Journal of Technology and Science Education

JOTSE, 2022 – 12(1): 21-32 – Online ISSN: 2013-6374 – Print ISSN: 2014-5349
https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303

THE EFFECTS OF USING BLOG-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING(BALL) IN IMPROVING NON-NATIVE STUDENTS’ ENGLISHWRITING SKILL IN HIGHER EDUCATION; DOES IT WORK?
Asnawi Muslem, Saiful Marhaban, Hendra Heriansyah, Rizki Putra Utama

Universitas Syiah Kuala (Indonesia)
drasnawi@unsyiah.ac.id, saiful22@unsyiah.ac.id, hendrisa@unsyiah.ac.id, tamacage66@yahoo.co.id
Received April 2021
Accepted August 2021
Abstract
Improving students’ writing skill at higher education level in Indonesia through using technology becomesa primary attention given by the researchers. Blog-Assisted Language Learning (BALL) is one of the bestalternative medium of improving students’ writing skill. This BALL is never used by the lecturers who areteaching writing skill to students at State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh. Therefore, theobjectives of this study are to investigate if there is a significant different between students who are taught
by using Bog-Assisted Language Learning (BALL) and without in term of students’ writing skill at State
Islamic University of Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Additionally, this study also investigates thestudents’ response toward the use of BALL in teaching and learning process of writing skill. The study
involved 40 third year English students of the State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh. The
study employed quantitative method in collecting the data through pre-and post-writing tests and a set ofquestionnaire for both groups; experiment and control. The data collected were analysed using descriptive
statistic. The results showed that the use of BALL in teaching writing improved significantly rather thanstudents who were taught without using BALL. In addition, the majority of students’ response toward theimplementation of BALL in teaching writing skill were positive. Therefore, the use of BALL in teaching
and learning writing at English Department students of State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry can
improve students’ writing skill.

Keywords – BALL, Writing skill, Non-native, Higher education students.
To cite this article:
Muslem, A., Marhaban, S., Heriansyah, H., Utama, R.P. (2022). The effects of using blog-assisted
language learning (BALL) in improving non-native students’ English writing skill in higher education;
does it work?. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 12(1), 21-32.
https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303---------1. Introduction
In this 21st century, the competence to communicate in English is essential. Language teachers or lecturers
especially English language are trying to find the most effective method and strategy to polish theirstudents’ English competence. They have shifted their teaching methods significantly from traditional one
to using technology tools to enhance students’ performance in mastering English language skills. Various-21-

Journal of Technology and Science Education – https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303

studies have been done for the purpose of improving quality of education and pedagogy among students
and teachers around the world and more specifically the use of technology in teaching and learning forEnglish language skills to meet the countries’ demand and expectation (Muslem & Abbas, 2017; Qader &Yalcin-Arslan, 2019; Danaher & Schoepp, 2020; Aditya, 2021). The ability to communicate in English
through wrtitten form is very essential. The ability to write in English is not an easy task for non-native
students. Many aspects that should be mastered well by students when writing an essay in English. For
instance, a student should how to write with no misspelling, know how to use dot, question mark, capitalletter, and etc. Various methods and techniques have been used to improve students’ writing skill such as,cooperative learning, think pair share, contextual teaching and learning, communicative language teaching,group discussion (Satriani, Emilia, Gunawan, 2012; Muslem & Abbas, 2017). However, students’ ability towrite smoothly and correctly still remains the problem for students.
The use of technology devices in teaching and learning process has proved that it helps teachers andstudents to improve their quality (Alfarwan, 2019). Various benefits can be obtained by using media
technology in the teaching and learning process, especially English language as a foreign language in non
native country like Indonesia. Lecturers at university need to master knowledge and skills on how to use
technology for the sake of teaching English as a foreign language (Oliver & Goerke, 2007; Alfarwan,2019). In addition, the use of technology in the classroom for teaching English does not only improvestudents language skills but also improve their motivation (Fatimah & Santiana, 2017). One of the best
medium to use in teaching and learning English is Blog-assisted Language Learning (BALL), replacing theolder idea of the computer just as a surrogate teacher (Ward, 2004; Dashtestani, 2018). This media oflearning has never been used in teaching English especially writing skill at State Islamic University,
Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh. Lecturers at the university tends to use traditional methods to teach students’
writing. Ward (2004) says Blog-Assisted Language Learning is a series of activities which involves
Blogging activities, comments, and peer feedbacks. Students are required to write some entries or posts inwhich later on be responded by readers either by the classmates themselves or by public readers. Peer
feedbacks are used to facilitate students correcting each other’s writing in order to make them aware of
their own mistake.
Many kinds of technology have been used in the teaching and learning English either at school oruniversity level such as computer, youtube, video, tape recorder, power point, and mobile phone. A few
studies have been conducted to improve students’ writing skill at university level in Indonesia throughBlog-Assisted Language Learning (Wu, 2005; Chinnery, 2006; Chhabra & Sharma, 2011; Aditya, 2021).
However, in oversea many foreign educators have implemented this user-friendly technology to classroom
instruction and language learning in general (Lankshear & Knobel, 2003). This blog is not intended
originally constructed for use in language education, blogs have formidable potentials as a meaningful tool
for the teaching of EFL writing class (Wu, 2005). Blog uses may offer instructors a helpful tool forteaching writing at the tertiary level in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) classrooms (Arslan& Şahin-Kızıl, 2010; Ahluwalia, Gupta & Aggarwal, 2011). Therefore, the objectives of this current study
are to find out the answers of the following research questions:
1. Is there any significant difference between students who are taught by using blog-assisted
language learning (BALL) and without the use of BALL in term of students’ writing skill at State
Islamic University of Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia?
2. How are the students’ response toward the use of BALL in the teaching and learning process?

2. Learning and Technology
Learning and Technology today are a good combination when it is done correctly (Chinnery, 2006). It is a
general knowledge to realise that technology can give good and bad impact to teaching and learning. Smith
and Mainka (2010) state that the implementation of technology has started since 1950s. It first began withmechanical teaching machines which later on continued with computer-based instruction in the early
1980s. Recently, internet or a thing that usually called WWW (World Wide Web) comes to humanity. Along-22-

Journal of Technology and Science Education – https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303

with mobile technology, the implementation of technology in teaching and learning has given a very
promising result. In line with this statement, technology such as internet can be used to learn and improvestudents’ language learning as well as the resources of learning for everyone, anytime, and everywhere as
they like without going to class to learn it (Honarzd & Rassaei, 2019).
It still feels unbelievable that teacher and student now can discuss lessons through social media or email
whereas years ago people have to meet face to face to do that. A teacher now can handle large class easily
if he knows how to work with email properly. Teachers used to deal with same questions from students
repeatedly. But by the help of email, teacher can easily answer students’ questions without having to be
overwhelmed. Peer working and inquiry-based learning are also promising methods that include
technology. Students can do some investigation on some issues, gathering information from internet andsubmitting the report through online media. Collaboration between students are also become easier. They
can communicate and finish their task through an online group made in social media such as Facebook orother platform such as blog (Smith & Mainka, 2010). Things mentioned above are all the examples on
how the development of technology has led us to the better condition where the teaching and learning
process has been way better.

3. Writing Expository Text
Expository text is the specific lesson that the researcher utilized in this research. To understand more
about the expository text, the researcher elaborated some information about Expository text. Expository
text is a text structure that include a few structures such as generalization, classification, cause and effect,sequence, compare and contrast and enumeration (Cook & Mayer, 1988). It is a written discourse that isused most likely to explain or inform the reader about some information. (Information about Expository
Writing, 2018). Expository text is meant for readers that don’t have any previous background about the
information that is discussed. Thus, it is essential for the writer of expository text to write the text moreclearly.
Based on Ball (1992), there are five expository text structures. The first one is description. In description
pattern, the writer is required to describe a topic by putting into the list the characteristics, features,
attributes and examples. A few signaling words used in this pattern are for instance, such as, including, andso on. In the sequence pattern, the author of an expository text is needed to list items or events withinchronological order. This text can be written both in explicit or implicit way. Some of the cue words inthis type of pattern are first, second, next, finally and more. In expository text, there is also comparison
pattern. The writer who write about comparison must present two information that are being compared indetails. The details of the information can be any events information, concepts, theories and more. Somesignaling words used in this pattern are however, nevertheless, on the other hand and so on. Cause andeffect is also another pattern used in expository writing. In this pattern, the writer is encouraged to present
facts from the cause and the result of the cause. The writer of cause and effect mostly used somesignaling words such as a result, therefore, consequently and so on. Last version of expository text is
problem and solution. Not much different from cause and effect, the writer needs to present the problem
and the solution in the article. Signaling words such as problem is, because, if/then are used in this type of
pattern.

4. The Use of Blog-Assisted Language Learning in Teaching Writing
Even though Blog-Assisted Language Learning just become a recent phenomenon, it has gained so muchinterest from writing researchers, teachers and course designers (Lin, 2013, p.130). The presence of Blog
has given more space to writers to share new ideas including materials and articles in order to be reachedout by audience (Said, Yunus, Doring, Asmi, Aqilah & Li 2013: page 95). This experience can be used tomotivate students in learning writing. Students are immersed into bloggers’ situation in which they require
to share and update interesting information within their own blog (Said et al., 2013). For some English
teachers and lecturers Blogs may be still strange to use in the teaching and learning EFL process inIndonesia. Through Blog teachers and students can express their thought in written form (Goldstein,-23-

Journal of Technology and Science Education – https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303

2009; Hourigan & Murray, 2010; Getgood, 2010; Gardner & Birley, 2012; Sidek & Yunus, 2012). What isblog? A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website displaying
information in the reverse chronological order, with latest posts appearing first. It is a platform where awriter or even a group of writers share their views on an individual subject. Due to blog features that easy
to use interface, frequent text update, and interactive comment field, most teachers and lecturers applied
their blogs to reading and writing classes (Oravec, 2002; Wilder & Merritt, 2004; Pinkman, 2005;
Richardson, 2009; Sun, 2009). Based on Lin, Groom and Lin (2013) phenomenological analysis, there areseveral important functions of Blogging in teaching writing:a) Blogging as Journaling
The use of BALL in the classroom was perceived as a way of learning writing by doing a journaling.
Journaling becomes a part of blogging activity that can improve writing of the bloggers (Lin et al., 2013).
Because Journaling requires the bloggers to update regularly the entry on their websites and the repetition
made them become used to the activity.
b) Blogging as a fresh, novel, and convenient platform
Besides as journaling, Blog is also thought as a fresh and convenient platform. The presence of tools inwriting article such as bold, underline, adding pictures, heading 1, heading 2 and so on, increase the easeof Blog usage. In his research, Lin et al. (2013) says that:…the integration of new technology into the learning setting left them perceiving the experience
differently from the conventional, non-online approaches that they had experienced previously intheir school careers. For example, Gloria reflected in her final journal entry that “this experience
is so new and cool to me,” a sentiment with which Cindy also agreed. To many others, BALL wasperceived as novel because their entries were published in an online public setting…
In addition, Lin et al. (2013) also added that the possibility to edit the posted entry was considered very
convenient.
…Isaac liked the fact that he could “take the advantage of retrieving past work”, while Dannyregarded the ability to access peer journals as “convenient.” The underlying component of thissense of convenience, however, mostly related to the fact that they were able to submit
assignments online, from any location, and in their own time. As Cindy remarked, “this is very
convenient because I don’t need to worry about forgetting to bring the material or rushing toschool to hand in assignments to the office.” A further perceived advantage was pointed out by
Olivia: “blogs are convenient because I can access material or review your [referring to theteacher] notes any time I like.” It is largely because of this general sense of convenience thatstudents expressed approval at the idea of BALL being used in future courses…
c) Blogging as a Form of Online Mimicry Learning
The BALL experience helped students to write in English language more effectively. The use of peer
feedbacks encouraged the students to take more concerns on the grammar and word choice aspect (Lin etal., 2013). Some essential aspects and steps have been mentioned previously. Those elements sometimes
become challenges to students. Some students may have difficulties to build a good paragraph body andsome others may possess some obstacles in making sentences coherent. In handling the challenges, theteacher should provide good explanation and good amount of time to do the writing process. It cannot be
neglected that writing is an ongoing process as what Barnett (1989) has stated beforehand.

5. Methodology
In order to prove if the use of BALL enhances the students’ writing skill, an experimental design was
employed. Quasi-experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment of an educational
intervention. In this case, two classes of students were selected; one class was given treatment using-24-

Journal of Technology and Science Education – https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303

Blog-Assisted Language Learning in the teaching and learning process to enhance students’ writing skill
and another class was assigned as control group which was not given the same treatment as inexperimental class. The participants of this study were two classes of English Education Department ofState Islamic University of Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The participants were not randomly
assigned to conditions, however, the resulting groups were likely to be dissimilar in some ways. For thisreason, authors consider them to be nonequivalent which mean then, is a between-subjects design inwhich participants have not been randomly assigned to conditions. Each class consisted of 20 students.
So, all the sample of this current study consisted of 40 students. Before conducting the treatment toexperimental group, the pre-test was given to both groups in order to know the students’ basic writing
skill. After that, the treatment was conducted. The authors used both pretest and postest to measure thescore before and after the treatment. There were two groups that take parts in the experimental process.
Experimental group students was taught by using BALL and the control group students was taught byusing non BALL. The scores of both groups were compared to see if there was any significant difference
between the two groups. The data collected were analysed quantitatively by using statistical analysis.

6. Results
RQ 1: Is there any significant difference between students who are taught by using blog-assisted language learning (BALL)
and without the use of BALL in term of students’ writing skill at State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh,
Indonesia?
The use of Blog-Assisted Language Learning in Teaching Writing skill was significantly improved
students’ performance in writing. It was proved by the ttest > ttable (2.52 > 2.04) in which there was asignificant difference between students’ who are taught by using BALL and those who were not using
BALL methods in teaching and learning writing. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was accepted. There
was a significant improvement of students’ writing skill after they were taught by using BALL. The
following table showed the scores of experimental class of pre and posttest.

Experimental Class Mean Score
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Pre-test

Post-test
71.6
65.8
73.2
82.2
74.4
72.8
65.2
61.4
66.8
73.8
78.4
77.8
63.4
80.6
69.6
82.4
73.8
60
76.2
61.2

79
82
82.4
82
80.8
75.6
73.8
84.2
87.2
76.4
79.6
78.4
79.8
82.8
74
83.4
76.4
84.8
79.4
84.4

Table 1. The scores of the Experimental Class on Pre-test and Post-test-25-

Journal of Technology and Science Education – https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303

Table 1 above displays the scored of pre-test and post-test for the experimental class before and after theapplication of Blog-Assisted Language Learning. It shows that only one student gets the lowest and thehighest scores in which 60 and 82.4. Meanwhile, there is only a student who get 73.8 as the lowest score in
the post-test and 87.2 as the highest score in the posttest. It can be concluded that there is a significant
improvement between pre-test and posttest scores in the experimental group.
Control Class Mean Score
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Pre-test

Post-test
72
68
72.6
83
75.4
72.2
68.8
69.2
73
74
78.4
73.6
70.8
78.6
77.4
78
75.2
70.4
69
66.4

72.4
69.4
72.6
84
76
72.8
69
70.2
73.8
74.8
80.2
73.8
71.8
78.8
79
78.8
76
71.8
70.2
68

Table 2. The Score of the Control Class on Pre-test and Post-test

Table 2 reports the raw score of the pre-test and posttest in the control class that uses conventional
method of teaching. It shows that only one student who get the lowest and the highest scores in pre-test
in control group that is 66.4 and 84. Thus, it can be concluded that there is no significant improvement ofstudents’ writing in the control class by using conventional method. Referring to the two scores of the twogroups; experimental and control shows in Table 1 and 2, then the authors report the mean scores ofboth groups as showed in Table 3 below.
GroupsExperimental Group - Post-test
Control Group - Post-test

N
20
20

Mean

Std. Deviation
80.32
74.17

6.83628.3759

Table 3. The Mean and Standard Deviation of the Post-test of Experimental and Control Groups

The Table 3 above shows the result of mean score for both two groups posttests in each experimental andcontrol groups. It shows the mean score for experimental groups is 80.32 and standard deviation is6.8362. Meanwhile, the mean score of the control group is 74.17 and standard deviation is 8.3759.
Furthermore, the results of both post-test score analyzed using independent sample t-test to see thedifferences between the two groups.

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Dep. Variables
Post-test Groupst-2.528t-test for Equality of Meansdf
38

Sig. (2-tailed)
0.0186

Table 4. Independent Sample T-Test Analysis of the Post-test Scores of the Experimental and Control Groups

Table 4 above shows that the value of Sig. (2-tailed) is less than 0.05 (0.0186 < 0.05) which means that Ha
is accepted. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis of this study is accpeted and reject the null hypothesis. It
means that there is a significant difference achievment between experimental and control groups inlearning writing by using Blog-Assisted Language Learning method. In short, it can be concluded that theuse of Blog-Assisted Language Learning improves students’ writing skill at the English Department ofState Islamic University of Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
RQ 2: How are the students’ response toward the use of BALL in the teaching and learning process?
Referring to the Research Question 2, it can be reported that the students give positive response to the useof Blog-Assisted Language Learning in teaching and learning writing. For more detail about the students’
response to the use of BALL in the teaching and learning can be seen in the following figures.

Figure 1. Students’ perception on the use of Blog in learning writing

The Figure 1 reports students’ perception on the use of Blog in learning writing that covers threestatements as shown in the figure. It shows that students have positive perceptions towards the use of
Blog-Assisted Language Learning in teaching writing. It is proven from their answers provided on the
figure above where 35.00% students strongly agreed and 36.00% agreed that blogging could be a learning
activity. However, there were 12.00% students that were not sure about the statement number 1. Students
also believe that blog can be a writing assignment tool. 20.00% of the students strongly agreed to thestatement, 48.00% of them agreed to the statement, and only 12.00% of them that were not sure with thestatement number 2. In addition, students agreed that reading other students’ blog post were a good
activity. 35.00% of the students strongly agreed about the statement, 40.00% of them agreed to thestatement, and only 9.00% of them that were not sure about the statement number 1.

Figure 2. Students’ perception on the use of comments section as a partof the Blog-Assisted Language Learning activity-27-

Journal of Technology and Science Education – https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1303

Based on the figure above, the research found that students believe there was a positive impact fromhaving the instructor writing comments on their blog posts. Figure 2 showed that 55.00% strongly agreed,
32.00% agreed, and only 3.00% were not sure about the statement. Students also believe that classmates’comments left on their blog posts were found interesting and encouraging. There were 55.00% of thestudents strongly agreed, 32.00% agreed, and only 1.00% strongly disagreed to the statement. On theother hands, students also believe that leaving comments on their classmates’ blogs were a fun activity.
There is 10.00% of the students strongly agreed, 44.00% agreed and 21.00% not sure towards thestatement.

Figure 3. Students’ perception on the use of peer feedback in Blog-Assisted
Language Learning upon the process of improving writing skill

Based on the Figure 3 provided above, students believed that peer feedback was a helpful way to make theBlog-Assisted Language Learning more effective in improving their writing skills. Students realized thatgiving feedback to their pair is a very positive learning experience. There are 55.00% of the students strongly
agreed to the statement, followed by 32.00% of them agreed and only 3.00% not sure. In addition, students
believe that having a peer feedback activity encouraged them to write a better article in the blog. 35.00% ofthem strongly agreed, 44.00% agreed, and only 6% not sure towards the statement. Students also believe thatthe use of the peer feedback system was effective to improve their blog posts. 60.00% of the students
strongly agreed to the statement, followed by 28.00% of them agreed and only 3.00% of them not sure.
Last, students found that the peer feedback was useful for learning writing using blogging activity. 30.00%
strongly agreed, 44.00% agreed and only 9.00% not sure regarding the statement.

7. Discussion
Referring to the objectives of this study is to investigate if the use of Blog-Assisted Language Learning
significantly improve students’ writing skill and their motivation in learning writing skill trough Ball. The
results of this study proved that the use of Ball in improving writing skill and motivation weresignificantly increased. It can be seen that the scores obtained from both groups are significantly different.
The scores can increase in the experimental group due to the process of teaching and learning takes place
according to the planning has been targeted. Besides, this improvement due to the students can discusswith their friends via blog toward they write and discuss. They can check each other work for making surethat they have done their best accordingly. Learning collaboratively and using technology help students’skill and motivation (Muslem & Abbas, 2017). In addition, the results of this study are in line with theprevious studies that the use of digital technology and peer support improved students’ outcome
especially writing skill (Kim & Bae, 2020).
Using ICT or digital technology is not only improved students’ learning outcome but also improveteachers’ way of teaching (Camelo, Torres, Reche & Costa, 2018; Palacios-Hidalgo, Gómez-Parra &Huertas-Abril, 2020). There are four benefits of learning writing through Blog-Assisted Language
Learning. First, promotes autonomous learning by providing opportunities for students to take more
control of their learning. Second, motivates students to become better readers and writers. Third,
promotes discussion among students. Last, encourages the use of the Internet and the Web among-28-

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students (and teachers) (Kung, 2018). The use of Blog-Assisted Language Learning enable students tointeract and exchange between students to identify their preferences and even explore new subjects.
Another positive aspect about blogging is that “if they know more people are reading and writing tothem, that creates more engagement (Kung, 2018). Motivation is also essential in learning process. The
appropriate media technology used is paramount. The right technology used can improve students’motivation in learning (Spector & Park, 2017; Kung, 2018). Students agreed that BALL is a very
fascinating methodology to be done in a writing class. The blogging activity including writing articles,
commenting and doing peer feedbacks were found to be a motivating activity for improving writing skills.
It is the first time to use Ball in the teaching and learning process at the State Islamic University of
Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, especially in improving writing skill. Therefore, this study has given an essential
alternative strategy and media to improve writing skill at the English Education Department students.
Therefore, this study have helped university students to improve their writing skill after they are taught byusing Blog-Assisted Language Learning and as well as their motivation.

8. Conclusion
It cannot be denied that the presence of technology in the 21 st century to help students and teacher to
upgrade their respective quality of learning outcome. Regarding to this current study can be concluded
that the use of Blog-Assisted Language Learning improve students’ writing skill and motivation.
Therefore, teachers or lecturers who teach writing at the university to use Blog as the best alternative
media of improving their students’ writing skill and motivation. However, this current study has thelimitation of course. This study involved non-native speaker as a result the authors should use students’native language even in a small portion. The students’ need to understand well about the instruction thatmentioned by the authors during the treatment. In addition, this study also has limitation on theconnection with the internet when students were asked to send the email and blog from home since they
had limited facilities. Therefore, further research should be conducted with all the facilities that support
the process of teaching and learning can run smoothly and enjoyably.

Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express gratitude to Head of English Department and lecturers of thedepartment of State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia for their endless support
during this research.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or
publication of this article.

Funding
The authors did not receive financial support. It is self-sponsored.

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