WORLDANTI-DOPING
CODE

2009

World Anti-Doping Code
The World Anti-Doping Code was first adopted in 2003 and became
effective in 2004. The enclosed incorporates revisions to the World
Anti-Doping Code that were approved by the World Anti-Doping
Agency Foundation Board on November 17, 2007. The revised
World Anti-Doping Code is effective as of January 1, 2009.
Published by:World Anti-Doping Agency
Stock Exchange Tower
800 Place Victoria (Suite 1700)
PO Box 120
Montreal, Quebec,
Canada H4Z 1B7
URL:

www.wada-ama.org

Tel:
Fax:
E-mail:+1 514 904 9232
+1 514 904 8650
code@wada-ama.org

Table of Contents

PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF
THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE ....................................11
THE CODE ...............................................................................11
THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM.................................12

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS..............................................12
MODELS OF BEST PRACTICE AND GUIDELINES .................13
FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE ..............14

PART ONE:: DOPING CONTROLINTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................16
ARTICLE 1:

DEFINITION OF DOPING.................................................................18

ARTICLE 2:

ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS.................................................18

2.1

PRESENCE OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR ITSMETABOLITES OR MARKERS IN AN ATHLETE’S SAMPLE........19

2.2

USE OR ATTEMPTED USE BY AN ATHLETE OF A
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR A PROHIBITED METHOD...........21

2.3

REFUSING OR FAILING WITHOUT COMPELLINGJUSTIFICATION TO SUBMIT TO SAMPLE COLLECTION.............22

2.4

VIOLATION OF APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
REGARDING ATHLETE AVAILABILITY FOR
OUT-OF-COMPETITION TESTING .................................................23

2.5

TAMPERING OR ATTEMPTED TAMPERINGWITH ANY PART OF DOPING CONTROL.......................................23

2.6

POSSESSION OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCESAND PROHIBITED METHODS........................................................24

2.7

TRAFFICKING OR ATTEMPTED TRAFFICKING IN ANYPROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR PROHIBITED METHOD ..............25

2.8

ADMINISTRATION OR ATTEMPTED ADMINISTRATIONTO ANY ATHLETE IN-COMPETITION OF ANYPROHIBITED METHOD OR PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE ..............25

ARTICLE 3:

PROOF OF DOPING .........................................................................26

3.1

BURDENS AND STANDARDS OF PROOF..............................26

3.2

METHODS OF ESTABLISHING FACTS AND PRESUMPTIONS.......26

ARTICLE 4: THE PROHIBITED LIST ....................................................................29
4.1

PUBLICATION AND REVISION OF THE PROHIBITED LIST........29

4.2

PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITEDMETHODS IDENTIFIED ON THE PROHIBITED LIST...............30

4.3

CRITERIA FOR INCLUDING SUBSTANCES AND METHODSON THE PROHIBITED LIST.....................................................32

4.4

THERAPEUTIC USE ................................................................34

4.5

MONITORING PROGRAM .......................................................36

ARTICLE 5: TESTING ............................................................................................37
5.1

TEST DISTRIBUTION PLANNING ..........................................37

5.2

STANDARDS FOR TESTING....................................................38

5.3

RETIRED ATHLETES RETURNING TO COMPETITION ..........38

ARTICLE 6: ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES .................................................................39
6.1

USE OF APPROVED LABORATORIES.....................................39

6.2

PURPOSE OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES ......39

6.3

RESEARCH ON SAMPLES......................................................40

6.4

STANDARDS FOR SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND REPORTING.....40

6.5

RETESTING SAMPLES ...........................................................40

ARTICLE 7:

RESULTS MANAGEMENT ...............................................................41

7.1

INITIAL REVIEW REGARDING ADVERSE ANALYTICALFINDINGS. ..............................................................................41

7.2

NOTIFICATION AFTER INITIAL REVIEW REGARDING
ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS ........................................41

7.3

REVIEW OF ATYPICAL FINDINGS ..........................................42

7.4

REVIEW OF OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONSNOT COVERED BY ARTICLES 7.1–7.3 ....................................44

7.5

PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS. .....45

7.6

RETIREMENT FROM SPORT ..................................................47

ARTICLE 8: RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING.............................................................48
8.1

FAIR HEARINGS......................................................................48

8.2

EVENT HEARINGS ..................................................................49

8.3

WAIVER OF HEARING.............................................................49

ARTICLE 9:

AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS ......50

ARTICLE 10: SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS.......................................................51
10.1

DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN EVENT DURING
WHICH AN ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION OCCURS .........51

10.2

INELIGIBILITY FOR PRESENCE, USE OR ATTEMPTED USE,
OR POSSESSION OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCESAND PROHIBITED METHODS ................................................52

10.3

INELIGIBILITY FOR OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS .....53

10.4

ELIMINATION OR REDUCTION OF THE PERIOD OFINELIGIBILITY FOR SPECIFIED SUBSTANCESUNDER SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES....................................54

10.5

ELIMINATION OR REDUCTION OF PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY
BASED ON EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES ......................56

10.6

AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MAY INCREASE
THE PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY .............................................65

10.7

MULTIPLE VIOLATIONS..........................................................66

10.8

DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN COMPETITIONSSUBSEQUENT TO SAMPLE COLLECTION OR COMMISSION
OF AN ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION ...................................71

10.9

COMMENCEMENT OF INELIGIBILITY PERIOD .....................72

10.10

STATUS DURING INELIGIBILITY.............................................74

10.11

REINSTATEMENT TESTING....................................................76

10.12

IMPOSITION OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS..............................76

ARTICLE 11: CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS ..........................................................77
11.1

TESTING OF TEAM SPORTS...................................................77

11.2

CONSEQUENCES FOR TEAM SPORTS ..................................77

11.3

EVENT RULING BODY MAY ESTABLISH STRICTERCONSEQUENCES FOR TEAM SPORTS ..................................77

ARTICLE 12: SANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES ..................................78

ARTICLE 13: APPEALS..........................................................................................78
13.1

DECISIONS SUBJECT TO APPEAL.........................................78

13.2

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS REGARDING ANTI-DOPING
RULE VIOLATIONS, CONSEQUENCES, AND
PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS ...............................................79

13.3

FAILURE TO RENDER A TIMELY DECISION BY AN
ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATION ...............................................82

13.4

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS GRANTING OR DENYING
A THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION .......................................83

13.5

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS UNDER PART THREE
AND PART FOUR OF THE CODE ............................................83

13.6

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS SUSPENDING ORREVOKING LABORATORY ACCREDITATION...........................84

ARTICLE 14: CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING ............................................84
14.1

INFORMATION CONCERNING ADVERSE ANALYTICALFINDINGS, ATYPICAL FINDINGS, AND OTHER
POTENTIAL ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS .....................84

14.2

PUBLIC DISCLOSURE ............................................................86

14.3

ATHLETE WHEREABOUTS INFORMATION............................87

14.4

STATISTICAL REPORTING......................................................88

14.5

DOPING CONTROL INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE.........88

14.6

DATA PRIVACY.........................................................................89

ARTICLE 15: CLARIFICATION OF DOPING CONTROL RESPONSIBILITIES.......90
15.1

EVENT TESTING .....................................................................90

15.2

OUT-OF-COMPETITION TESTING ..........................................91

15.3

RESULTS MANAGEMENT, HEARINGS AND SANCTIONS.....92

15.4

MUTUAL RECOGNITION ........................................................94

ARTICLE 16: DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT.........95
ARTICLE 17: STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ..............................................................95

PART TWO: EDUCATION AND RESEARCHARTICLE 18: EDUCATION ......................................................................................98
18.1

BASIC PRINCIPLE AND PRIMARY GOAL...............................98

18.2

PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES.................................................98

18.3

PROFESSIONAL CODES OF CONDUCT ...............................100

18.4

COORDINATION AND COOPERATION .................................100

ARTICLE 19: RESEARCH .....................................................................................101
19.1

PURPOSE AND AIMS OF ANTI-DOPING RESEARCH..........101

19.2

TYPES OF RESEARCH ..........................................................101

19.3

COORDINATION OF RESEARCH AND SHARING OF RESULTS......101

19.4

RESEARCH PRACTICES .......................................................102

19.5

RESEARCH USING PROHIBITED SUBSTANCESAND PROHIBITED METHODS...............................................102

19.6

MISUSE OF RESULTS ...........................................................102

PART THREE:: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESARTICLE 20: ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESOF SIGNATORIES ...........................................................................104
20.1

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE.....................104

20.2

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
THE INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE..............105

20.3

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS .........................................106

20.4

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL OLYMPICCOMMITTEES AND NATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEES.......108

20.5

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATIONS.......................110

20.6

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
MAJOR EVENT ORGANIZATIONS.........................................110

20.7

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF WADA ........................111

ARTICLE 21: ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESOF ATHLETES AND OTHER PERSONS ........................................112
21.1

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETES.................112

21.2

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
ATHLETE SUPPORT PERSONNEL.......................................113

ARTICLE 22: INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS.............................................113
22.1

EACH GOVERNMENT WILL TAKE ALL ACTIONS
AND MEASURES NECESSARY TO COMPLY WITH
THE UNESCO CONVENTION ................................................113

22.2

EACH GOVERNMENT WILL ENCOURAGE ALL OF
ITS PUBLIC SERVICES OR AGENCIES TO SHAREINFORMATION WITH ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATIONS.......113

22.3

EACH GOVERNMENT WILL RESPECT ARBITRATION
AS THE PREFERRED MEANS OF RESOLVING DOPING
RELATED DISPUTES ............................................................114

22.4

ALL OTHER GOVERNMENTAL INVOLVEMENTWITH ANTI-DOPING WILL BE BROUGHT INTO
HARMONY WITH THE CODE .....................................................114

22.5

GOVERNMENTS SHOULD MEET THE EXPECTATIONS
OF THIS ARTICLE BY JANUARY 1, 2010 .............................114

22.6

FAILURE BY A GOVERNMENT TO RATIFY, ACCEPT,APPROVE OR ACCEDE TO THE UNESCO CONVENTION
BY JANUARY 1, 2010 ...........................................................114

PART FOUR:: ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE,MODIFICATION AND INTERPRETATIONARTICLE 23: ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION....................116
23.1

ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE ...............................................116

23.2

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE .......................................117

23.3

COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE ...........................................118

23.4

MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE
AND UNESCO CONVENTION ...............................................118

23.5

ADDITIONAL CONSEQUENCES OFA SIGNATORY’S NONCOMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE ........120

23.6

MODIFICATION OF THE CODE .............................................121

23.7

WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE .................121

ARTICLE 24: INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE ..................................................122
ARTICLE 25: TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS .......................................................123
25.1

GENERAL APPLICATION OF THE 2009 CODE ....................123

25.2

NON-RETROACTIVE UNLESS PRINCIPLE
OF “LEX MITIOR” APPLIES...................................................123

25.3

APPLICATION TO DECISIONS RENDEREDPRIOR TO THE 2009 CODE ..................................................123

25.4

APPLICATION TO SPECIFIC PRE-CODE VIOLATIONS.........124

25.5

ADDITIONAL CODE AMENDMENTS ....................................124

APPENDIX 1
DEFINITIONS.........................................................................................................126

PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE
WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE
The purposes of the World Anti-Doping Code and the World
Anti-Doping Program which supports it are:
• To protect the Athletes' fundamental right to participate indoping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness andequality for Athletes worldwide, and• To ensure harmonized, coordinated and effective anti-doping
programs at the international and national level with regard
to detection, deterrence and prevention of doping.
The Code
The Code is the fundamental and universal document uponwhich the World Anti-Doping Program in sport is based. The
purpose of the Code is to advance the anti-doping effort
through universal harmonization of core anti-doping
elements. It is intended to be specific enough to achievecomplete harmonization on issues where uniformity isrequired, yet general enough in other areas to permit flexibility
on how agreed-upon anti-doping principles are implemented.

[Comment: The Olympic Charter inforce as from July 7, 2007, and the
UNESCO Convention adopted in Parison October 19, 2005, both recognize
the prevention of and the fight against

doping in sport as a critical partof the mission of the International
Olympic Committee and UNESCO
and also recognize the fundamentalrole of the Code.]World Anti-Doping Code • 200911

The World Anti-Doping Program
The World Anti-Doping Program encompasses all of theelements needed in order to ensure optimal harmonization
and best practice in international and national anti-doping
programs. The main elements are:Level 1: The CodeLevel 2: International Standards
Level 3: Models of Best Practice and Guidelines

International Standards
International Standard s for different technical andoperational areas within the anti-doping program will be
developed in consultation with the Signatories andgovernments and approved by WADA. The purpose of theInternational Standard s is harmonization among AntiDoping Organizations responsible for specific technicaland operational parts of the anti-doping programs.
Adherence to the International Standards is mandatory forcompliance with the Code. The International Standards
may be revised from time to time by the WADA Executive
Committee after reasonable consultation with the
Signatories and governments. Unless provided otherwise
in the Code , International Standard s and all revisions
shall become effective on the date specified in theInternational Standard or revision.
[Comment: The International
Standards contain much of thetechnical detail necessary for
implementing the Code. International
Standards, while expressly
incorporated into the Code byreference, will, in consultation with
the Signatories and governments, be

12World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

developed by experts and set forthin separate technical documents.
It is important that the WADA
Executive Committee be able to maketimely changes to the International
Standards without requiring any
amendment of the Code or individual
stakeholder rules and regulations.]

Models of Best Practice and Guidelines
Models of best practice and guidelines based on the Code havebeen and will be developed to provide solutions in different
areas of anti-doping. The models will be recommended by
WADA and made available to Signatories upon request but will
not be mandatory. In addition to providing models of antidoping documentation, WADA will also make some training
assistance available to the Signatories.
[Comment: Following the adoptionof the 2009 Code, WADA will
prepare amended model anti-doping
rules and regulations tailored to
the needs of each of the major groupsof Signatories (e.g., International
Federations and National Anti-Doping
Organizations, etc.). These model
rules and regulations will conformwith and be based on the Code,will be state of the art examples ofbest practices and will contain allof the detail (including reference
to International Standards)
necessary to conduct an effective
anti-doping program.
These model rules and regulations
will provide alternatives from whichstakeholders may select. Somestakeholders may choose to adopt
the model rules and regulations
and other models of best practices

verbatim. Others may decide to
adopt the models with modifications.
Still other stakeholders may choose
to develop their own rules andregulations consistent with thegeneral principles and specificrequirements set forth in the Code.
Other model documents or guidelines
for specific parts of the anti-doping
work may be developed based on
generally recognized stakeholder
needs and expectations. This could
include models or guidelines fornational anti-doping programs,
results management, Testing (beyond
the specific requirements set forth in
the International Standard for
Testing), education programs, etc.
All models of best practice will be
reviewed and approved by WADA
before they are included in theWorld Anti-Doping Program.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

13

FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE
FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE
Anti-doping programs seek to preserve what is intrinsicallyvaluable about sport. This intrinsic value is often referred toas "the spirit of sport", it is the essence of Olympism; it is
how we play true. The spirit of sport is the celebration of thehuman spirit, body and mind, and is characterized by thefollowing values:• Ethics, fair play and honesty• Health• Excellence in performance• Character and education• Fun and joy• Teamwork• Dedication and commitment• Respect for rules and laws
• Respect for self and other Participants• Courage• Community and solidarity
Doping is fundamentally contrary to the spirit of sport.
To fight doping by promoting the spirit of sport, the Coderequires each Anti-Doping Organization to develop andimplement educational programs for Athletes, including
youth, and Athlete Support Personnel.

14World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

PART ONE:DOPING CONTROL

PART

1

Doping Control

Introduction

INTRODUCTION
Part One of the Code sets forth specific anti-doping rules
and principles that are to be followed by organizations
responsible for adopting, implementing or enforcing antidoping rules within their authority, e.g., the International
Olympic Committee, International Paralympic Committee,
International Federations, Major Event Organizations, andNational Anti-Doping Organizations. All such organizations
are collectively referred to as Anti-Doping Organizations.
All provisions of the Code are mandatory in substance andmust be followed as applicable by each Anti-Doping
Organization and Athlete or other Person. The Code does
not, however, replace or eliminate the need forcomprehensive anti-doping rules adopted by each AntiDoping Organization. While some provisions of the Codemust be incorporated without substantive change by each
Anti-Doping Organization in its own anti-doping rules, otherprovisions of the Code establish mandatory guiding
principles that allow flexibility in the formulation of rules by
each Anti-Doping Organization or establish requirementsthat must be followed by each Anti-Doping Organization but
need not be repeated in its own anti-doping rules.
[Comment: Those Articles of the Codewhich must be incorporated into each
Anti-Doping Organization’s rules
without substantive change are set
forth in Article 23.2.2. For example,
it is critical for purposes ofharmonization that all Signatories
base their decisions on the same
list of anti-doping rule violations,the same burdens of proof andimpose the same Consequences
for the same anti-doping ruleviolations. These rules must be thesame whether a hearing takes place
before an International Federation,

16

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009at the national level or before the
Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Code provisions not listed in Article
23.2.2 are still mandatory insubstance even though an AntiDoping Organization is not required
to incorporate them verbatim. Those
provisions generally fall into two
categories. First, some provisions
direct Anti-Doping Organizations totake certain actions but there is noneed to restate the provision in theAnti-Doping Organization’s
continued

Anti-doping rules, like Competition rules, are sport rules
governing the conditions under which sport is played.
Athletes or other Persons accept these rules as a conditionof participation and shall be bound by these rules. Each
Signatory shall establish rules and procedures to ensurethat all Athletes or other Persons under the authority of the
Signatory and its member organizations are informed ofand agree to be bound by anti-doping rules in force of therelevant Anti-Doping Organizations.
Each Signatory shall establish rules and procedures toensure that all Athletes or other Persons under the authorityof the Signatory and its member organizations consent to thedissemination of their private data as required or authorized
by the Code and are bound by and compliant with Code antiown anti-doping rules. As an
example, each Anti-Doping
Organization must plan and conduct
Testing as required by Article 5, butthese directives to the Anti-Doping
Organization need not be repeated in
the Anti-Doping Organization’s own
rules. Second, some provisions aremandatory in substance but give each
Anti-Doping Organization someflexibility in the implementation of theprinciples stated in the provision. As
an example, it is not necessary for
effective harmonization to force all

Signatories to use one single results
management and hearing process. At
present, there are many different, yetequally effective processes for results
management and hearings withindifferent International Federations
and different national bodies. The
Code does not require absoluteuniformity in results management
and hearing procedures; it does,
however, require that the diverse
approaches of the Signatories satisfy
principles stated in the Code.][Comment: By their participationin sport, Athletes are bound by thecompetitive rules of their sport.
In the same manner, Athletes andAthlete Support Personnel should bebound by anti-doping rules basedon Article 2 of the Code by virtue of
their agreements for membership,
accreditation, or participation in

sports organizations or sports Events
subject to the Code. Each Signatory,
however, shall take the necessary
steps to ensure that all Athletesand Athlete Support Personnel
within its authority are boundby the relevant Anti-Doping
Organization's anti-doping rules.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

17

PART

1

Doping Control

Article 1: Definition of Doping
Article 2: Anti-Doping Rule Violations

doping rules, and that the appropriate Consequences are
imposed on those Athletes or other Persons who are not in
conformity with those rules. These sport-specific rules andprocedures aimed at enforcing anti-doping rules in a global
and harmonized way are distinct in nature from and are,therefore, not intended to be subject to or limited by any
national requirements and legal standards applicable tocriminal proceedings or employment matters. Whenreviewing the facts and the law of a given case, all courts,
arbitral hearing panels and other adjudicating bodies should
be aware and respect the distinct nature of the anti-doping
rules in the Code and the fact that those rules represent theconsensus of a broad spectrum of stakeholders around theworld with an interest in fair sport.

ARTICLE 1: DEFINITION OF DOPING
Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of theanti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 throughArticle 2.8 of the Code.

ARTICLE 2: ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS
Athletes or other Persons shall be responsible for knowing
what constitutes an anti-doping rule violation and thesubstances and methods which have been included on theProhibited List.
The following constitute anti-doping rule violations:[Comment ‘a’ to Article 2: The
purpose of Article 2 is to specify thecircumstances and conduct whichconstitute anti-doping rule violations.

18

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

Hearings in doping cases willproceed based on the assertion
that one or more of these specificrules has been violated.]2.1

Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample
2.1.1 It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensure thatno Prohibited Substance enters his or her body.
Athletes are responsible for any Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites or Markers foundto be present in their Samples. Accordingly, it is
not necessary that intent, fault, negligence or
knowing Use on the Athlete’s part bedemonstrated in order to establish an antidoping violation under Article 2.1.

[Comment to Article 2.1.1: For
purposes of anti-doping ruleviolations involving the presenceof a Prohibited Substance (or its
Metabolites or Markers), the Codeadopts the rule of strict liability which
was found in the Olympic Movement
Anti-Doping Code (“OMADC”) and thevast majority of pre-Code anti-doping
rules. Under the strict liability
principle, an Athlete is responsible,
and an anti-doping rule violation
occurs, whenever a Prohibited
Substance is found in an Athlete’s
Sample. The violation occurs whether
or not the Athlete intentionally orunintentionally Used a Prohibited
Substance or was negligent orotherwise at fault. If the positive
Sample came from an In-Competition
test, then the results of that
Competition are automaticallyinvalidated (Article 9 (Automatic
Disqualification of Individual
Results)). However, the Athlete thenhas the possibility to avoid or reduce
sanctions if the Athlete candemonstrate that he or she was not
at fault or significant fault (Article
10.5 (Elimination or Reduction of
Period of Ineligibility Based on

Exceptional Circumstances)) or incertain circumstances did not intend
to enhance his or her sport performance(Article 10.4 (Elimination or
Reduction of the Period of Ineligibility
for Specified Substances underSpecific Circumstances)).
The strict liability rule for thefinding of a Prohibited Substancein an Athlete's Sample, with apossibility that sanctions may be
modified based on specified criteria,
provides a reasonable balance
between effective anti-doping
enforcement for the benefit of all"clean" Athletes and fairness in the
exceptional circumstance where a
Prohibited Substance entered an
Athlete’s system through No Fault
or Negligence or No Significant Fault
or Negligence on the Athlete’s part.
It is important to emphasize thatwhile the determination of whether
the anti-doping rule violation has
occurred is based on strict liability,
the imposition of a fixed period of
Ineligibility is not automatic. The
strict liability principle set forth in
the Code has been consistently
upheld in the decisions of CAS.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

19

PART

1

Doping Control

Article 2: Anti-Doping Rule Violations

2.1.2 Sufficient proof of an anti-doping rule violation
under Article 2.1 is established by either of thefollowing: presence of a Prohibited Substanceor its Metabolites or Markers in the Athlete’s A
Sample where the Athlete waives analysis of
the B Sample and the B Sample is notanalyzed; or, where the Athlete’s B Sample isanalyzed and the analysis of the Athlete’s B
Sample confirms the presence of theProhibited Substance or its Metabolites orMarkers found in the Athlete’s A Sample.
2.1.3 Excepting those substances for which aquantitative threshold is specifically identified
in the Prohibited List, the presence of any
quantity of a Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample
shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation.
2.1.4 As an exception to the general rule of Article
2.1, the Prohibited List or International
Standards may establish special criteria forthe evaluation of Prohibited Substances that
can also be produced endogenously.
[Comment to Article 2.1.2: The AntiDoping Organization with results
management responsibility may inits discretion choose to have the20World Anti-Doping Code • 2009B Sample analyzed even if theAthlete does not request theanalysis of the B Sample.]2.2

Use or Attempted Use by an Athlete of a
Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method
2.2.1 It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensure thatno Prohibited Substance enters his or her body.
Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent,
fault, negligence or knowing Use on the
Athlete’s part be demonstrated in order toestablish an anti-doping rule violation for Useof a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method.

[Comment to Article 2.2: It has always
been the case that Use or Attempted
Use of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method may beestablished by any reliable means.
As noted in the Comment to Article
3.2 (Methods of Establishing Facts
and Presumptions), unlike the proof
required to establish an anti-doping
rule violation under Article 2.1,
Use or Attempted Use may also beestablished by other reliable means
such as admissions by the Athlete,
witness statements, documentary
evidence, conclusions drawn fromlongitudinal profiling, or otheranalytical information which
does not otherwise satisfy all therequirements to establish “Presence”
of a Prohibited Substance under
Article 2.1. For example, Use may beestablished based upon reliable
analytical data from the analysis of an
A Sample (without confirmation froman analysis of a B Sample) or fromthe analysis of a B Sample alone
where the Anti-Doping Organization
provides a satisfactory explanation
for the lack of confirmation in
the other Sample.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

21

PART

1

Doping Control

Article 2: Anti-Doping Rule Violations

2.2.2 The success or failure of the Use or Attempted
Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited
Method is not material. It is sufficient that theProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method
was Used or Attempted to be Used for an antidoping rule violation to be committed.
2.3

Refusing or failing without compelling justification
to submit to Sample collection after notification as
authorized in applicable anti-doping rules, orotherwise evading Sample collection[Comment to Article 2.2.2: Demonstrating the "Attempted Use" of a
Prohibited Substance requires proofof intent on the Athlete’s part. The factthat intent may be required to prove
this particular anti-doping rule violation
does not undermine the strict liability
principle established for violations ofArticle 2.1 and violations of Article 2.2
in respect of Use of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method.

rule violation unless such substanceis not prohibited Out-of-Competition
and the Athlete’s Use takes placeOut-of-Competition. (However, thepresence of a Prohibited Substanceor its Metabolites or Markers in a
Sample collected In-Competition is aviolation of Article 2.1 (Presence of a
Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites
or Markers) regardless of whenthat substance might havebeen administered.)]An Athlete’s Use of a Prohibited
Substance constitutes an anti-doping[Comment to Article 2.3: Failure or
refusal to submit to Sample collection
after notification was prohibited inalmost all pre-Code anti-doping
rules. This Article expands the typicalpre-Code rule to include "otherwise
evading Sample collection" as
prohibited conduct. Thus, forexample, it would be an anti-doping
rule violation if it were established

22

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009that an Athlete was hiding froma Doping Control official to evade
notification or Testing. A violationof "refusing or failing to submit toSample collection” may be basedon either intentional or negligent
conduct of the Athlete, while"evading" Sample collection
contemplates intentional
conduct by the Athlete.]2.4

Violation of applicable requirements regarding Athlete
availability for Out-of-Competition Testing, including
failure to file required whereabouts information andmissed tests which are declared based on rules which
comply with the International Standard for Testing. Any
combination of three missed tests and/or filing failures
within an eighteen-month period as determined by
Anti-Doping Organizations with jurisdiction over the
Athlete shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation

2.5

Tampering or Attempted Tampering with any partof Doping Control[Comment to Article 2.4: Separate
whereabouts filing failures andmissed tests declared under therules of the Athlete’s International
Federation or any other Anti-Doping
Organization with authority to declare
whereabouts filing failures andmissed tests in accordance with theInternational Standard for Testing
shall be combined in applying this
Article. In appropriate circumstances,missed tests or filing failures may also
constitute an anti-doping rule violation
under Article 2.3 or Article 2.5.][Comment to Article 2.5: This Article
prohibits conduct which subverts the
Doping Control process but which
would not otherwise be included in
the definition of Prohibited Methods.
For example, altering identification

numbers on a Doping Control form
during Testing, breaking the B Bottle
at the time of B Sample analysis orproviding fraudulent information toan Anti-Doping Organization.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

23

PART

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Doping Control

2.6

Article 2: Anti-Doping Rule Violations

Possession of Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methods
2.6.1 Possession by an Athlete In-Competition of any
Prohibited Method or any Prohibited
Substance, or Possession by an Athlete Out-ofCompetition of any Prohibited Method or any
Prohibited Substance which is prohibited Outof-Competition unless the Athlete establishes
that the Possession is pursuant to atherapeutic use exemption granted inaccordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use)or other acceptable justification.
2.6.2 Possession by an Athlete Support Personnel
In-Competition of any Prohibited Method or
any Prohibited Substance, or Possession by an
Athlete Support Personnel Out-of-Competitionof any Prohibited Method or any Prohibited
Substance which is prohibited Out-ofCompetition in connection with an Athlete,Competition or training, unless the Athlete
Support Personnel establishes that the
Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use
exemption granted to an Athlete in accordancewith Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or otheracceptable justification.

24[Comment to Article 2.6.1 and 2.6.2:
Acceptable justification would notinclude, for example, buying or
Possessing a Prohibited Substancefor purposes of giving it to a friend or

relative, except under justifiable
medical circumstances wherethat Person had a physician’sprescription, e.g., buying Insulin
for a diabetic child.][Comment to Article 2.6.2:
Acceptable justification would
include, for example, a team

doctor carrying Prohibited
Substances for dealing with acuteand emergency situations.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

2.7

Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking in any
Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method

2.8

Administration or Attempted administration to any
Athlete In-Competition of any Prohibited Method or
Prohibited Substance, or administration or Attemptedadministration to any Athlete Out-of-Competition of
any Prohibited Method or any Prohibited Substancethat is prohibited Out-of-Competition, or assisting,encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any
other type of complicity involving an anti-doping ruleviolation or any Attempted anti-doping rule violation[Comment ‘b’ to Article 2: The Codedoes not make it an anti-doping
rule violation for an Athlete or other
Person to work or associate with
Athlete Support Personnel who areserving a period of Ineligibility.
However, a sport organization
may adopt its own rules which
prohibit such conduct.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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PART

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Doping Control

Article 3: Proof of Doping

ARTICLE 3: PROOF OF DOPING
3.1

Burdens and Standards of Proof
The Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burden of
establishing that an anti-doping rule violation has
occurred. The standard of proof shall be whether the
Anti-Doping Organization has established an antidoping rule violation to the comfortable satisfaction of
the hearing panel bearing in mind the seriousness of
the allegation which is made. This standard of proof in
all cases is greater than a mere balance of probability
but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Where
the Code places the burden of proof upon the Athlete orother Person alleged to have committed an anti-doping
rule violation to rebut a presumption or establish
specified facts or circumstances, the standard of proof
shall be by a balance of probability, except as provided
in Articles 10.4 and 10.6 where the Athlete must satisfy
a higher burden of proof.

3.2

Methods of Establishing Facts and Presumptions
Facts related to anti-doping rule violations may beestablished by any reliable means, including
admissions. The following rules of proof shall beapplicable in doping cases:

26[Comment to Article 3.1: This standardof proof required to be met by the AntiDoping Organization is comparable tothe standard which is applied in mostcountries to cases involving
professional misconduct.

It has also been widely applied bycourts and hearing panels in doping
cases. See, for example, the CAS
decision in N., J., Y., W. v. FINA, CAS
98/208, 22 December 1998.][Comment to Article 3.2: For example,
an Anti-Doping Organization may
establish an anti-doping rule violation
under Article 2.2 (Use or Attempted
Use of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method) based on the
Athlete’s admissions, the credible

testimony of third Persons, reliable
documentary evidence, reliable
analytical data from either an A or B
Sample as provided in the Comments
to Article 2.2, or conclusions drawn
from the profile of a series of theAthlete’s blood or urine Samples.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

3.2.1 WADA-accredited laboratories are presumed
to have conducted Sample analysis andcustodial procedures in accordance with theInternational Standard for Laboratories. The
Athlete or other Person may rebut thispresumption by establishing that a departurefrom the International Standard forLaboratories occurred which could reasonably
have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding.
If the Athlete or other Person rebuts thepreceding presumption by showing that adeparture from the International Standard forLaboratories occurred which could reasonably
have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding,then the Anti-Doping Organization shall havethe burden to establish that such departure did
not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding.
3.2.2 Departures from any other International
Standard or other anti-doping rule or policy
which did not cause an Adverse Analytical
Finding or other anti-doping rule violation shallnot invalidate such results. If the Athlete orother Person establishes that a departure fromanother International Standard or other antidoping rule or policy which could reasonably
have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding or[Comment to Article 3.2.1: The burden
is on the Athlete or other Person toestablish, by a balance of probability,
a departure from the International
Standard for Laboratories that could
reasonably have caused the Adverse
Analytical Finding. If the Athlete orother Person does so, the burden
shifts to the Anti-Doping Organization
to prove to the comfortable satisfactionof the hearing panel that the departure
did not cause the Adverse
Analytical Finding.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

27

PART

1

Doping Control

Article 3: Proof of Doping
Article 4: The Prohibited List

other anti-doping rule violation occurred, thenthe Anti-Doping Organization shall have theburden to establish that such departure did notcause the Adverse Analytical Finding or thefactual basis for the anti-doping rule violation.
3.2.3 The facts established by a decision of a court or
professional disciplinary tribunal of competentjurisdiction which is not the subject of apending appeal shall be irrebuttable evidence
against the Athlete or other Person to whom
the decision pertained of those facts unless the
Athlete or other Person establishes that thedecision violated principles of natural justice.
3.2.4 The hearing panel in a hearing on an antidoping rule violation may draw an inference
adverse to the Athlete or other Person who isasserted to have committed an anti-doping
rule violation based on the Athlete’s or other
Person’s refusal, after a request made in areasonable time in advance of the hearing, toappear at the hearing (either in person or
telephonically as directed by the hearing panel)and to answer questions from the hearing
panel or the Anti-Doping Organization asserting
the anti-doping rule violation.
[Comment to Article 3.2.4: Drawing
an adverse inference under these28

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

circumstances has been recognizedin numerous CAS decisions.]ARTICLE 4: THE PROHIBITED LIST
4.1

Publication and Revision of the Prohibited List

WADA shall, as often as necessary and no less often
than annually, publish the Prohibited List as an
International Standard. The proposed content of theProhibited List and all revisions shall be provided inwriting promptly to all Signatories and governments
for comment and consultation. Each annual versionof the Prohibited List and all revisions shall be
distributed promptly by WADA to each Signatory andgovernment and shall be published on WADA's Web
site, and each Signatory shall take appropriate steps
to distribute the Prohibited List to its members andconstituents. The rules of each Anti-Doping
Organization shall specify that, unless provided
otherwise in the Prohibited List or a revision, theProhibited List and revisions shall go into effectunder the Anti-Doping Organization's rules three (3)months after publication of the Prohibited List by
WADA without requiring any further action by theAnti-Doping Organization.
[Comment to Article 4.1: The
Prohibited List will be revised andpublished on an expedited basis
whenever the need arises. However,for the sake of predictability, a new
Prohibited List will be publishedevery year whether or not changes
have been made. WADA will always

have the most current Prohibited
List published on its Web site. The
Prohibited List is an integral part of
the International Convention against
Doping in Sport. WADA will informthe Director-General of UNESCO of
any change to the Prohibited List.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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4.2

Article 4: The Prohibited List

Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods
Identified on the Prohibited List
4.2.1 Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods
The Prohibited List shall identify those
Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods
which are prohibited as doping at all times(both In-Competition and Out-of-Competition)
because of their potential to enhance
performance in future Competitions or theirmasking potential and those substances andmethods which are prohibited In-Competition
only. The Prohibited List may be expanded by
WADA for a particular sport. Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods may be
included in the Prohibited List by generalcategory (e.g., anabolic agents) or by specificreference to a particular substance or method.

[Comment to Article 4.2.1: There
will be one Prohibited List. The
substances which are prohibited at
all times would include masking
agents and those substances which,when Used in training, may havelong-term performance enhancing
effects such as anabolics. All
substances and methods on theProhibited List are prohibited InCompetition. Out-of-Competition Use(Article 2.2) of a substance which isonly prohibited In-Competition is not
an anti-doping rule violation unless
an Adverse Analytical Finding forthe substance or its Metabolites isreported for a Sample collected
In-Competition (Article 2.1).

30

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

There will be only one document
called the "Prohibited List." WADA
may add additional substances or
methods to the Prohibited List forparticular sports (e.g. the inclusionof beta-blockers for shooting) but thiswill also be reflected on the single
Prohibited List. A particular sport is
not permitted to seek exemption
from the basic list of Prohibited
Substances (e.g. eliminating
anabolics from the Prohibited Listfor ''mind sports"). The premise ofthis decision is that there are certain
basic doping agents which anyone
who chooses to call himself or
herself an Athlete should not take.]4.2.2 Specified Substances
For purposes of the application of Article 10(Sanctions on Individuals), all Prohibited
Substances shall be “Specified Substances”
except substances in the classes of anabolic
agents and hormones and those stimulants
and hormone antagonists and modulators so
identified on the Prohibited List. Prohibited
Methods shall not be Specified Substances.
4.2.3 New Classes of Prohibited Substances
In the event WADA expands the Prohibited List byadding a new class of Prohibited Substances inaccordance with Article 4.1, WADA’s Executive
Committee shall determine whether any or all
Prohibited Substances within the new class of
Prohibited Substances shall be considered
Specified Substances under Article 4.2.2.

[Comment to Article 4.2.2: In drafting
the Code there was considerable
debate among stakeholders over theappropriate balance between
inflexible sanctions which promoteharmonization in the application of
the rules and more flexible sanctions
which better take into consideration
the circumstances of each individualcase. This balance continued to be
discussed in various CAS decisions
interpreting the Code. After three
years experience with the Code, thestrong consensus of stakeholders isthat while the occurrence of an antidoping rule violation under Articles
2.1 (Presence of a Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites orMarkers) and 2.2 (Use of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method)should still be based on the principleof strict liability, the Code sanctions
should be made more flexible where
the Athlete or other Person canclearly demonstrate that he or she
did not intend to enhance sport
performance. The change to Article
4.2 and related changes to Article 10
provide this additional flexibility for
violations involving many Prohibited
Substances. The rules set forth in
Article 10.5 (Elimination or Reductionof Period of Ineligibility Based on
Exceptional Circumstances) would
remain the only basis for eliminatingor reducing a sanction involving
anabolic steroids and hormones,
as well as the stimulants and thehormone antagonists and modulators
so identified on the Prohibited List,or Prohibited Methods.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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Doping Control

4.3

Article 4: The Prohibited List

Criteria for Including Substancesand Methods on the Prohibited List

WADA shall consider the following criteria in deciding
whether to include a substance or method on theProhibited List.
4.3.1 A substance or method shall be considered forinclusion on the Prohibited List if WADA
determines that the substance or method
meets any two of the following three criteria:
4.3.1.1 Medical or other scientific evidence,
pharmacological effect or experiencethat the substance or method, alone orin combination with other substancesor methods, has the potential toenhance or enhances sport performance;
4.3.1.2 Medical or other scientific evidence,
pharmacological effect or experiencethat the Use of the substance or
method represents an actual or
potential health risk to the Athlete;[Comment to Article 4.3.1.1: This
Article anticipates that there may besubstances that, when used alone,
are not prohibited but which will be
prohibited if used in combination withcertain other substances. A
substance which is added to the32

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

Prohibited List because it has thepotential to enhance performance
only in combination with anothersubstance shall be so noted andshall be prohibited only if thereis evidence relating to bothsubstances in combination.]4.3.1.3 WADA's determination that the Use of
the substance or method violates thespirit of sport described in the
Introduction to the Code.
4.3.2 A substance or method shall also be included on
the Prohibited List if WADA determines there is
medical or other scientific evidence, pharmacological effect or experience that the substanceor method has the potential to mask the Use ofother Prohibited Substances or Prohibited Methods.
[Comment to Article 4.3.2:
A substance shall be considered forinclusion on the Prohibited List if
the substance is a masking agent
or meets two of the following threecriteria: (1) it has the potential
to enhance or enhances sport
performance; (2) it represents a
potential or actual health risk; or (3)it is contrary to the spirit of sport.
None of the three criteria alone
is a sufficient basis for adding asubstance to the Prohibited List.
Using the potential to enhance
performance as the sole criterion
would include, for example, physicaland mental training, red meat,
carbohydrate loading and training ataltitude. Risk of harm would include
smoking. Requiring all three criteria

would also be unsatisfactory.
For example, the Use of genetictransfer technology to dramaticallyenhance sport performance should
be prohibited as contrary to the spiritof sport even if it is not harmful.
Similarly, the potentially unhealthy
abuse of certain substances without
therapeutic justification based on
the mistaken belief they enhance
performance is certainly contrary
to the spirit of sport regardlessof whether the expectation of
performance enhancement isrealistic. As part of the process eachyear, all Signatories, governments
and other interested Persons areinvited to provide comments to WADA
on the content of the Prohibited List.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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Doping Control

Article 4: The Prohibited List

4.3.3 WADA’s determination of the Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods that will be
included on the Prohibited List and the classification of substances into categories on theProhibited List is final and shall not be subject tochallenge by an Athlete or other Person based on
an argument that the substance or method was
not a masking agent or did not have the potential
to enhance performance, represent a health risk
or violate the spirit of sport.
4.4

Therapeutic Use

WADA has adopted an International Standard for theprocess of granting therapeutic use exemptions.
Each International Federation shall ensure, forInternational-Level Athletes or any other Athlete who isentered in an International Event, that a process is inplace whereby Athletes with documented medical
conditions requiring the Use of a Prohibited Substanceor a Prohibited Method may request a therapeutic use
exemption. Athletes who have been identified asincluded in their International Federation’s Registered
Testing Pool may only obtain therapeutic use
exemptions in accordance with the rules of theirInternational Federation. Each International Federation
shall publish a list of those International Events forwhich a therapeutic use exemption from theInternational Federation is required. Each National
Anti-Doping Organization shall ensure, for all Athletes[Comment to Article 4.3.3: The
question of whether a substancemeets the criteria in Article 4.3(Criteria for Including Substances andMethods on the Prohibited List) in aparticular case cannot be raised asa defense to an anti-doping ruleviolation. For example, it cannot beargued that the Prohibited Substance

34

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009detected would not have been
performance enhancing in thatparticular sport. Rather, doping
occurs when a substance on theProhibited List is found in an
Athlete’s Sample. Similarly, it cannot
be argued that a substance listed
in the class of anabolic agents does
not belong in that class.]

within its jurisdiction that have not been included in an
International Federation Registered Testing Pool, thata process is in place whereby Athletes with
documented medical conditions requiring the Use of a
Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method may
request a therapeutic use exemption. Such requests
shall be evaluated in accordance with the International
Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions.
International Federations and National Anti-Doping
Organizations shall promptly report to WADA through
ADAMS the granting of any therapeutic use exemption
except as regards national-level Athletes who are notincluded in the National Anti-Doping Organization's
Registered Testing Pool.

WADA, on its own initiative, may review at any time thegranting of a therapeutic use exemption to any
International-Level Athlete or national-level Athlete
who is included in his or her National Anti-Doping
Organization's Registered Testing Pool. Further, upon
the request of any such Athlete who has been denied atherapeutic use exemption, WADA may review suchdenial. If WADA determines that such granting or
denial of a therapeutic use exemption did not comply
with the International Standard for Therapeutic Use
Exemptions, WADA may reverse the decision.
If, contrary to the requirement of this Article, anInternational Federation does not have a process in place
where Athletes may request therapeutic use
exemptions, an International-Level Athlete may request
WADA to review the application as if it had been denied.
Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites
or Markers (Article 2.1), Use or Attempted Use of a
Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method (Article2.2), Possession of Prohibited Substances andProhibited Methods (Article 2.6) or Administration or
Attempted Administration of a Prohibited Substance orWorld Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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Doping Control

Article 4: The Prohibited List
Article 5: Testing

Prohibited Method (Article 2.8) consistent with theprovisions of an applicable therapeutic use exemption
issued pursuant to the International Standard for
Therapeutic Use Exemptions shall not be considered
an anti-doping rule violation.
4.5

Monitoring Program

WADA, in consultation with Signatories andgovernments, shall establish a monitoring program
regarding substances which are not on the Prohibited
List, but which WADA wishes to monitor in order todetect patterns of misuse in sport. WADA shall publish,in advance of any Testing, the substances that will bemonitored. Laboratories will report the instances ofreported Use or detected presence of these substances
to WADA periodically on an aggregate basis by sport
and whether the Samples were collected InCompetition or Out–of-Competition. Such reports shallnot contain additional information regarding specificSamples. WADA shall make available to International
Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations,on at least an annual basis, aggregate statisticalinformation by sport regarding the additional
substances. WADA shall implement measures toensure that strict anonymity of individual Athletes ismaintained with respect to such reports. The reported
Use or detected presence of a monitored substanceshall not constitute an anti-doping rule violation.

36

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

ARTICLE 5: TESTING
5.1

Test Distribution Planning
Subject to the jurisdictional limitations for InCompetition Testing in Article 15.1, each National AntiDoping Organization shall have Testing jurisdiction overall Athletes who are present in that National Anti-Doping
Organization’s country or who are nationals, residents,
license-holders or members of sport organizations ofthat country. Each International Federation shall have
Testing jurisdiction over all Athletes who are membersof their member National Federations or who participate
in their Events. All Athletes must comply with any
request for Testing by any Anti-Doping Organization with
Testing jurisdiction. In coordination with other AntiDoping Organizations conducting Testing on the same
Athletes, and consistent with the International Standard
for Testing, each Anti-Doping Organization shall:
5.1.1 Plan and conduct an effective number of InCompetition and Out-of-Competition tests on
Athletes over whom they have jurisdiction,
including but not limited to Athletes in theirrespective Registered Testing Pools. EachInternational Federation shall establish a
Registered Testing Pool for International-Level
Athletes in its sport, and each National AntiDoping Organization shall establish a national
Registered Testing Pool for Athletes who arepresent in that National Anti-Doping
Organization’s country or who are nationals,
residents, license-holders or members of sportorganizations of that country. In accordancewith Article 14.3, any Athlete included in a
Registered Testing Pool shall be subject to thewhereabouts requirements set out in theInternational Standard for Testing.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

37

PART

1

Doping Control

Article 5: Testing
Article 6: Analysis of Samples

5.1.2 Except in exceptional circumstances all Out-ofCompetition Testing shall be No Advance Notice.
5.1.3 Make Target Testing a priority.
5.1.4 Conduct Testing on Athletes serving a period of
Ineligibility or a Provisional Suspension.
5.2

Standards for TestingAnti-Doping Organizations with Testing jurisdiction
shall conduct such Testing in conformity with theInternational Standard for Testing.
5.3

Retired Athletes Returning to Competition
Each Anti-Doping Organization shall establish a rule
addressing eligibility requirements for Athletes who
are not Ineligible and retire from sport while included
in a Registered Testing Pool and then seek to returnto active participation in sport.

[Comment to Article 5.1.3: Target
Testing is specified because random
Testing, or even weighted random
Testing, does not ensure that all of theappropriate Athletes will be tested (e.g.,
world-class Athletes, Athletes whose
performances have dramatically
improved over a short period of time,
Athletes whose coaches have had otherAthletes test positive, etc.).

38

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

Obviously, Target Testing must not be
used for any purpose other thanlegitimate Doping Control. The Codemakes it clear that Athletes have noright to expect that they will be tested
only on a random basis. Similarly,
it does not impose any reasonablesuspicion or probable cause
requirement for Target Testing.]

ARTICLE 6: ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES
Samples shall be analyzed in accordance with thefollowing principles:
6.1

Use of Approved Laboratories
For purposes of Article 2.1 (Presence of a Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites or Markers), Samples shallbe analyzed only in WADA-accredited laboratories or asotherwise approved by WADA. The choice of the WADAaccredited laboratory (or other laboratory or method
approved by WADA) used for the Sample analysis shallbe determined exclusively by the Anti-Doping
Organization responsible for results management.

6.2

Purpose of Collection and Analysis of Samples

Samples shall be analyzed to detect Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods identified on theProhibited List and other substances as may bedirected by WADA pursuant to Article 4.5 (Monitoring
Program), or to assist an Anti-Doping Organization in
profiling relevant parameters in an Athlete’s urine,
blood or other matrix, including DNA or genomic
profiling, for anti-doping purposes.

[Comment to Article 6.1: Violations ofArticle 2.1 (Presence of a Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites orMarkers) may be established only by
Sample analysis performed by a
WADA-approved laboratory or

another laboratory specificallyauthorized by WADA. Violations ofother Articles may be establishedusing analytical results from otherlaboratories so long as the results
are reliable.][Comment to Article 6.2: For example, proceeding under Article 2.2 (Userelevant profile information could be
or Attempted Use of a Prohibited
used to direct Target Testing or to
Substance), or both.]support an anti-doping rule violation

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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Doping Control

6.3

Article 6: Analysis of Samples
Article 7: Results Management

Research on Samples
No Sample may be used for any purpose other thanas described in Article 6.2 without the Athlete's
written consent. Samples used for purposes otherthan Article 6.2 shall have any means of identification removed such that they cannot be traced
back to a particular Athlete.

6.4

Standards for Sample Analysis and Reporting
Laboratories shall analyze Doping Control Samples
and report results in conformity with theInternational Standard for Laboratories.

6.5

Retesting Samples
A Sample may be reanalyzed for the purpose of Article
6.2 at any time exclusively at the direction of the AntiDoping Organization that collected the Sample or
WADA. The circumstances and conditions for retesting
Samples shall conform with the requirements of theInternational Standard for Laboratories.

[Comment to Article 6.5: Although
this Article is new, Anti-Doping
Organizations have always had theauthority to reanalyze Samples.
The International Standard for

40

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

Laboratories or a new technicaldocument which is made a partof the International Standard will
harmonize the protocol forsuch retesting.]

ARTICLE 7: RESULTS MANAGEMENT
Each Anti-Doping Organization conducting results
management shall establish a process for the pre-hearing
administration of potential anti-doping rule violations that
respects the following principles:
7.1

Initial Review Regarding Adverse Analytical Findings
Upon receipt of an A Sample Adverse Analytical
Finding, the Anti-Doping Organization responsible forresults management shall conduct a review todetermine whether: (a) an applicable therapeutic use
exemption has been granted or will be granted asprovided in the International Standard for
Therapeutic Use Exemptions, or (b) there is any
apparent departure from the International Standard
for Testing or International Standard for Laboratories
that caused the Adverse Analytical Finding.

7.2

Notification After Initial Review Regarding
Adverse Analytical Findings
If the initial review of an Adverse Analytical Finding
under Article 7.1 does not reveal an applicable
therapeutic use exemption or entitlement to atherapeutic use exemption as provided in theInternational Standard for Therapeutic Use
Exemptions, or departure that caused the Adverse[Comment to Article 7: Various
Signatories have created their own
approaches to results management.
While the various approaches havenot been entirely uniform, many have
proven to be fair and effective
systems for results management.
The Code does not supplant each of
the Signatories' results management

systems. This Article does, however,specify basic principles in order toensure the fundamental fairness of
the results management process
which must be observed by each
Signatory. The specific anti-doping
rules of each Signatory shall beconsistent with these basic principles.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

41

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Article 7: Results Management

Analytical Finding, the Anti-Doping Organization
shall promptly notify the Athlete, in the manner set
out in its rules, of: (a) the Adverse Analytical Finding;(b) the anti-doping rule violated; (c) the Athlete's rightto promptly request the analysis of the B Sample or,
failing such request, that the B Sample analysis may
be deemed waived; (d) the scheduled date, time andplace for the B Sample analysis if the Athlete or AntiDoping Organization chooses to request an analysisof the B Sample; (e) the opportunity for the Athlete
and/or the Athlete's representative to attend the B
Sample opening and analysis within the time period
specified in the International Standard forLaboratories if such analysis is requested; and (f) the
Athlete's right to request copies of the A and B
Sample laboratory documentation package which
includes information as required by the International
Standard for Laboratories. The Anti-Doping Organization
shall also notify the other Anti-Doping Organizations
described in Article 14.1.2. If the Anti-Doping
Organization decides not to bring forward theAdverse Analytical Finding as an anti-doping ruleviolation, it shall so notify the Athlete and the AntiDoping Organizations as described in Article 14.1.2.
7.3

Review of Atypical Findings
As provided in the International Standards, in somecircumstances laboratories are directed to report thepresence of Prohibited Substances, which may also
be produced endogenously, as Atypical Findings
subject to further investigation. Upon receipt of an A
Sample Atypical Finding, the Anti-Doping
Organization responsible for results management

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shall conduct a review to determine whether: (a) an
applicable therapeutic use exemption has been
granted, or (b) there is any apparent departure fromthe International Standard for Testing orInternational Standard for Laboratories that caused
the Atypical Finding. If that review does not reveal anapplicable therapeutic use exemption or departurethat caused the Atypical Finding, the Anti-Doping
Organization shall conduct the required investigation.
After the investigation is completed, the Athlete andother Anti-Doping Organizations identified in Article
14.1.2 shall be notified whether or not the AtypicalFinding will be brought forward as an Adverse
Analytical Finding. The Athlete shall be notified asprovided in Article 7.2.
7.3.1 The Anti-Doping Organization will not provide
notice of an Atypical Finding until it hascompleted its investigation and decided whether
it will bring the Atypical Finding forward as anAdverse Analytical Finding unless one of thefollowing circumstances exist:(a) If the Anti-Doping Organization determines
the B Sample should be analyzed prior tothe conclusion of its investigation under
Article 7.3, the Anti-Doping Organization
may conduct the B Sample analysis after
notifying the Athlete, with such notice toinclude a description of the AtypicalFinding and the information described in
Article 7.2(b)-(f).

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Article 7: Results Management(b) If the Anti-Doping Organization receives arequest, either from a Major Event
Organization shortly before one of its
International Events or a request from a
sport organization responsible for meetingan imminent deadline for selecting teammembers for an International Event, todisclose whether any Athlete identified ona list provided by the Major Event
Organization or sport organization has apending Atypical Finding, the Anti-Doping
Organization shall so identify any such
Athlete after first providing notice of theAtypical Finding to the Athlete.
7.4

Review of Other Anti-Doping Rule
Violations Not Covered by Articles 7.1–7.3
The Anti-Doping Organization or other reviewing bodyestablished by such organization shall conduct any
follow-up investigation into a possible anti-doping
rule violation as may be required under applicableanti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to
the Code or which the Anti-Doping Organization
otherwise considers appropriate. At such time as theAnti-Doping Organization is satisfied that an antidoping rule violation has occurred, it shall promptly
give the Athlete or other Person subject to sanction
notice, in the manner set out in its rules, of the antidoping rule violated, and the basis of the violation.
Other Anti-Doping Organizations shall be notified asprovided in Article 14.1.2.

[Comment to Article 7.3.1(b): Under
the circumstance described in Article
7.3.1(b), the option to take action

would be left to the Major Event
Organization or sport organizationconsistent with its rules.][Comment to Article 7.4: As an example, would notify the Athlete through thean International Federation typically
Athlete's national sports federation.]

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7.5

Principles Applicable to Provisional Suspensions
7.5.1 Mandatory Provisional Suspension

after A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding

Signatories shall adopt rules, applicable to any
Event for which the Signatory is the ruling bodyor for any team selection process for which the
Signatory is responsible or where the Signatoryis the applicable International Federation or
has results management authority over the
alleged anti-doping rule violation, providingthat when an A Sample Adverse Analytical
Finding is received for a Prohibited Substance,other than a Specified Substance, a Provisional
Suspension shall be imposed promptly after
the review and notification described in Articles
7.1 and 7.2.
Provided, however, that a Provisional Suspension
may not be imposed unless the Athlete is given
either: (a) an opportunity for a Provisional
Hearing either before imposition of theProvisional Suspension or on a timely basis[Comment to Article 7.5: Before a
Provisional Suspension can beunilaterally imposed by an AntiDoping Organization, the internal
review specified in the Code must firstbe completed. In addition, a Signatory
imposing a Provisional Suspension
is required to give the Athlete an
opportunity for a Provisional Hearing
either before or promptly after
the imposition of the Provisional
Suspension, or an expedited final
hearing under Article 8 promptly
after imposition of the Provisional
Suspension. The Athlete has aright to appeal under Article 13.2.

In the rare circumstance where the
B Sample analysis does not confirm
the A Sample finding, the Athlete
who had been provisionally suspended
will be allowed, where circumstances
permit, to participate in subsequentCompetitions during the Event.
Similarly, depending upon the relevant
rules of the International Federation
in a Team Sport, if the team is still inCompetition, the Athlete may be able
to take part in future Competitions.
Athletes shall receive credit for a
Provisional Suspension against
any period of Ineligibility which isultimately imposed as provided
in Article 10.9.3.]

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Article 7: Results Management

after imposition of the Provisional Suspension;or (b) an opportunity for an expedited hearing
in accordance with Article 8 (Right to a Fair
Hearing) on a timely basis after imposition of aProvisional Suspension.
7.5.2 Optional Provisional Suspension based on A
Sample Adverse Analytical Finding for Specified
Substances or other anti-doping rule violations
A Signatory may adopt rules, applicable to any
Event for which the Signatory is the ruling bodyor for any team selection process for which the
Signatory is responsible or where the Signatoryis the applicable International Federation or has
results management authority over the allegedanti-doping rule violation, permitting Provisional
Suspensions to be imposed for anti-doping ruleviolations other than an Adverse Analytical
Finding, or after the review and notification
described in Articles 7.1 and 7.2 for Specified
Substances, but prior to the analysis of theAthlete’s B Sample or the final hearing as
described in Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing).
Provided, however, that a Provisional Suspension
may not be imposed unless the Athlete or other
Person is given either: (a) an opportunity for a
Provisional Hearing either before imposition of
the Provisional Suspension or on a timely basis
after imposition of the Provisional Suspension;or (b) an opportunity for an expedited hearing inaccordance with Article 8 (Right to a Fair
Hearing) on a timely basis after imposition of aProvisional Suspension.
If a Provisional Suspension is imposed based on
an A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding and a

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subsequent B Sample analysis (if requested by
the Athlete or Anti-Doping Organization) does
not confirm the A Sample analysis, then the
Athlete shall not be subject to any further
Provisional Suspension on account of a violationof Article 2.1 (Presence of a Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites or Markers). In
circumstances where the Athlete (or the
Athlete's team as may be provided in the rules of
the applicable International Federation) has been
removed from a Competition based on a violationof Article 2.1 and the subsequent B Sample
analysis does not confirm the A Sample finding,if, without otherwise affecting the Competition, it
is still possible for the Athlete or team to bereinserted, the Athlete or team may continue totake part in the Competition.
7.6

Retirement from Sport
If an Athlete or other Person retires while a results
management process is underway, the Anti-Doping
Organization conducting the results management
process retains jurisdiction to complete its results
management process. If an Athlete or other Person
retires before any results management process has
begun, the Anti-Doping Organization which would
have had results management jurisdiction over the
Athlete or other Person at the time the Athlete orother Person committed an anti-doping rule violation,
has jurisdiction to conduct results management.

[Comment to Article 7.6: Conduct by
an Athlete or other Person before theAthlete or other Person was subject tothe jurisdiction of any Anti-Doping
Organization would not constitute ananti-doping rule violation but could bea legitimate basis for denying theAthlete or other Person membershipin a sports organization.]

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Article 8: Right to a Fair Hearing

ARTICLE 8: RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING
8.1

Fair Hearings
Each Anti-Doping Organization with responsibility forresults management shall provide a hearing process
for any Person who is asserted to have committed ananti-doping rule violation. Such hearing process shalladdress whether an anti-doping rule violation wascommitted and, if so, the appropriate Consequences.
The hearing process shall respect the following
principles:• a timely hearing;• a fair and impartial hearing panel;• the right to be represented by counsel at the
Person's own expense;• the right to be informed in a fair and timely manner of
the asserted anti-doping rule violation;• the right to respond to the asserted anti-doping
rule violation and resulting Consequences;• the right of each party to present evidence,
including the right to call and question witnesses(subject to the hearing panel's discretion to accept
testimony by telephone or written submission);• the Person’s right to an interpreter at the hearing,with the hearing panel to determine the identity, andresponsibility for the cost, of the interpreter; and[Comment to Article 8.1: This Article
contains basic principles relative toensuring a fair hearing for Persons
asserted to have committed antidoping rule violations. This Article is

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not intended to supplant each
Signatory's own rules for hearings
but rather to ensure that each
Signatory provides a hearing process
consistent with these principles.]• a timely, written, reasoned decision, specifically
including an explanation of the reason(s) for any
period of Ineligibility.
8.2

Event Hearings
Hearings held in connection with Events may be
conducted by an expedited process as permitted by
the rules of the relevant Anti-Doping Organizationand the hearing panel.

8.3

Waiver of Hearing
The right to a hearing may be waived either expressly
or by the Athlete’s or other Person’s failure tochallenge an Anti-Doping Organization’s assertion
that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred within
the specific time period provided in the Anti-Doping
Organization’s rules. Where no hearing occurs, theAnti-Doping Organization with results management
responsibility shall submit to the Persons describedin Article 13.2.3 a reasoned decision explaining theaction taken.

[Comment to Article 8.2: For
example, a hearing could be
expedited on the eve of a major
Event where the resolution of theanti-doping rule violation isnecessary to determine theAthlete's eligibility to participate in
the Event or during an Event where
the resolution of the case will affectthe validity of the Athlete's results orcontinued participation in the Event.]

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Article 9: Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results
Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

ARTICLE 9: AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATIONOF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS
An anti-doping rule violation in Individual Sports inconnection with an In-Competition test automatically leads
to Disqualification of the result obtained in that Competition
with all resulting Consequences, including forfeiture of any
medals, points and prizes.
[Comment to Article 9: When an
Athlete wins a gold medal with a
Prohibited Substance in his or her
system, that is unfair to the otherAthletes in that Competition
regardless of whether the gold
medalist was at fault in any way.
Only a "clean" Athlete shouldbe allowed to benefit from his or
her competitive results.

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For Team Sports, see Article 11(Consequences to Teams).
In sports which are not Team Sports
but where awards are given to teams,
Disqualification or other disciplinary
action against the team when one
or more team members havecommitted an anti-doping ruleviolation shall be as provided
in the applicable rules of theInternational Federation.]

ARTICLE 10: SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS
10.1

Disqualification of Results in the Event During
which an Anti-Doping Rule Violation Occurs
An anti-doping rule violation occurring during or inconnection with an Event may, upon the decision of
the ruling body of the Event, lead to Disqualification of
all of the Athlete's individual results obtained in that
Event with all Consequences, including forfeiture of
all medals, points and prizes, except as provided in
Article 10.1.1.
10.1.1

If the Athlete establishes that he or she bears
No Fault or Negligence for the violation, theAthlete's individual results in the other
Competitions shall not be Disqualified unlessthe Athlete's results in Competitions otherthan the Competition in which the antidoping rule violation occurred were likely tohave been affected by the Athlete's antidoping rule violation.

[Comment to Article 10.1: Whereas
Article 9 (Automatic Disqualificationof Individual Results) Disqualifies
the result in a single Competitionin which the Athlete tested positive(e.g., the 100 meter backstroke),
this Article may lead to
Disqualification of all resultsin all races during the Event(e.g., the FINA WorldChampionships). Factors to be
included in considering whether
to Disqualify other results in an
Event might include, for example,
the severity of the Athlete’s antidoping rule violation and whether
the Athlete tested negative inthe other Competitions.]

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10.2

Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

Ineligibility for Presence, Use or Attempted Use,or Possession of Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methods
The period of Ineligibility imposed for a violation of
Article 2.1 (Presence of Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers), Article 2.2 (Use or
Attempted Use of Prohibited Substance or Prohibited
Method) or Article 2.6 (Possession of Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods) shall be as
follows, unless the conditions for eliminating or
reducing the period of Ineligibility, as provided in
Articles 10.4 and 10.5, or the conditions for increasing
the period of Ineligibility, as provided in Article 10.6,
are met:First violation: Two (2) years Ineligibility.

[Comment to Article 10.2:
Harmonization of sanctions has
been one of the most discussed
and debated areas of anti-doping.
Harmonization means that thesame rules and criteria are applied
to assess the unique facts of eachcase. Arguments against requiringharmonization of sanctions are
based on differences between sports
including, for example, the following:in some sports the Athletes areprofessionals making a sizable
income from the sport and in others
the Athletes are true amateurs;in those sports where an Athlete's
career is short (e.g., artistic
gymnastics) a two-year Disqualification
has a much more significant effect on
the Athlete than in sports wherecareers are traditionally much longer(e.g., equestrian and shooting); in
Individual Sports, the Athlete is better

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World Anti-Doping Code • 2009able to maintain competitive skills
through solitary practice during
Disqualification than in other sports
where practice as part of a team is
more important. A primary argument
in favor of harmonization is that it issimply not right that two Athletes
from the same country who test
positive for the same Prohibited
Substance under similar
circumstances should receive
different sanctions only because
they participate in different sports.
In addition, flexibility in sanctioning
has often been viewed as anunacceptable opportunity for some
sporting organizations to be morelenient with dopers. The lack ofharmonization of sanctions has
also frequently been the sourceof jurisdictional conflicts between
International Federations andNational Anti-Doping Organizations.]

10.3

Ineligibility for Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations
The period of Ineligibility for anti-doping ruleviolations other than as provided in Article 10.2 shallbe as follows:
10.3.1For violations of Article 2.3 (Refusing or Failingto Submit to Sample Collection) or Article 2.5(Tampering with Doping Control), theIneligibility period shall be two (2) years unlessthe conditions provided in Article 10.5, or theconditions provided in Article 10.6, are met.

10.3.2For violations of Articles 2.7 (Trafficking or
Attempted Trafficking) or 2.8 (Administrationor Attempted Administration of Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method), the period
of Ineligibility imposed shall be a minimum offour (4) years up to lifetime Ineligibility unlessthe conditions provided in Article 10.5 aremet. An anti-doping rule violation involving a
Minor shall be considered a particularly
serious violation and, if committed by Athlete
Support Personnel for violations other thanSpecified Substances referenced in Article
4.2.2, shall result in lifetime Ineligibility for
Athlete Support Personnel. In addition,
significant violations of Articles 2.7 or 2.8
which may also violate non-sporting laws
and regulations, shall be reported to thecompetent administrative, professional or
judicial authorities.

[Comment to Article 10.3.2: Those
who are involved in doping Athletes
or covering up doping should be
subject to sanctions which are more
severe than the Athletes who test
positive. Since the authority of sportorganizations is generally limited toIneligibility for credentials,
membership and other sport
benefits, reporting Athlete Support
Personnel to competent authorities
is an important step in thedeterrence of doping.]

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10.3.3

10.4

Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

For violations of Article 2.4 (Whereabouts Filing
Failures and/or Missed Tests), the period of
Ineligibility shall be at a minimum one (1) year
and at a maximum two (2) years based on the
Athlete’s degree of fault.

Elimination or Reduction of the Period of Ineligibility
for Specified Substances under Specific Circumstances
Where an Athlete or other Person can establish howa Specified Substance entered his or her body orcame into his or her Possession and that suchSpecified Substance was not intended to enhance theAthlete’s sport performance or mask the Use of aperformance-enhancing substance, the period of
Ineligibility found in Article 10.2 shall be replaced withthe following:[Comment to Article 10.3.3: The
sanction under Article 10.3.3 shallbe two years where all three filing
failures or missed tests are

inexcusable. Otherwise, the sanction
shall be assessed in the range of
two years to one year, based on
the circumstances of the case.][Comment to Article 10.4: Specified
Substances are not necessarily
less serious agents for purposes ofsports doping than other Prohibited
Substances (for example, a stimulantthat is listed as a Specified Substancecould be very effective to an Athlete
in competition); for that reason,an Athlete who does not meet thecriteria under this Article would
receive a two-year period of
Ineligibility and could receive up
to a four-year period of Ineligibility

under Article 10.6. However, there
is a greater likelihood that Specified
Substances, as opposed to otherProhibited Substances, could
be susceptible to a credible,
non-doping explanation.
This Article applies only in thosecases where the hearing panel is
comfortably satisfied by the objective
circumstances of the case that the
Athlete in taking or Possessing a
Prohibited Substance did not intend
to enhance his or her sport
continued

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First violation: At a minimum, a reprimand and noperiod of Ineligibility from future Events, and at a
maximum, two (2) years of Ineligibility.
To justify any elimination or reduction, the Athlete orother Person must produce corroborating evidence inaddition to his or her word which establishes to the
comfortable satisfaction of the hearing panel theabsence of an intent to enhance sport performance ormask the Use of a performance-enhancing substance.
The Athlete’s or other Person’s degree of fault shall be
the criterion considered in assessing any reduction of
the period of Ineligibility.
performance. Examples of the typeof objective circumstances which incombination might lead a hearing
panel to be comfortably satisfied
of no performance-enhancing intent
would include: the fact that the natureof the Specified Substance or thetiming of its ingestion would not havebeen beneficial to the Athlete; theAthlete’s open Use or disclosureof his or her Use of the Specified
Substance; and a contemporaneous
medical records file substantiating
the non sport-related prescription
for the Specified Substance.
Generally, the greater the potential
performance-enhancing benefit,
the higher the burden on the Athlete
to prove lack of an intent to enhancesport performance.
While the absence of intent toenhance sport performance mustbe established to the comfortablesatisfaction of the hearing panel,

the Athlete may establish how theSpecified Substance entered the
body by a balance of probability.
In assessing the Athlete’s or other
Person’s degree of fault, thecircumstances considered mustbe specific and relevant to explain
the Athlete’s or other Person’s
departure from the expected
standard of behavior. Thus, forexample, the fact that an Athlete
would lose the opportunity to earnlarge sums of money during a period
of Ineligibility or the fact that the
Athlete only has a short time left
in his or her career or the timingof the sporting calendar would not
be relevant factors to be considered
in reducing the period of Ineligibility
under this Article. It is anticipatedthat the period of Ineligibility will
be eliminated entirely in only themost exceptional cases.]

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10.5

Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

Elimination or Reduction of Period of Ineligibility
Based on Exceptional Circumstances
10.5.1

No Fault or Negligence
If an Athlete establishes in an individual casethat he or she bears No Fault or Negligence, theotherwise applicable period of Ineligibility shallbe eliminated. When a Prohibited Substance or
its Markers or Metabolites is detected in an
Athlete's Sample in violation of Article 2.1(Presence of Prohibited Substance), the Athlete
must also establish how the Prohibited
Substance entered his or her system in order tohave the period of Ineligibility eliminated. In theevent this Article is applied and the period of
Ineligibility otherwise applicable is eliminated,
the anti-doping rule violation shall not be
considered a violation for the limited purpose ofdetermining the period of Ineligibility for
multiple violations under Article 10.7.

[Comment to Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2:
The Code provides for the possible
reduction or elimination of the period
of Ineligibility in the unique
circumstance where the Athlete canestablish that he or she had No Fault
or Negligence, or No Significant Fault
or Negligence, in connection with theviolation. This approach is consistent
with basic principles of human rights
and provides a balance between thoseAnti-Doping Organizations that argue
for a much narrower exception, or
none at all, and those that would
reduce a two-year suspension basedon a range of other factors even whenthe Athlete was admittedly at fault.
These Articles apply only to theimposition of sanctions; they are
not applicable to the determinationof whether an anti-doping ruleviolation has occurred. Article 10.5.2

may be applied to any anti-doping ruleviolation even though it will beespecially difficult to meet the criteria
for a reduction for those anti-doping
rule violations where knowledge is anelement of the violation.
Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2 are meant
to have an impact only in cases where
the circumstances are truly exceptionaland not in the vast majority of cases.
To illustrate the operation of Article
10.5.1, an example where No Fault or
Negligence would result in the totalelimination of a sanction is where an
Athlete could prove that, despite all
due care, he or she was sabotaged by
a competitor. Conversely, a sanction
could not be completely eliminated on
the basis of No Fault or Negligence inthe following circumstances: (a) acontinued

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10.5.2

No Significant Fault or Negligence
If an Athlete or other Person establishes in
an individual case that he or she bears No
Significant Fault or Negligence, then theotherwise applicable period of Ineligibility
may be reduced, but the reduced period of
Ineligibility may not be less than one-half ofthe period of Ineligibility otherwise
applicable. If the otherwise applicable period
of Ineligibility is a lifetime, the reduced period
under this Article may be no less than eight(8) years. When a Prohibited Substance or its
Markers or Metabolites is detected in an
Athlete's Sample in violation of Article 2.1(Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers), the Athlete must

positive test resulting from a mislabeled
or contaminated vitamin or nutritional
supplement (Athletes are responsible
for what they ingest (Article 2.1.1)
and have been warned against
the possibility of supplement
contamination); (b) the administrationof a Prohibited Substance by the
Athlete’s personal physician or trainer
without disclosure to the Athlete(Athletes are responsible for theirchoice of medical personnel and foradvising medical personnel thatthey cannot be given any Prohibited
Substance); and (c) sabotage of theAthlete’s food or drink by a spouse,coach or other Person within the
Athlete’s circle of associates (Athletes
are responsible for what they ingest
and for the conduct of those Persons
to whom they entrust access to theirfood and drink). However, dependingon the unique facts of a particularcase, any of the referenced
illustrations could result in a reduced
sanction based on No Significant Fault
or Negligence. (For example, reduction

may well be appropriate in illustration(a) if the Athlete clearly establishes
that the cause of the positive test
was contamination in a common
multiple vitamin purchased froma source with no connection to
Prohibited Substances and theAthlete exercised care in not taking
other nutritional supplements.)
For purposes of assessing theAthlete’s or other Person’s fault under
Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2, the evidence
considered must be specific andrelevant to explain the Athlete’s orother Person’s departure from theexpected standard of behavior. Thus,
for example, the fact that an Athlete
would lose the opportunity to earnlarge sums of money during a period
of Ineligibility or the fact that the
Athlete only has a short time left in
his or her career or the timing of
the sporting calendar would not be
relevant factors to be considered
in reducing the period of Ineligibility
under this Article.
continued

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

also establish how the Prohibited Substanceentered his or her system in order to havethe period of Ineligibility reduced.
10.5.3

Substantial Assistance in Discovering or
Establishing Anti-Doping Rule Violations
An Anti-Doping Organization with results
management responsibility for an anti-doping
rule violation may, prior to a final appellate
decision under Article 13 or the expiration of
the time to appeal, suspend a part of theperiod of Ineligibility imposed in an individual
case where the Athlete or other Person has
provided Substantial Assistance to an AntiDoping Organization, criminal authority or
professional disciplinary body which results in
the Anti-Doping Organization discovering or
establishing an anti-doping rule violation byanother Person or which results in a criminalor disciplinary body discovering or establishinga criminal offense or the breach of

While Minors are not given special
treatment per se in determining theapplicable sanction, certainly youth
and lack of experience are relevant
factors to be assessed in determining
the Athlete's or other Person's fault
under Article 10.5.2, as well as
Articles 10.3.3, 10.4 and 10.5.1

Article 10.5.2 should not be applied incases where Articles 10.3.3 or 10.4
apply, as those Articles already take
into consideration the Athlete's orother Person's degree of fault for
purposes of establishing the applicable
period of Ineligibility.][Comment to Article 10.5.3: The
cooperation of Athletes, Athlete
Support Personnel and other Persons
who acknowledge their mistakes
and are willing to bring other antidoping rule violations to light isimportant to clean sport.

Factors to be considered in assessing
the importance of the Substantial
Assistance would include, forexample, the number of individuals
implicated, the status of thoseindividuals in the sport, whether ascheme involving Trafficking under
Article 2.7 or administration undercontinued

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professional rules by another Person. After a
final appellate decision under Article 13 or the
expiration of time to appeal, an Anti-Doping
Organization may only suspend a part of theotherwise applicable period of Ineligibility
with the approval of WADA and the applicable
International Federation. The extent to which
the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility
may be suspended shall be based on theseriousness of the anti-doping rule violationcommitted by the Athlete or other Person
and the significance of the Substantial
Assistance provided by the Athlete or other
Person to the effort to eliminate doping insport. No more than three-quarters of theotherwise applicable period of Ineligibility
may be suspended. If the otherwise
applicable period of Ineligibility is a lifetime,
the non-suspended period under this section
must be no less than eight (8) years. If theAnti-Doping Organization suspends any partof the otherwise applicable period of
Ineligibility under this Article, the AntiDoping Organization shall promptly provide awritten justification for its decision to each
Anti-Doping Organization having a right toappeal the decision. If the Anti-Doping
Organization subsequently reinstates any part ofArticle 2.8 is involved and whether theviolation involved a substance or
method which is not readily detectible
in Testing. The maximum suspensionof the Ineligibility period shall only beapplied in very exceptional cases. An
additional factor to be considered inconnection with the seriousness of
the anti-doping rule violation is any
performance-enhancing benefit
which the Person providing

Substantial Assistance may be likely
to still enjoy. As a general matter, theearlier in the results management
process the Substantial Assistance isprovided, the greater the percentageof the otherwise applicable period of
Ineligibility may be suspended.
If the Athlete or other Person who
is asserted to have committed ananti-doping rule violation claims
continued

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the suspended period of Ineligibility because theAthlete or other Person has failed to provide theSubstantial Assistance which was anticipated,
the Athlete or other Person may appeal thereinstatement pursuant to Article 13.2.
entitlement to a suspended period
of Ineligibility under this Article inconnection with the Athlete’s or other
Person’s waiver of a hearing under
Article 8.3 (Waiver of Hearing), theAnti-Doping Organization shalldetermine whether a suspension of
a portion of the period of Ineligibility
is appropriate under this Article. If
the Athlete or other Person claims
entitlement to a suspended period
of Ineligibility before the conclusionof a hearing under Article 8 on theanti-doping rule violation, the hearing
panel shall determine whether
a suspension of a portion of theotherwise applicable period of
Ineligibility is appropriate under this
Article at the same time the hearing
panel decides whether the Athlete
or other Person has committed ananti-doping rule violation. If a
portion of the period of Ineligibility
is suspended, the decision shall
explain the basis for concluding theinformation provided was credible
and was important to discovering orproving the anti-doping rule violationor other offense. If the Athlete orother Person claims entitlement to asuspended period of Ineligibility after

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rule violation has been rendered andis not subject to appeal under Article
13, but the Athlete or other Person isstill serving the period of Ineligibility,
the Athlete or other Person may
apply to the Anti-Doping Organization
which had results management
responsibility for the anti-doping ruleviolation to consider a suspension in
the period of Ineligibility under this
Article. Any such suspension of
the otherwise applicable period
of Ineligibility shall require theapproval of WADA and the applicable
International Federation. If any
condition upon which the suspensionof a period of Ineligibility is based
is not fulfilled, the Anti-Doping
Organization with results
management authority shall reinstate
the period of Ineligibility which
would otherwise be applicable.
Decisions rendered by Anti-Doping
Organizations under this Article may
be appealed pursuant to Article 13.2.
This is the only circumstance under
the Code where the suspension ofan otherwise applicable period of
Ineligibility is authorized.]10.5.4

Admission of an Anti-Doping Rule Violationin the Absence of Other Evidence
Where an Athlete or other Person voluntarily
admits the commission of an anti-doping ruleviolation before having received notice of a
Sample collection which could establish an
anti-doping rule violation (or, in the case of ananti-doping rule violation other than Article
2.1, before receiving first notice of the admitted
violation pursuant to Article 7) and that
admission is the only reliable evidence of theviolation at the time of admission, then the
period of Ineligibility may be reduced, but not
below one-half of the period of Ineligibility
otherwise applicable.

10.5.5

Where an Athlete or Other Person
Establishes Entitlement to Reductionin Sanction Under More than One
Provision of this Article
Before applying any reduction or suspension
under Articles 10.5.2, 10.5.3 or 10.5.4, theotherwise applicable period of Ineligibility[Comment to Article 10.5.4: This
Article is intended to apply when an
Athlete or other Person comesforward and admits to an anti-doping
rule violation in circumstances where
no Anti-Doping Organization is awarethat an anti-doping rule violation
might have been committed. It is notintended to apply to circumstanceswhere the admission occurs after
the Athlete or other Person believes
he or she is about to be caught.][Comment to Article 10.5.5: The
appropriate sanction is determinedin a sequence of four steps. First, thehearing panel determines which of
the basic sanctions (Article 10.2,
Article 10.3, Article 10.4 or Article

10.6) applies to the particular antidoping rule violation. In a second
step, the hearing panel establishes
whether there is a basis for
suspension, elimination or reductionof the sanction (Articles 10.5.1
continued

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shall be determined in accordance with
Articles 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.6. If theAthlete or other Person establishes
entitlement to a reduction or suspension of
the period of Ineligibility under two or moreof Articles 10.5.2, 10.5.3 or 10.5.4, then the
period of Ineligibility may be reduced orsuspended, but not below one-fourth of theotherwise applicable period of Ineligibility.

through 10.5.4). Note, however,
not all grounds for suspension,
elimination or reduction may be
combined with the provisions on
basic sanctions. For example,
Article 10.5.2 does not apply in cases
involving Articles 10.3.3 or 10.4, since
the hearing panel, under Articles
10.3.3 and 10.4, will already havedetermined the period of Ineligibility
based on the Athlete’s or other
Person’s degree of fault. In a third
step, the hearing panel determines
under Article 10.5.5 whether the
Athlete or other Person is entitled toelimination, reduction or suspension
under more than one provision of
Article 10.5. Finally, the hearing panel
decides on the commencement of theperiod of Ineligibility under Article 10.9.
The following four examples
demonstrate the proper
sequence of analysis:
Exam ple 1:
Facts: An Adverse Analytical Finding
involves the presence of an anabolic
steroid; the Athlete promptly admits
the anti-doping rule violation as
asserted; the Athlete establishes
No Significant Fault (Article 10.5.2);
and the Athlete provides Substantial
Assistance (Article 10.5.3).

Application of Article 10:
1. The basic sanction would be
two years under Article 10.2.
(Aggravating Circumstances(Article 10.6) would not be
considered because the Athlete
promptly admitted the violation.
Article 10.4 would not apply
because a steroid is not aSpecified Substance.)
2. Based on No Significant Fault
alone, the sanction could be
reduced up to one-half of thetwo years. Based on Substantial
Assistance alone, the sanction
could be reduced up to threequarters of the two years.
3. Under Article 10.5.5, in considering
the possible reduction for No
Significant Fault and Substantial
Assistance together, the most the
sanction could be reduced is up to
three-quarters of the two years.
Thus, the minimum sanction would
be a six-month period of Ineligibility.
4. Under Article 10.9.2, because
the Athlete promptly admitted
the anti-doping rule violation, theperiod of Ineligibility could startas early as the date of Sample
collection, but in any event thecontinued

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Application of Article 10:
Athlete would have to serve atleast one-half of the Ineligibility
period (minimum three months)
1. Because the Adverse Analyticalafter the date of the hearing decision.
Finding involved a Specified
Substance and the Athlete has
Example 2:satisfied the other conditions ofArticle 10.4, the basic sanction
Facts: An Adverse Analytical Finding
would fall in the range between a
involves the presence of an anabolic
reprimand and two years
steroid; aggravating circumstances
Ineligibility. The hearing panel
exist and the Athlete is unable towould assess the Athlete’s fault inestablish that he did not knowingly
imposing a sanction within thatcommit the anti-doping rule violation;
range. (Assume for illustration in
the Athlete does not promptly admit
this example that the panel would
the anti-doping rule violation asotherwise impose a period of
alleged; but the Athlete does provide
Ineligibility of eight months.)
Substantial Assistance (Article 10.5.3).
2. Based on Substantial Assistance,
Application of Article 10:
the sanction could be reduced up
to three-quarters of the eight
1. The basic sanction would bemonths. (No less than two
between two and four years
months.) No Significant Fault
Ineligibility as provided in(Article 10.2) would not be
Article 10.6.
applicable because the Athlete’s
degree of fault was already taken
2. Based on Substantial Assistance,
into consideration in establishing
the sanction could be reduced up
the eight-month period ofto three-quarters of the maximum
Ineligibility in step 1.
four years.
3. Article 10.5.5 does not apply.
3. Article 10.5.5 does not apply.
4. Under Article 10.9.2, because
4. Under Article 10.9.2, the period of
the Athlete promptly admitted
Ineligibility would start on the date
the anti-doping rule violation,of the hearing decision.
the period of Ineligibility could
start as early as the date of
Exam ple 3:
Sample collection, but in any event,the Athlete would have to serve at
Facts: An Adverse Analytical Finding
least half of the Ineligibility period
involves the presence of a Specified
after the date of the hearing
Substance; the Athlete establishes
decision. (Minimum one month.)
how the Specified Substance entered
Exam ple 4:
his body and that he had no intent toenhance his sport performance; theFacts: An Athlete who has never had
Athlete establishes that he had veryan Adverse Analytical Finding or
little fault; and the Athlete provides
Substantial Assistance (Article 10.5.3). been confronted with an anti-doping
continued

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rule violation spontaneously admits
that he intentionally used multiple
Prohibited Substances to enhance
his performance. The Athlete also
provides Substantial Assistance(Article 10.5.3).
Application of Article 10:
1. While the intentional Use ofmultiple Prohibited Substances
to enhance performance would
normally warrant considerationof aggravating circumstances(Article 10.6), the Athlete’s
spontaneous admission meansthat Article 10.6 would not apply.
The fact that the Athlete’s Useof Prohibited Substances wasintended to enhance performance
would also eliminate theapplication of Article 10.4
regardless of whether theProhibited Substances Used
were Specified Substances. Thus,
Article 10.2 would be applicableand the basic period of Ineligibility
imposed would be two years.
2. Based on the Athlete’s
spontaneous admissions (Article
10.5.4) alone, the period of
Ineligibility could be reduced up
to one-half of the two years.

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Based on the Athlete’s Substantial
Assistance (Article 10.5.3) alone,
the period of Ineligibility could be
reduced up to three-quartersof the two years.
3. Under Article 10.5.5, inconsidering the spontaneous
admission and Substantial
Assistance together, the most the
sanction could be reduced would
be up to three-quarters of the twoyears. (The minimum period of
Ineligibility would be six months.)
4. If Article 10.5.4 was consideredby the hearing panel in arriving at
the minimum six-month period of
Ineligibility at step 3, the period of
Ineligibility would start on the datethe hearing panel imposed thesanction. If, however, the hearing
panel did not consider theapplication of Article 10.5.4 in
reducing the period of Ineligibility
in step 3, then under Article 10.9.2,
the commencement of the period
of Ineligibility could be started as
early as the date the anti-doping
rule violation was committed,
provided that at least half of that
period (minimum of three months)
would have to be served after thedate of the hearing decision.]10.6

Aggravating Circumstances WhichMay Increase the Period of Ineligibility
If the Anti-Doping Organization establishes in an
individual case involving an anti-doping rule violation
other than violations under Articles 2.7 (Trafficking or
Attempted Trafficking) and 2.8 (Administration or
Attempted Administration) that aggravating circumstances
are present which justify the imposition of a period of
Ineligibility greater than the standard sanction, then the
period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable shall be
increased up to a maximum of four (4) years unless the
Athlete or other Person can prove to the comfortablesatisfaction of the hearing panel that he or she did notknowingly commit the anti-doping rule violation.
An Athlete or other Person can avoid the application ofthis Article by admitting the anti-doping rule violation as
asserted promptly after being confronted with the antidoping rule violation by an Anti-Doping Organization.

[Comment to Article 10.6: Examplesof aggravating circumstances which
may justify the imposition of a period
of Ineligibility greater than thestandard sanction are: the Athlete orother Person committed the antidoping rule violation as part of adoping plan or scheme, either
individually or involving a conspiracy
or common enterprise to commit
anti-doping rule violations; theAthlete or other Person Used or
Possessed multiple Prohibited
Substances or Prohibited Methods orUsed or Possessed a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method on
multiple occasions; a normal
individual would be likely to enjoy theperformance-enhancing effects of theanti-doping rule violation(s) beyond
the otherwise applicable period of
Ineligibility; the Athlete or Person

engaged in deceptive or obstructing
conduct to avoid the detection or
adjudication of an anti-doping
rule violation.
For the avoidance of doubt, theexamples of aggravating
circumstances described in thisComment to Article 10.6 are notexclusive and other aggravating
factors may also justify theimposition of a longer period of
Ineligibility. Violations under Articles
2.7 (Trafficking or Attempted
Trafficking) and 2.8 (Administrationor Attempted Administration) are notincluded in the application of Article
10.6 because the sanctions for these
violations (from four years to lifetime
Ineligibility) already build in sufficient
discretion to allow consideration of
any aggravating circumstance.]

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10.7

Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

Multiple Violations
10.7.1

Second Anti-Doping Rule Violation
For an Athlete’s or other Person’s first antidoping rule violation, the period of
Ineligibility is set forth in Articles 10.2 and10.3 (subject to elimination, reduction orsuspension under Articles 10.4 or 10.5, or to
an increase under Article 10.6). For a second
anti-doping rule violation the period of
Ineligibility shall be within the range set forthin the table below.

Second Violation
RS

FFMT

NSF

St

AS

TRA

RS
FFMT
NSF

1-4
1-4
1-4

2-4
4-8
4-8

2-4
4-8
4-8

4-6
6-8
6-8

St
AS

2-4
4-5

6-8
6-8
8-life10-life 10-life life

life
life

life
life

TRA

8-life

life

life

life

First Violation[Comment to Article 10.7.1: The table
is applied by locating the Athlete’s
or other Person’s first anti-doping
rule violation in the left-hand column
and then moving across the table to
the right to the column representing
the second violation. By way of
example, assume an Athlete receives
the standard period of Ineligibility fora first violation under Article 10.2
and then commits a second violation
for which he receives a reduced
sanction for a Specified Substanceunder Article 10.4. The table is used
to determine the period of Ineligibility

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life

life

8-10 10-life
10-life life
10-life life

for the second violation. The table
is applied to this example by startingin the left-hand column and going
down to the fourth row which is “St”
for standard sanction, then moving
across the table to the first column
which is “RS” for reduced sanction
for a Specified Substance, thus
resulting in a 2-4 year range forthe period of Ineligibility for thesecond violation. The Athlete’s orother Person’s degree of fault
shall be the criterion considered inassessing a period of Ineligibility
within the applicable range.]Definitions for purposes of the second antidoping rule violation table:
RS (Reduced sanction for Specified Substanceunder Article 10.4): The anti-doping ruleviolation was or should be sanctioned by areduced sanction under Article 10.4 because it
involved a Specified Substance and the otherconditions under Article 10.4 were met.
FFMT (Filing Failures and/or Missed Tests): The
anti-doping rule violation was or should besanctioned under Article 10.3.3 (Filing Failures
and/or Missed Tests).
NSF (Reduced sanction for No Significant Fault
or Negligence): The anti-doping rule violation
was or should be sanctioned by a reduced
sanction under Article 10.5.2 because No
Significant Fault or Negligence under Article
10.5.2 was proved by the Athlete.
St (Standard sanction under Articles 10.2 or10.3.1): The anti-doping rule violation was orshould be sanctioned by the standard sanctionof two (2) years under Articles 10.2 or 10.3.1.
AS (Aggravated sanction): The anti-doping ruleviolation was or should be sanctioned by anaggravated sanction under Article 10.6 because
the Anti-Doping Organization established theconditions set forth under Article 10.6.
TRA (Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking andadministration or Attempted administration):
The anti-doping rule violation was or should besanctioned by a sanction under Article 10.3.2.
[Comment to Article 10.7.1 RS
Definition: See Article 25.4 withrespect to application of Article 10.7.1 topre-Code anti-doping rule violations.]

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10.7.2

Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

Application of Articles 10.5.3 and 10.5.4
to Second Anti-Doping Rule Violation
Where an Athlete or other Person who
commits a second anti-doping rule violation
establishes entitlement to suspension or
reduction of a portion of the period of
Ineligibility under Article 10.5.3 or Article
10.5.4, the hearing panel shall first determine
the otherwise applicable period of
Ineligibility within the range established in
the table in Article 10.7.1, and then apply theappropriate suspension or reduction of theperiod of Ineligibility. The remaining period
of Ineligibility, after applying any suspension
or reduction under Articles 10.5.3 and 10.5.4,
must be at least one-fourth of the otherwise
applicable period of Ineligibility.

10.7.3

Third Anti-Doping Rule Violation
A third anti-doping rule violation will always
result in a lifetime period of Ineligibility,
except if the third violation fulfills thecondition for elimination or reduction of theperiod of Ineligibility under Article 10.4 or
involves a violation of Article 2.4 (Filing
Failures and/or and Missed Tests). In theseparticular cases, the period of Ineligibility
shall be from eight (8) years to life ban.

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10.7.4

Additional Rules for Certain
Potential Multiple Violations•

For purposes of imposing sanctions
under Article 10.7, an anti-doping ruleviolation will only be considered a second
violation if the Anti-Doping Organization
can establish that the Athlete or other
Person committed the second antidoping rule violation after the Athlete orother Person received notice pursuant to
Article 7 (Results Management), or after
the Anti-Doping Organization madereasonable efforts to give notice, of thefirst anti-doping rule violation; if theAnti-Doping
Organization
cannotestablish this, the violations shall beconsidered together as one single first
violation, and the sanction imposed shallbe based on the violation that carries themore severe sanction; however, theoccurrence of multiple violations may beconsidered as a factor in determining
aggravating circumstances (Article 10.6).

•

If, after the resolution of a first anti-doping
rule violation, an Anti-Doping Organization
discovers facts involving an anti-doping[Comment to Article 10.7.4: In ahypothetical situation, an Athletecommits an anti-doping rule violation
on January 1, 2008, which the AntiDoping Organization does notdiscover until December 1, 2008.
In the meantime, the Athlete commits
another anti-doping rule violation
on March 1, 2008, and the Athlete
is notified of this violation by theAnti-Doping Organization on March
30, 2008, and a hearing panel rules

on June 30, 2008 that the Athletecommitted the March 1, 2008
anti-doping rule violation. The
later-discovered violation which
occurred on January 1, 2008 will
provide the basis for aggravating
circumstances because the Athlete
did not voluntarily admit the violation
in a timely basis after the Athlete
received notification of the later
violation on March 30, 2008.]

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rule violation by the Athlete or other
Person which occurred prior to
notification regarding the first violation,then the Anti-Doping Organization shall
impose an additional sanction based on
the sanction that could have been
imposed if the two violations would havebeen adjudicated at the same time.
Results in all Competitions dating back to
the earlier anti-doping rule violation will
be Disqualified as provided in Article 10.8.
To avoid the possibility of a finding of
aggravating circumstances (Article 10.6)
on account of the earlier-in-time butlater-discovered violation, the Athlete orother Person must voluntarily admit theearlier anti-doping rule violation on atimely basis after notice of the violation forwhich he or she is first charged. The same
rule shall also apply when the Anti-Doping
Organization discovers facts involving
another prior violation after the resolutionof a second anti-doping rule violation.
10.7.5Multiple Anti-Doping Rule Violations
During an Eight-Year Period
For purposes of Article 10.7, each anti-doping
rule violation must take place within the sameeight-year period in order to be consideredmultiple violations.

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10.8

Disqualification of Results in Competitions
Subsequent to Sample Collection orCommission of an Anti-Doping Rule Violation
In addition to the automatic Disqualification of theresults in the Competition which produced thepositive Sample under Article 9 (Automatic
Disqualification of Individual Results), all othercompetitive results obtained from the date a positive
Sample was collected (whether In-Competition or
Out-of-Competition), or other anti-doping ruleviolation occurred, through the commencement of
any Provisional Suspension or Ineligibility period,
shall, unless fairness requires otherwise, beDisqualified with all of the resulting Consequences
including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes.
10.8.1

As a condition of regaining eligibility after
being found to have committed an anti-doping
rule violation, the Athlete must first repay all
prize money forfeited under this Article.

10.8.2

Allocation of Forfeited Prize Money
Unless the rules of the International Federation
provide that forfeited prize money shall bereallocated to other Athletes, it shall beallocated first to reimburse the collection
expenses of the Anti-Doping Organization that
performed the necessary steps to collect the
prize money back, then to reimburse theexpenses of the Anti-Doping Organization that
conducted results management in the case,with the balance, if any, allocated in accordancewith the International Federation’s rules.

[Comment to Article 10.8.2: Nothing
in the Code precludes clean Athletes
or other Persons who have beendamaged by the actions of a Person

who has committed an anti-doping
rule violation from pursuing any rightwhich they would otherwise have toseek damages from such Person.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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10.9

Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals

Commencement of Ineligibility Period
Except as provided below, the period of Ineligibility shallstart on the date of the hearing decision providing forIneligibility or, if the hearing is waived, on the dateIneligibility is accepted or otherwise imposed. Any
period of Provisional Suspension (whether imposed or
voluntarily accepted) shall be credited against the total
period of Ineligibility imposed.
10.9.1

Delays Not Attributable to
the Athlete or other Person
Where there have been substantial delays in the
hearing process or other aspects of Doping
Control not attributable to the Athlete or other
Person, the body imposing the sanction may
start the period of Ineligibility at an earlier datecommencing as early as the date of Sample
collection or the date on which another antidoping rule violation last occurred.

10.9.2Timely Admission
Where the Athlete or other Person promptly(which, in all events, for an Athlete means
before the Athlete competes again) admits theanti-doping rule violation after being confronted
with the anti-doping rule violation by the AntiDoping Organization, the period of Ineligibility
may start as early as the date of Sample
collection or the date on which another antidoping rule violation last occurred. In eachcase, however, where this Article is applied, theAthlete or other Person shall serve at least onehalf of the period of Ineligibility going forwardfrom the date the Athlete or other Person
accepted the imposition of a sanction, the date[Comment to Article 10.9.2: This Article
shall not apply where the period of
Ineligibility already has been reduced

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under Article 10.5.4 (Admission of an
Anti-Doping Rule Violation in the
Absence of Other Evidence).]of a hearing decision imposing a sanction, or
the date the sanction is otherwise imposed.
10.9.3

If a Provisional Suspension is imposed andrespected by the Athlete, then the Athlete shallreceive a credit for such period of Provisional
Suspension against any period of Ineligibility
which may ultimately be imposed.

10.9.4

If an Athlete voluntarily accepts a Provisional
Suspension in writing from an Anti-Doping
Organization with results management
authority and thereafter refrains fromcompeting, the Athlete shall receive a credit forsuch period of voluntary Provisional Suspension
against any period of Ineligibility which may
ultimately be imposed. A copy of the Athlete’s
voluntary acceptance of a Provisional
Suspension shall be provided promptly to eachparty entitled to receive notice of a potential
anti-doping rule violation under Article 14.1.

10.9.5

No credit against a period of Ineligibility shall begiven for any time period before the effective
date of the Provisional Suspension or voluntary
Provisional Suspension regardless of whether
the Athlete elected not to compete or wassuspended by his or her team.

[Comment to Article 10.9.4: An
Athlete’s voluntary acceptance of aProvisional Suspension is not anadmission by the Athlete and shallnot be used in any way as to draw anadverse inference against the Athlete.][Comment to Article 10.9: The textof Article 10.9 has been revised
to make clear that delays not
attributable to the Athlete, timely
admission by the Athlete andProvisional Suspension are the only

justifications for starting the period of
Ineligibility earlier than the date of thehearing decision. This amendment
corrects inconsistent interpretation
and application of the previous text.]

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10.10 Status During Ineligibility
10.10.1 Prohibition Against Participation
During Ineligibility
No Athlete or other Person who has been
declared Ineligible may, during the period of
Ineligibility, participate in any capacity in aCompetition or activity (other than authorizedanti-doping education or rehabilitation programs)
authorized or organized by any Signatory,
Signatory's member organization, or a club orother member organization of a Signatory’s
member organization, or in Competitions
authorized or organized by any professional
league or any international- or national-level
Event organization.
An Athlete or other Person subject to a period of
Ineligibility longer than four (4) years may, after
completing four (4) years of the period of
Ineligibility, participate in local sport events in a
sport other than the sport in which the Athlete orother Person committed the anti-doping ruleviolation, but only so long as the local sport event
is not at a level that could otherwise qualify such
Athlete or other Person directly or indirectly tocompete in (or accumulate points toward) a
national championship or International Event.
An Athlete or other Person subject to a period of
Ineligibility shall remain subject to Testing.
[Comment to Article 10.10.1: For
example, an ineligible Athlete
cannot participate in a training camp,
exhibition or practice organized byhis or her National Federation or aclub which is a member of that
National Federation. Further, anineligible Athlete may not compete ina non-Signatory professional league(e.g., the National Hockey League, the74World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

National Basketball Association, etc.),
Events organized by a non-Signatory
International Event organization or a
non-Signatory national-level event
organization without triggering theconsequences set forth in Article
10.10.2. Sanctions in one sport will
also be recognized by other sports(see Article 15.4 Mutual Recognition).]10.10.2 Violation of the Prohibition ofParticipation During Ineligibility
Where an Athlete or other Person who has been
declared Ineligible violates the prohibition
against participation during Ineligibility
described in Article 10.10.1, the results of suchparticipation shall be Disqualified and theperiod of Ineligibility which was originallyimposed shall start over again as of the date of
the violation. The new period of Ineligibility may
be reduced under Article 10.5.2 if the Athlete orother Person establishes he or she bears No
Significant Fault or Negligence for violating theprohibition against participation. The
determination of whether an Athlete or other
Person has violated the prohibition against
participation, and whether a reduction under
Article 10.5.2 is appropriate, shall be made by
the Anti-Doping Organization whose results
management led to the imposition of the initialperiod of Ineligibility.
10.10.3 Withholding of Financial
Support during Ineligibility
In addition, for any anti-doping rule violation not
involving a reduced sanction for Specified[Comment to Article 10.10.2: If an
Athlete or other Person is alleged tohave violated the prohibition against
participation during a period of
Ineligibility, the Anti-Doping
Organization which had results
management responsibility for theanti-doping rule violation which
resulted in the period of Ineligibility
shall determine whether the
Athlete or other Person violated
the prohibition and, if so, whether
the Athlete or other Person has
established grounds for a reductionin the restarted period of Ineligibility

under Article 10.5.2. Decisions
rendered by Anti-Doping
Organizations under this Article may
be appealed pursuant to Article 13.2.
Where an Athlete Support Personnel
or other Person substantially assists
an Athlete in violating the prohibition
against participation during
Ineligibility, an Anti-Doping
Organization with jurisdiction oversuch Athlete Support Personnel orother Person may appropriately
impose sanctions under its own
disciplinary rules for such assistance.]
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Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals
Article 11: Consequences to Teams

Substances as described in Article 10.4, someor all sport-related financial support or othersport-related benefits received by such Person
will be withheld by Signatories, Signatories'
member organizations and governments.
10.11 Reinstatement Testing
As a condition to regaining eligibility at the end of a
specified period of Ineligibility, an Athlete must,
during any period of Provisional Suspension or
Ineligibility, make him or herself available for Out-ofCompetition Testing by any Anti-Doping Organization
having Testing jurisdiction, and must, if requested,
provide current and accurate whereabouts
information. If an Athlete subject to a period of
Ineligibility retires from sport and is removed fromOut-of-Competition Testing pools and later seeksreinstatement, the Athlete shall not be eligible forreinstatement until the Athlete has notified relevant
Anti-Doping Organizations and has been subject to
Out-of-Competition Testing for a period of time equal
to the period of Ineligibility remaining as of the date
the Athlete had retired.
10.12 Imposition of Financial Sanctions

Anti-Doping Organizations may, in their own rules,
provide for financial sanctions on account of antidoping rule violations. However, no financial sanction
may be considered a basis for reducing the period of
Ineligibility or other sanction which would otherwise
be applicable under the Code.
[Comment to Article 10.12: For
example, if a hearing panel were tofind in a case that the cumulative
effect of the sanction applicable
under the Code and a financial
sanction provided in the rules of

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an Anti-Doping Organization would
result in too harsh a consequence,then the Anti-Doping Organization's
financial sanction, not the other Codesanctions (e.g., Ineligibility and loss of
results), would give way.]ARTICLE 11: CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS
11.1

Testing of Team Sports
Where more than one member of a team in a TeamSport has been notified of an anti-doping ruleviolation under Article 7 in connection with an Event,
the ruling body for the Event shall conduct
appropriate Target Testing of the team during the
Event Period.

11.2

Consequences for Team Sports
If more than two members of a team in a Team Sportare found to have committed an anti-doping ruleviolation during an Event Period, the ruling body of the
Event shall impose an appropriate sanction on theteam (e.g., loss of points, Disqualification from a
Competition or Event, or other sanction) in addition to
any Consequences imposed upon the individual
Athletes committing the anti-doping rule violation.

11.3

Event Ruling Body May Establish
Stricter Consequences for Team Sports
The ruling body for an Event may elect to establish
rules for the Event which impose Consequences forTeam Sports stricter than those in Article 11.2 for
purposes of the Event.

[Comment to Article 11.3: For
example, the International Olympic
Committee could establish rules
which would require Disqualificationof a team from the Games of the

Olympiad based on a lesser numberof anti-doping rule violations
during the period of the Gamesof the Olympiad.]

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Article 12: Sanctions Against Sporting Bodies
Article 13: Appeals

ARTICLE 12: SANCTIONS AGAINSTSPORTING BODIES
Nothing in the Code precludes any Signatory or government
accepting the Code from enforcing its own rules for the
purpose of imposing sanctions on another sporting bodyover which the Signatory or government has authority.

ARTICLE 13: APPEALS
13.1

Decisions Subject to Appeal
Decisions made under the Code or rules adopted
pursuant to the Code may be appealed as set forth
below in Articles 13.2 through 13.4 or as otherwise
provided in the Code. Such decisions shall remain in
effect while under appeal unless the appellate bodyorders otherwise. Before an appeal is commenced, any
post-decision review provided in the Anti-Doping
Organization's rules must be exhausted, provided thatsuch review respects the principles set forth in Article
13.2.2 below (except as provided in Article 13.1.1).

[Comment to Article 12: This Article
makes it clear that the Code does not
restrict whatever disciplinary rights

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between organizations mayotherwise exist.]13.1.1

WADA Not Required to
Exhaust Internal Remedies
Where WADA has a right to appeal under
Article 13 and no other party has appealed a
final decision within the Anti-Doping
Organization’s process, WADA may appeal
such decision directly to CAS without having toexhaust other remedies in the Anti-Doping
Organization process.

13.2

Appeals from Decisions Regarding
Anti-Doping Rule Violations, Consequences,and Provisional Suspensions
A decision that an anti-doping rule violation wascommitted, a decision imposing Consequences for ananti-doping rule violation, or a decision that no antidoping rule violation was committed; a decision thatan anti-doping rule violation proceeding cannot go
forward for procedural reasons (including, forexample, prescription); a decision under Article
10.10.2 (Violation of the Prohibition of Participation
during Ineligibility); a decision that an Anti-Doping
Organization lacks jurisdiction to rule on an allegedanti-doping rule violation or its Consequences; adecision by an Anti-Doping Organization not to bringforward an Adverse Analytical Finding or an AtypicalFinding as an anti-doping rule violation, or a decision
not to go forward with an anti-doping rule violation
after an investigation under Article 7.4; and a decision
to impose a Provisional Suspension as a result of aProvisional Hearing or in violation of Article 7.5, may
be appealed exclusively as provided in this Article 13.2.

[Comment to Article 13.1.1: Where adecision has been rendered before
the final stage of an Anti-Doping
Organization's process (e.g., a firsthearing) and no party elects to appeal
that decision to the next level of theAnti-Doping Organization's process(e.g., the Managing Board), then
WADA may bypass the remaining
steps in the Anti-Doping
Organization's internal process
and appeal directly to CAS.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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13.2.1

Article 13: Appeals

Appeals Involving
International-Level Athletes
In cases arising from participation in an
International Event or in cases involving
International-Level Athletes, the decision
may be appealed exclusively to CAS in
accordance with the provisions applicablebefore such court.

13.2.2

Appeals Involving National-Level Athletes
In cases involving national-level Athletes, as
defined by each National Anti-Doping
Organization, who do not have a right toappeal under Article 13.2.1, the decision may
be appealed to an independent and impartial
body in accordance with rules established by
the National Anti-Doping Organization. The
rules for such appeal shall respect thefollowing principles:• a timely hearing;• a fair, impartial and independent hearing
panel;• the right to be represented by counsel at
the Person's own expense; and• a timely, written, reasoned decision.

80[Comment to Article 13.2.1: CASdecisions are final and binding
except for any review required bylaw applicable to the annulment or
enforcement of arbitral awards.][Comment to Article 13.2.2: An AntiDoping Organization may elect tocomply with this Article by giving its

national-level Athletes the right toappeal directly to CAS.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

13.2.3

Persons Entitled to Appeal
In cases under Article 13.2.1, the following
parties shall have the right to appeal to CAS:(a) the Athlete or other Person who is the
subject of the decision being appealed; (b)the other party to the case in which thedecision was rendered; (c) the relevantInternational Federation; (d) the National
Anti-Doping Organization of the Person’scountry of residence or countries where the
Person is a national or license holder; (e) theInternational Olympic Committee orInternational Paralympic Committee, asapplicable, where the decision may have aneffect in relation to the Olympic Games orParalympic Games, including decisions
affecting eligibility for the Olympic Games orParalympic Games; and (f) WADA.
In cases under Article 13.2.2, the parties
having the right to appeal to the nationallevel reviewing body shall be as provided in
the National Anti-Doping Organization's
rules but, at a minimum, shall include thefollowing parties: (a) the Athlete or other
Person who is the subject of the decision
being appealed; (b) the other party to thecase in which the decision was rendered; (c)the relevant International Federation; (d) the
National Anti-Doping Organization of the
Person’s country of residence; and (e)WADA. For cases under Article 13.2.2, WADA
and the International Federation shall also
have the right to appeal to CAS with respect
to the decision of the national-level reviewing
body. Any party filing an appeal shall beentitled to assistance from CAS to obtain all
relevant information from the Anti-Doping
Organization whose decision is being

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appealed and the information shall be provided
if CAS so directs.
The filing deadline for an appeal or intervention
filed by WADA shall be the later of:(a) Twenty-one (21) days after the last day on
which any other party in the case could
have appealed, or(b) Twenty-one (21) days after WADA’s receiptof the complete file relating to the decision.
Notwithstanding any other provision herein, theonly Person who may appeal from a Provisional
Suspension is the Athlete or other Person uponwhom the Provisional Suspension is imposed.
13.3

Failure to Render a Timely Decisionby an Anti-Doping Organization
Where, in a particular case, an Anti-Doping
Organization fails to render a decision with respect towhether an anti-doping rule violation was committed
within a reasonable deadline set by WADA, WADA may
elect to appeal directly to CAS as if the Anti-Doping
Organization had rendered a decision finding no antidoping rule violation. If the CAS hearing panel
determines that an anti-doping rule violation was[Comment to Article 13.3: Given the
different circumstances of each antidoping rule violation investigation
and results management process,it is not feasible to establish a fixed
time period for an Anti-Doping
Organization to render a decision
before WADA may intervene byappealing directly to CAS. Before
taking such action, however, WADA
will consult with the Anti-Doping

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Organization and give the AntiDoping Organization an opportunity
to explain why it has not yet rendereda decision. Nothing in this Article
prohibits an International Federationfrom also having rules whichauthorize it to assume jurisdiction
for matters in which the results
management performed by oneof its National Federations has
been inappropriately delayed.]committed and that WADA acted reasonably in electing
to appeal directly to CAS, then WADA’s costs andattorneys fees in prosecuting the appeal shall bereimbursed to WADA by the Anti-Doping Organization.
13.4

Appeals from Decisions Grantingor Denying a Therapeutic Use Exemption
Decisions by WADA reversing the grant or denial of atherapeutic use exemption may be appealed
exclusively to CAS by the Athlete or the Anti-Doping
Organization whose decision was reversed. Decisions
by Anti-Doping Organizations other than WADA
denying therapeutic use exemptions, which are notreversed by WADA, may be appealed by InternationalLevel Athletes to CAS and by other Athletes to thenational-level reviewing body described in Article
13.2.2. If the national-level reviewing body reverses
the decision to deny a therapeutic use exemption,that decision may be appealed to CAS by WADA.
When an Anti-Doping Organization fails to take action
on a properly submitted therapeutic use exemption
application within a reasonable time, the Anti-Doping
Organization’s failure to decide may be considered adenial for purposes of the appeal rights provided inthis Article.

13.5

Appeals from Decisions underPart Three and Part Four of the CodeWith respect to a WADA report of noncomplianceunder Article 23.4.5 or any Consequences imposed
under Part Three (Roles and Responsibilities) of theCode, the entity to which the WADA report pertains or
upon which Consequences are imposed under Part
Three of the Code shall have the right to appeal
exclusively to CAS in accordance with the provisions
applicable before such court.

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13.6

Article 13: Appeals
Article 14: Confidentiality and Reporting

Appeals from Decisions Suspending
or Revoking Laboratory Accreditation
Decisions by WADA to suspend or revoke alaboratory's WADA accreditation may be appealed
only by that laboratory with the appeal being
exclusively to CAS.

ARTICLE 14: CONFIDENTIALITYAND REPORTING
The principles of coordination of anti-doping results, public
transparency and accountability and respect for the privacy
interests of individuals alleged to have violated anti-doping
rules are:
14.1

Information Concerning Adverse Analytical Findings,
Atypical Findings, and Other Potential Anti-Doping
Rule Violations
14.1.1

Notice to Athletes and Other Persons
An Athlete whose Sample is brought forward
as an Adverse Analytical Finding after the
initial review under Articles 7.1 or 7.3, or an
Athlete or other Person who is asserted tohave committed an anti-doping rule violation
after the initial review under Article 7.4, shallbe notified by the Anti-Doping Organization
with results management responsibility as
provided in Article 7 (Results Management).

[Comment to Article 13: The object of
the Code is to have anti-doping
matters resolved through fair andtransparent internal processes with afinal appeal. Anti-doping decisions by
Anti-Doping Organizations are madetransparent in Article 14. Specified
Persons and organizations, including

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WADA, are then given the opportunity
to appeal those decisions. Note thatthe definition of interested Persons
and organizations with a right toappeal under Article 13 does notinclude Athletes, or their federations,
who might benefit from having
another competitor disqualified.]14.1.2

Notice to National Anti-Doping Organizations,International Federations and WADA
The same Anti-Doping Organization shallalso notify the Athlete’s National Anti-Doping
Organization, International Federation and
WADA not later than the completion of theprocess described in Articles 7.1 through 7.4.

14.1.3

Content of Notification
Notification shall include: the Athlete's name,country, sport and discipline within the sport,
the Athlete’s competitive level, whether thetest was In-Competition or Out-of-Competition,
the date of Sample collection and theanalytical result reported by the laboratory.

14.1.4

Status Reports
The same Persons and Anti-Doping
Organizations shall be regularly updated on thestatus and findings of any review or proceedings
conducted pursuant to Articles 7 (Results
Management), 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing) or 13(Appeals) and shall be provided with a prompt
written reasoned explanation or decision
explaining the resolution of the matter.

14.1.5

Confidentiality
The recipient organizations shall not disclose
this information beyond those Persons with aneed to know (which would include theappropriate personnel at the applicable
National Olympic Committee, National
Federation, and team in a Team Sport) until[Comment to Article 14.1.5: Each AntiDoping Organization shall provide, in its
own anti-doping rules, procedures forthe protection of confidential informationand for investigating and disciplining
improper disclosure of confidential
information by any employee or agentof the Anti-Doping Organization.]

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Article 13: Appeals
Article 14: Confidentiality and Reporting

the Anti-Doping Organization with results
management responsibility has made public
disclosure or has failed to make public
disclosure as required in Article 14.2 below.
14.2

86

Public Disclosure
14.2.1

The identity of any Athlete or other Person who
is asserted by an Anti-Doping Organization tohave committed an anti-doping rule violation,
may be publicly disclosed by the Anti-Doping
Organization with results management
responsibility only after notice has been
provided to the Athlete or other Person inaccordance with Articles 7.2, 7.3 or 7.4, and to
the applicable Anti-Doping Organizations inaccordance with Article 14.1.2.

14.2.2No later than twenty (20) days after it has been
determined in a hearing in accordance with
Article 8 that an anti-doping rule violation has
occurred, or such hearing has been waived, orthe assertion of an anti-doping rule violation
has not been timely challenged, the AntiDoping Organization responsible for results
management must publicly report thedisposition of the anti-doping matter including
the sport, the anti-doping rule violated, thename of the Athlete or other Person
committing the violation, the Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method involved andthe Consequences imposed. The same AntiDoping Organization must also publicly report
within twenty (20) days appeal decisions
concerning anti-doping rule violations. The
Anti-Doping Organization shall also, within thetime period for publication, send all hearing
and appeal decisions to WADA.

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14.3

14.2.3In any case where it is determined, after ahearing or appeal, that the Athlete or other
Person did not commit an anti-doping ruleviolation, the decision may be disclosed
publicly only with the consent of the Athlete
or other Person who is the subject of thedecision. The Anti-Doping Organization withresults management responsibility shall use
reasonable efforts to obtain such consent,
and if consent is obtained, shall publicly
disclose the decision in its entirety or in suchredacted form as the Athlete or other Person
may approve.

14.2.4

For purposes of Article 14.2, publication shallbe accomplished at a minimum by placing
the required information on the Anti-Doping
Organization’s Web site and leaving theinformation up for at least one (1) year.

14.2.5

No Anti-Doping Organization or WADAaccredited laboratory, or official of either, shall
publicly comment on the specific facts of apending case (as opposed to generaldescription of process and science) except in
response to public comments attributed to the
Athlete, other Person or their representatives.

Athlete Whereabouts Information
As further provided in the International Standard for
Testing, Athletes who have been identified by theirInternational Federation or National Anti-Doping
Organization for inclusion in a Registered Testing Poolshall provide accurate, current location information.
The International Federations and National AntiDoping Organizations shall coordinate the identification of Athletes and the collecting of current
location information and shall submit these to WADA.

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This information will be accessible, through ADAMS
where reasonably feasible, to other Anti-Doping
Organizations having jurisdiction to test the Athlete asprovided in Article 15. This information shall bemaintained in strict confidence at all times; shall be
used exclusively for purposes of planning, coordinatingor conducting Testing; and shall be destroyed after it is
no longer relevant for these purposes.
14.4

Statistical Reporting

Anti-Doping Organizations shall, at least annually,
publish publicly a general statistical report of their
Doping Control activities with a copy provided to
WADA. Anti-Doping Organizations may also publish
reports showing the name of each Athlete tested andthe date of each Testing.
14.5

Doping Control Information Clearinghouse
WADA shall act as a central clearinghouse for Doping
Control Testing data and results for InternationalLevel Athletes and national-level Athletes who havebeen included in their National Anti-Doping
Organization's Registered Testing Pool. To facilitate
coordinated test distribution planning and to avoid
unnecessary duplication in Testing by the various
Anti-Doping Organizations, each Anti-Doping
Organization shall report all In-Competition and Outof-Competition tests on such Athletes to the WADA
clearinghouse as soon as possible after such tests
have been conducted. This information will be madeaccessible to the Athlete, the Athlete's National
Federation, National Olympic Committee or National
Paralympic Committee, National Anti-Doping
Organization, International Federation, and theInternational Olympic Committee or International
Paralympic Committee.

88

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009To enable it to serve as a clearinghouse for Doping
Control Testing data, WADA has developed a
database management tool, ADAMS, that reflects
emerging data privacy principles. In particular, WADA
has developed ADAMS to be consistent with data
privacy statutes and norms applicable to WADA andother organizations using ADAMS. Private
information regarding an Athlete, Athlete Support
Personnel, or others involved in anti-doping activities
shall be maintained by WADA, which is supervised by
Canadian privacy authorities, in strict confidence andin accordance with the International Standard for theprotection of privacy. WADA shall, at least annually,
publish statistical reports summarizing theinformation that it receives, ensuring at all times thatthe privacy of Athletes is fully respected and makeitself available for discussions with national andregional data privacy authorities.
14.6

Data Privacy
When performing obligations under the Code, AntiDoping Organizations may collect, store, process ordisclose personal information relating to Athletes andthird parties. Each Anti-Doping Organization shallensure that it complies with applicable data protection
and privacy laws with respect to their handling of suchinformation, as well as the International Standard forthe protection of privacy that WADA shall adopt toensure Athletes and non-athletes are fully informed ofand, where necessary, agree to the handling of theirpersonal information in connection with anti-doping
activities arising under the Code.

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Article 15: Clarification of Doping Control Responsibilities

ARTICLE 15: CLARIFICATION OF
DOPING CONTROLRESPONSIBILITIES
15.1

Event Testing
The collection of Samples for Doping Control does andshould take place at both International Events andNational Events. However, except as otherwise
provided below, only a single organization should be
responsible for initiating and directing Testing during
the Event Period. At International Events, thecollection of Doping Control Samples shall be initiatedand directed by the international organization which is
the ruling body for the Event (e.g., the International
Olympic Committee for the Olympic Games, theInternational Federation for a World Championship,
and Pan-American Sports Organisation for the Pan
American Games). At National Events, the collection of
Doping Control Samples shall be initiated and directedby the designated National Anti-Doping Organizationof that country.

[Comment to Article 15: To be effective,
the anti-doping effort must involve
many Anti-Doping Organizations
conducting strong programs at both theinternational and national levels. Rather
than limiting the responsibilities of one
group in favor of the exclusive

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competency of the other, the Codemanages potential problems associatedwith overlapping responsibilities, first by
creating a much higher level of overallharmonization and, second, by
establishing rules of precedence andcooperation in specific areas.]15.1.1

15.2

If an Anti-Doping Organization which is not
responsible for initiating and directing
Testing at an Event nevertheless desires to
conduct additional Testing of Athletes at the
Event during the Event Period, the AntiDoping Organization shall first confer withthe ruling body of the Event to obtain
permission to conduct, and to coordinate, any
additional Testing. If the Anti-Doping
Organization is not satisfied with the
response from the ruling body of the Event,the Anti-Doping Organization may ask WADA
for permission to conduct additional Testing
and to determine how to coordinate such
additional Testing. WADA shall not grant
approval for such additional Testing before
consulting with and informing the ruling bodyfor the Event.

Out-of-Competition TestingOut-of-Competition Testing shall be initiated anddirected by both international and national organizations.
Out-of-Competition Testing may be initiated and directedby: (a) WADA; (b) the International Olympic Committee orInternational Paralympic Committee in connection with[Comment to Article 15.1.1: Before
giving approval to a National AntiDoping Organization to initiate andconduct Testing at an International
Event, WADA shall consult with theinternational organization which is theruling body for the Event. Before giving
approval to an International Federation
to initiate and conduct Testing at a
National Event, WADA shall consult with

the National Anti-Doping Organizationof the country where the Event takes
place. The Anti-Doping Organization"initiating and directing Testing" may,
if it chooses, enter into agreementswith other organizations to which itdelegates responsibility for Sample
collection or other aspects of the
Doping Control process.][Comment to Article 15.2: Additional
authority to conduct Testing may be
authorized by means of bilateral or

multilateral agreements among
Signatories and governments.]

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the Olympic Games or Paralympic Games; (c) the
Athlete's International Federation; or (d) any other AntiDoping Organization that has Testing jurisdiction over
the Athlete as provided in Article 5.1 (Test Distribution
Planning). Out-of-Competition Testing shall becoordinated through ADAMS where reasonably feasible
in order to maximize the effectiveness of the combined
Testing effort and to avoid unnecessary repetitive Testingof individual Athletes.
15.3

Results Management, Hearings and Sanctions
Except as provided in Article 15.3.1 below, results
management and hearings shall be the responsibilityof and shall be governed by the procedural rules of
the Anti-Doping Organization that initiated anddirected Sample collection (or, if no Sample
collection is involved, the organization which
discovered the violation). If that Anti-Doping
Organization does not have the authority to conduct
results management, then results management
authority shall default to the applicable International
Federation. Regardless of which organization
conducts results management or hearings, theprinciples set forth in Articles 7 and 8 shall be
respected and the rules identified in the Introduction
to Part One to be incorporated without substantive
change must be followed.

[Comment to Article 15.3: In somecases, the procedural rules of the AntiDoping Organization which initiated anddirected the Sample collection may
specify that results management will behandled by another organization (e.g.,
the Athlete's National Federation). In
such event, it shall be the Anti-Doping
Organization's responsibility to confirm
that the other organization's rules are
consistent with the Code.

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The Athlete's or other Person's
International Federation has been
made the authority of last resort forresults management to avoid thepossibility that no Anti-Doping
Organization would have authority
to conduct results management. Of
course, an International Federation isfree to provide in its own anti-doping
rules that the Athlete's or other
Person's National Federation shallconduct results management.]

15.3.1

Results management and the conduct ofhearings for an anti-doping rule violation
arising from a test by, or discovered by, aNational Anti-Doping Organization involving
an Athlete who is not a national, resident,
license-holder or member of a sportorganization of that country shall beadministered as directed by the rules of theapplicable International Federation. Results
management and the conduct of hearings
from a test by the International Olympic
Committee, the International Paralympic
Committee, or a Major Event Organization,
shall be referred to the applicable
International Federation as far as sanctions
beyond Disqualification from the Event or the
results of the Event.

[Comment to Article 15.3.1: No absoluterule is established for managing results
and conducting hearings where a
National Anti-Doping Organization tests
a foreign national Athlete over whom it
would have had no jurisdiction but for
the Athlete's presence in the National
Anti-Doping Organization's country.
Under this Article, it is left to theInternational Federation to determine
under its own rules whether, forexample, management of the caseshould be referred to the Athlete's
National Anti-Doping Organization,
remain with the Anti-Doping
Organization that collected the
Sample, or be taken over by theInternational Federation.]

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15.4

94

Article 15: Clarification of Doping Control Responsibilities
Article 16: Doping Control for Animals Competing in Sport
Article 17: Statute of Limitations

Mutual Recognition
15.4.1

Subject to the right to appeal provided in
Article 13, Testing, therapeutic use exemptions
and hearing results or other final
adjudications of any Signatory which areconsistent with the Code and are within that
Signatory's authority, shall be recognized
and respected by all other Signatories.

15.4.2Signatories shall recognize the same actionsof other bodies which have not accepted theCode if the rules of those bodies areotherwise consistent with the Code.

[Comment to Article 15.4.1: There hasin the past been some confusion in
the interpretation of this Article withregard to therapeutic use
exemptions. Unless provided
otherwise by the rules of anInternational Federation or anagreement with an International
Federation, National Anti-Doping
Organizations do not have "authority"
to grant therapeutic use exemptions
to International-Level Athletes.][Comment to Article 15.4.2: Where thedecision of a body that has not
accepted the Code is in somerespects Code compliant and in otherrespects not Code compliant,Signatories should attempt to apply
the decision in harmony with theprinciples of the Code. For example, if
in a process consistent with the Codea non-Signatory has found an Athlete
to have committed an anti-doping
rule violation on account of thepresence of a Prohibited Substancein his body but the period of
Ineligibility applied is shorter than the
period provided for in the Code, thenall Signatories should recognize thefinding of an anti-doping ruleviolation and the Athlete's National
Anti-Doping Organization should
conduct a hearing consistent with
Article 8 to determine whether the
longer period of Ineligibility provided
in the Code should be imposed.]

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ARTICLE 16: DOPING CONTROL FOR
ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT
16.1

In any sport that includes animals in Competition, theInternational Federation for that sport shall establish
and implement anti-doping rules for the animals
included in that sport. The anti-doping rules shall
include a list of Prohibited Substances, appropriate
Testing procedures and a list of approved
laboratories for Sample analysis.

16.2

With respect to determining anti-doping rule violations,
results management, fair hearings, Consequences,
and appeals for animals involved in sport, theInternational Federation for that sport shall establish
and implement rules that are generally consistent with
Articles 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 17 of the Code.

ARTICLE 17: STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
No action may be commenced against an Athlete or other
Person for an anti-doping rule violation contained in the Codeunless such action is commenced within eight (8) years fromthe date the violation is asserted to have occurred.

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PART TWO:EDUCATION
AND RESEARCH

PART

2

Education & Research

Article 18: Education

ARTICLE 18: EDUCATION
18.1

Basic Principle and Primary Goal
The basic principle for information and education
programs for doping-free sport is to preserve thespirit of sport, as described in the Introduction to theCode, from being undermined by doping. The primary
goal of such programs is prevention. The objective
shall be to prevent the intentional or unintentional
Use by Athletes of Prohibited Substances andProhibited Methods.
All Signatories shall within their means and scope of
responsibility and in cooperation with each other,plan, implement, evaluate and monitor informationand education programs for doping-free sport.

18.2

Programs and Activities
These programs shall provide Athletes and other
Persons with updated and accurate information on atleast the following issues:[Comment to Article 18.2: Antidoping informational and educational
programs should not be limited tonational- or International-Level
Athletes but should include all
Persons, including youth, whoparticipate in sport under theauthority of any Signatory,
government or other sports

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organization accepting the Code.
(See definition of Athlete.) These
programs should also include
Athlete Support Personnel.
These principles are consistent
with the UNESCO Convention withrespect to education and training.]• Substances and methods on the Prohibited List
• Anti-doping rule violations• Consequences of doping, including sanctions,health and social consequences• Doping Control procedures• Athletes' and Athlete Support Personnel’s rights
and responsibilities• Therapeutic use exemptions• Managing the risks of nutritional supplements• Harm of doping to the spirit of sport
The programs should promote the spirit of sport inorder to establish an environment that is strongly
conducive to doping-free sport and will have apositive and long-term influence on the choices madeby Athletes and other Persons.
These programs should be directed at young people,
appropriate to their stage of development, in schooland sports clubs, parents, adult athletes, sport
officials, coaches, medical personnel and the media.
(The media should also cooperate in supporting anddiffusing this information.)

Athlete Support Personnel should educate andcounsel Athletes regarding anti-doping policies andrules adopted pursuant to the Code.
All Signatories shall promote and support active
participation by Athletes and Athlete Support Personnelin education programs for doping-free sport.

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Education & Research

18.3

Article 18: Education
Article 19: Research

Professional Codes of Conduct
All Signatories shall cooperate with each other andgovernments to encourage relevant, competentprofessional associations and institutions to develop
and implement appropriate Codes of Conduct, goodpractice and ethics related to sport practice
regarding anti-doping, as well as sanctions, which
are consistent with the Code.

18.4

Coordination and Cooperation

WADA shall act as a central clearinghouse for
informational and educational resources and/or programs
developed by WADA or Anti-Doping Organizations.
All Signatories and Athletes and other Persons shallcooperate with each other and governments tocoordinate their efforts in anti-doping informationand education in order to share experience andensure the effectiveness of these programs inpreventing doping in sport.

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ARTICLE 19: RESEARCH
19.1

Purpose and Aims of Anti-Doping ResearchAnti-doping research contributes to the development
and implementation of efficient programs within
Doping Control and to information and education
regarding doping-free sport.
All Signatories shall, in cooperation with each otherand governments, encourage and promote suchresearch and take all reasonable measures to ensurethat the results of such research are used for thepromotion of the goals that are consistent with theprinciples of the Code.

19.2

Types of Research
Relevant anti-doping research may include, forexample, sociological, behavioral, juridical andethical studies in addition to medical, analytical andphysiological investigation. Studies on devising andevaluating the efficacy of scientifically-based
physiological and psychological training programs
that are consistent with the principles of the Code andrespectful of the integrity of the human subjects, aswell as studies on the Use of emerging substances or
methods resulting from scientific developments
should be conducted.

19.3

Coordination of Research and Sharing of Results
Coordination of anti-doping research through WADA is
encouraged. Subject to intellectual property rights,
copies of anti-doping research results should be
provided to WADA and, where appropriate, shared with
relevant Signatories and Athletes and other Persons.

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19.4

Article 19: Research

Research Practices
Anti-doping research shall comply with internationally-recognized ethical practices.

19.5

Research Using Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methods
Research efforts should avoid the administrationof Prohibited Substances or Prohibited Methods
to Athletes.

19.6

Misuse of Results
Adequate precautions should be taken so that theresults of anti-doping research are not misused andapplied for doping.

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PART THREE:ROLES ANDRESPONSIBILITIESAll Signatories shall act in a spirit of partnershipand collaboration in order to ensure the successof the fight against doping in sport and therespect of the Code.
[Comment: Responsibilities for
Signatories and Athletes orother Persons are addressedin various Articles in the Codeand the responsibilities listed
in this part are additional tothese responsibilities.]

PART

3

Roles &
Responsibilities

Article 20: Additional Roles and Responsibilities of Signatories

ARTICLE 20: ADDITIONAL ROLESAND RESPONSIBILITIESOF SIGNATORIES
20.1

104

Roles and Responsibilities of theInternational Olympic Committee
20.1.1

To adopt and implement anti-doping policies
and rules for the Olympic Games which
conform with the Code.

20.1.2

To require as a condition of recognition by theInternational Olympic Committee, that
International Federations within the Olympic
Movement are in compliance with the Code.

20.1.3

To withhold some or all Olympic funding ofsport organizations that are not in compliancewith the Code.

20.1.4

To take appropriate action to discouragenoncompliance with the Code as provided in
Article 23.5.

20.1.5

To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program.

20.1.6

To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Personnel who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in the Olympic Games
to agree to be bound by anti-doping rules inconformity with the Code as a condition of suchparticipation.

20.1.7

To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.
20.1.8To accept bids for the Olympic Games only fromcountries where the government has ratified,
accepted, approved or acceded to the UNESCO
Convention and the National Olympic
Committee, National Paralympic Committee
and National Anti-Doping Organization are incompliance with the Code.

20.1.9To promote anti-doping education.

20.1.10 To cooperate with relevant nationalorganizations and agencies and otherAnti-Doping Organizations.
20.2

Roles and Responsibilities of theInternational Paralympic Committee
20.2.1

To adopt and implement anti-doping policies
and rules for the Paralympic Games which
conform with the Code.

20.2.2

To require as a condition of recognition by theInternational Paralympic Committee, that
National Paralympic Committees within the
Paralympic Movement are in compliance with
the Code.

20.2.3

To withhold some or all Paralympic funding ofsport organizations that are not in compliancewith the Code.

20.2.4

To take appropriate action to discouragenoncompliance with the Code as provided in
Article 23.5.

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20.3

106

Article 20: Additional Roles and Responsibilities of Signatories

20.2.5

To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program.

20.2.6

To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Personnel who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in the Paralympic
Games to agree to be bound by anti-doping
rules in conformity with the Code as a conditionof such participation.

20.2.7

To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.

20.2.8

To promote anti-doping education.

20.2.9To cooperate with relevant nationalorganizations and agencies and other AntiDoping Organizations.

Roles and Responsibilities of International Federations
20.3.1

To adopt and implement anti-doping policies
and rules which conform with the Code.

20.3.2

To require as a condition of membership thatthe policies, rules and programs of National
Federations are in compliance with the Code.

20.3.3To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Personnel who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in a Competition or
activity authorized or organized by theInternational Federation or one of its member
organizations to agree to be bound by anti-

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

doping rules in conformity with the Code as acondition of such participation.
20.3.4

To require Athletes who are not regularmembers of the International Federation or oneof its member National Federations to beavailable for Sample collection and to provide
accurate and up-to-date whereabouts informationas part of the International Federation’s
Registered Testing Pool consistent with theconditions for eligibility established by theInternational Federation or, as applicable, theMajor Event Organization.

20.3.5To require each of its National Federations toestablish rules requiring all Athletes and each
Athlete Support Personnel who participates ascoach, trainer, manager, team staff, official,
medical or paramedical personnel in aCompetition or activity authorized or organized
by a National Federation or one of its member
organizations to agree to be bound by antidoping rules in conformity with the Code as acondition of such participation.

20.3.6

To take appropriate action to discouragenoncompliance with the Code as provided in
Article 23.5.

20.3.7

To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program at International Events.

20.3.8To withhold some or all funding to its member
National Federations that are not in compliancewith the Code.

20.3.9To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping[Comment to Article 20.3.4:
This would include, for example,

Athletes from professional
leagues.]
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Article 20: Additional Roles and Responsibilities of Signatories

rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.
20.3.10 After 1 January 2010, to do everything possible
to award World Championships only tocountries where the government has ratified,
accepted, approved or acceded to the UNESCO
Convention and the National Olympic
Committee, National Paralympic Committee
and National Anti-Doping Organization are incompliance with the Code.
20.3.11 To promote anti-doping education.
20.3.12 To cooperate with relevant national organizations
and agencies and other Anti-Doping
Organizations.
20.4

108

Roles and Responsibilities of National Olympic
Committees and National Paralympic Committees
20.4.1

To ensure that their anti-doping policies andrules conform with the Code.

20.4.2

To require as a condition of membership or
recognition that National Federations' antidoping policies and rules are in compliance withthe applicable provisions of the Code.

20.4.3To require Athletes who are not regularmembers of a National Federation to beavailable for Sample collection and to provide
accurate and up-to-date whereabouts
information as part of the National Registered
Testing Pool during the year before the Olympic

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

Games and Paralympic Games as a condition ofparticipation in the Olympic Games andParalympic Games.
20.4.4

To cooperate with their National Anti-Doping
Organization.

20.4.5To require each of its National Federations toestablish rules requiring each Athlete Support
Personnel who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical or paramedical personnel in a Competition or activity
authorized or organized by a National Federationor one of its member organizations to agree to bebound by anti-doping rules in conformity with theCode as a condition of such participation.

20.4.6

To withhold some or all funding, during any
period of his or her Ineligibility, to any Athlete or
Athlete Support Personnel who has violated
anti-doping rules.

20.4.7

To withhold some or all funding to its memberor recognized National Federations that are notin compliance with the Code.

20.4.8To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.

20.4.9To promote anti-doping education.

20.4.10 To cooperate with relevant national organizations
and agencies and other Anti-Doping Organizations.

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Responsibilities

20.5

20.6

110

Article 20: Additional Roles and Responsibilities of Signatories

Roles and Responsibilities of
National Anti-Doping Organizations
20.5.1

To adopt and implement anti-doping rules andpolices which conform with the Code.

20.5.2

To cooperate with other relevant nationalorganizations and agencies and other AntiDoping Organizations.

20.5.3To encourage reciprocal Testing between
National Anti-Doping Organizations.

20.5.4

To promote anti-doping research.

20.5.5

Where funding is provided, to withhold some or
all funding, during any period of his or her
Ineligibility, to any Athlete or Athlete Support
Personnel who has violated anti-doping rules.

20.5.6

To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.

20.5.7

To promote anti-doping education.

Roles and Responsibilities of Major Event Organizations
20.6.1

To adopt and implement anti-doping policies
and rules for their Events which conform with
the Code.

20.6.2

To take appropriate action to discouragenoncompliance with the Code as provided in
Article 23.5.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

20.7

20.6.3To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program.

20.6.4

To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Personnel who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in the Event to agree tobe bound by anti-doping rules in conformity with
the Code as a condition of such participation.

20.6.5To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.

20.6.6After 1 January 2010, to do everything possible
to award Events only to countries where thegovernment has ratified, accepted, approved or
acceded to the UNESCO Convention and the
National Olympic Committee, National
Paralympic Committee and National AntiDoping Organization are in compliance with theCode.

20.6.7

To promote anti-doping education.

20.6.8To cooperate with relevant nationalorganizations and agencies and other AntiDoping Organizations.

Roles and Responsibilities of WADA
20.7.1

To adopt and implement policies andprocedures which conform with the Code.

20.7.2

To monitor Code compliance by Signatories.

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Responsibilities

Article 20: Additional Roles and Responsibilities of Signatories
Article 21: Additional Roles and Responsibiliti of Athletes and other Persons
Article 22: Involvement of Governments

20.7.3

To approve International Standards applicableto the implementation of the Code.

20.7.4

To accredit and reaccredit laboratories to
conduct Sample analysis or to approve others to
conduct Sample analysis.

20.7.5

To develop and approve models of best practice.

20.7.6

To promote, conduct, commission, fund andcoordinate anti-doping research and topromote anti-doping education.

20.7.7

To design and conduct an effective Independent
Observer Program.

20.7.8To conduct Doping Controls as authorized byother Anti-Doping Organizations and tocooperate with relevant national andinternational organizations and agencies,
including but not limited to, facilitating inquiries
and investigations.

ARTICLE 21: ADDITIONAL ROLES ANDRESPONSIBILITIES OF
ATHLETES AND OTHERPERSONS
21.1

112

Roles and Responsibilities of Athletes
21.1.1

To be knowledgeable of and comply with allapplicable anti-doping policies and rules
adopted pursuant to the Code.

21.1.2

To be available for Sample collection.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

21.2

21.1.3

To take responsibility, in the context of antidoping, for what they ingest and use.

21.1.4To inform medical personnel of their obligation
not to Use Prohibited Substances andProhibited Methods and to take responsibility tomake sure that any medical treatment received
does not violate anti-doping policies and rules
adopted pursuant to the Code.

Roles and Responsibilities of Athlete Support Personnel
21.2.1

To be knowledgeable of and comply with allanti-doping policies and rules adopted
pursuant to the Code and which are applicableto them or the Athletes whom they support.

21.2.2

To cooperate with the Athlete Testing program.

21.2.3To use their influence on Athlete values andbehavior to foster anti-doping attitudes.

ARTICLE 22: INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS
Each government's commitment to the Code will be evidenced
by its signing the Copenhagen Declaration on Anti-Doping inSport of March 3, 2003, and by ratifying, accepting, approving
or acceding to the UNESCO Convention. The following Articles
set forth the expectations of the Signatories.
22.1

Each government will take all actions and measuresnecessary to comply with the UNESCO Convention.

22.2

Each government will encourage all of its public
services or agencies to share information with AntiDoping Organizations which would be useful in theWorld Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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Article 22: Involvement of Governments

fight against doping and where to do so would nototherwise be legally prohibited.
22.3

Each government will respect arbitration as thepreferred means of resolving doping-related disputes.

22.4

All other governmental involvement with anti-doping
will be brought into harmony with the Code.

22.5

Governments should meet the expectations of this
Article by January 1, 2010.

22.6

Failure by a government to ratify, accept, approve or
accede to the UNESCO Convention by January 1,
2010, or to comply with the UNESCO Convention
thereafter may result in ineligibility to bid for Events
as provided in Articles 20.1.8 (International Olympic
Committee), 20.3.10 (International Federation),and 20.6.6 (Major Event Organizations) and may
result in additional consequences, e.g., forfeiture of
offices and positions within WADA; ineligibility or
non-admission of any candidature to hold any
International Event in a country, cancellation ofInternational Events; symbolic consequences andother consequences pursuant to the Olympic Charter.

[Comment to Article 22: Most
governments cannot be parties to,or be bound by, private nongovernmental instruments suchas the Code. For that reason,
governments are not asked to be
Signatories to the Code but rather tosign the Copenhagen Declaration andratify, accept, approve or accede to114

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

the UNESCO Convention. Although
the acceptance mechanisms may
be different, the effort to combat
doping through the coordinated andharmonized program reflected in
the Code is very much a joint effort
between the sport movement
and governments.]

PART FOUR:ACCEPTANCE,COMPLIANCE,MODIFICATION &INTERPRETATION

PART

4

Acceptance, Compliance,
Modification & Interpretation

Article 23: Acceptance, Compliance, and Modification

ARTICLE 23: ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE
AND MODIFICATION
23.1

116

Acceptance of the Code23.1.1

The following entities shall be Signatories
accepting the Code: WADA, The International
Olympic Committee, International Federations,
The International Paralympic Committee,
National Olympic Committees, National
Paralympic Committees, Major Event
Organizations, and National Anti-Doping
Organizations. These entities shall accept theCode by signing a declaration of acceptanceupon approval by each of their respective
governing bodies.

23.1.2Other sport organizations that may not be
under the control of a Signatory may, upon
WADA's invitation, also accept the Code.

23.1.3A list of all acceptances will be made public
by WADA.

[Comment to Article 23.1.1: Each
accepting Signatory will separately
sign an identical copy of the standard
form common declaration of
acceptance and deliver it to WADA.
The act of acceptance will be as

authorized by the organic documentsof each organization. For example,
an International Federation by its
Congress and WADA by its
Foundation Board.][Comment to Article 23.1.2: Those
professional leagues that are notcurrently under the jurisdiction of

any government or International
Federation will be encouraged toaccept the Code.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

23.2

Implementation of the Code23.2.1The Signatories shall implement applicable
Code provisions through policies, statutes, rules
or regulations according to their authority andwithin their relevant spheres of responsibility.

23.2.2

The following Articles (and corresponding
Comments) as applicable to the scope of theanti-doping activity which the Anti-Doping
Organization performs must be implemented by
Signatories without substantive change(allowing for any non-substantive changes to thelanguage in order to refer to the organization’s
name, sport, section numbers, etc.):• Article 1 (Definition of Doping)• Article 2 (Anti-Doping Rule Violations)• Article 3 (Proof of Doping)• Article 4.2.2 (Specified Substances)• Article 4.3.3 (WADA’s Determinationof the Prohibited List)• Article 7.6 (Retirement from Sport)• Article 9 (Automatic Disqualificationof Individual Results)• Article 10 (Sanctions on Individuals)(continued)[Comment to Article 23.2.2: Nothing in
the Code precludes an Anti-Doping
Organization from adopting andenforcing its own specific disciplinary
rules for conduct by Athlete Support
Personnel related to doping but
which does not, in and of itself,
constitute an anti-doping ruleviolation under the Code. For
example, a National or International
Federation could refuse to renew thelicense of a coach when multiple
Athletes have committed anti-doping
rule violations while under thatcoach's supervision.]

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Modification & Interpretation

Article 23: Acceptance, Compliance, and Modification• Article 11 (Consequences to Teams)• Article 13 (Appeals) with the exceptionof 13.2.2 and 13.5
• Article 15.4 (Mutual Recognition)• Article 17 (Statute of Limitations)• Article 24 (Interpretation of the Code)• Appendix 1 - Definitions
No additional provision may be added to a
Signatory’s rules which changes the effect of
the Articles enumerated in this Article.
23.2.3

23.3

Compliance with the Code23.3.1

23.4

Signatories shall not be considered incompliance with the Code until they haveaccepted and implemented the Code inaccordance with Articles 23.1 and 23.2. They
shall no longer be considered in compliance
once acceptance has been withdrawn.

Monitoring Compliance with
the Code and UNESCO Convention
23.4.1

118

In implementing the Code, the Signatories
are encouraged to use the models of bestpractice recommended by WADA.

Compliance with the Code shall be monitored
by WADA or as otherwise agreed by WADA.
Compliance with the commitments reflectedin the UNESCO Convention will be monitored
as determined by the Conference of Parties
to the UNESCO Convention, following
consultation with the state parties and WADA.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

WADA shall advise governments on theimplementation of the Code by the Signatories
and shall advise Signatories on theratification, acceptance, approval or accession
to the UNESCO Convention by governments.
23.4.2

To facilitate monitoring, each Signatory shallreport to WADA on its compliance with theCode every second year and shall explain
reasons for noncompliance.

23.4.3

Failure by a Signatory to provide complianceinformation requested by WADA for purposesof Article 23.4.2, or failure by a Signatory tosubmit information to WADA as required byother articles of the Code, may be considered
noncompliance with the Code.

23.4.4

All WADA compliance reports shall beapproved by the WADA Foundation Board.
WADA shall dialog with a Signatory before
reporting that Signatory noncompliant. Any
WADA report which concludes that a
Signatory is noncompliant must be approvedby the WADA Foundation Board at a meeting
held after the Signatory has been given an
opportunity to submit its written arguments
to the Foundation Board. The conclusion by
the WADA Foundation Board that a Signatory
is noncompliant may be appealed pursuant
to Article 13.5.

23.4.5

WADA shall make reports on compliance tothe International Olympic Committee, theInternational
Paralympic
Committee,
International Federations, and Major Event
Organizations. These reports shall also bemade available to the public.

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Modification & Interpretation

23.4.623.5

Article 23: Acceptance, Compliance, and Modification

WADA shall consider explanations fornoncompliance and, in extraordinary situations,
may recommend to the International Olympic
Committee, International Paralympic Committee,
International Federations, and Major Event
Organizations that they provisionally excuse thenoncompliance.

Additional Consequences of a Signatory’s
Noncompliance with the CodeNoncompliance with the Code by any Signatory may
result in consequences in addition to ineligibility tobid for Events as set forth in Articles 20.1.8(International
Olympic
Committee),
20.3.10(International Federations) and 20.6.6 (Major Event
Organizations), for example: forfeiture of offices andpositions within WADA; ineligibility or non-admissionof any candidature to hold any International Event in acountry; cancellation of International Events;
symbolic consequences and other consequences
pursuant to the Olympic Charter.
The imposition of such consequences may be
appealed to CAS by the affected Signatory pursuant
to Article 13.5.

[Comment to Article 23.4.6: WADA
recognizes that amongst Signatories
and governments, there will besignificant differences in anti-doping
experience, resources, and the legal

120

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context in which anti-doping
activities are carried out. In
considering whether an organizationis compliant, WADA will consider
these differences.]

23.6

23.7

Modification of the Code23.6.1

WADA shall be responsible for overseeing
the evolution and improvement of theCode . Athletes and all Signatories andgovernments shall be invited to participate insuch process.

23.6.2WADA shall initiate proposed amendments to
the Code and shall ensure a consultative
process to both receive and respond torecommendations and to facilitate review
and feedback from Athletes, Signatories andgovernments on recommended amendments.

23.6.3

Amendments to the Code shall, after
appropriate consultation, be approved by a
two-thirds majority of the WADA Foundation
Board including a majority of both the public
sector and Olympic Movement members
casting votes. Amendments shall, unlessprovided otherwise, go into effect three (3)months after such approval.

23.6.4Signatories shall modify their rules toincorporate the 2009 Code on or before
January 1, 2009, to take effect on January 1,
2009. Signatories shall implement any
subsequent applicable amendment to theCode within one (1) year of approval by the
WADA Foundation Board.

Withdrawal of Acceptance of the CodeSignatories may withdraw acceptance of the Codeafter providing WADA six-month written notice of
their intent to withdraw.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

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Modification & Interpretation

Article 24: Interpretation of the Code
Article 25: Transitional Provisions

ARTICLE 24: INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE

122

24.1

The official text of the Code shall be maintained by
WADA and shall be published in English and French.
In the event of any conflict between the English andFrench versions, the English version shall prevail.

24.2

The comments annotating various provisions of theCode shall be used to interpret the Code.

24.3

The Code shall be interpreted as an independent andautonomous text and not by reference to the existing
law or statutes of the Signatories or governments.

24.4

The headings used for the various Parts and Articlesof the Code are for convenience only and shall not be
deemed part of the substance of the Code or to affectin any way the language of the provisions to which
they refer.

24.5

The Code shall not apply retrospectively to matterspending before the date the Code is accepted by a
Signatory and implemented in its rules. However,pre-Code anti-doping rule violations would continue
to count as "First violations" or "Second violations"for purposes of determining sanctions under
Article 10 for subsequent post-Code violations.

24.6

The Purpose, Scope and Organization of the World
Anti-Doping Program and the Code and APPENDIX I DEFINITIONS shall be considered integral parts of
the Code.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

ARTICLE 25: TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
25.1

General Application of the 2009 CodeThe 2009 Code shall apply in full after January 1, 2009
(the “Effective Date”).

25.2

Non-Retroactive Unless Principle of "Lex Mitior" Applies
With respect to any anti-doping rule violation casewhich is pending as of the Effective Date and any antidoping rule violation case brought after the Effective
Date based on an anti-doping rule violation which
occurred prior to the Effective Date, the case shall begoverned by the substantive anti-doping rules in
effect at the time the alleged anti-doping ruleviolation occurred unless the panel hearing the casedetermines the principle of "lex mitior" appropriately
applies under the circumstances of the case.

25.3

Application to Decisions Rendered Prior to the 2009 CodeWith respect to cases where a final decision findingan anti-doping rule violation has been rendered prior
to the Effective Date, but the Athlete or other Person
is still serving the period of Ineligibility as of theEffective Date, the Athlete or other Person may apply
to the Anti-Doping Organization which had results
management responsibility for the anti-doping ruleviolation to consider a reduction in the period of
Ineligibility in light of the 2009 Code. Such applicationmust be made before the period of Ineligibility has
expired. The decision rendered by the Anti-Doping
Organization may be appealed pursuant to Article
13.2. The 2009 Code shall have no application to any
anti-doping rule violation case where a final decisionfinding an anti-doping rule violation has been
rendered and the period of Ineligibility has expired.

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PART

4

Acceptance, Compliance,
Modification & Interpretation

25.4

Article 25: Transitional Provisions

Application to Specific Pre-Code Violations
For purposes of applying Article 10.7.1, a pre-Codeanti-doping rule violation where the violation involved
a substance which is categorized as a Specified
Substance under the 2009 Code and the period of
Ineligibility imposed was less than two (2) years, thepre-Code violation shall be considered a Reduced
Sanction (RS).

25.5

Additional Code Amendments

Any additional Code Amendments shall go into
effect as provided in Article 23.6.
[Comment to Article 25.4: Other than
the situation described in Article 25.3,
where a final decision finding ananti-doping rule violation has been
rendered prior to the Code or under

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the Code before the 2009 Code andthe period of Ineligibility imposed
has been completely served, the2009 Code may not be used tore-characterize the prior violation.]

APPENDIX ONE:DEFINITIONSAPPENDIX

1Definitions

APPENDIX 1: DEFINITIONSADAMS: The Anti-Doping Administration and Management
System is a Web-based database management tool for data
entry, storage, sharing, and reporting designed to assist
stakeholders and WADA in their anti-doping operations inconjunction with data protection legislation.
Adverse Analytical Finding: A report from a laboratory orother WADA-approved entity that, consistent with theInternational Standard for Laboratories and related
Technical Documents, identifies in a Sample the presenceof a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers(including elevated quantities of endogenous substances)or evidence of the Use of a Prohibited Method.
Anti-Doping Organization: A Signatory that is responsible for
adopting rules for initiating, implementing or enforcing any
part of the Doping Control process. This includes, forexample, the International Olympic Committee, theInternational Paralympic Committee, other Major Event
Organizations that conduct Testing at their Events, WADA,
International Federations, and National Anti-Doping
Organizations.
Athlete: Any Person who participates in sport at theinternational level (as defined by each International
Federation), the national level (as defined by each National
Anti-Doping Organization, including but not limited to those
Persons in its Registered Testing Pool), and any othercompetitor in sport who is otherwise subject to thejurisdiction of any Signatory or other sports organization
accepting the Code. All provisions of the Code, including, forexample, Testing and therapeutic use exemptions, must be
applied to international- and national-level competitors.
Some National Anti-Doping Organizations may elect to test
and apply anti-doping rules to recreational-level or masters

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competitors who are not current or potential national
caliber competitors. National Anti-Doping Organizations
are not required, however, to apply all aspects of the Codeto such Persons. Specific national rules may be establishedfor Doping Control for non-international-level or nonnational-level competitors without being in conflict with theCode. Thus, a country could elect to test recreational-levelcompetitors but not require therapeutic use exemptions or
whereabouts information. In the same manner, a Major
Event Organization holding an Event only for masters-levelcompetitors could elect to test the competitors but notrequire advance therapeutic use exemptions or
whereabouts information. For purposes of Article 2.8(Administration or Attempted Administration) and for
purposes of anti-doping information and education, any
Person who participates in sport under the authority of any
Signatory, government, or other sports organization
accepting the Code is an Athlete.

[Comment to Athlete: This definition
makes it clear that all internationaland national-caliber athletes are
subject to the anti-doping rules of theCode, with the precise definitions ofinternational- and national-level
sport to be set forth in the anti-doping
rules of the International Federations
and National Anti-Doping
Organizations, respectively. At thenational level, anti-doping rules
adopted pursuant to the Code shallapply, at a minimum, to all persons
on national teams and all persons
qualified to compete in any national

championship in any sport. That
does not mean, however, that all
such Athletes must be included ina National Anti-Doping Organization's
Registered Testing Pool. The
definition also allows each
National Anti-Doping Organization,
if it chooses to do so, to expand
its anti-doping program beyond
national-caliber athletes tocompetitors at lower levels ofcompetition. Competitors at alllevels of competition should
receive the benefit of anti-doping
information and education.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

127

APPENDIX

1Definitions

Athlete Support Personnel: Any coach, trainer, manager, agent,
team staff, official, medical, paramedical personnel, parent or
any other Person working with, treating or assisting an Athlete
participating in or preparing for sports Competition.
Attempt: Purposely engaging in conduct that constitutes a
substantial step in a course of conduct planned toculminate in the commission of an anti-doping ruleviolation. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping
rule violation based solely on an Attempt to commit a
violation if the Person renounces the Attempt prior to it
being discovered by a third party not involved in the Attempt.
Atypical Finding: A report from a laboratory or other WADAapproved entity which requires further investigation asprovided by the International Standard for Laboratories orrelated Technical Documents prior to the determination of
an Adverse Analytical Finding.
CAS: The Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Code: The World Anti-Doping Code.
Competition: A single race, match, game or singular athletic
contest. For example, a basketball game or the finals of the
Olympic 100-meter race in athletics. For stage races andother athletic contests where prizes are awarded on a daily
or other interim basis the distinction between a
Competition and an Event will be as provided in the rules of
the applicable International Federation.
Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations: An Athlete's
or other Person's violation of an anti-doping rule may resultin one or more of the following: (a) Disqualification means
the Athlete’s results in a particular Competition or Eventare invalidated, with all resulting Consequences including
forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes; (b) Ineligibility
means the Athlete or other Person is barred for a specified
period of time from participating in any Competition or

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other activity or funding as provided in Article 10.9; and(c) Provisional Suspension means the Athlete or other
Person is barred temporarily from participating in any
Competition prior to the final decision at a hearing
conducted under Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing).

Disqualification: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules
Violations above.
Doping Control: All steps and processes from test
distribution planning through to ultimate disposition of any
appeal including all steps and processes in between suchas provision of whereabouts information, Sample collection
and handling, laboratory analysis, therapeutic use
exemptions, results management and hearings.
Event: A series of individual Competitions conducted
together under one ruling body (e.g., the Olympic Games,
FINA World Championships, or Pan American Games).
Event Period: The time between the beginning and end of an
Event, as established by the ruling body of the Event.
In-Competition: Unless provided otherwise in the rules of anInternational Federation or other relevant Anti-Doping
Organization, “In-Competition” means the period
commencing twelve hours before a Competition in which
the Athlete is scheduled to participate through the end ofsuch Competition and the Sample collection process
related to such Competition.
Independent Observer Program: A team of observers, under
the supervision of WADA, who observe and may provide
guidance on the Doping Control process at certain Eventsand report on their observations.
Ineligibility: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules
Violations, above.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009129

APPENDIX

1Definitions

Individual Sport: Any sport that is not a Team Sport.
International Event: An Event where the International
Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic
Committee, an International Federation, a Major Event
Organization, or another international sport organization is
the ruling body for the Event or appoints the technicalofficials for the Event.
International-Level Athlete: Athletes designated by one ormore International Federations as being within theRegistered Testing Pool for an International Federation.
International Standard: A standard adopted by WADA in
support of the Code. Compliance with an International
Standard (as opposed to another alternative standard,practice or procedure) shall be sufficient to conclude thatthe procedures addressed by the International Standard
were performed properly. International Standards shall
include any Technical Documents issued pursuant to theInternational Standard.
Major Event Organizations: The continental associations of
National Olympic Committees and other international
multi-sport organizations that function as the ruling bodyfor any continental, regional or other International Event.
Marker: A compound, group of compounds or biologicalparameter(s) that indicates the Use of a Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Method.
Metabolite: Any substance produced by a biotransformation
process.
Minor: A natural Person who has not reached the age ofmajority as established by the applicable laws of his or her
country of residence.

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National Anti-Doping Organization: The entity(ies) designatedby each country as possessing the primary authority andresponsibility to adopt and implement anti-doping rules,
direct the collection of Samples, the management of test
results, and the conduct of hearings, all at the national level.
This includes an entity which may be designated by multiple
countries to serve as regional Anti-Doping Organization forsuch countries. If this designation has not been made by thecompetent public authority(ies), the entity shall be thecountry's National Olympic Committee or its designee.
National Event: A sport Event involving international- or
national-level Athletes that is not an International Event.
National Olympic Committee: The organization recognized by
the International Olympic Committee. The term National
Olympic Committee shall also include the National Sport
Confederation in those countries where the National Sport
Confederation assumes typical National Olympic
Committee responsibilities in the anti-doping area.
No Advance Notice: A Doping Control which takes place withno advance warning to the Athlete and where the Athlete iscontinuously chaperoned from the moment of notification
through Sample provision.
No Fault or Negligence: The Athlete's establishing that he or
she did not know or suspect, and could not reasonably have
known or suspected even with the exercise of utmost
caution, that he or she had Used or been administered theProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
No Significant Fault or Negligence: The Athlete's establishingthat his or her fault or negligence, when viewed in the
totality of the circumstances and taking into account thecriteria for No Fault or Negligence, was not significant inrelationship to the anti-doping rule violation.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009131

APPENDIX

1Definitions

Out-of-Competition: Any Doping Control which is not InCompetition.
Participant: Any Athlete or Athlete Support Personnel.
Person: A natural Person or an organization or other entity.
Possession: The actual, physical Possession, or theconstructive Possession (which shall be found only if the
Person has exclusive control over the Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method exists); provided, however,that if the Person does not have exclusive control over theProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises
in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists,
constructive Possession shall only be found if the Person
knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method and intended to exercise control over it.
Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation
based solely on Possession if, prior to receiving notification of
any kind that the Person has committed an anti-doping ruleviolation, the Person has taken concrete action
demonstrating that the Person never intended to have
Possession and has renounced Possession by explicitly
declaring it to an Anti-Doping Organization. Notwithstanding
anything to the contrary in this definition, the purchase(including by any electronic or other means) of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method constitutes Possession by
the Person who makes the purchase.
[Comment to Possesion: Under thisdefinition, steroids found in an
Athlete's car would constitute a
violation unless the Athlete
establishes that someone else usedthe car; in that event, the Anti-Doping
Organization must establish that,even though the Athlete did not haveexclusive control over the car, theAthlete knew about the steroids and132

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009

intended to have control over thesteroids. Similarly, in the example ofsteroids found in a home medicine
cabinet under the joint control of an
Athlete and spouse, the Anti-Doping
Organization must establish that the
Athlete knew the steroids were in thecabinet and that the Athlete intended
to exercise control over the steroids.]

Prohibited List: The List identifying the Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods.
Prohibited Method: Any method so described on theProhibited List.
Prohibited Substance: Any substance so described on theProhibited List.
Provisional Hearing: For purposes of Article 7.5, an
expedited abbreviated hearing occurring prior to a hearing
under Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing) that provides the
Athlete with notice and an opportunity to be heard in either
written or oral form.
Provisional Suspension: See Consequences of Anti-Doping
Rules Violations above.
Publicly Disclose or Publicly Report: To disseminate or
distribute information to the general public or Persons
beyond those Persons entitled to earlier notification inaccordance with Article 14.
Registered Testing Pool: The pool of top-level Athletes
established separately by each International Federation andNational Anti-Doping Organization who are subject to both
In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing as part ofthat International Federation's or National Anti-Doping
Organization's test distribution plan. Each International
Federation shall publish a list which identifies those
Athletes included in its Registered Testing Pool either byname or by clearly defined, specific criteria.
Sample or Specimen: Any biological material collected forthe purposes of Doping Control.
[Comment to Sample or Specimen: It
tenets of certain religious or cultural
has sometimes been claimed that thegroups. It has been determined thatcollection of blood Samples violates the there is no basis for any such claim.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009133

APPENDIX

1Definitions

Signatories: Those entities signing the Code and agreeing tocomply with the Code, including the International Olympic
Committee, International Federations, International Paralympic
Committee, National Olympic Committees, National
Paralympic Committees, Major Event Organizations, National
Anti-Doping Organizations, and WADA.
Substantial Assistance: For purposes of Article 10.5.3, a
Person providing Substantial Assistance must: (1) fully
disclose in a signed written statement all information he or
she possesses in relation to anti-doping rule violations, and(2) fully cooperate with the investigation and adjudication of
any case related to that information, including, for example,
presenting testimony at a hearing if requested to do so by
an Anti-Doping Organization or hearing panel. Further, theinformation provided must be credible and must comprise
an important part of any case which is initiated or, if no caseis initiated, must have provided a sufficient basis on which acase could have been brought.
Tampering: Altering for an improper purpose or in an
improper way; bringing improper influence to bear;interfering improperly; obstructing, misleading or engaging
in any fraudulent conduct to alter results or prevent normal
procedures from occurring; or providing fraudulent
information to an Anti-Doping Organization.
Target Testing: Selection of Athletes for Testing where
specific Athletes or groups of Athletes are selected on a
non-random basis for Testing at a specified time.
Team Sport: A sport in which the substitution of players ispermitted during a Competition.
Testing: The parts of the Doping Control process involving
test distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample
handling, and Sample transport to the laboratory.

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Trafficking: Selling, giving, transporting, sending, deliveringor distributing a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method(either physically or by any electronic or other means) by an
Athlete, Athlete Support Personnel or any other Person
subject to the jurisdiction of an Anti-Doping Organization to
any third party; provided, however, this definition shall notinclude the actions of "bona fide" medical personnel
involving a Prohibited Substance used for genuine and legal
therapeutic purposes or other acceptable justification, andshall not include actions involving Prohibited Substances
which are not prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing
unless the circumstances as a whole demonstrate such
Prohibited Substances are not intended for genuine andlegal therapeutic purposes.
UNESCO Convention: The International Convention against
Doping in Sport adopted by the 33rd session of the UNESCO
General Conference on October 19, 2005 including any andall amendments adopted by the States Parties to theConvention and the Conference of Parties to theInternational Convention against Doping in Sport.
Use: The utilization, application, ingestion, injection or
consumption by any means whatsoever of any Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency.

World Anti-Doping Code • 2009135

NOTES

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