REPORT ON PIKM 2007: 1ST PH.D. WORKSHOP IN CIKM

Advances in Information and Knowledge Management
Aparna Varde
Department of Math and Computer Science
Virginia State University
Petersburg, VA, USAavarde@vsu.edu
http://dolphin.vsu.edu/~aparna/
Jian Pei
School of Computing Science
Simon Fraser University
Burnaby, BC, Canada
jpei@cs.sfu.ca
http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~jpei/
Abstract
Several research areas today overlap between the tracks of databases, information
retrieval and knowledge management, such as natural language processing,semantic web, digital libraries, visualization, information quality and data mining.
Inter-disciplinary research across these tracks encourages advances in thedevelopment of databases, the extraction of information and the discovery ofknowledge. This is precisely the focus of our article. We explain the research issues
addressed in a Ph.D. workshop recently held at the ACM Conference on
Information and Knowledge Management. This workshop had presentations on
novel ideas addressing challenges in information and knowledge management. It
covered a broad range of topics such as XML architectures, sensor data streams,
personal information managers and text pre-processing. In this article, we provide
an overview of the research problems and solutions discussed in the Ph.D.
workshop. Our article thus describes the latest technological developments in
information and knowledge management as seen by academia. This cutting edge
technology also finds practical applications in the corporate world.

1

Introduction

PIKM 2007 was the first Ph.D. Workshop in CIKM, the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge
Management [1]. The goal of this workshop was to encourage Ph.D. students to present their dissertation
research at a relatively early stage. The targeted students were those with a focus in any of the CIKM research
tracks, i.e., databases, information retrieval and knowledge management. Inter-disciplinary work across thethree tracks was particularly encouraged.
We noticed that a broad range of topics are addressed in CIKM related to various issues in databases andinformation systems, information retrieval and semantic web, knowledge management and data mining. It wasthus realized that the CIKM conference with its confluence of several research tracks provides an excellent
opportunity for learning about the latest developments in the respective fields. It offers a good environment fora Ph.D. workshop where graduate students can expose their research early in their academic career.
Particularly, we thought that such a workshop would encourage further studies across the three major fields
addressed by CIKM: databases, information retrieval and knowledge management. This motivated the need for
PIKM.
It was observed that PIKM workshop indeed encouraged graduate students to present their dissertation
proposals and ongoing research on their dissertation sub-problems. It gave them an opportunity to get feedbackon their work from researchers worldwide. The reviewers’ comments helped them assess and revise their workas needed. Selected papers were published in the workshop proceedings. This gave considerable recognition to
the work of the students allowing them to showcase their research. Moreover, students attending the workshop
got an opportunity to critique the work of their peers. This promoted an open discussion similar to that in adoctoral consortium.
A vast array of topics on databases, information retrieval and knowledge management were presented at the
PIKM workshop. The areas of interest were similar to those at the CIKM main conference. Although thisworkshop was the first of its kind, we received over 40 submissions from all over the world which exceeded
our expectations. After a very tough review process by a committee comprising international experts,
approximately 20 papers were selected for publication in PIKM. These are listed as follows [2].
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Natural Language Processing for Information Retrieval: the time is ripe (again); Matthew Lease.
Reusing Relational Sources for Semantic Information Access; Lina Lubyte.
An Architecture for XML Information Retrieval in a Peer-to-Peer Environment; Judith Winter and
Oswald Drobnik.
Leveraging Semantic Technologies for Enterprise Search; Gianluca Demartini.
Two-Level Classifier Combination Techniques: A New Paradigm for Network Intrusion Detection;
Morteza Analoui, Behrouz Minaei-Bidgoli and Mohammed Hossein Rezvani.
Visualization and Analysis of Large Graphs; Eloïse Loubier, Wahiba Bahsoun and Bernard Dousset.
Mining Semantic Distance Between Corpus Terms; Ahmad Sayed, Hakim Hacid and Djamel A.
Zighed.
CUFRES: Clustering Using Fuzzy Representative Events Selection for the Fault Recognition Problem
in Telecommunication Networks; Jacques Bellec and M. Tahar Kechadi.
MaxProb and categorization of queries based on linguistic features; Desire Kompaore and Josiane
Mothe.
Exploiting Web 2.0 for Knowledge-Based Information Retrieval; David Meline.
Incorporating Quality Aspects in Sensor Data Streams; Anja Klein
Mutually Beneficial Learning with Application to Online News Classification; Lei Wu, Zhiwei Li,
Mingjing Li, Wei-Ying Ma and Nenghai Yu.
Temporal Constraints for Rule-based Event Processing; Karen Walzer, Alexander Schill andAlexander Löser.
Managing Highly Correlated Semi-structured Data: Architectural Aspects of a Digital Archive; AlfChristian Schering, Holger Meyer and Andreas Heuer.
Towards Workload Shift Detection and Prediction for Autonomic Databases; Marc Holze and Norbert
Ritter.
Personal Digital Library: PIM through a 5S Perspective; Yi Ma, Edward A. Fox and Marcos André
Gonçalves.
Document Retrieval for Question Answering: A Quantitative Evaluation of Text Preprocessing;
Gracinda Carvalho David Martins de Matos and Vitor Rocio.
Combining Resources with Confidence Measures for Cross Language Information Retrieval; Youssef
Kadri and Jian-Yun Nie.
Top-K Subgraph Matching in a Large Graph; Lei Zhou, Lei Chen and Yansheng Lu.

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Formalizing Ontology Reconciliation Techniques as a Basis for Meaningful Mediation in Service
Related Tasks; Patricio de Alencar Silva, Cláudia M. F. A. Ribeiro and Ulrich Schiel.
Possibility and Necessity Measures for Relevance Assessment; Fatma Zohra Bessai Mechmache,
Mohand Boughanem and Zaia Alimazighi.
Collaborative Framework for Indigenous Knowledge Management; Theodora Mwebesa Twongyirwe
Mondo, Venansius Baryamureeba and Ddembe Williams.
Webview Selection from User Access Patterns; Samia Saidi, Yahya Slimani and Khedija Arour.

In the following section, we give an overview of the cutting edge research problems and solutions presented at
this workshop.

2

Cutting Edge Research

The research presented at PIKM spanned a myriad of topics: natural language processing, data visualization,
streaming data management, multilingual information processing and more. We divided the workshop into
four potpourri sessions in order to sustain the interests of an audience with a multitude of backgrounds. Thus,
each session instead of being focused on one topic was an assortment of various topics since many of thepapers overlapped multiple tracks, as suitable for the CIKM conference. We present a brief overview of thepapers, session by session, as referenced in the conference proceedings [2].

2.1. Session One
The first paper in the workshop was by Matthew Lease. This paper proposed novel techniques for the
integration of existing information retrieval techniques with modern natural language processing approacheswith an interesting application to conversational speech. It was proven that better use of the language
processing features led to an improvement in text as well as speech retrieval.
Lina Lubyte’s paper described the reuse of relational information sources for the purpose of semantic access to
information. This paper outlined an ontological framework proposing heuristics based on schema design andnormalization for wrapping the hidden semantics extracted from relational data sources using an automatedapproach. It was found that this approach indeed preserved database semantic constraints.
The paper by Winter and Drobnik was a unique integration of XML information retrieval and peer-to-peer
networks. They designed a search engine for XML documents, enhancing current information retrieval
methods by distributing documents and global indices over a peer-to-peer network. This architecture provided
a storage space that was virtually unlimited and improved relevance detection using structural information.
They used this generic architecture to build a more specific component-structured architecture for relevance
computation in dynamic XML documents.
Demartini’s paper approached the problem of enterprise search which builds over a regular web search interms of the user perspective and the link structure. The search method proposed in this paper combined theuse of techniques in user modeling, information retrieval and semantic web in order to enhance the state-ofthe-art in the field of enterprise search.

2.2. Session Two
In this session the area of ensemble learning in artificial intelligence was addressed in the work of Analoui etal. for intrusion detection in networks. They proposed to use multiple classifiers to reduce false alarms anderror rates in addition to classifiers trained on different feature sets to provide better results compared toindividual classifiers. This hierarchical two-tier combination of classifiers based on ensemble learning wasused for detecting intrusion in networks leading to the optimization of recognition capabilities and hence
enhancement of performance.

Loubier et al. discussed the problem of visualization with respect to huge complex graphs for information
representation in knowledge engineering. They developed a tool called VisuGraph to simplify and analyze
such large graphs by using the Markov clustering algorithm and by time-slicing a global graph.
In another paper, El Sayed et al. approached an issue pertaining to similarity measures between terms in a
corpus with reference to context. They proposed knowledge-based approach using taxonomy along with data
mining techniques for deriving semantic similarity measures taking into account the targeted domain. This
paper solved problems related to context-dependency and coverage in corpus terms. The proposed approach
was found to be effective in computing the required semantic distances as corroborated by experimental
evaluation.
Bellec and Kechadi’s paper also dealt with a problem in data mining, more specifically, clustering. They
introduced a clustering algorithm called CUFRES for fault identification in telecommunication networks. This
was their original algorithm based on fuzzy representative events selection and was found to improve fault
detection when compared to other clustering algorithms and also compared to alternative approaches such as
false alarms. This was proved by evaluation with network data from Ericsson.
The paper by Komapore and Mothe addressed a linguistic problem dealing with query categorization based on
probability. They proposed a fusion technique based on classifying queries from linguistic features that areautomatically extracted and used it to rank documents with respect to relevance. Their approach was observed
to provide better results than state-of-the-art methods.
David Milne’s paper on knowledge based information retrieval described the development of a search engine
called Koru that exploits Web 2.0 based techniques. This paper investigated a method to provide automatedknowledge bases without requiring computers to replace human indexers. It demonstrated the use of Wikipedia
to provide manually refined inexpensive knowledge bases catered to the topics, semantics and terms in
document collections. The system in this paper aimed to be a practical tool to assist real users in information
retrieval tasks.

2.3. Session ThreeThis session was opened by Anja Klein with a paper on data quality in sensors. This paper focused on the
problem of assuring quality of service in streaming data coming from sensors by proposing a jumpingwindow-based approach for efficient information transfer and a flexible meta model to store and propagate
data quality. It included a comprehensive analysis of common data processing operators with respect to theireffect on data quality, provided a fruitful knowledge evaluation and hence reduced erroneous businessdecisions.
Wu et al. discussed a machine learning problem pertaining to online news classification. They proposed aclassification framework known as Mutually Beneficial Learning. This involved an iterative two-step processof first discovering the local structures of a feature space in order to resist noisy samples and then applying a
consecutive classification process to the result, until a stopping criterion is met. It was observed from theirexperiments that their framework gave better results than approaches such as Naïve Bayes and SVM even withnoisy and partly labeled data.
The issue of temporal constraints in complex event processing was addressed by Walzer et al. They considered
the popular Rete algorithm used in rule-based systems and proposed an extension to it in order to support
temporal operators using interval time semantics. A description language was used to specify the patterns ofinterest. Applications of this work included supply chain management for RFID, systems monitoring and stock
market analysis.
Schering et al. pursued the topic of semi-structured data management in a digital archive. They went beyond
traditional XML techniques in managing hierarchical semi-structured data, addressing the problems posed in
retrieval, manipulation and storage of such data due to a lack of efficient query languages. They focused on a

project called the Digital Wossidlo Archive dealing with a huge number of arbitrarily correlated data units andintroduced an approach to find a solution for the concerned problems with respect to this information system.
Autonomic databases were approached in the work of Holze and Ritter in their paper on detecting andpredicting workload shift. They gave a broad analysis of the parameters influencing the self-management of anautonomic database, pointing out that workload has a considerable impact on both physical design of data andthe configuration of the database management system. They proposed a workload model for light-weight,
continuous workload monitoring and analysis to be used in the identification and prediction of workload shifts,
that need autonomic re-configuration of the database.
Personal information management research, more specifically a personal digital library, was presented in thework of Ma et al. Their proposed framework involved a formal definition components and functionalities for aminimal personal digital library taking into account issues such as information overload and fragmentation
problems occurring with large data sets in digital formats. They described their results of implementing thereceptor module and behavioural information relevance and discussed potential challenges anticipated withsuggestions for possible solutions.
Carvalho et al. approached the problem of text pre-processing in question answering. They focused on thevarious options of preprocessing Portuguese text before feeding it to the information retrieval component,
evaluating the effect on the performance in the specific context of question answering in order to make asustained choice of options. They inferred the advantage of the basic pre-processing techniques: case folding
and removal of punctuation marks. Another interesting observation was that stop word removal improved
performance but Stemming and Lemmatization did not. Their work is likely to be useful in organizations suchas the Cross Language Evaluation Forum.

2.4. Session Four
More work on multilingual research was found in this session. Kadri and Nie presented a paper on crosslanguage information retrieval, more specifically, query translation. They proposed confidence measures toadjust the initial scores of translations and to create a weight of the same nature for translations with different
resources. They tested their technique on two language collections and got much better results than existing
methods such as translation by simple linear combination.
Zhou et al. addressed a problem of sub-graph matching within large graphs using a top-k approach. They
computed a score function defined as the sum of the pair-wise similarity between a vertex in the sub-graph andits matching vertex in the main graph. Based on this they proposed an approach called the Ranked Matchingalgorithm for efficient querying over sub-graphs. Due to efficiency of its pruning strategy, their approach was
found to be fast and outperformed state-of-the-art methods by many orders of magnitude. Its applications
include querying in biological and social networks.
Issues related to ontology were discussed by Silva et al. in their work on mediation in service related tasks.
They gave a formal description of ontology reconciliation techniques, e.g., merging, alignment and integration,
along with an explanation of their scope within semantic web services architecture. Their work was a step
towards overcoming the Tower of Babel effect in communication across different applications brought about
by the use of varying ontology. Their reconciliation methods provided more meaningful results in service
oriented mediation.
Relevance assessment measures were described in the work of Mechmache et al. in information retrieval on
semi-structured documents. They propose a model based on a concept called possibilistic networks where therelationships “document-elements” and “elements-terms” are depicted using measures of possibility andnecessity. User queries start a process of propagation to recover documents or parts of documents necessarily
or at least possibly relevant. They present illustrative examples of their approach in the paper.

Mwebesa et al. propose a framework based on collaboration for the management of indigenous knowledge,
which forms an important part of the history and culture of local communities. There is a need to learn fromlocal communities to enrich knowledge management. Knowledge is stored in people's memories and activities.
It is expressed and communicated orally which posses a serious threat to its preservation and development.
Collaborative frameworks are therefore useful in solving such problems where the effectiveness of theknowledge depends on the nature of the interaction. It is found in their work that collaboration allows for abetter pooling of resources and sharing of experiences on indigenous knowledge, among individuals as well asorganizations.
The issue of web usage mining was addressed by Samia Saidi in the last paper presented at this workshop. In
this paper, an approach was proposed for selecting web views to be materialized in order to optimize theresponse time of web queries. The web view selection was mainly based on the estimation of metrics requiring
hard collects of multiple statistics and mining on an interesting set of views from realistic data, i.e., web log
files. Web log files were parsed, analyzed and treated to give a set of views, based on frequent closed itemsets. This approach was found to offer satisfactory performance in the concerned systems.
Thus, we had four very interesting sessions in PIKM with a plethora of research ideas and theirimplementations. This represented challenging work in the areas of database management, information
retrieval and knowledge management that are of interest to CIKM.

3

Summary and Conclusions

The authors of PIKM papers, in addition to presenting their dissertation proposals outlining solutions to
specific problems, also discussed open issues pertaining to their areas. For example, an important issue in bothnatural language processing and semi-structured information retrieval is the inclusion of pragmatics, i.e., world
knowledge to augment semantics which relates to domain-specific knowledge. Another issue, applying toseveral areas, is the evaluation of proposed research ideas with real as opposed to synthetic data sets, giventhat real data may be a lot harder to obtain, and taking into account criteria such as privacy and availability.
Some of the papers did use real data while in many other papers this was offered as a suggestion. Other issues
included terminology related aspects in papers addressing ontology, indexing strategies in the papers on
database management and other similar considerations. Several suggestions offered by the attendees of theworkshop were found useful by the Ph.D. candidates for ongoing work on their dissertation sub-problems.
Much of the research discussed in PIKM presented a vision for the future.
In summarizing the contributions of this workshop, we can make the claim that PIKM 2007 was a grandsuccess. It was a notable mention among the highlights of CIKM. The conference organizers and attendees
highly applauded the event and invited us to propose the workshop again next year. The best paper award in
PIKM 2007 as judged by the reviewers and attendees of the conference went to Matthew Lease for his muchapplauded work in the area of natural language processing.
We earnestly wish that this Ph.D. workshop continues to be a successful event year after year in the CIKM
conference. Based on the suggestions offered in PIKM 2007, it is expected that the forthcoming workshops
will be even better in terms of organization and presentation. We also hope that PIKM serves as an inspiration
for many more events of a similar nature.

4

Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude towards the CIKM 2007 organizers who have been very helpful in publicizing the
PIKM workshop. In particular, we thank the Workshops Chair, Professor Dongwon Lee from Penn State
University, USA; and the Conference Chair, Professor Mario J. Silva, the Local Arrangements Chair,
Professor Francisco Couto and the Proceedings Chair, Professor Andre Falcao all from Universidade deLisboa, Portugal.
Moreover, we sincerely thank the Steering Committee and Program Committee of PIKM 2007 for their role inorganizing this workshop. Their inputs in proposing PIKM and their expertise in conducting peer reviewshelped maintain a high standard for the workshop as suitable for the CIKM conference. We list the names of
the PIKM committee members below along with their affiliations.
Steering Committee• Chabane Djerba, University of Science and Technology of Lille, France• Daniel Keim, University of Konstanz, Germany• Helena Galhardas, INESC-ID and Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal• Johannes Gehrke, Cornell University, USA
Program Committee• Fatma Bouali, Lille 2 University, France• Ernest Friedman-Hill, Sandia National Labs, USA• Edward Fox, Virginia Tech, USA• Sreenivas Gollapudi, Microsoft Search Labs, USA• Jiawei Han, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA• Vagelis Hristidis, Florida International University, USA• Giti Javidi, Virginia State University, USA• Andreas Koeller, Oracle Corp., USA• Shuhua Lai, Virginia State University, USA• Pawan Lingras, St. Mary’s University, Canada• Bin Liu, Ajia Lighthorse Asset Management Inc., China• Murali Mani, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA• Amelie Marian, Rutgers University, USA• Florent Masseglia, INRIA, France• Shubhabrata Mukherjee, Virginia State University, USA• Stephen North, AT&T Labs, USA• Prasan Roy, Aster Data Systems, USA• Carolina Ruiz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA• Jaideep Vaidya, Rutgers University, USA• Li Xiong, Emory University, USA• Helen Yang, Virginia State University, USA• Mohammed Zaki, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA• Zhongfei Zhang, Binghamton University, USA

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References[1] Mario J. Silva, Andre Falcao et al.: Proceedings of the ACM 16th Conference on Information andKnowledge Management, CIKM 2007, Lisbon, Portugal, November 6 – 9, 2007.
[2] Aparna S. Varde, Jian Pei: Proceedings of the First Ph.D. Workshop in CIKM, PIKM 2007, Sixteenth
ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2007, Lisbon, Portugal, November 9,2007.