The 5th International Symposium
on Water Environment Systems---with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th - December 2nd, 2017)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering
Tohoku University

Sponsors
http://www.g-safety.tohoku.ac.jp/
Tohoku University, Main Administration Office
Organization for Leading Graduate School Programof Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan

http://www.eng.tohoku.ac.jp/
Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering,Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, JapanORGANIZERS
Dr. KAZAMA So(Professor, Tohoku University)

Dr. LI Yu-You(Professor, Tohoku University)

Dr. KOMORI Daisuke(Associate Professor, Tohoku University)

SECRETARIESAssistant Professor, Toshimasa Hojo
toshimasa.hojo.b5@tohoku.ac.jp
Assistant Professor, Yoshiya Touge
yoshiya.touge.a6@tohoku.ac.jp
DC Student, Jialing Ni
jialing@dc.tohoku.ac.jp
DC Student, Bo Jiang
jiang.bo.t1@dc.tohoku.ac.jp
M Student, Kaoruko Kimura
Kaoruko.kimura.r7@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

PARTICIPANTS
Tohoku university
Name
Prem Rangsiwanichpong
Noriko Uchida
Chang Qing
Miku Sakurai
Danila Aleksandrovich Podobed
Grace Puyang Emang
Mbugua Jacqueline Muthoni
Silva Vasquez Leonardo Alonso
Kentaro Sugii
Hironobu Hirayama
Masafumi Kon
Satoshi Anzai
Koji Iwama
Tao Zhang
Jing Wu
Jialing Ni
Yan Guo
Bo Jiang
Yujie Chen
Aijun Zhu
Siti Nur Fatihah Binti Moideen
Yemei Li
Wataru Ruike

Identity
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student
Student

Mribet Chaimaa

Student

National science and technology center for disaster
reduction
Name
Jun-Jih Liou

Institut Teknologi Bandung
Name
Mohammad Farid
University of Moratuwa
Name
Chaminda Samarasuriya

Japan

TaiwanIdentity
Assistant researcher

Indonesia
Identity
Lecturer
Sri Lanka
Identity
Senior Lecturer

Shanghai University
Name

China
Identity
Professor

VenueGraduate School of Engineering, Aobayama campus, Tohoku University
Lectures and oral presentations
Room 402, Aoba Memorial Hall (青葉記念会館) (C03)
Posters exhibition
Room 402, Aoba Memorial Hall (青葉記念会館) (C03)
Dinner party
Shikisai (四季彩), Aoba Memorial Hall (青葉記念会館) (C03)

Aoba Memorial Hall (青葉記念会館) (C03)

Access to Aobayama Campus(Subway)

Map of East‐west line subway(地下鉄 東西線) in Sendai
Please take this subway line and get off on the stop Aobayama (青葉山) .
Tips
If you start from Sendai Station, please make sure you are entering
East-west line subway (地下鉄 東西線) rather than South-north line
subway (地下鉄 南北線) nor JR station.

ProgramThursday, 30 Nov 2017

Fieldwork
The reconstruction of Minami-gamo sewage treatment plant・2011/3/11 Tsunami hitting the Sewage Facilities

・Remains of 311‐tsunami shocking on the wall of pump station

P1

・Plan view of the sewage facilities

・Location of Minami‐gamo sewage treatment plant

P2

Friday, 01 Dec 2017
The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems
9:00 ~
9:10 ~

Place: Room 402, Aoba Memorial hall, Tohoku University
9:10 Opening address
9:20 Memorial photo

Session I
9:20 ~

9:50 Analysis and web‐based mapping of typhoon impacts under climatechange: a case study of Tainan, Taiwan
Jun-Jih Liou
National science and technology center for disaster reduction

9:50 ~ 10:20 Hydrological Characteristics of Upper Citarum River Basin
Mohammad Farid
Institut Teknologi Bandung
10:20 ~ 10:50 Development of Hydrological Disaster Index to Assess the Integrated
Probability of Flood and Drought
Chaminda Samarasuriya
University of Moratuwa
10:50 ~ 11:00 Coffee break

Session II
11:00 ~ 11:30 Attempt of environmental assessment in freshwater using
environmental DNABasins
Noriko Uchida
Tohoku University
11:30 ~ 12:00 A sensitivity analysis for Storm Water Management Model in a dense
residential area of Japan
Chang Qing
Tohoku University
12:00 ~ 13:00 Lunch break
13:00 ~ 14:30 Poster exhibition
Place: Room 402, Aoba Memorial hall, Tohoku University

・ Analyzing relationship between ocean index and rainfall in Northernpart of Thailand
Prem RangsiwanichpongTohoku University

P3

・ Understanding of water quality degregation with rapid urbanization ‐Case study in Yangon city, Myanmar‐
Miku Sakurai
Tohoku University

・ Evaluating the Effect of Afforestation on Groundwater Recharge Using
Naturally‐Occurring Isotopes
Danila Aleksandrovich Podobed
Tohoku University

・ Satellite Analysis to Detect Burned Area of Forest Fire in Kamaishi,
Tohoku 2017
Grace Puyang Emang
Tohoku University

・ Remote sensing of irrigation water using different resolution sensors
in the Aral Sea Basin
Mbugua Jacqueline Muthoni
Tohoku University

・ Applying a Land Surface model considering groundwater effect in theYoneshiro river basin
Silva Vasquez Leonardo Alonso
Tohoku university

・ Determination critical rainfall using, Infiltration model‐infinite slopemodel: A case of Iwaizumi, Iwate, Japan
Kentaro Sugii
Tohoku university

・ Development of the Sakikawa flood model enabling estimation ofcultural property damage
Hironobu Hirayama
Tohoku university

・ Dynamics of CO2 Fluxes Over the Heterogeneous Land Covers
Masafumi Kon
Tohoku university

・ Analysis on Instagram data to understand people actions during heavy
rainfall period
Satoshi Anzai
Tohoku university

P4

・ The Concentration of Trace Elements in Corbicula Japonica
Koji Iwama
Tohoku university

・ A Rapid Start‐up of a Lab‐scale Anammox Reactor Applied for Treating
the Domestic Sewage
Yujie Chen
Tohoku university

・ Effect of HRT on themophilic anaerobic digestion of paper waste
containing OFMSWAijun Zhu
Tohoku university

Session III
14:30 ~ 14:50 The effect of organic matter on one‐stage anammox process
Yan GuoTohoku university
14:50 ~ 15:10 A research on the mathematical model of co‐digestion's synergism
mechanism based on coffee ground and wasted activated sludge
Tao ZhangTohoku university
15:10 ~ 15:20 Coffee break

Session IV
15:20 ~ 15:40 Anaerobic co‐digestion of food waste and paper waste: mesophilic vs.
thermophilic
Jing Wu
Tohoku university
15:40 ~ 16:00 Start‐up of a New Anaerobic Reactor for treating wastewatercontaining High SS Content
Bo Jiang
Tohoku university
16:00 ~ 16:20 Active microbial population diversity analysis in anaerobic digester byusing PMA‐PCR
Jialing Ni
Tohoku university
16:20 ~ 16:30 Coffee break

P5

Session V
16:30 ~ 16:50 The treatment of synthetic palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Anaerobic
Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR)
Siti Nur Fatihah Binti Moideen
Tohoku university
16:50 ~ 17:10 Carbonation and utilization of basic furnace slag coupled withconcentrated water from electrodeionization
Yemei Li
Tohoku university
17:10 ~ 17:30 Analysis of material flow and energy balance in full‐scale biogas plant
Wataru Ruike
Tohoku university
17:30 ~ 17:50 Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant investigation: a case
Mribet Chaimaa
Tohoku university
17:50 ~ 18:00 Coffee break
18:00 ~ 18:20 Closing speech
18:20 ~ 20:00 Dinner party

P6

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Tohoku University

Analysis and web-based mapping of typhoon floods for climate change adaptation
Jun-Jih Liou*, Chao-Tzuen Cheng, Hsin-Chi Li, Yi-Chiung Chao, Yi-Hua Hsiao
National Science and Technology center for Disaster Reduction, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R. O. C.
*E-mail:jjliou@ncdr.nat.gov.tw

Abstract
In East Asia, floods caused by heavy rainfall of typhoons are always a big problem to our society. In Taiwan, the impacts offloods seems to be larger after 2000 due to heavier typhoon rainfalls. IPCC reports had reported that the relative frequency ofsevere typhoons will be increased due to global warming, and it is worthy to study related issues of future typhoon flood andmake no-regrets adaptation pathway in time. Images make projected future disaster impacts be experienced or seen by people,
and shape the situation affected by global warming. Since last decade, many online websites were constructed to provide
images and essential information of climate change, but none (or not many) of them can provide the projection of the situationof future typhoon floods.
In this study, we built a webpages to show geographic information mapped with projected typhoon floods for non-experts andgeneral public. Therefore, all information can be transformed into understandable and useful knowledge for less confusion or
misunderstanding. Flooding simulations and their economic-loss estimations were extensively analyzed at earlier studies (Weiet al., 2016). Web-GIS mapping and visualization charts were plotted with any available software. The webpages could help
people understand climate change issues and raise more concerns about environment protection.
Preliminary results revealed that a prototype webpages of story-map type were built for general public and composed ofessential knowledge and mapping of simulated typhoon floods for distributing the ideas of climate change. Web real-timedemonstration could serve many people online and provide a better communicating tool among cross fields or different
stakeholders without limits from distances. The preliminary results were only a few mapping webpages. Climate change
adaptation, uncertainty issues and users’ opinion survey were still needed further studies.

Keywords: typhoon flood, climate change, web-GIS mapping, visualization

online by people all over the world 24 hours a day. Since
last decade, many web-based mapping tools have developed
and applied for climate change adaptation (Wrobel et al.,2010; Neset et al., 2016). There are 3 main characteristics
could be used to measure the functions of those websites,
including the interactive degree between users andwebpages, new information/knowledge, and the amount ofusers. The conventional websites were full of climate
information and didn’t limited to specific users. But the trueis that only climate experts are able to read the climate
information. People may be overwhelmed by too muchinformation and don’t know what is the essential part. That
is why the cross-fields experts are needed to transform
information to knowledge for general public. In recent years,
there are more and more new websites designed for specificusers with more online interaction and necessary knowledge(Bai et al., 2014; Nugent et al., 2017). A good case wasdemonstrated for homeowners with 3 steps on webpages,
which are location, investigation, and action, for climatechange adaptation (Johansson et al., 2016).
There are several important questions people might like toknow. How can we explore the changing characteristics offuture typhoons? Is there any available typhoon data underglobal warming? Global circulation models (GCMs) wereused to simulate climate projection data assuming certain
global warming scenarios for years. However, spatial
resolutions of most GCMs are coarser than 100 km, which
is not high enough to explicitly resolve typhoon information.
High-resolution GCMs are more capable of simulating

1. Introduction
In East Asia, floods associated with heavy rainfall broughtby typhoons always cause serious impacts to our society.
According to historical records in Taiwan, it seems that thesevere magnitudes of natural flooding disasters wereincreased after 2000 due to heavier intensity and longer
duration of typhoon rainfalls (Chen et al., 2011). Since
IPCC reports had pointed out that the relative percentage of
frequency of severe typhoons will be increased under global
warming, it is worthy to pay attention and effort to study
related issues of future typhoon flood and make no-regrets
adaptation pathway in time. Also, there are two questions
we like to know in this study. What will
beyond-historical-records typhoon happened in the future
look like? How severe will be record-breaking andunexperienced flooding event happened under global
warming?
Because future is not yet to happen, how IPCC and former
vice president of USA Al Gore had done in their
publications to promote the necessary action for climatechange adaptation? They used a mass of images, forexample, natural disasters’ photos and videos related to past
climate change, to imply possible future impacts and shape
the imagination of world under the condition of global
warming (Schneider and Nocke, 2014).
Now, there are many websites established to demonstrate
vast amount of data and information related to climatechange. These websites can be easily connected or accessed

1The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

typhoon activity and their simulation results can be used tomeet the need of our studies.
In this study, we focused on making webpages withgeographic information mapping and projection of typhoon
floods. These webpages are designed not just for
non-experts but also for general public. Therefore, allwebpages information had been screened or transformed
into readable and useful knowledge for less confusion or
misunderstanding of people without extra explanation.
Flooding simulations and their economic-loss estimations
were extensively analyzed at earlier studies (Wu et al, 2014;
Wu et al., 2016; Su et al., 2016, Wei et al., 2016; Li et al.,2015). Web-GIS mapping and visualization charts wereplotted with any available software. We hoped that the
webpages could help people understand climate change
issues and raise more concerns about environment
protection.
In earlier study (Su et al., 2016), MRI-AGCM-20km
projection data was dynamically downscaled andbias-corrected to create regional data for Taiwan area
with5km resolution. Furthermore, Top ten typhoons ofpresent and future sorted by total rainfall amount at
Tengwen-reservoir basin, were selected to simulate floods
and to estimate the disaster loss. Rainfall-runoff, channel
flow, and flood modules of SOBEK were used to estimate
the hourly rainfall-runoff flow in upstream mountain areas,
the inundation depth of midstream area, and the inundation
depth of downstream area, respectively. Economic loss
estimations of top 10 typhoon flood events were calculatedwith TLAS (Taiwan typhoon Loss System, Wei et al., 2016;
Li et al., 2015). Geographic information mapping of total
rainfall and inundation depth, and loss statistics charts were
established for visualization purposes with portal-of-ArcGIS
and TABLEAU software. Story-map type webpages werebuilt and composed of the simulated results for distributing
the ideas of climate change.

3. Preliminary results
A prototype webpages of story-map type were built for
general public and composed of essential knowledge andmapping of simulated typhoon floods for distributing theideas of climate change. Web real-time demonstration could
serve many people online and provide a better
communicating tool among cross fields or different
stakeholders without limits from distances. The preliminary
results were only a few mapping webpages. Climate change
adaptation, uncertainty issues and users’ opinion survey
were still needed further studies.

References

2)
3)

Tohoku University

Graphics and Applications, PrePrints, 2016.
doi:10.1109/MCG.2016.49
4) Li Hsin-Chi, Wei Shiao-Ping, Cheng Chao-Tzuen,
Liou Jun-Jih, Chan Yong-Ming, Yeh Keh-Chia :Applying Risk Analysis to Disaster Impact of Extreme
Typhoon Events under Climate Change, Journal ofdisaster research, 10(3), pp. 513-526, 2015.
5) Neset T.S. et al. : Map-Based Web Tools Supporting
Climate Change Adaptation, The Professional
Geographer, 68(1), pp. 103-114, 2016 .
6) Nugent P.J. et al. : A Web-Based Geographic
Information Platform to Support Urban Adaptation to
Climate Change, In: Griffith D., Chun Y., Dean D.
(eds), Advances in Geocomputation, Advances inGeographic Information Science, Springer, Cham,
2017.
7) Schneider B., Nocke, T. : Image Politics of Climate
Change. Transcript, London, 2014.
8) Su Y. F., Cheng C. T., Liou J. J., Chen Y. M., Kitoh
A. : Bias correction of MRI-WRF dynamic
downscaling datasets, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 27, pp.
649-657, 2016. doi: 10.3319/TAO.2016.07.14.01
9) Wei H. P., Li H. C., Yeh K. C., Liou J. J., Chen Y. M.,
Lin H. J. : Using structural measures to reduce flood
losses in a future extreme weather event, Terr. Atmos.
Ocean. Sci., 27, pp. 757-767, 2016. doi:
10.3319/TAO.2016.07.14.02
10) Wrobel M. et al. : A review of user interface
conventions in web applications for climate change
information, International Environmental Modellingand Software Society (iEMSs), International Congress
on Environmental Modelling and Software, 2010.
11) Wu Tingyeh, Li Hsin-Chi, Wei Shaio-Pin, Chen
Wei-Bo, Chen Yung-Ming, Su Yuan-Fong, Liu Jen-Jih,
Shih Hung-Ju : A comprehensive disaster impact
assessment of extreme rainfall events under climatechange: a case study in Zheng-wen river basin, Taiwan.
Environmental Earth Sciences, 75:597, pp. 1-17, 2016.
12) Wu Tingyeh, Wei S.-P., Chen W.-B., Li H.-C., Chen
Y.-M., Su Y.-F., Liou J.-J., Shih H.-J., Yeh K.-C. :Impact assessment of slopeland, river, urban andcoastal areas associated with extreme typhoon floods
under climate change, National science and technology
Center for Disaster Reduction technical reports, NCDR
102-T19, 2014.(in Chinese)

2. Data, Models and tools

1)

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Bai Y., Kaneko I., Kobayashi H., Kurihara K.,
Takayabu I., Sasaki H. and Murata A. : A Geographic
Information System (GIS)-based approach toadaptation to regional climate change: a case study of
Okutama-machi, Tokyo, Japan, Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19, pp. 589–
614, 2014.
Chen L. C. et al. : Taiwan Climate Change Science
Report, chapter 6, pp. 311, 2011. (in Chinese)
Johansson J., Opach T., Glaas E., Neset T., Navarra C.,
Linnér B-O., Rød J. K. : VisAdapt: A visualization tool
to support climate change adaptation, IEEE Computer2

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Tohoku University

Hydrological Characteristics of Upper Citarum River Basin○Mohammad Farid1*, Arno Adi Kuntoro1, Muhammad Syahril Badri Kusuma1
1Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia*E-mail:mfarid@ftsl.itb.ac.id

Abstract
Higher water demand, more frequent of water related disaster, and climate change have made water resources management
more complicated. Hydrological characteristics assessment is important to develop a good approach regarding water resources
planning and management. Upper Citarum River Basin is selected as a case for the assessment. The environmental
degradation and change in variation of hydro-climatology in the basin has caused many problems such as flood and drought.
The analysis of datasets and simulation results indicates the change of hydrological characteristics in the basin. Therefore, it isnecessary to have policy regarding water master plan which can accommodate land use planning considering water capacity inthe basin by using an approach to achieve sustainable river basin development through green planning.

Keywords: Hydrological characteristics, Upper Citarum River Basin, Sustainable river basin development

South Latitude and 107°32’2” - 107°53’51,6” East
Longitude. The topography elevation is in the range
625-2600 meter above sea level and it is surrounded by
mountains and hills [3]. This river basin is the main
catchment area of Saguling Dam and covers the area ofsome districts including Bandung City.

1. Introduction
Nowadays, water resources management has become more
complex with many challenges ahead. Many factors such as
economic development, population growth, and also changeof lifestyle have made an impact in increasing water
demand. More frequent of water related disasteroccurrences have been considered to be caused by runoff
intensification due to land use/land cover change as aconsequence of human activity. Furthermore, climatechange has been indicated to make alteration inhydrological regime [1].
Infrastructure development is commonly proposed totackle water resources problem. A good planning byconsidering a good land use and water resourcesmanagement, adequate infrastructure maintenance andoperations, climate prediction, hazard mitigation andinformation dissemination is significant to have anappropriate development [2]. Hydrological parameter plays
an important role in the planning. Therefore, it is necessary
to conduct the assessment of hydrological characteristics ina river basin related to water resources infrastructure
planning. This paper presents the case of Upper Citarum
River Basin in order to have good understanding in its
hydrological characteristics.

2. Materials dan Methods
2.1. Case Study
Citarum River Basin is the biggest river basin in West Java
Province with total catchment area of 12,000 km2 and 270
km of river length. With three cascade reservoir (Saguling,
Cirata, and Jatiluhur), this river basin has an important rolefor generating around 1,800 MW of electricity, serving
more than 237,000 ha of irrigation area, and supplying
water not less than 16 m3/s to 80% population of Jakarta
City.
The upstream of Citarum River, called as Upper Citarum
River Basin, is located around 6°43’21,8” - 7 °19’38,1”

Figure 1. Upper Citarum River Basin

2.2. Problem Statement
In Upper Citarum River Basin, particularly in Bandung
City and several districts around it, flood occurs almost
every year. The occurrence of flood is usually located in themeeting point of main Upper Citarum River and its tributary.

3The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

In these meeting points, the river paths are perpendicular
due to its flow regime which is at least critical flow [4]. The
topographical condition in the middle part of the basin isflat so that it makes the flood inundation period becomes
longer. Furthermore, the river capacity been reduced due tothe problems such as sedimentation and illegal building.
Water supply for Jakarta City has been an attention
recently related to the condition of Upper Citarum River
Basin. The decreasing of water supply to the city caused byprolonged drought will make impact for the potential of loss
in national economic activities in Indonesia [5].
Degradation of environmental condition in Upper Citarum
River Basin has been considered to cause all of the
problems. There was decrease of forest cover due to land
conversion to urban area. This phenomenon can result inflood as well as drought. Furthermore, the changes ofhydro-climatology variation make it worse.

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graphs show that there is increasing trend related to highflow while there is decreasing trend related to rainfall in the
period of 1981-2009. This asymmetric trend indicates land
use change effect.
The pattern change related to rainfall and runoff is shownin Figure 3 which is analyzed in logarithmic scale ofexceedance probability. Comparing to the period of
1996-2009, the gradient of rainfall curve in the period of
1981-1995 is steeper while, the gradient of runoff curve inis milder. Furthermore, it can indicate that that during theperiod of 1981-1995, the land use can store water more andlonger than the period of 1995-2009.

3. Discussion
The assessment of the river health through river regime
and its correlation with the rainfall trend is conducted aswell as examination of the correlation pattern of rainfall
runoff transformation [6]. The data used in the study
obtained from Balai Besar Wilayah Citarum (Citarum River
Basin Authority) during the period of 1981-2009 for daily
rainfall and river discharge in Nanjung. In order to assess
the condition of river regime and river health, flow duration
curve is used. The change of curve is analyzed into two
period, 1981-1995 defined as before urbanization and1996-2009 defined as after urbanization.

Figure 3. Exceedance Probability Curve of Rainfall andRunoff at Upper Citarum River Basin
The future condition of Upper Citarum River Basin isstudied by using Sacramento Catchment Model to simulateriverdischarge
fromrainfallandpotential
evapotranspiration data input [7]. The model is calibrated byusing data from 1995-1999 and by using data from2005-2009. The simulation result of calibration shows anacceptable to good result regarding Nash Sutcliffe
Efficiency (NSE) with average number of 0.49 andCorrelation Coefficient (r2) with average number of 0.77
compared to the observed data as can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 2. Hyetograph (above) and Hydrograph (bottom) at
Upper Citarum River Basin
Figure 2 shows the daily time series graph of hyetographand hydrograph in Upper Citarum River Basin. It can beseen that there is indication of river basin degradation
regarding its carrying capacity which can be assessed bycorrelate the trend of river discharge and rainfall. The

4

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Figure 5. Simulated river discharge data in Upper CRB(2045-2050)

4. Closing remark
In Upper Citarum River Basin, due to urban development
and change in land use, there is increasing in regarding highflow in term of flood event and decreasing regarding low
flow in term of water supply. The trend of hyetograph andhydrograph and exceedance probability curve of rainfall andrunoff show the change of high flow and low flow.
Furthermore, in the future, climate change will have impact
in change of flow even if there is land use change or not.
Based on the results shown the discussion, it can be seenthat there is indication for change of hydrologicalcharacteristics in Upper Citarum River Basin. Therefore it isnecessary to have policy regarding water master plan which
can accommodate land use planning considering watercapacity in the basin. Figure 6 shows water resources
sustainable development plan framework which can be used
as an approach to achieve sustainable river basin
development through green planning.

Figure 4. Simulated vs observed river discharge data inUpper Citarum River Basin
In order to simulate future condition of Upper Citarum
River Basin, two scenarios is used by using the corrected
CMIP5 multi-model mean of rainfall and temperaturedatasets from 2045 to 2050 and land cover map in 2015 as
input for rainfall-runoff model. The first scenario assumes
the same impervious land cover in the 2045-2050 as in 2015
while the second scenario assumes linear trend of increaseof impervious land cover in the future based on land coverchange indication in 1980s to 2015s. The simulation resultsin Figure 5 shows that related to the average of high flow
(Q20%), in “without land use change scenario, there isincreasing number of 8% from about 115.9 m3/s in
2005-2009 to about 124.9 m3/s in 2045-2050 and in withland use change scenario, there is increasing number of 11%
related to the average of high flow discharge (Q20%) fromabout 115.9 m3/s in 2005-2009 to about 129.0 m3/s in
2045-2050. Furthermore, related to the average of low flow
(Q80%), in “without land use change scenario, there isdecreasing number of 18% from about 10.5 m3/s in
2005-2009 to about 8.7 m3/s in 2045-2050 and in with land
use change scenario, there is decreasing number of 23%
related to the average of low flow discharge (Q80%) fromabout 10.5 m3/s in 2005-2009 to about 8.4 m3/s in
2045-2050. These results indicate that there is climatechange effect in decreasing trend of low flow and increasing
trend of high flow for both scenarios (with land use change
and without land use change).

Figure 5. Sustainable River Basin Development Plan [6]5The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

References
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2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

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C. Schneider, C. L. R. Laize, M. C. Acreman, and M.
Florke : How will climate change midify river flow inEurope?, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, pp.
325-339, 2013.
Budi Kartiwa, Erni Murniati, Arnob Bormudoi :Application of Hydrological Model, RS and GIS for
Flood Mapping of Citarum Watershed, West Java
Province, Indonesia, Journal of Remote Sensing
Technology, 1Iss. (1), pp. 1-8, 2013.
R. I. Siregar, M. Farid, and M. S. B. Kusuma :Assesment of the Contribution of the Flood
Hydrograph of Cirasea, Cidurian and Ciwidey River in
Affecting Flood Index in Bandung Basin, Proceedingof the Second International Conference on Sustainable
Infrastructure and Built Environment, Bandung 19-20
November 2013, pp. 234-245, 2013.
I. K. Hadihardaja, A. A. Kuntoro, and M. Farid : Flood
Resilience for Risk Management: Case Study of River
Basin in Indonesia, Global Aspect, 3(4), pp. 16-19,
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M. S. B. Kusuma, A. A. Kuntoro, R. Silasari, :Preparedness Effort toward Climate Change
Adaptation in Upper Citarum River Basin, West Java,
Indonesia, International Symposium on Social
Management Systems, Kochi University, 2011.
I. K. Hadihardaja, A. A. Kuntoro, M. Farid, and H.
Nurcahyo : River Regime Change and the Basin LandUse Development Regarding to Healthy River
Performance, The 5th Environmental Technology andManagement Conference “Green Technology towards
Sustainable Environment”, November 23 - 24, 2015.
A. A. Kuntoro, M. Cahyono, and E. A. Soentoro : Land
Cover and Climate Change Impact on River Discharge:
Case Study of Upper Citarum River Basin, The Third
International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure
and Built Environment, September 26-27, 2017.

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The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

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Development of Hydrological Disaster Index to Assess the Integrated Probability of Flood andDrought○Chaminda Samarasuriya 1*, So Kazama2, Daisuke Komori3,
1

Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubeddha, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka
2
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
3
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail:chaminda@uom.lk

Abstract
We introduced a new index to identify the seasonal and spatial variation of the integrated probability of hydrologicaldisasters (flood and drought). The flood and drought probabilities were identified by river flow indices that werecomputed using simulated natural daily runoff from the period 1976 - 2005. The identified flood and droughtprobability levels were weighted and integrated to develop a new Hydrological Disaster Index (HDI). Validation of the
HDI confirmed that it is a reliable index for assessing the seasonal and spatial distribution of integrated hydrologicaldisasters across the country. The computed HDI showed that most of the dry zone river basins have a high probabilityof hydrological disaster during the northeast monsoon. This index can assess the future seasonal and spatial variation of
the integrated probability of hydrological disasters and can be used to identify better future climate change adaptation
measures.

Keywords: low flow, high flow, seasonal, spatial, runoff, monsoon.
1. Introduction

separate event. However, some river basins experience floodor drought as distinct events, while others sustain both a flood

The impact of climate change on hydrological systems hasreceived significant attention over the last few decades due tothe incidence of hydrological disasters, especially floods anddroughts (Nijssen et al., 2001; Hirabayashi et al., 2008).
Recent studies show that the global climate cycle will
intensify, creating more severe and more frequent floods anddroughts in many regions, resulting in threats to the reliability
and quality of water resources, the stability of regional
economics and the sustainability of utility infrastructure(Frederick et al., 1997; NCAR, 2008). The occurrence andintensity of hydrological disasters (floods and droughts) varies
widely across river basins and precipitation seasons because ofhighly variable seasonal precipitation patterns. Hence, there is
now a pressing need to identify the spatial and seasonalvariability of the intensity of hydrological disasters so thatdecision-makers can better understand future regional andseasonal water resource management plans and disaster
preparedness and prevention programs.

and drought during a given year or season due to erratic
precipitation patterns. Moreover, river basins that undergoboth drought and flood are more vulnerable to severehydrological disasters. Thus, it is important to consider the
integrated probability of these hydrological disasters. The
currently available flood and drought indices are not capableof identifying the integrated probability of these hydrologicaldisasters. Hence, it is necessary to develop a new index to
identify and assess the integrated probability of hydrologicaldisasters (flood and drought) along with their spatial andtemporal variability across river basins.
Flood and hydrological drought intensity and frequency rely
on river flow records and a good understanding of the patterns
in river flow and, in particular, in Extreme River flow isimportant to improve the estimation of flood and drought
disaster probabilities in the future. The past studies,
successfully used the stream flow indices to identify flood anddrought probabilities in a river basin (Dankers et al., 2009;
Botter et al., 2013). The present study developed a new
Hydrological Disaster Index (HDI) as a function of thedrought and flood probabilities that were identified using
respective stream flow indices from a historical period (1976 –
2005). Then, the developed index was employed to assess thespatial distribution of annual and seasonal hydrologicaldisaster probabilities in Sri Lanka.

In recent decades, various drought and flood indices have been
derived to characterize drought and flood severity on aregional basis and to provide information for decision makers(Quiring and Papakryiakou, 2003). These drought indices can
be classified as precipitation indices, soil moisture indices,
water budget indices, and hydrological and various aridity
indices (Mika and Dunkel, 2005). Several regional flood
frequency analyses have been developed based on the use of
the index flood method as a regional model to estimate flood
frequency curves (e.g. Robson and Reed, 1999; Bocchiola etal., 2003). The above indices are used to identify and assess
the characteristics of flood and drought in a river basin as

2

Study methods

2.1 Study area

7

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Sri Lanka is a tropical island in the Indian Ocean between
79.590 E and 81.890 E longitudes and 5.870 N and 9.840 N
latitude. There is considerable spatial variation of the meanannual rainfall of 2000 mm. The highest values occur on thewestern slopes of the central highland with several recorded
station values exceeding 5,000 mm. The lowest rainfall occurs
in the northwest and southeast lowlands with a minimum
value of 935 mm. The island’s rainfall is seasonally influenced
by the southwest monsoon (May to September) and thenortheast monsoon (December to February). In between,
tropical cyclones, depressions and thunderstorms influence theclimate of Sri Lanka during the intermonsoon seasons, which
are caused by the movements of the intertropical convergencezone (ITCZ) ( Domroes et al., 1992). There are approximately
103 distinct river basins, covering 90 percent of the island. Of
the 103 river basins, 12 river basins with 46% of thegeographical area generate 72% of the total renewable water
resources because these river basins receive rainfall from bothmonsoons. The majority of the remaining 91 basins, whichmainly receive rainfall from the northeast monsoon, aremainly seasonal (Amarasinghe, 2009).

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Identification of drought probability
In this study, the 7Q2 ( 7 day, 2-year) low-flow statistics wereused to identify the annual and seasonal drought probabilities
in a river basin. The 7Q2 is calculated as a moving average ofseven consecutive days for each year in a given record. Theseseven-day low flow values are ranked in ascending order. An
order number (m) is calculated based upon the number of yearsof record (n), with a recurrence interval (R) of two years, as m =(n+1)/R, where R = two years. A value of flow corresponding to
the mth order is taken as the seven-day, two-year low flow for
those simulated river flow data.
The annual and seasonal 7-day low flows at some stream
flow-gauging stations used in this study were equal to zero. A
conditional probability adjustment for zero flow values (U.S.
Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982,
appendix 5) was used for sites with one or more annual andseasonal 7-day low-flow values of zero. The annual andseasonal low-flow values (7Q2) for all selected river basins
were computed using simulated daily runoff for the period
1976 – 2005. The determined low-flow values (7Q2) at eachriver basin were divided by basin area to compute the area
average low-flow value (7Q2) for the basin in order to identify
the common threshold for drought probability levels for the
study area.

2.2 Data used
The spatial characteristics of the study area are described withthree base maps: elevation, land use and soil. The elevation
data were obtained from a geometrically corrected Shuttle
Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model(LP DACC, 2001). Land use data were derived fromgeometrically corrected Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper(ETM+) images (LP DACC, 2001). Soil data were extracted
from the Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). The
daily precipitation and temperature were determined from adataset published by the Meteorological Department of Sri
Lanka, 2011. Point weather data were converted to a grid
resolution of 1 km x 1 km using the Modified Inverse Distance
Weighted (MIDW) method.

Probabilities of drought at river basins were determined basedon derived low river flow values at selected river basin. The
determined probability of drought at river basin was relative tothe other river basins. The river basin, which has lowest valueof area average low flow value (7Q2), is determined as ahighest probability for drought out of selected river basins forthe study. The probability of drought at the river basins were
determined to 5 probability levels (Not high, slightly high,moderately high, very high, and extremely high) based on
identified threshold limit of low flow values (7Q2) (Table 1).

2.3 Distributed hydrological modelThis study employed the distributed hydrological runoff model
developed by Kashiwa et al. (2010) under the structure
proposed by Kazama (2004) to simulate the natural runoff. As
a result, only natural hydrological processes are included(irrigation and reservoir operation are not considered). A
detailed description of the model structure, governing
equations, model calibration and validation for the study area
can be found in the literature (Chaminda and Kazama, 2013;
Kashiwa et al., 2010). In this study, daily river runoff wassimulated for the period 1976 – 2005 at 1km spatial resolution.

Identification of flood probability
Flow duration curves (FDCs) are widely used to analyze theflow pattern changes. FDCs illustrate the relationship between
the frequency and magnitude of stream flows. FDCs can
produce a number of indices to characterize extreme flows.
Here, FDCs were used to assess the extreme annual andseasonal high-flow conditions in the past. Q5 (high flow thatexceeded 5% of the time) and Q10 (high flow that exceeded
10% of the time) can be derived from the FDCs and are widelyused as high-flow indices (Pyrce, 2004). In this study, we used
the Q5 as a high-flow index. The annual and seasonal Q5
values for all selected river basins were manually extracted
from the FDCs that were developed at all selected river basinsusing the annual and seasonal runoff time series for the period

2.4 Development of hydrological disaster index
The present study developed the new Hydrological DisasterIndex (HDI) as a function of drought and flood probability ,which are identified using the low and high river flow indicesfrom a river flow during 1976 – 2005 period.

Table 1 Flood and drought probability levels and its assigned weights based on Q5 and 7Q2
Probability levels
NH – Not highSH- Slightly highMH- Moderatly highHigh flow (Q5) area average(mm/day)<6.0
6-9
9 - 128

Low flow (7Q2) area average(mm/day)
0.25<
0.20 – 0.25
0.15 – 0.20

Assignedweight
0.000
0.125
0.250

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

VH –Very high
12 - 15
EH- Extremly high15 <Table 2 Matrix to compute the hydrological disaster index
Flood

NH

SH

MH

VH

EH

0.000

0.125

0.250

0.375

0.500
0.500

3 Results and Discussion
The computed annual HDI values show a higher level ofhydrological disasters in the wet zone’s river basins than in the
dry zone’s river basins (Figure 2). According to the available
record of hydrological extreme events from the Disaster
Management Center (DMC), Sri Lanka it is confirmed thatmost of the wet zone river experience both frequent severe
floods and medium to low drought events. However, thespatial variation of the annual hydrological disaster probability
in the country is much lower because most river basins
undergo a flood or drought during different monsoon season ina given year. Hence, we computed the seasonal HDI values forfour different precipitation seasons to compare the seasonaland spatial variation of the HDI. As shown in Figure 2c, 2d,
the Kalu river basin (located in SW) shows higherhydrological disaster index values during the southwest and2nd intermonsoon seasons compared to the other monsoon
seasons due to major flood events. The available record fromthe Disaster Management Center (DMC), Sri Lanka also
confirms that major flood events occurred during thesouthwest monsoon season (May to September) and the 2ndintermonsoon season (October to November) in the Kalu river
basin. No major flood events were recorded during thenortheast and 1st intermonsoon seasons. Further, the available
record from the Disaster Management Center (DMC), Sri
Lanka confirms that river basins in the eastern, northern andnorthwestern regions experience both flood and drought
during the northeast monsoon. Hence, it is clear that thecomputed hydrological disaster index show comparatively
higher values during the northeast monsoon in these river
basins because of the integrated impact of drought and flood
events. However, during the other monsoon seasons, it does
not record both extreme drought and flood events in the same
river basins and seasons. Both medium to low flood anddrought events occur during other monsoon seasons as well.
The observed record from the DMC, Sri Lanka confirms thathigher flood and zero drought events occurred during the 2ndintermonsoon across the country. The computed hydrologicaldisaster index shows similar disaster probability levels for all
selected river basins during the 2nd intermonsoon. According

probability
NH

0.000

0.000

0.125

0.250

0.375

SH

0.125

0.125

0.250

0.375

0.500

0.625

MH

0.250

0.250

0.375

0.500

0.625

0.750

VH

0.375

0.375

0.500

0.625

0.750

0.875

EH

0.500

0.500

0.625

0.750

0.875

1.000

1976 – 2005. The determined high-flow values (Q5) values foreach river basin was divided by basin area to compute the area
average high-flow values for basins in order to identify thethreshold level for flood probability. Probabilities of flood atriver basins were determined based on derived high river flow
values at selected river basin. The determined probability offlood at river basin was relative to the other river basins. The
river basin, which has highest value of area average high flow
value (Q5), is determined as a highest probability for flood outof selected river basins for the study. The probability of flood at
the river basins were determined to 5 probability levels (Nothigh, slightly high, moderately high, very high, and extremelyhigh) based on identified threshold limit of high flow values(Table 1).
Computation of HDI
The probability of flood and drought is derived using the area
average low- and high-flow indices categorized into five bands(NH- Not High, SH – Slightly High, MH – Moderately High,VH – Very High, EH – Extremely High) since, it is important
to identify and map the hydrological disaster in a different
severity level when planning disaster relief, prevention andpreparedness programs. However, HDI for the river basin canbe calculate from an individual value of probabilities of floodand drought based on the high flow and low flow values too.
A weight (0 – 0.5) is then assigned to each band according toprobability level for flood and drought (Table 1). A matrix isdeveloped using the weighted values for a given flood anddrought probability level, as shown in (Table 2). The range ofthe computed hydrological disaster index runs from 0 and 1. Avalues of 0 means no probability of hydrological disaster, and(a) Annual(b) 1st IM

Tohoku University

0.10 – 0.15
0.375
< 0.100.500
a value of 1 means that the hydrological disaster probability isextremely high.

probability
Drought

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9(d) 2nd IM(e) NEMThe 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

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Figure 2 The annual and seasonal (1st IM – first intermonsoon (March – April), SWM – southwest monsoon (May – September),
2nd IM – second intermonsoon (October – November), NEM – northeast monsoon (December – February)) distribution ofhydrological disaster index for the past period (1976 – 2005)
to the above qualitative verification of the proposed
Referenceshydrological disaster index, it is reliable to apply the HDI to1) Amarasinghe UA: Spatial Variation of Water Supply andassess the spatial and seasonal variation of integrated
Demand in Sri Lanka. Proceeding of National Conferencehydrological disaster probability levels in the country.
on Water Food Security and Climate Change in Sri
Lanka June 9-11 2009, Colombo, Sri Lanka; 37-47, 2009
The newly developed Hydrological Disaster Index (HDI) is
2) Bocchiola D, De Michele C, Rosso R: Review of recent
capable to identify the areas which are under the integrated
advances in index flood estimation. Hydrology and Earthhydrological disaster probability. Hence, new HDI can be
System Sciences 7 (3): 283–296, 2003.
successfully used to prioritize the areas and people which are3) Botter GS,
Basso I, Rodriguez-Iturbe, Rinaldo A:
need short time and long time assistance due to the frequent
Resilience of river flow regimes. Proceeding of thehydrological disasters (flood and drought). Furthermore, it is
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
essential to identify the areas which is under the higher
America110. 925–12,930. 2013.
probability in integrated hydrological disasters for many4) Chaminda SP, Kazama S: Spatial and Temporal Variability
applications such as land use planning, disaster relief planning,of Surface Water Flow in Sri Lanka. Proceeding of 35th
climate change adaptation planning, etc…The proposed new
IAHR World
Congress September 8 – 13, 2013
HDI needs only a stream flow records for the historical period
Chengdu, China; Vol-07-01, 2013.
and it is more convenient to apply for any region under
5) Dankers RL, Feyen L, Christensen OB: On the benefit ofdifferent temporal resolutions. However, HDI is limited tohigh-resolution climate simulations in impact studies ofriver sub basins scale and cannot apply on grid scale since it ishydrologicalextremes. Hydrology
and Earthtotally depend on stream flow records.
System Sciences Discuss 6: 2573–2597, 2009.
6) Domroes M, Ranatunga E: The orthogonal structure of
monsoon rainfall variation over Sri Lanka. Theor Appl
4 Conclusions
Climatol 46: 109-114, 1992.
The seasonal flood and drought probability of the river basins
7) Frederick KD: Adapting to climate impacts in the supply
are well represented by the computed high- and low-flow
and demand for water. Climatic Change 37: 141–156,
indices. Most of the dry zone river basins and some of the wet
1997.
zone river basins have a high probable probability of seasonal
8) Hirabayashi Y, Kanae S, Emori S, Oki T, Kimoto M:
drought. The wet zone basins have a high probability of
Global projections of changing risks of floods and droughts
extreme flood events during the southwest and 2ndin a changing climate. Hydrological Science Journal 53:
intermonsoon seasons. The dry zone basins in the eastern and
754–772, 2008.
northeastern regions have a probability of extreme drought and9) Kashiwa S, Kazama S: Flood analysis Modeling of snow
flood during the northeast monsoon season. However, themelting and Estimation. Proceedings of the rivers
individual drought and flood indices are not capable ofTechnology Jun 29-30, 2010 Tokyo, Japan; 289-294,
identifying the area that has a high probability of integrated
2010.
hydrological disasters (both flood and drought). The newly10) Kazama S: Uncertainty of morphological data fordeveloped Hydrological Disaster Index (HDI) is reliable forrainfall-runoff simulation. Proceedings of the International
the assessment of the spatial distribution of the annual andConference on sustainable Water Resources Management
seasonal integrated probability of flood and drought across thein the Changing Environment of the Monsoon Region
country. The annual-scale HDI identified the wet zone river
November 17-19, 2004 Colombo, Sri Lanka; 400-406,
basins under the most severe hydrological disasters because
2004both extreme flood and medium to low droughts existed. The
11) Mika J, Horvath Sz, Makra L, Dunkel Z: The Palmer
seasonal-scale HDI successfully identified the spatial andDrought `Severity Index (PDSI) as an indicator of soil
seasonal variation of the integrated hydrological disastermoisture. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30: 223–230,
probability across the country.
2005.
12) Nijssen B, O’Donnell G, Hamlet A, and Lettenmaier D:South Asia has been identified as the most hydrologically
2001. Hydrologic Sensitivity of Global Rivers to Climate
disaster prone region in the world for the changing climate in
Change. Climatic Change 50: 143-175, 2005.
the future (UNEP, United Nations Environment Program
13) Pyrce R: Hydrological Low Flow Indices and Their Uses,
2003). Thus, the newly developed HDI can be successfully
Watershed Science Centre, Trent University, Canada,
used to identify the future spatial distribution of annual and2004.
seasonal integrated hydrological disaster probabilities using
14) Quiring SM, Papakyriakou TN: An evaluation of
the projected extreme river flow data. Hence, it will be helpful
agricultural drought indices for the Canadian prairies.
for identifying better climate change adaptation measures for
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 118: 49–62, 2003.
mitigating the impacts of integrated extreme hydrological15) Robson A, Reed D: Flood Estimation Handbook. 3:
events at local and seasonal scales.
Statistical procedures for flood frequency estimation.
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK, 1999.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
16) UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) GEO
This study was supported by the Ministry of Education,
year book 2003. UNEP, Nairobi, (2003)
Science, Sports and Culture, Japan through a Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (A), 2010-2013 (30111248, Tatsuo
Omura).

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The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th‐December 2nd, 2017)

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Attempt of environmental assessment in freshwater using environmental DNA○Noriko Uchida1*, So Kazama1, Kengo Kubota1
1Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*Email:noriko.uchida.s8@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has been known as novel molecular technique used to detect the presence ofspecies, and it could have considerable advantage to estimate the presence of a species. We hypothesize amount of“eDNA-load” should be varied depending on land uses, and tried estimate “the eDNA load units” for different land uses
(i.e. forest/ agriculture/ urban river in this report). The target species are freshwater invertebrates in our study area: Natori
river basin, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. As a result, the concentration of invertebrates’ DNA are higher at higher watertemperature when the water comes from small catchment area. Our observation showed eDNA load units are higher inthe order of forest, agriculture and urban river. Our results implied that eDNA can be assumed as area source loads likenitrogen or phosphorus and can be calculated using further numerical models.
Keywords: area source load, aquatic invertebrate, environmental DNA, land use, load unit

1.

Introduction

Freshwater is one of vulnerable environments which iseasily affected and changed by artificial or climate change.
Especially in river ecosystem, where is often used for humans
activity, optimal and sustainable biomonitoring survey isrequired for conservation that ecosystem1). Additionally, instreams, understanding assemblage component (population
size or faunal composition) of stream invertebrate is fruitful
to assess biological diversity2). Monitoring of aquatic wildlife has been practically carried out by visual observation,and fishing in several manners.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a novel monitoring
method in the field. eDNA is a small fragment of DNA
originated from animal bodies and metabolites such as skincells, feces, saliva, urine of animals occupying water bodyand it extracts to water like lake, pond, ocean, river3). By
detecting species specific genome sequences in a given water
samples using molecular biological methods (e.g. PCR, Next
Generation Sequencing) presence / absence of a target
species can be determined with high accuracy. Whileconventional survey (e.g. trapping, counting andmorphological identification) needs huge man power andcost, and also time consuming, eDNA methods require only
a little amount of environmental sample. Remarkably, it isalready verified that using eDNA method is more efficient toknow species composition or existence than conventional
monitoring methods by Minamoto et al. 4)
Using eDNA method is expected to make optimization of
biological monitoring, to improve objectification formonitoring results, and also to help financially cost to belower. Furthermore, there are some reports which findpositive correlation between biomass and amount of

11

Figure 1: Sampling sites, Natori River Basin○:Forest river (F1-8)，▲:Agriculture-river (A1-2)，■:Urban-river(U1-2)
observed eDNA collected from closed aquatic habitat such as
aquarium, lake and lagoon5-6) . On the other hand, there are a
few attempts to estimate the concentration of eDNA in river
channel because the degradation process is unknown andDNA production rate is difficult to know under naturalenvironment.
In this study, we aim to examine the eDNA concentration
using qPCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, one ofreal-time PCR techniques) and estimate their load units todetermine the amount of eDNA source from different land

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems(November 30th‐December 2nd, 2017)(1) Field survey
We sampled eDNA at forest-, agricultural-, urban-river tofind variations of DNA load units depending on land use
types. 8 sampling site for forest-river and 2 sites for
agricultural-river, and 2 sites for urban-river were set (Figure1), Natori River Basin, Miyagi Prefecture in northeast Japan.
The samplings were conducted during March to May 2016.
In that duration, no agricultural activity was conducted in thisarea thus we can eliminate the influence of human activity
which may cause huge water quality effect to agriculturalriver. We collected 4L of water from water surface tobleached plastic bottles by gloved hands. For experimental
procedures we mainly followed the earlier reports7). At thesame time to sample water for eDNA analysis, we alsomeasured water temperature using TOA-DKK HM-20P.
(2) DNA analysis
The sampled water was transported to the laboratory andkept in the cold condition on the same day before subsequent
filtering process. The water samples were then filtered until
clogged by the vacuum filtration with 47mm diameter glassfiber filters (normal pore size, 0.7μm; Whatman) and GF/D
filter (Whatman, diameter 47mm, normal pore size 2.7μm) asa pre-filter. These samples were wrapped in commercial
aluminum foil and stored in -20ºC until DNA extraction.
DNA was extracted from filters by Phenol-ChloroformIsoamyl alcohol extraction method and ethanol precipitation
with 100μl of final volume. After then, the elution was
purified using PCR Inhibitors Removal Kit (Zymo Research)following manufactured protocols. Finally, concentration of
the extracted DNA was measured using Qubit 3.0
fluorometer (Invitrogen) following recommended protocols
for the dsDNA HS Assay.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was employed as the target
genetic marker because copy number of mtDNA in stream
water could be larger than that of nuclear DNA per cell sothat detection rate is expected to be higher. We used auniversal primer targeting mtDNA cytochrome c oxidasesubunit 1 (CO1), which is divergent among invertebrate
species (Folmer et al., 1994). We amplified the target DNA
fragments of the samples using the PCR primers designed toamplify invertebrate-specific loci from the CO1 region. A
658 bp fragment from CO1 region was amplified with thefollowing primer pair; LCO1490 (5‘-GGT CAA CAA ATCATA AAG ATA TTG G-3’) and HCO2198 (5’-TAA ACTTCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3’)8). We initiallyvalidated the primers on tissue samples for a larva of the
caddis fly species (Stenopsyche marmorata) which was also

12

3.

Results(1) Relationship between environmental condition and3.0.E+55.0.E+3

Inv. eDNA（copies/L）

Materials and Methods

4.0.E+3
3.0.E+3
2.0.E+3
1.0.E+3

B.D.L
0.0.E+00500
Elevation(m)1000

2.5.E+5
2.0.E+5
1.5.E+5
1.0.E+55.0.E+40.0.E+0B.D.L

0200 400 600
Elevation(m)800

Figure 2: Elevation and eDNA concentrations
Blank circles show forest-river, gray filled triangles show
agricultural-river, black filled square show urban-river.
3.0E+55.0E+3Inv. eDNA（copies/L）

2.

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sampled in the study catchment.
The qPCR was performed using SYBR®Premix Ex Taq(TaKaRa) and LightCycler®2.0 (Roche). The condition ofqPCR consists of an initial incubation at 95ºC for 20 seconds
followed by 40 cycles of 95ºC for 5 seconds, 53ºC for 30
seconds, 72ºC for 1 minute. Fragment size of amplicons wasverified with agarose gels electrophoresis. Further, we set a
template DNA which was extracted from tissue of S.
marmotara and amplified it using the above mentioned
primer pair. Fragment size of amplicons was also verified
with agarose gels electrophoresis and qPCR products were
purified using a MicroSpin S-400 Columns (GE Life
Science). Then we created a dilution series from the PCR
products of as standard DNA thorough 1.0x101 to 1.0x107(copies/μl). DNA concentration of the dilution series wasmeasured using PicoGreen (Thermo Fisher ScientificInc).
In subsequent statistical analysis, we defined two words“total DNA” and “Invertebrates’ eDNA”. The total DNA ismeant the weight concentration of DNA (ng/L) measured by
Qubit fluorescence meter. This included not only the target
taxa, but also non target taxa such as mammals, flora, andbacteria. The invertebrates’ eDNA (Inv. eDNA in legends ortables) is meant the number of copied DNA fragments
concentration (copies/L) measured using qPCR.

Total DNA（ng/L）

use in Japan. To know which factor is effective to explain
eDNA variation, we tested statistical analysis using observed
data.

Total DNA（ng/L）‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

4.0E+33.0E+32.0E+3
1.0E+3
B.D.L
0.0E+0.
051015Water Temperature(℃)

2.5E+5R2=0.66, P=0.049

2.0E+5
1.5E+5
1.0E+55.0E+4
0.0E+0
B.D.L
4.

6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Water Temperature(℃)

Figure 3: Water Temperature and eDNA concentrations
Correlation was found with invertebrate eDNA (right graph).
Legends are same as Figure2.

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

3.0E+5

4.0E+3Inv. eDNA（copies/L）

Total DNA（ng/L）

5.0E+33.0E+32.0E+3
1.0E+30.0E+0
B.D.L(November 30th‐December 2nd, 2017)

0

10
20
Catchment area(km2)30

R2=0.52, P=0.045

2.5E+52.0E+5
1.5E+5
1.0E+55.0E+4
0.0E+0
B.D.L

0

10
20
30
Catchment area(km2)40

Figure 4: Catchment area and DNA concentrations
Legends are same with Figure 2.

eDNA concentration
Figure2-4 describes the scatter diagrams to findrelationship between extracted DNA concentrations of allriver samples and environmental factors. There is nocorrelation between total DNA and 3 factors, namely
elevation, water temperature and catchment area. Elevation
did not show any correlation with eDNA concentration. It
indicate outdoor temperature did not important factor to
explain eDNA variation in this study. On the other hands,
between invertebrates’ eDNA and water temperature andbetween catchment area has positive/ negative correlation.
Furthermore, the general linear model was calculated using
static analysis software R 3.4.0 (R core team). The linear
model was given as:
1.56 ∗ 10
2.78 ∗ 10
1.86 ∗ 10(R2 =0.81, P=0.038)⁄ ,where: qPCR: invertebrates eDNA∶，
∶ catchment area

(2) Estimated eDNA load units for 3 land uses
We estimated eDNA load units by multiplication ofobserved total/ invertebrates’ eDNA and daily discharge(m3/day) and division by catchment area. Daily discharge ofeach sites were average of 30days in April in 2014, 2015 and2016. The discharge were calculated by distributed runoff
model which is optimized in Natori River basin10). Table 1
showed average of eDNA load units of each land uses. As forreference data, nutrient salt load units which is set for water
quality conservation planning in 2000 of Kamafusa Dam,
Naroti River basin was also shown. According to load unitsin Kamafusa Dam, total phosphorus load (TP) fromagricultural river is larger than 4.6 times of forest and 4.2
times of urban. Total nitrogen load (TN) is also larger fromagricultural river than 1.2 times of forest and 1.4 times ofurban. Seeing COD (chemical oxygen demand), it becomeslarger in the order of forest, agricultural and urban river. Total
DNA load unit from agricultural river was 8 times of forest
and urban river was 6.6 times of agricultural. Invertebrates’
eDNA load units from agricultural was 6 times of forest andurban river was 11 times of agricultural. Therefore theincreasing order was same as COD, but contribution fromurban was much larger in the cases of DNA load unit. This
results contrary to our expectations that DNA load unit
should be larger from forest-river because there are rich
population and biomass of invertebrates. The population of
invertebrates may increase under urbanized condition
because there are high supplies of organic matter fromatmospheric precipitation or domestic wasted water and they
are important feeding source for organisms.
4.

This formula explain that invertebrates’ eDNA increase at
higher water temperature. Higher water temperature
generally makes organisms activate their metabolism rates,
and consequently more DNAs were produced and exposed toriver water. The estimated formula also indicated that eDNA
decrease at wider catchment area while the site which haslarge catchment area seems to put a lot of DNA into that point.
One of assumption for it, all of sampling site has small
catchment area (< 28km2). For such as smaller catchment
river, the larger discharge gathered from catchment may
make dilution effects for DNA concentration rather thancollecting and concentrating DNA from catchment area.
The above formula has better R-squared value than one-toone relationship between invertebrates’ eDNA and watertemperature (R2=0.66), and catchment area (R2=0.52). Water
temperature can be higher at smaller catchment area such asurban river and these two environmental factors may be intrade-off relationship. Hence, the formula which has bothfactors made better expression.

13

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Conclusion

This study examined field survey to measure
invertebrates’ DNA concentration from river water eDNA
samples and river environment conditions in 3 different
land used river. The results show that:
1) Water temperature and catchment area can be effective
factor to explain variations of eDNA concentration whilesamples.
2) Estimated eDNA runoff load units for each land uses
were significantly different from each other. The unit
values were higher in the order of forest, agriculture, andurban river. Thus, when we estimate what amount of DNA
flow out to river channel like nutrient salt, these
Table-2: eDNA unit loads of different DNA
Land use

T-DNA

Inv. DNA

TN

TP

COD

Forest0.0012

1.1.E+08

13.8

0.79

127

Agriculture

0.00976.8.E+08

62.8

1.01

147

Urban

0.06477.5.E+09

14.8

0.71

158

Invertebrates’ DNA：copies/ha/day，others：g/ha/day

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th‐December 2nd, 2017)

differences should be considered as the initial input data.
Using eDNA analysis, we can assess the river environment
to discuss river design in the future and to consider the
relationship between flood and environment. Furthermore, it
is indicated that eDNA also can extend the possibility ofcontinual survey to evaluate wasted water and land usechange.
Acknowledgements
This research was partly supported by the Ministry of
Education, Science, Sports and Culture through a Grant-inAid for Scientific Research (grant nos. 25241024, Yasuhiro
Takemon, 26630247, Kozo Watanabe, 26820196, Kei
Nukazawa) and Japan society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS) Research Fellowship (grant no. 256493).We express
deep appreciating for all of supports.
References
1） Hurlbert, A. H., Jetz W.: Species richness, hotspots, andthe scale dependence of range maps in ecology andconservation, PNAS, 104 (33), pp.13384-13389, 2007
2） Heino, J.: Biodiversity of aquatic insects: spatial
gradients and environmental correlates of assemblagelevel measures at large scales, Freshwater Reviews, 2,
pp.1-29, 2008
3） Rees, H. C., Maddison, B. C., Middleditch, D. J.,
Patmore, J. R. M., Gough K. C.: The detection of
aquatic animal species using environmental DNA-areview of eDNA as a survey tool in ecology, Journal ofApplied Ecology, vol. 51, pp.1450-1459, 2014
4） Minamoto, T., Yamanaka, H., Takahara, T., Honjo, M.

14

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N., Kawabata, Z.: Surveillance of fish species
composition using environmental DNA, Limnology, 13(2), pp.193-197, 20125） Pilliod, D. S., Goldberg, C. S., Arkle, R. S. and Waits,
L. P.: Estimating occupancy and abundance of stream
amphibians using environmental DNA from filteredwater samples, Canada Journal of Fisheries and AquaticSci., Vol. 70, pp.1123-1130, 2013
6） Takahara, T., Minaoto, T., Yamanaka, H., Doi, H.,
Kawabata, Z.: Estimation of fish biomass using
environmental DNA, PLoS ONE, 7 (4), e35868, 2012
7） Fukumoto, S., Uchii, A. and Minamoto, T.: A basinscale application of environmental DNA
assessment for rare endemic species and closely
related exotic species in rivers: a case study ofgiant salamanders in Japan, Journal of Applied
Ecology, Vol.52, pp.358-365, 2015.

8） Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., Vrijenhoek,
R.: DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial
cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 from diverse metazoan
invertebrates, Molecular Marine Biology andBiotechnology, Vol.3, pp.294-299, 1994
9） Ficetola, G. F., Miaud, C., Pompanon, F., Taberlet, P.:
Species detection using environmental DNA fromwater samples, Biology Letters, Vol.4, pp.423-425,
200810） Tsuchida, K., Kazama, S., Sawamoto, M.: Relation
between land use and allowable population forconservation of river environment, Journal of
Hydraulic by Japan Society of Civil Engineers,
Vol.48, pp. 475-480, 2004

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

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A sensitivity analysis of Storm Water Managament Model in a residential area
○Chang Qing1*, So Kazama1, Yoshiya Touge 1
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail:chang.qing.q3@tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
This study discusses the sensitivity of main parameters of urban storm drainage system based on Storm Water
Management Model. A residential dominated catchment in Sendai city of Japan was chosen as the study area. The
parameter sensitivities were considered with different rainfall condition, model spatial scale and infiltration equations.
The parameters about imperviousness, roughness, initial loss and infiltration were considered. Three patterns of rainfallwith same total depth were designed: single peak, multi peak and flat continuous rainfall. And the models were built up
with 3 different spatial scale to evaluate the scale effect on sensitivity. The Morris method was used for sensitivity
analysis. The lower and upper limits of parameter range for sensitivity analysis were set to 50% and 150% of the initial
parameter value.
The result showed that that Imperviousness was the most sensitive parameter, afterwards were the surface Manningroughness and depression storage depth. The result of Morris method were: %Imperv 0.73~0.91, N-imperv 0.19~0.26,
N-perv 0.06~0.14, Dstore perv 0.18~0.24, Dstore imperv 0.08~0.13. Sensitivities of Green-Ampt and Horton
infiltration parameters as well as the initial loss parameters were influenced by rainfall characteristics. These parameters
were more sensitive when the rainfall were less intensive. The sensitivity of catchment roughness and conduit
roughness are scale dependent. Specifically, with finer spatial scale, the conduit roughness tended to be more sensitive
than coarser scale.

Keywords: parameter, sensitivity analysis, SWMM, model scale

1. Introduction
Urbanizationis
associatedwithincreasing
imperviousness of land cover and the concomitantalterations of hydrological cycles. Both the increasing
quantity of stormwater runoff and the pollutant washofffrom urban surfaces have degrading effects on receiving
water bodies, including changes in the eco-hydrologicaldiversity, deteriorating stream water quality, and stress instream hydrology due to higher peak discharges andshorter travel times. Reduced infiltration due toimperviousness affects both surface and ground waters.
Thus water management of urban system had became an
important issue which increased the need of enhancing
the modeling for the hydrological and the water quality
processes in both the overland flow and the flow insewer systems. Nowadays many researchers andpractitioners studying and managing stormwater sewer
systems in urban catchments use semi-distributed models
like SWMM, CANOE or MOUSE (Zoppou, 2001; Elliott
and Trowsdale, 2007). These models are based on a
description of the catchment as a set of subcatchments
linked by a drainage network. The runoff generation
processes are simulated for each subcatchment, and the
network is used to simulate the routing of water to the15

catchment outlet. Due to the naturally complexity, theamount of parameters of these model are so large that thecalibration and validation of such models require a hugeamount of data and computation.
In order to discern which parameters have the mostinfluence over model performance and to identify what are
the most appropriate parameter values, we need to find away to screen out sensitive parameters and quantitatively
evaluate the influence of each parameter on model
performance. Sensitivity analysis (SA) has been used bymany people for this purpose (Liu et al., 2004; Borgonovo
et al., 2012). SA can identify parameters of which a
reduction in uncertainty specification will have the mostsignificant impact on improving model performancemeasures. Thus, if some noninfluential parameters can be
identified and fixed reasonably at given values over theirranges, the computational cost may decrease without
reducing model performance.
SA approaches based on design of experiment (DOE) havegained popularity recently because they offer sensitivity
measures while maintaining computational efficiency. A
typical DOE-based SA method involves two steps: first,
generating a sample set of parameters within the feasible
parameter spaces using a chosen design; and then, obtaining
a quantitative attribution of model output variation due toThe 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

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the variation of different parameters. There are many
sampling techniques, such as MC, Latin Hypercube (LH),
Orthogonal Array (OA) and Orthogonal Array based Latin
Hypercube (OALH), which are commonly used for
DOE-based SA. Some DOE based SA methods, such as
Morris One-At-a-Time (MOAT), Fourier Amplitude
Sensitivity Test (FAST), and extended Sobol method,
require special sampling techniques. More recently, alongwith the development of response surface methods (RSM),
SA based on RSM makes it cheaper for estimating
parameter effects.

temperature are 1254 mm and 12.4C, respectively. KA isan old uptown where urbanization degree is rather
complete and the land use shows little change after 2000.
The urban land use accounts for over 90% of the total inthis region. The storm water was firstly drained to aregulating pond and then to a downstream river. The
drainage system of KA can be divided into two parts, one
being the sewer network in the Northern part of KA
which accounted for most of the drainage areas; the otheris a located in the southern part beside the regulating
pond (Fig.1(b)).

The EPA Storm Water Manage Model (SWMM) was usedas the hydrological model for this study. This model issuitable for urban hydrology analysis and had beensuccessfully applied at various scales. The modified Morris
method was used for sensitivity analysis to identify model
structure and find key parameters among 8 main parameters.

2.2 Data availability and processing
Topographic data
The DEM of KA was available in the form of ahigh-resolution (5x5m) elevation data set, which wasprovided and quality controlled by the Land andResources Department of Japan. In order to represent theblockage effect of buildings on surface flows, thebuilding profiles were distinguished using the planargraph and Google satellite image.

2. Study site and data
2.1 Study site
We chose the Kunimigaoka Area in Sendai City, Japanfor the case study (Fig.1(a)). KA is located in thenorth-western part of the uptown of Sendai City, which
covers approximately 50 hector with a medium gradientslope topography. KA is featured with a temperatemonsoon climate and the annual average rainfall andSewer network data
The underground pipeline data were obtained fromSewer Administration Office of Sendai City whichcontained geographic and geometric information of morethan 400 pipelines and manholes. Most of the pipes are
circular with diameters ranging from 0.3 to 2.4 m, whilesome pipes are rectangular whose widths and heights
vary from 0.4 to 0.8 m. The pipe slops show a wide
range, varying from 0.5 to 38%.

References
1)

2)
3)

Fig.1. (a) Location of the Kunimigaoka Area; (b) Sub watersheds ofthe study region delineated by GIS; (c) Top view of the digitalterrain model overlaied with swere network.

16

4)

Borgonovo, E., Castaings, W., Tarantola, S. : Modelemulation and momentindependent sensitivity analysis:
an application to environmental modelling. Environ.
Model. Softw. 34, 105-115, 2012
Elliott, A.H., Trowsdale, S.A : A review of models for
low impact urban storm water drainage. Environ.
Modell. Software 22, 394–405, 2007.
Liu, Y., Gupta, H.V., Sorooshian, S., Bastidas, L.A.,
Shuttleworth, W.J. : Exploring parameter sensitivitiesof the land surface using a locally coupledlandatmosphere model. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D21101,
2004.
Zoppou, C : Review of urban storm water models.
Environ. Modell. Software 16 (3), 195–231, 2001.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

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Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides with Fermentation Liquid of Organic Waste To
Extract Short-Chain Fatty Acids as a Biodenitrification Carbon Source○Jianyong LIU1, Guangren QIAN1, Yu-You LI2*
1School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai
200444, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba Aramaki Aoba-ku Sendai city, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.
*E-mail: gyokuyu.ri.a5@tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were extracted from artificial and actual anaerobic fermentation liquid oforganic waste via the synthesis of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), which was then used as external carbon
source in bio denitrification process. Results of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis indicatethat SCFAs were successfully intercalated into LDHs in both artificial system and actual anaerobic fermentation
liquid of food waste, with good slow release performance. When using SCFAs-LDH and SCFAs-Na as carbon
source with COD/N ratio of 4:1, the nitrate removal efficiency and the utilization efficiency of carbon source
were improved from 42.3% and 30.3% to 81.3% and 58.1%, respectively. A dynamic “release-utilization”
balance of carbon source was always kept during denitrification process when using SCFAs-LDH, so that higher
removal efficiency of nitrate and utilization efficiency of carbon source were obtained simultaneously. This study
could help to recover SCFAs from organic wastes efficiently as a denitrification carbon source with slow release
performance.

Keywords: Layered double hydroxides, Carbon source, Slow release, Organic waste, Denitrification

1.

Introduction

Biological removal of nitrogen is identified as an efficientand economical way, which is used widely in municipal
wastewater treatment plants all over the world with
nonpolluting nitrogen gas produced. Heterotrophic
denitrifying bacteria play a key role in the denitrification
process with nitrate as an electron acceptor, but need organic
substances (carbon source) for microorganism growth, aswell as for application as an electron donor. Therefore,
sufficient organic carbon is crucial for biologicaldenitrification.
The objectives of this study were (1) to examine thefeasibility of SCFAs-LDH synthesis within artificial
anaerobic fermentation liquid and actual anaerobic
fermentation liquid of food waste; (2) to evaluate the release
performance of SCFAs-LDH; and (3) to investigate thenitrogen removal performance and carbon source utilization
efficiency in actual bio denitrification system with SCFAsLDH tablets as an external carbon source. This study could
help to find a better way to recover SCFAs from organic
wastes efficiently as an external carbon source of bio
denitrification.

2.

Results and Discussion

Characterization of SCFAs-LDH Synthesized with
Artificial Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid. The structuresof synthesized LDHs were examined by XRD. The
characteristic diffractions of LDHs materials with 00l peaks
were observed, without impurity hydroxide phases. But theZnO crystal phase discovered all that of ZnAl-LDH. The
basal spacing value (d003) of NO3-ZnAl-LDH was -0.89nm.
Compared with NO3ZnAl-LDH, the (003) characteristic17

reflection of SCFAs-LDH, C3H7COO-LDH, andC2H5COOLDH shifted to lower 2θ values, withcorresponding d-spacings of 1.47, 1.49, and 1.38 nm,
respectively. This suggests that SCFAs, C3H7COO-, andC2H5COO- were all intercalated into the interlayer galleriesof ZnAl-LDH. While the basal spacing value (d (003)) of
CH3COO-LDH was 0.76 nm, which was consistent with theliterature, indicating that CH3COO- was also successfullyintercalated into ZnAl-LDH.
The FTIR spectroscopy of SCFAs-LDH, C3H7COO-LDH,
C2H5COO-LDH, and CH3COO-LDH can be seen that thebroad absorption bands in region of 3450cm−1, which was
associated with the O−H stretching vibration arising from themetal-hydroxyl groups in gibbsite layer, and those of theinterlayer water with H-bonding. The C−H stretchingvibration of ZnAl-LDH appeared at 2973cm−1. The
asymmetric and symmetric of the COO- stretching vibrations
appeared at 1560cm−1 and 1385cm−1, which were consistent
with literature. The broad bands observed at about 549cm−1
and 429cm−1 lattice vibration region indicate the variation in
the divalent/trivalent metal composition of the hydroxide
layers. The FTIR spectroscopy also confirmed theintercalation of SCFAs anions within inter lamellar region.
Characterization of SCFAs-LDH Synthesized with
Actual Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid of Food Waste.
The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of SCFAsLDH prepared with actual anaerobic fermentation liquid
showed sharp characteristic reflections of hydrotalcite-likecompounds with high crystallinity. The interlayer d-spacingof SCFAs-LDH was 0.76 nm at 2θ = 11.7°. The sharp peakat 3379 cm−1 was attributed to the O−H stretching vibrationfrom the interlayer water molecules and hydroxyl groups in
the brucite-like layers. The weak absorption peak at

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

1553cm−1 was assigned to the COO− stretching vibrations.
The 1350cm−1peak corresponded to the vibrations of the
carbonate group. Chemical analysis of the synthesized
SCFAs-LDH was performed. It can be seen that theexperimental Zn/Al ratio (1.96) was consistent with expected
Zn/Al ratio (2:1). The carbon content of SCFAs-LDH was
4.8% by elemental analysis. This carbon content was
attributed by SCFAs including acetate (5.7 mg/g), propionate(4.4 mg/g), and n-butyrate (8.8 mg/g), meaning that the
SCFAs in actual anaerobic fermentation liquid wereintercalated with SCFAs-LDH synthesized successfully. At
the same time, carbonate was also found in the synthesized
SCFAs-LDH, because there must be a high concentration ofcarbonate in the anaerobic fermentation liquid. It has been
proven that the carbonate anion has a strong affinity with
LDH and easily forms CO32−-LDH.45 A strong CO32−
absorption peak can be found obviously. In view of practicalapplication, the large amount of carbonate in anaerobic
fermentation liquid must be removed primarily. Alkaline
fermentation of organic waste with Ca(OH)2 could be aneffective way to increase SCFAs production and remove
carbonate ions simultaneously. Of course, a small amount ofcarbonate must still remain; however, this small amount ofcarbonate does not affect the utilization of this method.
Release Performance of SCFAs-LDH. It can be foundthat the larger the particle size, the slower the release content.
In addition, the profiles exhibit a gradual two-step release
behavior, i.e., a fast release stage in the initial hour, followed
by a relatively slow period over the next 1−72h. This trend isconsistent with the literature. It is believed that rapid release
was related to physical adsorption of SCFAs on LDH surface,and slow release was attributed to the successful extractionof SCFAs intercalated into the interlayer of LDH. The release
performances of SCFAs-LDH and SCFAs-Na tablets were
investigated in a releasing medium system. It can be foundthat the SCFAs-LDH tablets exhibited a gradual two-steprelease behavior: a fast release stage in the initial 6h, with an
SCFAs release percentage of 33.1%, followed by a relatively
slow period over the next 6−72h, with an SCFAs release
percentage of 47.6%. This trend is also consistent withliteratures. However, SCFAs-Na tablet exhibited a rapid
release, with an SCFAs release percentage of 95% within 30
min. The release tests indicate that a slow release of SCFAs
could be achieved via the synthesis of SCFAs-LDH tablets.
Nitrate Removal Performance with SCFAs-LDH as anExternal Carbon Source. Without any external carbon
source added, the final nitrate removal efficiencies were
61.7% and 43.6%, using SCFAs-LDH and SCFAs-Na tablets
as an external carbon source with COD/N ratio of 3:1,
respectively. This shows that SCAFs-LDH tablets, withslow-release SCFAs, worked much better than SCFAs-Na
tablets, as an external carbon source of denitrification. When
the COD/N ratio was 4:1, the final nitrate removal
efficiencies were 81.3% and 42.3%, using SCFAs-LDH and
SCFAs-Na tablets, respectively. With a higher COD/N ratio(4:1), the nitrate removal efficiency increased by 19.6%
when using the SCFAs-LDH tablet, but remained stable
when using the SCFAs-Na tablet. These two points indicatethat the SCFAs-LDH tablet is a promising external carbon
source, especially for reactors with long hydraulic retention
time or when COD/N ratio is low.
The Variation of COD Concentration during
Denitrification. For the control (without any external carbon

18

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Tohoku University

source added), the COD concentration was ∼52 mg/L. This
content of COD in liquid was secreted by metabolism of thebacteria from the inoculation. For the test using SCFAs- LDH
tablets, the COD concentration was ∼100 mg/L, resulting
from the balance of SCFAs release from SCFAs- LDH tablets
and SCFAs utilization as the carbon source of denitrification.
However, for the test using SCFAs-Na tablets, the COD
concentrations exhibited an obvious similar trend, with quick
consumption in the first 8 h (when COD/N ratio was 3:1) and12 h (when COD/N ratio was 4:1) and then stable. This one
direction trend of COD concentration resulted in overfeeding
and an insufficient carbon source at the beginning and in theend of denitrification, respectively. The excessive carbon
source must be utilized for bacteria anabolism, leading tosludge growth.
Utilization Efficiency of Carbon Source. The utilization
efficiencies of denitrification using SCFAs-LDH and
SCFAs-Na tablets as the external carbon source with COD/N
ratios of 3:1 and 4:1, respectively. The utilization efficiencies
were 58.8% and 41.6% when using SCFAs-LDH and
SCFAs-Na tablets with a COD/N ratio of 3:1, and 58.1% and30.3% with a COD/N ratio of 4:1, respectively.

3.

Conclusions

SCFAs were extracted from artificial and actual anaerobic
fermentation liquid of organic waste via the synthesis of
SCFAs-LDH. SCFAs-LDH had a good slow release
performance for serving as an external carbon source of bio
denitrification, with an SCFAs release percentage of 47.6%
during a relatively slow release period (6−72 h). The nitrate
removal efficiency was improved greatly, from 42.3% using
SCFAs-Na tablets to 81.3% using SCFAs-LDH tablets as anexternal carbon source, with a COD/N ratio of 4:1. Using
SCFAs-LDH tablets as an external carbon source, theutilization efficiency could be improved by 91.7%, comparedwith using SCFAs-Na tablets.

G‐Safety

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The study of simultaneous removal of nitrogen and COD from anaerobic digestate liquid atdifferent COD/NH4+-N ratios by anammox-based new process○Yan Guo1, Takumi Sugono1, Qigui Niu2, Yu-You Li1*
1 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai,
980-8579 Japan
2 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100,
China*E-mail: gyokuyu.ri.a5@tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
The presence of residual organic matter (OM) in the anaerobic digestate liquid brought negative effects to thenitrogen removal by one-stage partial nitrification/anammox process, and the OM removal is also one problem
needed to be solved for discharge standard. In this study, the simultaneous removal of nitrogen and COD fromsynthetic wastewater with different COD/NH4+-N ratios through simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox,
denitrification and dissimilation (PNADD) process in a CSTR equipped with functional suspended carriers wasinvestigated. The results showed until the COD/ NH4+-N ratio of 0.8 with a proper aeration rate,the nitrogen removal
effciency of above 78.6% and and COD removal effciency of above 87.7% can be achieved. Accodring to the results ofactivity tests of suspended sludge and biofilm sludge from the reactor , with the existence of organic matter, thedenitrification activity increased, and in the system AOB was predominant in the suspended sludge and anammox
bacteria was predominant in the biofilm sludge, respectively. It can be concluded that the nitrogen removal wasachieved by the synergy of anammox and denitrification and the COD removal was attributed to both dissimilation anddenitrification. The activity test results of nitrogen removal of biofilm sludge with high COD/ NH4+-N ratio shows that
there are no obvious effect on the anammox activity. It was c that the negative effect of organic matter on one-stage
PNA process was mainly because of strong competence of the heterotrophic bacteria for DO than AOB, then thesubsequensely anammox step was limited that effected the nitrogen removal effciency. It showed that the PNADD
process were successfully achieved by using the CSTR equipped with functional suspended carriers.

Keywords: Anammox, digestate liquid, Nitrogen removal, COD removal

1.

Introduction

The biogas production through anaerobic fermentation is
one utilization way of mass wasted biomass for social
sustainable development, but the production of digestateliquid during this process needed to be solved. One of themethods for digestate liquid treatment is as liquid fertilizer
for farmland. For the area that the digestate liquid cannot bedirectly used as liquid fertilizer, the treatment of digestateliquid for discharge meeting the discharge standard isneeded.
Compared with the nitrogen content, the organic matter
content is obvious low for the digester liquid of various
kinds of raw materials after methane fermentation. So the
traditional biological nitrogen removal method for this kindof wastewater will face the shortage of carbon source. The
anammox process consumes 60% less oxygen and 100%less organic carbon source, produces about 90% less sludge
compared with nitrification/denitrification, so there havenumerous research focusing on the application of anammox
process for high ammonia-containing or low COD/NH4+-N
ratio wastewater.
Among the over 100 operating installations worldwide, 88%of all plants being operated as one-stage partial itrification
anammox (PNA) systems. One of the challenges in theapplication of the one-stage PNA process is retaining
biomass and distinct habitats required for the AOB and19

anammox bacteria for the aerobic and anaerobic activities.
The previous research reported that the biofilm is much
simpler and more effective due to the improved ability toretain biomass in the reactor and the large contribution
towards total reactor activity. Numerous reports have beenreported focused on the various carriers used in the
one-stage PNA process. The second is the nitrite oxidizing
bacteria (NOB) competes with AOB or anammox bacteria
for the substrate. It has been reported that the difficulties
could be overcome by washing out NOB under a low
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (<1.0 mg/L) .
The influent carbon source is proved to be a critical factor
for PNA performance. High COD concentration leads togrowth of heterotrophic bacteria, resulting in suppression of
AOB and anammox bacteria. Meanwhile the enrichedheterotrophic bacteria can denitrify the nitrate produced byanammox bacteria, thereby reducing the effluent nitrogenconcentration.
In this study, for the simultaneous removal of nitrogen and
COD of anaerobic digester effluents at different COD/
NH4+-N ratios, through the simultaneous partial nitrification,
anammox, denitrification and dissimilation (PNADD)
process in a CSTR equipped with functional suspended
carriers were investigated. Meanwhile the shifting of the
microbial community and the metabolic pathway ofnitrogen and organic carbon were investigated.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety2.
2.1(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

Materials and Methods
The synthetic wastewater and the carrier.

The synthetic wastewater was used and COD was added in
the form of the acetate.
The functional suspended carrier applied in this study wasa hollow cylinder made of hydrophobic polypropylene (pp)resin with good adherence to the microorganism assured by
special porous foam. The carrier was 4 mm Φ × 4 mm L,with a true specific gravity of 0.98 g/cm3 and a specificsurface area of 1500 m2/m3. Before the reactor was dosedwith the bio-carriers, they were immersed in a neutral
cleaning solution for 24 h, to promote hydrophilic properties
and thereby enhance both the flow of the carrier in thereactor and the contact between the carrier and the liquid
phase.

2.2

The system set-up and control condition

The single-stage partial-anammox process was carried out
in a lab-scale CSTR reactor made of transparent polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) plastic with a working volume of 5 L and a
1 L clarifier. The temperature in the reactor was set and kept
in the range of 25 ± 1 °C by a heater with temperatureadjuster set in the reaction zone. Influent was introduced
into the reaction zone with a peristaltic pump. Air was
supplied using an air pump through a glass tube, serving
both to mix and oxygenate the sewage. The porous
polypropylene carriers (packing ratio: 30 v%) in the reactor
were in a continuous movement with horizontal and verticalmixing due to the air supplied through a glass tube inset into
the bottom of the reactor. The aeration rate (AR) was
adjusted by a glass rotameter in pace with NLR variations.
The temperature in the reactor was controlled at ±25℃,
and the DO concentration was under 0.1mg/L.

2.4

Instrumentation and analysis method

Sensors for temperature, pH, oxidation reduction potential(ORP) (HORIBA D-72, Japan), and DO (HORIBA OM-70,
Japan) were installed in the reactor for the on-line
monitoring of pH, ORP and DO, respectively.
Samples were taken from both the influent and effluent
every other day. Concentrations of NH4+-N, NO2−-N,
NO3−-N were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (Agilent
7100) after being filtered through a 0.45 μm polyether
sulfone syringe filter. The COD, MLSS and MLVSS were
determined according to the Standard Methods.

3.

Tohoku University

ratio of 1.6, the NRE decreased sharply than CRE, so the
COD/NH4+-N ratio was back to 0.8. At the second time of
COD/NH4+-N ratio of 0.8, with a higher AFR, the NRE
increases again. It can be concluded that one effect oforganic matter on one-stage PNA process was the oxygencompetition between COD oxidizing bacteria and NH4+-N
oxidizing bacteria. Until the COD/ NH4+-N ratio of 0.8

with a proper aeration rate,the nitrogen removal
effciency of above 78.6% and and COD removal
effciency of above 87.7% can be achieved.

The operation condition

The reactor was operated in six stages with the HRT of 12
h. During the first five stages, the COD/ NH4+-N ratios
were stepwise increased from 0 to 1.6 by increasing the
COD concentration from 0 mg/L to 400 mg/L with aconstant substrate concentration of NH4+-N to 250.0 mg/L.
For the last stage, the COD/ NH4+-N ratio was back to 0.8
by decreasing the COD concentration to 200 mg/L.

2.3

G‐Safety

Results and Discussion

The results showed that with the improvement of
COD/NH4+-N ratio from 0 to 0.4, for a favorable nitrogen
removal efficiency (NRE), the aeration rate (AR)correspondingly increases. At the first COD/NH4+-N ratio of
0.8, with the drop of AFR, the decrease of NRE was sharp
than carbon removal efficiency (CRE). At the COD/NH4+-N

20

Figure. 1. The variety of NRE, CRE and AR at different
COD/ NH4+-N ratios.
From the COD/NH4+-N ratio of 0.2 to 1.6, theNO3--N/ΔNH4+-N values were obvious lower that 11.5% of
COD/NH4+-N ratio of 0, the absent ᇞNO3--N(11.5%െNO3—N-effെ NH4+-N-eff) can be explained by theenhancement of denitrification activity that transferred thispart of the NO3--N produced during the anammox process tonitrogen gas.
The results of the activity tests indicated that AOB was
predominant in the suspended sludge and anammox bacteria
was predominant in the biofilm sludge, respectively.
Besides, with the introduction of organic matter into thesystem, the denitrification activity was obviously enhanced.
From the results of the activity tests of nitrogen removal of
biofilm at different COD/NH4+-N, the COD/NH4+-N ratio
up to 5 have no heavily impressed function on the specificanammox activity of the biofilm sludge. It means the
COD/NH4+-N ratio up to 1.6 in the actual reactor has noeffect on the anammox activity. It can be concluded that thenegative effect of organic matter on one-stage PNA process
was mainly because of competence for DO between AOB
and the heterotrophic bacteria.

4.

Conclusions(1) The simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox,
denitrification and dissimilation process in a CSTR
equipped with functional suspended carriers were achieved
with the COD/NH4+-N ratio up to 0.8.
(2) AOB was predominant in the suspended sludge andanammox bacteria was predominant in the biofilm sludge,
respectively. With the introduction of organic matter into
the system, the denitrification activity was obviously
enhanced.
(3) The nitrogen removal was achieved by the synergyof anammox and denitrification and the COD removal
was attributed to both dissimilation and denitrification.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

A research on stoichiometric model of codigestion's synergism mechanism based on coffee gro
und and wasted activated sludge○Tao ZHANG1*, Kazuki TONOUTCHI1, Wataru RUIKE2 ,Yu-You Li1*
*Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Tohoku University,980-8579
Japan*E-mail: zhang.tao.q7@dc.tohoku.ac.jp
gyokuyu.ri.a5@tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Coffee grounds have been proved difficult to be degraded by thermophilic digestion. An introduction of activatedsludge is possible to improve the coffee grounds degradation through synergistic mechanisms. In this research, two 12 L
CSTRs which were fed with the mixture of coffee grounds and activated sludge with different ratio,80:20 and 70:30
correspondingly. After startup, the two reactors reached the 30-day-HRT operation and had kept steady biogas production
about two times longer than this HRT, which could be reckoned to be a steady operation. During the whole operation, no
nutrition supply was implemented. On the basis of ammonia balance, the biomass yield was calculated to illustrate thenecessary reproductive ammonia and trace elements for the biomass cell. Biogas methane composition and bicarbonate
alkalinity fitted well with the prediction value. After the comparison of theoretical and actual value, it could be concluded
that such 2 ratios of WAS could offer enough trace elements for the biomass cell reproduction. The inner synergism
mechanism of the co-digestion was achieved in this study.

Keywords: Coffee grounds, wasted activated sludge, co-digestion, synergism, mathematical model

1.

Introduction

Nowadays the global coffee consumption kept increasingly
growing. According to International Coffee Organization’s
statistics(International Coffee Organization 2017), the very
increasing rate is around 9% and it has amounted to 9.3
million in 2016. Then a multitude of coffee grounding(CG),(the main by-product from the coffee production) would be
inevitably produced. A detailed investigation was made by
Qiao’s research(Qiao, Takayanagi, Shofie, et al. 2013), it
demonstrated that the significant characteristic of CG
includes high moisture (65.68%) and high organic
components in TS (VS/TS is more than 99%). The relatively
high moisture makes it less economically via generalincineration or land fill. The high VS/TS ratio indicates that
it is of a large energy recovery potential. Among thebiological processes aiming at reclamation of bioenergy fromwastes, methane fermentation is considered to be one of themost suitable choices.
The research concerning laboratory scale anaerobic
digestion has been stared ever since 1980s in the form ofbatch experiments. Dinstale et al. conducted a series ofmesophilic and thermophilic experiments both by batch andCSTR reactors, it was demonstrated that VFA accumulation
was inevitable for the mesophilic and thermophilic CSTR
after 50 days and addition of sodium bicarbonate, nitrogen,phosphorous and trace elements was necessary for the longterm digestion(Dinsdale, Hawkes, and Hawkes 1996). Qiao
et al. used AnMBR to dispose CG and the biogas production
almost ceased on Day 82d and VFA accumulation andsharply- drop of pH was discovered, owing to a lack of21

ammonia and nutrition elements(Qiao, Takayanagi, Shofie,
et al. 2013).
Therefore, the concept of Anaerobic co-digestion(AcoD)
was introduced to overcome the difficult listed above. Neveset al. demonstrated that the CG’s AcoD with WAS could
achieve a methane yield more than 75% of the theoreticalvalue via a series of batch experiments(Neves, Oliveira, andAlves 2006). Qiao et al. introduced WAS by two different
ratios after the mono-digestion of CG’s failure, however the
propionic acid accumulation and relatively high hydrogen in
the reactor made it unsustainable for a long term operation as
to both of the ratios(10% and 15%) , external supplement ofammonia and nutrition elements were still necessary(Qiao,
Takayanagi, Niu, et al. 2013). Persistent addition of external
nutrition would increase additional expense and themaneuverability would be lowered.
On account of the former studies upon the CG’s anaerobic
digestion, the present study aims at exploring the stable
operation possibility of co-digestion with relatively higher
WAS ratios (20% and 30%) on condition that no external
nutrition supplement was added. Moreover, the synergy
mechanism of the co-digestion with WAS would be
investigated qualitatively and quantitatively.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristic s of coffee groundings and wasted
activate sludge
The coffee grounds (CG) samples were collected from a
coffee manufacture in Japan, the one Qiao et al.,(2013)
sampled from. The raw coffee groundings’ TS were 36.3.
The wasted activated sludge (WAS) was sourced from theG‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)
CH

O

N

Tohoku University+ 1.63H O → 0.2564C H O N +coffee manufacture’s coffee waste treatment unit. TS content
of the WAS was 14.7%. On the basis of dry weight, the ratioof CG to WAS for S1 was 80:20, for S2 was 70:30.

2.19CH + 1.54CO + 0.08NH + 0.08HCO

2.2. Experimental apparatus

CH

The lab-scale reactor used in this experiment is a traditional
CSTR (Completely Stirring Tank Reactor). The reactors had
a working volume of 12L and a total volume of 15L. The
digester tank was water-jacketed and operated at a constanttemperature of 55°C for thermophilic methane fermentation.
The scheme of the experimental apparatus was illustrated in
Figure.1. The original seed sludge used in this experimentwere taken from a food waste thermophilic fermentation
digester.
Figure 1 Schematic of the experimental apparatus

2.3 A method to conclude the stoichiometric model
2

2

2.23

0.419

2

3

4

5

7.97

2

O

2.24

N

0.42

4

g/L, molar is

+

2

4

g/mol, VS molar weight is
∙

3

-

5

7

2

4

3

Table 1 Summary of two series’ operation performance
Operation

Unit

R1

R2

pH
Alkalinity mg-CaCO3
%
TS
%
VS
g/L
COD
mg/L
NH4+-N

7.04
2160

7.41
3820

5.4
4.7
71.9
482

5.0
4.0
73.8
884

T-VFA
Acetic acid
Propionic

mg-HAc/L

896
241
165

724
198
137

BiogasBiogas

L/g-VSadded
CH4

0.467
59.37

composition

CO2
N2

39.96

0.414
59.16
39.60
0.67

S1(20%)
Pred.
Actual
0.38
0.467

,

, nitrogen molar weight isbiomass molar is

2

0 67

actual valueg NH3-N is produced,

degraded efficiency is α,7+1.70H O→0.2755C H O N+2.10CH+1.49CO + 0.14NH + 0.14HCO
2

5

Table 2 Comparison of the model's prediction ande is the fraction of CODCH4 while s

In1L influent, VS concentration is-+

And then according to the calculated biomass yield, the major
value of AD could be predicted as Table 2.

is the CODcell. for the degraded part, e+s=1

Ymol=

7.94

→

equation 1(McCarty, 1974)
4

5.
(equation 2)

3. Results and Discussion
The performance of the two reactors were summarized inTable 1. Generally, the period is required to be more than
twice the HRT. After two start-up stages as transition(120-day-HRT and 60-day-HRT), both of the two reactors
reached the target phase of 30-day HRT steadily (hereafter
would be defined as target phase). Under target phase
operation (totally around 75d), some typical operationalparameters: pH, methane gas production rate and total
VFA concentration were stable in both of the two reactors,
which indicated that both of the two reactors wereoperated successfully without external addition ofnutrition under 30-day HRT.
By the equation 1 and 2 and data from Table1, the biomassyield could be worked out and the stoichiometry reaction of
the co-digestion could be written as below:22

S2(30%)
Pred.
0.39

Actual
0.414
GPR(L/g-VSadd）
58.62
59.37
58.47
59.16
CH4%
41.38
39.67
41.53
39.60
CO2%
2160
3476.25
38.20
Alkalinity 1861
mg/L
The model was able to predict the AD’s main indexes andthen was used to give an explanation of the steady operation
without external trace elements supply.

4. Conclusions(1) Bothe of the 2 reactors would make a steady operationeven in spite of no external nutrition supply.
(2) A stoichiometry model was given according to thenitrate balance and then biomass yield was calculated andexplained the reason why the co-digestion was selfsufficient under these two WAS ratios.

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

Tohoku University

Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and paper waste: mseophilic vs. thermophilic○Jing Wu1, Yu Qin2, Benyi Xiao3 & Yu-you Li2
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University,
Miyagi, Japan
3
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, PR
China
E-mail: wu.jing.s3@dc.tohoku.ac.jp
1

Abstract
This study presents the results of anaerobic digestion of food waste (FW), as well as co-digestion with FW and paper
waste (PW), which was conducted in two lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) at 37℃ and 55℃
respectively. The effect of FW: PW ratio on co-digestion stability and performance were investigated at around OLR of
10.0 g-VS/L/d and having the FW: PW ratio of 4:1, 2:3, 1:1 and 2:3 (TS). Mesophilic digester (MD) could be operated
stably when the PW contents is under 40% (TS), while thermophilic digester (TD) even maintained stable when the PW
contents reached 70% (TS). This study confirmed that co-digestion of FW and PW, with the increase of PW content
lead to some degree of improvement in biogas yield in TD as a result of mixing substrates while biogas yield decreasedin MD. The organic removal of MD and TD were nearly the same under the safe PW contents. MD was superior to TD
in terms of effluent quality, while TD has higher solid reduction efficiency than MD. TD is superior to MD in terms oftreating FW and PW mixtures for higher stability, particle hydrolysis, and biogas production.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Mesophilic condition; Co-digestion; Food waste; Paper waste

1.

Introduction

Food waste (FW) and paper waste (PW) are top twolargest fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) and PW
represents the second largest fraction of biodegradable
materials in MSW after FW. However, around 37% of PW
is still discarded mainly in sanitary municipal landfills.
Anaerobic co-digestion of PW and FW, due toimprovement of nutrient balance and system economics,
could be a possible solution for reduction and stabilizationof PW-contained FW. However, anaerobic digestion
concerning PW is limited by the hydrolysis step and there is
still a lack of information with reference to the co-digestionof FW and PW. The PW existence may affect the digestion
performance by different hydrolysis rate and load bearing
capacity of co-substrates. Furthermore, mesophilic andthermophilic anaerobic digestion are two widely applied
temperature ranges in industrial. Therefore, this study has
two main objects: 1. to better understand the effect of PW
existence on the co-digestion of FW and PW; 2. to compare
mesophilic and thermophilic condition co-digestion
performance.

2.

of three kinds of paper was set as 1:1:1 on TS basis. PW
was shredded by a waste paper shredder. After shredding,paper scarps were blended with FW in the blender and fed
to the substrate tank. Characterization of substrates used indifferent Runs are summarized in Table 1.

2.2

Reactors and operations

The co-digestion system used in this study is shown in
Figure 1. All tanks were equipped with water bath systems.
The substrate tank was maintained at 3℃ in order toprevent putridity. The effect volume of mesophilic andthermophilic digesters was 3.0 L. Both digesters wereoperated at 37℃ and 55℃ separately. Input of substrates
was conducted by roller pumpers which were connectedwith timers for quantitative supplement.
Table 1 Characteristics of the substrates

Materials and Methods

2.1
Feedstocks
2.1.1
Food waste (FW)FW used was made according to the previous work fromour laboratory. FW was firstly milled and blended withwater in a blender. The disintegrated FW was either supply
to the substrate tank directly or blended with shredded PW.

2.1.2

Paper waste (PW)

Three kinds of paper: Newsprint, tissue and office paper,with large daily generation, were chosen. The mixture ratio

23

Figure 1 Co-digestion system used in this study

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

2.3(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Analytical methods

Biogas volume was measured daily by a wet gas meter andgas volume was then converted into dry gas volume under
0℃, 1 atm. Biogas content (CH4, CO2, N2) was determinedby a gas chromatograph. Sampling of the effluent from thedigester was carried out twice a week and the following
parameters were analysed: pH, alkalinity, TS and VS, SS
and VSS, CODcr, carbohydrates, protein, lipid, TAN and
VFAs.

3.

Results and Discussion

2.1

Substrate characteristics

FW and PW were represented with formulation of
C20H33O12N and C331H508O314N. The C/N ratio of FW (17.1)
is lower than the number (20-25) recommended inliteratures for stable operation. With the increase of PW
content in the co-substrate, the high C/N ratio of PW(283.6) may lead to high C/N ratio of the co-substrates.

2.2

Performance and organic removal

MD and TD was stable and well functioned at PW≤40%
and PW≤70% with nearly the same level of organic removal
efficiency (Figure 3).
For mono-digestion of FW, VFA in TD was about
1000mg/L, higher than that in MD (below 200mg/L). Afteradding PW, VFA sharply decreased in TD and acetic acidbecame the major byproduct. With increase of PW contents,
pH, TAN and alkalinity gradually decreased in bothdigesters. However, VFA, as a form of mainly acetic acidstarted to accumulated (rise from 0mg/L to 932mg/L) at
PW=60% in MD, which may cause by inhibition of
methanogens due to ammonia deficiency. At PW=70%,
when ammonia decreased to about 50 mg/L, TD could still
maintain stable, with COD removal around 78%, pH about
6.8 and alkalinity about 1700mg/L. As hydrolysis of protein
in FW is thought to provide ammonia and alkalinity in TD,
the reason why TD could still be stably operated could beother alkalinity source which came from the alkalinity
fillers in PW.
Table 2 Performance of mesophilic and thermophilic
digesters (MD Run5: NH4HCO3 added)

Figure 3 Effect of PW content on organic removal of
MD and TD

Figure 4 COD mass balance of MD and TD in different
Runs (i.e. MD Run1 means M1)

4.

2.3

COD mass balance

Figure 4 shows the COD mass balance in MD and TD.
With increase of PW content, particle COD (P-COD) in TD
is lower than that in MD, which indicate that TD is superior
to MD in terms of hydrolysis. Meanwhile, higher soluble
COD (SCOD) in TD also means MD has better effluent
quality than TD.

24

Conclusions(1) PW≤40% and PW≤70% is suggested to ensure goodsystem efficiency for MD and TD at HRT=30 days.
(2) Some degree of improvement in biogas yield wasobserved in TD as a result of mixing substrates, whilebiogas yield decreased in MD with increasing PWcontents.
(3) MD was superior to TD in terms of effluent quality,
TD has higher solid reduction efficiency than MD.
(4) TD is recommended for treating FW and PW
mixtures for higher stability, particle hydrolysis, andbiogas production.

5.

Reference

Sherri M. Cook, et al., A stability assessment tool for
anaerobic co-digestion. Water Research, 2017, 112 19-28

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

Tohoku University

Start-up of a New Anaerobic Reactor for treating wastewater containing High SS Content○Bo JIANG1, Hong CHEN1,2, Yuyou LI1*
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579 Japan
2

School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410-004 China*E-mail: gyokuyu.ri.a5@tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
The purpose of this experiment research is to analyze the start-up process of a new Anaerobic Suspended
Carrier Mixture Reactor (AnSCMR). The new AnSCMR is designed to overcome the disadvantage of
traditional UASB reactor against high organic SS wastewater and sludge expansion by using microbial carriers
and internal loop. The propeller and inner loop inside the reactor create a water circulation to prevent
sedimentation of SS and expansion of sludge. The high SS synthetic wastewater used in the research are starch
wastewater (800-1000mg-COD/L, 300-400mg-SS/L). The acclimation period lasts for 230 days, with the HRT
has been shorten from 36h to 2h. Limited to its structure, the 4.5L AnSCMR has a lower initial microorganism
concentration (20mg-MLVSS/L). With the decrease of HRT and increase of OLR, the removal efficiency of
AnSCMR was decreased about 10%(from 65.1% to 54.6%). At the end of the experiment, when the OLD has
reached 12g-COD/L/d, the methane production match the S-COD removal rate of the AnSCMR and the organic
SS in the AnSCMR was not decomposed or intercepted in the reactor. The results indicated the AnSCMR could
be used to remove the S-COD in the wastewater without effect the organic particle in the water.

Keywords: organic SS, methane production, anaerobic methane production

1. Introduction
The starch industry extracts and refines starches fromseeds, roots and tubers. The major procedure includes wet
grinding, washing, sieving and drying. More than 50 typesof plants have been reported to be used for starch
production. The most common commercial raw materials
are corn, potato and wheat. The starch wastewater ischaracterized as high organic SS wastewater (Table 1). The
SS could be intercepted in the traditional anaerobic reactor,
causing sludge expansion and other problems.
Table 1 Starch wastewater status (Unit: mg/L)
Raw material
PotatoSweet potato

Corn

Water source
DeliverySeparation
Precipitation
DeliverySeparation
Precipitation
Effluent

COD
60-2101550-4800
730-2000
82-2807400-9500
3000-5000
8000-30000

SS
390-2000
600-2500
80-170273-780
2000-3000
60-90
3000-5000

2. Reactor and Methods
2.1 Reactor and experimental design
The Anaerobic Suspended Carrier Mixture Reactor(AnSCMR) was packed with a rectangular column with aneffective working volume of 4.5L (Ø15cm * 25cm). The

25

AnSCMR has a U-shape tube at the top of the reactor toseparate effluent from gas produced in the AnSCMR. The
SCMR was developed and maintained for 230 days. The
SCMR was fed with the synthetic wastewater mentioned
below in the way of continuously influent method.
The SCMR was inoculated with 1L granular sludge takenfrom a standard UASB reactor in the lab operated at 35℃.
3L of blank carrier particles was also added into the reactor.
The operational conditions of SCMR in this study aredetailed in Table 2. The organic loading rate (OLR) was
gradually increased from 0.66g-COD/L/d to 12.0
g-COD/L/d by reducing HRT from 36 (Phase I) to 2 h(phase VII).
Table 2 Operational conditions of SCMR
Phase

Days

I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII

1-23
24-49
50-95
96-143144-183
184-210210-230

HRT
(h)
36
24
12
6
4
3
2

2.2 Synthetic wastewater status

Influent
(L/d)
0.5
1
2
4
6
8
12

OLD
(g-COD/L/d)
0.5
1
2
4
6
8
12

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

The basic status of the synthetic wastewater is shown in
Table 3. The pH and alkalinity of influent was maintained in
the similar level in the whole start-up process by controllingthe concentration of NaHCO3. The pH and alkalinity in thesynthetic wastewater was higher than actual wastewater.
This was to make sure the success of the start-up of thereactor. The fluctuation of T-COD, S-COD and SS of thesynthetic wastewater had fluctuation because of the stirring
situation in the substrate tank. The component of influent
COD is only carbohydrate, there are no other form of COD
in the influent.
Table 3 Synthetic wastewater status
Item
Unit
Concentration
T-COD
mg/L
800-1100
S-COD
mg/L
200-600
SS
mg/L
300-400
pH-7.30-8.10
Alkalinity
mg-CaCO3/L
1200-1500

3. Results and Discussion
The performance of SCMR is exhibited in Figure 1 interms of gas production rate, methane content, T-COD and
S-COD.
The results of SCMR showed that GPR and methane

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

decreased from 8.0 to 6.8, and the alkalinity decreased from1300 to 1200. The drop between influent and effluent wereapproximately 0.7 for pH and 1000 for alkalinity.

Figure 1 Alkalinity and pH status of the AnSCMR
The results of SS removal were exhibited in Figure 3.
The results of SS fluctuated greatly due to the stirring
situation and sampling process. On average, The SSconcentration is about 300mg/L. In the synthetic wastewater,
the SS all came from the soluble starch in the substrate,
Thus the SS measured here were purely organic,
decomposable suspended particles. In the first two phases,
Though the influent SS was high, the SS can be removed
and showed visible SS removal from the effluent

Figure 2 SS removal results of the AnSCMR
wastewater.
But combined the results of gas production, the first twophases showed no gas production, so the removal of SS
could be the interception of SCMR. But the later results
showed no extra gas production. Thus the results for thesetwo phases are unknown.
The results of phase three to seven (HRT=12h to 2h)
was stable and reliable compared with the first and second
phases. The influent SS was stable at 200-300mg/L, and the
SS of effluent increased from 50mg/L in third phase(HRT=12h) to 300mg/L (HRT=2h). The SS removal abilityof SCMR deceased with the shorten of HRT, and when the
HRT raised to 2h, the SS in the influent was basically notdecomposed and was released through the effluent
Figure 3 Overall performance of AnSCMR
content of SCMR generally increased when the HRT was
shorten. The T-COD in the effluent generally increased
when the HRT was shorten. But the S-COD in effluent
basically stayed the same. From Figure 1, we can assume
that the SCMR can remove the S-COD in the reactor, but
not the T-COD in the reactor. The performance of SCMR
was basically more similar to that of a stand UASB. The
methane concentration in the produced gas is about 70%,
The ratio of methane to carbon dioxide is about 3:1 to 3.5:1.
The pH and Alkalinity was measured as a reference ofreactor stability. The results were shown in Figure 2. The
pH and alkalinity maintained stably during the wholeprocess. In the whole start-up process, the pH of effluent

26

4. Conclusions(1) The AnSCMR had a lower removal efficiency but ahigher sludge loading due to its carrier and structurecompared with the traditional anaerobic process.
(2) The undegraded SS will not be intercepted inside the
SCMR, which could prevent certain negative effects in
the reactor, such as sludge expansion or SS
sendimentation.
(3) The AnSCMR might be useful in treating certain
type of wastewater with SS content, it can removal the
S-COD in the wastewater without effect the SS in water.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Active microbail population diversity analysis in anaerobic digester by using PMA-PCR○Jialing Ni1, Kengo Kubota1, Shingo Hatori1, Yu-You Li1
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai,
Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
E-mail: jialing@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
12 digester sludge samples were treated with PMA to study actually active microbial community in 5 sludge fed digesters.
The microbial community analysis results showed that the obvious decrease of methane-producing bacteria, and the phylum
Proteobacteria in each digester reduced by 30.6% to 48.2% on average after PMA treatment. Digester sludge samples treatedwith PMA showed a farther distance than the original ones from primary sedimentation sludge and excess sludge. This study
achievably detected the actually active populations in digestion process of environmental samples.

Keywords: Propidium monoazide, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, digester sludge, compromised membrane

1. Introduction
Anaerobic digester wildly used in the world nowadays
makes it possible to achieve pollutant removal combinedwith energy generation and sludge reducing. Next
generation sequencing is a very available method that can
not only detect the microorganisms connecting anaerobic
digestion, but also reveal matter decomposing underanaerobic condition, through microbial community structure
analysis. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene extracted fromsamples without special treatment could not represent theactive microbial populations in the certain moment. For
instance, in the situation that some microbial populations
without activity are remained after aerobic treatment inexcess sludge entering into a digester will hardly be proved
whether they did make contribution to the digestion process
or not.
One method to analyze the DNA from viable cells with
intact membrane is a PMA-PCR method. PMA has thecharacteristic that it cannot get into microbial cells with
intact cell membrane (assumed to be live cells). It only
penetrates into cells with compromised membrane (assumed
to be dead cells) and binds to DNA in the cells. Upon the
exposure to bright light, PMA covalently crosslinks DNA,by which dissociation of DNA is prevented even during thethermal treatment during PCR. The cross-linked DNA is
not amplified by PCR, so it is not reflected in thecommunity structure analysis result. Our research is toinvestigate microbial community structure in anaerobic
sludge digesters further exploring the actually active
microbial community by using PMA-PCR method.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1

Sample collection and PMA treatment

The samples were collected from five different sewage
works in Japan (AKT, NGT, NIT, SEN and TNN sewage
works). Of all the 46 samples used for this study, 24 werecollected from mesophilic sludge digesters, called digester
sludge (DS); 12 were collected from primary sedimentation
tank, named primary sludge (PS); and the remaining 12
were excess sludge (ES). Table1 shows the detailed

27

information of all the samples including the sampling dateand ID for each sample.
PMAxx (Biotium) was added to the DS samples. Afterincubation in dark, light exposure was performed.

2.2

16S rRNA sequencing and analysis

After DNA extraction, PCR was conducted with the primer
set of 341F-806R-mix targeting the V3 -V4 region of the
16S rRNA gene. Sequencing was performed using an
Illumina MiSeq platform. Analysis of sequence data wasdone using the QIIME software with the Greengenes
database. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was made with
the 97% sequence identity.

3. Results and Discussion
At first DS samples were stained with PMAxx and SYTO
9 to ascertain the abundance of dead and viable cells in thesamples. Three samples from the SEN treatment plant andtwo samples from the AKT treatment plant were observed,
and we found that approximately 30-50% of cells were
stained with PMAxx (recognized as dead cells).
The read numbers obtained after the amplicon sequencing
were more than 80,000 for each sample, which wasconsidered to be sufficient for understanding microbialcommunity structures of the DS samples. OTUs with asingle sequence read were removed in order to reduce thepossibility of sequencing errors. Figure 1 shows the relative
abundance of microorganisms in each sample at the phylum
and/or class levels. The phyla with the population less than
1.0% are summarized in “Other”.
Microorganisms belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria
preferentially existed in the ES and PS samples, and therelative abundance of the member was 36-55%. In the DS
samples, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes andChloroflexi were dominant members as reported by otherresearchers. After the PMA treatment, the relative
abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria reduced by 48.2%,
30.6%, 40.5%, 40.5% and 45.7% on average in AKT, NGT,
NIT, SEN and TNN treatment plants, respectively. The
class Betaproteobacteria existed several percent before the
PMA treatment, but it remarkably decreased to less than 1%
after the PMA treatment. Many populations whose low

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

relative abundance were just a few percent also show thesame trend in excess sludge. Rivière and colleagues
reported
that
OTUs
belonging
to
the
class
Betaproteobacteria in anaerobic sludge digesters are one of
the core groups; nevertheless, our results suggest that themembers of the class Betaproteobacteria may not be so. In
contrast, there were microbial communities that increased
their abundance after the PMA treatment, such as thephylum Bacteroidetes and candidate phylum WWE1.
The similarity and differences of each microbialcommunity structure are analyzed by principal coordinates
analysis (PCoA) (Figure 2). The DS samples treated with
PMA showed a structure farther away from the PS and ES
samples than the DS samples without treatment.

Fig.1 PCoA of sludge samples based on 16S rRNA
sequencing

4. Conclusions
Rivière and colleagues reported that OTUs belonging to
the Betaproteobacteria in anaerobic sludge digesters is oneof the core groups, but this study suggests that the membersof Betaproteobacteria may not be.
The microbial cells assumed to be dead (most likely
derived from ES and PS) in the DS samples can be excluded
by PMA-PCR, and live microorganisms actively playing
functional roles in the anaerobic digestion were detected inthis study.

5. Acknowldegments
The authors would like to thank Inter-Graduate School
Doctoral Degree Program on Science for Global Safety forthe funding support.

Fig.1 The relative abundance of microorganisms in eachsample at the phylum level and class level
Table 1 Samples' information

28

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

The Treatment of Synthetic Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by Anaerobic Membrane
Bioreactor (AnMBR)○Siti Nur Fatihah MOIDEEN1*& Yu-You LI1,2
1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai,
Miyagi 980-8579 Japan.
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 66-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
*E-mail: siti.nur.fatihah.binti.moideen.t3@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is a promising method for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment
by involving the combination of biological treatment with the aids of activated sludge coupling with the direct
solid-liquid separation by membrane filtration. AnMBR is a treatment where two objectives which are energy
recovery and better quality effluent for re0use purposes can be achieved simultaneously. POME is a wste
generated from palm oil mill industry and having very high content or organic matter which could damage thewater body when it been released directly. In addition, POME containing 65% of methane which is 25% morepotent than carbon dioxide (CO2). Thus, anaerobic digestion, is more effective degradation methods in terms of
cost and conversion product. Even though there are many approaches of POME treatment anaerobicallypreviously, but, AnMBR may be the best solution since the membrane system helps to retain the bacterial flocs
and nearly all suspended solids in the bioreactor. This has contributed to the significantly higher quality water
effluent for re-use purposes compared to the conventional anaerobic treatment.

Keywords: Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), palm oil mill effluent (POME), anaerobic
digestion, membrane bioreactor, ozonation

1.

Introduction

Palm oil is one of the major 17 oils and fats produced
globally and the demands on palm oil increasing year by year.
China is the largest consumer of oils and followed by the EU,
India and the United States. Correlates with this number, it isimportant to determine the main producer of palm oilworldwide. Indonesia and Malaysia are the main producer ofpalm oil in the world. These countries produce about 85% of
the world’s palm oil. Other producer countries contribute to
the palm oil production are Thailand, Columbia, and Nigeria.
In 2016, Indonesia produces palm oil at the highest
percentages with 61% and Malaysia placed in second placewith 34% of palm oil production. Indonesia and Malaysia
become the main producer of palm oil due to its tropicalclimate which is marked by all-year-round temperature
ranging from 25 to 330C and having even distribution of
rainfall of 2000mm per year (Basiron, 2007).
Malaysia has over 4 million hectares’ land covered with oilpalm plantation and having impressive export and the
production figures increases each year. However, it Is notastonishing that it turned out to be the main source of waterpollution. There are around 60 million tons of POME weregenerated from 426 palm oil processing mill in Malaysia(Liew et al., 2014).
In the palm oil mill industry each tons of fresh fruit bunch(FFB) processed, large quantities of POME are discharged.
The process of 1000kg of FFB, about 1.5 cubic meter ofwater sources are extracted for the operation of boilers andhydroclones separator. During milling process, about 50% of

29water sources (0.75 cubic meter) eventually became POME
while the rest became used water.
Fresh POME is hot, acidic thick and viscous brownish or
grey slurry and contains very high organic matter consistingof water, oil and fine suspended components. POME having
rich in organic carbon and possessed biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) more than 20 g/L and nitrogen content
around 0.2 g/L as ammonia nitrogen and 0.5 g/L totalnitrogen((Vijayaraghavan, Ahmad and Ezani Bin Abdul Aziz, 2007).
The characteristic of POME fluctuating depending on several
factors such as, POME collected from different batches ordays from different discharge limit, climate as well as thecondition of the palm oil processing are thinkable reasons forthe dissimilarity. IN addition, different cropping season ofpalm oil and mill activities may be as the additional factors
to the quantity and quality of the POME generated by themills.
The physico-chemical properties of POME showed that if
POME being discharged untreated into the environment willcause pollution, thus, the adverse environmental impacts
associated with POME could be prevented through treatment
while tapping useful energy resources such as biogas. POME
can be treated by aerobic or anaerobic method. Aerobic
digestion method of POME involves the use of oxygen
during treatment process. Aerobic method has high microbial
growth rate, thus lower retention time during biogas
production. On the contrary, anaerobic method is a treatmentthat devoid the utilization oxygen in the process pathway.
Anaerobic method having slow microbial growth, hence
having far high retention time.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

Due to more effective degradation methods in terms of costand conversion product, anaerobic digestion seems to havebetter end-product for POME degradation. There are many
approaches of POME treatment anaerobically in previous
study such as, fluidized bed reactor (FBR), up-flow anaerobic
sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, continuous stirred tankreactor (CSTR) and membrane anaerobic system (MAS).
The special features in this study is the treatment of POME
using AnMBR. Despite of many research in anaerobic
digestion treatment combined with membrane bioreactor,
still, the study on POME treatment using AnMBR is limited
and not been discussed widely. AnMBR is a great potential
application to achieve the two objectives in wastewater
treatment technology; energy recovery and better quality
effluent for re-use purposes.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1

Reactor set-up

Figure 1 show the AnMBR reactor which will be set up in
the laboratory. Hollow fiber membrane with the area of 0.1m2
will be used in throughout the study. The material of themembrane is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Gas meter
Pressure sensor

permeate

Substrate tank

AnMBR

air circulation

Figure 1: AnMBR reactor
2.4

Tohoku University

3. Expected Results
It is expected that through this study the degradation of
POME by AnMBR could increase the production rate ofbiogas and having high removal efficiency of COD,
carbohydrate and protein in POME.
Furthermore, the quality of water effluent aim for re-use
purpose also will be significantly higher.
Based on the previous AnMBR studies on food waste, thedegradation of food waste by AnMBR having removal
efficiency of COD, carbohydrate and protein of 99%,99%
and 98% respectively (Cheng, 2017). The removal
efficiencies of COD, carbohydrate and protein were based on
the organic loading rate (OLR) which also affect the
production rate of biogas.

4. Conclusions

Synthetic Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

The synthetic POME will be prepared based on the POME
characteristics collected from the previous research study as
a baseline.

2.2

G‐Safety

Analytic Method

The composition of biogas including CH4, CO2, and N2 will
be measure using gas chromatography (Shimadzu, GC, 8A,
Japan).
Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS),chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbohydrate, protein andNH4+-N concentration is measured by following Japan
Standard Testing Method for Wastewater. For volatile fatty
acid (VFAs) will be measured using gas chromatograph(Agilent- 6890) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
is measured using cation exchange resin method.

30(1) The production rate of biogas depends on the OLR.
(2) AnMBR system could significantly improve thedegradation of POME.
(3) High quality effluent with less sludge production willbe the remarkable results in this study.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Carbonation and Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag Coupled with Concentrated Waterfrom Electrodeionization
Yemei LI1, 2, 3, *, Silu PEI4, Shu-Yuan PAN4, Pen-Chi CHIANG4, 5, Changyi LU2, 3, Tong OUYANG2
1

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2

3

College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105,
China.
4
Carbon Cycle Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10672 Taiwan.
5
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10673 Taiwan.
*E-mail: lylym0821@126.com

Abstract
The integrated process of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) recycling coupled with concentrated water fromelectrodeionization (CW-EDI) was introduced into the direct carbonation process and investigated in this study.
The effects of different operating parameters on carbonation conversions of BOFS were studied. The reaction
kinetics were determined via surface coverage model, which indicated that the maximum achievablecarbonation conversion of BOFS was approximately 60.9% with R2 of 0.95 to 0.99. Furthermore, we evaluatedthe performance of BOFS applied as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The properties of thecement that used BOFS as SCMs met ASTM requirements. The suggested substitution ratios for fresh andcarbonated BOFS in cement mortars were 15% and 10%, respectively. Lastly, a cost and benefits analysis of the
carbonation and cement replacement were conducted. The results revealed the feasibility of the integrated
industrial waste treatment and the superiority of the process in CO2 emission reduction, cost saving and profit
gaining.

Keywords: Direct carbonation, basic oxygen furnace slag, concentrated water from electrodeionization,
supplementary cementitious materials.
1 Introduction
Mineral carbonation, also called natural weathering, is a
CO2 storage option in which CO2 is fixed and stored in theform of inorganic carbonates that will not be released backinto the atmosphere over a long time. Considering the slow
reaction efficiency of weathering, an enhanced version,accelerated carbonation, was proposed.
Naturally occuring silicate rocks and industial solid wastes
are suitable for industrial CO2 fixation due to the existenceof alkaline and alkaline earth oxides. Acclerated
carbonation can be conducted through direct and indirect
approaches. The efficiency of aqueous carbonation atmoderate conditions is relatively higher than that of dry
carbonation. The performance of the carbonation reaction
can be influenced by not only the physicochemical
properties of solids but also the reaction conditions and typeof reactors. A rotating packed bed reactor applied during thecarbonation process also known as HiGCarb producescarbonation results with a shorter reaction time than
traditional reactors.
Stable carbonated products can be reused as construction
materials such as supplementary cementitious materials(SCMs). Using SCMs can not merely lower cost andenvironmental impact, especially by decreasing CO2
emission in cement production, but also improve long-term
strength and durability. Besides, using SCMs is also apathway to utilizing the by-products generated by industrial
manufacturing processes.

31

Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product fromthe steelmaking and refining processes. The free-CaO
contained in BOFS will result in volume expansions andstructural damages if BOFS is reused as construction
materials. On the contrary, the high CaO content is welcomein the carbonation process. Concentrated water fromelectrodeionization (CW-EDI), which has high levels of Na+
and Ca2+ and whose treatment approaches are rarely
discussed, is the effluent generated during theelectrodeionization process. Further utilization of products
generated from the carboation of CW-EDI may be directly
restricted because of its impurity. Howerver, mixing
CW-EDI with BOFS before carbonation can improve BOFS
properties, utilize CW-EDI and carbon capture
simultaneously, and ultimately implement product recycling,which is a strategy of waste control by waste.
Therefore, this study aims to investigate the utilization of
CW-EDI in direct carbonation and the feasibility of acomprehensive process for the treatments of industrial
sewage, solid wastes, and waste CO2.

2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
The BOFS provided by China Steel Corporation(Kaohsiung, Taiwan) was ground and dried at 105°C
overnight to eliminate moisture. The CW-EDI was used as
the liquid phase in the HiGCarb experiments. The synthetic
water was prepared using CaCl2 and NaCl (supplied by J. T.
Baker) on the basis of the real CW-EDI. High-pressure CO2

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

gas with a volumetric concentration of 99.5% supplied by
Ching-Feng Gas Corporation (Taipei, Taiwan) was used incarbonation process. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) andstandard sand were supplied by Gao Ching Corporation(Taipei, Taiwan).

2.2 HiGCarb of BOFS Coupled with CW-EDI
The influence of different operating parameters, such asreaction time, reactor rotation speed, slurry flow rate, andL/S ratio, on the carbonation conversion of BOFS coupledwith CW-EDI was evaluated. The rotating packed bed
reactor used in this study was made of stainless steel with apacking zone filled with stainless steel wire. The BOFS and
CW-EDI slurry was pumped into the reactor after adequate
mixing in the beaker. Injecting CO2 into the reactor set off
the carbonation process. The reactor rotated and the slurry
circulated in the reactor-beaker system with continuous
stirring in the beaker during the experiment. After thesolid-liquid separation, the solid and liquid samples wereanalyzed using TGA and ICP-OES, respectively.

2.3 Utilization of BOFS as SCMs in the Cement
Mortars
Fresh and carbonated BOFS were used to partially replace
OPC at substitution ratios of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% byweight. Autoclave expansion ratio and compressive strength
after curing ages of 3, 7, 28, and 56 days were regarded as
the primary indicators with which to evaluate theperformance of the BOFS used as SCMs. The autoclave
expansion and compressive strength tests were implemented
in accordance with ASTM C151 and C109, respectively.

3 Results and Discussion
(a)

(b)
60

50
40
30
Rotation speed=250 r min-1
Rotation speed=500 r min-1
Rotation speed=750 r min-1
Rotation speed=1000 r min-1
Rotation speed=1250 r min-1
Surface coverage model

20
10
0

0

10

20

30

40

50

Carbonation conversion (%)

Carbonation conversion (%)

60

50
40
30

10
0

60

Time (min)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time (min)

60
50
40
30
Slurry flow rate=0.50 L min-1
Slurry flow rate=0.75 L min-1
Slurry flow rate=1.00 L min-1
Slurry flow rate=1.25 L min-1
Slurry flow rate=1.50 L min-1
Surface coverage model

20
10
0

0

10

20

30

40

Time (min)50

60

Calculated carbonation conversion (%)

(d)

(c)

Carbonation conversion (%)

L/S ratio=10 mL g-1
L/S ratio=20 mL g-1
L/S ratio=30 mL g-1
L/S ratio=40 mL g-1
L/S ratio=50 mL g-1
Surface coverage model

20

60
50
40
30

Tohoku University

different operating conditions. The surface coverage model
was used to describe the reaction kinetics. Figure 1(d)presents the comparison of the calculated carbonation
conversion based on the surface coverage model with theexperimental data shown in Fig. 1(a), 1(b) and 1(c). The
calculated conversions were higher than the experimental
ones early on due to the liquid phase used in this study. The
abundant Ca2+ in the liquid phase caused the generation ofsolitary CaCO3 thus decreasing the actual conversion of the
BOFS. However, the theoretical values, which agreed withthe experimental data in the last phase of the experiments,suggested the suitability of the surface coverage model for
the HiGCarb of the BOFS in CW-EDI with R2 of 0.95 to
0.99.
As shown in Fig. 1, different operating conditions had
different effects on the reaction. On the premise of
sufficient feedstock, Ca2+ and CO32-, good maximum
carbonation conversion could be approached when the rateof carbonation reaction was faster than that of surface
coverage. With the syntheizing effects of rotation speed,
L/S ratio, and slurry flow rate, ߜ௠௔௫ could reach 60.9%
with an L/S ratio of 20 mL g-1, rotation speed of 250 r min-1,
slurry flow rate of 1.00 L min-1 and reaction time of 60 min
at room temperature.
The autoclave expansion results indicated that adding freshand carbonated BOFS effectively reduced the expansion of
OPC. The cement replaced by 15% of the carbonated BOFS
had the capability to restrain expansion. The stable
expansion of the cement substituted by the carbonated
BOFS with different ratios showed the stabilization of the
BOFS after carbonation.
The compressive strength of all the cement mortars
continuously increased with curing age. Mortars substitutedby 10% of the carbonated BOFS and 10% or 15% of the
fresh BOFS achieved better compressive capacity than pure
OPC did. This suggests that the substitution ratios for the
fresh and carbonated BOFS as SCMs should be 15% and10%, respectively, to ensure the engineering performance aswell as economic and environmental benefits.
A cost and benefit analysis of carbonation of BOFS anddisplacement of cement by carbonated BOFS in China
situation was conducted. Based on the experimental resultsin this study, when the carbonated BOFS was used in
cement replacement, without considering the cost oftransportation, compared with the traditional treatment ofBOFS, the HiGCarb process with subsequent reutilization atleast reduced 124.3 million tonnes of CO2 emission, saved
7728.7 million USD of cost, and gained 1006.8 million
USD from carbon credit.

4 Conclusions

20
10
0

G‐Safety

±10%
±20%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Experimental carbonation conversion (%)

Figure 1. Effect of (a) rotation speed, (b) liquid-to-solid(L/S) ratio, and (c) slurry flow rate on carbonation
conversion of BOFS coupled with CW-EDI and (d)comparison of calculated carbonation conversion(surface coverage model) with experimental data.
Figure 1(a), 1(b) and 1(c) show the influence of reaction
time on the carbonation conversion of the BOFS under32(1) The maximum achievable carbonation conversion of
the BOFS with CW-EDI was approximately 60.9%.
(2) The surface coverage model described thecarbonation kinetics sufficiently.
(3) The suggested substitution ratios for the fresh andcarbonated BOFS in cement mortars were 15% and 10%,respectively.

5 Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Scienceand Technology (MOST) of Taiwan under Grant Number
MOST 106-2811-M-002-018 for the financial support.

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

Tohoku University

Analysis of Material Flow and Energy Balance in Full-scale Biogas Plant○Wataru RUIKE1*, Kazuki TONOUCHI1, Toshimasa HOJO1 & Yu-You LI1
1Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba Aramaki Aoba-ku Sendai city, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.
*E-mail: wataru.ruike.q8@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
In order to evaluate the waste reduction effect, recycling and energy productivity in Full-scale biogas plantthat processes food waste, the material flow and energy balance within the plant were analyzed. As a result, thereduction ratio of solids was as high as 81.3%, 77.9% of organic matter and 95.0% of carbon were used forbiogas and 88.5% of nitrogen was effectively used for compost. Biogas production amount was as large as
70,100 m3 / month, equivalent to 4.03 billion kcal in calorific value. The power self-sufficiency ratio in theplant was 94.8%, the power generation efficiency of the cogeneration facility was 30.2%, the total efficiency
including the exhaust heat utilization efficiency was 66.3%, and it was found that there is available heat
quantity of about 3.7 to 13.7%.

Keywords: Food waste, Full-scale biogas plant, material flow, energy balance

1.

Introduction

The annual amount of food waste produced in Japan isabout 19 million tons, but recycling has not progressed
much. Methane fermentation targeting food waste has
attracted attention due to the Food Recycling Law and theFIT (Feed-in Tariff) Law, and energy use of the produced
biogas is expected. In food recycling law, a business
operator that generates 100 tons or more of food waste per
year should report the amount of generated food waste andaction of recycling of food circulation resources togovernment. If these efforts by business operators are
inadequate, government recommendations and orders are
made, in the worst case penalties are imposed on business
operators. Food Recycling Law promotes the reduction andrecycling of food waste. And FIT law is a system that
determines the purchase price of energy (mainly renewableenergy) by law. Unit price of electricity generation bymethane fermentation is 42 yen per 1 kW, which issignificantly more expensive than other renewable energy
such as solar power, wind power, hydro power, geothermal.
Therefore, Methane fermentation of food waste has
attracted attention in Japan.
Methane fermentation is a system that decomposes organic
wastes such as a raw garbage, livestock manure, sewage
sludge by the metabolic action of microorganisms, at thesame time collects the generated biogas, and uses it forenergy. Residues after fermentation can be used for
agriculture as compost. Current research trends on methane
fermentation of food waste are fundamental study andimprovement of efficiency. There are very few papers on
the operation status, material balance, and energy balance of
Full-scale biogas plant in operation.
By clarifying the material flow and energy balance within
the biogas plant actually in operation, it becomes possible toclarify process problems and improvement points, and tolead optimization of the entire plant. Proper disseminationof biogas plant promotes circulation of resources in theregion and leads to revitalization of regional economy asregional energy project. However, with regard to biogas

33

plants, there are few cases where such surveys and analyzes
are conducted. Therefore, in this research, we conducted a
research of Full-scale biogas plant in S city, clarified thespecific material flow and the energy balance of the wholebiogas plant and evaluate the waste reduction effect,
recycling and energy productivity in Full-scale biogas plant.

2.

Outline of investigation

2.1

Target biogas plant

The target biogas plant treatments 16 tons of food waste
collected as industrial waste per day when we wereconducting the investigation. This 16 tons of food waste isdiluted to 40 tons in material input unit. Since there are four
fermenters, the input amount after dilution into one
fermenter was 10 tons. The maximum input amount is 160
tons / day. Methane fermentation unit has four fermentation
tanks, one fermentation tank is 1,200m3. The inside of theplant was divided into 6 processes (units) shown in Fig. 1,
samples were taken from each process and analyzed.

2.2

Analysis items and methods

Analysis was carried out on six items of solid matter (TS),organic matter (CODCr), carbon (TOC), nitrogen (T-N),
phosphorus (T-P), and potassium (K), and each flow wasorganized. TS was measured based on sewage test method(Ver. 2012, JAPAN SEWAGE WORKS ASSOCIATION).
CODCr was measured based on Standard Methods 5520D:
Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Method. TOC and T-N were
measured by TOC-L, TNM-L (SHIMADZU). T-P and K
were measured by ICP-MS (Agilent 700).

3.

Results and Discussion

Fig. 1 ~ 5 show the material flow of each substance. In Fig.
1 ~ 5, the upper number is the amount per month, the lower
number is the ratio when the raw material is taken as 100%.
As a result of waste mass (Fig. 1), dilution water almost
equal to the raw material is mixed. Therefore, the amount oftreated water was increasing. From this result, it was foundthat reduction of dilution water is necessary in order toG‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

reduce environmental impact. Fig. 2 shows material flow of
total solids (TS). The notation of the part of the water
treatment unit means the possibility of sampling when thewater treatment did not succeed, because the value on theoutflow side of the water treatment unit is increasing. Total
solids reduction ratio in the methane fermentation unit was
81.3%. Therefore, very high weight reduction effect of thisbiogas plant was revealed. Fig. 3 shows material flow oforganic matter (CODCr). In Methane fermentation unit,
77.9 % of organic matter is decomposed and converted tobiogas. Methane fermentation was in good condition,
because organic matter is also high decomposition ratio. Fig.
4 shows material flow of carbon (TOC). 95.0% of carbon isconverted to biogas. From the viewpoint of carbon resource
recycling, most carbon is effectively used for biogas. Fig. 5
shows material flow of nitrogen (T-N). 88.5% nitrogen isused for compost. Regarding nitrogen, it is important torecycle resources as compost. As for material flow, it isnecessary to accumulate analysis results in order toinvestigate seasonal fluctuation in future.
Table. 1 shows the energy balance in this biogas plant.
Biogas production is about 70,000 m3/month, calorie
equivalent to 4.03 billion kcal. Currently 30.2% of calories
are used for power generation and 36.1% are effectively
used for heating fermentation tanks. Electricity
self-sufficiency ratio was 94.8%. The total efficiency

Tohoku University（ Increase in value
depending on operating
condition at sampling ）

49.9
（100）

amounts（tons/month）
Ratio when raw
material is 100 %③
Cogeneration
unit

Biogas①
Material
input
unit
（100）

Raw
material 49.9

Input
material

49.9
（100）

38.9
（77.9）⑤
Water
treatment
unit

0.6
（1.2）

Sewer
discharge

Dehydrated 0.5
filtrate（1.0）

Digested
Dewatered②④liquidsludge⑥MethaneDehydration
Compostfermentation
10.5
11.0
unit
unit
unit
（21.1）（22.1）

compostFig.3 Material flow of organic matter (CODCr)

Fig.4 Material flow of carbon (TOC)

including the exhaust heat utilization efficiency was
66.3% (30.2%+36.1%). Generally, the total
efficiency including the exhaust heat utilization
efficiency of the cogeneration facility is 70 to 80%.
Therefore, it was found that the heat quantity which
can be used for this biogas plant but not yet
effectively utilized is about 3.7 to 13.7%. From now
on, it is necessary to consider efficient method ofunused heat quantity to improve plant efficiency.

Fig.5 Material flow of nitrogen (T-N)
Table.1 Energy balance in biogas plantFig.1 Material flow of waste mass

4.

Conclusions

As a result of analyzing the material flow and energybalance in the biogas plant, the solids reduction ratio andthe organic matter biogas conversion ratio are high andthe biogas production amount is as high as about 70,000
m3/month. Furthermore, it was found that the heat

quantity which can be used for this biogas plant but
not yet effectively utilized is about 3.7 to 13.7%. In
the future, as for material flow and energy balance, it isnecessary to estimate seasonal fluctuation and consider
efficient method of unused heat quantity to improve
plant efficiency.

Fig.2 Material flow of total solids (TS)34

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant: a case study○Mribet Chaimaa1*, Jiang Wu2, Hong Chen 3 Bo Jiang 2, Yu-You Li1,2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan2

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-606 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
*E-mail: mribet.chaimaa.q7@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Meat and poultry industries use a huge amount of water. The wastewater coming out of these factories has a complex
composition and is very harmful to the environment. It is strong compared to domestic wastewater. After the initial screeningof coarse solids, slaughterhouse wastewater is mainly composed of diluted blood, fat and suspended solids. It may also containsome manure. In this study, a wastewater treatment and biogas production plant performance is being investigated. Both aerobic
and anaerobic processes are used for the treatment.

Keywords: UASB, Activated sludge, Biogas, Slaughterhouse wastewater, removal efficiency

The influent of the wastewater treatment plant comesmainly from a meat factory (50%), poultry feathers (30%)
and other sources with an average flow rate of 350 m3/d. The
current treatment process consists of a Dissolved Air
floatation unit, followed by a UASB and an Activated Sludge
unit.
The plant treatment process was updated during January
2017. The first scenario (before the year 2017) included a
dissolved air flotation unit followed by an activated sludge
unit. Starting 2017, the plant added the anaerobic treatment
unit (UASB). The investigation involves the analysis andinterpretation of the variations in the performance of the threemain treatment units (DAF, UASB and Activated sludge),along with the treatment efficiency of the whole process.
Monitoring involves temperature, pH, DO, ORP, biogas
production, daily flow and pressure. COD, SS, VSS, MLSS,MLVSS, NH4+, NO2- and NO3- are analyzed in thelaboratory in a weekly basis.
The plant’s removal efficiency has got an average of 94%,
where 84% of the removal occurs in the activated sludge
system that removes most of the COD, while the UASB’s
average removal rate is 48%. The Dissolved air floatation
system being the least efficient (24%), a new process isplanned in the next scenario that consists of eliminating the
Dissolved Air Floatation treatment unit and improving the
UASB performance, along with the comparison of the energy
costs between the three scenarios.
From a whole scale level, COD analysis results show an
improvement in the removal efficiency to 97%, while due todifferent parameters variations (Temperature, oxygen levels,
loading rate), the performance of UASB and activated sludge
process faces some difficulties. In the UASB digester, thetemperature decreased remarkably, leading to a decrease in
the reduction of the organic matter and affecting the color andsludge density, as well as the biogas production rate.

35

During the first 100 days, biogas wasn’t generated from the
UASB. After that abrupt variations in the daily volume of
production are noticed. The COD removal rate of the UASB
and biogas production graphs show a similar variation. Fromthe biogas composition analysis, methane rate is around 80%.

Figure 1: Wastewater plant treatment processcharacteristics and sampling points

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

100

COD REMOVAL RATE %

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
180

230

280

330

TIME (DAYS)DAF efficiency
UASB efficiency
Activated Sludge efficiency
Process efficiency

Biogas production(Nm3/d)Figure 2: COD removal efficiency in different treatment
units
1000
500
0
0

100

200

300

Time (days)

Figure 3: Biogas daily production
Meanwhile, in the activated sludge process the DOconcentration variations affect both the COD removal
efficiency and the nitrogen removal process. DO levels wereas low as 0.1 mg/l, then reached an 8.1 value during the 277th
day of the process Ammonia concentrations are quite stable
and seem to sustain at high levels, while nitrates and nitrites
are almost inexistent. Nitrification and denitrification
reactions doesn’t seem to occur, leading to an effluent withhigh ammonia concentrations.
MLSS levels are also increasing in both UASB and
Activated Sludge units, but a recent dropping level in the
UASB lead to a noticeable decrease in the efficiency.
Optimal conditions are not yet obtained for the three units,
which need to be determined and applied for a better
optimization of the energy consumption, thus reducing theprocess cost.

36

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Analyzing relationship between ocean index and rainfall
in Northern part of Thailand○Prem Rangsiwanichpong1*, So Kazama2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail:prem.rangsiwanichpong.q8@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Rainfall variability is an important factor on flood event in Thailand especially in the northern part of country.
Thailand are prone to seasonal flooding due to tropical savanna climate. The floods often occur in the north andspread down the Chao Phraya River through the central plains. This research, aimed to analyze rainfall variability
in the upstream of Chao Phraya River basin using the ocean indices. Which we use numerous ocean indices consistingof the NINO sea surface temperature indices (NINO1+2, NINO3, NINO4 and NINO3.4), the Southern Oscillation Index(SOI) and the Dipole Mode Index (DMI). The results show that rainfall variability in the northern part of Thailand wasaffected by climate variability in the Pacific Ocean more than in the Indian Ocean. Moreover, rainfall in the northern partof Thailand was strongly related with SOI index.

Keywords: Chao Phraya River, ENSO, Ocean index
1. Introduction
In recent years, great flood was occurred in Thailand withenormous damage to economic system of this country. Whichrainfall variability in the northern part of country is a one ofimportant factor to flood event in Thailand. Many research
have investigated the effect of ocean index on rainfall
variability (Geethalakshmi et al., 2009; Juan et al., 2013).
Ocean index is a one of tools of analyze climate variability inthe ocean such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation
phenomenon (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).
ENSO and IOD phenomenon are occurred from fluctuationof ocean temperature in the Pacific and Indian Ocean
respectively. Thailand are prone to seasonal flooding due totropical savanna climate. The rainfall has impacted bymonsoon including ocean climate variability. Therefore,
method for analyzing rainfall variability is a necessary toflood protection and water resource management. In
Southeast Asia, several research analyze impact of oceanindex on rainfall variability (Singhratana and Babel, 2011).
In 2016, Gobin et al. analyzed the relationship between
rainfall and ENSO phenomenon in Vietnam. They found that
the ENSO phenomenon have a significant effect on rainfall
patterns in Vietnam.
Furthermore, Rangsiwanichpong et al., (2016) used oceanindex for assessing flood and drought in the Chao Phraya
River Basin of Thailand. In this study, we use the Rescale
Adjust Partial Sums method for analyzing relationshipbetween rainfall and ocean index.

2. Study area
Northern part of Thailand is bound by the Salawin River inthe west and the Mekong in the east. The basins of rivers Ping,
Wang, Yom, and Nan, all tributaries of the Chao Phraya
River, in the central part run from north to south and aremostly very wide. The basins cut across the mountains of two

37

great ranges, the Thanon Range in the western part and thePhi Pan Nam in the eastern. Their elevations are generally
moderate, a little above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) for the highest
summits.(Fig. 1.)

Fig. 1. Upstream of Chao Phraya River Basinand rainfall station

3. DataMonthly rainfall data from 6 stations were collected by theRoyal Irrigation Department of Thailand with continuous
data 54years (1958 – 2011). These stations were located on
the upstream of the Chao Phraya River Basin. We use

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Fig. 2. Map of NINO index
numerous ocean indices consisting of the NINO sea surface
temperature indices (NINO1+2, NINO3, NINO4 and
NINO3.4), the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the
Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Which these indices werecollected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA). NINO index is an indicator ofclimate variability in the central of Pacific Ocean. Mostly,
NINO index was used for predicted the ENSO phenomenon.
The map of NINO index was show in Fig. 2. The SOI wasused to indicate fluctuations in air pressure between eastern
and western of Pacific Ocean (Fig. 3.). Furthermore, The
DMI index was used for measured climate variability bydifference temperature between eastern and western of the
Indian Ocean. (Fig. 4.)

4. Methodology
To analyze the relationship between variability of rainfall andocean indices, we used the Rescale Adjust Partial Sums
method (RAPS) (Garbrecht and fernandex, 1994). The RAPS
was used to visualize trend of series data with long term
(Bonacci et al., 2008). This method is calculated by Equation
as below:

where Ai represents the mean value of the measured
parameter in the year i; AAVG is the average mean value in the
period of observation; Sd is the standard deviation of AAVG
and n = 1…i is the counter limit of the current summation.

5. Results and Discussion
The results shown that rainfall variability in the Chao Phraya
River Basin had related with the ENSO phenomenon events.
In 1988, rainfall in the Chao Phraya River Basin was
occurred more than the average value corresponding withstrong Lanina event. Furthermore, rainfall occurred less than
the average value when the El nino period (Fig. 5). The Upper
Chao Phraya River Basin has a mean annual rainfall
approximately 1400 mm. The rainfall in the study area occurs
during the monsoon season. From the results, relationship ofocean indices and rainfall in the Upper Chao Phraya River
Basin during the wet season. We used the Rescaled Adjusted
Partial Sums (RAPS) to investigate the relationship of ocean
indices and average rainfall at six stations. Fig. 6A and Fig.
5b show the fluctuation between RAPS of the time series ofocean indices and rainfall in the Upper Chao Phraya River
Basin. Rainfall in this study are had a strong correlation with
SOI and NINO3. SOI had a strong positive relationship withaverage rainfall during the wet season (R =0.9, Fig. 6B).
Other indices had negative correlations, especially the
NINO3 index which had a strong negative relationship (R =0.8, Fig. 6C).

Fig. 3. Map of SOI index

Fig. 4. Map of DMI index

38

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Anomaly Rainfall (mm)‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

Tohoku University

300
200
100
0

SE

ME

SE
ME

-100

ME

ML

WL

WL

SE
ML

SL

WL

-200
-300

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

Fig. 5. ENSO and Variability of rainfall in the Chao Phraya River Basin
10

6

2015

2010

2005

2000

1995

1990

-2

1985

DMI
1980

0
1975

SOI
1970

2
1965

Rainfall

1960

4

1955

RAPS ocean indices and rainfall

8

NINO3

-4

NINO4

-6

NINO3.4

-8
-10

Years

Correlation between rainfall and SOICorrelation between rainfall and NINO3

6

6

4
2
0
-10

-5

-2

0

5

10

RAPS (NINO3)

RAPS (SOI)NINO1+2

4
2
0
-10

-5

-2

0

5

10

-4

-4

-6
RAPS (Rainfall)-6
RAPS (Rainfall)Fig. 6. Values of RAPS of ocean indices and rainfall in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin (A), and the correlation
between the RAPS of SOI and NINO3 with rainfall (B, C, respectively).

6. Conclusions
The rainfall in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin is
influenced by the ENSO phenomenon and this effect isrelated to the variability of ocean indices. The rainfall in theUpper Chao Phraya River Basin was most strongly relatedwith the SOI index. Furthermore, we found that NINO3 index
also had significantly relationship to rainfall in study areawith negative direction. We successfully analyzed therelationship between ocean index and rainfall in the Upper of

39

Chao Phraya River Basin using RAPS method. These results
open new probabilities for understanding and estimating therainfall in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin for flood
prediction and water resources management in the future.

Acknowledgements

The present research was supported through theProgram for Leading Graduate Schools, Tohoku

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

University, "Inter-Graduate School Doctoral Degree
Program on Global Safety," by the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
References
1)

2)

3)

4)
5)

6)

7)

Bonacci O, Trninić D, Roje-Bonacci T : Analysis of thewater temperature regime of the Danube and its
tributaries in Croatia, Hydrol. Process, 22, pp. 1014–
1021, 2008.
Garbrecht, J, Fernandez GP : Visualization of trends andfluctuations in climatic records, JAWRA Journal of
American Water Resources Association, 30, pp.297-906,
1994.
Geethalakshmi V, Yatagai Akiyo, Palanisamy K,
Umetsu Chieko : Impact of ENSO and the Indian Ocean
Dipole on the north-east monsoon rainfall of Tamil
Nadu State in India. Hydrol. Process., 23, pp. 633–647,
2009.
Gobin, A, Nguyen HT, Pham, VQ, Pham HTT : Heavy
rainfall patterns in Vietnam and their relation with
ENSO cycles, Int. J. Climatol, 36, pp. 1686–1699, 2016
Juan Bazo, María de las Nieves Lorenzo, Rosmeri
Porfirio da Rocha : Relationship between Monthly
Rainfall in NW Peru and Tropical Sea Surface
Temperature, Advances in Meteorology, 2013, 9 pages,
2013.
Prem Rangsiwanichpong, So Kazama, Chaiwat
Ekkawatpanit : Assessment of Flood and Drought Using
Ocean Indices in the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand,
Proceeding in The 7th International Conference on
Water Resources and Environment Research;
ICWRER2016, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 2016
Singhrattna N, Singh Babel M : Changes in summer
monsoon rainfall in the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin,
Thailand, Clim Res, 49, pp. 155-168, 2011.

40

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety (November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Elucidate the relationship between coliforms estimation model and household consumption
expenditure in Yangon city,Myanmar○Miku Sakurai1, Daisuke Komori1
1

Graduate School of Environmental studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail: miku.sakurai.s3@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Myanmar has now rapid economic growth since the military government changed to a democratic administrationin 2011. Yangon City, a commercial city is planned for large-scale and rapid development However there aremany concerns that Yangon City's low water supply and sewerage completion rate, the increased flood risk due
to climate change and rapid urbanization and the burden on the catchment basin due to population increase will
adversely affect residents' lives. Therefore, we incorporate the pollution degree of the coliform bacteria in Yangon City, which has a low percentage of water supply and sewerage systems, in the flood inundation model andquantitatively show the behavior of the coliform bacteria group in the rainy season and the dry season. In addition, we aim to quantitatively show the relation between water pollution and poverty by using Engel coefficientand knowing the ratio of food expenses to the income of the surrounding residents.

Keywords: Yangon, uebanization, flood, coliform, Engel’s coefficient

1.

Background,Aim

can be roughly divided into three. The heat season is from on March to

Yangon City's water supply penetration rate of water supply as of 2014

May the. rainy season from June to October, and the dry season fromis as low as 38%, and properly updated aged water pipes, water supply

November to Febrary.

Figure-１（Yangon city,Myanmar

and distribution pipes are not enough. Therefore, out of the 520,000 m 3 ofthe daily amount of water, the amount of non-revenue water is about
66%.Regarding water quality,about 90% of the water source is used regardless of the usage of surface water, two-thirds Has been directly distributed without purification treatment, water purification plant Chlorine
treatment has not been carried out sufficiently in the present situation. The
low penetration rate of such water supply is one of the factors hindering
the spread of sewers. Although YCDC (Yangon municipal development
committee) is promoting the spread of the corruption layer, it is estimatedthat the penetration rate is also 43% of the total population, and the corruption layer can only handle toilet drainage, Miscellaneous wastewater isuntreated and directly discharged to neighboring rivers, and deteriorationof water quality is conspicuous. In developing counry,Water pollution is3.

going to important problem but There are no research that rerationshipSampling points of domestic wastewater, elevation data was download-

between water pollution and economic situation.

ed from USGS landsat data and lowlands considered as water catchment

The purpose of this research is to elucidate between coliform and house-areas were extracted on GIS. It is selected coliform bacteria and Heavy

hold comsumption.

metals as items of water quality survey in Yangon City.

2.

3.1 Coliforms

Research area

MethodResearch area is Yangon river basin(Figure 1) I select the Bahan are

Shibata Science has issued a method for measuring coliform bacteria

Lake Inaja used by locals for downtown with high population density,dalagroup [Collagen group test paper reduced in pack]. This is a simple testarea on the opposite shore, Hlaing thayar area where about 5,000 people

method of bacteria by specially treated test paper, 1 ml of the test solution

have migrated in recent years.The climate is tropical monsoon climate, it(2000-fold diluted raw water with commercially available bottle water)

41

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety (November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Result.1:coliform bacteria Feb,2017
was immersed in the test paper and then incubated in a thermostat (37 ° C)

Committee.The more close to downtown area, The more water supply

for 15 hours. After cultivation, count the number of spots (colonies) ap-

rate is tend to high.. However, water supply from YCDC is limited thepearing on the test paper. Five sheets of test paper per point were used andtime zone,we found that They also use tube well.

the average number of colonies was taken as the number of coliform
bacteria groups.

3.2 Hearing observation
We interviewed to residents ,hotel,retail and restaurant 1st～9th in October ,2017. We made preparations in advance that we need to ask question
items. We went to resident, hotel, retail and restaurant and interviewed
some queation about water consumption and relate to economic consumption at randam in Yangon city for 9 days
In this observation, We pair off with YTU(Yangon technological University) students and they acted us as interpreter.
The question items are as follows.:

Result.2: Water resource

Family structure,income,water resource,water consumption,food con-5.

sumption,non-food consumption,electric fee,eat out,public tranceportation,
happiness

Future work
I am going to make coliform transport model using Coliform date in

4. Result
4.1 coloform

Febrary and Cotober 2017.We will continue field observation in the rainyseason and dry season and newly add Engel coefficient (ratio of food andIt can be said that the coliform pollution level is high in a wide

beverage cost to household consumption expenditure: hereinafter abbre-area(Result.1). In particular, the population density of downtown Hlaing

viated as ECF) to the method. This was proposed by Emst Engel and has

thayar area is incomplete in the improvement of water supply, as nearly

been used as an indicator to estimate the level of community living. this is.

5,000 poor people have moved in recent years. In addition, coliform

This is because it is known that the richness of communities can be abacteria in the water supply was examined, and colonies of the coliform

common indicator for raising awareness of environmental problems.

bacteria group were detected in a small amount. This water is water used

Information on the richness of communities that can not be estimated by

not only for washing dishes and bodies, but also for washing raw

income can be obtained andcomparison with different countries becomesvegetables people talk about Yangon. It can be said that The residents

possible. As for the Engel’s coeffisiant, I use local interview observation

living in the city are in an environment where they ingest coliform bacteria

data from 1st

from food and tableware everyday.

tion,income,food expenditure and water consumption. I summarize these

4.2 Hearing observation

data and analyze the characteristic of each area based on the results of thisto 9th October.It

is forcus on family composi-

We can correct 72 samples.This is the results of water

analysis and the results of the coliform transport model. Its needs obtain aresource(Result.2). YCDC is a short for Yangon City Deveropment

correlation between the floods and the local characteristics of residents.

42

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety (November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)
Reference
1)

Population of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Provisional
Results, Census Report Volume (I), Population and Housing Census of Myanmar, August 2014.

2)

JICA,The project for the strategic ueban development plan of the

3)

So Kazama, Terumichi Hagiwara, Priyantha Ranjan and Masaki

Greater Yangon,2014
Sawamoto, Evaluation of groundwater resources in wide inundation
areas of the Mekong River basin, Journal of Hydrology, Vol.340,
No3-4, pp.233-243, 2007．
4)

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2013，
UNISDR, 18th March ,2015.

5)

Ayako Amano, Taisuke Sakuma and So Kazama, Spatial-temporal
distribution of waterborne infectiotious disease risk using the hydraulic model and out patatient data,Hydraulic engineering,Vol.67,No.4 201

6)Toshiki Aizawa, So Kazama, Toru Watanabe and Masaki Sawamoto, Analysis of seasonal variation in the patients of waterborne infectious diseases by the hydraulic innundationsimulation,hydraulicengineering,vol.51,2007

43

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Tohoku University

Evaluating the Effect of Afforestation on Groundwater Recharge Using Naturally-Occurring
Isotopes○Danila Podobed1*, Daisuke Komori1, Kei Yoshimura2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2
Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-0882, Japan*E-mail:danila.aleksandrovich.podobed.r1@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
The objective of this research is to produce comparative estimates of groundwater recharge for different kinds ofland cover across a variety of climactic and soil conditions. The research is modeled on prior studies by Allison andHughes (1983), Saxena and Dressie (1987), Gaye and Edmunds (1996), Kudo et al. (2013), and other similar studies
focused on estimating recharge of groundwater by measuring ratios of stable isotopes (oxygen-18 and deuterium)in soil water or groundwater and comparing them to the seasonal patterns of isotopic content in precipitation. The
speed of movement of water particles through the soil column can thus be estimated. The rate of permeation ofwater can in turn be used to estimate groundwater recharge volumes under different kinds of land cover.
Keywords: Natural isotopes, land cover, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater recharge

1. Introduction
Primary data for the study comes from moisturegathered from soil samples in the unsaturated zone of the soil
profile. While groundwater (saturated zone) samples may betaken in the future, the current aim of this research is to focus
on soil moisture in the unsaturated zone, dominated byvertical flow. So far, disturbed soil samples of volumes
between 300 and 800 cm^3 have been collected with a handauger and a percussion sampler to depths of 1-4 m. The
samples represent contiguous sections of a soil column of 10
cm (percussion sampler) or 15 cm (hand auger) length; thesoil moisture values and isotope values represent an average
across the whole 10-15 cm section rather than exact pointvalues. Soil moisture content is determined by evaporation of
three 20-gram subsamples at 110 degrees Celsius over 24hours. Water for isotope analysis is extracted from two
subsamples by means of centrifugation at 30,000 Gs for 30
minutes, then extracted from centrifuge tubes with a syringe
fitted with a .45 micron filter and frozen in 14 ml storage
tubes. Water sample volumes are typically between 1-4 ml,
but occasionally as low as 0.4 ml for samples that havealready been partially tapped for isotope analysis.
Sampling has been carried out across a variety ofsites, but these generally fall into two categories: sites withlittle or no tree cover, and forested sites. The ideal condition
for site selection is the availability of recent land coverchange (deforestation or afforestation) nearby an area thathas not undergone land cover change for some time, with soil
and topographical conditions of each site being kept as close
to constant as possible. Four of the sampling locations meetthis condition based on a qualitative analysis. Soil moisturedata indicates much heterogeneity across different locations
owing to differences in soil characteristics, and may suggest
soil type plays a larger role in moisture retention andhydraulic conductivity that land cover.

44

Additional sampling of precipitation of two kinds
will be carried out. Firstly, comparative sampling of
precipitation volumes at forested and cleared sites will takeplace to determine the amount of throughfall. Secondly,
sampling of rainfall for subsequent measurement of daily
precipitation isotope ratios will take place over a 1-2 month
period, in addition to aggregate monthly precipitation
sampling over a one-year period, to validate external
precipitation isotope data.
Oxygen-18 and hydrogen-2 (deuterium) content
of the soil moisture and precipitation samples is being carriedout using a Picarro Isotopic Water Analyzer at the Yoshimura
Laboratory of the Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo
University. Preliminary results of the analysis will be
submitted for discussion at the symposium. Results are
expected to indicate matching isotope profiles acrossmatching land cover/soil types, and to reflect seasonalpatterns of enrichment and depletion. For determining
seasonal variations in local precipitation isotope rations, theresearch will refer to Dr. Yoshimura’s IsoGSM1 data for the
Sendai-Miyagi area. The IsoGSM1 data will be validated bydirect observation data on precipitation isotopes available
from JMA’s Ryori Observatory for certain years, and by onsite precipitation sampling. Soil water isotope values will be
additionally compared to values generated by the Iso-Matsiro
coupled isotope-land surface model.
Ongoing analysis makes a conclusive evaluationof results difficult at this stage. However, if the distinct
contribution of land cover types to hydraulic conductivity
and groundwater recharge can be estimated from soil
moisture isotope data, the method can be utilized as asimplified means of evaluating the effects of afforestation
and artificial groundwater recharge initiatives across avariety of landscapes and climactic conditions.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

References
1)

2)
3)

4)

5)

Allison, G. B., & Hughes, M. W. (1983). The use ofnatural tracers as indicators of soil-water movement in atemperate semi-arid region. Journal of Hydrology, 60(14), 157-173.
Bengtsson, L., Saxena, R. K., & Dressie, Z. (1987). Soilwater movement estimated from isotope tracers.
Hydrological sciences journal, 32(4), 497-520.
Gaye, C. B., & Edmunds, W. M. (1996). Groundwater
recharge estimation using chloride, stable isotopes andtritium profiles in the sands of northwestern Senegal.
Environmental Geology, 27(3), 246-251.
Kudo, K., Shimada, J., Maruyama, A., & Tanaka, N.
(2016). The quantitative evaluation of groundwater
recharge rate using Displacement Flow Model withstable isotope ratio in the soil water of difference
vegetation cover (Japanese Title: 異なる地表面植生
に対する地下水涵養量の定量的評価). Journal of
Groundwater Hydrology, 58, 31-45.
Yoshimura, K., Kanamitsu, M., Noone, D., & Oki, T.
(2008). Historical isotope simulation using reanalysis
atmospheric data. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres, 113(D19).

45

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G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Satellite Analysis to Detect Burnt Area of Forest Fire in Kamaishi, Tohoku 2017
○Grace Puyang Emang1, Yoshiya Touge2, So Kazama2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan* E-mail: grace.puyang.emang.r2@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
In May 2017, several fire broke out in three prefectures in Tohoku region due to dry weather especially in eastern
coast of Japan commonly in East Japan and strong wind in Tohoku region. This dry weather was because of sixty (60%)
lower precipitation in winter compared to normal year and strong wind from western blowing into Tohoku region. A
large fire broke out in Kamaishi, Iwate Prefecture located in the Tohoku region on 8 May 2017. The burnt out area waslarger than the total burnt area for the whole of Japan in 2016. The extensive fire was due to strong presence of wind andlow accessibility of vehicle into the burnt area. Satellite analysis to detect the burnt area and the extent of burnt area using
surface temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from three different satellites were used;
namely Himawari-8, Terra and Landsat. The result of the analyses will be validated against ground truth obtained throughfield survey.

Key words: Forest fire, surface temperature, NDVI, Himawari-8, Terra, Landsat
into spring. Total precipitation record by AutomatedMeteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) fromJanuary to April 2017 showed low total precipitation for
Kamaishi compared to other area (Fig. 2(a)) and 60% lower
precipitation from normal year (Fig. 2(b)) [4]. On 7th May
a dry warning report was issued nationwide for the northern
Kanto, Chubu and Chugoku region as well as Tohoku
region.

1. Introduction
Annually fire occurrence in forest and field has
been reported in Japan with an average of 1635 cases forthe period of 2014 till 2010 and the average value of loss
annually approximately 576 million yen [1]. A large fire
broke out in Kamaishi on 8 May 2017 and was suppressedon 22 May 2017 with estimated total burned area, 413
hectares, which was larger than the total burned area inJapan for 2016, 384 hectares (Fig. 1).

Fig. 2(a) Total precipitation
Fig. 1. Area affected by fire (Kamaishi Forestry
Association)
Information on burnt area can be used for
calculation cost of damage and estimation of pyrogenic
gaseous and aerosol emissions [2] which give impact on
the Earth's radiation budget [3]. This study aims to detect
burnt area of forest fire in Kamaishi using surface
temperature and NDVI from three satellites namely
Himawari-8, Terra, Landsat and validating the analysis
through ground truth.

Fig. 2(b) Ratio of total precipitation from normal year

2. Weather Overview
Prior to May 2017, the precipitation in Tohoku
region was low in winter and this dry condition continued

Strong wind was recorded in late April to earlyMay. The maximum wind speed, 14m/s recorded by46

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Where NDVI is Normalize Difference Vegetation Index,
NIR is spectral reflectance of near infra-red band and R in
spectral reflectance of red band.
The surface temperatures and NDVI images fromthese satellites were compared to analyze the image
differences in before and after fire incident. Next the timeseries for surface temperatures and NDVI from thesesatellites were compared with four different locations(Fig.5 (a) – (d) in Kamaishi burnt area and one point
outside of burnt area.

Fig. 3 One hour average wind speed and direction

3. Methodology
Satellite has been use worldwide to detect forest
fire and is use as a tool in fire management. Himawari-8
launched in 2015 offers spatial resolution up to 500 meterand temporal resolution of every 10 minutes of Japan, Terra
launched in 1999 offers spatial resolution up to 250 meterbut temporal resolution of every one and two days while
Landsat 7 and 8 launched in 1999 and 2013 respectively
offers spatial resolution up to 30 meter with more than 650
scenes a day. Fig. 4 below shows NDVI image fromLandsat before (Fig. 4(a)) and after (Fig. 4(b)) fire event.

Fig.5(a) Ozaki Shrine area

Fig. 5(b) Small burnt area

Fig. 5(c) Slope of burnt
area

Fig. 5(d) Trees in burnt
area

Fig. 4(b) NDVI
distribution on 24 June
2017

References

Thermal infrared band which can detect surface
temperature and NDVI which can detect the changes invegetation were used in detecting burnt area. Thermal
infrared of band 14 Himawari-8, band 10 of Landsat andproduct MOD11A1 from Terra was used to detect surface
temperature before and after the fire event. Land surface
temperature of Landsat was calculated from At Satellite
Brightness Temperature expressed by the following
equation [5].

T

1)

2)

3)
1

Tohoku University

is Boltzmann constant, 1.38 10
J/K and e isemissivity.
NDVI from spectral reflectance of near infra-red
and red bands from Himawari-8, Landsat and product
MOD13Q1 from Terra were used in detecting burnt area in
Kamaishi by analyzing the changes of vegetation before
and after the fire event. These bands were used in thecalculation of NDVI values. The NDVI formula isexpressed by the following equation.

Kamaishi Observatory Station on 8 May 2017, was thehighest for May 2017. Fig. 3 shows the hourly average ofwind speed at 12 to 13 o'clock when the fire occurred [4].
The fire spread extremely extensively due to the weather
condition and low accessibility of vehicle which delayed
the firefighting activities.

Fig. 4(a) NDVI
distribution on 7 May2017

G‐Safetyln

4)

is at satellite
Where T is land surface temperature,brightness temperature,
is wavelength of emitted
radiance, is 1.4388 10 m K, is Planck’s constant,
6.626 10J s, is velocity of light, 2.998 10 m/s,

47

Fire and Disaster Management Agency andStatistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications,
Retrievedfrom
http://www.stat.go.jp/data/chouki/29.htm 2016
L. Giglio, T. Loboda, D. P. Roy, B. Quayle, C. O.
Justice, An active-fire based burned area mapping
algorithm for the MODIS sensor, Remote Sensing
of Environment 2009 vol: 113 (2) pp: 408-420 2009
R. H. Fraser, Z. Li, J. Cihlar, Hotspot and NDVI
Differencing Synergy (HANDS): A New
Technique for Burned Area Mapping over Boreal
Forest, Remote Sensing of Environment vol: 74 (3)pp: 362-376, 2000
Y. Touge, G. P. Emang, S.Kazama, 2017-Nen
Tōhoku sanrin kasai no higai gaiyō - Iwate ken
Kamaishi-shi Miyagi ken kuribarashi no jirei - (ASummary of the Damage in Tohoku Forest Fires in2017 - Case Study of Kamaishi City and Kurihara

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

5)(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

City), Dai 36-kai Nihon shizen saigai gakkai
gakujutsu kōen-kai kōen gaiyō-shū (Proceedings of
36th Annual Conference of Japan Society for
Natural Disaster Science-), p83-84, 2017.
Q. Weng, D. Lu, J. Schubring, Estimation of land
surfacetemperature–vegetation
abundance
relationship for urban heat island studies, Remote
Sensing of Environment 2004 vol: 89 (4) pp: 467483

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Tohoku University

Remote sensing of irrigation water using different resolution sensors in
the Aral Sea Basin
O Mbugua Jacqueline Muthoni*1, Yoshiya Touge 2, So Kazama2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*

E-mail: mbugua.jacqueline.muthoni.s8@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) installed a massive scale irrigation project in the Aral
Sea basin. This led to a rapid expansion of irrigation in the region from the late 19th century until thecollapse of the USSR in 1991. In turn, the Aral Sea began to shrunk as a result of expanding irrigation thatdiminished the inflow from the two influent rivers. Currently, the area of the Aral Sea is less than 30% of
the level recorded in 1960. Irrigation water is an important part of the hydrology cycle and has thus been
included in recently developed hydrological models both at the basin and global level. Despite the large
area of land under irrigation in the Aral Sea basin, getting a correct report of irrigated land in the region isa challenge. It is difficult to know the irrigation regime in the Aral Sea basin because collecting data in awide region is difficult. This has proven to be a challenge even to the local agricultural institutes. It is
important to clarify the irrigation regime in order to;(1) Estimate the water demand. An explanation ofwater demand through climate variables will enable the understanding of climate change impact on water
demand. (2) Understand human decision making in irrigation application. This human science aspect isvital as it explains the logical aspect based on the good understanding of the climate. Remote sensing
facilitates an efficient and cost effective approach for longer observations of irrigation practices.
Key words: Remote sensing, Irrigation water requirement
Salinized soils are also a significant problem inthe basin. Central Asia is regarded as the mostsaline-rich area in the world in irrigated farms. In
1994 about 40 percent of the irrigated land inCentral Asia was estimated to be saline.
Excessive irrigation, has resulted in risinggroundwater levels and secondary soil
salinization [4].

1. Introduction
Irrigated land has increased from 50 million
hectares in 1900 to 267 million hectares today [1].
Currently, the total area in Aral Sea Basinequipped for irrigation is around 9.76 million ha[2,3].
A

B

In order to prevent salinity in the soil from
affecting crops, leaching water is applied and it
increases water demand in the spring.
Previous studies to detect irrigation water do notconsider annual changes due to variations inregional precipitation and air temperature. In
addition, some studies do not isolate irrigatedland [5,6] instead, they are only part of a broader
classification.

Fig.1 (A) Typical furrow irrigation in
Uzbekistan (Forkutsa 2002) . (B) Accumulated
salinity on surface soil in winter wheat field
JIRCAS(2016) .

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detect irrigation water. Fig.2 shows the study
area of this research. There are three testing
farms in Uzbekistan. Bayavut, Kyzylkesec andNukus collaborating with ICARDA. In thesefarms, soil Moisture is kept at a specific level.
Nukus was instated as a testing farm in 2015. It
is located in a severely arid region and is themost sensitive to climate change [8]. Satellite
based Land Surface Temperature(LST) is used.

2. Satellite analysis
Satellite sensors with different resolutions will
be employed for this study. These include;
MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor from NASA onboard Aquaand Terra satellites. These satellites are polar
orbiting. The sensor has a time resolution of 12hours. Its spatial resolution for visible channels
is 1km for surface temperature. MODIS collects
daily global observations from Terra ~11:30 a.m.
and 11:30 p.m. and Aqua at ~1:30 a.m. and 1:30
p.m. equatorial crossing time.

LST (DIF) = LST day – LST Night
Where:
LST day is satellite based day time recorded
temperature
LST Night is satellite based night time recorded
temperature
LST (DIF) is the difference between day timeand night time satellite recorded temperature.

Secondly,
MODIS
NDVI
(Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index). The product
MOD13Q1 is used for this analysis. Thisvegetation index is produced on 16-day intervals
and at a 250m spatial resolutions. It provides
consistent spatial and temporal comparisons ofvegetation canopy greenness, a composite
property of leaf area, chlorophyll and canopy
structure.

Since water has a higher heat capacity than land.
A layer of water added to the ground does not
immediately respond to temperature changes.
This can be used to detect; (1) Change in
Temperature difference over time. (2) Trend inLand surface temperature distribution.

3. Methodology

To Estimate irrigated area. 2 indices are used.
1. LST(DIF)
2. LST (DIF) – Average LST(DIF) of
surrounding area.
For the first index, a threshold is set
corresponding to the map legend indicative of
irrigated land. This is based on the computationand observation of the LST(DIF) time series ofdifferent points in the basin.
The second index is used to remove climatic
influence of the surrounding. The function ofthis index is to distinguish the aspect of land use
management and the effect of land cover.

Fig.2 Irrigation observation sites in Aral Sea
Basin (P. Micklin, 2006).
Water has a higher heat capacity than land. Thismeans that a layer of water added to the ground
does not immediately respond to changes intemperature. This could therefore be used to50

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

4. Reference
1. Gleick, Peter H. "A look at twenty-first
century water resources development."
Water International 25.1 (2000): 127-138.
2. Sokolov, V. 2009. Future of irrigation inCentral Asia. IWMI-FAO Workshop on
trends and transitions in Asian irrigation.
What are the prospects for the future? 19–21
January 2009 Bangkok.
3. Horsman, S. 2008. Afghanistan andtransboundary water management on the
Amu Darya: a political history.
4. Ikramov R (2004) Present salinity anddrainage condition, and salinity control
measures in Uzbekistan. Proceedings of the
IWMI conference “Materials for meeting on
development of the salinity, Landdegradation and Drainage—Waste Water
Reuse. Research program for Central Asia”.
May 11–17, Tashkent, 2004
5. Bontemps, S., Defourny, P., Bogaert, E. Van,
Kalogirou, V., & Perez, J. R. (2011).
GLOBCOVER 2009 Products Description
and Validation Report. ESA Bulletin, 136(0),53. https://doi.org/10013/epic.39884.d016
6. Bontemps, S., Defourny, P., Bogaert, E.
Van, Kalogirou, V., & Perez, J. R. (2011).
GLOBCOVER 2009 Products Description
and Validation Report. ESA Bulletin,
136(0), 53.
https://doi.org/10013/epic.39884.d016
7. TOUGE, Y., TANAKA, K., KHUJANAZAROV,
T., TODERICH, K., KOZAN, O., &NAKAKITA, E. (2015). Developing a Water
Circulation Model in the Aral Sea Basin
Based on in situ Measurements on

Irrigated Farms. 沙漠研究, 25(3), 133‐
136.
8. Micklin P. (2007): The Aral sea disaster.
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 35: 47‐72.

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Tohoku University

Development of Coupled Land Surface Model with groundwater representation for the
Yoneshiro river basin○Leonardo A. Silva-Vasquez.1*, Yoshiya Touge 1, So Kazama
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail:silva.vasquez.leonardo.alonso.p1@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract

Soil exerts control on both energy balance and water on the surface. In the water balance, soil
moisture controls the partitioning between infiltration and surface runoff. Regarding the energybalance, it affects the albedo, that in turns controls the net amount of incoming solar energy on naturalland surfaces. Also, soil exerts influence on plant evapotranspiration that affects both the water andenergy balance. Land surface models (LSM) are used as boundary conditions for atmospheric models.
In these models, soil moisture is represented by means of a column model, but without taking into
account the effect of the ground water table (GWT). This misses the important fact that the
groundwater table acts as a boundary condition on the shallow soil moisture; therefore, exerting
influence on both the water balance and the energy balance on the land surface. This is particularly
important in place where the GWT is just a few meters below the surface. In this study, a ground water
representation will be added to SiBUC, a land surface model, to improve the representation soil moisturespatial distribution and the seasonal variation of plant evapotranspiration.
Keywords: Groundwater effect on land surface processes Land surface model, Groundwater model, SIBUC,

models to be representative of the reality, they

1. Introductionneed to model all relevant elements of the waterLand Surface models (LSM) were originallycycle, including GWT. The influence of GWT indeveloped to provide land surface boundary

soil moisture is particularly important in placesconditions for Global Climate Models GCM

where it is located at a shallow depth. (Yeh andduring 1960s.

Since then, they have advanced

Eltahir, 2005).

considerablybysophisticatedIn the last two decades, several studies have been

schemes to take into account physical anddone to study the connection between GWT andbiological process on the land surface. Despiteland surface processes. These studies have ranged

their advancement, they have not included

in complexity from one dimensional column

explicitly the influence of the ground water tablemodel (Yeh & Eltahir, 2005; Maxwell & Miller,(GWT) on the land surface processes.

2005) to models that included three dimensional

LSM are based on the concepts of water balance,

representations of GW flow (Kollet & Maxwell,and energy balance. Consequently, for these2008).

incorporating52

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In this study, a ground water representation will be

There are two important problems with the free

added to Simple Biosphere including Urban

drainage boundary conditions. First, this condition

Canopy (SiBUC) a land surface model whichcannot model a negative ground water recharge

doesn’tThe(upward flow from the saturated zone to theperformance of SiBUC with GWT representation

unsaturated zone). And it makes the soil column

will be evaluated in the Yoneshiro river basin.

incapable of maintaining wet conditions over time

have

GWT

representation.

causing the soil column to dry too quickly (Zenget al. 2009). This critical issue has been evidenced
2. Importance of Ground Water Table (GWT)

in the Amazon river basin, where models predict

representation and limitations

vegetation
observations

stressinindicate

the

dry

that

season,drybutseasonThe GWT representation is important because a) it

evapotranspiration is no less than during the wet

controls the stream flow (base flow), b) influences

season (Shuttleworth, 1988).

soil moisture distribution c) influences the energy
transfer processes in the land surface d) provides a

3. Methodology

lower boundary condition for soil moisture and e)
allows the representation of upward capillary flow.

3.1 Land Surface model: SiBUC

The influence of the GWT is particularly
important in humid climates, where it lies near the

SiBUC is a land surface model (Tanaka, 2005). It

surface, and ground water runoff is often theis heavily influenced by both SiB1 and SiB2, but

dominant streamflow generation mechanism.

it also includes two extra sub models: urban

Under deep water table conditions, there is a

canopy and Water body model because surface

relatively uniform soil moisture profile in thefluxes mechanisms are different under theseunsaturated zone. But in location where the GWT

conditions. Additionally, it also has a module tois shallow, its presence changes this profile at least

represent irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas toin the lower part of the unsaturated zone. This, instudy the effect of large scale irrigation on surface

turn, results in a decrease of infiltration and an

fluxes.

increase of evapotranspiration (Yeh and Eltahir,2005).

3.2 Improvement of Soil Moisture representation

If the GWT is not represented in the LSM,
specifying the lower boundary condition for soil-

Current SiBUC soil moisture representation will

moisture is difficult. The most common practice is

be changed to a multilayer column soil moisture

to apply the free drainage condition: the drainage

content. The basic equations for this multilayer

flux equals the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity

column model are the unsaturated porous media

at the bottom of the lowest soil layer. SIBUC uses

equations:the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity multiplied
by factor depending on the mean slope of the grid
(Tanaka, 2005).

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(1)

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4. References
Where:


θ: Volumetric soil moisture content



q: soil water flux

t: timez: Elevation



Q: Sink term (ET loss)Ψ: Soil matric potential

Chapra, Steven C., Canale Raymond P. “Numerical Methods forEngineers, fifth edition”, McGraw-Hill, 2006.
Clapp, R. B., and G. M. Hornberger, 1978: Empirical equations
for some soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour. Res., 14(4), 601–604.

An approximate solution of this set of equations
can be obtained by using a mass conservative,
implicit scheme, leading to the following discrete
version:∆Fan, Y., and G. Miguez-Macho (2010), Potential groundwater
contribution to Amazon dry-season evapotranspiration,
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2039–2056, doi:10.5194/hess14-2039-2010.
Koirala, S., P. J.-F. Yeh, Y. Hirabayashi, S. Kanae, and T. Oki(2014), Global-scale land surface hydrologic modeling withthe representation of water table dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.
Atmos., 119, 75–89, doi:10.1002/2013JD020398.
Kollet, S. J., and R. M. Maxwell (2008), Capturing the influenceof groundwater dynamics on land surface processes using an
integrated, distributed watershed model, Water Resour. Res.,
44, W02402, doi:10.1029/2007WR006004.

(3)

Maxwell, R. M., and N. L. Miller (2005), Development of acoupled land surface and groundwater model, J.
Hydrometeorol., 6, 233-247.

i: denotes the space index

n: denotes the time index

Miguez-Macho, G., Y. Fan, C. P. Weaver, R. Walko, and A.
Robock (2007), Incorporating water table dynamics inclimate.

This discretization leads to a tridiagonal systemsof equations that can be solved using the Thomasalgorithm.
To relate soil moisture and matric potential, theClapp-Hornberger

relations(ClappandMiguez-Macho, G., and Y. Fan (2012), The role of groundwaterin the Amazon water cycle: 1. Influence on seasonal
streamflow, flooding and wetlands, J. Geophys. Res., 117,
D15113, doi:10.1029/2012JD017539.
Sellers, P. J., and Coauthors, 1996: A revised land surface
parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I:
Model formulation. J. Climate, 9, 676–705.
Oleson, K. W., and Coauthors, 2004: Technical description of
the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Tech. Note

Hornberger, 1978) are used.

Shuttleworth (2012), W. J., Terrestial Hydrometeorology, First
edition, Jhon Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

(4)

Shuttleworth W. J., Evaporation from Amazonian rainforest,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B233, 321-346,
1988.

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The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Strang, Gilbert. Computatinal Science and engineering.
Wellesley-Cambridge press, 2007.
Tanaka, K.: Development of the new land surface scheme
SiBUC commonly applicable to basin water management
and numerical weather prediction model doctoral
dissertation, Kyoto University, 2004
Walko R. L., et al. (2000), Coupled atmosphere-biophysicshydrology models for environmental modeling. J. Appl.
Meteorol., 39-931-944.
Yeh, P. J.-F and E. A. B Eltahir (2005a), representation of watertable dynamic in a Land Surface Scheme, part 1.
Yeh, P. J.-F (2002). Representation of water table dynamics in aland surface scheme: Observations, models, and analyses.
Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 212
pp.Model development, J. Clim, 18, 1861-1880
Zeng, X., and M. Decker (2009), Improving the numericalsolution of soil moisture-based Richards equation for landmodels with a deep or shallow water table, J.
Hydrometeorol., 10(1), 308–319.

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Tohoku University

Determination Critical Rainfall using Infiltration model-infinite slope model: A case of
Iwaizumi, Iwate prefecture, Japan.
○Thapthai Chaithong1, Kentaro Sugii2, Daisuke Komori3
1

2

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
3
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail:kentaro.sugii.s4@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Landslide are occurred by rainfall. The connection is complex so various approach has been in some assumption. This
study uses Infiltration model-infinite slope model for estimation of risk of landslide in Typhoon Lionrock on 30 August
in 2017. Lionrock damaged in Iwate prefecture is over 700 million dollars, moreover 20 lives were lost and 3 persons are
missing. In Iwaizumi, 870 people and 430 houses were isolated because landslides blocked roads. This paper applied themodel into Iwaizumi region in Iwate prefecture in Japan. This region had much cumulative rainfall so API for three days
was high. Rainfall Triggered Landslides(RTL) was less than 1 in the majority of the area, especially in the middle, whichsuggest this region were in danger of landslides. The region critical rainfall applies the infiltration process and the infinite
slope analysis model that can apply in this case.

Keywords: Critical Rainfall, Landslide, Rainfall, Typhoon,
1. Introduction
Landslide killed many people every year and causes greatdamages to firm land and infrastructure and cities. In mostcases, landslide is caused by rainfall. Especially in Japan
where has many steep slopes, Typhoon inflicts property
damages by strong rainfall each time. However, the study ofRainfall Triggered Landslides(RTL) is still developing andneed more researches to connect with risk of landslide.
Numerical studies proposed a model to depict relationships
between landslide and rainfall for early warning andreduction of crisis and estimation of damage. Landslides are
influenced not only by rainfall but also by many factors suchas land’s angle, cumulative and Antecedent rainfall,characteristic of soil. This study aims to determinate criticalrainfall using Infiltration model-infinite slope model due tothe typhoon Lionrock in Iwate prefecture, Japan.

landslides is the infinite slope and the saturation ofhillslope would destabilize a hillslope. The second
assumption is the soil moisture initial condition prior torainstorm is equal to the volumetric water content at field
capacity.
The wetting front of sloping surface is defined as:
(1)

cos
So,

(2)
The critical rainfall threshold is defined as:(3)

2. Theory
There are two approaches to depict relationship between
landslide and rainfall. One is the spatial analysis that applies
to areas widespread proneness to landslide and homogeneous
area. Another is the temporal analysis that applies to a single
site or small site. This paper takes a former way andhomogenizes geographical features and use physical model
on a simple assumption. This paper investigates relationshipbetween RTL and landslides by Lionrock using Infiltration
model-infinite slope model. The critical rainfall thresholds ina region scale considers the physical properties such as soil
permeability, soil strength, and failure mechanism. The
cumulative rainfalls were considered to calculate the amountof water the soil has.

3. Method
The critical rainfall threshold is based on two main
assumptions. The first assumption is the failure type of56

is the wetting front, I is the amount of rainis the volumetric water content as
infiltration,is the volumetric water content at fieldsaturation,
capacity,is the critical rainfall thresholds,
is thecritical depth, and β is the slope angle. The factor ofsafety for an infinite slope model is based on the MohrCoulomb failure creation. The safety factor is defined as:
′

So,

(4)

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

′

1
tan ′
tan

sin cos(5)

sin cos1′

region. Figure 3 shows the RTL and black area shows wherelandslides occurred by Lionrock.

5. Conclusion

When Fs is less than 1, a rainfall classified as the criticalrainfall. So (3) and (5) leads the critical rainfall thresholds.
cTohoku University

cos

(6)

Infiltration model-infinite slope model is approach depict
relationship between landslide and rainfall. Using Infiltration
model-infinite slope model, The RTL was depicted in the
figure. The critical rainfall is defined by the method. The
region had stocked rainfall in these mountains by Lionrock.
RTL were under 1 in the region during the typhoon. The
region critical rainfall applies the infiltration process and theinfinite slope analysis model that can apply in this case.

Rainfall Triggered landslides(RTL) is defined as:(7)
The antecedent precipitation index(API) is the amount of
cumulative rainfall for three days in this paper. In this area,
Soil cohesion is 10.3kPa, Soil units 15.2kN/ , Friction
angle 28.7 degree.

4. Model applicability
4.1 Typhoon Lionrock
According to Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) Low
Pressure where it was in 580km to the west of Wake Islandin the western Pacific Ocean developed a tropical depression
16 August 2016. It was classified Tropical Storm on August
21 that central pressure was 992 hPa and the max winds near
center was 18m/s. It was classified Typhoon and the diameter
became over 800km on August 28. JMA reported thetyphoon Lionrock made landfall near the city of Ofunato
which this unusual typhoon to directly land on Tohoku
because of typhoons usually approach Japan from the southand south west before moving northward across thearchipelago. It was first that typhoon land from Tohoku
region since JMA have recorded typhoon since 1951. Finally,
Lionrock was absorbed with cold low pressure on August 31.
4.2 Iwaizumi, Iwate, Japan
Iwate prefecture locates the northeast main island of Japan.
There is warm and humid climate. Iwaizumi has 5 rang
gauges when Lionrock came on August 30 in 2016. API is
calculated from it. The geological conditions in these areas
were formed an accretionary complex (Mesozoic andPalaeozoic) and some plutonic rock. The landslide scars data
is from Geospatial Information Authority of Japan and
Google Earth website(Fig.3). The failure occurred on slope
ranging from 19 to 58 degrees. Field investigation showedmost of the slope failures were complex that can be classified
into debris flow, surficial erosion, and soil slide. The rangeof critical depth is 2-5 meters for a large debris flow and soil
slip and 0.7-1.2 meters for small soil slip and local failure.
This region’s soil was classified as loamsand (LSa) so thevolumetric water content at field capacity and the volumetricwater content at saturation can be calculated.
Figure 1 shows the Critical rainfall thresholds in Iwaizumi
town. Figure2 shows the regional API for three days in this57

Fig.1 Regional critical rainfall threshold for Iwaizumi
town.

Fig2. Regional API in Iwaizumi town

Fig3. Rainfall Triggered Landslides in Iwaizumi town

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Development of the Sayo river flood model enabling estimation of cultural property damage〇Hironobu Hirayama1，Kenichiro Kobayashi2
1Graduate School of Engineering，Tohoku University，Sendai 980-8579，Japan
2 Graduate School of Engineering，Kobe
University，Kobe 657-8501，Japan
E-mail：hironobu.hirayama.t5@dc.tohoku.ac.jp
Abstract
A severe flood disaster was occurred in Sayo river due to heavy rainfall in August 2009． Thus, this researchs
attempts to reproduce the situation of the Sayo river flooding by DRR/FI model．The inundation situation issimulated by a 2D shallow water equation of DRR/FI．50m and 10m resolution elevation data are used so that it
can represent the river explicitly．I thought that by comparing them I can see the differences in resolution andprecision depending on the computer I used． As the result, the flow from the river inundated over the houses with
cultural properties was reproduced．
key words ArcGIS，flooding，disaster，DRR/FI model
assumption model. By using the inundation model,
we identify areas where the possibility of flooding ishigh and lead to protection of cultural properties. In
addition, to confirm the relationship between the
anticipated inundation area and creating a
database of cultural assets, to improve thelikelihood that gets to consideration of the culturalproperty protection at the time of river
improvement by estimating the cultural property
losses It is set as the final target. In this study, theentire Sayo river catchment area of Hyogo
prefecture was used as a calculation target ofinundation model, and each resolution model of 10
m ，50m was constructed. For calculation of the 10
m resolution model, Kei-computer is used. We
compare the analysis results of this 10 m resolution
and 50 m resolution.

1． Introduction
In this research, we dealt with the Sayo riverwhich is the upstream branch line of the class B
river Chikgusa river flowing in the southwesternpart of Hyogo Prefecture. The novelty is a model
aimed at integrally tracking the rain outflow
process and the flooding process and it is necessary
to calibrate, but conceptually, the water depth atany point in the watershed, and the river way At
the position you can calculate the flow rate andwater level. On the afternoon of August 9, 2009,
due to Typhoon No. 9, it became a heavy rain thatrecorded the maximum in Sayo’s observation
history . As a result, the Sayo and Chigusa rivers,
the Makuyama river of small and medium riverflooded, the damage of 1878 people, two people
missing, human damage of 189 houses including
139 full
destruction and 269 large-scalesemi-collapse occurred ． Floods occur mostfrequently among the world's natural disasters, andthe risk of human injury (drought 1st, windbreak
2nd, flood 5th) is a high disaster. Damaged by
Typhoon No 9 of Sayo，the designated cultural
assets in Sayo were damaged. However, plans to
restore the damages themselves are out of
application and they are not actually done, and we
spent more time receiving assistance from theHyogo prefectural board of education to protect thedamage situation of the designated culturalproperty earlier . In this research, we aim to protect
cultural properties from inundation damage, so we
believe that it is effective to construct a flood

2．Materials and Methods
2.1.DRR/FI model
In this study, a distributed rainfall-runoff /flood-inundation model (DRR / FI model) was used
as a numerical analysis method .This model shows
the rainfall runoff process at the wide area basin
level．It is a model that can track internal andexternal water inundation processes in a unified
manner, and the water flow in the protected inlandis tracked by the secondary shallow water flow
analysis, the flow of the river and rainwater trunk
is tracked by one-dimensional uncertain flow
analysis, It is made efforts to follow the laws ofphysics as far as possible as to the equation and58

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

constitutional rule．The connection between theprotected land area and the river network is madeby exchanging water by inflow / overflow．As amodel connection between the two, firstone-dimensional unsteady flow calculation is
performed on a line connecting the central nodes of
the river network. In next, within the basinprotected inland, it is an entire drainage basincovering the orthogonal grid to form a
two-dimensional orthogonal grid, and the center
node of each grid is defined as the definition ofelevation point. In each clause，we follow the waterflow according to the two dimensional shallow
water flow equation．In the 10 m resolution all
protected inlands are analyzed by two dimensional
shallow water flow analysis because it is considered
as protected land．In the 50 m resolution, protected
inlands are analyzed by two dimensional shallow
water flow analysis.

Tohoku University

and 50 m resolution can confirm that the U house isflooded. U house is flooded in case of actual flood in
Sayo river. Therefore, it can be said that the
reproducibility is high by analysis. For both 10 m
resolution and 50 m resolution, O house is not
flooded. However, the O house actually flooded incase of flood in the Sayo river.．

3.Results and discussions

2009/08/09/21:00
Figure 2. Depth of inundation by Sayo river model(10 m resolution)

2009/08/09/21:00
Figure 1. Depth of inundation (50 m resolution) by
Sayo river model

2009/08/09/21:00
Figure 3. Depth of inundation by the Sayo rivermodel (near O house)，10 m resolution(when raising the downstream waterlevel)

Figures 1 and 2 show the inundation depth
calculated by the Sayo river inundation model at 50m resolution and 10 m resolution at 21 o'clock on
August 9, 2009, respectively. Both 10 m resolution

59

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Fig. 3 shows the 10 m resolution image on August
9th and 21st 2009, when raising the water level
downstream of the Sayo river. By raising the waterlevel downstream of the Sayo river, it is possible toconfirm that the creaking effect occurs, the flooding
depth becomes deep, and the O house is flooded. It
can be seen that the immersion depth is larger forthe 10 m solution with the immersion simulation
model of 50 m resolution and 10 m resolution. The
reason for this is that 50 m resolution separates theriver channel from the embankment of protected
land whereas all 10 m resolution is considered asprotected land. The simulation is carried out by
one-dimensional unsteady flow analysis of river way,
and two-dimensional shallow water flow analysis byprotected land．From these results, in the case of 50
m resolution, water flows into the river channel
from the inside of the embankment and the depth offlooding is decreasing．

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Figure 5. Comparison of observed water level andcalculated water level at the location of the yen
temple4.Conclusions
Through model calculations carried out in thisstudy, the flood analysis of the Sayo River could be
reproduced roughly．However, when I compared theobserved value and the calculated value, there aremany differences. Regarding the water depth, it canbe said that the difference is small and the
reproducibility is high, but regarding the flow rate,
there was a time zone in which a large local
difference could be seen. Therefore, it is inevitablethat the reproducibility is low with respect to theflow rate. Regarding the water level as well, fromthe comparison of the observed water level and thecalculated water level, it was found that the water
Figure 4. Relationship between time and flow ratelevel rises faster at 50 m resolution and slightly lateof Sayo river model (10 m resolution)with respect to 10 m．Therefore, there is still room
for improving the reproducibility with respect to the
Figure 4 shows the relationship between time andwater level. I believe that we could build a model
flow rate at the Enkouzi Observatories of the Sayoriver model (10 m resolution) ． Blue line hasthat is sufficiently useful even at present. In thisobservation value ． Orange line has no soil
research, there is room for improving thepenetration．Gray line has soil penetration．I will
reproducibility
such as not considering the
explain it in Chapter 4 ．Figure 5 shows thecondition used land, rain setting, roughness,
uniformity of river width, penetration, river runoff
comparison between the observed water level andthe calculated water level at the point of the temple． etc. It can be said that there is. In the future, it is
Red points express observation value．Black line
important to improve these, improve the accuracy of
expresss
calculated value(50 m resolution ，the data, adapt it to the model, calibrate, andNriver=0.08，Nland=0.3，Inf=0)，blue line expresss
improve reproducibility. Even in other areas,calculated value(10 m resolution ， Nriver=0.2 ，creating a model that can be adapted is also an
Nland=0.2 ， Inf=10) ， green line expresss
issue. By doing these, we aim to lead to thecalculated value(10 m resolution ， Nriver=0.2 ，protection of cultural assets by the model which was
Nland=0.2，Inf=0)．I will explain it in Chapter 4． able to be made.

60

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd, 2017)

Tohoku University

DYNAMICS OF CO2 FLUXES OVER THE HETEROGENEOUS LAND SURFACE○Masafumi Kon1*, Daisuke Komori2 , Nanami Sakai1
12Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail: masafumi.kon.r1@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
It is known that the estimates of flux obtained by eddy covariance method are affected by land surface heterogeneity.
Therefore, research to quantify its influence is required to improve the accuracy of flux measurements. In this study, theland surface heterogeneity parameter (η), calculated from the coefficient of variation of the flux; and the land use
variation index were compared to evaluate the relationship between the flux and the land surface heterogeneity. The
result of this study shows that there was a linear relationship between the heterogeneity parameter (η) and the area ratioof vegetation area to fetch area (B).

Keywords: Eddy Covariance Method, heterogeneity land surface, Join count test

The eddy covariance method is the most widely usedmethod for flux estimation. Since it is known thatheterogeneous land covers cause errors in measured valuesof fluxes, flux measurements are generally carried out on
homogeneous land covers such as forests or paddy fields.
Flux measurements on heterogeneous land covers, including
multiple land use remain at the research stage.
Kim et al. 2011 measured long-term fluxes onheterogeneous land covers and developed the parameter ηthat shows the degree of heterogeneity of the land surface
from fluctuations in the flux coefficient.
Since vegetation is the main source of CO2, the ratio ofvegetation area to fetch area was calculated from the land use
distribution acquired from satellite images; then, they werecompared with the parameter η.
The target area of this study is the circular region with aradius of 5 km around the 100 m flux observation tower
located in Tak, Thailand. The data for this study consists ofthe turbulence measurements from the Tak observation towersite and satellite data acquired from MODIS (Resolution: 250m).

2. MethodFirst, the influence factor on flux (Fx) and its width Xf
were calculated (for detailed formulas see J. H. C. GASH,
1985). Next, the vegetation area included in the fetch is
calculated from the satellite data using NDVI. The area ratioof vegetation area to fetch area (B) was obtained byB(1)

where A is the area of the fetch, and Av is the vegetation
area which contained in the fetch.
We calculate the heterogeneity parameter η from theturbulence data. η was obtained by

η

1

(2)

61

where ω is a constant (≈ 0.07), and ε is the relative sampling
error, i.e., fractional uncertainty. η ranges from 0 to 1; η = 0
denotes perfect homogeneity. For instrumentation details
and the principles of ε and η refer to Kim et al. (2011).

3. Resultsη

1. Introduction

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

the area ratio of vegetation area to fetch (B)Figure 1. Relationship between the area ratio ofvegetation area to fetch and η

Figure 1 shows the relationship between the ratio ofvegetation area to fetch (B) and η. A negative linear
relationship between the ratio of vegetation to fetch and η
was observed. This indicates that the transport of CO2
becomes more stable as the area of vegetation contained in
the fetch increases.

4. Conclusion
The result of this study can be summarized as follows.
1) As the ratio of vegetation area to fetch area increases,
the land surface heterogeneity parameter (η) approaches
to 0, the value corresponding to a homogeneous surface.
2) This study suggests that the heterogeneity of fetch ismainly affected by the area ratio of vegetation area tofetch area (B).

References
1)

Wonsik kim ; Long-term analysis of evapotranspiration
over a diverse land use area in northern Thailand ;Hydrological Research Letters 8(1), 45–50 , 2014.

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th‐December 2nd, 2017)

Tohoku University

Analysis on Instagram data to understand people actions during heavy rainfall period○Satoshi Anzai1, So Kazama2
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2

Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail:satoshi.anzai.s7@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
This study was to analyze people reaction for rivers during heavy rainfall period. Social media has advantages to focus
on temporal and spatial distribution. Among various social media, Instagram was chosen for its real-time nature and lownoise. Data was collected by Instagram API detecting hash-tag search with name of rivers such as “#Tama-river”. From
the results, the number of posts were increasing after the warning, and it might prove that the number of people
recognizing the risk were increasing, although many images with posts along a river that time. Generally, the government
announces the warning in order to make people aware the danger of flood. However, the results show that the warning
can also increase people’s interests not only awareness of danger. It is assumed that the warning makes high-risk people
increasing.
Keywords: river management, flood, social science, social media

62

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2015/9/12 0:00

2015/9/11 0:00

Tama-riverwarning given
warning canceled

2015/9/10 0:00

Social media has advantages to focus on temporal andspatial distribution. Among various social media, Instagram
data was chosen for their real-time nature with low noise.
Data was collected by Instagram Application Program
Interface (API) detecting hash-tag search with name of rivers
such as “#Tama-river”. The study areas were Tama-river,Kinu-river, Edo-river, Tone-river, Sagami-river and Hiroseriver, which were struck by a heavy rainfall from 7th Sep
2015 to 11th Sep 2015.
Data was analyzed by three methods. Firstly, time series
analysis was made to understand attention changes to therivers. Time series change of the number of posts werecompared with the time of the warning given and canceled.

2015/9/9 0:00

2. Data and Methods

3. Results
3.1 Result of time series analysis
Each plots are summed the number of posts into each 30
minutes in Fig.1, 2, 3 and 4. Fig.1 shows time series changeof the number of posts with #Tama-river and warning given
and canceled time in Tama river. The average of the numberof posts was approximately 10 posts in Sep 2015. After thewarning, the number of posts were increasing promptly.
Tama river is located near big city, therefore many people
pay attention to the river. Fig.2 shows time series change ofthe number of posts with #Hirose-river and warning given

2015/9/8 0:00

Many rivers are shorter and have faster flow in Japan than
the rivers in foreign1). Floods are easy to occur and cause
damage to people living along riverside in Japan. Ushiyama
et al. surveyed characteristics of victims by heavy rainfall
from 2004 to 20092). As the result, 35.5% of victims were
death from approaching dangerous area. Thus it is importantto analyze people attention to river during heavy rainfall
period and time change of attention.
In past study, Yoshimoto et al. analyze characteristics ofevacuation from different types of floods3). And, Yabe et al.
research about process of making decision during riverdisaster by protocol method4). They used questionnaire
results after disasters and speeches data about reaction for
imaginary disasters. But, real-time data during real disasters
was not used. Therefore, social media data was used toanalyze people reaction for rivers during heavy rainfall.

Secondly, text analysis was made to identify for the rivers.
Mecab, the open source Japanese language analysis system,
was used. It is useful to separate one sentence to each wordand obtain frequency for each word. Thirdly, image analysis
was made to investigate distance from the poster to the rivers.
The distance was manually measured from the river toposters in image.

2015/9/7 0:00

1. Introduction

Fig.1 Time serize change of the number of posts with #Tama-riverG‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems(November 30th‐December 2nd, 2017)‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

and canceled time in Hirose river. The average of the numberof posts was approximately 6 posts in Sep 2015.After thewarning, the number of posts were increasing promptly.
Hirose river is located near big city, hence many people pay
attention to the river. Fig.3 shows time series change of thenumber of posts with #Kinu-river and warning given andcanceled time in Kinu river and overtopping time. The
average of the number of posts was approximately 45 posts
in Sep 2015. After the warning, the number of posts were notincreasing promptly. Kinu-river is located near small city,
thus, few people pay attention to the river. After over topping,
the number of posts were increasing. Over topping info wasshown on media, so many people pay attention to the river.
Fig.4 shows time series change of the number of posts with
#Edo-river. The average of the number of posts wasapproximately 14 posts in Sep 2015. It rained heavily aroundthe rivers, but warning was not given. Though, Edo-river wasnear to Tama-river, the number of posts were not increasingat same time. People living along the river did not pay
attention to the river because warning was not given. As aresult, many people concerned for the rivers after warning.
5
4
3
2
1
0

3.2 Result of text analysis and image analysis
Texts and hashtags show recognition for the rivers, and thesewere analyzed. Table 1 shows ranking of the frequency in use
in Tama-river, Kinu-river, Hirose-river and Toneriver. ’Flood’ was the 5th most frequently used in Kinu-river.
‘High flow’ was the 6th most frequently used in Tama-river.
‘Flood’ was the 3rd most frequently used in Hirose-river.
‘Flood’ and ‘high flow’ were the 1st and 3rd most frequently
used in Tama-river. Hence, illustrating the change of riverconditions such as flood and high flow were frequently used
Images in posts show distance from river to users, and thesewere analyzed. As a result, under the warning, There are a lotof images near the river. Fig.5 shows the images in posts with
#Hirose-river. These images were taken from the riverbank
and the bridge under the warning. From the results of text
analysis and the results of image analysis people approachedriver even though knowing the river was dangerous

4. Conclusion
1)
2)
3)

Hirose-riverwarning given
warning canceled

Tohoku University

After the warning, people pay more attention to the river.
People who posted on Instagram recognized the changeof river conditions. But a lot of people still obtained
images near the rivers. They are being at high risk.
The warning can increase people’s attention, not only
awareness of danger. It is assumed that the warning may
increase high-risk to people.

2015/9/12 0:00

2015/9/11 0:00

2015/9/10 0:00

2015/9/9 0:00

2015/9/8 0:00

2015/9/7 0:00

References1)2)

Fig.2 Time series change of the number of posts with #Hirose-river

3)

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

2015/9/12 0:00

2015/9/11 0:00

4)

2015/9/10 0:00

2015/9/9 0:00

2015/9/8 0:00

2015/9/7 0:00

Kinu-riverwarning given
overtopping
warning canceled

Fig.3 Time series change of the number of posts with #Kinu-river

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Rivers which are short and fast flow in Japan. 2015.
Japan institute of country-ology and engineering.
http://www.jice.or.jp/knowledge/japan/commentary08
Motoyuki Ushiyama, Yuka Takayanagi,: Characteristicof death or missing caused by heavy rainfall disasterevents from 2004 to 2009, Journal of Natural Disaster
Science, 29-3, 355-363, 2010
Toshiro Yoshimoto, Toshiharu Fueta, Tetutaro Sumi :Evacuation in flood plains with different characteristic,
Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Vol.37, 233238,1993
Hiroki Yabe : Information provision method for riverdisasters considering decision-making process andperception, Japan Society of Civil Engineers No.800, IVTable 1 Word ranking of the frequency in the texts and the hash-tags

river
Tama-river

ranking of frequency

word

7

high flow

Hirose-river
Kinu-river

3
5
1
3

flood
flood
flood
high flow

Tone-river

2015/9/12 0:00

2015/9/11 0:00

2015/9/10 0:00

2015/9/9 0:00

2015/9/8 0:00

2015/9/7 0:00

Edo-riverFig.4 Time series change of the number of posts with #Edo-riverFig.5 Image in posts with #Hirose-river under the warning

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G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety

Tohoku University

Concentration of Trace Elements in Corbicula Japonica○Koji Iwama1*, So Kazama1
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan*E-mail:koji.iwama.r1@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Lake Ogawara, which is typical brackish lake, is located in eastern part of Aomori prefecture. The environment of
Lake Ogawara varies depending on the local characteristic. Therefore, substance concentration of Corbicula Japonica
in Lake Ogawara is used for understand the difference on the environment. In this study, the change in element
concentration inside Corbicula Japonica caused by the difference in environment was measured by ICP-AES.
Through ICP-AES, six elements (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, Zn) were measured from the interior of the clams. Ca waslargely compared with other elements, and the average value was 4.0098 mg/g. Sr / Ca had a positive correlation withthe shell length. In addition, correlation was observed between Sr and Ca, and the correlation coefficient was 0.88.

Keywords: brackish lake, Lake Ogawara, ICP-AES

1. Introduction
Fig.1 shows the peripheral view of Lake Ogawara. Lake
Ogawara is located in the eastern part of Aomori Prefecture,facing the Pacific Ocean. The lake is one of the habitats ofCorbicula Japonica. Corbicula japonica is one of importantfishery resources in Japan. Recently the stock biomass are
decreasing, and the catch is also decreasing accordingly1).
Also, there is a declining trend in stock biomass and the catchin Lake Ogawara. Bottom sediment has greatly influenced by
the habitat condition of Corbicula Japonica2). However, due
to differences in bottom sediments, it has not been clarified
what affects to the clams. Therefore, by measuring theconcentration of elements in the interior of the clams and bycomparing with the sediment, it is considered that the
influence on the clams due to the difference in theenvironment can be understood. The change in element
concentration inside Corbicula Japonica caused by thedifference in environment was measured by ICP-AES(Inductively
CoupledPlasmaAtomicEmissionSpectroscopy). The sediment quality (mud fraction, ignitionloss) at the sampling point was compared with the measured
element concentration.

2. Survey and analysis method
Corbicula Japonica was collected at nine points in Lake
Ogawara (water depth 1m: 6 points, water depth 3 m: 3
points), and the shell length was measured. Samples of clams
used for the analysis were prepared as a set of 5 individuals
at each site, and here 9 sets totally. Measurement was carriedout using ICP-AES for the concentration of elements in theinterior of clams.

Fig.2 relationship between Ca and mud fraction

Fig.1 The peripheral view of Lake Ogawara

64

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

Fig.3 The relationship between (Sr/Ca) and shell

Ikato(1m)

Misawanada(1m)Sr(mg/g)0.012440794

0.011480729

District

Ikato(3m) Funagasawamae(1m) Semoda(3m) Takatori(3m)Sr(mg/g)0.014749148

0.011908764

Future prospects

Semoda(1m) Takatori(1m) Shimaguchi(1m)0.020481168 0.008423105

Tohoku University

Fig.4 The relationship between Ca and SrTable.1 The values of Sr in each district
District

G‐Safety0.012757852

0.014047176 0.006986357

The sediment data is based on the data obtained from thesediment survey conducted in 2015. Sediment collection was
carried out by Ekmanbage sampler. The measured values
were converted per 1 g of dry weight.

3.Results
Through ICP-AES, six elements (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, Zn)
were measured from the interior of the clams. The averagevalues of Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr and Zn are 4.00978 mg/g,
0.21209 mg /g, 0.89363 mg/g, 0.49394 mg/g, 0.01258 mg/ g ,0.09277 mg/g, respectively. Fig.2 shows the relationshipbetween Ca and mud fraction. As the mud component
increased in the sand particle composition, Ca tended todecrease.
Fig.3 shows the relationship between Sr/Ca and shell length.
Fig.2 shows the relationship between Sr/Ca and the shelllength has a positive correlation. Sr/Ca and the growth rate
are found to have a negative correlation in many cases3).
Corbicula Japonica has been found to grow slowly as theshell length increases. Therefore, the relationship between
Sr/Ca and shell length has a positive correlation.
Table 2 shows the values of strontium in each district. From
this, it can be seen that the measured value of Sr is small in
the Takatori area. Seawater contains 400 times more Sr thanin freshwater3). In fact, comparing a freshwater bivalve and amarine bivalve there is a report that marine bivalve
incorporates more Sr. In Lake Ogawara, the salt
concentration in normal condition is low. Salt water intrusionin the lake only when the tide level becomes larger than thewater level of the lake. Therefore, it is considered that thevalue of Sr decreased in the Takatori area far from the lake
where saltwater intrusion occurs.
Fig. 3 shows the relationship between Ca and Sr. There wasa correlation between Ca and Sr. The correlation coefficient
was 0.88.

65

In this research, we used Corbicula Japonica in Lake
Ogawara. As a result, it is conceivable that clams get results
peculiar to Ogawara Lake. In the future, it is necessary tocollect Corbicula Japonica in various parts of the country
and analyze it. By analyzing the clams in various parts of thecountry, it will be clear how the internal element of the clams
changes depending on the environment. Also, it is necessary
to measure the bottom mud and the water quality of the lake
as well as the sample of clams.
There are possibilities that internal elements of Corbicula
Japonica are subject to change according to the season. In
fact, there is a report on the seasonal fluctuation of theinternal elements of Corbicula Japonica by past research. As
a result, it is conceivable that the result will change greatly.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider seasonal variation.

References
1)
2)

3)

4)

Akira komaru: Causes and countermeasures for decreaseof fishery of clams, The 4th National Symposium of
Shizimi in Lake Ogawara, p.1, 2003.
Akira tamai, Hirokazu fujiwara, Mitsuhiko kubota,
Masayasu nagasaki, Masataka hamada, Masahumi
sakaki: Correlation between water quality in the Lake
Ogawara and hatching of Corbicula Japonica, Annual
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE, Vol. 52,
pp.1255-1260, 2008.
Akira komaru, Knji onouchi, Yasuhiro yanase,Teruyoshi narita, Tsuguo otake: Sr / Ca ratio of shells of
Corbicula Japonica collected in water areas withdifferent salt concentrations by EPMA (Electron Probe
Micro Analyzer), Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 75(3),pp.443-450, 2009.
Yuji koizumi, Fujiwara hirokazu, Yusuke matsuo,
Takuma numayama: Characteristics of water quality in
Lake Ogawara in recent years, The Journal of Japan
Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 Vol.70, No4,
I_1579-I_1584, 2014.

G‐Safety

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Tohoku University

Start-up of a Novel Single-stage Anammox Progress for Treating Sewage○Yujie Chen1, Rong Chen1,2, Jiayuan Ji1, Satoshi Sakuma1, Yu-You Li1
1

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
2

Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055, P.R.C.
*E-mail: gyokuyu.ri.a5@tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
Anammox progress is considered to be a cost-effective biological nitrogen removal way in wastewater treatment. Some
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have already applied anammox process. However, the start-up of anammox treatment
process needs to take much time due to the anammox bacteria’s long generation period and sensitivities. Most of the WWTPs
used the anammox process under the condition of relatively high temperature to treat high strength ammonia nitrogen. While inorder to treat wastewater under a lower or room temperature as well as to extend the application of anammox process even to
the low strength ammonia nitrogen contained wastewater such as the municipal sewage, this study was focused on the start-upof the a novel single-stage anammox progress for removing nitrogen from low concentration ammonia sewage at roomtemperature.

Keywords: anammox, nitrogen removal, nitritation-anammox, single-stage anammox, aeration control
1.

Introduction

Anammox process was first found in 1990s by scientists in
Netherland. Since then, it has been being focused on by many
researchers as anammox could let the ammonium and nitrite
converted into nitrogen gas in a short-cut way.
Among the processes, single-stage anammox is a processthat nitritation and anammox reaction occurred in the sametank then achieved nitrogen removal. The reactions for thewhole process are shown below:
Nitritation (Partial Nitrification):
1.3NH4++1.95O2→1.3NO2-+2.6H++1.3H2O (1)Anammox Reaction:
NH4++1.3NO2-→0.26NO3-+1.02N2+2H2O (2)Single-stage Anammox (1+2):
NH4++0.85O2→
0.11NO3-+0.445N2+1.13H++1.43H2O (3)Fig. 1 The schematic picture of experimental facilities
Table 1 Operating conditions

During the single-stage anammox process, aeration is used
for both providing dissolved oxygen (DO) to achieve
nitritation and stirring in the reactor tank. In the meanwhile,
given the slow growth rate and low yield of anammox
bacteria, biofilms have been shown to be a more effective
way because of their enhanced capacity to retain biomass
within the reactor system compared to suspended sludge
processes. The aim of this study was to achieve single-stage
anammox process for treating low strength ammonia
nitrogen wastewater at room temperature as well as
investigate the shortest HRT or the highest nitrogen loading
rate (NLR) based on the performance of nitrogen removal.

2.

Materials and Methods

Facilities used in this study are shown as figure 1 while theoperating conditions during the experiment are shown intable 1. The carriers used for biofilm growth were hollow
cylinders made of hydrophobic polypropylene resin, with asize of 4 mm Φ×4 mm L, a specific gravity of 0.98 g/cm3 anda specific surface area of 1500 m2/m3 and filling rate is 30 %.
In order to inhibit the nitrification reaction and promote theanammox reaction, DO in the reactor was controlled below
0.3 mg/L and the aeration rate (AR) was controlled between
0.1 – 0.2 L/min.

66

2

92120
1

121223
2

50

50

50

50

0.4

0.6

1.2

0.6

Days

1-41

42-61

62-91

HRT(h)
NH4+-N(mg/L)NLR(kg N/m3/d))

6

3

100
0.4

The seed sludge (high-strength anammox sludge,
MLVSS=2.2 g/L, MLSS=3.8 g/L) was collected from a
PN/A reactor fed continuously by relatively high-strength
synthetic wastewater containing 250 mg/L NH4+-N.
Therefore, the anammox reactor was started up under a HRT
of 6h and the NH4+-N concentration in the influent was set as
100 mg/L, before the extremely low-strength (50 mg/L NH4+N) influent was fed. Influent pH ranged from 7.41 to 7.94.

3.

Results and Discussion

Figure 2 shows kinds of nitrogen concentration in effluent,AR, DO and nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) during theoperation.
When the HRT decreased to 3 h, though the NLR was
unchanged, the ammonium concentration in effluent
decreased slightly and the NRE was about 61.96 % as theeffect of faster flow velocity which resulted low utilization of
the substrate.

G‐Safety

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems

Then as HRT was decreased to 2 h, the ammonium
concentration in effluent became low and the NRE was
improved to 76.56 % due to the higher NLR resulted theincreased of the available substrate for microorganisms.
However, since the HRT was further decreased into 1 h,ammonium concentration became very high and nitrite
concentration also increased lead to the NRE was as low as
25 %. The reason to be considered is that ammonium nitrogenvolumetric loading was so high that AOB couldn’t catchenough oxygen to transform ammonium nitrogen to nitrite
nitrogen properly and there wasn’t enough time for anammox
process finally caused NRE decreased rapidly.
Therefore, AR was regulated higher gradually to enhance
the transform from ammonium to nitrite by AOB. With DO
increasing, AOB could use more oxygen which caused
obviously decrease of ammonia, slightly increase of nitrationin the effluent and NRE improved to about 40 % but still
lower than that HRT was 2 h. On day 118, AR was recovered
to 0.25 while the NRE still decreased.
During the last phase, HRT was returned to 2 h again,
ammonium concentration in the effluent was decreased
gradually and NRE improved gradually finally stabled ataround 72 %. Meanwhile nitrite concentration was also at aextremely low level. Though nitrate concentration was higher
than the first HRT 2 h phase and the NRE was also a little
lower, it is reasonable as the second HRT 2 h phase wascontrolled by AR higher than the first one. As a conclusionof the long-termed operation, single-stage anammox process
was successfully achieved for treating a low strength nitrogenwastewater at room temperature.
During HRT ranged from 3 h to 1 h in the experiment, thehighest NRE was achieved in the phase of HRT was 2 h, thus
the shortest HRT as well as a relatively high NRE was
obtained as HRT was 2 h, and the NRE was 0.6 kg N/(m3·d)in this study.
In a late period, the symbiotic relation of anammox bacteria
and anammox oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by fluorescence inNitrogenremoval (%)

Kinds of nitrogen in
Effluent
effluent (mg/L)
nitrogen (mg/L)

Aerationrate(L/min)

100 mg/L
HRT 6h50 mg/L
HRT 3h

HRT 2hTohoku University

situ hybridization (FISH) was studied. The results (Figure 3)
showed that there was an obvious symbiotic relation between
the two kinds of bacteria. And the quantitative proportion of
anammox to AOB is 1:1.1.

Conclusions

4.

The results of this study were concluded as below:
1) This study demonstrated that anammox process canremove nitrogen from low strength ammonia nitrogensewage at room temperature by the aeration rate controlledaround 0.1 L/min.
2) The HRT condition was achieved as short as 2 hours
with a nitrogen loading rate of 0.6 kg N/(m3·d), acted out
the nitrogen removed efficiency kept at 74+15%.
3) According to the results of FISH experiment, anammox
bacteria and AOB can be cultured together in the sludge
and presented the quantitative proportion of anammox to
AOB was 1:1.1 in this study.

Fig. 3 Anammox-AOB association in the biofilm (Red represents
anammox bacteria and green represents AOB)

HRT 2h

HRT 1h

1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
80
60
40
20
0

Aeration rate

1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0

DO

Nitrogen

NH4-N

NO2-N

NO3-N

Carrier
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Time(days)

Fig. 2 Treatment performance on nitrogen removal

67

180

200

220

240

DO(mg/L)‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

How do the facultative DMF degradation bacteria play their roles in anaerobic conditions○Lu Li1, Zhe Kong1, Kengo Kubota1, Yu-You Li1*
1

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan*E-mail: gyokuyu.ri.a5@tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
12 samples were taken from a series of process in the decomposition of N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) to reveal thedifference of microbial community between aerobic condition and anaerobic conditions. Through aeration, Paracoccus
increased rapidly and generate DMFase to degrade DMF into dimethylamine (DMA) and formic acid (HCOOH). Theintermediate products can be used as carbon resource to generate methane by methanogenic archaea in anaerobic sludge. By
mix the aerobic and anaerobic sludge, DMF degrading bacteria and methanogenic archaea generate a symbiotic system thus

DMF can be degraded into methane in anaerobic condition.
Keywords: DMF, DMFase, anaerobic, co-culture

1. Introduction
N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) [(CH3)2NCHO] hasbeen widely employed in variety of chemical andmanufacturing industries owing to its excellent watermiscibility. According to the statistics data from Pollutant
Release and Transfer Resister, DMF contained emissions
rank third in newly added toxic pollutants in 2014 andapproximately 5.36×103 tons of DMF were either discharged
or transferred in 2015. DMF is poisonous and hazardous tohuman due to its hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Thus,
effective treatment of DMF-containing wastewater has
become a great concern worldwide. Traditional physical andchemical methods were unfeasible or unfriendly toenvironment. To massively treat DMF-containing
wastewater, biodegradation was considered as an appropriate
alternative. Since aerobic degradation takes lots of energy for
aeration, we want to investigate whether the toxic DMF canbe degraded in anaerobic condition and produce methane.
Degradation of DMF in anaerobic conditions had beenrealized in our previous studies by artificially mixed the
aerobic sludge and anaerobic sludge, but the mechanisms isstill unclear.
Our study aims to: (1) identify predominantmicroorganisms in aerobic and anaerobic conditions; (2)clarify the changes in community structure between different
conditions; (3) explain the role of functional bacteria in DMF
decomposition system.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental design and SamplingA 62-day batch experiment was conducted to verify
whether DMF can be degraded in anaerobic conditions byartificially mixed an aerobic sludge (Sample ID: K4) and ananaerobic sludge (Sample ID: K5). In the whole process,totally 4 parts were contained. Part I aerated anaerobic sludge
to promote the growth of DMF-degrading bacteria (Red line
in Fig. 1). Part II conducted a 62-day anaerobic domesticatedculture from the mixed sludge (Sample ID: K10) by batch
experiment (Blue line in Fig. 1). Part III was a batch control
started from sample K5 while Part IV is a long-term reactor
control (Green line).

2.2 DNA extraction, PCR and Illumina sequencing

68

Fig. 1 Relationship between samples.

DNA was extracted with ISOIL for Beads Beating kit(Nippon gene, Japan), then measured the concentration by
NanoDrop 2000 (Nanodrop Inc., USA) and diluted to 10
ng/μl for PCR. V3-V4 fragment of 16S rRNA gene were
amplified with the foward primer 341F and mixed reverse
primer 806R/806R-P. PCR condition was as follows: 30
cycles of 94 °C for 5 secs, 50 °C for 30 secs, 68 °C for 10
secs, and a final extension at 68 °C for 7 min with Low DNA
Ex Taq® (TaKaRa, Japan). The purity and concentration of
amplified DNA was verified by DNA chip 7500 with
Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, USA) and then purified
with Agencourt® AMPure® XP (Beckman Coulter, Inc.,
USA) according to the manufacturers' instructions. Purified
DNA was measured by Qubit 3.0 ® (Life technologies, USA)and diluted to 2 ng/μl. Barcode added PCR products weresequenced by Illumina Miseq platform.

2.3 Data processing
Raw data were filtered to remove short and low-quality
sequences, as well as demultiplexing were done withsplit_libraries_fastq.py in QIIME (version 1.8.0). OTUs weregenerated based on 97% identity, then Chimeras were
removed with ChimeraSlayer. Singleton OTUs were
removed and sequences were randomly selected to unified
the sequence number of each sample to 40,000. LEfSe
analysis was proceeded online in Galaxy website.

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

3. Results and discussion
3.1 Proportion analysis
The relative proportions of main phyla are shown in figure
2, the phyla which occupied less than 1% of total sequences
is summarized as “Others”. We can see that in Prat I (Include
samples of K1, K2 and K3), phylum Proteobacteria increased
rapidly. In Part II (Include samples from K10 to K14-19),phylum Euryarchaeota, the only main phylum of archaea,
rarely appeared in both aerobic conditions but bloomed in themixed sludge. In Part III (Include samples from K5 to K7 andK9) and Part IV (from K5 to K20), the community structuresare similar.

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Tohoku University

LEfSe analysis were based on top 43 OTUs which
represent 80% of total sequence in 12 samples. In level ofGenus, Paracoccus increased rapidly when anaerobic sludge
turned into aerobic one, this genus had been proved to havethe ability to degrade DMF into dimethylamine (DMA) andformic acid (HCOOH) in aerobic condition by produce
DMFase and this genus was identified as facultative
anaerobes. In our research, in Part I, Paracoccus denitrificans
increased rapidly and the relative ratio reached to 20% in K4.
While in Part II, the relative ratio keeps at 5%.
The right blue part in LEfSe (Fig. 4) shows that archaea
bloomed and comes to the dominate ones after mixed thesludge. Methane production rate increased and the DMF
concentration decreased based on the experimental data. In
control groups, the methanogenic archaea cannot proliferate
without carbon resource of DMA and MMA which is theintermediate products in the degradation of DMF to methane.
Based on this, we propose that by mix the aerobic sludge
which can generate DMFase and the anaerobic sludge whichharbors methanogenic archaea, the degradation of DMF canbe realized in anaerobic condition.

Fig. 2 Main phyla of 12 samples.

3.2 Cluster analysis
12 samples were analyzed for PCoA (Principal
Coordinates Analysis) with weighted calculation method(Fig. 3). Significant changes have taken place in different
types of samples. With aeration, the anaerobic sludge K1
transform into K2 and K4, the red arrow represents thecommunity structure changed with aeration. Than wemixed the K5 and K4 to generate the mixed sludge of K10
thus K10 located in the position which is between K5 andK4. After 60 days anaerobic co-cultivation, the new
symbiosis community structure formed and seems stable.
While the control group, nether the batch control group
nor the reactor control group can generate a new
symbiosis community structure which can effectively
degrade DMF.

Fig. 4 LEfSe analysis of total samples based on 4 groups.

4. Conclusions(1) Phylum Proteobacteria increased rapidly when aerobic
sludge turned into anaerobic one. Only mixed sludge canharbor a certain number of archaea which is associate withmethane fermentation.
(2) In total 4 parts of cultivation, only two pathways canbe inducted as the evolution of bio-community structure. Oneis from anaerobic to aerobic condition, another one is from a
simply artificial mixed sludge to a symbiosis system.
(3) Specific species from aerobic sludge degrade DMF into
DMA by produce DMFase while methanogenic archaea fromanaerobic degrade DMA to MMA than to methane. A
mutualistic symbiosis generated in anaerobic condition.

5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank their advisors andworkmates in the lab of Tohoku University, this article was
supported by Tohoku University Division forInterdisciplinary Advanced Research and Education.

Fig. 3 Principal Coordinates Analysis.

3.3 Function analysis

69

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

Effect of HRT on Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Paper Waste Containing OFMSW○Aijun ZHU1*, Jing WU1, Yu Qin2 & Yu-You Li,1,2
1 Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Sciences,
Tohoku University, 6-6-20 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579,
2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University,
6-6-06 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;*E-mail: zhu.aijun.t4@dc.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on methane production
using a single-stage anaerobic process. One continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) were used underthermophilic conditions (55±2oC) in order to enhance methanogenesis. A mixture of paper waste and OFMSW(1:1:1, v/v/v) was utilized. The reactor was operated at three different HRTs of 30, 20 and 10 days. The
maximum CH4 production rate of 6.99 L/L d was achieved at HRT of 10 d. The TS, VS, carbohydrate and COD
removal efficiency was almost same at different HRT and protein showed negative removal efficiency.

Keywords: Single-stage anaerobic digestion; paper waste; OFMSW; Hydraulic retention time

1. Introduction
Renewable energy sources have received great interest
from the international community during the last decades.
Organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is oneof the most promising energy sources. However, despite its
high carbohydrate content, the anaerobic treatment of
OFMSW is quite problematic due to its low bicarbonate
alkalinity high COD concentration and tendency to rapid
acidification. Except for the resistant to biodegradation, thelow C/N ratio of algal sludge is also a serious problem tothe anaerobic digestion. Although, an optimum C/N range
in feedstock for the anaerobic digestion is still debatable in
the literature, 20/1–30/1 is a most acceptable range (Parkin
and Owen, 1986).
One method to avoid excessive ammonia accumulation isto adjust low feedstock C/N ratios by adding high carbon
content materials, thereby improving the digestion
performance. Most OFMSW consists of paper material(including office paper and newspaper), which has a C/Nratio ranging from 173/1 to greater than 1000/1 (Stroot et al.,2001). Both wastes are produced in large quantities and inmany places, and much research has focused on thisparticular issue. Co-digestion using paper waste containing
OFMSW as substrate may enhance the performance of the
AD due to better carbon and nutrients balance. That is, theuse of a co-substrate that in most cases improves the biogas
yields due to positive synergisms established in thedigestion medium and the supply of missing nutrients by theco-digestion.
A series of operational parameters including pH (Dareioti
et al.,2014), temperature, reactor configuration (Nasir et al.,2012), Among them, hydraulic retention time (HRT) has
been reported as one of the most important parameters
significantly affecting microbial ecology in CSTR digesters

70

and must be thus optimized for the particular feedstock
fermented in the digester. Organic loading rate (Mariakakis
et al., 2011) and hydraulic retention time (Rincon et al.,2008) have been investigated in the literature due to theireffect on biogas production. More specifically, our aim wasto study the effect of HRT, as one of the most criticaloperating parameters on methane production. The purposeof this work was to assess the possibility of co-digestion of
OFMSW and high carbon content of waste paper at
different HRT to produce methane on the methane
production.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1

Materials

The compositions of OFMSW used as substrate in the test
based on previous study which consisted of 30% fruits, 36%vegetables, animal 14% and staple food 20%. (Li et al.
2003). The collected OFMSW were ground andhomogenized to less than 5 mm with tap water in a blender
and were stored at 4°C before feeding. FW was
supplemented with the cardinal elements, Fe, Co and Ni:
100 mg/L of Fe (FeCl2∙4H2O), and 10 mg/L of both Co(CoCl2∙6H2O) and Ni (NiCl2∙6H2O) (Wu et al. 2015).
The paper waste was consisted of office paper toilet paperand newspaper which are the most amount of recycle paperin Japan. The ratio of three paper waste was 1：1：1, cut by
shredder before mixing with OFMSW for feeding.
Seed sludge was from a mesophilic sewage sludge digesterat the Sendai municipal sewage treatment plant locatedalong Sendai, Japan.

2.2

Analysis methods

Daily biogas production is measured by wet gas meter, andthe composition of biogas (CH4, CO2 and N2) were
measured by a ShimadzuGC-8A gas chromatograph. The

The 5th International Symposium on Water Environment Systems‐‐‐‐‐ with Perspective of Global Safety(November 30th ‐ December 2nd , 2017)

pH, COD, TS, ammonium nitrogen, alkalinity, VS and VSS
were measured according to Standard Methods (APHA,
1995). Sludge samples were sampled twice a week from thedigesters and the substrate tank to determine the total andsoluble parameters. Samples for the analysis of soluble
items, such as soluble COD (SCOD), total ammonia
nitrogen (TAN), VFAs and alkalinity, were centrifuged at
8,000 rpm for 15 min and then filtered with 0.45 μm filters
before they were analyzed. A GC, equipped with a flame
ionization detector ((GC-FID, Shimadzu GC-14B) and a
DB-WAXetr column, was utilized to detect VFAs andethanol. A 0.5 mL filtrate was collected in a 1.5 mL GC vial,
and 0.5 mL 0.1 mol/L HCl solution was also added toachieve an acidic pH.

2.3

G‐Safety
Tohoku University

3. Results and Discussion
The changes of reactor performance in the three HRT were
measured and the results are summarized in Figure 2. As
shown in Figure 2, pH remained practically constant at each
HRT values (30, 20 and 10 d), with values 7.47 ±0.02，
7.31±0.06 and 7.15±0.07，respectively. The TAN andalkalinity decreased significantly with the decrease of HRT，
but finally it can keep a stable level. There is no change
about methane contents in each HRT. During the all
operation time, there is no VFA accumulation observed,
indicating process stability. The average biogas productionin each HRT was 2.18 3.41 and 6.99 L/L/d respectively, as
shown in Fig. 2.

Reactors start-up and operation

A mixture of paper waste and OFMSW (in a ratio of
1:1v/v) was used, based on our previous experiment.
Experiments were carried out in a single-stage continuous
anaerobic process. The anaerobic reactors were cylindricalin shape, made with a double wall, having an operating
volume of 3 L, and were operated at constant temperature(55±2oC) via a heaters and water jackets. The feedstock
was stored in a tank maintained constant temperature at 4oC.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the single-stage systemused in this study for methane production
The continuous operation of the reactor started at HRT of
30 d. Sludge samples were sampled twice a week fromreactors under continuous stirring conditions and analysed,
for monitoring each reactors performance. Experiments
were conducted successively to determine the optimum
HRT for methane production. Organic loading rate (OLR)
was increased by decreasing the operating HRT. The reactor
was operated at three different HRTs of 30, 20 and 10 dwith a feeding mixture of paper waste and OFMSW. The
tested operating conditions in the two-stage system aresummarized in Table 1.

Fig. 2. Time course for thermophilic reactor
Figure 3 presents the experimental results about organic
removal efficiency obtained at steady-state conditions forthe different HRTs. The TS, VS , carbohydrate and COD
removal efficiency was almost same at different HRT, s thethe all best performance as positive removal was achievedin HRT＝30 days, TS(77.3%), VS(81.6%) , carbohydrate(91.5%) and COD(78.9% )Meanwhile, protein showednegative removal of 13.4% , 21.4%, and 29.5% respectively.
The single-stage continuous anaerobic process was apromising way to treat the paper waster and OFMSW. And
there is possible for single-stage continuous anaerobic
process operating at more shorter HRT .

Table 1 Operating conditions in the digesterRunNO.

HRT(d)OLR

OLR(g VS/L d)(g COD/L d)

1

30

7.27

4.3

Fig. 3. Effect of HRT on removal efficiency of COD, TS,

2

15

14.5

8.6

VS, carbohydrates and protein

3

7.5

29.1

17.3

71