■ Letter

Improving practical skills in radiological nursing:Results of questionnaire surveys fromradiological nursing seminars
Kohsei KUDO†
Yuka NOTO

Chieko ITAKI

Yoshiko NISHIZAWA

Toshiko TOMISAWA

Keiko AIZUMayumi URUSHIZAKA

Maiko KITAJIMA

Takakiyo TSUJIGUCHI

Minoru OSANAI

Yoichiro HOSOKAWA

Key words : nurses, radiological nursing, nursing education
Abstract : Diagnosis and treatment involving radiation are advanced and specialized, and the application range of radiation
use is expanding year by year. Under these circumstances, nurses are engaged in caring for patients undergoingradiation for diagnosis and treatment in various clinical settings. Meanwhile, in response to the Fukushima
Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, the importance of radiation education for basic nursing and continuing
education was recognized. Therefore, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences has been holding“radiological nursing seminars” aimed at improving nursesʼ knowledge of and practical ability in radiation. In
addition to reporting on this activity, we examined the interests and needs related to radiological nursing basedon the results of questionnaire surveys conducted on the participants of the seminars. The results of the surveys
suggest that nurses have a high degree of interest in radiation and motivation for learning and that radiologicalnursing seminars are effective for helping nurses obtain a better understanding of radiological nursing.

I ．Introduction

conducted worldwide involving diagnostic nuclear

The use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment ismedicine procedures increased gradually between 1988

advanced and specialized, and its range of applications isand 2008, and after having doubled between 1988 andexpanding year by year. According to the United Nations

1993, the annual per caput dose has remained constant

Scientiﬁc Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation,

since 1993.1) In nuclear medical practice in Japan, thethe annual number of diagnostic medical radiologicalnumber of positron-emission tomography examinations

examinations conducted around the world increased

and radionuclide-targeted therapies has been increasing.2)

2.25-fold from 1988 to 2008, and the annual effective

Radiation exposure in the family members of patients

dose per caput has been rising. In Japan, the number

receiving radioactive I-131 therapy for thyroid cancerof annual computed tomography (CT) examinations

has also been measured and reported.3) In addition,

increased 25-fold from 1979 to 2000, and the annual

there are a diverse number of interventional radiology

effective dose per caput increased about threefold from

(IVR) procedures for which not only patient, but also

1989 to 2000. The number of annual examinations

staff exposure has been pointed out. 1, 4–7) Cancer isHirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences† Contact address: Kohsei Kudo (kohsei@hirosaki-u.ac.jp)2

日本放射線看護学会誌 VOL.7 NO.1 2019

投稿受付日 2018年 9月 10日，投稿受理日 2019年 1月 22日
doi: 10.24680/rnsj.7.1_2

expected to be an increasingly prevalent disease in aging

nursing training was apparent, which reaffirms the

populations, and this will likely lead to the growth ofimportance of radiation education for basic nursing

1)

radiation therapy in most countries. In Japan, about

and continuing education.13, 14) Previously, there was no

26% of cancer patients currently undergo radiotherapy.

requirement of radiation education for the basic nursing

However, the number of patients undergoing radiation

curriculum.15) Therefore, in recent years, radiation

treatment is increasing rapidly, and a process ofincreasing from 26% to about 50–60%, which is on par

education has started to be offered more frequently towith the US, is anticipated.8)

nursing and public health nursing students.16, 17)
In addition, Hirosaki University Graduate School ofUnder these circumstances, nurses are engaged in

Health Sciences has started holding “radiological nursing

providing care to patients undergoing diagnosis andseminars” aimed at improving nursesʼ knowledge of andtreatment involving radiation in a variety of clinicalpractical ability in radiation. In addition to reporting on

settings; therefore, knowledge regarding radiation andthis activity, here we examine nursesʼ needs and concerns

associated practical techniques on radiation protection

in relation to radiological nursing based on the results of

9–12)

However, in the aftermath of thequestionnaire surveys conducted on the participants ofFukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident,

the seminars. It is meaningful to show the ﬁndings of thisa shortage of public health nurses with radiologicalresearch to let foreign countries know about the current

is important.

Table 1.
1

1st*

2nd

3rd*1

4th*1,*2

5th*1,*2

6th*1,*2

Venue, year, open timeTarget, recruitment number
Theme
Educational lecture
Symposium
Co-organized
Venue, year, open timeTarget, recruitment number
Theme
Venue, year, open timeTarget, recruitment number
Theme
Educational lecture
Topics offered
Exchange of opinions
Co-organized
Venue, year, open timeTarget, recruitment number
Theme
Educational lecture 1
Educational lecture 2
Co-organized
Venue, year, open timeTarget, recruitment number
Theme
Educational lecture 1
Educational lecture 2
Venue, year, open timeTarget, recruitment number
Theme
Educational lecture 1
Educational lecture 2

Details of the radiological nursing seminars

Tokyo, 2013, 13:00–16:00
Medical professionals who are interested in radiological nursing and examinations (about 100 people)
Education and prospects aiming for advancement and specialization of radiological nursing
Exposure of nurses in nuclear medical examinations
I think about future radiological nursing
Radiological Nursing Society of Japan (RNSJ)
Hirosaki, 2014, 17:40–18:40
Undergraduate and graduate students, graduate school teachers, and nurses (about 100 people)
Advanced practice nursing & cancer clinical trials in the USA
Chiba, 2014, 13:30–16:40
Medical professionals who are interested in radiological nursing and examinations (about 100 people)
Towards the latest knowledge of medical radiation use and nursing consultations in radiologicalexaminations
Forefront of radiological examinations, current status and future of bone metastasis treatment
Activity Introduction of Japan Network for Research and Information on Medical Exposure (J-RIME)
How can we respond to a patientʼs anxiety?
RNSJ, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS)Tokyo, 2015, 13:00–16:20
Medical professionals who are interested in radiological nursing and examinations (about 80 people)
The latest knowledge necessary for nursing in radiological examinations
IVR practice, I and Narumi Hospital, every day, INE nurse
The latest nuclear medical examinations and radiological nursing
RNSJ
Tokyo, 2016, 13:50–16:25
Medical professionals who are interested in radiological nursing and examinations (about 80 people)
Would you like to learn the basics as well? Fundamentals of radiation necessary for nurses“Basics of radiation and radiation protection” useful from tomorrowThinking about “radiation hypersensitivity” to fear radiation correctly
Tokyo, 2017, 13:30–16:10
Medical professionals who are interested in radiological nursing and examinations (about 80 people)
Basic knowledge necessary for nursing in radiological examinations“Basics of radiation and radiation protection” useful for nursing“Radiological examination and nursing” for nurses*1: This seminar is the subject of a self-study achievement addition for certiﬁed nurses in all ﬁelds*2: “Program of Certiﬁed Nurse Specialist in Radiological Nursing” was explained
IVR: Interventional radiology
INE: Intervention nursing expert

日本放射線看護学会誌 VOL.7 NO.1 20193

situation on radiological nursing in Japan.

participating in the next seminar. In the second seminar,
the items focused on hopes for participating in the next

II ．Method

seminar, and in the third seminar, nursesʼ motivation for

1． Radiological nursing seminars

participation. In the fourth through the sixth seminars,

Six radiological nursing seminars were held in 2013–11 check-off, three entry and two free entry items were2017. The details of these seminars are shown in Table 1.

included, and all are presented in Table 2.

2． Participants

4． Data collection

The numbers of participants attending the ﬁrst throughAt reception, all seminar participants received an

the sixth seminar were 120, 140, 52, 53, 63, and 75,

anonymous self-administered questionnaire, and theserespectively. The participation fee was free, and there

were collected at the end of each seminar. The data were

was no subsidy for travel expenses.

then compiled and analyzed.

3． Questionnaire items

5． Ethical considerations

In the ﬁrst seminar, the questionnaire items focused

We provided oral explanations, involving theon nursesʼ motivation for participation and hopes forvoluntary nature of the questionnaire, to the participants

Table 2.

The questionnaire item in the 4th‒6th radiological nursing seminars

Questionnaire item
Job category
Nurse
MidwifePublic health nurse
Faculty member
Other
Nurse specialist qualiﬁcation (overlapping responses)
Certiﬁed Nurse in Radiation Therapy Nursing
Certiﬁed Nurse Specialist in Cancer Nursing
Intervention Nursing Expert (INE)
Nuclear Medicine Nurse
Other specialist qualiﬁcation
No specialist qualiﬁcation
GenderMale
FemaleSeminar participantʼs workplace (prefecture) (entry)
Clinical experience as a nurse (y) (entry)
Clinical experience in radiation as a nurse (y) (entry)
How did you ﬁnd out about the seminar? (overlapping responses)
From my boss and colleagues
From a guide inside the facility
From a seminar guide poster
From a leaﬂet at an academic meeting of RNSJ*1
From acquaintances and friends
From the website of Hirosaki University
Other
What was your motivation for participation? (overlapping responses)
Interesting contents
Recommended by my boss
Necessary for earning points to renew Certiﬁed Nurse status
A colleague participated
Other
Content desired to be picked up at the radiological nursing seminar (free entry)
Free comments and opinions about the radiological nursing seminars (free entry)*1: Radiological Nursing Society of Japan4

日本放射線看護学会誌 VOL.7 NO.1 2019

Questionnaire item
How interested were you in the contents of educational
lecture 1
Very interested
Interested
Not very interested
Not interested at all
How interested were you in the contents of educational
lecture 2
Very interested
Interested
Not very interested
Not interested at all
Would you be interested in a “Program of Certiﬁed Nurse
Specialist in Radiological Nursing”?
Very interested
Interested
Not very interested
Not interested at all
Where would be a good location for a seminar in the future?
Tokyo
Other place
How was the seminar time?
It was appropriate (afternoon only)
Other times are good (morning only)
Other times are good (all day)
Other times are good (no desired time)
Other times are good (after evening)
Will you participate in the next seminar?
I want to participate
I will participate if convenient
I will not participate

Table 3.

Results of the questionnaires from the 4th‒6th radiological nursing seminars(N=191)

Questionnaire item
Job category
Nurse
MidwifePublic health nurse
Faculty member
Other
Nurse specialist qualiﬁcation (overlapping responses)
Certiﬁed Nurse in Radiation Therapy Nursing
Certiﬁed Nurse Specialist in Cancer Nursing
Intervention Nursing Expert (INE)
Nuclear Medicine Nurse
Other specialist qualiﬁcation
No specialist qualiﬁcation
No response
GenderMale
FemaleNo response
Seminar participantʼs workplace (prefecture)
Tokyo
Kanagawa
Saitama
Chiba
Shizuoka
Yamanashi
IbarakiGunma
Hokkaido
Fukushima
Tochigi
Miyagi
Yamagata
ShimaneFukuoka
Nagasaki
Akita
Osaka
Niigata
NaganoGifu
Aichi
Tokushima
Mie
Okayama
Okinawa
No response
Clinical experience as a nurse (y)
≤9
10–19
20–29
≥ 30
No response

n

%*

188
0
0
2
1

98
0
0
1
1

30
2
17
8
36
71
33

15
1
9
4
18
36
17

11
179
1

6
94
1

64
43
14
11
8
7
6
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5

34
23
7
6
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3

32
70
64
25
0

17
37
34
13
0

1

Questionnaire itemn

Clinical experience in radiation as a nurse (y)
<1
33
1–5
91
6–10
43
>10
17
No response
7
How did you find out about the seminar? (overlapping
responses)
From my boss and colleagues
78
From a guide inside the facility
58
From a seminar guide poster
42
From a leaﬂet at an academic meeting of RNSJ*2
22
From acquaintances and friends
15
From the website of Hirosaki University
6
Other
20
What was your motivation for participation? (overlapping
responses)
Interesting contents
167
Recommended by my boss
42
Necessary for earning points to renew
Certiﬁed Nurse status
26
A colleague participated
12
Other
8
How interested were you in the contents of educational
lectures 1 and 2? (total)
Very interested
181
Interested
188
Not very interested
6
Not interested at all
1
No response
6
Would you be interested in a “Program of Certiﬁed Nurse
Specialist in Radiological Nursing”?
Very interested
40Interested
94
Not very interested
34
Not interested at all
7
No response
16
Where would be a good location for a seminar in the future?
Tokyo
167
Other place19
No response5
How was the seminar time?
It was appropriate (afternoon only)172
Other times are good (morning only)
10
Other times are good (all day)7
Other times are good (no desired time)2
Other times are good (after evening)0Will you participate in the next seminar?
I want to participate
84
I will participate if convenient103
I will not participate0
No response
4

%*1
17
48
23
9
4

41
30
22
12
8
3
10

87
22
17
6
4

47
49
2
0
2

21
49
18
4
8
87
10
3
90
5
4
1
0
44
54
0
2

* 1: Rounded to the ﬁrst decimal place*2: Radiological Nursing Society of Japan

日本放射線看護学会誌 VOL.7 NO.1 20195

upon entry to the seminar. We explained that the

specialist qualiﬁcations; 18% (36) had other specialist

purpose of the questionnaire survey was to improve thequaliﬁcations; 17% (33) gave no response.

seminar and that we would seek to publish the results.
We also explained that non-participants would not bedisadvantaged and that the results would not be used forany other purpose.

Regarding the participantsʼ gender, 94% (179) of theparticipants were female, and 6% (11) were male.
Regarding the participantsʼ workplaces, 76% (145)selected the Kanto Region (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama,
Chiba, Ibaraki, Gunma, Tochigi), followed in order

III．Resultsby the Chubu Region (Shizuoka, Yamanashi, Niigata,

The numbers of questionnaire responses andNagano, Gifu, Aichi), Tohoku district (Fukushima,

the collection rates from the first through the sixth

Miyagi, Yamagata, Akita), Kyushu district (Fukuoka,

radiological nursing seminars were 113 (94%), 136

Nagasaki, Okinawa), Hokkaido Region (Hokkaido),(97%), 41 (79%), 53 (100%), 63 (100%), and 75 (100%),

Chugoku Region (Shimane, Okayama), Kansai Region

respectively.

(Osaka, Mie), and Shikoku Region (Tokushima), at 10%(19), 4% (8), 3% (5), 2% (3), 2% (3), 1% (2), and 1%

1． Motivation for participation and/or hopes(1), respectively.

for participating in the next seminar in the

Regarding clinical experience as a nurse, 83% (159)

first through the third radiological nursing

had 10 years or more of clinical experience, and 17%

seminars(32) had less than 10 years. On the other hand, 9%

In the ﬁrst and third radiological nursing seminars,
93% (143) of the participants responded “Interesting(17) had more than 10 years of clinical experience inradiation as a nurse, and 87% (167) had less.

contents” when selecting from the following five

Regarding the question “How did you ﬁnd out about

options as their motivation for participation: “Interesting

the seminar?”(overlapping response), 41% (78), 30%

contents”, “Recommended by my boss”, “Necessary(58), 22% (42), and 12% (22) responded, “From my boss

for earning points to renew Certified Nurse status”,

and colleagues”, “From a guide inside the facility”, and“A colleague participated”, and “Other”. Regarding“From a seminar guide poster”, and “From a leaﬂet at anparticipation in the next radiological nursing seminar,

academic meeting of the Radiological Nursing Society ofin the first and second seminars, 94% (233) of theJapan”, respectively.

participants responded “I want to participate” and “I will
participate if convenient”.

Regarding motivation for participation (overlapping
response), 87% (167) replied that they were “Interesting
contents”. Furthermore, regarding interest in educational

2． Questionnaire results from the fourth throughthe sixth radiological nursing seminars

lectures, 97% (total 369) responded that they were “Veryinterested” or “Interested” in the contents of educational

Details of the questionnaire results from the fourth

lectures 1 and 2. Conversely, only 2% (7) replied thatthrough the sixth seminars are shown in Table 3. In thethey were “Not very interested” or “Not interested at all”.

job category, “nurse” accounted for 98% (188) of theWe made explanations about “Program of Certiﬁed

responses. Two faculty members were licensed as a nurse

Nurse Specialist in Radiological Nursing” in advance.

and/or a public health nurse, and another as a medical

On that, regarding interest in a “Program of Certiﬁedradiological technologist.

Nurse Specialist in Radiological Nursing”, 70% (134)

Regarding specialist qualifications (overlapping

replied that they were “Very interested” or “Interested”,

response), 29% (57) of the participants were certiﬁed

while 22% (41) replied that they were “Not veryin regard to radiological nursing as “Certiﬁed Nurse ininterested” or “Not interested at all”.

Radiation Therapy Nursing”, “Certiﬁed Nurse Specialist

Regarding the item “Where would be a good locationin Cancer Nursing”, “Intervention Nursing Expert

for a seminar in the future?”, 87% (167) chose “Tokyo”,(INE)”, “Nuclear Medicine Nurse”; 36% (71) had nowhile only 10% (19) chose “Other place”. About seminar6

日本放射線看護学会誌 VOL.7 NO.1 2019

Table 4.

Content desired to be picked up at the radiological nursing seminar (free comments)

Classiﬁcation, no. of cases
4th

Basic knowledge, 2 cases
IVR, Nuclear medicine, 1 caseRadiotherapy, 2 cases
Exposure, 1 case
Practice, 1 case

5th

Basic knowledge, 2 cases
Nuclear medicine, 1 caseRadiotherapy, 4 cases

Exposure, 2 cases

Practice, 5 cases
Education, 2 cases
6th

IVR, 1 caseCT, 2 cases
Nuclear medicine, 1 caseRadiotherapy, 12 cases
Exposure, 3 cases
Practice, 3 cases
Education, 2 cases

Description
Radiophysics, because I think that it will be fun if I can understand it.
Radiation fundamentals, because there was no class of radiation.
Nursing at the IVR and Nuclear medicine ward, I want to know that it is based on legal grounds.
Effects of radiation in different diseases, types of radiotherapy.
Protection from exposure.
Concrete practical content, reports, etc.
I would like to know the contents of examination and nursing.
I would like to know about nuclear medicine nursing.
Skin ﬂame treatment timing and assessment, Treatment planning method and image viewing, How to
detect adverse events by image.
Interaction between radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Infant exposure.
Proper nursing for adverse events such as dermatitis and gastrointestinal symptoms, and adverse event
prevention.
Will it be necessary to obtain informed consent from now on?
I urge you to give lectures including day-to-day cases useful for work.
Education for nurses.
I would like to ask about speciﬁc treatments such as new IVR.
Attention point of nursing with contrast agents, response when sudden change at CT/MRI examination.
I would like to know effective nursing methods from the viewpoint of radiation protection when patientsneed RI or PET.
Neutron activation.
Marking in radiation therapy, prevention of skin inﬂammation and points to be noted in everyday life, etc.
Internal exposure.
On radiation and emergency exposure, regarding exposure prevention at the time of a disaster.
The nurseʼs response at the time of radiation accident, the actual situation of radiological nursing between
Japan and the world (especially countries where radiological nursing education is substantial).
One day ﬂow of college life.

IVR: Interventional radiology
CT: Computed tomography
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging
RI: Radioisotope
PET: Positron-emission tomography

time, 90% (172) responded that the time was appropriate.

radiation, IVR, CT, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy,

Regarding participation in the next seminar, 98% (187)

exposure medicine, practice, and education. Radiation

chose “I want to participate” or “I will participate if

therapy was the most frequently requested, requested byconvenient”; none of the respondents chose “I will not

18 cases in total of 47 cases.

participate”.

Free comments and opinions about the radiologicalnursing seminars are summarized in Table 5. In total, 16,

3． Results of questionnaire survey from the14, and 23 comments were given from the fourth throughfourth through the sixth radiological nursing

the sixth radiological nursing seminars; these were

seminars in terms of free comments

subsequently classiﬁed into “good” or “improvement”

The free comments given by the participants regarding

opinions. The “good” included being able to learn about

the content desired to be picked up at the radiologicalradiation, and many respondents noted that they wanted

nursing seminar are summarized in Table 4. In total,

to attend lectures by nurses in the improvement plan.

seven, 16, and 24 comments were given from thefourth through the sixth radiological nursing seminars;

IV．Discussion

these were then classiﬁed into several types. Examples

For nurses interested in continuing education, Hirosaki

of characteristic descriptions for each classification

University Graduate School of Health Sciences has

are shown in Table 4, including basic knowledge ofbeen implementing radiological nursing seminars aimed
日本放射線看護学会誌 VOL.7 NO.1 20197

Table 5.

Free comments and opinions about the radiological nursing seminars

Classiﬁcation, no. of cases
4thGood opinion, 12 cases

Improvement opinion, 4 cases
5thGood opinion, 13 cases

Improvement opinion, 1 case
6th

Good opinion, 14 cases

Improvement opinion, 9 cases

Description
It was a good opportunity to learn about the current state of radiological nursing. Thank you for planning.
Since the seminar was held in the afternoon, I was able to participate easily without having to stayovernight. As we will open a PET Center soon, it was nice to have a good talk in a timely manner. It isdifﬁcult to explain radiological nursing carefully to nursing students. I sincerely hope that the nursing
school curriculum teaches about radiation.
Although there are only a few seminars related to radiation medicine and nursing, I have been able toparticipate and learn about the topic.
I would like to attend lectures delivered not only by doctors, but also nurses.
I hope to attend lectures from practitioners (nurses) in the future.
It was very stimulating. I also want to participate next year. Thank you very much.
I thought that the foundations were learnable. I would like to lead education sessions for juniors, even if I
have to conduct them myself.
I wanted to participate and learn correct information about medical radiation exposure. At the seminar
this time, I was able to conﬁrm that there is hardly any exposure if I wear a lead apron, so I was relieved.
The contents were difﬁcult to see.
I was able to review the basics. Thank you very much. I liked the material.
I was able to listen to radiological nursing lectures from doctors, which were very helpful. Thank youvery much.
I learned a lot about fetal exposure. I understand the criteria, so now I can explain this with conﬁdence.
It would be nice to have a nurse (job) give a lecture on radiological nursing. I hope to learn more about
cancer patients (including psychological aspects).
I would like to hear about nursing experiences.
The meeting place was cold.
I wanted handout material.

PET: Positron-emission tomography

at improving the knowledge and practical ability ofOf the nurses who participated in the seminar, 84%

nurses in the ﬁeld of radiation. The results from the ﬁrst

had 10 years or more of clinical experience. However,through the third seminars revealed that the participants

88% had less than 10 years of experience in radiation-

had a high degree of interest in learning more about

related clinical experience, and 65% had less than 5radiation and were motivated to participate in theyears of experience (Table 3). One of the reasons why

seminars because of the interesting contents. The ﬁrst

the clinical experience of nurses is long and experiencethrough the third seminars were held in Tokyo, Hirosaki

in radiation-related clinical experience is short may becity in Aomori Prefecture, and Chiba, respectively,

the rapid increase in radiation inspection and equipment

but all seminars starting with the fourth were held inin recent years.1, 2, 8) Another reason may be that radiation

Tokyo (Table 1). As a result, 191 individuals from 26

education has not until recently been commonly offeredprefectures nationwide, including Hokkaido in the northto university nursing students and clinical nurses.17)

and Okinawa in the south, attended (Table 3). Because

Similar results were seen in regard to motivation

there were participants traveling from remote areas, it

for participating in and the chance to learn about thewas also presumed that some attended because there

radiological nursing seminars. In other words, thewere few opportunities to learn about radiologicalparticipants tended to be influenced by their bosses,

nursing in their own locality. Regarding the desired

colleagues, and friends. However, the participantsʼ

seminar venue and time, 87% of the respondents choseinterest in seminars and educational lectures was very

Tokyo and 90% chose afternoon only, allowing thehigh (Table 3). Such high levels of motivation andpossibility of day trips from distant areas (Table 3).

interest were considered to be related to the Fukushima

One respondent also noted in the free comments that

Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, as in that disaster,“Since the seminar was held in the afternoon, I was able

medical treatment and radiation exposure could not be

to participate easily without having to stay overnight”

separated leading to an increased interest in radiation(Table 5).

and radiation exposure among the general public.18, 19) In

8日本放射線看護学会誌 VOL.7 NO.1 2019addition, the results regarding the content desired to bepicked up at the radiological nursing seminar, six cases

Funding assistanceNo funding assistance.

of “Protection from exposure” were noted. Furthermore,since there were 18 requests for radiation therapy, mostof them concerned with adverse events, education of

Conﬂicts of interest
The authors have no conﬂicts of interests to declare.

tissue response by radiation, these were also considered
to be important (Table 4).
The seminar participants were also interested in

References1)

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2)of radiology and nursing had been established at
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radiological nursing by nurses as a part of their job wasdesired, as shown in Table 5. Holding a workshop has
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4)

necessary for teachers providing radiological nursing
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5)18, 20)future.

V ．Conclusion

6)

As the use of radiation in diagnosis and therapy is
becoming increasingly advanced, the understandingof radiation and associated issues has become

7)

indispensable, particularly in regard to the roles ofnurses. Based on the results of questionnaire surveys
conducted on participants in radiological nursing
seminars, nurses displayed a high degree of interest inradiation and motivation for learning. These ﬁndings

8)

suggest that radiological nursing seminars are effective
for helping nurses obtain a better understanding ofradiation nursing.
Acknowledgements

9)

We wish to thank those individuals who cooperated inholding the radiological nursing seminars. In particular, we
would like to express our sincere gratitude to the General

10)

Affairs Council of the Graduate School of Health Sciences at
Hirosaki University.

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