCaTMnYlxusRtUvCaskl
rbs;eyIgpgEdr .
cMngeCIgemeron³ siTi§mnusSmanlkçN³skl
kMritfñak;³ mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi
muxviC¢a³ sikSasgÁm
eKalKMnitsiTi§mnusS ³ sklPaBnigPaBminGacEbgEck)anénsiTi§mnusS
ry³eBl
³ mYyem:agsikSa
1>vtßúbMng
eRkaykarsikSa sisSRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgGac ³- Bnül;fasiTi§mnusSCaeKalKMnitskl.
- bgðajKMnitfa mnusSRKb;rUbKYreFVIkargarCamYyKña ¬kargarCaRkum¦ nigeKarB
esrIPaBrbs;KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgkarelIkkMBs; nigGnuvtþsiTi§mnusS .
2>Éksar-sMPar³
maRta1 énesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS ³ mnusSTaMgGs; ekItmkman
esrIPaB nigsmPaB kñúgEpñkesckþIéføfñÚrnigsiT§i. mnusS manvícarN
jaNnigstism,CBaØ³Cab;BIkMeNIt ehIyKb,IRbRBwtþcMeBaHKñaeTAvíj
eTAmk kñúgsµartIPatrPaBCabgb¥Ún.
maRta2 mnusSmñak;² GaceRbIR)as;siTi§nigesrIPaBTaMgGs; EdlmanEcgkñúgesckþIRbkasenH edayKµankarRbkan;EbgEckEbbNamYy manCa
GaT× BUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr ePT Pasa sasna mtineya)ay b¤mti
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 111 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

epSg²eTot edImkMeNItCati b¤sgÁm RTBüsm,tþi kMeNIt b¤sßanPaB
déT²eToteLIy.
- esckIþRbkas nigkmµviFIskmµPaBenATIRkugvIEynNa (Vienna) ¬1993¦- esckIþsnñidæanrbs;sikçasalaelIkTI11 sIþBIkic©shkarfñak;tMbn;edIm,Ikar
elIkkMBs; nigkarkarBarsiTi§mnusSkñúgtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic ¬GIusøam:a)at(Islamabad) )a:KIsßan 25 - 27 ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2003¦ .
3>dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgon
k- lMnaMepþIm
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSnwkKitkñúgcitþGMBIRTg;RTayénBiPBelak . elak GñkRKU
R)ab;sisSfa emeronsMrab;éf¶enH niyayGMBIKuNtMélTaMgLayEdlcaM)ac;RtUvman
edIm,IeFVIeGayBiPBelakkan;EtmanPaBrIkray nig snþiPaB .
x- lMnaMGPivDÆn_1- skmµPaB
elak GñkRKUeGaysisScUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBdUcxageRkam ³
skmµPaBTI1
elIRkdasmYysnøwk sisSmñak;²KUrrUbrgVg;mYy ¬tMNagBiPBelak¦Edlman
RBYj3 )aj;ecjeRkA . elIRBYjnImYy² sisSsresrcMenaTbBaðamYyEdlBYkeKcg;
eGayvaecj)at;BIBiPBelak . ]TahrN_ ³
PaBRkIRk
karbMpøajbrisßan

karrMelaPsiT§imnusSbnÞab;mk elak GñkRKUeGaysisSbEnßmeyabl;edaHRsaycMeBaHcMenaTbBaða
EdleKkMnt;rkeXIj .
sisSsresrcMenaTbBaða nig eyabl;edaHRsayEdleK)ankMnt;rkeXIjenAelIkþarexon .
skmµPaBTI2
elak GñkRKUeGaysisSeRcInnak;KUrrUbPaBGVIk¾)anelIRkdasmYysnøwk . sisS
mñak;cab;epIþmKUrKMnUrmYy bnÞab;mkGñkÉeTotKUrbEnßmelIKMnUrenaHGMBIGVIEdleKcg;KUr .
bnÞab;BI)anKUrRKb;KñaehIy elak GñkRKUelIkbgðajlT§plsñaédrYm .
lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 112 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

2- karviPaK
elak GñkRKU sYrsMNYrEdlTak;TgnwgskmµPaBTaMgBIrxagelI ³- etIcMenaTbBaða nig eyabl;edaHRsayTaMgLayrbs;sisSTaMgGs;manPaB
RsedogKñab¤eT ?
- etIsñaédKMnUrrYmKñaenHl¥b¤eT ? ebIminl¥eT etIRtUvbenÞasGñkNa ?
- etInrNaxøH Edl)ancUlrYmviPaKTankñúgsñaédsil,³enH ?
- etIGñkmankarKitEbbNa cMeBaHsñaédsil,³enH?
- tameyabl;rbs;Gñk ehtuGVI)anCaRbCaBlrdæmanTsSn³Rsedog²KñacMeBaH
BiPBelak ? ]TahrN_ etIGñkcUlcitþs®gÁam b¤ sniþPaB ?
- enAeBlEdlGñkKUrKMnUr etIGñk)anKitdl;kEnøgTMenrsMrab;eGaysisSdéTKUrEdrb¤eT ?
- etIGñk)aneGaytMélKMnUrEdlmitþrYmfñak;)anKUrmunGñkEdrb¤eT ?
- etIGñkKitfaBiPBelakCarbs;mnusSRKb;rUb b¤ mnusSBIrbInak; ?
elak GñkRKU srubcMelIyTaMgGs;edayepþatelIPaBRsedogKñaéncMenaTbBaða
EdlsisSelIkeLIg TMnak;TMngkñúgbNþakarcUlrYmviPaKTanBIbuKÁlmñak;²kñúgsñaédsil,³ ehIynigGtßiPaBénkic©shkarrvagBYkeKkñúgsñaédsil,³ .
3- GrUbIkmµelak GñkRKU Bnül;eKalKMnitGMBIsmPaB edayEp¥kelImaRta1 énesckIþRb
kasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS .
elak GñkRKU sgát;F¶n;elIKMnitsMxan;BIrkñúgmaRta1 ³ mnusSCatiTaMgGs;mansiTi§mnusSdUc²Kña ehIyeKRbRBwtþcMeBaHKñakñúgsµartIbgb¥Ún .
elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa maRta1bgðajBImUldæanRKwHénsiTi§mnusSTaMgLay KWfa
siTi§mnusSTaMgLayEp¥kelImnusSFm’rYmrbs;eyIg eBalKW mnusSCatiTaMgGs;manesrIPaB nigsmPaBelIesckIþéføfñÚr nigsiTi§taMgBIkMenIt .
elak GñkRKU bBa¢ak;fa tammaRta2 mnusSTaMgGs;edayKµankarEbgEckGMBI
RbePTNamYy mansiTi§ nig esrIPaBTaMgGs; Edl)anEcgkñúgesckIþRbkasCaskl

sIþBIsiTi§mnusS. RbkarenHmann½yfa siTi§mnusSminGaRs½yelIRbvtiþrbs;mnusSeT mandUc
CaRbvtiþneya)ay sgÁm esdækic© vb,Fm’ BUCsasn_ Gayu b¤RbePTdéTeTot CaedIm .
elak GñkRKU segçbmaRta 2 edayniyayfa Gtßn½yénmaRtaenHdkRsg;ecj
BIPasit {siTi§mnusSTaMgGs; edIm,ITaMgGs;Kña} Edl)anGnum½tenArvagqñaM 1993 kñúg
snñisITBiPBelaksþIBIsiTi§mnusS.
esckþIRbkasenAvIEynNa (Vienna) 1993 Ecgfa ³
siTi§mnusSTMagGs;manlkçN³skl minGacEbgEck)an GaRs½yeTAvijeTA
mknigmanTMnak;TMngnwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk. shKmn_GnþrCatiRtUvGnuvtþsiTi§mnusS
TaMgGs;Kña tamlkçN³yutþiFm’ nigesµIPaB kñúgCMhrdUcKña nigTMgn;dUcKña. RBmCalMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 113 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

mYyKñaeenaH krNIykic©énrdæCaPaKITMagLay RtUvbNþúHsµartIeKarBPaBedayELk²
rbs;Cati nigtMbn; ehIynigvis½yRbvtþisaRsþ vb,Fm’ nig sasnaepSg²Kña edaymin
KitGMBIsm<½n§neya)ay esdækic© nigvb,Fm’ rbs;BYkeK edIm,IelIkkMBs; nigkarBarsiTi§mnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæanTMagGs;.¬vKÁTI 5 EpñkTI 1¦
elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa enAeRkamesckþIRbkasrbs;rdæaPi)alTaMgLaynaqñaM
1993 enATUTaMgRbeTs siTi§mnusSRtUv)anbBa¢ak;CafµIfamanlkçN³skl minGac
EbgEck)an GaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigmanTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk. siTi§mnusS
manlkçN³skl eRBaHsiTi§mnusSenaHenACab;nwgmnusSCati. dUcenH vaeRbI)ansMrab;TMagGs;Kñay:agskl. siTi§mnusSk¾minGacEbgEck)anpgEdr eRBaHvaTak;Tgnwg
vis½yepSg²énCIvPaBmnusS. eKminGacbMEbksiTi§manGahar ecjBIsiTi§sMEdgmti)aneTBIeRBaHvaCaEpñkénektnP½NÐFmµCati. siTi§mnusSGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk
BIeRBaHsiTi§TaMgGs;manPaBcMa)ac;cMeBaHCIviteBjeljrbs;mnusS. eKminGacmansiTi§e)aHeqñat nigmanesrIPaBrYcputBITaruNkmµ edayKµansiTi§manGahar nigsiTi§TTYlkar
Gb;rMenAeBlCamYyKñaenaHeT. enAeBlsiTi§mYycMnYnmin)anbMeBj siTi§déTeTotk¾man
karb:HBal;Edr.
elak GñkRKU Bnül;pgEdrfa rdæCaPaKITaMgGs; ¬tamry³rdæaPi)al¦mankrNIy
kic©dUcKña kñúgkarelIkkMBs; nig karBarsiTi§mnusSTaMgGs; eTaHbImanbribTRbvtþisaRsþ
Cativb,Fm’ nigsasna k¾dUcCaRbB½n§neya)ay esdækic© nig vb,Fm’epSgKñak¾eday.
elak GñkRKU segçbbT]eTÞs edayminniyayfa shKmn_GnþrCati)anRBm
eRBogfasiTi§mnusSCaeKalKMnitsklEdlEp¥kelIkarTTYlsÁal;PaBCamnusSTUeTA
rbs;eyIg. elak GñkRKUbEnßmfasiTi§mnusScMa)ac;RtUv)ancat;Tukfa CakareqøIytb
eTAnwgBiesaFn_BIGtItkalnigbc©úb,nñénkardkhUtRTBüsm,tþimnusS ehIyCYnkal
dkhUtCIvitpgEdr.
eKalkarN_RBmeRBogCaGnþrCatienH RtUv)anFanaGHGageLIgvijCafµIedayrdæaPi)alPaKeRcInenAGasIu)a:sIuPic. enAsikçasalanaTIRkugGIusøam:a)at RbeTs):a
KIsßan ¬25-27 kumÖ³ qñaM 2003¦ rdæaPi)alTaMgLay)anRbkasfa BYkeKkMBugFanaGHGagCafµInUvsklPaB PaBminGacEbgEck)an PaBGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk
nigPaBTak;TgeTAvijeTAmkénsiT§imnusSTMagGs; manCaGaT×siTi§Blrdæ siTi§vb,Fm’
siTi§esdækic© siTi§neya)ay siTi§sgÁm nigsiTi§mankarGPivDÆ.
ehIyBYkeKTTYlsÁal;fa karGb;rMsiTi§mnusSRtUvTTYlRbeyaCn_BIKuNtMél
rbs;vb,Fm’ ehIynigRbéBNITMagLay EdlCMrujeGaymansklPaBénsiTi§mnusS
kñúgbMNgelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIBhuvb,Fm’rbs;siTi§mnusS.
4> karRbtibtþi
elak GñkRKU eGaysisSerobKñaCaRkumehIysresrelIRkdaspÞaMgFMGMBIlMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 114 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

eKalkarN_sklPaB PaBminGacEbgEck)an PaBGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmknigPaB
Tak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmkénsiT§iTaMgLay. bnÞab;mk elak GñkRKUdwknaMsisSEklMG
ehIyeGaysisSykRkdaspÞaMgFMenaHeTAbiTenAkþarexonpSayBt’manrbs;salaeron
nigTIkEnøgsmRsbdéTeTotkñúgsalaeron.
5> esckþIbBa©b;elak GñkRKU bBa©b;eBlsikSaedayniTanerOgmYyeGaysisSsþab;dUcxageRkam
kalBIeRBgnay enARbeTscinmanRsþIcas;mñak;manbBaØaévqøat. mnusSCaeRcIn)anxitxMl,gbBaØaKat;. sm½yéf¶mYy manekµgRbusmñak;Büayamsakl,gbBaØarbs
;RsþIcas;enaH. ekµgRbusenaH kan;kUnbkSImYyenAédehIylak;eRkayxñg. eKKitkñúgcitþfa eKnwgsYrRsþIcas;enaHfa etIkUnbkSIkñúgédeKenaHrs; b¤søab;. RbsinebIRsþIcas;
eqøIyfavaenArs; eKnwgRc)ac;vasMlab;edIm,IeGayKat;xus. ehIyRbsinebIRsþIcas;
eqøIyfavasøab; eKnwgRBElgva edIm,IbgðajfavaenArs;eT.
KiitehIy ekµgRbusenaHk¾sYreTARsþIcas;fa {etIkUnbkSIkñúgéd´enH rs; b¤søab;?}RsþIcas;k¾eqøIyfa{ bkSIenAkñúgédrbs;Gñk manEtGñkeTEdlCaGñksMerceGayvars;b¤søab;}.
bnÞab;mkelak GñkRKU niyayR)ab;sisSdUcxageRkam ³
siTi§mnusSsßitenAkñúgédrbs;Gñk Gñkkan;kab;va. manEtGñkeTCaGñksMerc
faGñkcg;eGaysiTi§mnusSrbs;GñkR)akdmaneLIg b¤RtUvbMePøcecal. ehIyeday
ehtufa siTi§mnusSCarbs;mnusSRKb;rUb karRbwgERbgrYmKñarbs;mnusSTaMgGs;
CaktþasMerccugeRkayénkarR)akdeLIgsiTi§mnusSTMagGs;.
4>rgVaytMélelak GñkRKU GaceRbIR)as;meFüa)aysmRsbNamYyedIm,IvaytMélkaryl;
dwgrbs;sisS GMBIeKalkarN_CamUldæanénsiTi§mnusS. rgVaytMélGaceFVI)anmunesckþIbBa©b;.

lMENnaMkarbeRgonsiTi§mnusS 115 sMrab;salaeronGasIuGaeKñy_

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esckIRþ bkasCasklsþBI sI Ti mi§ nusS
GnusBaØasþBI sI Ti ki§ mu ar
GnusBaØaRbqaMgkarerIseGIg
kñgú visy½ Gb;rMesckþbI gðajcMeBaHkareRbIR)as;bec©ks½BsÞ Ti mi§ nusS