Symposium for Recent Earthquakes andTsunami in Japanp and Peru
@CISMID-UNI, Lima2011 Tohoku Earthquakeqand Tsunami:

Application of Remote Sensing
21 Septemberp2011

Fumio YAMAZAKI
Professor, Chiba University, Japan.
Doctor Honoris Causa, UNI, Peru.
http://ares.tu.chiba-u.jp/

1

Contents
Basics of remote sensingg
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake & tsunami¾Aerial surveys and damage mapping¾Satellites employed for damage mapping¾Tsunami effects detected by SAR images¾Detection of crustal movements by SAR images

2

Platforms of Remote Sensing
Satellite: near-polar
near polar orbit,orbit geo-stationary,geo stationary Space ShuttleAirborne platform: airplane, helicopter, UAV
Ground-based
Ground based: balloon, tallladderPlatformsof building,
Remotecrane,
SensingSpace-borne

Space Shuttle

Satellite
Optical Sensor/SAR
700-900km

Ai bAirborne

185-575km

Airborne SAR

A i l Photography
AerialPh th
1.2-3.5km

10-12km1012kmAerial Television
0.3km

Ground-based
53

Wavelength of Electromagnetic Waves andSatellite Sensors
Reflection

γ-ray, x-ray

UVRadiation

ActiveMicrowaveI fInfrareddVisible

Infrared
Wavelength

BGRNIR

Mid-IR Thermal

4Near-Infrared (NIR) Band to Monitor Vegetation
QuickBirdi k idT
Truecolorl

False color

Chiba Marine
Stadium

ManmadeLawn(R, G, B)=(3, 2, 1) (R, G, B)=(4, 3, 2)-1+1

Makuhari
Seaside Park

NaturalLawn
5

SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar
Active Microwave Sensor

Emitting microwave signals,
thenh receiving
i i theirh i reflection
fl ifrom objects on earth’s surface
All Weather, Day and Nighttime

ERS/SAR
Wave Length: 5.7cm (C(C-bandband VV)
Resolution: 30m
Recurrent Period: 35 days

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Contents
Basics of remote sensinggThe 2011 Tohoku earthquake & tsunami¾Aerial surveys and damage mapping¾Satellites employed for damage mapping¾Tsunami effects detected by SAR images¾Detection of crustal movements by SAR images

7

Aerial survey of the tsunami
affected area by GSI
GSI: Geospatial Information
Authority of Japan

Acquisition dates:
March 12,
12 13,
13 19,
19 27
April 1, 5
Employing all the major airsurvey companies in Japan
4 Panchromatic
P htilenses

4 Multispectral
M lillenses
http://saigai.gsi.go.jp/h23taiheiyo-zort/map/index.html

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Aerial photos on GSI web site

9

http://saigai.gsi.go.jp/h23taiheiyo-ok/photo/photo_dj/index.html

Tsunami Inundation map by GSI and field photos
Natori City

Sendai City
Sendai Airport
Natori CityS d i Airport
SendaiAit

10

Digital affected area map produced from visual inspection ofGSI’s aerial p
photos by Association of Japanese Geographers

http://danso.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/20110311/map/index_e.html

11

Tsunami run-up and building damage map by Tohoku Univ.
((TRM : Tohoku Renovation Mapping)pp g) •JPEG, building by building

TRM : Tohoku Renovation Mapping•Disaster Control Research Center,Tohoku University•Center for Spatial Information Science,
University of Tokyo•ZENRIN Co. Ltd.
•PASCOPASCO coco. Ltd

http://www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/tohoku2011/mapping_damage.htm 12

Oblique Aerial Photos
S d i Airport
SendaiAit andd surrounding
di areaMarch 13,, 2011
Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd13

Kesennuma,, Miyagi
y g Pref. March 12, 2011

Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd

http://www.ajiko.co.jp/bousai/touhoku2011/touhoku_naname_eng.htm

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Contents
Basics of remote sensingg
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake & tsunami¾Aerial surveys and damage mapping¾Satellites employed for damage mapping¾Tsunami effects detected by SAR images¾Detection of crustal movements by SAR images

15

Satellites images of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Optical, Medium Resolution

Optical, High Resolution•ALOS AVNIR-2 (10m)•Terra ASTER (15m)•Landsat 7 (30m)

SAR•ALOS PALSAR (L-band, 6.25m)•Radarsat 1, 2 (C-band, 8m)•TerraSAR-X (X-band, 3m)•COSMO-SkyMed (X-band, 3m)•FORMOSAT-2 (2.0m)•THEOS ((2.0m))•RapidEye (2.5m)•WorldView-1,2 (0.5m)()•QuickBird (0.6m)•Ikonos ((1.0m))•GeoEye-1 (0.5m)

16Tsunami Flooded area observed by FORMOSAT-2 (Taiwan)
on 2011/3/12 under the Sentinel Asia
Sentinel Asia is a voluntary basis initiative
led by the Asia-Pacific Regional Space
Agency Forum to support disastermanagement activity in the region.
https://sentinel tksc jaxa jp/sentinel2/topControl action
https://sentinel.tksc.jaxa.jp/sentinel2/topControl.action

http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/img_up/jdis_formosat2_tohokueq_110312.htm

17International Charter: Space and Major Disasters

http://www.disasterscharter.org/web/charter/activation_details?p_r_p_1415474252_assetId=ACT-359

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Flooded area observed by ALOS/AVNIR-2 on 2011/3/14

2011/3/14

2011/2/27

Rikuzentakada
Kesennuma

debrisMinami-sanriku

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http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/img_up/jdis_opt_tohokueq_110314.htm

Damage mapping of the affected area by optical satellites
RESTEC
ALOS/AVNIR2 (JAXA)THEOS (GISTDA，Thailand)

http://www.restec.or.jp/?p=11728

http://alosemergency.restec.or.jp/20

WorldView-1,2 & QuickBird acquisition
http://www digitalglobe com/
http://www.digitalglobe.com/

2011.3.12 - 3.16

3.12-13

3.13-14

3.14-16

21

WV2 & QBb Gi
byGigitalGlobe
it lGl b
Aerial survey was bannedover Fukushima
F k hDaiichi
DhNPP.

March 12,12 2011

March 14,
14 2011 11:04 am,am
three minutes after #3 reactor
caused hydrogen explosion
http://www.digitalglobe.com/index.php/27/Sample+Imagery+Gallery?ITEM=45222Contents
Basics of remote sensingg
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake & tsunami¾Aerial surveys and damage mapping¾Satellites employed for damage mapping¾Tsunami effects detected by SAR images¾Detection of crustal movements by SAR images

23

TerraSAR-X intensity data
Pre-eventPost-event

Rangeg□Frame□Image extent
DDescending
diMode：StripMap
UTC: 2010/10/20, 20：43
UTC: 2011/03/12, 20：43 Polarization：HH
Japan ST：2010/10/21, 5:43 Japan ST：2011/03/13, 5:43
Data correction：EEC
Incidence angle: 37.32°
Incidence angle: 37.30°

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Color composite of pre- and post-event SAR intensity images• Convert DN to σ0• Change pixel size from 1.25m to 3.75m• Applying the Enhanced Lee filter with3x3 pixel window■Higher backscatter for Pre
Pre-evente entFlooded areas etc.
■Higher backscatter for post
post-event
event
Debris etc.

Sendai Port

NatoriHistograms of prepre- and post images
Number of pixels
N― pre-event― post-event

R: 2011/03/13 G&B: 2010/10/21

25

Natori city

R: 2011/03/13 G&B: 2010/10/21
House carried by tsunamiboat

2011/03/13

2011/03/13 aerial photo by GSI

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Sendai port

fireTanker and tanks
containers

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R: 2011/03/13 G&B: 2010/10/21

Difference of Backscattering Coefficients
Window size: 3x3 pixels

1.Image matchingIshinomaki

2.Speckle noise filtering (Lee Filter)
3.Calculating following indices:

9Difference of backscattering
coefficients
ffi i t d (after( ft – before)b f )d [dB ] = I ai − I bi
d values become negativein tsunami flooded areas.
28Extracted flooded area in Ishinomaki
Threshold: μ ± 3σ Tsunami inundation map by AJG■ flooded Difficult to extract flooded zone in dense urban areas■ debrisand sea-side forest

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Contents
Basics of remote sensinggThe 2011 Tohoku earthquake & tsunami¾Aerial surveys and damage mapping¾Satellites employed for damage mapping¾Tsunami effects detected by SAR images¾Detection of crustal movements by SAR images

30

Crustal movement by GPS measurement of GSI
Horizontal

Vertical

Geospatial Information
Authority of Japan (GSI)

Max: -107cm
Max: 540cm

http://www.gsi.go.jp/chibankansi/chikakukansi_tohoku.html

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GPS ground control stations
Yamoto station

Dh=4.07m Dv=-0.48m

R: post‐event G&B: pre‐event

Natori station
Dh=3.18m
Dv=-0 25m
Dv=-0.25m
32Determination of movement of a building
Pre event opticalPre-eventy T: pre-event SAR

Area-based matching∑ ∑ {IM T −1 NT −1
i =0

R ( a, b) =∑ ∑ {IM T −1 N T −1
i =0101 x 101 ppixelsx

I: post-event SAR

Color composite of SAR

R: post‐event G&B: pre‐event

115 x 115 pixels

j =0( a ,b )}{(i, j ) − I T (i, j ) − T( a ,b ) (i , j ) − I}} ∑ ∑ {T (i, j) − T }2M T −1 NT −1
i =02j =01
1 M T −1 NT −1
I ( a ,b ) (i, j ) T =∑∑M T NTM T NT i =0 j =0

M T −1 N T −1

∑ ∑ T (i, j )i =0

j =0Matrix of correlation
CCorrelatioon coefficientI=

Post-event optical

j =0CenterMaximum

Easting: 3.75 m, southing 1.00m
33

Result of detection (Yamoto in Higashi-Matsushima)
The horizontal movement
Mean: 3.65 m
Std: 0.47 m

The angle γ of movement
Mean: 17.20°

-90°
°
180°

γ0°
90°

Length (m)241 buildings

Movement in easting
Mean: 3.47 m

3m

Length (m)Angle (degree)

Movement in southing
Mean: 1.07 m

Length (m)34Result of detection (Natori)
The horizontal movement
Mean: 2.99 m
Std: 0.85 m

The angle of movement
Mean: 11.01°

-90°
0°

180°
90°

Length (m)233 buildings

Movement in easting
Mean: 2.92 m

3m

Angle (degree)

Movement in southing
Mean: 0.57 m

Length (m)Length (m)35Verification
YamotoHeading angle: 10.03°
Incident angle: 37.32°
3.25,1.25

3.75,1.00

GPS data• 3.53 m to east
• 1.12 m to south

μarea = 3.47 m, 1.07 m

Natori
2 75 0 50
2.75,0.50

2 75 0 50
2.75,0.50

μarea = 2.95 m, 0.57 m

GPS data• 2.91
2 91 m to east
• 0.64 m to south36Summary
Various remote sensing technologies employed after the2011 Tohoku earthquake were introduced.
introduced
9AerialAerial surveys for damage mapping
9Satellite images for damage mapping
9T9Tsunami
i effects
ff t detectedd t t d byb SAR images
i9Detection of crustal movements from SAR

We should prepare for future earthquake events withremote sensing technologies
h l.
37

Thank you very much!
Muchas Gracias!
ご清聴ありがとうございます．
ご清聴ありがとうございます38